United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Toxic Substances
Office of
Toxic Substances
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 560/5-86-016
July, 1986
EVALUATION OF ASBESTOS
ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
PHASE 2: ENCAPSULATION WITH LATEX PAINT
-------
July, 1986
FINAL REPORT
on
TASK 4
EVALUATION OF ASBESTOS ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES
PHASE 2: ENCAPSULATION WITH LATEX PAINT
by
Jean Chesson
Dean P.\\Margeson
Julius Ogden
B'attelle
Columbus Division - Washington Operations
2030 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
EPA Contract No. 68-01-6721
and
Karin Bauer
Paul C. Constant, Jr.
Fred J. Bergman
Donna P. Rose
Midwest Research Institute
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938
EPA Task Manager: Cindy Stroup
EPA Project Officer: Joseph Carra, Contract No. 68-01-6721
EPA Task Manager: Joseph Breen
EPA Project Officer: Frederick Kutz, Contract No. 68-02-3938
Exposure Evaluation Division
Office of Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
SECTION 2 CONCLUSIONS 2-1
SECTION 3 ENCAPSULATION METHODS 3-1
SECTION 4 QUALITY ASSURANCE 4-1
SECTION 5 SAMPLING DESIGN 5-1
SECTION 6 FIELD SURVEY 6-1
I. INTRODUCTION 6-1
II. AIR SAMPLING 6-1
A. Sampling System 6-2
B. Field Operations 6-2
C. Sample Handling 6-4
III. BULK SAMPLING 6-4
A. Sample Selection 6-4
B. Sample Collection 6-4
C. Sample Handling 6-4
IV- TRACEABILITY 6-5
SECTION 7 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 7-1
I. AIR SAMPLES 7-1
A. Methods 7-1
B. Discussion 7-2
C. Quality Assurance 7-3
II. BULK SAMPLES 7-7
A. Methods 7-7
B. Results 7-9
C. Quality Assurance 7-9
SECTION 8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 8-1
I. METHODS 8-1
II. RESULTS 8-2
A. Air Samples 8-2
B. Bulk Samples 8-13
ii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
REFERENCES ........... . ........................ ........ ...... ~
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A EXCERPTS FROM QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN ............. A-l
APPENDIX B SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PROTOCOLS .................. B-l
APPENDIX C RESULTS OF SAMPLE ANALYSES ...... . ....... . ...... . . C-l
APPENDIX D DATA LISTINGS ......... ........................... D-l
APPENDIX E SUMMARY OF SAMPLE RESULTS FOR EACH SCHOOL
AND SITE. . ................................. ...... E-l
LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1 Sampling Plan for Air Samples Before and After
Encapsulation ..................... . .............. 5-2
Table 5.2 Sampling Plan for Air Samples During
Encapsulation ...... . .......... . ................. . 5-4
Table 5.3 Sampling Plan for Air Samples Collected at a
Second School Where Asbestos-Containing
Material had been Painted Three Years
Previously ............... . ...................... . . 5-5
Table 7.1 The Number of Chrysotile Bundles/Clusters
Observed on the Filters but not Used in Mass
Calculations . . ...... . ............. . .............. 7-4
Table 8.1 Geometric mean of fiber and mass concentrations
for each type of site before, during and after
encapsulation of the asbestos-containing
material with latex paint. The "during" samples
for unpainted sites were collected immediately
outside the plastic barriers separating the work
area from the rest of the school ....... .......... 8-3
111
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
LIST OF TABLES
(continued)
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 8.7
Fiber and mass concentrations during painting.
The samples were collected by moving pumps
from room to room as the painting
progressed
Fiber and Mass Concentrations Obtained from
Personal Pumps Worn by Two of the
Painters
Fiber and Mass Concentrations at School
2 Where the Material had been Encapsulated
3 Years Ago
Fiber Concentrations measured in two locations
within a single site. At the first location
two side-by-side samples were collected
but only some were analyzed because of
budget constraints
8-7
8-8
8-10
8-11
Mass concentrations measured in two locations
within a single site. At the first location
two side-by-side samples were collected but
only some were analyzed because of budget
constraints ,
Mean asbestos content (percent chrysotile) and
mean releasability of bulk samples collected
from each school. The means are weighted
averages of all sites within a school with
side-by-side samples receiving half the
weight of other samples
8-12
8-14
IV
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 6.1
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7,3
Figure 7.4
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
Air sampling system.
6-3
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean fiber concentration
(thousands of fibers/m3) measured by TEM.
One outlier with mean 7.6 x 108 fibers/m3 has
been excluded
7-6
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean mas"s concentration (ng/m3)
measured by TEM. One outlier with 8.740
ng/m3 has been excluded
7-8
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean percent chrysotile content
in bulk samples measured by PLM . . . . ,
7-11
Coefficient of variation for duplicate,
replicate and external QA analyses plotted
against the mean releasability rating for bulk
samples
Fiber concentration (fibers/m3) at each site
and for each sampling period. During
encapsulation the unpainted asbestos sites
were located immediately outside the barriers
separating the work area from the rest
of the school
Mass concentration (ng/m3) at each site
and for each sampling period. During
encapsulation the unpainted asbestos sites
were located immediately outside the
barriers separating the work areas from
the rest of the school
7-12
8-4
8-5
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Friable
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools, Identification and
Notification Rule," as published in June 1984 in the Federal
Register (47 FR 23360), required the identification of friable
asbestos-containing materials in schools and the notification of
those exposed to the materials. Although there is no requirement
to do so, many school districts have decided to undertake an
abatement program to reduce the risk of exposure.
In 1983, EPA published "Guidance for Controlling Friable
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings" (EPA 560/5-83-002) to
help school officials and other building managers deal with
asbestos in their buildings. This guidance was revised in 1985
based on information from field studies and experience gained by
EPA and other organizations involved in asbestos control ("Guidance
for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings," EPA
560/5-85-024). The revised guidance emphasizes the immediate
establishment of a special operations and maintenance (O&M) program
whenever asbestos-containing materials are present. The situation
is assessed to determine whether additional control action is
required, and, if so, which abatement method is appropriate.
Abatement methods fall into three main categories:
(1) Removal;
(2) Encapsulation; and
(3) Enclosure.
The appropriate abatement method in a given situation
depends on many factors including the nature of the asbestos-
containing material, its condition and accessibility, and the
future use of the building.
EPA has initiated a series of field studies to develop
quantitative information on the relative merits of alternative
abatement methods. The first of these studies examined the
efficacy of removal of asbestos-containing materials from four
schools in a suburban school system (USEPA 1985b). The second
study, which is the subject of this report, examined the efficacy
of encapsulation of asbestos-containing materials with a low sheen
latex paint.
The primary objective of the study was to compare
airborne asbestos levels before, during and after encapsulation of
the asbestos-containing material. Airborne asbestos levels during
encapsulation are of particular interest because it is often
vi
-------
assumed that respiratory protection is not required. The study
objective was addressed by collecting air samples at a variety of
sites in a suburban junior high school. The ceilings of the school
were covered with a sprayed-on material containing chrysotile
asbestos. School personnel followed EPA guidelines for containment
of the work site and worker protection. There were four five-day
periods of air sampling:
Before encapsulation, while school was in session;
During encapsulation;
Immediately after encapsulation; and
After school resumed.
Air samples were collected at 4 types of sites:
Sites (rooms) with unpainted asbestos material on the
ceiling scheduled for painting;
Sites with asbestos material on the ceiling which had
been painted 16 months prior to the study;
Sites with no asbestos material (indoor control); and
Outdoor sites on the roof of the building (outdoor
control).
The air samples were analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) to determine fiber and mass concentrations.
Bulk samples were collected at asbestos-containing sites
prior to the encapsulation in order to characterize the .asbestos
containing material. Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) was used to
determine asbestos content and fiber releasability. (Fiber
releasability is a subjective rating of the tendency of a material
to release fibers.)
A vigorous guality assurance program was applied to all
aspects of the study. System and performance audits were conducted
in the field, sample traceability procedures were specified and
followed, and a proportion of the samples were analyzed in
duplicate (same preparation, different analyst), replicate
(different preparation), or by a second laboratory.
The principal conclusions of the study are:
High airborne asbestos levels can occur within the
work site during encapsulation. Containment barriers
vii
-------
are necessary to prevent contamination of the rest of
the building. Workers should have respiratory
protection.
Evidence: Airborne asbestos levels recorded by mobile
pumps and personal monitors worn by the painters
measured levels of up to 13,000 ng/m3 within the work
site during painting. Airborne asbestos levels
outside the work site were less than 4 ng/m3.
Airborne asbestos levels can be significantly reduced
after encapsulation of material. From this study it
is not possible to determine how long the reduction
might last.
Evidence: Airborne asbestos levels were highest
before encapsulation (up to 111 ng/m3) and lowest
immediately after encapsulation «0.5 ng/m3). The
reduction could be caused in part by the thorough
cleaning that followed encapsulation. After school
resumed there was a small, but statistically
significant, increase in airborne asbestos levels (up
to 4.5 ng/m3).
A limited amount of information on variability of airbone
asbestos levels within a site was collected. The results show that
two samples collected from different locations within a site
provide a more precise estimate of airborne asbestos concentration
than two side-by-side samples. This should be considered when
designing future studies.
Vlll
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Friable
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools, Identification and
Notification Rule," as published in June 1984 in the Federal
Register (47 FR 23360), required the identification of friable
asbestos-containing materials in schools and the notification of
those exposed to the materials. Although there is no requirement
to do so, many school districts have decided to undertake an
abatement program to reduce the risk of exposure.
In 1983, EPA published "Guidance for Controlling Friable
Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings," (EPA 560/5-83-002) to
help school officials and other building managers deal with
asbestos in their buildings. This guidance was revised in 1985
based on information from field studies and experience gained by
EPA and other organizations involved in asbestos control ("Guidance
for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings", EPA
560/5-85-024). The revised guidance emphasizes the establishment
of a special operations and maintenance (O&M) program whenever
asbestos-containing materials are present. The situation is
assessed to determine whether additional control action is
required, and, if so, which abatement method is appropriate.
Abatement methods fall into three main categories:
Removal;
Encapsulation; and
Enclosure.
The appropriate abatement method in a given situation
depends on many factors including the nature of the asbestos-
containing material, its condition and accessibility, and the
future use of the building.
EPA has initiated a series of field studies to develop
quantitative information on the relative merits of alternative
abatement methods. The first of these studies examined the
efficacy of removal of asbestos-containing materials from four
schools in a suburban school system (USEPA 1985b). The second
study, which is the subject of this report, examined the efficacy
of encapsulation of the asbestos-containing materials with a low
sheen latex paint.
The primary objective of the study was to compare
airborne asbestos levels before, during and after encapsulation of
the asbestos-containing material. This objective was addressed by
collecting air samples at a variety of sites within a suburban
1-1
-------
junior high school. The ceilings of the school were covered wi£h a
sprayed-on material containing chrysotile asbestos. School
personnel followed EPA's guidelines for containment of the worK
site and worker protection.
The principal conclusions of the study are given _in
Section 2. Section 3 provides information on the encapsulation
project carried out by the school. Section 4 outlines the Quality
Assurance (QA) procedures and Section 5 describes the sampling
plan. These sections are followed by an account of the field
survey (Section 6) and the methods of sample analysis (Section 7).
The results of the statistical analyses are given in Section 8.
Appendices A through E contain excerpts from the QA Plan,
field sampling and sample analysis protocols, results of the
chemical analyses, and raw data listings.
1-2
-------
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
The principal conclusions from this study are listed
below with a summary of the evidence on which they are based.
High airborne asbestos levels can occur in the work
site during encapsulation. Containment barriers are
necessary to prevent contamination of the rest of the
building. Workers should have respiratory protection.
Evidence: Airborne asbestos levels recorded by mobile
pumps and personal monitors worn by the painters
measured levels of up to 13,000 ng/m3 site during
painting. Airborne asbestos 'levels outside the work
site were less than 4 ng/m3-
Airborne asbestos levels can be significantly reduced
after the material is encapsulated. The reduction
could, however, be partly due to the thorough cleaning
after encapsulation. From this study it is not
possible to determine how long the effect of
encapsulation might last.
Evidence: Airborne asbestos levels were highest
before encapsulation (up to 111 ng/m3) and lowest
immediately after encapsulation «0.5 ng/m3). After
school resumed there was a small, but statistically
significant, increase in air levels (up to 4.5 ng/m3).
Other Issues:
The study also showed that airborne asbestos levels do
vary from location to location within a sampling site (room). Two
samples collected from different locations within a site provide a
more precise estimate of airborne asbestos concentration than two
side-by-side samples. This should be taken into account when
designing future experiments.
2-1
-------
SECTION 3
ENCAPSULATION METHODS
The encapsulation project was designed and implemented by
the school district and was under their control. The school
district provided information on the materials used and the method
of application. Additional information on barrier construction and
other aspects of the operation was gathered by. the field crew.
All of the encapsulation work was handled by the school
maintenance staff. The school consisted of four interconnected
three-story, dome-shaped units. Each unit was isolated from the
rest of the building during the encapsulation. Containment
consisted of a single layer of polyethylene film sealed at the
seams and ceiling line with duct tape (4 mil Vesqueen on the walls
and 6 mil Vesqueen on the floors). The halls were lined with film
to serve as access corridors. The single entrance to each
containment area was equipped with a shower and a flap door on each
side of the shower. The staff removed their work clothes on the
inside, showered, and then put on their street clothes on the
outside of the shower.
Two coats of paint were applied to the asbestos-
containing ceiling material. The first coat was applied in one
even coat. The second coat was applied by spraying in one
direction then the other. The paint was a low sheen, white latex
paint containing 31.7% vinyl acrylic resin. A sample of paint was
analyzed by TEM to check that it did not contain asbestos. No
asbestos was found. The paint was applied with a 433 Graco airless
compressor. (Pump rate 3,000 psi, 3/4 gallon a minute volume, 7-21
tip on gun.) The spray gun was held approximately 8" from the
surface. Fifteen (15) gallons of paint were applied per classroom
(.02 gallons per square foot).
A negative air pressure system, which minimizes escape of
asbestos fibers from the work area, was not used. However, a
portable cooling system, equipped with HEPA filters, was operated
to make working conditions more tolerable. It is likely that the
cooling system did trap some asbestos fibers, removing them from
the work area, and decreasing the chance of fibers escaping into
the rest of the building. The effect of the cooling system on
airborne asbestos levels was not a study objective and was not
tested.
After encapsulation was completed, the polyethylene film
was removed, bagged, and disposed of in an approved disposal area.
3-1
-------
SECTION 4
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Project organization, personnel qualifications, field
sampling, sample traceability, chemical analysis, data collection
and analysis, documentation, and reporting are addressed in the
project Quality Assurance Plan*. The objective of the Quality
Assurance (QA) Program is to assure accuracy, precision,
representativeness and completeness of the data. Appendix A
contains excerpts from the QA plan.
The primary means for external monitoring of the project
was provided by three performance and systems audits. These were
carried out during the first, second and fourth sampling periods.
A separate audit was not carried out during the third period
because it took place almost immediately after the second sampling
period. The audits were conducted on site to establish sample and
data traceability and to determine if sampling and analysis
protocols were followed by field personnel. Flow rates were
measured on all pumps and the accuracy of field flows was
calculated using audit rotameter readings. Only one (11.1%) of 23
readings slightly exceeded the limits for relative accuracy of
+10%. The average relative accuracy was 2.9% (standard deviation
of 2.8%). During the first sampling period, only three pumps could
be checked because school was in session and permission to audit
was not readily given. Some minor problems or inconsistencies were
detected during on-site logbook examinations and immediate
corrective action was taken. Overall, the quality of data in the
logbook and on traceability forms was rated by the auditor as very
good.
The initial study design specified that a total of 247
Millipore filters were to be collected (73 field blanks and 174
exposed filters). A total of 250 filters were actually collected
(73 field blanks and 177 exposed filters.) The additional three
filters were collected during the encapsulation period. Another 12
filters were collected with either mobile or personal pumps during
encapsulation. These were not specified in the QA Plan. Two of
the 250 filters collected were badly damaged, presumably due to
vandalism, and could not be analyzed. Another 24 filters (9.6%)
suffered minor damage (pencil marks, scratches, finger prints,
etc.) but were still suitable for analysis.
According to the QA Plan, 192 filters were designated for
standard analysis, 30 filters for external QA analysis, 32 for
replicate and 31 for duplicate analysis. Due to budget constraints
*Evaluation of Asbestos Abatement Techniques, Phase 2, Quality
Assurance Plan, submitted to EPA, August 1984.
4-1
-------
standard TEM analyses were done on only 139 (72%) of the 192
filters. All 30 filters selected for external QA were analyzed.
Twenty-six (26) filters (84%) were analyzed in duplicate, and 23
(74%) were analyzed in replicate. A total of eight field blanks
and six laboratory blanks were analyzed at the main laboratory, and
four laboratory blanks at the external QA laboratory. Six of the
eight personal pump filters, and all four mobile pump filters were
analyzed by TEM. One mobile pump filter was analyzed in duplicate.
The filters that were not analyzed have been stored for possible
future analysis when funds become available.
The results of the QA analyses are presented in detail in
Section 7. The field and laboratory blanks show that background
contamination (contamination of filters during manufacture,
exposure during laboratory analysis, etc.) is insignificant «0.033
ng/m3) . Correcting for it would not alter the estimates of
airborne asbestos concentration which are reported to only one
decimal place. The duplicate, replicate and external QA analyses
are used to quantify the different sources of variability that
contribute to the total variability associated with a TEM
measurement. The results show that neither between-laboratory nor
between-preparation variability contribute substantially to the
total variability. It appears that most of the variability is due
to other factors, such as the variability introduced by examining
only a small fraction of the total filter area.
Thirty bulk samples were collected. All were of good
quality and were analyzed by PLM.
4-2
-------
SECTION 5
SAMPLING DESIGN
The primary objective of this study was to compare
airborne asbestos levels before, during and after encapsulation of
asbestos- containing material with latex paint. This objective was
addressed by collecting air samples at a variety of sites in a
suburban junior high school. The ceilings of the school were
covered with a sprayed-on material containing chrysotile asbestos
in a perlite matrix. The material had been applied to hallways,
classrooms and other areas throughout the school. Some of the
areas, in particular the hallways, had been painted previously with
latex paint. Sites were chosen within the constraints of
scheduling and accessibility in order to achieve the study
objective.
All air samples were analyzed by TEM. A previous study
(USEPA 1985b) concluded that transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
provided the clearest documentation of changes in airborne asbestos
levels.
Air samples were collected before and after the
encapsulation work at four types of sites (Table 5.1):
Sites (rooms) with unpainted asbestos material on the
ceiling. These sites were scheduled for painting
during this study*;
Sites with asbestos material on the ceiling which had
been painted 16 months prior to the study;
Sites with no asbestos material (indoor controls); and
Outdoor sites on the roof of the building (outdoor
controls).
Sites in each of these categories were sampled three
times:
Before encapsulation while school was in session;
Immediately after encapsulation; and
After encapsulation, after school had resumed.
*Note that these sites are referred to as unpainted asbestos
sites throughout the study to distinguish them from the
previously painted sites. After encapsulation the material
at the unpainted asbestos sites is covered with paint.
5-1
-------
Table 5.1. Sampling Plan for Air Samples Before and
After Encapsulation
School
I 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Site
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Choir Room
Band Room
Classroom
Laboratory
Classroom
Classroom
Sewing Room
Classroom
Classroom
Auditorium
2nd Floor
Storeroom
Gym Equip. Room
Roof
Type
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
PA
PA
PA
NA
NA
NA
0
Number of Samples
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
UA = Unpainted Asbestos NA = Non-asbestos (Indoor Control)
PA = Painted Asbestos 0 = Outdoor (Outdoor Control)
5-2
-------
Each sample was taken over a period equivalent to five
working days. The number of asbestos sites (10) was chosen to
ensure that a five-fold or greater difference between airborne
levels before and after encapsulation would be detected with a
probability of at least 90%, assuming a coefficient of variation of
150% or less (Chesson et al. 1985).
Standard five-day air samples were collected at the
outdoor site and at the non-asbestos sites during encapsulation.
In addition, four other types of air samples were taken during
encapsulation to provide information on levels both inside and
outside the work area, and during the actual painting (Table 5.2):
Samples at sites immediately outside the barriers
separating the work area from the rest of the school
(five-day samples).
Samples at sites within the work area (five-day
samples).
Samples collected by mobile pumps. The pumps were
carried from roomto room as the painting progressed
and were turned on only while painting was in
progress.
Personal pumps worn by two of the painters.
A small number of air samples were collected from a
second school (Table 5.3) where the asbestos material had been
painted three years previously- These samples were taken at the
request of the school administrators to determine whether the
asbestos material was adequately encapsulated. There was only one
sampling period at the second school.
Air samples were collected with a pump equipped with two
filters. Therefore two side-by-side samples were collected at each
site. When extra pumps were available a second pump was placed on
the opposite side of the room from the first pump. This was done
to obtain information on the spatial variability in air levels
within a room.
Bulk samples were collected from both schools to
characterize the asbestos-containing material. The bulk samples
were analyzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and rated for
fiber releasability on a scale of 0 to 9. A rating of 9 indicates
that the material has a very high potential for fiber release.
5-3
-------
Table 5.2.
Sampling Plan for Air Samples
During Encapsulation
School
1
3.
4.
9.
10.
14.
15.
Site
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Classroom
Auditorium
2nd Floor
Type
UA
UA
UA
UA
NA
NA
Number of Samples*
3
3
3
3
2
2
Storeroom
16. Gym Equip. NA
17. Roof O
18. Classroom UA
19. Classroom UA
20. Classroom UA
21. Classroom UA
22. Side door-front OB
foyer
23. Side door-rear OB
foyer
24. Shower entrance OB
25. Shower entrance OB
26. Library at OB
barrier door
27. Barrier between OB
pod B and
central area
Mobile Pumps - 1st coat M
2nd coat M
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
UA = Unpainted Asbestos
PA = Painted Asbestos
M = Mobile
NA = Non-asbestos (Indoor Control)
0 = Outdoor (Outdoor Control)
OB = Outside Barrier
*At sites where three samples were collected one sampler was turned
off during actual painting in case there were clogging problems.
5-4
-------
Table 5.3. Sampling Plan for Air Samples Collected
at a Second School Where Asbestos-
Containing Material had been Painted
Three Years Previously
School site Type Number of Samples
2 1. Multipurpose PA 2
Room
2. Classroom PA 2
3. Classroom PA 2
4. Classroom PA 2
5. Roof O 2
PA = Painted Asbestos
0 = Outdoor Control
5-5
-------
SECTION 6
FIELD SURVEY
I.
INTRODUCTION
The field survey included air sampling and bulk sampling.
The statistical basis for the sampling plan is described in Section
5. The protocols that were followed for air sampling and bulk
sampling can be found in Appendix B. The protocols are adaptations
of those used during previous studies (USEPA 1983, 1985).
II. AIR SAMPLING
Air sampling took place at the two schools as follows:
Sampling Period
School
Sampling
Dates
Time
1 - Before encap-
sulation, School
in session
2 - During encap-
sulation, School
not in session
3 - After Encap-
sulation, School
not in session
4 - After encap-
sulation, School
in session
1 and 2
5/21-5/25/84
(5 days)
7/9-7/12/84
(4 days)
7/30-8/3/84
(5 days)
10/1-10/5/84
(5 days)
0800-1530
2400-0800*
0800-1530
0800-1530
*Encapsulation carried out 2400-0800.
6-1
-------
While school was in session, samples were collected _ at
each site from 8:00 am to 3:30 pm using two types of sampling
systems which are described below. When school was not in session
during the summer months, similar sampling was done for Periods 2
and 3. However, during Period 2 the time of sampling was from
midnight to 8:00 am rather than from 8:00 am to 3:30 pm and for
four days rather than five because this was when the encapsulation
work took place. A total of 189 air samples (177 plus four mobile
pump samples and eight personal samples) were collected on 47 ^mm
Millipore filters during the four periods. The standard sampling
rate was approximately 5 liters/min. (Personal samples ran at 2
liters/min.)
A. Sampling System
The primary air sampling system at each site consisted of
two filter holders attached to a single pump, thus providing two
side-by-side samples. An extra sample was collected with a single
filter system when equipment was available. The double filter
system is similar to the single system shown in Figure 6.1, but
with two orifices instead of one, and two filter holders. The
orifices control the flow through a 47 mm filter holder. The
orifices were drilled No. 64 and were not operated in the critical
flow range. A programmable timer was set to start the systems at
the beginning of the class day and to stop at the end of the class
day.
B. Field Operations
Air sampling was started simultaneously at each school
following the protocol in Appendix B-l.
Each field team member was given a hardbound logbook for
recording data. Type and operation of air conditioners, room
ventilation and occupancy, floor covering, and method and frequency
of cleaning were recorded in addition to the data specified in the
sampling protocol (Appendix B-l).
Sites were inspected regularly to collect required
information and to make sure that they remained operational during
the sampling period. Corrective action, such as replugging in
power_cords, resetting timers, replacing malfunctioning equipment,
cleaning orifices, and reconnecting hoses was taken as needed, and
recorded in the log book. If filters were damaged early in the
sampling period, new filters were installed and the unit was
re-started.
6-2
-------
Orifle*
01* 0.209- Ola.
*' Thick Cantor
Drilled '68 & Soft
SoM*rod In floe*
Caiman Fllt«r Holdort
Modal 4202 47mn Opan
Faced Mogmfie
t/4- *
Voeuum Tweing
»-2-MHC-4T
HOM Connector ta Anal*
Ptp* 1/8- MoU Pip* to
1/4* 1.0. Tubing
Themoi Indurtrta Inc.
Modal 107CA18
Tub* Fitting. Mai* Elbow 90*
1/8- Mai* Hp» Thnraavd re
1/4- Tub*
S«og*lok 1-200-2-4
Figure 6.1. Air sampling system.
6-3
-------
C. Sample Handling
The air samples were handled according to established
protocol (Appendix B-l). Each sample was labeled as it was
recovered using an assigned letter followed by a sample number.
The sample numbers were assigned seguentially by each operator. At
this time, the operator entered the sample number in the logbook
for that collection site. Before leaving the site, the operator
completed a sample traceability form.
III. BULK SAMPLING
Bulk samples were collected during Period 1 only. A
total of 30 samples were collected from two schools. Samples were
collected from randomly selected locations at a site. At School 1,
samples were collected at 18 locations. Side-by-side samples were
taken at four of the locations to provide for duplicate analysis
giving a total of 22 samples. At School 2, there were seven
locations and one side-by-side sample giving a total of eight
samples.
A. Sample Selection
Sampling locations were selected using a random sampling
scheme. The locations of the bulk-sampling points were recorded in
the field logbook.
B. Sample Collection
Bulk samples were collected by cutting away a section of
the asbestos-containing material. A section of material 3 cm in
diameter and the thickness of the covering was collected. The
collected samples were placed directly into labeled, snap-covered
plastic bottles for transport to the laboratory. At the same time,
the operator prepared traceability forms and entered the sample
number and site description in the logbook.
C. Sample Handling
The bulk samples were transported to the laboratory. The
quality control representative identified the duplicates and
selected the samples to be analyzed according to the QA Plan.
Further details of the bulk sampling procedure can be found in the
sampling protocol in Appendix B-2.
6-4
-------
IV. TRACEABILITY
The protocol used for establishing traceability of air
and bulk samples is given in Appendix B-3. Samples were
hand-carried from the field to the appropriate analyzing
laboratories along with documentation to ensure that all samples
were correctly identified and accounted for.
6-5
-------
SECTION 7
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Two types of analyses were performed. Air samples
collected on Millipore filters were analyzed by TEM. Bulk samples
were analyzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM). TEM analyses
were done by BCL and PLM analyses were done by MRI. External
quality assurance was provided by EMS Laboratories for TEM and by
Environmental Health Laboratory for PLM.
I. AIR SAMPLES
A total of 139 filters were analyzed by TEM at BCL.
Twenty-six (26) were analyzed in duplicate and 23 in replicate
giving a total of 188 analyses. A computer listing of the results
appears in Appendix C-l.
A. Methods
The protocol for TEM is given in Appendix B-4. The
samples were coded so that the analyst did not know where the
samples were taken or which samples were field blanks. The large
amount of debris (non-asbestos organic matter) collected on many of
the filters made the low temperature ashing procedure a necessity.
To maintain comparability between samples, all samples were ashed.
After ashing, the residue containing the asbestos fibers was
resuspended in 100 mil of water using the ultrasonic bath to ensure
that the fibers were removed from the ashing tube walls. The
resuspended sample was then divided into 10 mil, 20 mil, and 70 mil
aliguots, and each aliquot was filtered onto a Nuclepore filter.
The three aliquots gave the analyst some flexibility in finding a
suitable fiber loading for TEM examination.
The microscopic examination of the prepared grids was
carried out at a magnification of 20,OOOX. Each grid opening to be
counted was selected randomly and then systematically scanned to
cover the full opening. A fiber was defined as a particle with an
aspect ratio (length: width) of 3:1 or greater and having parallel
sides. The fibers observed were identified as chrysotile,
amphibole, or other. In this study only chrysotile fibers were
found.
The length and width of the chrysotile fibers were
recorded. The fiber length was measured using the number of
concentric circles on the viewing screen that the fiber crossed
(each circle segment was 0.25/im at 20,OOOX). The fiber was aligned
with the millimeter scale on the side of the viewing screen and the
width measured in millimeters (1 mm = 0.05/;m at 20,OOOX). The
7-1
-------
volume of the fiber was then computed assuming the fiber to be a
right circular cylinder. The mass of the fiber was calculated
using a density of 2.6 g/cm3 for the chrysotile. Appropriate
filter area factors and dilution factors were used to extrapolate
from the fibers actually counted and measured to the total number
of fibers per filter and total nanograms of asbestos per filter.
The minimum fiber size easily detected at 20,OOOX during
the scanning for the counting procedure is about 0.125/im long by
0.025/*m in diameter. Since the chrysotile fiber becomes
cylindrical by rolling up the silica/brucite sheet, 0.025/;m is
about the minimum diameter possible for structural identity. The
minimum diameter detected during this study was 0.025/jm. The
maximum fiber size would be one that overlaps the 90/;m grid
opening. The largest bundle observed during this study was 2^m in
diameter.
The smallest non-zero value for this analysis is one
fiber in 10 grid openings. The protocol calls for the counting of
100 fibers or 10 grid openings whichever occurs first, but never
any partial grid openings. One fiber observed in 10 grid openings
corresponds to 4 x 103 fibers per filters. If the one fiber were
of average dimensions (1/im long x 0.05/wn in diameter), the mass
would be 2 x 10~u g per filter. Since approximately 10 m3 of air
was collected, the smallest non-zero mass concentration is 0.002
ng/m3.
B. Discussion
There were 27 samples that contained what appeared to be
paint on the filter. The paint pigment is not oxidized or
vaporized during the low temperature ashing procedure, thus there
are additional particles of debris added to the sample preparation.
The samples containing paint were impossible to analyze for
asbestos fibers with the normal dilution procedure. Therefore, it
was necessary to increase the amount of dilution. Dilution factors
for the normal procedure range from 5.72 (70 mil aliquot) to 40 (10
ml aliguot). Dilution factors for samples containing paint range
from 40 to 1200. Individual fibers detected at the greater
dilution have a greater effect on the estimated asbestos
concentration.
In general, the chrysotile fibers detected in the paint-
containing samples are longer than the chrysotile fibers observed
in the other samples.
Fiber bundles and fiber clusters required special
attention. A bundle is defined as a group of fibers bound together
that makes the determination of its constituents difficult. Often
it was possible to identify one end of a fiber, but it was not
always possible to identify positively all the other bundle
7-2
-------
constituents. A cluster is defined as several overlapping and
cross-linked individual fibers. Fibers in a cluster that could be
seen as individual fibers were counted as individual fibers, but
when the individual fibers could not be distinguished, they were
considered a cluster and recorded as such, but not counted.
The way in which bundles and clusters are handled can
greatly affect the quantity of asbestos calculated for each filter.
Bundles and clusters were not included in the calculation primarily
because the analyst could not be sure of uniform distribution or
rely on the volume calculations associated with the bundles and
clusters. Thus, asbestos air levels are under-estimated for
samples with bundles and clusters. There were 36 five-day samples
that had some bundles or clusters (Table 7.1). Three of these were
outdoor control samples and nine were indoor samples at sites
without asbestos-containing material (indoor controls). The
remaining 24 were samples from sites were asbestos-containing
material.
The samples with higher asbestos concentrations tended to
have more bundles and clusters. The bundles and clusters were
observed on the TEM-prepared filter and must have been deposited as
such on the filter during air sampling. The ultrasonification
procedure that follows the low temperature ashing may tend to break
up the fiber bundles and clusters. The primary purpose of
Bonification is to ensure the removal of fibers from the glass test
tube in which the ashing took place. All samples were subjected to
the same low temperature ashing and Bonification procedure, done
according to the protocol; therefore, the effect is assumed to be
the same for each sample.
A more accurate mass determination could be made if the
ultrasonic procedure were made severe enough to break up all
bundles and clusters. However, this would make fiber size
distribution meaningless.
C. Quality Assurance
Additional TEM analyzes were done to ensure that the
quality of the data is sufficient to support the conclusions of the
study. Blank filters (filters which were not used to collect air
samples) were analyzed by TEM to check for any asbestos
contamination that might occur during manufacture of the filter,
during handling in the field, or during the TEM analysis procedure
itself. Over half of the air samples collected in the field were
analyzed twice, either by a second analyst using the same grid
preparation (duplicate analysis), by a second analyst using a
second preparation (replicate analysis) or by a second laboratory
(external QA) . The replicate, duplicate and external QA analyses,
as well as detecting gross anomalies, provide information on
7-3
-------
Table 7.1. The Number of Chrysotile Bundles/Clusters
Observed on the Filters But Not Used in
Mass Calculations
Sampling
Period
Before
encapsulation
Site
Type
Unpainted
Asbestos
Painted
Asbestos
Filter ID (total number of
bundles/clusters)*
WD29(0+1), WD30(2), WD33(3),
WD36(1), WD38(0+3), WD47(1),
WD48(3+1), WD49(3), WD54(1),
WD57(4+6), WD59(1), WD62(3),
WD63(4)
WD31(4), WD43(1), WD56(0+2),
WD67(1), WD68(8+9), WD69(3),
WD70(1+1), WD7H2+10)
Non-Asbestos WD40(2), WD60 (1-1-5)
During
encapsulation
Unpainted
Asbestos
Inside
Barrier
Mobile
Pump
Personal
Pump
WG3K2), WG32(2). WG35(0+1),
WG37(1)
WG50U+3), WG54(2). WG61(2).
WG65(3). WG69(1), WG70(1)
WG24(2), WG27(3)
WG2(5), WGll(l)
Immediately
after
encapsulation
Unpainted
Asbestos
Painted
Asbestos
WMG19(2+1), WMG20(1)
WMG23(1), WMG3K0+2), WMG40(2)
WMG35(1)
After school
resumed
Unpainted WCD2(6+4), WCD5(3), WCD8(2+3),
Asbestos WCD9(2), WZ26(1), WZ27(2)
WZ30(4+4), WZ32(l+4), WZ36(3+2)f
WZ38(5), WZ43(2), WZ44(0+2),
WZ45(2-K2), WZ48 (0+3+3), WZ37(1)
Painted WZ34(1), WZ35(1), WZ41(1+1),
Asbestos WZ42(3+3)
Non-Asbestos WCD3(6), WCD4(1), WZ39(2),
WZ40(1)
* Two numbers after a filter ID indicates bundles/clusters found
on duplicate or replicate analyses of the same filter.
7-4
-------
sources of variability that contribute to the overall variability
of TEM measurements.
1. Blanks
Two types of blanks were analyzed: Millipore filters
which were never taken into the field (laboratory blanks), and
Millipore filters that were taken into the field and handled
exactly the same as the rest of the filters except that they were
never used for air sampling (field blanks). There was field blank
for each site and sampling period (73 total). To the analyst, the
blanks were indistinguishable from the rest of the filters.
Six laboratory blanks and eight field blanks were
analyzed by TEM. These were chosen at random from the available
blanks. Since no air was drawn through the blank filters the
results are expressed as fibers per filter, or nanograms per
filter, rather than per cubic meter of air (Appendix C-2). The
average mass concentration is 0.28 ng/filter for the laboratory
blanks and 0.33 ng/filter for the field blanks. If these masses
had been observed in samples of 10 cubic meters of air (the average
volume used in the study) the mass concentrations would be 0.028
ng/m3 and 0.033 ng/m3 for laboratory blanks and field blanks
respectively. These values are very small and indicate that sample
contamination was not a problem. Since the study data are reported
to only one decimal place, any adjustment based on the blanks
(e.g., subtracting their mass concentrations from the estimated
mass concentration at a site) would have no appreciable effect on
either the reported values, or on the statistical analyses
described in Section 8. Therefore no correction was made.
2. Duplicate, Replicate and External QA Analyses
Of the 139 filters analyzed by TEM, 26 were selected for
duplicate, 23 were selected for replicate, and 30 were chosen for
external QA analysis. Results are given in Appendix C-2.
For each pair of duplicate, replicate, and external QA
analyses, the coefficient of variation (CV), which is the standard
deviation expressed as a percentage of the mean, was calculated. A
large CV indicates a large difference between the members of the
pair. For two samples the CV can range from 0% to 141%.
The largest coefficients of variation are expected for
the external QA analyses, since they include all the sources of
variability present in the replicate and duplicate analyses plus
variability between laboratories. Likewise, the coefficients of
variation for replicate analyses which use different preparations
are expected to be larger than those for duplicate analyses. The
expected ranking is not clearly apparent in Figure 7.1 where the
7-5
-------
TEM FIBER CONCENTRATION
I
as
fc\
v~^
o
§
<^
>
Lu
O
J_
2
LJ
O
Lu
Lu
LJ
O
O
1 DU -
14O -J
13O -
120 -
1 1O -
1OO -
90 -
SO -
70 -
6O -
50 -
4O -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
] a + + o + +
o +
+
+
o
n
DO
O
+
0 D
Q
0
D
0 D
D + o
0 0
+ r-. ^f-l r-i
1 1 BT 1 a i i i i i H* i i i i
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
(Thousands)
MEAN
D DUPLICATE + EXTERNAL QA o REPLICATE
Figure 7.1. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate and external QA analyses plotted against
the mean fiber concentration (thousands of fibers/m3) measured by TEM. One outlier with
mean 7.6 x 108 fibers/m3 has been excluded.
-------
coefficient of variation for each external QA, replicate and
duplicate analysis pair is plotted against the mean fiber
concentration of the pair. The external QA analyses do tend to
have the largest coefficients of variation (maximum 140%) but they
are only slightly higher than the replicates (maximum 126%).
Figure 7.2 is the corresponding plot for mass concentrations. The
lack of an obvious difference between the three types of analyses
indicates that the variability introduced by different preparations
and different laboratories is not large relative to the variability
associated with other aspects of the TEM measurement. Other
potential sources of variability (e.g., sampling error introduced
by examining only a very' small portion of the entire sample) need
to be identified and reduced in order to achieve a significant
improvement in precision.
The study was designed with enough samples (sites) to
compensate for the expected low precision of a single TEM
measurement. Although individual fiber and mass concentrations
have low precision, the main conclusions of the study are based on
concentrations from many sites. The statistical analyses described
in Section 8 identify statistically significant differences between
mean concentrations taking variability of individual measurements
into account.
II. BULK SAMPLES
Thirty bulk samples were collected and analyzed for
asbestos and other materials by polarized light microscopy (PLM)
procedures, and rated for releasability by stereomicroscopic
techniques. The thirty samples included four side-by-side pairs.
One member of each pair was analyzed by the main laboratory and the
second member by an external QA laboratory. Eight samples were
analyzed in replicate (two independent preparations from the same
sample), and eight samples were analyzed in duplicate (two analysts
used the same preparation) giving a total of 46 analyses.
(Appendix C-3).
A. Methods
The analytical procedures for PLM analysis followed the
interim test method published by EPA (USEPA 1982).
The analyses were carried out with a stereo zoom
microscope capable of 8X to 40X magnification equipped with an
external illuminator for oblique illumination, and a polarizing
microscope (100X magnification) equipped with an external
illuminator and dispersion staining objective.
Each bulk sample was emptied onto clean weighing paper,
and the entire sample was examined through the stereomicroscope for
7-7
-------
TEM MASS CONCENTRATION
I
CD
^
iS
z
o
1
oE
>
0
1
z.
UJ
o
u_
Ul
O
0
1 _>u
14O J
130 -
120 -
1 10 -
10O -i
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
i a + ^o + +
+
+
o
+
o
p a
a a
p
a -i- + °
a
o a o
o o °
a
^ D
1 I 1 1 ! I 1 1 I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
DUPLICATE
MEAN
EXTERNAL QA
REPLICATE
Figure 7.2. Coefficient of
the mean mass
has been excluded.
variation for duplicate, replicate and external QA analyses plotted aqainst
concentratTon (ng/m3) measured by TEM. One outlier with mean 8.740 noS
ri^ri * J' *"
-------
layering, homogeneity/ and the presence of fibrous material.
Identification of large nonfibrous components was usually possible
at this point. Subsamples were then mounted onto a clean
microscope slide, in liquids with the appropriate index of
refraction, for examination through the polarizing microscope.
The PLM procedure consisted of examining the sub-sample
components with transmitted polarized light, crossed polars,
slightly uncrossed polars, crossed polars plus the first order red
compensator, and the central stop dispersion staining objective.
The fibrous and some of the nonfibrous components were identified
on the basis of morphology, sign of elongation, and refractive
index/dispersion staining colors.
Volumes of the various materials were estimated as a
percentage of the whole sample.
The samples were also rated for the apparent availability
of releasable fibers from the bulk material. They were rated on an
arbitrary scale of 0 through 9 which was developed during an
earlier EPA study (USEPA 1983b). The rating is a subjective
determination which involves consideration of the number of
apparently free asbestos fibers as well as the friability of the
matrix. Samples with large numbers of free asbestos fibers and
those with matrices easily broken or abraded are given a high
numerical rating. Asbestos-containing samples with resilient or
tough matrices, such as resin-bonded glass wool or resin-bonded
vermiculite, are given a low numerical rating.
B. Results
The results from the PLM analysis are given in Appendix
C-3. The bulk materials were all quite similar. They all con-
tained chrysolite asbestos in a perlite matrix.
C. Quality Assurance
Of the 30 bulk samples collected and analyzed by PLM,
eight were analyzed in duplicate and eight were analyzed in
replicate. The eight samples designated for replicate analysis
were analyzed by a second analyst without reference to the results
of the first. The eight samples designated for duplicate analysis
were analyzed by a second analyst using the same PLM slide
preparations as the first analyst. Fiber identification is made
from the slide preparation. Quantitation of components is made by
examining the entire bulk sample under the stereo microscope after
the component identification is complete. From each of the four
pairs of side-by-side samples, one member was selected for analysis
by a second laboratory. The results of percent chrysotile content
7-9
-------
and releasability rating for duplicate, replicate, and external
quality assurance analysis are presented in Appendix C-4.
The CV's calculated for the percent chrysotile per volume
were quite variable and tended to be high, ranging from 0% to 89%
(Figure 7.3). Further investigation showed that one analyst was
giving results that were higher than a second analyst and the
external QA laboratory (Appendix C-4). This discrepancy does not
affect the main conclusion that the bulk materials were all quite
similar. It does mean, however, that the numerical values should
be treated cautiously if comparisons are made with other studies.
Reanalysis is recommended if more precise information is needed.
The CV's calculated for the releasability ratings were
generally less than those calculated for the percent chrysotile
(Figure 7.4). With the exception of one value (54%), the CV's were
all less than 50%. This is a reasonable level of precision give
the subjective nature of the rating scheme.
7-10
-------
PLM PERCENT CHRYSOTILE PER VOLUME
^
£
Z
o
E
>
u.
O
1-
z
u
o
u.
U.
LJ
O
o
1 \J\J
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
0 -
(
-f
D D
0 D
+ on
D
+
0
O
o
I 1 1 1 V 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 4 8 12 16 20 24
DUPLICATE
MEAN
EXTERNAL QA
REPLICATE
Figure 7.3. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate and external QA analyses plotted against
the mean percent chrysotile content in bulk samples measured by PLM.
-------
PLM RELEASABILITY RATING
a?
z
a:
2
UJ
o
u.
L_
U
O
O
60
50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
D DUPLICATE
MEAN
EXTERNAL QA
REPLICATE
Figure 7.4. Coefficient of variation for duplicate, replicate and external QA analyses plotted against
the mean releasability rating for bulk samples.
-------
SECTION 8
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
I. METHODS
The data were transformed to a log scale before analysis.
This was done because the distribution of asbestos air levels is
typically skewed to the right. On the original scale a few large
values can have a disproportionate influence on the results. On
the log scale the effect of the few large values is reduced. The
transformation results in standard deviations that are independent
of the mean and thereby allows standard statistical tests, such as
analysis of variance, to be applied. The transformations used were
loge (x + 1) and loge(l/000x + 1) for fiber and mass concentrations
respectively. The use of these transformations is equivalent to
assuming a lognormal distribution and working with the geometric
mean or median instead of the common arithmetic mean.
For each type of indoor site (unpainted asbestos, painted
asbestos, non-asbestos) a one-way analysis of variance was used to
test whether there were any differences among the four sampling
periods. When more than one measurement was available for a
particular site and period, a weighted average of the available
measurements was used to arrive at a single value. The weights
were equivalent to first averaging any duplicate determinations to
obtain a single value for a preparation, and then averaging any
replicate determinations to obtain a single value for a filter.
Values from side-by-side filters were averaged to provide a single
value for each location within a site, and finally, values for each
location were averaged to obtain a single value for a site. For
analysis of variance, the "during" samples for unpainted asbestos
were those taken immediately outside the barriers. Samples
collected within the work area during painting are reported
separately. This was done to achieve consistency with the analysis
of the previous abatement efficacy study. The non-parametric
Kruskal-Wallis test was also used. This test performs the same
function as the analysis of variance but does not assume a
particular distribution for the air levels. Agreement between the
two tests indicates that the conclusions do not rely on the
assumption of an underlying lognormal distribution.
Three air samples were collected at some sites when extra
pumps were available. Two samples were collected on side-by-side
filters attached to a single pump. The third sample was collected
with a pump placed on the other side of the room. If airborne
asbestos concentrations vary from location to location within a
room (spatial variability), the two side-by-side samples will be
more similar to each other than to the sample on the other side of
the room. The magnitude of the spatial variability can be
quantified by decomposing the total variability into the component
8-1
-------
due to spatial variability (location to location within a site) and
the component due to collection and analysis of the sample. This
was done by fitting the model:
where yjjj, is the log transformed fiber or mass concentration
measured at site i, location j, on filter k. For example ys;1(1
and y5 ! 2 represent concentrations at site 5, location 1 using
side-by-side filters 1 and 2, whereas 75,2,1 represents the
concentration measured by filter 1 on the other side of the room
(location 2). The overall mean is /* and a\ is the fixed deviation
from the mean associated with site i. /Jj(ij is a random deviation
associated with sampling location j within site i. /7j(jj is
assumed to come from a normal distribution with mean 0 and variance
a\. Thus, a\ is a measure of spatial variability within a site.
£jjk is a random deviation associated with a given filter k at
location j within site i. Cjji, is assumed to come from a normal
distribution with mean 0 and variance a2E. The error variance,
a\, describes the variability associated with different samples
taken simultaneously at a single location and therefore includes
variability associated with the collection and analysis of the
sample.
The model was fitted using MIVQUE(O) Variance Component
Estimation Procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, SAS
Institute Inc.) and the magnitude of the spatial variability a\
was compared to the magnitude of the total variance, a\ +
-------
Table 8.1. Geometric mean of fiber and mass concentrations for each type of site before, during and
after encapsulation of the asbestos - containing material with latex paint. The "during"
samples for unpainted sites were collected immediately outside the plastic barriers
separating the work area from the rest of the school.
CO
I
CO
j j IMMEDIATELY AFTER j
BEFORE ENCAPSULATION j DURING ENCAPSULATION j ENCAPSULATION | AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
FIBERS/M**3J
( THOUSANDS ) |
GEOMETRIC {
MEAN j
CODE | {
UNPAINTED ASBESTOS j 1423. 8 j
PAINTED ASBESTOS
622. 9 j
NON- ASBESTOS | 250. 6 j
INSIDE BARRIER | . j
OUTDOOR | 3 . B j
|FIBERS/M**3J
NG/M**3 |( THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC j GEOMETRIC j
MEAN ! MEAN j
i i
a.?! 117.2!
2.7} .{
1.2J O.BJ
! 7o.o!
o.oj o.o|
JFIBERS/M**3J
NQ/M**3 j( THOUSANDS)!
GEOMETRIC j GEOMETRIC J
MEAN ! MEAN )
1 1
1 1
o.e| is. ?!
! 0.8!
O.OJ 9 3|
O.B| .{
O.0| 6.5|
JFIBERS/M**3J
NG/M**3 [(THOUSANDS)! NG/M**3
GEOMETRIC j GEOMETRIC j GEOMETRIC
MEAN j MEAN j MEAN
i i
1 1
0.1J 248. 1J 1.2
0.0| 187. 2j 0.8
O.OJ 30. 7j 0.2
i i
O.OJ 2.8| 0.0
-------
K)
*
ft
E
M
CO
I
O
z
O
O
a:
Ld
m
24
22
2O
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 -j
Figure 8.1.
T
NA = NON-ASBESTOS
UA = UNPAINTED ASBESTOS
PA = PAINTED ASBESTOS
0 = OUTDOOR
75th PERCENTILE
MEDIAN
2Sth PERCCHTILE
HININJH
NA UA PA 0
BEFORE PAINTING
NA UA PA 0
DURING PAINTING
(outside barriers)
NA UA PA 0
AFTER PAINTING
NA UA PA 0
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
Fiber concentration (fibers/m3) at each site and for each sampling period. During encapsulation
the unpainted asbestos sites were located immediately outside the barriers separating the work
area from the rest of the school. See Appendix E, Table E-l, for the actual data values.
-------
CO
I
01
*!*\
«
*
E
m*
O»
c
^*
z
o
p
z
Ld
O
z
0
o
(/>
2
LJ
F
110 -
10O -
90 -
80 -
70 -
60 -
50 -
40 -
30 -
2O -
1O -
O -
-,
NA - NON-ASBESTOS
UA = UNPAINTED ASBESTOS
PA = PAINTED ASBESTOS
0 = OUTDOOR
.ii ,
MM IN*
7Sth KRCENT1U
MEDIAN
25th KRCENTIU
MINIMUM
BEFORE PAINTING DURING PAINTING
(outside barriers)
AFTER PAINTING AFTER SCHOOL RESIM D
Figure 8.2.
Mass concentration (ng/m3) at each site and for each sampling period. During encapsulation
the unpainted asbestos sites were located immediately outside the barriers separating the
work area from the rest of the school. See Appendix E, Table E-l, for the actual data values,
-------
median. The data used to construct the figures are listed in
Appendix E, Table E-l. The figures do not include measurements
taken in the work area during the encapsulation.
Both the analysis of variance and the Kruskal-Wallis test
showed that there were statistically significant changes from one
sampling period to another at the unpainted asbestos sites (p =
.0001). Pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni's method (Miller
1981) showed that airborne asbestos levels before encapsulation
were significantly higher than those after encapsulation, and that
airborne asbestos levels after school resumed were significantly
higher (although still very low) than those immediately after
encapsulation. Airborne asbestos levels after school resumed were
still significantly lower than those before encapsulation.
These results suggest that the painting operation, with
its associated thorough cleaning resulted in a reduction in
airborne asbestos levels. The slight, but statistically
significant, increase in levels after school resumed compared to
immediately after encapsulation could reflect the increased
activity in the building, or might imply that the effect of the
encapsulant is only temporary. Further sampling as needed to
answer this question.
There was no statistically significant change from period
to period in airborne asbestos levels at sites that had been
painted prior to the study although the values did follow a trend
similar to the unpainted sites. The non-asbestos sites did show a
significant decrease in mass concentration between the first and
second sampling periods (p = .0098 and p = .032 for analysis of
variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively). This decrease
was not evident for the corresponding fiber concentrations
suggesting the possibility of a change in fiber size distribution.
Results for the non-asbestos sites must be treated cautiously since
these sites were in the few unusual locations (storerooms, etc.)
that did not contain asbestos material.
Average levels inside the painting area ("inside
barrier") over the entire painting period were higher than those
outside the work area but were still quite low « 10 ng/ra3) (Table
8.1 and Appendix D.2). These levels represent an average over a
five-day period which includes short periods of painting plus
periods of inactivity. Samples taken with mobile pumps during the
actual painting gave much higher readings (up to almost 9,000
ng/m3) (Table 8.2). These samples were badly contaminated with
paint. Silica particles obscured fibers and made sample analysis
difficult. Therefore levels are probably underestimated. The
personal pumps worn by two of the painters showed very low levels
of airborne asbestos in one case (0.0 ng/m3) and high levels in the
other (up to 13,000 ng/m3) (Table 8.3). Although the data are
variable they indicate that there is a substantial risk of exposure
during painting. The reason for the difference between the two
8-6
-------
Table 8.2. Fiber and mass concentrations during painting.
from room to room as the painting progressed.
The samples were collected by moving pumps
MOBILE PUMPS
CD
I
I
SITE
PRIMARY
HORIZONTAL
SPRAY
SECONDARY
VERTICAL SPRAY
}MBERS/M*«3J
} ( THOUSANDS ) } NQ/M* * 3
}ID
JWQ-24
JWQ-25
JWQ-28
JWQ-27
|
1
|
I
1
1
\
TEM ! TEM
l
47OOO.OJ 390. 0
B3OOO.O{ 38O.O
4000.0| 40.0
757000. Oj 8740. O
-------
Table 8.3. Fiber and mass concentrations obtained from personal pumps worn by two of the painters.
PERSONAL PUMPS
CO
I
00
JFIBERS/M**3J
(THOUSANDS)!
! TEH |
CODE {ID j j
PERSON 1 JWQ-12 j O.OJ
JWO-22 ! 0.0|
PERSON 2 JWQ-1 { 600000. O|
WQ-11 J 440000.0|
WQ-2 j 3000OO.OJ
WG-23 { 180000. 0|
i
NG/M«*3
TEN
0.0
0.0
13000.0
23OO.O
10OO.O
170O.O
-------
painters is unknown. The personal pumps were checked and found to
be -working properly. The field crew did note, however, that the
first painter, being tall, rarely used the scaffolding and
therefore was not as close to the material as the other painters.
This painter had the very low levels.
The observations are consistent with the results of an
experimental study to evaluate encapsulants (Mirick et al. 1982).
During application of the encapsulants, airborne asbestos levels of
2,500 ng/m3 to 4,500 ng/m3 were measured. These data underscore
the need for appropriate worker protection during encapsulation
operations.
Airborne asbestos levels at a second school where the
material had been painted three years prior to the study were
higher than those at most sites in the first school (Table 8.4).
Without knowing what the levels were prior to encapsulation, it is
not possible to say whether these levels represent an improvement
over the situation prior to encapsulation or whether the
effectiveness of the encapsulant has diminished over time. The
outdoor sample at this school was damaged and therefore unavailable
for analysis.
Tables 8.5 and 8.6 show fiber and mass concentrations
respectively at sites where there were-two sampling locations. At
these sites one double-headed pump was placed at one side of the
room and one single-headed pump was placed at the opposite side of
the room. This design provides a comparison between two
measurements taken side-by-side (with the double-headed pump) and
one measurement taken at the other side of the room. If there is a
lot of variability from one location in the room to another, then
one would expect the two side-by-side measurements to be much more
similar to each other than to the third measurement taken across
the room.
Only limited data are available because budget
constraints prevented analysis of all of the available samples.
Also, the airborne asbestos levels were generally low and the
restricted range does not provide a good comparison of within-and
between-location variability. Therefore the results must be
regarded as tentative. Even when there was only one pump at a
site, side-by-side measurements were used in the analysis to give a
better estimate of a*E. For fiber concentration, the estimated
spatial variability (a2L) is 4.1 compared to an estimated error
variance (o\) of 4.3. For mass concentration the estimates are
0.7 and 2.6. Spatial variability accounts for 49% of the total
variability in fiber concentration and for 22% of the total
variability in mass concentration.
Estimates of a\ and J2E are helpful in designing future
studies. For example, it two samples can be collected per site,
then the precision of the estimate of airborne asbestos levels will
8-9
-------
Table 8.4. Fiber and mass concentrations at school 2 where the material had been encapsulated 3 years ago.
SCHOOL 2
CO
I
1
1
1
TYPE
PAINTED
Acppcrnc
!
JFIBERS/M*»3[
(THOUSANOS)S
TEN i
[?!« ...J i
1 ! 938. OJ
2 j 6840. Oj
3 J 8840. Oj
4 ; 8990. Oj
i
NQ/M**3
TEN
8.7
32.8
29.7
39.7
-------
Table 8.5.
Fiber concentrations measured in two locations within a single site. At the first location
two side-by-side samples were collected but only some were analyzed because of budget constraints,
CO
I
1
SITE
14
15
16
31
33
34
35
36
38
39
41
43
45
49
LOCATION
SIDE-BY-SIDE
FILTER NUMBER
1 « 2
WITHIN SITE i
_ _ _ j
) OTHER SIDE
* UT KOOHl i
1 '
1 I
1 1
FIBERS/M*»3-'FIBERS/M**3- JFIBERS/M«*3- j
( THOUSANDS ) ,' ( THOUSANDS ) j ( THOUSANDS ) J
******** J ********
1
1
190. OJ 667.
181O.OJ
352O.OJ
i.o|
3.5',
32.01
15. Oj
15.0,'
3.0J 47.
0.5|
164. 0|
408 . 0 ! 5O7 .
167. Oj 1160.
110. Oj 457.
j ******** j
1 »
1 1
OJ 2160 OJ
.; 4140. o;
. ! 189O O|
! s.o!
.; 4.0!
! so',
! 0-o!
.J 68. 5 |
o! 9.0!
.! 26. Oj
.[ 1610.0!
0', 17. Oj
0| 278. Oj
0| 1300. 0|
-------
Table 8.6.
Mass concentrations measured in two locations within a single site. At the first location
two side-by-side samples were collected but only some were analyzed because of budget
constraints.
00
I
SITE
14
15
16
31
33
34
35
36
38
39
41
43
45
49
SIDE-BY-SIDE
FILTER NUMBER
1
NG/M**3
********
1
7
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
! 2
i NG/M**3
> ********
i
1
ij 2
1j
i!
oj
pi
3!
i!
oj o
o!
?!
o! 2
9j 5
5j 3
!
t
i
i
i
1
!
. i
i
i
. i
i
t
i
*
i
2!
1
1
1
1]
OTHER SI
Of Room
NG/M**3
********
9.
24.
8.
O.
0.
0.
0.
0.
O.
0.
6.
0.
1.
5.
OE!
*
4J
4|
aj
o!
o!
i!
o!
i!
i!
7|
i!
e!
-------
depend on whether two side-by-side samples are collected, or
whether two samples are collected from different parts of the room.
Based on these results, two side-by-:side samples will provide an
estimate of log fiber concentration with a variance of 4.1 + 4.3/2
= 6.3 (a reduction of 25% compared to the variance of an estimate
based on just one sample), and an estimate of log mass
concentration with a variance 0.7 + 2.6/2 = 2.0 (a reduction of
39%). If two samples are collected from different parts of the
room the variances will be even smaller ((4.1 + 4.3)/2 = 4.2 and
(0.7 + 2.6)/2 = 1.7 respectively). Thus, collecting samples from
two locations provides additional precision. This has to be
weighed, however, against the cost of extra equipment and effort.
More data are required before any confidence can be put in the
actual numerical values. Nevertheless, these results indicate that
variability from location to location within a site should be
considered when determining the number of samples needed to achieve
a particular objective. If it is important to estimate the
airborne asbestos level at a particular site, samples should be
collected at more than one location within the site.
B. Bulk Samples
Bulk samples were analyzed to characterize the
asbestos-containing material and allow comparisons with future
studies. The mean asbestos content (percent chrysotile) and mean
releasability rating of bulk samples from each school is given in
Table 8.7. The mean is a weighted average of all sites sampled
within the school with each side-by-side sample receiving half the
weight of a single sample. Asbestos content and releasability were
quite low at both schools «12% and <3.5 respectively) and did not
vary much 'from site to site within a school (coefficient of
variation <45% and <33% respectively).
8-13
-------
Table 8.7. Mean asbestos content (percent chrysotile) and mean reusability of bulk samples collected from
each school. The means are weighted averages of all sites within a school with side-by-side
samples receiving half the weight of other samples.
I
M
,£>
1
SCHOOL
1
2
i
j"
(
i
CHRYSOTILE
MEAN !
i
11.86J
7.13|
Xi
i
STD !
i
B.34J
2.59J
RELEASABILITY
MEAN ! STD
i
3.36J 1.11
2.13J 0.35
-------
REFERENCES
Atkinson G, Chesson J, Price B, Barkan D, Ogden J, Brantley G,
Going J. 1983. Midwest Research Institute. Releasability of
asbestos containing materials as an indicator of indoor airborne
asbestos exposure. Draft Report. Washington, B.C.: Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Contract No. 68-01-5915.
Chesson J, Price B, Stroup CR, Breen JJ. 1985. Statistical issues
in measuring airborne asbestos levels following an abatement
program. ACS Symposium Series No. 292. Environmental Applications
of Chemometrics. American Chemical Society.
Miller RG. 1981. Simultaneous statistical inference, 2nd ed. New
York: Springer Verlag.
Mirick W, Schmidt EW, Melton CW, Anderson SJ, Nowacki LJ, Clark R.
1982. Evaluation of encapsulants for sprayed-on
asbestos-containing materials in buildings. Final Report.
Cincinnati, OH: Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Contract 68-03-2552 (T2005).
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental
Systems Laboratory. Interim method for the determination of
asbestos in bulk insulation samples. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. EPA 600/M4-82-020
USEPA. 1983a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Guidance for controlling friable
asbestos-containing materials in buildings. Washington, D.C. EPA
560/5-83-002.
USEPA. 1983b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of
Toxic Substances. Airborne asbestos levels in schools.
Washington, D.C. EPA 560/5-83-003.
USEPA. 1985a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Toxic Substances. Guidance for controlling asbestos-containing
materials in buildings. Washington, D.C. EPA 560/5-85-024.
USEPA. 1985b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Toxic Substances. Evaluation of asbestos abatement techniques;
Phase 1: Removal. Washington, D.C. EPA 560/5-85-019.
R-l
-------
APPENDIX A
EXCERPTS FROM QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A
EXCERPTS FROM QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN
The sections marked with a * are reproduced in this appendix.
Note that the QA plan was written to allow for analysis of air
samples by both Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) and TEM. Because
of budget constraints, only TEM analyses were carried out.
Section
1.0 Title Page
2.0 Table of Contents
3.0 Project Description
4.0 Project Organization and Responsibilities
5.0 Quality Assurance Objectives
6.0 Experimental Design
7.0 Personnel Qualifications
8.0 Facilities and Equipment
9.0 Preventive Maintenance Procedures and Schedules
10.0 Consumables and Supplies
11.0 Documentation
12.0 Document Control
13.0 Configuration Control
14.0 Sample Collection
15.0 Sample Custody
*16.0 Sample Analysis Procedures
*17.0 Rotameter Calibration Procedures and Reference
Materials
*18.0 Data Validation
*19.0 Data Processing and Analysis
*20.0 Internal Quality Control Checks
*21.0 Performance and System Audits
22.0 Data Assessment Procedures
23.0 Feedback and Corrective Action
24.0 Quality Assurance Reports to Management
25.0 Report Design
A-2
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 36 of 57
16.0 SAMPLE ANALYSES PROCEDURES
All air samples, hand-carried to MRI then to the laboratory
carrying out the chemical analysis, shall be kept encoded until the
analyses are completed (TEM, PCM). The same procedure shall be used
for bulk samples for Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM). Electron
microscope preparation and analysis of air samples shall be carried
out according to the Analytical Protocol for Air Samples based on the
U.S. EPA Provisional Methodology Manual (USEPA 1978), (See reference
1, Appendix E). PCM analyses shall be done according to the protocol
in Appendix B of reference 2, and bulk samples shall be prepared and
analyzed according to the protocol given in Appendix D of reference 1.
Releasability measurements shall be performed according to the
protocol in Appendix A. In all cases any deviations from, or
elaborations of, the specified protocols shall be carefully
documented.
16.1 Field Blanks
From the 17 field blanks per sampling period in School 1 (1
per site), 4 shall be randomly selected by MRI's QA monitor for
chemical analysis for contamination check. These 4 filters shall
consist of one filter from each type of site (i.e., unpainted
asbestos-containing, painted asbestos-containing, non-asbestos
1 USEPA. 1983 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Airborne
Asbestos Levels in Schools. Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances. Washington D.C.: USEPA EPA 5601 5-83-003.
2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Method No. PS.CAM 239: Asbestos Fibers in Air
A-3
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 37 of 57
containing, outdoors). From the 5 field blanks from sampling period
II in School 2 (1 per site), 2 shall be randomly selected for
contamination check. One filter shall be selected from each type of
site (i.e., painted asbestos-containing, outdoor).
16.2 External Quality Assurance Filter Analysis
As a quality assurance measure, MRI's QA monitor shall
randomly select samples to be analyzed by an external laboratory (QA
laboratory). QA analyses shall be performed for both methods:
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and phase contrast microscopy
(PCM). All filters selected for QA analysis shall be divided in half
according to the analytical protocol for air samples and one half of
each filter shall be hand-carried to the QA laboratory. The results
from the QA laboratory will be compared with those from the primary
laboratory. For each sampling period, the filters shall be selected
as follows:
* For TEM analysis (School 1)
1 from non-asbestos containing rooms
1 from painted asbestos containing rooms
4 from unpainted asbestos containing rooms
1 from outdoor
* For PCM analysis (School 1)
2 from non-asbestos containing room
2 from painted asbestos containing rooms
A-4
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 38 of 57
8 from unpainted asbestos containing rooms
2 from outdoor
*For TEM analysis (School 2, sampling period #1 only)
2 from painted asbestos containing rooms
*For PCM analysis (School 2, sampling period II only)
2 from painted asbestos containing rooms.
No field blanks shall be analyzed by the QA laboratory.
16.3 Replicate and Duplicate Filter Analyses
As a means of quantifying in-house variability and
analytical variability introduced by the filter preparation procedure,
samples shall be selected by MRI's QA monitor for replicate and
duplicate analyses. Replicate analysis shall be performed using two
independent preparations from the same filter. Duplicate analyses
shall be conducted by a second analyst using the same grid preparation
as in the original analysis. For each sampling period, filters shall
be randomly selected in the same fashion for duplicate and replicate
analyses, for both methods (TEM and PCM) as follows:
*For TEM analysis (school 1)
1 from non-asbestos free rooms
1 from painted asbestos containing rooms
4 from unpainted asbestos containing rooms
1 from outdoor
A-5
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August/ 1984
Page 39 of 57
*For PCM analysis (school 1)
2 from non-asbestos containing rooms
2 from painted asbestos containing rooms
8 from unpainted asbestos containing rooms
2 from outdoor
*For TEM analysis (School 2, sampling period #1 only)
2 from painted asbestos containing rooms
1 from outdoor
*For PCM analysis (school 2, sampling period fl only)
2 from painted asbestos containing rooms
1 from outdoor
16.4 Laboratory Blanks
As a mean of checking on possible contamination during the
preparation procedures, laboratory blank filters should be subjected
to standard laboratory procedures during preparation and analysis of
the samples. At least three Millipore laboratory blank filters shall
be analyzed by the main laboratory and three by the external QA
laboratory for both TEM and PCM for each sampling period.
Tables 3 and 4 summarize the sample selection procedures for
external QA, replicate and duplicate analyses for schools 1 and 2,
respectively.
A-6
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 40 of 57
16.5 Bulfc Sample QA Analysis
The bulk sampling scheme is presented in Table 2 of Section
No. 6.0. A total of 30 bulk samples (22 from school 1, 8 from school
2) shall be collected at asbestos containing sites. All bulk samples
will be analyzed using PLM techniques.
Quality assurance analysis of 4 bulk samples shall be done
by a laboratory other than MRI. These 4 samples shall consist of one
member of each of the 4 pairs of side-by-side collected samples. In
addition, 8 bulk samples shall be randomly selected from the 26 single
samples and shall be analyzed by two different analysts within MRI
(duplicate analysis). Eight bulk samples shall be randomly selected
for replicate analysis (2 independent preparations from the same
sample).
A-7
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 41 of 57
TABLE 3. SAMPLE SELECTION FOR QA ANALYSIS - SCHOOL 1
Field Blanks 35-hour Millipore filters Total
NA PA UA 0
Sampled 3 3 10 1
Test TEM 1111
Filters
to be
Analyzed PCM -
External TEM
QA PCM
Replicate TEM
Analyses PCM
Duplicate TEM
Analyses PCM
NA
6
6
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
PA
6
6
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
UA
27
27
27
4
8
4
8
4
8
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
58
45
41
7
14
7
14
7
14
Laboratory
Blanks TEM 3 at main and 3 at external QA laboratory
PCM 3 at main and 3 at external QA laboratory
UA = Unpainted Asbestos
PA = Painted Asbestos
NA = Non-asbestos
O = Outdoor
A-8
-------
Section No. 16.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 42 of 57
TABLE 4. SAMPLE SELECTION FOR QA ANALYSES - SCHOOL 2
SAMPLING PERIOD |1 ONLY
Field Blanks 35-hour Millipore filters Total
Sampled
Test
Filters
to be
Analyzed
External
QA
Replicate
Analyses
Duplicate
Analyses
PA 0
4 1
TEM 1 1
PCM
TEM
PCM
TEM
PCM
TEM
PCM
PA
8
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
15
12
10
2
2
3
3
3
3
PA = Painted Asbestos
0 = Outdoor
A-9
-------
Section No. 17.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 43 of 57
17.0 ROTAMETER CALIBRATION PROCEDURES AND REFERENCE MATERIALS
17.1 Rotameter Calibration Procedure
1. Record the preliminary data at the top of the data sheet
shown in Figure 2.
2. Set-up the calibration system as shown in Figure 3.
Allow the wet test meter to run for 20 min. before
starting the calibration.
3. Turn on the pump and adjust the flow until the pyrex
ball is around 25 on the rotameter scale.
4. Record both the stainless steel and pyrex ball values on
the data sheet.
5. Measure the volume of air which passes through the rota-
meter during an accurately timed interval. Record the
initial and final times and wet test meter readings.
6. Record the wet test meter temperature (Tw) and manometer
readings (AP) during the time interval.
7. Run at least duplicates for each rotameter setting.
8. Reset the pyrex ball to around 90 and repeat Steps 4
through 7.
9. Reset the pyrex ball to around 120 and repeat Steps 4
through 7.
10. Calculate the flow rates for each setting using the
equation:
= Vw x Corr
Time
(Pb - Vp)
+ AP/13.6
Ps
Ts
Tw + 273
A-10
-------
Flownwttr ryp«
Section No. 17.0
Revision No. 0
Date August/ 1984
Page 44 of 57
MRlor I.D. no.
Oott
Boromcrric prtuurv, Pb
Standard prtsiurc. Ps _
"H2O Initial
Srandard f«mp, Ts
.K
T«»f
no.
Flowm«r«r
boll, mm
SS
Pyrtu
W«» t«tt m«ftr (eorr. )
Tin*
min
Vw
ee
AP
"H2O
Tw
c
VP°
"Hfl
Qb
Flowrat*
Srd ee/min
'From vapor prtuur* vs. ttmp«rafur« tables
K (Vw
Tim*
(Pb-Vp)* V13.6
FIGURE 2. FLOWMETER CALIBRATION DATAFORM
A-ll
-------
Section No. 17.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 45 of 57
Manometer
Monomer Thermometer
-------
Section No. 17.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 46 of 57
where:
Q = flow rate in standard cc/min,
Vw = wet test meter volume in cc,
Corr. ^correction value obtained for each specific wet
test meter,
Time =time in minutes,
?b =barometric pressure in inches of H20,
Vp =vapor pressure in inches of Hg,
Ap ^manometer reading in inches of H2O,
Ps =standard pressure in inches of H2O,
Ts =standard temperature in °K, and
Tw =wet test meter temperature in °C.
10. Plot rotameter readings versus values of Q for each setting
as shown in Figure 4.
17.2 Rotameter Calibration Schedule
The rotameters shall be checked, cleaned if necessary, then
calibrated prior to the first sampling trip.
17.3 Reference Materials
Standard materials of known asbestos type shall be used as
references for fiber morphology and electron diffraction patterns.
A-13
-------
HO
120
-4.4."M«
Rolamclcr X-4088
Py««x ftall. 71.5'F
Sid. R«f*i«ncc = 68»F 29.9?" Hg
Calib. 1-18-83 »CS
100
80
-2.0'Mfl
40
20
Sc :!
MM
456
Q (Flow Rale. Standard cc/Min)
FIGURE 4. PLOT OP ROTAMETBR READINGS VERSUS VALUES OP Q
10
*o p pd w
(kl 6» (0 (D
lO ft < O
(tt (D H- ft
(A H-
> H- O
O 3
c z
w z o
o ft o «
Ul
O -0
00 O
-------
Section No. 18.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 48 of 57
18.0 DATA VALIDATION
As a minimum, the guidelines listed below should be
followed:
- When calculations are made by hand, 2 people shall spot
check some calculations independently and then compare
results; correct, if necessary.
- When computer is used, data entry shall be verified;
programs, formulae, etc..., shall be tested with sample
data previously worked out by hand.
- When statistical software packages are used, tests of
reason shall be applied; on outputs, double-check sample
sizes, degrees of freedom, variable codes, etc...; be
alert for outliers.
- When reporting numerical results, computer generated
outputs rather than retyped tables shall be used to the
extent possible. When possible, reported tables shall be
compared for consistency in variable codes and values,
sample sizes, etc...
In all cases, data validation activities shall be documented
and records kept of any necessary corrective action in the appropriate
notebook.
A-15
-------
Section No. 19.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 49 of 57
19.0 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
As data become available from the chemical analyses they
shall be entered into computer files. The files shall be checked
against the raw data for accuracy. Graphical displays and summary
statistics shall be generated. Comparisons shall be made between
asbestos concentrations at asbestos and non-asbestos containing sites
and among different sampling periods (before, during and after
asbestos encapsulation) using analysis of variance techniques. If
necessary, transformations of the data shall be made to achieve
homogeneity of variance.
Samples analyzed by TEM and PCM shall be compared by
calculating correlation coefficients and estimating constant and
relative biases for each method relative to the other.
The relationship between air levels and properties of the
bulk samples shall be investigated. The types of analyses will depend
on the range of asbestos materials present. If the materials prove to
be very homogeneous then only limited analysis will be carried out.
A-16
-------
Section No. 20.0
Revision No. 0
Date August/ 1984
Page 50 of 57
20.0 INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS
Internal quality control is achieved by the use of
laboratory blanks (filters)
field blanks (filters)
external laboratory QA analyses
replicate analyses
duplicate analyses
data entry checks
data transfer checks
as described in Sections 14, 16 and 18.
A-17
-------
Section No. 21.0
Revision No. 0
Date August, 1984
Page 51 of 57
21.0 PERFORMANCE AND SYSTB! AUDITS
Performance and system audits provide the primary means for
external monitoring for this project. These audits will be performed
during each sampling period.
Both performance and system audits will be conducted on
site.
21.1 Performance Audits
Device to be Audited
Diaphragm pump
* Performance Audit Procedure
Verify calibration of the
rotameter against
standard reference device.
Review EPA standard methods
and/or other test protocols.
Carefully pack equipment for
shipment (if applicable).
Directly measure flow rate
against rotameter.
Record all data on-performance
audit form. In general, all
reported values should be
within + 10% as compared to
the audit device.
Audit Device
Calibrated rotameter
A-18
-------
Prepare and submit a summary
report and all records to
MRI's QA department.
Section No. 21.0
Revision No. 0
Date August/ 1984
Page 52 of 57
21.2 System Audit
Area to be Audited
Entire Sampling Procedure
* System Audit Procedure
Review test procedures and
protocols.
Obtain standard audit form.
Observe the performance of
each task.
Ask questions as required.
Take corrective actions as
necessary.
Fill in appropriate blank
lines on audit form.
Prepare and submit summary
report, and all records
to MRI's QA department.
Audit Mechanism
Standard Audit Form
A-19
-------
APPENDIX B
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PROTOCOLS
B-l
-------
APPENDIX B-l
AIR SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Airborne asbestos sampling will be conducted according to the general
procedure outlined by Price et al. (1980). This will involve samples taken
at both indoor and outdoor sites as specified in the sampling plan.
All samplers will be equipped with a timing device and set to operate
during hours of normal school activity over a period of a week. The collec-
tion substrate will be 47 mm 0.45 |Jm cellulose acetate (Millipore type HA)
filters.
SELECTION OF SAMPLING LOCATION
Sites
Once a site has been identified, the sampling system must be located to
give a representative sample of the entire site within practical constraints.
If possible, the filter should be placed at a height of approximately 1.5 m
(59 in.). It should be placed in a Ipcation which minimizes disruption of
normal activity. Positions close to walls or windows should be avoided, if
practical. Attention should also be given to insure that the sampler in
operation does not create a unsafe situation (e.g., extension cord across a
doorway).
Outside Ambient
The location of the outside ambient sampler is important to obtain a
representative background measure. This sampler, thus, should be placed up-
wind of the building if it is to represent such that no bias is created by
identifiable local sources (e.g., parking lots, highways, and building exhaust)
With regard to the above considerations, as well as power requirements and
anticipated accessibility to vandals, the upwind side of a building roof may
be the most desirable location.
SAMPLER SETUP.
The sampling system consists of:
1. An open-face filter holder.
2. A control flow orifice.
3. A pump with muffler.
4. Associated plumbing and stand.
5. A method of measuring sampling time.
The sampler setup is schematically represented as follows:
B-2
-------
D 0 CC
Filter Flow Pump with i * t Electrical
Holder Orifice Muffler ' ' Power Source
Timer
SAMPLING PROTOCOL
1. Clean and dry filterholder and place in horizontal position.
2. Place filter in holder, assuring proper position (see filter handling
section) and clamp filter in place.
3. Rotate filter holder such that filter is in a vertical position
(perpendicular to ground).
4. Check plumbing for any leaks and check filter holder to assure that
it is free from fibration.
3. Check flow with flowmeter with the timer control set on manual.
6. Set automatic timer to correct date and time and set on/off trippers
to desired on-off time settings.
7- Make appropriate logbook entries.
8. Conduct sampling.
9. Rotate filter to horizontal position, check flow, stop pump and re-
move filter. Place Millipore filter in petri dish, number petri dish, and
cover.
FILTER HANDLING PROCEDURES
1. Handle the filters by forceps (not with fingers) during loading and
unloading of the filter holders.
2. After sampling, place the exposed filter in a petri holder (Millipore
filters) exposed side up and maintain in that position during the handling
and transport of the samples to the laboratory.
3. Hand-carry the samples in a container at the end of each sampling
period to MRI by MRI field personnel.
4. Handle the container in a way that will keep the petri holders in a
horizontal (flat) position at all times (handling, transport, and storage).
B-3
-------
LABORATORY BLANKS
Use filters from the same production lot number, if possible. Prior to
field sampling, select one filter per box of 25 Millipore filters, to serve
as laboratory blanks and keep at MRI until analysis.
FIELD BLANKS
During each of the four sampling periods, randomly select one field blank
(filter) from a new box of filters at each sampling site. Encode and handle
the blank filters according to the same protocol as the test filters.
LOGBOOK ENTRIES
An important part of any field program are the observations and accurate
records of the field team. As a minimum, logbook entries shall include:
1. Name of field operators.
2. Date of record.
3. Site number and location (school and site).
4. Tag numbers of pump, timer, and filter holder (G - XXXX - EPA).
5. Relative humidity and temperature inside building and outside.
6. Position of sampler within site (coordinates).
7. Brief site description (sketch).
8. Corresponding filter number (assigned at end of sampling period).
9. Sample flow rate at start of sampling period for each filter head.
10. Settings of timer clock (on-off tripper positions).
11. First day of sampling (date).
12. Sample flow rate at end of sampling period.
13. Comments.
14. Photographsoverview, to left, to right and ceiling overhead or
sampler.
15. Running time meter reading.
B-A
-------
POST SAMPLING PROCEDURE
1. Measure the flow.
2. Check filter condition and location (coordinates) of the sampler.
3. Record day of week and time position of the timer clock.
A. Record the time on the running-time meter or alarm clocks used as
lapse-time clocks.
5- Record the relative humidity and temperature inside the building
and outdoors.
If possible, conduct a midweek site check of points 1-5.
Note: At some time before equipment is removed from a school, obtain
and record information from the head custodian on how the school is cleaned
(e.g., dry-mopped, wet-mopped, swept with bristle broom, daily, etc.).
PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING FLOW IN THE FIELD
This procedure describes the process used to determine the sample flow
rates through the filters used to collect fibers in ambient air.
I, Set up the sampling system as shown below with the rotameter in one
leg of the sampler.
Filter 1
Filter 2
Rotometer
Orifice
>
Pump with
Muffler
i ' i Electrical
* _. ' Power Source
Timer
2. Turn on the pump and with both filters in place, record the rotameter
reading in the notebook.
3. Turn off the pump and transfer the rotameter to the other leg of the
sampler.
B-5
-------
4. With both filters in place, turn on the pump and again record the
rotameter reading for the second leg.
5. Turn off the pump and remove the rotameter from the sampler.
6. Reconnect all tubing.
7- The sampler is ready to operate.
8. Repeat procedures 1 through 5 at the end of the sampling period.
Note: A similar procedure is used for pumps equipped with only one fil-
ter holder.
9. Calculate the flow as follows:
Using the calibration curve for the rotameter, determine the flow
rates for each rotameter reading and record these values on the data
sheet.
Calculate the average flow rate for the sampling period using the
following equation:
,, (initial flow rate + final flow rate)
average flow rate = r
Calculate the actual volume of sample collected by multiplying the
average sample rate by the sampling time.
REFERENCES
Price B, Melton C, Schmidt E, Townley C. 1980. Battelle Columbus Labs.
Airborne asbestos levels in schools: a design study. Report. Washington,
DC: Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Contract 68-01-3858.
B-6
-------
APPENDIX B-2
PROTOCOL FOR THE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF INSULATION
MATERIAL SUSPECTED OF CONTAINING ASBESTOS
The specific points where bulk samples will be taken will betdesignated
by the statistician at Battelle Columbus Laboratories who was involved in the
air sampling survey design.
SAMPLING
The bulk sampling procedure will be based on that presented in EPA docu-
ment entitled "Asbestos-Containing Materials in School BuildingsGuidance
for Asbestos Analytical Programs" (USEPA 1980). Side-by-side samples will be
taken at points designated to provide duplicates for quality assurance. This
procedure eliminates the necessity of splitting samples at a later time.
An identification number will be assigned to each sample. This number
will also appear on the sampler container, in the field logbook along with
descriptive information, and on the chain-of-custody records. These numbers
will be sent to the field on preprinted replicate gum labels that have other
pertinent information on them.
SAMPLE HANDLING
The samples will be shipped by the field crew to the attention of the
quality control representative at MRI, who will log them in and assign them
permanent numbers on a random basis. The quality control representative will
then identify and remove the duplicates and, from this set of duplicates,
choose, on a random basis, a number of them for analysis by an external lab-
oratory. The remaining duplicates will be put back with the remaining samples,
and all of these will be given to the MRI analyst for analysis. Duplicate
samples will be sent to an external laboratory for quality assurance analysis.
ANALYSIS
The samples will be analyzed by polarized light microscopy including
dispersion staining. Fiber identification will follow that given in the EPA
"Interim Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples"
(USEPA 1982) and that published in the Federal Register.
REFERENCES
Asbestos: Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools; Identification
and Notification, Appendix A. Final Rule, Environmental Protection Agency,
40 CFR Part 763, Federal Register Vol. 47, No. 103, May 27, 1982.
McCrone WC. 1980. The asbestos particle atlas. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor
Science, 122 pp.
B-7
-------
USEPA. 1980. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Toxic Sub-
stances. Asbestos-containing materials in school buildings: guidance for
asbestos analytical programs. Washington, DC: USEPA. EPA 560/13-80-017A.
PB81-24358 6.
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Systems
Laboratory. Interim method for the determination of asbestos in bulk insula-
tion samples. Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA 600/M4-82-020.
B-8
-------
APPENDIX B-3
SAMPLE CUSTODY
Standard MRI sample traceability procedures described herein will be used
to ensure sample integrity.
* Each sample (filter or bulk) will be issued a unique project identi-
fication number as it is removed from the pump. This number will be recorded
in a logbook along with the appropriate information.
* A traceability packing slip will be filled out in the field.
* The samples will be hand-carried to MRI where the package contents
will be inventoried against the traceability packing slip.
* A copy of the inventory sheets will be sent to MRI's department man-
agement representative and QA monitor. The original will remain with MRI's
field sampling leader in his project files. If sampling information is con-
tained in the field numbers, a set of random numbers will be generated and
assigned sequentially to each sample replacing the field identification num-
bers. The relationship between the two sets of numbers will be recorded and
a copy retained by the QAM. Warning labels (if appropriate) will be affixed.
* In order to maintain traceability, all transfers (e.g., to Battelle,
QA laboratory, etc.) of samples are recorded in an appropriate notebook
(where appropriate). The following information will be recorded:
The name of the person accepting the transfer, date of transfer,
location of storage site, and reason for transfer.
The assigned MRI sample code number remains the same regardless of
the number of transfers.
* After the samples are properly logged in, they will be placed in suit-
able storage areas. These areas will be identified as to the hazard they pre-
sent to the samples.
B- 9
-------
APPENDIX B-4
TEM ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL FOR AIR SAMPLES
1. Select one filter from each box of 25 0.45 um, 47 nun
Milliporc HA membrane filters to serve as laboratory blanks. Use all
filters from the same production lot number, if possible. Determine
that the laboratory blank filters are asbestos free by ashing followed
by transmission electron microscope examination prior to field
sampling. Record filter box and lot number.
2. Upon receipt of filters from the sampling team, record them
in a laboratory record book, noting specific sample log number, date
received and any particular macroscopic identifying characters for a
particular filter sample. This includes damaged or smudged areas on
the filter surface, lack of uniform sample deposition, attached
particulate or debris, unusually heavy-appearing deposit
concentration, etc.
3. Measure the diameter of the effective filter area precisely.
Any damaged areas removed prior to sample preparation should be
mounted on glass slides with double-stick tape and carefully measured.
The total effective filter area and damaged areas of sample removed
should be accurately recorded for purposes of calculation procedures.
4. A 90 degree radial section of the original 47 mm filter
sample is cut in the original sample dish with a clean, single-edged
razor blade. The quarter section is transferred with stainless steel
forceps to a clean, one by three inch glass slide where it is cut
again into smaller pie-shaped wedges to fit into the glass ashing tube
(approximately 15 mm diameter by 150 mm long). Transfer the wedges by
forceps to clean, numbered ashing tubes. The tubes are then placed in
a LFE 504 low temperature plasma oven, with one sample tube and one
laboratory control tube per ashing chamber. The lab control tube may
contain either a blank Millipore filter or be run as an empty tube.
The ashing process is maintained at 450 watts for two hours.
B-10
-------
5. Upon removal from the LTA 504, the ashing tubes are treated
as follows. The tube is placed in an ultrasonification bath. One to
two mis of 0.22 um filtered Millipore-Q water are poured into the tube
from a clean 100 ml graduated cylinder. The sample is then sonicated
vigourously for i five minutes and subsequently transferred to a clean
150 ml glass beaker. The tube is then rinsed by additional
untrasonification 2-3 times more using a few mis of filtered water
each time and the contents then transferred to a 150 ml sample beaker.
The remaining volume (up to 100 mis) of filtered water is added and
the entire suspended sample or blank- is sonicated again, so that the
total time of dispersion in the sonicator is a minimum of 20 minutes.
A clean rod is used to stir the suspended sample while it is being
sonicated.
6. The 100 ml fraction is divided into three aliguots: 10, 20
and 70 ml, prepared in that order. Using a 25 mm Millipore filter
apparatus, place 0.2 um Nuclepore polycarbonate filter on top of an
8.0 um mixed cellulose ester Millipore back-up filter. Wet the filters
by aspirating ^10 ml filtered DI water. Stop aspiration, pour in the
first sample aliquot or portion thereof and begin the aspiration
procedure again. Carefully add the remaining sample volume without
disturbing the flow across the Nuclepore filter surface. The
suspended sample may be resonicated or stirred between filtration of
the aliquots.
7. When the sample is deposited, carefully transfer the
Nuclepore filter to a clean, labelled (sample number, date and aliquot
size) one by three inch glass slide. The Millipore backup filter is
discarded. When dry, the 0.2 um Nuclepore filter is tautly attached
to the slide on four edges with transparent tape, leaving a small
portion of each filter corner untaped. The filter is then coated
withan approximately 40 nm thick carbon film (National Spectroscopic
Laboratories carbon rods) by vacuum evaporation. The film thickness
need only be sufficient to provide support for the deposited sample.
B-ll
-------
8. Transfer of the polycarbonate filter deposit to a 200 mesh
electron microscope copper grid (E.P. Pullam) is achieved by first
cutting a three millimeter square portion from the filter using a
clean single-edged razor blade. This is placed, deposit side down/ on
the EM grid which, in turn, has been set upon a small, correspondingly
labelled portion of lens tissue paper. The sample is then wet with a
solution of four drops of 1,1,1-trichlorethane and five ml of
chloroform. The film, grid and lens paper are then placed in a Jaffe
dish consisting of copper screen supported on a bent glass rod in a
covered 90 mm glass petri dish. Methylene chloride (Burdick-Jackson)
is poured into the dish to saturate the lens paper without submersing
the grid and sample. The dish remains covered at room temperature for
two hours. The prepared sample is shifted to a clean petri dish with
fresh methylene chloride and allowed to set for one hour making the
total Jaffeing time four hours. After removing the grid from the
Jaffe dish, it is allowed to dry and then is placed in a small gelatin
capsule and mounted with the remaining coated polycarbonate filter for
storage until analysis.
9. Starting with the 70 ml fraction filter, examine the EM grid
under low magnification in the TEM to determine its suitability for
high-magnification examination. Ascertain that the loading is
suitable and is uniform, that a large number of grid openings have
their carbon film intact, and that the sample is not contaminated
excessively with extraneous debris or bacteria.
10. Scan the EM grid at a screen magnification of 20,OOOX.
Record the length and breadth of all fibers that have an aspect ratio
of greater than 3:1 and have substantially parallel sides. Observe
the morphology of each fiber through the 10X binocular and note
whether a tubular structure characteristic of chrysotile asbestos is
present. Switch into SAED mode and observe the diffraction pattern.
Note whether the pattern is typical of chrysotile or amphibole,
whether it is ambiguous, or neither chrysotile or amphibole. Energy
dispersive X-ray analysis should be used where necessary to further
characterize the fiber. Pictures representing the sample type,
fiber/particulate distribution or characteristic SAED patterns of
chrysotile and specific amphibole types may be taken as desired.
B-12
-------
11. Count the fibers in grid openings until at least 100 fibers,
or the fibers in a maximum of ten grid openings, have been counted.
Once counting of fibers in a grid opening has started, the count shall
be continued although the total count of fibers may be greater than
100.
12. To insure uniformity of grid opening dimensions, examine
several 200 mesh grids by optical microscopy and measure roughly ten
openings per grid. These dimensions are then averaged to provide a
standard grid opening area.
13. Calculate the dilution factor as follows:
Dilution Factor - 4 x 100
size of aliquot used in step 6(ml)
The number 4 appears in the numerator because 1/4 of the
original filter is used. The dilution factor will be 40, 20
or 5.71 corresponding to the 10,20 and 70 ml aliguots
respectively.
14. Calculate the area factor as follows:
Area Factor « Total effective filter area of the Nuclepore filter (cm2)
Area Examined (cm )
where Area Examined (cm2)
2
(average area of an EM grid opening (cm ))
x (number of grid openings examined during fiber counting).
B-13
-------
15. Filter density (number per m ) and mass concentration
(ng/m ) are calculated using the following formula:
Number of Fibers/m3 »
Total Number of Fibers Counted x Area Factor x Dilution Factor
Air Volume (m3)
Mass Concentration (ng/m ) »
Total Fiber Volume ( um ) x Density (ng/ um ) x Area
Factor x Dilution Factor
Air Volume (m3)
where
Number of Fibers
Total Fiber Volume - I Length . (um) (WIDTH. ( um) ) 2 /H
1-1 1 x
and Density equals 3.0 x 10~ ng/ um for amphibole and
2.6 x 10 ng/ um for chrysotile. Length, is the length of
fiber i in um and width, is the width of fiber i in um.
(Note: It is often convenient to measure length in units of um and
4
width in units of um. When this is the case the formula becomes
20
Number of Fibers ,2
Total Fiber Volume « I Li (um) mi (um)\ jr_
i - 1 4 \20 / 4
where Li is the length of fiber i in um and Wi » width of fiber i
4
in u nt.
20
B-14
-------
APPENDIX C
RESULTS OF SAMPLE ANALYSIS
C-l
-------
APPENDIX C-l
TEM RESULTS
a
M
WD-36
WO-38
WO -40
WO- 30
WD-49
WD-43
WD-23
WD-27
WD-59
WO- 11
WO -56
WO-60
WO-62
WD-66
WO-67
WD-69
WO-72
WO -50
WD-33
WO-71
WD-29
WO-47
WD-54
WD-31
WO-47
WD-71
WD-29
WO- 48
WD-68
HD-63
WMG-19
WMG-21
WMG-20
WMG-42
WMG-35
WMG-38
WMG-40
WMG-43
WMG-46
WMG-33
WMG-49
WMG-17
WG-31
WO-48
WG-37
WG-39
WG-35
WG-40
WMG-55
WMG-57
WG-32
WD-70
WMG-53
WG-13
WG-38
WG-45
WG-50
WG-22
WG-1
WG-55
WG-67
WG-72
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
5O
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
§;
* !
£ i
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1 :
1 :
1 :
1
1
1 :
1
i
i
i
i
i :
1
1
1
1 :
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
1 :
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y uj
C I
* K
1 8
1 7
15
1
4
11
11
17
6
1
13
14
5
18
2 2
i 3
2 4
10
2
2 4
1
4
9
12
4
4
1
4
2 2
2 2
7
8
7
15
13
14
1 2
1 16
I 3
I 5
1 11
5
24
4
27
23
26
16
9
10
25
3
9
22
23
15
4
96
92
3
10
9
&
UJ
t
_i
Lk
2
1
1
2
3
2
0
2
2
0
2
1
3
2
:
:
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
I
a.
P
UA
UA
NA
UA
UA
PA
FB
0
UA
F8
PA
NA
UA
NA
PA
PA
PA
UA
UA
PA
UA
UA
UA
PA
UA
PA
UA
UA
PA
PA
UA
UA
UA
NA
PA
NA
UA
NA
UA
UA
PA
FB
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
NA
UA
UA
UA
PA
UA
FB
UA
NA
IB
PP
PP
IB
IB
IB
UJ
CL
P
S
s
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
0
0
R
s
s
R
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
R
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
on
UJ
CO
u.
«h
103
15
54
373
101
52
2
2
132
1
146
107
312
37
124
134
210
54
131
150
124
31
103
101
43
143
168
115
173
366
11
8
29
9
17
5
18
5
2
16
18
7
87
137
68
84
27
9
22
20
50
105
1
12
14
6
24
0
15
4
34
9
7.
8.
3.
4.
2.
8.
3.
3.
1.
2.
4.
5.
8.
1 .
1.
2.
9.
2.
3.
1.
2.
2.
2.
4.
4.
1.
8.
5.
1.
9.
3.
1 .
2.
7.
2.
7.
3.
2.
2.
1 .
1.
1.
1.
4.
2.
2.
2.
8.
1 .
1.
2.
1 .
2.
0.
6.
2.
1.
5.
f*>
.0
^
u.
83E+05
20E+04
OOE+05
02E+07
16E+08
10E+04
OOE+03
52E+06
_
11E+08
04E+05
14E+06
80E+04
09E+06
96E+06
05E+07
80E+05
20E+05
85E+06
27E+06
60E+05
87E+08
84E+06
20E+05
OSE-i-Oe
38E+06
14E+06
94E+06
41E+06
40E+04
OOE+03
70E+04
OOE+04
30E+04
OOE+03
20E+04
OOE+03
OOE-i-03
40E+04
80E+O4
,
10E+05
94E+05
20E+05
30E+05
30E+04
OOE+O4
60E+04
70E+04
20E+04
02E+07
OOE+03
20E+04
OOE+04
60E+05
OOE+00
OOE+08
OOE+05
70E+06
OOE+05
3
3
1
2
9
3
9
1
4
9
2
3
3
1
6
1
4
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
2
7
8
2
7
9
2
9
3
9
8
9
5
8
7
7
1
8
9
1
5
3
7
8
4
1
0
1
8
9
3
1
CTl
C
. 18E+00
. 80E-01
. 10E+00
.OOE+02
.41E+00
. 30E-01
.OOE-03
,51E-K>1
.61E+OO
.70E-01
. 44E+01
.30E-01
. 25E+01
.07E+01
. 20E+01
. 60E+00
. 66E+OO
. 63E+01
.81E+01
. 50E-01
.21E+01
. 36E+01
. 50E+OO
. 83E+01
. 47E+01
. 91E+OO
.01E+01
.60E+01
. 10E-02
.OOE-02
.OOE-01
.OOE-02
. 70E-02
.OOE-02
. 30E-02
.OOE-02
.OOE-03
.40E-02
.20E-02
. 30E-01
.22E-01
.OOE-01
. 80E-01
. 90E-01
. OOE-O2
. 90E-02
. 90E-01
.80E-01
. 97E+01
.OOE-03
.
.OOE-02
.OOE-02
.60E+00
.OOE+OO
. 30E+04
.OOE-01
. 40E+00
. OOE+OO
r Filter
0 = blank
1-2 = side-by-side
3 = opposite side of room
**
***
Type
UA = unpainted asbestos
PA = painted asbestos
NA = non-asbestos
0 = outdoor
IB = inside barrier
FB = field blank
LB = lab blank
MP = mobile pump
PP = personal pump
Type of Analysis
S = standard
D = duplicate
R = replicate
C-2
-------
APPENDIX C-l (Continued)
TEM RESULTS
a -, &
O 0 LU
M O UJ h-
o a: z H i
»M
WG-2
WG-11
WMG-19
WMG-48
WG-48
WG-12
WMG-59
WG-69
WG-43
WG-23
WMG-23
WG-57
WG-75
WMG-27
WG-27
WG-27
WMG-24
WMG-30
WG-52
WG-25
WG-24
WG-28
WD-57
WD-S7
WMG-51
WMG-23
WMG-53
WG-81
WG-28
WG-65
WG-54
WG-69
WG-50
WG-54
WG-38
WD-63
WZ-30
WZ-41
WG-5S
WG-63
WMG-28
WD-3
WMG-50
WMG-32
WZ-14
WZ-23
WD-27
WD-38
WZ-5
WZ-17
WZ-45
WMG-33
WD-58
WG-65
WZ-37
WMG-43
WG-35
WG-57
WD-69
WMG-51
WMG-59
WCD-2
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
£ b! Co
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
O
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
4
2
2
3
93
94
7
3
18
95
17
10
14
97
8
19
17
12
91
91
1
6
4
90
90
91
6
8
4
8
9
21
22
20
3
10
4
3
23
5
7
13
19
20
1
1 0 0
3 1 4
3 1 5
4 1 17
4 1 17
1 1 17
1 1 7
4 1 12
4 1 7
4 1 5
3 1 5
1 1 13
2 1 20
4 1 9
3 1 18
2 1 28
2 1 19
1 2 3
3 1 4
3 1 17
4 1 2
H
J_
:
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
3
0
3
3
0
2
2
1
0
0
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
LU
a.
£
PP
PP
UA
UA
IB
PP
0
IB
NA
PP
UA
IB
0
PA
MP
MP
UA
UA
IB
MP
MP
MP
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
IB
UA
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
UA
UA
UA
PA
IB
IB
UA
LB
UA
UA
FB
0
0
UA
FB
FB
UA
UA
PA
IB
UA
NA
UA
IB
PA
UA
0
UA
i
£
s
s
R
R
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
D
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
0
s
D
D
S
S
s
s
0
R
0
R
S
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
0
0
s
s
s
0
D
R
s
D
0
R
R
R
R
S
FIBERS
mt
4
10
13
3
10
0
2
14
0
20
37
3
0
0
111
108
1
11
0
36
27
3
113
127
13
37
0
28
117
27
2
29
34
2
8
111
49
17
0
3
4
1
0
0
0
0
3
52
7
0
85
4
150
4
80
12
28
0
105
1
9
61
3
4
1.
4.
2.
0.
3.
5.
0.
1.
4.
1.
0.
0.
8.
1.
1.
1.
0.
8.
4.
4.
2.
1.
8.
4.
0.
7.
1.
3.
.
:i.
B,
2.
0.
3.
5.
0.
0.
0.
4.
2.
1.
8.
1.
2.
1.
1.
4.
0.
5.
1 .
1 .
8.
(*)
.0
1
if.
OOE+08
40E+08
70E+04
OOE+03
60E+05
OOE+00
OOE+03
90E+05
OOE+00
80E+08
70E+04
OOE+05
OOE+00
OOE+00
34E+07
43E+09
OOE+03
50E+04
OOE+00
30E+07
70E+07
OOE+08
42E+08
36E+06
30E+04
70E+04
OOE+00
70E+05
45E+06
10E+08
OOE+O5
20E+08
70E+05
OOE+05
OOE+04
81E+06
30E+04
30E+04
OOE+00
OOE+05
OOE+03
OOE+00
OOE+OO
OOE+00
OOE+03
80E+05
50E+O5
OOE+O3
14E+06
OOE+05
10E+05
80E+04
50E+04
OOE+00
37E+06
OOE+03
OOE+04
80E+04
1.
2.
8.
1.
3.
0.
1.
3.
0.
1 .
2.
7.
0.
0.
1.
1 .
3.
1.
0.
3.
3.
4.
9.
7.
8.
1 .
0.
5.
8.
1.
3.
5.
2.
5.
5.
7.
3.
9.
0.
2.
2.
m
(7)
c
OOE+03
30E+03
60E-02
OOE-02
50E+00
OOE+00
OOE-02
90E+00
OOE+00
70E+03
20E-01
OOE-01
OOE+OO
OOE+00
88E+03
58E+04
OOE-03
20E-01
OOE+00
80E+02
90E+02
OOE+O1
95E+OO
72E+00
80E-01
60E-01
OOE+00
40E+00
29E+00
80E+01
OOE-01
10E+00
30E+OO
OOE-01
OOE-02
10E+00
80E-01
50E-02
OOE+00
OOE+00
OOE-02
0. OOE+00
0.
0.
2.
1.
8.
2.
4.
2.
4.
7.
2.
0.
2.
5.
7.
4.
OOE+00
OOE+00
OOE-02
10E+00
80E-O1
OOE-02
37E+00
OOE+00
60E-01
80E-02
80E-01
OOE+OO
43E+01
OOE-03
OOE-02
20E-01
**
Filter
0 = blank
1-2 = side-by-side
3 = opposite side of room
Type
UA = unpainted asbestos
PA = painted asbestos
NA = non-asbestos
0 = outdoor
IB = inside barrier
FB = field blank
LB = lab blank
MP = mobile pump
PP = personal pump
*** Type of Analysis
S = standard
D = duplicate
R = replicate
C-3
-------
APPENDIX C-l (Continued)
TEM RESULTS
a
HI
WZ-44
WG-40
WG-72
WD-60
WZ-41
WG-29
WMG-47
WD-74
WD-70
WZ-30
WMG-22
WG-47
WG-53
WG-70
WZ-32
WZ-22
WZ-36
WMG-31
WZ-40
WZ-48
WZ-22
WZ-42
WZ-10
WMG-50
WZ-36
WZ-22
WZ-48
WG-78
WG-77
WZ-42
WZ-32
WMG-49
WZ-48
WD-66
WG-59
WD-1
WMG-31
WZ-45
WCD-3
WCD-6
WCD-8
WCD-1
WZ-44
WZ-40
WCD-2
WCD-10
WCD-4
WCD-1 3
WZ-38
WZ-47
WZ-2
WZ-26
WZ-34
WZ-3
WCO-8
WCD-9
WCD-1 4
WZ-27
WCD-1 3
WZ-39
WZ-43
WZ-33
WZ-35
WCD-5
125
126
127
128
129
13O
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
187
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
18O
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
9
^
X
JJ
X
4
2
2
1
4
2
3
1
1
4
3
2
2
2
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
3
4
1
2
1
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
£
1/1
5
16
9
14
13
22
3
1
3
7
8
18
3
9
4
17
9
6
16
8
17
13
16
4
9
17
8
0
O
13
4
11
8
18
21
0
8
5
15
8
3
2
5
16
2
3
15
14
9
6
0
1
11
0
3
3
14
1
14
16
5
4
11
8
tt
a
*.
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
2
0
0
2
1
2
2
2
1
0
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
3
1
0
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
UJ
CL
P
UA
NA
IB
NA
PA
UA
UA
PA
PA
UA
UA
IB
IB
IB
UA
0
UA
UA
NA
UA
0
PA
FB
UA
UA
0
UA
LB
LB
PA
UA
PA
UA
NA
IB
LB
UA
UA
NA
UA
UA
UA
UA
NA
UA
UA
NA
NA
UA
UA
LB
UA
PA
LB
UA
UA
NA
UA
NA
NA
UA
UA
PA
UA
u
i.
^
S
D
D
D
0
S
S
S
D
D
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
D
S
S
0
D
R
D
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
R
D
S
S
S
S
R
D
R
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
FIBERS
in
104
3
4
139
27
23
3
123
101
102
2
4
4
14
101
8
126
48
19
18
3
109
2
9
170
4
72
0
4
1O1
102
15
46
64
2
6
81
105
82
15
124
96
1O2
19
104
14
46
9
111
1
4
108
48
6
110
104
8
103
1
35
101
133
127
7
1 .
5.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
9.
9.
1.
3.
4.
2.
7.
1.
8.
1.
6.
2.
2.
4.
3.
1.
1 .
5.
1.
1.
1.
2.
7.
3.
3.
7.
1.
1 .
7.
8.
1 .
3.
2.
1.
1.
8.
1.
4.
1.
1.
8.
2.
5.
1.
1.
1.
5.
2.
8.
3.
7.
CO
A
C
94E+08
OOE+03
OOE+05
10E+05
60E+04
OOE+04
OOE+03
38E+05
82E+06
71E+O5
OOE+03
OOE+05
OOE+05
70E+05
38E+06
OOE+03
55E+06
OOE+04
80E+04
60E+04
OOE+03
68E+05
OOE+04
05E+06
OOE+03
10E+05
78E+05
39E+O6
30E+04
30E+O4
50E+05
OOE+05
70E+04
84E+05
20E+05
40E+04
05E+05
50E+05
81E+05
80E+04
51E+05
70E+04
9OE+04
OOE+04
57E+05
OOE+03
61E+06
40E+04
10E+05
07E+05
OOE+04
64E+05
OOE+O3
10E+04
78E+05
65E+05
99E+05
OOE+04
n
e
8.27E+00
2. OOE-02
1. OOE+00
1 .57E+00
1 .70E-01
3.70E-01
2. OOE-02
8-.69E+00
4.41E+01
7.46E-01
1 .OOE-02
2. OOE+OO
2. OOE+00
5 . OOE+OO
5.23E+00
2. OOE-02
5.52E+OO
3.40E-01
1. 10E-01
2.20E-01
1. OOE-02
1.49E+00
t
1. OOE-01
5.75E+00
3. OOE-02
5.60E-01
9.79E-01
4.49E+OO
1. OOE-01
5.BOE-01
2. 10E+00
1 .OOE+00
5.20E-01
8.37E-01
5. 10E-01
4.30E-01
2.97E+00
8.60E-01
1.92E+00
1.20E-01
8.81E-01
1 . 10E-01
3. OOE-01
4. OOE-02
3.08E+00
8.00E-03
8.67E+00
3.6OE-01
1 . OOE+OO
2.87E+OO
8. OOE-02
7 46E-01
1 .OOE-02
2. OOE-01
1 . 37E+00
4.03E+00
1.71E+OO
1. OOE-01
**
Filter
0 = blank
1-2 = side-by-side
3 = opposite side of room
Type
UA = unpainted asbestos
PA = painted asbestos
NA = non-asbestos
0 = outdoor
IB = inside barrier
FB = field blank
LB = lab blank
MP = mobile pump
PP = personal pump
*** Type of Analysis
S = standard
D = duplicate
R = replicate
C-4
-------
APPENDIX C-2
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
j
j
1
!
!FILTER ID
iun-27
! ---- -
IUH-38
!
iUti-47
!UO-56
fUD-57
IUD-60
IUIi-70
IUP-71
!UG-27
!UG-33
JUG-40
IUG-54
!UG-69
IUG-72
IUKG-23
! (JMG-33
IUMG-43
IUKG-50
IUMG-53
IUZ-22
IUZ-30
IUZ-36
IUZ-40
IUZ-41
!UZ»45
!UZ-48
ITEM-CHRYS-ITEM-CHRYS-!
! STANIiftRD ! DUPLICATE !
! FIBER- ! FIEER- !
! COUNTS ! COUNTS !
(
!
j
i
;
j
i
i
[
i
»
1
j
i
i
i
i
i
;
i
!
1
2!
15!
31 !
146!
113!
107!
105!
150!
Ill !
27!
9!
2 !
14!
9!
37!
16 !
5!
0!
1 !
6!
49!
126!
19!
17!
85!
16!
!
3!
32!
43!
130!
127!
139!
101 !
143!
106!
2" !
3!
2 !
29!
4 !
37!
4 !
12!
9!
0!
|
3!
102!
170!
19!
27!
105!
72!
C-5
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (continued)
TEN! QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
1
;
i
;
j
IFILTER ID
! UCH-13
!UCIi-2
IUCH-8
!un-29
!UIi-48
IUD-66
' UID-68
IUIi-69
IUG-38
IUG-50
IUG-57
IUG-65
"UHG-19
! UMG-31
IUMG-46
! UMG-49
!UhG-51
!UhG-59
IWI-22
IU2-32
! W2-42
! WZ-44
IUZ-48
1
1
1
1
!
i
!
I
I
I
1
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
(
1
j
TEM-CHTvYS- !
S7MNDARD !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
!
1 !
61!
124!
124!
US!
37!
173!
134!
14 !
?4!
3!
27!
11 !
4C!
2 !
IS!
13!
2 \
6!
101 !
109!
104!
16!
TCM-CHRYS-
REFLICATE
FIFEK-
COUNTS
9
104
110
166
137
64
366
105
e
34
0
4
13
61
3
IS
1
9
4
102
101
102
46
C-6
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
1
1
1
!
!
IFILTER ID
(UCD-1
IUCD-10
!UCD-14
JUD-27
!UIi-31
1
iUIi-36
!UB-49
!UD-54
IUIi-60
!UD-62
IUD-69
!UH-72
1 "
IUG-31
!UG-43
!UG-46
IUG-55
IUG-61
IUG-67
IUG-73
IUMG-24
IUMG-30
IUMG-35
IUMG-38
IUMG-55
IUMG-57
IUMG-59
!UZ-23
(UZ-27
IUZ-34
IUZ-38
1
!
1
(
1
1
1
i
1
|
j
1
!
j
1
1
1
1
!
i
j
!
i
i
!
;
i
TEM-CHRYS-!
STANHARI! !
FIBER- !
COUNTS !
1
96!
14!
8!
4. !
101 !
103!
101 !
103!
107!
312!
134!
210!
67!
0!
10!
4 !
26!
34!
0!
1 !
11 !
17 !
5!
22 !
20!
2!
0!
103!
48!
Ill !
TEM-CHftYS-
EXTERNAL
QA
FIBER-
COUNTS
65
76
76
69
12?
73
86
57
95
69
82
91
106
72
31
14
46
83
33
67
14
31
68
21
80
21
34
94
92
75
C-7
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
{
!
j
1
IFILTER Hi
IUD-27
!UH-38
!UP-47
IUD-56
iwn-57
IUD-60
IUD-70
iun-71
1UG-27
IUG-35
!UG-40
!UG-54
IUG-69
IUG-72
!UMG-23
! UMG-33
! UMG-43
IUMG-50
1UMG-53
IU2-22
IWZ-30
IUZ-36
IUZ-40
1UZ-41
IUZ-4S
IUZ-48
! 1
i
i
i
i
!
I
1
|
!
i
1
i
i
i
i
t
i
i
1
i
i
i
i
i
t
i
!
FEM-CHRYS- !
STANDARD !
FIBERS - !
PER M»*3 !
;
3000!
62000!
160000!
1110000!
2420000!
204000!
10200000!
2E50000!
63400000!
43000!
20000!
100000!
590000!
500000!
47000!
24000 !
7000!
0!
1000!
8000!
63000!
1550000!
28000!
23000!
150000!
26000!
TEM-CHRYS- !
DUPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
F'ER M**3 !
j
4000!
2BOOOO!
220000!
1140000 !
1360000!
310000 !
7820000!
4080000!
1430000000!
45000!
5000!
100000!
1200000!
200000 !
47000 !
6000!
16000!
10000!
0!
4000!
171000!
1050000!
28000!
36000!
184000!
110000!
C-J
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
1
I
!
!
(FILTER ID
IUCH-13
>UCH-2
IUCD-B
! --
IUD-29
IUIi-48
!UH-66
i_ ___ .
!UIi-68
!Un-£9
IUG-3S
!UG-50
IUG-S7
IUG-65
! UMG-19
IUMG-31
! UMG-46
IUHG-49
IUMG-51
'UMG-59
! UZ-22
(UZ-32
! UZ-42
JUZ-44
!U2-48
i
i
i
!
1
H
i
i
(
i
i
i
i
i
i
t
i
i
j
i
i
»
rEM-CHRYS- !"
STANHftRIi !
FIBERS - !
F'ER M»*3 !
1
1000!
S8000!
605000!
3270000!
1140000!
50000!
_ _ «___~c J
B940000!
1960000!
22000!
260000!
100000!
3100000 !
14000!
60000!
3000!
2EOOO!
63000!
3000!
BOOO!
1380000!
368000!
1940000!
26000!
rEM-CHRYS- !
REPLICATE !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
1
10000!
151000!
210000!
4380000!
194000 !
______ ]
350000!
5410000 !
5370000!
10000!
370000!
0 !
200000!
17000!
77000!
4000 !
23000!
1000 !
10000!
5000 !
1390000!
178000!
381000!
73000!
C-9
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
1
1
1
1
1
(FILTER ID
! UCD-1
iUCD-10
(UCD-14
!UD-27
IUD-31
IUD-36
fUD-49
IUD-54
!UD-60
!UD-62
!UO-69
!UD-72
IUG-31
!UG-43
!UG-48
IUG-53
IUG-61
(UG-67
IUG-7S
IUHG-24
IUMG-30
IUMG-3S
IUMG-38
'UMG-55
IUMG-57
'UMG-59
!UZ-23
IUZ-27
IUZ-34
!UZ-38
i
!TEM-CHRYS->
ITEM-CHRYS- !
I
t
I
1
1
J
1
1
1
I
1
J
1
!
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
!
i
i
i
I
i
!
i
i
STANttARl" !
FIBERS - !
PER M**3 !
i
|
150000!
17000!
10000!
3000!
26-40000!
783000 !
2160000!
2870000!
204000!
4140000!
1T60000!
10500000 !
110000 !
0 !
260000 !
200000 !
770000!
1700000!
0!
1000!
15000!
23000!
7000!
26000!
27000!
3000!
0!
164000!
64000!
457000!
EXTERNAL !
GA !
FIBERS - !
PER M*»3 !
1
260000!
650000!
210000!
250000 !
38900000!
6700000 !
8000000 !
11000000!
3000000 !
12000000!
15000000 !
40000000!
576000 !
220000 !
_ _.____)
4300000 !
2700000!
1700000 !
7100000 !
67000!
180000 !
19000!
|
42000 !
120000 !
25000!
79000 !
36000 !
46000!
1900000!
4600000 i
3700000!
C-10
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
1
j
1
(FILTER ID
IUD-27
!UD-38
IUD-47
!UD-56
IUD-57
!UD-60
!UD-70
IUD-71
!UG-27
!UG-35
!UG-40
! UIG-54
.'UG-69
! UG-72
IUMG-23
IUMG-33
!UMG-43
IUMG-50
!UMG-53
IUZ-22
!UZ-30
!UZ-36
!UZ-40
!UZ-41
IUZ-45
!UZ-48
TEM-CHRYS-ITEM-CHRYS-
STAHIiARD ! DUPLICATE
NG/M**3 ! KG/M**3
i
t
i
i
I
i
f
i
t
i
i
;
i
i
0.01 >
0.38!
0.75!
4.61 !
9.95!
0.97!
37.70!
16.30!
1680.00!
0.19!
0.06!
0.30!
3.90!
3.00!
0.22!
0.08!
0,03!
0,00!
0.01!
0.02!
0.36!
5.52!
0.11 !
0.09!
0.88!
0.22!
0
1
1
A
7
1
44
IS
15800
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
.02
.10
.50
.37
.72
.57
.10
.30
.00
.23
.02
.50
. 10
,00
.16
.02
.03
.10
.00
.01
.75
.75
,12
.17
.84
.56
C-ll
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
1
1
1
(FILTER ID
!UCD-13
!UCD-2
1UCD-8
IUD-29
(UD-48
!UD-66
(UP-68
JUD-69
!UG-38
(UG-50
!WG-S7
(UG-65
!UMG-19
!UHG-31
!UKG-46
(UMG-49
IUMG-51
!UMG-59
!UZ-22
!UZ-32
!UZ-42
!UZ-44
!UZ-48
TEK-CHRYS-
STANPARD
j
1
1
i
1
t
NG/M»:*3
0.
0.
01
42
(TEK-CHRYS-!
(REPLICATE !
1
j
1
2.97!
18.
4.
0.
40.
10.
0.
1 .
0.
18.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5.
1 .
8.
0.
10!
91
33
10
70
OS
60
70
00
1
1
J
1
1
1
07!
34
01
09
68
01
02
23
49
27
22
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
j
3/M**
0
0
1
24
0
2
26
24
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
I
.04 !
.68!
.00!
.70!
.82!
.10!
.00!
.30!
.05!
.30!
.00!
.00!
.07!
.52!
.01 !
.10!
.00!
.07!
.03!
.49!
.98!
.92!
C-12
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
{
1
!
!
"FILTER ID
iwcn-i
!UCtl-10
'UCD-14
IUIi-27
!UIi-31
!UH-36
IUIi-49
!UH-54
!UH-60
!UH-62
!UIi-69
IUH-72
'UG-31
'UG-43
IUG-48
IUG-55
IUG-61
! UG-67
IUG-75
IUMG-24
! WMG-30
"UMG-35
IUMG-38
IUMG-55
fUMG-57
1UMG-59
IUZ-23
IUZ-27
IUZ-34
IUZ-38
! ITEM-CHRYS-!
ITEM-CHRYS-! EXTERNAL !
! STANHARH ! OA !
! NG/H**3 ! NC/M**3 !
!
i
!
1
1
1
1
1
!
I
!
I
!
i
I
!
t
I
I
I
i
i
I
t
;
i
I
1
I
0.86!
0.11 !
0.06!
0.01 !
13.60!
3.18!
9.41 !
12.10!
0.97!
24.40 !
10.70!
62.00!
0.53!
0.00!
3.50!
0.60!
5.40 !
9.40!
0.00!
0.00!
0.12!
0.10!
0.02!
0.10!
0.19!
0.01 !
0.00!
0.75!
0.36!
3.08!
1.70!
4.00!
1.20!
4.50!
314.00!
57.00!
34.00!
96.00!
19.00!
77.00!
3200.00!
190.00!
4.05!
2.20!
51 .00!
44.00!
12.00!
51 .00!
0.50!
1 .20!
0.06!
0.20!
0.50!
0.09!
1 .00!
0.10!
1 .00 !
9.20!
25.00!
14.00!
C-13
-------
APPENDIX C-2 (Continued)
TEM QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
! ! TEM-CHRYS- !
! TEH-CHRYS- ! FIBERS-PER ' TErt-CHRYiJ-
.' FIBER-COUNTS! FILTER 1 NG/FILTEK
! BLANK- ! BLANK- ! &LANK-
! ANALYSIS ! ANALYSIS ! ANALYSIS
TYPE ISAMPLE NO.
FIELD BLANKS JUO-11
SUD-23
JUG-13
!UMG-17
IUZ-10
!UZ-14
IUZ-17
IUZ-5
LABORATORY IUD-1
IUD-3
IUG-77
IUG-78
IUZ-2
IUZ-3
f
1
!
J
1
j
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
j
1!
2!
12!
7!
2 !
0!
0!
7!
6!
1 !
4!
0!
4!
6!
(
1
50000!
30000!
170000!
100000!
30000!
0!
0!
100000!
900001
10000!
60000!
0!
iOOOO!
90000!
0.
0.
0.
1 .
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
20
03
53
00
20
00
00
50
30
09
40
00
20
40
C-14
-------
APPENDIX C-3
PLM RESULTS AND RELEASABILITY RATINGS
LU
1 1
S u
WM-6
WM-6
WM-7
WM-7
WM-8
WM-9
WM-9
WM-10
WM-10
WM-11
WM-11
WM-12
WM-14
WM-14
WM-15
WM-15
WM-18
WM-18
WM-17
WM-17
WM-18
WM-18
WM-19
WM-19
WM-20
WM-20
WM-21
WM-21
WM-23
WM-23
WM-24
WM-28
WM-26
WM-27
WM-27
WM-28 2
WM-29 2
WM-30 2
WM-31 2
WM-33 2
WM-34 2
WM-35 2
WM-13 1
WM-22 1
WM-25 1
WM-32 2
S
! LU £
1 5 *
19
19
21 1
21
18
18 :
18 :
20
20
24
24
22
23 :
23 !
27
27
30
30
29
29
31
31
28
28
26
28
25
25
32
32
33
35
35
34
34
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
23
25 2
35 1
9 2
LU
a.
>
t
S
R
0
S
1 S
I 0
I S
1 R
S
0
S
S
S
R
0
S
1 S
I R
1 R
1 S
I R
1 S
1 D
S
R
S
0
S
D
S
S
R
S
D
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
! S
S
! S
X 1
i
u
9
10
25
10
8
25
10
15
13
30
10
8
10
10
30
9
8
10
20
a
15
5
25
11
20
8
25
10
20
7
3
20
8
20
8
5
8
8
4
7
11
11
4
4
5
7
LU
* 3
ii
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
O 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
_l
*
I/)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I/I
IB
CO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
_J
LU
u
0
< 1
0
0
0
0
0
< 1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
T
0
0
2
< 1
0
1
0
1
2
5
< 1
3
0
0
0
3
0
< 1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
LL
at
LU
X
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
LU ^3
P o
»* l~t
-i S
Of S
LU LU
a. »
78 0
70 0
65 0
75 0
87 0
60 0
80 0
75 0
78 0
60 0
79 0
84 0
87 0
80 0
60 0
79 0
74 0
70 0
85 0
70 0
80 0
75 0
85 0
80 0
65 0
82 0
44 0
78 0
74 0
81 0
85 0
70 0
74 0
60 0
85 0
89 0
88 0
89 0
90 0
87 0
84 0
84 0
69 0
88 0
58 0
62 0
u_
*
o
15
20
10
15
5
15
10
10
11
10
10
10
3
10
10
12
18
19
15
17
25
20
10
7
15
10
30
12
5
10
7
10
15
20
9
8
5
5
8
6
5
5
25
28
37
31
ft
S
_J
2
3
4
5
2
3
2
4
8
3
2
5
5
3
4
5
5
4
4
4
3
2
4
5
3
2
4
2
3
2
3
4
5
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
(I) Location
I = Single Sample
2 = Side-by-side
(2) Type
S = Standard
D = Duplicate
R = Replicate
C-15
-------
APPENDIX C-4
PLM and REUSABILITY QUALITY ASSURANCE DATA
£'
JFLICATE ANALYSIS
! ! CHP.YSOTILE-! CHRYSOTILE- ! RELEASA8 1 LI - ( RELEASAB ILI -
! ! VOLUME 3- ! VOLUME Z- ! TY RATIHG- ! TY RATING-
' !CPEP.:.TOF. 11 'OPERATOR. »2 (OPERATOR It '.OPERATOR t2
! SAMPLE MO.
"JM-11
!UM-1S
IUM-19
l'JM-21
JUM-23
!'JK-27
t - *
! WK-7
| .. _ _ _
!'JM-9
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
DATA !
1
1
30 '
20 '
25!
25 !
20 '
20 '
25 !
25!
DATA i
_- -f--
1
1
10!
o t
11 !
10!
---__ + __
7!
6!
10!
10!
DATA !
i
i
3!
-f
1!
-f--
4!
- -f
4 !
3!
4 !
A !
3!
DATA
^
5
5
^
i
5
5
->
REPLICATE ANALYSIS
' ! CHRYSOTILE-! CHRYSOTILE- ! RELEASABILI
i ! VOLUME
! 'OPERATOR
! ! CftTA
! SAMPLE NO. !
."JK-li !
1 U M - i 7
VJM-12 '
"J.1-20 !
"JM-2i '
IUM-6 !
2- ! VOLUME
tl !OPERATOR
! DATA
i
15!
10!
10!
20 !
1 5 '
20!
20 '
2- ! TY RATIHG-
*2 JOPERATOR tl
! DATA
1
i
13!
10!
8!
8!
5!
8!
8!
9!
-!RELEASABILI-!
! TY RATING
!CFERATOR t
! DATA
1
4 I
5!
4!
4 !
3 !
3!
4!
j i
-
2
6
3
5
4
2
2
5
-J
EXTERNAL QA ANALYSIS
! CHRYSOTILE-! CHRYSOTILE- ! RELEASAB ILI- ! RELEASASIL I-
! ! VOLUME Z- ! VOLUME 2- ! TY RATING- ! TY RATIMG-
' ! INTERNAL ! EXTERMAL CA ! INTERNAL ! EXTERNAL OA
t
! SAMPLE MO.
i y.i-i 1
1 y.M-2:
' U u, - 2 w
! U«-21
i
t
i
j
i
DrtTA ! DATA ! DATA ! DATA
t
i
10.0!
17.5!
14.0!
4.0'
i
i
4 !
4!
5!
7 \
1
j
A . 0 '
3.0!
4.5 !
2.0'
-,
2
2
T
C-16
-------
APPENDIX D
DATA LISTINGS
D-l
-------
APPENDIX D-l
DATA LISTING FOR AIR SAMPLES
(Values are weighted averages when more than one analysis
was done on each sample)
2g
UJ =
a. b
1 C
C
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t
i
i
i
1 5
1 :
1 :
1 :
2 (
2 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
! 5
) 0
> 0
i
i
2
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
! 1
I 1
! 2
! 2
2 3
I 3
i 4
2 4
) 0
> 0
1 3
1 3
3
1 4
1 4
9
1 9
1 10
10
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
25
-
0
0
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
2
2
1
0
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
0
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
0
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
0
1
2
1
2
2
1
as
» QJ
ut2 £
WD-1
WD-3
WD-29
WO-3O
WO- 33
WO -47
WD-48
WO-49
WO-63
WO-62
WO -59
WO- 57
WO-38
WO- 38
WD-54
WD-50
WO- 2 3
WD-43
WD-31
WO- 56
WO-6O
WO- 40
WO- 66
WD-27
WO- 11
WO-74
WD-67
WO-68
WO-69
WO-70
WD-71
WO-72
WG-77
WG-78
WG-54
WG-55
WG-53
WG-52
WG-5O
WG-72
WG-7O
WG-67
WG-69
WG-43
WG-45
WG-40
WG-75
WG-48
WG-47
WG-57
WG-56
WG-65
WG-63
WG-59
WG-81
WG-13
WG-28
WG-29
WG-38
WG-39
WG-31
WG-32
LB
LB
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
FB
PA
PA
PA
NA
NA
NA
0
FB
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
LB
LB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
NA
NA
NA
0
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
FB
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
ce
UJ
CO
u.
8
1
145
373
131
37
126
101
111
312
132
120
34
103
103
54
2
52
101
148
123
54
51
3
1
123
124
270
120
103
147
210
4
0
2
4
4
0
29
7
14
34
22
0
6
6
0
10
4
2
0
16
3
2
28
12
117
23
11
84
67
50
0.
0.
3.
4.
9.
1.
8.
2.
1.
4.
3.
1.
1.
7.
2.
2.
0.
8.
2.
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
0.
9.
6.
7.
3.
1.
3.
1.
0.
0.
1.
2.
2.
0.
3.
3.
7.
1.
8.
0.
1.
1.
0.
2.
4.
5.
0.
1.
3.
3.
7.
0.
1 .
4.
1.
1.
1.
8.
m
.0
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
83E+06
02E+07
20E+05
90E+05
87E+05
18E+06
81E+06
14E+06
52E+06
89E+08
81E+05
83E+05
87E+O6
80E+05
OOE+OO
10E+04
64E+O6
13E+06
57E+OS
OOE+05
04E+05
50E+03
OOE+OO
38E+05
09E+O6
18E+06
67E+08
OOE+07
47E+06
05E+07
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
OOE+05
OOE+05
OOE+05
OOE+OO
15E+05
50E+05
70E+05
70E+06
95E+05
OOE+OO
OOE+04
25E+04
OOE+OO
60E+05
OOE+05
OOE+04
OOE+OO
65E+06
OOE+05
OOE+05
70E+05
OOE+OO
45E+O6
OOE+04
60E+04
30E+05
10E+05
20E+04
0.
0.
2.
2.
4.
1.
2.
9.
7.
2.
1.
8:
7.
3.
1.
1.
0.
3.
1.
4.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
8.
3.
3.
1.
4.
1.
8.
0.
0.
4.
6.
2.
0.
1.
2.
5.
9.
4.
0.
4.
4.
0.
3.
2.
3.
0.
1 .
2.
1.
5.
0.
6.
3.
6.
7.
5.
5.
m
O)
c
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
14E+01
OOE+02
66E+00
13E+OO
87E+OO
41E+00
10E+00
44E+01
51E+01
84E+00
40E-01
18E+OO
21E+01
60E+OO
OOE+OO
30E-01
38E+01
49E+00
27E+OO
10E+00
22E+OO
45E-02
OOE+OO
89E+OO
25E+01
31E+01
75E+01
19E+01
73E+01
20E+01
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
OOE-01
OOE-01
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
95E+00
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
40E+OO
50E+00
OOE+OO
OOE-02
OOE-O2
OOE+OO
50E+00
OOE+OO
50E-01
OOE+OO
OOE+01
OOE+OO
OOE+OO
40E+00
OOE+OO
29E+OO
70E-01
50E-02
80E-01
30E-01
60E-01
(1) Location
1 = Single Sample
2 = Side-by-side
(2) Type
S = Standard
D = Duplicate
R = Replicate
D-2
-------
APPENDIX D-l (Continued)
2S
se. 3
a! b
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
4 C
4 C
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4 1
4 1
4 1
4 1
£
to
26
27
90
90
91
91
92
93
94
1 95
1 96
I 97
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
8
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
> 0
> 0
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
S
h-
S
J
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
3
1
3
0
1
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
0
0
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
0
2
1
2
1
2
3
** H"
1-1 a
WG-35
WG-37
WG-24
WG-25
WG-26
WG-27
WG-1
WG-2
WG-11
WG-1 2
WG-22
WG-23
WMG- 24
WMG -28
WMG- 40
WMG-48
WMG -47
WMG-51
WMG- SO
WMG- 17
WMG- 33
WMG- 32
WMG -30
WMG- 31
WMG-19
WMG -20
WMG-22
WMG-23
WMG-21
WMG-53
WMG -55
WMG- 57
WMG- 49
WMG-27
WMG -35
WMG 3 s
WMG-42
WMG- 43
WMG- 59
WZ-2
WZ-3
WZ-27
WZ-26
WCO-1
WCD-2
WCD-8
WCD-9
WCD-10
WZ-32
WZ-33
WZ-45
WZ-44
WZ-43
WZ-47
WZ-48
WZ-17
WZ-30
WCD-5
WCD-6
WZ-37
WZ-38
WZ-38
LULU
h fi^
UA
UA
MP
MP
MP
MP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
FB
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
PA
PA
PA
NA
NA
NA
0
LB
LB
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
FB
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
UA
at
LU
CO
LL.
28
68
27
36
3
109
15
4
10
0
0
20
1
4
16
3
3
7
5
7
10
0
11
55
12
29
2
37
8
1
22
20
17
0
17
5
9
9
6
4
6
103
108
96
83
117
104
14
102
133
95
103
101
1
45
0
78
7
15
80
1 11
148
4
1
4
8
4
7
8
3
4
0
0
1
1
5
2
3
4
3
5
0
1
0
1
6
1
3
3
4
9
5
2
2
2
0
2
7
1
1
6
0
0
1
1
1
1
4
5
1
1
8
1
1
2
1
8
0
1
7
7
1
4
1
1
i-
.40E+O4
. 20E+05
.70E+07
. 30E+07
.OOE+08
.57E+08
.OOE+08
. OOE+08
.40E+08
.OOE+OO
.OOE+OO
. 80E+08
.OOE+03
. OOE+03
. 20E+04
.50E+03
. OOE+03
. 20E+04
.OOE+03
.OOE+OO
. 50E+04
. OOE+OO
. 50E+04
.85E+04
.55E+04
.70E+04
.OOE+03
. 70E+04
.OOE+03
.OOE+02
.60E+04
.70E+04
. 55E+04
.OOE+OO
. 30E+04
.OOE+O3
. OOE+04
. 15E+04
. 50E+03
.OOE+OO
.OOE+OO
.64E+05
.81E+06
. 50E+05
. 20E+05
.08E+05
.07E+05
. 70E+04
. 39E+08
.65E+05
.87E+05
. 16E+06
. 78E+05
.OOE+03
.97E+04
.OOE+OO
. 17E+O5
.OOE+04
. 40E+04
10E+05
57E+05
30E+06
2
7
3
3
4
8
1
1
2
0
0
1
3
2
9
9
2
3
5
0
5
0
1
4
8
2
1
1
6
3
9
1
9
0
9
2
7
5
4
0
0
7
6
8
5
1
2
1
4
4
8
5
1
8
4
0
5
1
4
4
3
5
"Ti
at
e
.35E-01
.OOE-01
.90E+02
. 80E+02
.OOE+01
.74E+03
. 30E+04
.OOE+03
. 30E+O3
.OOE+OO
.OOE+OO
.70E+03
.OOE-03
.OOE-02
.30E-02
.50E-03
.OOE-02
.43E-01
.OOE-O2
.OOE+OO
.20E-02
. OOE+OO
.20E-01
.30E-O1
. 85E-02
.OOE-01
.OOE-02
.90E-01
.OOE-02
.50E-03
.90E-02
.90E-O1
.60E-02
. OOE+OO
.70E-02
.OOE-02
.OOE-02
. 40E-02
.OOE-02
.OOE+OO
. OOE+OO
. 46E-01
.67E+00
.60E-O1
.51E-01
.99E+00
.87E+00
. 10E-01
.86E+OO
.03E+00
.59E-01
. 10E+OO
.37E+00
.OOE-03
.47E-01
.OOE+OO
.53E-01
.OOE-01
. 30E-O1
. 60E-01
. 08E+OO
. 64E+00
(1) Location
1 = Single Sample
2 = Side-by-side
(2) Type
S = Standard
D = Duplicate
R = Replicate
D-3
-------
APPENDIX D-l (Continued)
a
w
4
4
4
4
4
4
u
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
5
i:
i
2
0
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
at
_» i
WZ-34
WZ-35
WZ-5
WZ-41
WZ-42
WCO-13
WCD-14
WCO-3
WCD-4
WZ-10
WZ-39
WZ-40
WZ-14
WZ-22
WZ-23
^>
e>
*»
KE
PA
PA
FB
PA
PA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FB
NA
NA
FB
0
0
^
J
-------
APPENDIX D-2
DATA LISTING OF PLM RESULTS
(Values are weighted averages when more than one
analysis was done on a sample)
OBS
SCHOOL
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
27
28
29
30
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
SITE L(
118
118 :
119
120
121
122
123
123
124
125
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
135 2
6 1
7 1
a
g
9 3
10
11
12
... CHRYSO-
ic(l> TILE X
1 8.0
2 17.5
1 9.5
1 14.0
17.5
8.0
4.0
10.0
20.0
17.5
4.0
14.0
19.5
18.0
14.0
9.0
10.0
13.5
3.0
13.0
5.0
14.0
5.0
8.0
8.0
4.0
7.0
7.0
11.0
11.0
RELEASEA-
BILITY
2.0
2.5
2.5
5.0
4.5
5.0
2.0
4.0
2.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
4.5
2.0
4.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
(l)Location
1 = Standard sample
2 = Side-by-side sample
D-5
-------
APPENDIX E
SUMMARY OF SAMPLE RESULTS FOR EACH SCHOOL AND SITE
E-l
-------
Table E.I Chrysotile fiber concentration (f/m^) and mass concentration (ng/m^) at each site at
School 1. During encapsulation "Unpainted Asbestos" sites were located immediately
outside the barriers.
1
CODE JSITE
UNPAINTED
ASBESTOS
PAINTED
ASBESTOS
NON-ASBESTOS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
22
23
24
25
26
27
11
12
13
"_ H
15
16
PERIOD
'
BEFORE ENCAPSULATION
FIBERS/M**3J
(THOUSANDS)!
TEM j
i
2200O.OJ
920.0!
i
i
1290.0!
2980.0}
2710.0J
181.0j
783. 0,'
2870. Oj
280. Oj
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
1
|
81. Oi
2640.0!
1130.0]
257. Oj
300.0}
204. Oj
NG/M**3
TEM
111
4
5
15
12
0
3
12
1
0
13
4
1
1
1
i
i
i
1
i
i
i
i
o!
7j
1
7!
8J
o!
7!
2!
1[
6j
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- 1
3!
8j
Sj
3j
Ij
2!
i
DURING ENCAPSULATION j
FIBERS/M**3J
( THOUSANDS ) j
TEM ;
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
745.0!
73. 0|
110.0!
82.0!
44. Oj
120.0J
1
1
' 1
1
0.0|
10. oj
12.5;
IMMEDIATELY AFTER
ENCAPSULATION
|FIBERS/M»*3J
NG/M**3 !< THOUSANDS )|
TEM j
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
3.3;
0.4!
0.5!
0.6!
0.2J
0.7J
1
1
1
1
o.o!
o.oj
o.oj
TEM !
3.0J
22.0J
3.8!
18.5!
7.5!
41.8!
26.3!
17. Oj
13.3J
27. Oj
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
25. 5j
o.o!
23. 0!
7.0!
10. oj
11.5!
NG/M**3
TEM
0.
O.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
O.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
O.
|
j
i
i
i
o!
ii
o!
2!
o!
3!
i!
i!
ij
2!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i!
o!
i!
o!
1|
i!
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
FIBERS/M**3|
(THOUSANDS)! NG/M**3
TEM
887
135
237
1130
471
35
117
72
792
232
151
7
94
39
! TEM
i
o| 3.7
0[ 0.7
Oj 1.3
Of 4.5
Oj 2.2
4| O.2
Oi 0.6
o! 0.3
Ol 3.7
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
* 1
o! i.o
i
i
0! 0.7
8j 0.1
5| 0.4
5j 0.2
w
I
-------
TABLE E.I (Continued)
. H
CODE JSITE
INSIDE BARRIER
3
4
9
10
18
^9.__ ...J
^
21
OUTDOOR j 17
BEFORE ENCAPSULATION
FIBERS/H**3|
(THOUSANDS)! NG/M«*3
TEN ! TEN
1
1
|
i
i
1
* I
i
i
i
i
i
i
3.5| 0
i i
j DURING ENCAPSULATION j
JFIBERS/M**3|
j ( THOUSANDS ) |
> TEN j
1 1
1 1
. j 150. OJ
! o.o|
. ! 350. OJ
. j 1700. OJ
.| 260. 0|
.| 50. OJ
.j 1650. OJ
. \ 3OO . O J
Oj 0.0\
NG/M**3 j
TEN i
i
o..!
o.oj
2.0|
9.4|
3.5!
0.4!
10. Oj
i.o|
o.o!
IMMEDIATELY AFTER
ENCAPSULATION
FIBERS/M**3J
(THOUSANDS)! NG/M**3
TEM ! TEN
i
j
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
8.5J 0
i
i
i
i
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
!
1
o!
AFTER SCHOOL RESUMED
FIBERS/M**3|
( THOUSANDS ) | NG/M* * 3
TEM ! TEM
1
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
1
i
i
2 . 8 j 0.0
ra
i
u>
-------
Table E.2
Percentage chrysotile content and releasibility for each school and site.
w
i
1
SCHOOL
1
2
i
SITE
118
119
120
I?-1
122
123
.124.. . <
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
O
7
8 ]
.
-°
«
12
CHRYSOTILE X j
MEAN !
i
I
12.75J
9.50|
14.0OJ
17.50|
e.oo|
7.00|
20.00J
10.7SJ
14.00J
19. 5O|
18.00J
14.OOJ
9.OOJ
10.00J
13.5O|
3.00|
13.00J
9.50J
5.00|
e.oo|
6.OO|
5. 50|
7.00|
11.00|
i i . oo !
RELEASABILITY
MEAN
2.25
2.50
5.00
4.50
5.OO
3.00
2.50
2.50
2. So!
4.50
4.50
4.00
4.50
2.50
2.50
3.00
4.50
3:25
2.00
2.OO
2.OO
2.50
2.OO
2.00
2.00
-------
3027?-IQ1
REPORT DOCUMENTATION i._ REPORT NO.
PAGE :EPA 560/5-86-016
. 2.
3. Recipient's Accession No.
4. TKte and Subtitle
Evaluation of Asbestos Abatement Techniques
Phase 2: Encapsulation with Latex Paint
7. Author(s)jean Chesson, Dean Margeson, Julius Ogden, Karin
Bauer. Paul Constant. Fred Bergman, Donna Rose
5. Report Date
July. 1986
8. Performing Organization Rept. No.
9. Performing Organization Nam* and Address
Battelle Columbus Division
Washington Operations
2030 M Street, N.W.
Washingtoa, D.C. 20036
Midwest Research Inst.
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, MO 64110
10. Projeet/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
(o EPA 68-01-6721
(G) EPA 68-02-3938
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Exposure Evaluation Division
401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
14.
Technical Report,
May 1984 - Nov. 1985
15. Supplementary Notes
is. Abstract (um.t: 200 words>Aj_rborne asbestos levels were measured by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) before, during and after encapsulation of asbestos
-containing material with latex paint in a suburban junior high school. The
ceilings of the school were covered with a sprayed-on material containing
chrysotile asbestos. Air samples were collected at four types of sites:
indoor sites with unpainted asbestos material scheduled for painting, indoor
sites with asbestos material which had been painted 16 months prior to the
study, indoor sites with no asbestos material, and outdoor sites on the
roof of the building. Bulk samples were .collected prior to painting and
analyzed by polarized light microscopy (PLM) to characterize the asbestos-
containing material.
Airborne asbestos levels of up to 13,000 ng/nP were measured within the work
site during painting. These results emphasize the need for worker
respiratory protection and for containment barriers to prevent contamination
of the rest of the building. Airborne asbestos levels were highest before
encapsulation (up to 111 ng/m^) and lowest immediately after encapsulation
«0.5 ng/m3). After school resumed there was a small, but statistically
significant, increase in airborne asbestos levels (up to 4.5 ng/m3).
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
Airborne asbestos levels, asbestos, asbestos abatement, asbestos in schools,
encapsulation, latex paint, PLM, TEM.
b. Identlfien/Ooen-Ended Terms
.c. COSATI
18. Availability Statement
19. Security Class (This Report)
Unclassified
21. No. of Pages
110
1 20. Security Class 0>is Pige)
22 Price
(SeeANSl-239.18)
See Instructions on Reverse
OrTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)
(Formerly NTIS-35)
^oartment of Commerce
------- |