-------
Daia Sheet: FTIR Batctf^mples: Lime Kilns. EPA WA. 3804-01.
Date | Sample File Name
Time
Location/ Notes
# scans
Res.
cm1
Temp.
op
SPk/
Unsp
Sample
Cond.
Sample
Row
BK(i
f.O
u
HO
f
f<
P
s
f
n
HO
s
f
V
Ho
(f
f
u
r
iJtf $jkl«@
F
ff
IL/O
P
F
r
(F
n
M
U
F
-------
Datasheet: FTIR Batch Samples: Lime Kilns. EPA WA. 3804-01.
Date
Sample
Time
File Name
Path
M
Location/ Notes
scans
Res.
cm'1
Temp.
Spk/
Unsp
Sample
Cond.
Sample
Row
BK(i
H
1)
Ikfe
„
0
F
2
F
7
-pa
\)
i\
Ho
f1
V
i i
P--1I-1.
u
r
I721/
f
r
CV/Us\aA^
/VQ
H
9 2.
Ho
Oh
F
r
-------
Datasheet: FTIR Batch Samples: Lime Kilns. EPA WA. 3804-01.
Date
Sample
Time
File Name
Path
M
Location/ Notes
# scans
Res.
cm"1
Temp.
°F
Spk/
Unsp
Sample
Concl.
Sample
Row
BK(!
•2.0
:>-xv4-*
1*
1.0
Ho
(,£>
/2-Z c
u
ito
f
A /
Lf-^
F
F
tf
F
i
*\\. li&ii'v.
(SJI
t>
f
Otfltt
Ml
F
F
^2_
JE_
^
II
II
e
f-.-ift.'
ff
F
-------
Datasheet: FT1R Batch Samples: Lime Kilns. EPA WA. 3804-01.
Date
Sample
Time
File Name
Path
M
Location/ Notes
# scans
Res.
cm1
Temp. Spk/
Unsp
Sample
Concl.
Sample
Flow
BK(i
10
fill;
u
ft
f
I'M
£.
F
it
it
/'?/(
to
vW
'I
1
If
loo'/
Z2-,
•t*
'<
9
°
-------
APPENDIX C.
FTIR ANALYTICAL RESULTS
-------
Draft Report
December 1996
Results of Least Squares Concentration Determinations for
FTIR Spectra Collected at APG Lime Kiln
Prepared by:
^
Grant M. Plummer, Ph.D.
Rho Squared
Prepared for:
Thomas J. Geyer, Ph.D.
Midwest Research Institute
C-l
-------
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by Rho Squared under Midwest Research Institute Purchase
Order Number D02329. This document has been reviewed neither by Midwest Research
Institute nor by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the
author, and do not necessarily represent those of Midwest Research Institute or those of the
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Mention of specific trade names or products within this report does not constitute
endorsement by the EPA, by Midwest Research Institute, or by Rho Squared.
C-2
-------
Data Collection and Analytical Method
Midwest Research Institute performed extractive FTIR source testing in October 1996 at
APG lime kiln and provided the spectral data to Rho Squared for preliminary quantitative least
squares analysis. Compounds of quantitative interest in the samples, referred to below as
analytes and identified in conversations with Dr. Tom Geyer of MRI, are HC1, H2CO, CO, SO2,
NO, and NO:. The spectra also contain features from the interferant compound H,O, and SF6
was quantified in some spectra as the diluent tracer compound used for dynamic spiking.
References 1 through 5 comprise a thorough description of one technique for analyzing
FTIR absorbance spectra. Using the programming language ARRAY BASIC™ (GRAMS,™
Version 3.02, Galactic Industries Corporation, Salem, New Hampshire) Rho Squared has
prepared a computer program to perform this technique. The "classical least squares" (CLS) or
"K-Matrix" technique and the associated computer program are described in Reference 6. The
terminology and basic analytical approach employed in this work are described in the "EPA
FTIR Protocol" (Reference 7).
The program allows the analyst to select a number of analytical regions and to specify
which of the selected reference spectra will be employed in determining the corresponding
compound concentrations. Baseline parameters (linear, and quadratic in some cases) were also
determined in the calculations but are not reported here. Reference spectra for the current work
were provided by MRI or were taken from the EPA FTIR spectral library of Hazardous Air
Pollutants (hereafter, the "EPA library"). Additional information regarding the reference spectra
is listed below.
The program calculates the standard la uncertainty in each concentration. However, all
uncertainties quoted below are equal to four times the calculated la values. The program also
calculates the residual spectra (the difference between the observed and least squares fit
absorbance values) for each sample spectrum and analytical region. These data are not presented
here but have been submitted to MRI in digital form with this report. The GRAMS™ format
residual spectral files have DOS extensions of the form "rn", where the integer n designates the
analytical region label for a particular analytical run. Although this labeling scheme does not
uniquely identify the residual spectra, the frequency ranges are unique and make identification of
the various spectra straightforward.
For each analytical region, compounds whose reference spectra are employed in the least
squares fits are characterized either as analytes or as interferants. Table 1 lists the analytical
regions and summarizes the characterizations of the six target compounds (HC1, H2CO, CO, SO2,
NO, and NO2). Note that each target compound appears as an analyte in one and only one
analytical region. The concentrations and uncertainties reported in this work correspond to the
analyte characterizations of Table 1.
C-3
-------
TABLE 1. ANALYTICAL REGIONS AND COMPOUND
CHARACTERIZATIONS3 b
Analytical
Region
0
1
2
3
4
Lower
Bound
(cm'"
900
1581.7
1898,6
2110
2747
Upper
Bound
(cm'"
1200
1613.3
1904.8
2125.5
2848
HC1
_
_
.
A
H2CO
_
_
.
A
CO
.
_
A
-
S0?
A
_
.
-
NO
.
A
-
-
NO,
.
A
_
.
-
H2O
I
I
I
-
-
CO,
I
-
-
1
-
SFft
A
_
-
-
"I indicates "interferant," A indicates "analyte," and the hyphen indicates that the compound was not included in the least
squares spectral analyses of the analytical region.
bBaseline slope and offset for each analytical region were also determined in the least squares concentration analyses (see
MRI provided a total of 279 spectral files for analysis. After determining concentration
values and uncertainties for each compound in each analytical region of every sample spectrum,
the program rejects compounds from each analytical region if either a) the determined
concentration is negative or b) the 4a uncertainty in the concentration is greater than the
(positive) determined concentration. If a compound is rejected from a region for a particular
spectrum, the concentration is recorded as exactly zero in the output file along with the related
uncertainty from the original fit. Such uncertainty values are extremely conservative upper limits
on the uncertainty of the reported zero concentration values. Concentration results and their 4o
uncertainties were recorded in Excel™ spreadsheet files and provided to MRI for inclusion in a
comprehensive report to EPA.
Pathlength Determinations
Absorption pathlengths were determined from the field test CTS spectra and EPA library
CTS spectra of ethylene (C2H4). For high temperature spectra, the EPA library interferograms
ctsOl ISa.aif and bkgOl ISa.aif were de-resolved to the appropriate spectral resolution (either 1 or
2 cm"1) according to the procedures of reference 7 (Appendix K). The same procedure was used
to generate low-temperature spectra from the original interferometric data in the EPA library files
cts0829a.aif and bkg0829a.aif. The resulting files were used in least squares fits to the
appropriate field CTS spectra (see reference 7, Appendix H) in two regions (the FP? or
"fingerprint" region from 790 to 1139 cm'1 and the CH, or "CH-stretch region" from 2760 to
3326 cm'1). The fit results for each region, test, and set of test sampling conditions were
averaged. They and their average uncertainties are presented in Table 2. The CH values were
used in analytical region 4; the FP values were used in all other analytical regions.
C-4
-------
TABLE 2. PATHLENGTH DETERMINATION RESULTS FOR APG
TEST DATA
CTS Conditions
# Passes Temp (K)
16 293
20 293
20 393
40 293
40 393
CH
Result (m)
6.5
11.0
10.2
19.2
20.2
region
% uncert.
2.9
2.6
2.5
5.5
2.6
FP region
Result (m) %
6.7
11.3
14.3
20.0
23.4
uncert.
1.3
1.6
2.2
1.8
1.6
Reference Spectra
Reference spectra for the current work were provided by MRI or were taken from the
EPA library. Table 3 lists the spectra used in the analyses for each analytical region.
TABLES. REFERENCE SPECTRA
Compound
HC1
H2CO
CO
SO,
NO
NO2
H2O
C02
SF6
Analytical region
0
_
-
198.alf
-
194jsub.spc
193clbsa.spc
a
1
200clbse.spc
194fsub.spc
2
199clbsa.spc
-
194fsub.spc
3
.
co20829a.spc
.
.
193clbsa.spc
4
O97.alf
087clasb.spch
-
-
Tile sf620p_2.alf was used for spectra recorded at (nominal) twenty passes in the infrared absorption cell; file
sf640p_l.alf was used for spectra recorded at (nominal) forty passes in the infrared absorption cell.
bResults of analyses excluding H2CO from this analytical region were also supplied to MRI.
For the compound HC1, the FTIR library spectra were de-resolved to 1 cm"1 and
normalized for absolute temperature, concentration, and absorption pathlength. The resulting
files were averaged to provide a "reduced absorptivity" (see Reference 6), which was stored in
the spectral file 097.alf and employed in all subsequent HC1 analyses. The HC1 analysis was
applied to the de-resolved EPA library HC1 spectra to determine the fractional calibration
uncertainty (FCU), which is presented in Table 4. Similar procedures were followed to
C-5
-------
determine the reduced absorptivity and FCU values for the compounds SO2 and SF6. For SO-,,
1.0 cm-1 resolution spectra provided by MRI were used; the spectra used for SF6 were those
recorded on the field instrument, at two different absorption pathlengths, during the APG field
test.
TABLE 4. FRACTIONAL CALIBRATION
UNCERTAINTY (FCU)
Compound
SO2
HC1
SF6 (20 passes)
SF6 (40 passes)
FCU (%)
4.6
8.5
1.5
1.2
References
1. D.M. Haaland and R.G. Easterling, "Improved Sensitivity of Infrared Spectroscopy by the
Application of Least Squares Methods," Appl. Spectrosc. 34(5):539-548 (1980).
2. D.M. Haaland and R.G. Easterling, "Application of New Least-Squares Methods for the
Quantitative Infrared Analysis of Multicomponent Samples," Appl. Spectrosc.
36(6):665-673 (1982).
3. D.M. Haaland, R.G. Easterling and D.A. Vopicka, "Multivariate Least-Squares Methods
Applied to the Quantitative Spectral Analysis of Multicomponent Samples," Appl.
Spectrosc. 39(l):73-84 (1985).
4. W.C. Hamilton, Statistics in Physical Science. Ronald Press Co., New York, 1964,
Chapter 4.
5. P.R. Griffiths and J.A. DeHaseth, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1986, ISBN 0-471-09902-3.
6. G. M. Plummer and W. K. Reagen, "An Examination of a Least Squares Fit FTIR Spectral
Analysis Method," Air and Waste Management Association, Paper Number 96-WA65.03.
7. "Protocol for the Use of Extractive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry for the
Analyses of Gaseous Emissions from Stationary Sources," U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EMTIC Bulletin Board, 1995).
C-6
-------
APPENDIX D.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND DATA
-------
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
Center for Environmental Analysis
MEMORANDUM
TO: Joseph Wood, ESD/MICG (MD-13)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
GB
FROM: Cybele Brockmann, RTI
DATE: July 31, 1997
SUBJECT: Process Description for APG Lime
REFERENCE: Information Gathering and Analysis for the Lime
Manufacturing Industry NESHAP
EPA Contract 68-D1-0118
ESD Project 95/06
RTI Project 6750-017
Attached is the description of processes at APG Lime; processes
were monitored during testing at the plant October 21-24, 1997.
3040 Corr.wai'iS Roaa • Pos; Office Box 12194 • Research Tnangie Park. North Carolina 27709-2194 USA
Telephone 919 990-8603 • Fax 919 990-8600
-------
I. Process Description of the APG Plant
Lime (calcium oxide, CaO) is typically produced in the U.S.
by crushing and then heating limestone (CaC03) in an inclined,
rotating kiln. The limestone is heated to temperatures of around
2000 degrees Fahrenheit (deg F) which cause it to breakdown
chemically into lime and C02. Some of the lime produced in the
U.S. is hydrated (Ca(OH)2) . At APG, lime is sold as CaO and
Ca(OH)2.1
Limestone at the APG plant is extracted from an underground
mine located at the plant. The limestone is milled and screened
to yield three sizes of stone: less than 3/8 inch, 3/8 inch to
11/8 inches, and 11/8 inches to 2 inches.2
During testing, emissions were measured at the inlet and
outlet of the fabric filter (FF) that cleans the exhaust from the
number one kiln and at the stack associated with the cooler of
the number two kiln. Process data from the number one kiln were
collected during testing of its FF. Process data from the number
two kiln were collected during testing of its cooler stack.
The number one and two kilns are inclined rotating kilns
with design capacities of 300 tons of lime per day and 265 tons
of lime per day, respectively.3 Both kilns are approximately 300
feet long with tapered diameters (10 feet in diameter at the
front end of each kiln and 8 feet in diameter the remaining
length of the kilns) . * The incline of the kilns is Vs inch per
foot.5 Limestone enters at the back end of each kiln (the high-
est point of incline) and tumbles through the kiln via gravity
and the rotating motion of the kilns (typical rotating rates for
both kilns are 0.25 to 1.2 revolution per minute).6 The resi-
dence time of the feed material in the kiln is 2.5 hours.7
Approximately two tons of limestone are consumed to produce one
ton of lime.8
The combustion of fuel, which consists of pulverized coal
suspended in air, occurs at the front end of each kiln (coal
samples were obtained during testing). Coal for both kilns is
pulverized to the consistency of powder in a single ball mill.
Heated air from the cooling process (described below) is pulled
into the ball mill to preheat and dry the coal. A fan on the
mill blows the air and dry pulverized coal from the mill into
each kiln. Typically a third of a ton of coal is consumed per
ton of lime.9
Lime exiting each kiln is deposited onto the kiln's moving
grate cooler. Ambient air is blown upward through the grates to
cool the lime. Most of the air that cools the lime is routed to
the kilns or to the ball mill to preheat and dry the coal. A
-------
small portion of the air exiting each cooler is released to the
atmosphere through its own stack via natural draft. This was the
gas stream from the number two cooler that was tested. Lime from
each cooler is conveyed to a screener, separated by particle
size, and stored in silos.
II. Kiln Emissions Control
Exhaust gases exiting the number one kiln pass through a FF.
The FF, manufactured by Amerex, was installed in 1994.10 The FF
has six compartments. The bags within the compartments are made
of 22 ounce fiberglass with a teflon finish.11 The air-to-cloth
ratio is 3.4 actual cubic feet per minute per square foot of
fabric.12 The inlet gas temperature for the FF is 495 degrees F,
and the pressure drop across the FF is 6 to 8 inches of water.13
The FF runs continuously; during cleaning, one of the six
compartments is taken off-line and cleaned by pulse-jet, while
the other five compartments continue to treat kiln exhaust.14
Refer to Figure 1 for a diagram of the number two kiln and
cooler (the cooler stack is uncontrolled). Refer to Figure 2 for
a diagram of the number one kiln, and the FF that cleans the
exhaust from the number one kiln. The diagrams indicate the
relative locations for each unit operation, direction of flow for
material and gas, input and output of materials and gas, and
approximate locations where process parameters and gas samples
were measured.
III. Process Operation
Data indicating the operation of the number one and two
kilns and the FF on the number one kiln are presented in this
section. Data for the number two kiln were collected to provide
an indication of the operation of the number two cooler since no
other cooler operating parameters were monitored by the plant.
Process data for the kilns and the FF were manually recorded
every 15 minutes during the testing from instrument panel screens
in the kiln control room; the recorded data were measured with
instruments already in place and used by the plant for process
control of the kiln.
Table 1 is a statistical summary of the process data
collected during testing. Tables 2a, 2b, and 2c display all of
process data collected during testing.
-------
Notes Pertaining to Test Runs
Limestone feed rate
A constant size of calcitic limestone (3/8 inch to 11/8 inch)
was burned in the number one and number two kilns during testing.
The limestone feed rate into the kilns is not directly measured
by the plant. During testing, the plant provided an approximate
feed rate of limestone into each kiln by weighing a 6 foot
section of limestone on the feed belt to each kiln (see "b" on
Figures 1 and 2 for location of feed belts). According to the
plant, the speed of both feed belts is held constant at 199 feet
per minute; however, the quantity of feed on the belts varies
with the amount of limestone brought up by the bucket elevators
(see Figures 1 and 2 for location of bucket elevators). The
amount of limestone in the elevators is a function of the speed
of the belt beneath the crushed limestone bin; the speed of this
belt is indirectly measured by the %Feed-0-Weight (FOW).15 The
higher the %FOW, the faster the speed of the belt beneath the
bin, which in turn leads to more limestone deposited into the
bucket elevators, and, more feed deposited onto the feed belt
which conveys limestone to the kiln.
The limestone bin conveyor belt speed is varied with the
rotating speed of the kiln (indicated by the motor speed 1, 2, 3,
or 4). When the rotation of the kiln is decreased, the limestone
bin conveyor belt speed is reduced to reduce the amount of feed
going into the kiln. When the rotation of the kiln is increased,
the limestone bin conveyor belt speed is increased to increase
the amount of feed going into the kiln.
Plant personnel weighed a six foot section of limestone on
the feed belt for the number two kiln during testing on 10/21/96.
The six foot section was weighed while the limestone bin conveyor
belt speed was running at 64% (FOW) (the most frequent belt speed
for that day - see Table 2a). At 64% FOW, the weight of the
limestone on a 6 foot section of the feed belt was 22 Ib. This
corresponds to a limestone feed rate of 525 tons per day(TPD) and
a lime production rate of 262 TPD. This compares with the
typical production rate of the number two kiln reported by the
plant to be 265 TPD.16
Plant personnel weighed two different times a six foot
section of limestone from the feed belt of the number one kiln
during testing on 10/22/96. One six foot section was weighed
while the limestone bin conveyor belt speed was running at 50%
FOW (the most frequent speed for that day - see Table 2b); the
other section was weighed while the limestone bin conveyor belt
-------
speed was running at 26% FOW. At 50% FOW, the weight of the
limestone on a 6 foot section of the feed belt was 20 Ib lime-
stone (corresponds to a production rate of 238 TPD of lime). At
26% FOW, the weight of the limestone on a 6 foot section of the
feed belt was 14 Ib limestone (167 TPD of lime). This compares
with the typical production rate of the number one kiln reported
by the plant to be 240 TPD of lime.17
Plant personnel did not weigh a six foot section of
limestone from the feed belt during testing of the number one
kiln on 10/23 and 10/24; on these days, the average limestone bin
conveyor belt speed was 45% FOW and 44% FOW, respectively. To
approximate the limestone feed rates at these settings, the three
known limestone bin conveyor belt speeds and their corresponding
weights from above (i.e., 64% and 22 Ib; 50% and 20 Ib; 26% and .
14 Ib) were fitted to a curve (see Figure 3). The equation for
the curve (shown in Figure 3) was used to predict the weight of a
six foot section of limestone on the feed belt at the two
limestone bin conveyor belt speeds. At 44% FOW, the predicted
weight was 18.7 Ib (approximately 224 tons of lime per day). At
45%, the predicted weight was 18.9 Ib (approximately 226 tons of
lime per day).
In summary, the average indirectly measured lime production
rates during testing were typical of the production rates
reported in the questionnaire.18
Coal Feed Rate
During each test run, three samples of pulverized coal were
collected upstream of the kiln. The samples were collected at
the beginning, middle, and end of each test run. The three
samples from each test run were mixed together and a sample of
the mixture sent off for an F-factor analysis. The F-factor
analysis uses the thermal value of coal, along with air flow
measurements, to calculate coal feed rate.
Percent Damper Opening
As indicated in Figures 1 and 2, a single ball mill
pulverizes coal for the number one and number two kilns. Heated
air from each kiln's lime cooler is pulled into the ball mill to
preheat and dry the coal. A fan on the mill blows the air and
dry pulverized coal from the mill to each kiln. Dampers control
the distribution of air and coal to each kiln. Plant personnel
adjust the dampers based on a visual inspection of the FF dust
from each kiln. The color of the FF dust serves as a surrogate
measure of combustion efficiency. FF dust that is too dark
-------
indicates that coal is passing through the kiln unburned;
consequently, the damper setting is increased to increase the
flow of air to the kiln to improve combustion efficiency. The
plant also has oxygen analyzers at the exhaust end of each kiln
to indicate combustion efficiency. Oxygen readings for the
number one kiln were not recorded during testing because the kiln
operators indicated that the analyzer was not working. It was
later learned (several months after testing) that the analyzer
was working during testing.
During testing, the percent damper opening to the number one
kiln was recorded as a possible indicator of coal feed rate
consistency. The damper to the number one kiln is fully open at
74.6%; as shown in Table 1, average settings during kiln 1
testing were 59.6%, 50.9%, and 66.6%.19
Kiln Speed
The speed, i.e., the revolutions per minute (rpm) of the
number one and number two kilns is controlled by four motor
settings. The fourth motor setting is the fastest kiln speed
(1.90 rpm), followed by the third motor setting (1.38 rpm),
second motor setting (0.95 rpm), and first motor setting (0.69
rpm). The number one and two kilns typically operate in the
fourth motor setting, however, if the front end temperature of
either kiln drops, the speed of that kiln is slowed down (usually
to second or third motor setting) to raise the front end
temperature back up. According to the kiln operator, slowing the
kiln speed raises the temperature of the feed traveling through
the kiln, which in turn transports more heat to the front end of
the kiln.20
Secondary air and back end temperatures
According to one of the kiln operators, target back end and
secondary air temperatures for the number one kiln are 750 deg F
and 300 deg F, respectively, when burning medium stone (the size
of stone burned during testing).21 Target back end and secondary
air temperatures for the number two kiln are 680 deg F and
550 deg F, respectively, when burning medium stone." Table 1
shows the average values of back end and secondary air
temperatures for the number one and two kilns during testing;
these temperatures were close to the target temperatures
specified by the kiln operator.
-------
FF temperature and pressure drop
The 1995 questionnaire reports that the inlet temperature
and pressure drop of the FF that treats the number one kiln are
495 deg F and 6 to 8 inches of water, respectively.23 As shown
in Table 1, the average inlet temperature and pressure drop of
the FF were within these reported ranges during testing.
-------
Table 1. Statistical Summary of Process Data Collected at APG
Runs 1,2 & 3, of #2 Cooler Tests
10/21/96; data recorded from 11:32 am to 6:28 pm
Parameters for Kiln #2
Kiln back end temperature (deg F)
% FOW (% of motor capacity of feed belt to bucket elevators )
Temperature of secondary air to kiln (deg F)
Gear Setting on kiln speed (1 through 4; 4 is the highest speed)
mean
672
59
536
4
std. dev.
24
11
45
1
mm.
632
32
395
2
max.
750
65
596
4
n1
29
27
29
29
Run 1 of Kiln 1 Baghouse Test
10/22/96; data recorded from 11:35 am to 5:47 pm
Parameters for Kiln #1
Pressure drop across baghouse (in. of h^O)
Temperature of gas at inlet to baghouse (deg F)
Kiln back end temperature (deg F)
Temperature of secondary air to kiln (deg F)
Gear Setting on kiln speed (1 through 4; 4 is the highest speed)
% FOW (% of motor capacity of feed belt to bucket elevators )
Damper opening for air/coal feeding kiln (%)
mean
8.3
492
751
290
4
45
59.6
std. dev.
0.2
1
20
60
1
12
1.9
mm.
7.9
490
720
30
2
20
58.3
max.
8.6
494
791
342
4
50
62.7
n
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
Run 2 of Kiln 1 Baghouse Test
10/23/96; data recorded from 10:41 am to 3:39 pm
Parameters for Kiln #1
Pressure drop across baghouse (in. of H2O)
Temperature of gas at inlet to baghouse (deg F)
Kiln back end temperature (deg F)
Temperature of secondary air to kiln (deg F)
Gear Setting on kiln speed (1 through 4; 4 is the highest speed)
% FOW (% of motor capacity of feed belt to bucket elevators )_
Damper opening for air/coal feeding kiln (%)
mean
8.0
492
751
293
4
45
50.9
std. dev.
0.2
1
10
16
0
6
1.0
mm.
7.8
491
737
262
3
22
50.3
max.
8.3
494
768
321
4
48
54.8
n
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
Run 3 of Kiln 1 Baghouse Test
10/24/96; data recorded from 11:05 am to 7:52 pm
Parameters for Kiln #1
Pressure drop across baghouse (in. of HaO)
Temperature of gas at inlet to baghouse (deg F)
Kiln back end temperature (deg F)
Temperature of secondary air to kiln (deg F)
Gear Setting on kiln speed (1 through 4; 4 is the highest speed)
% FOW (% of motor capacity of feed belt to bucket elevators )
Damper opening for air/coal feeding kiln (%)
mean
7.9
491
768
289
4
44
66.6
std. dev.
0.3
1
13
22
0
9
4.6
mm.
7.5
489
737
255
2
21
60.2
max.
8.3
494
791
327
4
49
74.4
n
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
1n = number of recordings
-------
Table 2a. Process Data
10/21/96; Runs 1, 2, & 3 of Kiln 2 Cooler Tests
Day Kiln Operator = Randy
Time BET (deg F) FOW (%) Sec T (deg F) Gear Setting
started testing approximately 11:25 am
11:32 AM 681 65 596 4
11:47 AM 670 65 577 4
12:02PM 665 65 550 4
after 12:02 PM recording, operator changed FOW to 41% and gear setting to 3
12:17PM 678 41 488 3
12:32 PM 683 62 515 4
12:47PM 654 62 526 4
12:48 PM stopped feed b/c of a hole in the belt (FOW set to 0%); coal was still burning
12:51 PM FOW turned back on to 62%.
12:58 PM 731 32 505 2
Feed shut off (FOW set to 0%) to weigh feed samples; process still running
1:03 PM 750 395 3
1:18 PM 644 474 4
1:32 run 1 completed
1:40 PM 632 64 570 4
2:09 PM 649 64 573 4
2:25 PM 660 41 553 3
2:40 PM 658 64 500 4
3:00 PM 652 64 570 4
3:15PM 646 64 565 4
3:30 PM 654 64 586 4
3:45 PM 649 64 585 4
4:00 PM 679 64 582 4
4:25 PM 689 64 554 4
4:36 PM 682 41 541 3
4:51 PM 677 41 491 3
4:52 PM 677 64 489 4
5:07 PM 672 64 543 4
5:22 PM 681 64 553 4
5:37 PM 680 64 540 4
5:48 PM 683 41 581 3
6:03 PM 689 64 476 4
6:18PM 669 64 529 4
6:28 PM 662 64 541 4
BET (deg F) = back end temperature of kiln
FOW (%) = % of motor capacity of feed belt
Sec T (deg F) = temperature of secondary air to kiln
-------
Table 2b. Process Data
10/22/96; Run 1 of Baghouse Tests
Day Kiln Operator = Tommy
Stone size = 3/8" by 1 and 1/8"
Time BH delta P BH T (deg F) BET (deg F) Sec T (deg F) Gear Setting FOW (%) Damper (%)
11:30 AM 8.4 494 734 294 62.6
FOW stopped around 11:30 AM to weigh feed sample
11:35 AM
1 1 :50 AM
12:05PM
12:25 PM
12.-40PM
12:56PM
shortly after
1:20 PM
1:36 PM
1 :50 PM
2:05 PM
2:20 PM
port change
2:55 PM
3:37 PM
3:59 PM
4:05 PM
4:20 PM
4:35 PM
4:36 PM
4:51 PM
5:06 PM
5:21 PM
5:35 PM
5:47 PM
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.6
1:00 PM, testing
8.5
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.2
around 2:45 PM
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8
8
7.9
493
493
493
492
494
494
halted
493
493
493
490
493
494
493
493
491
491
490
491
493
491
491
491
738
738
733
733
726
740
for filter change
724
720
744
746
747
770
774
746
752
791
788
761
762
784
764
750
296
288
296
306
307
311
325
342
338
327
312
30
275
298
256
296
304
283
293
296
302
301
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
2
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
4
2
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
20
50
20
50
50
50
20
50
50
50
50
20
62.7
62.7
62.7
62.6
62.7
58.6
58.5
58.6
58.5
58.5
58.6
58.5
58.5
58.4
58.5
58.4
58.4
58.4
58.3
58.4
58.4
58.4
BH delta P = Pressure drop across baghouse (in. of H2O)
BH T (deg F) = Temperature of gas at inlet to baghouse (deg F)
BET (deg F) = Back end temperature of kiln
Sec T (deg F) = temperature of secondary air to kiln
FOW (%) = % of motor capacity of feed belt
-------
Table 2c. Process Data
10/23/96; Run 2 of Baghouse Tests
Day Kiln Operator = Randy
Stone size = 3/8" by 1 and 1/8"
Time BH delta P BH T (deg F) BET (deg F) Sec T (deg F) Gear Setting FOW (%) Damper (%)
10:41 AM
10:56 AM
11:15AM
1 1 :30 AM
11:51 AM
12:06PM
12-.22PM
12:37PM
12:52 PM
1:15 PM
1:40 PM
1:55 PM
2:25 PM
2:35 PM
2:45 PM
3:07 PM
3:22 PM
3:39 PM
8.1
8.1
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.9
8.2
8.3
8.2
7.9
8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.8
494
493
493
493
491
491
491
491
494
493
493
492
491
492
491
493
491
491
744
737
741
745
753
749
742
745
747
743
744
746
768
760
761
763
762
767
262
266
275
287
286
285
288
290
295
295
291
295
302
316
320
321
303
296
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
22
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
48
48
48
48
50.3
50.3
54.8
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.7
50.6
BH delta P = Pressure drop across baghouse (in. of H2O)
BH T (deg F) = Temperature of gas at inlet to baghouse (deg F)
BET (deg F) = Back end temperature of kiln
Sec T (deg F) = temperature of secondary air to kiln
FOW (%) = % of motor capacity of feed belt
10
-------
Table 2d. Process Data
10/24/96; Run 3 of Baghouse Tests
Day Kiln Operator = Tommy
Time BH delta P BH T (deg F) BET (deg F) Sec T (deg F) Gear Setting FOW (%) Damper (%)
Stone size = 3/8" by 1 and 1/8"
1 1 :05 AM
1 1 :20 AM
1 1 :35 AM
1 1 :50 AM
12:07PM
12:35 PM
12:50 PM
1:05 PM
1:06 PM
1:21 PM
1:36 PM
3:34 PM
3:49 PM
4:05 PM
4:36 PM
4:54 PM
5:14 PM
5:30 PM
5:45 PM
6:00 PM
6:17 PM
6:31 PM
6:47 PM
7:07 PM
7:22 PM
7:37 PM
7:52 PM
8.3
8.2
8
8
7.9
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
8
8.1
8.1
7.9
8
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.6
490
489
490
491
491
493
491
490
490
493
490
490
491
493
491
491
491
491
493
491
493
493
492
491
494
493
490
764
775
764
764
759
769
777
791
791
787
782
764
765
772
774
758
754
737
763
760
778
785
776
768
767
766
737
302
309
316
315
309
293
269
256
255
259
264
262
266
270
281
299
304
318
323
327
299
268
283
289
281
288
299
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
24
48
47
47
47
47
22
46
47
47
47
47
47
22
48
48
48
21
42
47
60.2
60.3
60.2
60.2
60.2
60.2
62.6
64.3
64.3
64.2
64.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
68.3
74.4
74.4
74.4
74.4
BH delta P = Pressure drop across baghouse (in. of H2O)
BH T (deg F) = Temperature of gas at inlet to baghouse (deg F)
BET (deg F) = Back end temperature of kiln
Sec T (deg F) = temperature of secondary air to kiln
FOW (%) = % of motor capacity of feed belt
11
-------
Crushed
Limestone Bin
00
(o)
Feed Belt
(o)
Bucket Elevator
Gas Flow -
Material Flow
Exhaust Stack
to the
Atmosphere
To Kiln #1
From Kiln #1
Cooling Process
Limestone Feed
Kiln #2
in
z
C
location of % Feed-o-Weight measurement
location where 6 ft sample of feed was weighed
location of back end temperature measurement
location of secondary air measurement
location of % damper opening measurement
location of coal samples
location of gas sampling
Ambient Air
Figure 1. Kiln #2, #2 Lime Cooler, and Associated Emission Control at APG Lime
-------
u>
From Kiln #2
To Kiln #2 Cooling Process
\ I
\ I
s\i
I!
\Crushed /
iineslone Bin / • " "
I /
, i /,.
(•) (0\
^
^•A
(o) Feed Belt
(0 \
•J-
•f
Bucket Elevator j
T
>
Gas Flow
Matei ial Flow
Fabric
Filter
t
f \ a: lo
( Fan ) b: lo
^^_ — / c: lo
1 d: lo
1 e: lo
ExhausT Stack f: lo
to the {: !°
*: lo
Atmosphere
Limestone Feed
Hot Lime
Coal^
Pulverizing
Mill
/
e/
g
It
M
\
^
/
/
/
•
Hea
A
Atmosp
t
1
ted M
r g
i
-;§
I
Cooling Grates
location of % Feed-o-Weight measurement
location where 6 ft sample of feed was weighed
location of back end temperature measurement
location of baghouse temperature measurement
location of % damper opening measurement
location of secondary air measurement
location of coal samples
location of gas sampling
Cooled
Lime
Ambient Air
Figure 2. Kiln #1, #1 Lime Cooler, and Associated Emission Control at APG Lime
-------
D
UH
o
25 T
20
15
5S-S
§ I
8 - 10
o
5 --
0
0
= 8.9414Ln(x)- 15.099
o Actual Measurements
Trendline
10
20
30 40
%FOW
50
60
70
Figure 3. Weight of Limestone on 6 ft Section of Feed Belt vs. % FOW (Feed-O-Weight)
-------
REFERENCES
1. APG response to questionnaire sent out in 1995 by the
National Lime Association as part of a voluntary effort with
the Environmental Protection Agency to obtain
data/information for the MACT program.
2. Heath, Elizabeth, Research Triangle Institute. Site Survey
of APG Lime, Inc., Ripplemead, Virginia. February, 1996.
3. Ref 1.
4. Ref 2.
5. Ref 2.
6. Ref 2.
7. Brockmann, Cybele, Research Triangle Institute.
Conversation with plant personnel during testing (10/21/96
through 10/24/96).
8. Ref 1.
9. Ref 2.
10. Ref 1.
11. 1.
12. 1.
13. 1.
14. Telecommunication between Cybele Brockmann of Research
Triangle Institute and plant personnel on November 25, 1996.
15. Ref 14.
15. 1.
16. 1.
18. Reference 1
15
-------
APPENDIX E.
EPA Method 320
EPA FTIR PROTOCOL
-------
1
Appendix A of part 63 is amended by adding, in numerical
order, Methods 320 and 321 to read as follows:
Appendix A to Part 63-Test Methods
*****
TEST METHOD 320
MEASUREMENT OF VAP01 PHASE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC EMISSIONS
IY EXTRACTIVE FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) SPECTROSCOPY
1.0 Introduction.
Persons unfamiliar with basic elements of FTIR
spectroscopy should not attempt to use this method. This
method describes sampling and analytical procedures for
extractive emission measurements using Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Detailed analytical
procedures for interpreting infrared spectra are described
in the "Protocol for the Use of Extractive Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometry in Analyses of Gaseous
Emissions from Stationary Sources," hereafter referred to as
the "Protocol." Definitions not given in this method are
given in appendix A of the Protocol. References to specific
sections in the Protocol are made throughout this Method.
For additional information refer to references 1 and 2, and
other EPA reports, which describe the use of FTIR
spectrometry in specific field measurement applications and
validation tests. The sampling procedure described here is
-------
2
extractive. Flue gas is extracted through a heated gas
transport and handling system. For some sources, sample
conditioning systems may be applicable. Some examples are
given in this method. Note: sample conditioning systems
may be used providing the method validation requirements in
Sections 9.2 and 13.0 of this method are met.
1.1 Scope and Applicability.
1.1.1 Analytes. Analytes include hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs) for which EPA reference spectra have been developed.
Other compounds can also be measured with this method if
reference spectra are prepared according to section 4.6 of
the protocol.
1.1.2 Applicability. This method applies to the analysis
of vapor phase organic or inorganic compounds which absorb
energy in the mid-infrared spectral region, about 400 to
4000 cm"1 (25 to 2.5 urn). This method is used to determine
compound-specific concentrations in a multi-component vapor
phase sample, which is contained in a closed-path gas cell.
Spectra of samples are collected using double beam infrared
absorption spectroscopy. A computer program is used to
analyze spectra and report compound concentrations.
1.2 Method Range and Sensitivity. Analytical range and
sensitivity depend on the frequency-dependent analyte
absorptivity, instrument configuration, data collection
parameters, and gas stream composition. Instrument factors
-------
3
include: (a) spectral resolution, (b) interferometer signal
averaging time, (c) detector sensitivity and response, and
(d) absorption path length.
1.2.1 For any optical configuration the analytical range is
between the absorbance values of about .01 (infrared
transmittance relative to the background = 0.98) and 1.0 (T
= 0.1). (For absorbance > 1.0 the relation between
absorbance and concentration may not be linear.)
1.2.2 The concentrations associated with this absorbance
range depend primarily on the cell path length and the
sample temperature. An analyte absorbance greater than 1.0,
can be lowered by decreasing the optical path length.
Analyte absorbance increases with a longer path length.
Analyte detection also depends on the presence of other
species exhibiting absorbance in the same analytical region.
Additionally, the estimated lower absorbance (A) limit (A =
0.01) depends on the root mean square deviation (RMSD) noise
in the analytical region.
1.2.3 The concentration range of this method is determined
by the choice of optical configuration.
1.2.3.1 The absorbance for a given concentration can be
decreased by decreasing the path length or by diluting the
sample. There is no practical upper limit to the
measurement range.
1.2.3.2 The analyte absorbance for a given concentration
-------
4
may be increased by increasing the cell path length or (to
some extent) using a higher resolution. Both modifications
also cause a corresponding increased absorbance for all
compounds in the sample, and a decrease in the signal
throughput. For this reason the practical lower detection
range (quantitation limit) usually depends on sample
characteristics such as moisture content of the gas, the
presence of other interferants, and losses in the sampling
system.
1.3 Sensitivity. The limit of sensitivity for an optical
configuration and integration time is determined using
appendix D of the Protocol: Minimum Analyte Uncertainty,
(MAU). The MAU depends on the RMSD noise in an analytical
region, and on the absorptivity of the analyte in the same
region.
1.4 Data Quality. Data quality shall be determined by
executing Protocol pre-test procedures in appendices B to H
of the protocol and post-test procedures in appendices I and
J of the protocol.
1.4.1 Measurement objectives shall be established by the
choice of detection limit (DLJ and analytical uncertainty
(AUi) for each analyte.
1.4.2 An instrumental configuration shall be selected. An
estimate of gas composition shall be made based on previous
test data, data from a similar source or information
-------
5
gathered in a pre-test site survey. Spectral interferants
shall be identified using the selected DL. and AUt and band
areas from reference spectra and interferant spectra. The
baseline noise of the system shall be measured in each
analytical region to determine the MAU of the instrument
configuration for each analyte and interferant (MIU.) .
1.4.3 Data quality for the application shall be determined,
in part, by measuring the RMS (root mean square) noise level
in each analytical spectral region (appendix C of the
Protocol). The RMS noise is defined as the RMSD of the
absorbance values in an analytical region from the mean
absorbance value in the region.
1.4.4 The MAU is the minimum analyte concentration for
which the AUt can be maintained; if the measured analyte
concentration is less than MAUi, then data quality are
unacceptable.
2.0 Summary of Method.
2.1 Principle. References 4 through 7 provide background
material on infrared spectroscopy and quantitative analysis.
A summary is given in this section.
2.1.1 Infrared absorption spectroscopy is performed by
directing an infrared beam through a sample to a detector.
The frequency-dependent infrared absorbance of the sample is
measured by comparing this detector signal (single' beam
spectrum) to a signal obtained without a sample in the beam
-------
6
path (background).
2.1.2 Most molecules absorb infrared radiation and the
absorbance occurs in a characteristic and reproducible
pattern. The infrared spectrum measures fundamental
molecular properties and a compound can be identified from
its infrared spectrum alone.
2.1.3 Within constraints, there is a linear relationship
between infrared absorption and compound concentration. If
this frequency dependent relationship (absorptivity) is
known (measured), it can be used to determine compound
concentration in a sample mixture.
2.1.4 Absorptivity is measured by preparing, in the-
laboratory, standard samples of compounds at known
concentrations and measuring the ETIR "reference spectra" of
these standard samples. These "reference spectra" are then
used in sample analysis: (1) compounds are detected by
matching sample absorbance bands with bands in reference
spectra, and (2) concentrations are measured by comparing
sample band intensities with reference band intensities.
2.1.5 This method is self-validating provided that the
results meet the performance requirement of the QA spike in
sections 8.6.2 and 9.0 of this method, and results from a
previous method validation study support the use of this
method in the application.
2.2 Sampling and Analysis. In extractive sampling a probe
-------
7
assembly and pump are used to extract gas from the exhaust
of the affected source and transport the sample to the FTIR
gas cell. Typically, the sampling apparatus is similar to
that used for single-component continuous emission monitor
(CEM) measurements.
2.2.1 The digitized infrared spectrum of the sample in the
FTIR gas cell is measured and stored on a computer.
Absorbance band intensities in the spectrum are related to
sample concentrations by what is commonly referred to as
Beer's Law.
Ai = a. b c,. (l)
where:
A1 = absorbance at a given frequency of the ith sample
component.
a, = absorption coefficient (absorptivity) of the ith
sample component.
b = path length of the cell.
ct = concentration of the ith sample component.
2.2.2 Analyte spiking is used for quality assurance (QA) .
In this procedure (section 8.6.2 of this method) an analyte
is spiked into the gas stream at the back end of the sample
probe. Analyte concentrations in the spiked samples' are
compared to analyte concentrations in unspiked samples.
-------
8
Since the concentration of the spike is known, this
procedure can be used to determine if the sampling system is
removing the spiked analyte(s) from the sample stream.
2.3 Reference Spectra Availability. Reference spectra of
over 100 HAPs are available in the EPA FTIR spectral library
on the EMTIC (Emission Measurement Technical Information
Center) computer bulletin board service and at internet
address http://info.arnold.af.mil/epa/welcome.htm.
Reference spectra for HAPs, or other analytes, may also be
prepared according to section 4.6 of the Protocol.
2.4 Operator Requirements. The FTIR analyst shall be
trained in setting up the instrumentation, verifying the
instrument is functioning properly, and performing routine
maintenance. The analyst must evaluate the initial sample
spectra to determine 'if the sample matrix is consistent with
pre-test assumptions and if the instrument configuration is
suitable. The analyst must be able to modify the instrument
configuration, if necessary.
2.4.1 The spectral analysis shall be supervised by someone
familiar with EPA FTIR Protocol procedures.
2,4.2 A technician trained in instrumental test methods is
qualified to install and operate the sampling system. This
'includes installing the probe and heated line assembly,
operating the analyte spike system, and performing moisture
and flow measurements.
-------
9
3.0 Definitions.
See appendix A of the Protocol for definitions relating
to infrared spectroscopy. Additional definitions are given
in sections 3.1 through 3.29.
3.1 Analyte. A compound that this method is used to
measure. The term "target analyte" is also used. This
method is> multi-component and a number of analytes can be
targeted for a test.
3.2 Reference Spectrum. Infrared spectrum of an analyte
prepared under controlled, documented, and reproducible
laboratory conditions according to procedures in section 4.6
of the Protocol. A library of reference spectra is used to
measure analytes in1gas samples.
3.3 Standard Spectrum. A spectrum that has been prepared
V"
from a reference spectrum through a (documented)
mathematical operation. A common example is de-resolving of
reference spectra to lower-resolution standard spectra
(Protocol, appendix K to the addendum of this method).
Standard spectra, prepared by approved,, and documented,
procedures can be used as reference spectra for analysis.
3.4 Concentration. In this method concentration is
expressed as a molar concentration, in ppm-meters, or in
(ppm-meters)/K, where K is the absolute temperature
(Kelvin). The latter units allow the direct comparison of
concentrations from systems using different optical
-------
10
configurations or sampling temperatures.
3.5 Interferant. A compound in the sample matrix whose
infrared spectrum overlaps with part of an analyte spectrum.
The most accurate analyte measurements are achieved when
reference spectra of interferants are used in the
quantitative analysis with the analyte reference spectra.
The presence of an interferant can increase the analytical
uncertainty in the measured analyte concentration.
3.6 Gas Cell. A gas containment cell that can be
evacuated. It is equipped with the optical components to
pass the infrared beam through the sample to the detector.
Important cell features include: path length (or range if
variable), temperature range, materials of construction, and
total gas volume.
3.7 Sampling System. Equipment used to extract the sample
from the test location and transport the sample gas to the
FTIR analyzer. This includes sample conditioning systems.
3.8 Sample Analysis. The process of interpreting the
infrared spectra to obtain sample analyte concentrations.
This process is usually automated using a software routine
employing a classical least squares (els), partial least
squares (pis), or K- or P- matrix method.
3.9 One hundred percent line. A double beam transmittance
spectrum obtained by combining two background single beam
spectra. Ideally, this line is equal to 100 percent
-------
11
transmittance (or zero absorbance) at every frequency in the
spectrum. Practically, a zero absorbance line is used to
measure the baseline noise in the spectrum.
3.10 Background Deviation. A deviation from 100 percent
transmittance in any region of the 100 percent line.
Deviations greater than ± 5 percent in an analytical region
are unacceptable (absorbance of 0.021 to -0.022). Such
deviations indicate a change in the instrument throughput
relative to the background single beam.
3.11 Batch Sampling. A procedure where spectra of
discreet, static samples are collected. The gas cell is
filled with sample and the cell is isolated. The spectrum
is collected. Finally, the cell is evacuated to prepare for
the next sample.
3.12 Continuous Sampling. A procedure where spectra are
collected while sample gas is flowing through the cell at a
measured rate.
3.13 Sampling resolution. The spectral resolution used to
collect sample spectra.
3.14 Truncation. Limiting the number of interferogram data
points by deleting points farthest from the center burst
(zero path difference, ZPD).
3.15 Zero filling. The addition of points to the
interferogram. The position of each added point is
interpolated from neighboring real data points. Zero
-------
12
filling adds no information to the interferogram, but
affects line shapes in the absorbance spectrum (and possibly
analytical results).
3.16 Reference GTS. Calibration Transfer Standard spectra
that were collected with reference spectra.
3.17 CTS Standard. CTS spectrum produced by applying a de-
resolution procedure to a reference CTS.
3.18 Test CTS. CTS spectra collected at the sampling
resolution using the same optical configuration as for
sample spectra. Test spectra help verify the resolution,
temperature and path length of the FTIR system.
3.19 RMSD. Root Mean Square Difference, defined in EPA
FTIR Protocol, appendix A.
3.20 Sensitivity. The noise-limited compound-dependent
detection limit for the FTIR system configuration. This is
estimated by the MAU. It depends on the RMSD in an
analytical region of a zero absorbance line.
3.21 Quantitation Limit. The lower limit of detection for
the FTIR system configuration in the sample spectra. This
is estimated by mathematically subtracting scaled reference
spectra of analytes and interferences from sample spectra,
then measuring the RMSD in an analytical region of the
subtracted spectrum. Since the noise in subtracted sample
spectra may be much greater than in a zero absorbance
spectrum, the quantitation limit is generally much higher
-------
13
than the sensitivity. Removing spectral interferences from
the sample or improving the spectral subtraction can lower
the quantitation limit toward (but not below) the
sensitivity.
3.22 Independent Sample. A unique volume of sample gas;
there is no mixing of gas between two consecutive
independent samples. In continuous sampling two independent
samples are separated by at least 5 cell volumes. The
interval between independent measurements depends on the
cell volume and the sample flow rate (through the cell).
3.23 Measurement. A single spectrum of flue gas contained
in the ETIR cell.
3.24 Run. A run consists of a series of measurements. At
a minimum a run includes 8 independent measurements spaced
over 1 hour.
3.25 Validation. Validation of FTIR measurements is
described in sections 13.0 through 13.4 of this method.
Validation is used to verify the test procedures for
measuring specific analytes at a source. Validation
provides proof that the method works under certain test
conditions.
3.26 Validation Run. A validation run consists of at least
24 measurements of independent samples. Half of the samples
are spiked and half are not spiked. The length of the run
is determined by the interval between independent samples.
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3.27 Screening. Screening is used when there is little or
no available information about a source. The purpose of
screening is to determine what analytes are emitted and to
obtain information about important sample characteristics
such as moisture, temperature, and interferences. Screening
results are semi-quantitative (estimated concentrations) or
qualitative (identification only). Various optical and
sampling configurations may be used. Sample conditioning
systems may be evaluated for their effectiveness in removing
interferences. It is unnecessary to perform a complete run
under any set of sampling conditions. Spiking is not
necessary, but spiking can be a useful screening tool for
evaluating the sampling system, especially if a reactive or
soluble analyte is used for the spike.
3.28 Emissions Test. An FTIR emissions test is performed
according specific sampling and analytical procedures.
These procedures, for the target analytes and the source,
are based on previous screening and validation results.
Emission results are quantitative. A QA spike (sections
8.6.2 and 9.2 of this method) is performed under each set of
sampling conditions using a representative analyte. Flow,
gas temperature and diluent data are recorded concurrently
with the FTIR measurements to provide mass emission rates
for detected compounds.
3.29 Surrogate. A surrogate is a compound that is used in
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15
a QA spike procedure (section 8.6.2 of this method) to
represent other compounds. The chemical and physical
properties of a surrogate shall be similar to the compounds
it is chosen to represent. Under given sampling conditions,
usually a single sampling factor is of primary concern for
measuring the target analytes: for example, the surrogate
spike results can be representative for analytes that are
more reactive, more soluble, have a lower absorptivity, or
have a lower vapor pressure than the surrogate itself.
4.0 Interferences.
Interferences are divided into two classifications:
analytical and sampling.
4.1 Analytical Interferences. An analytical interference
is a spectral feature that complicates (in extreme cases may
prevent) the analysis of an analyte. Analytical
interferences are classified as background or spectral
interference.
4.1.1 Background Interference. This results from a change
in throughput relative to the single beam background. It is
corrected by collecting a new background and proceeding with
the test. In severe instances the cause must be identified
and corrected. Potential causes include: (1) deposits on
reflective surfaces or transmitting windows, (2) changes in
detector sensitivity, (3) a change in the infrared source
output, or (4) failure in the instrument electronics. In
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16
routine sampling throughput may degrade over several hours.
Periodically a new background must be collected, but no
other corrective action will be required.
4.1.2 Spectral Interference. This results from the
presence of interfering compound(s) (interferant) in the
sample. Interferant spectral features overlap analyte
spectral features. Any compound with an infrared spectrum,
including analytes, can potentially be an interferant. The
Protocol measures absorbance band overlap in each analytical
region to determine if potential interferants shall be
classified as known interferants (FTIR Protocol, section 4.9
and appendix B). Water vapor and C02 are common spectral
interferants. Both of these compounds have strong infrared
spectra and are present in many sample matrices at high
concentrations relative to analytes. The extent of
interference depends on the (1) interferant concentration,
(2) analyte concentration, and (3) the degree of band
overlap. Choosing an alternate analytical region can
minimize or avoid the spectral interference. For example,
C02 interferes with the analysis of the 670 cm"1 benzene
band. However, benzene can also be measured near 3000 cm"1
(with less sensitivity).
4.2 Sampling System Interferences. These prevent analytes
from reaching the instrument. The analyte spike procedure
is designed to measure sampling system interference, if any.
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4.2.1 Temperature. A temperature that is too low causes
condensation of analytes or water vapor. The materials of
the sampling system and the FTIR gas cell usually set the
upper limit of temperature.
4.2.2 Reactive Species. Anything that reacts with
analytes. Some analytes, like formaldehyde, polymerize at
lower temperatures.
4.2.3 Materials. Poor choice of material for probe, or
sampling line may remove some analytes. For example, HF
reacts with glass components.
4.2.4 Moisture. In addition to being a spectral
interferant, condensed moisture removes soluble compounds.
5.0 Safety.
The hazards of performing this method are those
associated with any stack sampling method and the same
precautions shall be followed. Many HAPs are suspected
carcinogens or present other serious health risks. Exposure
to these compounds should be avoided in all circumstances.
For instructions on the safe handling of any particular
compound, refer to its material safety data sheet. When
using analyte standards, always ensure that gases are
properly vented and that the gas handling system is leak
free. (Always perform a leak check with the system under
maximum vacuum and, again, with the system at greater than
ambient pressure.) Refer to section 8.2 of this method for
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18
leak check procedures. This method does not address all of
the potential safety risks associated with its use. Anyone
performing this method must follow safety and health
practices consistent with applicable legal requirements and
with prudent practice for each application.
6.0 Equipment and Supplies.
Note: Mention of trade names or specific products does
not constitute endorsement bv the Environmental
Protection Aaencv.
The equipment and supplies are based on the schematic
of a sampling system shown in Figure 1. Either the batch or
continuous sampling procedures may be used with this
sampling system. Alternative sampling configurations may
also be used, provided that the data quality objectives are
met as determined in the post-analysis evaluation. Other
equipment or supplies may be necessary, depending on the
design of the sampling system or the specific target
analytes.
6.1 Sampling Probe. Glass, stainless steel, or other
appropriate material of sufficient length and physical
integrity to sustain heating, prevent adsorption of
analytes, and to transport analytes to the infrared gas
cell. Special materials or configurations may be required
in some applications. For instance, high stack sample
temperatures may require special steel or cooling the probe.
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For very high moisture sources it may be desirable to use a
dilution probe.
6.2 Particulate Filters. A glass wool plug (optional)
inserted at the probe tip (for large particulate removal)
and a filter (required) rated for 99 percent removal
efficiency at 1-micron (e.g., Balston") connected at the
outlet of the heated probe.
6.3 Sampling Line/Heating System. Heated (sufficient to
prevent condensation) stainless steel,
polytetrafluoroethane, or other material inert to the
analytes.
6.4 Gas Distribution Manifold. A heated manifold allowing
the operator to control flows of gas standards and samples
directly to the FTIR system or through sample conditioning
systems. Usually includes heated flow meter, heated valve
for selecting and sending sample to the analyzer, and a by-
pass vent. This is typically constructed of stainless steel
tubing and fittings, and high-temperature valves.
6.5 Stainless Steel Tubing. Type 316, appropriate diameter
(e.g., 3/8 in.) and length for heated connections. Higher
grade stainless may be desirable in some applications.
6.6 Calibration/Analyte Spike Assembly. A three way valve
assembly (or equivalent) to introduce analyte or surrogate
spikes into the sampling system at the outlet of the probe
upstream of the out-of-stack particulate filter and the FTIR
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analytical system.
6.7 Mass Flow Meter (MFM). These are used for measuring
analyte spike flow. The MFM shall be calibrated in the range
of 0 to 5 L/min and be accurate to ± 2 percent (or better)
of the flow meter span.
6.8 Gas Regulators. Appropriate for individual gas
standards.
6.9 Polytetrafluoroethane Tubing. Diameter (e.g., 3/8 in.)
and length suitable to connect cylinder regulators to gas
standard manifold.
6.10 Sample Pump. A leak-free pump (e.g., KNF") , with by-
pass valve, capable of producing a sample flow rate of at
least 10 L/min through 100 ft of sample line. If the pump
is positioned upstream of the distribution manifold and FTIR
system, use a heated pump that is constructed from materials
non-reactive to the analytes. If the pump is located
downstream of the FTIR system, the gas cell sample pressure
will be lower than ambient pressure and it must be recorded
at regular intervals.
6.11 Gas Sample Manifold. Secondary manifold to control
sample flow at the inlet to the FTIR manifold. This is
optional, but includes a by-pass vent and heated rotameter.
6.12 Rotameter. A 0 to 20 L/min rotameter. This meter
need not be calibrated.
6.13 FTIR Analytical System. Spectrometer and detector,
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capable of measuring the analytes to the chosen detection
limit. The system shall include a personal computer with
compatible software allowing automated collection of
spectra.
6.14 FTIR Cell Pump. Required for the batch sampling
technique, capable of evacuating the FTIR cell volume within
2 minutes. The pumping speed shall allow the operator to
obtain 8 sample spectra in 1 hour.,
6.15 Absolute Pressure Gauge. Capable of measuring
pressure from 0 to 1000 mmHg to within ± 2.5 mmHg (e.g.,
Baratron") .
6.16 Temperature Gauge. Capable of measuring the cell
temperature to within ± 2°C.
6.17 Sample Conditioning. One option is a condenser
system, which is used for moisture removal. This can be
helpful in the measurement of some analytes. Other sample
conditioning procedures may be devised for the removal of
moisture or other interfering species.
6.17.1 The analyte spike procedure of section 9.2 of this
method, the QA spike procedure of section 8.6.2 of this
method, and the validation procedure of section 13 of this
method demonstrate whether the sample conditioning affects
analyte concentrations. Alternatively, measurements can be
made with two parallel FTIR systems; one measuring
conditioned sample, the other measuring unconditioned
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sample.
6.17.2 Another option is sample dilution. The dilution
factor measurement must be documented and accounted for in
the reported concentrations. An alternative to dilution is
to lower the sensitivity of the FTIR system by decreasing
the cell path length, or to use a short-path cell in
conjunction with a long path cell to measure more than one
concentration range.
7.0 Reagents and Standards.
7.1 Analyte(s) and Tracer Gas. Obtain a certified gas
cylinder mixture containing all of the analyte(s) at
concentrations within ± 2 percent of the emission source
levels (expressed in ppm-meter/K). If practical, the
analyte standard cylinder shall also contain the tracer gas
at a concentration which gives a measurable absorbance at a
dilution factor of at least 10:1. Two ppm SF6 is sufficient
for a path length of 22 meters at 250 °F.
7.2 Calibration Transfer Standard(s). Select the
calibration transfer standards (CTS) according to section
4.5 of the FTIR Protocol. Obtain a National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable gravimetric
standard of the CTS (± 2 percent).
7.3 Reference Spectra. Obtain reference spectra for each
analyte, interferant, surrogate, CTS, and tracer. If EPA
reference spectra are not available, use reference spectra
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prepared according to procedures in section 4.6 of the EPA
FTIR Protocol.
8.0 Sampling and Analysis Procedure.
Three types of testing can be performed: (I) screening,
(2) emissions test, and (3) validation. Each is defined in
section 3 of this method. Determine the purpose(s) of the
FTIR test. Test requirements include: (a) AU^ DLlf overall
fractional uncertainty, OFU^ maximum expected concentration
(CMAXJ , and tM for each, (b) potential interferants, (c)
sampling system factors, e.g., minimum absolute cell
pressure, (Pmin), FTIR cell volume (Vss) , estimated sample
absorption pathlength, Ls' , estimated sample pressure, Ps',
Ts' , signal integration time (tss) , minimum instrumental
linewidth, MIL, fractional error, and (d) analytical
regions, e.g., m = 1 to M, lower wavenumber position, FL,,
center wavenumber position, FCm, and upper wavenumber
position, F0m, plus interferants, upper wavenumber position
of the CTS absorption band, FFUm, lower wavenumber position
of the CTS absorption band, FFLm, wavenumber range FNU to
FNL. If necessary, sample and acquire an initial spectrum.
From analysis of this preliminary spectrum determine a
suitable operational path length. Set up the sampling train
as shown in Figure 1 or use an appropriate alternative
configuration. Sections 8.1 through 8.11 of this method
provide guidance on pre-test calculations in the EPA
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protocol, sampling and analytical procedures, and post-test
protocol calculations.
8.1 Pretest Preparations and Evaluations. Using the
procedure in section 4.0 of the FTIR Protocol, determine the
optimum sampling system configuration for measuring the
target analytes. Use available information to make
reasonable assumptions about moisture content and other
interferences.
8.1.1 Analytes. Select the required detection limit (DLJ
and the maximum permissible analytical uncertainty (AUJ for
each analyte (labeled from 1 to i). Estimate, if possible,
the maximum expected concentration for each analyte, CMAX; .
The expected measurement range is fixed by DL,. and CMAX, for
each analyte (i) .
8.1.2 Potential Interferants. List the potential
interferants. This usually includes water vapor and C02,
but may also include some analytes and other compounds.
8.1.3. Optical Configuration. Choose an optical
configuration that can measure all of the analytes within
the absorbance range of .01 to 1.0 (this may require more
than one path length). Use Protocol sections 4.3 to 4.8 for
guidance in choosing a configuration and measuring CTS.
8.1.4. Fractional Reproducibility Uncertainty (FRUJ . The
FRU is determined for each analyte by comparing CTS spectra
taken before and after the reference spectra were measured.
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The EPA para-xylene reference spectra were collected on
10/31/91 and 11/01/91 with corresponding CTS spectra
"cts!031a," and "ctsllOlb." The CTS spectra are used to
estimate the reproducibility (FRU) in the system that was
used to collect the references. The FRU must be < AU.
Appendix E of the protocol is used to calculate the FRU from
CTS spectra. Figure 2 plots results for 0.25 cm"1 CTS
spectra in EPA reference library: S3 (ctsllOlb - cts!031a),
and S4 [(ctsllOlb + cts!031a)12]. The RMSD (SRMS) is
calculated in the subtracted baseline, S3, in the
corresponding CTS region from 850 to 1065 cm"1. The area
(BAV) is calculated in the same region of the averaged CTS
spectrum, S4.
8.1.5 Known Interferants. Use appendix B of the EPA FTIR
Protocol.
8.1.6 Calculate the Minimum Analyte Uncertainty, MAU
(section 1.3 of this method discusses MAU and protocol
appendix D gives the MAU procedure). The MAU for each
analyte, i, and each analytical region, m, depends on the
RMS noise.
8.1.7 Analytical Program. See FTIR Protocol, section 4.10.
Prepare computer program based on the chosen analytical
technique. Use as input reference spectra of all target
analytes and expected interferants. Reference spectra of
additional compounds shall also be included in the program
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26
if their presence (even if transient) in the samples is
considered possible. The program output shall be in ppm (or
ppb) and shall be corrected for differences between the
reference path length, LR, temperature, TR, and pressure, PR,
and the conditions used for collecting the sample spectra.
If sampling is performed at ambient pressure, then any
pressure correction is usually small relative to corrections
for path length and temperature, and may be neglected.
8.2 Leak-check.
8.2.1 Sampling System. A typical FTIR extractive sampling
train is shown in Figure 1. Leak check from the probe tip
to pump outlet as follows: Connect a 0- to 250-mL/min rate
meter (rotameter or bubble meter) to the outlet of the pump.
Close off the inlet to the probe, and record the leak rate.
The leak rate shall be <. 200 mL/min.
8.2.2 Analytical System Leak check. Leak check the FTIR
cell under vacuum and under pressure (greater than ambient).
Leak check connecting tubing and inlet manifold under
pressure.
8.2.2.1 For the evacuated sample technique, close the valve
to the FTIR cell, and evacuate the absorption cell to the
minimum absolute pressure Pmin. Close the valve to the pump,
and determine the change in pressure APV after 2 minutes.
8.2.2.2 For both the evacuated sample and purging
techniques, pressurize the system to about 100 mmHg above
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atmospheric pressure. Isolate the pump and determine the
change in pressure APp after 2 minutes.
8.2.2.3 Measure the barometric pressure, Pc in mmHg.
8.2.2.4 Determine the percent leak volume %VL for the
signal integration time tss and for APmax, i.e., the larger of
APV or APP, as follows:
AP
o/0VL = 50 t
ss
where 50 = 100% divided by the leak-check time of 2 minutes.
8.2.2.5 Leak volumes in excess of 4 percent of the FTIR
system volume Vss are unacceptable.
8.3 Detector Linearity. Once an optical configuration is
chosen, use one of the procedures of sections 8.3.1 through
8.3.3 to verify that the detector response is linear. If
the detector response is not linear, decrease the aperture,
or attenuate the infrared beam. After a change in the
instrument configuration perform a linearity check until it
is demonstrated that the detector response is linear.
8.3.1 Vary the power incident on the detector by modifying
the- aperture setting. Measure the background and CIS at
three instrument aperture settings: (1) at the aperture
setting to be used in the testing, (2) at one half this
aperture and (3) at twice the proposed testing aperture.
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Compare the three CTS spectra. CTS band areas shall agree
to within the uncertainty of the cylinder standard and the
RMSD noise in the system. If test aperture is the maximum
aperture, collect CTS spectrum at maximum aperture, then
close the aperture to reduce the IR throughput by half.
Collect a second background and CTS at the smaller aperture
setting and compare the spectra again.
8.3.2 Use neutral density filters to attenuate the infrared
beam. Set up the FTIR system as it will be used in the test
measurements. Collect a CTS spectrum. Use a neutral
density filter to attenuate the infrared beam (either
immediately after the source or the interferometer) to
approximately 1/2 its original intensity. Collect a second
CTS spectrum. Use another filter to attenuate the infrared
beam to approximately 1/4 its original intensity. Collect a
third background and CTS spectrum. Compare the CTS spectra.
CTS band areas shall agree to within the uncertainty of the
cylinder standard and the RMSD noise in the system.
8.3.3 Observe the single beam instrument response in a
frequency region where the detector response is known to be
zero. Verify that the detector response is "flat" and equal
to zero in these regions.
8.4 Data Storage Requirements. All field test spectra
shall be stored on a computer disk and a second backup copy
must stored on a separate disk. The stored information
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includes sample interferograms, processed absorbance
spectra, background interferograms, CTS sample
interferograms and CTS absorbance spectra. Additionally,
documentation of all sample conditions, instrument settings,
and test records must be recorded on hard copy or on
computer medium. Table 1 gives a sample presentation of
documentation.
8.5 Background Spectrum. Evacuate the gas cell to 5 5
mmHg, and fill with dry nitrogen gas to ambient pressure (or
purge the cell with 10 volumes of dry nitrogen). Verify
that no significant amounts of absorbing species (for
example water vapor and C02) are present. Collect a
background spectrum, using a signal averaging period equal
to or greater than the averaging period for the sample
spectra. Assign a unique file name to the background
spectrum. Store two copies of the background interferogram
and processed single-beam spectrum on separate computer
disks (one copy is the back-up).
8.5.1 Interference Spectra. If possible, collect spectra
of known and suspected major interferences using the same
optical system that will be used in the field measurements.
This can be done on-site or earlier. A number of gases,
e.g. C02, S02, CO, NH3, are readily available from cylinder
gas suppliers.
8.5.2 Water vapor spectra can be prepared by the following
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procedure. Fill a sample tube with distilled water.
Evacuate above the sample and remove dissolved gasses by
alternately freezing and thawing the water while evacuating.
Allow water vapor into the FTIR cell, then dilute to
atmospheric pressure with nitrogen or dry air. If
quantitative water spectra are required, follow the
reference spectrum procedure for neat samples (protocol,
section 4.6). Often, interference spectra need not be
quantitative, but for best results the absorbance must be
comparable to the interference absorbance in the sample
spectra.
8.6 Pre-Test Calibrations
8.6.1 Calibration Transfer Standard. Evacuate the gas cell
to £ 5 mmHg absolute pressure, and fill the FTIR cell to
atmospheric pressure with the CTS gas. Alternatively, purge
the cell with 10 cell volumes of CTS gas. (If purge is
used, verify that the CTS concentration in the cell is
stable by collecting two spectra 2 minutes apart as the CTS
gas continues to flow. If the absorbance in the second
spectrum is no greater than in the first, within the
uncertainty of the gas standard, then this can be used as
the CTS spectrum.) Record the spectrum.
8.6.2 QA Spike. This procedure assumes that the method has
been validated for at least some of the target analytes at
the source. For emissions testing perform a QA spike. Use
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a certified standard, if possible, of an analyte, which has
been validated at the source. One analyte standard can
serve as a QA surrogate for other analytes which are less
reactive or less soluble than the standard. Perform the
spike procedure of section 9.2 of this method. Record
spectra of at least three independent (section 3.22 of this
method) spiked samples. Calculate the spiked component of
the analyte concentration. If the average spiked
concentration is within 0.7 to 1.3 times the expected
concentration, then proceed with the testing. If
applicable, apply the correction factor from the Method 301
of this appendix validation test (not the result from the QA
spike).
8.7 Sampling. If analyte concentrations vary rapidly with
time, continuous sampling is preferable using the smallest
cell volume, fastest sampling rate and fastest spectra
collection rate possible. Continuous sampling requires the
least operator intervention even without an automated
sampling system. For continuous monitoring at one location
over long periods, Continuous sampling is preferred. Batch
sampling and continuous static sampling are used for
screening and performing test runs of finite duration.
Either technique is preferred for sampling several locations
in a matter of days. Batch sampling gives reasonably good
time resolution and ensures that each spectrum measures a
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discreet (and unique) sample volume. Continuous static (and
continuous) sampling provide a very stable background over
long periods. Like batch sampling, continuous static
sampling also ensures that each spectrum measures a unique
sample volume. It is essential that the leak check
procedure under vacuum (section 8.2 of this method) is
passed if the batch sampling procedure is used. It is
essential that the leak check procedure under positive
pressure is passed if the continuous static or continuous
sampling procedures are used. The sampling techniques are
described in sections 8.7.1 through 8.7.2 of this method.
8.7.1 Batch Sampling. Evacuate the absorbance cell to
^ 5 mmHg absolute pressure. Fill the cell with exhaust gas
to ambient pressure, isolate the cell, and record the
spectrum. Before taking the next sample, evacuate the cell
until no spectral evidence of sample absorption remains.
Repeat this procedure to collect eight spectra of separate
samples in 1 hour.
8.7.2 Continuous Static Sampling. Purge the ETIR cell with
10 cell volumes of sample gas. Isolate the cell, collect
the spectrum of the static sample and record the pressure.
Before measuring the next sample, purge the cell with 10
more cell volumes of sample gas.
8.8 Sampling QA and Reporting.
8.8.1 Sample integration times shall be sufficient to
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achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio. Obtain an
absorbance spectrum by filling the cell with N2. Measure
the RMSD in each analytical region in this absorbance
spectrum. Verify that the number of scans used is
sufficient to achieve the target MAU.
8.8.2 Assign a unique file name to each spectrum.
8.8.3 Store two copies of sample interferograms and
processed spectra on separate computer disks.
8.8.4 For each sample spectrum, document the sampling
conditions, the sampling time (while the cell was being
filled), the time the spectrum was recorded, the
instrumental conditions (path length, temperature, pressure,
resolution, signal integration time), and the spectral file
name. Keep a hard copy of these data sheets.
8.9 Signal Transmittance. While sampling, monitor the
signal transmittance. If signal transmittance (relative to
the background) changes by 5 percent or more (absorbance =
-.02 to .02) in any analytical spectral region, obtain a new
ba-ckground spectrum.
8.10 Post-test CIS. After the sampling run, record another
CTS spectrum.
8.11 Post-test QA.
8.11.1 Inspect the sample spectra immediately after the run
to verify that the gas matrix composition was close to the
expected (assumed) gas matrix.
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8.11.2 Verify that the sampling and instrumental parameters
were appropriate for the conditions encountered. For
example, if the moisture is much greater than anticipated,
it may be necessary to use a shorter path length or dilute
the sample.
8.11.3 Compare the pre- and post-test CIS spectra. The
peak absorbance in pre- and pos.t-test CTS must be ± 5
percent of the mean value. See appendix E of the FTIR
Protocol.
9.0 Quality Control.
Use analyte spiking (sections 8.6.2, 9.2 and 13.0 of
this method) to verify that the sampling system can
transport the analytes from the probe to the FTIR system.
9.1 Spike Materials. Use a certified standard (accurate to
± 2 percent) of the target analyte, if one can be obtained.
If a certified standard cannot be obtained, follow the
procedures in section 4.6.2.2 of the FTIR Protocol.
9.2 Spiking Procedure. QA spiking (section 8.6.2 of this
method) is a calibration procedure used before testing. QA
spiking involves following the spike procedure of sections
9.2.1 through 9.2.3 of this method to obtain at least three
spiked samples. The analyte concentrations in the spiked
samples shall be compared to the expected spike
concentration to verify that the sampling/analytical system
is working properly. Usually, when QA spiking is used, the
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35
method has already been validated at a similar source for
the analyte in question. The QA spike demonstrates that the
validated sampling/analytical conditions are being
duplicated. If the QA spike fails then the
sampling/analytical system shall be repaired before testing
proceeds. The method validation procedure (section 13.0 of
this method) involves a more extensive use of the analyte
spike procedure of sections 9.2.1 through 9.2.3 of this.
method. Spectra of at least 12 independent spiked and 12
independent unspiked samples are recorded. The
concentration results are analyzed statistically to
determine if there is a systematic bias in the method for
measuring a particular analyte. If there is a systematic
bias, within the limits allowed by Method 301 of this
appendix, then a correction factor shall be applied to the
analytical results. If the systematic bias is greater than
the allowed limits, this method is not valid and cannot be
used.
9.2.1 Introduce the spike/tracer gas at a constant flow
rate of * 10 percent of the total sample flow, when
possible. (Note: Use the rotameter at the end of the
sampling train to estimate the required spike/tracer gas
flow rate.) Use a flow device, e.g., mass flow meter (± 2
percent), to monitor the spike flow rate. Record the spike
flow rate every 10 minutes.
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9.2.2 Determine the response time (RT) of the system by
continuously collecting spectra of the spiked effluent until
the spectrum of the spiked component is constant for 5
minutes. The RT is the interval from the first measurement
until the spike becomes constant. Wait for twice the
duration of the RT, then collect spectra of two independent
spiked gas samples. Duplicate analyses of the spiked
concentration shall be within 5 percent of the mean of the
two measurements.
9.2.3 Calculate the dilution ratio using the tracer gas as
follows :
DF = 6(^ (3)
SF
'->r
where :
CS = DF*Spikedir + Unspike(l-DF) (4)
DF = Dilution factor of the spike gas; this value
shall be *10.
SF6(dir) = SF6 (or tracer gas) concentration measured
directly in undiluted spike gas.
SF6(splt) = Diluted SF6 (or tracer gas) concentration
measured in a spiked sample.
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Spikedlr = Concentration of the analyte in the spike
standard measured by filling the FTIR cell
directly.
cs = Expected concentration of the spiked samples
Unspike = Native concentration of analytes in unspiked
samples
10.0 Calibration and Standardization.
10.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N). The RMSD in the noise
must be less than one tenth of the minimum analyte peak
absorbance in each analytical region. For example if the
minimum peak absorbance is 0.01 at the required DL, then
P.MSD measured over the entire analytical region must be
<; 0.001.
10.2 Absorbance Path length. Verify the absorbance path
length by comparing reference CTS spectra to test CTS
spectra. See appendix E of the FTIR Protocol.
10.3 Instrument Resolution. Measure the line width of
appropriate test CTS band(s) to verify instrument
resolution. Alternatively, compare CTS spectra to a
reference CTS spectrum, if available, measured at the
nominal resolution.
10.4 Apodization Function. In transforming the sample
interferograms to absorbance spectra use the same
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38
apodization function that was used in transforming the
reference spectra.
10.5 FTIR Cell Volume. Evacuate the cell to <, 5 mmHg.
Measure the initial absolute temperature (T,) and absolute
pressure (PJ. Connect a wet test meter (or a calibrated
dry gas meter), and slowly draw room air into the cell.
Measure the meter volume (VJ , meter absolute temperature
(Tm) , and meter absolute pressure (Pm); and the cell final
absolute temperature (Tf) and absolute pressure (P5) .
Calculate the FTIR cell volume Vss, including that of the
connecting tubing, as follows:
v m
m T-I
T / /7J
(5)
r,
11.0 Data Analysis and Calculations.
Analyte concentrations shall be measured using
reference spectra from the EPA FTIR spectral library. When
EPA library spectra are not available, the procedures in
section 4.6 of the Protocol shall be followed to prepare
reference spectra of all the target analytes.
11.1 Spectral De-resolution. Reference spectra can be
converted to lower resolution standard spectra (section 3.3
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39
of this method) by truncating the original reference sample
and background interferograms. Appendix K of the FTIR
Protocol gives specific deresolution procedures. Deresolved
spectra shall be transformed using the same apodization
function and level of zero filling as the sample spectra.
Additionally, pre-test FTIR protocol calculations (e.g.,
FRU, MAU, FCU) shall be performed using the de-resolved
standard spectra.
11.2 Data Analysis. Various analytical programs are
available for relating sample absorbance to a concentration
standard. Calculated concentrations shall be verified by
analyzing residual baselines after mathematically
subtracting scaled reference spectra from the sample
spectra. A full description of the data analysis and
calculations is contained in the FTIR Protocol (sections
4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and appendices). Correct the calculated
concentrations in the sample spectra for differences in
absorption path length and temperature between the reference
and sample spectra using equation 6,
COTT
T,
C
calc
(6)
where:
C.orr = Concentration, corrected for path length.
Ccalc = Concentration, initial calculation (output of the
analytical program designed for the compound).
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40
Lr = Reference spectra path length.
L, = Sample spectra path length.
T3 = Absolute temperature of the sample gas, K.
Tr = Absolute gas temperature of reference spectra, K.
Ps = Sample cell pressure.
Pr = Reference spectrum sample pressure.
12.0 Method Performance.
12.1 Spectral Quality. Refer to the FTIR Protocol
appendices for analytical requirements, evaluation of data
quality, and analysis of uncertainty.
12.2 Sampling QA/QC. The analyte spike procedure of
section 9 of this method, the QA spike of section 8.6.2 of
this method, and the validation procedure of section 13 of
this method are used to evaluate the performance of the
sampling system and to quantify sampling system effects, if
any, on the measured concentrations. This method is self-
validating provided that the results meet the performance
requirement of the QA spike in sections 9.0 and 8.6.2 of
this method and results from a previous method validation
study support the use of this method in the application.
Several factors can contribute to uncertainty in the
measurement of spiked samples. Factors which can be
controlled to provide better accuracy in the spiking
procedure are listed in sections 12.2.1 through 12.2.4 of
this method.
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41
12.2.1 Flow meter. An accurate mass flow meter is accurate
to ± 1 percent of its span. If a flow of 1 L/min is
monitored with such a MFM, which is calibrated in the range
of 0-5 L/min, the flow measurement has an uncertainty of 5
percent. This may be improved by re-calibrating the meter
at the specific flow rate to be used.
12.2.2 Calibration gas. Usually the calibration standard
is certified to within ± 2 percent. With reactive analytes,
such as HC1, the certified accuracy in a commercially
available standard may be no better than ± 5 percent.
12.2.3 Temperature. Temperature measurements of the cell
shall be quite accurate. If practical, it is preferable to
measure sample temperature directly, by inserting a
thermocouple into the cell chamber instead of monitoring the
cell outer wall temperature.
12.2.4 Pressure. Accuracy depends on the accuracy of the
barometer, but fluctuations in pressure throughout a day may
be as much as 2.5 percent due to weather variations.
13.0 Method Validation Procedure.
This validation procedure, which is based on EPA Method
301 (40 CFR part 63, appendix A), may be used to validate
this method for the analytes in a gas matrix. Validation at
one source may also apply to another type of source, if it
can be shown that the exhaust gas characteristics are
similar at both sources.
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42
13.1 Section 5.3 of Method 301 (40 CFR part 63, appendix
A), the Analyte Spike procedure, is used with these
modifications. The statistical analysis of the results
follows section 6.3 of EPA Method 301. Section 3 of this
method defines terms that are not defined in Method 301.
13.1.1 The analyte spike is performed dynamically. This
means the spike flow is continuous and constant as spiked
samples are measured.
13.1.2 The spike gas is introduced at the back of the
sample probe.
13.1.3 Spiked effluent is carried through all sampling
components downstream of the probe.
13.1.4 A single FTIR system (or more) may be used to
collect and analyze spectra (not quadruplicate integrated
sampling trains).
13.1.5 All of the validation measurements are performed
sequentially in a single "run" (section 3.26 of this
method).
13.1.6 The measurements analyzed statistically are each
independent (section 3.22 of this method).
13.1.7 A validation data set can consist of more than 12
spiked and 12 unspiked measurements.
13.2 Batch Sampling. The procedure in sections 13.2.1
through 13.2.2 may be used for stable processes. If process
emissions are highly variable, the procedure in section
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43
13.2.3 shall be used.
13.2.1 With a single FTIR instrument and sampling system,
begin by collecting spectra of two unspiked samples.
Introduce the spike flow into the sampling system and allow
10 cell volumes to purge the sampling system and FTIR cell.
Collect spectra of two spiked samples. Turn off the spike
and allow 10 cell volumes of unspiked sample to purge the
FTIR cell. Repeat this procedure until the 24 (or more)
samples are collected.
13.2.2 In batch sampling, collect spectra of 24 distinct
samples. (Each distinct sample consists of filling the cell
to ambient pressure after the cell has been evacuated.)
13.2.3 Alternatively, a separate probe assembly, line, and
sample pump can be used for spiked sample. Verify and
document that sampling conditions are the same in both the
spiked and the unspiked sampling systems. This can be done
by wrapping both sample lines in the same heated bundle.
Keep the same flow rate in both sample lines. Measure
samples in sequence in pairs. After two spiked samples are
measured, evacuate the FTIR cell, and turn the manifold
.valve so that spiked sample flows to the FTIR cell. Allow
the connecting line from the manifold to the FTIR cell to
purge thoroughly (the time depends on the line length and
flow rate). Collect a pair of spiked samples. Repeat the
procedure until at least 24 measurements are completed.
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44
13.3 Simultaneous Measurements With Two FTIR Systems. If
unspiked effluent concentrations of the target analyte(s)
vary significantly with time, it may be desirable to perform
synchronized measurements of spiked and unspiked sample.
Use two FTIR systems, each with its own cell and sampling
system to perform simultaneous spiked and unspiked
measurements. The optical configurations shall be similar,
if possible. The sampling configurations shall be the same.
One sampling system and FTIR analyzer shall be used to
measure spiked effluent. The other sampling system and FTIR
analyzer shall be used to measure unspiked flue gas. Both
systems shall use the same sampling procedure (i.e., batch
or continuous).
13.3.1 If batch sampling is used, synchronize the cell
evacuation, cell filling, and collection of spectra. Fill
both cells at the same rate (in cell volumes per unit time).
13.3.2 If continuous sampling is used, adjust the sample
flow through each gas cell so that the same number of cell
volumes pass through each cell in a given time (i.e. TC; =
TC2) .
13.4 Statistical Treatment. The statistical procedure of
EPA Method 301 of this appendix, section 6.3 is used to
evaluate the bias and precision. For FTIR testing a
validation "run" is defined as spectra of 24 independent
samples, 12 of which are spiked with the analyte(s) and 12
-------
45
of which are not spiked.
13.4.1 Bias. Determine the bias (defined by EPA Method 301
of this appendix, section 6.3.2) using equation 7:
B = Sm - CS (7)
where:
B = Bias at spike level.
Sm = Mean concentration of the analyte spiked
samples.
CS = Expected concentration of the spiked samples.
13.4.2 Correction Factor. Use section 6.3.2.2 of Method
301 of this appendix to evaluate the statistical
significance of the bias. If it is determined that the bias
is significant, then use section 6.3.3 of Method 301 to
calculate a correction factor (CF). Analytical results of
the test method are multiplied by the correction factor, if
0.7 i CF s 1.3. If is determined that the bias is
significant and CF > ± 30 percent, then the test method is
considered to "not valid."
13.4.3 If measurements do not pass validation, evaluate the
sampling system, instrument configuration, and analytical
system to determine if improper set-up or a malfunction was
the cause. If so, repair the system and repeat the
validation.
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46
14.0 Pollution Prevention.
The extracted sample gas is vented outside the
enclosure containing the FTIR system and gas manifold after
the analysis. In typical method applications the vented
sample volume is a small fraction of the source volumetric
flow and its composition is identical to that emitted from
the source. When analyte spiking is used, spiked pollutants
are vented with the extracted sample gas. Approximately 1.6
x 10'4 to 3.2 x 10'" Ibs of a single HAP may be vented to the
atmosphere in a typical validation run of 3 hours. (This
assumes a molar mass of 50 to 100 g, spike rate of 1.0
L/min, and a standard concentration of 100 ppm). Minimize
emissions by keeping the spike flow off when not in use.
15.0 Waste Management.
Small volumes of laboratory gas standards can be vented
through a laboratory hood. Neat samples must be packed and
disposed according to applicable regulations. Surplus
materials may be returned to supplier for disposal.
16.0 References.
1. "Field Validation Test Using Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR) Spectrometry To Measure Formaldehyde, Phenol and
Methanol at a Wool Fiberglass Production Facility." Draft.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report, EPA Contract
No. 68D20163, Work Assignment 1-32, September 1994.
2. "FTIR Method Validation at a Coal-Fired Boiler".
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47
Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Publication No.: EPA-454/R95-004, NTIS
No.: PB95-193199. July, 1993.
3. "Method 301 - Field Validation of Pollutant Measurement
Methods from Various Waste Media," 40 CFI part 63, appendix
A.
4. "Molecular Vibrations; The Theory of Infrared and Raman
Vibrational Spectra," E. Bright Wilson, J. C. Decius, and P.
C. Cross, Dover Publications, Inc., 1980. For a less
intensive treatment of molecular rotational-vibrational
spectra see, for example, "Physical Chemistry," G. M.
Barrow, chapters 12, 13, and 14, McGraw Hill, Inc., 1979.
5. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry," Peter R.
Griffiths and James de Haseth, Chemical Analysis, 83, 16-
25, (1986), P. J. Elving, J. D. Winefordner and I. M.
Kolthoff (ed.), John Wiley and Sons.
6. "Computer-Assisted Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy,"
Gregory L. McClure (ed.), ASTM Special Publication 934
(ASTM), 1987.
7. "Multivariate Least-Squares Methods Applied to the
Quantitative Spectral Analysis of Multicomponent Mixtures,"
Applied Spectroscopy, 39(10), 73-84, 1985.
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48
Table I. EXAMPLE PRESENTATION OF SAMPLING DOCUMENTATION.
Sup I* TlM
S»*ctraa MU ••••
•*ck«r*w4 Fllo MM.
Suple c*a4lt !•>!•(
Pr*c0sa co*dltlaa
Suf Ic flm*
File
Scm
CTS Spec t ma
-------
Piotwtt
Pro** Box
To [iSi^
««*le=s»f
Slack
VanlfZ
V»m *i
Balston
F»«f
49
Sanpl.Ga.D.H^Htan-old
Sairpl* Lin* »2
'Q1
' ~^~ * S«mpl« Line #1
Spiks Lino
Qf| v"
Pump »i
Toggle
VWv.
Calibration Gas Line
Mace Flow Calfcralion Gas Manifold
Meier I i
r-H® ' !A
i
To Calibration
Gas Cyiindorj
Figure 1. Extractive FTIR sampling system.
-------
50
.4-
0
FRU = SRMS(FU-FL)/BAV
SRMS = .00147
BAV = 3.662
FM = FRU = .086
p-xylene
1050
1000
950 900
Wavenumbers
i
850
800
750
Figure 2. Fractional Reproducibility. Top: average of cts!031a and
ctsllOlb. Bottom: Reference spectrum of p-xylene.
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Page 1
PROTOCOL FOR THE USB OP EXTRACTIVE FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED (FTIR) SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSES OF GASEOUS
EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to set general guidelines
for the use of modern FTIR spectroscopic methods for the analysis
of gas samples extracted from the effluent of stationary emission
sources. This document outlines techniques for developing and
evaluating such methods and sets basic requirements for reporting
and quality assurance procedures.
1.0 NOMENCLATURE
1.1 Appendix A lists definitions of the symbols and terms
used in this Protocol, many of which have been taken directly
from American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
publication E 131-90a, entitled "Terminology Relating to
Molecular Spectroscopy."
1.2 Except in the case of background spectra or where
otherwise noted, the term "spectrum" refers to a double-beam
spectrum in units of absorbance vs. wavenumber (cm"1).
1.3 The term "Study" in this document refers to a
publication that has been subjected to EPA- or peer-review.
2.0 APPLICABILITY AND ANALYTICAL PRINCIPLE
2.1 Applicability. This Protocol applies to the
determination of compound-specific concentrations in single- and
multiple-component gas phase samples using double-beam absorption
spectroscopy in the mid-infrared band. It does not specifically
address other FTIR applications, such as single-beam
spectroscopy, analysis of open-path (non-enclosed) samples, and
continuous measurement techniques. If multiple spectrometers,
absorption cells, or instrumental linewidths are used in such
analyses, each distinct operational configuration of the system
must be evaluated separately according to this Protocol.
2.2 Analytical Principle.
2.2.1 In the mid-infrared band, most molecules exhibit
characteristic gas phase absorption spectra that may be recorded
by FTIR systems. Such systems consist of a source of mid-
infrared radiation, an interferometer, an enclosed sample cell of
known absorption pathlength, an infrared detector, optical
elements for the transfer of infrared radiation between
components, and gas flow control and measurement components.
Adjunct and integral computer systems are used for controlling
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SPA PTIR Protocol Page 2
the instrument, processing the signal, and for performing both
Fourier transforms and quantitative analyses of spectral data.
2.2.2 The absorption spectra of pure gases and of mixtures
of gases are described by a linear absorbance theory referred to
as Beer's Law. Using this law, modern FTIR systems use
computerized analytical programs to quantify compounds by
comparing the absorption spectra of known (reference) gas samples
to the absorption spectrum of the sample gas. Some standard
mathematical techniques used for comparisons are classical least
squares, inverse least squares, cross- correlation, factor
analysis, and partial least squares. Reference A describes
several of these techniques, as well as additional techniques,
such as differentiation methods, linear baseline corrections, and
non- linear absorbance corrections.
3.0 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS
The characteristics that distinguish FTIR systems from gas
analyzers used in instrumental gas analysis methods (e.g.,
EPA Methods 6C and 7E) are: (1) Computers are necessary to
obtain and analyze data; (2) chemical concentrations can be
quantified using previously recorded infrared reference spectra;
and (3) analytical assumptions and results, including possible
effects of interfering compounds, can be evaluated after the
quantitative analysis. The following general principles and
requirements of this Protocol are based on these characteristics.
3.1 Veriflability and Reproducibility of Results. Store
all data and document data analysis techniques sufficient to
allow an independent agent to reproduce the analytical results
from the raw interferometric data.
3.2 Transfer of Reference Spectra. To determine whether
reference spectra recorded under one set of conditions (e.g.,
optical bench, instrumental linewidth, absorption pathlength,
detector performance, pressure, and temperature) can be used to
analyze sample spectra taken under a different set of conditions,
quantitatively compare "calibration transfer standards" (CTS) and
reference spectra as described in this Protocol. (Note; The CTS
may, but need not, include analytes of interest) . To effect
this, record the absorption spectra of the CTS (a) immediately
before and immediately after recording reference spectra and
(b) immediately after recording sample spectra.
3.3 Evaluation of FTIR Analyses. The applicability,
accuracy, and precision of FTIR measurements are influenced by a
number of interrelated factors, which may be divided into two
classes: .
3.3.1 Sample-Independent Factors. Examples are system
configuration and performance (e.g., detector sensitivity and
infrared source output), quality and applicability of reference
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EPA FTIR Protocol
absorption spectra, and type of mathematical analyses of the
spectra. These factors define the fundamental limitations of
FTIR measurements for a given system configuration. These
limitations may be estimated from evaluations of the system
before samples are available. For example, the detection limit
for the absorbing compound under a given set of conditions may be
estimated from the system noise level and the strength of a
particular absorption band. Similarly, the accuracy of
measurements may be estimated from the analysis of the reference
spectra.
3.3.2 Sample -Dependent Factors. Examples are spectral
interferants (e.g., water vapor and C02) or the overlap of
spectral features of different compounds and contamination
deposits on reflective surfaces or transmitting windows. To
maximize the effectiveness of the mathematical techniques used in
spectral analysis, identification of interferants (a standard
initial step) and analysis of samples (includes effects of other
analytical errors) are necessary. Thus, the Protocol requires
post -analysis calculation of measurement concentration
uncertainties for the detection of these potential sources of
measurement error.
4.0 PUB-TEST PREPARATIONS AND EVALUATIONS
Before testing, demonstrate the suitability of FTIR
spectrometry for the desired application according to the
procedures of this section.
4.1 Identify Test Requirements. Identify and record the
test requirements described below in 4.1.1 through 4.1.5. These
values set the desired or required goals of the proposed
analysis; the description of methods for determining whether
these goals are actually met during the analysis comprises the
majority of this Protocol.
4.1.1 Analytes (specific chemical species) of interest.
Label the analytes from i - 1 to I.
4,1.2 Analytical uncertainty limit (AU^ . The AU._ is the
maximum permissible fractional uncertainty of analysis for the
i^" analyte concentration, expressed as a fraction of the analyte
concentration in the sample.
4.1.3 Required detection limit for each analyte (DL,, ppm).
The detection limit is the lowest concentration of an analyte for
which its overall fractional uncertainty (OFlM is required to be
less than its analytical uncertainty limit (Au_J .
4.1.4 Maximum expected concentration of each analyte
i, ppm) .
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SPA PTIR Protocol Page 4
"
4.2 Identify Potential Interferants. Considering the
chemistry of the process or results of previous Studies, identify
potential interferants, i.e., the major effluent constituents and
any relatively minor effluent constituents that possess either
strong absorption characteristics or strong structural
similarities to any analyte of interest. Label them 1 through
NJ, where the subscript "j" pertains to potential interferants.
Estimate the concentrations of these compounds in the effluent
(CPOTj, ppm) .
4.3 Select and Evaluate the Sampling System. Considering
the source, e.g., temperature and pressure profiles, moisture
content, analyte characteristics, and particulate concentration),
select the equipment for extracting gas samples. Recommended are
a particulate filter, heating system to maintain sample
temperature above the dew point for all sample constituents at
all points within the sampling system (including the filter) , and
sample conditioning system (e.g., coolers, water -permeable
membranes that remove water or other compounds from the sample,
and dilution devices) to remove spectral interferants or to
protect the sampling and analytical components. Determine the
minimum absolute sample system pressure (Pmin» mmHg) and the
infrared absorption cell volume (VSS' liter) . Select the
techniques and/or equipment for the measurement of sample
pressures and temperatures.
4.4 Select Spectroscopic System. Select a spectroscopic
configuration for the application. Approximate the absorption
pathlength (Lg' , meter), sample pressure (Pg', kPa) , absolute
sample temperature TS' , and signal integration period (tss,
seconds) for the analysis. Specify the nominal minimum
instrumental linewidth (MIL) of the system. Verify that the
fractional error at the approximate values Pg' and Tg' is less
than one half the smallest value AUj_ (see Section 4.1.2).
4.5 Select Calibration Transfer Standards (CTS's). Select
CTS's that meet the criteria listed in Sections 4.5.1, 4.5.2, and
4.5.3.
Note; It may be necessary to choose preliminary analytical
regions (see Section 4.7), identify the minimum analyte
linewidths, or estimate the system noise level (see
Section 4.12) before selecting the CTS. More than one
compound may be needed to meet the criteria; if so, obtain
separate cylinders for each compound.
4.5.1 The central wavenumber position of each analytical
region lies within 25 percent of the wavenumber position of at
least one CTS absorption band.
4.5.2 The absorption bands in 4.5.1 exhibit peak
absorbances greater than ten times the value RMSEgT (see
Sectioh 4.12) but less than 1.5 absorbance units.
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BPA PTIR Protocol D__
IA iaQg _ rage 5
4.5.3 At least one absorption CTS band within the operating
range of the FTIR instrument has an instrument -independent
unewidth no greater than the narrowest analyte absorption band;
perform and document measurements or cite Studies to determine
analyte and CTS compound linewidths.
4.5.4 For each analytical region, specify the upper and
lower wavenumber positions (FFU_ and FFL^, respectively) that
bracket the CTS absorption band or bands for the associated
analytical region. Specify the wavenumber range, FNU to FNL,
containing the absorption band that meets the criterion of
Section 4.5.3.
4.5.5 Associate, whenever possible, a single set of CTS gas
cylinders with a set of reference spectra. Replacement CTS gas
cylinders shall contain the same compounds at concentrations
within 5 percent of that of the original CTS cylinders; the
entire absorption spectra (not individual spectral segments) of
the replacement gas shall be scaled by a factor between 0.95 and
1.05 to match the original CTS spectra.
4.6 Prepare Reference Spectra.
Reference spectra are available in a permanent soft
copy from the EPA spectral library on the EMTIC (Emission
Measurement Technical Information Center) computer bulletin
board; they may be used if applicable.
4.6.1 Select the reference absorption pathlength (LR) of
the cell.
4.6.2 Obtain or prepare a set of chemical standards for
each analyte, potential and known spectral interferants, and CTS.
Select the concentrations of the chemical standards to correspond
to the top of the desired range.
4.6.2.1 Commercially -Prepared Chemical Standards. Chemical
standards for many compounds may be obtained from independent
sources, such as a specialty gas manufacturer, chemical company,
or commercial laboratory. These standards (accurate to within
±2 percent) shall be prepared according to EPA Protocol 1 (see
Reference D) or shall be traceable to NIST standards. Obtain
from the supplier an estimate of the stability of the analyte
concentration; obtain and follow all the supplier's
recommendations for recertifying the analyte concentration.
4.6.2.2 Self -Prepared Chemical Standards. Chemical
standards may be prepared as follows: Dilute . certified
commercially prepared chemical gases or pure analytes with ultra-
pure carrier (UPC) grade nitrogen according to the barometric and
volumetric techniques generally described in Reference A,
Section A4.6.
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SPA PTIR Protocol Page 6
Ingii.f- 14 IQQfi .
4.6.3 Record a set of the absorption spectra of the CTS
{Rl}, then a set of the reference spectra at two or more
concentrations in duplicate over the desired range (the top of
the range must be less than 10 times that of the bottom) ,
followed by a second set of CTS spectra {R2}. (If self-prepared
standards are used, see Section 4.6.5 before disposing of any of
the standards.) The maximum accepted standard concentration-
pathlength product (ASCPP) for each compound shall be higher than
the maximum estimated concentration-pathlength products for both
analytes and known interferants in the effluent gas. For each
analyte, the minimum ASCPP shall be no greater than ten times the
concentration-pathlength product of that analyte at its required
detection limit.
4.6.4 Permanently store the background and interferograms
in digitized form. Document details of the mathematical process
for generating the spectra from these interferograms. Record the
sample pressure (PR), sample temperature (TR), reference
absorption pathlength (LR), and interferogram signal integration
period (tSR). Signal integration periods for the background
interferograms shall be *tSR. Values of PR, LR, and tgR shall
not deviate by more than ±1 percent from the time of recording
{Rl} to that of recording {R2}.
4.6.5 If self-prepared chemical standards are employed and
spectra of only two concentrations are recorded for one or more
compounds, verify the accuracy of the dilution technique by
analyzing the prepared standards for those compounds with a
secondary (non-FTIR) technique as follows:
4.6.5.1 Record the response of the secondary technique to
each of the four standards prepared.
4.6.5.2 Perform a linear regression of the response values
(dependant variable) versus the accepted standard concentration
(ASC) values (independent variable), with the regression
constrained to pass through the zero-response, zero ASC point.
4.6.5.3 Calculate the average fractional difference between
the actual response values and the regression-predicted values
(those calculated from the regression line using the four ASC
values as the independent variable).
4.6.5.4 If the average fractional difference value
calculated in Section 4.6.5.3 is larger for any compound than the
corresponding AU^, the dilution technique is not sufficiently
accurate and the reference spectra prepared are not valid for the
analysis.
4.7 Select Analytical Regions. Using the general
considerations in Section 7 of Reference A and the spectral
characteristics of the analytes and interferants, select the
analytical regions for the application. Label them m = 1 to M.
Specify the lower, center and upper wavenumber positions of each
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BPA FTIR Protocol
analytical region (FI^, FC^, and FUm/ respectively) . Specify the
analytes and interferanta which exhibit absorption in each
region .
TT • 4*8 Determine Fractional Reproducibility Uncertainties.
Using Appendix E, calculate the fractional reproducibility
uncertainty for each analyte (FRU^ from a comparison of {Rl} and
IK^J. lf_ FRU-L > AUi for any analyte, the reference spectra
generated in Section 4.6 are not valid for the application.
4.9 Identify Known Interferants. Using Appendix B,
determine which potential interferant affects the analyte
concentration determinations. If it does, relabel the potential
interferant as "known" interferant, and designate these compounds
from k - 1 to K. Appendix B also provides criteria for
determining whether the selected analytical regions are suitable.
4.10 Prepare Computerized Analytical Programs.
4.10.1 Choose or devise mathematical techniques (e.g,
classical least squares, inverse least squares, cross-
correlation, and factor analysis) based on Equation 4 of
Reference A that are appropriate for analyzing spectral data by
comparison with reference spectra.
4.10.2 Following the general recommendations of Reference
A, prepare a computer program or set of programs that analyzes
all the analytes and known interferants, based on the selected
analytical regions (4.7) and the prepared reference spectra
(4.6). Specify the baseline correction technique (e.g.,
determining the slope and intercept of a linear baseline
contribution in each analytical region) for each analytical
region, including all relevant wavenumber positions.
4.10.3 Use programs that provide as output [at the
reference absorption pathlength (LR) , reference gas temperature
(TR) , and reference gas pressure (PR) ] the analyte
concentrations, the known interferant concentrations, and the
baseline slope and intercept values. If the sample absorption
pathlength (Ls) , sample gas temperature (Ts) or sample gas
pressure (Ps) during the actual sample analyses differ from LR,
Tp, and P«, use a program or set of programs that applies
multiplicative corrections to the derived concentrations to
account for these variations, and that provides as output both
the corrected and uncorrected values. Include in the report of
the analysis (see Section 7.0) the details of any transformations
applied to the original reference spectra (e.g.,
differentiation) , in such a fashion that all analytical results
may be verified by an independent agent from the reference
spectra and data spectra alone.
4.11 Determine the Fractional Calibration Uncertainty.
Calculate the fractional calibration uncertainty for each analyte
(FCI^) according to Appendix F, and compare these values to the
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BPA PTIR Protocol Page 8
fractional uncertainty limits (AUj_; see Section 4.1). If
FCUi > AUj_) , either the reference spectra or analytical programs
for that analyte are unsuitable.
4.12 Verify System Configuration Suitability. Using
Appendix C, measure or obtain estimates of the noise level
(RMSEST, absorbance) of the FTIR system; alternatively, construct
the complete spectrometer system and determine the values RMSgm
using Appendix G. Estimate the minimum measurement uncertainty
for each analyte (MAUj, ppm) and known interferant (MIUj./ ppm)
using Appendix D. Verify that (a) MAUj_ < (AUj_) (DL.) , FRU£ < AUif
and FCU^_ < AUj_ for each analyte and that (b) the CTS chosen meets
the requirements listed in Section 4.5.
5.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
5.1 Analysis System Assembly and Leak-Test. Assemble the
analysis system. Allow sufficient time for all system components
to reach the desired temperature. Then determine the leak- rate
(LR) and leak volume (VL) , where VL - LR tgg. Leak volumes shall
be s4 percent of Vsg.
5.2 Verify Instrumental Performance. Measure the noise
level of the system in each analytical region using the procedure
of Appendix G. If any noise level is higher than that estimated
for the system in Section 4.12, repeat the calculations of
Appendix D and verify that the requirements of Section 4.12 are
met; if they are not, adjust or repair the instrument and repeat
this section.
5.3 Determine the Sample Absorption Pathlength. Record a
background spectrum. Then, fill the absorption cell with CTS at
the pressure Pp and record a set of CTS spectra {R3}. Store the
background ana unsealed CTS single beam interferograms and
spectra. Using Appendix H, calculate the sample absorption
pathlength (Lo) for each analytical region. The values Lg shall
not differ from the approximated sample pathlength Ls' (see
Section 4.4) by more than 5 percent.
5.4 Record Sample Spectrum. Connect the sample line to the
source. Either evacuate the absorption cell to an absolute
pressure below 5 mmHg before extracting a sample from the
effluent stream into the absorption cell, or pump at least ten
cell volumes of sample through the cell before obtaining a
sample. Record the sample pressure PS . Generate the absorbance
spectrum of the sample. Store the background and sample single
beam interferograms, and document the process by which the
absorbance spectra are generated from these data. (If necessary,
apply the spectral transformations developed in Section 5.6.2).
The resulting sample spectrum is referred to below as Sg.
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EPA PTIR Protocol
Page
N££e_: Multiple sample spectra may be recorded according to
the procedures of Section 5.4 before performing Sections 5.5
and 5.6.
5.5 Quantify Analyte Concentrations. Calculate the
unsealed analyte concentrations RUA., and unsealed interferant
concentrations RUI~ using the programs developed in Section 4.
To correct for pathlength and pressure variations between the
reference and sample spectra, calculate the scaling factor
RLPS " (LRPRTS)/(LSPSTR) • Calculate the final analyte and
interferant concentrations RSA-j^ =. R^gRUAi and RSIk = RLPSRUI]C-
5.6 Determine Fractional Analysis Uncertainty. Fill the
absorption cell with CTS at the pressure Pg. Record a set of CTS
spectra {R4}. Store the background and CTS single beam
interf erograms . Using Appendix H, calculate the fractional
analysis uncertainty (FAU) for each analytical region. If the
FAU indicated for any analytical region is larger than the
required accuracy requirements determined in Section 4.1, then
comparisons to previously recorded reference spectra are invalid
in that analytical region, and the analyst shall perform one or
both of the following procedures:
5.6.1 Perform instrumental checks and adjust the instrument
to restore its performance to acceptable levels. If adjustments
are made, repeat Sections 5.3, 5.4 (except for the recording of a
sample spectrum), and 5.5 to demonstrate that acceptable
uncertainties are obtained in all analytical regions.
5.6.2 Apply appropriate mathematical transformations (e.g.,
frequency shifting, zero- filling, apodization, smoothing) to the
spectra (or to the interf erograms upon which the spectra are
based) generated during the performance of the procedures of
Section 5.3. Document these transformations and their
reproducibility. Do not apply multiplicative scaling of the
spectra, or any set of transformations that is mathematically
equivalent to multiplicative scaling. Different transformations
may be applied to different analytical regions. Frequency shifts
shall be smaller than one- half the minimum instrumental
linewidth, and must be applied to all spectral data points in an
analytical region. The mathematical transformations may be
retained for the analysis if they are also applied to the
appropriate analytical regions of all sample spectra recorded,
and if all original sample spectra are digitally stored. Repeat
Sections 5.3, 5.4 (except the recording of a sample spectrum),
and 5.5 to demonstrate that these transformations lead to
acceptable calculated concentration uncertainties in all
analytical regions.
6.0 POST -ANALYSIS EVALUATIONS
Estimate the overall accuracy of the analyses performed in
Section 5 as follows:
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SPA PTIR protocol Page 10
6.1 Qualitatively Confirm the Assumed Matrix. Examine each
analytical region of the sample spectrum for spectral evidence of
unexpected or unidentified interferants. If found, identify the
interfering compounds (see Reference C for guidance) and add them
to the list of known interferants. Repeat the procedures of
Section 4 to include the interferants in the uncertainty
calculations and analysis procedures. Verify that the MAU and
FCU values do not increase beyond acceptable levels for the
application requirements. Re -calculate the analyte
concentrations (Section 5.5) in the affected analytical regions.
6.2 Quantitatively Evaluate Fractional Model Uncertainty
(FMU) . Perform the procedures of either Section 6.2.1 or 6.2.2:
6.2.1 Using Appendix I, determine the fractional model
error (FMU) for each analyte.
6.2.2 Provide statistically determined uncertainties FMU
for each analyte which are equivalent to two standard deviations
at the 95% confidence level. Such determinations, if employed,
must be based on mathematical examinations of the pertinent
sample spectra (not the reference spectra alone) . Include in the
report of the analysis (see Section 7.0) a complete description
of the determination of the concentration uncertainties.
6.3 Estimate Overall Concentration Uncertainty (OCU) .
Using Appendix J, determine the overall concentration uncertainty
(OCU) for each analyte. If the OCU is larger than the required
accuracy for any analyte, repeat Sections 4 and 6.
7.0 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
[Documentation pertaining to virtually all the procedures of
Sections 4, 5, and 6 will be required. Software copies of
reference spectra and sample spectra will be retained for some
minimum time following the actual testing.]
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KPA FTIR Protocol Paae 11
-
8.0 REFERENCES
A) Standard Practices for General Techniques of Infrared
Quantitative Analysis (American Society for Testing and
Materials, Designation E 168-88) .
B) The Coblentz Society Specifications for Evaluation of
Research Quality Analytical Infrared Reference Spectra
(Class II); Anal. Chemistry 4J7, 945A (1975); Appl.
Spectroacopy 444. pp. 211-215, 1990.
C) Standard Practices for General Techniques for Qualitative
Infrared Analysis, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Designation B 1252-88.
D) "Traceability Protocol for Establishing True Concentrations
of Gases Used for Calibration and Audits of Continuous
Emissions Monitors (Protocol Number 1)," June 1978, Quality
Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems,
Volume III, Stationary Source Specific Methods, EPA- 600/4-
77-027b, August 1977.
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EPA PTIR Protocol Paqe 12
li.g,..* 1A IQQfi 3
APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS
A.I Definitions of Terma
absorption band - a contiguous wavenumber region of a spectrum
(equivalently, a contiguous set of absorbance spectrum data
points) in which the absorbance passes through a maximum or
a series of maxima.
absorption pathlength - in a spectrophotometer, the distance,
measured in the direction of propagation of the beam of
radiant energy, between the surface of the specimen on which
the radiant energy is incident and the surface of the
specimen from which it is emergent.
analytical region - a contiguous wavenumber region (equivalently,
a contiguous set of absorbance spectrum data points) used in
the quantitative analysis for one or more analyte.
Note: The quantitative result for a single analyte may be
based on data from more than one analytical region.
apodization - modification of the IL3 function by multiplying the
interferogram by a weighing function whose magnitude varies
with retardation.
background spectrum - the single beam spectrum obtained with all
system components without sample present.
baseline - any line drawn on an absorption spectrum to establish
a reference point that represents a function of the radiant
power incident on a sample at a given wavelength.
Beers' a law - the direct proportionality of the absorbance of a
compound in a homogeneous sample to its concentration.
calibration transfer standard (CTS) gas - a gas standard of a
compound used to achieve and/or demonstrate suitable
quantitative agreement between sample spectra and the
reference spectra; see Section 4.5.1.
compound - a substance possessing a distinct, unique molecular
structure.
concentration (c) - the quantity of a compound contained in a
unit quantity of sample. The unit "ppm" (number, or mole,
basis) is recommended.
concentration-pathlength product - the mathematical product of
concentration of the species and absorption pathlength. For
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EPA PTIR Protocol
reference spectra, this is a known quantity; for sample
spectra, it is the quantity directly determined from Beer's
law. The units "centimeters-ppm" or "meters -ppm" are
recommended .
derivative absorption spectrum - a plot of rate of change of
absorbance or of any function of absorbance with respect to
wavelength or any function of wavelength.
double beam spectrum - a transmission or absorbance spectrum
derived by dividing the sample single beam spectrum by the
background spectrum.
Note: The term "double-beam" is used elsewhere to denote a
spectrum in which the sample and background interferograms
are collected simultaneously ' along physically distinct
absorption paths. Here, the term denotes a spectrum in
which the sample and background interferograms are collected
at different times along the same absorption path.
fast Fourier transform (FPT) - a method of speeding up the
computation of a discrete FT by factoring the data into
sparse matrices containing mostly zeros.
flyback - interferometer motion during which no data are
recorded.
Fourier transform (FT) - the mathematical process for converting
an amplitude -time spectrum to an amplitude -frequency
spectrum, or vice versa.
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer - an analytical
system that employs a source of mid- infrared radiation, an
interferometer, an enclosed sample cell of known absorption
pathlength, an infrared detector, optical elements that
transfer infrared radiation between components, and a
computer system. The time-domain detector response
(interferogram) is processed by a Fourier transform to yield
a representation of the detector response vs. infrared
frequency.
Note; When FTIR spectrometers are interfaced with other
instruments, a slash should be used to denote the interface;
e.g., GC/FTIR; HPCL/FTIR, and the use of FTIR should be
explicit; i.e., FTIR not IR.
frequency, v - the number of cycles per unit time.
infrared - the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum containing
wavelengths from approximately 0.78 to 800 microns.
interferogram, I(ff) - record of the modulated component of the
interference signal measured as a function of retardation by
the detector.
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EPA PTIR protocol Paae 14
- •
interferometer - device that divides a beam of radiant energy
into two or more paths, generate an optical path difference
between the beams, and recombines them in order to produce
repetitive interference maxima and minima as the optical
retardation is varied.
linewidth - the full width at half maximum of an absorption band
in units of wavenumbers (cm"1) .
mid- infrared - the region of the electromagnetic spectrum from
approximately 400 to 5000 cm"1.
pathlength - see "absorption pathlength."
reference spectra - absorption spectra of gases with known
chemical compositions, recorded at a known absorption
pathlength, which are used in the quantitative analysis of
gas samples.
retardation,
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EPA FTIR Protocol _
A"tr-nf w, T»q* __ _ _ fage is
wavenumber, v - the number of waves per unit length.
NQ£e.: The usual unit of wavenumber is the reciprocal
centimeter, cm x . The wavenumber is the reciprocal of the
wavelength, X, when X is expressed in centimeters.
zero- filling - the addition of zero- valued points to the end of a
measured interferogram.
Nat£: Performing the FT of a zero- filled interferogram
results in correctly interpolated points in the computed
spectrum.
A. 2 Definitions of Mathematical Symbols
A, absorbance - the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of
tne transmittance (T) .
A = Iog10 - = -log10T (1)
- band area of the itn analyte in the mtn analytical
region, at the concentration (CL^) corresponding to the
product of its required detection limit (DL^) and analytical
uncertainty limit
- average absorbance of the ith analyte in the mtn
analytical region, at the concentration (CLj) corresponding
to the product of its required detection limit (DL^_) and
analytical uncertainty limit (AUj_) .
ASC, accepted standard concentration - the concentration value
assigned to a chemical standard.
ASCPP, accepted standard concentration-pathlength product - for
a chemical standard, the product of the ASC and the sample
absorption pathlength. The units " centimeters -ppm" or
"meters-ppm" are recommended.
j, analytical uncertainty limit - the maximum permissible
fractional uncertainty of analysis for the i1-" analyte
concentration, expressed as a fraction of the analyte
concentration determined in the analysis.
AVTm - average estimated total absorbance in the mtl;i analytical
region.
- estimated concentration of the ktn known interferant.
- estimated maximum concentration of the ith analyte.
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KPA FTIR Protocol Paqe 16
lug,,.* 1* 10Q6 _ 3
CPOTj - estimated concentration of the jtn potential interferant.
required detection limit - for the itn analyte, the lowest
concentration of the analyte for which its overall
fractional uncertainty (OFUj) is required to be less than
the analytical uncertainty limit (AUj_) .
- center wavenumber position of the mtn analytical region.
, fractional analytical uncertainty - calculated uncertainty
in the measured concentration of the itn analyte because of
errors in the mathematical comparison of reference and
sample spectra.
, fractional calibration uncertainty - calculated uncertainty
in the measured concentration of the itn analyte because of
errors in Beer's law modeling of the reference spectra
concentrations .
- lower wavenumber .position of the CTS absorption band
associated with the mtw analytical region.
PPUm - upper wavenumber .position of the CTS absorption band
associated with the mttt analytical region.
- lower wavenumber position of the mtn analytical region.
, fractional model uncertainty - calculated uncertainty in
the measured concentration of the itn analyte because of
errors in the absorption model employed.
FNL - lower wavenumber position of the CTS spectrum containing an
absorption band at least as narrow as the analyte absorption
bands .
PNjj - upper wavenumber position of the CTS spectrum containing an
absorption band at least as narrow as the analyte absorption
bands .
, fractional reproducibility uncertainty - calculated
uncertainty in the measured concentration of the itn analyte
because of errors in the reproducibility of spectra from the
FTIR system.
PU - upper wavenumber position of the mtn analytical region.
- band area of the jtn potential interferant in the
analytical region, at its expected concentration (CPOTj).
- average absorbance of the itn analyte in the
analytical region, at its expected concentration (CPOTj).
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PTIR ProtOCOl Dxrra 1 1
iggg • - *age i /
ISCi or k' indicated standard concentration - the concentration
from the computerized analytical program for a single-
compound reference spectrum for the 1th analyte or ktH known
interferant.
kPa - kilo-Pascal (see Pascal) .
Ls' " estimated sample absorption pathlength.
LR - reference absorption pathlength.
Ls - actual sample absorption pathlength.
- mean of the MAUim over the appropriate analytical regions.
MAUim' ainiaum analyte uncertainty - the calculated minimum
concentration for which the analytical uncertainty limit
(AUj_) in the measurement of the itn analyte, based on
spectral data in the mtn analytical region, can be
maintained.
MIUj - mean of the MIUjm over the appropriate analytical regions.
MITJjm/ minimum interferant uncertainty - the calculated minimum
concentration for which the analytical uncertainty limit
CPOT.j/20 in the measurement of the jtn interferant, based on
spectral data in the mtn analytical region, can be
maintained.
MIL, minimum instrumental linewidth - the minimum linewidth from
the FTIR system, in wavenumbers .
Note: The MIL of a system may be determined by observing an
absorption band known (through higher resolution
examinations) to be narrower than indicated by the system.
The MIL is fundamentally limited by the retardation of the
interferometer, but is also affected by other operational
parameters (e.g., the choice of apodization) .
Nj_ - number of analytes.
NJ - number of potential interferants.
Nj. - number of known interferants .
N - the number of scans averaged to obtain an interferogram.
OPUj - the overall fractional uncertainty in an analyte
concentration determined in the analysis (OFUi - MAX{FRUi(
FCUif FAUif FMUi)) .
Pascal (Pa) - metric unit of static pressure, equal to one Newton
per square meter; one atmosphere is equal to 101,325 Pa;
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BPA PTIR Protocol Paae> TB
n, Page 1B
1/760 atmosphere (one Torr, or one millimeter Hg) is equal
to 133.322 Pa.
pmin " minimum pressure of the sampling system during the
sampling procedure.
PS' - estimated sample pressure.
PR - reference pressure.
Pg - actual sample pressure.
- measured noise level of the FTIR system in the m*-*1
analytical region.
RMSD, root mean square difference - a measure of accuracy
determined by the following equation:
RMSD =
(2)
where:
n - the number of observations for which the accuracy is
determined.
6j_ = the difference between a measured value of a property
and its mean value over the n observations.
Note; The RMSD value "between a set of n contiguous
absorbance values (Ai) and the mean of the values" (Aj^) is
defined as
RMSD
(3)
_ - the (calculated) final concentration of the i analyte.
- the (calculated) final concentration of the kth known
interferant.
tscan/ scan *"li"* - time used to acquire a single scan, not
including flyback.
ts, signal integration period - the period of time over which an
inter ferogram is averaged by addition and scaling of
individual scans. In terms of the number of scans Ngcan and
scan time tgcan/ ts - Ngcantgcan.
tSR - signal integration period used in recording reference
spectra.
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EPA PTIR Protocol Paqe 19
AiijUjt- 1 A IQQg
tgg - signal integration period used in recording sample spectra.
TR - absolute temperature of gases used in recording reference
spectra.
TS - absolute temperature of sample gas as sample spectra are
recorded.
TP, Throughput - manufacturer's estimate of the fraction of the
total infrared power transmitted by the absorption cell and
transfer optics from the interferometer to the detector.
Vgg - volume of the infrared absorption cell, including parts of
attached tubing.
wik " weight used to average over analytical regions k for
quantities related to the analyte i; see Appendix D.
Note that some terms are missing, e.g., BAVm, OCU, RMSSm, SUBS,
SIC±I SAC^ Ss
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EPA PTIR Protocol Paae 2D
ing..-*. IA iQQg a .. u
APPENDIX B
IDENTIFYING SPECTRAL INTERFERANTS
B.I General
B.l.l Assume a fixed absorption pathlength equal to the
value Ls'.
B.I.2 Use band area calculations to compare the relative
absorption strengths of the analytes and potential interferants.
In the mtn analytical region (FI^ to FUm), use either rectangular
or trapezoidal approximations to determine the band areas
described below (see Reference A, Sections A.3.1 through A.3.3);
document any baseline corrections applied to the spectra.
B.I.3 Use the average total abso'rbance of the analytes and
potential interferants in each analytical region to determine
whether the analytical region is suitable for analyte
concentration determinations.
Note; The average absorbance in an analytical region is the
band area divided by the width of the analytical region in
wavenumbers. The average total absorbance in an analytical
region is the sum of the average absorbances of all analytes
and potential interferants.
B.2 Calculations
B.2.1 Prepare spectral representations of each analyte at
the concentration CLj_ = (DLj_) (AUj_) , where DLj is the required
detection limit and AU^ is the maximum permissible analytical
uncertainty. For the m*" analytical region, calculate the band
area (AAIj_m) and average absorbance (AAVj_m) from these scaled
analyte spectra.
B.2.2 Prepare spectral representations of each potential
interferant at its expected concentration (CPOT^). For the mtn
analytical region, calculate the band area (IAlj_) and average
absorbance (IAVjm) from these scaled potential interferant
spectra.
B.2.3 Repeat the calculation for each analytical region,
and record the band area results in matrix form as indicated in
Figure B.I.
B.2.4 If the band area of any potential interferant in an
analytical region is greater than the one-half the band area of
any analyte (i.e., lAIj™ > 0.5 AAIim for any pair ij and any m) ,
classify the potential interferant as known interferant. Label
the known interferants k - l to K. Record the results in matrix
form as indicated in Figure B.2.
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PTIR Protocol Page 21
B.2.5 Calculate the average total absorbance (AVT_) for
m'
each analytical region and record the values in the last row of
the matrix described in Figure B.2. Any analytical region where
AVTm >2.0 is unsuitable.
FIGURE B.I Presentation of Potential Interferant Calculations
Analytical Regions
1 .... M
Analyte Labels
Potential Interferant
Labels
AAIZ1 . .' . AAIIM
. . IAI1M
IAIJ:L
FIGURE B.2 Presentation of Known Interferant Calculations
Analytical Regions
1 .... M
Analyte Labels
Known Interferant
Labels
K IAIK1
Total Average
. AAI1M
AAIIM
IAI1M
Absorbance K^^ AVTM
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KPA PTIR Protocol
iii>ni««- i1. 1
Page 22
APPENDIX C
ESTIMATING NOISE LEVELS
C.1 General
C.l.l The root -mean -square (RMS) noise level is the
standard measure of noise in this Protocol. The RMS noise level
of a contiguous segment of a spectrum is defined as the RMS
difference (RMSD) between the absorbance values which form the
segment and the mean value of that segment (see Appendix A) .
C.I. 2 The RMS noise value in double -beam absorbance
spectra is assumed to be inversely proportional to: (a) the
square root of the signal integration period of the sample single
beam spectra from which it is formed, and (b) to the total
infrared power transmitted through the interferometer and
absorption cell.
C.I. 3 Practically, the assumption of C.I. 2 allow the RMS
noise level of a complete system to be estimated from the
following four quantities:
(a) RMSj.jkjj - the noise level of the system (in absorbance
units) , without the absorption cell and transfer optics,
under those conditions necessary to yield the specified
minimum instrumental linewidth. e.g., Jacquinot stop
size.
(b)
(c)
(d)
tMAN " tne manufacturer's signal integration time used
to determine
-ss
- the signal integration time for the analyses.
TP - the manufacturer's estimate of the fraction of the
total infrared power transmitted by the absorption cell
and transfer optics from the interferometer to the
detector.
C . 2 Calculation*
C.2.1 Obtain the values of RMS
MAN/
and TP from the
manufacturers of the equipment, or determine the noise level by
direct measurements with the completely constructed system
proposed in Section 4.
C.2.2
follows:
Calculate the noise value of the system (RMSEST) as
RMS
EST
RMSMAN TP \
(4)
-MAN
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BPA PTIR Protocol p ->,
Ai.q,.-.. ,* 1QQ* Page 23
APPENDIX D
ESTIMATING MINIMUM CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT
UNCERTAINTIES (MAU and MIU)
D.I General
Estimate the minimum concentration measurement uncertainties
for the iu" analyte (MAU^ and jtn interferant (MIU.,) based on
the spectral data in the mcn analytical region by comparing the
analyte band area in the analytical region (AAIim) and estimating
or measuring the noise level of the system (RMSEST or RMSSm) .
Note: For a single analytical .region, the MAU or MIU value
is the concentration of the analyte or interferant for which
the band area is equal to the product of the analytical
region width (in wavenumbers) and the noise level of the
system (in absorbance units) . If data from more than one
analytical region is used in the determination of an analyte
concentration, the MAU or MIU is the mean of the separate
MAU or MIU values calculated for each analytical region.
D.2 Calculations
D.2.1 For each analytical region, set RMS = RMSsm if
measured (Appendix G) , or set RMS = RMSEST if estimated (Appendix
C) .
D.2.2 For each analyte associated with the analytical
region, calculate
(RMS) (DL,) (AUt) 1 " ""' (5)
la
D.2. 3 If only the mth analytical region is used to
calculate the concentration of the itn analyte, set MAUi = MAUim.
D.2. 4 If a number of analytical regions are used to
calculate the concentration of the icn analyte, set MAUt equal to
the weighted mean of the appropriate MAUim values calculated
above; the weight for each term in the mean is equal to the
fraction of the total wavenumber range used for the calculation
represented by each analytical region. Mathematically, if the
set of analytical regions employed is {m' } , then the MAU for each
analytical region is
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EPA FTIR Protocol Page 24
* -' iqqg
~ Wik MAUik
where the weight W^ is defined for each term in the sum as
Wi* =(FMx-FLk) £ [FMp-PLpl (7)
D.2.5 Repeat Sections D.2.1 through D.2.4 to calculate the
analogous values MIU-i for the interferants j = l to J. Replace
the value (AU.j_) (DLO in the above equations with CPOTj/20;
replace the value AAIim in the above equations with IAIjm.
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SPA PTIR Protocol
APPENDIX E
DETERMINING FRACTIONAL REPRODUCIBILITY UNCERTAINTIES (FRU)
E.I General
To estimate the reproducibility of the spectroscopic results
of the system, compare the CTS spectra recorded before and after
preparing the reference spectra. Compare the difference between
the spectra to their average band area. Perform the calculation
for each analytical region on the portions of the CTS spectra
associated with that analytical region.
E.2 Calculations
E.2.1 The CTS spectra {Rl} consist of N spectra, denoted by
sli' i*1' N- Similarly, the CTS spectra {R2} consist of N
spectra, denoted by S2±, i-l, N. Each Ski is the spectrum of a
single compound, where i denotes the compound and Ic denotes
the set {Rk} of which S is a member. Form the spectra S
according to S3i - S2i~li for eacn i- Form the spectra S4
according to S4i - [S2jL-i-SliI/2 for each i.
E.2. 2 Each analytical region m is associated with a portion
of the CTS spectra So^ and S,^, for a particular i, with lower
and upper wavenumber limits FFl^ and FFUm/ respectively.
E.2. 3 For each m and the associated i, calculate the band
area of S4j_ in the wavenumber range FFU_ to FFI^. Follow the
guidelines of Section B.I. 2 for this band area calculation.
Denote the result by BAVm.
E.2. 4 For each m and the associated i, calculate the RMSD
of S3i between the absorbance values and their mean in the
wavenumber range FFUm to FFI^. Denote the result by SRMSm.
E.2. 5 For each analytical region m, calculate the quantity
SRMSm(FFUm-FFLm)/BAVm
E.2. 6 If only the mth analytical region is used to
calculate the concentration of the icn analyte, set FRU.j_ =
E.2. 7 If a number p^ of analytical regions are used to
calculate the concentration of the itn analyte, set FRUi equal to
the weighted mean of the appropriate FM^ values calculated above.
Mathematically, if the set of analytical regions employed is
{m' } , then
Wik FMX (8)
where the Wik are calculated as described in Appendix D.
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BPA PTIR Protocol P= fro ~> C.
26
APPENDIX F
DETERMINING FRACTIONAL CALIBRATION UNCERTAINTIES (ECU)
F . 1 General
F.l.l The concentrations yielded by the computerized
analytical program applied to each single -compound reference
spectrum are defined as the indicated standard concentrations
(ISC's). The ISC values for a single compound spectrum should
ideally equal the accepted standard concentration (ASC) for one
analyte or interferant, and should ideally be zero for all other
compounds. Variations from these results are caused by errors in
the ASC values, variations from the Beer's law (or modified
Beer's law) model used to determine the concentrations, and noise
in the spectra. When the first two effects dominate, the
systematic nature of the errors is often apparent; take steps to
correct them.
F.I. 2 When the calibration error appears non- systematic,
apply the following method to estimate the fractional calibration
uncertainty (FCU) for each compound. The FCU is defined as the
mean fractional error between the ASC and the ISC for all
reference spectra with non- zero ASC for that compound. The FCU
for each compound shall be less than the required fractional
uncertainty specified in Section 4.1.
F.I. 3 The computerized analytical programs shall also be
required to yield acceptably low concentrations for compounds
with ISC=0 when applied to the reference spectra. The limits
chosen in this Protocol are that the ISC of each reference
spectrum for each analyte or interferant shall not exceed that
compound's minimum measurement uncertainty (MAU or MIU) .
F.2 Calculations
F.2.1 Apply each analytical program to each reference
spectrum. Prepare a similar table as that in Figure F.I to
present the ISC and ASC values for each analyte and interferant
in each reference spectrum. Maintain the order of reference file
names and compounds employed in preparing Figure F.l.
F.2. 2 For all reference spectra in Figure F.l, verify that
the absolute value of the ISC's are less than the compound's MAU
(for analytes) or MIU (for interferants) .
F.2. 3 For each analyte reference spectrum, calculate the
quantity (ASC- ISC) /ASC. For each analyte, calculate the mean of
these values (the FCUj_ for the itn analyte) over all reference
spectra. Prepare a similar table as that in Figure F.2 to
present the FCUi and analytical uncertainty limit (AU^ for each
analyte.
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KPA FTIR Protocol
1A.
Page 27
FIGURE F.I
Presentation of Accepted Standard Concentrations (ASC's)
and Indicated Standard Concentrations (ISC's)
Compound
Name
Reference
Spectrum
FUe Name
ASC
(ppm)
Analytes
•
ISC (ppm)
Interferants
I
= 1
J
FIGURE F.2
Presentation of Fractional Calibration Uncertainties (FCU's)
and Analytical Uncertainties (AU's)
Analyte
Name
FOJ
(%)
AU
(%)
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BPA PTIR Protocol Paqe 28
lug,..*- 1i IQQfi -
APPENDIX G
MEASURING NOISE LEVELS
G.I General
The root-mean-square (RMS) noise level is the standard
measure of noise. The RMS noise level of a contiguous segment of
a spectrum is the RMSD between the absorbance values that form
the segment and the mean value of the segment (see Appendix A).
G.2 Calculations
G.2.1 Evacuate the absorption cell or fill it with UPC
grade nitrogen at approximately one atmosphere total pressure.
G.2.2 Record two single beam spectra of signal integration
period tss.
G.2.3 Form the double beam absorption spectrum from these
two single beam spectra, and calculate the noise level RMSsm ^n
the M analytical regions.
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EPA PTIR Protocol
APPENDIX H
DETERMINING SAMPLE ABSORPTION PATHLENGTH (LQ) AND
FRACTIONAL ANALYTICAL UNCERTAINTY (FAUJ
H.I General
Reference spectra recorded at absorption pathlength (L«) ,
gas pressure (PR) , and gas absolute temperature (TR) may be used
to determine analyte concentrations in samples whose spectra are
recorded at conditions different from that of the reference
spectra, i.e., at absorption pathlength (Ls) , absolute
temperature (Ts) , and pressure (Ps) . Appendix H describes the
calculations for estimating the fractional uncertainty (FAU) of
this practice. It also describes the calculations for
determining the sample absorption pathlength from comparison of
CTS spectra, and for preparing spectra for further instrumental
and procedural checks .
H.I.I Before sampling, determine the sample absorption
pathlength using least squares analysis. Determine the ratio
LS/LR by comparing the spectral sets {Rl} and {R3}, which are
recorded using the same CTS at LS and LR, and TS and TR, but both
at PR.
H.I. 2 Determine the fractional analysis uncertainty (FAU)
for each analyte by comparing a scaled CTS spectral set, recorded
at Ls, TS, and Pg, to the CTS reference spectra of the same gas,
recorded at LR, TR, and PR. Perform the quantitative comparison
after recording the sample spectra, based on band areas of the
spectra in the CTS absorbance band associated with each analyte.
H.2 Calculations
H.2.1 Absorption Pathlength Determination. Perform and
document separate linear baseline corrections to each analytical
region in the spectral sets {Rl} and {R3}. Form a one-
dimensional array AR containing the absorbance values from all
segments of {Rl} that are associated with the analytical regions;
the members of the array are ARi, i - l, n. Form a similar one-
dimensional array Ao from the absorbance values in the spectral
set {R3}; the members of the array are Asi, i - l, n. Based on
the model A~ - rAR + B, determine the least -squares estimate of
r' , the value or r which minimizes the square error E .
Calculate the sample absorption pathlength Lg - r'(Ts/TR)LR.
H 2.2 Fractional Analysis Uncertainty- Perform and
document separate linear baseline corrections to each analytical
reqion in the spectral sets {Rl} and {R4}. Form the arrays Ag
and AD as described in Section H.2.1, using values from {Rl} to
form X, and values from {R4} to form Ag. Calculate the values
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EPA PTIR Protocol
liimial- 1 A 1 QQC
Page 30
NRMSE =
§
-I^II^II^IA,
R; v CR
(9)
and
TA -
IAAV ~ T
(10)
The fractional analytical uncertainty is defined as
FAU =
NEWS,
IA
•AV
(11)
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SPA PTIR Protocol
APPENDIX I
DETERMINING FRACTIONAL MODEL UNCERTAINTIES (FMU)
I . 1 General
To prepare analytical programs for FTIR analyses, the sample
constituents must first be assumed; the calculations in this
appendix, based upon a simulation of the sample spectrum, verify
the appropriateness of these assumptions. The simulated spectra
consist of the sum of single compound reference spectra scaled to
represent their contributions to the sample absorbance spectrum;
scaling factors are based on the indicated standard
concentrations (ISC) and measured (sample) analyte and
interferant concentrations, the sample and reference absorption
pathlengths, and the sample and reference gas pressures. No
band- shape correction for differences' in the temperature of the
sample and reference spectra gases is made; such errors are
included in the FMU estimate. The actual and simulated sample
spectra are quantitatively compared to determine the fractional
model uncertainty; this comparison uses the reference spectra
band areas and residuals in the difference spectrum formed from
the actual and simulated sample spectra.
1.2 Calculations
1.2.1 For each analyte (with scaled concentration RSA^ ,
select a reference spectrum SA^ with indicated standard
concentration ISC^ Calculate the scaling factors
TR Ls Ps RSAi
^ TsLRPRISCi
and form the spectra SA.C± by scaling each SAt by the factor RA^
1.2.2 For each interferant, select a reference spectrum SIk
with indicated standard concentration ISCk. Calculate the
scaling factors
=
= TR Ls Ps
Ts LR PR ISC
and form the spectra SIC^ by scaling each SIk by the factor RIk.
I 2.3 For each analytical region, determine by visual
inspection which of the spectra SACi and SICk exhibit absorbance
bands within the analytical region. Subtract each spectrum SACi
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EPA PTIR Protocol Paqe 32
ln-M«»- 1 A 1
and SICfc exhibiting absorbance from the sample spectrum So to
form the spectrum SUBg. To save analysis time and to avoicf the
introduction of unwanted noise into the subtracted spectrum, it
is recommended that the calculation be made (l) only for those
spectral data points within the analytical regions, and (2) for
each analytical region separately using the original spectrum Sg.
1.2.4 For each analytical region m, calculate the RMSD of
SUBg between the absorbance values and their mean in the region
FFUm to FFI^. Denote the result by RMSSm.
1.2.5 For each analyte i, calculate the quantity
RMSS_ ( FFU_ - FFL_ \ AIL DL±
FM_ = - 5_i - 2 — ^V - i - i (14)
^" AAI< RSA,
for each analytical region associated with the analyte.
1.2.6 If only the mtn analytical region is used to
calculate the concentration of the itn analyte, set
1.2.7 If a number of analytical regions are used to
calculate the concentration of the ith analyte, set FMi equal to
the weighted mean of the appropriate FM^j values calculated above.
Mathematically, if the set of analytical regions employed is
{m' } , then
ik Vc (15)
ke(m')
where Wik is calculated as described in Appendix D.
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EPA PTIR Protocol Paqe 33
ing,,-* 1A IQQfi . 3
APPENDIX J
DETERMINING OVERALL CONCENTRATION UNCERTAINTIES (OCU)
The calculations in previous sections and appendices
estimate the measurement uncertainties for various FTIR
measurements. The lowest possible overall concentration
uncertainty (OCU) for an analyte is its MAU value, which is an
estimate of the absolute concentration uncertainty when spectral
noise dominates the measurement error. However, if the product
of the largest fractional concentration uncertainty (FRU, FCU,
FAU, or FMU) and the measured concentration of an analyte exceeds
the MAU for the analyte, then the OCU is this product. In
mathematical terms, set OFUi - MAX^RU^ FCUif FAUif FMU.^} and
= MAX{RSAOFU
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EPA PTIR Protocol
Paap
^
APPENDIX K
SPECTRAL DE- RESOLUTION PROCEDURES
K.I General.
High resolution reference spectra can be converted into
lower resolution standard spectra for use in quantitative
analysis of sample spectra. This is accomplished by truncating
the number of data points in the original reference sample and
background interf erograms .
De- resolved spectra must meet the following requirements to
be used in quantitative analysis.
(a) The resolution must match the instrument sampling
resolution. This is verified by comparing a de- resolved CTS
spectrum to a CTS spectrum measured on the sampling instrument.
(b) The Fourier transformation of truncated interferograms
(and their conversion to absorbance spectra) is performed using
the same apodization function (and other mathematical
corrections) used in converting the sample interferograms into
absorbance spectra.
K . 2 Procedures
This section details three alternative procedures using two
different commercially available software packages. A similar
procedures using another software packages is acceptable if it is
based on truncation of the original reference interferograms and
the results are verified by Section K.3.
K.2.1 KVB/Analect Software Procedure - The following
example converts a 0.25 cm'1 100 ppm ethylene spectrum (cts0305a)
to 1 cm"1 resolution. The 0.25 cm"1 CTS spectrum was collected
during the EPA reference spectrum program on March 5, 1992. The
original data (in this example) are in KVB/Analect FX-70 format.
(i) decamp cts0305a.aif, 0305dres, 1, 16384, 1
ndecomp" converts cts0305a to an ASCII file with name
0305dres. The resulting ASCII interf erogram file is truncated to
16384 data points. Convert background interf erogram
(bkg0305a.aif ) to ASCII in the same way.
(ii) compose 0305dres, 0305dres.aif ,1
"Compose" transforms truncated interferograms back to spectral
format.
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SPA PTIR Protocol
(iii) IG2SP 0305dres.aif,0305dre8.dsf,3,l,low on'1, high cm'1
"IG2SP" converts interferogram to a single beam spectrum
using Norton-Beer medium apodization, 3, and no zero filling, 1.
De- resolved interferograms should be transformed using the same
apodization and zero filling that will be used to collect sample
spectra. Choose the desired low and high frequencies, in cm'1.
Transform the background interferogram in the same way.
(iv) DVDR 0305dres.dBf,bkg0305a.dsf,0305dres.dlf
"DVDR" ratios the transformed sample spectrum against the
background.
(v) ABSB 0305dres.dlf ,0305dres.dlf
"ABSB" converts the spectrum to absorbance.
The resolution of the resulting spectrum should be verified
by comparison to a CTS spectrum collected at the nominal
resolution. Refer to Section K.3.
K.2.2 Alternate KVB/Analect Procedure -- In either DOS
(FX-70) or Windows version (FX-80) use the "Extract" command
directly on the interferogram.
(i) EXTRACT CTS0305a.aif,0305dres.aif,l, 16384
"Extract" truncates the interferogram to data points from to
16384 (or number of data points for desired nominal resolution) .
Truncate background interferogram in the same way.
(ii) Complete steps (iii) to (v) in Section K.2.1.
K.2.3 Grams™ Software Procedure - Grams™ is a software
package that displays and manipulates spectra from a variety of
instrument manufacturers. 32lis procedure assumes familiarity
with basic functions of Grams™.
This procedure is specifically for using Grams to truncate
and transform reference interferograms that have been imported
into Grams from the KVB/Analect format. Table K-l shows data
files and parameter values that are used in the following
procedure.
The choice of all parameters in the ICOMPUTE.AB call of step
3 below should be fixed to the shown values, with the exception
of the "Apodization" parameter. This parameter should be set
(for both background and sample single beam conversions) to the
type of apodization function chosen for the de- resolved spectral
library.
TABLE K-l. GRAMS DATA FILES AND DE - RESOLUTION PARAMETERS.
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BPA PTIR Protocol
iA iaac
Page 36
Desired Nominal Spectral
Resolution (cm"1)
0.25
0.50
1.0
2.0
Data File Name
Z00250.sav
ZOOSOO.sav
Z01000 .sav
Z02000.sav
Parameter "N"
Value
65537
32769
16385
8193
(i) Import using "File/Import1
all open data slots.
the desired *.aif file. Clear
(ii) Open the resulting *.spc interferogram as file #1.
(iii) Xflip - If the x-axis is increasing from left to right,
and the ZPD burst appears near the left end of the trace, omit
this step.
In the "Arithmetic/Calc" menu item input box, type the text
below. Perform the calculation by clicking on "OK" (once only),
and, when the calculation is complete, click the "Continue"
button to proceed to step (iv) . Note the comment in step (iii)
regarding the trace orientation.
xflip:*8.*s(*0,*N)+50
(iv) Run ICOMPDTB.AB from "Arithmetic/Do Program" menu.
Ignore the "subscripting error," if it occurs.
The following menu choices should be made before execution
of the program (refer to Table K-l for the correct choice of
"N":)
First: N
Zero Fill: None
Phasing: User
Points: 1024
Calculate
Last: 0 Type: Single Beam
Apodization: (as desired)
Interpolation: Linear
Phase
(v) As in step (iii) , in the "Arithmetic/Calc" menu item
enter and then run the following commands (refer to Table l for
appropriate "FILB," which may be in a directory other than
"c:\mdgrams.")
setffp 7898.8805, 0 t loadspc Mc:\mdgrams\ FILB" : #2-#s+#2
(vi) Use "Page Dp" to activate file #2, and then use the
"File/Save As" menu item with an appropriate file name to save
the result.
K.3 Verification of New Resolution
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EPA PTIR Protocol
1A IQQfi
K.3.1 Obtain interferograms of reference sample and
background spectra. Truncate interferograms and convert to
absorbance spectra of desired nominal resolution.
K.3.2 Document the apodization function, the level of zero
filling, the number of data points, and the nominal resolution of
the resulting de- resolved absorbance spectra. Use the identical
apodization and level of zero filling when collecting sample
spectra.
K.3.3 Perform the same de- resolution procedure on CTS
interferograms that correspond with the reference spectra
(reference CTS) to obtain de- resolved CTS standard spectra (CTS
standards) . Collect CTS spectra using the sampling resolution
and the FTIR system to be used for the field measurements (test
CTS) . If practical, use the same pathlength, temperature, and
standard concentration that were used for the reference CTS.
Verify, by the following procedure that CTS linewidths and
intensities are the same for the CTS standards and the test CTS.
K.3.4 After applying necessary temperature and pathlength
corrections (document these corrections) , subtract the CTS
standard from the test CTS spectrum. Measure the RMSD in the
resulting subtracted spectrum in the analytical region(s) of the
CTS band(s) . Use the following equation to compare this RMSD to
the test CTS band area. The ratio in equation 7 must be no
greater than 5 percent (0.05).
j x n(FFUi -
- cose
RMSS-RMSD in the itn analytical region in subtracted result, test
CTS minus CTS standard.
n-number of data points per cm"1. Exclude zero filled points.
FFU- &-The upper and lower limits (cm"1), respectively, of the
FFL^ analytical region.
Atest.CTS.band area in the ith analytical region of the test CTS.
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