EPA 908/4-77-007
                         OIL SHALE RESEARCH OVERVIEW
                                   MAY 1977






                                REVIEW REPORT








                        ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY



                         ROCKY MOUNTAIN PRAIRIE REGION



                                DENVER, COLORADO

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       OIL SHALE RESEARCH OVERVIEW
                   by
             Charles 0.  Hook-
         Cameron Engineers, Inc.
         Denver, Colorado  80210
               68-01-4337
             Project Officer

        William N. McCarthy, Jr.
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
     Environmental Protection Agency
          Washington, DC  20460
               Prepared  For
         EPA  Oil  Shale Workgroup
   Terry L. Thoem,  Project  Coordinator
             EPA  Region  VIII
         Denver,  Colorado  80203

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                          PREFACE

     This report has been reviewed by EPA,  Region VIII,  and
approved for publication.  Approval  does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and  policies of the
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for us.
     This report is envisioned as a working document.  Comments
from the reader are welcomed and invited for use in revisions
and updates.  Please send comments to:
                       Cameron Engineers, Inc.
                       Department of Management Services
                       1315 S. Clarkson Street
                       Denver, Colorado  80210

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                         CONTENTS








  I.   INTRODUCTION                             1-1



 II.   GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH          II-1



III.   WATER RESEARCH                         III-l



 IV.   ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH                    IV-1



  V.   LAND AND REVEGETATION RESEARCH           V-l



 VI.   HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH                 VI-1



VII.   MISCELLANEOUS OIL SHALE RESEARCH       VII-1

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                      I.   INTRODUCTION

     The EPA intra-agency Oil  Shale Workgroup was organized in 1974
in order to ensure coordination of all EPA oil shale environmental
research programs.  An outgrowth of this objective has been the
communication and interaction with a multitude of local, state, and
federal agencies; the oil shale industry; universities; and the
public.  In order to inform those persons interested in and
knowledgeable of oil shale development and related environmental
research, an attempt has been made to compile a listing of oil
shale research programs.
     This precis is intended to provide an overview of the oil
shale research, both current and recently completed.  It does not
pretend to address all federally sponsored research, but it does
provide an indication of areas of emphasis.   Likewise, some of
the funding levels shown are estimates or approximations and are,
therefore, indicators of relative cost of research and development.
The total funding level  cited in this paper is $36,777,191.
     A breakdown of funding levels and number of projects in the
areas of 1) general  environmental research,  2) water research,
3) atmospheric research,  4) land and revegetation research,
5) health effects research, and 6) miscellaneous oil shale
research is shown in Table 1.   Sections II through VII provide the
interested reader with information on-the funding level, purpose,
and principal contact for projects identified in the six general
categroies listed previously.
                             1-1

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                                  TABLE 1


                                   NUMBER  OF                FUNDING LEVEL
AREA OF RESEARCH                   PROJECTS                    CITED

General                               18                      $ 5,448,704

Water                                 34                        3,678,157

Atmospheric                           21                        2,733,052

Land and Revegetation                   7                        1,535,170

Health                                26                        3,803,000

Miscellaneous                         42                       19,579,108


TOTAL                                148                      $36,777,191
                                    1-2

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                II.  GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
     This section lists ongoing and completed research that focuses on
more than one element of the environment.  The level  of funding of pro-
jects cited in this section amounts to $5,448,704.
EPA, NSF, ERDA, FEA - Characterization of Contaminants in Oil  Shale
     Residuals and the Potential for their Management to Meet Environ-
     mental Quality Standards

               Determine the amount and kind of organic components in
               carbonaceous spent shale and the effects of these com-
               ponents on regional environmental quality.  The research
               includes an investigation of the potential effects on
               regional environmental quality of solubilization and
               leaching by ground and runoff water, volatilization of
               potential air pollutants, contaminants present in air-
               borne carbonaceous particulate matter from oil  shale
               processing operations and compounds formed by auto-oxida-
               tion of organic compounds volatilized from the waste and
               its subsequent transfer into air.  A final report is due
               in spring, 1977.

               Denver Research Institute
               Josef J. Schmidt-Collerus
               2199 S. University Blvd
               Denver, Colorado  80210
               (303) 753-1964

                               ****

EPA/USDA - Assessment of Impacts of Mining and Airborne Pollutants on
           Forest, Range, and Related Freshwater Ecosystems

$583,000       Coordinated studies by Forest Service research scientists
               are underway at several locations in the Northern Great
               Plains and Southwest USA, conducted by:  Director, Rocky
               Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 240 West
               Prospect Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521; Director,
               Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 507
               25th Street, Ogden, Utah 84401; Director, Forest Environ-
               ment Research Staff, 12th and Independence Avenue SW,
               Washington, D. C. 20250.  The work will  (1) assess quality
               of water in water bodies in strip-mined areas as it re-
               lates to habitat for aquatic organisms and wildlife
               species associated with these water bodies; (2) assess
               technologies for redepositing and stabilizing mine spoils
               to include identification of technologies that will keep
               water quality within acceptable limits for aquatic or-
               ganisms and associated wildlife species;  (3) assess effects
                              II-l

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               of mining-related transportation systems on water, air,
               soil, plant, animal, and esthetic resources; and  (4) deve-
               lop an operational technical information system for rec'a:
               mation of lands affected by mining.  Completion date:   iy/g.

               R. Z. Calaham - USDA

               Forest Environmental Research
               Forest Service
               12th and Independence Avenue SW
               Washington, D. C.  20250
                               ****
 EPA  -  Yellow Jacket Project

 $25,000        This project is an aquatic terrestrial ecosystem study
               on the White River.  Since 1961, the Bureau of Reclamation -
               Upper Colorado Region has been studying the feasibility of
               different water supply plans for a 4,000 square mile area
               in northwestern Colorado known as the Yellow Jacket Conser-
               vation District.  This conservation district encompasses
               the-White River drainage basin within Colorado and the ad-
               jacent Milk Creek drainage.   Portions of the Piceance Creek
               basin area's oil shale formation and the Danforth Hills
               bituminous coal deposits lie within its boundaries.  The
               Yellow Jacket project is a potential source of water for
               oil shale development, being designated to provide water
               for municipal,  industrial, domestic, and agricultural
               uses.  A progress report was issued in April 1976 and
               amended in November 1976.  If this plan is eventually
               adopted, its projected cost, including interest during a
               five-year construction period, would be $96,820,000 (basis:
               January 1976 dollars).

               Terry Thoem - EPA, Region VII, (303) 837-5914

               U.S.  Bureau of Reclamation
               Western Colorado Project Office
               P. 0. Box 1728
               Grand Junction, Colorado  81501

                               ****

EPA - Identification of Components of Energy-Related Wastes and Effluents

$144,000        The long term objective of the proposed research is to
               identify substances in wastes and effluents  from energy-
               related processes.  Information developed  from  this program
               will  assist researchers who  are concerned  with  control  tech-
               nology and monitoring techniques and the health and


                                11-2

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               ecological  effects  of such  energy-related pollution.   The
               proposed work is  divided into  three  phases.   Phase A  con-
               sists  of a  state-of-the-art summary  and work  planning which
               constitutes contacting EPA  personnel  to determine which
               energy-related solid waste  and aqueous  effluents  have been
               analyzed for the  purpose of identifying and measuring pollu-
               tants  and which current contracts  and projects  will  provide
               further identification.  It will  also consist of  judging
               the reliability of  existing information and  the probability
               of accumulation of  adequate data  from current contracts and
               projects using pre-selected criteria.  This  information will
               be collated and summarized  in  a report  for EPA.   The  report
               will  identify gaps  in existing and probable  future data on
               chemical elements and volatile organic  compound in solid
               wastes and  aqueous  effluents from  coal  mines, oil  refineries,
               oil-shale processors, coal-fired  power  plants,  coal  lique-
               faction and coal  gasification  plants.  Phase  B  consists of
               selecting sampling  sites based on  the recommendations from
               the report  prepared in Phase A.  The  specific aims of Phase
               C consist of:  (a)  development and setup of  analytical
               protocol, (b) qualitative and  quantitative analyses  for
               elements and organics in aqueous  and  solid wastes from the
               selected energy-related processes, and  (c) the  interpreta-
               tion and collation  of data  obtained.   Completion  date:
               February, 1977.

               Ann L. A!ford
               EPA, Environmental  Research Laboratory
               College Station Road
               Athens, Georgia  30601
               (404)  546-3186

               Research Triangle Institute
               Dr. E. D. Pellizzari
               P. 0.  Box 12194
               Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina   27709

                               ****

EPA - Environmental  Impact of Oil  Shale Development

$460,000       The major objectives of this project include  the  acquisition
 (FY75)        of the necessary background data  on the principal industrial
$412,000       shale  recovery processes and U. S. shale resources,  a com-
 (FY76)        parative assessment of their environmental acceptability  and
$193,000       an evaluation of technologies  available for the control  of
 (FY77)        air, water, and solid waste emissions.   Shale oil production
               requires cheap, large-scale materials handling methods at all
               stages of mining, retorting, and  retorted shale disposal;
               maximum heat economy in retorting and upgrading;  and minimum
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                water  and  power  consumption.  A  number of  processing  se-
                quences  are  available,  each with  its own accompanying
                environmental  impacts.  The evaluation and assessment
                program  involves  six  tasks:   (1)  Project Management,  (2J_
                Oil  Shale  and  Recovery  Process Characterization,  (3)  Engi-
                neering  Analysis  and  Problem  Definition, (4)  Field Jesting
                and  Laboratory Analysis,  (5)  Environmental  Evaluation,  and
                (6)  Evaluation of Existing Environmental Control  Technology.
                This project will  provide a basis for the  establishment of
                rational design,  management,  and  monitoring procedures  to
                mitigate unavoidable  adverse  environmental  impacts.  Jhe
                type and magnitude of these impacts should  be determined
                prior  to the development of a full-scale oil  shale  industry.
                Project  duration  is from May, 1975, to May, 1978.

                Thomas Powers  - Cincinnati, Ohio  (513) 684-4402

                TRW Environmental Engineering Division
                J. E.  Cotter,  Principal Investigator
                One Space  Park
                Redondo Beach, California 90278

                Denver Research Institute
                C. Prien
                2199 S. University Blvd.
                Denver, Colorado 80120
                                ****
EPA - Cost Effectiveness Pollution Control Studies for Oil Shale Develop-
      ment Scenarios

$  217,000     Contract has been undergoing renegotiation early in 1977.
  (FY77)
               TRW
               One Space Park
               Redondo Beach, California 90278
                                ****
EPA - Program Support for Synthetic Fuels

$42,700        Determine environmental  impacts from coal and oil shale
               development of synthetic fuels.  Completion date:  December,
               1975.

               Radian Corporation
               8500  Shoe!  Creek Blvd.
               Austin,  Texas  75758
                                ****
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EPA - Technology Assessment of Western Energy Resource Development

$1,297,504     Develop environmental  control  policies and implementation
               strategies for mitigating the adverse impacts of western
               energy resource development.   Completion date:   June 30,
               1978.

               Steve Plotkin - EPA, ORD, Washington, D.C. (202) 755-0646

               University of Oklahoma
               Norman, Oklahoma  73069
                               ****
EPA - Impacts of Synthetic Liquid Fuels Development

$280,000       To assess the impact of development of synthetic liquid
               fuels from oil shale.  Resource requirements, net energy
               analysis, legal mechanisms for access to oil  shale resources,
               financing of the industry, government incentive policies,
               local and national economic impacts, environmental impacts,
               air pollution control, water resources, water pollution con-
               trol, population growth, and boom-town effects are studied.
               A final report was issued entitled "Impacts of Synthetic
               Fuel Development" EPA #600/7-76-004a and b.

               William N. McCarthy - EPA, ORD, OEMI (202) 755-2737

               Stanford Research Institute
               Dr. Ed. Dickson
               333 Ravenswood Ave.
               Menlo Park, California  94025

                               ****

EPA - Energy-Related Radiological Monitoring Quality Assurance

$102,800       The objectives are to develop and maintain a quality assur-
               ance program which continuously meets the needs of those
               laboratories having responsibility for radiation monitoring
               in the environs of nuclear reactors and nuclear and fossil
               fuel extraction and processing facilities.  This includes
               the distribution of calibrated samples and reference mate-
               rials, cross-check studies, instrument development, and
               the publication of instrument quality control procedures
               and pertinent guidelines.  An ongoing radioactive standards
               calibration and distribution program and a laboratory inter-
               comparison studies program have been in operation at EMSL-LV
               since 1972 and are continuing on schedule.  However, moni-
               toring of the exploration, development, and utilization of
               energy sources will require a continual and expanded need


                              II-5

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               for both naturally  occurring  and  man-made radionuclides
               for use in the preparation  of standard  reference materials,
               standard reference  samples, and intercomparison studies.
               Standard reference  materials,  calibrated  samples, and
               guidelines required for  the analysis  of samples obtained
               by monitoring  activities  in the vicinity  of nuclear faci-
               lities, fossil  fuel  extraction and  utilization activities,
               and geothermal  sites will continue  to be  made available.
               A "state-of-the-art" beta counting  system has been designed,
               constructed,  is operational and is  in the final testing
               stages.  Guidelines describing calibration and quality
               control procedures  for radiation  monitoring using gamma
               spectroscopy  and liquid  scintillation counting have been
               prepared.   An  IAG was negotiated  with NBS for the produc-
               tion of 300 radium-228 standards  and  for  studies to assure
               our continued  traceability measurements to the NBS.

               G. B.  Morgan  -  EPA, EMSL, Las  Vegas,  Nevada (702) 736-2969

               EPA, Environmental  Monitoring  and Support Laboratory
               A. N.  Jarvis,  Quality Assurance Branch
               P. 0.  Box  15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
                               ****
EPA - Potential  Radioactive  Pollutants  Resulting  from  the  Expanded Program:
      Quality Assurance  Aspects

$49,700        The  objective is  to  identify  and document the potential
               radioactive pollutants that could  result from the expanded
               program and for which quality assurance programs  must be
               provided.  The research  approach is  to  gather data on con-
               ventional  and nuclear energy  system  facilities and opera-
               tions, on  the radionuclides in conventional  and nuclear
               fuels and  the releases of  these radionuclides to  the envi-
               ronment;  to examine  the  pathways of  these radionuclides  to
               human exposures;  and to  compute the  potential amount of  the
               various radionuclide releases and  associated hazards for a
               few  selected  plausible alternative expanded energy programs.
               The  energy systems for which  radionuclide releases will  be
               assessed,  from resource  extraction to  final  waste disposal,
               include coal,  shale  oil, geotherma], and various  nuclear
               systems.   The project duration is  from  January 16, 1976, to
               November  30,  1976.

               Paul A. Jarvis -  EPA, Washington,  D.C.  (202)  557-5076

               Stanford  Research Institute
               Robert M.  Rodden
               333  Ravenswood Ave.
               Menlo Park, California   94025
                               ****
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EPA - Program Support in Environmental Assessment and Control Technology
      Development for Advanced Fossil Fuels

$432,000       The overall objective of this project is to provide tech-
               nical and administrative support to the EPA Office of
               Energy, Minerals and  Industry in carrying out its respon-
               sibilities as lead agency for environmental research on
               energy processes.  In particular, support is being given
               in the areas of environmental assessment and control tech-
               nology development for advanced fossil fuels conversion
               techniques, including high and low BTU coal gasification,
               coal liquifaction, residual  oil gasification, oil shale
               retorting and certain problems of oil refining.  Specific
               objectives include maintaining and updating a document on
               environmental problems and research and development pro-
               grams, producing and maintaining a system for describing
               R&D options and setting priorities among the options,
               providing administrative and technical support for the
               interagency Advanced Fossil  Fuels Sector Group and various
               short term assignments, such as professional meeting re-
               porting, review of research plans, and consultation on
               specific technical problems.

               William N. McCarthy - EPA, Washington, D.C. (202) 755-2737

               Cameron Engineers, Inc.
               Thayer E. Masoner
               1315 S. Clarkson
               Denver, Colorado  80210
               (303) 777-2525

                              ****

ERDA/(EPA pass-through funds to Oak Ridge National Lab) - 150-Ton Retort
     Simulated Power Plant Burn

$50,000        Approximately 2,000 gallons of oil produced from the Laramie
               Energy Research Center 150-ton retort are to be dried to
               remove the water and washed to remove ash, then shipped to
               the Pittsburgh Energy Research Center.  Combustion tests in
               the 100-hp boiler will be conducted.  Off-gas analyses for
               oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, sulfur
               dioxide, hydrocarbon, and total particulates will be made.
               The wash water will be analyzed at LERC.  This wash water
               will possibly be used in a pilot scale water treatment
               plant.  The oil has been dried and washed and shipped to
               PERC; the burn is expected spring, 1977.

               Dr. Richard Poulson, Manager
               Environmental Sciences
               Laramie Energy Research Center
               P. 0. Box 3395
               Laramie, WY  82071

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               Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
               ERDA,  Mr.  Daniel  Bienstock

                               ****

ERDA - Analysis of the Environmental  Control  Technology for Oil Shale
       Development

$52,000        Assessment of program levels in oil  shale control techno-
               logy.   Emphasis will be placed on overlapping areas of
               development.  Completion date:  September 30, 1977.

               Charles Grua - ERDA, Division  of Environmental Control
                              Technology, Washington, D.C.

               University of Utah
               Noel Denevers
               Department of Chemical Engineering
               Salt Lake City, Utah  84112
               (801)  581-6024

                               ****

ERDA - Development of a Chemical, Stability,  and Transport Model of Oil
       Shale Process  Wastes in Soil

$50,000        The purpose of this study is to investigate and model the
               source, transport, and physical and chemical reactions,
               stability, and fate of oil shale process wastes.  This in-
               cludes overburden leachates, retort waste water, mine de-
               watering salines, and prerefining wastes.  Batch and column
               studies will be used to measure the equilibrium and kinetic
               parameters which control the fate and transport of the oil
               shale wastes'and leachates through typical soil systems of
               the oil shale regions.  A computer simulation program will
               be developed to predict pollutant transport through these
               soils.  Additionally, the study will include identification
               and characterization of power site chemical wastes and mea-
               surement techniques for the soil reaction model input para-
               meters.  Both kinetic and equilibrium reaction data will be
               obtained and used to expand the equilibrium model to account
               for nonequilibrium reactions.   The reaction model will be
               verified using wastes typical  of those generated by actual
               power plants with soil column studies.  Further, the model
               will be useful in evaluating various disposal alternatives
               for these wastes.  Completion date:  June, 1980.

               R. E. Franklin - ERDA, Biomedical & Environmental Research
                                Division
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               Battelle Memorial  Institute
               Ecosystems, R. C.  Routson
               P. 0.  Box 999
               Rich!and, Washington  99352

                              *•***

ERDA - Rock Springs Site 9 In Situ Environmental  Studies

               Off-gas  analyses have been performed for particulate and
               gaseous  composition.  A ground water monitoring system
               has measured pre-operational,  operational, and post-
               operational water quality levels.   Trace elements are
               being analyzed in both the air and water quality samples.
               All of the field work has been completed.  Most analyses
               have been completed, and a draft final  report is being
               written.  Scheduled completion date is  April, 1977.

               Dr. Richard Poulson, Manager,  Environmental Sciences, LERC

               ERDA, Larmie Energy Research Center
               P. 0. Box 3395
               Laramie, Wyoming  82071

                              ****

USBM - Technical and Economic Study of an Underground  Mining Rubbilization
       and In Situ Retorting System for Deep Oil  Shale Deposits

$75,000        Identifies the full range of processing and environmental
(FY74)         aspects  of an in situ development.  Final report has been
               issued.

$128,000       Steve Utter - USBM, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood,
(FY75)                       Colorado  80225

               Fenix &  Scisson, Inc.
               P. 0. Box 15609
               Tulsa, Oklahoma  74115

                              ****

NBS - Quality Assurance and Instrumentation in Air and Water Pollution
      Mining

$200,000*      In cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency
               (EPA) and other government agencies, the National Bureau
               of Standards (NBS) is developing methodology and Standard
               Materials for measuring the environmental effects resulting
               from increased energy production.   The NBS Analytical
               Chemistry Division is initiating research and development
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in the areas of reference materials, instrumentation, and
methods required for monitoring air and water quality
associated with energy production.  The research and
development leading to Standard Reference Materials (SRM),
instrumentation and methods are urgently needed for the mom'
toring of air and water quality associated with increased
energy development of many different types.  Due to the
current and future energy problems facing the U.S., it has
become imperative for the rapid development of the internal
energy capabilities of this country.  In order to maintain
an acceptable level of environmental pollution, the methods
devised for increased utilization of these internal energy
sources (e.g. petroleum, coal, uranium, geothermal) must be
adequately evaluated and monitored for effects on air and
water pollution.  In order to effectively carry out its
responsiblities in these areas, the EPA has requested the
assistance of the NBS Analytical Chemistry Division for
research and development of SRM's.  The overall approach
to be taken involves three (3) basic steps.  First, in
areas of well-defined pollution effects, the emphasis will
be on the development and certification of SRM's to enable
effective quantitation.  Examples of such well defined
pollution effects include gases in air pollution (e.g.,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide) and trace metals in water
pollution (e.g., mercury, arsenic, lead).  Second, in
areas of known effects but imperfect measurement methodo-
logy, research and development on analytical methods and
instrumentation will be undertaken.  Examples of these
areas include participates and trace organics in air and
water pollution.  Third, in areas of new or increased
energy production techniques (i.e., coal gasification and
liquefaction, uranium production, etc.), a series of work-
shops will be held to help define the current state-of-
the-art, and future requirements for analytical Reference
Materials and methodology for air and water pollution
measurements.  Appropriate Interagency Agreements became
effective on May 25, 1975.  Projects have been initiated.
A number of SRM's will be produced and certified.  Investi-
gations into the relevant raw materials, products and
residues from the various energy systems will be made.  A
series of workshops on the energy production processes and
their pollution potential will be held to determine SRM's
required.  Completion date:  June, 1979.

*Total funding is $715,000

Jerry R. McNesby - NBS

National Bureau of Standards
D. A. Becker, Recycled Oil, IMR
Washington,  D.C.  20234
                ****
               11-10

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                      III.   WATER RESEARCH
     This section lists government research applied to water and its  role
in oil  shale development.  The total  level  of funding appearing in this
section is $3,678,157.
EPA - Toxic Effects on the Aquatic Biota from Coal  and Oil  Shale
      Development

$ 40,000       Provide predictive information with  regard to potential
               toxicants to the aquatic environment resulting from coal
               and oil shale extraction and conversion.   Completion date:
               June, 1978.

               Don Mount - EPA, Duluth Lab

               Colorado State University
               NREL
               Fort Collins, Colorado  80523

                               ****

EPA - Water Quality Hydrology Affected by Oil Shale Development

$108,000       The development of oil shale deposits as  a viable energy
 (FY75)        source has the potential for significantly influencing
$ 50,396       the water quality hydrology of both  the Upper and Lower
 (FY76)        Colorado River Basins.  The specific objectives of this
               project are (1) to gather all available data pertinent
               to the present future assessment of  the water quality
               hydrology in the oil shale regions of the Upper Basin,
               (2) to summarize these data toward the identification of
               deficiencies, and (3) to develop and verify procedures
               for quantitative assessment of water quality.  Completion
               date:  June 14, 1977

               Eugene F. Harris - EPA, lERL-Cincinnati,  (513) 684-4417

               Dr. David B. McWhorter, Assistant Professor
               Department of Agricultural Engineering
               Colorado State University
               Fort Collins, Colorado  80523
                              ****
EPA - Groundwater Research Monitoring of Energy-Related Developments

$ 54,000       The objective is to direct the research and monitor the
               progress of contracts under this program.  Three groundwater


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               basins will be studied by applying theoretically developed
               monitoring strategies and the results developed into guide-
               lines for monitoring groundwater quality.  A contract has
               been signed with GE TEMPO for an oil shale mining and pro-
               cessing project in the Uinta Basin, Utah, and a strip coal
               mining area in the Powder River Basin.

               EPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
               Donald B. Gil more and Leslie G. McMillion
               P. 0. Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
               (702) 736-2969
                              ****
 EPA - Groundwater Basin Research Monitoring of Energy-Related Developments

 $1,379,525     The objective of this project is the development of a
               groundwater monitoring model and strategy that will be
               applicable to any strip coal mining and oil  shale mining
               and processing area.  Two groundwater basins will be in-
               tensively studied by applying a theoretically developed
               monitoring strategy and the results developed into a guide-
               line for monitoring groundwater quality in each of the
               areas.  Approximately 60 percent of the effort will cover
               groundwater in the strip coal mining area on the east
               flank of the Powder River Basin where there is mine-mouth
               power generation and railroad export.  There are proposed
               coal gasification and liquefaction projects as well as a
               pipeline slurry proposal.  The remaining 40 percent of the
               effort will be in the Uinta Basin, Utah, around Tracts U-a
               and U-b where there is a proposed mining and processing
               project.  Baseline data covering identification of all on-
               going monitoring and relevant groundwater information is
               ongoing.  A monitoring strategy is expected in the summer >
               of 1977 with immediate implementation.  Completion date:
               June, 1981.

               Leslie G. McMillion - EPA, EMSL, Las Vegas, Nevada
                                     (702) 736-2969

               General Electric - TEMPO
               Dr. Richard Tinlin
               P.  0. Drawer QQ
               Santa Barbara, California  93102
                              ****
EPA - Impacts of Oil  Shale Development on Colorado, Resources

$ 4,300        Identify the impact of oil shale development on water
               resources in western Colorado.   Final  report was issued
               in July, 1976.
                               III-2

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               Terry Thoem - EPA,  Region VIII,  (303)  837-5914

               University of Wisconsin
               Madison,  Wisconsin

                              ****

EPA/USGS - Surface Water Quality Monitoring in  Western Colorado

$ 50,000       Gather surface water quality data at four locations  on
               the White River, Parachute Creek, and  Logan Wash,  for a
               determination of water quality parameters.   This project
               started in July, 1975, and is on-going.

               Terry Thoem - EPA,  Region VIII,  (303)  837-5914

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado   80225
               (303) 234-5092

                              ****

EPA - Complete and Report Small-Basin Nonpoint  Source Water Quality
      Monitoring Technology Evaluation Study for Oil  Shale Development
      Area Surface Water Drainage System

$ 75,000       The objectives of this program are to  test, validate, and
 (FY76)        describe optimal water quality monitoring procedures and
$ 40,000       techniques for quantitatively assessing the contribution
 (FY77)        of nonpoint source pollutants in a stream segment poten-
               tially impaired by oil shale developmental  activities.
               Water quality sampling and measurement procedures consist
               of grab-sampling techniques, automatic pump-type samplers,
               and automated in situ electronic contact sensors.   Various
               biological sampling techniques and procedures are also
               being tested to establish techniques most appropriate for
               given monitoring purposes in a specific waterway.   This  is
               an ongoing project involving the field testing of a  proto-
               type surface water quality monitoring  design in the  oil
               shale area of eastern Utah.  A final report is scheduled
               to be prepared in June, 1977.

               Wes L. Kinney - EPA, EMSL, Las Vegas,  Nevada (702) 736-2969

               EPA, Environmental  Monitoring and Support Lab
               P. 0. Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114

                               ****
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EPA - Test Nonpoint Source Monitoring  Procedures  Previously  Developed in
      a Second and/or  Expanded Application.  Assess Applicability of
      Procedures  to other Nonpoint  Sources.

$ 30,000       This task provides for  continued field  testing  of the pre-
 (FY77)        viously developed monitoring  design  in  a  different study
$ 67,000       area or for an expanded effort  in  the same  river basin.
 (FY78)        Establishment of appropriate  monitoring and measurement
               procedures in a variety of watershed drainage basins  sub-
               jected  to various categories  of nonpoint  pollutants is a
               high priority agency research need.

               Wes  L.  Kinney - EPA, EMSL, Las  Vegas, Nevada  (702) 736-2969

               EPA, Environmental Monitoring and  Support Lab
               P.  0. Box 15027
               Las  Vegas, Nevada  89114
                               ****
EPA - Evaluate Application of Oil  Shale-Related  Nonpoint Source Monitoring
      Techniques to Other Nonpoint Source  Monitoring  Needs/Application

$ 10,000       The objective  is  to determine  applicability of monitoring
               design previously applied on prototype nonpoint source oil
               shale water quality monitoring project to other watersheds
               and other categories of nonpoint  source pollutants.   A
               multiyear National  Agency Strategy  for the control  of non-
               point source pollutants is  currently under development.
               Before control  measures can be effectively implemented a
               number of research  needs will  have  to  be satisfied  to pro-
               vide information  which  is currently lacking.  A high Agency
               oriority research need  addresses  the application of metho-
               dologies appropriate for characterization and quantifica-
               tion of water  pollution problems  produced by the various
               categories of  nonpoint  pollution  sources.  Included are
               establishment  of  methods for the  identification of  problem
               areas and the  identification and  quantification of  pollut-
               ants from given sources within each category.  Monitoring
               and measurement methods are currently  available for appli-
               cation to nonpoint  source pollution assessment and  charac-
               terization, but attention must be directed to the establish-
               ment of procedures  most appropriate for application to
               given monitoring  situations and purposes.  Interim  report
               will  be prepared  in September, 1977.

               Wes L.  Kinney  - EPA, EMSL,  Las Vegas,  Nevada (702)  736-2969

               EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring  and Support Laboratory
               P.  0.  Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114

                              ****

                              III-4

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EPA - Development of Techniques for Remote Monitoring of Organic Pollution
      in Surface Waters

$ 49,800       The ultimate objective of this program is to develop an
               active airborne monitoring system capable of providing
               quantitative data on the organic pollutional load of
               surface waters.  The principle employed is an extension
               of the laboratory technique of spectrofluorometry.   A
               water sample is irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light of
               a specific wavelength and intensity and the resultant
               fluorescence emission is then monitored using a monochro-
               mator-multichannel detector combination.  The fluorescence
               signal arises from dissolved organic materials both man-
               made and natural in origin rather than from the water itself
               which does not fluoresce.  However, the water molecule emits
               a Raman band which, for very dilute aqueous solutions of
               organics, has a constant amplitude for given intensity of
               excitation radiation.  This water Raman emission band can
               therefore be conveniently employed as a built-in reference
               source with which to compare the amplitude of the concurrent
               fluorescence emission.  The normalized amplitude of the
               signal then provides information concerning the concentration
               of the dissolved organics.  A number of reports have been
               published recently which indicate that this UV induced
               fluorescence emission is proportional to the Total  Organic
               Carbon (TOC) value.  It is planned to explore this relation-
               ship in more detail with the purpose of establishing a
               firm value for a correlation coefficient.  Based on the
               findings of this correlation study, an airborne laser-
               fluorosensor will be designed, built, and tested.  This
               system will have the capability of continuously monitoring
               and recording the TOC value for the surface water below the
               aircraft.  Project duration is from FY75 to FY78.

               EPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
               Michael Bristow
               Remote Monitoring Methods
               Remote Sensing Division
               P. 0. Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
               (702) 736-2969
                               ****
EPA - Energy-Related Water Monitoring Data Integration

$152,000       The objectives are to establish a water monitoring net
               throughout the western states to monitor and assess the
               impact of energy resource development.  Through the use
               of computer data banks, primarily STORET, water monitoring
                               III-5

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              stations that are currently  in operation,  back  past  1970,
              and have reported a large number of measured  parameters
              were selected for incorporation into a primary  monitoring
              net.  Parameters of interest were  identified  and  a quality
              assurance program is being established in  participating
              laboratories.  Historical data have been reviewed and
              baseline water quality conditions  are being established.
              Preparation of a Western Energy Resources  Atlas is being
              accomplished in conjunction  with a similar effort on air
              monitoring.  Data from the primary net stations are  being
              augmented with data from other stations.   An  assessment of
              baseline water quality, trends, and impacts on  a  basin by
              basin basis is underway-  As data  gaps, either  desired
              parameters, sampling frequency, or additional stations are
              identified, actions will be  taken with appropriate EPA
              Regional Offices or other governmental agencies to correct
              them.   The primary net will  be updated periodically  and
              extended into areas not presently  addressed.  Project
              duration is from FY75 to FY80.

              Victor  W. Lambou - EPA, EMSL, Las  Vegas, Nevada

              EPA, Environmental Monitoring and  Support  Laboratory
              Robert  Thomas
              Water and Land Quality Branch
              P.  0. Box 15027
              Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
               (702) 736-2969
                             ****
EPA/ERDA -  Instrumentation and Methods for Characterizing Aqueous  Effluents
           from Oil  Shale Sources

$ 60,000       Plans  to  develop a large scale oil shale processing tech-
               nology in the Green River formation must include  surveilance
               of  related effluents.  This project focuses on  the  devel-
               opment of methods for the chemical characterization of
               aqueous effluents associated with the  retorting processes;
               attention is being given principally to organic and trace
               metal  components.  Organic components  are being analyzed
               by  several methods under development.  First, major organic
               components are analyzed directly by gas chromatography with
               no  sample pretreatment.  Minor and trace organic  components
               are removed from the samples by adsorption on activated
               carbon, neutral macroreticular resins  and ion exchange
               resins.   Profiling of components is carried out using gas
               chromatographic methods employing standard and  specific
               element detectors.  Fractionation of the organic  mixture
               is  followed by identification and quantification  of some
                               III-6

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               nitrogenous  bases.   Trace metals  will  be  determined  simul-
               taneously by spark  source mass  spectrometry.   Samples  of
               retort product water were obtained  from  the  Lnramie  Energy
               Research Center.  Activated carbon  extraction  is  being
               carried out  on this and other aqueous  samples  from a coal
               conversion process  to gain some detailed  knowledge of
               extraction efficiencies for compound classes  using this
               technique.  When  the extraction procedure is  sufficiently
               developed, instrumentation for  automation of  this  step
               will  be developed concomitantly with chemical  character-
               ization studies.

               Hodge R. Wasson - ERDA

               Oak Ridge National  Laboratory
               Bruce R. Clark
               Analytical Chemistry Division
               P. 0. Box X
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee  37830
                               ****
EPA/USGS - Development of Instrumentation and Techniques  for Measuring
           Sediment-Laden Streams

$270,000       The objectives of this project are to develop, test,  and
 (FY75)        field evaluate flumes, weirs, and other devices and means
               suitable for measuring sediment and debris-laden flows,  to
$195,000       develop an in situ instrumentation system  capable of mea-
 (FY76)        suring the mass concentration of sediment  in water, to
               develop an acceptable sampler(s) for measuring the discharge
               of bedload sediment particles so as to permit the effects
               of energy development, particularly mining activities, on
               streams to be monitored.   Flumes, weirs, and other types of
               control structures are being developed, tested, and field
               evaluated in the areas of oil shale and coal mining.   Photo-
               graphic techniques are being investigated.  A literature
               search will  be made of commercially available suspended
               solids sensors compatible with the objective.  One or two
               instruments  will be selected for comprehensive laboratory
               tests.  An automatic sampling and data-logging system to
               operate in conjunction with the optimum sensor will then
               be designed.  The complete package will be tested first
               under simulated field conditions.  Promising direct-measuring
               bedload samplers will be calibrated to define their
               efficiencies under various conditions.  The effects of
               such things  as particle size, transport rate, bed form,
               hydraulic condition, sampler orientation,  and degree of
               filling on sampler efficiency will be ascertained.
               Appropriate  samplers will be modified and/or new samplers
               developed and subsequently tested and calibrated to
                               III-7

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               provide  improved operation.  Experimental weirs  and  flumes
               have  been  installed on the Belle Fouche River  in Wyoming,
               on  Piceance Creek in Colorado, and on a tributary of the
               North  Fork of the Kentucky River, Kentucky.  The state  of
               the art  in photographic techniques that might  be applied
               to  the problem of flow measurement is being assessed.   Al-
               though the equipment survey is only partially  complete, a
               Dynatrol density gage is being tested.  One of the bedload
               samplers of primary interest is the Helley-Smith sampler,
               which  is a pressure-difference-type sampler that has been
               used  recently by several investigators.  Completion  date:
               April, 1980.

               P.  E.  Greeson - USGS, National Center (703) 860-6834

               USGS,  National Center
               Arthur D.  Scott
               Water  Resources Division (MS415)
               Reston,  Virginia  22092
               (703)  860-6837
                             ****
EPA/USGS - Water Quality  and Geochemistry of Shallow Aquifers  of  Piceance
           Creek,  Colorado

$ 10,000       The objectives of the project are to collect detailed
               chemical analysis of the relatively shallow ground waters
               that may be  impacted by mining for oil shale and associated
               minerals,  principally in the Piceance and  Yellow Creek  basins
               of  Colorado.  The study serves to support  a portion  of  an
               initial effort to improve predictive geohydrologic and
               chemical models that may better evaluate the impact  of  oil
               shale mining on the hydrologic regime of the Piceance basin.
               The total  effort is designed to develop the data base and
               analytical capability required to make evaluations.  The
               existing state of chemical equilibrium must be  documented
               and studies of water quality made to predict effects of de-
               watering on water chemistry.  Water samples will be  collected
               from approximately 10 new wells and many springs located
               in  the Piceance Creek basin.  Chemical analyses for  a broad
               suite of parameters will be conducted on selected  samples.
               Chemical analyses of water from 10 wells and 48 springs were
               analyzed and are being used to identify the source and
               distribution of major and minor ionic species in the Green
               River Formation.  The dissolution of Nahcolite  (NaHCO,) and
               the sources of fluoride, boron, lithium, and barium  are of
               particular concern.  A complete list of chemical constit-
               uents are  given in the memorandum of agreement.  Copies of
               the chemical analyses are sent to the U.S. Environmental
                              III-8

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               Protection Agency periodically.   A quasi-three-dimensional
               solute transport model  of t.h<-  ground-water basin  was  con-
               structed but could not  be properly calibrated.  The  solute
               transport model  indicates that the distribution of inter-
               aquifer flow calculated by a  previous  flow model  produces
               about 10 times too much mass  discharge to  Yellow  and
               Piceance Creeks.  Data  are being  compiled  and  analyzed  for
               use in constructing a profile-oriented solute  transport
               model.  Completion date:  1980.

               F.  A. Kilpatrick - USGS, National  Center,  Reston,  Virginia
                                  (703) 860-6846

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Stanley F. Robson
               Hydrologic Studies Section
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
               (303) 234-3815

                              ****

EPA/USGS - Potentiometric Surface of Shallow Aquifers in  Piceance Creek
           Structural Basin

$296,000       Develop a calibrated digital  model that can be used  to
 (USGS)        predict the effect of oil shale development on the hydro-
               logic system.  This development will  be accomplished
$ 20,000       through the drilling and completion of additional  test
(EPA-VIII      wells.  The data will be used to  improve the calibration
 FY75)         of an existing digital  model  of the system.  Progress has
               included the preparation of drilling specifications  and
               a contract award and the successful completion of 22 ob-
               servation wells.  The total footage drilled was  25,092
               feet.  Water temperature and specific conductance data,
               water samples for chemical analysis,  and discharge rate
               measurements were obtained from each well.  Bilmayers,  Inc.,
               of Kalispell, Montana,  was awarded the contract for a low
               bid of $563,000.  Contract drilling began  in May  1975.   A
               basic data report will  be prepared in 1977 which  will sum-
               marize the data collected during  drilling  of the  observation
               wells.

               Jack Weeks - USGS, Colorado District Office, (303) 234-5092

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
               (303) 234-3815

                               ****

                               III-9

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EPA/USGS - Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Energy Development Areas

$ 17,440       The objective of this study is to collect water quality
 (FY75)        data in the oil shale and coal development areas of Utah.
               There are four existing USGS monitoring stations located
$ 19,700       in the oil shale and coal areas and these stations will
 (FY76)        be supplemented for additional parameter coverage.  Along
               with the monitoring of physical-chemical parameters, a
               biological monitoring program will also be initiated.  The
               total effort will aid in documenting the existing baseline
               water quality conditions in the oil shale and coal devel-
               opment areas so that possible future impacts can be eval-
               uated.  The USGS will be responsible for the collection and
               analysis of surface water quality data in energy impacted
               areas of Utah.  Monthly samples are obtained at each of four
               gauging stations as follows:  1) Field measurements of tem-
               perature, specific conductance, pH, stream flow, dissolved
               oxygen, and alkalinity:  monthly; 2) Chemical analyses of
               all major ions:  monthly; 3) Nutrients:  monthly; 4) Total
               organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon:  monthly; 5)
               Total trace metals and dissolved trace metals:  As, Al, Be,
               Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, V, and Zn:
               quarterly; 6) Phytoplankton:  monthly; 7) Periphyton:
               quarterly; and 8) Suspended sediment and turbidity:
               monthly.  Completion date:   April, 1980.

               F. A. Kilpatrick - USGS, National Center, Reston, Virginia
                                  (703) 860-6846

               USGS, Water Resources Division
               James C. Mandorff
               8002 Federal Bldg.
               125 So. State St.
               Salt Lake City, Utah
               (801) 524-5663
                              ****
EPA/USGS - Water Quality Monitoring on White River, Parachute Creek, and
           Logan Wash in Oil  Shale Areas of Western Colorado

$ 22,702       The objective  is  to collect detailed water quality data
 (FY75)        from selected  surface waters in the areas of western
               Colorado likely to be impacted by oil  shale development.
$ 25,800       The study will  initiate several new water quality monitoring
 (FY76)        stations and supplement the parameter  coverage at several
               existing baseline water quality conditions in the oil shale
               area so  that possible future impacts from oil shale develop-
               ment can be  evaluated.   There are two  existing USGS monitor-
               ing stations located upstream and downstream from the Federal
                               111-10

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               oil  shale leases  on the White River;  these stations  will  be
               supplemented for  additional  parameter coverage.   The pro-
               posed Parachute Creek station will  be established between two
               different oil  shale projects and upstream from major
               irrigation diversions to provide baseline water quality  data
               and  monitor future impacts  from oil  shale development.   The
               station proposed  for Logan  Wash will  provide baseline data
               used to evaluate  the water  quality  impacts of in situ oil
               shale development in that specific  drainage.  Stream flow
               water quality monitoring equipment  for the Parachute Creek
               and  Logan Wash stations has been acquired.  Data collec-
               tion and analysis for an extensive  suite of parameters was
               initiated in August, 1975.   Completion date:  April, 1980.

               F.  A. Kilpatrick  - USGS, National  Center, Reston, Virginia
                                  (703) 860-6846

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Richard Grozier
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
               (303) 234-5092

                              ****

EPA/USGS - Collection of Geochemical Data  in the  Piceance Creek Structural
           Basin of Colorado

               The  purpose of this project is the  collection and analysis
               of geochemical data on the  relatively shallow ground waters
               that may be impacted by the extraction of oil shale  in the
               Piceance and Yellow Creek Basins of Colorado.  Water samples
               will be collected from approximately 12 wells and many
               springs.  Chemical analysis for approximately 30 para-
               meters will be collected on selected samples.  Data  will be
               used to refine predictive models of resultant water  quality
               both for those waters encountered  by mining operations and
               Niok waters centering surface drainages and springs  and  seeps

               F.  A. Kilpatrick  - USGS

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               George Saulnifcr
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
               (303) 234-3815
                              ****
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USGS - Water Resource Reconnaissance in the Roan Plateau and Parachute
       Creek Areas

               Study of availability and water quality of surface water
               resources in the Roan Plateau and Parachute Creek area.

               Jack Weeks - USGS, Colorado District Office, (303) 234-5092

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
                              ****
USGS - Sediment Yield of Streams in the Piceance Basin

               Installation of 29 automatic sediment samplers to sample
               sediment on a periodic basis and to determine potential
               effects of surface mining operations on sediment yield.

               Jack Weeks - USGS, Colorado District Office, (303) 234-5092

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
                              ****
USGS - Aquifer Testing in the Piceance Basin

               Perform aquifer tests and collect limited aquifer test
               information to make further determinations with respect
               to the vertical permeability of the mahogany zone and
               leakage factors.   Drill seven new observation wells.

               Jack Weeks - USGS, Colorado District Office, (303) 234-5092

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
                              ****
USGS - Hydraulic Research of Springs
               Evaluation of the dewatering effects  of oil  shale develop-
               ment on approximately 90 springs.   Project includes
                               111-12

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               definition of extant geology, upper/lower/perched aquifers,
               and definition of faulting systems.   A report is due in 1977.

               Jack Weeks - USGS, Colorado District Office,  (303) 234-5092

               State of Colorado
               Denver, Colorado  80203
                               ****
USGS - Sorption of Residual Organic Substances in Retort Waters by Spent
       Shale Residues

$ 40,000       The various oil shale retorting processes produce 10-50
               gallons of waste retort water per barrel  of oil.  This
               retort water contains 3,000-5,000 mg/1 of dissolved organic
               substances.  At present, retort water is  disposed on spent
               oil shale residues.  Organic solutes may  leach into ground-
               water or run off into surface water if the sorptive
               capacity of spent oil shale residues is exceeded.  Because
               the sorptive capacity of spent oil shale  residues for
               residual organic substances in retort waters is unknown,
               there are no recommendations pertaining to the disposal
               capacity of spent oil shale organic substances in retort
               waters.  A preliminary objective is to develop an organic
               water quality analytical program such that background con-
               centrations of dissolved and sediment organic materials can
               be determined and characterized for surface and groundwater
               in regions of oil shale and coal development.  The overall
               objective is to determine the capacity of spent oil shale
               residues to adsorb and immobilize residual organic substances
               in retort waters.  The sorptive capacities of the soils and
               sediments which underlie and which may be spread upon spent
               oil shale residues will also be determined.  Organic solutes
               in natural surface and groundwater in regions of oil shale
               and coal development and organic solutes  in retort waters
               will be characterized with respect to surface area, perme-
               ability, porosity, elemental and mineralogical composition,
               functional group composition and saturating ions.  Adsorption
               isotherms will be determined for retort water organic solutes
               on oil shale, soil, and sediment adsorbents.  Adsorption
               kinetics will also be studied to determine adsorption mecha-
               nisms.

               Jerry A. Leenheer - USGS, Colorado District Office

               USGS, Colorado District Office
               Water Resources Division
               Denver Federal Center
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
                              ****
                              111-13

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 USGS  -  Definition  of  Potentiometric Surface of Shallow Aquifers in Piceance
        Creek  Impacted by Oil Shale

 $  20,000        Describe the detailed steady-state conditions of the ground-
                water  system of the Piceance Creek basin prior to mining  for
                oil  shale.  Drilling of wells is 55 percent complete.  Com-
                pletion date:  January, 1976.

                F.  A.  Kilpatrick - USGS

                USGS,  Colorado District Office
                Hydrologic Studies Section
                Denver Federal Center
                Lakewood, Colorado  80225
                              ****
 USGS  -  Water  Quality and Geochemistry of Shallow Aquifers of the Uinta
        Basin

 $  20,000       Collect detailed chemical analysis of groundwaters that
               may be impacted by mining for oil shale in the Uinta Basin
               of Utah.  Twelve wells have been sampled and analysis is
               complete.  Completion date:  April, 1980.

               F. A. Kilpatrick, USGS

               USGS, Water Resources Division
               Salt Lake City, Utah

                              ****

 USGS  -  Establishment of New Surface Water Quality Monitoring Stations in
        the Powder and Green Rivers of Wyoming

 $ 69,970       Augment existing seven-station surface water quality moni-
               toring study with the addition of 14 new stations in the
               Powder River coal and the Green River Basin in Wyoming.
               Expanded sampling on schedule.  Completion date:  April, 1980,

               F. A. Kilpatrick, USGS

               USGS, Water Resources Division
               Cheyenne, Wyoming

                              ****

ERDA - Laboratory Determination of Leaching Rates from Oil Shale Retorted
       under Simulated In Situ Retorting Conditions

$ 63,320       This project is to gather selected laboratory data regarding
               the rates at which inorganic salts will  be leached from


                               111-14

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               spent shale by water under conditions  which may occur during
               and following in situ retorting of oil  shale.   Preliminary
               laboratory results show that the amount of Teachable inor-
               ganic salts is highly dependent upon the temperature at
               which the shale was retorted.   This situation  occurred only
               when air was excluded from the retorting conditions.   When
               air was allowed to burn the carbon from the shale,  all re-
               torting temperatures produced  about the same amount of
               Teachable inorganic salts.

               ERDA - Fossil Energy Division  - Oil, Gas,  and  Shale
               Technology

               Texas Technological University
               Lubbock, Texas  79409

                              ****

ERDA - Biological Degradation of the Soluble  Organic  Components in Retort
       Water

$ 51,367       The biological degradation of  the soluble organics  in the
               in situ-produced water is being studied by employing
               different bacteria strains.  It is hoped that this  approach
               will convert and disintegrate  the organic components into
               carbon dioxide.  Period of performance was from June 30,
               1975 to June 29, 1976.

               ERDA - Fossil Energy Division

               University of Southern California
               Los Angeles, California  90007
                              ****
ERDA - Instrumentation and Methods for Oil  Shale-Related Effluents

$ 60,000       Develop method for chemical  characterization of aqueous
               effluents associated with oil shale processing.  Com-
               pletion date:  June, 1977.

               ERDA, Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research

               Oak Ridge National Laboratory
               P. 0. Box X
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee  37830

                              ****
                                111-15

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ERDA - Oil  Shale and Tar Sand Effluent Characterization

               Characterization  of water effluents  from oil  shale pro-
               cessing.

               Battelle  Memorial  Institute
               Pacific Northwest Laboratory,  Lou  Rancitelli
               P. 0. Box 999
               Richland, Washington  99352

                              ****

ERDA - Water Conservation with In Situ Oil  Shale  Development

$160,000       This project is to identify the  geographical  area within
               which water-related impacts  resulting  from in situ oil
               shale development may prove significant.  Project will
               describe  a typical in situ facility  operating at 100,000
               barrels per day.   It will  also describe the magnitude
               and geographical  extent of an  oil  shale industry (i.e.,
               one million barrels per day).   It  will  also compile
               data describing existing water resources and their present
               use.  It  will describe major drainage  basins, precipita-
               tion runoff, evaporation,  water  quality and hydrology of
               surface water resources, groundwater resources in the
               study area along  with quality  and  hydrology,  water use.
               The in situ technology will  be defined; process effluent
               control technology will be shown for the promising in situ
               technologies.  Water requirements  will  be defined.
               Effluent  amounts  and quality will  be defined.  Water impacts
               will be described for in situ  development.  Consideration
               will be given to  spent shale disposal,  upgradient facilities,
               sanitary  facilities, evaporation from  water storage reser-
               voirs and dust control.  Contamination  of groundwater by flow
               through exhaustive retort chambers will be identified.
               Contamination of  groundwater by  leachate and spent shale
               disposal  sites will be defined.   Contamination of water
               resources (surface) by disposal  of high TDS ground water
               from dewatering operations will  be identified.  Finally,
               contamination of  surface waters  by runoff will be
               identified.  Alternatives to development and control
               technologies will  be discussed.   A water quality monitoring
               strategy  for chemical, physical, and biological parameters
               will be defined.   Quarterly reports  are being issued.

               Jerry Ramsey - ERDA, Division  of Oil,  Gas and Shale Tech-
                              nology, Washington, D.C.  20545

               University of California
               Professor Jerome  F. Thomas, Civil  Engineering Department
               Berkeley, California  94720
                               ****
                              111-16

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USDA - An RFF Forum on the Impact on Western Waters, Fish, and Wildlife
       on Energy Development

$ 75,000       Impact of western energy development on water resources
               and subsequent effect on fish and wildlife.  Forum held in
               Albuquerque, New Mexico, in summer, 1976.  Completion date:
               October, 1976.

               Robert Hayden - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

               Resources for the Future, Inc.
               1755 Massachusetts Ave. NW
               Washington, D.C.
               (202) 462-4400

                              ****

USBM - Water Management in Oil Shale Mining

$ 99,637       Project is assembling all available information relating
               to water management in oil shale development, analyzing
$ 30,000       water availability, water requirements, water loss and use,
(mod 1)        dewatering strategies, and water disposal associated with
               various oil shale development techniques.  A compilation
               of all federal and state regulations and concerns is to
               be part of the study.  Consideration is to be given to
               50,000 and 100,000 tons per day mine capabilities.  Under-
               ground room and pillar mining is to be concentrated on.
               Water treatment techniques in order to comply with state
               and federal regulations are to be designed.  Recommendations
               for R&D work that would improve the planned water usage
               are to be included in the final report.  Project was recently
               modified for the contractor to look at the in situ method
               of development.  A final report is due in 1977.

               Bill Stewart - USBM, Spokane, Washington

               Golder Associates
               Mr. Adrian Brown
               Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
               (604) 879-9266
                               ****
NSF - An Assessment of Western Regional Water Supply and Demand Requirements
      for Synthetic Fuel Production

$ 84,200       This research will focus on an assessment of water  resources
               and environmental constraints on the siting of fuel-to-fuel
               conversion complexes  in the western states and will determine
               what level of synthetic fuel industry could be supported  by
                                111-17

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1990 in the easily and economically mined coal and oil
shale regions in the West.  These constraints may be, and
in some areas of the country will be, the factors which
limit the production of synthetic fuels.  Specific areas
for possible synthetic fuel plant complexes will be identi-
fied and the total number and distribution of these complexes
will be selected.  Determination will then be made of the
locally available fresh and saline surface and groundwater
supply sources and the ranges of the quality and quantity of
water that are required for present and future agricultural,
electric and nuclear power, industrial, municipal-domestic,
and recreational uses.  The water quality and quantity
requirements for various fuel conversion processes, together
with the effluent quantities will be available from results
obtained under a previous grant.  The results of the site
specific assessment will be published in a widely distributed
policy alternatives document suitable for decision makers and
containing the technical background from which the various
alternatives are presented.  Contract duration is from
March, 1976, to August, 1977.

NSF, Advanced Energy Research and Technology

Water Purification Associates, R. F. Probstein
238 Main Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts  02142

               ****
               111-18

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                     IV.  ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
     This section lists research programs aimed at characterizing,
measuring, and monitoring atmospheric effects.  The level of government
funding cited is $2,733,052.

EPA - Air Pollution Emissions from Oil Shale Conversion Facilities

$ 22,000       A compilation of best set of emissions data from oil
               shale conversion facilities.  The Paraho, Union, and
               TOSCO processes were investigated.  Final report was
               issued spring, 1977.

               Terry Thoem - EPA, Region VII  (303) 837-5914

               Radian Corporation
               Austin, Texas

                               ****

EPA - Air Quality

$ 30,000       Measure particulate, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides
(FY 76/77)     at Rifle, Craig, and Meeker, Colorado.  Data collection
               is on-going.

               Terry Thoem - EPA, Region VIII  (303) 837-5914

               Colorado Department of Health
               Air Quality Division
               4210 East llth Avenue
               Denver, Colorado  80220
               (303) 388-6111

                               ****

EPA - Pilot Ballon Observations in Rocky Mountain Prairie Region

$ 75,000       Collect temperature profile and wind speed/direction
               twice per day, every other day, near Tract C-b, Tract U-a/
               U-b, and Craig, Colorado.  Project started March 1,
               1976, and data collection is on-going.

               Terry Thoem - EPA, Region VIII  (303) 837-5914

               Aeromet, Inc.
               P. 0. Box FF
               Norman, Oklahoma  73069

                               ****

                                IV-1

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EPA - Smog Chamber Studies of Atmospheric Chemistry of Organic and
      Nitrogen-Containing Emissions from Emerging Energy Technologies

$ 50,000       Literature survey of emission rates of hydrocarbons,
               nitrogen oxides,  etc.,  from shale oil  production and coal
               mining; smog chamber study; and 21 field measurements at
               selected sites.   Completion date:  June 29, 1976.

               Basil  Dimitriades - EPA

               EPA, Environmental  Sciences Research Laboratory
               Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
               (919)  549-8411
                                ****
EPA - Ambient Air Monitoring in Areas in the Vicinity of Energy-Related
      Sources/Western Energy Development

$325,000       Provide baseline air quality monitoring data and assess-
               ment reports  for areas to be impacted by energy develop-
               ment.   Completion date:   December,  1980.

               Dr. David N.  McNelis - EPA

               EPA, Environmental  Monitoring and Support Laboratory
               P.  0.  Box 15027
               Las Vegas,  Nevada  89114
               (702)  736-2969
                               ****
EPA - Remote (Overhead)  Research  Monitoring  of Energy-Related Developments

$140,000       Demonstrate  effectiveness  of  overhead remote sensing.
               Completion date:   1980.

               Albert  E. Pressman -  EPA

               EPA,  Environmental  Monitoring and  Support Laboratory
               Remote  Sensing  Division
               P.  0. Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada   89114
               (702) 736-2969
                               ****
                                IV-2

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EPA - Investigation and Feasibility Study of Methods for the Identifi-
     cation and Measurement of Inorganic Compounds Emitted as Particu-
     lates from Sources Using or Processing Fossil Fuels

$ 70,000       Develop, evaluate, and test field methods for the identi-
               fication and measurement of the amounts of inorganic com-
               pounds emitted from sources using or processing fossil
               fuels.  Completion date:  September, 1977.

               Ken Knapp - EPA

               EPA, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
               Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
               (919) 549-8411
                               ****
EPA - Development of a Two Frequency Downlooking Airborne LIDAR System

$ 60,000       The objectives are to design, construct, and test a two
               frequency downward-looking airborne LIDAR system.  LIDAR
               systems have demonstrated capability in solving several
               current pollution monitoring problems, namely, (1) deter-
               mining mixing layer height over large geographical areas
               in short periods of time; (2) determining point source
               plume dimensions; and (3) determining the dimensions of
               and structure within an urban plume.  The system design
               utilizes, whenever possible, off-the-shelf components
               including the laser transmitter.  Much of the electronics
               control and readout subsystem is implemented using micro-
               processor systems thus shifting the construction burden
               from hardware to software.  Much attention is given in
               the design to operator interaction including a real time
               display system for the data.  The optical/mechanical
               design phase has been completed.  Systems design work  has
               been completed on the electronics portion of the device;
               however, actual implementation in hardware and software
               will commence after flight testing the optical system.
               The completed system will be operational by December,
               1977.

               EPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory John
               A. Eckert, Remote Sensing Division
               P. 0. Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
               (702) 736-2969
                                ****
                                IV-3

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EPA - Energy-Related Western/Southwestern Regional  Air Monitoring

$786,500       This project provides  integrated and validated air quality
               monitoring data  (baseline and trend) and assessment
               reports for western areas of the U.S.  which will  be most
               seriously impacted by  energy-related development  activi-
               ties.  Emphasis  is on  fine particulates, nitrogen oxides,
               sulfur oxides,  reactive hydrocarbons,  toxic substances,
               and visibility.   The geographical  coverage includes the
               Northern Great  Plains,  the Four Corners area,  oil shale
               areas of Colorado and  Utah,  the Black  Mesa area of
               Arizona, and areas of  New Mexico.   Project duration is
               from FY 75 to FY 80.

               EPA, Environmental Monitoring and  Support Laboratory Dr.
               David N. McNelis, Monitoring Operations Division  P. 0.
               Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
               (702) 736-2969
                               ****
EPA - Quality Assurance in Support of Energy-Related  Air Monitoring
      in the Western United States

$222,000       The objectives  of this program are the development and
               implementation  of a quality  assurance  program associated
               with agencies carrying out air pollution monitoring
               around present  and proposed  sources of energy in the
               western United  States.   The  program will  be carried out
               by providing on-site system  reviews of agency air monitoring
               operations, establishing and operating a performance
               survey program  and providing technical  assistance as
               required.   A number of on-site system  reviews have been
               conducted.  The  program duration is from July, 1976, to
               July,  1981.

               Steven M.  Bromberg - EPA, EMSL, RTP (919) 549-8411  X2196

               Rockwell  International
               Dr.  E.  P.  Parry
               2421A  West  Hillcrest Drive
               Newbury Park, California 91320
                               ****
                               IV-4

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EPA - Catalytic Desulfurization and Denitrogenation

$ 91,878       Catalytic hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitro-
               genation (HDN) reactions for the removal of organic
               sulfur and nitrogen compounds from liquid fuels are
               becoming increasingly important as strict sulfur and
               nitrogen oxide emission standards are set and "dirtier"
               oils derived from shale and coal attain wider use.  A
               quantitative description of the interferences between
               these two reactions, which have only recently begun to be
               studied is necessary for optimal design of commercial
               processing units.  To date, studies have been done on
               thiophene and pyridine as representative sulfur and
               nitrogen compounds in a continuous-flow microreactor to
               model basic interactions.  Pyridine inhibits thiophene
               IIDS under all experimental conditions used.  Sulfur
               compounds exhibit a dual effect on the HDN of pyridine;
               a reaction rate  inhibition gives way to an enhancement at
               more severe reaction conditions.  Theoretical considera-
               tions have been  presented to account for each of these
               effects.  Reactions of more complex compounds and their
               interactive reaction kinetics are currently under in-
               vestigation.  The duration of the project is from August,
               1975, to August, 1978.

               William J. Rhodes - EPA, IERL, RTP  (919) 549-8411

               Massachusetts Institute of Technology
               Charles N. Satterfield, Professor of Chemical Engineering
               Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139
                               ****
EPA - Perform a Literature Survey on Present Emissions from Various
      Stationary Sources and to Conduct Smog Chamber Studies of Emis-
      sions Found

$ 74,915       The increasing demand for energy in the face of shortages
               of available fuels has resulted in the emergence of new
               processes and technologies aimed at increasing the energy
               output from fossil fuels.  As the requirement for energy
               increases, the impact of such processes on air quality
               must be evaluated.  The operations for consideration are
               shale oil production, petroleum refining, and coal mining,
               combustion, and gasification.  Conventional mobile and
               stationary combustion sources have been the major contri-
               butors to the photochemical pollution burden in many
               areas.  Composition and emission rate information coupled
               with oxidant-forming potential from smog chamber investi-
               gations will enable EPA to assess the future impact of
                                 IV-5

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               new  energy  sources  on  air  quality.   The  objectives  of
               this investigation  are (1)  to  perform  a  literature  survey
               to gather information  on composition and rates  of emissions
               of organic,  nitroxy, and sulfoxy  emissions  from various
               operations  of  the emerging  energy technologies; and (2)
               to conduct  smog  chamber studies of the atmospheric
               chemistry of emissions from production and  refining
               operations  related  to  coal  and oil-shale conversion and
               petroleum refining.  Completion date:  August 31, 1977.

               Robert Farland - EPA,  ERSL,  RTP  (919)  549-8411

               Research Triangle Institute
               Dr.  J.  E. Sickles,  II, Environmental Measurements Department
               P. 0.  Box 12194
               Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina  27709
                               ****
EPA - Evaluate the Impact on  Ambient Air  Quality  of an  Oil  Shale Industry

$ 61,212       Environmental  Research and Technology,  Inc.
               741 Lakefield  Road
               Westlake,  California   91360

                               ****

EPA - Identification of Emissions  from Gasoline Dervied from Coal  and
      Shale Oil

$199,900       Southwest  Research  Institute
               San Antonio, Texas

                               ****

EPA - Energy-Related Overhead Monitoring  and  Techniques Development

$142,000       The objective  is  to establish  preliminary guidelines for
               and demonstration of  overhead  remote monitoring of  western
               energy-related activities.  A  cooperative western energy-
               related  overhead  monitoring program  between  NASA and EPA
               has been established  with  the  purpose to define, demon-
               strate,  and develop operational remote  sensor techniques
               to  rapidly monitor, in a cost  effective, quantitative
              manner,  the success with which an  energy-related extraction
               site has been,  or is  being, rehabilitated to a state
               suitable for its  intended  or previous land usage.   This
               includes the determination of  environmental  baselines for
               the purpose of establishing rehabilitation criteria as
              well  as  environmental  effects  of mine-mouth  power plants.
                               IV-6

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               EPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
               B.  Edward Arthur, Jr., Remote Sensing Division
               P-  0. Box 15027
               Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
               (702) 736-2969

                               ****

EPA/NASA - Western Energy-Related Overhead Monitoring (WEROM)

$ 50,000*      The objective of this project is to transfer remote
               sensor data acquisition and processing techniques from
               NASA to EPA for energy-related overhead monitoring system.
               The project will be conducted in three phases with data
               from selected sites in the Western U.S.  Of the total
               effort expended during the project, approximately 50
               percent will be dedicated to the monitoring of coal strip
               mine rehabilitation activities.  Monitoring the environmental
               impact of mine mouth fossil fuel power plant emissions
               will account for approximately 30 percent of the total
               effort.  Rehabilitation problems associated with oil
               shale extraction will comprise about 15-20 percent of the
               project work ($50,000).  Minor effort will include monitoring
               techniques applicable to geothermal propsects.  During
               Phase I (18 months) coal strip mine monitoring products
               derived from satellite and aircraft data acquisition
               systems have been delivered to EPA for evaluation.   In
               addition, a data-processing system has been assembled and
               will be transferred to EPA during Phase II.  EPA personnel
               have been scheduled for a training course during which
               techniques dealing with the use of system hardware and
               NASA software and processing techniques will be presented.
               Phase II  (18 months) will include demonstration and
               transfer of monitoring techniques developed during Phase
               I.  The demonstration will consist of a periodic inventory
               of  selected sites and will approach the operational
               system to be used by EPA.  During Phase III (two years)
               EPA will use the  techniques in an operational mode,  with
               NASA providing assistance in the operation of the system,
               and in the addition of new capabilities as developed
               during Phase I and II.  Project duration is from August,
               1975, to December, 1979.

               *   Total estimated funding:  $550,000.

               W.  Stoney - NASA, HQ, Washington, D. C.  20546

               NASA, Earth Resources Laboratory
               E.  L. Tilton, III
               1010 Gause Blvd.
               Slidell, Louisiana  70548

                               ****

                                IV-7

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EPA/NOAA  - Air Quality and Surface Wind Monitoring in Colorado

$ 15,714       Install  and operate air monitoring sites in the energy
               areas of western Colorado to collect baseline data prior
               to major expansion of energy activities.  Particulate
               samples  from the energy area will  be analyzed for nitrate
               and sulfate content.

               Mr. Machta - NOAA

               Colorado Department of Health
               Wayne Max, Air Pollution Control  Division
               4210 East llth Avenue
               Denver,  Colorado  80220
               (303) 388-6111

               Mesa College
               Grand Junction,  Colorado  81501

                               ****

EPA/NOAA - Collection of Upper Air Data in the  Fort Union Basin

$ 15,714       This study is a continuation of  a  contract that is providing
               upper air data at seven sites:   Craig and C-b Oil  Shale
               Tract, Colorado; Hanksville and  Escalante, Utah; Casper
               and Rock Springs, Wyoming.   Temperature, wind speed and
               direction versus altitude are being measured via pilot
               balloons and temperature sondes.   Pilot balloons are
               released twice a day, every other  day.   Temperature and
               wind data are used to generate  stability-wind rise data
               on a seasonal, annual, and monthly basis.  Summaries of
               inversions and mixing-layer heights are also provided.

               Mr. Machta - NOAA

               Aeromet, Inc.
               Dr. Ray  Booker
               P. 0. Box FF
               Norman,  Oklahoma  73069

                               ****
                               IV-8

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NOAA - Meteorological Interpretation and Prediction of Air Quality in
       the Western United States Related to Energy Activities

$100,000       Take selected air quality measurements together with
               meteorological trajectory data and predict impact of
               future energy resource activities.  Completion date:
               March 19, 1980.

               John W. Townsend, Jr. - NOAA

               NOAA, Air Resources Laboratory
               Silver Spring, Maryland
                               ****
NOAA - LIDAR Techniques for Measuring Particulate Pollutants from Energy
       Production and  their Transport and Dispersion Processes.

$150,000       Task  I  is application of Doppler LIDAR to monitor atmos-
               pheric  processes that transport and disperse pollutants.
               Task  II  is  to apply  LIDAR techniques to measure particu-
               lates emitted from power generation facilities.  Comple-
               tion  date:  June 30, 1979.

               John  W.  Townsen, Jr. - NOAA

               NOAA, Environmental  Research Laboratory
               Wave  Propagation Laboratory
               325 Broadway
               Boulder, Colorado  80301
               (303) 499-1000

                               ****

USGS - Assessing the Impact of Oil  Shale In Situ  Development

$ 51,219       Assessment  in northwest Colorado and northeast  Utah
               region  on the air quality.

               Environmental Research Technology, Inc.
               Westlake Village, California

                               ****
                                IV-9

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               V.   LAND AND REVEGETATION RESEARCH


     The research cited in this section is focused on land use,  shale
spoils, and revegetation.  The government funding cited is $1,535,170.


EPA - Vegetative Stabilization of Paraho Spent Oil Shale

$ 94,000       The objective of this research is to study surface  stabil-
 (FY75)        ity and water movement in and through Paraho spent  oil
               shale and soil-covered Paraho spent shale.  In addition
$ 33,393       to the vegetation studies, the distributions of water and
 (FY76)        salts in the plots will  be monitored with the objective
               of quantifying the potential  salt pollution from shale
               residues.  Because it is not possible to experimentally
               model the actual prototype disposal, the data from  the
               plots will be used to develop and verify a mathematical
               model of salt and water transport.  This model will  be
               used to estimate the long-term water quality and quantity
               aspects of large scale disposals of spent shale residue.
               The duration of this grant is from July 15, 1975, to July  14,
               1978.

               Eugene Harris, Extraction Technology Branch, IERL,
               Cincinnati (513) 684-4417

               Colorado State University
               Dr. William A. Berg
               Department of Agronomy
               Fort Collins, Colorado  80523
               (303) 491-6483 or 491-6501
                              *•***
EPA - Vegetative Stabilization of Spent Oil Shales

$ 15,000       This study is being carried out on two different spent oil
 (FY75)        shales.  "Soil" treatments are plant establishment:   (1)
               directly on leached and fertilized spent shales; (2) on
$ 21,054       six inches of soil over leached spent shale; (3) on one
 (FY76)        foot of soil over unleached spent shale; and (4) on soil.
               Plots have been established on 25 percent north and south
               slopes at altitudes of 5700 and 7200 feet in or near the
               Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado.  Each plot (28 per
               site) is bordered with wood to form individual runoff
               plots 11 feet wide and 22 feet long.  Sediment and runoff
               catchments have yet to be installed.  One site (5700 feet)
               has been instrumented for soil salinity and soil moisture
               measurements.  A cover of native plant species has been
               established on the lower altitude site and will be
                                V-l

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               established  on  the  higher  site.  Measurements  on  vegetation
               include  frequency,  density,  and  vegetative  ground cover.
               Completion date:  August 31,  1977.

               Eugene F. Harris  -  EPA, IERL,  Cincinnati  (513)  684-4417

               Colorado State  University
               William  A. Berg,  Department  of Agronomy
               Fort Collins, Colorado  80523
                               ****
EPA/USDA - Technologies  for  Controlling Adverse  Effects  of  Mining  on
           Forest,  Range,  and  Related  Freshwater Ecosystems

$539,000       Coordinated studies  by  Forest  Service  research  scientists
               underway  at several  locations  in  the Northern Great Plains
               and  Southwest U.S.A.  being  conducted by:   Director,  Rocky
               Mountain  Forest and  Range Experiment Station, 240 West
               Prospect  Street,  Fort Collins,  Colorado 80521,  (303) 484-
               6270;  Director, Intermountain  Forest and  Range  Experiment
               Station,  507  25th Street, Ogden,  Utah  84401, (801)  399-
               6361;  Director, Forest  Environment Research  Staff,  12th
               and  Independence  Avenue, S.W.,  Washington, D.C.  20250,
               (703)  235-1071; and  Director,  Northeastern Forest and
               Range  Experiment  Station, 6816  Market  Street, Upper Darby,
               Pennsylvania  19082,  (215) 597-3715.  The  work will:  (1)
               develop guidelines and  criteria for overburden  drilling,
               analysis,  and placement as  related to  growth-supporting
               media; (2)  prepare technical handbook  on  revegetation
               methods for mined lands in  the  eastern U.S., including
               recommendations for  new research;  (3)  develop guidelines
               and  criteria  for  the use of non-mine wastes  as  soil  amend-
               ments  on  coal and oil shale spoils; and  (4)  develop
               recommendations,  guidelines, and  criteria, based on new
               research,  for revegetation  following coal  and oil shale
               mining.

               R.  Z.  Callaham  -  USDA,  Forest  Environment Research

               U.S.  Department of Agriculture
               12th and  Independence Avenue,  S.W.
               Washington, D.C.   20250
                              ****
ERDA - Spent Shale Revegetation

$250,000       Project is  carrrying  out spent shale  revegetation  of a
               variety of  vegetation types  at a  location  in  Piceance
               Basin,  Colorado.
                                V-2

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               Bob Kerr - ERDA, Laramie Energy Research Center

               Colorado State University
               Dr. Simms
               Fort Collins, Colorado  80521

                              ****

USDA - Develop Criteria for Utilization of Irrigation to Ameliorate Ad-
       verse Site Conditions for Initial Plant Cover Establishment

$ 13,000       Determine effectiveness of supplemental  irrigation and the
               duration of its effectiveness  after termination on establish-
               ment of vegetation in semi-arid areas.  Location of-the work
               is Sand Wash, Utah.  Duration  of project:  June, 1973, to
               June, 1978.

               Bryant Davis - U.S. Forest Service, SEAM, Billings, Montana

               U.S. Forest Service
               Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station,
               Mr. Paul Packer
               860 N. 12th E.
               Logan, Utah

                              ****

USBM - Research Contract for the Underground  Disposal of Spent Shale from
       Paraho Retorting Process

$304,123       Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co.
               Rifle, Colorado

                              ****

USGS - Northwest Colorado Oil Shale Environmental Geology

$265,600       Bedrock and surficial basic geologic mapping derivative and
               interpretive environmental geologic aspect maps from basic
               data.  Land capability maps and reports  to aid persons
               charged with deciding land use, land restoration following
               mining, and constraints  to land use by industry and indi-
               viduals.  Bedrock mapping has been completed in the
               Dinosaur National Monument area.  Various quadrangle maps
               of Rio Blanco, Moffat, and Uintah Counties have been produced,

               USGS
               Mr. John Maberry, Program Manager
               Energy Lands Program
               Lakewood, Colorado  80225
               (303) 234-4857

                              ****

                                V-3

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                       VI.  HEALTH EFFECTS


     Considerable biological and medical research is being done to
characterize health effects and transport processes.  This section lists
a government funding level of $3,803,000 in addition to $660,000 being
spent by the American Petroleum Institute.
EPA - Influence of Combustion Effluents of Shale Oil Products on In-
      duction of Pulmonary Cancer in Laboratory Animals

$250,000       In-house research to characterize and model effluents
               and study health effects.  Anticipated completion date:
               1981.

               Dave Coffin - EPA

               Health Effects Research Laboratory
               Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711
               (919) 549-8411

                                  ****

EPA - Air, Water, and Multi-Route and Health Effects from Pollutants
      Associated with Energy Development

$ 25,000       Studies have been designed to assess the health effects
               of exposures to substances which pollute air and water as
               a result of energy technologies.  Emphasis is  being
               placed on potentially toxic agents resulting from fuel
               extraction, conversion and combustion.  The evaluation of
               the toxicity of the pollutants and their metabolic pro-
               ducts include a spectrum of bioeffect indices.  The
               present program includes:  (1) The assessment  of exposure
               to toxic organic chemicals which are associated with
               energy processes and which reach man through water.  The
               investigations include screening for potential carcino-
               gens, mutagens, and teratogens in water supplies, as they
               result from energy sources emphasizing coal and shale oil
               processing.  (2) Toxicologic data are obtained for multi-
               route exposures from metal pollutants resulting from
               fossil fuel extraction, combustion and conservation.  The
               establishment of additional physiological and biochemical
               indicators to establish a more sensitive dose; effect
               data base includes studies of age sensitivity and in-
               fluence of dietary composition on absorption,  deposition,
               and toxicity of the trace elements which pollute the
               environment from energy-related sources; long-term effects
               of inhalation exposures to toxic components of fly ash;
                                    VI-1

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               biochemical  effects of energy-related-trace metals on
               pulmonary macromolecular metabolism.  The project duration
               is from October 1, 1976, to October 1, 1977.

               J. F.  Stara  - EPA, HERL, Cincinnati

               EPA, Health  Effects Research Laboratory
               26 W.  St. Claire Street
               Cincinnati,  Ohio  45268
               (513)  684-7401
                                   ****
EPA - Determination of the Effects of Material  from Alternate Energy
      Sources on Upper Respiratory Trace Clearance Mechanisms

$ 30,000       The objective of this contract is to screen a variety
 (FY 75)       of substances for their toxic effect on mucociliary
               activity using an in vitro model  system.  Since cilia
$ 40,000       play a significant role in pulmonary clearance, proper
 (FY 76)       functioning is essential  for defense against various
               environmental insults.  However,  ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
               nickel, and cadmium have an adverse effect on this system
               Therefore,  it becomes increasingly important to determine
               if alternate energy sources such  as shale oil and coal
               gasification and liquefaction, or particulate effluents
               from power  stations, stationary  engines or mobile sources
               produce pollutants toxic to the  mucociliary escalator.
               Due to the  above considerations  isolated hamster tracheal
               rings will  be exposed to pollutants in vitro.  Parameters
               to be measured are:  (1)  effect  on ciliary beat frequency,
               (2) effect  on the energy source  (ATP) of beating, (3)
               effect on ciliary and tracheal morphology, and (4) re-
               covery of the tracheal rings after exposure.  In all
               cases, parameters will be tested  for dose-response effects.
               Project duration is from October  1975, to May, 1979.

               Dr. Donald  E. Gardner - EPA, HERL, RTP (919) 549-8411

               Ball State  University
               Dr. Dorothy Ada!is
               Department  of Biology
               Muncie, Indiana  47306
                                   ****
EPA - Determination of the Influence of Mineral  Cofactors in Conjunction
      with Carcinogens from Energy-Related Materials

$300,000       The objective of this project is  to determine the in
 (FY 75)       fluence of environmental  materials such as fibrous am-
                                   VI-2

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$470,000       phiboles, fine particles, etc., as cofactors with car
 (FY 76)       cinogenesis influences from alternate energy sources
               such as coal gasification and liquefaction, and shale oil
               products and effluents.  The methods employed would be
               intratracheal instillation and intrapleural innoculation.
               The end points would be formation of cancer in the lung
               or pleura or development of precancerous lesions compared
               to appropriate controls.  The duration of this project is
               from December, 1975, to August, 1978.

               David L. Coffin, D.V.M. - EPA, HERL, RTP (919) 549-8411
               X2266

               Northrop Services
               Huntsville, Alabama

                                        ****

EPA - Air, Water and Multi-Route Exposures and Their Effects:  Pollutants
      Associated with Energy Development

               Constituents of and compounds derived from petroleum hy-
               drocarbons may accumulate in portions of the marine food
               chain consumed by man.  The objective of this research is
               to provide an assessment of the potential for accumula-
               tion of specific carcinogens found in fractions of shale
               oil.  Completion date:  October, 1978.

               EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory
               Dr. Norman L. Richards
               Sabine Island
               Gulf Breeze, Florida  32561
               C904) 932-5311

                                        *•***

EPA/NIOSH - Mortality, Morbidity, and Industrial Hygiene Study of Oil
            Shale Workers

$290,000       This project is a study of 444 men who have worked in
               pilot oil shale operations.  The cohort will be divided
               into three smaller cohorts consisting of (1) 294 men from
               the U.S. Bureau of Mines and (2) 135 men of the Joint
               Venture of the Colorado School of Mines Research Institute
               and COLONY in Anvil Points, Colorado, and also  (3) 15 men
               from the Union Oil Retort facility in Grand Valley,
               Colorado.  A retrospective mortality study of approximately
               60 men will be done in house while a cross-sectional
               morbidity examination to evaluate several morbidity
               aspects that may be associated with oil shale occupations
               will be done by contract.  Mortality due to 21  specific
                                   VI-3

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               causes of death will  be determined after an extensive
               follow-up effort and  the obtaining of death certificates
               of those determined to be deceased.  Observed deaths will
               be compared to those  expected to uncover excess deaths
               due to a particular cause.  Numerous indices of health
               will  be assessed through the physical examinations and
               health questionnaires administered to the living members
               of the cohort.  Further activities tentatively include
               environmental  exposure and medical assessments of workers
               entering the industry.  The Industrial Hygiene aspects of
               this  study will  be a  joint U.S.  and U.S.S.R. research
               project on the health effects associated with the oil
               shale industry.   William Wagner  will make an initial trip
               to the U.S.S.R.  to develop joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. survey
               protocol.  A Russian  delegation  headed by Dr. Gogovsky
               will  then visit the U.S. for approximately three weeks
               in May 1977.  The Environmental  Investigations Branch
               will  be responsible for the planning of this trip. Contact
               will  be made with those people knowledgeable in oil  shale
               technology, and those who are or have been involved in
               health studies related to oil  shale, mining, and retorting.
               Three industrial  hygienists from the EIB are tenatively
               scheduled to travel to the Soviet Union in September to
               perform walk-through  surveys of  U.S.S.R. oil shale operations
               Completion date:   November, 1978.

               John  F. Finklea,  M.D. -NIOSH

               NIOSH, Appalachian Laboratory for Environmental Safety
                  and Health
               Robert Reger,  William G. Jones
               944 Chestnut Ridge Road
               Morgantown, West Virginia  26505
               (304) 599-7501

                                        ****

EPA/HEW - Compilation and Tabular Abstracting of Literature on Muta-
          genic Effects of Energy-Related Pollutants

$ 45,000       The tasks of the Environmental Mutagen Information Center
               (EMIC) will carry out are to compile the past and present
               literature on mutagenesis testing of energy-related
               pollutants.  This information will then be processed into
               EMIC's data bank noting bibliographic details and key-
               wording of chemicals, organisms, and systems studied.
               Energy Information Files are now available at EMIC.   They
               are:   (1) Petroleum Refinery Stream Effluents - Select
               chemicals from effluents resulting from refinery streams
               were  searched  for potential mutagenic activity and
               "select" toxicity; (2) Toxicity  of Coal  Liquefaction
               Products represents limited search of general publica-
               tions in EMIC - shale oil, oil shale, coal conversion,


                                  VI-4

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               and energy-related files for toxicological information.
               Coal conversion files are being maintained, and pertinent
               references are being selected and added for possible
               interest to the funding agencies of NIEHS.

               Dr. Fred de Serres - NIEHS (HEW)

               National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
               Dr. H. V. Mailing, Environmental Mutagenesis Branch
               P.O.  Box 12233
               Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27709
                                        ****
EPA/ERDA - Development of Permanent Epithelial Cell Lines

$ 60,000       Objectives are:  (1) to develop the means by which chemicals
               associated with non-nuclear energy generation, especially
               agents arising from coal and oil shale extraction, can be
               screened for potential carcinogenic activity reliably,
               quickly and cheaply relative to current animal exposure
               techniques; and (2) to utilize appropriate cultured cells
               developed in (1) for the study of hydrocarbon carcinogen
               metabolism to active forms and the mechamism of chemical
               carcinogenesis.  A research group with two discrete but
               closely related approaches to these problems is being
               developed.  These are:  (1) Cell Biology - The major
               focus here will be the development of permanent cell
               lines of epithelial origin (human, when possible and
               appropriate) which posses the enzymatic equipment for
               carcinogen activation and which are transformable with
               high frequency; (2) Biochemistry -  Principal focus will
               be the study of metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons in
               various cell lines developed in approach (1), to establish
               with certainty the "ultimate" carcinogenic metabolite,
               using primarily high pressure liquid chromatography
               techniques.

               Dr. George D. Duda - ERDA

               Oak Ridge National Laboratory
               J. Selkirk, Biology Division
               P.O.  Box X
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee  37830
                                        ****
EPA/ERDA - Detection of Early Changes in Lung Cell Cytology by Flow
           Systems Analysis Techniques
                 *
$ 50,000       The objective of this health effects program is the
               application of modern automated cytology techniques for
                                   VI-5

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               assessment of damage to human populations resulting from
               exposure to physical and chemical  agents associated with
               oil  shale and coal  extraction, conversion, and utiliza-
               tion.   The approach is to apply unique flow-system cell-
               analysis and sorting technologies  developed at the Los
               Alamos Scientific Laboratory to determine cytological and
               biochemical indicators of early atypical changes in
               exposed lung epithelium using the  Syrian hamster initially
               as a model test system.  The current plans are to adapt
               cell preparation and staining methods developed for flow
               systems to characterize lung cells from normal and exposed
               hamsters using the  multiparameter  cell separator and
               multiangle light-scatter systems.   This includes acquisition
               of respiratory cells by lavaging the lungs with saline,
               adapting cytological techniques developed on human gyne-
               cological specimens to hamster lung epithelium for ob-
               taining single-cell suspensions, utilization of existing
               staining techniques for measurement of cellular biochemical
               properties, and initial characterization of lung cells
               using flow analysis instrumentation.  Progress has been
               achieved in measuring DNA content, total protein, esterase
               activity, cell size, nuclear and cytoplasmic diameters,
               and multiangle light-scatter properties of exfoliated
               hamster lung cell samples composed of macrophages, leukocytes,
               epithelial, and columnar cells. As this new technology
               is adapted further  to analyze lung cells from hamsters
               and subsequent characterization studies are completed,
               measurement of changes in physical and biochemical cell
               properties as a function of exposure to toxic agents
               associated with synthetic fuels energy production will be
               performed, with eventual examination of sputum samples
               from occupationally exposed humans.

               Dr.  George D. Duda  - ERDA

               Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
               University of California
               J. A.  Steinkamp, Health Division (MS881)
               Los Alamos, New Mexico  87545
                                        ****
EPA/ERDA - Somatic Cell  Genetics

$100,000       The genetics  program is  currently isolating temperature
               sensitive (ts)  mutants (variants) of the mammalian cell
               lines CHO and DON  CCL for use in studying the genetics of
               cell  life-cycle traverse.  In addition to these ts
               mutants,  several  auxotrophic clones have been isolated and
               the NGPRT+ ->  HGPRT " mutation system has been developed
               for use in assessing the mutagenicity of suspected car-
                                   VI-6

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cinogens derived primarily from coal gasification and
shale extraction processes.  The Ames Salmonella/microsome
test system will serve as an ancilliary test for mutagenicity,
The mammalian cell forward and reverse mutation system
and the Ames bacterial test system are currently functional
in this laboratory.  Temperature-sensitive life-cycle
traverse mutants are being analyzed to determine in what
phase of the life cycle the ts phenotype is expressed
using the LASL flow microfluorometer (FMF II).  This is a
two year program ending in 1977.

Dr. George D. Duda - ERDA

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
University of California
B. J. Barnhart, Cellular and Molecular Biology Group
P.O.  Box 1663
Los Alamos, New Mexico  87545
                         ****
                                      Toxic Materials
EPA/ERDA - Analysis of the Effects of Energy-Related
           to Karyotype Stability in Mammalian Cells

$ 50,000       The objectives of this program are to develop systems
               for the rapid detection of karyotypic changes in mammalian
               cells as a result of exposure to energy-related environ-
               mental pollutants and to screen selected subjects utilizing
               these systems.  Flow microfluorometry (FMF) of isolated,
               fluorescently stained chromosomes will be used to identify
               chromosome aberrations, and FMF of stained intact cells
               will be used to detect mitotic nondisjunction.  Cadmium
               will be used as the clastogenic agent in the development
               of a test system.  It has been demonstrated that chromosome
               analysis can be accomplished by flow systems in mammalian
               cells with relatively simple karyotypes (Chinese hamster
               2N = 22).  Cadmium at low concentrations (2 x 10"6 Mj
               is a potent clastogen.  It induces primarily chromatid-
               type aberrations.  We have also demonstrated that tolerance
               to the damaging effects of cadmium can be induced in
               fibroblast cells in culture by long-term exposure of the
               cells to sublethal concentrations (2 x 10"7 M_) of cadmium.
               Repeats of these experiments are planned on human fibroblast
               and lymphocyte cells in vitro and to extend these studies
               to other toxic agents associated with alternative energy
               technologies.

               Dr. George D. Duda - ERDA

               Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
               University of California
                     VI-7

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               L.  L.  Deaven,  Health. Division (_MS881)_
               Los Alamos,  New Mexico  87545
                                   ****
EPA/ERDA - Development of Cytochemical  Markers for Cell  Transformation
           and Carcinogenesis

$325,000       The objective of this project is to develop rapid, sen-
               sitive, and economical  systems for the in vitro and
               cytological assay for carcinogenic effects of substances
               involved in the extraction conversion and utilization of
               nonnuclear energy sources, with particular consideration
               of in situ coal gasification, shale oil  utilization,
               coal-burning power plants, and geothermal power plants.
               The approach is based on the development  of cytochemical
               markers for cell  transformation, and on  the ability to
               quantitate such markers  by microfluorometry and by flow
               system analysis and sorting.  There are  two phases to
               this work:  (1) the development of appropriate test
               systems whose response  is defined by well characterized
               and representative carcinogenic agents,  and (2) the
               application of such systems to substances released by
               energy technologies, and including testing with whole and
               fractionated samples of  effluents.  The  intracellular
               levels of several  hydrolytic enzymes have been chosen as
               potential  early indicators of cell transformation. Using
               synthetic fluorogenic enzyme substrates,  the levels of
               four proteases and five  esterases have been measured on
               monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells,
               Syrian hamster embryo cells and human lung fibroblasts
               (both normal  and viral  transformed).  Hydrolase profiles
               generated from these measurements indicate signficant
               differences between cell types.  Flow cytometry analysis
               on W138 cells (normal  versus SV-40 transformed) indicates
               that intracellular Cathepsin Bl and Alkaline Phosphatase
               levels can be used to distinguish individual normal cells
               from transformed cells.   These same enzyme assays will be
               used to determine an optimum in vitro system for sub-
               sequent carcinogen treatment and flow analysis.  Project
               duration is from June,  1975, to June, 1980.

               Dr. George D. Duda - ERDA

               Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
               B. H.  MayaH, Biomedical and Environmental Research
                    Division
               P.O.  Box 808
               Livermore, California  94550
               (415)  447-1100   X3587
                                   ****
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EPA/ERDA - Mutagenicity Assay of Fractionated Coal Conversion Products

$125,000       Using rapid screening genetic assays  [Ames System).
               the objective is attempting to identify mutagenic agents
               associated with coal and oil shale extraction, conversion
               or utilization.  Primary and subfractions of products and
               aqueous discharges are being assayed  for the ability to
               inactivate and/or revert histidine requiring mutants of
               Salmonella.  Potential mutagenic fractions will be
               identified and attempts will be made  to ascertain the
               specific compound(s) responsible for  the mutagenic action.
               Parallel bioassays are being carried  out with selected
               materials in yeast, Drosophilia, and  human leucocytes.
               Thus, the validity of short-term testing for genetic
               damage will be ascertained.  The preliminary fractionations
               have been carried out and the genetic assays are in
               progress.  These investigations are the initial attempts
               to monitor environmentally important  processes for genetic
               damage.  The value of short-term testing as a pre-screen
               for carcinogenesis of environmental effluents is being
               considered.

               Dr. George E. Stapleton - ERDA

               ERDA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
               J. L. Epler, Biology Division
               P.O.  Box X
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee  37803
                                        ****
EPA/ERDA - In Vivo Screening for Gene Mutation in Mouse Germ and
           Somatic Cells

$175,000       In screening for mutagenic agents it is important to
               includemammalian tests for gene mutations.  In this
               project, identification of mutagens associated with coal
               and oil shale technologies that can induce gene mutations
               and small deficiencies will be accomplished by scoring
               for (1) transmitted specific-locus mutations induced in
               germ cells and  (2) somatic mutations in coat color genes.
               The specific-locus method developed has been employed
               extensively in  radiation work and has already proved its
               usefulness in chemical mutagenesis studies.  It is the
               only established, reliable and definitive test for trans-
               mitted gene mutations and small deficiencies currently
               available in mammals.  Two polycyclic hydrocarbons that
               might be a human hazard as the result of coal liquefaction
               and gasification processes, namely, benzo [a] pyrene and
               7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene, are not being tested.
               In order to make the method economically efficient for
                                    VI-9

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screening purposes, it will be used to test whether there
is anything mutagenic in a whole mixture of compounds,
for example, in an effluent.  One mixture from a coal
conversion process that has just become available after
studies with nonmammalian systems is now being used in
preliminary toxicity tests.  An in vivo somatic-mutation
method, developed in an earlier X-ray experiment, has now
been explored for its usefulness in the prescreening for
germinal point mutations induced by chemicals.  In an
array of seven compounds tested, parallel!ism with
spermatogonial specific-locus mutation rates was found,
indicating that the in vivo somatic-mutation test may
detect point mutations in addition to other types of
genetic changes that lead to expression of the recessive.
the method is now being used to test fractions from coal-
conversion processes.

Dr. George E. Stapleton - ERDA

ERDA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
W. L. Russell, L. B. Russell
P.O.  Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee  37830
                         ****
                                                   of
EPA/ERDA - Development of An  In  Vitro  Assay  for  Co-Carcinogenesis
           Coal/Oil  Shale Derivatives

$ 50,000       The object of  this  investigation  is  to  develop an in
               vitro assay capable of  detecting  the co-carcinogenic
               potential  (with X-rays)  of materials produced during coal
               and oil  shale  processing.   Initially it was  proposed to
               utilize mouse  tissue cultured cells  and an  already
               established transformation assay.   Initial  experiments
               indicated  that rodent cells may process lesions induced
               by alkylating  agents different from  human cells and that
               therefore  their use as  screening  materials  might be
               misleading. This was shown by demonstrating that a
               variety of DNA damaging  agents yielded  significantly
               different  effects on various  cell  lines when measured by
               a variety  of techniques.   It  was  hypothesized that  a
               ventral  difference  between the lines (rodent versus
               human)  may be  the "activation of  oncogenesis" related to
               the strand breakage induced,  rodent  lines carrying  trans-
               forming virus  materials  of a  complete or incomplete
               nature,  which  is  lacking in most  human  targets cells.
               This  is being  evaluated  through cell hybridization  analysis
               using hybrids  made  by sendaivirus  fusion of cells lacking
               either (a) different DNA repair enzymes or  (b) (potential)
               RNA viruses.
                     VI-10

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               Dr. George E. Stapleton - ERDA

               UCLA School of Medicine
               John E. Byfield
               Department of Radiology CUCSD)
               900 Veteran Avenue
               Los Angeles, California  90024

                                   ****

EPA/ERDA - Effects of Agents Associated with Coal and Oil Shale Ex-
           traction, Conversion, or Utilization on Cell-Cycle Kinetics
           and on Chromatin/Chromosome Structure

$ 50,000       It is essential that ERDA/EPA provide a means for de-
               tecting and monitoring damage to human populations as a
               result of exposure to various toxic chemical  and physical
               agents.  To obtain an idea of the parameters  to be
               monitored in humans, it is necessary first to establish
               the effects of agents on cells in simpler model systems.
               Earlier experience with drugs which act as carcinogens
               and teratogens has convinced researchers that changes in
               population cell-cycle distribution and alterations in
               chromatin structure may provide useful early  indicators
               of sublethal damage to cells exposed to hazardous agents.
               Examination will be made of alterations in these para-
               meters following exposure to specific energy-related
               toxic substances in currently available tissue-culture
               systems which show promise as a predictive indicator of
               response of human populations.  A technique has been
               developed that allows preparation of both cycling and
               noncycling cell populations in tissue culture, mimicking
               these classes of somatic cells in humans.  By combining
               autoradiography, cell number enumeration, and flow micro-
               fluorometry, it will be possible to obtain highly detailed
               information regarding the cellular kinetic response of
               both arrested and cycling populations to treatment with
               toxic agents. Results obtained to date suggest that DNA-
               interactive agents elicit different types of kinetic
               responses in treated cells, indicating a degree of specificity
               of interaction between various alkylating and intercalating
               agents and the genome.

               Dr. George E. Stapleton - ERDA

               Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
               University of California
               Robert A. Tobey, Health Division  (MS881)
               Los Alamos, New Mexico  87545
                                   ****
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EPA/ERDA - Morphological  Variants in Damaged Sperm

$ 60,000       Ionizing radiation as well  as various mutagens, car-
               cinogens and teratogens are known to induce elevated
               levels of morphologically abnormal  sperm in mice.  The
               objectives of this study are:  (1)  to further develop and
               apply the detection of morphologically abnormal mouse
               sperm as a rapid,  simple quantitative assay of the pathologic
               response of the male gonad to toxic agents; (2) to
               extend the studies in the mouse to  the hamster; and (3)
               to develop the methodology of automated scoring of ab-
               normally shaped sperm, especially after the exposure of
               the male to toxic  agents.  Of special interest are possible
               effects of the chemical pollutants  associated with the
               recovery,  process  stream, and emission of nonnuclear
               sources of energy, especially coal  gasification and oil shale
               extraction in situ.  To accomplish  these objectives,
               groups of test mice have received subacute or chronic
               exposures  by injection, inhalation, or dermal  application
               as is appropriate.  The percent of  abnormally shaped
               epididymal sperm will be determined as a function of
               dosage and time after exposure.  These results will be
               compared to those  obtained by more  conventional mutagens,
               carcinogens and teratogens.   Preliminary studies with the
               hamster and mouse  have shown that these two species are
               qualitatively very similar in response.  Furthermore, an
               attempt is being made to distinguish sperm morphology in
               these species based on suggested differences in fluorescent
               dye uptake.  These results may well lead to automated
               analyses of sperm  morphology.  Project duration is from
               June, 1975, to June 1980.

               Dr. George E. Stapleton - ERDA

               Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
               Andrew J.  Wyrobek
               P.O.  Box  808
               Livermore, California  94550
               (415) 447-1100

                                        ****


EPA/ERDA - Quantitative Mutagenesis Testing in Mammalian Cellular
           Systems

$100,000       Objectives of this project are: (1) to develop and apply
               quantitative multiple-marker assays utilizing cultured
               mammalian  cells for the evaluation  of potential mutagenic
               effects of agents  derived from energy technologies;
               and (2) to use these existing and newly-developed bio-
                                     VI-12

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               logical  screening systems for the identification of
               mutagenic agents associated with coal and oil  shale ex-
               traction, conversion, or utilization.  This program
               proposes the use of multiple drug-resistance markers for
               forward mutation in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
               cells, as well as in vitro and host-mediated in vivo/ in
               vitro procedures in the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE)
               system.   The markers being developed measure the frequency
               of forward mutation at the recessive azaadenine-resistant
               marker,  the X-linked azaguanine-resistant phenotype, and
               the dominant ouabain-resistant locus.  Established pro-
               caryote and lower eucaryote systems will  be used for
               comparison and reference; the most satisfactory markers
               in all systems will then be combined into a standard
               protocol in which each of the gene loci can be measured
               for mutation following exposure to a particular test
               agent or combination thereof.  Progress to date has
               been:  (1) Selection and validation of three CHO cell
               lines heterozygous at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
               locus.  These stock lines have been tested for optimal
               cell plating, selecting drug concentration, and expression
               time; the cell lines are now being used in triple marker
               mutagenesis experiments.  (2)  The SHE system has been
               tested extensively-plating efficiency optimized, ouabain
               resistance determined, with work currently in progress  to
               optimize the azaguanine-resistance marker.  Both CHO and
               SHE systems have been tested with the standard mutagen
               EMS, and experiments utilizing specific hydrocarbons
               relevant to energy technology are now underway.  Project
               duration is from June, 1975, to June, 1980.

               Dr. George E. Stapleton - ERDA

               Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
               F. T. Hatch, Biomedical Sciences Division
               P.O.  Box 808
               Livermore, California  94550
               (415) 447-1100   X3563

                                        ****

EPA/ERDA - Establishment of a Chemical Repository for Alternate Energy
           Source Material for Toxicity Testing

$295,000       This project will provide a repository where materials
               from new energy sources can be received,  identified,
               divided into replicate specimens for testing,  and  for-
               warded to participating laboratory for testing  with
               sufficient material being held under appropriate methods
               of storage for future reference.  Materials to  be  handled
               include products and combustion effluents  from coal
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               gasification and liquefaction and shale oil  extraction.
               This effort will be combined with a similar effort being
               undertaken by the NCI.   The project duration is from
               October,  1975, to September, 1978.

               David L.  Coffin, D.V.M.  - EPA, HERL, RTP
               (919) 549-8411   X2266

               ERDA, Oak Ridge National  Laboratory
               P.O.  Box X
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830

                                        ****

EPA/ERDA - Effect of Alternate Energy  Source Material  on Whole Animal
           Carcinogenesis by Percutaneous Application  of Extracts and
           Fractions to  Mice

$100,000       This project constitutes  the lead laboratory for car-
 (FY 75)       cinogenesis for the EPA  studies of the  toxic effects of
               products  and effluents  from alternate energy sources.
$190,000       Materials for study will  be derived through  the chemical
(FY 76A)       repository.  Materials  received will be subjected to
               preliminary toxicity testing and fractionation followed
               by cancer screening by  standard methods, including skin
               painting  and injection.   Data from this contract will be
               used to evaluate data from other methods such as bacterial
               mutagenesis, neoplastic  transformation, intratracheal
               instillation, etc., in  order to arrive  at a  coherent
               view of the relative value of various methods in dealing
               with practicable evaluation of carcinogenesis potential
               of crude  materials or portions.  Project duration is from
               September, 1976, to September, 1978.

               David L.  Coffin, D.V.M.  - EPA, HERL, RTP
               (919) 549-8411   X2266

               ERDA, Oak Ridge National  Laboratory
               Robert Wood
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
                                        ****
ERDA - Interactions Between Damage  (and Repair of Damage)  Resulting from
       Hazardous Agents  Associated  with Coal  and Oil  Shale Technologies
       and Ultraviolet Damage

$163,000       Effects of ultraviolet radiation and chemical  agents
               from coal  and oil  shale technologies on the repair of
               damage of cells.   Completion date:  July, 1977.

               R.  A.  Jensen - ERDA
                                 VI-14

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               Brookhaven National Laboratory
               Biology Department
               Upton, New York
                                   ****
ERDA - Regulatory Processes in Damaged Cells

$ 80,000       Study cell regulatory systems as effected by hazardous
               agents associated with coal and oil shale technologies.
               Completion date:  July, 1977.

               R. A. Jensen - ERDA

               Oak Ridge National Laboratory
               Biology Division
               Oak Ridge, Tennessee   37830

                                   ****

ERDA - Molecular Damage of DMA and Proteins Caused by Hazardous Metals,
       Metal Ions and Organic Compounds Associated with Coal  and Oil
       Shale Technologies

$ 50,000       Interactions of nucleic acids, proteins, etc., with
               hazardous substances related to coal  and shale oil  tech-
               nologies.  Completion date:  July, 1977.

               R. A. Jensen - ERDA

               University of California at Los Angeles
               Los Angeles, California  90024

                                   ****

ERDA - Processes by which Laboratory Mammals Recover from Damage by
       Exposure to Pollutants Associated with Coal Gasification and
       Shale Distillation.

$ 90,000       Health implications for people exposed to quantites of
               potentially hazardous materials.  Emphasis will be on the
               sequence of events occurring in the immune system.
               Completion date:  January 1, 1978.

               M. L. Minthorn - ERDA

               Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
               Health Division, Mammalian Biology Group
               Los Alamos, New Mexico

                                   ****
                                  VI-15

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NIOSH - Mortality and Morbidity Among Oil  Shale Workers

$160,000       Mortality due to 21  specific causes of approximately
               230 persons who worked at a pilot oil  shale operation in
               Rifle, Colorado, will  be studied.  Completion date: June,
               1977.

               John F. Finklea - NIOSH

               NIOSH, Western Area  Occupational Health Laboratory
               Salt Lake City, Utah

                                   ****

NIOSH - Enumeration of Energy Occupational Health Problems

$ 80,000       Identify occupational  health problems  associated with
               the extraction, processing, etc., of energy resources.
               Completion date:  May, 1980.

               John F. Finklea - NIOSH

               NIOSH, Western Area  Occupational Health Laboratory
               Salt Lake City, Utah

                                   ****

     In addition to government-funded research in the area of health
effects, the American Petroleum Institute (API) has been investigating
medical and biological effects under the direction of Neill K. Weaver,
M.D.  The funding levels shown are  for calendar year  1976.

API - Environmental Impact of Emissions and Effluents from Shale Oil
      Processes

$ 30,000       To evaluate the impact of effluents and emissions from
               processing of these  alternate energy sources on the non-
               human biota of the area.  There may be related hazards
               not identified or recognized in this program.  This
               project involves a review of selected  literature, limited
               plant visits, and preparation of an annotated listing of
               additional health and environmental matters to be con-
               sidered by API.

               Neil!  K. Weaver, M.D.  - API

               API, Department of Medicine and Biological Science
               2101 L Street NW
               Washington, D. C.  20027
               [202)  457-7190

                                   ****
                                 VI-16

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API - Analytical Support for Program on Toxicity of Shale Oil Products

$ 75,000       To characterize  selected samples of shale oil products
               studied  in the toxicity program.  The following deter-
               minations will be made:  PONA  (paraffins-olefins-naph-
               thenes-aromatics) content,  trace metals, PNA  (polynuclear
               aromatic hydrocarbons) by GC/UV/MS silica content, asbestos
               radio-activity.  In addition,  certain other specialized
               tests  (heterocyclics, carbon number distribution, etc.)
               may  be required  on some samples.

               Neil!  K. Weaver, M.D. - API

               API, Department  of Medicine and Biological Science
               2101 L Street NW
               Washington,  D. C.  20027
                (202)  457-7190
                                    ****
API - Chronic  Inhalation  Toxicity  of  Shale Oil  Process Products

$250,000       To  determine  the  chronic  inhalation toxicity of shale oil
               process  products  by exposing  experimental animals under
               appropriate laboratory conditions.  Standardized pro-
               cedures  appropriate for occupational and environmental
               health evaluation and  acceptable to regulatory agencies
               will  be  employed.

               Neill K. Weaver,  M.D.  - API

               API,  Department of  Medicine and  Biological  Science
               2101  L Street NW
               Washington, D. C.  20027
               (202) 457-7190
                                    *•***
API  - Carcinogenic  Potential  of Shale Oil  Products

$ 45,000        To determine the potential  for carcinogenic activity  by
                shale  oil  products.   Standardized procedures appropriate
                for  occupational  and environmental  health evaluation  and
                acceptable to regulatory agencies will  be employed.

                Neill  K.  Weaver,  M.D.  - API

                API, Department of Medicine and Biological Science
                2101 L Street NW
                Washington,  D.  C.   20037
                (202)  457-7190
                                    ****
                                  VI-17

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API - Sensitization Potential  of Shale Oil  Products

$ 10,000       To determine if there is a potential for sensitization
               [allergic contact dermatitis and photosensitization)
               through contact with shale oil  products.  Human patch
               test techniques will be employed.  Standardized pro-
               cedures appropriate for occupational and environmental
               health evaluation and acceptable to regulatory agencies
               will be employed.

               Neil!  K. Weaver, M.D. - API

               API -  Department of Medicine and Biological Science
               2101 L Street NW
               Washington, D.  C.  20037
               (202)  457-7190
                                   ****
API - Acute and Subacute Toxicity and Mutagenic Potential of Shale Oil
      Products

$200,000       To assess the acute and subacute toxicity and mutagenic
               potential of shale oil products through exposure of ex-
               perimental animals by various routes including oral,
               dermal, eye, and inhalation.   Standardization procedures
               appropriate for occupational  and environmental health
               evaluation and acceptable to  regulatory agencies will be
               employed.

               Neil! K. Weaver, M.D. - API

               API - Department of Medicine  and Biological Science
               2101 L Street NW
               Washington, D. C.  20037
               (202) 457-7190

                                   ****

API - Medical Surveillance Procedures for Shale Oil Operations

$ 25,000       To develop medical surveillance procedures.  It is im-
               portant to preplan the type of medical data to be collected
               so that consistent, industry-wide statistics are avail-
               able and that epidemiological studies of the prospective
               type may be conducted.  A currently sponsored program
               (Medical Records Systems) will contribute technical
               approaches to portions of this project.

               Neil! K. Weaver, M.D. - API
                                 VI-18

-------
               API - Department of Medicine and Biological Science
               2101 L Street NW
               Washington, D. C.  20Q37
               C202) 457-7190
                                   ****
API - Hazards of Major Shale Oil Processes and Their Control

$25,000        To identify hazards associated with major processes and
               develop protocols for their control.  The principal needs
               in this area are for early identification of unit opera-
               tions which may involve health risks from exposures to
               crude or processed materials and the recommendation of
               industry-wide protocols for plant surveys.  API is pre-
               sently sponsoring a project for the identification of
               hazards for conventional  petroleum operations  (Refinery
               Monitoring Manual).  Another project (Evaluation and
               Control of Potential Environmental Hazards in  the Petroleum
               Industry) addresses the development of protocols for
               control.  These two projects will serve as bases for this
               project.

               Neil! K. Weaver, M.D. - API

               API,  Department of Medicine and Biological Science
               2101  L Street NW
               Washington, D. C.  20037
               (202) 457-7190

                                   ****
                                 VI-19

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              VII.  MISCELLANEOUS OIL SHALE RESEARCH
     This section addresses research that is not aimed primarily at
environmental considerations.  Such research includes socio-economic
studies, resource and process development, and oil shale characteristics
and properties.  The government funding level cited is $19,579,108.
EPA/USDA


$396,000
Integrated Assessment:
Oil Shale Development
Socio-Economic Consequences  of Coal  and
                                                  , resource competition
                                                  future coal and oil
                                                  also estimate the impact
    The objectives of this project are to describe current
    resource use in coal and oil shale extraction and to assess
    agricultural economic implications,
    and use resulting from alternative
    shale development.  This work will
    energy development in Northern Great Plains on employment,
    income, and population of rural communities and on local
    government finances and services, including revenue poten-
    tial.  Interrelationships of local government expenditures
    to employment, population, income, age structure, and other
    socio-economic variables will be analyzed.  The work will
    evaluate costs of mined land reclamation and uses for land
    after mining.  Interregional economic implications and trade-
    offs for agricultural and rural areas resulting from coal
    development will also be evaluated.  Included are effects
    of increased water demand for coal development on agricul-
    tural industries, environmental quality and rural resource
    use.  The duration of this project is from March, 1976, to
    June, 1979.

    John R. Schaub - USDA, Washington, D.C.

    USDA, Economic Research Service
    V. Davis, Natural Resource  Economics Division
    12th and  Independence Avenue,  SW
    Washington, D.C.  20250
    (202) 447-8104

                    ****
 ERDA  -  Conversion  of Shale Oil  to Fuel  Products
 $230,000^
    Objectives  of this  study are to develop improved  methods  for
    producing  liquid  and gaseous fuels from shale oils.   One
    phase  of  the  project is  directed toward reducing  sulfur,
    nitrogen,  and oxygen contents of the produced oils.   A second
    phase  of  the  work is directed toward producing pipeline qual-
    ity gas from  an in  situ  operation.
    *FY72  - FY77
                               VII-1

-------
               ERDA,  Fossil  Energy  Program
               Division  of Oil,  Gas,  and  Shale  Technology
               Washington, D.C.

               ERDA,  Laramie Energy Research  Center
               Laramie,  Wyoming

                              ****

ERDA - Refining Process  Technology

$ 87,000       Objectives  of this project are to determine the refining
               characteristics of syncrudes and to establish the overall
               refining  process  as  needed to  satisfy future energy patterns

               ERDA,  Fossil  Energy  Program
               Division  of Oil,  Gas,  and  Shale  Technology
               Washington, D.C.

               ERDA,  Bartlesville Energy  Research Center
               Bartlesville, Oklahoma
                               ****
ERDA - Observation of Industry Program at Anvil  Points Facility

$108,000       Provide operating funds to support the Paraho project at
               Anvil  Points,  Colorado.  The Office of Naval  Research has
               continued funding for a 100,000-barrel test run.

               ERDA,  Fossil  Energy Program
               Division of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology
               Washington, D.C.

               ERDA,  Laramie  Energy Research Center
               Laramie, Wyoming

                               ****

ERDA - Massive Hydraulic Fracture, Mapping, and Characterization Program

$1,675,000     Demonstrate techniques necessary to define the orientation
               and dimensions of massive hydraulically induced fractures.
               Future work will involve a Devonian shale site.

               ERDA,  Fossil  Energy Program
               Division of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology
               Washington, D.C.

               ERDA,  Laramie  Energy Research Center
               Laramie, Wyoming

                               ****

                               VII-2

-------
ERDA - Determine the Potential Gas Reserves in the Devonian Shale

$487,593*      To thoroughly characterize the shale, and to evaluate and
               improve state-of-the-art exploration and extraction technology
               *Cost-sharing contract with AMEX/VESCORP.  Estimated cost to
               ERDA is $487,593 for the five-year project.

               AMEX/VESCORP Industries, Inc.
               Worthington, Ohio
                               ****
ERDA - Gasification of Oil Shale

$165,000       Objectives of  this program are to define the operating para-
               meters of oil  shale  retorting such that the off-gas produced
               has a sufficient Btu  content to be directly usable in the
               turbine, to study the feasibility of producing pipeline
               quality gas by gasification of oil shale, and to study means
               of  recovering  the maximum energy from oil shale.  Studies
               have been performed  on the 150-ton retort to provide the
               answers for the scope of work.  Off-gas heat content has
               ranged from 40 to 90  Btu/standard cubic feet.  Hydrocarbon
               recovery was shown to be 84 percent of the organic material
               originally present in the shale.

               ERDA, Fossil Energy  Program
               Division of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology
               Washington, D.C.

               ERDA, Laramie  Energy Research  Laboratory
               Laramie, Wyoming
                                ****
 ERDA  -  Refining  and Upgrading of Synfuels from Coal  and Oil  Shale  by
        Advanced  Catalytic Processes

 $1,588,598     Chevron Research Co.
               Richmond, California

                                ****

 ERDA  -  Develop and Demonstrate an  In Situ Process for Extraction of Energy
        from Devonian Shale

                Bruce Sudit - ERDA, Laramie Energy Research Laboratory

                Dow Chemical Co.

                                 ****
                               VII-3

-------
ERDA - In Situ Processing Supporting Process Development  -

$2,000,000*    Engineering variables are being studied to develop an in
               situ process.
               *Approximate funding from FY65 to present.

               ERDA
               Fossil  Energy  Program
               Division of Oil,  Gas, and Shale Technology
               Washington, D.C.

               ERDA, Sandia Laboratories
               Albuquerque, New  Mexico

                              ****

ERDA - Impact of Legal  and Regulatory Policies on the Commercialization
       of Oil Shale

               Project is to  identify the regulatory constraints and other
               legal policy issues which would constrain commercialization
               of oil  shale development in Colorado and Utah.  Final report
               is due spring, 1977.

               Massachusetts  Institute of Technology
               Dr. Larry Linden, Energy Laboratory
               Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139
               (617) 253-3400

                               ****

ERDA - Develop a Methodology for Cost/Risk/Benefit Trade off Analysis of
       Nuclear, Oil Shale, Geothermal, and Coal Use for Power Production
       in the Western States

$100,000       Western states energy development balanced benefits.
               Completion date:   April, 1976.

               Jerry Olson -  ERDA

               ERDA, Los Alamos  Scientific Laboratory
               Los Alamos, New Mexico

                               ****

ERDA - Mechanical Properties  of Oil Shale

$ 66,000       Mechanical properties, including static compressive  and
 (FY77)        tensile strengths are being investigated.  These properties
               will provide some insight into the fracturing mechanisms in
               an in situ oil shale combustion.  Project period of  perfor-
               mance is from December 1975 to October 1977.
                              VII-4

-------
               John Ward Smith - ERDA, LERC
               P. '0. Box 3395, University Station
               Laramie, Wyoming  82071

               University of Wyoming
               Mr. Ken Chong, Department of Civil Engineering
               Laramie, Wyoming  82070
                               ****
ERDA - Massive Hydraulic Fracturing in the Devonian Shale

More than      Assess the technical and economic effectiveness of massive
$2,000,000     hydraulic fracturing techniques for the development of
               potentially large gas reserves in the Appalachian Basin
               Devonian shale.

               ERDA, Division of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology,
               Washington, D.C.

               Columbia Gas System Service Corp.

                               ****

ERDA - The Real Cost of Alternative Energy Resources

$ 49,981       Massachusetts  Institute of Technology
               Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139
               (617) 253-3400
                                ****
ERDA - Electrical  and  Thermal  Conductivities  of Green River Oil Shale

$  24,667       Thermal  properties  and  electrical  properties of oil shale
               are being  defined.   Project  period was June 1, 1975, to
               March  1,  1976.   Research  is  now funded by  NSF.

               ERDA,  Fossil  Energy Program,  Division of Oil, Gas, and
               Shale  Technology,  Washington,  D.C.

               Colorado  State  University
               Fort Collins, Colorado   80521
                                ****
 ERDA -  Characteristics  of Oil  Shales

 $314,000       ERDA,  Fossil  Energy Program
  (FY75)        Division of Oil, Gas, and Shale Technology
                Washington, D.C.
                               VII-5

-------
               ERDA,  Laramie  Energy Research  Center
               Laramie,  Wyoming
                               ****
ERDA - In Situ Bed Preparation  Study,  Advanced Instrumentation,  Rock
       Mechanics,  and Diagnostics  Support for LERC  Program

$1,100,000     A part of the Sandia  FY76  program.

               ERDA,  Sandia Laboratories
               Albuquerque, New Mexico
                               ****
ERDA - Explosively Produced Fracturable Oil  Shale

$300,000       Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
 (FY76)        Los Alamos, New Mexico
                               ****
ERDA - Accelerated Oil  Shale In Situ Research - A Joint Government-Industry
       Program

               Negotiations are currently underway with Tally Frac,
               Geokinetics, Equity Oil  Co.,  and Occidental.

               Andy Decora - ERDA, Laramie Energy Research Laboratory

                               ****

USBM - Piceance Creek Basin Shaft

$3,635,943     Three contracts have been let for a 2,350-foot deep,  eight-
               foot inside diameter shaft to be drilled into the deep,
               rich oil shales of the Piceance Creek basin of northwest
               Colorado.  The driller is Rowan Co., Inc.  The casing for
               the shaft will be supplied by Marathon-LeTourneau.  Hughes
               Tool Co. will supply two 500-ton elevators for the shaft.
               The bore, which is part of a long-range USBM program to
               develop deep mining techniques in oil shale, has two pur-
               poses.  Initially, it will provide access for mining of a
               500-ton bulk sample of dawsonite-rich shale for testing in
               the USBM alumina program at the Boulder City, Nevada,
               laboratory.  Subsequently, the shaft may become a ventila-
               tion shaft for an experimental deep mine.  The bore hole is
               expected to be completed in the summer of 1977.
                               VII-6

-------
               Mr. Freedman - USBM (202) 634-1008

               Rowan Co., Inc. ($1,639,720.88)
               Houston, Texas

               Marathon-LeTourneau ($1,852,587.61)
               Longview, Texas

               Hughes Tool Co. ($143,635.48)
               Houston, Texas
                               ****
USBM - Design, Layout, and Costing of a Prototype Underground Demonstration
       Mine in Oil Shale

$262,632       This project involves design layout and cost assessments of
               a proposed experimental oil shale mine and is associated
               with a shaft-sinking project where an eight-foot diameter
               bore hole is being dug.

               Mr. Freedman - USBM (202) 634-1008

               Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co.
               Cleveland, Ohio, and Rifle, Colorado

                               ****

USBM - Large Diesel Testing for Oil Shale

$153,000       Southwest Research Institute
               San Antonio, Texas

                               ****

USBM - Study Contract to Develop Cost-Estimating Procedures to Provide a
       Cost Analysis Production of Syncrude from Shale

$135,370       A. A. Mathews,  Inc.
               Arcadia, California
                                ****
USBM - Alumina Process  Feasibility  Study  and  Preliminary  Pilot Plant Design

$1,581,671     Kaiser Engineers
               Oakland,  California   94666
                                ****
                               VII-7

-------
USBM - Permeability Tests and Coring for Engineering and Environmental
       Study of Retorted Oil  Shale Handling and Disposal

$ 38,146       Development Engineering, Inc.
               Grand Junction, Colorado
                               ****
USBM - Evaluation of the Oil  Shale Research and Development Program

$ 82,925       Aerospace Corp.
               P. 0. Box 92956
               Los Angeles, California
                               ****
USAF - Evaluation of Methods to Produce Aviation Turbine Fuels from Synthetic
       Crude Oils

$ 97,276       This program will be conducted in three phases.  The objec-
               tive of Phase I is to determine which raw materials and
               processes will provide refinery feedstocks most amenable to
               production of finished aviation turbine fuel.  Raw materials
               will include coal and oil shale.  The objective of Phase II
               is to provide an experimental base in support of production
               of aviation turbine fuel from synthetic crude oil.  Phase
               III will provide an overall assessment of material, equip-
               ment, and processing requirements for producing the high
               yields of aviation turbine fuels from coal and oil shale.
               Phase I consists of an engineering analysis and includes a
               literature survey.  Raw materials, processes, synthetic
               crude oils, and refinery feedstocks will be selected for
               further study in the later phases.  Phase II is limited to
               laboratory bench scale experimentation as pilot plant work
               is not within the scope of this program.  Under Phase III
               requirements unique to production of aviation turbine fuels
               to production of other liquid products (gasoline, heating
               fuels, etc.) will be identified.

               USAF, Aero-Propulsion Laboratory
               Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio  45433

               Exxon Research and Engineering
               H. Shaw
               P. 0. Box 8
               Linden, New Jersey  07036

                               ****
                              VII-8

-------
USN - Refurbishment, Modification, and/or Replacement of Equipment Comprising
      "Oil-from-Shale" Experimental Facility at Anvil Points, Colorado

$411,187       Dick Martell - Office of Naval Research, Anvil Points,
               Colorado

               Development Engineering, Inc.
               Grand Junction, Colorado

                               ****

USN - Support of a 100,000 Barrel Oil Shale Research and Development
      Project

$502,129       Mine preparation,  precommissioning, and initial startup.
               Contract was awarded October 29, 1976.

               Office of Naval Research

               Development Engineering, Inc.
               Grand Junction, Colorado

                               ****

USN - Support of a 100,000 Barrel Oil Shale Research and Development
      Project

$309,621       Install 60,000 barrels of crude shale oil storage at the
               oil shale research facility  located on the Naval Oil Shale
               Reserve near Rifle, Colorado.  Contract was awarded October
               29, 1976.

               Office of Naval Research

               Development Engineering,  Inc.
               Grand Junction, Colorado

                               ****

USN - Support of a 100,000 Barrel Oil  Shale Research and Development
      Project

$831,032       Initiate  shale oil production and  conduct research  and
               development on shale  retorting technology at  Anvil  Points,
               Colorado.   Contract was  awarded  October 29, 1976.

               Office of Naval  Research

               Development Engineering,  Inc.
               Grand  Junction,  Colorado

                                ****

                                VII-9

-------
NASA - Synthesis  and Analysis  of Jet Fuels  from Shale Oil  and Coal  Syncrudes

$ 91,230       Contract was  awarded July 14,  1975.

               NASA, Lewis  Research Center

               Atlantic Richfield
               Harvey Technical  Center
               Harvey, Illinois

                              ****

NSF - Enhancement of Oil  Yields  and Residual  Carbon Oxidation In Situ
      Retorting of Oil Shale

$ 84,400       This research is  directed to problem areas  in the in situ
               recovery of oil from oil  shale.   The specific goals  are
               (1) to verify and quantify preliminary findings which
               indicate that oil yield can  be significantly increased by
               pre-heating large oil shale  blocks at low temperatures;
               (2) to develop a  model which describes the  overall rate of
               oxidation of the  carbonaceous  material in spent shale as
               a function of the important  parameters.  It is expected
               that the results  of this  research will be valuable in the
               near term as an aid in the design of experimental in situ
               retorts.  Over the long run, this work will contribute to
               the overall  goal  of producing  economically  viable in situ
               processes for the recovery of oil from oil  shale.

               University of Utah
               A. L. Tyler, Graduate School
               310 Park Building
               Salt Lake City, Utah  84112

                               ****

NSF - Assessment of the Generalizability of Socio-Economic Environmental
      Systems Models

$157,100       The research/utilization team will assemble and build a
               data base for a test region and use it as the basic core
               for a test and evaluation center.  Such a facility serves the
               State's needs by:  1) establishing a  "proving ground" for
               the examination of socio-economic environmental models
               developed in other parts of the country and having potential
               utility for Colorado; 2)  facilitating the development of an
               interactive process with State officials for delineating
               State modeling needs and abilities among students, State
               officials, and others.  Present contract expires  July 1, 1977
                               VII-10

-------
               Colorado Office of State Planning and Budgeting
               David E. Monarchi, Management Science Division
               Denver, Colorado  80203
                               ****
NSF - Electrical and Thermal Properties of Oil Shale Applied to In Situ
      Shale Oil Extraction

$145,400       This research project will investigate the thermal  and
               electrical properties of oil shales under conditions which
               simulate actual field in situ oil shale operations.  This
               research will use simultaneous parameter measurement tech-
               niques which utilize automated data acquisition and on-
               line control of experimental conditions to directly determine
               oil shale properties.  The major tasks to be accomplished
               during the life of the project are:  simultaneous measurement
               of the thermal conductivity and the electrical impedance
               (10 Hz to 13 MHz) as a function of temperature (100-1000°F),
               pressure  (0-1000 psi), and kerogen content (10-40 gallons per
               ton) both parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane
               stratifications lines (varves); simultaneous measurement
               of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential
               dielectric analysis  (DDA) as a function of temperature
               (100-1000°F) and kerogen content (10-40 gallons per ton);
               rapid, high  power, laser flash thermal diffusivity measure-
               ment as a function of temperature and kerogen content.
               Several novel applications suggested by the data will be
               investigated.  These applications include electrothermal
               fracture  of  oil shale, heating, in situ thermal impedance
               characterization, remote thermal diffusivity measurements,
               electrical determination of the permeability of oil shale
               beds, and electrical assay of  the kerogen content of the
               oil shales.  Recommendations will be made regarding the
               technical feasibility of  these applications.  Contract
               duration  is  from February,  1976, to June, 1977.  An annual
               report  (February 1,  1976  -  February 1, 1977)  has been
               published.

               Colorado  State University
               J. B. Dubow, School  of  Engineering  (Electrical)
               Fort Collins, Colorado   80521
                                ****
FEA - Macroeconomic  Impacts  of Coal  and Oil  Shale Development in the
      Intermountain  West

$. 99,955        The contractor will  produce a multi-state interregional
                input-output  model  which will evaluate the extent and
                               VII-11

-------
             • magnitude  of  economic  growth  by  sector  resulting  from
              alternative levels  of  coal, oil  shale refining,  coal
              gasification,  electric power  generation,  and  energy product
              transmission  pipelines in  the five-state  area of  Colorado,
              Wyoming, Montana, Utah,  and New  Mexico.   Projections  through
              1985  are to be made in order  to  evaluate  the  impacts  on
              future  employment,  sector  output,  and industry growth
              derived from  various rates of coal  and  oil  shale  development.
              Impacts on the public  sector  will  also  be traced.   Side
              effects from  development will  also  be evaluated,  e.g.,
              environmental  change,  and  change in social  well-being.
              Contract duration is from  April, 1976,  to March,  1977.

              Utah  State University
              C.  Lewis,  Office of Resource  Development
              Agricultural  Science Building, Room 223A
              Logan,  Utah   84321

                              ****

FEA - Comprehensive  Analysis  of Issues  Regarding  Energy  Resource  Development
      on Indian  Reservations

$228,452      Ernst and  Ernst
              1225  Connecticut Avenue  NW
              Washington, D.C.
               (202) 296-8300

                              ****

USGS - Stream Sediment Chemistry in the Oil  Shale  Region

              USGS  -  Geological Division
              Mr.  John Maberry, Program  Manager
              Energy  Lands  Program
              MS911,  P.  0.  Box 25046
              Lakewood,  Colorado   80226
               (303) 234-4857

                              ****

USGS - Soil  Chemistry  in  the Piceance Creek  Basin

              USGS  -  Geological Division
              Mr.  John Maberry, Program  Manager
               Energy Lands  Program
              MS911,  P.  0.  Box 25046
               Lakewood,  Colorado   80226
               (303) 234-4857

                              ****
                              VII-12

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USGS - Geochemistry of Green River Oil Shale

               USGS - Geological Division
               Mr. John Maberry, Program Manager
               Energy Lands Program
               MS911, P- 0. Box 25046
               Lakewood, Colorado  80226
               (303) 234-4857
                               ****
 USGS  -  Determination  of  Impacts  of  Oil  Shale  In Situ Leasing on Cultural
        Resources  in Colorado  and Utah

 $  39,800        Colorado  State University
                Fort Collins,  Colorado   80521
                                ****
                                VII-13

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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA 908/4-77-007
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Oil Shale Research Overview
7. AUTHOR(S)
Charles 0. Hook
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Cameron Engineers, Inc.
1315 S. Clarkson Street
Denver, Colorado 80210
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry, EPA
William N. McCarthy, Energy Processes Division
401 M. Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION'NO.
5. REPORT DATE
May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-4337
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared in cooperation with the EPA Oil Shale Workgroup,
Terry Thoem, liaison
16. ABSTRACT
This paper is a compilation of some federally sponsored oil shale research, both
current and recently completed. It lists 148 programs, funding levels, descriptions,
and project contact names.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT
a. DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTI

13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECU
Limited copies available from:
Terry L. Ihoem, EPA, 1860 Lincoln St., 2o.s£cu
Denver, Colorado 80203
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
ANALYSIS
FIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group

RITY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
RITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE


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