I
EPA-560/7-75-003
CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE
FOR
TOXIC SUBSTANCES (CATS)
' VTIVE REPORT NO. 1
PART II
C TOXIC SUBSTANCES
E CENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
V fON, D.C 20460
1975
-------
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency, nor
does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
560775O03A
EPA-560/7-75-003
CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE
FOR
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
CUMULATIVE REPORT NO. 1
PART II
December 1975
Contract No. 68-01-2694
Office of Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Ernest W. Stalder
Project Officer
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Mass. 02140
C-77355
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CATS Biweekly Reports
Nos. 13-26
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13-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
CHEMICAL COMPANIES TEAM UP FOR EARLY WARNING ON 'MORE VCMs'
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): 44-5 (Jan. 29, 1975)
Eleven chemical manufacturers have formed the Institute for Chemical Toxicology
(ICT) as a research center to study the biological effects of large-tonnage,
big-volume chemicals. ICT's aim is to provide early warning on potential
carcinogens or otherwise hazardous chemicals. The recent furor over the
potential carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride monomer and the more recent dis-
closure that vinylidene chloride monomer may be another carcinogen has spurred
industry to action. Industrial Bio-Test is already under contract to test
acrylonitrile.
-495-
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13-0002
ARSENIC
Anon
AT SHERWIN-WILLIAMS, CHANGE IS MORE THAN LOGO DEEP
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): 34-5 (Jan. 29, 1975)
Among many new changes, Sherwin-Williams has eliminated its arsenic chemicals
plant at Bound Brook, N.J.
13-0003
ARSENIC
Cookson, J.B. et al
CANCER OF THE LUNG IN RHODESIAN BLACKS
S. African Med. J. pp. 2314-8 (Nov. 16, 1974)
Although some Africans seem to be less prone to lung disease than Europeans or
North Americans, a retrospective survey of the disease in Rhodesia (where the
disease is more common than in some other African countries) shows that lung
cancer develops from smoking and from mining, especially gold mining. Arsenic
is an impurity in many non-ferrous ores and there is a high arsenic content, in
the rock of some Gwanda gold mines of Rhodesia. Black workers in the mines
have developed lung cancer and have had arsenical hyperkeratoses of the skin.
-496-
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13-0004
ARSENIC
Anon
TIGHT REIN ON ARSENIC
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): 16-7 (Jan. 29, 1975)
OSHA is bearing down on inorganic arsenic as an alleged carcinogen, proposing
a workplace maximum exposure limit of 0.004 mg/cu m and an action level of 0.002
mg/cu m. The exposure limit for any 15-minute period will be dropped from the
current O.Smg limit to 0.01 mg/cu m.
Prompting the move were Dow and Allied reports implicating arsenic as a poten-
tial carcinogen.
13-0005
ARSENIC
Stender, John
INORGANIC ARSENIC. PROPOSED EXPOSURE STANDARDS
Fed. Register 40 (14): 3392-3404 (Jan. 21, 1975)
OSHA's proposed standard for exposure to inorganic arsenic (except for lead
arsenate and arsine) notes that oral ingestion of arsenic causes such problems
as nausea, irritation, inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes and
skin, dermatitis, muscular paralysis, liver and kidney damage, and death. In
industry, inhalation has allegedly caused cancer.
-497-
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13-0006
ARSENIC
Anon
MANUFACTURERS AND USERS OF INORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (3): 20 (Feb. 3, 1975)
OSHA's proposed work exposure standard for inorganic arsenic (0.004 mg/cu m) is
ten times stricter than the 0.05-mg limit recommended by NIOSH in 1974 and 100
times more stringent than the 0.5-mg limit -now in effect. The OSHA limit is
expected to shake users and manufacturers of inorganic arsenic compounds, who
will have to gear up to this virtually "no detectable" level. OSHA's decision
is based on the, at present, somewhat controversial view of arsenicals as
carcinogens.
13-0007
ARSENIC
Scarborough, Gene A.
THE MECHANISM OF ARSENATE INHIBITION OF THE GLUCOSE ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 166 (1): 245-50 (1975)
Two glucose transport systems, a non-energy requiring system and an energy-
requiring active transport system have previously been identified in wild
type cells of neurospora apassa. Because studies with the metabolic poison,
arsenate, showed a marked inhibition of the glucose active transport system
with only a slight depression of the cellular ATP levels, additional studies
were deemed desirable. The results indicate that arsenate inhibition of the
glucose active transport system in these cells involves transport of arsenate
into the cells via the orthophosphate transport system, reduction of the
arsenate to arsenite, and interaction of the latter with a component of the
glucose active transport system. The proposal is supported by the fact that
in cells treated with sodium arsenite there is a similar inhibition and that
arsenite inhibition of transport is completely reversed by mercaptomethanol.
-498-
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13-0008
ARSENIC
Nozaki, Shigeru
STUDIES ON ARSENIC METABOLISM. IX. ADDED ARSENITE IN DIET, THE ENSUING
CONTENT AND INCREASE IN EACH ORGAN
Folia Pharmacol. Japonica 70. (5): 707-18 (1974) (In Jap. Tables and Charts In English)
When rats were fed a milk diet containing .arsenite, brain arsenite content did
not increase in the whole organ or the organ per g, even at a level of over
550 ppm added arsenite; kidney arsenite content did not increase even with
more than 200 ppm. Arsenite content in liver and spleen, however, did increase.
Rats fed a cereal diet with added arsenite showed an increased content of
arsenite in brain, liver and spleen (whole organ and organ per g) in parallel
with the. amount of added arsenite. No increase was noted in the kidney (whole
organ) , even when arsenite was increased to over 200 ppm.
-499-
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*13-0009
ASBESTOS
Pontefract, R.D. and Cunningham, H.M.
PENETRATION OF ASBESTOS THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF RATS
Nature 243 (5406): 352-3 (June 8, 1973)
Asbestos fibers, found in drinking water, beer, and other beverages, have been
shown to penetrate the mucosa of the stomach and intestine, and have been found
in a gastric carcinoma. To determine if orally consumed asbestos could pass
through the gut and into the blood stream and tissues, a suspension of chrysotile
asbestos fibers was injected into rat stomachs. The reported results showed
that the fibers did indeed appear in the blood and accumulate in various tissues
of the body.
-500-
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13-0010
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
FIRE RETARDANCE
Mod. Plast. 52 (1): 125-6 (1975)
Additions to the series, "Progress of Fire Retardants," edited by V.M. Bhatnagar
are Vol. 5, "Advances in Fire-Retardant Textiles," and Vol. 6, "Flammability of
Sandwich Panels," are announced by Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., 265 W. State
Street, Westport, Conn. 06880. Vol. 5 is $45; Vol. 6 is $25.
13-0011
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
COSTLY FLAME STANDARDS TO COVER ALL APPAREL?
Text. World 125 (1): 23 (1975)
Flammability standards under study by the Consumer Product Safety Commission
may cost consumers an additional $6 billion because of increased production
and finishing costs for apparel fabric. In year ending April 1974, over 5.5
million household and personal property fires occurred in which items ignited
were food and grease, appliances, and fabrics, in that order. A total of
159,000 clothing fires were reported; other fabrics were involved in 69,000
fires.
-501-
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*13-0012
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
THE 30 EXISTING SSTs WON'T AFFECT THE EARTH'S OZONE LAYER. . .
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): 36 (Jan. 29, 1975)
According to the DOT report, "The Effects of Stratospheric Pollution by Aircraft,"
the 30 SSTs (16 Anglo-French Concordes, 14 Soviet Tu 114) now flying or about to
be put into service will not change the earth's ozone layer. However, a larger
fleet would be expected to have some effect, unless engine emissions are strictly
limited.
*13-0013
FLUOROCARBONS
Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association
HALOCARBONS AND THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECT ON THE STRATOSPHERE
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 5.L (1): 40,42,85,87,89,110 (1975)
This review of the ozone hypothesis, the make-up of the earth's atmosphere,
ozone and its formation, the generation of chlorine atoms and their removal
from the stratosphere urges against hasty conclusions on the threat to human
health from fluorocarbons. Results of industry studies on the fate of fluoro-
carbon gases will be shared with government agencies and the public.
-502-
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*13-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
McCarthy, Raymond L.
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. . .
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 5l_ (1): 76-78 (1975)
The current chlorine-ozone hypothesis indicating a potential danger (skin cancer,
crop destruction, changes in the earth's climate) from the reaction of chloro-
fluorocarbons in the atmosphere is now just speculative, claims this author.
After a brief history of chlorofluorocarbohs, in which he cites that fluoro-
carbons 11 and 12 are non-flammable, chemically inert, have a low degree of toxi-
city, and have not been shown to be hazardous to man, plant, or animal, he
discusses the impact of their production.
Chlorofluorocarbons are produced by about 25 manufacturers throughout the world
with six U.S. manufacturers producing only about 50% of total production. In
1975, their production will contribute over $8 billion to the U.S. gross national
product and employ over 200,000. They are in wide use for various purposes;
refrigerants, aerosols, blowing agents for foams. As refrigerants, they have
replaced ammonia, sulfur dioxide or methyl chloride, which have been judged
"highly toxic materials."
Other compounds are believed to contribute chlorine to the atmosphere, and at
least one study indicates an increase in the concentration of stratospheric
ozone during the past decade.
World producers have supported extensive research on their effects in the
troposphere; now will study effects in the stratosphere. The author suggests
research to determine whether the hypothesized chlorine-ozone reactions could
take place, and recommends discontinuing production of any Chlorofluorocarbons
that might be shown to be a threat to health.
*13-0015
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
AEROSOLS AND OZONE: UNANSWERED QUESTION
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 51^ (1): 14 (1975)
The fluorocarbon/ozone controversy was the subject of Congressional hearings on
House Bill 17577, proposing a ban on fluorocarbon propellants in aerosol pack-
ages. Scientists and industry representatives presented opposing views, but
all seemed to agree on the need for further studies.
A puzzling aspect: if accurate predictions of future ozone depletion are
possible, why is there no explanation for the noticeable increase in the ozone
layer from 1957 through 1970, a period of high fluorocarbon propellant production?
-503-
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*13-0016
FLUOROCARBONS
Dudley, A.W., Jr. et al
EFFECT OF CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO HALOTHANE ON HEPATIC MICROSOMAL
ENZYME ACTIVITY
Abstr. of Paper presented at the Scientific Sessions of the 72nd Annual Meeting
of Pathologists and Bacteriologists and the llth Annual Meeting of the Pediatric
Pathology Club, New Orleans, La., March 1-4, 1975
Pregnant rats exposed to 10 ppm halothane for 8 hr/day, 5 days/week from
conception or shortly thereafter for varying time periods were found to ex-
perience a persistent reduction in microsomal enzyme activity. Brief discussion
of implications for operating room personnel is given.
[Abstract in: Am. J. Pathology 78_ (1): 14a (1975)]
*13-0017
FLUOROCARBONS
Chang, L.W. et al
ULTRASTRUCTURAL PATHOLOGY OF THE LIVER AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HALOTHANE
Abstr. of Paper presented at the Scientific Sessions of the 72nd Annual Meeting
of Pathologists and Bacteriologists and the llth Annual Meeting of the Pediatric
Pathology Club, New Orleans, La., Mar. 1-4, 1975
Examination of the livers of adult rats exposed to 10 ppm or 500 ppm halothane
for 8 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks or 4 weeks, respectively, showed light
cells with some edematous cyctoplasm, dark cells, areas of focal cytoplasmic
degradation, and various other effects. The results suggest that halothane
is a potential occupational hazard.
[Abstract in: Am. J. Pathology 7J3 (1): 14a-15a (1975)]
-504-
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*13-0018
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
OZONE CONTROVERSY REACHES CONGRESS
Aerosol Age 2£ (1): 6-7 (1975)
Review of Dec. 11 and 12, 1974 hearings before the Public Health and Environ-
mental Subcommittee of the House Commerce Committee at which scientists and
industry representatives discussed the ozone controversy.
*13-0019
FLUOROCARBONS
Bruns, L.E.
PLASTICS IN NUCLEAR PROCESSING PLANTS
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71 (1): 59-62 (1975)
During the last 10 years, plastics have greatly added to the safety and efficiency
of Atlantic Richfield's plutonium scrap recovery operations. The future may bring
a nearly all-plastic reclamation facility.
Plutonium's extreme toxicity demands containment of solids, liquids, and vapors
containing plutonium. Plastic equipment is used throughout Atlantic Richfield's
plutonium reclamation facility (PRF) to aid in containment. Plastics such as
TFE.FEP and PVF2(Kynar) are used as liners in stainless steel pipe for the dis-
solvers and leaching equipment. In some cases PVT2 (polyvinylidene fluoride) is
the only satisfactory plastic, operating satisfactorily still, after 10 years of
service.
One problem with plastics is radiation damage. TFE (Teflon) deteriorates rapidly
with high alpha, neutron, gamma, and beta radiation. The radiation limit for
Teflon is about lO^Rj for Kynar, polypropylene, polyvinvl chloride it is
10%; and for linear high-density polyethylene it is l
-505-
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*13-0020
FLUOROCARBONS
Greenbaum, Leon J., Jr. et al
TOXICOLOGIC AND PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE IN HYPERBARIC
ATMOSPHERES
AD-787 004/1GA. Naval Med. Res. Inst., Bethesda, Md. Medical Res. Progress
Rept. No. 2 (July 28, 1970)
Electrocardiograms, evoked visual potentials and blood gases were recorded in
cats breathing bromotrifluoromethane at 165 ft. of seawater (73 psig). The
cats breathed the bromotrifluoromethane (228 mm Hg) in air for five min. Heart
rates were not sifnificantly altered, but the QRS intervals were increased from
a control value of 0.05 to 0.06 sec. The increase in QRS interval was associ-
ated with frequent nodal beats. Respiratory rate and the Paco2 increased.
Small reductions in the amplitude and increased latency of the lateral geni-
culate response were recorded. In cats sacrificed immediately after exposure,
electron microscopic examination of the lungs demonstrated minimal engorgement
of alveolar capillaries and small numbers of acute inflammatory cells. The
alveolar basement membrane was thickened with vacuolation of alveolar capillary
endothelium and alveolar epithelium. No morphologic changes were seen in cats
sacrificed five days after exposure.
[Abstract in: Govt. Repts. Announc. Tk_ (26): 69 (Jan. 9, 1975)]
-506-
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*13-0021
HYDRAZINE
Anon
NEW PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGY ALERT
Chem. Eng. 82_ (3): 54-62 (Feb. 3, 1975)
Top technical developments in the chemical process industries from May through
October 1974 include hydrazine and shale-oil and gas.
Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann, Lyons, France, reacts hydrogen peroxide with
an imine intermediate to yield an active oxirane ring. Oxirane plus ammonia
gives hydrazone, which reacts with ketone to produce a precursor of hydrazine.
The company anticipates a small-scale commercial unit on stream in 1975.
In northwestern Colorado's Piceance Basin oil is being extracted from shale in
a 1500-ton/day pilot plant. A 3-ton/day research project has been completed,
and by 1980 a commercial plant for 100,000 bbl/day is scheduled. A newly develop-
ed retort: uses steam gas recirculation (SGR) to extract 10% of the assayed value
of oil from shale, and converts about 82% of the shale's thermal energy to raw shale
oil and high-value gas. Direct hydrogenation to a high-quality crude eliminates
the coking step.
-507
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ISOCYANATES
See: 13-0025, 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
-508-
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13-0022
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
COALCON WINS COAL CONVERSION CONTRACT
Chem. Eng. News 5_3 (4): 8 (Jan. 27, 1975)
Under a $237 million contract administered by the Office of Coal Research, Dept.
of the Interior, Coalcon Co. will design, construct, and operate a coal-to-boiler
fuels demonstration plant to convert 2600 tons/day of coal to 3900 bbl/day of
liquid fuels and 22 million cu ft/day of pipeline-quality gas. Scheduled for
completion in eight years, the plant will provide enough fuels to power a 400-Mw
electricity generation plant.
The planned process, developed by Union Carbide in the 1940's and 1950's is based
on hydrocarbonization, the pyrolysis of coal in the presence of hydrogen. Liquids
produced will have a heating value of 5.5 million Btu/bbl; gas, a heating value
of 930 Btu/scf. A high-quality char will also be produced. A scaled-up plant
in the 1980's, handling 15,000 tons/day of coal, could provide boiler fuels for a
1000-Mw electricity generating station. Coal liquefaction and gasification
demonstration plant by Coalcon Co, could provide boiler fuels for 1000-Mw
electricity generating station in 1980's.
13-0023
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
PROJECT SEACOKE. VOLUME I. APPENTIX A,B, AND C
PB-235781/12GA. Arco Chemical Co. Final Rept. Feb. 1970. Contract DI-14-01-
0001-473
A process for converting coal into synthetic petroleum is discussed. The
process involves the simultaneous heating of coal and petroleum residuum (akin
to heavy fuel oil) to about 900 degrees F. The vapors driven off are condensed
as a liquid for further standard refinery processing to gasoline and other
commercial fuels. Report describes the complete experimental development
program and includes a preliminary engineering design and cost estimate of a
commercial scale plant.
[Abstract in: Govt. Repts. Announc. _7_4 (26): 74 (Jan. 9, 1975)]
-509-
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13-0024
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
PROJECT SEACOKE. VOLUME II. APPENDIX D
PB-235 782/OGA. Arco Chemical Co. Final Kept. Feb. 1970. Contract DI-14-01-0001-473.
Detailed commercial plant design is given for the Seacoke process of converting
coal into synthetic petroleum.
[Abstract in: Govt. Repts. Announc. 74 (26): 74 (Jan. 9, 1975)]
-510-
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13-0025
4',4-METHYLENE BIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)
Henning, H.F.
PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF METHYLENE-BIS-O-CHLOROANILINE (MBOCA)
Ann. Occup. Hyg. 17 (2): 137-42 (1974)
The title compound is used in the manufacture of such polyurethane products as
integral-skin semi-rigid foam and solid urethane rubber moldings. Rats fed
MBOCA were reported to have developed cancers, but dogs did not. No human
cancers have been traced to the compound.
Nevertheless, caution is advised in the use of MBOCA, which should be handled
only in the presence of an adequate exhaust ventilation system. Workers should
avoid inhaling the dust or vapor and also avoid contaminating skin and clothing
with it. In bulk operations, the use of a respirator is recommended.
-511-
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13-0026
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROGRAM
Selected U.S. Govt. Publns. j4 (1): 48A (Jan. 1975)
Marine Ecosystems Analysis Program, bibliography of the New York Bight (in two
parts), 1974, is available from Supt. Docs., U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402, at $6.15.
13-0027
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Schofield, William R. and Krutchkoff, Richard G.
STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR A DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM
PB-236 933/8GA. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg.
VIP-WRRC- Bull-60 W75-00559,iOWRT-A-999-Va. (16). 1973.
The objective is to develop and verify, with actual data, a stochastic model of
a dynamic ecosystem in a one-dimensional, eutrophic estuary. A quantitative
relationship established between the causes (pollution discharge into an
estuary) and the resulting effects (the wholesale degradation of the ecological
environment). This cause-effect relationship includes a random component which
accounts for the stochastic nature of the process. A one-dimensional model has
been developed which is more general and realistic than any previous estuary
model. Generalizations have been made in the differential equations which were
solved and in the initial and boundary conditions used. Also included is the
manner in which the physical conditions of cross-sectional areas, light inten-
sities, freshwater flow rate, land runoff and benthal demand, water temperature,
depth, and turbidity were handled. The number of components considered and the
use of time-and position-variable parameters are also discussed.
[Abstract in: Govt. Repts. Announc. 7± (26): 57 (Jan. 9, 1975)]
-512-
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13-0028
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Evans, Dale R. and Rice, Stanley D.
EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: A REVIEW FOR ADMINISTRATORS AND POLICY MAKERS
Natl. Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, Alaska. NOAA-74082003-1. (Nov. 1973).
COM-74-50282-03-01/G.A. [Included in Fishery Bull. 72. (3): 625-38 (July 1974)]
A broad selection of recent literature on the effects of oil on marine ecosystems
is reviewed. The focus is on studies on crude oil, and the results are discussed
with the purpose of providing a summary of findings that will be a useful refer-
ence for administrators and policy makers involved in decisions concerning petro-
leum developments and related activities. The characteristics of crude oil and
factors modifying its impact on the marine environment are discussed. Most
research on the toxicity of oil has dealt with acute effects and data on long-
term impacts at the community level are inconclusive. It is concluded that
chronic low-level pollution is potentially more damaging to ecosystems than iso-
lated catastrophic spills. Decision makers are forced to rely on interpretative
judgements rather than conclusive data.
[Abstract in: Govt. Repts. Announc. 1_L (26) : 55 (Jan. 9, 1975)]
-513-
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13-0029
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Anon
NTA RESEARCH DATA RELEASED BY HEW
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 5.L (1): 12 (1975)
Recent HEW announcement that rats fed large amounts (20,000 ppm) of nitrilotrl-
acetlc acid (NTA) over a life-time period developed a "statistically significant"
number of cancerous tumors raises questions about the continuing use of NTA as a
substitute for phosphate in detergents. HEW considers the test amount to be
400,000 times that of normal human exposure, and reports no visually apparent
tumors in rats fed only 2,000 ppm. Not yet resolved is the question of NTA's
being a carcinogen per se or causing cancer because it binds heavy metals.
13-0030
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Anon
NTA IN QUESTION
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 51^ (1): 22 (1975)
In another description of HEW's findings that massive doses of NTA caused cancers
in rats, mention is made of the fact that soap makers voluntarily eliminated NTA
from their processes four years ago.
-514-
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13-0031
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Michael, William R. and Wakim, Jubran M.
EFFECT OF TRISODIUM NITRILOTRIACETATE (Na3NTA) ON THE METABOLISM OF SELECTED
METAL IONS
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 24^: 519-29 (1973)
Rats fed trisodiutn nitrilotriacetate (NTA) at dietary levels up to 2% showed an
increase in urinary excretion and a decrease in fecal excretion of Zn and Ca.
In general, however, total excretion of K, Mg, Na, Fe, and Cu was not affected.
No changes in bone weight, no evidence change in the metabolic activity of the
skeleton, no significant histopathologic effects, and no effect on liver and
kidney carbonic anhydrase activity were observed. Biodegradation studies and
water monitoring where NTA is used in detergents indicate that it might appear
in drinking water at a concentration of 25 ppb and thus be consumed by humans
at the rate of 1.4 pg/kg/day. This dietary level should not affect mineral
metabolism.
-515-
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*13-0032
OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
Anon
SULFONAMIDE WORKS WONDERS IN SOLVENTS
Text. World 125 (1): 120 (1975)
ICI Ltd's British Patent 1,340,049 covers the solvent application of dyes and
fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) containing at least one sulfonamide group/
molecule. Milling the FWA with perchloroethylene before use aids dispersion.
-516-
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PERCHLOROETHYLENE
See: *13-0032, Optical Brighteners
-517-
-------
*13-0033
PHTHALATES
Milkov, L.E. et al
HEALTH STATUS FOR WORKERS EXPOSED TO EFFECT OF PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS IN THE
PRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL LEATHER AND FILMS (ON THE BASIS OF PVC RESINS).
PB-221 973-T. (Trans, of Glgiena Truda i Professionalnye Zabolevaniya (USSR)
13: 14-7 (1969), by Z.Knowles)
An evaluation of the health status of 147 workers handling phthalate plastlcizers
(dibutylphthalate, dioctylphthalate, etc.) was undertaken in this study. Some
workers showed signs of a moderately expressed toxic polyneuritis, the frequency
and intensity of which increased with the length of service. The analyser
function revealed an early decline in vestibular and olfactory excitability and
skin sensitivity. Audiometry revealed no impairment in the threshold of hearing.
Blood analysis revealed a tendency towards a drop of thrombocytes, leucocytes
(neutropenia with relative lymphocytesis) hemoglobin and the blood color index.
A slight reticulocytosis was also seen.
[Abstract in: Govt. Repts. Announc. 21 (18)_: 45 (Sept. 25, 1973)]
*13-0034
PHTHALATES
Albro, P.W. et al
METABOLISM OF DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE BY RATS ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
OF THE URINARY METABOLITES
J. Chromatog. 76_ (2): 321-30 (1973)
The chromatographic isolation and identification of the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
(DEHP) metabolites found in rat urine are discussed. These metabolites indicate
that DEHP is hydrolyzed to mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and that MEHP is
handled like a fatty acid in the rat.
-518-
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13-0035
POLYURETHANES
Anon
GOODBYE, RESIN SHORTAGE? DON'T YOU BELIEVE IT!
Mod. Plast. 52_ (1): 44-58 (1975)
Tightness of resin supplies in early 1974 seemed to loosen up in last half of
year, but statistics indicate that such looseness was a temporary situation.
Review covers sales, pattern of consumption, major markets, and U.S. supply
status of various plastic materials, including polyurethanes and polyvinyl
chloride.
POLYURETHANES
See: 13-0010, Flame Retardants
See: 13-0025, 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
-519-
-------
13-0036
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Anon
COUNTY SUPERVISORS ADOPT THREE NEW ORGANIC SOLVENT RULES
APCD Digest (County of Los Angeles, Calif.) 4_ (10): 3 (Nov.- Dec. 1974)
New rules adopted by County Supervisors restrict the use and discharge into the
atmosphere of photochemically reactive solvents in dry cleaning, metal painting,
and surface cleaning and degreasing commercial operations. Thus, trichloro-
ethylene, the most common degreasing solvent less than a decade ago, will be
replaced in even greater measure by increasing use of substitute, nonphotochem-
ically reactive degreasing solvents.
-520-
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13-0037
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Kirk, Alan G. II
ENERGY, THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ECONOMY
A.G.A. Monthly 57_ (1): 18-21 (1975)
EPA's Asst. Administrator for Enforcement and General Counsel, reviews the energy/
environmental relationship and its economic impact. Among his comments: develop-
ment of oil shale to satisfy demand for crude oil for about 100 years will
become a reality when the staggering environmental problems connected with it are
solved. Such problems include disposition of spent shale, source of water for
mining operations, proper land revegetation, and control of the immense air
pollution load.
13-0038
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53. (5): 16 (Feb. 3, 1975)
No drastic effects on water quantity and quality in the Piceance Basin, Colorado,
from oil shale development are anticipated by the U.S. Geological Survey, if
mitigating measures are effected. The highest concentration of dissolved solids
in waters discharged from the mines is estimated at 5000 ing/liter. In 30 years
of mining and processing, about 500,000 acre-feet of water might be removed from
the two aquifers, but this is a very insignificant part of the 2.5 to 25 million
acre-feel: of water currently in the aquifers.
-521-
-------
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
See: M3-Q021, Hydrazine
-522-
-------
13-0039
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT. VCM REGULATIONS SPUR INTRODUCTION OF MONITORING IN
INSTRUMENTS
Mod. Plast. _52_ (1): 106, 108 (1975)
Review of new monitoring instruments offered to meet OSHA standards for worker
exposure to vinyl chloride monomer.
13-0040
Anon VINYL CHLORIDE
SYSTEM REDUCES VCM CONTENT IN PVC RESIN AND VENTILATES DRY-BLEND WORKPLACE
Mod. Plast. 52_ (1): 98 (1975)
The Exorsta system, available from Werner & Pfleiderer Corp., Waldwick, N.J.,
allows reduction of the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) content of PVC resins to
about 5 to 10 ppm (from an initial content of about 1000 ppm). The reduction
occurs during the dry blending operation. Simultaneously, the system ventilates
the workplace keeping VCM levels in the atmosphere at or below the worker
levels required by OSHA. The system described briefly here, is priced at $3000
to $6000 installed.
-523-
-------
13-0041
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
A CLUE TO CARCINOGENICITY OF VCM. . .
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): 36 (Jan. 29, 1975)
In studying the mechanism of vinyl chloride monomer carcinogenicity, Harvard
scientists found that rats given a phenobarbital depressant experienced liver
damage at a VCM exposure level 50% lower -than that required for controls. The
action of phenobarbital, an inducer of liver enzymes, supports the theory that
VCM interacts with a cytoplastic liver enzyme before it is activated as a liver
toxin.
13-0042
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE RESINS ARE RELATIVELY STRONG
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): (Jan. 29, 1975)
PVC sales (dry resin basis) dropped to 360 million Ibs in November 1974, a
decrease of 4.4% compared to November 1973 sales, but production rose to 407
million Ibs, an increase of 8.4%. For the year as a whole, however, sales
rose about 2% and output rose 8%.
-524-
-------
13-0043
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
PVC PLASTICS. . .
Environ. 17 (1): 24 (Jan/Feb. 1975)
Brief mention is made of Naval Research Lab studies on the after-effects of
burning or incinerating PVC. It appears that the hydrochloric acid gas
generated by burning PVC is carried by small soot particles, also evolved.
These HCl-containing particles, when smaller than 3 microns, can bypass the
upper respiratory system defenses and deposit HC1 deep into the lung. One
possible adverse effect is the development of emphysema. (See also: CATS
9-0048)
13-0044
VINYL CHLORIDE
Creech, J.L. and Johnson, M.N.
ANGIOSARCOMA OF LIVER IN THE MANUFACTURE OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
J. Occup. Med. 16_ (3): 150-1 (1974)
Three workers in a Louisville, Kentucky, plant died from angiosarcoma of the
liver during the period September 1971 to mid-December, 1973. All were
employed in the manufacture of PVC resins. A fourth death in 1968 may also
have been angiosarcoma, although not so reported.
These deaths indicate that exposure to PVC in the workplace may result in
the development of liver angiosarcoma.
-525-
-------
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 13-0001, Acrylonitrile
See: *13-0019, Fluorocarbons
See: 13-0035, Polyurethanes
See also: 13-0047, General Information
-526-
-------
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
See: 1,3-0001, Acrylonitrile
See: *13-0019, Fluorocarbons
-527-
-------
13-0045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
WEEDS THAT CAN ACT AS POLLUTION FILTRATION. . .
Chem. Wk. 116 (5): 36 (Jan. 29, 1975)
NASA scientists at Bay St. Louis, Miss., testing weeds as pollution filtration
systems, report that hyacinth is successfully absorbing heavy metals (e.g.,
cadmium, mercury, lead), insecticides, phenols, and other hazardous chemicals
from effluents generated by the National Space Technology Labs. Although the
weeds can be used for this purpose only in tropical or subtropical areas, their
rapid growth makes them of interest also as potential fuel or animal feed.
13-0046
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
RED NO. 2 — OK
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 5JL (1): 22 (1975)
Because no harmful reproductive effects were discovered in tests conducted by
FDA on the fetal toxicity of Red Dye No. 2, that agency will continue to permit
use of the dye in cosmetics and foods. Earlier reports that the dye was a
potential fetal toxicant have been discounted by FDA.
-528-
-------
13-0047
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sheldon, Arthur W.
EFFECTS OF ORGANOTIN ANTI-FOULING COATINGS ON MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
J. Paint Technol. 4£ (600): 54-8 (Jan. 1975)
Organotin anti-fouling chemicals, although known to be irritants of the eye, skin,
and upper respiratory tract, are especially useful as coatings for ships. New
organotin underwater coatings developed are capable of protecting ships for over
two years and work continues to develop even more effective coatings.
For this reason, their potential environmental contamination effects must be
assessed.
Reported here are the results of toxicity (acute and subacute) and carcinogen-
icity studies on bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, tributyltin fluoride, and triphenyl-
tin fluoride. Tin oxide, naturally present in soil and water, has not shown
any adverse effects on animal and marine organisms. Therefore, the formation
of tin oxide from the dealkylation of the organotin compounds is not seen as a
cause for alarm.
13-0048
GENERAL INFORMATION
Montemarano, Jean A. and Dyckman, Edward J.
PERFORMANCE OF ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS AS ANTI-FOULING MATERIALS
J. Paint Technol. 47_ (600): 59-61 (1975)
Because millions of dollars are expended yearly for antifouling coatings to
protect ships, long-life coatings are desirable. Antifouling coating systems
containing toxic copper salts have effective service lives of 3-18 months in
tropical waters or 3 years in temperate waters.
The use of organometallic polymers, resinous materials into which biocidal
organometallic compounds are chemically bound, was proposed. Two-year tests
of panels immersed in Pearl Harbor indicate that organometallic polymers
(acrylic, vinyl, polyester, and epoxy), containing tri-n-butyltin, tri-n-
propyltin, trimethyltin, triphenyltin, and tribenzyltin, are low-leaching
antifouling coatings witl long-life qualities.
-529-
-------
13-0049
GENERAL INFORMATION
Leong, Basil K.J.
MACROCYCLIC POLYETHERS (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (4): 5 (Jan. 27, 1975)
Current interest in macrocyclic ethers prompted the writer to contribute a
summary of his published, and some unpublished, work on the toxicity of
ethylene oxide cyclic tetramer (EOCT). Rats inhaling 1.2 to 63.8 ppm EOCT
experienced' anorexia, body weight loss, testicular atrophy, convulsions,
and other effects, including death. Repeated inhalations (0.5 to 1 ppm)
caused long-lasting testicular atrophy and other effects. Effects on the
central nervous system have also been noted. The writer cautions that EOCT
exposure should be avoided, as should exposure to higher macrocyclic poly-
ethers, pending further definition of their toxicity.
13-0050
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PLASTIC CONTAINERS. . . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (4) : 9 (Jan. 27, 1975)
In a study conducted by Midwest Research Institute, plastic containers were
found to cause less environmental problems than nonplastic containers. Para-
meters assessed included raw materials, energy, process water, solid wastes
(industrial and postconsumer), air emissions, etc.
-530-
-------
13-0051
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
EFFORTS TO PROMOTE MARINE BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (4): 19 (Jan. 27, 1975)
The Marine Technology Society's Committee on Objectives and Procedures is re-
commending that a National Institute of Marine Biomedical Research be formed as
part of a push to promote marine biomedical research. The National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences will hold a conference on this topic in Wash., D.C,
in Feb. 1975.
13-0052
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
A PLASTIC LUNCH FOR FISH LARVA
Science News 107 (4): 56 (Jan. 29, 1975)
Plastics wastes in the ocean are apparently being ingested by fish, having been
found in larva stomachs as well as in juvenile and adult fish; in marine bird
pellets, gizzards and stomachs. The waste is believed to come from .sewage out-
lets of manufacturing plants, but may also be dumped by commercial vessels
dumping ocean garbage. Point of concern: plastics do not decompose.
-531-
-------
13-00.53
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
QUESTIONS ZIRCONIUM USAGE
Soap, Cosmet. Chetn. Spec. 5_1 (1): 22 (1975)
Procter and Gamble Co. has reported to FDA that its zirconium-containing
antiperspirants have been thoroughly safe-tested for inhalation and other
exposures. FDA is studying the safety and effectiveness of all antiper-
spirants following recall by Gillette Co."of two new antiperspirants contain-
ing zirconium, which may produce fibrous growths in lungs after long-time
inhalation. At issue: do spray antiperspirants, which break zirconium into
minute particles that can penetrate deeply into the lungs, contribute to forma-
tion of granulomas and prevent the lungs from functioning properly. FDA reports
no hard evidence of granulomas from zirconium yet available.
13-0054
Anon GENERAL INFORMATION
ZIRCONIUM,. . .
Environ. 17_ (1): 22 (Jan./Feb. 1975)
FDA has labeled zirconium a health hazard, after determining that zirconium
sprays induced lung disease in monkeys. As a result, Procter & Gamble and
Carter Wallace have been asked to withdraw their Sure and Secret deodorants
from the market. Earlier, Gillette voluntarily withdrew its zirconium spray
deodorant, having detected potential health problems and having noted in the
1950's that stick deodorants and poison ivy remedies containing the chemical
caused skin tumors. (See: CATS 9-0043).
-532-
-------
13-0055
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CHLOROPRENE IS LATEST CANCER SCARE
Chem. Eng. News ,5_3 (5): 4-5 (Feb. 3, 1975)
NIOSH sees 2-chlorobutadlene, or chloroprene, as a potential carcinogen following
review of two Russian reports suggesting increased incidence of skin and lung
cancer in workers exposed to chloroprene and adverse embryo development in rats
and mice.
DuPont claims no statistically significant increase in skin and lung cancer of
its workers exposed to chloroprene from 1957 to 1974.
13-0056
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
AN APPARENT "EPIDEMIC". . .
Environ. 17_ (1): 21 (Jan./Feb. 1975)
The Columbian Committee for Environmental Information reports that the herbicides
2,4-D and 2,4,5-T may be responsible for the Guamo, Colombia, human "epidemic"
involving abortions, stillbirths, and malformations. These effects are believed
due to the contaminant, dioxin. About a million Colombians have been exposed to
the herbicides.
-533-
-------
14-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
(Production)
Anon
OUTPUT OF BENZENE DROPPED. . .
Chem. Wk. 116 (7): 31 (Feb. 12, 1975)
Production figures for several chemicals show drops and rises, according to the
U.S. International Trade Commission'. Benzene output dropped to 102.8 million
gal in Dec. 1974 vs. 123.7 million gal in Dec. 1973, but total for 1974 was
1.49 gal vs. 1.45 for the whole year 1973. Ethylene and proplyene showed
increased production for Dec. and for the full year over 1973 output. Dec. 1974
production of acrylonitrile dropped to 59.4 million Ibs vs. 95.7 million in Dec.
1973, but production for the full year rose to 1.4 billion Ibs vs. 1.35 billion
in 1973. Vinyl chloride monomer showed a gain in Dec. 1974 rising to 464.6
million vs. 450.3 million in Dec. 1973, but the 5.1 million produced for the
full year was less than the 5.35 million for the year 1973.
14-0002.
ACRYLONITRILE
(Exports)
Starr, Homer G.
CHEMICAL TRADE TRIUMPH TRIGGERS NEW TARIFF TUSSLE
Chem. Wk. 116 (8): 11-13 (Feb. 19, 1975)
The U.S. in 1974 exported $10.3 billion worth of chemicals and allied products,
or about one-eighth of domestic production. Among the compounds exported in
greater amounts in 1974, compared to 1973 were acrylonitrile and tolylene diiso-
cyanates. Slightly less vinyl chloride monomer was exported in 1974 than in 1973.
-534-
-------
ACRYLONITRILE
See also: 14-0017, Hexachlorobehzene
-535-
-------
14-0003
ARSENIC
Mussman, Harry C,
DRUG AND CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Fed. Proc. 34 (2): 197-201 (1975)
Because of the many chemicals that find their way into our food supply, the U.S.
Dept. of Agriculture's Meat and Poultry Inspection Program conducts routine tests
for chemical residues in animals that are to be slaughtered. The amount of work
and methods of approach for this national residue monitoring program are discussed
briefly. Sources of residues and results of monitoring are described. Chlorinated
hydrocarbons comprise the largest group of compounds tested for, but heavy metals,
antimicrobial agents, and growth promotants are other important classes. Metal
levels in poultry, cattle and other animals are discussed. Arsenic levels in
poultry are usually below 1.0 ppm. The tolerance for arsenic in poultry liver is
2.0 ppm.
ARSENIC
See also: 14-0044, General Information
-536-
-------
*14-0004
ASBESTOS
Anon
AN UNUSUALLY RELIABLE TECHNIQUE TO IDENTIFY AND MEASURE ASBESTOS IN WATER. . .
Chem. Eng. 8£ (4): 36-7 (Feb. 17, 1975)
Dow Chemical announced a new technique to Identify and measure asbestos in water,
which employs a transmission electron microscope with selected-area electron
diffraction and an energy-dispersive spectrometer. Claiming results accurate
within a factor of 2 to 3, Dow is now using the method to test for asbestos in
the liquid streams at its chlorine-caustic operations based on diaphragm cells
that use asbestos separators. Equipment costs up to $150,000; analysis requires
8 hours. But recent concerns re asbestos in table salt (byproduct from chlorine
manufacture) and presence of asbestos in Lake Superior waters indicate potential
needs.
*14-0005
ASBESTOS
Anon
WARNING ON RESOURCES
Chem. Wk. 116 (8): 14 (Feb. 19, 1975)
In "Mineral Resources and the Environment," the National Academy of Sciences
reports potential depletion of world's resources of such raw materials as
asbestos, mercury, helium, chromium, etc.
-537-
-------
*14-0006
ASBESTOS
Holt, P.P.
ASBESTOSIS (Letter to Editor)
Nature 253, (5487): 85 (Jan. 10, 1975)
Commenting on P.J. Smith's article (See: CATS *6-0011), the author states that
although factory conditions have improved in the last 40 years, an average of
139 new cases of asbestosis are reported yearly in Britain. No firm knowledge
is available to determine a safe level of asbestos in the atmosphere. Mention
is made of the IARC report, "The Biological Effects of Asbestos"(See: CATS
*6-0005), which indicates that all major types of asbestos are potential carcino-
gens and that asbestos seems to be a cause of mesotheliomas. Exclusive of occu-
pational exposure, the incidence of mesotheliomas in the city of Hamburg-Bergdorf,
1958-68, was 0.056% in the city as a whole, and 0.96% in the residential area
around one factory.
*14-0007
ASBESTOS
Anon
EMPLOYEES AT AN ASBESTOS MINE. . .
Chem. Eng. £2 (3): 18 (Feb. 3, 1975)
If GAF closes its Lowell, Vt., asbestos mine, the employees of the mine want to
buy it. GAF claims pollution equipment needed to meet EPA emission standards
would make continued operation of the mine economically unfeasible. The workers,
Vermont Asbestos Group, Inc., have raised $80,000, hope to borrow additional
funds, and have obtained a one-year extension of EPA's deadline.
-538-
-------
*14-0008
ASBESTOS
Farkas, Edward J.
FIBER GLASS (Letter to Editor)
Environ. 17 (1): 42-3 (Jan-Feb 1975)
Commenting on recent article by Katherine and Peter Montague (See: CATS *2-0010)
on fiber glass (and asbestos), the author claims that they failed to mention that
only in recent years have glass fibers been manufactured in sufficiently small
diameters to be respirable, and that even'the fibers with a mean diameter above
the respirable range may contain fibers of respirable diameter. The Montagues
in reply plead not guilty to the first charge but acknowledge overlooking the
second possibility. Farkas quotes from Botham [Brit. J. Ind. Med. 3Ch232 (1973)]
to indicate that fiber glass, as well as asbestos, when implanted in rats caused
mesotheliomata. Farkas also mentions the possibility of environmental contamination
from the use of fiber glass in tires and its increasing use in building materials,
e.g., as a replacement for asbestos in cement.
-539-
-------
14-0009
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Anon
FEED CONTAMINANT IN FARMERS' BLOOD
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (8): 7 (Feb. 24, 1975)
Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) has been found in the blood of farmers who were
exposed to PBB, when it was inadvertently used as an additive in feed for dairy
cattle in 1973. The PBB, a flame retardant, was mistaken for magnesium oxide,
a feed additive.
Although no humans have apparently become sick from PBB, 150 people exposed to
it are providing their medical histories and taking physical examinations and
blood tests; another 150 are participating in the study as unexposed controls.
Cattle started getting sick in Oct. 1973 and 11,000 have since died; a total
of 15,500 deaths is anticipated. Large numbers of hogs, sheep, chickens, also
given feed containing PBB, have died; and millions of eggs, cheese and other
such products have been buried.
-540-
-------
14-0010
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
NEW FIRE RETARDANTS AND PROCESSES
Amer. Dyest. Rep. 64^ (1): 34 (1975)
Flammability was the topic of more than 10 papers at the 1974 National Tech.
Conference of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, New
Orleans, Oct. 9-11, 1974. New flame retardants discussed included polysilox-
anes under study by Dow Corning Corp.; Fyrol 76, a vinylphosphonate based
compound, from Stauffer Chemical Co.; and a series of phosphoramide derivatives,
especially methylol pentamethylphosphorotriamide, recommended as flame retard-
ants for cotton textiles.
14-0011
FLAME RETARDANTS
LeBlanc, P. Bruce et al
A NEW LOW COST FR FINISH FOR INDUSTRIAL COTTON FABRICS
Text,, Chem. Color. 7_ (2): 38/31-40/33 (1975)
Inexpensive, applicable in a pad-dry-cure process, and coapplicable with a water
repellant are properties advanced for a new, durable flame retardant for cellu-
losic textile materials. This combination finish contains urea, phosphate salt,
chlorinated polymer and antimony oxide. Its durability may be governed by the
reaction between the phosphate and the antimony.
-541-
-------
FLAME RETAKDANTS
See: 14-0009, Brominated Biphenyls
-542-
-------
*14-0012
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
GROUP TO PROBE FREON TIE TO OZONE LOSS
Chem. Eng. News 5_3 (7): 5-6 (Feb. 17, 1975)
An ad hoc Federal Interagency Task Force on Inadvertent Modification of the
Stratosphere (IMOS) has been formed to Investigate the potential relation-
ship between fluorochlorohydrocarbons (e.g., Freon) and reductions in the
ozone content of the stratosphere. The task force will summarize by June of
this year the atmospheric, medical, and ecological data on the subject and
evaluate possible economic impacts and alternatives available to the industry.
*14-0013
FLUOROCARBONS
Taylor, George J. and Drew, Robert T.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC INHALATIONS OF FLUOROCARBON 12
IN RABBITS
J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therapeutics 192 (1): 129-35 (1975)
The effects on rabbits from inhalation of 10 or 20% fluorocarbon 12 included a
decline in cardiac output, a small decline in LV systolic pressure but no sig-
nificant drop in mean arterial pressure, and other described effects.
-543-
-------
*14-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
Wofsy, Steven C. et al
FREON CONSUMPTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC OZONE
Science 187. (4176): 535-7 (Feb. 14, 1975)
The mechanism of formation of ozone in the stratosphere and the potential ozone-
depleting effects of freons are discussed. Release of chlorine from freons) to
the stratosphere could cause a 3% reduction of ozone concentration by 1980, a
16% reduction by 2000, assuming Freon consumption increases by 10% per year.
Banning the use of Freons by 1990 would not completely solve the problem; their
effects might continue for several centuries.
*14-0015
FLUOROCARBONS
Gribbin, John
AEROSOL AND CLIMATE: HOTTER OR COOLER?
Nature 253_ (5488): 162 (Jan. 17, 1975)
Brief report on the potential cooling or heating effects of aerosols on the
earth's climate is summarized by the statement that the possible effects are
complex, far from being understood, and that we cannot yet judge whether
aerosol pollution will hasten the coming ice age.
-544-
-------
*14-0016
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
THE OZONE LAYER. THE CONTROVERSY OVER EFFECT OF FLUOROCARBONS ON IT CONTINUES
ON MANY FRONTS
HAPPI 12_ (1): 48 (1975)
Brief recaps of industry and government actions in December 1974 relative
to the controversy on the possible effects of fluorocarbons on the ozone
layer in the stratosphere.
-545-
-------
14-0017
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Seltzer, Richard J.
OCEAN POLLUTANTS POSE POTENTIAL DANGER TO MAN
Chem. Eng. News 53. (8): 19-20 (Feb. 24, 1975)
In a 460-page report, "Assessing Potential Ocean Pollutants," the Ocean
Affairs Board of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council
has pinpointed hexachlofobenzene and transuranics as potential hazards to mail
and the environment. Hexachlorobenzene is persistent, resists degradation,
persists in the atmosphere, and accumulates readily in organisms and food
webs.
Considered among the "no threat" at.this time marine pollutants are acrylo-
nitrile and low-molecular weight hydrocarbons.
-546-
-------
*14-0018
HYDRAZINE
Anon
BAYER'S LEVOXIN FOR CORROSION CONTROL OF BOILER PLANTS
Anti-Corrosion 2l_ (111) : 5-8 (Nov. 1974)
Levoxin, used to control corrosion in boiler plants, contains varying
percentages of ^2^2 (Pure hydrazine). Because of the toxicity of hydrazine,
residues of which are not permitted in food, the use of Levoxin in boiler
plants in the food industry must be carefully evaluated. Where necessary
for such boilers, an activated carbon filter in the steam circuit can help
decompose the hydrazine.
Workers should be protected from toxic Levoxin fumes and avoid skin contact
because of the corrosive action of Levoxin on living tissue.
-547-
-------
ISOCYANATES
See: 14-0002, Acrylonitrile
-548-
-------
14-0019
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Rubin, Edward S. and McMichael, Francis C.
IMPACT OF REGULATIONS ON COAL CONVERSION PLANTS
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9 (2): 112-7 (1975)
The implications of current and future environmental air and water regulations
are discussed from the viewpoint of designing, building, and operating new coal
conversion plants.
14-0020
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
BURNING COAL IN OIL-FIRED FURNACES
Anti-Corrosion 21^ (111): 9-10 (Nov. 1974)
A new process for liquefying coal, announced in Britain, makes it possible
for the coal to be burned in previously oil-fired furnaces without radically
changing the design of conventional oil burners. The process apparently
reduces soot in both the boiler and the flue gas.
-549-
-------
14-0021
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
GAS FROM COAL AWARD
Chem. Wk. 116 (7): 14 (Feb. 12, 1975)
Foster Wheeler Energy Corp. has received a 40-month $8.7 million contract
from Office of Coal Research to design and develop a pilot plant to produce
clean, low-Btu gas from various types of coal.
14-0022
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Chan, F.K.
A SASOL TYPE PROCESS FOR GASOLINE, METHANOL, SNG, AND LOW-BTU GAS FROM COAL
Kellogg (M.W.) Co., Houston, Tex. (July 1974). EPA/650/2-70-072. PB-237 670/5WK.
Costs and feasibility of manufacturing gasoline, methanol, SNG. and low-Btu gas
from coal using the SASOL-type process are assessed. This process is based on
a SASOL plant which has been operated commercially for more than 20 years for
the manufacture of gasoline, fertilizers, and other chemicals from coal in South
Africa. The SASOL plant has been modified slightly to suit the product spectrum
of the projected plants. Capital investments for plants producing various end
products are estimates based on published or in-house information on a mine-
mouth plant using Western U.S. coal. The capital investment is expressed in
1975 dollars with no forward escalation.
[Abstract in: NTIS Weekly Govt. Abstracts, p.53 (Feb. 10, 1975)]
-550-
-------
14-0023
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
AMMONIA AND ALTERNATE FEEDSTOCKS
Farm Chemicals 137 (10): 44, 46 (1974)
Greater use of coal and heavy oil feeds are anticipated in the near future
for the production of ammonia. Brief descriptions given of the Lurgi
gasification process and the Koppers-Totzek coal dust gas process.
-551-
-------
14-0024
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
Anon
A LITTLE LIGHT IN THE LEGAL TUNNEL
Mod. Plast. 52_ (2): 14 (1975)
The court ruling voiding OSHA's proposed standard for MOCA was based on no
report of cancer in workers during almost 20 years of commercial use, even
though the compound had been labeled a carcinogen on the basis of mice-feeding
tests. MOCA may still not be in the clear; OSHA will undoubtedly offer a new
standard.
On the other hand, OSHA's standard for VCM because of actual evidence of
cancer to humans will undoubtedly be enforced, in spite of current court-
ordered stay of scheduled Jan. 1 deadline for compliance.
14-0025
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
Anon
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53^ (6): 7 (Feb. 10, 1975)
New standards proposed for the carcinogen, 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) by
OSHA are the same as those previously proposed by the agency in Jan. 1974. A
U.S. court voided the first standards.
-552-
-------
14-0026
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
NAS REPORTS ON INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM
Science 187 (4177): 633 (Feb. 21, 1975)
A 165-page report, "U.S. Participation in the International Biological Program,"
published by the National Academy of Sciences, describes the 14-year effort of
the IBP, which was the first large-scale attempt to apply systems analysis to
the workings of ecosystems. According to'the report, the findings resulting
from the IBP study have been used in forest and water management, control of
toxic materials, regional planning, preparation of environmental impacts, and
improvements in health sciences.
14-0027
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
May, Robert M.
STABILITY AND COMPLEXITY IN MODEL ECOSYSTEMS. MONOGRAPHS IN POPULATION
BIOLOGY 6.
Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1973. 235pp. $11.50
Mathematics is applied to some of the little understood, debatable issues in
population biology. The author uses the Lotka-Volterra two-species predation
and competition equations and adds additional species and hence trophic links
to provide differential equations describing species interractions in matrix
form. The author derives a major generalization that complexity tends to
diminish the stability of general mathematical systems, and strengthens this
generalization by extending his neighborhood stability analyses to a global
perspective, and by including realism by time lags and environmental vari-
ability. Among other issues in theoretical ecology, competition and mutual-
istic interactions are demonstrated as destabilizing.
[Review in: Quart. Rev. Biol. 49_ (4): 369-70 (Dec. 1974)]
-553-
-------
14-0028
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Miller, Charles B., Ed.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE OCEANIC PACIFIC
Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis, 1974. $6
The status of interesting inquiries into offshore blue-water ecosystems are
summarized, including a report on the zoogeographic study of open ocean
zooplankton by John A. McGowan; a report on the control of ecosystem processes
via a matrix of 15 biological and physical-chemical parameters judged to be
interacting; interdependent components of an open-ocean ecosystem. A chapter
by B.J. Rothschild includes graphs of food chain dynamics and efficiencies.
[Review in: Science 187 (4176): 532 (Feb. 14, 1975)]
-554-
-------
*1A-0029
OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
Sturm, R.N. et al
FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS: ACUTE FISH TOXICITY AND ACCUMULATION STUDIES
Water Res. 9_ (2): 211-9 (1975)
Four fluorescent whitening agents (FWA), including three polar (anionic) FWA's
used in U.S. laundry detergents and a nonionic FWA not now used in U.S. products,
caused no acutely toxic effects to the blaegill. None of the three anionic FWA's
(sulfonated stilbene derivatives) accumulated in the two fish species tested.
The nonionic FWA did accumulate but was rapidly eliminated when fish were trans-
ferred to FWA-free water. Reported differences in accumulation between compounds
within the same chemical class suggests that the chemicals be assessed per se
rather than in broad categories.
-555-
-------
14-0030
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Anon
CHLORINATED SOLVENT HANDLING
Text. Chem. Color. 7. (2): 50 (1975)
The handling, typical properties and toxicology of perchloroethylene, trichloro-
ethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane solvents are described in a 14-page illus-
trated manual available from PPG Industries.
-556-
-------
*14-0031
PHTHALATES
Anon
NEW G-P PLASTICIZER HELPS EASE THE SUPPLY SQUEEZE
Mod. Plast. .52 (2): 21 (1975)
Eastman Chemical Products has Introduced a new general-purpose, low volatility
plasticizer for PVC, called Kodaflex DOTP, which is a derivative of 2-ethyl-
hexanol and terephthalic acid. A table compares plasticizer properties of
the DOTP with DOP and DIDP in PVC.
PHTHALATES
See also: 14-0035, Vinyl Chloride
See also: 14-0044, General Information
-557-
-------
14-0032
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Utidjian, H. Michael D.
CRITERIA DOCUMENTS. EXCERPTS FROM CRITERIA FOR A RECOMMENDED STANDARD. . .
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE. 1. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A
TRICHLOROETHYLENE STANDARD
J. Occup. Med. 16 (3): 192-4 (1974)
Brief review of Section 1, Environmental (workplace air), plus discussion
of biological evaluation from Part IV, Environmental Data and Biologic
Evaluation. (See also: CATS 4-0034)
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
See: 14-0030, Perchloroethylene
-558-
-------
14-0033
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
INTERIOR SEES ADEQUATE WATER FOR WESTERN COAL, OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT
Land and the Environ. 3 (3): 21 (Feb. 7, 1975)
Recent reports from the Interior Department assure adequate water supplies for
coal development plans along the Upper Missouri River Basin, and indicate that
oil shale development in northwestern Colorado should not adversely affect
water quality or quantity in that area. A study of the Northern Great Plains
indicates that in oil shale development ground water use will impair water
quality and limit some future land uses. These effects can be minimized, how-
ever.
14-0034
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
lammartino, Nicholas R.
TAR-SAND PROJECTS STUCK
Chem. Eng. 8£ (4): 44,46,48 (Feb. 17, 1975)
Exploitation of Canada's tar sands to extract synthetic crude oil will not be
economically feasible before 1980. One plant, Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd.,
realized a profit in 1974, its first since production began in 1967, but four
newer plant proposals are being abandoned or deferred. Large-scale working of
Canadian reserves may have to wait for in situ recovery methods.
U.S. tar-sand reserves, approximately 30-35 billion bbl, mostly in Utah, are
largely untouched.
-559-
-------
14-0035
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
MEAT WRAPPER ASTHMA TIED TO LABEL FUMES
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (8): 6-7 (Feb. 24, 1975)
Vinyl chloride may not be the real culprit causing asthma in meat-wrapping
personnel. A recent study at the Univ. of Oregon Health Science Center,
Portland, indicates that the adhesives in price labels may yield the fumes
causing the asthma symptoms. The adhesive backings contain various
elastomers, thermoplastic copolymers, polysulfones, phthalic acid plasti-
cizers and other components.
14-0036
VINYL CHLORIDE
Ravey (Rogozinski), M. et al
MECHANISM OF VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERIZATION
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 12_ (12): 2821-43 (1974)
The kinetic and mechanism of suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride are
discussed under five process stages, each presenting a unique environment for
the interaction of the systems parameters.
-560-
-------
14-0037
VINYL CHLORIDE
Chang, E.P. and Salovey, R.
PYROLYSIS OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 12_ (12): 2927-41 (1974)
The thermal degradation of PVC polymerized at different temperatures was invest-
igated using a pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method. HC1 is
the major inorganic volatile evolved; benzene, the major organic volatile.
14-0038
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
COURT UPHOLDS VINYL CHLORIDE REGULATIONS
Chem. Eng. News 53. (6): 5-6 (Feb. 10, 1975)
A U.S. court of appeals denied an industry petition to void federal regulations
for low occupational exposure level for vinyl chloride, setting April 1 as the
effective date for the new regulations.
-561-
-------
14-0039
VINYL CHLORIDE
Brown, Royal A.
THE TECHNICAL IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS
J. Paint Technol. 47 (600): 69-73 (Jan. 1975)
Government agencies must bear the responsibility for assessing the socio-economic
impact of any new regulations that they impose on industry. The technical impact
of air and water pollution control regulations and regulations governing hazard-
ous materials are discussed from the viewpoint of the coatings industry. The
restrictive effect on industry of most government regulations is illustrated by
a brief review of the vinyl chloride issue.
14-0040
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
FINAL DATA FROM MRI RESEARCH CONFIRM PLASTICS' ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERIORITY
Mod. Plast. 52. (2): 12, 14 (1975)
A report from Midwest Research Institute, "Resource and Environmental Profile
Analysis of Plastics and Nonplastics Containers," shows plastics packaging
(PVC, LDPE, ABS, HOPE) to be environmentally superior to glass, paper, and
metal packaging. Method of determining the environmental impact index number
is described.
-562-
-------
14-0041
VINYL CHLORIDE
(Uses)
Anon
IN THE PIPE LINE: LOTS OF NEW OPTIONS IN THERMOPLASTICS
Mod. Plast. 52_ (2): 42-5 (1975)
A review of developments in the million-metric-ton thermoplastics pipe and
tubing business shows that for foam pipe current emphasis is on PVC. Other
promising candidates are ABS and PE.
Table shows the consumption (1974, 1975, and 1980) for PVC, ABS, PE, and
"other" plastics for various pipe markets.
14-0042
VINYL CHLORIDE
Carpenter, Ben H.
VINYL CHLORIDE. AN ASSESSMENT OF EMISSIONS CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND COSTS
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N.C. (Sept. 1974). EPA/650/2-74-097.
PB-237 343/9WK
The report gives results of a survey of conceptual techniques applicable to
vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) emission reduction with respect to VC monomer and
polymer production. VCM emission points have been identified and quantified for
four types of monomer plants — hydrochlorination of acetylene, chlorination/
oxychlorination of ethylene (with oxygen) and dehydrochlorination, and direct
chlorination of ethylene and dehydrochlorination — and four types of polymer
manufacture—suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, bulk poly-
merization, and solution polymerization. Levels of control achievable and
estimated cost of listed control techniques are presented.
[Abstract in: NTIS Weekly Govt. Abstracts, p. 57 (Feb. 10, 1975)]
-563-
-------
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 14-0001, Aerylonitrile
14-0002, Acrylonitrile
14-0011, Flame Retardants
*14-0031, Phthalates
-564-
-------
14-0043
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
(Uses)
Anon
COATED PAPER WRAPS UP A MARKET
Chem. Wk. 116 (8): 18-19 (Feb. 19, 1975)
Recent aluminum shortages spurred search for substitutes for foil-laminate
packaging materials. Surtech Coating Co. announces multicoated paper materials
that perform as well as aluminum-foil laminates at a lower cost. Surtech's
process makes possible application of up to five coatings in a single run, on
either or both sides of the substrate. For cereal packaging, Surtech is promoting
a glassine substrate coated on both surfaces with saran — polyvinylidene
chloride — and overcoated with a blended wax for good barrier properties.
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
See: 14-0011, Flame Retardants
-565-
-------
14-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
Cox, Geraldine V.
THE DAVY JONES GARBAGE DUMP
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9^ (2): 108-11 (1975)
Review of regulations for ocean dumping, ocean dumping sites, ocean dumping
criteria, and types of ocean dumping permits. Among the strictly regulated
materials are arsenic, phthalate esters, plastics, and plastic intermediates.
14-0045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Drake, John W. (Chairman)
ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENIC HAZARDS
Science 187 (4176): 503-14 (Feb. 14, 1975)
Mutagenicity screening is now feasible and necessary for chemicals entering
the environment, according to this report by Committee 17, Council of the
Environmental Mutagen Society. Covers such topics as screening systems for
environmental mutagens, characteristics of, the ideal screening system and
of currently used screening systems, risk analysis, and regulatory principles.
-566-
-------
14-0046
GENERAL INFORMATION
Davavin, I.A. et al
INFLUENCE OF OIL ON NUCLEIC ACIDS OF ALGAE
Mar. Pollut. Bull. £ (1): 13-15 (1975)
Knowledge is readily available on the grosser effects of petroleum hydro-
carbons on organisms but there is a scarcity of information on the more
subtle effects of oil. The conclusions from this study on algae indicate
that oil inhibits biosynthesis of DNA and RNA and modifies the degree of
polymerization of deoxyribonucleic acids.
14-0047
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
WILL CHEMICALS GET A SATISFACTORY BILL OF HEALTH?
Chem. Wk. 116 (7): 23-4 (Feb. 12. 1975)
Industry expects to have 'to meet increasingly stringent regulations to insure the
health safety of employees, anticipates that Congress will pass a new toxic sub-
stances control bill tougher than last year's bill that was not passed. Mean-
while, OSHA is working to issue worker exposure standards for more than 400 chem-
icals in the next three years. Comment is made that if the tough toxic substances
control bill that died in Congress last year had been in effect earlier, the
$3 billion/year vinyl chloride business could never have been developed.
-567-
-------
14-0048
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
SCIENTISTS DEBATE POLLUTANT THRESHOLDS
Chem. Wk. 116 (8): 27 (Feb. 19, 1975)
Scientists are generally of the opinion that levels of chemical exposure exist
that are safe for human health, but are plagued by a variety of complications
that make it difficult to determine these levels.
14-0049
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PRODUCERS OF ADHESIVE POLYMERS AND SOLVENTS ARE THREATENED. . .
Chem. Wk. 116 (7): 31 (Feb. 12, 1975)
Increasing legislation against solvent-based adhesives may cut a big market from
producers of adhesive polymers and solvents. North Americans and Europeans used
280 million gallons of solvent-based adhesive formulations in 1974. Market loss
will affect producers of 196 million gal of organic solvents and 629 million Ibs
of dry adhesive polymers.
-568-
-------
14-0050
GENERAL INFORMATION
Brooker, M.P. and Edwards, R.W.
AQUATIC HERBICIDES AND THE CONTROL OF WATER WEEDS
Water Res. £ (1): 1-15 (1975)
Two types of effects follow from the use of herbicides for the control of
aquatic plants: 1) the direct effects of the toxic action of the herbicide
on aquatic organisms, and on terrestrial organisms after water abstraction;
and 2) the indirect effects on the treated water body after the plants die.
These effects are detailed.
14-0051
GENERAL INFORMATION
Badr, F,M. and Badr, Ragaa S.
INDUCTION OF DOMINANT LETHAL MUTATION IN MALE MICE BY ETHYL ALCOHOL
Nature 253^ (5487): 134-6 (Jan. 10, 1975)
The long-time assumption that alcohol presents no genetic hazard seems to
be disproved by these experiments using the dominant lethal technique; apparently
in mice ethyl alcohol can be mutagenic under certain conditions.
-569-
-------
14-005.2
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
THE U.S. COURT OF APPEALS HAS SET ASIDE. . .
Chem. Eng. News 5_3 (5): 7 (Feb. 3, 1975)
Finding that EPA failed to show any significant health hazards traceable to lead
in gasoline, the U.S. court of Appeals has set aside the agency's regulation
under which refineries would have had to produce by 1 Jan. 1975 a gasoline
containing only 1.7 grams of lead/gallon instead of the current 2.2 grains. Addi-
tionally, the regulations required a phasing out of lead gradually to a level
of 0.05 g/gal. by 1 Jan. 1979.
-570-
-------
15-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
VINYL CYANIDE IN THE SKY
Science News 107 (9): 137 (Mar. 1, 1975)
The Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy in Bonn, West Germany, and the Common-
wealth Scientific and Industrial Organization of Australia have both established
the presence of a new compound through their observations of interstellar space.
They discovered the presence of molecules with a carbon-carbon double bond and
found vinyl cyanide (acrylonitrile) in the cloud studied.
-571-
-------
15-0002
ARSENIC
Wood, J.M.
BIOLOGICAL CYCLES FOR TOXIC ELEMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Science 183 (4129): 1049-52 (Mar. 15, 1974)
Stating that current knowledge of the biological cycles of toxic elements per-
mits predicting the behavior of other toxic elements in the environment, the
author classifies toxic elements, from an environmental viewpoint, as: 1) non-
critical, 2) toxic and relatively accessible, and 3) toxic, but very insoluble
or rare.
Arsenic is assigned to Class 2, and a figure illustrates its biological cycle.
Arsenic compounds are reduced and methylated by anaerobes, yielding methylarsirie
and trimethylarsine as extremely toxic volatile products. These arsines do,
however, oxidize readily to less toxic products, such as cacodylic acid. This
acid, however, reportedly is an intermediate in the synthesis of dimethyl arsine
from arsenic salts. Reportedly, alkyl-arsenic compounds have accumulated in
shellfish analyzed in Norway.
15-0003
ARSENIC
Zingaro, Ralph A. and Irgolic, Kurt J.
THE METHYLATION OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
Science JL87 (4178): 765 (Feb. 28, 1975)
Commenting on J.M. Wood's article [See: CATS 15-0002] on the biological methy-
lation of metals in the environment, the authors question Wood's use of the con-
cept of formal oxidation numbers, using arsenic as an example, and caution that
failure to recognize that oxidation numbers are artificial could lead to the un-
necessary biological electron transport system.
-572-
-------
15-0004
ARSENIC
Minear, Roger A.
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING AND MONITORING TRACE METALS
Amer. Water Works Assn. J. 67_ (1): 9-14 (1975)
There are numerous methods for the analysis of trace metals in water and this review
indicates those best adapted to automatic analysis and data processing and points
up areas in the various systems which might effect the final results.
A table presents a survey of methods for trace-metal analysis. Sampling require-
ments are discussed.
Although there have been no repeated outbreaks of heavy metal poisoning via com-
munity water supplies, trace metals found in drinking water supplies may pose a
potential problem. As an example, a recent USGS study of 720 stations showed 21%
of the samples to have soluble arsenic in excess of 10 yg/1, and 4% to have
soluble cadmium in excess of 10 yg/1.
15-0005
ARSENIC
Chemical Section, National Safety Council
ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Data Sheet 499, Revision A
Industrial Safety Data Sheets, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111.
This revised data sheet covers the physical properties and uses of elemental ar-
senic, arsenicals, and arsine; provides storage and handling information, dis-
cusses hazards and precautions, and lists the threshold limit values established
by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
-573-
-------
15-0006
ARSENIC
Uthe, John F.; et al
COMPARISON OF WET ASHING AND DRY ASHING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC IN MA-
RINE ORGANISMS, USING METHYLATED ARSENICALS FOR STANDARDS
J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 57. (6): 1363-5 (Nov. 1974)
A new digestion mixture for wet-ashing of biological materials proved more
effective in the recovery of total arsenic- than the AOAC dry ash procedure.
This oxidation method was catalyzed by vanadium pentoxide and employed sulfuric
and nitric acids. A 6.3% increase in recovery of arsenic from shellfish and
fish tissues was observed with this method.
15-0007
ARSENIC
Anon
ARSENIC STANDARDS ARE RIDICULOUS
Chem. Wk. 116 (10): 39 (Mar. 5, 1975)
OSHA's proposed standards for exposure to arsenic (0.004 mg/m^) came under criticism
at the Conference on Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic held in Chicago
recently. Kenneth Nelson of Asarco says that a number of epidemiological studies
showed no difference in life expectancy among workers exposed to the substance,
although Dow and Allied report high lung cancer rates among employees.
-574-
-------
ARSENIC
See: *15-0010, Asbestos
See also: 15-0060, General Information
-575-
-------
*15-0008
ASBESTOS
Howard, W.P.
ASBESTOSIS (Letter to Editor)
Nature .253 (5490): 303 (Jan. 31, 1975)
Rebutting P.F. Holt's remarks [See: CATS *14-0006]re complacency over asbestosis,
the author refers to Britain's latest Annual Report of HM Chief Inspector of Fac-
tories, which claims that new cases of asbestosis and mesothelioma and the latest
figures do not reflect current conditions' or knowledge about hazardous contamina-
tion levels of asbestos dust. A long-term medical environmental survey of 5000
asbestos workers and working zone measurements, shows that 92.6% of the dust counts
were below the hygiene standard of two fibers/ml, reflecting industry's efforts to
improve-control standards.
*15-0009
ASBESTOS
Keller, Eugenia
WHAT IS HAPPENING TO OUR DRINKING WATER?
Chemistry 48 (2): 16-9 (1975)
Review of the contamination of drinking water raises questions of the possible ef-
fects of air pollutants dissolved in rain,airborne pollutants from spraying, and
contaminants of surface water and groundwater. Author queries the possible effect
in water of chlorofluorocarbons and polyvinyl chloride, and mentions the asbestos-
fiber pollution of Lake Superior. Asbestos has caused cancer in humans, and the
number of fibers ingested by a person drinking Lake Superior water for 15 to 17
years can equal those inhaled by workers during occupational exposure.
-576-
-------
*15-0010.
ASBESTOS
Carlson, Karen T.
THE PEOPLE'S LAKE
Environ. 17 (2): 16-20 (Mar. 1975)
Review and discussion of events since 1947, when Reserve Mining began using Lake
Superior Water for separating taconite from rock, including trial proceedings ini-
tiated to prevent continuation of the procedure.
Main item of contention has been the presence of asbestos in the water, but arti-
cle claims that the taconite tailings dumped into the water contain 35 chemicals,
(including ammonia, arsenic, and mercury) many of which are toxic.
Reference is made to the potential carcinogenic effects of asbestos.
*15-0011
ASBESTOS
Eckardt, Robert E.
THE CARCINOGEN STANDARD OF THE NEW OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. ,50, 620-5 (1974)
Argument is advanced that the "Emergency Temporary Standard on Certain Carcino-
gens," published by the Dept. of Labor in the "Federal Register" of 3 May 1973
was written by individuals who lacked practical experience in industry and/or
knowledge of carcinogens.
Of the 14 diverse chemicals listed'by the standard as carcinogens, beta-naphthyl-
amine is no longer produced in the U.S., 2-acety.laminofluorene is produced in
small amounts for laboratory experiments, and alpha-naphthylamine is generally
considered to be non-carcinogenic because of current manufacturing processes,
which eliminate contamination of the alpha compound by beta-naphthylamine.
Known, occupational carcinogens having an assigned TLV include asbestos, bis (chloro-
methyl) ether, chromates, coal-tar pitch volatiles, and nickel carbonyl. Potential
occupational carcinogens without an assigned TLV include 4-aminodiphenyl benzidine
and its salts, beta-naphthylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenyl. Substances with high po-
tency for inducing tumors in experimental animals include 2-acety.laminofluorene,
beryllium, chloromethyl-methyl ether, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, ethyleneimine, 4,4'-
methylenebis(2-chloroaniniline), and beta-propiolactone.
-577-
-------
*15-0012
ASBESTOS
Anon
ASBESTOS PROPERTIES AND MESOTHELIOMA PRODUCTION
Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1.2 (4): 591-2 (Aug. 1974)
Reviews briefly two earlier reports: M.F. Stanton and C. Wrench, "Mechanisms
of Mesothelioma Induction with Asbestos and Fibrous Glass [J. Natn. Cancer Inst.
48; 797 (1972)], and J.C. Wagner et al, "Mesothelioma in Rats after Inoculation
with Asbestos and Other Materials," [Br. J. Cancer 28; 173 (1973)].
-578-
-------
15-0013
BENZIDINE
Buntori, C.A. and Rubin, R.J.
MICELLAR CATALYSIS OF THE BENZIDINE REARRANGEMENT
Tetrahedron Letters No.l: 55-8 (Jan. 1975)
Previous studies show that anionic micelles accelerate specific hydrogen in
catalyzed reactions, but most information relates to hydrolyses. The authors
report: a very large rate enhancement of the benzidine rearrangement of 1,2-
diphenyl hydrazine by anionic micelles of "sodium lauryl sulfate.
15-0014
BENZIDINE
Bunton, C.A. and Rubin, R.J.
BENZIDINE REARRANGEMENTS IN MODERATELY CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS ACID
Tetrahedon Letters No.l: 59-62 (Jan. 1975)
Acid catalyzed benzidine rearrangement, usually followed in aqueous organic sol-
vents, is now studied in moderately concentrated aqueous acid. Studies involved
the rearrangement of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine.
-579-
-------
BENZIDINE
See: *15-0011, Asbestos
-580-
-------
15-0015
BORON
Goldman, E. et al
A MODIFIED CURCUMIN METHOD FOR DETERMINING TRACE AMOUNTS OF BORON
Amer. Water Works Ass. J. 67. (1): 14-19 (1975)
The evaporation step which is usually followed in the standard curcumin method
has been eliminated without impairing efficiency. An initial extraction pro-
cedure cuts down nitrates and hardening agents which makes this method useful
for determining boron in hard water down to a level of 0.25 - 1.00 mg/1.
15-0016
BORON
Dyrssen, D.W. and Uppstrom, L.R.
THE BORON/CHLORINITY RATIO IN BALTIC SEA WATER
Ambio 1 (1): 44-6 (1974)
At the University of Gothenburg, an intensive investigation of the boron/chlorinity
ratio in the Baltic Sea was carried out from 1967-1972. Results showed that, in
spite of increased loads, the boron content had declined. Possible reasons are
discussed. Boron is an integral part of the biocycle because it is essential for
the life of plants and algae.
-581-
-------
15-0017
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Babish, J.G. et al
LIVER CHANGES AND TISSUE RESIDUES OF ANIMALS FED HEXABROMOBIPHENYL
Abstract of paper to be presented at Federation of American Societies for Experi-
mental Biology, 59th Annual Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 13-18, 1975
PB-6, a commercial polybrominated biphenyl, was fed to Japanese quail for 9 weeks
at 10, 20, and 100 ppm. Egg production and hatchability were depressed as a
result. A milking cow was fed 50 ppm for 14 days and the PB-6 was evidenced in
the milk within 24 hours and remained in the milk 14 days after withdrawals from
feed. After slaughter, examination of the organs indicated toxic response in the
liver, bile ducts and kidneys. [Abstract in: Fed. Proc. _34_ (3): 246 (March 1, 1975)]
-582-
-------
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE
See: *15-0011, Asbestos
-583-
-------
ETHYLENEIMINE
See: *15-0011, Asbestos
-584-
-------
15-0018
FLAME RETARDANTS
Richardson, Byron L.
ARE FINISHERS QUITTING ON FLAMMABILITY?
Text. World 125 (2): 59, 61-2, 64, 71-2 (1975)
Delineates the problems of textile finishers in meeting flame-retardant standards
(in California). Choice is between the use of chemicals with many side-effect
problems or the more expensive flame-retardant fiber route.
Some of the many flame retardant chemicals are discussed as are the problems of
application. During 1973 little significant progress was made in flame-retardant
chemicals.
15-0019
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
FLAME-RETARDANT CHEMICALS IN 1975
Text. World 125(2): 73-7, 82, 84, 86-9 (1975)
Chart provides information on flame retardants to meet end-use needs. Includes
manufacturer, product name and form, chemical nature, fibers treated, end' use,
cost, applicable standards, etc.
-585-
-------
15-0020
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
GROWTH WILL BE RETARDED
Chem. Wk. 116 (10): 14 (Mar. 5, 1975)
At the Conference of the Fire Retardant Chemicals Association, industry spokesmen
expressed their views on areas which would affect the market for fire-retardant
chemicals. New Federal regulations were "not foreseen but the proliferation of
differing regulations from state to state may hinder FR sales growth.
15-002.1
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
SALES OFF FOR TEXTILE FIRE RETARDANTS
Chem. Eng. News 5_3 (9): 10-11 (Mar. 3, 1975)
Boom in fire-retardant chemicals over last four years with current sales down
perhaps 50%. Signs of market recovery coupled with the fact that new regulations
will push FR's into more clothing areas indicate sales growth by years end.
-586-
-------
15-0022
FLAME RETARDANTS '
Mischutin, Vladimir
A NEW FR SYSTEM FOR SYNTHETIC/CELLULOSIC BLENDS
Text. Chem. Color. 7. (3): 40/21-42/23 (1975)
New development work on fire retardant processes for polyester/cellulosic blends
has produced a unique system which meets government standards. Toxicological
tests on the major component, a brominated cyclic compound, selected for the
flame retardant finish showed it to be completely safe for use on apparel fabrics.
FLAME RETARDANTS
See: 15-0017, Brominated biphenyls
See also: 15-0043, Polyurethanes
-587-
-------
*15-0023
FLUOROCARBONS
Chang, Louis W.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE KIDNEY FOLLOWING CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS
OF HALOTHANE
Amer. J. Pathol. 78. (2): 225-42 (1975)
Rats exposed to 10 ppm levels of haloethane for 8 weeks manifested chronic de-
generative changes in the kidney, those exposed to 500 ppm for 4 weeks showed
more extensive and exaggerated kidney damage. These effects indicate that halo-
ethane is nephrotoxic and may be considered an occupational hazard.
*15-0()24
FLUOROCARBONS
Maraschin, N.J. et al
SYNTHESIS OF STRUCTURALLY UNUSUAL FLUOROCARBONS BY DIRECT FLUORINATION
J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97_ (3> : 513-7 (Feb. 5, 1975)
Structurally analagous perfluorocarbons were obtained by direct fluorination of
neopentane, hexamethylethane, norbornane, a damantane and other related compounds,
-588-
-------
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)(MOCA)
See: *15-0011, Asbestos
-589-
-------
*15-0025
FLUOROCARBONS
Wilkniss, P.E. et al
TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE IN THE TROPOSPHERE, DISTRIBUTION AND INCREASE, 1971 TO
1974
Science 187. (4179): 832-4 (Mar. 7, 1975)
In this study of trichlorofluoremethane (CC13F) , the Naval Research Laboratory
found that the increase in the troposphere for the years studied was proportional
to the increase of industrially produced CC13F.
*15-0026
FLUOROCARBONS
Charlesworth, F.A.
CARDIAC RESPONSES TO FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
Food, Cosmet. Toxicol. 12. (4): 552-5 (Aug. 1974)
In the light of a continuing controversy over the safety of fluorocarbon propel-
lants, some 10 or more previous studies on various fluorocarbons are reviewed
briefly. Fluorocarbon cardiotoxicity is still debatable, but the conclusion
seems to be that from an industrial and medical standpoint fluorocarbons should
not be a hazard, if they are used according to instructions and with regard to
specified restrictions on exposure.
-590-
-------
*15-0027
FLUOROCARBONS
Good, William 0. et al . ,
SPUTIIM CYTOLOGY AMONG FREQUENT USERS OF PRESSURIZED SPRAY CANS
Cancer Res. .35: 316-21 (Feb. 1975)
A group of private patients who had no respiratory symptoms.were used in a study
of the affect of aerosols generated by pressurized cans. Sputum samples revealed
an excess of moderate and marked atypical- metaplastic cells as compared with the
control group. This strongly suggests that additional studies be done on aerosol
can ingredients.
FLUOROCARBONS
'i
See: *15-0009, Asbestos
-591-
-------
15-0028
HALOETHERS
Anon
TEXTILE FINISHING OPERATIONS MAY POSE A CHEMICAL HAZARD...
Chem. Eng. News .53 (9): 19 (Mar. 3, 1975)
Studies made by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and
member companies of the American Textile Manufacturers Institute showed that
traces of bis(chloromethyl)ether formed in textile finishing operations when
formaldehyde resins were used in the presence of chlorides. This haloether is
a known,carcinogen.
15-0029
HALOETHERS
Drake, J.J.-P.
QUESTIONS OF HALOETHER CARCINOGENICITY
Food.Cosmet. Toxicol. 12. (4): 551-2 (Aug. 1974)
Summarizes briefly 10 previous reports on the potential carcinogenicity in hu-
mans and animals of the widely used industrial ot-haloethers, chloromethyl methyl
ether (CMME) and bis (chloromethyl) ether (BCME). Suggests need for carefully
designed and monitored epidemiological studies with these compounds.
-592-
-------
15-0030
HALOETHERS
Drew, Robert T. et al
INHALATION CARCINOGENICITY OF ALPHA HALO ETHERS. I. THE ACUTE INHALATION TOXI-
CITY OF CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER AND BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER.
Arch. Environ. Health 30_ (2): 61-9 (1975)
Inhalation toxicity studies on chloronethyl methyl ether (CMME) and bis(chloro-
methyl) ether (BCME) resulted in acute irritation of the respiratory tract for
both rats and hamsters. BCME was shown to be carcinogenic in a rat after 3
exposures. A hamster had a nasal tumor after one exposure to one ppm of this
compound. The LC5Q for rats inhaling CMME was 55 ppm and for hamsters 65 ppm.
The LC^Q for BCME was 7 ppm for both rats and hamsters. Both compounds caused
severe shortening of rat life span after 30 days exposure.
15-0031
HALOETHERS
Laskin, Sidney et al
INHALATION CARCINOGENICITY OF ALPHA HALO ETHERS. II. CHRONIC INHALATION STUDIES
WITH CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER.
Arch. Environ. Health ,30_ (2): 70-2 (1975)
Ninety hamsters and 74 rats were exposed for 5 days a week throughout their life
time for a period of six hours/day to a concentration of one ppm of chloromethyl
methyl, ether. Two of the rats were found to have malignant tumors in the respiratory
tract. One hamster had a lung cancer, another had a malignant growth on the
trachea.
-593-
-------
15-0032
HALOETHERS
Kuschner, Marvin et al
INHALATION CARCINOGENICITY OF ALPHA HALO ETHERS. III. LIFETIME AND LIMITED
PERIOD INHALATION STUDIES WITH BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER AT 0.1 PPM.
Arch. Environ. Health 30. (2) : 73-7 (1975)
Seventy rats and 100 hamsters were subjected throughout their lifetime to 0.1 ppm
bis(chloromethyl) ether, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week. Only 57% of the rats survived
exposure beyond 80 days. A second study involved 100 rats using the same concen-
tration but with a specific number of exposures — 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100.
In the 200 rats studied, 40 cancers were found, 14 in the lung and 26 in the nasal
cavity.
HALOETHERS
See: *15-0011, Asbestos
-594-
-------
15-0033
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Khera, K.S.
TERATOGENICITY AND DOMINANT LETHAL STUDIES ON HEXACHLOROBENZENE IN RATS
Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12 (4): 471-7 (Aug. 1974)
Pregnant rats were given single daily oral doses of hexachlorobenzene during the
period of gestation. Maternal neurotoxicity and a reduction in foetal weight
was caused when the dosage was 80 or 120 mg/hg. The incidence of 14th rib ob-
served in the foetuses significantly increased when the dosage was taken during
the later days of pregnancy. For the dominant lethal studies on male rats there
was no significant difference between the control and test groups.
-595-
-------
*15-0034
HYDRAZINE
Hawks, A. et al
MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF 1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE AND 1-METHYLHYDRAZINE
IN RATS AND MICE
Brit. J. Cancer 30 (5): 429-39 (Nov. 1974)
Single doses of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced tumors in the kidney and colon
in rats, and in mice tumors appeared in the anal margin and in the kidney. Changes
in the liver were induced in both species. However, single doses of 1-methyl-
hydrazine caused little change in the liver.
*15-0035
HYDRAZINE
Reddy, Bandaru S. et al
COLON CARCINOGENESIS WITH AZOXYMETHANE AND DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN GERM-FREE RATS
Cancer Res. 215.: 287-90 (Feb. 1975)
Conventional rats treated with a large dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)
developed neoplasms in the small intestine while germ-free rats did not. Ninety-
three percent of the conventional rats tested exhibited DMH-induced colonic tumors
while only 20% of the germ-free developed such tumors. Intestinal bacteria have
been shown to play a modifying role in colon carcinogenesis induced by various
chemicals.
-596-
-------
HYDRAZINE
See: 15-0013, Benzidine
See: 15-0014, Benzidine
-597-
-------
15-0036
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
MARINE MODELS WILL AID FUTURE RESEARCH
Science News 107: 1Q8-9 (Feb. 22, 1975)
Marine biologists see marine animals playing an increasing role in environmental
and biomedical research, indicating that useful information might be better ob-
tained from studies of phylogenetically simpler organisms than from more complex
mammals. Tumors found in marine animals of all phyla have been linked to oil
spillage and other chemicals sources. Possibly, such tumors could be monitored
to serve as "early warning devices" of carcinogenic water conditions.
15-0037
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Klechkovskii, V.M. et al (Eds.)
RADIOECOLOGY
Halsted (Wiley), New York, and Irael Program for Scientific Translations, Jeru-
salem, 1973 [Translated from the Russian edition (Moscow, 1971) by N. Kaner and
H. Mills. , D. Greenberg, Transl. Ed.]
Collected papers in this book cover: radionuclide movement in terrestrial eco-
systems, effects of ionizing radiation on terrestrial ecosystems, general radio-
ecological aspects of terrestrial ecosystems, and the radioecology of aquatic
ecosystems.
Many graphs and tables summarize the data, much of which on the ecology and chem-
istry of the marine and freshwater environments are excellent background for in-
terpreting food chain transport and bioaccumulation of potentially hazardous ra-
dionuclides.
-598-
-------
15-0038
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Smith, William H.
AIR POLLUTION—EFFECTS ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE TEMPERATE FOREST
ECOSYSTEM
Environ. Pollut. 6. (2): 111-29 (1974)
The influence of air pollution on forest ecosystems in the temperate zones is
discussed under three classes of relationship: Class I—under conditions of low
dosage; Class II—under intermediate dosage; Class III—exposure to high dosage.
Although the many ecosystem impacts derived from air pollution stress have been
identified, there is still insufficient knowledge to model or quantify the total
impact of air pollution on forest ecosystems.
15-0039
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
DiSalvo, Louis H. et al
TISSUE HYDROCARBON BURDEN OF MUSSELS AS POTENTIAL MONITOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDRO-
CARBON INSULT
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (3): 247-51 (1975)
Mussels proved to be efficient integrators of low level petroleum-derived hydro-
carbon insult (ppb in water) and can serve as useful monitors of such pollution.
A system designed particularly for rapid, semi-quantitative determination of
tissue hydrocarbons is described and judged useful.
-599-
-------
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
See also: 15-0050, General Information
-600-
-------
NAPHTHYL AMINES
See: *15-0011, Asbestos
-601-
-------
15-0040
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Doig, Marion T. and Martin, Dean F.
A NOTE CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY OF NITRILO-TRIACETIC ACID (NTA):
THE EFFECT OF NTA ON THE GROWTH OF GYMNODINIUM BREVE
Environ. Letters 6_ (1): 31-6 (1974)
The presence of nitrilotriacetic acid, tested in natural waters or domestic waste
water, did not prove to be toxic to the Florida red tide organism Gymnodinium
breve and had no biostimulatory effects on this organism at concentrations up to
10 ppm.
-602-
-------
*15-0041
OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
Nielsen, Paul L. and Wicks, Zeno W., Jr.
EFFECT OF INTERNAL UV ABSORBERS ON PHOTODEGRADATION OF URETHANE COATINGS
J. Paint Technol. .47. (601): 30-5 (Feb. 1975)
To prevent yellowing of urethane coatings, UV absorbers (methacrylate deri-
vatives of hydroxybenzophenones) were incorporated in the polymer. Yellowing
was decreased and the internal UV absorbers appear more effective than external
absorbers.
-603-
-------
15-0042
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Anon
INFORMATION TO DEVELOP CRITERIA DOCUMENTS...
Chem. Eng. News 53 (9): 9 (Mar. 3, 1975)
The National Institute of Health is seeking information by 27 May 1975 for use
in developing criteria documents from which to establish occupational exposure
standards for acetylene, chlorine, ethylene dichloride, fluorine, formaldehyde,
hydrogen fluoride, iospropanol, methanol, parathion (ethyl), phenol, phosgene,
phosphine, phosphoric acid, phosphorus, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane.
-604-
-------
15-0043
POLYURETHANES
Petajan, J.H. et al
EXTREME TOXICITY FROM COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF A FIRE-RETARDED POLYURETHANE FOAM
Science .187 (4178): 742-4 (Feb. 28, 1975)
Laboratory tests indicate that phosphate flame retardants added to rigid poly-
urethane foams may be extremely toxic during combustion of the foam products.
Rats died after a few minutes exposure to the combustion products of the materials,
This suggests the need for biological testing of flame retarded polyurethane foams.
POLYURETHANES
See: *15-0041, Optical Brighteners
-605-
-------
BETA-PROPIOLACTONE
See: *15-0005, Asbestos
-606-
-------
15-0044
VINYL CHLORIDE
Funes-Cravioto, Francisco et al
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO VINYL CHLORIDE
Lancet I (7904): 459 (Feb. 22, 1975)
Blood collected from seven male workers exposed to vinyl chloride and three non-
exposed control workers from the same factory was analyzed for chromosomal aber-
rations. A table shows the chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to vinyl
chloride. The frequency of abnormal cells in this group (9.52%) was significantly
greater than in the controls (p<0.001). This result held also for chromatid and
isochromatid breaks when analyzed separately, but not for other types of aberra-
tions .
15-0045
VINYL CHLORIDE
Popper, Hans
THE HEURISTIC IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PATHOLOGY
Arch. Pathol. 99.: 69-71 (Feb. 1975)
The discovery that vinyl chloride may produce unusual hepatic lesions has sti-
mulated several study approaches in pathology and may well serve to advance va-
rious pathological concepts. The results may lead to the development of clinical
parameters required to recognize incipient VC hepatic lesions for which available
hepatic tests are not reliable.
Mention is made also of hepatic carcinomas in man from exposure to inorganic ar-
senicals and to thorium dioxide.
-607-
-------
15-0046
VINYL CHLORIDE
Gothe, R. et al
TRAPPING WITH 3,4-DICHLOROBENZENETHIOL OF REACTIVE METABOLITES FORMED IN VITRO
FROM THE CARCINOGEN VINYL CHLORIDE
Ambio 3. (6): 234-6 (1974)
It has been suggested that the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride
may be due to its reactive metabolites, formed via the microsomal detoxification
system of the liver. This article illustrates the use of suitable thiols, parti-
cularly chlorine-containing aromatic thiols, for the detection of such metabolites,
Vinyl chloride was metabolized in vitro and its metabolites were trapped by 3,4-
dichlorobenzenethiol. These metabolites were then identified by a combined gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry method.
-608-
-------
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: *15-0009, Asbestos
See: *15-0027, Fluorocarbons
-609-
-------
15-0047
GENERAL INFORMATION
Wong, P.T.S. et al
METHYLATION OF LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Nature .253 (5489): 263-4 (Jan. 24, 1975)
In general, the fate in the environment of lead, one of the most toxic metals,
is unknown. There is, for example, no information on the existence of organic
forms of lead in the environment as a result of biotransformation.
This study reports that microorganisms in lake sediments are able to transform
certain inorganic and organic lead compounds into a volatile tetramethyl lead
(Me4Pb) . The conversion is purely a biological process.
15-0048
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
THE BLUE HAZE EMITTED BY PLYWOOD MILLS COULD BE A SOURCE OF CHEMICALS...
Chem. Wk. 116 (9): 41 (Feb. 26, 1975)
Equipment for recovering the lignin-containing material emitted as a blue haze,
from plywood veneer dryers has been developed by Georgia Pacific. At present,
the tar-like recovered waste is being used as a fuel supplement, but other uses
are being considered.
-610-
-------
15-0049
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CHLOROPRENE IS DRAWING MORE AND MORE ATTENTION AS A POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN
Chem. Eng. 82 (15): 74 (Mar. 3, 1975)
DuPont and Petro-Tex Chemical Company now have biological studies under way to
investigate the hazards of exposure to chloroprene. These two companies are the
main manufacturers of this compound. Dr. John Zapp, Jr., of DuPont notified NIOSH
about chloroprene's similarity to vinyl chloride. National Cancer Institute will
also assay this substance, which has been reported as a carcinogen by Soviet
researchers.
15-0050
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
DEEP-SEA MINING ECOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE
Environ. Rept. 5. (20): 160 (Feb. 24, 1975)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reports that deep-sea mining
could destroy bottom organisms and disturb surface and subsurface ecosystems.
The mixing of bottom nutrients with surface waters will change the natural eco-
logical balance of marine life. Possible effects could be the exposure of phyto-
plankton, the base of the biological food chain, to trace-metal contamination.
This could interfere with the life-sustaining process of photosynthesis. An
opposite, beneficial effect could be a phytoplankton "bloom," leading to more
food for larger organisms and increased fish populations.
-611-
-------
15-0051
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PARTICULATE POLLUTION DAMAGES LUNGS
Environ. Reporter, p. 1278 (Dec. 15, 1974)
Lung tests were run on elementary school children from a high-particulate pollution
area, Birmingham, Alabama, and a low-particulate pollution city, Charlotte, North
Carolina, to evaluate the effect of sulfates and other suspended particulates on
the lungs. According to a report in Environment Reporter, p. 1278, 15 Dec 1974,
children in the high-particulate area showed consistently lower lung volume
measurements.
15-0052
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
DDT: GROWING PROBLEM IN THE OCEANS
Science News 107 (9): 136 (Mar. 1, 1975)
When the pesticide, DDT, is used about half of it immediately dissipates into the
lower atmosphere. The part that stays in the soil vaporizes within 5 years. In
the atmosphere, some DDT may be broken down by UV light but most of it precipitates,
unbroken, into the oceans and land. Ocean fish have reportedly accumulated 200 ppm
DDT in their tissues. Because worldwide use of DDT is increasing, although US use
has dropped during the last 10 years, scientists are concerned about an "irreversible
accumulation of toxins in the ocean."
-612-
-------
15-0053
GENERAL INFORMATION
Phillips, Roger W.
PLASTIC FOOD? (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. News 53 (9): 5 (Mar. 3, 1975)
Referring to a recent article on microencapsulated pesticides, the author raises
questions on the potential toxicity, the residual levels, and the ultimate fate
of the "spent" polyamide encapsulating material.
15-0054
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW—1974 STYLE
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9_ (3) : 194-5 (1975)
Brief review of the provisions and enforcement of the new Safe Drinking Water
Act; includes compliance deadlines that must be met by EPA.
-613-
-------
15-0055
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CAUTION: AIR MAY BE HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (3): 198-9 (1975)
Latest information on the impact of air pollution indicates that nation's health
is still seriously in jeopardy. Cites 1970 costs of air pollution damage in U.S.
and discusses briefly air pollution as a social disease, air pollutants, respira-
tory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and effects of air pollutants on the cen-
tral nervous system.
15-0056
GENERAL INFORMATION
Heller, Stephen R. et al
TRACE ORGANICS BY GC/MS
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (3): 210-13 (1975)
An automated system for gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer detection of pollutants
employs a minicomputer in a search and match program.
-614-
-------
15-0057
GENERAL INFORMATION
Phillips, Sidney L. and Mack, Dick A.
INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (3): 214-20 (1975)
Review of instrumentation and monitoring systems available or under development
to meet required water standards.
15-0058
GENERAL INFORMATION
Wolf, Philip C.
CONTINUOUS ACROSS-THE-STACK MEASUREMENT
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (3): 221-5 (1975)
Pollutant particules, both solid and liquid, can now be monitored by means of an
optical device. Optical transmissometers, e.g., the Durag-Intertech type, con-
tinuously measure emissions from power plants, refineries, incinerators, chemical
plants and other plants, and have even been installed on ships.
-615-
-------
15-0059
GENERAL INFORMATION
Olson, Kenneth W. and Skogerboe, Rodney K.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL LEAD COMPOUNDS FROM AUTOMOTIVE SOURCES
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (3): 227-30 (1975)
X-ray powder diffraction was used to identify lead compounds in the soil. Gradient
density and magnetic separation procedures were employed initially to prepare
soil samples. Possible reasons are given to explain the fact that lead sulfate
has been determined to be the principal constituent in soil.
15-0060
GENERAL INFORMATION
Axtmann, Robert C.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF A GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
Science 187. (4179): 795-803 (Mar. 7, 1975)
Chemical and thermal effluents from a New Zealand geothermal power plant are de-
scribed with consideration of their chemical, physical, and biological conse-
quences .
Twenty-six chemical species and nine gases are identified. Of these, only ar-
senic, mercury, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and silica seem to produce
significant environmental effects.
-616-
-------
16-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
(Production)
Anon
PROPYLENE SOLIDIFIES POSITION AS FEEDSTOCK
Chem. Eng. News 53. (10): 8-10 (March 10, 1975)
For the first time in over 20 years, the use of propylene in chemicals and
plastics may decline in 1975 but consumption is expected to pick up in 1976.
Supply is expected to meet demand in 1975 and propylene's low price works
for demands. Factors governing its potential use/demand are discussed.
Acrylonitrile, a major propylene derivative, seems to be losing ground;
demand for propylene to make acrylonitrile dropped 15% in 1974, is expected
to drop a little more in 1975; may increase slowly in late 1975, but is not
expected to top 1973 use of about 1.9 billion Ib. until 1977 or later. Demand
for acrylonitrile in fiber uses has dropped, largely because acrylic fibers
are considered "premium" quality and are used in making more expensive garments.
-617-
-------
16-0002
ARSENIC
Gibney, Ling-yee
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL BILL DRAWS DEBATE
Chem. Eng. News _53_ (11): 12-3 (March 17, 1975)
Arsenic, asbestos, bls(chloromethyl) ether, and vinyl chloride were featured
in Sen. John Tunney's arguments for passage of this year's Senate version of
a proposed toxic substances control bill. The Senator argued that the deaths
associated with these chemicals would not have occurred had such a bill been
passed some 20 years ago.
Arguments for and against passage of the bill centered on its potential
economic impact on industry; the potential costs in terms of health hazards;
the cost of screening studies for toxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity;
and the authority of EPA to stop sales of a potentially hazardous chemical
without a court hearing.
j 16-0003
ARSENIC
Selby, L.A. et al
PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC POISONING IN CATTLE
J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 165 (11): 1010-14 (Dec. 1, 1974)
Recent deaths of cattle in Missouri were traced to arsenic residues, apparently
derived from wastes dumped by a gasoline station, and to sodium arsenite,
presumably from a herbicide used to spray pasture weeds. The potential health
hazard to humans, who might eat meat from animals that survived acute arsenic
poisoning or in which arsenic is not discovered in either antemortem or post-
mortem examination, is discussed.
Although elemental arsenic, per se, is not toxic, its inorganic salts and its
organic compounds may be toxic. Toxicity is governed by the concentration and
the form of arsenic.
-618-
-------
16-0004
ARSENIC
Milham, Samuel, Jr. & Strong, Terrenes
HUMAN ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO A COPPER SMELTER
Environ. Res. ]_ (2): 176-82 (Apr. 1974)
Increased levels of arsenip in the hair and urine of children, who lived near a
copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington, and levels of arsenic in vacuum cleaner
dust were shown to be distance dependent. Inhalation was judged to be the
usual exposure route for the children. An increased incidence of respiratory
cancer among smelter workers, added to the above findings, resulted in company
action to reduce arsenic emissions.
16-0005
ARSENIC
Anon
WATER SCARE MAY BOOST POLLUTION CLEANUP
Chem. Eng. 82 (6): 30,32 (Mar. 17, 1975)
With passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, plus the Water Pollution
Control Act of 1972, EPA has strong means to force reduction of some industrial
pollutants quickly and on an expanded scale.
Bensiidine and its salts are among materials established as toxic pollutants.
Arsenic and asbestos are among materials to be examined as potential toxic
pollutants. The new drinking-water act may spur the demise of deep well
disposal of industrial wastes.
-619-
-------
16-0006
ARSENIC
Anon
THE EVIDENCE POINTS TO ARSENIC
Chem. Wk. 116 (12): 37 (Mar. 19, 1975)
OSHA will begin hearings on April 8 on proposed standards for exposure to
arsenic. Although the several research studies cited present conflicting
evidence, the consensus is that arsenic is a lung carcinogen.
-620-
-------
BENZIDINE
See: 16-0005, Arsenic
-621-
-------
*16-0007
ASBESTOS
Werner, Kirk G.
ASBESTOS AND SILICATE POLLUTION (A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS)
National Technical Information Service, Jan. 1975. 96 pp. NTIS/PS-75/019/OWK
All aspects of air and water pollution by asbestos, silica, silicates, and si-
licon dioxide are covered by this bibliography, including sources, control, de-
tection, and effects on plants, animals, and humans (silicosis, asbestosis, and
toxicity). The report contains 91 annotated references*
[Abstr. in: NTIS Weekly Gov't Abstracts. Chemistry, pp. 74-5 (Mar. 3, 1975)]
*16-0008
ASBESTOS
Miller, Albert et al
"NONSPECIFIC" INTERSTITIAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS
N.E. J. Medicine 292 (2): 91-3 (Jan. 9, 1975)
A case history is reported in which a patient with interstitial granulomas and
fibrosis akin to sarcoidosis was examined by electron microscopy and x-ray
diffraction techniques. A civil service clerk, the patient had a hobby of
refinishing furniture. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of chrysotile
asbestos fibers in his lung tissues. The recommendation is made that electron
microscopy examination be used in diagnosing cases of "idiopathic" interstitial
fibrosis, which may, in fact, be pneumoconioses.
-622-
-------
*16-0009
ASBESTOS
Merchant, J.A. et al
THE HL-A SYSTEM IN ASBESTOS WORKERS
Brit. Med. J. _1 (5951): 189-91 (Jan. 25, 1975)
A pilot study of the HL-A system in 56 asbestos workers was initiated to assess
inherited differences in susceptibility to asbestosis. Six of 10 asbestos
workers with the W 27 antigen, which appeared more often among the workers than
among a control group, showed definite radiographic evidence of asbestosis
versus 13 of 46 without the W 27 antigen. Thus, pending confirmation, the W 27
antigen could be a useful means of determining enhanced susceptibility of tissue
damage from asbestos dust.
*16-0010
ASBESTOS
Weill, Hans et al
LUNG FUNCTION CONSEQUENCES OF DUST EXPOSURE IN ASBESTOS CEMENT MANUFACTURING
PLANTS
Arch. Environ. Health 30 (2): 88-97 (Feb. 1975)
Clinical, radiographic, lung function, and dust exposure data for 859 workers
in two asbestos cement manufacturing plants were used to evaluate the health
hazards from dust exposure in the industry. A dose-response relationship
between indexes of dust and lung exposure is suggested. A threshold dust
level was established for the industry (cumulative total dust exposure level
equivalent to 200 fibers/year or 5 fibers/ml over a working lifetime of 40
years).
-623-
-------
*16-0011
ASBESTOS
Whitwell, F. et al
A STUDY OF THE HISTOLOGICAL CELL TYPES OF LUNG CANCER IN WORKERS SUFFERING FROM
ASBESTOSIS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Brit. J. Ind. Med. _31 (4): 298-303 (Oct. 1974)
Studies of the cell-type frequencies of lung cancer in asbestosis cases have
provided such conflicting results as to necessitate this study. Death records
of 197 persons were examined, and 97 cases (88 males, 9 females) with adequate
postmortem tumor and lung tissues were evaluated. In 34% of the males, the
most common lung cancer was adenocarcinoma. Smoking habits were not significant-
ly different in patients with different cell-types of lung cancer. Depending
on the area of the, bronchial tree reached, cigarette smoke will cause squamos
or oat-cell tumors in the more proximal parts, or adenocarcinomas in the distal
parts. Asbestos dust, acting as a co-carcinogen with cigarette smoke, produces
a maximum, multiplicative effect resulting in adenocarcinoma in the distal part
of the respiratory tract.
*16-0012
ASBESTOS
(Production)
Anon
TEAMING UP TO SAVE JOBS
Chem. Wk. 116 (12): 21 (Mar. 19, 1975)
That Lowell, Vt., asbestos mine and mill, formerly owned by GAF, is now owned by
its employees, the Vermont Asbestos Group. Financial backing, an "easy payment.
schedule" to GAF, and an EPA extension of the deadline for installing required
equipment makes it possible for the new owners to continue working pits with an
ore supply estimated to last for five or six years. New deposits will extend
the mine life. The Lowell facility, one of the few asbestos mines in the U.S.,
will probably contribute 40% or more of domestic output in 1975.
-624-
-------
*16-0015
ASBESTOS
Miller, Stan
INTERVIEW. NIEHS1 DAVID RALL
Environ. Sci. Technol. _8 (13): 1065-8 (Dec. 1974)
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), concerned with
the effect of environment on public health, operates at a funding level of about
$29 million. NIEHS supports, among other studies, the core research program at
six environmental science research centers of which the newest, in the New York
area, is concentrating on asbestos and vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride. Work
is under the direction of Irving Selikoff.
*16-0016
ASBESTOS
Langer, Arthur M.
THE SUBJECT OF CONTINUOUS VIGILANCE
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 53-6 (Dec. 1974)
Asbestos disease in the occupational settin.T has been documented since the beginning of this
century. .Modern usage of asbestos fiber has brought with it CDncoini'.iuil nnd widespread con-
tamination of the environment. The need to control asbestos is required in the forms of legisla-
tion and surveillance, to prevent the spread of asbestos disease into the general population.
-625-
-------
*16-0013
ASBESTOS
Whimster, W.F.
FOR THOSE IN PERIL
Nature 253(5492): 496 (Feb. 13, 1975)
The author raises the point that Peter J. Smith's statement that "asbestos pro-
ducts (and thousands of other equally or more dangerous substances) are here to
stay," is a political statement and that others, who commented on Smith's report,
failed to make a distinction between the scientific and political aspects of pol-
lution.
Whimster feels that the public must be given intelligible information on the cost
or risk of each pollutant and that the final decision on each should be based on
"public opinion." "Unsound scientific or political activism could so limit in-
dustrial or daily activity that ill-health from pollutants could become replaced
by poverty."
*16-0014
ASBESTOS
Schmidt, A.M.
ASBESTOS-FORM PARTICLES IN DRUGS FOR PARENTERAL INJECTION
Fed. Register 40 (51): 11865-9 (Mar. 14, 1975)
Comments on FDA's notice of 28 Sept. 1973 proposing to restrict the utilization
of asbestos filters in the manufacture of parenteral drugs and their ingredients,
and to prohibit the use of asbestos-containing talc as a food or drug ingredient
or in food and drug packagings are presented. The notice was proposed because of
potential hazards with the decision being based on the fact that asbestos fibers
are known to cause cancer when inhaled in large amounts.
-626-
-------
*16-0017
ASBESTOS
McCrone, Walter C.
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ASBESTOS BY MICROSCOPICAL DISPERSION STAINING
Environ. Health Perspect. jh 57-61 (Dec. 1974)
Asbestos fibers as smnll as 1,1/111 in diameter can be uniquely identified by light microscopy by
employing dispersion slainin;; methods. Thy technique described herein involves suspension of fibers
in liquids of known refractive indices and observation of color display by means of u dispersion stain-
ing objective. Wavelengths or indices of refraction may be determined at rif.'ht angle* to nml parallel
to fiber axes. This method is rapid and sensitive for identification purposes.
"16-0018
ASBESTOS
Langer, Arthur M. et al
ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL INVESTIGATION OF,ASBESTOS FIBERS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9i 63-80 (Dec. 1974)
Examination of asbestos fibers by electron microscopical techniques enables the observer to
distinguish among the fiber types by morphological and structural characteristics.
Chrysolite asbestos fibers are composed of bundles of fibrils. Fibers arc often curvilinear with
splayed ends. Individual fibrils consist of a central capillary defined by an electron dense
crystalline wall. With increasing time of electron bombardment, the capillary wall decreases in
thicl'.ness, deforms, and is encapsulated in an electron translucent material. The change in elec-
tron opacity is considered to be a product of structural disruption brought about by dchydrox-
ylation due to electron radiation. A well recognized sequential deformation pattern may be used
for identification purposes.
Amphibole fibers lend to be straight, splintery, and electron-opaque, although curved fibers
arc occasionally observed. Diffraction contrast figures are visible as dark bands moving
parallel and at right angles to the fiber axis. Crocidolitc forms the shortest and thinnest fibers,
followed in size by amositc and antbophyllitc. Size distribution characteristics of the amphibolc
fiber types are different.
The selected urea electron diffraction pattern for chrysolite is unique. Reflections rnn«e in
forms from streaked to arcuate. Hi-flection intensity and *hape are related to the decree.of
openness of the fiber bundle and the exlcnl of physical degradation of the fiber. The amphibolc
asbestos fibers possess diffraction patterns having similar characteristics prohibiting in-
•dividuni identification. Microchemical analysis is required for identification in such cases.
A discussion of the industrial hygiene threshold limit values for amplipliibole asbestos fibers
is presented. The discussion is based on their differing si/.c distribution characteristic!).
-627-
-------
*16-0019
ASBESTOS
Rubin, Ivan B and Maggiore, Carl J.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ASBESTOS FIBERS BY MEANS OF ELECTRON PROBE TECHNIQUES
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 81-94 (Dec. 1974)
The identification and characterization of micropnrlicles has become an important field of
study in recent years due lo their presence in the environment nnd association with
pathoccnesis. Asbestos fibers hiivc boon intensively studied for these reasons. Since conven-
tional microscopy hns not provided unique identification of these materials, electron probe
microanalysis, which yields chemical data, has been utilized in conjunction with other techni-
ques to provide the necessary answers;.
The options now available to undertake electron probe analysis are discussed with relation to
their utilization for microparticle analyses. Two types of electron sources are available, ther-
mionic and field emission. The x-ray spectroscopy requires the use of either wavelength-
dispersive focussing crystal spectrometers or an enenrydispcrsjve Si(Li) x-ray detector.
Data are presented lo demonstrate the feasibility of asbestos identification by using modified
raw data obtained with a scanning electron microscope and energy-diypcrsive x-ray upec-
trometcr. Further, the extension of the technique to oilier microparticle identification problems
is discussed.
*16-0020
ASBESTOS
Rohl, Arthur N. and Langer, Arthur M.
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF ASBESTOS IN TALC
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 95-109 (Dec. 1974)
The currently used analytical methods for identification, characterization and quantitalion of
asbestos fiber in consumer talcum products include polarized light microscopy, x-ray diffrac-
tion analysis, transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction and elec-
tron microprobe techniques.
Light microscope methods have severe limitations imposed by the ultimate size resolution of
the light-optical system. Small particles go unresolved; those marginally resolved may possess
optical properties different from those properties cited in tiie literature; most optical properties,
e.g., indices of refraction, are difficult to measure on small particles. In addition to tIK-SI- dif-
ficulties, talc fibers often possess optical properties diil'erent from those of talc plates, which
further confound analysis. Light microscopy is recommended for use only as a preliminary tool
on limited, large-sized, samples. Transmission electron microscopy is a good standard techni-
que for visualization of contaminant asbestos fibers. Together with selected area electron dif-
fraction, talc fibers may be easily differentiated from amphibole asbestos fibers on tin- basis of
.both morphological and structural characterization. C'hrysotile fibers are easily distir.ijui.shed
on this basis as well. The amphibole asbestos minerals require chemical characlcri/Mion to
differentiate amoii'4 the different fiber types. 1'rohe analysis is mandatory for su<-h fibi-rn. The
major drawbacks to electron tu.mi i:i -!r-.:rv.i-illation for the minonb-.'ical charactcrixittiim of
talcum products are the lime and effort required for data acquisition, 'ihcse tcchniquci do not
lend themselves to routine study.
X-ray diffraction analysis, utilizing the stop-scan method, offers a relatively rapid, quan-
titative technique for gross fibOr analysis. B.i.-ed en comparison with sUtr.durd K(;r<:i[.-;';iis the
fiber content of talcs may l;e quantitatively determined. It is cshi-n'.iul t') en-.ploy a Mi-.'f.-ii.ien
preparation technique which yields homogeneously dispersed particles. Treinolite imiy be
determined at levels as low as 0.10-.': by weight, chryso;i!e il.2.")v'c, nr.d ar.iliophyllilc at 'i.\,'k by
weight occurrence in tale. The variance of these values depends upon many factors, irx.
the mass absorption coefficient of the fiber types as compared to talc a:vj selected dia
reflections and their relative intensities.
Each of the above techniques is described in detail. A method for routine analysis of consumer
talcum products is suggested.
-628-
-------
*16-0021
ASBESTOS
Lee, Douglas H.K.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INGESTED ASBESTOS. PROCEEDINGS OF A JOINT NIEHS-EPA CON-
FERENCE, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA, NOVEMBER 8-20, 1973.
Environ. Health Perspect. £: 113-338 (Dec. 1974)
Papers presented covered such topics as asbestos bodies and fibers in lung tis-
sue, small animals in the study of pathological effects of asbestos, inorganic
particles in human tissues and their association with neoplastic disease, cyto-
toxicity of heated chrysotile, epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancer, analy-
tical methods, etc.
*16-0022
ASBESTOS
Lee, Douglas H.K.
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INGESTED ASBESTOS: REPORT AND COMMENTARY
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 113-22 (Dec. 197A)
The recent extensive pollution of Lake Superior waters with asbestos from mine
residue and the subsequent furor over public health consequences underscored the
need for increased information on the biological effects of ingested asbestos and
led to the promotion of a conference, sponsored by the National Institute of En-
vironmental Health Sciences and the Environmental Protection Agency, in Durham,
N. Carolina on Nov. 18-20, 1973. Conference papers covered the physical and che-
mical properties of asbestos fibers as well as their pathological potential.
-629-
-------
*16-0023
ASBESTOS
Rose, Malcolm
GEOLOGY, ASBESTOS, AND HEALTH
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 123-4 (Dec. 1974)
A brief discussion of three types of geologic occurrences of asbestos-like min-
erals is given. The problem of mining ore free of asbestos is considered.
*16-0024
ASBESTOS
Bowes, D.R.
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF MICROPARTICLES IN SOLID MATERIALS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9_: 125-7 (Dec. 1974)
Variation in the precise conditions of geological formation may produce variations in the ex-
act composition of asbestos minerals of a particular class, and thus in their biological interac-
tions. Examples are given of differences in O'VO"1 ratios, TiO: content, lattice substitutions,
substitution of Al (III) for Si (IV) and attachments to spare hydrostatic charges.
-630-
-------
*16-0025
ASBESTOS
Rohl, Arthur N.
ASBESTOS IN TALC
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 129-32 (Dec. 1974)
Talc deposits include asbestos minerals such as chrysotile and amphibolcs that may be
carried over into consumer products. Opticnl microscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses may
not reveal their presence. Examples are given of electron microscopy procedures that permit
detection and measurement.
*16-0026
ASBESTOS
Langer, Arthur M.
APPROACHES AND CONSTRAINTS TO IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF ASBESTOS FIBERS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9_: 133-6 (Dec. 1974)
Asbestos fibers, members of complex crystal-chemical systems, possess some range in
characteristic properties. Identification of fibers requires morphological, structural, and
chemical data. Most current work centers on identification of single, sublight-niicroscopic
fibers present as contaminants in a range of media. Constraints encountered in the analysis of
such materials are: sample preparation of the differing media; level of fiber exposure (con-
tamination); presence (kind and amount) of other particles; tissue types and their different
preparation techniques; homogeneity of samples and their preparations; use of proper in-
strumental technique; time required for analysis, and quantitation.
-631-
-------
*16-0027
ASBESTOS
Konnert, J.H.
STRUCTURAL INFORMATION IN DIFFUSE DIFFRACTION PATTERNS
Environ. Health Perspect. £: 137-8 (Dec. 1974)
The radiation diffraction pattern for amorphous materials requires special analysis for
information on atomic groupings. Powdered crystalline material may ulao give diffuse patterns
requiring this type of analysis. Absence of a sharp diffraction pattern does not necessarily
indicate absence of the material. Examples are given for chrysotilc and powdered chrysotile.
*16-0028
ASBESTOS
Pooley, Fred
MICROPARTICLES IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUES
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 139 (Dec. 1974)
Brief discussion of an electron beam instrument of scanning or transmission type
for investigation of micropartides, such as asbestos, in biological tissues.
-632-
-------
*16-0029
ASBESTOS
Maggiore, Carl
MODES OF MICROSCOPY
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 141-2 (Dec. 1974)
Review of optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and other methods as means of identifying material (such as asbestos)
particle by particle.
*16-0030
ASBESTOS
Eichen, Erwin
TWO INSTRUMENTS FOR FIBER IDENTIFICATION
Environ. Health Perspect. j): 143-6 (Dec. 1974)
A scanning transmission energy analyzing microscope (STEAM) and an automated micro-
probe are described and (heir use explained. In Che former instrument the image is scanned
across an aperture and quantitative information recorded. In the latter the movement of the
beam can be programmed and the x-ray data taken into storage.
-633-
-------
*16-0031
ASBESTOS
Fondimare, A. and Desbordes, J.
ASBESTOS BODIES AND FIBERS IN LUNG TISSUES
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 147-8 (Dec. 1974)
It is suggested that the ratio of asbestos bodies observable by light microscopy to asbestos
fibers counted by eleclron microscopy be examined in a scries of cases of asbestosis of varying
severity. If (he ratio is reasonably constant an estimate of fiber content could be made from the
more easily conducted count of asbestos bodies by light microscopy.
*16-0032
ASBESTOS
Le Bouffant, L.
INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF ASBESTOS FIBERS AND ACCOMPANYING MINERALS IN BIO-
LOGICAL MATERIALS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 149-53 (Dec. 1974)
A method is described for isolating asbestos fibers contained in biological tissues. It consists
in incinerating the biological material in activated oxygen at 15(rC, and attacking the ash
by l.V HC1 for IS hr. The residue is then filtered on a membrane covered with a carbon
film. Electron microscope examination of the deposit makes it possible to determine fiber
concentrations whi-n the weight or volume of primary material is known, and to make size
analyses. By x-ray diffraction, the mincralogical nature of the asbestos is determined by
comparison with an aluminum reference diagram. For x-ray diffraction, a micromethod is
used, with an ash sample of about 10 v£.
These techniques are usrd for identifying and counting asbestos fibers in small fragments
of lungs or other organs. It was found that asbestos fibers generally go along with other
minerals which may he abundant. Most fibers found in lung are less than ."> ym long. Counts
on lungs of asbestos workers give concentrations often greater than 10' particles per gram of
dry tissue: The evolution of inhaled chrysotile seems to be different from that of amphiboles.
In the case of plcurnl nu'solhclioma, a comparison of fibers within the tumor with fibers in
the adjacent parenchyma shows only slight differences in the particle sizes, but marked
differences in their nature, with a chrysotile enrichment in the pleura! /one. I'leunil plaques
were analysed in the same way. After decalcification, many small si/.ed asbestos fibers were
found. The same technique is now being used for determining ingested particles. A great
number of observations concerning fiber counts, their nature and si/.es, and the presence of
various clays minerals will he necessary to establish the role of the different factors in the
formation of lesions caused by the inhalation or the ingestion of asbestos fibers.
-634-
-------
*16-0033
ASBESTOS
Bignon, J. et al
MICROFILTRATION METHOD FOR QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FIBROUS PARTICLES IN BIOLOGICAL
SPECIMENS
Environ. Health Perspect. .9: 155-60 (Dec. 1974)
Counting coated and uncoated inorganic fibers in sputum has been used to investigate the
level of environmental or occupntional asbestos exposure and the concentration of fibrous dusts
in human lung. Inorganic fibers in sputum were counted by light microscopy after chemical
digestion and microfiltration processing. The snmc method was used for processing gastric
'juice and lung tissue. There were no ferruginous bodies (FB) in sputum from J'j patients without
any asbestos exposure.
The study of sputum from 123 patients with various asbestos exposure pointed out a high cor-
relation between the number of FB in sputum and the level of asbestos exposure. These 125
patients were classified into three groups according to the type of their asbestos occupational
hazard: group I, raw asbestos workers: group 11, workers manufacturing asbestos products;
group III, workers with mixed industrial dust exposure. For these three groups, the mean
number of FB in sputum was 1'Jil, ID. and I, respectively.
The comparison of the FB content of sputum and lung parenchyma showed the absence of FB
in sputum when the concentration of FU in lung parenchyma was under 1000/cm1 of lung
parenchyma; above this concentration the number of I'll in sputum was in t;ood correlation with
filler concentration in lung parenchyma. A preliminary
-------
*16-0035
ASBESTOS
Nicholson, William J.
ANALYSIS OF AMPHIBOLE ASBESTIFORM FIBERS IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 165-72 (Dec. 1974)
Details arc Riven of the techniques used in the analysis of asbestiform fibers in the water
systems of Duluth, Minnesota and other cities. 1'hotographic electron diffraction and electron
microprobo analyses indicated that the concentration of verified aniphibole mineral fibers rang-
ed from 20 X 10s to 75 X 10s fibors/1. Approximately 50-60% of the fibers were in the
cummingtoiiite-grunerite series and l?07c were in the actinolite-trcmolite series. About 5% were
chemically identical with urnosite. A wide variety of analytical techniques must be employed for
unique identification of the mineral species present in water systems.
*16-0036
ASBESTOS
Whittemore, Donald 0. and Langmuir, Donald
FERRIC OXYHYDROXIDE MICROPARTICLES IN WATER
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 173-6 (Dec'. 1974)
Mineralogy and specific surface area are major controls on the stabilities of ferric oxy-
hydroxide microparticles in natural waters. The thermodynamic stabilities of ferric oxy-
hydroxides, as described by the activity product in solution pA' = -log [Fe>»" 'OH;J range from pA'
= 37.1 for freshly precipitated amorphous oxyhydroxide to pA' = 44.2 for well crystallized gocthite.
The sizes of suspended oxyhydrorddc particles in natural waters range from less than 0.01 ;im to
greater than 5 ;im. Oxyhydroxides precipitated in the laboratory from solutions simulating
high-iron natural waters are necdlclikeor lathlikein shape and have mean thicknesses as small
ns GO A. Large specific surface areas resulting from the small sizes of ferric oxyhydroxide par-
ticles cause increased solubilities and thus decreased pA' values. Specific surface areas of
40-170 mVg determined for laboratory precipitates gave computed decreases in pA' of 0.4 to
l.G units.
One of many papers presented at NIEHS-EPA conference on "Biological Effects of
Ingested Asbestos," Durham, N. Caroline, 18-20 Nov. 1973.
-636-
-------
*16-0037
ASBESTOS
Biscaye, Pierre E.
DEEP SEA SEDIMENTATION
Environ. Health Perspect. jh 177-8 (Dec. 1974)
An important problem in the study of microparticlcs in the marine environment, suspended in
the water column or deposited as sediment on the ocean bottom, is the determination of
provenance of the microparticles—where did they come from and by what processes were they
transported to the sampling location? Two techniques of possible interest to those concerned
with tracing the origins and dispersion paths of asbestos pnrticlen are described. Ono utilizes
variations in tiie naturally occurring rubidium-strontium isotope system and is used to
characterize a bulk sample, i.e., a large number of particles. The other utilises scanning elec-
tron microscopy to observe variations in surface texture of individual prains which, in the case
of quartz particles in the natural environment, can be related to the transport processes to
which they have been subjected.
*16-0038
ASBESTOS
Goldberg, E.D.
MEASUREMENT OF POLLUTION HISTORY
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 179-80 (Dec. 1974)
A technique to measure the history of pollution exposure levels in the environ-
ment, which has been applied to many coastal and lacustrine areas for measuring
exposure levels of heavy metals and elemental carbon contaminants, was described
at the NIEHS-EPA conference on "Biological Effects of Ingested Asbestos," Durham,
N. Carolina, Nov. 18-20, 1973.
-637-
-------
*16-0039
ASBESTOS
Everett, Gordon
ANALYSIS FOR ASBESTOS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 181-2 (Dec. 1974)
Brief discussion of parameters (size distribution, magnification, etc.) that must
be considered for accurate analysis of environmetal materials, such as asbestos.
The large amount of chrysotile available in water systems necessarily will affect
particle analyses in water.
*16-0040
ASBESTOS
Eisenberg, William V.
INORGANIC PARTICLE CONTENT OF FOODS AND DRUGS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 183-91 (Dec. 1974)
Inorganic particulnte matter in foods and drugs is discussed from the standpoint of deter-
mination by optical microscopy, source, and regulatory significance. Some pnrticulatc matter
may be generated as extraneous material and traced to specific operational practices during
processing and production with excessive levels associated with deficiencies in tfcod manu-
facturing practices. Other particles, such as t:ilc and asbestos, may be incorporated as addi-
tives during their use in production. Data on particles in parenteral drugs arc discussed
generally. Specific data on glass particles in foods and sand and soil particles in spices are
presented.
-638-
-------
*16-0041
ASBESTOS
Kay, Kingsley
INORGANIC PARTICLES OF AGRICULTURAL ORIGIN
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 193-5 (Dec. 1974)
Substantial quantities of mineral silicates arc used us carriers for agricultural pest control
agents. Most of this material is applied by air dissemination, cither dry or n» a droplet .spray.
Therefore, pulmonary and gastric deposition of the mineral curriers (ami active agents) will
occur among pesticide application personnel and some proportion of the Keiiprul population in
the vicinity of pest control operations—to the extent that particle si/c of the disseminated mate-
rial is below the critical ">;
-------
*16-0043
ASBESTOS
Webster, I.
THE INGESTION OF ASBESTOS FIBERS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 199-202 (Dec. 1974)
Feeding of baboons with crocidolite showed small numbers of asbestos needles 0.5-1 ;im in
ashed tissue of the gut wall, which probably came from iron-containing macrophagcs. It is
suggested that plournl plaques and hyaline nodules in the peritoneum represent a hyjiersensi-
tivity reaction to ferritin protein coating on asbestos fibers. In .South Africa only a few
peritoneal mesotheliomas come from the asbestos areas, and the incidence of gastrointestinal
carcinomas is no greater than normal. Intraplcurul and intnipcritoneal injection produces
unrealistic situations.
Calcium salts are deposited on asbestos cement pipes from hard water and organic material
from soft water. It is difficult to envisage asbestos contamination of the water so reticulated.
*16-0044
ASBESTOS
Brown, Arnold
LYMPHOHEMATOGENOUS SPREAD OF ASBESTOS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 203-4 (Dec. 1974)
Brief review of the effects of asbestos fibers on the lymph nodes.
-640-
-------
*16-0045
ASBESTOS
Holt, Paul F.
SMALL ANIMALS IN THE STUDY OF PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 205-11 (Dec. 1974)
The main pathological effects attributed to asbestos are carcinogenesis nnd fibrogenesia.
Statistical studies have shown that asbestos workers may expect a higher morbidity not only
from cancer of the lung and mesothelioma but also from cancer at olhcr sites. Carcinomas have
been reported in animals following the injection of asbestos, but the production of carcinomas
by inhaled asbestos is less easy to demonstrate; most examples of experimental earcinogenesis
with asbestos have been produced in rats. Huts and man react differently to asbestos in that rats
do not produce asbestos bodies.
The fibrosis that follows inhalation of asbestos has been frequently described, but studies
with specific pathogen free animals have shown that', like the fibrosis that miiy follow the in-
halation of silica dust, gross fibrosis involving the production of abnormal amount of collagen
probably requires the intervention of infection as well as asbestos.
Because of the difficulties encountered in the direct investigation of carcinogenesis and
fibrogcnesis resulting from the inhalation of asbestos, attention has been directed to the
mivhuni.-ins by which the luiis; is able to protect itself against these iibruus dusts. V.'hik- non-
fibrous dusts and short fibers can be ingested by nuu-roiiliuges uiul removed via the bronchus,
the long fibers that may also reach the alveolar regions may not be removed by this mechanism.
The probability that a fiber m:iy reach the alveoli depends largely on the fiber diameter and only
to a small extent on the fiber length, so that, for example, fibers 100 uin long muy reach the
alveoli of a guinea pig. These long fibers may become coated with a fcrroprotcin derived from
hemoglobin to form an asbestos body and, after morphological changes, the asbestos body may
be broken up, the fragments ingested by mncrophages and dissolved. The lung is thus cleared of
asbestos. In the guinea pi?; lung, consolidated areas from which the asbestos has disappeared
shows signs of return to normal.
This clearance mechanism is inhibited by other factors: quartz dust may almost completely
inhibit asbestos body formation; tobacco smoke has a considerable effect, and even very heavy
loads of cnrbon may net similarly.
The normal lung appears able to efficiently eliminate small loads of both nonfibrous and
fibrous dust, including the carcinogenic asbestos fibers. The capacity is not unlimited, however .
*16-0046
ASBESTOS
Pontefract, R.D.
PENETRATION OF ASBESTOS THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE WALL IN RATS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 213-4 (1974)
Distribution studies on asbestos fibers administered to rats were performed with the electron
microscope and were supplemented with studies involving use of tritiated nnd neulron-
activated asbestos.
Chrysotile filhers were injected into the stomach of rats, and 2-4 days later various tissues
were solubili/cd and their fiber content studied. Fibers were isolated from the blood, spleen,
omcntum, nnd hrnin of the treated rats. Highest levels of orally administered fibers decreased
within 21 hr in the blood, lung, and jplecn; the count remained high in tissues such as the omen-
luni and brain.
-641-
-------
*16-0047
ASBESTOS
Volkheimer, Gerhard
PASSAGE OF PARTICLES THROUGH THE WALL OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 215-25 (Dec. 1974)
In the normal process of digestion, not only substances in solution are absorbed. Solid,
undissolved purticlcs in macrocorpuseular form, are "kneaded" into the mucosa during their
passage through thc'ditfestive tract. These particles in the micrometer size ranife pnss between
the epithelial cells into the subrpithclial layer. Krom here they are transmitted both by the
lymph vessels and by the mescntcric veins into the circulation, where they remain for n con-
siderable time. This phenomenon, termed persorption, was investigated in dcttiil.
Paper presented at the NIEHS-EPA conference on "Biological Effects of Ingested
Asbestos," Durham, N. Carolina, 18-20 Nov. 1973.
*16-0048
ASBESTOS
Westlake, G.E.
ASBESTOS FIBERS IN THE COLONIC WALL
Environ. Health Perspect. j): 227 (Dec. 1974)
Brief review of animal studies to determine disposition of asbestos fibers,
chrysotile particles in colonic wall of rats fed fairly pure chrysotile.
-642-
-------
*16-0049
ASBESTOS
Langer, Arthur M.
INORGANIC PARTICLES IN HUMAN TISSUES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH NEOPLASTIC DIS-
EASE
Environ. Health Perspect. -9.: 229-33 (Dec. 1974)
An increased (,'astrointcstinul cancer risk is associated with occupational exposure to
asbestos fiber. Examination of tissues obtained from extrapulnionary organs of exposed
workmen demonstrates the presence of asbestos fibers and bodies. '1 lie uir.ount of fiber present
. in these tissues is ninny magnitudes less than encountered in the IUIIR tissues from the snine in-
dividuals. In.iieslion of asbestos fiber in some environmental instances may approach in
magnitude the amount resulting from occupational exposure. Disease factors are discussed.
*16-0050
ASBESTOS
Pooley, Fred
LOCATING FIBERS IN THE BOWEL WALL
Environ. Health Perspect. jh 235 (Dec. 1974)
Brief comment on animal experiments underway to study effects of ingested asbestos
fibers on gastrointestinal tract via the bowel wall.
-643-
-------
*16-0051
ASBESTOS
Rickert, Robert R.
TECHNIQUE FOR THE SYSTEMATIC EXAMINATION OF COLON—RECTUM SPECIMENS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9;- 237 (Dec. 1974)
Brief discussion of method of determining possible relationship between asbestos
exposure and the development of colon-rectum cancer.
*16-0052
ASBESTOS
Zaidi, S.H.
INGESTION OF ASBESTOS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 239-40 (Dec. 1974)
Brief comment suggesting that the rat is not suitable animal for study of the ef-
fects of ingested asbestos on the gastrointestinal tract because of lack of simi-
larity in its stomach and the human stomach. More accurate results might be pos-
sible from studies using dogs.
-644-
-------
*16-0053
ASBESTOS
Suzuki, Yasunosuke
INTERACTION OF ASBESTOS WITH ALVEOLAR CELLS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 241-52 (Dec. 1974)
A number of electron microphoto;rraphs are presented showing the various aspects of phago-
cytosis of fibers in lung tissue.
The fibers were rapidly phagocytosed by alveolar rnacrophages, by polymorphonuclcnr
leucocytes, nnd less fre(|i:cntly by alveolar epithelial cells. They were also found in the cyto-
plasm of the alveolar stromal mucrophngcs. In the lute stage of the disease, mni:ro|>huv;cn
containing the minerals were recogni/ed in the fibrous submesothelial cuiuicctivc tissue-it. In
this Mage, u cell intermediate in structure between the epithelial eell and the nwcrophage
was observed in the alveolar lining. This cell showed strong phagocytic activity against the
fibers.
The process of phagocytosis of the fibers was quite similar to that of other micropnrticlcs
such as Thorotrast and India ink. It had been suggested that phagosomes containing tlie fibers
became transformed into secondary lysOMomes.
The fule of the phagocytosed fibers varied. Some were partly dissolved or digested with
marked reduction in the thickness of the w.tll of the chrysotile fibril. Mnny became coated
by hemosidi.'rin which accumuhiifd in the i.-ylo,ol.t;.;m ijf the plia;;ocyl'u: fc-!!.^. Thia c&ntin;;
l.ransfui n:i'd the fibers into asbestos budies. !'in.\!!y many fibers were re-leased becnu:-i; of
the death of the host cell. Uncoated fibers as well us various stages of phngorytosis were
observed in all animals, including those 1 to 2 years after the instillation of asbestoi. This
strongly suggests that fibers may be repeatedly plu'.gocylnjcd, released and rephugcc-yloscd,
inducing u continuous response of the alveolar colls und maintaining the disease.
*16-0054
ASBESTOS
Bruch, J.
RESPONSE OF CELL CULTURES TO ASBESTOS FIBERS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 253-4 (Dec. 1974)
The reaction of macrophages to asbestos and glass fibers was studied by light and by electron
microscopy. Measurements were made of LDH release, staining with erylhrosine B, and lac-
tato production. Si/.c and shape of asbestos fibers were found to have more effect than the
physicochcmical properties of the surface. Long fibers resulted in a protracted pathogenic but
no acute cytoloxic effect.
-645-
-------
*16-00.55
ASBESTOS
Davis, J.M.G. et al
PENETRATION OF CELLS BY ASBESTOS FIBERS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 255-60 (Dec.1974)
Studies on the behavior of asbestos fibers within tissues have shown that the only cell*
that rctfulnrly contain asbestos are mncrophages nnd their derivatives. However, these cells
actively incorporate the asbestos fibers by the process of phagocytosis, and there is little
evidence of direct penetration. Examination of the Rut lining after prolonged asbestos inges-
,tion has shown no evidence of dust penetration either through or between the epithelial cells.
The structure and arrangement of these cells is discussed, nnd it is suggested that they are
exceptionally well adapted to prevent penetration by any solid material.
*16-0056
ASBESTOS
Schnitzer, R.J.
MODIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL SURFACE ACTIVITY OF PARTICLES
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 261-6 (Dec. 1974)
The hemolytic activity of fibrous asbestos varieties and of fibrous or granular silica dust can
be markedly roduos.".! by adsorption of polymers. I'olyanions exert n specific action on asbestos,
particularly chrysotile, whereas silica is inactivated by nonionic polymers. A hiffli degree of
reduction of the lylic action by comparatively sr.iall amounts of the nnUitfonistic polymers can
be demonstrated after short exposure to concentrations of 0.1-0.1 mg/ml of appropriate
polymers. Inuctivation is baped on stable adsorption. Repeated washings of inactivated
minerul sediments or exposure to elevated temperatures (SO-120CC) produced no essential loss
of the reduction of lytic potency. In one example, inaclivation of chrysotile by sodium alginate,
de-polymerization by ascorbic acid was also ineffective.
-646-
-------
*16-0057
ASBESTOS
Hayashi, Hisato
CYTOTOXICITY OF HEATED CHRYSOTILE
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 267-70 (Dec. 197A)
Cytotoxicity and licmolysis were studied in chrysolilc nnd quartz. The biological activity
of the surface seemed to lie different between chrysolite and quartz. Quartz lost its cytotoxicity
on heating over about 500CC. However cbrysotilc showed remarkable.' toxirity nnd induced
hemolysis on heating between 650 and SOO=C, compared with the original unheated specimens.
The mice injected intrapcritoneally with minerals heated in this temperature nuige generally
died within 48 hr after injection, while those injected with untreated chrysotile or chrysotile
heated in the other heat ranges did not. The products in this range were highly disordered
materials. It was assumed that the change of biological effects resulting from hen I treatment
may be related to the disordered state of chrysotile in the process of transformation into
forstcritc. The relationship between chemical character and cytotoxicity of the heated
chrysotile specimens was also studied.
*16-0058
ASBESTOS
Harington, J.S.
FIBROGENESIS
Environ. Health Perspect. _9: 271-9 (Dec. 1974)
A review of fibrogcnesis by asbestos fibers is given. There is nothing to indicate that the
fibrogenic effects of inhaled asbestos fibers should differ in any way from those of ingested
asbestos. Ilccenlly, ingcstion has assumed some importance concerning human exposure. Three
sections dealing with the process of fibrogenesis arc covered: the first deals with in vitro
fibrogencsis, in particular the interrelation of macrophnges damaged by dusts and the subse-
quent Itiying down of collagen by fibroblasts in culture; the second deals with in vivo
fibrogenesis after the inoculation of extracts of silica-treated macrophagcs into various
animals, and the third, with the fibrogenicity of a wide variety of mineral fibers in man and ex-
perimental animals.
Recent studies described in the first section of the present review appear to offer a better un-
derstanding of the effects of macrophages on fibroblasts after tissue damage of various kinds
has occurred.
-647-
-------
*16-0059
ASBESTOS
Douglas, Steven D.
MQNOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE REACTIONS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 281-2 (Dec. 1974)
Brief comments on properties of the monocyte-macrophage as they might relate to
the biological effects of ingested asbestos.
*16-0060
ASBESTOS
Chvapil, Milos
PHARMACOLOGY OF FIBROSIS AND TISSUE INJURY
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 283-94 (Dec. 1974)
Methods controlling tissue fibrosis are classified into those specifically inhibiting various
metabolic aspects of collagen selectively in the injured tissue (ascorbic acid deficiency, cfl'ect
of agent chelating Fe2*, proline analogs, latin rogens). The most promising method seems to be
the blocking of crosslinks formation among collagen molecules by J-aminopropionitrile, a
competitive inhibitor of a crosslinking enzyme, lysyl oxidase. The second group of methods is
called nonspecific, as they affect any stage of inflammatory process preceding the activation of
fibrublasts. The importance of activated macrophages in the stimulation of fibroblast is dis-
cussed. Finally, a new concept is proposed, indicating the function of zinc ions in the control
of the integrity of biomembrances, tissue reactivity to noxious agents. It is suggested that zinc
may control NA1)IJM dependent lipid pcroxidation at the membrane level by inhibiting NADPH
oxidase activity. The implication of these ideas to lung fibrosis induced by silica or asbestos is
discussed.
Paper presented at NIEHS-EPA conference on "Biological Effects of Ingested
Asbestos," Durham, N. Carolina, 18-20 Nov. 1973.
-648-
-------
*16-0061
ASBESTOS
Heppleston, A.G.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TISSUE RESPONSE AND ASBESTOS FIBER CONTENT
Environ. Health Perspect. jh 295-6 (Dec. 1974)
Asbestos fiber concentration increases in proportion to the dcijrcc of pulmonary flbrosis as far
as the moderate (trade. No sue!) correlation occurs with severe a.sbcstosis, nor with the
morphological form which the fibrosis assumes, and here secondary factors may be concerned.
Electron microscopy suggests that optically visible fibers constitute a reasonably constant
proportion of the total irrespective of the pathological reaction. I.i;;ht microscopy r.iny thus af-
ford a guide to the total asbestos concentration, l-'iniilly, the development of mcsuthelioma,
whether of the pleura or the peritoneum, appears to be unrelated to the concentration of coaled
or uncoatcd asbestos fibers residing in the lung.
*16-0062
ASBESTOS
Burrell, Robert
IMMUNOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON ASBESTOS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.5 297-8 (Dec. 1974)
Brief comments on immunological responses to environmental agents, raising such
questions as whether the naked asbestos fiber may be antigenic itself. Although
silica is not, evidence indicates that beryllium is a good antigen.
-649-
-------
*16-0063
ASBESTOS
Selikoff, Irving J.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER
Environ. Health Perspect. jh 299-305 (Dec. 1974)
Some 09,000 new cases of cancer of the colon are expected next year, an incidence rate higher
than (hut for both cancer of the lung and cancer of the breast. Evidence from geographic
pathology suggests thai some environmental factors piny a strong role in its etiology. Data ob-
tained in the 1'J.Vj survey of one million people by the American Cancer Society and followed
since, has failed to show correlation with any of the hirge number of factors listed. It is
. suggested that the etiology is one of multiple factors. The synergistic effect of exposure to
, asbestos and cigarette smoking in the production of bronrhogcnic carcinoma is demonstrated by
datn on cohorts of insulation workers. There was also a modest increase in the number of deaths
from gastrointestinal cancer in asbestos workers, but smoking did not seem to r.ct in synergistic
fashion itt that site, except perhaps in the esophagus. Deaths from cancer occurred almost en-
tirely after a period of 20 years or more from initial exposure. The death rate from cancer tended
to increase with duration of exposure, but u distinct rise over the expected was seen in those
who had been exposed less than one year to amositc dust.
*16-0064
ASBESTOS
Schneiderman, Marvin A.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER AMONG PERSONS SUBJECTED TO OCCUPATIONAL INHALATION OF
ASBESTOS PARTICLES: A LITERATURE REVIEW WITH EMPHASIS ON DOSE RESPONSE
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 307-11 (Dec. 1974)
Human data show a dose-response relationship between industrial exposure to asbestos and
later development of cancer of the bronchus and lung and of cancer of the digestive tract. The
data do not provide much evidence fur u threshold or for the existence of a clearly "safe" level of
exposure. Good dose-response data, with quantitative estimates of dose are uncommon;
however, in all the literature reviewed only one paper did not support the conclusion that in-
creased exposure to inhaled asbestos particles leuds to increased digestive system cancer.
-650-
-------
*16-0065
ASBESTOS
Pott, F. et al
TUMORIGENIC EFFECT OF FIBROUS DUSTS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 313-15 (Dec. 1974)
Fibrous dusts (chrysotilc, glass fibers, nemalite, pnlyijorscite, and gypsum) and granular
dus.ls (aclinolitc, biotitc, hematite, pectolite, sanidinc, and talcum) were injected in-
truperitonenlly into rats. The fibrous dusts (other thnn gypsum) resulted in n high incidence of
mcsothelioma (l!0 - 677c). Gypsum produced only 57c and granular dusts none at nil. It is
suKftested thiit the fibrous shape leads to a high multiplication rate of cells and predisposes to
tumor formation. Fibrosis. in the other hand, does not so prediHpose. Milled chrysolite with
99.&7c fibers than 5 urn in length ure carcinogenic in our experience. The cnrcinogenicity of glass
fibers in our experiments may have significance for occupational situations.
*16-0066
ASBESTOS
Churg, Jacob
PERITONEAL MESOTHELIOMA
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 317-8 (Dec. 1974)
Brief review of cases of cancer considered to be mesothelioma in 82 people, from
a population group in which about 90% of the people have asbestos exposure.
-651-
-------
*16-0067
ASBESTOS
Amacher, D.E. et al
EFFECTS OF INGESTED CHRYSOTILE ON DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND
LIVER OF THE RAT
Environ. Health Perspect.. 9.: 319-24 (Dec. 1974)
. The effects of chrysolite on DNA synthesis in the gastrointestinal trnct of the rnt were studied
by measuring the uptake of tritium-labeled thymidine; whole stomach, small intestine, colon
liver were removed, cleaned, und homogenized and the DNA wus isolated and assayed for
.tritium label.
A dose-response study indicated that 2 weeks after a 5 mg/kg dose of chrysolile, DNA syn-
thesis was increased in the snmll intestine and colon and reduced in the liver; synthesis was
reduced in the small intestine 2 weeks after a 500 nig/kg dose. Following a 100 nitf/kg dose of
chrysotile, a transient increase in DNA synthesis was noted in the stomach and small intestine
at I and 7 days, respectively, besides increased synthesis in the colon from 28 to G3 diiys. These
data suggest thut asbestos penetrates the gastrointestinal mucosa and influences regulation of
DNA synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
*16-0068
ASBESTOS
Stewart, Harold L.
USE OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Environ. Health Perspect. £: 325-6 (Dec. 1974)
Brief review of different animals to be used in studies of bowel cancer with as-
bestos, the combinations of carcinogens, and the different tumors developed by
experimental animals. Mention is made that g-naphthylamine, for instance, pro-
duced bladder cancer in dogs but not in rats, rabbits, or guinea pigs and was only
a weak carcinogen for mice.
-652-
-------
*16-0069
ASBESTOS
Smither, W.J.
ASBESTOS IN THE WORKPLACE AND THE COMMUNITY
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 327-9 (Dec. 1974)
Information developed by Newhouse in a survey of an asbestos factory in London
suggests that the risk of mesothelial tumors is strongly related to both the
degree and the length of exposure to asbestos dust.
*16-0070
ASBESTOS
Epstein, Samuel S.
MULTIPLE FACTORS IN CARCINOGENESIS
Environ. Health Perspect. JJ: 331-3 (Dec. 1974)
Brief discussion of effect of multiple factors in the development of cancer, e.g.,
enhancement by smoking of the incidence of bronchogenic cancer after occupational
exposure to asbestos.
-653-
-------
*16-0071
ASBESTOS
Langer, Arthur M.
RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES CONCERNING ASBESTOS MINERALS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BIOLO-
GICAL SYSTEMS
Environ. Health Perspect. •_£: 335-8 (Dec. 1974)
The interaction of asbestos minerals with biological materials is under intensive invesliga-
tion throughout the world toil:iy. I'iiysical scientists should be responsible for the selection of
fibers, and their varietal typos, for biolo;;ic«l studies; they should characterize these experi-
mental materials physically and chemically to the level of i-ophistication which currently
' exists in thi'ir fields; they should develop definitive assay methods to monitor changes in
such characteristics nfter biological residence; thvy should nctivcly participate in the formula-
tion of theories or mechanisms of particle interaction in biological systems.
Physical scientists should begin the characterisation ofroinera]* in the environ men t nnd the
determination of ambient fiber levels in nir and potable water supplies. Such characterization
of the environment requires stnndnrducvl instrumentation and preparation techniques.
Acguisition of data in numbers larxe CIIOUK'I to achieve statisuk',\l significance requires the
development of automated counting strategics. Instrumentation and software have yet to be
developed. The training of physical scientists in environmental urcua is lagging behind current
national needs and must be accelcntccl.
*16-0072
ASBESTOS
Huff, James Edward et al
A HEALTH VIEW OF ASBESTOS (AN ANNOTATED LITERATURE COLLECTION--1960-1974)
Environ. Health Perspect. 9.: 341-462 (Dec. 1974)
Bibliography prepared by the Biomedical Sciences Section, Environmental Informa-
tion System Office, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
-654-
-------
ASBESTOS
See: 16-0002, Arsenic
See: 16-0005, Arsenic
-655-
-------
16-0073
BORON
Daughtrey, E.H, and Harrison, W.W.
ANALYSIS FOR TRACE LEVELS OF BORON BY ION EXCHANGE-HOLLOW CATHODE EMISSION
Anal. Chimica Acta 72. (2): 225-30 (Oct. 1974)
Analysis for trace levels of boron in biological materials and natural waters
has been hindered by the lack of methods sensitive enough to be used without
preconcentration of the sample.
This paper reports the successful use of the hollow-cathode emission (HEC
source) for the determination of boron in several biological materials and
natural water samples down to the sub-nanogram level. Potential organic and
inorganic interferences were removed by use of low-temperature ashing and
ion-exchange separation.
-656-
-------
16-0074
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE
Stula, E.F. et al
EXPERIMENTAL NEOPLASIA IN RATS FROM ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF 3,3'-DICHLORO-
BENZIDINE, 4,4'-METHYLENE-BIS(2-CHLOROANILINE), AND 4,4'-METHYLENE-BIS-
(2-METHYLANILINE)
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31 (1): 159-76 (Jan. 1975)
Under the diet conditions described, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, 4,4'-methylenebis
(2-chloroaniline), and 4,4'-methylenebis(2-methylaniline), which are used as
curing agents for urethane rubbers and epoxy resins, were found to be carcino-
genic for rats.
-657-
-------
16-0075
FLAME RETAKDANTS
Sandberg, D.V. et al
EMISSIONS FROM SLASH BURNING AND THE INFLUENCE OF FLAME RETARDANT CHEMICALS
Air. Pollut. Contr. Ass. J. 25_ (3): 278-81 (March 1975)
The use of a flame retardant, diammonium phosphate (DAP), In the open burning of
ponderosa pine logging slash not only failed to reduce the amount of air pol-
lutants but actually increased the amount in all cases, particularly the parti-
culates. Untreated fuel beds yielded emission factors for CO, hydrocarbon gases,
and particulates of 146, 8.4, and 9.1 Ib/ton. of fuel, respectively. DAP-
treated beds gave factors of 166, 11.7-, and 19.3 Ib/ton of fuel, respectively.
In addition, less DAP-treated fuel actually burned.
-658-
-------
*16-0076
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
FEDERAL TASK FORCE PROBES OZONE ISSUE
Chem. Eng. News .53 (10), 17 (March 10, 1975)
Testimony given to the new Federal Interagency Task Force on Inadvertent
Modification of the Stratosphere (MOS) stressed the depletion of ozone in
the stratosphere to be expected in about 50 years if the use of aerosols
containing chlorofluorocarbons continues at 1972-74 rate, and points out
the potential of ozone depletion by bromine found in bromide-containing
aerosols.
Industry-funded programs, subsidized by about $1.25 million in 1975, which
are administered by the Manufacturing Chemists Association, are listed and
described briefly.
*16-0077
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
FLUOROCARBON/OZONE DEBATE
Environ. Rept. _5 (21): 165 (March 5, 1975)
Brief review of potential hazards from continued use of fluorocarbons and
other man-made substances, such as bromides, which are released into the
atmosphere from plastic manufacturing and the fumigation of crops. Bromides
reputedly are sufficiently effective in destroying ozone to be considered
for use as a weapon of war.
-659-
-------
*16-0078
FLUOROCARBONS
Walton, B. et al
"HALOTHANE HEPATITIS" (Letter to the Editor)
Anesthesiology 41_ (4): 415 (Oct. 1974)
To test the theory that "halothane hepatitis" might result from the combination
of a metabolite of halothane with protein, the writers conducted in vitro tests
of lymphocyte transformation and leukocyte migration inhibition in the presence
of trifluoroacetate chemically conjugated with human serum albumin and
liver specific protein. Negative results were recorded in all tests. On the
other hand, another recent study indicating that isoflurane is metabolized in
man to non-ionic fluoride provides evidence that trifluoroacetate is the active
metabolite.
*16-0079
FLUOROCARBONS
Steffey, E.P. and Eger, E.I., II
HYPERTHERMIA AND HALOTHANE MAC IN THE DOG
Anesthesiology 4^ (4): 392-6 (Oct. 1974)
The effect of an increase in temperature on anesthetic requirements was measured
by determining the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane needed to
eliminate movement in response to a painful stimulus. In the dogs used in the
experiments MAC increased as temperature rose from 37 to 42°C; above 42°C, MAC
declined; and death occurred at 45.9°C. These findings agree with clinical
impressions that hyperthermia increases anesthetic requirement.
-660-
-------
*16-0080
FLUOROCAKBONS
Draffan, G.H. et al
ALVEOLAR GAS CONCENTRATIONS OF FLUOROCARBONS-11 AND -12 IN MAN AFTER USE
OF PRESSURIZED AEROSOLS
Thorax 2£ (1): 95-8 (Jan. 1974)
The results of this study to measure alveolar concentrations of F-ll and F-12
after the use of an inhaler and to compare the concentrations with those shown to
sensitize animal hearts to arrhythmias indicate that a single inhalation should
carry no hazard. Multiple inhalations might, however, be dangerous, the single
study conducted indicating that alveolar gas concentration in man approached
the values that sensitize the dog heart to arrythmias. Patients should take a
few normal breaths between inhaled doses to prevent accumulation of fluorocarbon
in the lung.
*16-0081
FLUOROCARBONS
Weiskopf, Richard B. et al
EFFECTS OF HALOTHANE ON CANINE RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO HYPOXIA WITH AND
WITHOUT HYPERCARBIA
Anesthesiology 41 (A): 350-60 (Oct. 1974)
A marked depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxia by halothane was
noted in the dogs tested. Although it is not known that man would respond in
the same manner, the anesthesiologist should assume that hypoxia may not stim-
ulate but, rather, may depress ventilation during halothane anesthesia, as well
as blocking the usual response to C0«
-661-
-------
*16-0082
FLUOROCARBONS
Stanaszek, W.F. et al
HALOTHANE UPTAKE BY COACERVATE SYSTEMS
J. Pharmaceutical Sci. £3 (12): 1941-3 (Dec. 1974)
The significant halothane gas uptake noted in the highly structured concervate
system may indicate the presence of a highly structured, nonpolar system, some-
what like surfactant micelles in a polar medium.
*16-0083
FLUOROCARBONS
Gillies, Charles W.
OZONOLYSIS OF CIS- AND TRANS-1.2-DIFLUOROETHYLENE. STEREOSELECTIVITY IN
EPOXIDE FORMATION
J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97. (5): 1276-8 (March 5, 1975)
Results indicate that cis-1,2-difluoroethylene oxide and formyl fluoride are
the major products from the ozonolysis of both cis- and trans-1,2-difluoro-
ethylene in methyl chloride.
-662- .
-------
16-0084
HALOETHERS
Dolan, William M. et al
THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF ISOFLURANE-NITROUS OXIDE
ANAESTHESIA
Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J. 21. (6): 557-68 (Nov. 1974)
The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of anesthesia (isoflurane with 70%
nitrous oxide) are reported for tests made on eight healthy, unpremedicated
volunteers. The isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia produced less hypotension
than isoflurane alone, and did not ameliorate the respiratory depression caused
by isoflurane alone.
16-0085
HALOETHERS
Anon
BCME (BIS-CHLOROMETHYL ETHER). . .
Chem. Eng. 82. (6): 19 (March 17, 1975) .
Tests by various textile-finishing plants (some in cooperation with NIOSH)
revealed the presence of the carcinogen, bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME) in two
plants, according to the Textile Manufacturers Institute. BCME was formed
during durable-press-fabric operations where formaldehyde resins were used in
the presence of chlorides. Some companies now have switched to zinc nitrate
instead of magnesium chloride and are using resins with less than 1 ppm of free
formaldehyde instead of resins that contained up to 7 ppm. NIOSH is working
towards improved sampling techniques and planning studies of the chemistry of
BCME formation.
-663-
-------
HALOETHERS
See: 16-0002, Arsenic
-664-
-------
16-0086
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Burns, James ft. and Miller, Fred M.
HEXACHLOROBENZENE CONTAMINATION: ITS EFFECTS IN A LOUISIANA POPULATION
Arch. Environ,, Health 30_ (1): 44-8 (Jan. 1975)
This study resulted from the finding that cattle in Louisiana were contaminated
with hexachlorobenzene (HCB), apparently derived from waste from the production
of chlorinated solvents, primarily carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene.
Plasma HCB in a sample of 86 people averaged 3.6 i 4.3 ppb. Although a worker
in a waste dissposal factory had a level of 345 ppb, the highest level in the
general population was 23 ppb. No evidence of cutaneous porphyria was found,
but there were indications of a possible connection between HCB residues and
coproporphyrin and lactic dehydrogenase. HCB levels in household dust corre-
lated with plasma levels. Plasma HCB levels up to 233 ppb were found in
perchloroethylene and CC1, production workers.
-665-
-------
16-0087
HYDRAZINE
Mian, N. et al
GLYCOSIDASES HETEROGENEITY AMONG DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE INDUCED RAT COLONIC
TUMOURS
Br. J. Cancer 30 (3): 231-6 (Sept. 1974)
Tests conducted to investigate the enzymatic heterogeneity of tumors induced by
1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in the rat colon suggested that enzymatic differences
could be due to site specificity. Enzyme content of the induced tumors were
different animals. DMH treatment caused a significant increase in levels of
glycosidases in the descending colon and also produced more adenocarcinomas
there than in other parts of the colon.
-666-
-------
16-0088
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Pasternak, Alan
METHYL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION BY IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION
California Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Livermore Lab. (27 Aug. 1974) UCRL-51600
A process for in situ gasification leading to methyl alcohol
production is described, and the thermodynamics and costs of
the process are outlined. The production route involves gasifi-
cation of coal to carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis
gas) and high-pressure catalytic conversion of these gases to
methyl alcohol. Capital requirements arc estimated to be S354
million for annual production of methyl alcohol with a fuel
value of 81 trillion Btu's. The selling price is estimated to be
SI.04 per million Btu's (5.9 cents per gallon). Adding distribu-
tion costs to these production costs, it is estimated that methyl
alcohol could reach service station pumps at a price competi-
tive with gasoline. (Modified author abstract)
[(Abst. in: NTIS Weekly Govt. Abstracts.
Chemistry p. 79 (March 3, 1975)]
16-0089
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Smll, Vaclav
ENERGY AND AIR POLLUTION: USA 1970-2020
Air Pollut. Contr. Ass, J. 25 (3): 233-6 (March 1975)
A series of computer simulations is presented as a means of predicting patterns
of future power industry alternatives for the U.S. The present state of uncer-
tainty within the industry makes it difficult to predict future trends or to
determine the future levels of air pollutants that will be generated by the
different energy sources. If the U.S. achieves self sufficiency in energy
during the 1980's, that situation will most likely evolve through massive in-
creases in the use of coal and nuclear fuels.
Emissions from coal gasification are shown in simulation model.
-667-
-------
16-0090
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
A NEW PROCESS DEVELOPMENT UNIT PLANT. . .
Air Pollut. Contr. Ass. J. 25 (3): 298 (1975)
Bethlehem Steel Corp. will operate a process development unit plant to test
"Synthoil" technology for converting coal into a clean-burning liquid fuel.
Costs will be shared by the Bureau of Mines.
Plant, near Bruceton, Pa., should be ready for shakedown runs in 1976. When
completed, Bethlehem will operate the plant for 2 years, contributing $1.1
million to operating expenses and $0.5 million for research.
16-0091
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
CREATION OF A SYNTHETIC FUELS INDUSTRY IN THE U.S. ...
Chem. Week 116 (11): 18 (March 12, 1975)
The Ford administration is pushing for a synthetic fuels industry, judging from
ERDA's attempt to try to get some coal conversion plants committed in 1975.
Over 20 major plants will have to be under construction by 1980 in order to
achieve the 1 million bbls/day of synthetic fuel in 1985 desired by President
Ford.
-668-
-------
16-0092
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
PROJECT INDEPENDENCE GETS RAKED OVER THE COALS
Chem. Wk. 116 (12): 31-3 (March 19, 1975)
New study of energy self-sufficiency plan finds FEA expects too much from
oil and gas, overlooks need for beefing up coal and nuclear power capacity.
Table shows Commerce Dept's Technical Advisory Board (CTAB) estimates and
planning base for 1985 energy supply, including shale oil, synthetic oil,
and synthetic gas.
16-0093
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
SOUTH AFRICA EXPANDS COAL CONVERSION UNIT
Chem. Eng. News 53 (11): 5-6 (March 17, 1975)
South Africa's planned new facility, Sasol-II, to produce fuels from coal
is feasible because of abundance of coal and cheap labor in that country.
High capital investment argues against a similar facility in U.S. or Europe.
-669-
-------
16-0094
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Massey, Lester G. . • .
COAL GASIFICATION
Amer. Chem. Soc. Wash., D.C., Advances in Chemistry Series No. 131, (1974).
266 pp. $14.50
Includes 14 papers presented at a symppsium sponsored by the Division of
Fuel Chemistry of the American Chemical Society on reaction mechanisms,
plasma pyrolysis of coal, underground liquefaction, etc.
-670-
-------
16-0095
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS
(2-CHLOROANILINE) (MOCA)
Russfield, Agnes 8. et al
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF 4,4'-METHYLENE-BIS-(2-CHLOROANILINE) IN MICE
AND RATS
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31^ (1): 47-54 (Jan. 1975)
The maximally tolerated dose of 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in their diets
was 1000 mg/kg in rats and 2000 mg/kg in mice. Female mice, given either 2000
or 1000 mg/kg, were more susceptible to the compound than were male mice. The
females showed a statistically significant incidence of hepatoma, indicating that
this compound is definitely carcinogenic in female mice. Treated animals showed
a higher incidence of tumors than did the controls. Rats developed hepatomas
and lung adenomatosis; mice developed hemangiosarcomas and hemangiomas.
16-0096
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS
(2-CHLOROANILINE) (MOCA)
Anon
DEPARTMENT 01? LABOR
Rubber Age 107.
(March 1975>
A continuing court battle is seen for the 4,4 '-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
issue now that the Dept. of Labor has petitioned the U.S. Court of Appeals for
a re-hearing on its decision to vacate OSHA's permanent standards for MOCA.
The court's earlier findings for the Polyurethane Manufacturers Association
prohibits OSHA from enforcing any of the specific terms of its MOCA standard.
-671-
-------
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
See: 16-0074, 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
-672-
-------
16-0097
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
(Environmental Fate Testing, Micro Ecosystems)
Giese, Ronald L. et al
PEST MANAGEMENT
Science 187 (4181): 1045-52 (March 21, 1975)
A pilot project showing new ways of dealing with important agricultural
pests is based on crop ecosystem simulation, automated weather data
acquisition, and computer - based management information system.
16-0098
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
(Environmental Fate Testing, Micro Ecosystems)
Anon
WORLDWATCH IN ORBIT
Science 187 (4181): 1063 (March 21, 1975)
WorldWatch Institute, Wash. D.C., established by Lester Brown, will examine
the ecological undermining of food systems by deforestation, overgrazing,
climatic changes, etc.
-673-
-------
16-0099
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Moore, Peter D.
DECOMPOSITION IN PEATLANDS
Nature 25_3 (5492): 498-9 (Feb. 13, 1975)
Peatland ecosystems are discussed briefly, considering respiration and
decomposition
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
See also: 16-0118, General Information
-674-
-------
16-0100
NAPHTHYLAMINES
Becker, J.W.
MEASUREMENT OF NAPHTHYLAMINES. . .
Rubber Age 107 (3): 53-4 (March 1975)
Recent, improved analytical procedure of great sensitivity aids measurement
of naphthylamines in rubber antioxidants. Concern over the potential carci-
nogenicity of N-phenyl-8-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-a-naphthylamine, even
though neither has shown toxic or carcinogenic effects in animal studies or
in workers, indicates need for more knowledge.
NAPHTHYLAMINES
See: *16-0068,, Asbestos
-675-
-------
16-0101
beta-PROPIOLACTONE
Kubinski, H. and Szybalski, Elizabeth H.
INTERMOLECULAR LINKING AND FRAGMENTATION OF DNA BY B-PROPIOLACTONE,
A MONOALKYLATING CARCINOGEN
Chem. Biol. Interactions 10; 41-55 (1975)
Previous studies have shown that $-propiolactone (BPL) has promoted mutations in
lower organisms and induced tumors in animals; that it binds -in vivo and in vitro
to cellular.macromolecules, including nucleic acids; and that in vitro it cross-
links DNA to purified proteins and to cellular membranes.
In this paper, physico-chemical methods show the effects of BPL on DNA alone.
Experiments were conducted with previously described bacterial and phage strains.
The sedimentation rate of purified E. ooli DNA in neutral or alkaline sucrose
gradients increased when exposed briefly to BPL. Prolonged exposure caused
localized denaturation, noted by single- and double-strand breaks in DNA. Large
complexes, formed when the single-stranded DNA "whiskers" react with other DNA
molecules, are thought to be linked through covalent bonds. The macromolecular
alterations observed may possibly be involved in BPL-induced mutations and
tumor formations. The reported results may help to explain BPL effects in higher
organisms or clarify the actions of other toxic and carcinogenic chemicals.
-676-
-------
16-0102
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Pembleton, W.E.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE ANESTHESIA RE-EVALUATED
Anesthesia & Analgesia. . . Current Res. ,5_3 (5): 730-3 (Sept.- Oct. 1974)
Reported instances of hepatitis, presumably caused by the anesthetic, halothane,
suggests that alternative anesthetics might be considered.. Thirty years ago,
the use of trichloroethylene was suggested for this purpose but, because of
difficulti.es with its administration, it was not generally accepted.
A review of 535 cases in which trichloroethylene served satisfactorily as an
anesthic, coupled with the findings of a recent report of its satisfactory use
for 1000 cases, indicates that attention should now be given to this compound.
With current apparatus accurate determinations of the concentration used are
possible. Without the soda lime absorber and with assisted respiration,
trichloroethylene should work.
16-0103
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Bauer, Marjorie & Rabens, Steven Fisher
CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE TOXICITY
Arch. Dermatol. 110 (6): 886-90 (Dec. 1974)
Unlike the 99% pure trichloroethylene (Trilene) used for anesthesia, commercial
trichloroethylene contains impurities and is sometimes used at temperatures
that promote formation of toxic decomposition products. Acute toxic effects,
following massive inhalation, include damage to the liver, heart, and kidneys,
and even death. Phosgene, a product of trichloroethylene's thermal decomposi-
tion, causes pulmonary edema. Chronic inhalation causes trigeminal anesthesia,
anosmia, muscle weakness, etc. On skin, trichloroethylene acts as a primary
irritant and a sensitizer, sometimes producing generalized dermatitis. Four
workers in mcitals degreasing plants, hospitalized from general dermatitis
(accompanying symptoms being inebriation, eye and upper respiratory tract
irritations, abnormal liver function tests, etc.), illustrate skin effects of
the compound. Industry should comply with trichloroethylene safety standards.
-677-
-------
16-0104
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
DOW CHEMICAL AIMS. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (6): 17 (March 17, 1975)
Dow Chemical, looking for low-Btu gas for fueling its power plants, wants to
undertake a $42-million, 7-year development project for in situ production of
oil and gas from Michigan oil shale; seeks federal funding. If activated,
project most likely will emphasize gas production. Dow would probably plan
to sell some of the recovered gas and oil, the latter being processed by the
company's Bay City Refining subsidiary.
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
See: 16-0092, Liquefaction and Gasification of Coal
-678-
-------
16-0105
VINYL CHLORIDE
Malaveille, C. et al
MUTAGENICITY OF VINYL CHLORIDE, CHLOROETHYLENEOXIDE, CHLOROACETALDEHYDE
AND CHLOROETHANOL
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Communications £3 (2): 363-70 (1975)
These studies on the effects of vinyl chloride and/or its metabolites in
S. typhimurium strains (TA 1530, TA 1535, and G-46), mediated by liver fractions
from rat, mouse, and humans, confirm the theory that such microsomal mixed
function oxidases (the major target organ for VCM carcinogenic action in humans
and animals) do convert VCM into mutagenic metabolites in vitro.
The TA 1530 strain exhibited the highest mutagenic response to VCM, and also
showed a mutagenic response to chloroacetaldehyde, chloroethanol, and chloro-
ethyleneoxide,, but not to chloroacetic acid. The last compound caused toxic
effects.
16-0106
VINYL CHLORIDE
(Production)
Anon
CHLORINE: . . .
Rubber Age W7_ <3): 12 (March 1975)
Because of a decreased market for end products, industry has cut chlorine
production 20%. One example: a 50% drop in demand for vinyl chloride.
-679-
-------
16-0107
VINYL CHLORIDE
Kennedy, J. Patrick
CHANGING ECONOMY: ITS IMPACT ON EQUIPMENT
Chem. Eng. _82_ (6): 54-60 (March 17, 1975)
Chemical and petroleum industries are making major changes in equipment design
and processing operations to meet the challenge of rising energy costs, environ-
mental regulation impacts, material and manpower shortages, and related factors.
This article shows how a process computer can aid companies in cutting costs and
tightening controls, as exemplified by a discussion of PVC manufacture.
16-0108
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
CAN MONOMER WASHED FROM PVC PACKAGING CAUSE CANCER WHEN INGESTED?
Chem. Wk. 116 (12): 36 (March 19, 1975)
In experiments conducted by Cesare Maltoni, Institute of Oncology, Bologna, Italy,
thymus and liver cancers were observed in rats that ingested VCM in a food. Olive
oil containing 50 ppm, 16.65 ppm, and 3.3 ppm VCM was given to 3 groups of rats
5 times/week. After 52 weeks, one rat in the 50-ppm group died of thymus cancer;
one rat in the 16.65-ppm group died of liver cancer. SPI argues that the doses
are too high to represent normal human consumption, but FDA wants to study the
data. FDA has suggested a 50-ppb limit on VCM migration in foodstuffs.
-680-
-------
16-0109
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
A MAJOR USE OF VINYL CHLORIDE MAY-.BE WIPED OUT. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53^ (11): 7 (March 17, 1975)
Another brief accounting of the finding of cancer in rats when fed VCM, as
reported by Cesare Maltoni of Italy, suggests that a major use of VCM (in food
packaging materials) is in danger of being eliminated by FDA.
16-0110
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
WILL PVC MAKERS LEARN TO LIVE WITH OSHA's VCM STANDARDS?
Mod. Plast. 52. (3): 14 (March 1975)
Despite stringent OSHA standards, most VCM and PVC manufacturers plan to
continue production.
-681-
-------
16-0111
VINYL CHLORIDE
(Uses)
Anon
AGPIPE PICKS UP
Mod. Plast. 52 (3): 54-5 (March 1975)
Recent increase in agricultural pipe activity is expected to continue through
1980, boosted by the popularity of drip irrigation and the push for greater
food production. High use of PVC pipe in 1975 (104 thousand metric tons) is
expected to about double in 1980.
16-0112
VINYL CHLORIDE
Gross, S.
VCM LESSONS (Editorial)
Mod. Plast. 52_ (3): 39 (March 1975)
Dire predictions of collapse of the U.S. vinyl industry because of OSHA
standard have fizzled. Will industry have learned a lesson? The "we can't
survive" stance carries risk of scaring the user into looking for substitutes
or oversea suppliers and destroys industry's credibility. Lesson for the
Government should be to learn how to better define the issue, and to combine
responsibility for nation's health with safeguarding of nation's standard of
living.
-682-
-------
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 16-0002, Arsenic
See: *16-0015, Asbestos
-683-
-------
16-0113
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
Anon
MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION...
Rubber Age 107 (3): 6 (March 1975)
Although styrene has not yet been shown to cause any health hazards, the Manu-
facturing Chemists Association will administer industry-sponsored tests on that
compound as well as on vinylidene chloride monomer.
-684-
-------
16-0114
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
NUCLEAR/GAS/RADIATION
Environ. Kept. .5 (21): 164 (March 5, 1975)
Potential radioactive damage from the tritium in nuclear devices used to stim-
ulate natural gas wells should not be a major health hazard for those eating
food cooked with the gas. According to calculations made, an average whole-
body dose of tritium to an individual would be only 0.02 millirem/year; a
corresponding population dose to 100 million people from natural radiation
sources is about 5000 times greater. Inhalation and skin absorption of tritium
in the gas combustion products within the home have been shown to be greater
sources of radiation hazard. Information is presented in Report ORNL-TM-4735,
available from NTIS at $4.
16-0115
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
GEOCHEMISTRY/ENVIRONMENT:
Environ. Rept. p. 170 (March 5, 1975)
Papers presented at an AAAS meeting in Dallas, 1968, covering possible connection
between geographic distribution of some elements and disease patterns, are
incorporated into new NAS publication, "Geochemistry and the Environment, Vol.1,"
available from NAS at $8.50.
-685-
-------
16-0116
GENERAL INFORMATION
Enterllne, Philip E. and Henderson, Vivian
THE HEALTH OF RETIRED FIBROUS GLASS WORKERS
Arch. Environ. Health 30> (3): 113-6 (March 1975)
A study of the mortality records of 416 retired (during 1945 to 1972) fibrous
glass insulation workers did not disclose any important health hazards attri-
butable to their occupation. Three of the men retired because of chronic
bronchitis, a higher number than might have been expected.
16-0117
GENERAL INFORMATION
Cavalleri, Alessandro
SERUM THYROXINE IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CARBON DISULFIDE POISONING
Arch. Environ. Health 30 (2): 85-7 (Feb. 1975)
Forty-five workers exposed to carbon disulfide in an Italian viscose factory for
periods ranging from 1 to 20 years showed significantly lowered serum thyroxine
values, an indication of carbon disulfide poisoning. A significant correlation
between serum thyroxine and cholesterol, also noted, supports the theory that a
hypofunction of thyroid gland may cause the metabolic alterations leading to
carbon disulfide vaculopathy.
-686-
-------
16-0118
GENERAL INFORMATION
Tullar, Irving V. and Suffet, Irwin H.
THE FATE OF VANADIUM IN AN URBAN AIR SHED:
THE LOWER DELAWARE RIVER VALLEY
Air Pollut. Contr. Ass. j. 25. (3): 282-6 (1975)
Vanadium as an air pollutant is generated by such industrial processes as the
combustion of vanadium rich fuel in refineries, power plants, and other in-
dustry; particulates evolve from the catalytic processing of petroleum refineries.
In lower Delaware River Valley, vanadium concentrations detected in the atmos-
phere from 1958 to 1969 ranged from 0.133 yg/cu m to 0.557 yg/cu m. Major sources
were combustion of vanadium rich fuel oils and catalytic processing of high
vanadium crudes.
In considering the chemical fate of vanadium in the air, the co-presence of
sulfur dioxide and oxygen must be taken into account, the latter contributing
to the prevalence of V20jj emissions. A flow diagram of the fate of vanadium
in air is included. Vanadium emissions have been linked with lung cancer,
bronchitis, and pneumonia.
16-0119
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
BURDEN OF PROVING A CHEMICAL IS SAFE. . .
Chem. Week 116_ (11): 47 (March 12, 1975)
As part of its findings in developing risk-benefit criteria for toxicological
testing for EPA, the National Academy of Sciences is expected to suggest that
the producer should bear the burden of proof for a chemical's safety.
-687-
-------
16-0120
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
FIGHT ON OVER TOXICITY
Chem. Week 116 (11): 24 (March 12, 1975)
Brief review of Senate hearings on latest version of a bill to control toxic
substances.
16-0121
GENERAL INFORMATION
Kristofferson, Ulf
GENETIC EFFECTS OF SOME GASOLINE ADDITIVES
Abstract of Paper Presented at 7th Mtg. of the Scandinavian Assoc. of Genet-
icists, Oslo, Norway, Aug. 12-14, 1974
Research at the Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, Sweden, was concerned
with the effects of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), and
1,3-dibromopropane (DBF) on the three test systems: 1) Alliim test, 2) human
lymphocyte cultures, and 3) microorganisms. Although all three of these haloge-
nated compounds in very low concentrations proved toxic to Alliim roots, they
did not cause any chromosome-breaking effect. DCE induced C-mitoses after 12
days. No chromosome-breaking effect in human lymphocytes was observed from any
of the compounds, but all were very toxic. There was no evidence that DCE, DBE,
or DBP induced lysis in the E. ooli strain studied. DCE and DBE are gasoline
anti-knock compounds.
[Abstract in: Hereditas 78 (2): 319 (1974)]
-688-
-------
16-0122
GENERAL INFORMATION
Pendleton, Deedee
FISH TUMORS: CARCINOGENIC INDICATORS?
Science 107: 157-8 (March 8, 1975)
A further discussion of the possibility of using marine organisms to determine
pollution levels in water, based on presence of tumors in fish. [See also:
CATS .15-0036, Model Ecosystems]
16-0123
GENERAL INFORMATION
Bianchi, Diana W. et al
ABSENCE OF DAMAGE TO HUMAN CHROMOSOMES BY SPRAY ADHESIVES
Mutat. Res. _2_6 (6): 545-51 (1974)
Concern over the potential mutagenic effects of spray adhesives prompted six
exposed individuals to have their blood examined. No significant elevations of
chromosomal aberration frequency were found in the cultured leukocytes. The
study failed to show any consistent increase in abnormal chromosome numbers or
any other structural aberrations. The absence of any causal birth anomalies
from spray adhesives exposure is indicated by two incidents: birth of a chromo-
somally abnormal child to control parents in the study, and the spontaneous
abortion of a normal fetus by a woman whose husband had been exposed.
-689-
-------
16-0124
GENERAL INFOBMATION
Anon
FLOATING FERTILIZER FACTORIES: WAVE OF THE FUTURE?
Chem. Week 116 (12): 34 (March 19, 1975)
Shipboard chemical plants to produce ammonia and urea from offshore natural gas
are now being built in W. Europe. The first fertilizer units will go to
Pertamina, Indonesia's state oil company. Floating ships to natural gas fields
in remote areas may be the way to develop those areas where traditional plants
cannot be built. Sea-based process plants may also have environmental advantages.
16-0125
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
NEW USE TNT POLLUTANT
Environ. Rept. 5_ (22): 175 (March 18, 1975)
Tetranitromethane, an air pollutant emitted during the manufacture of TNT, can
be converted to nitroform, which is used in making high energy propellants for
missiles. Limited supplies of nitroform have made the compound expensive. Navy
researchers claim a 90% conversion possibility.
-690-
-------
16-0126
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
OIL/ALASKAN CRABS
Environ.Rept. 5. (22): 176 (March 18, 1975)
Alaskan Tanner crabs may be endangered by low-level oil pollution contamination.
Laboratory test:s showed that Prudhoe Bay crude oil in amounts as low as 0.56
ml/liter may be fatal, and 0.32 ml/liter may affect the crab's ability to molt.
Additionally, a loss of 2 to 7 limbs was noted in crabs exposed to oil shortly
after molting. It is suggested that other crustaceans may also be adversely
affected by oil pollution. Complete findings are presented in MFR Paper 1074,
"Effects of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil on Molting Tanner Crabs, Chinoecetes bairdi,"
available from D83, Tech. Info. Center, Environmental Science Information Center,
NOAA, Wash., D.C. 20235.
-691-
-------
17-0001
ACETONITRILE
Kolthoff, I.M. and Chantooni, M.K. Jr.
INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING IN MONOANIONS OF o-PHTHALIC ACID AND THE
HOMOLOGOUS OXALIC ACID SERIES IN ACETONITRILE
J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97. (6): 1376-81 (March 19, 1975)
Acetonitrile is used as the solvent in studying the intramolecular hydrogen
bonding in monoanions of a-phthalic acid and the homologous oxalic acid series,
and their monomethyl or monoethyl esters.
17-0002
ACETONITRILE
Cooke, A.S. and Zoro, J.A.
THE EFFECTS OF p.p'-DDCN ON TADPOLES OF THE FROG RANA TEMPORARIA
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol 13 (2): 233-7 (1975)
Tadpoles were exposed to concentrations of 0 to 1 ppm bis (p-chlorophenyl)
acetonitrile (p.p'-DDCN) in water. Residues were found in tadpoles exposed to
the higher levels (0.1 and 1.0 ppm), but none of the tadpoles died. Those ex-
posed to 1 ppm behaved abnormally, and 10 of 30 tadpoles developed upcurved
tails after 192 hours of treatment. Results indicate that p,p'-DDCN has a
relatively low short-term toxicity to frog tadpoles.
-692-
-------
17-0003
ACRYLONITRILE
(Production)
Prescott, James H.
OIL GIANTS GEAR UP PETROCHEMICALS CAPACITY
Chera. Eng. 82_ (7): 56-8 (March 31, 1975)
As earnings from refined oil products continue to shrink, oil companies are
expanding into the petrochemical area. A table showing selected petrochemical
activities and petrochemical position of seven major petroleum companies gives
1974 and 1978 capacity and market share for intermediates, plastic resins, and
basic petrochemicals. Among the chemicals listed are acrylonitrile, toluene
diisocyanate, vinyl chloride, and polyvinyl chloride.
-693-
-------
17-0004
ARSENIC
Anon
INDUSTRYS PROBLEMS WITH CANCER AIRED
Chem. Eng. .53 (13): 4 (March 31, 1975)
Information from new studies of such known carcinogens as arsenic, aromatic
amines, asbestos, benzidine and vinyl chloride were presented at a recent
conference on occupational carcinogenesis, sponsored by the New York Academy
of Sciences, where attendees heard that the hazards of the work place are
spreading to families of the workers into the general population.
Some 35% of the families of 354 asbestos workers have shown lung abnormalities.
In addition to an earlier DuPont report, the Soviets have reported skin and
lung cancer from chloroprene and its derivatives in some workers, and Norway
will conduct an epidemiological study of workers exposed to that chemical. A
DuPont/NIOSH study will be undertaken and the National Cancer Institute's
carcinogen bioassay program will include chloroprene.
Also reported: 1) high incidence of spontaneous abortions and birth defects
in children of nurse anesthesiologists, constantly exposed to low amounts of
volatile chemicals, including halogenated hydrocarbons; 2) a Japanese report:
of three lung cancers plus a maxillary malignant lymphoma in 147 benzyl chloride
workers; and 3) NIOSH confirmation of the spontaneous formation of bis-chloro-
methyl ether from the reaction of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid in some
textile plants.
-694-
-------
*17-0005
ASBESTOS
Anon
RESERVE WINS DELAY
Chem. Week 116 (13): 14 (March 26, 1975)
Reserve Mining will continue operations but is now under court order to stop
its discharges into Lake Superior and take "reasonable immediate steps" to
reduce air emissions. The last, according to one observer, because the
judges apparently found evidence indicating that inhalation of asbestos leads
to cancer. Reserve's applications for construction of an on-land disposal
system at Milepost 7 have still not been permitted by the state of Minnesota.
ASBESTOS
See: 17-0004, Arsenic
-695-
-------
BENZIDINE
See: 17-0004, Arsenic
-696-
-------
17-0006
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Ruzo, Luis Octavio and Zabik, Mathew J.
POLYHALOGENATED BIPHENYLS: PHOTOLYSIS OF HEXABROMO AND HEXACHLOROBIPHENYLS
IN METHANOL SOLUTION
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13. (2): 181-2 (Feb. 1975)
Because of a recent report of the harmful effect of a hexabromobiphenyl fire
retardant (Fireraaster BP-6) on dairy cows, accidentally given the retardant in
contaminated feed, the photoreactivity of Firemaster BP-6 was compared with that
of 2,2' ,4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. When photolyzed in methanol, both com-
pounds underwent reductive dehalogenation and ring methoxylation. The brominated
biphenyl, however, was about seven times more reactive than the chlorinated com-
pound .
17-0007
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Anon
RETARDANT UNDER FIRE
Chem. Week 116 (13): 16 (March 26, 1975)
Better than 90% of Michigan's population may have ingested polybrominated
biphenyl (PBB), a fire retardant, that was accidentally mixed with animal
feed, according to autopsy results.
Five percent of about 100 pregnant mice and rats fed PBB bore offspring
with cleft palates and exposed brains. Another study is underway to deter-
mine the effects of PBB on rat pregnancy. The Michigan Public Health Dept.
will publish on May 1 a report on blood tests and physical examinations of
over 300 people; up to 1.8 ppm pf PBB has been found in the blood tests.
The FDA, although not involved in the Michigan incident, has established
permissible levels of PBB concentration of 0.3 ppm in meat and milk and
0.05 ppm in eggs. According to the FDA, PBB may be carcinogenic, it does
accumulate within the body, and it is more toxic than the PCB's, which can
cause liver damage.
One physician reported liver damage in 15 patients known to have eaten PBB-
contaminated foods. Other studies to determine PBB's potential for liver
damage are underway.
-697-
-------
17-0008
ETHYLENEIMINE
Anon
THE SUPREME COURT. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53. (12): 9 (March 24, 1975)
The Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association's appeal for elimination
of the occupational standards for ethyleneimine was denied by the Supreme Court.
-698-
-------
17-0009
FLAME RETAKDANTS
Anon
SIX-MONTH NEWS INDEX: FLAMMABILITY
Text. Chem. Color. ]_ W- 47 (1975)
This special six-month cumulative index to information published from August 1974
through January 1975 on flammability and fire retardants is available from Merkel
Enterprises, Charlottesville, VA, for $5 per single copy.
17-0010
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
FIRE RETARDANT FOR POLYESTER
Text. Chem. Color. 7_ (4): 47 (1975)
Pyrosan 497, a new durable flame retardant for polyester and acetate fabrics
offered by Laurel Products Corporation, insures treated fabrics that will meet
federal standard specifications for the flammability of children's sleepwear,
DOC FF3-71. A product information sheet includes application methods.
-699-
-------
17-0011
FLAME KETARDANTS
Calamari, T.A., Jr. et al
A STABLIZED THPOH SOLUTION WITH LOW FORMALDEHYDE RELEASE
Text. Chem. Color. 7. (4): 65/27-67/29 (1975)
After developing THPOH-NH3, an effective flame retardant finish for lightweight
goods, Southern Regional Research Center discovered that conventional THPOH solu-
tions tended to release formaldehyde and required excessive ammonia gas during
curing. The conventional THPOH solution contained tetrakis (hydroxy methyl)
phosphonium chloride (Thpc) and aqueous sodium hydroxide. Modification of the.
pad bath by substituting sodium sulfite for sodium hydroxide was a way to reduce
the amount of formaldehyde released. Liquid ammonia or nonaqueous solutions of
ammonia substituted for gaseous ammonia helped to reduce the amount of free
ammonia in the work area during curing.
17-0012
FLAME RETARDANTS
(Market)
Anon
MARKET STUDY ON FLAME RETARDANTS PREDICTS SALES OF $570 MILLION
Text. Chem. Color. _7 (4): 10,12 (1975)
New 162-page report, "Fire Retardant Chemicals," from Frost & Sullivan, Inc.,
predicts a market of $570 million for fire retardant compounds by 1983.
The seven major end-use markets (construction, electrical equipment, carpets
and rugs, apparel, home furnishings, transportation, and nonwovens) should
consume 750 million pounds of fire retardant chemicals by 1978, an increase
of 300 million pounds over 1973. Fire retardant treatment may reach 100% in
some apparel markets by 1983, and from 50-85% in home furnishings and bedding.
-700-
-------
FLAME RETARDANTS
See: 17-0007, Brominated Biphenyls
-701-
-------
*17-0013
FLUOROCARBONS
Speizer, Frank E. et al
PALPITATION RATES ASSOCIATED WITH FLUOROCARBON EXPOSURE IN A HOSPITAL SETTING
New. Eng. J. Med. 292 (12): 624-26 (March 20, 1975)
Interviews indicate that all second- and third-year pathology residents in a
Boston hospital had experienced palpitations, some serious enough to prompt
four residents to have electrocardiograms.
Hospital workers using fluorocarbons in their work, and other workers, are
advised to seek substitute materials and seek suitable ventilation.
*17-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
SCIENCE
Chem. Eng. 53^ (13): 14 (March 31, 1975)
NASA, NSF, EPA, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration will
finance a National Research Council panel to study the potential effects on the
stratosphere of chlorofluorocarbons and other pollutants.
-702-
-------
*17-0015
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
PLAZE, INC: BALANCING THE SCALES. . .
Aerosol Age 20_ (3): 12-3 (March 1975)
John H. Ferring, president of Plaze Inc., is running ads to urge the public
to panic on the "ozone" theory but to wait for the facts. One suggested
substitute for Propellant 12/11 is isobutane, but it is flammable.
-703-
-------
17-0016
HALOETHERS
Anon
ANESTHETIC CHALLENGED
Chem. Week 116 (14): 21 (April 2, 1975)
Six-month-old mice, who had been exposed to 0.1% isoflurane on alternate days
for 25 two-hour exposures, had double or triple the number of lung cancers found
in controls. Three months later, the treated mice had three to five times as
many lung cancers. Other findings were three liver tumors and a uterine malignancy.
Treated mice were offsprings of mice exposed to varying concentrations of iso-
flurane, an alpha-chloroether anesthetic developed by Ohio Medical Products. The
company is awaiting FDA approval to use isoflurane.
-704-
-------
17-0017
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Fields, Ellis K.
HEXACHLOROBENZENE (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. News 5J3 (12): 5 (March 24, 1975)
Responding to a recent report on the wide distribution in the oceans of hexachloro-
.benzene (See: CATS 14-0017), the writer refers to his co-authored study of mass
spectral, thermal, and photochemical reactions of hexachlorobenzene [preprint,
ACS Div. Petroleum Chem. (Vol. 18, No. 1, p. 148)]. Among other results, he
found the compound to be stable thermally but highly reactive photochemically,
and suggests that hexachlorobenzene may disappear from the oceans by the action
of sunlight, providing that contamination does not continue on a broad scale.
17-0018
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Mehendale, Harihara M. et al
METABOLISM AND EFFECTS OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE ON HEPATIC MICROSOMAL ENZYMES
IN THE RAT
J. Agr. Food Chem. 23^ (2): 261-5 (March-April 1975)
Rats,, who had been given a single oral dose (5 mg/kg) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
retained most of the dose in major body organs and tissues, excreting less than
1% in the urine and about 16% in the feces, seven days later. Three known and
four unknown metabolites of HCB were detected in the urine. Although urinary
coproporphyrin levels increased, there was no significant evidence of porphyria.
Earlier studieis indicate that HCB has a low acute toxicity to mammals, but causes
skin rashes arid extreme sensitivity to sunlight. Some evidence points to ecolo-
gical magnification of residues of HCB, with residues reported in birds, beef
cattle, humans and rabbits.
-705-
-------
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
See also: 17-0034, Vinyl Chloride
-706-
-------
*17-0019
HYDRAZINE
(Uses)
Anon
HYDRAZINE FOR BOILER PROTECTION
Anti-Corros. Methods Mater. 2_1 (12): 4,5,17 (Dec. 1974)
Brief discussion of the use and control of hydrazine as a method of protection
against corrosion in boilers.
-707-
-------
ISOCYANATES
See: 17-0006, Acrylonitrile
-708-
-------
17-0020
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
PROBING ENERGY'S FEEDSTOCK ROLE
Chem. Week 116 (13): 44 (March 26, 1975)
Economics work against the probability of liquefaction and gasification of
coal as a low-cost source of feedstocks for many years ahead.
17-0021
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Reynolds, W.W. and Klein, H.S.
PETROCHEMICALS AND ENERGY IN PERSPECTIVE
Chem. Eng. Progr. TL (3): 9-16 (March 1975)
An energy "budget", developed to assess availability of petrochemical feedstocks
through 1990, balances future energy demand against predicted supply. The anti-
cipated 5 to 7%/year growth rate for petrochemicals can be met without much depen-
dence on coal gasification and liquefaction, but some gasification plants may be
built to satisfy local imbalances. Costs of synthesizing chemicals from coal are
compared with those of petroleum and natural gas processes, using as examples
vinyl chloride from acetylene and synthesis gas chemistry.
-709-
-------
17-0022
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
AROMATICS SUPPLY OUTLOOK IS GOOD
Chem. Eng. 53. (13): 10 (March 31, 1975)
Supply of aromatics now is high and they should remain available in late 1970's
and early 1980's. Availability of benzene during next 10 years should increase
by 80%. Coal may prove a big source of aromatics, but not much by 1985. Coal-
derived benzene may increase from about 100 million gal. (coke oven light oil)
in 1974 to about 350 million gal.from all coal sources, including gasification,
in 1985.
17-0023
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
NEW PROCESSES EYED FOR ETHYLENE GLYCOL
Chem. Eng. 53. (13): 10-11 (Mar. 31, 1975)
Synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) from coal gasification by 1980
may prove a more economical and attractive route to manufacture of ethylene
glycol than acetoxylation. The latter is now on the threshold of actual use.
Cost comparisons are given.
-710-
-------
17-0024
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
BILLION-DOLLAR COAL GAS PROJECT PLANNED BY ANGS
Chem. Week 116 (14): 13 (April 2, 1975)
American Natural Gas System wants the Federal Power Commission to move up on
permit procedures so that its planned $780-millibn, 91-billion-cu ft/yr coal
gasification plant near Beulah, ND, and its associated $125-million lignite mine
can be in operation by 1981.
17-0025
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Sternberg, Heinz W. et al
ACID-BASE STRUCTURE OF COAL-DERIVED ASPHALTENES
Science 188 (4183): 49-51 (April 4, 1975)
Asphaltenes, key intermediates in bituminous coal liquefaction, have an acid-base
structure. The acidic and basic components have been separated and their essen-
tial features are described. Only the acidic components contain all of the exchange-
able protons present. This finding suggests that coal may also have an acid-base
structure.
-711-
-------
17-0026
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Metcalf, Robert L. et al
MODEL ECOSYSTEM STUDIES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF SIX ORGANOCHLORINE
PESTICIDES
Environ, Health Perspect. (4): 35-44.(June 1973)
Despite more than 20 years of intensive
use there are major uncertainties about the
environmental distribution and degradative
fate of the various organochlorine pesticides
in food web organisms. The problem is both
controversial and momentous, as 88,641,000
pounds of cyclodiencs and toxapheno and
59,316,000 pounds of DDT were produced in
the United States in 1970 (1). The laboratory
model ecosystem devised in this laboratory
(2) has been used to estimate the comparative
environmental properties of DDT.'mothoxy-
chlor, and other DDT analogs (3-5). These
investigations have demonstrated environ-
mental degradative pathways and have pro-
vided quantitative data on ecological magnifi-
cation and biodegradability index (6). This
paper presents data on six additional organo-
chlorine pesticides which should be of value
in judging their overall effects on environ-
mental quality. Furthermore, the data provide
a realistic background of the environmental
toxicology of standard substances against
which screening data for new candidate
pesticides can be weighed.
17-0027
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Yu, Ching-Chieh et al
FATE OF PYRAZON IN A MODEL ECOSYSTEM
J. Agr. Food Chem. £3 (2): 309 (March-April 1975)
The concentration, metabolites, and degradation products of pyrazon were deter-
mined in algae, clam, crab and several other organisms in a model ecosystem.
The highest concentration of combined parent compound and metabolites (0.6 ppm)
were detected in the crab; the lowest (0.06 ppm) in fish. Apparently, pyrazon
was degraded slowly in water. Its degradation products do not appear to be mag-
nified in the food chain.
-712-
-------
17-0028
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Davis, Richard C.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS: WASHER-DETERGENT-TEXTILE INTERACTIONS
Hydrocarbon Process. _3» 90-2 (March 1975)
In one of seven papers reviewing the 1975 status of synthetic detergents
(pp. 71-92 of this issue), the author claims that by 1980 our mostly
synthetic fiber clothing will be washed with a totally biodegradable
and organic nonionic liquid detergent in 40°C water. The ultimate solution
to a proper sequestrant may be an ion exchange softener. Several have been
tried without success, including nitrilotriacetate (NTA), a petrochemical
product that seemed promising until its limited use was stopped by the U.S.
Attorney General.
-713-
-------
17-0029
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
HAAS, J.M. et al
ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDE TO DYE CARRIER SELECTION
Amer. Dyest. Rep. 64_ (3): 34,36,49 (March 1975)
Data on biodegradation, fish toxicity, vapor pressure, and other physical proper-
ties were determined for four classes of dye carriers (biphenyl compounds, coal
tar base alkyl naphthalenes, oxygenated compounds, and chlorinated hydrocarbons,
including perchloroethylene).
-714-
-------
*17-0030
PHTHALATES
Belisle, Andre A. et al
ANALYSIS OF TISSUES OF MALLARD DUCKS FED TWO PHTHALATE ESTERS
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13_ (2): 129-32 (Feb. 1975)
An analytical technique developed to determine dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl-
hexyl. phthalate (DEHP) in animal tissue was used to analyze tissues of mallard
ducks fed diets containing 10 ppm of DBP or DEHP. Analysis of the tissues at the
end of 5 months showed no DBP to be present and only ^0.15 ppm of DEHP in the
lung and breast muscles.
-715-
-------
17-0031
POLYUSETHANES
(Market)
Anon
URETHANE '75
Chem. Week 116 (13): 25-36 (March 26, 1975)
Review of 1974 and outlook for 1975 markets, showing principal market areas,
growth-shaping factors, etc.
17-0032
POLYURETHANES
(Uses)
Anon
A CAST-POLYURETHANE TIRE BOASTING. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (7): 50 (March 31, 1975)
Polyair of Austria wants to license its method for making a low-cost cast-poly-
urethane tire which is said to have good road properties and long service life.
The Soviet Union has already signed a license agreement.
-716-
-------
17-0033
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
PLASTICS — RAW MATERIALS TO END MARKET. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (7): 12 (March 31, 1975)
Paperback copies of the proceedings of two symposia held in April 1974, entitled
"Plastics-Raw Materials to End Markets and Coatings-New Technology and Markets»"
are available at $9.95 from the Chemical Marketing and Economics Division, ACS,
P. 0. Box 170, Brooklyn, NY, 11209. Includes market reviews and forecasts for
PVC, polystyrene, polyesters, and resins.
17-0034
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
MINIMIZING DEAD-END WASTES
Chem. Eng. J32 (7): 60-2 (March 31, 1975)
At a recent Washington conference, representatives from government and the
chemical process industries offered ideas on using the sludges resulting from
chemical and pollution-abatement processes.
-717-
-------
17-0035
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
WHAT KIND OF TESTS?
Chem. Week 116 (14): 19 (April 2, 1975)
Methods of testing commercial chemicals was a big question at recent
Conference on Occupational Carcinogenesis, sponsored by New York Academy
of Sciences, NYC. Following the incidence of reported cancers among
workers at the neighboring B.F. Goodrich polyvinyl chloride unit, DuPont
undertook a health study of workers, including retirees, in its own
neoprene plant, discovering in the process that the Soviets had reported
cancer among employees of neoprene and chloroprene plants. Benzoyl (benzyl?)
chloride, cadmium, and various rubber and chemical products used in tire
manufacturing are also carcinogenic "suspects".
Microorganisms are suggested as useful in singling out chemicals that
should have top priority in more definitive testing for carcinogenicity,
and there are resources available for mutagenic screening via animal tests,
with mutagenicity serving as an indicator of carcinogenicity.
17-0036
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
NEW VCM INGESTION STUDIES IN ITALY BEGUN AT A LOWER RATE
Chem. Week 116 (14): 36 (April 2, 1975)
Reporting that the earlier levels of VCM fed to rats were too high, Cesare Maltoni
plans new studies to determine if ingested VCM is carcinogenic. New levels will
be 1, 0.3, and 0.03 mg/kg of the animal's body weight.
-718-
-------
17-0037
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
RESPIRATOR CHANGE IN VINYL CHLORIDE REGS
Hydrocarbon Process. 3: 17 (March 1975)
Omitted from OSHA's permanent job-health rule of October 1974 were certain air
respirators required to protect workers from potentially carcinogenic VC. The
amended regulations now include the Type C supplied air respirator for use in
areas containing no more than 1000 ppm VC.
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 17-0004, Arsenic
See: 17-0003, Acrylonitrile
See: 17-0021, Liquefaction and Gasification of Coal
-719-
-------
17-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CONTROLLED DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC VAPORS. . .
Chem. Week 116 (13): 49-50 (March 26, 1975)
A microwave technique for the controlled destruction of toxic vapors and liquids,
described by L. J. Bailin, et al (Environmental Science and Technology, March 1975),
looks promising for large-scale decomposition of waste insecticides and hard-to-
dispose hazardous wastes.
17-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Wellings, F.M. et al
PATHOGENIC VIRUSES MAY THWART LAND DISPOSAL
Water & Waste Eng. 12. (3): 70,72-4 (1975)
Because of complex test procedures little research has been done on the
possibly hazardous build-up of pathogens in soil and groundwater. The
potential of viruses to cause disease in man indicates that secondary
wastewater spray irrigation must be recognized as a hazard.
-720-
-------
17-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
RAT POISON DOES DEED IN ONLY ONE FEEDING
Chem. Eng. 53_ (12): 8 (March 24, 1975)
A new Vacor rodenticide from Rohm & Haas, so toxic that it will kill rats
in one feeding,, will be on sale as of April 1. Its chemical name is
N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea.
17-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
HAIR DYES UNSAFE?
Chem. Week 116 (13): 38 (March 26, 1975)
Hair colorants have shown some mutagenic effects on bacteria and may be "suspect"
carcinogens. Among chemicals tested: 2,4-diaminoanisole, m-phenylenediamine,
2-nitro-p-phenylene diamine, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. FDA has not re-
versed its decision that hair dyes are safe.
-721-
-------
17-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
FDA IS BACKING DOWN ON CYCLAMATES
Chem. Eng. 5J3 (12): 9 (March 24, 1975)
FDA has canceled its request for additional animal studies with cyclamates; wants
NCI panel to review available information on carcinogenic potential of the sweetener.
17-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CAHNGE URGED IN EPA REGULATORY PROCESS
Chem. Eng. 53 (12): 18 (March 24, 1975)
NAS steering committee study may result in EPA's becoming a model to show
how the government's regulatory process should work. NAS has a $5 million
contract from EPA to study the entire regulatory process.
-722-
-------
17-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
FDA ON RED No. 2
Happi 12 (3): 8 (March 1975)
An ad hoc committee has recommended that FDA put a 2 mg/kg/person/day or 150 rag/
person/day limit on FD&C No. 2, even though the color is deemed safe. Lack of
information on its metabolic rate is the reason given for the proposed limit.
17-0045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Fries,, George F. and Marrow, George S.
RETENTION AND EXCRETION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN BY RATS
J. Agr. Food Chetn. 23_ (2): 265-9 (March-April 1975)
Interest in the; potential health hazards of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins has
centered on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a compound with a very
low single-dose oral LD5Q, after it appeared as a trace contaminant in the her-
bicide 2,4,5-T. In this study, rats were fed diets containing 7 or 20 ppb of
TCDD for 42 days and then were fed TCDD-free diets for another 28 days. Male
rats on the 20 ppb diet ingested TCDD at a level three times higher than the
LDso dose, but all survived until sacrificed. At the 20 ppb level, male and
female rats ate less feed; at the 7 ppb level, males ate less for the first 14
days. Shortly after the TCDD diets were stopped, feed consumption improved.
The 7 ppb diet caused a greater increase in liver weight than did the 20 ppb
diet. Males retained 85% of TCDD in the liver; females, 70%. Whole body (including
liver) retention was proportional to total intake. Retention, estimated at
steady state, was 10 to 11 times the daily intake. When feeding of TCDD stopped,
total body elimination of TCDD, expressed in halve-lives, was 12 days for males
and 15 days for females.
-723-
-------
17-0046
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
TIGHTER RESTRICTIONS. . .
Chem. Week 116 (13): 10 (March 26, 1975)
EPA's concern about the potential health hazards of sulfates from catalytic con-
verters on automobiles has caused Senator Muskie and others in Congress to question
sulfate emissions from power plants and other sources. Congress may now not be
too willing to approve any delay of the time limits for smelters, sulfuric acid
plants, and related industries to install controls or for EPA to enforce emissions
regulations. »
17-0047
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
REGULATIONS GOVERNING. . .
Chem. Week 116 (13): 10 (March 26, 1975)
Although three judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals, Washington, DC, recently
ruled on a 2-1 vote that EPA had not offered enough proof that lead in gasoline
was a health hazard, all nine judges will review the case later. Thus, EPA has
another chance to push for regulations to reduce the lead content of gasoline.
-724-
-------
17-0048
GENERAL INFORMATION
Faggan, Joseph E.
OCTANE IMPROVER (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. £2 (7): 5 (March 31, 1975)
Refuting claim that MMT, suggested as a lead-free antiknock substitute for TEL,
may be a potential health hazard (See: CATS 8-0047), the author claims that
manganese is a trace element essential for humans and that large-scale use of
MMT would only add 0.75 yg/day to man's total intake of about 2400 yg from
food, 5 yg from water and 2 yg from air.
In response, the editor claims that unlike manganese, MMT and its combustion
products are not essential to life. Inhalation of a chemical causes effects
different from those of swallowing the same chemical. So, on an air basis, man
might increase his manganese intake by about 40%, if MMT were used on a large-
scale.
17-0049
GENERAL INFORMATION
Willums, Jan-Olaf
NEW CONCEPTS IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
Chem. Eng. 82^ (7): 12 (March 31, 1975)
Published by Halstead Press, div. of Wiley, NYC, at $11.95, this paperback book
covers the effects of air pollution on climate, vegetation, priceless art, and
traffic safety; transport and removal of air pollutants; photochemical factors;
international legal and socio-economic considerations; and techniques of pollu-
tant monitoring and analysis.
-725-
-------
17-0050
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
A DECISION. . .
Chem. Eng. 53 (13): 7 (March 31, 1975)
EPA will soon decide if the Air Force can incinerate 2.5 million gallons of
Herbicide Orange weed killer (a 50/50 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D) in the
mid-Pacific area. If the Air Force decides on chemical reprocessing of the
weed killer to achieve a marketable pesticide or industrial chemical, EPA
approval would also be necessary.
17-0051
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
A NEW STUDY OF EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS. . .
Chem. Eng. 53_ (13): 14 (March 31, 1975)
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Savannah, Ga., has an API contract to study
the effects of oil spills on marine life. Skidaway will x-ray thin samples of
sediment from the site of a 1969 oil spill in Buzzards Bay, Mass., and then
study relief casts of the samples.
-726-
-------
17-0052
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYMPOSIUM
Environ. Rept. 5 (22): 175 (March 18, 1975)
EPA, WHO, and the University of Nevada are co-sponsoring an International
Symposium on Environmental Monitoring in Las Vegas on 14-19 September, empha-
sizing health-related contaminants and environmental quality assessment tech-
niques. Pesticides, particulates, heavy metals and other toxic materials will
be discussed.
17-0053
GENERAL INFORMATION
(New Product)
Anon
AN ELASTOMER FOR ALL SEASONS
Chem. Week 116 (14): 33 (April 2, 1975)
Phosphazene rubber, a new inorganic elastomer flexible over wide temperature
range, now announced by Firestone, is seen as the commercial forerunner for
other polyphosphazenes. The new product, a phosphonitrilic fluoroelastoraer,
can operate safely in a fire environment, and may eventually replace urethane
foam in traditional uses.
-727-
-------
17-0054
GENERAL INFORMATION
Pell, K.M. and Gaudy, A.F., Jr,
A RATIONAL APPROACH FOR PREDICTING THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE IN RECEIVING WATERS
Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17_ (1): 69-84 (1975)
The described method for predicting the dissolved oxygen (DO) profile in a stream
receiving biodegradable waste proved to be fairly accurate. The open jug tech-
nique was used to obtain the BOD curve, which was used in numerical integration
with the physical reaeration data for the receiving stream to predict the DO
profile.
17-0055
GENERAL INFORMATION
Beattie, A.D. et al
ROLE OF CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL LEAD EXPOSURE IN THE AETIOLOGY OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Lancet 1 (7907): 589-92 (March 15, 1975)
Water-lead content was significantly higher in homes (in Glasgow, Scotland) of
77 mentally retarded children aged two to six years than in the homes of controls.
More retarded children came from homes where the lead concentrations in water were
higher than 800 yg/liter. The retarded children had higher blood-lead levels.
Thus, lead contamination of water may be a factor in mental retardation and
efforts to reduce the lead content of drinking-water are urged.
-728-
-------
17-0056
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
ROTTEN NEWS FOR APPLE EXPORTERS
Science News 107. (13): 210 (March 29, 1975)
Canadian Dept. of Agriculture researchers report that apple tissues retained
bromide residues, when the apples were treated with ethylene dibromide, an
effective fumigant for European red mites. Both inorganic and organic bromide
residues were reported two weeks after fumigation. In humans high concentrations
of organic bromide compounds are known to cause tissue mutations.
17-0057
GENERAL INFORMATION
Northup, Harold J. and Turner, William F.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN TEXTILE FINISHING
Text. Chem. Color. 7. (4): 22/60-26/64 (1975)
Air pollution problems associated with textile finishing are reviewed briefly and
methods of abatement are discussed. These include various control devices or
changes in the processes used. Ways of predicting the concentration of pollutants
in stack emissions for a proposed finishing process are presented.
-729-
-------
17-0058
GENERAL INFORMATION
Piper, D.Z. and Codispoti, L,A.
MARINE PHOSPHORITE DEPOSITS AND THE NITROGEN CYCLE
Science 188 (4183): 15-18 (Apr. 4, 1975)
Attempt to demonstrate a possible relationship between phosphorite deposition
and an increase in marine denitrification indicates correlations that suggest
additional research needed to study effects of possible changes in the rate
of denitrification within ancient oceans on the extinctions of marine organisms,
variations in the overall level of biological activity, and other factors.
17-0059
GENERAL INFORMATION
Blumer, M. and Youngblood, W.W.
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOILS AND RECENT SEDIMENTS
Science 188 (4183): 53-5 (April 4, 1975)
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in soils and young marine
sediments contain complex PAH assemblages. In addition to such previously
determined carcinogens as benzo[a]pyrene and benzfa]anthracene, the sediments
contain dibenzothiophene, methylchrysenes and other carcinogens. It is
suggested that the environmental toxicology of the sedimentary PAH fraction
be examined. Apparently, the hydrocarbons are formed in natural fires,
dispersed and mixed by air transport, and are then deposited into surface
sediments.
-730-
-------
17-0060
GENERAL INFORMATION
Snipes, Wallace et al
BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE INACTIVATES LIPID-CONTAINING VIRUSES
Science 188 (4183): 64-6 (April 4, 1975)
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), an antioxidant widely used as a food preservative,
is reported now as an effective inactivator of lipid-containing mammalian and
bacterial viruses. Among other things, previous studies indicate that BHT reduces
chemical carcinogenesis and, in some cases, retards aging in mice.
-731-
-------
18-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
WOODFIBRES CAN BE EASILY MODIFIED. . .
Can. Chem. Proc. 5£ (3): 6,8 (1975)
Wood fibers can be easily modified with acrylonitrile to form a copolymer that
soaks up to 30 times its own weight, according to the Pulp and Paper Research
Institute of Canada. The grafting of acrylonitrile onto cellulose molecules
takes place at room temperature in 15 minutes or less. The three main steps
of the process are described briefly. Possible uses for the nitrile pulp:
adsorbent material in diapers, surgical dressings, etc. As a gel, the new
copolymer may be a good thickening agent for cosmetics and oil-well drilling
muds, if some problems of viscosity stability can be worked out.
18-0002
ACRYLONITRILE
Collins, George L. and Thomas, Norman W.
INFLUENCE OF CATION ON THE ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE
J. Polymer Sci. (Polym. Letters Ed.) 1J (2): 73-8 (1975)
The cathodic reduction of acrylonitrile has long interested electroorganic
chemists. This paper adds information on the counter-ion influence on the
electropolymerization of acrylonitrile by examining the differences between
the effects of tetraalkylammonium salts and tetraarylphosphonium salts on
the formation of polyacrylonitrile at the metal cathode of an undivided
electrochemical cell.
-732-
-------
18-0003
ARSENIC
Hultman, Carl A. and Rosenblatt, Gerd M.
VAPORIZATION OF SOLIDS: EVIDENCE FOR A ZIPPER MECHANISM IN THE RETARDED
VAPORIZATION OF ARSENIC
Science 188 (4184) 145-7 (Apr. 11, 1975)
A "zipper," or unraveling, mechanism is presented to show how the evaporation of
elemental arsenic occurs. Evidently, the rate of evaporation is determined by
kink initiation, occurring at emergent screw locations. The kink advances, as
a slider on a zipper, along the ledge releasing As^ molecules as it advances.
18-0004
ARSENIC
Whitnack, Gerald C.
SINGLE-SWEEP POLAROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES USEFUL IN MICROPOLLUTION STUDIES OF
GROUND AND SURFACE WATERS
Anal. Chem. 47^ (4): 618-21 (1975)
Single-sweep polarographic techniques, developed at the Naval Weapons Center,
China Lake, California, has successfully detected and analyzed inorganic and
organic micropollutants in ground and surface waters. Possible methods of
analysis are described for the soluble ionic species of chromium, arsenic,
and iodine, and for traces of explosives and plasticizers (e.g., TNT, diethyl
phthate, dibutyl sebacate) in water.
-733-
-------
18-0005
ARSENIC
Anon
FINNISH OIL FIRM. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (8): 33 (Apr. 14, 1975)
Neste Oy, Finland, planned to dump 7 tons of arsenic wastes from its refinery
into the Atlantic off western Africa, but the operation was halted when Brazil,
Argentina, Nigeria, and the Ivory Coast lodged a formal protest with the Inter-
national Maritime Conference. Apparently, the waste material will go back to
Finland.
18-0006
ARSENIC
Anon
INORGANIC ARSENIC STANDARDS CRITICIZED
Chem. Eng. News ,53 (15): 5 (Apr. 14, 1975)
NIOSH claims that proposed federal standards for worker exposure to inorganic
arsenic are too lenient to prevent cancer development in workers. NIOSH now
suggests lowering exposure limits to 0.002 mg/cu m of air over any 15-minute
period instead of the 0.05 mg/cu m now in effect. About 1.5 million workers
believed to be exposed to inorganic arsenic, primarily in plants producing
arsenic compounds for herbicides, pesticides, non-ferrous alloys, wood
preservatives, and in glass manufacturing and smelting plants.
-734-
-------
*18-0007
ASBESTOS
Gross, Paul et al
INGESTED MINERAL FIBERS. DO THEY PENETRATE TISSUE OR CAUSE CANCER?
Arch. Environ. Health 23_ (6): 341-7 (Dec. 1974)
In several different studies, rats were fed butter and other foodstuffs containing
asbestos fibers (chrysotile, amosite, etc.). Even in long-term experiments, there
was no evidence that the fibers had penetrated into the rat tissues. Similarly,
coal miners, known to swallow about 100 times the dust stored in their lungs,
have riot been found to have fibers in their intestinal walls or mesenteric lymph
nodes
-735-
-------
18-0008
FLAME RETAKDANTS
Anon
NOW IT'S COMPULSORY
Chem. Week 116^ (16): 14 (Apr. 16, 1975)
Flame-retardant chemicals, household aerosols, dishwasher detergents and other
product categories are among those for which the Consumer Product Safety
Commission is demanding formulas. Because industry did not answer a voluntary
call for formulas of 21,000 consumer products, the CPSC will order companies to
divulge the formulas by May 15 so that the "potential or real hazard" of product
ingredients may be assessed.
-736-
-------
*18-0009
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
OZONE AEROSOL BILLS INTRODUCED TO CONGRESS
Soap Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 51^ (3): 22 (1975)
Congressman Paul G. Rogers has introduced a bill, identified as the "Ozone
Protection Act of 1975," aimed at determining the effects on public health
and environment of discharging fluorocarbons into the atmosphere and
determining ways of recovering and recycling chlorofluoromethane from
consumer products.
A bill introduced by Congressman Les Aspin would set a quantitative limit on
the production or import of chlorofluoromethanes.
Meanwhile, industry has established a Council on Atmospheric Science (COAS),
as a counterpart to the Federal Interagency Task Force on Inadvertent Modif-
ication of the Stratosphere (IMOS), to coordinate industry's factors affected
by the ozone/fluorocarbon issue.
*18-0010
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
RESEARCHERS MEET TO HELP CLEAR THE AIR
Chem. Week 116 (16): 32 (Apr. 16, 1975)
Environment, energy and raw materials were topics at Am. Chemical Society
Meeting in Philadelphia. Researchers disagreed on the potential dangers to the
protective stratospheric ozone from chlorinated fluorocarbons, with one suggesting
that no laws be passed until after a three-year period.
Spraying diethylhydroxylamine into the atmosphere could be a way to fight photo-
chemical smog by providing a more effective and less harmful means of reducing
auto pollution than catalytic converters, according to J. Heicklen of Penn State
Univ. Toxicological studies indicate diethylhydroxylamine to be safe in atmospher-
ic concentrations as high as 100 ppm.
A new potential danger, pointed out by Heicklen, is that from the use in the
drycleaning industry of chlorinated ethylenes, which may break down to phosgene
and other harmful chemicals in the air.
-737-
-------
*18-0011
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
SATELLITE WILL MONITOR CHLORINE BUILDUP IN STRATOSPHERE
Chem. Week 116^ (15): 31 (Apr. 9, 1975)
An earth satellite launched in 1972 will monitor chlorine buildup in the strato-
sphere to provide data for determining the ozone depleting effect of chlorine.
Also, in its report, "Environmental Impact of Stratospheric Flight," the NAS
urges international agreements for controlling flights of sub- and supersonic
aircraft. Ozone depletion, plus surface temperature and rainfall changes, might
result from combinations of sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions from craft using
high-sulfur fuel.
*18-0012
FLUOROCARBONS
Hammond, Allen L.
OZONE DESTRUCTION: PROBLEM'S SCOPE GROWS, ITS URGENCY RECEDES
Science 187 (4182): 1181-3 (Mar. 28. 1975)
Although predictions of the ozone destruction to be anticipated from a given
concentration of pollutants are being revised downward on the basis of new
laboratory measurements, other studies indicate that the amount of halomethanes
in the atmosphere seems to be increasing. Methyl chloride (CH^Cl) and carbon
tetrachloride (CCl^) are reported in the atmosphere and they may be contributing
free chlorine to the stratosphere in addition to that formed from various
fluorocarbons. In addition, some studies are now underway on the presence of
free bromine in the stratosphere, probably from methyl bromide. The lack of
any demonstrated hazard from bromine does not preclude the need for determining
more carefully how, and in what form, bromine and chlorine are used in human
activities.
-738-
-------
*18-0013
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
EVIDENCE OF DANGER. . .
Chem. Eng. News ,53 (15): 7 (Apr. 14, 1975)
From an 18-month study, the Consumer Product Safety Commission did not find
enough evidence of danger from aerosol sprays containing chlorofluorocarbon
propellants to justify warning the consuming public to stop using them.
*18-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
Burton, J.L. et al
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND FEMORAL FRACTURES (Letter to Ed.)
Lancet 1 (7910): 795-6 (Apr. 5, 1975)
Another potential effect of the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere by freon
from aerosols is the possibility of a decrease in the production of chole-
calciferol by the skin. A decrease in the order of 20% might constitute a
significant hazard to the elderly in terms of increased morbidity and mortality
due to fractures of the femoral neck.
-739-
-------
*18-0015
FLUOROCARBONS
Jaeger, Rudolph J. et al
SHORT-TERM INHALATION TOXICITY OF HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
Arch. Environ. Health 30_ (1): 26-31 (1975)
Rats inhaled various concentrations of carbon tetrachloride, 2-chlorobutadiene
(CBD), 1,1-dibromoethylene (DBE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VCM),
and 1,1-difluoroethylene (DFE) for four hours, after fasting for 18 hours. In
addition, they were exposed to VCM in combination with DCE. Fasted rats were more
sensitive to the hepatoxic effects of carbon tet, CBD, DBE, and DCE than were
fed rats, but neither fasted nor fed rats showed any acute liver damage from VCM
or DFE at any concentration. When administered with DCE, the VCM prevented the
liver damage caused in fasted rats by inhalation of DCE, an effect that was
concentration dependent.
*18-0016
FLUOROCARBONS
Samara, G.A. and Fritz, I.J.
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIELECTRIC AND ULTRASONIC
PROPERTIES OF POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE (PCTFE)
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Letters Ed.) 13^ (2): 93-9 (1975)
Some results reported on the relaxation phenomena in PCTFE as deduced from
dielectric and ultrasonic measurements emphasize the usefulness of pressure as
a complementary variable to temperature and frequency in the study of molecular
relaxations in polymer. The absence of any pressure-induced or temperature
induced phase transitions in PCTFE over wide temperature and pressure ranges
contrasts sharply with the occurrence of four well-defined phases in poly(tetra-
fluoroethylene) (PTFE) in view of the fact that the conformations of the two
polymers are similar.
-7AO-
-------
*18-0017
FLUOROCARBONS
Lee, W.K. and Choy, C.L.
HEAT CAPACITY OF FLUOROPOLYMERS
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Physics Ed.) 11 (3): 619-35 (1975)
Measurement between 80 and 340°K of the heat capacities of poly(vinyl fluoride),
poly(vinylidene fluoride), and polytrifluoroethylene are described. The results
indicate the validity of the Tarasov model in accounting for the acoustical heat
capacity of polymers. Glass transitions in poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly-
trifluoroethylene were found to be at 228°K and 305°K, respectively.
*18-0018
FLUOROCARBONS
Hicks, C.P. and C.L. Young
THE GAS-LIQUID CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF BINARY MIXTURES
Chem. Revs. 75. (2): 119-75 (Apr. 1975)
The measurement: and prediction of gas-liquid critical properties is reviewed.
Examples include a number of binary mixtures that contain perfluorocarbons.
-741-
-------
*18-0019
FLUOROCARBONS
Rowland, F.S.
ROWLAND ANSWERS "NAGGING QUESTION" ON OZONE (Letter to Editor)
Soap Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 51^ (3): 16, 110 (1975)
Responding to an editorial presented earlier, the author attempts to clarify
questions about variations in the ozone layer, touching upon theories offered
to explain the increase in the ozone layer between 1957 and 1970 and mentioning
that the world ozone concentration began to decrease in 1970.
He adds that all of the predictions of chlorofluoromethane effects on ozone show
a substantial delay (10 to 20 years) between use at ground level and appearance
of the maximum effect in the high stratosphere. While predictions of possible
ozone effects can be made at the 1% level, actual measurements of ozone concen-
trations are more difficult and less accurate.
FLUOROCARBONS
See: 18-0008, Flame Retardants
-742-
-------
18-0020
ISOCYANATES
(Production)
Anon
ISOCYANATES
Chem. Eng. News 5^3 (15): 9 (Apr. 14, 1975)
Upjohn has completed the expansion of its isocyanates plant in La Porte, Texas,
upping capacity 50% to 300 million Ib/year. About 90% of this includes products
based on PAPI or MDI.
-743-
-------
18-0021
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
PROCESSES CONVERT COAL, WASTES TO LIQUID FUEL
Chem. Eng. News 53. (15): 17-8 (Apr. 14, 1975)
Various processes for converting coal to liquid fuel were discussed at recent
ACS meeting. Bu Mines Method changes lignites to low-sulfur, low-ash oils;
Garrett process adapts technology to organic waste disposal.
18-0022
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
PROSPECTS IMPROVE FOR GASIFYING COAL IN SITU
Chem. Eng. News 53^ (15): 18-9 (Apr. 14, 1975)
Discussed at recent ACS meeting: the possibility of stabilized prospects for in
situ gasification of coal. Results at Bu Mines in Hanna, Wyoming, indicate
that technology at hand is sufficient to produce a low-Btu gas from shallow
(less than 1000 feet deep) deposits of bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic
coals.
-744-
-------
18-0023
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
Anon
CLEARER STANDARDS FOR MOCA SOUGHT
Chem. Eng. News .53 (14): 6 (Apr. 7, 1975)
OSHA held a second round of public hearings in attempt to clarify its work
place standard for MOCA. Industry and unions agree that a standard is necessary
to protect workers from the hazards associated with the chemical but are
fighting "vagueness" of the proposed standard.
-745-
-------
18-0024
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS CAN BE USED. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53. (14): 17 (Apr. 7, 1975)
To predict the behavior of pesticides in the environment, EPA scientists
turned to model ecosystems. At their Southeast Environmental Research laboratory
in Atlanta, aquarium tanks simulate a typical farm pond in a cultivated watershed.
The effects of 17 pesticides and five industrial chemicals on aquatic animals,
plants, and insects were studied. Radiolabeled sorghum plants grown in the
system allowed all elements of the system to be analyzed for radioactivity.
18-0025
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Yu, Ching-Chieh et al
FATE OF DICAMBA IN A MODEL ECOSYSTEM
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13 (3): 280-3 (1975)
A simple model ecosystem was used to study the fate of dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-
dichlorobenzoic acid). Although the metabolism of dicamba in plants and its
transformation in soil has been reported, its fate in the food chain has not
been. In this study, dicamba persisted in water in conjugated or in anionic
forms, slowly transformed to 5-hydroxydicamba in water and was slowly de-
carboxylated. It did not magnify in food chain organisms.
-746-
-------
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
See: *18-0010, Fluorocarbons
-747-
-------
*18-0026
PHTHALATES
(Marketing)
Anon
IN PLASTICIZERS' FUTURE, FEW WORRIES ABOUT SUPPLY
Mod. Plast. 52_ (4): 44-5 (1975)
Consumption of plasticizers is expected to drop 10% (to about 674,000 metric
tons) in 1975 but producers are augmenting capacity for plasticizers and their
feedstocks. New products are emerging and linear plasticizers are encroaching
on DOP, DIOP, and DIDP. Consumption of the last three is expected to drop to
315,300 metric tons in 1975 versus 379,500 in 1973.
*18-0027
PHTHALATES
Pfuderer, Peter and Francis, A.A.
PHTHALATE ESTERSi HEARTRATE DEPRESSORS IN THE GOLDFISH
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. L3 (3): 275-9 (1975)
In tests with goldfish, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, was not active, at the
concentration used, during a 10-minute assay, but both di-n-butyl phthalate
and benzylbutyl phthalate were active in lowering heartrate.
Heartrates lowered by the phthalates were returned almost to the resting
level when the fish were put through two or more changes of fresh water. The
phthalate esters probably affect the heartrate indirectly through the nervous
system.
-748-
-------
*18-0028
PHTHALATES
Engelhardt, G. and WallnSffer, P.R.
THE MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE AND RELATED DIALKYL PHTHALATES
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13_ (3): 342-7 (1975)
This study was undertaken to investigate the biodegradation of phthalate esters
in the environment. Among the conclusions: microbial degradation of phthalate
esters occurs much easier than that of the "classical" persistent organochlorine
compounds.
-749-
-------
18-0029
POLYURETHANES
DiSalvo, Anthony L. and Cornell, John H.
THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYURETHANES BY HEXAMETHYLDISILAZANE: SYNTHESES OF
POLYHEXAMETHYLENEUREA WITH ORGANOSILICON REAGENTS
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 13_ (1): 97-104 (1975)
The nature of the polyurethane used governs the degradation results when aliphatic
and aromatic polyurethanes are treated with hexamethyldisilazane at elevated
temperatures. Examples are cited. In this study, two new routes to polyalkylene-
ureas are described and the reaction mechanism is discussed.
18-0030
POLYURETHANES
Hileman, F.D. et al
PYROLYSIS OF A FLEXIBLE URETHANE FOAM
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed) 13 (3): 571-84 (1975)
GCMS and chemical ionization mass spectroscopy were used to identify and quantify
the pyrolysis products of a commercial flexible urethane foam pyrolyzed at 300,
500, 750, and 1000°C in an inert atmosphere. The methodology discussed will be
applied to continuing studies of the foam degradation under oxidative degradation
and flaming combustion conditions.
-750-
-------
18-0031
POLYURETHANES
Chang, Yeong-Jen Peter and Wilkens, Garth L.
SUPERSTRUCTURE IN SEGMENTED POLYETHER-URETHANES
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.) 13 (3): 455-76 (1975)
Systematic studies on the morphology of segmented polyurethanes are summarized.
A series of segmented polyether-urethanes with systematically varied compositions
with semicrystalline hard segments, which were not capable of hydrogen bonding,
were studied. Another series, capable of hydrogen bonding, which had hard
segment domains with a very low degree of crystallinity were also studied in
regard to their superstructure and domain morphology. A detailed description of
the results is presented. An idealized morphological model and the mechanism of
anisotropic superstructure formation are offered.
-751-
-------
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
See: *18-0010, Fluorocarbons
-752-
-------
18-0032
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
DOW SEEKS $42 MILLION FOR SHALE OIL RECOVERY
Chem. Week 116 (16): 33 (Apr. 16, 1975)
Dow seeks $42 million from ERDA for a 7-year study of the potential for oil
recovery from the shale that underlies Michigan's lower peninsula. A 40,000 sq
mi area may yield 2,500 billion bbls of shale oil. The shales in question have
no water-leachable alkalis, so they may not cause the water pollution problems
associated with Western shales. In situ retorting at 1000-ft depths is planned.
Research will include ways to protect the environment.
-753-
-------
18-0033
VINYL CHLORIDE
Abbas, K.B. and Thame,N.G.
THERMAL STABILITY OF GRAFT MODIFICATIONS OF PVC AND RELATED MATERIALS
J. Polym. Sci. (Polyrm. Chem. Ed.) 13 (1): 59-68 (1975)
Graft copolymers resulting from the use of alkylaluminum compounds to graft poly-
isobutylene and polybutadiene to PVC showed better thermal stability than un-
modified PVC when measured after 0.4% degradation. High heat stability resulted
when toluene was alkylated with PVC. Improved thermal stability is credited to
the presence of an induction period and/or lower dehydrochlorination rate. With-
out a cobalt cocatalyst, PVC grafted with polybutadiene showed autocatalytic
behavior and lower stability than unmodified PVC.
18-0034
VINYL CHLORIDE
Johnson, F.A. and Radon, J.C.
EFFECT OF MOLECULAR RELAXATIONS ON THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 13_ (2): 495-516 (1975)
Three-point bend tests and Charpy impact tests were carried out on thick rigid
PVC sheet at temperatures from -197° to 21°C to measure its fracture toughness.
Fracture loads and values of "time to fracture" were obtained and fracture
toughness was calculated. Test conditions and results are discussed. The
three-point bend tests gave the highest level of fracture toughness at all
temperatures; the full speed impact test, evaluated by the use of low-blow
periodic time, gave the lowest values. Of interest is the discernible toughness
peak noted at temperatures below the rubber region. An approximate energy method
gave better values of fracture toughness. Static toughness, which correlated
with fracture surface appearance, was higher than dynamic toughness, suggesting
the presence of crack tip craze in the PVC.
-754-
-------
18-0035
VYNYL CHLORIDE
Nakamura, Kunio
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Phys. Ed.) 13 (1): 137-49 (1975)
PVC with a weight average polymerization of 1100 blended with di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, and other commercial plasticizers was used in
this study designed to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of networks
caused by supramolecular structures in the plasticized polymer and to explain the
influence of plasticizer concentration and species on the broadening effect.
The reduced variable treatment of Ninomiya and Ferry for solutions of crystalline
polymers worked well, and the results are discussed in detail.
18-0036
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
VINYL CHLORIDE MAKERS MEET OSHA STANDARD
Chem. Eng. 53_ (14): 4 (Apr. 7, 1975)
Despite earlier hue and cry, major manufacturers seem to be in compliance
with OSHA's standards for the suspected carcinogen, vinyl chloride, and have
not had to curtail production even at older plants to meet the standards.
Cost of meeting OSHA's standards has not yet been determined.
-755-
-------
18-0037
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
UNUSUALLY LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF VINYL CHLORIDE.
Chem. Eng. 82_ (8): 33 (Apr. 14, 1975)
By installing ventilation or vacuum systems at process spots where vinyl chloride
most likely could be released and by mechanically tightening up its equipment train,
Sweden's KemaNord has cut VC concentrations to 1.5 ppm, averaged over an 8-hr
period in its older VC plant at Stockvik and in its new plant at Stenungsund.
KemaNord is working to reduce concentrations to below 1 ppm, a drastic reduction
from the 30 ppm usually present in the workplace before these changes were made.
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: *18-0015, Fluorocarbons
-756-
-------
18-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sliney, David II. et al
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS FROM HIGH-POWERED. INFRARED LASER DEVICES
Arch. Environ. Health 30 (4): 174-9 (1975)
High-power infrared lasers can cause skin and eye injury in workers exposed to the
direct beam, which can also be a fire hazard when the output power is 1 kw or
higher. Other hazards discussed here include those from the electrical apparatus
used, noise from the laser, and toxic airborne contaminants (e.g., CO, sulfur
hexafluoride, carbon disulfide, etc.) connected with fuels used for laser genera-
tion or resulting from laser operation. Additionally, when the beam interacts
with metallic targets, other potentially toxic contaminants, such as cadmium oxide
fume, are formed.
18-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
WATER HYACINTHS—FROM NUISANCE TO POLLUTION SOLUTION
Chemistry 48. (4): 25 (1975)
NASA uses water hyacinths to remove pollutants in effluents from its technology
laboratories in Bay St. Louis, Miss., and plans to subject the water hyacinths
to anaerobic fermentation to produce a fuel similar to natural gas. Other
studies are planned to determine potential of plants as animal feed and fertil-
izer.
-757-
-------
18-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Powers, Marcelina B. et al
REPEATED TOPICAL APPLICATIONS OF 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
Arch. Environ. Health 30 (4): 165-70 (1975)
The solvent, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, was applied to the inner surface of rabbits'
ears 3 times/week for 39 weeks at three levels -- 5%, 25%, and 100%. Other
rabbits were similarly treated with petroleum ether, while another group had
hexachlorodiphenyloxide applied to their ears once a week for 4 weeks. The last
group exhibited gross dermal responses characteristic of chloracne by the third
week and more definite chloracne sumptoms by the fourth week. Rabbits treated
with petroleum ether and with 5% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene showed only slight redness,
slight scaling, and desquamation. With the two higher levels of 1,2,4-trichloro-
benzene rabbits showed moderate-to-severe irritation (erythema, severe scaling,
desquamation, some hair loss, etc.) but no gross evidence of acneform dermatitis.
At necropsy there were no meaningful visceral changes in the test animals.
18-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sessa, William
AEROSOLS BLAMED FOR LIMITED VISIBILITY
California Air Resources Board Bull. £ (3): 6-7 (Mar.-Apr. 1975)
Aerosols, rather than gaseous pollutants, are judged responsible for limited
visibility in the South Coast Air Basin, California, according to recent
study. Man-made aerosols are greater health hazards and visibility reducers
than are primary aerosols.
-758-
-------
18-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Mazumdar, Satl et al
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EXPOSURE TO COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES AMONG
COKE OVEN WORKERS
JAPCA 25 (4): 382-9 (1975)
In a study by the Pennsylvania Dept. of Public Health, coke oven jobs were
categorized into work areas in terms of exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles. An
index of cumulative exposure was used to study the dose-response relationship
between exposure and mortality from cancer, particularly lung cancer. Mortality
data derived from a long-term study of steelworkers by University of Pittsburgh's
Dept. of Biostatistics.
Coal tar pitch volatiles present in the different areas vary considerably, the
highest concentration being found at the top of coke ovens. The development of
cancer, particularly lung cancer, is related to the level of exposure and to the
length of exposure time. Although more information is needed to clarify the
effects of coke oven effluents on mortality, there is sufficient evidence of
health hazards to warrant recommending that steps be taken to reduce the pollutant
level.
18-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Proni, J.R. et al
ACOUSTIC OBSERVATIONS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN THE OCEAN
Nature 254 (5499): 413-5 (Apr. 3, 1975)
The feasibility of acoustic surveys of suspended sediments looks promising.
Article describes the use of the 20-kHz LODAR echo-sounding system in
observing oceanic suspended particulate matter (probably resulting from
a dredging operation) acoustically.
-759-
-------
19-0001
ACETONITRILE
(Markets)
lammartino, Nicholas R.
PETROCHEMICALS SING TO ETHYLENE'S TUNE
Chem. Eng. 82_ (9): 52-4 (Apr. 28, 1975)
Ethylene producers shifting to heavier feeds for new crackers will have
an increasing effect on the production of such basic petrochemicals as propylene,
butadiene and various aromatics. Mentioned in this discussion is aerylonitrile,
a substance for which demand is predicted to grow by 10%/yr for the next 10
years or so. An even higher growth rate is possible, if full potential is
realized for acrylamides and barrier resins. Used now for water/sewage treat-
ment and as paper additives, acrylamides may find a huge market as agents for
tertiary oil recovery. If barrier resins achieve a sizable use in the pressure-
bottle market during the next 10 years, they would precipitate a demand for
acrylonitrile beyond the current world capacity. Still a big market, and
growing, are acrylic fibers, and increasing growth is seen for aerylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene and aerylonitrile-butadiene resins. One possible obstacle:
acrylonitrile producers face competition with fertilizer manufacturers for
ammonia feedstock. Although acrylonitrile accounts for only a small percentage
of total ammonia use, it is gaining faster than agricultural demands.
-760-
-------
19-0002
ACRYLONITRILE
(Production)
Anon
WORLD'S LARGEST ACRYLONITRILE PLANT FOR MONSANTO
Chem. Week 116 (18): 15 (Apr. 30, 1975)
Badger will design, engineer and construct the world's largest acrylonitrile
plant: for Monsanto Company, Texas City, Texas. Scheduled for 1976 completion,
the plant will more than double Monsanto's U.S. capacity to over one billion
Ibs/yr of acrylonitrile, which is used in acrylic fibers, ABS plastics, nylon,
containers, etc.
-761-
-------
19-0003
ARSENIC
Crecelius, Eric A. et al
GEOCHEMISTRIES OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, MERCURY, AND RELATED ELEMENTS IN
SEDIMENTS OF PUGET SOUND
Environ. Sci. Technol. £ (4): 325-33 (1975)
Arsenic and antimony, discharged in the waste waters from a copper smelter near
Tacoma, Washington, and present in the stack dust; mercury discharged at up to
9 kg/day before 1970 and since then at about 0.1 kg/day from a mercury cell
chlor-alkali plant in Bellingham; plus arsenic, antimony, mercury, and other
trace metals from sewage treatment plants are entering Puget Sound and affecting
the natural distributions of the elements in the surface sediments of the Sound.
An arsenic budget shows that the sediments accumulate less than 30% of the
arsenic entering Puget Sound; discharge to the Strait of Juan de Fuca is a sink
for this arsenic. Over 82% of the mercury is associated with oxidizable organic
matter; approximately 50% of the arsenic and antimony is associated with amor-
phous iron and aluminum compounds.
19-0004
ARSENIC
Pojasek, Robert B.
NPDES PERMITS AND WATER ANALYSES
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (4): 320-4 (1975)
Reviews permit process, EPA approved analytical methods, analytical methods
selection, variance procedure, and other information necessary for those
individuals discharging pollutants into a waterway from a point source under
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended by P.L. 92-500. After
public inspection and approval by the EPA Regional Administrator, a permit
may be issued to an applicant, who has previously supplied required monitoring
data and complied with other regulations. The procedure is called "National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System" (NPDES) and the permits are known
as NPDES permits. Regulations specify the analytical methods for 71 water
pollutants, which include arsenic and boron.
-762-
-------
19-0005
ARSENIC
Anon
ARSENIC MAY BE AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (16): 20 (Apr. 21, 1975)
According to the USDA Agricultural Service, arsenic seems to be an essential
nutrient for rats. On a low (30 ppb) arsenic diet, pregnant rats developed
rough hair, had slow growth, and enlarged spleens containing 50% more iron than
control rats receiving 5 ppm of arsenic. Blood cells of their offspring broke
down more readily in saline solution.
ARSENIC
See Also: 19-0044, General Information
-763-
-------
*19-0006
ASBESTOS
Anon
TALC WORRIES RICE USERS
Chem. Week 116. (18): 24 (Apr. 30, 1975)
Fearful that talc used to coat short-grained rice may contain asbestos (a poten-
tial lung carcinogen), a Korean pathologist in New York has asked Mount Sinai
Medical Center researchers to include coated rice in their studies of talc.
According to the Rice Growers Association in California, the talc, which comes
off when the rice is washed, contains no asbestos. Also, more than 50% of the
30.4 million Ibs of medium and short-grained rice processed is not coated with
talc and glucose. FDA is still seeking an accurate method for measuring traces
of asbestos in talc. There are no data on the health hazards of ingested talc.
*19-0007
ASBESTOS
Anon
PROCESSING IN A CHEMICAL BATH GIVES ASBESTOS A CLEANER BILL OF HEALTH. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (9): 47 (Apr. 28, 1975)
A processing system used since 1970 by Raysbestos-Manhattan Inc. at its textile-
products plant in North Charleston, S.C., makes use of an unidentified solution of
additives to hold asbestos in the solution so that particles cannot reach the
workplace ambient air. In addition to providing a finished textile product with
improved performance characteristics, the system reputedly provides a product with
less danger to the user — a binder keeps the asbestos locked in.
-764-
-------
BORON
See: 19-0004, Arsenic
-765-
-------
*19-0008
FLUOROCARBONS
Ahmed, A. Karlm
UNSHIELDING THE SUN. . .HUMAN EFFECTS. GETTING THE DRIFT
Environment 17 (3): 6-14 (Apr./May 1975)
Review of the fluorocarbon/ozone controversy from a technical standpoint,
covering technology's impact on ozone, ozone formation and destruction,
fluorocarbons and ozone, measurement of fluorocarbon levels, use of aerosol
gases, ultraviolet radiation and cancer, and other adverse biological effects.
The last include a possible upset in the balance of aquatic life; a possible
increase in the mutation rates of many living organisms; and potential inhi-
bition of photosynthesis, induction of tumors, increased mutation rates, and
stunted growth in plant species.
*19-0009
FLUOROCARBONS
Eigner, Joseph
UNSHIELDING THE SUN. . .ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS. SEEING THE SUN
Environment 17 (3): 15-18 (Apr./May 1975)
The reduction of ozone in the stratosphere and an increase of solar ultraviolet
radiation may have effects more far reaching than the much-discussed possibility
of an increase in human skin cancer.
Explored here are various potential effects of increased ultraviolet radiation,
with reference to a study conducted by the Environmental Studies Board (ESB).
Humans may be able to protect themselves from increased radiation and live with
at least a partial loss of ozone, but possible deleterious effects on plants
and animals could affect the food supply necessary for life. Definite answers
to this problem need research on individual species and complex ecosystems.
-766-
-------
*19-0010
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
SCIENTISTS DETAIL CHLOROFLUOROCARBON RESEARCH
Chem. Eng. News 53 (16): 21-3 (Apr. 21, 1975)
Discussions at recent ACS national meeting centered on controversy over
ability of chlorofluorocarbons to destroy stratospheric ozone and thus
result in increased UV radiation. Problems with gathering direct proof
of ozone depletion, current and planned studies were discussed. Possibly,
chlorofluorocarbon pollution may parallel the well-understood NO cycle.
X
One short-term solution suggested was the substitution of FC-22 (CHF Cl)
for FC-12 (CF2C12). FC-22 contains a C-H bond and, like chlorofluorocarbons
containing a C=C bond, the FC-22 can react with OH radicals in the lower
atmosphere and be destroyed there; this is different from the chlorofluoro-
methanes.
*19-0011
; . FLUOROCARBONS
Cicerone, Ralph J. et al
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE
Science 188 (4186): 378-9 (Apr. 25, 1975)
Authors explain their calculations on potential large size of atmospheric
effects of chlorofluoromethanes, which indicates that chemical control of the
stratosphere will eventually pass to the chlorine oxides that form from use of
chlorofluoromethanes. They point out the need for atmospheric measurements
of background gaseous concentrations of OH, atomic oxygen, the nitrogen
oxides, and the chlorine oxides, plus the need for continued monitoring of 03.
Needed also are stratospheric profiles of CF^Cl^, CFC1., and CC1,.
-767-
-------
*19-0012
FLUOROCARBONS
Gordon, Gerald A.
SMOG, OZONE, ETC. (Letter to Editor)
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (4): 289 (1975)
Commenting on the fluorocarbon/ozone controversy contention of possible
resulting ultraviolet radiation increase and ozone depletion, the author
suggests that the ozone destroyed in the stratosphere might be regenerated
at some lower level in the atmosphere by the higher concentrations of oxygen
then available. Thus, the net amount of UV penetrating to the Earth's surface
should not undergo too great a change from normal.
*19-0013
FLUOROCARBONS
Chesick, John P.
ATMOSPHERIC HALOCARBONS AND STRATOSPHERIC OZONE (Letter to Editor)
Nature 254 (5497): 275 (Mar. 20, 1975)
Referring to earlier atmospheric analysis data for the fluorochlorocarbons
and the chlorocarbons presented by J.E. Lovelock, the author suggests that
the problem might lie in the fact that fluorochlorocarbon concentrations
probably will continue to grow to critical levels, rather than that the
fluorocarbons might have some special stratospheric reactivity not possessed
by the chlorocarbons.
-768-
-------
*19-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
Wright, Ralph et al
CONTROLLED PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT ON LIVER FUNCTION OF MULTIPLE
EXPOSURES TO HALOTHANE
Lancet 1 (7911): 817-20 (Apr. 12, 1975)
This study compares the liver function in patients exposed to halothane anesthetic
for a second time (or more) within a year with liver functions of controls given
a halothane-free anesthetic. A significantly higher level of serum-glutamic-
oxaloacetic transaminase (SCOT) was noted in the halothane-treated patients,
although those having had halothane four or more times seemed to have developed
a tolerance to it.
*19-0015
FLUOROCARBONS
Trowel, Joan et al
CONTROLLED TRIAL OF REPEATED HALOTHANE ANAESTHETICS IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA
OF THE UTERINE CERVIX TREATED WITH RADIUM
Lancet l_ (7911): 821-4 (Apr. 12, 1975)
Of 39 patients with cervical carcinoma who were treated with radium and needed
repeated anesthetics, 18 were studied when exposed to halothane, while 21
comprised a control group receiving other anesthetics. Serum-alanine-amino-
transferase (SGPT) levels were measured before each general anesthetic. If the
SGPT rose above 100 I.U. per liter, halothane was not used. None of the controls
had high SGPT levels, but 4 of the 18 in the halothane group did before their
third radium treatment. Monitoring of SGPT levels is seen as a possible means
of preventing liver damage.
-769-
-------
*19-0016
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
HALOTHANE
Lancet 1 (7911): 841-2 (Apr. 12, 1975)
Comments on papers by R. Wright et al (See: CATS *19-0014) and J. Trowell et al
(See: CATS *19-0015) relative to liver function and halothane indicate that
patients with carcinoma of the liver treated with radium are peculiarly at risk
when anesthetized repeatedly with halothane. Gamma irradiation of halothane
causes breakdown of the drug with formation of degradation products; radium
therapy may cause a similar breakdown. One degradation product of halothane is
chlorohexafluorobutene, which has damaged every species in which it has been
tested and which causes extensive fatty infiltration and central lobular
necrosis of the liver in monkeys and rats.
*19-0017
FLUOROCARBONS
Fox, J.W.C. et al
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DESTRUCTION AND HALOGENATED ANAESTHETICS (Letter to Editor)
Lancet 1 (7911): 864 (Apr. 12, 1975)
Potential dangers to stratospheric ozone from halogenated compounds used as
aerosol propellants give rise to concern over potential of similar hazards
from halogenated anesthetics. Some non-polluting alternatives include spinal
and local techniques, intravenous hypnotics, analgesics.
-770-
-------
19-0018
HALOETHERS
Anon
IS FINISHING-CARCINOGEN HUNT A NIOSH PAPER TIGER?
Text. World 125 (4): 23-4 (1975)
Alarm over potential carcinogenic hazards of some textile finishing agents
may be unnecessary. Industry claims NIOSH is two years behind current
technology and that finishers will not be using the questionable chemicals
by the time NIOSH can determine their hazards.
Catalysts other than magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate are coming into
use for formaldehyde double-press curing and resins with low free formal-
dehyde are being used. Use of lower free formaldehyde resins cuts the risk
of formation of bis-chloromethyl ether (BCME) in the presence of chloride.
Use of a chloride-free catalyst eliminates possibility of BCME formation.
BCME; may be more prevalent in textiles since sampling procedures are not
too accurate. NIOSH has found samples averaging about 2 ppb (ranging
from 0.5 to 8 ppb) but does not know effect of BCME in these concentrations
on the human body.
19-0019
HALOETHERS
Anon
BCME: ALERT
Amer. Dyest. Rept. 64^ (4): 10 (1975)
The American Textile Manufacturers Institute has warned member companies that the
use of formaldehyde resin in the presence of chlorides (in textile finishing
operations) may give rise to bis-chloromethyl ether, a carcinogen. Traces of
BCME', have been reported by some companies recently; substitute chemicals are now
being used.
-771-
-------
19-0020
HALOETHERS
Hurwltz, Melvin D.
ASSESSING THE HAZARD FROM BCME IN FORMALDEHYDE-CONTAINING ACRYLIC EMULSIONS
Amer. Dyest. Rept. J33 (3): 62-4, 77 (1974)
The carcinogen, bis(chloromethyl) ether may be formed in nonwoven industry
operations when thermosetting acrylic emulsion polymers are used as binders. The
methylol acrylamide releases a finite amount of formaldehyde, when the binders
are dried and cured. The formaldehyde can react with chlorides to form BCME.
Thus, use of these reactants should be kept at a minimum in textile operations
and working areas should be monitored for adequate ventilation. To date, no
BCME has been reported from the use of thermosetting emulsion polymers in this
industry.
-772-
-------
19-0021
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Nilles, George P.
HCB PHOTOLYSIS (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. News 53 (17): 5 (Apr. 28, 1975)
Commenting on report of E.K. Fields (See: CATS 17-0017), author agrees that
hexachlorobenzene (HCB) may disappear from the oceans via solar photolysis
and adds that hydrocarbon solvents may serve as excellent hydrogen donors
for the photolysis of HCB between 270 and 410 nm. Photolysis of HCB in
cyclohexarte first yielded HC1 and pentachlorophenylcyclohexane and, after
an extended time yielded tetrachloro-, trichloro-, and traces of dichloro-
phenylcyclohexanes. A similar process in the oceans could produce lower chlor-
inated phenyl hydrocarbons, which could cause increasing pollution problems.
-773-
-------
19-0022
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
A $3,1 MILLION RESEARCH PROJECT FOR CONVERTING COAL TO LOW-BTU FUEL GAS. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (17): 20 (Apr, 28, 1975)
GE and the Electric Power Research Institute will provide $3.1 million for
research on the conversion of coal to low-Btu fuel gas. Work will be done at
GE's Schenectady R & D center using a pilot plant fixed-bed gasifier to convert
1 ton of coal/hr to 100,000 ft. of 150 Btu/scf fuel gas. A commercial gasifica-
tion plant may be ready by late 1979, early 1980
19-0023
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Scotti, L.J. et al
THE PROJECT COED PILOT PLANT
Chem. Eng. Prog. 7M4): 61-2 (1975)
In FMC's Project COED coal conversion process, coal pyrolyzed in a multiple stage,
fluidized bed yields synthetic crude oil, pyrolysis gas, and a char product.
Operations of a pilot plant in which more than 18,000 tons of coal have been
processed through March 1974 are reviewed.
-774-
-------
19-0024
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Wintrell, R.
THE KOPPERS-TOTZEK GASIFICATION PROCESS
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71 (4): 63-5 (1975)
This brief review of raw materials treatment, description and performance of the
gasifier, and solidification of the molten particulate emphasizes the reliability
and versatility of the Koppers-Totzek gasification process. Claimed to be
environmentally acceptable, the system can gasify fuel oil, vacuum refinery
residue and refinery off-gases as well as all ranks of coal. In Japan, the K-T
process simultaneously gasifies coke oven gas and coal.
19-0025
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Phinney, J.A.
COAL LIQUEFACTION AT THE PILOT PLANT LEVEL
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71. (4): 65-7 (1975)
Built at Cresap, W. Va., by Consolidation Coal Co. in 1967, the 20 ton/day pilot
plant described has successfully carried out the continuous solvent extraction of
highly caking, Pittsburgh seam coal. Feasible now is a plant with 45 times the
pilot plant output. The four steps used in converting coal into extract, char,
and gas are described briefly. Catalytic hydrogenation is the key step in
conversion.
-775-
-------
19-0026
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Lewis, R.
COAL GASIFICATION: SOME ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
Chera. Eng. Prog. TL (4): 68-9 (1975)
The Bureau of Mines uses two methanation systems, in parallel, in its plant — the
Tube Wall Reactor (TWR) and the Hot Gas Recycle Methanator (HGR). Their use
involves a number of engineering problems, such as selection of a proper com-
pressor for recycling the hot gas. Another problem concerns the coal feeding lock-
hopper systems. Here, high power consumption results because of losses when
venting the pressurizing gases. To solve this, the Bureau uses two hoppers in
the Synthane process, venting from one to the other.
19-0027
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Gasior, S.J. et al
FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION OF VARIOUS COALS
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71 (4): 89-92 (1975)
Working with two types of coal, and studying pretreatment of a caking coal in a
fluidized bed, and direct gasification of a non-caking coal in a fluidized bed,
the Bureau of Mines determined that the Synthane process is feasible for pro-
duction of a low Btu gas by fluidized bed gasification of either type coal with
air and steam at 20 atm. pressure.
-776-
-------
19-0028
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Holmgren, J.D. and Salvador, L.A.
LOW B.t.u. GAS FROM THE WESTINGHOUSE SYSTEM
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71 (4): 87-8 (1975)
Westinghouse is working to determine the feasibility of its fluidized bed coal
gasification process, to scale up its gasifier, and to start up a combined
cycle generating pilot plant. The advanced gasifier system should be in
construction in 1977, and the test program should be completed in 1981.
19-0029
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Loeding, J.W. and Patel, J.G.
THE U-GAS PROCESS
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71. (4) : 85-6 (1975)
Working to overcome the problems connected with sulfur content of coal, the
Institute of Gas Technology designed its U-Gas process, which eliminates
pollutant emission because it removes the sulfur from the fuel gas before
combustion. The sulfur is converted to easily removable hydrogen sulfide,
leaving a fuel gas with as little as 10 ppm of sulfur, an acceptable emission
level. The gasifier and the atmospheric-pressure ash agglomerator are
described briefly.
-777-
-------
19-0030
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Lee, B.S.
SLURRY FEEDING OF COAL GASIFIERS
Chem. Eng, Prog. 71. (A): 81-4 (1975)
Discussing the IGT Hygas coal gasification process, the author considers problems
with the lockhopper system, including pumps and slurry discharge from the reactor.
With present technology, the wet slurry feed system appears to be more feasible
than the dry lockhopper feed system for gasifiers. Overcoming problems of proper
seals and cutting down on power requirements for recompressing gas could, how-
ever, help to promote the dry feed system.
19-0031
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Yavorsky, P.M. et al
THE SYNTHOIL PROCESS
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71. (4): 79-80 (1975)
The Bureau of Mines Synthoil process is a one-step method of hydrodesulfurizing
coal to produce a non-polluting fuel oil containing only 0.2% sulfur and 0.2% ash.
Made from coal containing 5.5% sulfur, the resulting oil flows at room temperature.
The unwanted sulfur is removed as hydrogen sulfide, which can be converted to sale-
able sulfur.
-778-
-------
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
See also: 19-0034, Shale Oil Extraction and Refining
-779-
-------
19-0032
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Groth, Edward III
FLUORIDE POLLUTION
Environment 17. (3): 29-38 (1975)
A review of the literature on the ecological effects of fluoride pollution
shows that available data fail to provide conclusive proof that existing
levels of fluoride pollution caused any major, significant, or irreversible
ecological changes in the past or likely will in the future. Ecological
effects, Or changes in the balance of natural ecosystems, are differentiated
from the rather severe damage to commercial timber crops and livestock that
has occurred and that has been documented. Nevertheless, it appears almost
certain that fluoride levels of higher magnitude will be found to damage
the ecosystem. (86 refs.)
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
See: *19-0009, Fluorocarbons
-780-
-------
19-0033
POLYURETHANES
Lathrop, James K.
URETHANE INSULATION FIRE. ONE DEAD, SEVERAL INJURED
Fire J. 69_ (3): 44-5, 95 (May 1975)
This report stresses the extreme fire hazards of sprayed-on rigid urethane
foam insulation in which thick, toxic smoke was produced with extreme rapidity.
-781-
-------
19-0034
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS FORCE REDUCTION IN GOALS FOR SYNTHETIC FUEL OUTPUT
Chem. Week 116 (17); 14 (Apr. 23, 1975)
Because of the many problems related to the conversion of coal and oil shale
into oil and gas, the Ford Administration now talks about 1985 or 1990 as the
on-line time for 5 or 6 third-generation synthetic fuel plants. Earlier
estimates considered the possibility of 1 million bbls/day of synthetic fuels
by 1985.
-782-
-------
19-0035
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
GETTING VCM OFF THE PVC: TENNECO GUARANTEES 10-ppm. MAXIMUM RESIDUAL
Chem. Week 116 (18): 27 (Apr. 30, 1975)
Tenneco Chemicals claims that fabricators buying the company's vinyl chloride
homopolymers, dispersion-grade and blending resins will have no trouble meeting
OSHA's 0.5 ppm workplace level for vinyl chloride monomer. Tenneco guarantees
that these products will have a 10 ppm maximum content of VCM. Problems with
proprietary kettle cleaning and monomer evacuation methods, however, in Tenneco's
new, 250-million-lbs/year PVC resin plant, Pasadena, Texas, prohibit a similar
guarantee for the company's copolymers.
19-0036
VINYL CHLORIDE
Maltoni, Cesare
THE VALUE OF PREDICTIVE EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESES.
AN EXAMPLE: VINYL CHLORIDE
AMBIO 4_ (1): 18-23 (1975)
Review of vinyl chloride carcinogenesis includes data from author's
experiments on animals and information on cancers in humans attributable
to this compound.
The vinyl chloride story demonstrates the need for experimental carcino-
genicity testing of chemical compounds before they are released into the
occupational and general environment.
-783-
-------
*19-0037
ETHYLENE DIBROM1DE
Anon
CORROSION OF THE EXHAUST SYSTEM
Anti-Corrosion 22 (2): 5-6 (1975)
The exhaust system of a car is exposed to an external environment (atmosphere)
and an internal environment (exhaust gases with their products of combustion).
Both cause corrosion. Internal corrosion includes effects of three corrosive
acids: nitric acid, sulfuric and sulfurous acids, and hydrobromic acid.
When tetraethyl lead, an anti-knock additive, is added to the fuel, lead com-
pounds may be deposited in the combustion chamber. To fight this situation,
ethylene dibromide or other additives are added to help remove lead oxide as
volatile lead bromide via the exhaust. A disadvantage of ethylene dibromide
is that it promotes the formation of hydrobromic acid.
-784-
-------
19-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PLUTONIUM IN POWDERED OXIDE FORM....
Environment 17. (3): 21 (Apr./May 1975)
A potential health hazard addressed by Congressman Les Aspin concerns the shipping
by air (from Italy to New York) of the powdered oxide form of plutonium in units
of 100 Ibs. An air crash in an area like New York City would be a disaster —
the very poisonous powdered plutonium would be readily dispersed and inhaled.
Aspin suggests shipping the stable plutonium by sea.
19-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
SAFE DISPOSAL OF CATIONIC COATING COLORS
TAPPI 58 (4): 15 (1975)
The potential hazards to fish from dumpings of some types of cationic coating
colors were described recently in Montreal by R.H. Windhager of Merck's
Chemical Division. He found that fish suffocate when cationic polymers react
with their anionic gills. Neutralization and deactivation of the waste
coatings by clays, synthetic polymers, pulp liquor, or anionic coatings could
prevent fish kills.
-785-
-------
19-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
A TELEGRAM. , .
Environment 17_ (3): 22 (Apr/May 1975)
In the summer of 1974, some 1500 Mexican agricultural workers used hand-carried
Japanese gasoline sprayers to apply DuPont's Methomyl, a toxic organophosphate
pesticide, and Shell's Mevydrin to cotton plants. As a result, 689 workers
were poisoned and seven of them died. The workers soaked by the pesticides had
not worn protective clothing or masks. The pesticides usually are sprayed from
fixed-wing aircraft.
19-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Spear, Robert C. et al
PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND FIELD WORKERS
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (4): 308-13 (1975)
"Spraying of crops with organophosphorus (OP) chemicals may be good for the
plants but not so good for the pickers." A 1970 incidence of illness among
California pickers in an orange grove that had been sprayed with ethyl
parathion 34 days earlier and with dioxathion 4 months earlier is indicative
of the problem of establishing pesticide reentry regulations on a National
scale.
Factors affecting residue intoxication are presented graphically and a table
lists incidence of multiple systematic illness from exposure to OP-pesticides
for agricultural workers in California, 1949-1974.
Regulatory aspects, foliar residues, environmental factors, exposure
mechanisms, and human exposure research are discussed.
-786-
-------
19-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
SOME BAD NEWS ABOUT TOXAPHENE
Science 188 (4186): 343 (Apr. 25, 1975)
Serious hazards to fish, toxicity to birds are now being claimed for the pesticide,
toxaphene, use of which is relatively unrestricted legally. According to Paul
M. Mehrle and F.L. Mayer, at the recent national ACS meeting, low concentrations
of toxaphene stunted growth of at least three common species of fish and caused
a skeletal fragility observed as broken backs. These results may be due to a
vitamin C deficiency; the vitamin in the fish diet apparently is used for the
detoxification of toxaphene. This pesticide is persistent but has not been
linked to cancer. EPA indicates that proper application should minimize water
pollution.
19-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
LEAK CLOSES DuPONT'S TITANIUM DIOXIDE PLANT
Chem,, Week 116^ (18): 17 (Apr. 30, 1975)
Du Pont has closed down for an indefinite period its Edge Moor pigments plant,
following a leak in its new 55,000-tons/yr chloride unit producing titanium
dioxide. Although the cloud of titanium tetrachloride and chloride released
caused no serious injuries, the company wants to trace the cause of the leak.
The plant has a Ti02 capacity of 110,000 tons/yr.
-787-
-------
19-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
C02 FROM FOSSIL FUEL ADDS TO BIOMASS
Chem. Eng. News 53. (16): 30, 32 (Apr. 21, 1975)
Only about 33% of the carbon dioxide given off by the burning of fossil fuels
actually stays in the atmosphere. The rest may be dissolving in the oceans
or increasing the earth's biomass. Evidence presented by Dr. F.T. Mackenzie
(Northwestern Univ.) at recent national ACS meeting indicates that the missing
C02 is being incorporated into plants, and estimates that a 10% increase in
the biomass has occurred since use of fossil fuels started in late 1800's.
Other information presented by Dr. Mackenzie indicates that the more volatile
trace elements (mercury, arsenic, selenium, antimony, and, perhaps, cadmium)
have different cycles from those of such nonvolatile elements as manganese.
19-0045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
URGE NICKEL PROBES
Chem. Week 116^ (18): 24 (Apr. 30, 1975)
According to a recent study by the National Research Council, nickel smelters
and refiners should keep health records and eliminate (or cut down) dust and
fumes from the workplace. New techniques may insure less potential for cancer
from the metal itself, but respiratory cancers in workers involved in making
nickel oxide from nickel sulfide seem to be on the increase. Additionally,
nickel has been implicated in certain skin diseases; dermatitis has resulted
from the use of implanted therapeutic devices and prostheses. NRC suggests
the need for research on the effects of nickel, such as its metabolic effects
and its effects on the heart.
-788-
-------
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
See: 19-0004, Arsenic
See: 19-0041, General Information
-789-
-------
20-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Winton, John M,
CW REPORT TRANSPORTATION 1975
Chem. Wk. 116 (19): 31-41 (May 7, 1975)
Review of the proposed rules (Public Law 92-500, the Muskie amendments to the
Federal Water Pollution Act; the transportation Safety Act of 1974) to protect
against chemical shipping hazards and the resulting problems facing the
chemical industry. About 2 billion tons of hazardous materials are transported
each year.
Acrylonitrile, one of 10 big-volume commodities on EPA1 S first list of hazard-
ous chemicals, was included in an Arthur D. Little, Inc. study for the Maritime
Commission, which compared economic, safety and other factors for transport of
chemicals by barge, rail and truck shipment. Although PL-92-500 proposes to
maximize public safety and to protect the environment, one end result of the
law may be the use of less-safe transport modes.
20-0002
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
ACRYLONITRILE MAY GROW 16% ANNUALLY
Hydrocarbon Proc. 4. (4): 19 (1975)
A growth rate of 10-16% annually is predicted for acrylonitrile. Present end-
use demands for this compound indicate that a world-wide demand of 11,000
million pounds can be expected by the end of 1979. A table shows world
acrylonitrile capacity for 1974 through 1979.
-790-
-------
20-0003
ARSENIC
Rocovich, Sue Ellen and West, David A.
ARSENIC TOLERANCE IN A POPULATION OF THE GRASS ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS MICHX.
Science 118 (4185): 263-4 (Apr. 18, 1975)
Studies at Virginia Polytechnical Institute showed that plants accustomed to
arsenic in the soil had developed a wide range of tolerance. Control plants
failed to root in low concentrations of arsenic in soil. A genetic change
wrought by selection appears to be inherent in the very tolerant species -
Andropogon Sooparius Miohc.
-791-
-------
*20-0004
ASBESTOS
Anon
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING AND COUNTING ASBESTOS FIBERS
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36. (2): 83-90 (1975)
In 1974, the ACGIH established a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for asbestos of
5 fibers greater than 5 micrometers in length per milliliter of air. Procedures
for sampling and processing the collected samples are described.
*20-0005
ASBESTOS
Joint ACGIH-AIHA Aerosol Hazards Evaluation Committee
BACKGROUND DOCUMENTATION ON EVALUATION OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE
ASBESTOS
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. _3j6 (2): 91-103 (1975)
A literature review and background information provide supplemental support for
the ACGIH-AIHA Aersal Hazards Evaluation Committee's recommended procedures for
investigating airborne asbestos. The medical problems (e.g., asbestosis,
neoplasia) associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers are reported. Sampling
and analytical methods are described. The recommended membrane filter sampling
optical phase microscope identification and assay technique is discussed.
-792-
-------
*20-0006
ASBESTOS
Ortiz, Lawrence W. et al
CALIBRATION STANDARDS FOR COUNTING ASBESTOS
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36_ (2): 104-12 (1975)
State agencies using fiber counting procedures for asbestos exposure evaluation
are being assisted by NIOSH in standardizing test procedures. Techniques have
been established for the correct preparation of calibration standards. Variations
inherent in sample preparation and variations between optical counters were
determined by means of these standards.
*20-0007
ASBESTOS
Curtis, Robert A. and Bierbaum, Philip J.
TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY OF THE 2 FIBERS/CC ASBESTOS STANDARD IN ASBESTOS
TEXTILE FACILITIES
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3£ (2) : 115-25 (1975)
A technical feasibility study of two asbestos textile plants produced new
considerations with regard to the textiles and OSHA's asbestos standard
due to become effective July 1976. Legislation will be needed to protect
producers who have funded manufacturing changes to meet regulations from
those meeting only minimal compliance. A way to stimulate consumer motivation
will be necessary to encourage the consumer to switch to new products when
appropriate. The standard is considered to be technically feasible.
-793-
-------
*20-0008
ASBESTOS
Fontaine, Jack H. and Trayer, David M.
ASBESTOS CONTROL IN STEAM-ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36_ (2): 126-30 (1975)
The Tennessee Valley Authority operates 12 electric generating plants in 3 states.
Asbestos has been an ingredient of many insulating materials which are replaced
about every six months. An asbestos control program, which has a 30-year history,
now calls for the substitution of asbestos-free thermal insulation, wherever
possible, to eliminate exposure.
*20-0009
ASBESTOS
Lawrence, J. et al
REMOVAL OF ASBESTOS FIBRES FROM POTABLE WATER BY COAGULATION AND FILTRATION
Water. Res. 9. (4): 397-400 (1975)
The Ontario Ministry of the Environment found-asbestos fibers in 22 samples of
drinking water. Fibers can be removed from water by chemical coagulation, sand
filtration, or diatomaceous earth filtration. Chemical coagulation followed
by filtration removed > 99.8% of the fibers from water.
-794-
-------
*20-0010
ASBESTOS
Plumb, R.H., Jr. and Lee, G. Fred
RESPONSE OF LAKE SUPERIOR ALGAE TO NUTRIENTS AND TACONITE TAILINGS
Water Res. 9^ (4): 619-25 (1975)
A lab bioassay showed that taconite tailings were nonstimulatory and nontoxic
to algae in Lake Superior. The algae did respond to tailings plus phosphate,
and were stimulated by phosphate alone but not by nitrate or silica.
Although the main object of the study was to determine the algal-limiting
nutrients and whether the limiting nutrient changes with time, the taconite
tailings were studied because of the discharge of wastes from Reserve Mining
Company into Lake Superior.
*20-0011
ASBESTOS
Anon
ASBESTOS, CHAMPLAIN, IJC REPORT SUBJECTS
Water in the News, p.4 (May-June 1975)
The International Joint Commission, which has an office at 100 Ouellette Avenue,
Windsor, Ontario N9A 6T3, Canada, has issued a state-of-the-art report on
asbestos. The Commission concludes that asbestos pollution will cross bound-
aries in Lake Superior; that scientists do not agree on hazards from ingested
fibers; that methods for identifying and counting fibers need further work; and
that sampling programs with regard to water will continue. An "Interim Report
on the Regulation of the Richelieu River and Lake Champlain" is also available.
-795-
-------
*20-0012
ASBESTOS
Anon
ALTERNATIVES EYED FOR TAILINGS DISPOSAL
Chem. Eng. News 53. (19): 8 (May 12, 1975)
Hearings will start on 2 June re Reserve Mining's proposal for on-land disposal
of its taconite tailints. A recently-released environmental study by Arthur D.
Little, Inc. for Reserve Mining found that Reserve Mining's Milepost No. 7 plan
would have small impact on the physical environment, no great adverse impact on
the social and economic environments, could be constructed in about three years
for about $252 million. The Colvin (Milepost No.42) plan proposed by the Dept.
of Natural Resources would also have small impact on the physical environment
with the exception of about 86 miles of cross-country pipelines, but it might
have an adverse impact on the Seven Beaver Lakes area, would be in the Superior
National Forest, and would cost about $677 million. The high cost would push
iron ore pellet production costs above the market value of the pellets.
*20-0013
ASBESTOS
Howard, W.P.
ASBESTOSIS (Letter to Editor)
Lancet j, (7913): 984-5 (Apr. 26, 1975)
Responding to previous comments on the media dramatization (in England) of
asbestosis, the author points out that the cited cases occurred under conditions
prevailing 20, 30 or more years ago. A recent study showed that 92% of 700
personal samples were below the stringent 2 fibers/ml threshold standard estab-
lished under the 1969 Asbestos Regulations. This indicates that asbestos
products can be and are being used safely.
-796-
-------
*20-0014
ASBESTOS
Gorski, C.H. and Stettler, L,E.
THE ADSORPTION OF WATER AND BENZENE ON AMOSITE AND CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3(6 (4): 292-8 (April 1975)
The surface properties of amasite and chrysotile asbestos were studied in a
continuing investigation by NIOSH to determine their relationship to toxicity.
Benzene was very slowly adsorbed, being unable to penetrate the smaller pores
of the asbestos sample. Adsorption isotherms made with water showed that the
water was physically adsorbed.
-797-
-------
20-0015
BENZIDINE
Jenkins, Richard L. and Baird, Rodger B.
THE DETERMINATION OF BENZIDINE IN WASTEWATERS
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13_ (4): 436-42 (1975)
Benzidine is on EPA's Proposed List of Toxic Pollutants and on OSHA's list of
chemical carcinogens, having been reported in several studies since 1947 as a
potential carcinogen in human urinary bladders and in rodent tissues.
Results and observations noted while developing analytical procedures for the
determination of benzidine in the ppm range in various wastewaters indicate
that because of its sensitivity and selectivity for benzidine, the GLC analysis
is preferable to the colorimetric or TLC analysis.
-798-
-------
20-0016
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Corbett, T.H. et al
TERATOGENICITY OF POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Paper Presented at the 15th Ann. Mtg. of the Teratology Soc., May 11-14, 1975,
Pocono Manor, Pa.
A mixture of polybrominated biphenyls (Firemaster BP-6) was used in this study.
Pregnant mice were fed this substance from days 7-18 of the gestation period,
at rates of 50, 100 or 1000 ppm. Animals were sacrificed at day 18. Examination
showed a decrease in mean fetal weight, exencephaly evidenced at 100 and 1000 ppm,
and cleft palate noted at both 50 and 1000 ppm doses.
-799-
-------
20-0017
FLAME RETARDANTS
McHale, Edward T.
FLAME INHIBITION BY POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS
Combustion and Flame 24_ (2): 277-9 (1975)
The potassium compounds, lUSO/, KHCO-j, K2C20/ and KBF^, were incorporated into
propellant formulations before processing to study the mechanism by which
chemical inhibition occurs when certain powders are added to fuel-air flames.
The first three compounds produced strong inhibiting effects, but KBF^ showed
almost a complete lack of inhibition. Apparently, KOH, rather than the
potassium metal vapor, is the species responsible for inhibition.
20-0018
FLAME RETAKDANTS
Benbow, A.W. and Cullis, C.F.
THE COMBUSTION OF FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAMS:
MECHANISMS AND EVALUATION OF FLAME RETARDANCE
Combustion and Flame £4 (2): 217-30 (1975)
The effects of a wide range of halogen- and phosphorus-containing flame retardant
compounds were studied to observe the chemical reactions during the "ageing" of
foamed polyurethanes. Ageing improved the fire resistance of the foams containing
the additives, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,
when they were present in more than critical concentrations. Part of the addi-
tive used is incorporated into the polyurethane structure, judging from the
thermal degradation studies.
-800-
-------
20-0019
FLAME RETARDANTS
(New Products)
Kalina, Joseph F.
THERE ARE NEW WAYS TO TAME THE FLAME. . .
Mod. Plast. 52. (5): 42-5 (1975)
A 195,000-metric ton/yr market, which may more than double by 1980, for flame
retardants for plastics coupled with the push of legislation has stimulated
research in flame retardance. New additives, fillers, coatings, and ready-to-
use FR compounds are discussed in this review.
Among those listed: Aropahoe Chemicals DFR-121, a halogen-containing organic
proposed as a smoke suppressor for flexible vinyls; American Cyanamid's
phosphine oxide-ammonium polyphosphate combinations; decabromodiphenyl oxide
for use in impact PS; intumescent coatings, etc.
20-0020
FLAME RETARDANTS
(New Products)
Anon
HIGH BROMINE FLAME RETARDANT
Mod. Plast. 52. (5): 26 (1975)
Dow Chemical's new FR-1540, a flame retardant for unsaturated polyester resins
for use in RP boat hulls, autos, etc., is based on the company's FR-1138
(dibromoneopentyl glycol), has a high bromine content, and contains maleic,
fumaric, and a-phthalic acid links in the polymer chain. FR-1540 can be mixed
with nonhalogenated resins, used with other flame retardants, or as a "topper"
to chlorine derivatives.
FR-1540 is said to have good light stability, little adverse effect on non-
halogenated resins, and to be noncorrosive for stainless steel.
-801-
-------
20-0021
FLAME RETAKDANTS
(New Products)
Anon
FLAME RETARDANCY--A PLUS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE RESINS
Mod. Plast. 52_ (5): 22 (1975)
GE has added two new grades, N-190 and N-225, to its Noryl phenylene oxide-based
flame retarding resins. Table lists typical properties of Noryl injection
molding resins.
FLAME RETARDANTS
See: 20-0016, Brominated Biphenyls
-802-
-------
*20-0022
FLUOROCARBONS
Leonard, Paul F.
THE LOWER LIMITS OF FLAMMABILITY OF HALOTHANE, ENFLURANE, AND ISOFLURANE
Anesthesia and Analgesia 54_ (2): 238-40 (Mar.-Apr. 1975)
It is inadvisable to use electrosurgery if nitrous oxide is part of the anesthetic
mixture. Tests were conducted with the anesthetics, halothane, enflurane or iso-
flurane. The combination of nitrous oxide-oxygen atmosphere with halothane is
combustible in concentrations found in clinical anesthesia.
*20-0023
FLUOROCARBONS
(Uses)
Dukert, Andrew A.
USE OF POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE TO FIGHT CORROSION
TAPPI 58. (4): 152-4 (1975)
Polyvinylidene fluoride has established itself as an extremely chemical resistant
material which has become standard in the pulp and paper industry for use as pipe,
pumps, vessel linings, and as a coating for equipment that must withstand highly
corrosive environments at reasonably high temperatures. Since this material can
be made into monofilaments, new uses such as washer filters, screens, demisters,
etc. have been introduced.
-803-
-------
*20-0024
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
THE SOUTH POLAR CONTINENT. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (18): 22 (May 5, 1975)
Air pollution researchers at Washington State University feel that the south
polar ice may be freezing out trace gases as the global circulations bring
air in contact with the ice. Dr. Reinhold A. Rasmussen says that ramarkably
high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons,
such as Freon II, were found in the surface snow at the new Scott-Amundsen
polar station.
*20-0025
FLUOROCARBONS
Holmes, Steven A. and Thomas, T. Darrah
ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION IN TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENES .
ELECTRON DONATION BY THE TRIFLUOROMETHYL GROUP
J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97. W : 2337-41 (Apr. 30, 1975)
In this continuing study of the charge distributions within the molecules of
trifluoromethylbenzenes, including l,3-di(trifluoromethyl)benzene and 1,4-di
(trifluoromethyl) benzene, it was determined that the chemical properties of
these molecules correlate well with the core binding energy shifts, which are
a measure of the ionization potential at a given atom.
-804-
-------
*26-0026
FLUOROCARJBONS
(Uses)
Walters, A,.R. and Hurgeton, J.C.
HEPA FILTER. LEAK TESTING USING FREON TF AEROSOL
Contain. Contr. /Biomed. Environ. 11 (5 & 6) : 20-1 (May/June 1975)
To measure the effectiveness of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters,
the Army Chem. Corps developed a test method using dioctylphthalate (DOP) , which,
although satisfactory as a technique, had certain disadvantages.
By accident, Freon TF was discovered to be an alternate, and tests showed that
by using the Freon a fast, inexpensive leak test, equal in accuracy to the DOP
method, was possible.
*20-0027
FLUOROCARBONS
Cox, R.A. et al
LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE IN NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE
Nature 255 (5504): 118-21 (May 8, 1975)
Photochemical ozone and the pollutants from which it is formed were studied with
the aid of meteorological stations in England and Ireland. A significant portion
of the ground level ozone in southern Engalnd for summer 1973 was found to be
produced by man. Under suitable meteorological conditions photochemical ozone
can be transported many miles so that even isolated areas can be affected. There
is evidence that pollutants and the ozone layer over Britain could have originated
in north-west Europe.
-805-
-------
*20-0028
FLUOROCARBONS
Dixon, Dale D. and Holland, Dewey G.
FLUOROCARBONS: PROPERTIES AND SYNTHESES
Fed. Proc. 34. (6): 1444-8 (May 1975)
Custom syntheses of fluorocarbons for use as artificial blood substitutes are
discussed with attention directed to the electrochemical fluorination of
hydrocarbons. The physical properties of fluorocarbons are reviewed briefly
and the acute inhalation toxicity of several fluoroethanes is given.
-806-
-------
20-0029
HALOETHERS
Johncock, Peter and Hewins, Maurice A.H.
POLYFLUOROETHERS FROM 2,2,3,3,4,4-HEXAFLUOROPENTANEDIOL AND BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)
ETHER AND BISHALOMETHYL-SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 13_ (4): 807-14 (1975)
Looking for improved elastomeric materials for use in aircraft, the authors
synthesized some polyfluoroethers from 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoropentanediol
(HFPD) and bischloromethyl ether and bishalomethyl-substituted aromatics
using the Williamson reaction. The various preparations and some of their
properties are described.
20-0030
HALOETHERS
Evans, Kenneth P. et al
DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)ETHER IN AIR BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY-HIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY
Anal. Chem. _47^ (6): 821-4 (May 1975)
Identification and quantitative determination of bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME)
in the atmosphere of work areas in manufacturing plants and laboratories can be
provided by an analytical method which combines gas chromatography and high
resolution mass spectroscopy and is able to detect 0.1 ppb v/v BCME on a one
liter air sample. Interest in the detection of BCME, a potential carcinogen,
has been further stimulated by the report that it forms spontaneously from
formaldehyde in the presence of HCJl.
-807-
-------
20-0031
HALOETHERS
Solomon, Richard A. and Kallos, George J.
DETERMINATION OF CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER AND BIS-CHLOROMETHYL ETHER
IN AIR AT THE PART PER BILLION LEVEL BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Anal. Chem. 47. (6): 955-7 (May 1975)
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedures meet the specificity and
sensitivity requirements for measuring airborne concentrations of CMME and
bis-CMME but need sophisticated instrumentation that does not lend itself
conveniently to on-site plant analysis. Therefore, several gas chromatographic
approaches were tried to find a method sensitive enough to detect these com-
pounds at the ppb level. These are described.
20-0032
HALOETHERS
Anon
ROHM AND HAAS MOVES TO CLEAN UP PLANT EFFLUENT
Chem. Wk. 116 (19): 23 (May 7, 1975)
Following the discovery of traces of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether in the effluent
discharged into Philadelphia's sewer system, Rohm and Haas discontinued using
the chemical at its plant nearby. The company's discharges, up to 135 Ibs/day,
have evidently contributed to the 10 ppb of chloroethyl ether recently found
in the city's Northeast treatment plant discharges. Rohm & Haas has modified
its process to eliminate the intermediate, which is used in industrial sur-
factant production, from the plant effluent. Levels of 0.4-0.5 ppb of chloro-
ethyl ether were discovered at Philadelphia's Delaware River intake.
-808-
-------
HALOETHERS
See: *20-0022, Fluorocarbons
-809-
-------
20-0033
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Villeneuve, David C.
THE EFFECT OF FOOD RESTRICTION ON THE REDISTRIBUTION OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE
IN THE RAT
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 3Jj 313-9 (1975)
This study was conducted to determine the extent to which hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) is redistributed when fat depots in animals with previous HCB exposure
are mobilized. Only animals subjected to food restriction and given doses of
100 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days showed signs of toxicity, while those dosed
at other levels showed no toxic signs with the exception of an increased liver/
body weight ratio at 10 mg/kg. All deaths, which occurred, did so after the
14-day period; prior to death animals exhibited a loss of appetite, tremors,
and a red nasal discharge. The residue profile shows HCB accumulation in all
tissues in relation to dose. Brain residue levels exceeded 300 ppm in all
animals that died or exhibited toxic symptoms.
Because humans restrict their diets for various reasons, tissue redistribution
of pesticide burdens can be a potential health hazard.
20-0034
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Villeneuve, D.C. and Hierlihy, S.L.
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE IN THE RAT
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13_ (4): 489-91 (1975)
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), judged an environmental contaminant via its use as a
fungicide and as an industrial chemical, was studied to determine its accumu-
lation by the rat fetus in utero. The data indicate that HCB crosses the
placenta and accumulates in the fetus in a dose-dependent manner but, as in
earlier studies, no fetopathic effects were observed at any dose level.
-810-
-------
20-0035
ISOCYANATES
Porter, Charles V. et al
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CLINICAL, PHYSIOLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC CHANGES IN
WORKERS EXPOSED TO TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE
Araer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3£ (3): 159-68 (1975)
Hypersensitivity to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) appeared to have a direct relation-
ship to frequency of significant exposure (greater than 0.05 ppm) and the air
concentration of TDI vapors inhaled. Hypersensitive workers removed from exposure
eliminated their clinical problems. This retrospective study of 32 case histories
of workers in a TDI plant, which has been in continuous operation since 1956, was
based on physical examination, pulmonary function measurements, and immunologic
tests. One group of seven demonstrated tolerance by a negative response to immuno-
logic tests. In another group of seven, bronchoconstriction was experienced with
TDI exposure even though these workers were found to have protective antibodies.
20-0036
ISOCYANATES
Nielson, Arthur and Booth, K.S.
A TECHNIQUE FOR DYNAMIC CALIBRATION OF A CONTINUOUS TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE
MONITOR
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36_ (3): 169-71 (1975)
The analytical methods developed for the dynamic calibration of continuous TDI
monitors are described. Instruments were calibrated against the Marcali method
and substantial agreement was noted in determining micro-amounts of TDI in the
atmosphere.
-811-
-------
ISOCYANATES
See: 20-0050, Polyurethanes
20-0051, Polyurethanes
-812-
-------
20-0037
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
WILL COAL GASIFICATION HURT ENVIRONMENT?
Hydrocarbon Proc. 4. (4): 17-8 (1975)
Battelle Columbus Laboratories under contract to EPA studied the environmental
impact of coal gasification and concluded that it would be necessary to dispose
of the ash residue, control coal dust, and remove such potential atmospheric
emissions as sulfur and particulates from the fuel gas. Generation of additional
liquid and solid waste might follow.
For the needed energy, a large gasification system might have to be installed
and operated. Four categories of industry (chemicals and allied products;
primary metal industries; petroleum refining and related industries; and stone,
clay, glass and concrete products) were analyzed re conversion to low-energy gas.
Among most promising: chemical feedstock heating, sintering, open-hearth furnaces,
reverbatory furnaces, heat treating and kiln firing.
20-0038
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
ERDA HEAD RESISTS FORD'S PLAN. . .
Coal Age 80 (4): 9 (1975)
President Ford's proposed substitute fuel industry based on 20 plants producing
the energy equivalent of 1 million bbl of oil a day by 1985 is not realistic,
according to ERDA's Director, Robert C. Seamans. Seamans estimates that 30 fuel
plants at a cost of $1 billion each would be needed. Some plants will convert
coal to oil, others will produce high-grade or low grade gas. Seamans estimates
a minimum of ten years to go from pilot plant to commercial-size plants, assuming
no delays, but expresses doubts about the economic feasibility of the program.
-813-
-------
20-0039
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
OVERSEAS TECHNOLOGY AIDS GASIFICATION HERE
Coal Age 8£ (A): 25 (1975)
Coal gasification technology developed in Britain and Russia will be available
soon to U.S. according to 1) announcement that Applied Technology Corp.,
Pittsburgh, has reached agreement with Wellman Incandescent, Ltd. for exclusive
rights to its coal gasification technology for producing clean, uninterruptable
fuel gas, and 2) Texas Utilities Services Go's contract with Licensintorg of
Moscow for Russian process to gasify deep lignite coal deposits in eastern
Texas.
20-0040
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Beychok, Milton R.
PERSPECTIVE ON COAL CONVERSION (Letter to Editor)
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (5): 396-7 (1975)
Commenting on Rubin McMichael's article (See: CATS 14-0019), the author compares
EPA'S NSPS of 1.2 Ibs S02/106 Btu with New Mexico's standard of 0.34 Ibs, and
stresses that a single national standard cannot be equitably applied.
He refutes Rubin and McMicahel's reference to gaseous emissions of cyanides,
ammonia and hydrogen chloride from coal gasification by pointing out that, in
the Lurgi gasification process, the process gas is Rectisol-treated to remove
H2S and C02J the ^S is converted to by-product sulfur; the gas is refrigerated
to -40°F at 300 psig, and the end result is removal of all cyanides, ammonia
and other gaseous contaminants in aqueous liquors. These liquors are bio-
treated so that in essence there should be no emissions of gaseous cyanides,
ammonia or hydrogen chloride to the atmosphere.
-814-
-------
20-0041
4,A'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
Schmitt, C.R. and Cagle, G.W.
SULFAMIC ACID CLEANING SOLUTION FOR 4,4'-METHYLENE-BIS-ORTHOCHLOROANILINE (MOCA)
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. J36 (3): 181-6 (1975)
In plant operating areas where electrical machinery and other spark or ignition
hazards exist, an aqueous solution of 1.0 wt% sulfamic acid-0.5 vol% surfactant
was demonstrated as a non-flammable solubilizing and cleaning agent for
4,4'-methylene-bis-orthochloroaniline (MOCA)-contaminated surfaces. The MOCA is
decontaminated to less than the analytical detectable limits (10 yg/25 sq in).
A salt compound is formed when sulfamic acid reacts with MOCA and the nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum changes. This shift in the MOCA spectrum
indicates chemical and possibly carcinogenic and toxicological property changes.
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
See: 20-0050. Polyurethanes
-815-
-------
20-0042
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Jensen, Roy A. and Pierson, Duane L.
EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROBIAL ENZYMOLOGY FOR
L-TYROSINE BIOSYNTHESIS
Nature 254 (5502): 667-71 (Apr. 24, 1975)
Several enzyme arrangements for L-tyrosine biosynthesis in modern microorganisms
differ in pattern of regulatory control. A less refined regulation exists in
blue-green bacteria (algae), which have a somewhat primitive pathway, than that
of Eaaheriah-ia aolit which has a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate pathway. There is,
perhaps, an overall scheme of pathway evolution with modern organisms having
pathways indicative of different stages of an apparent evolutionary sequence.
The authors suggest that substantial variation in the selective pressure for
regulation of L-tyrosine biosynthesis exists within the different ecological
niches of specific organisms. The evolutionary stage of pathway development may
reflect the degree of selective pressure for regulation.
20-0043
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Craig, Robert B. and Rudd, Robert L.
THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO TOXIC CHEMICALS IN THE BIOSPHERE
pp. 1-24 in Survival in Toxic Environments. Proc. of a Symposium organized
by American Soc. of Zoologists Houston, Tex., Dec. 28-30, 1973, edited by M.A.Q.
Khan and John P. Bederka, Jr. Academic Press, NYC. 1974. 553pp. $19.50
A modular means of presentation is offered to regulatory and political agencies
having to make decisions resulting from the intrusion of synthetic chemicals
into ecological systems. Aquatic systems are treated; computer analyses of the
DDT-R "load" throughout the lacustrine ecosystem and descriptive and predictive
models of the pesticide residue values in fishes and one fish-eating bird are
given. The ecokinetic analysis of chemical residues are extended to a simpli-
fied terrestrial ecosystem. Transferability of the models to all persistent
chemicals from any source in living systems is noted.
-816-
-------
20-0044
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
Environ. Kept. 5. (24): 194 (Apr. 30, 1974)
"Coastal Ecosystems," a 178-page guidebook on coastal ecology, offers professionals
and laymen useful background information for coastal ecosystem management.
Available from Conservation Foundation, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036, for $4.
20-0045
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Hall, Charles A.S. et al
A FIFTEEN-YEAR RECORD OF BIOTIC METABOLISM IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
Nature 255 (5504): 136-8 (May 8, 1975)
Biotic metabolism of Northern Hemisphere reflects no changes in basic pattern
from 1959 to 1972. Possibly, the biosphere is too big to be affected by
industrial processes or the stimulatory effects of atmospheric C02 enrichment
counteract the potentially adverse effects of acid rain, atmospheric dust
loading, etc.
-817-
-------
20-0046
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Warren, Craig B.
BIODEGRADATION OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID AND NTA-METAL ION COMPLEXES:
pp.473-96 in Survival in Toxic Environments. Proc. of a Symposium
organized by the Am. Soc. of Zoologists, Houston, Tex., Dec. 28-30, 1973,
edited by M.A.Q. Khan and John P. Bederka, Jr. Academic Press, NYC. 1974
553 pp. $19.50
This review (with 50 references) proposes to provide answers to questions on the
pathway of NTA biodegradation, kinetics and mechanism of NTA biodegradation,
biodegradability of NTA metal complexes, and the tolerance range of NTA
biodegradation.
-818-
-------
20-0047
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Brodman, George L.
RETENTION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN FABRICS
Textile Chem. Color. 7_ (5): 20/80-22/82 (1975)
The affinity of various textile fabrics for the three chlorinated solvents
(perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) is discussed.
If time, temperature, solvent treatment and drying conditions are properly
selected, the fabrics tested in this study (including acetate, polyester, poly-
propylene, wool, nylons, etc.) can be processed without retaining significant
amounts of solvent. Selected physical properties of perchloroethylene, trichloro-
ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and water are tabulated.
20-0048
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Saxton, James C. and Narkus-Kramer, Marc
EPA FINDINGS ON SOLID WASTES FROM INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
Chem. Eng. J32_ (4): 107-12 (Apr. 28, 1975)
This study of 33 chemicals (including perchloroethylene) covers process-related
solid wastes unique to the chemical industry and associated liquid/solid slurries
and sludges. Industry anticipates a solid-waste reduction of 13.6% by 1977.
Item describes the wastes and treatment and disposal methods; includes current
and future chemical production figures as well as current and future waste
production figures.
-819-
-------
*20-0049
PHTHALATES
Jones, Adelaide E. et al
PHTHALATE ESTER TOXICITY IN HUMAN CELL CULTURES
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31: 283-9 (1975)
The toxic effect of phthalate esters on human cells is examined, using di-2-ethyl-
hexyl phthalate (DEHP) and butyl glycolyl butyl phthalate (BGBP) plasticizers.
Effects on cell protein were less in a nonreplicating, confluent cell layer than
in replicating cell populations. DEHP and BGBP, several other phthalate esters,
and two rionphthalide compounds can be leached into blood from certain polyvinyl
chloride plastic medical devices. Experimental evidence of "subtle toxicity"
from the phthalate esters in PVC-containing plastics and the possibility of
tissue accumulation of DEHP are indications of potential clinical problems.
PHTHALATES
See: *20-0026, Fluorocarbons
-820-
-------
20-0050
POLYURETHANES
Singh, Ajaib and Saxon, Robert
MOISTURE-RESISTANT URETHANES
Rubber Age 107 (4): 53-7 (1975)
Polyester-based urethane prepolymers, which are TDI-terminated aliphatic polyesters,
with molecular weights in the 700 to 2,200 range, cured with MOCA, have been
developed. These stabilized prepolymers, now available commercially, demonstrate
resistance to moist atmosphere aging similar to that of polyether-based urethanes.
They also possess high initial tensile strength and thermal stability, and cost
no more than the polyether type.
20-0051
POLYURETHANES
Pearson, C.J. et al
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CAST URETHANE ELASTOMERS
Paper Presented at ACS Rubber Div. 107th Mtg., Cleveland, Ohio, May 6-9, 1975
Dynamic properties of polyurethanes and polyureaurethanes are compared on the
basis of flexometer and resilometer tests, showing the effect of polymer
ingredients, aging and casting size. The polyether- and polyester-based
urethanes tested were made with various diisocyanates and cured with glycols
or diamines.
[Abstract in: Rubber Age 107 (4): 33 (1975)]
-821-
-------
20-0052
POLYURETHANES
Dieter, Jerry A. et al
LIGHT-STABLE POLYURETHANES FROM ADIPODINITRILE CARBONATE
J. Paint Technol. 47. (603): 65-70 (Apr. 1975)
A new chemical compound, adiponitrile carbonate (ADNC), reacts with hydroxyl
groups to form urethanes, and with amino groups to yield ureas. More precisely
identified as 5,5'-tetramethylene di-(l,3,4-dioxazol-2-one), ADNC yields light-
stable polyurethanes, thus making it attractive for coatings. Some such coatings
have been prepared and their physical properties are described here. ADNC is
also a useful crosslinking agent for hydroxyl-containing acrylic resins.
POLYURETHANES
See: 20-0018, Flame Retardants
-822-
-------
20-0053
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Anon
TRICHLOROETHYLENE IS POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN
Chem., Eng. News 5J3 (18): 6 (May 5, 1975)
The National Cancer Institute has issued a "memorandum of alert", based on
preliminary data, warning producers, users, and regulatory agencies that
trichloroethylene is a potential carcinogen. NCI tests indicate that the
compound induces tumors in mice, predominantly liver cancer.
PPG questions the use of very high dose levels by NCI and the feeding of
trichloroethylene to the mice, since inhalation is the major exposure
hazard. NCI's Dr. N. Page claims, however, the method of administration
would not affect results because trichloroethylene is readily absorbed in
the lungs and enters the bloodstream rapidly.
U.S. production of trichloroethylene was 434 million Ib. in 1974, of which
95% may have been used for vapor degreasing of metal parts.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
See: 20-0047, Perchloroethylene
-823-
-------
20-0054
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
ELSEWHERE, THE FIRST MAJOR TEST OF FUELS
Chem. Eng. 82 (10): 38 (May 12, 1975)
Three jet fuels, two diesel fuels, leadfree gasoline and heavy fuel oil derived
from crude oil produced by the Paraho Development Corp. shale project are being
tested in government and industry vehicles. The approximately 6,000 bbl of
fuels plus, the equivalent of about 2,100 bbl of high-grade coke, and the equiv-
alent of 500 bbl of pyrolysis gas were refined from about 10,000 bbl of crude
shale oil. About 1,100 bbls were used in operating the refinery.
-824-
-------
20-0055
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anderson, Earl V.
RECESSION STIFLES OUTPUT OF TOP 50 CHEMICALS
Chem. Eng. News 5_3 (18): 30-3 (May 5, 1975)
Vinyl chloride is among the top 50 chemicals discussed in this review, which
shows a growth rate of only 1.3% in 1974 for the top 50 chemicals.
20-0056
VINYL CHLORIDE
Freund, Samuel M. and Sweger, Daniel M.
VINYL CHLORIDE DETECTION USING CARBON MONOXIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE INFRARED LASERS
Anal. Chem. 47^ (6): 930-2 (May 1975)
The sensitive, selective detection procedure based on Stark modulation absorption
of infrared laser radiation described here should be feasible for quantitative
determinations of vinyl chloride in the presence of other molecules.
-825-
-------
20-0057
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
PVC PLANTS ARE READY TO PASS FIRST TEST
Chem. Wk. 116 (19): 49-50 (May 7, 1975)
Vinyl chloride monomer plants are readying for OSHA inspection under the
current standard limiting VCM to 25 ppm, but should readily pass inspection.
Sterner tests are yet to come, if the 1-ppm exposure limit actually becomes
the standard in April 1976.
In June 1975, EPA may propose standards limiting VCM emissions to the atmosphere
may set a 400 ppm limit.
Various manufacturers comment briefly on meeting the OSHA standard with or
without respirators, on efforts to improve process techniques, on new plant
capacities, on the use of large reaction vessels, on cleanup, etc.
20-0058
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
DOWN WITH MONOMER IN PVC FOR PACKAGING
Mod. Plast. 52_ (5): 49 (1975)
Four new commercial compounds from Pantasote, Ethyl Corp. , Robintech, and
Hooker are evidence that PVC bottle, film and sheet compounds that have
1 ppm or less of residual VCM will be available for packages.
Food-grade PVC is not yet required to contain zero monomer and FDA is not
rushing into action following recent disclosures by C. Maltoni of carcinogen-
icity among lab animals from VCM, which was fed to the animals in high doses.
Maltoni is now conducting additional studies using much lower doses.
-826-
-------
20-0059
VINYL CHLORIDE
Daniels, G.A. and Proctor, D.E.
VCM EXTRACTION FROM PVC BOTTLES
Mod. Packag. 48 (4): 45-8 (1975)
A model is presented for the relationship between VCM in PVC bottles and the
maximum concentration in the contents. Tests show that this maximum can be held
below the 50-ppb level.
-827-
-------
20-0060
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
RADIOLUMINOUS MATERIALS
Environ. Rept. 5. (24): 191 (Apr. 30, 1975)
Until ways are found to protect workers from overexposure, radium should not
be used to paint dials of watches and clocks, nor should proraethium-147 be
used in place of radium. One safer compound for this purpose is tritium. This,
in summary, is the conclusion given in "Public Health Implications of Radio-
luminous Materials," by A.A. Moghissi and M.W. Carter, Office of Interdisciplinary
Programs, Georgia Inst, Tech.
The U.S. Bur. Radiological Health reports only approximately 200,000 radium-226
activated clocks and an insignigicant number of wrist watches distributed in the
U.S. in 1973, but 900,000 promethium-activated wrist watches and 1,370,000
clocks, mostly imported, were distributed. U.S.-made and imported watches and
clocks with tritium dials were in the order of 5.4 million and 260,000, respectively.
Radiation exposure from radium and tritium is high; the quantity from promethium
is unknown.
20-0061
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
A NONSEPARATING MIXTURE OF GASOLINE AND WATER. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (18): 22 (May 5, 1975)
A substitute for leaded gasoline has been prepared which uses 10% water mixed
with the gasoline. A proprietary bonding agent called Hydrelate keeps the
mixture from separating. The developers, United International Research, Inc.,
claim that hydrocarbons and lead emissions are substantially reduced.
-828-
-------
20-0062
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PESTICIDES IN CARPET
Environ. Kept. .5 (24): 192 (Apr. 30, 1975)
Research workers at the University of Iowa, analyzing sections (one inch squares)
of wool and synthetic carpet taken from homes and retail stores, found that at
least one chlorinated pesticide was present in all samples examined. Most
carpets ate treated at the mill with pesticides to prevent insect damage, the
researchers noted.
20-0063
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CANCER AND CHEMICALS: RISKS MAPPED
Sci. News 107 (18): 286-7 (May 3, 1975)
National Cancer Institute study of cancer mortality rates by geographic areas
in U.S. exhibited in 34 maps. Among findings: strong correlations between lung-
and liver-cancer levels around concentrations of chemical industries; high lung-
cancer rates near copper and lead smelters; and high bladder-cancer levels
around heavy auto production areas.
-829-
-------
20-0064
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
NIOSH HAS IDENTIFIED 1500 CHEMICALS AS POSSIBLE TUMORIGENS. . .
Chem. Eng. News 5_3 (19): 9 (May 12, 1975)
A list of 1500 chemicals, which are possible tumorigens, is available from NIOSH.
The specific chemicals were identified from primary literature sources. The list
will soon be published in the Federal Register.
20-0065
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
HOW HOT IS OCEAN INCINERATION?
Environ. Sci. Technol. £ (5): 412-3 (1975)
Ocean incineration seems to be a feasible way to dispose of chlorinated hydro-
carbon wastes, but final evaluation depends on additional tests, some of which
are underway via EPA. This disposal idea originated in Germany. Some problems
include sodium concentration, increasing viscosity, longer burning time for
wastes containing high percentage of water.
Some positive notes were sounded in a Jan. 1974 report from the Center of
Biological Studies and Research and of Oceanographic Medicine, Nice, France,
which states that incineration at sea apparently does not bring about changes in
the biomass; and does not cause accumulation through the nutrition chain, etc.
-830-
-------
20-0066
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon.
AQUATIC LIFE/CHEMICALS
Environ. Kept. 6. (1): 8 (May 12, 1975)
Literature published during the period 1968-1972 was the source for a compilation
of data concerned with the effects of chemicals on aquatic life. The publication,
available without charge from the Office of Research and Development, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, B.C. 20460, is titled: "Water Quality Criteria Data
Book, Volume 5: Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic Life," EPA-18050 HLA09/73.
-831-
-------
21-0001
ARSENIC
Anon
MONITORING EXPOSURE TO ARSENICALS
Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13. (2): 285 (Apr. 1975)
Reference is made to an editorial in "British Medical Journal" 3^ 487 (1974),
which comments on the still high use of arsenical compounds as herbicides
and insecticides. In Britain, the control of weeds and seedling trees in
forests involves the use of simple arsenical mixtures against which the
wearing of goggles and gloves provides satisfactory worker protection. In
the U.S., however, workers are exposed to more toxic preparations, including
dimethylarsinic acid, and protective clothing notwithstanding, they apparently
absorb organic arsenic, some of which they excrete in the urine. Reference
is made to a study by Wagner and Weswig, "Arch. Environ. Health" 28, 77 (1974),
in which they showed that arsenic could be recovered from the urine during the
first week of exposure, that the urinary content of arsenic rapidly declines
after exposure stops, but there is still the question of whether all arsenic
absorbed is eventually eliminated. Because dimethylarsinic acid may be converted
to arsine by fungi, there is a potential inhalation hazard for forestry workers.
21-0002
ARSENIC
Kniep, Theodore J.
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY ANALYTICAL METHOD IN PAINT ANALYSIS
J. Paint Technol. 47^ (604): 71-6 (May 1975)
Multi-element trace analyses of paint samples are considered with special attention
to the X-ray analytical method. This method offers sensitivity, speed, reliability,
and ease of sample preparation. Of those discussed, systems employing X-ray fluores-
cence and semi-conductor detectors are most useful. The paint industry's concern
derives from the potential danger to humans who might be exposed to toxic elements
if they inadvertently ingest dried paint solids.
-832-
-------
*21-0003
ARYL PHOSPHATES
Anon
FMC STARTS UP EXPANSION OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS
Chem. Wk. 116 (22): 14 (May 28, 1975)
Kronitex fire retardant plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride are principal products
of FMC Corporation's phosphate ester plant at Nitro, W. Virginia, which has just
undergone a $10 million expansion. Plant capacity is up to 65 Ibs/year from 30
million Ibs/year; commercial Kronitex 100 triaryl phosphate is a substitute for
tricresyl phosphate.
*21-0004
ARYL PHOSPHATES
Boyer, Kenneth W. and Laitlnen, Herbert A.
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST PARTICULATES. PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Environ. Sci. Technol. £ (5): 457-69 (1975)
Automobile exhaust particulates were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography-
mass spectroscopy revealing the presence of hundreds of compounds (about 50%
saturated aliphatic, 5% polynuclear aromatic, and 30% oxygenated hydrocarbons.)
Among compounds identified were triphenyl phosphate and the mono-, di-, and tri-
methylsubstituted triphenyl phosphates. Catalytic converters effectively reduced
total particulate emissions and more effectively reduced the ether-extractable
organic content of filter particulates. UV irradiation caused photochemical de-
gradation, which was greater in leaded than in nonleaded particulates.
-833-
-------
*21-0005
ASBESTOS
Reist, Parker C.
COUNTING ASBESTOS FIBERS BY THE MOST PROBABLE NUMBER METHOD
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36_ (5): 379-84 (1975)
The most probable number method (of bacteria counting) is considered promising
for evaluating asbestos fiber counts. The advantages offered by this method in-
clude shorter sampling time, shorter counting time, less chance of overlap, and
less eyestrain for the microscopist. A disadvantage is that fibers must be esti-
mated to within an order of magnitude before counting. Accuracy compares well
with conventional counting methods, however.
-834-
-------
21-0006
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
FIRE-PROOFING AGENTS ARE FOR ALL FIBERS
Textile World 125 (5): 111 (1975)
Flame-proofing agents were prepared from propargyl alcohol, treated with phos-
phoric acid to form the triphosphate, and halogenated with bromine, chlorine or
both. Tri (2:3-dibromoallyl) phosphate, tri (2,2,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) phos-
phate, and tri (2,2,3-tribromo-3 chloropropyl) phosphate are examples of these
agents which impart self-extinguishing properties to both natural and synthetic
fibers. GAF holds British Patent 1,376,979 on the products.
FLAME RETARDANTS
See: *21-0003, Aryl Phosphates
-835-
-------
*21-0007
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
FLUOROCARBON AEROSOL PROPELLANTS
Lancet 1 (7915): 1073-4 (May 10, 1975)
Non-inflammability, low degree of toxicity and other advertised properties of
fluorocarbons led to their wide use in industrial and medical applications.
Not until "sniffing"deaths were reported in 1970 in the U.S., and questions
were then raised about an epidemic of asthma deaths in Britain and other
countries from 1960 to 1967 was much thought given to the potential hazard
of aerosol propellants. A recent report now indicates that the use by
surgical-pathology residents of an aerosol preparation containing mono-
chlorodifluoromethane to accelerate precipitation of frozen sections produced
palpitations higher than in those not exposed.
Brief review is given of animal studies made to assess toxicity of fluorocarbons.
Animals exposed to concentrations of 20% dichlorodifluoromethane (fluorocarbon-12)
and dichlorotetrafluoroethane (fluorocarbon-114) became sluggish, drowsy, and
developed tremors; and some died from the fluorocarbon-114. Other studies showed
that monkeys and dogs developed ventricular arrhythmias from different concen-
trations of fluorocarbon-11 and fluorocarbon-114. It appears, however, that while
deliberate inhalation of very high concentrations of fluorocarbons (as in glue
sniffing, or by asthma patients) is dangerous, there is little or no danger from
the use of pressurized aerosol cans in the recommended manner. Nevertheless,
studies to develop safer methods of dispensing inhaled drugs are recommended.
*21-0008
FLUOROCARBONS
Mercer, T.T.
AEROSOL TECHNOLOGY IN HAZARD EVALUATION
Academic Press, London, 1973
Inhalation hazards are emphasized in this book which describes the deposition,
absorption and clearance of particulate matter in the lungs; particle dynamics
and aerosol stability; particle size measurement and distribution; and theory of
aerosol generation. The chapter on air samplers discusses the characterization
and separation of the respirable fraction of an aerosol. The problems associated
with estimating and quantifying aerosol concentrations by various filtration,
electrostatic, optical and piezoelectric methods are mentioned.
[Review in: Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13 (2), 272 (Apr. 1975)]
-836-
-------
*21-0009
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
STUDY PROPOSED TO RESOLVE OZONE DATA
Chem. Eng. News .53 (21): 6 (May 26, 1975)
Congress urged by scientists to authorize two-three year study of fluorocarbon
problem, probably under NASA, and to fund long-term research on the terrestrial,
biological, and climatic effects of increased UV radiation.
New studies now indicate that previous calculations of ozone loss in stratosphere
were too big by about 300%. Also, although the hydroxyl radical is a key species
in all calculations made, it has not yet been detected in the stratosphere.
FLUOROCARBONS
See also: 21-0013, 4,4'-Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline)
-837-
-------
21-0010
HALOETHERS
Thiess, A.M. et al
ON THE TOXICOLOGY OF DICHLORODIMETHYLETHER — SUSPICION OF CANCEROGENIC
EFFECT ALSO ON MAN
Zentbl. ArbMed. ArbSchutz 23: 97 (1973)
The long-term carcinogenic potential of bis-chloromethyl ether (BCME) in animals
and man has been recognized in the U.S. and Britain. This study indicates the
potential danger of acute exposure.
A spray of BCME resulting from adding aluminum chloride too quickly into a vat
containing BCME in methylene chloride caused burns, lung fibrosis and the death
of an employee, protected by a breathing mask and rubber clothing. It also
caused eye irritation in other workers slightly exposed to the spray.
A review of animal studies showed, among other effects, that death occurred to
rats exposed for three minutes to an atmosphere saturated with BCME vapor at
20"C. Also, BCME was involved in 13 accidents in the factory between 1964 and
1971, causing two cases of eye damage and mild local skin damage. Eight cases
of lung cancer reported may have been caused by unknown levels of exposure to
BCME. Thus, BCME may be a short-term as well as a long-term hazard.
[Abstr. in: Food Cosmet Toxicol 13_ (1): 154 (Feb. 1975)]
21-0011
HALOETHERS
Tou, James C. et al
ANALYSIS OF A NON-CROSSLINKED, WATER SOLUBLE ANION EXCHANGE RESIN FOR THE
POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF PARTS PER BILLION LEVEL OF BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3_6_ (5): 374-8 (1975)
There was no evidence of bis-chloromethyl ether (bis-CME) in an aqueous solution
of a non-crosslinked anion exchange resin at a concentration of approximately 33%
at the detection limit ^ 10 ppb using the hollow fiber probe-mass spectrometric
technique. Commercial anion exchange resins contain 50% water within the bead
matrix and kinetic data show bis-CME hydrolyzes rapidly in the resin solution.
-838-
-------
21-0012
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR AUTOS STUDIED
Chem. Eng. News 53. (21): 25 (May 25, 1975)
According to Stanford Research Institute for some years yet the automobile
will be fueled by petroleum-based fuels because of lack of sufficient supply
of any other fuel. Future fuels, even though derived from nonpetroleum sources,
may resemble today's liquid petroleum fuels. On the basis of net energy the
most efficient use of either oil shale or coal would be production of synthetic
crude, which if used to make synthetic gasoline or distillate fuels, would be
compatible with today's automobile as well as with the existing petroleum
refining system.
Under SRI's "maximum credible scenario" for deployment of coal liquefaction
plants, production of 4 million bbl/day of oil is possible (but not necessarily
"likely") by the year 2000. And this only by dint of a major national effort
with capital expenditures of about $32 billion in 1973 dollars.
-839-
-------
21-0013
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS (2-CHLOROANILINE)
(MOCA)
Johnson, P.R. et al
ELASTOMERS AND FLAMMABILITY
Rubber Age 107 (5): 29-37 (1975)
This review of the elastomers industry considers those applications where fire
resistance is significant and summarizes technical knowledge on the flammability
of elastomers. In 1972, 739 million Ibs of elastomers were consumed in non-tire
end use products. About 11% of this total consumption was for products having
flame resistance requirements.
Flame retardants are discussed briefly, as is the oxygen index (01) for fluoro-
elastomers. A table lists the combustion products of urethane cured with methylenebis
(2-chloroaniline).
-840-
-------
21-0014
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Metcalf, Robert L. et al
DEGRADATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF l-(2,6-DIFLUOROBENZOYL)-3-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)
UREA
J. Agr. Food Chem. 2.3 (3): 359-64 (May/June 1975)
The degradation and environmental fate of the title compound, which is the insect
growth regulator PH-6040, were studied in a laboratory model ecosystem, under
photochemical stimulation, in soil, and by sheep liver microsomes. PH-6040 was
moderately persistent in alga, snail, caterpillar, and mosquito larva. In
Gambusia, however, the more efficient degradation of PH-6040 indicates that the
compound does not bioconcentrate in the fish through food chain transfer. Degra-
dative pathways are illustrated for the model ecosystem and photodegradation.
21-0015
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Rowe, Gilbert T. et al
BENTHIC NUTRIENT REGENERATION AND ITS COUPLING TO PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN
COASTAL WATERS
Nature 255 (5505): 215-17 (May 15, 1975)
Nutrient flux from nearshore sediments was measured in study aimed at proving
the continental shelf to be a tightly coupled component of most nearshore
ecosystems and to evaluate the function of the shallow sea floor in nutrient
regeneration.
-841-
-------
21-0016
POLYURETHANES
Anon
THE INDUCTION OF LUNG TUMOURS IN MICE BY URETHANE
Food Cosmet. Technol. 13 (2): 260-1 (Apr. 1975)
Brief review of published studies on the induction of lung tumors in mice
indicates that the urethane lung-tumor-induction system is dose dependent
in the number of tumor foci induced but not on the time of appearance of
the tumors*
POLYURETHANES
See: 21-0013, 4,4'-Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline)
-842-
-------
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
See: 21-0012, Liquefaction and Gasification of Coal
-843-
-------
21-0017
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Seltzer, Richard J,
REACTIONS GROW TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE ALERT
Chem. Eng. News 53. (20): 41-3 (May 19, 1975)
NCI's memo of alert indicating the potential carcinogenicity of trichloro-
ethylene in animals stirs producers and users to propose industry-sponsored
research program and activates NIOSH, OSHA, FDA, etc. to seek information.
Major use of trichloroethylene, vapor degreasing of metal parts, has declined
since it was labeled a photochemically reactive smog component, but this use
still accounts 90 to 95% of the trichloroethylene produced.
U.S. production of 434 million Ib in 1974 is 29% less than in 1970. Uses,
other than vapor degreasing, include food extractions, anesthetics, diluent
in paints and adhesives, removing oils from fabrics and fibers, flushing
liquid oxygen during aerospace operations.
Main hazards seen for users rather than producers because the compound is made
in a closed system.
OSHA recommends a ceiling of 100 ppm in air (time-weighted average during 8
hours), a 200 ppm maximum for 15 minutes' exposure and a 300-ppm limit for
trichloroethylene worker exposure.
-844-
-------
21-0018
VINYL CHLORIDE
Bibra, A.M.S.
THE VINYL CHLORIDE PROBLEM
Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13. (2): 275-6 (Apr. 1975)
Review of recent published studies on vinyl chloride carcinogenicity indicates
that had the tumors been of a less rare type than the angiosarcomas reported
recently, the potential hazard of vinyl chloride might have been detected
sooner. Other work indicates that some forms of vinyl chloride exposure may
cause tumors in organs other than liver.
21-0019
VINYL CHLORIDE
van Esch, G.J. and van Logten, M.J.
VINYL CHLORIDE: A REPORT OF A EUROPEAN ASSESSMENT
Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13. (1): 121-39 (Feb. 1975)
Toxicological and migration data on vinyl chloride, especially its potential
carcinogenicity, were discussed at a 26 March 1974 meeting in Bilthoven, the
Netherlands. Known, essential points of VC's toxicity and carcinogenicity
are summarized, and the relationship between chemical structure and toxicol-
ogical effects is discussed.
The greatest problem lies in industrial exposure to vinyl chloride, but
final solution demands evaluation of such additional data as epidemiological
studies in man concerning vinyl-chloride linked diseases, studies determining
whether its effects on liver resemble those of selenium or nitrosamines,
levels of industrial and environmental exposure, levels of VC in potable
water, etc.
-845-
-------
21-0020
VINYL CHLORIDE
Myers, S.A. et al
DETERMINATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER AT THE SUB-PPM LEVEL USING A PERSONAL
MONITOR
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36 (5): 332-7 (1975)
To comply with government standards for vinyl chloride, a technique to obtain
"breathing zone" samples of industrial workers with sensitivity capable of detecting
vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) below 1 ppm was investigated. The method described
consists of sampling vinyl chloride in ambient air, drawing it through a glass
tube packed with activated charcoal, and analysis of the sample with a flame
ionization gas chromatograph. This procedure has a sensitivity for detection at
a level of 100-ppb VCM in a 1-liter or 20-ppb in a 5-liter sample and is considered
suitable for a number of organic vapors.
21-0021
. VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
NEW FILTER FOR RESPIRATORS CUTS VCM TO 0.1 PPM.
Chem. Wk. 116 (21): 48 (May 21, 1975)
The vapesorber, a new device for filtering vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from a
worker's life support respirator, uses an activated carbon bed to absorb VCM.
Developed by Selas Corp., Dresher, PA, the device has achieved removal levels
down to 0.1 ppm at General Tire's Ashtabula, OH, plant.
-846-
-------
21-0022
VINYL CHLORIDE
Ricci, Larry J.
POLYMERS' RAW-MATERIAL BASE EXPECTED TO BROADEN
Chem. Eng. 82_ (11): 64-6 (May 26, 1975)
Natural oils, wood, and starch are being investigated as possible starting materials
for plastics, resins, fibers and synthetic rubbers in an effort to counteract
rising petroleum prices.
In a table showing wood requirements for polymer production (1973 basis) an esti-
mated 3.1 million tons of lignocellulose (cellulose derived) is seen as needed
for production of 2.28 million tons of PVC.
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: *21-0003, Aryl Phosphates
-847-
-------
*21-0023
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Anon
EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS FROM FUMIGANTS
Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 13_ (1): 144-5 (Feb. 1975)
Included in this brief review is the fumigant, ethylene dibromide (EDB), which
has a known hepatoxic potential and has been reported to induce a rise in
liver triglyceride concentration in rats within 12 hr. A proposed threshold
limit for EDB in working places is 200 ppm.
Rats given intragastric doses (40 and 80 mg/kg/day) of EDB developed squamous-
cell carcinomas of the stomach and a similar development in mice seems likely,
based on preliminary data.
Because of its potential health hazard, inhalation or absorption via other
route of EDB should be avoided, pending more knowledge of its effects
*21-0024
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Bielorai, Rachel and Alumot, Eugenia
THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON FUMIGANT DESORPTION FROM CEREAL GRAIN
J. Agric. Food Chem. 23_ (3): 426-9 (1975)
It is concluded that desorption of halogenated fumigant residues from whole
cereal grain is speeded up at low (14-17°) as opposed to high (30-37°) tempera-
ture. Steam distillation and cold extraction were used for several fumigation
experiments with ethylene dibromide, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethylene.
Tables show residues of ethylene dibromide in corn, soybean, lentils, and chick-
peas at two temperatures.
-848-
-------
21-0025
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
ANOTHER SWEETENER SNAG
Chera. Wk. 116 (21): 25 (May 21, 1975)
Diketopiperazine (DKP), a breakdown product of the artificial sweetner,
aspartame, has been found to cause uterine polyps in rats. G.D. Searle
and General Foods will hold off marketing of the sweetener until additional
studies are made on DKP.
21-0026
GENERAL INFORMATION
Carter, Coleman D. et al
TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN: AN ACCIDENTAL POISONING EPISODE IN HORSE ARENAS
Science 188 (4189): 738-40 (May 16, 1975)
The toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) were illustrated by
the deaths of several horses, numerous chickens, and several cases of human
illness. These effects followed the spraying of waste oil sludge, contaminated
by TCDD, on riding arenas and dirt roads for dust control The reported incidents
stress the need for proper disposal of toxic chemical wastes. TCDD, a very
stable compound with a half-life in soil of about 1 year, has an oral LD^Q for
many animal species in the mg/kg range. In mammals, it is slowly excreted in the
feces and urine and, apparently, accumulates in body tissue after recurrent
exposure.
-849-
-------
21-0027
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
RADIOACTIVE POLONIUM IN TOBACCO MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LUNG CANCER. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (20): 38 (May 19, 1975)
Lung tumors were induced by exposing a significant number of hamsters to radio-
active polonium at levels similar to those in tobacco. An in situ source of
alpha radiation is provided when 210p0 is burned and forms insoluble particles
that deposit in the lung and cannot be eliminated. This research was performed
at the School of Public Health, Harvard University.
21-0028
GENERAL INFORMATION
Little, John B. et al
LUNG CANCER INDUCED IN HAMSTERS BY LOW DOSES OF ALPHA RADIATION FROM POLONIUM-210
Science 188 (4189): 737-8 (May 16, 1975)
Multiple intratracheal instillations of polonium-210 induced lung cancer in 9 to
53% of the experimental hamsters. The local alpha radation doses were in the
same order of magnitude (lifetime exposures of 15 to 300 rads to the lungs) as
those received by cigarette smokers (estimated at 20 rads to areas of the bron-
chial epithelium) from deposited Po-210. The experimental work conducted in
the Laboratory of Radiobiology at Harvard University School of Public Health
tends to support the hypothesis that Po-210 or Pb-210 present in cigarette smoke
contributes to human lung cancer in smokers.
-850-
-------
21-0029
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
DYE RESTRICTIONS URGED
Soap Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 51. (5): 22 (May 1975)
Recommended human consumption of dye FD&C Red No. 2 is limited to 150 milligrams
per day and its use in beverages restricted to not more than 50 ppm. Due to lack
of information, the FDA advisory group reviewing the dye suggest further study of
its effect on metabolism. The group tested the dye but did not substantiate 1971
claims by the Russians that it is carcinogenic, nor did its tests produce embryotoxic
manifestations in rats.
21-0030
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CPI MAY OPEN FILES TO CANCER RESEARCHERS
Chem. Wk. 116 (22): 8 (May 28, 1975)
Agreements to share medical data on potential cancer problems are being negotiated
between some chemical companies and the National Cancer Institute.
-851-
-------
21-0031
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
MEANWHILE, AN IN-SITU LEACHING PROCESS FOR URANIUM MINING. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (10): 39 (May 12, 1975)
An in situ leaching process for uranium mining now onstream in a 250,000 Ib/year
yellowcake facility near George West, Texas, requires low capital and manpower,
does not mar the land surface, and can handle low-grade ores. The use of an
"undisclosed dilute alkali solution," which will be injected through 70 wells to
leach uranium and withdrawn through 45 wells for aboveground uranium/solution
separation, will be watched for its effects on underground water supplies.
21-0032
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
FDA UNCAPS LEGAL ISSUE
Chem. Wk. 116 (19): 19 (May 7, 1975)
Following environmental impact study, FDA will not ban the use of plastic
beverage containers for beer and soft drinks in spite of fact that the
bottles may cause litter problems. Decision raises question of FDA's
responsibility being confined only to health issue and not other environ-
mental concerns.
-852-
-------
21-0033
GENERAL INFORMATION
Runion, Howard E.
BENZENE IN GASOLINE
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. _3jL (5): 338-50 (1975)
Benzene is considered the most important aromatic component in gasoline due to
its volatility and performance characteristics combined with its low TLV (10 ppm).
Gasoline compositions, exposure and toxicology were investigated, revealing a low
level of total aromatics in the vapor phase vs. the liquid phase at 25°C. It was
concluded that if TLV's for gasoline are met, 10 ppm TLV for b'enzene can not be
exceeded; exposures to benzene in excess of 10 ppm would be intolerable for much
more than a few minutes; a one-hour exposure of gasoline vapor at 500 ppm causes
eye irritation which would be intolerable for 8-hour exposure due to discomfort.
-853-
-------
22-0001
ARSENIC
McElroy, A.D. et al
WATER POLLUTION FROM NONPOINT SOURCES
Water Res. £ (7): 675-81 (1975)
A brief discussion of the reaction of arsenapyrite and iron-arsenic sulfide asso-
ciated with hard rock ores as a source of arsenic in mine drainage and a natural
source of arsenic in Western waters.
-854-
-------
*22-0002
ASBESTOS
Anon
RAYBESTOS MANHATTAN DEVELOPS SAFE WAY TO MANUFACTURE ASBESTOS PRODUCTS
Job Safety and Health Rpt. _5 (8): 78 (April 21, 1975)
A new wet process, trademarked Novatex, which will meet the Federal Safety Standards
effective in July 1976 is already in commercial production of asbestos textile
products.
*22-0003
ASBESTOS
Hoist, David 0. and Gehrke, Charles W.
CRUDE FIBER ANALYSIS WITHOUT ASBESTOS
J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 58_ (3): 474-6 (1975)
A new method has been developed for the analysis of crude fiber which eliminates
the use of asbestos for filtration and thereby the possible inhalation of asbestos
fibers. The reagents and processing times used were those documented in the
12th edition (1975) of the AOAC's Official Methods of Analysis.
-855-
-------
*22-0004
ASBESTOS
Warnock, M.L., and Churg, A.M.
ASSOCIATION OF ASBESTOS AND BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA IN A POPULATION WITH LOW
ASBESTOS EXPOSURE
Cancer 15 (4): 1236-42 (1975)
Experimental results show a relationship of high ferruginous body counts with
carcinoma of the lung in patients without known asbestos exposure. Although
only one of 30 lung cancer patients had known occupational exposure to asbestos,
the lung cancer group had significantly higher levels of ferruginous bodies in
their lungs than did the 100 controls.
Even very low levels of asbestos, especially in combination with cigarette
smoking, may have a carcinogenic effect.
-856-
-------
22-0005
BORON
Hyder, S.Z. and Yasmin, S.
BORON TOLERANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF BORON TOXICITY BY CHLORIDE IONS IN ALKALI SACATON
DURING GERMINATION OF SPOROBOLUS AIROIDES TORR
Experientia 31 (4): 427-8 (15 Apr. 1975)
Alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) is an important forage grass of southwestern
United States. Since soil salinity and boron toxicity are closely associated, this
study was undertaken to determine the boron tolerance and the interaction of boron
with other ions of growth medium during germination of the grass. Tests showed a
high degree of boron tolerance during germination. Chloride ions, even at low con-
centration were found to interact and enhance the toxicity of boron.
22-0006
BORON
Liu, F.T.Y.
POSTDEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF BORON, FLUORIDE, AND THEIR COMBINATION ON DENTAL CARIES
ACTIVITY IN THE RAT
J. Dent. Res. .54 (1): 97-103 (Jan-Feb 1975)
Experimental results showed that low-dose levels of boron in drinking water had
no significant effect on dental caries. At higher dose levels, however, dental
caries activity tended to increase compared with the controls. Furthermore,
boron appeared to reduce the cariostatic effect of fluoride when given in
combination.
-857-
-------
22-0007
FLAME RETARDANTS
Anon
FLAME RETARDANT ASBESTOS REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE
Anti-Corros. Methods Mater. 22 (4): 24 (1975)
A unique flame retardant injection moulding compound called Arpylene APPN 2240
based on asbestos reinforced polypropylene, is offered by TEA Industrial Products
Ltd.
FLAME RETARDANTS
See: 22-0018, Polyurethanes
-858-
-------
*22-0008
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
OREGON BANS AEROSOLS
Chem. Wk. 116 (23): 16 (June 4, 1975)
Oregon is the first state to prohibit the sale of aerosol products which contain
trichloromonofluoroethane, difluorochloroethane, and other saturated chloro-
fluorocarbon propellants. The ban will be effective after March 1, 1977.
*22-0009
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
HOUSE COMMITTEE AUTHORIZES 2-YEAR STUDY OF FLUOROCARBONS
Environ. Health Ltr. 14 (9): 3-4 (1 May 1975)
A two-year study by EPA on the effects of fluorocarbons on the atmosphere and
possible ozone depletion has been authorized by the House Commerce subcommittee
on health and environment. In addition, a three year research program to
produce scientific evidence on the possible impact of fluorocarbons on the
atmo£>phere is being administered by The Manufacturing Chemists Association with
support between $3-5 million from a group of chemical companies from at least
nine countries.
-859-
-------
*22-0010
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
INDUSTRY UNIT FORMED TO COORDINATE OZONE STUDY EFFORT
Air/Water Pollut. Rpt. 13 (9): 84 (March 3, 1975)
A new Federal interagency (IMOS) Inadvertent Modification of the Stratosphere
held its first public meeting on February 27, 1975. A discussion of a new in-
dustry agency (COAS) Council on Atmospheric Sciences outlined the purpose and
functions of this business group formed to study the many industry factors af-
fected by the ozone-fluorocarbon issue.
*22-0011
Anon FLUOROCARBONS
GUTOWSKY NAMED CHAIRMAN OF NAS OZONE STUDY
Air/Water Pollut. Rpt. 13 (12): 116 (March 24, 1975)
The National Academy of Sciences panel assessing the probable effects of halo-
carbons, such as the chlorofluoromethanes and other natural and man-made
stratospheric pollutants, on the earth's ozone shield is being chaired by
H.S. Gutowsky, University of Illinois. An additional ten to twelve U.S. and
foreign panel members will participate in the year-long study funded jointly
by EPA, NASA, NSF and NOA.
-860-
-------
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
See: 22-0013, Model Ecosystems
-861-
-------
22-0012
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
LIQUID FUELS FROM COAL
Hydrocarbon Process. 54 (5): 119-21 (1975)
A review of the early technology for the production of liquid and gaseous hydro-
carbons from coal. Processes now in operation are reviewed. Need for plants of
greatly increased capacity is discussed as well as the economics of the processes
using lower grade coals.
-862-
-------
22-0013
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Lu, Po-Yung and Metcalf, Robert L.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIODEGRADABILITY OF BENZENE DERIVATIVES AS STUDIED IN A
MODEL AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
Environ. Health Perspect. 10_: 269-84 (April 1975)
A model aquatic ecosystem is devised for studying relatively volatile organic
compounds and simulating direct discharge of chemical wastes into aquatic eco-
systems. Six simple benzene derivatives (aniline, anisole, benzoic acid, chloro-
benzene, nitrobenzene, and phthalic anhydride) and other important specialty
chemicals: hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, 2,6-diethylaniline, and 3,5,6-
trichloro-2-pyridinol were also chosen for study of environmental behavior and
fate in the model aquatic ecosystem. Quantitative relationships of the intrinsic
molecular properties of the environmental micropollutants with biological responses
are established.
22-0014
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
LITERATURE ON ECOLOGY
Environ. Rept. _5 (4): 193 (April 30, 1975)
"Literature on Ecology" is a list of serials on microfiche. Prepared for the
First International Congress of Ecology at The Hague, it is available from
Order Department, Inter Documentation Company, Poststrasse 14, Zug, Switzerland.
-863-
-------
22-0015
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
ACID PRECIPITATION AND THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM
Environ. Rept. ,5 (4): 193 (Apr. 30, 1975)
The First International Symposium on "Acid Precipitation and The Forest
Ecosystem", to be held May 12-15 at Ohio State University, will emphasize the
potential long-term harmful effects on natural vegetation and crops growth.
Information is available from L.S. Dochinger, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern
Forest Experimentation Station, P.O. Box 365, Delaware, Ohio 43015.
-864-
-------
*22-0016
OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS
Anon
OPTICAL BRIGHTENER
Textile Chem. Color. _7 (6), 46 (1975)
Fluolite XMF paste is Id's new fluorescent brightening agent, especially
effective on polyester. A technical bulletin giving information on chemical and
physical properties and application methods may be obtained from the Dyes and
Chemicals Division, ICI United States Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19897.
-865-
-------
22-0017
POLYURETHANES
Anon
TATE AND LYLE, A BRITISH CHEMICAL COMPANY IS...
Environ. 17 (4), 21 (June 1975)
Attempting to establish a sugar-based chemical industry, Britain's Tate and
Lyle is test marketing its first product, a detergent made from sugar and
tallow. The product is claimed to be nourishing as well as biodegradable and
non-toxic. The chemical company has also developed a "sugar-based polyuretharie
foam."
22-0018
POLYURETHANES
Davis, John C.
URETHANE MAKERS BUILD-IN MORE FLAME PROTECTION
Chem. Eng. 82 (12), 44, 46, 48 (June 9, 1975)
A description of the development work being conducted by Olin Corp. and BASF
Wyandotte to improve the flame retardant properties of polyurethane foam is pre-
sented. New methods for recycling urethane scrap, now in use by a number of
companies, are also discussed. Building codes both Federal and local are considered
in this article. Two flame retardant spray-on coatings for rigid polyurethane
board are reviewed from standpoint of approved products.
-866-
-------
22-0019
beta-PROPIOLACTONE
deyi'ried, Thomas N.
INFLUENCE OF N2 OR 02 ON TWO ALKYLATING AGENTS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Mutation Res. 2£ (2): 155-62 (May 1975)
Results of tests on the mutagenic effect of beta-propiolactone on conidia of
Neurospora arassa treated in an atmosphere of nitrogen or of oxygen indicate that
neither N2 or 0_ have an influence on the lethal and mutagenic effects of beta-
propiolactone. The data are consistent with earlier observations.
-867-
-------
22-0020
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Camisa, Alfred G.
ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE WASTES
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 47 (5): 1021-31 (1975)
To detect and quantify trichloroethylene (TCE) wastes (in this instance, wastes
from decaffeination of an instant coffee), a rapid and reproducible method for
analysis was developed. With the introduction of TCE into activated sludge
and digestion units, considerable sorption of TCE onto sludge solids was ob-
served and estimates made to a maximum of 3,030 mg. TCE/kg solids. The adsorbed
TCE is of potential concern in the anaerobic digestion system but TCE can be
removed by air stripping to minimize the problem.
-868-
-------
22-0021
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
A COMMERCIAL-SIZE OIL-SHALE RETORT AND MINE WOULD BE BUILT. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (12): 35 (June 9, 1975)
Based on a successful run, which produced 10,000 bbl of crude oil on the naval
oil shale reserve near Rifle, Colorado, and which was part of a 17-company
program, Paraho Oil Development Corp. is interested in scaling up twenty times
to produce oil from a commercial-size retort. This scaled-up plant, with a
104-ft high and 42-ft diameter retort, is proposed to process 11,500 tons of
oil shale daily into 7,300 barrels of oil and 8 billion BTUs of gas over a
period of 2 1/2 years. Sixteen of the retorts would be required to produce
100,000 bbl daily on a commercial basis.
22-0022
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
PARAHO REVEALS PLANS FOR SHALE OIL PROJECT
Chem. Eng. News 53^ (22): 7 (June 2, 1975)
Paraho Development Corp. is seeking industry participants for a twenty times
scale up of its pilot plant process at Anvil Points, Colorado, where the retort
is only 10.5 feet in diameter and 75 feet high. Paraho now envisions the world's
largest retort (104 ft high, 42 ft in diameter, capable of processing 11,500
tons/day of oil shale) as the basis for an eventual commercial plant, using up
to 16 modules to feed a synthetic crude refinery with a capacity of 100,000 bbl
daily. Paraho expects to be ready for the 20 times scale up in four years.
The current two-year pilot plant program has been operating well with "no serious
environmental impacts." Its retort exceeds 85% thermal efficiency routinely;
the retorting uses no water. Full-scale operations are expected to be "environ-
mentally acceptable."
-869-
-------
22-0023
VINYL CHLORIDE
Ives, N. Fred
SENSITIVE TRAPPING AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR VINYL CHLORIDE IN
AIR SAMPLES
J. Ass. Offic. Anal. Chem. 58 (3): 457-60 (1975)
A simple, sensitive trapping and gas chromatographic method for determining
vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in air samples at 6 and 60 ppb (v/v) levels and
recoveries from 79-105% is described. The small sample size and the realiza-
tion of the maximum useful sensitivity of the gas-liquid chromatography are
two of the advantages mentioned. The need for cooling with solid C0_ (dry ice)
is a given disadvantage.
22-0024
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER PRICE GOING UP AT PPG
Chem. Wk. 116 (23): 21 (June 4, 1975)
The 10-12.5£/lb price of vinyl chloride monomer was increased Ic/lb by PPG
Industries Chemical Division, effective June 1 on spot sales and July 1 on
contract sales.
-870-
-------
22-0025
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE STANDARDS ARE FINALLY FINAL. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (22): 9 (June 2, 1975)
OSHA's worker exposure standards for vinyl chloride monomer of a 1-ppm time-
weighted average for an 8-hour day and up to 5 ppm for periods of less than
15 minutes became effective April 1. The Supreme Court refused to grant an
injunction stopping their implementation, as had been requested by the Society
of the Plastics Industry.
22-0026
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
REDUCING VINYL CHLORIDE LEVELS WILL COST U.K. PVC MAKERS SOME $32 MILLION. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (22): 9 (June 2, 1975)
Britain's four PVC manufacturers (BP Chemicals International, British Industrial
Plastics, Imperial Chemical Industries, and Vinatex) with an annual capacity of
410,000 metric tons anticipate spending $22 million just on plant modifications
to achieve the below 25-ppm VCM workplace levels now required. Additionally,
a $10 million investment is necessary to replace the 5-10% capacity loss ex-
pected from modifying existing units.
-871-
-------
22-0027
VINYL CHLORIDE
Rosenberg, Rutger et al
TOXIC EFFECTS OF ALIPHATIC CHLORINATED BY-PRODUCTS FROM VINYL CHLORIDE
PRODUCTION ON MARINE ANIMALS
Water Res. 9. (7): 607-12 (July 1975)
The experiments reported In this paper were designed to compare the acute toxic
effects of wastes from one Swedish and one Norwegian plastics factory. Cod
fish (Gadus morhua L.), shrimp (crangon crangon) and a polychaete (Ophyryotrocha
labronica) were the test species. The Swedish EDC-tar was the most toxic of the
tested substances. Forty-eight hour LC50 was estimated at 5ppm for shrimp and
10 ppm for cod.
22-0028
VINYL CHLORIDE
Moore, John W.
THE VINYL CHLORIDE STORY
Chem. 48 (6): 12-6 (June 1975)
A review of the first interest in the harmful effects of vinyl chloride and the
government efforts to provide standards and to police the areas where it is
used. The author points out that many years may intervene between the initial
use and its carcinogenic effect. The emphasis is on the need for regional
government-supported and-operated testing laboratories to survey the industrial
use of chemicals which may have carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects.
-872-
-------
22-0029
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
VINYL CHLORIDE INDUSTRY TO APPEAL OSHA STANDARD TO SUPREME COURT
Job Safety Health Report 5. (4): 31-2 (Feb. 24, 1975)
Society for the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI) petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court
to review the permanent OSHA standard of 1 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) levels in
work areas and sought a continuance of the temporary OSHA standard limiting
worker exposure to 50 ppm pending final disposition and effective date of
April 1. SPI is arguing that the standard would put an impossible engineering
and work practice burden on the VC-PVC industry.
22-0030
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
IMPROVED EXPOSURE TEST
Chem. Wk. 116 (24): 18 (June 11, 1975)
Coconut-derived activated carbons, including PPG Industries' Carbon PCB
12 x 30, effectively monitor workers' exposure to vinyl chloride monomer traces
for full 8-hour shifts, according to a Dow Chemical's Loren W. Severs. In
contrast, porous polymers and other types of carbon adsorb VCM for only a few
hours. Severs believes that the coconut carbon has potential for testing other
chlorinated solvent vapors, such as methyl chloride and vinylidene chloride,
and reports that NIOSH is interested in the studies.
-873-
-------
22-0031
VINYL CHLORIDE
Ducatman, Alan et al
VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE AND HUMAN CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS
Mutation Res. 31 (3): 163-68 (June 1975)
A significantly higher incidence of chromosome aberrations was observed In
lymphocyte cultures from eleven vinyl chloride polymerization workers than in
the ten controls. Caution in drawing conclusions on the basis of such a small
sample is emphasized and additional research questions are outlined, but the
general conclusion is that vinyl chloride has the potential for damaging
chromosomes.
-874-
-------
22-0032
GENERAL INFORMATION
McNutt, Neil S. et al
HEPATIC LESIONS IN MICE AFTER CONTINUOUS INHALATION EXPOSURE TO 1,1,1-
TRICHLOROETHANE
Laboratory Investigation _32 (5): 642-54 (1975)
Mice inhaled 250 ppm or 1000 ppm of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in air continuously
for 14 weeks, with some animals being sacrificed weekly. In general, no sig-
nificant differences were observed between the exposed mice and controls in
spontaneous activity, food and water intake, and hair coat appearance, but there
was an increase in the liver weight of the mice exposed to the solvent, parti-
cularly at the 1000 ppm level.
Effects on the liver included significant changes in the centrilobular hepato-
cytes of mice inhaling the 1000 ppm; a peaking of liver triglyceride accumula-
tion in the same group after 7 weeks of exposure, followed by a gradual, partial
recovery (indicated by a decreased triglyceride level) by the 14th week; and
hepatocytic necrosis in 40% of the mice exposed to 1000 ppm for 12 weeks. Except
for differences in timing and degree of recovery, these effects resembled those
previously reported for dichloromethane and, although apparently less severe,
were also similar to the effects of carbon tetrachloride.
22-0033
GENERAL INFORMATION
Brubaker, Paul E. et al
NOBLE METALS: A TOXICOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF POTENTIAL NEW ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
Environ. Health Perspect. 10_: 39-56 (April 1975)
The public health benefits expected by reducing known hazardous emissions from mobile
sources should not be compromised by increasing levels of other potentially hazardous
unregulated emissions. Catalytic converters are going to be used to meet the statutory
requirements on carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions from light duty motor
vehicles. Platinum and palladium metals are the catalytic materials to be used in these
emission control devices. Preliminary experimental evidence and analysis of the impact
of these control devices on the future use and demand for platinum indicates that this
metal may appear at detectable levels in the environment by the end of this decade. At
the present time, platinum and palladium are not present in the public environment and
represent potentially new environmental contaminants as a consequence of use of this
new abatement control technology. There is relatively little information available to
adequately assess the potential health hazards that may be associated with exposure to
these metals and their compounds. Analysis of the environmental problems and concerns
associated with possible hew environmental contaminants are discussed. Limited esti-
mates are made on community exposure by use of a meteorological dispersion model.
Biodegradation potential and attention is also given to the limited toxicologies! infor-
mation available.
-875-
-------
22-0034
GENERAL INFORMATION
LeRoy, Andre F.
INTERACTIONS OF PLATINUM METALS AND THEIR COMPLEXES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Environ. Health Perspect. 10: 73-83 (April 1975)
Platinum-metal oxidation catalysts are to be introduced in exhaust systems of many 1975
model-year automobiles in the U.S. to meet Clean Air Act standards. Small quantities
of finely divided catalyst have been found issuing from prototype systems; platinum and
palladium compounds may be found also.
Although platinum exhibits a remarkable resistance to oxidation and chemical attack,
it reacts chemically under some conditions producing coordination complex compounds.
Palladium reacts more readily than platinum.
Some platinum-metal complexes interact with biological systems as bacteriostatie,
bacteriocidal, viricidal, and immunosuppressive agents. Workers chronically exposed to
platinum complexes often develop asthma-like respiratory distress and skin reactions
called platinosis. Platinum complexes used alone and in combination therapy with other
drug* have recently emerged as effective agents in cancer chemotherapy. Understanding'
toxic and favorable interactions of metal species with living organisms requires basic
information on quantities and chemical characteristics of complexes at trace concentra-
tions in biological materials. Some basic chemical kinetic and thermodynamic data are
presented to characterize the chemical behavior of the complex ci«-[Pt(NH»):Cl»] used
therapeutically. A brief discussion of qnantitation of platinum at nanogram levels in
biological tissue is included.
22-0035
GENERAL INFORMATION
Moore, W. et al
PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY AND METABOLISM OF PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM
Environ. Health Perspect. 10: 63-71 (April 1975)
Preliminary studies on the LD,-0 of PdCl_ following different routes of exposure
and on the LD,-O of PtCl. following intravenous exposure.
The retention, tissue distribution, and excretion of 103Pd and 191Pt in rats was
determined following oral, intravenous, intratracheal, and inhalation exposure.
The highest retention for both l^Pd an(j 191pt was obtained following intravenous
dosing, and the lowest retention occurred after oral dosing. Following a single
oral dose, almost all of the 1('3Pd and 191Pt was excreted in the feces due to
nonabsorption, whereas after Intravenous dosing, similar quantities were excreted
in both the urine and feces. Tissues containing the highest concentrations of
these metals were the kidney, spleen and liver. Following intravenous dosing
of pregnant rats, a small amount of 102Pd and 191Pt was found in the fetuses.
-876-
-------
22-0036
GENERAL INFORMATION
Flnklea, John F. et al
ESTIMATED CHANGES IN HUMAN EXPOSURE TO SUSPENDED SULFATE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
EQUIPPING LIGHT-DUTY MOTOR VEHICLES WITH OXIDATION CATALYSTS
Environ. Health Perspect. 10: 29-34 (April 1975)
The potential environmental impact of equipping vehicles with oxidation catalysts is
estimated. Three independent techniques are used to appraise community exposures.
Incremental increases in suspended sulfates and sulfuric acid aerosols are evaluated in
terms of the number of vehicles equipped with oxidation catalysts.
22-0037
GENERAL INFORMATION
French, Jean G.
EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SULFATES ON HUMAN HEALTH
Environmental Health Perspect. 10: 35-7 (April 1975)
Recent evidence from epidemiologie studies conducted in several areas of the United
States shows an association of excess risk of asthmatic attacks with elevated levels of
suspended sulfates within specific temperature ranges. These findings are discussed in the
Context of experimental animal studies which tend to support these observations.
-877-
-------
22-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Yoakum, Anna M. et al
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT SURVEY ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES FOR
PLATINUM, LEAD, AND MANGANESE CONTENT
Environ. Health Perspect. 10: 85-93 (April 1975)
An emission spectrochemical method is described for the determination of trace quan-
tities of platinum, lead, and manganese in biological tissues. Total energy burns in an
argon-oxygen atmosphere are employed. Sample preparation, conditions of analysis, and
preparation of standards are discussed. The precision of the method is consistently better
than ±15%, and comparative analyses indicate comparable accuracies. Data obtained for
experimental rat tissues and for selected autopsy tissues are presented.
22-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Johnson, D.E. et al
TRACE METALS IN OCCUPATIONALLY AND NONOCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS
Environ. Health Perspect. 10_: 151-8 (April 1975)
An epidemiologies] surrey was conducted in Houston, Texas on fire trace metals in
policemen, parkin? garage attendants, women living near freeways and three control
groups of subjects. The controls were matched with the exposed groups for covariate
Information such as age, sex, smoking habits, ethnic background, socioeconomic status,
hair color, and education. Each subject was sampled four times for blood, urine, hair,
and feces, and these samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium, line, manganese, and
copper. Lead and cadmium were correlated with airborne exposure* but zinc, manganese
and copper were not.
The second part of this paper deals with a market study of platinum and palladium
markets and a design of an epidemiology survey of individuals oceupationally and non-
eccupationally exposed to these two metals. The market survey shows that although the
catalytic muffler will have a major impact on the market, it is predicted that producers
can meet these demands.
-878-
-------
22-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Holbrook, David J. Jr. et al
STUDIES ON THE EVALUATION OF THE TOXICTTY OF VARIOUS SALTS OF LEAD, MANGANESE,
PLATINUM, AND PALLADIUM
Environ. Health Perspect. 1£: 95-101 (April 1975)
Preliminary studies have been conducted on various parameters in order to assess the
possible and relative toxicities of a number of metallic salts. Upon oral administration
in lethal-dose experiments, two soluble Pt" salts were more toxic than the other salts
tested. Following- intraperitoneal injection in lethal-dose experiments. PbCU was less
toxic than several of the soluble or partially soluble salts of Pt". Pd;>, and Mn:>. An
intake of a total of approximately 250 me of Pt" per rat in the drinking fluid over a
30-day interval did not affect the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine
demethylase in rat liver microsomes. In rats receiving soluble Pt" salts in the drinking
fluid, the highest concentration of Pt was found in the kidney and an appreciable concen-
tration was found in the liver.
22-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Jensen, Soren and Rosenberg, Rutger
DEGRADABILITY OF SOME CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SEA WATER AND
STERILIZED WATER
Water Res. 9. (7): 659-661 (July 1975)
An analytical technique was developed which is sensitive enough to detect chlo-
rinated hydrocarbons present in water at levels (0.1 - 1 ppm) potentially
"sublethal" to organisms. Four different systems were used — daylight open and
daylight closed systems, darkness closed, and darkness 2 atm closed systems —
to study the degradability of the substances chloroform, 1,1,2-trichloroethane,
1,1,2-trichloroethene and 1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethene in sea and sterilized fresh
water. The closed systems are recommended for reliable values on degradability
of substances in the ocean.
-879-
-------
22-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CHEMICALS IN ENVIRONMENT
Environ. Rept. VI (2): 12 (May 30, 1975) ~
The National Academy of Sciences report "Principles for Evaluating Chemicals in
the Environment," emphasizes urgent need for improved research techniques for
identifying the complex pathways of potentially harmful chemicals and their
effects on man. Efforts to obtain information on production and use of chemicals,
emission rates, methods of disposal, and behavior patterns of chemicals in the
environment are recommended together with improved computer modeling techniques
for predicting chemical pathways. An additional suggestion focuses on detailed
estimates of risks versus benefits of all chemicals before production and the
possibility that an increased cost burden for potentially harmful chemicals
would discourage their use by the marketplace.
22-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
TOUGHER RADIATION LIMITS?
Chem. Wk. 116 (23): 16 (June 4, 1975)
Two types of standards are being proposed to reduce radiation escaping into the
environment from operations of uranium fuel cycle-milling, chemical conversion,
isotope enrichment, fuel fabrication and nuclear power reactors. First, maxi-
mum annual doses of radiation to an individual's entire body or to an organ will
be limited to 25 millirems (lowered from 500 at present), with the exception of
the thyroid, for which 75 millirems (compared to 1,500 millirems at present)
will be the limit. Second, specific long-lived radioactive effluents will be
limited as follows: Krypton-85 (50,000 curies/1,000 megawatt-years of electri-
city produced); iodine-129 (5 millicuries); plutonium and certain transuranium iso
isotopes (0.5 millicurie). In the cases of Krypton-85 and iodine-129, required
effluent controls have not been perfected and limits will not be mandatory
until 1983.
-880-
-------
22-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
Swartz, Joel
POISONING, THE NEW CHEMICALS
Environment IT_ (4): 26-33 (June 1975)
There is a wealth of evidence that pesticides,.under present conditions of usage,
cause serious health problems for farm workers. The author has arrived at this
conclusion as a result of studies on the incidence of pesticide related illness,
and consultations with farm workers and their representatives. The severity
of pesticide-related illnesses is probably greater than that attributed to all
other occupational causes in any other type of work in California. The
deficiency of existing regulations, and their lack of enforcement, both contri-
bute to the situation.
-881-
-------
23-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Schwartz, W.A. et al
ENGINEERING AND COST STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FOR THE PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRY, Vol. 2: ACRYLONITRILj; MANUFACTURE
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Feb. 1975. EPA/450/3-73-006-b. PB-240 986/OWK
To assist EPA In determining those petrochemical processes for which standards
should be promulgated, this second report of a series, discusses acrylonitrile
manufacture. A process and industry description, an engineering description of
available emission control systems, the cost of these systems, and the financial
impact of emission control on the industry are presented together with air
episode and plant Inspection procedures.
23-0002
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
ACRYLONITRILE WILL BE THE FOCUS OF A LONG-TERM EXPOSURE EFFECTS STUDY
Chem. Eng. News 53 (25): 15 (June 23, 1975)
To provide expanded data on acrylonitrile to ensure public and employee health,
the Manufacturing Chemists Association (MCA) will administer a study concerning
long-term exposure effects of the chemical for eight companies: American
Cyanamid, Borg Warner Chemical, Dow Chemical, Du Pont, Monsanto, Standard Oil
(Ohio), Tennessee Eastman, and Uniroyal Chemical. Although testing labs have
not yet been selected, the cost of the study is estimated at $630,000.
-882-
-------
23-0003
ARSENIC
Nishioka, H.
MUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES OF METAL COMPOUNDS IN BACTERIA
Mutation Res. 31 (3): 185-9 (June 1975)
Certain metal compounds cause health hazards, including genetic hazards, and
some have been reported to induce point mutations in microrganisms. Some
compounds of aluminum, antimony, arsenic and other metals cause chromosome
aberrations in plants, insects, and cultured human cells.
Still unresolved, however, is the mechanism of mutation induction by these
metals. Using a recently-developed simple but efficient method, the rec-
assay, for screening of chemical mutagens, the author tested 56 metal compounds.
Compounds, such as sodium arsenite, that showed positive results were examined
for mutation induction in E. coli strains and the results are tabulated.
-883-
-------
ARYL PHOSPHATES
See also: 23-0011, Haloethers
-884-
-------
*23-0004
ASBESTOS
Gibbs, G.W. and Hwang, C.Y.
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBRES IN VARIOUS WORK ENVIRONMENTS-
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36 (6): 459-66 (1975)
Preliminary findings of a pilot investigation appear to support experimental
work on animals, which indicates a relationship exists between asbestosis
and the mass of airborne dust inhaled. Furthermore, the results of the
reported work also suggest that primary malignant mesothelial tumors are
related to fibers in a "specific range of fiber diameters and lengths." The
physical parameters of asbestos fibers examined in this study are summarized
under the various fiber types, such as chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite.
*23-0005
ASBESTOS
Anon
COMPLETE WATER REMOVAL OF ASBESTOS FIBERS. . .
Environ. Sci. Technol. £ (6): 505 (1975)
According to George Klumb of Culligan International Co., complete removal of
asbestos fibers from water is possible with reverse osmosis (RO), which is
effective for fibers down to 0.22 y and less. The 0.22 V requirement for fiber
removal is proposed by the FDA for solutions to be injected into the human body.
-885-
-------
23-0006
BENZIDINE
Loprieno, N.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION
OF CARCINOGENIC RISK OF CHEMICALS TO MAN: "RELEVANCE OF DATA ON MUTAGENICITY"
Mutation Res. 31 (3): 201 (June 1975)
The author explains that the IARC has decided to include mutagenicity data in
its program to evaluate the potential carcinogeniclty of chemicals to man
because it now appears that most chemical carcinogens need metabolic activation
to produce their biological effects. It has also been demonstrated that most
chemical carcinogens, including chromate, vinyl chloride, 3-naphthylamine,
aflatoxin and benzidlne which cause cancer in man, are mutagens when tested
under procedures that combine microbial, mammalian or other animal cell systems
as genetic targets with metabolic activation in vitro or in vivo.
-886-
-------
*23-0007
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
AEROSOL MAKERS BRACE FOR OZONE ORDEAL
Chem, Wk. 116 (24): 14-5 (June 11, 1975)
The $3-billion/yr aerosol industry anticipates a sales slowdown following a
series of incidents indicating potential environmental and health hazards
from the use of aerosol sprays. These include the fluorocarbon/ozone
controversy, now being investigated by IMOS and by industry; the problem of
spray can explosions, the need for child-proof caps, and the concern over
the "sniffing" of the spray by youngsters. For the last, one researcher
has suggested the use of allyl isothiocyanate - mustard oil - as a deterrent.
*23-0008
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
OZONE DEBATE PUTS PROPELLANTS UP IN THE AIR
Chem. Wk. 116 (25): 31,33 (June 18, 1975)
In its recently released report on fluorocarbons and ozone, the inter-
governmental-agency task force on Inadvertent Modification of the Stratosphere
(IMOS) recommended restriction on the use of fluorocarbons, especially F-ll
and F-12, with the ban to be effective by January 1978.
Among criticisms from industry: IMOS has prejudged the results of research
that requires 3 years to complete; other chemicals may also be sources of
chlorine in stratosphere; recent studies indicate possibility that fluoro-
carbons do not contribute to ozone depletion.
Alternative propellants include hydrocarbons and C02- Both are cheaper than
fluorocarbons but have not performed as well. Non-aerosol packages are being
marketed.
Various studies on propellant toxicity indicate that the propellants are
"safe for normal use."
-887-
-------
*23-0009
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
THE EARTH'S OZONE LAYER WILL BE STUDIED BY A SATELLITE. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53. (24): 20 (June 16, 1975)
Ozone density and vertical profile will be determined by measuring reflected
light with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer in a satellite scheduled for a
November launching. The space vehicle will have an on-board propulsion system
that will permit maneuver ability to within 85 miles of the earth's surface.
The satellite was built by RCA Astro-Electronics for NASA.
*23-0010
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS BANNED IN OREGON
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (25): 5-6 (June 23, 1975)
Oregon has passed a law banning the sale of aerosol products propelled by
chlorofluorocarbons, effective February 1977. Although the Chemical Specialties
Manufacturers Association has not yet commented on the bill, DuPont argues that
it will have a negative economic impact and will not solve any potential
problem.
S.C. Johnson & Son Inc. (Johnson Wax) also announced that it has stopped using
chlorofluorocarbon propellents in its products.
-888-
-------
23-0011
HALOETHERS
Pellizzarl, Edo D. et al
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF TRACE ORGANIC VAPOR POLLUTANTS IN AMBIENT
ATMOSPHERES
TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING CONCENTRATION OF VAPORS BY SORBENT MEDIA
Environ. Scl. Technol. £ (6): 552-55 (June 1975)
An instrumental technique designed to investigate the collection efficiency of
sorbents as suitable trapping agents for concentrations of volatile hazardous
substances in ambient atmosphere. Test compounds included p-propiolactone,
bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether, and bis-(chloromethyl) ether. In general, all the
polymeric sorbents appeared relatively efficient (£ 90%) for extracting vapors
from a flowing stream of 0.25Jl/minute; tricresyl phosphate was least effective.
23-0012
HALOETHERS
Pellizzari, Edo D. et al
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF TRACE ORGANIC VAPOR POLLUTANTS IN AMBIENT
ATMOSPHERES
THERMAL DESORPTION OF ORGANIC VAPORS FROM SORBENT MEDIA
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (6): 556-60 (June 1975)
The design of an inlet manifold for desorption and transfer of hazardous sub-
stances to a gas-liquid chromatograph (GLC) is described. The extent to which
several adsorbed vapors were recovered from Tenax GC using thermal desorption
was - 90% at 50 and 100 ng. Test compounds included (3-propiolactone, bis-
(chloromethyl) ether, and bis-(2-chloroethyl) ether.
-889*-
-------
23-0013
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Vlllanueva, Ellen C. et al
EVIDENCE OF CHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN AND CHLORODIBENZOFURAN IN HEXACHLOROBENZENE
J. Agr. Food Chem. 22. (5): 916-7 (Sept/Oct. 1974)
Pentachloride was the major impurity identified in commercial hexachlorobenzene
(HCB) samples. Other contaminants included hepta- and octachlorodibenzofuran
and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Contaminants separated by fractional crystalliza-
tion and alumina chromatography were identified by electron capture gas chroma-
tography and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The reported contaminants
should be considered in studies of HCB toxicity.
-890-
-------
23-0014
ISOCYANATES
Miller, J.A. and Mueller, F.X.
EVALUATION OF A CONTINUOUS INSTRUMENTAL METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ISOCYANATES
Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3£ (6): 477-83 (1975)
With the possibility of NIOSH lowering the standard for exposure to toluene
diisocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) to airborne
concentrations of 0.005 ppm in the workroom> a laboratory and factory study
was undertaken to compare instrumental and modified Marcali methods for
monitoring TDI and MDI. The authors conclude that the Dunlop/ICI continuous
detector is. a valid alternative to the Marcali analysis.
-891-
-------
23-0015
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Yu, Ching-Chieh and Sanborn, James R.
THE FATE OF PARATHION IN A MODEL ECOSYSTEM
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13 (5): 543-50 (1975)
Using a terrestrial-aquatic model ecosystem developed by R.L. Metcalf et al
[Environ. Sci. Technol. 5_, 709 (1971)], the authors studied parathion. They
found that parathion did not accumulate to any great extent in the aquatic
organisms of the ecosystem, and concluded that its continued use for insect
control will not give rise to such widespread environmental contamination
as occurred with DDT.
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
See also: 23-0025, General Information
-892-
-------
NAPHTHYLAMINES
See: 23-0006, Benzidine
-893-
-------
*23-0016
PHTHALATES
Anon
BLOOD BAG PLASTICIZER MAY DAMAGE LUNGS
Chem. Eng. News 53 (23): 5-6 (June 9, 1975)
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), administered in high doses, can cause
lung damage in experimental animals, according to studies conducted at
Johns Hopkins University by Dr. R.J. Rubin.
DEHP, a plasticizer, is used in making polyvinyl chloride blood bags used
to give blood transfusions to surgical patients.
Dr. Rubin believes that extraction of DEHP by blood could cause shock lung,
often a cause of death, in patients receiving massive blood transfusions.
Although he reported lung damage to laboratory rats given five to 10 times
(per kg of body wt.) of DEHP that a human might receive during transfusion,
Dr. Rubin has found no direct evidence of similar effects on humans. On
rats, the effects have been observed at doses as low as 50 mg/kg of body wt.
and studies are being made with lower dose levels.
Baxter Labs, whose Travenol Labs Division produces blood bags, argues that
Rubin's experimental conditions vary from actual use and claims that DEHP in
blood bags cannot cause shock lung in humans. Rubin injects rats with
emulsified DEHP. Baxter feels that the lung damage to rats could be caused
by the emulsifier or by the particulate DEHP in Rubin's dose form.
-894-
-------
3-PROPIOLACTONE
See: 23-0011, Haloethers
23-0012, Haloethers
-895-
-------
23-0017
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Austern, Barry M. et al
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ADDED TO
WASTEWATEH
Environ. Sci. Technol, 9. (6): 588-90 (1975)
Eleven organic compounds, each of environmental concern, were analyzed in water or
wastewater using precise methods with sensitivity to the parts-per-billion range.
The compounds were styrene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, nitrobenzene, acetophenone,
o-anisidine, anethole, trichloroethylene, turpentine, nonylphenol and dimethyl
phthalate.
-896-
-------
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 23-0006, Benzidine
See: *23-0016, Phthalates
-897-
-------
23-0018
GENERAL INFORMATION
Osterberg, Robert E. et al
AN EVALUATION OF THE MUTAGENIC POTENTIAL OF AN AEROSOL SPRAY ADHESIVE IN THE RAT
Mutation Res. 31 (3): 169-73 (June 1975)
Forty adult rats were exposed to 10, 15 or 20 g of a commercially available
aersol adhesive formulation 21 times over a 33 day period. Examination of
bone marrow cells indicated a cytotoxic effect. Dose-dependent toxicity
appeared in eye and nasal irritation, ataxia, hyperexcitability, and clonic
convulsions. No statistically significant chromosome and chromatid aberrations
were observed.
23-0019
GENERAL INFORMATION
Butler, James N.
PELAGIC TAR
Scientific American 232 (16): 90-7 (June 1975)
A review of the tarry residues of petroleum that are found on the ocean
surface, their composition, distribution, and potential effects on marine
organisms.
Although some organisms use tar lumps as a solid substrate to grow on and
other organisms can absorb the hydrocarbons with no apparent adverse effects,
one possible problem could be damage to the subtle chemical communications
signals that are thought to exist between marine organisms.
-898-
-------
23-0020
GENERAL INFORMATION
Murray, Chris
PHOSPHAZENE POLYMERS ATTRACT GROWING INTEREST
Chem. Eng. News ,53 (24): 22-3 (June 16, 1975)
Phosphazene polymers, consisting of alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms,
are arousing new interest as potentially useful, diverse commercial products.
Possible uses include rigid plastics, elastomers, flexible films, and expanded
foams. As coatings, the properties of the poly(aryloxyphosphazenes) suggest
outdoor uses as metal coatings and wire insulation and, in some instances,
electrical insulation.
Polyphosphazene foams offer flame retardance, suggesting use in insulation
and upholstery. Another possibility is in medical applications. One current
drawback is high cost.
23-0021
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PLUTONIUM IS MUCH LESS HAZARDOUS. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (24): 20 (June 16, 1975)
One cancer-caused fatality 15 to 45 years later for each 15 grams of reactor
plutonium released without warning or for each 150 grams released with
warning might be the result of dispersing the plutonium in a city. These
were the estimates reported by Dr. Bernard L. Cohen, Director of the
University of Pittsburgh's Scaife Nuclear Physics Laboratory, to Oak Ridge
Associated Universities' Institute for Energy Analysis.
-899-
-------
23-0022
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
A SHELLFISH-KILL. . .
Chetn. Eng. 82 (13): 77 (June 23, 1975)
Copper-containing corrosion products, flushed from nuclear-power units of
a Pacific Gas & Electric Company plant last summer, killed 1000 abalone
(company estimates) or 14,000 (state estimates). As a result, PG & E is
using titanium to replace 58,216 ft of copper nickel tubing in each
condenser of its two coastal units at Diablo Canyon, California, at a
cost of over $5 million. Substitution is not expected to delay the
completion of PG & E's $900-million power facility.
23-0023
GENERAL INFORMATION
Searle, C.E. et al
CARCINOGENICITY AND MUTAGENICITY TESTS OF SOME HAIR COLOURANTS AND CONSTITUENTS
Nature 255 (5508): 506-7 (June 5, 1975)
The authors studies of two nitrophenylendiamine dyes used in hair colorants
indicate that they show mutagenic activity in bacteria. Some hair colorants
containing nitrophenylenediamines were carcinogenic in mice.
-900-
-------
23-0024
GENERAL INFORMATION
Prakash, Louise et al, Editors
MOLECULAR AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MUTAGENESIS
Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111. 62717. 1975. 295pp. $24.50
This book critically examines the known information on toxicity as related to
molecular and environmental aspects of mutagenesis and points out areas of
lesser knowledge in the field as well as the status of current skills.
23-0025
GENERAL INFORMATION
Nevissi, A. and Schell, W.R.
210Po AND 239Pu, 21f°Pu IN BIOLOGICAL AND WATER SAMPLES FROM THE BIKINI AND
ENIWETOK ATOLLS
Nature ^55 (5506):321-3 (May 22, 1975)
Compares the concentrations of the naturally produced radionuclide, polonium-
210, with those of plutonium-239 and 240, which are produced by nuclear
detonations, in the marine environment and their uptake by biota.
All specimens measured, except the samples of turtle liver and surgeon fish
viscera, had concentration factors as much as 100 times greater than those
for the two plutonium radionuclides.
-901-
-------
23-0026
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
CANCER DEATH RATES OF RETIRED WASHINGTON SMELTER WORKERS. . ,
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9. (6): 503 (1975)
Some 419 workers of American Smelting & Refining Go's (ASARCO) Tacoma, Washington
smelter, who retired between 1 Jan, 1961 and 31 December 1973 were the subject
of an epidemiological study. Findings showed cancer death rates of the smelter
workers to be higher than those of the state's male residents. Installation of
new dust and fume control equipment and stricter enforcement of the use of pro-
tective respiratory equipment in exposed areas are some of the health protection
measures now adopted by ASARCO.
-902-
-------
24-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
BOTTLE WINS BATTLE
Chem. Wk. 116 (26): 18-9 (June 25, 1975)
Based on tests by Monsanto in which "extremely sensitive detection methods"
were used, the IDA is satisfied that there will be no migration of chemicals
from the acrylonitrile bottle when used as a soft-drink container.
Pear that such chemicals as hydrogen cyanide, acrylonitrile, acrolein and
methyl acrylate could migrate into the bottled beverage were expressed by the
Environmental Action Foundation, after tests by the Society of the Plastics
Industry indicated that the incineration of acrylonitrile bottles yielded
levels of those topic substances that were greater than the OSHA limits.
Meanwhile, the Manufacturing Chemists Assoc. is studying the long-term
effects of exposure to acrylonitrile. The eight chemical companies sponsoring
the study claim that industrial workers are not adversely affected by
acrylonitrile when handled as recommended by the Congress of Industrial and
Governmental Hygienists.
-903-
-------
24-0002
ARSENIC
Zingaro, Ralph A. and Irgollc, Kurt J.
ARSENIC (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. News 53 (26): 3 (June 30, 1975)
On the basis of their research, the authors argue that there is as yet no
conclusive proof of the carcinogenicity of arsenic (compounds).
24-0003
ARSENIC
Cosink, Thomas A.
GC IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Environ. Sci. Technol. £ (7): 630-4 (1975)
In this review of gas chromatography as a method to quantitate various gases,
complex organic molecules, metals, anions, and pesticides under lab or field
conditions, the author mention one specific advantage of chromatography - that
of differentiating among the various chemical species of arsenic present in a
system under study.
-904-
-------
ASBESTOS
See also: 24-0041, General Information
-905-
-------
24-0004
BENZIDINE
Anon
EPA/OSHA REGULATION THREATENS U.S. DYE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Text. Chemist and Colorist 7. (7): 5 (1975)
EPA/OSHA regulations seen as cause of economic and business survival problems
for the dye manufacturing industry. OSHA requirements have, apparently, caused
some companies to discontinue manufacture of some special dyes based on benzidlne
and naphthylamlne.
24-0005
BENZIDINE
Haley, T.J.
BENZIDINE REVISITED: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE USE OF BENZIDINE AND ITS CONGENERS
Clinical Toxlcol. £ (1): 13-42 (1975)
Based on a review of 106 references from 1895 through 1975, the author concludes
that benzldine and its congeners, including 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, warrant a
series of research studies, and industrial hygienic and epidemiologic programs,
to protect individuals from preventable chemically induced cancer.
-906-
-------
24-0006
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Lunde, Gulbrand et al
THE SUM OF CHLORINATED AND OF BROMINATED NON-POLAR HYDROCARBONS IN WATER
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13 (6): 656-61 (1975)
Experiments with non-destructive neutron activation analysis indicate that
the method .may be useful in the control of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water
While test results gave values for the PCB level in water samples, they also
indicated the presence of other non-polar organic bound chlorine and, in some
instances, of organically bound non-polar bromine.
The suggested use of the ratio of the sum of chlorine to bromine, with
chlorine as a common parameter, may also help to determine the origin of
chlorine-containing hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. In this study,
a PVC production plant in the area may have given rise to some of the organic
micropollutants.
-907-
-------
3 , 3 ' -DICHLOROBENZIDINE
See: 24-0005, Benzidine
-908-
-------
*24-0007
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
MODEL PREDICTS EFFECTS ON EARTH'S OZONE SHIELD
JAPCA 25_ (6): 644-5, 659 (1975)
A theoretical chemical-diffusion model to assess the impact of human activities
on the ozone layer is offered by Paul J. Crutzen, National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration (NOAA), Environmental Research Labs (ERL) , Boulder, Colo.
Total ozone in the atmosphere is very small and not totally effective in
preventing all ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. Never-
theless, any large reduction in total ozone would have a big impact on the
Earth's ecological and biological systems. Various ways of altering the ozone
shield are discussed, including the chlorofluoromethanes. Use of the latter
at double the 1972 rate could cause about a 15% reduction in total ozone with
resulting increases in UV radiation and significant climatic changes. More
study is needed on the related meteorological and photochemical processes
and on all activities that could 'reduce the ozone content of the atmosphere.
*24-0008
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
PAM BAN DENIED
Chem. Wk. 117 (1): 15 (July 2, 1975)
According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the aerosol cooking
spray, PAM, which is propelled by a combination fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon,
is a food additive. Therefore, any ban on its use should come from FDA.
However, FDA claims that its rules for warning labels on certain propellants
is sufficient. FDA plans to ask manufacturers of food, drug and cosmetic
products for information on products containing fluorocarbons, including the
amount used and the manner of its distribution.
-909-
-------
*24-0009
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
FLUOROCARBONS: CLEARLY SAFE OR BANNED BY '78?
Aerosol Age 20 (6): 14a, 14b (1975)
The impact of the prematurely released IMOS report on the alrconditioning and
refrigeration industry, as well as the total aerosol industry, is discussed.
Criticisms of the IMOS report, which virtually bans aerosols using fluorocarbons
by January 1978, Include the almost total ignoring of high concentrations of
methyl chloride (a potential source of chlorine) in the troposphere and the
limited discussion of ion molecular reactions. The latter could be a major
atmospheric sink for chlorine.
The IMOS report may cause economic havoc for the airconditioning and refrigeration
industry.
*24-0010
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
ALLIED'S ORFEO STRESSES UNCERTAINTIES IN OZONE THEORY
Aerosol Age 2£ (6): 38-9. 42-3, 56,58,60,62-3 (1975)
The rather detailed recapping of the ozone controversy made by S.Robert Orfeo
of Allied Chemical to the Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation
of the New York State Assembly is presented here.
Focal compounds In this controversy are fluorocarbons 11 and 12, used primarily
as aerosol propellants but also as airconditioning refrigerants and "blowing
agents" in foam manufacture. Alternative refrigerants — ammonia, sulfur
dioxide, methyl chloride, hydrocarbons — have toxic, explosive and/or corrosive
properties and, if used, would necessitate the redesign of present equipment.
The controversial theory is reviewed, the research projects sponsored by industry
are discussed, and current scientific knowledge is summarized. In conclusion,
Orfeo claims that the Rowland-Molina theory has not been substantiated, that
there has been an increase of ozone in the stratosphere where there also exists
many chlorine compounds not derived from fluorocarbons, and a three-year delay
in banning aerosols would only raise by 0.5% the 1.2% ozone depletion predicted
by 1990, if production were to stop now.
-910-
-------
*24-0111
FLUOROCAKBONS
Federal Task Force on Inadvertant Modification of the
Stratosphere (IMOS)
FLUOROCARBONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Council on Environmental Quality and the Federal Council for Science and
Technology. June 1975. 109pp
Conclusions reached by IMOS are that fluorocarbons released to the environment
are a legitimate cause for concern and that, barring any new scientific evidence
to the contrary, use of fluorocarbons-11 and -12 may have to be restricted to
replacement of fluids in existing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment
and to closed recycle systems or such other uses that would not allow release to
the atmosphere.
Should the National Academy of Sciences confirm these findings, IMOS recommends
Federal restrictions be imposed on the use of fluorocarbons by January 1978.
*24-0012
FLUOROCARBONS
Muir, Warren A. and Pegler, Carroll Leslie
FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE FLUOROCARBON INDUSTRY AND ON POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS
OF RESTRICTION OF FLUOROCARBON PRODUCTION
Domestic and International Business Administration, U.S. Dept. of Commerce.
(June 1975). 12pp.
In this preliminary analysis of the possible impacts on the U.S. economy of three
alternative restrictions on the uses of fluorocarbons (submitted to IMOS too late
to be included in its report, "Fluorocarbons and the Environment"), Commerce Dept.
analysts estimate that a better than 50% cut in the $400 to $450 million/year
would follow any government ban on the use of those chemicals in aerosols and
foamed plastics and any limitation of their use in refrigeration to replacement
of fluids in existing equipment. Biggest loss of employment (about 500,000) would
come in the refrigeration industry with smaller loss in chemical industry employ-
ment. Even postponing such changes until 1980 would not change the economic im-
pact because the extra two years would still not allow time for the development of
suitable substitutes. The replacement cost of U.S. fluorocarbon manufacturing
facilities is set at about $300 million; that of air conditioning and refrigeration
equipment at about $50 billion. Annual production of fluorocarbons requires 40%
of total U.S. production of hydrofluoric acid, 80% of carbon tetrachloride produc-
tion, and 56% of chloroform production. Aerosol formulations account for 50 to
30% of total annual ethanol production.
-911-
-------
*24-0013
FLUOROCAKBONS
Anon
CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN AEROSOL PROPELLANT...
Chem. Eng. News J53_ (26): 16 (June 30, 1975)
The potential ban on chlorofluorocarbon aerosols may reopen the market for carbon
dioxide as a propellant. According to one carbon dioxide producer, new valve
orifice and actuator designs permit a carbon dioxide spray that meets the fine,
even requirements of an aerosol propellant. In the offing, too, is high-speed
filling equipment, another necessity. By the Fall of 1975, numerous personal
and household product manufacturers could switch to full-line production with
carbon dioxide.
*12-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
1974 AEROSOL OUTPUT OFF 6.2 PERCENT
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. .51 (6): 14 (1975)
In the industry's second decline since the marketing of aerosols started in the
late 1940*s, output in 1974 dropped 6.2% from the 1973 level. The ozone scare
has had less impact on consumers than oh marketers. The latter are restricting
inventories and seeking alternative dispensing methods, such as pump type sprays.
A bright spot in aerosol's adverse publicity of late is a report from the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that no evidence has been found to prove
that the recent thinning of the ozone layer has been caused by human activities.
-912-
-------
*24-0015
FLUOROCAKBONS
Donohue, Jane C
AEROSOLS TERMED SAFE AT CPSC HEARINGS
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. ,51 (6): 71-2, 74-5 (1975)
Industry spokesmen reported at CPSC public hearing that fluorocarbon propellants
in aerosols are "safe when used as directed." The CPSC staff has recommended
that no ban be placed on the use of aerosol sprays, citing only about one in
600,000 consumers might be in danger from their use, while only one in every 1.2
million cans might explode.
Discussions centered about the "sniffing" problem, the comparative cost of non-
aerosol packaging, problems with paints, possible hazards resulting from long-
term use of aerosol products, and inadvertent misuse.
*24-0016
FLUOROCARBONS
Lee, J.E.
HYDROCARBONS FOR INSECTICIDES (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Wk. 117 (2): 5 (July 9, 1975)
Responding to an article and an editorial on aerosol makers response to the
ozone problem (See: CATS #23-0027), the author refutes the statement that most
insecticides are packed with chlorofluorbcarbons, stating that most of them are
packed with hydrocarbons. For most residual roach and ant type formulations,
carbon dioxide is used as the propellant. Current use of chlorofluorocarbons
is restricted to a limited number of insecticides and personal repellant products,
-913-
-------
24-0017
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Dejonckheere, W. et al
RESIDUES OF QUINTOZENE, HEXACHLOROBENZENE, DICHLORAN AND PENTACHLOROANILINE
IN SOIL AND LETTUCE
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13 (6): 720-9 (1975)
Hexachlorobenzene, an impurity in the technical grade quintozene (PCNB, penta-
chloronitrobenzene) used as a fungicide for lettuce in Belgium, is found as a
residue in the soil and in lettuce.
-914
-------
24-0018
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
GE GIVES DETAILS OF LOW-BTU GAS PROCESS
Chera. Eng. News 5.3 (27): 25-6 (July 7, 1975)
The GEGAS process, an integrated coal gasification-gas cleaning process for produc-
tion of low-Btu gas, is ready for pilot plant demonstration; operates successfully
on a wide range of coals. One innovation of the process is the use of liquid
membranes for acid gas removal.
GE anticipates that initial high cost can be offset by running the plant to produce
liquid or gaseous fuel even when electrical turbine generators are not in use.
24-0019
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
POWER PLANTS THAT GASIFY COAL CAN RECOVER MINERALS
Chem. Wk. 117 (2): 25 (July 9, 1975)
A fringe benefit of coal gasification may be the recovery of minerals, such as
bauxite and pure alumina. According to L.D. Frawley of M.W. Kellogg's Houston
research center, his company has recovered bauxite from the coal ash, using a
molten salt bath that reacts with coal to produce fuel. The idea is feasible
for power plants that will gasify coal in a combined cycle.
-915-
-------
24-0020
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Milios, P.
WATER REUSE AT A COAL GASIFICATION PLANT
Chem. Eng. Prog. 71 (6): 99-104 (1975)
Water reuse systems conceived for a coal gasification plant in New Mexico impose
some process constraints but allow maximum use of a scarce resource without en-
vironmental damage. About 67% of total water entering the plant will be returned
to the atmosphere as pure water vapor; 24% will be consumed in the process
chemical reaction; 2.5% will be found in the ammonia by-product; and 6.5% will be
escape in flue gases, ash, and cooling tower drifts.
24-0021
LIQUEFACTION AND GASIFICATION OF COAL
Anon
COAL GASIFICATION/WATER POLLUTION
Environ. Rept. .6 (4): 29 (June 30, 1975)
According to Bureau of Mines Report TPR86, "Mass Spectrometric Analysis of
Product Water from Coal Gasification," potentially hazardous phenolic compounds
are at the rate of 60 to 80% in the waste water from the Synthane coal gasifica-
tion process. Mass spectrometric analysis indicates some 20 organic contaminants
in the condensate waters from six gasified coals. Because approximately one-half
ton of water will be recovered for every ton of coal gasified, a formidable
pollution problem is possible. The report recommends in-depth studies on trace
contaminants in coal gasification waters to insure development and use of proper
purification systems.
-916-
-------
24-0022
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Isensee, Allar R. and Jones, Gerald E.
DISTRIBUTION OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD)
IN AQUATIC MODEL ECOSYSTEM
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9» (7): 668-72 (1975)
The availability distribution, and potential bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetra-
chloro-p-dioxin (TCDD) was studied in an aquatic model ecosystem. TCDD-treated
soils were placed in the tanks, which were then filled with water the day before
various aquatic organisms were added. At the end of the experiment, about 85-99%
of the TCDD remained in the soil, indicating the stability of TCDD.
The aquatic organisms could be considered parts of two food chains: water •> algae -»•
snails and water ->• diatoms, protozoa, and rotifers -»• daphnids •*• fish. Bioaccumu-
lation ratios of all organisms was directly related to water concentration, snails,
Gambusictt and daphnids showing an average of 2.0-2.6 x 10^ and duckweed, algae,
and catfish averaging 4-9 x 10 times the water concentration. From these results
it appears likely that under certain conditions, such as storm runoff discharges
into a small pond, the surface soil or debris may contain sufficient TCDD to
accumulate in fish or other aquatic organisms. But, the TCDD from 2,4,5-T spraying
would undoubtedly be diluted enough after discharge into large lakes or other waters
to insure no measurable accumulation.
24-0023
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Dunstan, William M.
PROBLEMS OF MEASURING AND PREDICTING INFLUENCE OF EFFLUENTS ON MARINE
PHYTOPLANKTON
Environ. Sci. Technol. £ (7): 635-8 (1975)
Treated sewage effluents from municipalities and industry comprise most of the
volume of wastes entering coastal waters. Because the high concentrations of
nitrogen and phosphorus associated with these effluents are known to affect the
growth of marine organisms, this study was undertaken to determine if simple
measurements of N and P would permit measuring the influence of the effluents on
coastal algae. Cultured marine phytoplankton were used in a number of experiments,
in which their growth response to various treatment plant effluents were compared.
Although the effluents were matched in N and P concentrations, the growth results
of various types of algae in different samples of effluent from one treatment
plant did not correspond to predictions; different groups of algae and species
within the groups also varied in growth response. It is concluded that ecological
interpretation of results should not be based on cultures of only one or two
species, an important consideration in studying the ecological effects of specific
pollutants and in conducting toxicity bioassays or monitoring programs.
-917-
-------
NAPHTHYLAMINES
See: 24-0004, Benzidlne
-------
24-0024
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Stolzberg, Richard J. and Hume, David N.
RAPID FORMATION OF IMINODIACETATE FROM PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF FE(III)
NITRILOTRIACETATE SOLUTIONS
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9^ (7): 654-6 (1975)
Gas chromatographic analysis of the rapid photodegradation of dilute solutions of
Fe (Ill)-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) in sunlight showed that iminodiacetate (IDA) was
formed in essentially stoichiometric amounts. The IDA very slowly photodegraded
to glycine under the same conditions. These results indicate that IDA may accu-
mulate in a water system with a constant input of NTA. The potential carcino-
genicity of N-nitroso iminodiacetic acid suggests, therefore, that this finding
could be an environmental concern.
-919-
-------
24-0025
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Weber, Frank E.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE ALERT (Letter to Editor)
Chem. Eng. News _53 (26): 3 (June 30, 1975)
\
Contrary to impression given in recent article (See: CATS 21-0017), trichloro-
ethylene is not used in most of the processing of spices. The FDA tolerance
of 30 ppm (of trichloroethylene) to spices relates to the class of flavorings,
the olebresins.
24-0026
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Anon
USE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE FOR FOOD EXTRACTIONS IS UNDER ATTACK...
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (27): 20 (July 7, 1975)
The recent National Cancer Institute report that trichloroethylene is carcino-
genic in mice has raised a clamor to ban its use for food extractions. As an
example, the Nader-affiliated Health Research Group has petitioned FDA to ban
its use in decaffeinating coffee and in extracting oleoresin flavorants from
spices.
On the other hand, General Foods Corp. claims that its Sanka and Brim coffees,
decaffeinated with trichloroethylene, were not harmful to animals in several
feeding studies. GF questions the validity of the NCI tests, claiming that an
individual would have to drink some 50 million cups of decaffeinated coffee in
his lifetime to ingest the amount of pure trichloroethylene used in the NCI
mouse studies. . . .
-920-
-------
24-0027
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT/SURFACE REHABILITATION
Environ Rept. 6_ (4): 32 (June 30, 1975)
The various ecological factors (plant communities, animal communities, overburden
and spoils, and geological stability) pertinent to land reclamation, following
oil shale extraction, are covered in a 56-page publication from the Environmental
Resources Center, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80521. Title of
the collected papers is, "Executive Summary: Surface Rehabilitation of Land
Disturbances Resulting from Oil Shale Development."
-921-
-------
24-0028
VINYL CHLORIDE
McGinty, Lawrence
PVC DUST FELLS FACTORY MICE SUGGESTING NEW WORK HAZARD
New Scientist: 714 (26 June 1975)
When guinea-pigs and rats were kept in dusty work areas of PVC factories, they
developed pneumoconiosis, indicating that PVC powder is a potential health hazard
to which an even larger number of workers are exposed than are exposed to VCM.
This test, plus further tests that indicated PVC dust to be as biologically active
as chrysotile asbestos were conducted in Italy, following a report of a new type
of pneumoconiosis in a worker exposed to PVC dust for over one year.
In a separate study, researchers working on the biochemistry of asbestosis at
University College Cardiff also found one of two samples of PVC dust to be as
active in a haemolysis test as chrysotile asbestos. The fact that only one sample
was active indicates that the activity may be related to a soluble surface-
associated agent or that the samples may have come from different production
processes that yielded different size particles.
24-0029
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
A HAZARD IN THIS PLASTIC WORLD
Chemistry ^8 (7) : 5 (July-August 1975)
The use of plastics has seemingly created a new fire hazard, which the Navy is
now studying. When plastics containing chlorine, such as polyvinyl chloride,
catch fire, hydrochloric acid gas is given off. This gas, which can be transported
in smoke or in the water used to stop the fire, can cause fluid to develop in the
lungs. It may be the cause of deaths occurring 48 to 72 hours after fire exposure.
-922-
-------
24-0030
VINYL CHLORIDE
Ahlstrom, David H. et al
TRACE DETERMINATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE BY A CONCENTRATOR/GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEM
Anal. Chem. 47 (8): 1411-12 (July 1975)
Thermal desorption of vinyl chloride monomer directly onto a chromatographic analy-
tical column, after the monomer is adsorbed on activated charcoal, appears to be
an accurate, reliable detection method. The technique, useful for both personnel
and environmental monitoring, can also be fully automated.
24-0031
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
FDA CONSIDERING LIMITING THE VINYL CHLORIDE CONTENT OF FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS..
Chem. Eng. News 53 (27): 8 (July 7, 1975)
FDA may limit the VCM content of food packaging materials now that its bureau
of foods is recommending a 50-ppb-maximum level for VCM residues in PVC pack-
aging for foods. VCM reputedly migrates from the packages and, should it be
found to be carcinogenic when ingested, PVC may be banned from contact with
food.
-923-
-------
24-0032
VINYL CHLORIDE
Bolt, H.M. et al
METABOLISM OF VINYL CHLORIDE (Letter to Editor)
Lancet 1, 7922): 1425 (June 28, 1975)
Although vinyl chloride was not mutagenic, studies in bacterial test systems
showed that liver microsomes with N.A.D.P.H. (reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine-
dlnucleotide-phosphate) as co-factor metabolize VC to mutagenic metabolites. These
results were obtained with both animal and human liver. Additional studies are
necessary to determine the possible relationship of VC and the covalent binding
of its metabolites in the liver.
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 24-0006, Brominated biphenyls
See also: 24-0041, General Information
-924-
-------
24-0033
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
Bartsch, Helmut et al
TISSUE-MEDIATED MUTAGENICITY OF VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE AND 2-CHLOROBUTADIENE IN
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Nature _255 (5510): 641-3 (June 19, 1975)
Reported tests indicate that vinylldene chloride exerts a mutagenic effect on
S. typh-imuriion exposed to concentrations of 0.2, 2 or 20% of the compound in air.
Mutagenic effects were also reported for 2-chlorobutadiene in air.
The authors suggest an epidemiological survey of workers exposed to these chemicals.
-925-
-------
24-0034
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS CALL FOR LIMITING USE OF PCB
Chem. Wk. 116 (26): 43 (June 25, 1975)
The Lake Michigan Toxic Substances Committee (LMTSC), an interstate advisory group
to EPA, is recommending limited use of PCB's but cannot offer an alternative for
transformers and capacitors. PCB's are made in U.S. only by Monsanto, and that
company sells them only for insulating fluids or hermetically sealed devices.
Apparently, however, some Imported PCB's are being used for coatings, hydraulic
fluids for mining equipment and for wax process castings. The LMTSC is concerned
about the high level of PCB still found in lake fish. As a result of this, the
Michigan Natural Resources Council wants a complete ban on PCB, which utility
sources are fighting because no substitute materials have equivalent coating,
heat-transfer and fire-resistance properties. One hope: Dow is now promoting
polydimethyl siloxane for use as a transformer fluid.
24-0035
GENERAL INFORMATION
Holmstrom, Arne
PLASTIC FILMS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE SKAGERACK
Nature 255 (5510) : 622-3 (June 19, 1975)
Swedish fishermen are finding sheets of plastic [low density polyethylene (LDPE)]
in their trawling nets. These sheets are brittle, indicating typical degradation
of LDPE, and are covered with biological material. The 3-4 months growth of this
material may explain why the plastic has sunk to great depths rather than remain-
Ing afloat.
-926-
-------
24-0036
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PHOSPHATE REPLACEMENT UNVEILED BY MONSANTO
Chem. Wk. 117 (1): 9 (July 2, 1975)
A new detergent builder, Builder M, developed by Monsanto as an alternate to
phosphate, which is banned in some areas, will be offered to laundry detergent
makers. Monsanto's Dayton, Ohio, pilot plant can produce tonnage quantities.
Commercial production of the product, which contains trisodium 2-oxa, 1,1,3,-
proparie tricarboxylate, is scheduled for the late 1970's, providing that it
meets performance, safety, and environmental standards. Monsanto is aiming for
about 10% of total U.S. laundry detergent builders' market.
24-0037
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
MCA PRICES TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL
Chem. Eng. News 53 (26): 5 (June 30, 1975)
Chemical industry compliance with the Toxic Substances Control Act, S. 776, could
cost the industry $358 million to over $1.3 billion, according to an economic
impact analysis conducted by Foster D. Snell, Inc. for the MCA. The report uses
four models to show the economic impact under varying degrees of EPA enforcement.
Under the least enforcement model, no inflationary impact is anticipated, but the
strict enforcement model Indicates an inflationary impact of 0.5%, or $12 billion
in 1985 dollars.
-927-
-------
24-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Gotzsche, Anne-Lise
FLUORIDATION (Letter to Editor)
New Scientist £6 (955): 725 (June 26, 1975)
Refuting criticism of her book, The Fluoride Question, published by Davis-Poynter
in 1975, the author points out that Norway and Sweden have abandoned fluoridation,
and that Dutch doctors and dentists report that it causes disturbances in choli-
nesterase levels in the blood of humans and thalidomide-type deformities in
chickens.
24-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Murphy, James C. et al
EVALUATION OF THE TERATOGENIC POTENTIAL OF A SPRAY ADHESIVE IN HAMSTERS
Teratology 11 (3): 243-6 (June 1975)
3-M's spray adhesive, "Foil Art Adhesive," was tested for its potential teratogenic
effects on pregnant Syrian hamsters. Approximate composition of the product is
14% butadiene-styrene rubber with a resin derivative and 86% petroleum hydrocarbon
solvent or propellant.
On days 5-10 of gestation, the hamsters were exposed twice daily for 30 minutes to
8.0 ± 0.13, 11.6 ± 0.11, or 13.23 ± 0.49 g of spray in a 100-1 static inhalation
chamber. Maternal alopecia developed by 4 days in all animals inhaling the highest
dose level and in 17 of 20 at the next highest exposure. One death occurred at the
highest exposure level. Fetal growth was retarded at all dose levels, but there
were no malformations and no adverse effects on fetal survival. It was concluded
that at the test dose levels, the spray, although toxic, was not teratogenic.
-928-
-------
24-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Labiarica, Domenick A.
METHANOL POISONING. BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chemistry 48^ (7): 19-20 (July-August 1975)
Methanol widely used as a solvent and in the synthesis of other chemicals
is still used in many patent medicines although its poisoning potential
was recognized in the mid-1800's. This brief review cites some poisoning
cases, discusses the toxic metabolites, and offers several methods for
treating methanol poisoning.
24-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Husovsky, A.A.
OSHA REGULATIONS CHALLENGE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Anal. Chem. 47. (8): 773A (July 1975)
This editorial comment points out that OSHA standards for permitted levels of
asbestos, vinyl chloride, and other chemicals do not take into consideration
standard deviation or experimental error. Numbers in the standards are
absolute numbers.
-929-
-------
24-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
NADER SEEKS EPA STUDY OF N02/CANCER LINK
Air/Water Pollut. Rept. 13_ (26): 255 (June 30, 1975)
The EPA has been asked by Ralph Nader and Samuel Epstein of Case Western Reserve
University to study nitrosamines formed in the air or in the body to determine if
they may be the link between ambient N02 and cancer deaths. Recent studies
seem to indicate ambient nitrogen dioxide levels in urban areas may be related
to cancer death rates.
24-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
MORE TESTS FOR VACOR
Chem. Wk. 117. (2): 17 (July 9, 1975)
Vacor, the new rodenticide from Rohn and Haas (See: CATS 17-0040) may be toxic
to humans when ingested, according to evidence from an unidentified foreign
country. The company plans additional studies and will put a warning label
on its product.
-930-
-------
24-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
THE POSSIBILITY THAT DUSTS OF CERTAIN CHROMATE PIGMENTS. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (27): 20 (July 7, 1975)
Following reports from Europe on lead chromate, lead-molybdenum chromate, and
zinc chromate pigments, the Dry Color Manufacturers' Association is advising
pigment manufacturers and users that dusts of certain chromate pigments are
potential carcinogens. The association is currently sponsoring an epidemiolog-
ical study by Tabershaw-Cooper Associates and some animal studies by Bio-Test
Laboratories.
24-0045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Cottis, S.G.
AROMATIC POLYESTER PLASTICS
Mod. Plast. 5_2 (7): 62-3 (1975)
Now available commercially is a series of aromatic polyester resins offering a
combination of good mechanical, electrical, wear, and high-temperature proper-
ties. Properties vary with the composition of the copolyesters. Wear resist-
ance of PTFE bearing compositions is greatly improved via the use of the
p-oxybenzoyl homopolyester used at a concentration of 25%.
-931-
-------
24-0046
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
SLUDGE/NEW YORK BIGHT
Environ. Rept. 6.'(4): 27 (June 30, 1975)
Although waste material dumped into the New York Bight seems to be causing no
immediate hazards, a recent study suggests that the marine ecosystem is being
harmed. Dumping should be transferred to another site or another disposal
method should be sought, according to, "Ocean Dumping in the New York Bight,"
Report 321-MESA 2, from Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Boulder, CO
80302. Among the findings reported are increased concentrations of bacteria in
shellfish, fin rot in fish, and the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains of
coliform bacteria.
24-0047
: GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
POWER PLANTS/FISH KILLS
Environ. Rept. £ (4): 29 (June 30, 1975)
Immediate kills or "slow death" of menhaden, an important commercial fish,
from coastal power plant effluents are reported by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (MFR Paper 1094 from D83, Tech. Info. Div., Environ-
ment Science Information Center, NOAA, Wash., D.C. 20235).
Menhaden are very susceptible to water temperature changes. If discharge pipes
were extended a greater distance from shore, if effluent were discharged via high
velocity jets into the water to minimize temperature variations, or if special
condensers were used to limit the temperature rise in the cooling water, the
fish kills could be prevented.
-932-
-------
24-0048
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
XYLENE EXPOSURE CRITERIA
Environ. Rept. j> (4): 29 (June 30, 1975)
NIOSH's "Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure to Xylene,"
suggests new health and safety criteria for some 140,000 U.S. chemical and
petroleum workers potentially exposed to the widely-used industrial solvent and
additive.
Long suspect as toxic to blood and blood-forming agents (but probably because
of benzene contamination), xylene acts as a narcotic on workers, causing muscular
weakness, incoordination, and mental confusion.
24-0049
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
RODENTICIDE BLAMED FOR KOREAN DEATHS
Chem. Eng. News _53 (28): 8 (July 14, 1975)
Vacor, the new one-dose rodenticide from Rohm and Haas, apparently caused seven
deaths in South Korea, presumably from misuse of the product. Also, N-3-
pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea, the active ingredient in Vacor made a
Korean chemist ill, when he ate a small amount while testing its effects.
-933-
-------
25-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Anon
COMPANIES STEP UP TOXIC SUBSTANCES TESTING PACE
Chem. Wk. 117 (4): 33 (July 23, 1975)
Acrylonitrile, vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride, 2,4,5-T and other compounds
are being tested for their toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on animals
and bacteria in a stepped-up research program by Dow, Union Carbide, Stauffer
and other chemical companies. Expanded facilities, additional research personnel,
and more sophisticated testing techniques will, hopefully, provide more reliable
information on the concentrations of toxic compounds that threaten living
organisms; the conditions under which materials are hazardous; the changes that
airborne substances undergo, after they enter the body, etc.
In another move, presumably to organize and direct the research, 11 chemical
companies have set up the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (C.I.I.T.),
which is now establishing a list of chemicals to be tested.
ACRYLONITRILE
See also: 25-0031, Vinyl Chloride
-934-
-------
25-0002
ARSENIC
Fennelly, Paul F.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARTICULATES AS POLLUTANTS
A LITERATURE REVIEW
JAPCA 25 (7): 697-704 (1975)
This review of the literature, from 1950-1974, on primary particulates (ranging
in size from 0.005 to 500 ym) and secondary particulates (0.01 to 1.0 ym)
covers their size distribution, origin, and their effect on health and esthetics.
As yet, there is no good summary of the chemical composition and size distrib-
ution of particles from potential sources of primary particulates; information
is also lacking on the chemical composition of particulate matter as a function
of size. Studies reported in 1973 and 1974 on the chemical composition of fly
ash as a function of particle size indicate that arsenic and other toxic elements
(e.g., Pb, Mn, Cd, Tl, Cr, Ni, and S) increase noticeably in concentration
with decreasing particle size.
25-0003
ARSENIC
Fordyce, J. Stuart and Sheibley, Dean W.
ESTIMATE OF CONTRIBUTION OF JET AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS TO TRACE ELEMENT
CONCENTRATION AT OR NEAR AIRPORTS
JAPCA 25_ (7) : 721-4 (1975)
Neutron activation analyses of ASTM type A jet fuel detected 48 trace elements
in the fuel. The concentrations (ppm by wt) of these elements in the various
samples tested are tabulated. Only ten, aluminum, gold, indium, lanthanum,
titanium, vanadium, barium, dysprosium, tellurium, and uranium were found above
the detection limits encountered. Concentrations greater than 0.1 ppm were noted
for aluminum, titanium, and barium. Arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and vanadium
are a few of the other trace elements discovered. Exhaust gas concentrations
were estimated. An ambient contribution at or near airports, calculated from
the Los Angeles International Airport dispersion model, showed the ambient contri-
bution to be about an order of magnitude below typical urban levels for most of
the elements.
-935-
-------
25-0004
ARSENIC
Gelman, C. and Marshall, J.C.
HIGH PURITY FIBROUS AIR SAMPLING MEDIA
Amer.Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36. (7): 512-7 (1975)
The failure of the commonly-used glass, fiber media to measure with sufficient
accuracy the low concentrations of metal levels in suspended particulate matter
prompted Gelman Instrument Co. to seek alternate fibrous materials for high puri-
ty, low background filters. An improved glass fiber filter, using quartz fiber,
which was developed by Arthur D. Little, Inc. to meet recent EPA specifications,
was considered too expensive. Further tests with quartz fiber and Spectro Grade
glass fiber resulted in the development of a Spectro Grade glass fiber sheet coated
with an organic silicone resin (to reduce SO. pickup), which is reported to give
satisfactory results. Arsenic and antimony are among the elements for which
maximum allowable concentrations per filter are listed.
25-0005
ARSENIC
Anon
THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (29): 8 (July 21, 1975)
A revised NIOSH criteria document on inorganic arsenic recommends that the maxi-
mum worker exposure limit (as a time-weighted average for a 10-hr day) be lowered
from 0.05 mg to 0.002 mg/cu m air.
-936-
-------
25-0006
ARSENIC
Anon
GETTING HEALTH UNDER WRAPS
Chem. Wk. 117 (4): 27 (July 23, 1975)
Chemical companies are developing computerized systems to aid in determining
the potential hazards of chemicals to which workers are exposed. Dow will
spend $100,000 over two years to expand its systemization program that was
started in 1968, which helped in determining the arsenic exposure-respiratory
cancer link disclosed in 1974. Du Pont, Exxon, Eastman Kodak are among other
companies using computer-based files for health data.
25-0007
ARSENIC
Bettley, F. Ray and O'Shea, J.A.
THE ABSORPTION OF ARSENIC AND ITS RELATION TO CARCINOMA
Brit. J. Dermatology 92 (5): 563-8 (1975)
In an attempt to determine why ingested arsenic causes cancer in some indivi-
duals and not in others, four patients with arsenical cancers were given a test
dose of arsenic. In general, in these patients blood levels were lower and
total urinary excretion was less than in normal controls, who had been given
arsenic for the first time. Fecal excretion results were inconclusive and there
were no significant differences in the arsenic content of the hair of both groups.
Apparently, in the cancer patients there was increased storage of arsenic, probably
due to more rapid or greater removal of absorbed arsenic from the blood stream to
storage tissues. It may be that abnormally high retention of arsenic is an in-
dividual metabolic trait, an important consideration from an environmental view-
point as well as a medicinal viewpoint. As an example, agricultural workers,
who may not even directly handle arsenical pesticides, may be inadvertently
exposed to arsenic.
-937-
-------
ARSENIC
See also: 25-0031, Vinyl chloride
See also: 25-0035, Vinyl chloride
"938-
-------
*25-0008
ASBESTOS
Doniach, I. et al
PREVALENCE OF ASBESTOS BODIES IN A NECROPSY SERIES IN EAST LONDON:
ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE, OCCUPATION, AND DOMICILIARY ADDRESS
Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32 (1): 16-30 (Feb. 1975)
In an examination of the lung sections of 216 men and 178 women, asbestos
bodies were found in 42% of the men and in 30% of the women. Although the
number of bodies in the positive cases was small compared to the numbers
seen typically in asbestosis, an increased number of asbestos body positives
was found in males with stomach cancer and in females with breast cancer.
*25-0009
ASBESTOS
Gabor, Silvia and Anca, Zoe
EFFECT OF ASBESTOS ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN THE RED CELLS
Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32 (1): 39-41 (Feb. 1975)
Different types of asbestos dust reacted differently on the lipid peroxidation
of erythrocytes, the largest amounts of lipid peroxides being developed by
chrysotiles. The study indicates that lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty
acids may be a factor in the membrane-damaging effects of asbestos dust.
-939-
-------
*25-0010
ASBESTOS
Horvltz, J.S.
ASBESTOS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Environ. Affairs 3 (1) : 145-65 (1974)
This review of the effects of asbestos on public health from various sources
of exposure (air, water, food, drinks, drugs) and the legal and regulatory promul-
gations (e.g., the Occupational Safety and Health Act and the Clean Air Act)
established to curb its hazardous effects suggest the need for stricter laws and
regulations.
-940-
-------
25-0011
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Zerkel Fred.H.
REVAMPING OF CHEMICAL CONTROLS URGED
Chem. Eng. News 53. (29): 13-14 (July 21, 1975)
As a result of a study, commissioned by EPA, the National Academy of Sciences
has published its "Decision Making for Regulating Chemicals in the Environment"
study. In general, the study recommends that the government should change its
methods of regulating chemicals.
Those advocating a new use of a chemical or its continued use, after the
government shows that it could be a health or environmental hazard, should bear
the burden of proving the chemical's benefits or safety. Congress should offer
statutory guidance on the pertinent factors involved in regulating chemicals
and should review adversary procedures to shorten the decision making process.
Among case studies reviewed in this study (but not included in the report)
are EPA's decision to establish residue tolerances for hexachlorobenzene, and
industry's decision not to sell polybrominated biphenyls for certain uses.
25-0012
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
Norris, J.M. et al
EVALUATION OF DECABROMODIPHENYL OXIDE AS A FLAME-RETARDANT CHEMICAL
pp. 100-16 in Chemicals, Human Health and the Environment. A Collection of
Dow Scientific Papers. Vol. I Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 1975. [Also in:
JFF/Combust ion Toxicol. 1,: 52+ (Feb. 197 A)
Criteria for acceptable flame retardants for synthetic polymers used for
various purposes are outlined. Discussed here are the chemical/physical
properties and the results of toxicology studies and environmental studies
conducted on two candidate flame retardants: decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO)
and octabromobiphenyl (OBBP). Environmental data on DBDPO and OBBP are compared
with data on polychlorinated biphenyls.
The results indicate that OBBP may accumulate in the environment as do PCB's.
Although additional research will be conducted on DBDPO, data to-date indicate
that the compound is an environmentally and toxicologically safe flame retardant
for thermoplastics.
-941-
-------
*25-0013
FLUOROCARBONS
Howard, Philip H. and Hanchett, Arnold
CHLOROFLUOROCARBON SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION
Science 189 (4198): 217-9 (18 July 1975)
On the basis of total U.S. production of five chlorofluorocarbons (FCC's) and
the amounts of these FCC's used in various applications, estimates of their
environmental release were calculated. Although large quantities of FCC's
already produced have not yet reached the environment, it is concluded that
regulation of U.S. applications would not be enough to stop the potential
ozone destruction in the stratosphere, but would merely help to reduce it.
*25-0014
FLUOROCARBONS
Hester, Norman E. et al
FLUOROCARBON AIR POLLUTANTS II
Atmos. Environ. 9. (6/7): 603-6 (June/July 1975)
Modifications in analytical instruments and techniques have permitted more
accurate measurement of fluorocarbons in the atmosphere. Both F-ll and F-12
can be measured routinely at concentrations far below typical levels of back-
ground unpolluted air. Fluorocarbon irradiation studies under simulated smog
and other test conditions indicated that fluorocarbons 11, 12, 113, and 114 are
photochemlcally stable. As tracers of the movements of air masses, the fluoro-
carbons (F-ll and F-12) proved effective.
-942-
-------
*25-0015
FLUOROCARBONS
TLaylor, George J.
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS IN HYPOXIC RABBITS DURING AEROSOL PROPELLANT INHALATION
Arch. Environ. Health 30. (7): 349-52 (1975)
Earlier studies on the induction of cardiac arrhythmias in mice caused by the
interactions of fluorocarbons and hypoxia yielded conflicting results. In this
study, conscious rabbits were exposed for four minutes to combinations of vary-
ing degrees of hypoxia and different concentrations of fluorocarbon-11. Nine
combinations of 21%, 11%, or 7% oxygen and 0%, 5%, or 15% F-ll were tested. No
cardiac arrythmias or death occurred in rabbits exposed to 7% oxygen, but severe
bradyarrythmias developed in all animals exposed to the 15% F-ll and 7% oxygen
combination; three of the four rabbits in this group died. These and other
results indicate that hypoxia and fluorocarbons interact to cause changes in
cardiac rhythm and even death.
*25-0016
FLUOROCARBONS
I
Flowers, Nancy C. et al
CONCENTRATIONS OF FLUOROALKANES ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIAC CONDUCTION
SYSTEM TOXICITY
Arch. Environ. Health 30 (7): 353-60 (1975)
Dogs were used in this experiment to determine the specific concentration of
Freons 11 and 12 that would affect the cardiac conduction system. Data were
sought on 1) the highest concentration causing no detectable changes, 2) the
concentration ranges causing detectable but reversible changes, and 3) the
lowest concentration causing death, all during 10-minute exposure periods.
These concentrations were also to be correlated with concentrations existing in
beauty shops using large amounts of aerosol sprays. At concentrations of Freon-11
under 15% no detectable changes in cardiac rate and no deaths occurred. From
15% to 17.8%, 50% of the animals developed sinus bradycardia associated with
reversibility and survival. Between 15% and 17%, seven animals died and nine
survived. All animals died during 10-minute exposures to concentrations above
21%. For Freon 12, concentrations in excess of 95% were required to cause
death during the 10-minute exposure period. Compared to the exposure of 21.5%
Freori-11 (215,000 ppm), peak samples in a beauty shop did not exceed 310 ppm.
-943-
-------
*25-0017
FLUOROCAKBONS
Taylor, George J. and Drew, Robert T.
CARDIOMYOPATHY PREDISPOSES HAMSTERS TO TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE TOXICITY
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32_ (1): 177-83 (April 1975)
Certain hamsters, because of a biochemical and genetic defect, develop cardiac
hypertrophy and die between 240-270 days of age from congestive heart failure.
These animals are more susceptible to trichlorofluoromethane toxicity, according
to results reported in this study, than are random-bred hamsters.
-944-
-------
25-0018
HALOETHERS
Fisbein, L.
MUTAGENS AND POTENTIAL MUTAGENS IN THE BIOSPHERE. I. DDT AND ITS
METABOLITES, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, CHLORODIOXINS, POLYCYCLIC
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, HALOETHERS.
Sci. Total Environ. 2_ (4): 305-40 (July 1974)
To assess the hazards to man from the many toxic and potentially mutagenic
chemicals existing in the environment or added to it from our ever-expanding
production of chemicals, this review attempts to present comparative data on
the amounts and residues in the environment of a small number of mutagenic or
potentially mutagenic compounds. Discussed are DDT and its metabolites,
polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorodioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
and haloethers with emphasis on their occurrence, use, distributions, environ-
mental transport, bioconcentration and bioaccumulation. Data derived from 148
references show gaps in information on patterns of regional and local variation
of toxic substances, pathways of residues within the trophic networks, and the
physiological and ecological effects of sub-lethal levels of various toxicants.
-945-
-------
25-0019
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Moolenaar, Robert J.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CHEMICALS
pp.2-6 In Chemicals, Human Health and the Environment. A Collection of Dow
Scientific Papers. Vol. I. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan. 1975.
The stability, movement, bioconcentration, and toxicity of chemicals are key
parameters in assessing their environmental impact. To illustrate this
conclusion, the author compares various properties of perchloroethylene,
hexachlorobenzene, and propylene glycol.
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
See: 25-0011, Brominated Biphenyls
See also: 25-0037, General Information
-946-
-------
25-0020
ISOCYANATES
Zwolinski, L.M.
BLOWING AGENTS FOR POLYURETHANES
Rubber Age 107 (7): 50-5 (1975)
In this discussion of the functions and types of blowing agents used in making
urethane foams, the author includes a brief discussion of urethane chemistry,
including the reactions of isocyanates with polyols, amines, and water.
25-0021
ISOCYANATES
Adams, W.G.F.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE HEALTH OF MEN ENGAGED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TOLYLENE
DI-ISOCYANATE
Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32_ (1): 72-8 (Feb. 1975)
This nine-year study of workers manufacturing tolylene diisocyanate (TDI)
covered workers who showed no respiratory symptoms as well as those who com-
plained of respiratory problems. From a total of 565 men employed for some period
between 1961 to 1972, the majority (14.8%) who left because of respiratory prob-
lems did so in their first year of employment; in the second and later years
only 1 to 3.5% of those still working developed symptoms. Data collected in a
questionnaire from the Medical Research Council showed no significant difference
between 76 TDI workers and 76 non-TDI-exposed controls. Annual lung function
tests on 186 asymptomatic men with possible exposure to TDI showed results not
significantly different from those of non-exposed men, indicating a drop in
ventilatory capacity does not necessarily follow exposure to low concentration
of TDI. Forty-six men, who left the plant because of respiratory problems and
had no further contact with TDI, suffered more respiratory problems than controls
at the 1% level of significance, indicating that long-term effects can result
after the development of acute symptoms. A similar result was noted in the re-
duced lung function of 61 men who had left the plant, indicating that persistent
symptoms occur in men in whom sensitization has occurred.
-947-
-------
25-0022
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Saunders, P.T. and Bazin, M.J.
STABILITY OF COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS
Nature 256 (5513): 120-1 (July 10, 1975)
Random matrices were constructed to determine if increased complexity in an
ecosystem near a stable steady state will tend to increase or decrease the
rate at which perturbations die out.
25-0023
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Foster, P.
TRACE METALS IN BROWN ALGAE, A COMPARISON OF TWO ANALYTICAL METHODS
Chemosphere 4. (3): 151-4 (June 1975)
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and X-ray fluorescence were used to
determine the concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in marine
algae. Because marine algae can concentrate metals and integrate their water
concentrations over long periods of time, they have been considered as possible
pollution indices in coastal waters.
-948-
-------
25-0024
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Young, James S.
MENHADEN AND POWER PLANTS ~A GROWING CONCERN
Marine. Fisheries Rev. 3l6i (10): 19-23 (1974)
Atlantic menhaden, which help support the largest U.S. commercial fishery,
are used to provide fish meal for poultry, feed for livestock and oil for
paints, inks, and sealants. Yet, these important fish are very vulnerable
to hazards generated by power plants - menhaden kills having been attributed
to heat shock, cold shock, impingements on intake screens, gas embolisms,
biocides, and entrainment.
The author suggests the need for a full understanding of the physical, chemical,
and biological effects of the ecosystem as a prerequisite in the siting of
electric generating plants along coastal zones.
25-0025
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Anon
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Environ. Kept. 16 (5): 40 (July 14, 1975)
A technique for developing the capability to model aquatic ecosystems, or sub-
systems, is described in the brochure, "Modeling Dynamics of Biological Compon-
ents of Aquatic Ecosystems," available free from the National Environmental
Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Corvallis, OR
97330
-949-
-------
25-0026
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
Schwetz, B.A. et al
THE EFFECT OF MATERNALLY INHALED TRICHLOROETHYLENE, PERCHLOROETHYLENE,
METHYL CHLOROFROM, AND METHYLENE CHLORIDE ON EMBRYONAL AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
IN MICE AND RATS
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32_ (1): 84-96 (1975)
Mice and rats on days 6-15 of gestation were exposed to trichloroethylene,
perchloroethylene, methyl chloroform, and methylene chloride at a concentration
twice that of the maximum allowable limit for human exposure in industry (per
1973 ACGIH standards of 300, 300, 875, and 1250 ppm, respectively).
No significant maternal, embryonal, or fetal toxicity and no teratogenic effects
were observed in either the rats or mice exposed to any of the four solvents.
Methylene chloride caused an elevation in carboxyhemoglobin content of both
species.
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
See: 25-0019, Hexachlorobenzene
-950-
-------
*25-0027
PHTHAIATES
Lake, B.C. et al
STUDIES ON THE HEPATIC EFFECTS OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL)
PHTHALATE IN THE RAT
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32_ (2): 355-67 (May 1975) .
Rats given 2000 mg/kg of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHE) daily for 21 days
(oral intubation) showed increased liver weights, increased alcohol dehydro-
genase activity, decreased microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and
other hepatic effects. There was no apparent storage of phthalate residues in
the liver.
Apparently, the metabolic degradation of DEHP to the monoester (MEHP) is the
determining step in the changes resulting from DEHP in the rat.
*25-0028
PHTHALATES
Mathur, S.P.
RESPIROMETRIC EVIDENCE OF THE UTILIZATION OF DI-OCTYL AND DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL
PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS
J. Environ. Quality _3 (3): 207-9 (July-Sept. 1974)
Soil respiration rates were measured 14 weeks after incubation of a loam soil
at varying temperatures (4°C - 32°C) with dioctyl phthalate (OOP), di-2-ethyl-
hexyl. phthalate (DEHP), and two other phthalic acid esters (PAEs). Microbial
utilization of all PAEs was indicated via increased rates of respiration.
Marginal use of DOP and DEHP was indicated at 4°C and 10CC.
[Abstr. in: Pollution Abstrs. Ji (1): 132 (1975)]
-951-
-------
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
See: 25-0026, Perchloroethylene
-952-
-------
25-0029
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Pfeffer, F.M.
POLLUTIONAL PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH NEEDS FOR AN OIL SHALE INDUSTRY
U.S. EPA Office of Res. and Devi. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY
SERIES EPA-660/2-74-067, June 1974. 41pp.
Because stabilization of spent shale residues resulting from recovery of fuels
from oil shale poses a big environmental problem, this report describes the
physical and leaching properties of the shale residues left by the above-ground
retorting processes of the Bureau of Mines, Union Oil Co., and Oil Shale Corp.
Also discussed are the oil shale resources and surface stream drainage of the
Green River Formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Attention is also given
to such topics as the process and waste waters, recovery of minerals, radio-
active contamination of groundwater, and particular areas of essential research.
25-0030
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Schmidt-Collerus, J.J.
THE DISPOSAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF CARBONACEOUS SOLID WASTES FROM
COMMERCIAL OIL SHALE OPERATIONS
PB-231 796/4GA
Oil shale retorting gives rise to such byproducts as solid spent shale, process
water, and process gases. Because of the potential impact on ecology of chronic
exposure to inorganic and organic carcinogens present in trace amounts, the po-
tential impact of the trace organic matter from carbonaceous spent shale was
studied. A comparison was made of the polycyclic organic content of soil, water,
air, and vegetation in areas where oil shale operations might take place and the
polycondensed aromatics found in carbonaceous spent shale from pilot plant re-
torting processes.
-953-
-------
25-0031
VINYL CHLORIDE
Ott, Marvin Gerald et al
VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE IN A CONTROLLED INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
A LONG-TERM MORTALITY EXPERIENCE IN 594 EMPLOYEES
Arch. Environ. Health 30 (7): 333-9 (1975)
A summary of the mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride,
to lesser amounts of vinylidene chloride, and to other chemicals, e.g., arsenic,
methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and methacrylonitrile, shows no deaths due
to angiosarcomas or any liver malignancy. On the other hand, total deaths
from malignancies in the high-exposure groups exceeded those expected. No
adverse malignancy effects were found in the lower-exposure categories.
25-0032
VINYL CHLORIDE
Confer, Robert G.
A UV-CONDUC.TIVITY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF AIRBORNE LEVELS OF VINYL CHLORIDE
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 3_6 (7): 491-6 (1975)
Described is a method for measuring vinyl chloride based on the measurement of
the conductivity in deionized water of the decomposition products of VC-chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and other products — formed when VC is exposed to
flame or UV light.
Judging from the rapid decomposition of vinyl chloride by UV light, it is sug-
gested that UV radiation might be used to control VC release from stacks and
other potential release points in plants where VC or PVC are manufactured. As-
suming that sunlight will quickly decompose VC, ambient levels of the compound
could be higher on cloudy days or at night.
-954-
-------
25-0033
VINYL CHLORIDE
Hefner, R.E., Jr., et al
THE FATE OF INHALED VCM IN RATS
pp.44-54 in Chemicals, Human Health and the Environment. A Collection of Dow
Scientific Papers. Vol. I. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. 1975. [Also in:
Annals of N.Y. Acad. Sci. 246; 135-48 (Jan. 1975)
Because of lack of information on the fate of VCM in the mammalian organism,
studies were made on rats exposed to varying concentrations (51 up to 15,000
ppm) of VCM. Among the preliminary results: rats exposed to less than 100 ppm
metabolized VCM readily; in rats exposed to more than 220 ppm, the rate of
metabolism was reduced; the urine of rats exposed to 5000 ppm VCM daily for 9
weeks contained monochloroacetic acid; exposure to VCM reduces the nonprotein
sulfhydryl concentration of liver.
25-0034
VINYL CHLORIDE
Cook, R.R.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE OF VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS
pp. 86-9 in Chemicals, Human Health and the Environment. A Collection of Dow
Scientific Papers Vol. I. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.,(1975)
Brief review of Dow's selected surveillance data on 335 workers exposed to vinyl
chloride, which showed that exposures below 200 ppm resulted in no effects of
statistical significance.
-955-
-------
25-0035
VINYL CHLORIDE
Holder, B.B.
MORTALITY STUDIES OF VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS
pp. 90-8 in Chemicals, Human Health and the Environment. A Collection of Dow
Scientific Papers. Vol. I. Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., (1975)
A study of the long-term mortality experience of 594 workers exposed to vinyl
chloride in a controlled industrial environment between 1942 and 1960
indicated that in those exposed to over 200 ppm there was an apparent increase in
overall malignancy rate. Other statistics are tabulated for workers exposed to
VC and also for workers exposed to arsenic as well as to VC.
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 25-0001, Acrylonitrile
-956-
-------
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
See: 25-0001, Acrylonitrile
See: 25-0031, Vinyl chloride
-957-
-------
*25-0036
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Anon
EDB DRAWS NIOSH ALERT
Chem. Wk. 117 (4): 14 (July 23, 1975)
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) fed to rats and mice is carcinogenic, according to
NIOSH, causing squamous cell cancer of the stomach. Although there is no
evidence of EDB's causing cancer in humans, NCI is conducting inhalation
studies on animals; man is usually exposed to EDB (which is chiefly used as
an automobile gasoline additive) by inhalation.
Major producers of EDB (Ethyl Corp, Dow Chemical, Great Lakes Chemical and
Houston Chemical) are questioning NCI's findings.
According to NIOSH, 9,000 U.S. workers are exposed to EDB; a few hundred work
in production plants or compound EDB into leaded gasoline. Current exposure
limits are 20 ppm.
-958-
-------
25-0037
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PESTICIDES ACCUSED
Chem. Wk. 117 (3): 19 (July 16, 1975)
Endrin and other pesticides may have caused the recent deaths of 400 brown
pelicans in Louisiana. Varying amounts of several pesticides were found in brain
tissue of dead birds. An undisclosed amount of hexachlorobenzene was also found.
25-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Ames, Bruce N. et al
HAIR DYES ARE MUTAGENIC: IDENTIFICATION OF A VARIETY OF MUTAGENIC INGREDIENTS
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72^ (6): 2423-7 (1975)
One hundred and fifty out of 169 (89%) of commercial oxidative-type (hydrogen
peroxide) hair dyes were mutagenic, according to the sensitive, simple bacterial
test used. Nine of the 18 components of the dyes tested, plus 2,4-diaminotoluene
(previously used in hair dyes) were mutagenic in varying degrees. Three dye
components, p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminotoluene, and 2,5-diaminoanisole,
showed a marked increase in mutagenicity, when mixed with hydrogen peroxide.
The oxidative-type hair dyes comprise about 75% of the $250 million/year hair
dye market, which can serve as an indication of their potential hazard if the
tested compounds prove to be carcinogenic or mutagenic in humans.
-959-
-------
25-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Kerfoot, Edward J. and Mooney, Thomas F., Jr.
FORMALDEHYDE AND PARAFORMALDEHYDE STUDY IN FUNERAL HOMES
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. _36_ (7): 533-7 (1975)
Formaldehyde is identified as a toxic gas that causes burning of the eyes,
lacrimation, and irritation of the upper respiratory passages. Although in-
cidents of its irritating effects have been reported among workers exposed to
formaldehyde in such industries as textiles and paper-processing, no studies
have been reported on exposure to this compound in the form of formalin. This
study, therefore, was conducted to determine the levels of formaldehyde to
which embalmers are exposed. Additionally, a brief toxicity survey was con-
ducted. Vapor levels in six embalming rooms, on the basis of 187 samples,
ranged from 0.09 to 5.26 ppm. The current TLV for formaldehyde is 2 ppm. Three
out of 7 embalmers has asthma or sinus problems; others showed certain symptoms
characteristic of formaldehyde irritation. Paraformaldehyde powders, when sized,
contained a respirable fraction. In certain respects, control measures in the
embalming rooms were not adequate.
25-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Oliver, R.M.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF 2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO 1,4 DIOXIN IN LABORATORY WORKERS
Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32_ (1): 49-53 (Feb. 1975)
Two of three scientists with transient minimal exposure to the title compound,
also called dioxin, were found to have typical chloracne. Two years after ini-
tial exposure to dioxin, one of the two individuals with chloracne and the third
scientist experienced delayed symptoms, including personality changes, other
neurological disturbances, and hirsutism. All three had raised serum cholesterol.
Their symptoms are presumed due to dioxin intoxication.
-960-
-------
25-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Langard, Sverre and Norseth, Tor
A COHORT STUDY OF BRONCHIAL CARCINOMAS IN WORKERS PRODUCING CHROMATE PIGMENTS
Brit. J. Ind. Med. 32_ (1): 62-5 (Feb. 1975)
Three out of 24 workers employed for more than three years in a company producing
chromate pigments had bronchial cancer, an excessive rate compared to that of
the general population. Workers were exposed mainly to zinc chromate dust, and
those developing bronchial cancer may have been exposed to 0.5-1.5 mg Cr/cu m for
six to nine years. Smoking may have contributed to their illness. Previously,
most respiratory cancer cases traceable to chromate have been in the chromate-
producing industry, with just a few in the chromate pigment industry.
25-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Hoover, Robert and Fraumeni, Joseph F., Jr.
CANCER MORTALITY IN U.S. COUNTIES WITH CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
Environ. Res. 9_ (2): 196-207 (April 1975)
An excessive rate of deaths in males from cancer of the bladder, lung, liver
(and some other cancers) during 1950-1969 correlated with the 139 U.S. counties
having the highest concentration of chemical industries. Although some con-
founding variables may limit definite conclusions from this study of mortality
some interesting, compatible correlations were noted. For instance, the excess
of deaths from bladder cancers, which was associated with the dye, pharmaceutical,
paints, and printing ink industries corresponded with the high risk of bladder
cancers linked to worker exposure to 3-naphthylamine, benzidine, paints, and
printing inks. This study suggests new clues to potential carcinogenic chemi-
cals and indicates areas of further study in industrial groups.
-961-
-------
25-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Carpenter, C.P. et al
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON TOXICITY STUDIES I. METHODOLOGY
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32_ (2): 246-62 (May 1975)
Protocols established by the API Toxicology' Committee and the Chemical Hygiene
Fellowship for studying the inhalation toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons are
presented. The major objective was to obtain background data for recommending
hygienic standards for hydrocarbons. Procedures for acute and subacute inhala-
tion toxicity tests are described. Compounds are arranged in a matrix based
on boiling range and aromaticity, intended to give sufficient breadth of coverage
to permit predicting the toxicity of any mixture within the parameters.
25-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
OSHA PROPOSES JOB HEALTH RULES ON SIX KETONES
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 36_ (7): 517 (1975)
OSHA has proposed supplemental job health standards for exposure limits to
2-butanone, 2-pentanone, cyclohexanone, hexone, methyl n-amyl ketone, and ethyl
butyl ketone. These colorless, Industrial solvents can cause dizziness, nausea,
narcosis leading to coma, dermatitis (on repeated contact), and other symptoms.
-962-
-------
25-0045
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
Anon
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA
JAPCA 25 (7): 746 (1975)
The San Francisco Bay Area Air Pollution Control District has announced some
explanations for its recently-enacted Regulation Eight, covering the control of
asbestos fibers. One of the five major features of Regulation Eight requires
that the APC Officer be given 10 days notice before demolition starts on any
building larger than four units which contains insulation because asbestos is
widely used in insulation materials. After 1 July 1976, the use of any asbestos
in insulation spraying operations will be prohibited.
-963-
-------
26-0001
ACRYLONITRILE
Reimschuessel, H.K. et al
PROC. NIEHS CONF. ON PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF COMPONENTS OF PLASTICS
MANUFACTURE, PINEHURST, N. CAROLINA, JULY 29-31, 1974
Environ. Health Perspectives 11 7-225 (June 1975)
Introductory comments and 30 papers presented at a conference, sponsored by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, are concerned with public
health implications associated with manufacturing, processing and use of
polymeric materials, The first paper, "General aspects in polymer synthesis,"
by H.K. Reimschuessel, was followed by papers on processing of plastics, aging
of polymers, additives in plastics and in fibers and fabrics. Other papers
discussed the industrial preparation of PVC, the fate of inhaled VCM in racs,
and proportional mortality among VC workers. Other papers were concerned with
the respiratory effects of TDI; pulmonary response to polyurethane dust;
biochemical toxicology of unsaturated halogenated monomers; ulcerogenic effects
of alkyl nitriles (acrylonitrile, propionitrile), amines and thiols; toxicology
of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide; mortality patterns of workers
exposed to chloromethyl ethers (CMME and BCME). A paper by E.M. Pearce and R.
Liepins on flame retardants identifies the primary types of flame retardants
used in plastics and discusses consumption patterns and market size.
-964-
-------
26-0002
ARSENIC
Blot, William J. and Fraumeni, Joseph F., Jr.
ARSENICAL AIR POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER
Lancet II (7926): 142-4 (July 26, 1975)
The finding that lung-cancer mortality rates of men and women in the U.S. from
1950-1969 were higher in a group of counties where copper, lead and zinc are
smelted than in other parts of the country indicates that inorganic arsenic,
like asbestos, may be a carcinogenic hazard to the general community and not
just to the workers exposed to it. Arsenic is found in ores containing copper,
lead, zinc, and other metals; inorganic arsenic is emitted as an airborne
or solid product when these ores are smelted.
26-0003
ARSENIC
Fassbender, H.W.
SOLUBILITY AND FRACTIONATION CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING ARSENIC- PHOSPHORUS
RELATIONSHIPS IN SOILS
AMBIO 4_ (3) : 134-5 (1975)
A solubility diagram was developed for the arsenate expected in soils; the forms
of arsenic and phosphorus were fractionated and their activities in equilibrium
soil solutions were measured. A parallelism was noted in the binding of arsenic
and phosphorus to aluminum, indicating the coprecipitation of Al-arsenic-phosphate
in soils.
This study indicates that available knowledge of phosphorus chemistry can be
useful in order to learn more about arsenic chemistry. The latter knowledge is
needed for control of arsenic contamination in the environment, e.g., combatting
the danger to groundwater from the deposition of arsenic industrial residues.
-965-
-------
26-000.4
ARSENIC
Anon
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE IS INADEQUATE
The Dec Newsletter (Nebraska) J} (1): 1 (July 1975)
The need for more effective means of treating and disposing hazardous wastes
is emphasized by this example: several people in Perkham, Minnesota, were
hospitalized as the result of drinking water contaminated by arsenic. The
water was from a well drilled near a deposit of arsenic that had been buried
30 years ago.
26-0005
ARSENIC
Garner, Fradley
DOUBLE STANDARD FOR ARSENIC?
Environ. 12. (5): 36-7 (July/Aug. 1975)
The 690 barrels of arsenic (and its byproducts, arsenic oxide and iron oxide)
that Finland could not dump into the South Atlantic because of protests from
the Scandinavian countries, Africa, and South America, has been stored in
Naadendal, Finland, pending a decision on its final disposal. According to
Neste Oy, the Finnish national oil company, the arsenic waste from its two oil
refineries was accumulated over 10 years, but the Swedish firm, Ronnskarsverken,
dumps as much arsenic into the Gulf of East Bothnia in a day. The Danes fear
the emergence of a double standard among the Nordic countries over pollution
issues.
-966-
-------
BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
See: 26-0001, Acrylonitrile
-967-
-------
FLAME RETARDANTS
See: 26-0001, Acrylonitrile
-968-
-------
*26-0006
FLUOROCARBONS
Lovelock, J.E.
NATURAL HALOCARBONS IN THE AIR AND IN THE SEA
Nature 256 (5514): 193-4 (July 17, 1975)
Measurements of methyl chloride in the air and coastal waters of southern
England from Dec. 1974 to April 1975 confirm that methyl chloride is the
dominant halocarbon in the atmosphere. This finding is discussed in
connection with the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere from chloro-
fluorocarbons. The presence of other chlorine compounds suggests that
less than 20% of the chlorine entering the stratosphere is due to freons.
The lesser stability of methyl chloride indicates its destruction in the
stratosphere, releasing its chlorine. The more stable chlorofluorocarbons
entering the stratosphere probably return to the troposhphere. Uncontrolled
accumulation of freons in the atmosphere could eventually reach hazardous
concentrations but, at this time, they appear to be a minor source of
stratospheric chlorine.
*26-0007
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
JOHNSON DROPS FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
Soap, Cosmet. Chem. Spec. 51^ (7): 52 (1975)
Recent announcement by S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., that it was discontinuing
fluorocarbon propellants in its variety of aerosol products, although announced
because of present uncertainty over effects of the compounds on stratospheric
ozone, is based on other reasons.
The company, fifth largest aerosol marketer, has cut down on fluorocarbons
over the last 15 years, using mostly other propellants (butane and propane gases)
during last 3 years in water-based aerosols. Non-fluorocarbon propellants
are cheaper.
-969-
-------
*26-OC)08
FLUOROCARBONS
Anon
ANOTHER GROUP WANTS BAN ON FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
Chem. Wk. 117 (6): 26 (Aug. 6, 1975)
The Natural Resources Defense Council has asked FDA to ban fluorocarbon-
propelled aerosol sprays, citing that findings by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and the National Center for Atmospheric Research
offer conclusive proof of ozone layer destruction by fluorocarbon gases.
-970-
-------
26-0009
HALOETHERS
Stellman, Jeanne M.
WORK. WHAT YOU DON'T KNOW.
Environ. 17_ (5): 37-8 (July/Aug. 1975)
Citing the delay in alerting the public and workers to the carcinogenic
potential of bis-chloromethyl ether (BCME), the author claims that production
demands outweigh safety considerations. The discovery of lung cancers in three
young workers exposed to BCME, the early studies by Dow Chemical indicating
the carcinogenic potential of BCME, and the discovery of other lung cancers
in workers, were not brought to public attention until 1973.
BCME, a contaminant of chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME), can be formed by the
reaction of formaldehyde with hydrogen chloride and by other chemical reactions
carried out by many chemists. Concentrations of 250 and 1500 ppm BCME over
formalin slurries of ferric chloride and aluminum chloride have been reported.
BCME may be a hazard to textile, paper, and other workers and also to laboratory
personnel.
HALOETHERS
See: 26-0001. Acrylonitrile
-971-
-------
26-0010
HYDRAZINE
Pozharisski, K.M. et al
THE MECHANISM OF CARCINOGENIC ACTION OF 1,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE (SDMH) IN RATS
Int. J. Cancer 15 (4): 673-83 (1975)
Subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) induced colonic
tumors in rats. The study suggests that the carcinogenic effect of SDMH
may be due to its "active" metabolite, which forms a conjugate with glucuronic
acid on the liver, which interacts with certain tissues.
26-0011
HYDRAZINE
Elkort, Richard J. et al
EARLY NEOPLASIA OF RABBIT PANCREATIC DUCTAL CELLS INDUCED BY DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
Cancer Res. 35. (8): 2292-3 (Aug. 1975)
The authors report a carcinoma arising in the pancreatic ductal cells of a
rabbit in which a catheter containing dimethylhydrazine had been implanted.
Because of negative results in other tests, the authors caution about the
acceptability of their evidence. Further studies are underway to confirm
their initial results
-972-
-------
26-0012
ISOCYANATES
Anzuino, G. et al
REACTION OF DIISOCYANATES WITH ALCOHOLS. I. UNCATALYZED REACTIONS
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 13 (7): 1657-66 (1975)
The wide use of diisocyanates in the production of urethane elastomers and
foams argues for the need of knowing more about the contribution of the
secondary reactions to the overall reaction between diisocyanates and poly-
ether glycols. A mathematical method for calculating rate constants for the
primary and secondary reactions (urethane and allophanate formation, respectively)
has been verified with experimental data.
26-0013
ISOCYANATES
Anzuino, G. et al
REACTION OF DIISOCYANATES WITH ALCOHOLS. II. CATALYZED REACTIONS
J. Polym. Sci. (Polym. Chem. Ed.) 13_ (7): 1667-75 (1975)
The mathematical method previously suggested for calculating rate constants
for the primary and secondary reactions between isocyanates and alcohols is
applied here to the catalyzed reaction. The study defined the selectivity
of three different kinds of catalysts: acyl chlorides, tertiary amines, and
metallic salts.
-973-
-------
ISOCYANATES
See: 26-0001, Acrylonitrile
-974-
-------
26-0014
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Wiebe, William J. and Bancroft, Keith
USE OF THE ADENYLATE ENERGY CHARGE RATIO TO MEASURE GROWTH STATE OF NATURAL
MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 12_ (6): 2112-5 (1975)
After measuring the ATP-ADP-AMP ratios in bacterial samples from ocean waters,
estuarine sediments and from laboratory-grown microbial cultures, the authors
report similar ratios for each of the four colonial growth phases (lag, logar-
ithmic, stationary, and death phase).
Their findings indicate that the use of the "energy charge ratios" can provide
a simple diagnostic method for estimating the community growth state and the
effects of environmental change.
26-0015
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
Sikka, H.C. et al
DEGRADATION OF CARBARYL AND 1-NAPHTHOL BY MARINE MICROORGANISMS
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13 (6): 666-72 (1975)
The pesticide, carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate), readily hydro]yzes
to 1-naphthol non-biologically in sea water. To determine the fate of carbaryl,
the authors tested the degradation of carbaryl and of 1-naphthol by selected
species of marine bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi.
Carbaryl was less susceptible to degradation than was 1-naphthol. The latter
was more susceptible to degradation by the filamentous fungi than by the bacteria
or yeasts used.
-975-
-------
MODEL ECOSYSTEMS
See also: 26-0037, General Information
-976-
-------
26-0016
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Martin, D.F.
A NOTE CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID (NTA):
THE EFFECT OF NTA ON THE GROWTH OF GYMNODINIUM BEEVE
Environ. Letters 6 (1): 31-6 (1974)
The Florida red tide organism Gymnodinium breve was studied to determine the
effects of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) on the algae. The flash test of the
Provisional Algal Assay Procedure of the Joint Industry/Government Task Force
on Eutrophication (1969) was modified for the test runs. Cultures of Gymnodinium
breve were added to stock solutions in the presence of sewage or without added
sewage. NTA (up to 10 ppm) was not toxic to the red tide organism nor did it
appear to have a biostimulatory effect.
-977-
-------
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
See also: 26-0035, General Information
-978-
-------
26-0017
POLYURETHANES
Benedict, William F. et al
CHARACTERISATION OF HUMAN CELLS TRANSFORMED IN VITRO BY URETHANE
Nature 256 (5515): 322-4 (July 24, 1975)
In what they claim is the first documented transormation of human cells in vitro
from the normal to the malignant state, the authors describe the results of
treating two cell lines with urethane. In contrast to the control cells, the
transformed cells showed marked fibrinolytic activity.
26-00.18
POLYURETHANES
Autian, J. et al
CARCINOGENESIS FROM POLYURETHANS
Cancer Res. 35_ (6): 1591-6 (1975)
Seventeen different polyurethanes and a polyethylene were implanted i.p. in
male rats; 13 polyurethanes were implanted in female rats. During 24 months,
malignant tumors developed in 292 of 577 males and in 248 of 438 females given
polyurethan implants; tumors also occurred in 29 of 38 males and 20 of 36
females given polyethylene implants. No tumors developed in the first seven
months. It is not clear that the tumors developed from biological degradation
of the polymers to active carcinogens rather than via the solid-state mechanism,
although efforts were made to avoid tumor formation via the latter route.
-979-
-------
26-0019
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Anon
USE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE FOR COFFEE DECAFFEINATION IS BEING STOPPED. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (30): 4 (July 28, 1975)
Reversing its earlier rebuttal of the potential carcinogenicity of trichloro-
ethylene, General Foods Corp. reports that it will substitute methylene chloride
for trichloroethylene in its Sanka and Brim decaffeinated coffees. NCI, however,
is also studying methylene chloride.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
See also: 26-0035, General Information
-980-
-------
POLYURETHANES
See: 26-0001, Acrylonitrile
26-0012, Isocyanates
26-0013, Isocyanates
-981-
-------
26-0020
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
OIL SHALE ECONOMICS
Environ. Rept. 6 (7): 52 (Aug. 4, 1975)
In-situ recovery of oil from shale might cut environmental problems, but is
not seen as economically feasible. In-situ processing could, however, compete
on a cost basis with above-ground processing, if state-of-the-art technology
were used. . In its "Report SAND-74-0146 (available from NTIS), the Systems
Studies Division IV, Sandia Laboratories, NM, reports that an in-situ processing
complex producing 100,000 barrels of oil/stream day would need to price the
raw crude at $6.80/bbl (1973 prices) for a discounted cash flow rate of return
of 15%. Upgrading to a syncrude equivalent to conventional crude oil would
raise the barrel price to $9.80. An upgraded crude price of only $7.64 might be
possible, if retort efficiency were improved.
26-0021
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT/ARID LANDS
Environ. Rept. 6^ (7): 52 (Aug. 4, 1975)
In "The Impact of Energy Development on Water Resources in Arid Lands, Literature
Review and Annotated Bibliography," the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University
of Arizona, suggests that more emphasis be placed on energy conservation by the
public and industry rather than pushing energy development plans in arid regions.
Too little is known about the environmental effects associated with such develop-
ment, which might deplete the area water supplies or change their quality. Air
pollution, land destruction, and an influx of people into the areas are other
potential effects.
-982-
-------
26-0022
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION AND REFINING
Anon
OIL-SHALE/COLORADO
Environ. Rept. 6^ (6): 48 (July 28, 1975)
The potential effects on the surface and ground-water systems of Colorado's
Piceance Basin from oil-shale development are described in the 84-page "Report
SN 2401-02578," available from Supt. of Documents, GPO, Wash., D.C. 20402 for
$3.15.
-983-
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26-0023
VINYL CHLORIDE
(Production)
Anon
VINYL CHLORIDE OUTPUT COULD DROP. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53 (30): 7 (July 28, 1975)
Production of vinyl chloride in 1975 might reach only 3.7 billion Ib, or 2
billion Ib less than 1974, because of a continued, lower demand for PVC, which
is not related to the cancer scare. Nevertheless, an increase in vinyl chloride
production in 1976 to the 1974 level would still strain capacity, estimated at
6.6 billion Ib. This is because of the low optimum operating rate of about 85%,
which will not be increased too dramatically in the near future. Only Borden
has announced any expansion plans, and these do not call for a large additional
capacity.
26-0024
VINYL CHLORIDE
Anon
BIRTH DEFECTS CANNOT BE CORRELATED WITH VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE. . .
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (31): 10 (Aug. 4, 1975)
A report by the Ohio Dept. of Health connecting a significant increase in birth
defects in three communities with polyvinyl chloride polymerization plants, was
refuted by the Center for Disease Control. None of the parents in the Ohio cases
had worked in the plants or lived within 2 miles of them. No unusual increase in
birth defects was observed in the children of a Pennsylvania community, similar to
the Ohio communities.
-984-
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26-0025
VINYL CHLORIDE
Bartsch, H. et al
HUMAN, RAT AND MOUSE LIVER-MEDIATED MUTAGENICITY OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN
S. TYPHIMURIUM STRAINS
Int. J. Cancer 15_ (3): 429-37 (1975)
These studies indicate that human, mouse, or rat liver can efficiently convert
vinyl chloride monomer into mutagenic metabolites. Assays were performed
on pooled tissue samples (3-5 animals) using certain S. Typhimurium strains.
Biopsied human livers samples were also employed after 6 hours exposure to vinyl
chloride, the mutagenic response of one strain (TA 1530) was enhanced 4-7 fold.
The relative mutagenic activities of VC Mare described. Although the studies do
not identify the particular metabolite (or metabolites) responsible for VCM
carcinogenicity, chloroacetaldehyde showed a strong toxicity in the TA 1530 strain;
the urinary excretion product, chloroacetic acid was also toxic; and chloroethanol
was weakly mutagenic for TA 1530. In a test on vinylidene chloride, the mutagenic
effect was higher than that observed with VCM.
26-0026
VINYL CHLORIDE
Reynolds, Edward S. et al
ACUTE LIVER INJURY BY VINYL CHLORIDE: INVOLVEMENT OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
IN PHENOBARBITAL PRETREATED RATS
Environ. Health Perspectives 11_: 227-33 (1975)
A single 6-hr exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (5%) produces extensive vacuoliza-
tion of centrolobular liver parenchyma and focal midzonal necrosis in the hepatic
lobuole in phenobarbital-pretreatcd rats. Ultrastructurally, vacuolization consists of
dilation of cysternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the same cells smooth
endo'plasmic reticulum coalesces into discreet aggregates resembling denatured mem-
branes. The findings support the hypothesis that vinyl chloride is hepatotoxic because
it is converted into a toxic metabolite by components of the mixed function oxidase
system of liver endoplusmic reticulum.
-985-
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26-0027
VINYL CHLORIDE
Drew, Robert T. et al
EFFECTS OF VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURES TO RATS PRETREATED WITH PHENOBARBITAL
Environ. Health Perspectives IjL: 235-42 (1975)
Male rats were exposed to 10 consecutive days, 6 hr/day, to vinyl chloride vapors
at an average concentration of 13,500 ppm. The exposed rats were divided into three
groups of eight rats each: one group was pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene, one
group was pretreated with phenobarbital, and the third group received no treatment.
Half the animals in each group were sacrificed 18 hr after the last exposure and half
were sacrificed 4 days later. In a second experiment, four rats pretreated with pheno-
barbital were exposed to vinyl chloride vapors at a concentration of 17,300 ppm for
2 days and sacrificed about 9 A.M. on the third day. In both experiments control
animals, also treated with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, were exposed to air
only. At the time of sacrifice, lungs, kidneys, spleen, heart, and a small piece of liver
from each animal were preserved for histological examination. The remainder of the
liver was processed for assay of microsomal enzyme activity.
The following parameters were investigated: growth rate, organ weights, morpho-
logical changes, and both benzphetamine-A'-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450
content of microsomvs prepared from the livers. In both experiments the only marked
difference noted in any group was a decrease in the growth rate of the animals exposed
to vinyl chloride and treated with phenobarbital. This decreased growth rate was par-
ticularly apparent on the third day of the vinyl chloride exposures. Occasional morpho-
logical changes were also seen in the livers of the animals treated with phenobarbital
and exposed to vinyl chloride.
26-0028
VINYL CHLORIDE
Miller, Albert
PULMONARY FUNCTION DEFECTS IN NONSMOKING VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS
Environ. Health Perspectives 11; 247-50 (1975)
Pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry and maximum expiratory flow-
volume curves to determine whether exposure to an occupational environment con-
taminated with vinyl chloride (VC) fumes and poly(viny) chloride) (PVC) dust is
associated with an increased risk of respiratory impairment. Data were analyzed for
smoking, duration of exposure, and age. The high prevalence of impaired flow (57.5%)
could not be attributed to smoking. Prevalence in nonsmokers was 36.4% when exposure
was less than 10 yr, 42% when exposure was between 10 and 20 yr, and 80% when
exposure exceeded 20 yr. The last is virtually the same rate as for smokers exposed
more than 20 years. The same trend is shown with incrasing age. Unlike younger
workers, when smokers and nonsmokers s= 40 years of age are compared, prevalence
rates of air flow impairment are not statistically different. The present investigation is
one of the few in which the effects of occupational exposure could be separated from
and were found to predominate, over the effects of smoking.
-986-
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26-0029
VINYL CHLORIDE
Warren, Helen and Huff, James Edward
HEALTH EFFECTS OF VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER:
AN ANNOTATED LITERATURE COLLECTION
Environ. Health Perspectives 10.: 251-319 (1975)
This annotated bibliography (264 references) covers the literature on the.
health aspects of vinyl chloride from 1835-1975. Only 17 reports on the toxic
effects of VC were published in the 125 years from 1835 to 1959. In contrast,
in the five years from 1970 to 1974 a total of 102 reports were published.
VINYL CHLORIDE
See: 26-0001, Acrylonitrile
-987-
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VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
See: 26-0025, Vinyl Chloride
-988-
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*26-0030
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Anon
ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND ASKS BAN ON ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Environ. Health Letter L4 (15): 8 (Aug. 1, 1975)
NIOSH estimates that large numbers of fumigators and exterminators (8,900) have
been exposed to the grain fumigant, ethylene dibromide (EDB). Residues of the
compound up to 6.10 ppm have been found in treated grain. NIOSH has shown EDB
to be carcinogenic in rats and mice. The Environmental Defense Fund wants EPA
to investigate EDB use on a priority basis and to suspend or cancel its regis-
tration, if necessary.
*26-0031
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
(Uses)
Anon
FOREST PESTS PESTERED
Chem. Wk. 116 (26): 18 (June 25, 1975)
An all-out attack by U.S. and state forestry agencies on pesticides follows
latest big outbreak of forest pests and involves use of a variety of pesticides
and insecticides.
Ethylene dibromine, a dibromoethane produced by Great Lakes Chemical and Kerr-
McGee, is being used to combat infestations of mountain pine beetles in the
Black Hills of S. Dakota and Wyoming and in Colorado.
-989-
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*26-0032
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE
Anon
MEANWHILE, ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE BECAME THE TARGET OF A NIOSH CANCER ALERT. . .
Chem. Eng. 82_ (16): 38 (Aug. 4, 1975)
The National Cancer Institute's findings that ethylene dibromide (EDB) had strong
carcinogenic activity in both rats and mice, producing malignancies of the stomach
in 70 of 92 mice and in 82 of 94 rats fed the compound, has prompted NIOSH to issue
a cancer alert on this compound. EDB has not yet been identified as a human carci-
nogen.
-990-
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26-0033
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
AUTO CATALYSTS WORK WITH LEADED GASOLINE
Chem. Eng. News 53_ (31): 8 (Aug. 4, 1975)
Du Pont announces a new series of automobile catalysts, incorporating platinum
and palladium in a perovskite crystal structure, that can be used even with
leaded gasoline.
26-0034
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
EPA SUSPENDS USE OF HEPTACHLOR, CHLORDANE
Chem. Eng. News 5.3 (31): 7 (Aug. 4, 1975)
EPA plans to suspend the manufacture, distribution, and most major uses of
heptachlor and chlordane because continuing animal feeding studies are
confirming their potential carcinogenicity. Existing stocks can be sold
and used. Velsicol, the single U.S. manufacturer of the two pesticides, will
request a hearing.
-991-
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26-0035
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
TWO SOLVENTS CLEARED AS CANCER THREAT
Chem. Eng. News 53. (31): 7-8 (Aug. 4, 1975)
According to inhalation studies on rats conducted over 24 months by Dow Chemical,
neither 1,1,1-trichloroethane or perchloroethylene are carcinogenic in rats.
On the other hand, NCI recently announced that another solvent, trichloroethylene,
induced liver cancer and other tumors in mice in a series of feeding studies.
26-0036
GENERAL INFORMATION
Broecker, Wallace S.
CLIMATIC CHANGE: ARE WE ON THE BRINK OF A PRONOUNCED GLOBAL WARMING?
Science 189 (4201): 460-3 (Aug. 8, 1975)
Natural climatic cooling, which has been going on over the past several decades,
will soon bottom out and will be followed by a period of higher mean global
temperatures on our planet. This will be due to the warming effect of the carbon
dioxide released to the atmosphere from the combustion of chemical fuels. This
reversal is expected to take place within a decade or so.
-992-
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26-0037
GENERAL INFORMATION
Fisher, Nicholas S.
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON POLLUTANTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON:
A REASSESSMENT
Science 189 (4201): 463-4 (Aug. 8, 1975)
Some marine phytoplankton cultures exhibited reduced photosynthesis in the
presence of pollution by DDT and PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls). This
could affect the quality of the food supply of marine herbivore populations,
thereby having a deleterious effect on marine ecosystems.
26-0038
GENERAL INFORMATION
Ramamoorthy, S. and Kushner, D.J.
HEAVY METAL BINDING SITES IN RIVER WATER
Nature 256 (5516): 399-401 (July 31, 1975)
The transport of heavy metals and their effects on biological systems in
natural waters are discussed. Ion-specific electrodes offer convenient and
sensitive means of studying the dynamics of the transport and utilization of
heavy metals in natural waters.
-993-
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26-0039
GENERAL INFORMATION
Lehtomaki, M. and Niemela, S,
IMPROVING MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF OIL IN SOIL
AMBIO 4. (3) : 126-9 (1975)
Laboratory and field tests conducted to accelerate oil degradation in soil have
employed physical, chemical and biological means. None of the methods tried
(aeration, irrigation, fertilizers, addition of microbes) were as effective as
the addition of brewery waste yeast, which accelerated the oil waste decomposi-
tion rate substantially.
26-0040
GENERAL INFORMATION
Linden, 0.
ACUTE EFFECTS OF OIL AND OIL/DISPERSANT MIXTURE ON LARVAE OF BALTIC HERRING
AMBIO 4_ (3) : 130-3 (1975)
The effects on most marine life caused by oil spills will be seriously aggravated
by chemical dispersants added to clean up the oil. Since oil forms a surface
slick it will lose a considerable amount of its toxic compounds from evaporation
within a few days. Surfactants used with oil would make the oil adhere to
surfaces not usually wettable by oil, e.g., the slimy mucus of fish. Tests
conducted on newly hatched herring larvae showed the oil/dispersant combination
to be 50-100 times more toxic than self-dispersed crude oil.
-994-
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26-0041
GENERAL INFORMATION
Myers, Vernon B. et al
THE EFFECT OF SALINITY AND.DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER ON SURFACE CHARGE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME EURYHALINE PHYTOPLANKTON
J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol. 17. (D : 59-68 (1975)
The influence of salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the net surface
charge and mercury uptake by three species of euryhaline estuarine phytoplankton
were examined by microelectrophoresis. Results indicate that adsorption of
dissolved organic matter determines the negative surface charge of many phyto-
plankton. Mercury uptake by the cell surface appears to be slowed by chelation
of mercury by humic acids. The results reported could be useful in setting up
water quality standards for trace metals, humic chelation processes having been
earlier claimed to make heavy metals unavailable to algae.
26-0042
GENERAL INFORMATION
Brown, Martin
AN ORANGE IS AN ORANGE
Environ. 17 <5): 6-n (July/Aug. 1975)
Excessive use of pesticides could be prevented by educating the public to accept
fruit with insect-caused skin blemishes. The author bases his case on the
example of the citrus thrips, a tiny pest that feeds on the skin of citrus fruits
but does not affect the eating quality of the fruit. Nevertheless, farm workers
are suffering chronic and acute health effects from the parathion and other
organophosphate insecticides used to combat thrips in order to market "cosmetically-
acceptable" fruits.
-995-
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26-0043
GENERAL INFORMATION
Resnikoff, Marvin
EXPENSIVE ENRICHMENT
Environ. IT. <5) : 28~35 (July/Aug. 1975)
An economic analysis of the nuclear reprocessing industry considers the costs
versus increased safety of the facilities to the workers and the environment.
26-0044
GENERAL INFORMATION
(New Products)
Anon
GULF OIL GETS RIGHTS TO FAMILY OF POLYIMIDES
Chem. Wk. 117 (6): 10 (Aug. 6, 1975)
Hughes Aircraft has developed a new family of high-performance polyimides, based
on Gulf Oil's proprietary intermediate, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid
dianhydride (BTDA). Capable of withstanding temperatures up to 800°F, stable in
air at 700°F for long periods, and claimed to be good adhesives for titanium
metal alloys, these polyimides should find a market in electronics, auto, aero-
space, appliance, and solid lubricant industries. Gulf Oil has exclusive pro-
duction and marketing rights.
-996-
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26-0045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
PESTICIDES/MARINE TRANSPORT
Environ. Rept. 6^ (6): 44 (July 28, 1975)
Despite curtailed use of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in recent years, EPA-
sponsored research indicates that these pesticides may be transported from land
drainage basins, after they are absorbed in sediments. DDT, for example, was
detected in sediments in Monterey Bay, California at average concentrations of
3.1 ppb and maximum concentrations of 19.3 ppb in 1971 and at concentrations of
15.5 ppb (average) and 83.1 ppb (maximum) in 1974. The National Environmental
Research Center, Office of Research and Development EPA, Corvallis, OR 97330,
has copies of "An Analysis of the Dynamics of DDT in Marine Sediments," EPA-
660/3-75-013, available without charge.
26-0046
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
NEW POWERPLANTS/CLIMATE
Environ. Rept. £ (6): 44 (July 28, 1975)
A special "laser-like" device, acoustic sounders, and an instrumented trailer
called the "Sniffer", will characterize aerosol particles emanating from power
plants. Air will be monitored in various midwestern regions before new power
plants start up and after operations begin. The chemical and meteorological
effects of these particles and their reactions with potentially hazardous
sulfate emissions will be studied. Additional information on "atmospheric
studies of Western power plants" is available from Wave Propagation Laboratory,
Environmental Research Laboratories, NOAA, Boulder, CO 80302.
-997-
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26-0047
GENERAL INFORMATION
Anon
TOXICOLOGY/BEHAVIOR
Environ. Rept. ,6 (6): 48 (July 28, 1975)
"Behavioral Toxicology: Early Detection of Occupational Hazards," SN 1733-00031,
contains information on the detection of reversible functional changes in workers
exposed to industrial chemicals. This collection of papers and proceedings of a
1973 workshop on the subject topic is available from Supt. Documents, GPO, Wash.,
D.C. 20402, at $7.45.
26-0048
GENERAL INFORMATION
Miller, Albert
SCREENING TESTS FOR PULMONARY FUNCTION ABNORMALITY
Environ. Health Perspectives 11: 243-6 (1975)
Although clinical or radiographic tests can provide evidence of airway and
parenchymal pulmonary impairment resulting from occupational or environmental
exposure to harmful chemicals, the simple screening tests described here, based
on a voluntary forced expiration, can result in an earlier detection of
pulmonary symptoms.
-998-
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TECHNICAL REPORT
(Please rend Instructions on the reverse
DATA
before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
EPA-560/7-75-003
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION«NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES (CATS).
Cumulative Report No. 1
5. REPORT DATE
December 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
C-77355
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-2694
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
Room 715, East Tower (WH-557)
4QI "M" Street."S.W.. Washington. B.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Annual Cumulative
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This cumulative report contains 26 current awareness documents prepared biweekly
from 26 August 1974 through 11 August 1975, during the first year of a two year
project. The purpose of this project was to provide the Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with information on new
uses of existing chemical products and with information of obvious potential
environmental concern for both new and existing chemical products.
For each biweekly document a core list of approximately 80 journals was scanned
for information of interest to OTS on more than 30 topics (compounds, classes of
compounds, and subject areas, e.g., model ecosystems). Abstracts were prepared
for all items 'selected and these abstracts were presented biweekly under the
assigned topics. In addition, a "General Information" section was added to
accommodate abstracts for topics not included in the original list of scanning
topics. Biweekly subject indexes were cumulated for this annual compilation,
and an author index was added.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TFRMS C. COSATI I ielrf.'Croup
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
TTn^l accT f-i p ri
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
2 I. NO. OF f AG..i 3
998
22. PPlCP.
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