OIS-1IC RETORT FILE
ORGANIC SOLVENT
USE STUDY
Final Report
October 1979
CORPORATION
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-560/12-79-002
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
PC 3rt/ -
5. REPORT DATE date Of '
October 1979; preparation
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Organic Solvent Use Study
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
B. B. Lee, G. E. Wilkins, and E. M. Nichols
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA No. 68-03-2776
Work Assignment 1
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances Industrial Environmental
401 "M" Street, SW Research Laboratory
Washington, B.C. 20460 &&*&!.Avenue
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to collect information about 34 large volume indus-
trial organic solvents and to organize the information in a useful manner. Production,
consumption, use, exposure and toxicological data collected were used to categorize
and rank the solvents. Exposure and inhalation toxicity data were analyzed to provide
indicators of solvents posing the greatest risk.
The study concluded that twelve of the solvents studied may pose a potential
risk. Further study of these solvents was recommended. The study also recommended
that information regarding dermal absorption of potentially toxic chemicals be found
in the literature or generated in the laboratory. Additionally, the study recom-
mended that the Office of Toxic Substances consider a pilot program to assess the
utility of future in-depth searches of the open literature. The study also recom-
mended that Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) be established for solvents not already
assigned TLV's.
Each solvent in the study was grouped according to use and basic chemical
structure. Information about each solvent was listed in a series of 39 use category
tables and 16 chemical structural category tables.
Solvents were ranked according to total annual production and consumption,
annual consumption as a solvent, inhalation and ingestion toxicity, and exposure
potential. _________^^__
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
Solvents - organic solvents
Organic solvents-uses 07/C
Organic solvents-production 11/K
Organic solvents-consumpti.on
Organic solvents-toxicity
Organic solvents-exposure
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
245
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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ORGANIC SOLVENT USE STUDY
Final Report
Prepared by:
B. B. Lee, G. E. Wilkins
and
E. M. Nichols
EPA Contract No. 68-03-2776
Work Effort 1
Prepared for:
Cynthia Kelly
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
401 M Street, SVl
Washington, D.C. 20460
and
Robert C. Weber
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
RADIAN CORPORATION
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
1 October 1979
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND RESULTS 10
3 . 0 SOLVENT GROUPING BY USE CATEGORY 17
4.0 SOLVENT GROUPING BY CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 89
5 . 0 SOLVENT RANKINGS 119
6.0 COMPARISON OF TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE RANKINGS 146
7 . 0 REFERENCES 157
Appendix
A DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF EPA EXPOSURE
INDEX 163
B EXPOSURE INDEX SCORES 178
C RESULTS OF MANUAL PATENT SEARCH FOR FIVE
SOLVENTS 224
11
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
5-1 Comparison of Toxicity and Vapor Pressure
Rankings 141
6-1 Comparison of Inhalation Toxicity and Median
Exposure Ranking for Consumer Use of Solvents 152
6-2 Comparison of Inhalation Toxicity and Maximum
Exposure Ranking for Consumer Use of Solvents 153
6-3 Comparison of Inhalation Toxicity and Median
Exposure Rankings for Occupational Use of
Solvents 154
6-4 Comparison of Inhalation Toxicity and Median
Exposure Rankings for Occupational Use of
Solvents 155
111
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
1-1 Solvents Chosen for OTS Study .....................
2-1 Potential High-Risk Solvents ...................... I0
2-2 Chemicals for Which Information Was Not
Readily Available ................................. *-^
3-1 Solvent Use Categories ............................
3-2 Solvents for Dyes for Plain Dyed and Finished
Fibers , Yarn and Fabrics .......................... 22
3-3 Solvents for Manufacturing Dyes ................... 23
3-4 Solvents for Plastics and Rubber Materials and
Synthetics ........................................ 24
3-5 Tar Removers for Laundry and Drycleaning .......... 27
3-6 Solvents for Laundry and Drycleaning .......... .... 28
3-7 Solvents for Wool Cleaning ........................ 29
3-8 Solvents for Chemicals ............................ 30
3-9 Solvents for Drain Cleaners ....................... 34
3-10 Solvents for Manicuring Preparations .............. 35
3-11 Solvents for Fluorescent Lamps .................... 36
3-12 Solvents for Oil and Gas Extraction ............... 37
3-13 Solvents for Shoe Polishes ........................ 38
3-14 Solvents for Aerosol Personal Products ............ 39
3-15 Solvents for Fabricated Rubber and Plastic
Products .......................................... 40
3-16 Solvents for Capacitors ........................... 41
3-17 Solvents for Chemicals for Brazing, Welding
and Soldering ..................................... 42
iv
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table Page
3-18 Solvents for Spotting Agents 43
3-19 Solvents for Specialty Lubricants 44
3-20 Solvents for Food 45
3-21 Solvents for Cleaning and Maintenance 46
3-22 Solvents for Research and Development 47
3-23 Solvents for Crop Production 48
3-24 Solvents for Adhesives 49
3-25 Solvents for Paper Coatings 51
3-26 Solvents for Pesticides 53
3-27 Solvents for Repair Work 55
3-28 Solvents for Surface Cleaning and Conditioning.... 58
3-29 Solvents for Printing Operations 61
3-30 Solvents for Paint and Allied Products 64
3-31 Solvents for Petroleum Refining 70
3-32 Solvents for Furniture Repair and Refinishing 71
3-33 Solvents for Hydraulic Fluids for Transporta-
tion Equipment 73
3-34 Solvents for Roll Coatings 74
3-35 Solvents for Pharmaceuticals 78
3-36 Solvents for Polishes and Related Products 82
3-37 Solvents for Explosives 83
3-38 Solvents for Printing Inks 84
3-39 Solvents for Coating Magnetic Wire 87
3-40 Solvents for Textile Processing 88
v
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table Pa§e
4-1 Chemical Structural Categories 91
4-2 Halogenated Aromatic Solvents 92
4-3 Ketone Solvents 93
4-4 Polynuclear Aromatic Solvents 96
4-5 Amide Solvents 97
4-6 Non-Cyclic Halogenated Alkene Solvents 98
4-7 Aromatic Solvents 100
4-8 Alcohol Solvents 102
4-9 Ether Solvents 104
4-10 Non-Cyclic Halogenated Alkane Solvents 108
4-11 Glycol Solvents Ill
4-12 Phenol Solvents 112
4-13 Nitrated Aromatic Solvents 113
4-14 Sulfoxide Solvents ]_]_4
4-15 Thione Solvents
4-16 Heterocyclic Solvents
4-17 Ester Solvents
5-1 Ranking by Total Annual Production 127
5-2 Ranking by Total Annual Consumption ]_98
5-3 Ranking by Amount Used in Solvent Applications 129
5-4 Solvents Derived from Non-Synthetic Chemical
Parents 130
5-5 Ranking of Solvent Chemical Parents .......
131
VI
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table Page
5-6 Exposure Index and Ranking for Consumer Applica-
tions Using the Maximum Exposure Score 133
5-7 Exposure Index and Ranking for Consumer Applica-
tions Using the Median Exposure Score 134
5-8 Exposure Index and Ranking for Occupational
Applications Using the Maximum Exposure Score 135
5-9 Exposure Index and Ranking for Occupational
Applications Using Median Exposure Score 136
5-10 Chemicals Known or Suspected as Carcinogens 137
5-11 Toxicity Rankings Via Inhalation Route 138
5-12 Toxicity Rankings Via Ingest ion 139
5-13 Comparison of Toxicity Vs . Vapor Pressure 140
5-14 Ranking of Solvents by Environmental Effect 143
5-15 Parameters Related to Safety in Use of Solvents
Studied ' 144
6-1 Comparison of Inhalation Toxicity and Exposure
Rankings Using Median Values 148
6-2 Comparison of Inhalation Toxicity and Exposure
Rankings Using Maximum Values 150
6-3 Solvents Representing the Greatest Risk 156
vxi
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SOLVENT USE INDEX
Solvent Tables in Which Solvent
Uses are Listed
Acetone 3-4, 3-8, 3-17, 3-24, 3-25, 3-28, 3-29,
3-30, 3-35, 3-37, 3-38, 4-3
Amyl acetates 3-6, 3-8, 3-10, 3-11, 3-15, 3-30, 3-34,
3-35, 3-37, 4-17
n-Butyl alcohol 3-30, 3-34, 3-35, 4-8
Carbon disulfide 3-8, 4-15
Chlorobenzene 3-26, 3-27, 3-28, 4-2
Chloronaphthalenes 3-4, 3-5, 3-8, 3-21, 4-4
Cresols/cresylic acid 3-39, 4-12
Cyclohexanone 3-4, 3-18, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-32,
3-34, 3-38, 4-3
o-Dichlorobenzene 3-8, 3-27, 3-29, 3-32, 3-35, 4-2
Diethylene glycol 3-12, 3-29, 3-30, 3-33, 3-36, 3-38, 4-11
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 3-2, 3-29, 3-30, 3-38, 4-9
N,N-Dimethylformamide 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-8, 3-16, 3-21,
3-24, 3-27, 3-29, 3-30, 3-32, 3-35,
3-38, 4-5
Dimethyl sulfoxide 3-4, 3-8, 3-22, 3-31, 3-34, 3-35, 4-14
Ethyl acetate 3-4, 3-25, 3-29, 3-30, 3-38, 4-17
Ethyl benzene 3-3, 3-22, 3-23, 3-24, 3-26, 3-30, 3-34,
4-7
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 3-26, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-32,
3-33, 3-34, 3-36, 3-38, 4-9
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 3-24, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-32, 3-33
3-34, 3-35, 3-38, 4-9
Ethyl ether 3-8, 3-35, 3-27, 4-9
Isobutanol 3-27, 3-30, 3-32, 4-8
Methanol 3-3, 3-8, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 3-34, 3-35,
3-36, 3-38, 4-8
Methylene chloride 3-4, 3-15, 3-20, 3-27, 3-28, 3-32, 3-35,
3-40, 4-10
Methyl ethyl ketone 3-8, 3-24, 3-25, 3-29, 3-30 3-31 3-34
3-35, 3-38, 4-3
Methyl isobutyl ketone 3-4, 3-8, 3-22, 3-24, 3-25 3-26 3-30
3-34, 3-35, 4-3 '
Nitrobenzene 3-8, 3-24, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 3-38, 4-13
Perchloroethylene 3-4, 3-6, 3-18, 3-27, 3-28, 3-40/4-6
Pyridine 3-35, 4-16
Toluene 3-24, 3-25, 3-29, 3-30, 3-34, 3-35, 3-33
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 3-9, 3-13, 3-14, 3-18, 3-24 3-26 1-97
3-28, 3-29, 3-35, 3-38, 3-40, 4-l6
VI11
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SOLVENT USE INDEX (Continued)
Solvent Tables in Which Solvent
Uses are Listed
Trichloroethylene 3-6, 3-7, 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-24, 3-27,
3-28', 3-40, 4-6
Trichlorofluoromethane 3-27, 3-28, 4-10
Triethylene glycol 3-8, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 3-34, 3-38, 4-11
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2- 3-6, 3-21, 3-28, 4-10
trifluoroethane
Xylenes 3-3, 3-15, 3-22, 3-23, 3-25, 3-26, 3-30,
3-34, 3-35, 4-7
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CONVERSION FACTOR
To convert from to Multiply
pound-mass (Ib-mass
avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 0.454
x
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Toxic
Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
XI
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to collect readily avail'
able information about 34 large volume industrial organic sol-
vents and to present the information in a cohesive, organized
manner. The production, consumption, use, exposure and toxico-
logical data collected were used to categorize and rank the sol-
vents in several different ways. Exposure and inhalation toxi-
city data were analyzed to provide indicators of solvents posing
the greatest risk to man and his environment.
From the results of this study, it was concluded that
twelve of the solvents considered may present a potential risk.
In-depth risk assessment studies were recommended for each of
these solvents. Additionally, the study recommended that data
on dermal absorption of potentially toxic compounds be found in
the literature or generated in the laboratory.
The study also recommended that a pilot program be
initiated to assess the utility of extensive manual searches of
the open literature for additional solvent information. Addi-
tionally, the study recommended that Threshold Limit Values
(TLV's) be established for solvents not already assigned TLV's,
so that the risk posed by inhalation of these solvents could be
more accurately assessed. The study further recommended that
assessments of inhalation risk include the effect of vapor pres-
sure.
Each solvent in the study was grouped according to its
use. Thirty-nine use categories were developed, based on the
Office of Toxic Substances function-application code system
Applicable occupational and consumer exposure potential scores
were developed for each category. Tables prepared for each use
XI1
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category listed the following pertinent information about each
solvent in that category: specific solvent uses within the
category; non-solvent uses; amount and percent consumed for each
solvent and non-solvent use; chemical structural category; inha-
lation and ingestion toxicity rankings; chemical parent(s); and
references.
Because chemicals with similar structures often exhibit
similar chemical, physical, and toxicological properties, each
solvent in the study was grouped according to its basic chemical
structure. Tables prepared for sixteen chemical categories
listed specific solvent and non-solvent uses ; amount and percent
consumed for each use; applicable categories for each solvent
use and the exposure potentials developed for each; inhalation
and ingestion toxicity; chemical parent(s); and references for
each solvent.
Solvents for which quantitative data were available
were ranked according to total annual production amounts, total
annual consumption amounts, and the amount consumed for solvent
use only- Synthetically-produced petrochemical parents of sol-
vents were also ranked according to total annual production.
Solvents for which toxicological data were available
were ranked according to their ingestion and inhalation toxi-
cities. Each solvent was also ranked according to its maximum
and median occupational and consumer exposure potential score.
Toxicity and exposure potential rankings were priori-
tized to determine the twelve solvents posing the greatest po-
tential risk.
xiii
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This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-03-2776, Work Assignment 1, by Radian Corporation under
the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -
This report covers the period from 1 April 1979 to 1 October
1979. Work was completed 1 October 1979.
xiv
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This document presents the results of a study of 34
large-volume organic chemical solvents. The goal of this pro-
ject was to collect and present information about the solvents.
The information presented will aid OTS in making its assess-
ments of risk provided to man and his environment by these sol-
vents. Use, exposure, toxicological, production, and consump-
tion data were used to categorize and rank the solvents in
several different ways. Additionally, an analysis relating
exposure to inhalation toxicity was done to provide indicators
of solvents within this group posing the greatest risk.
The need for a comprehensive study of chemical solvent
use is becoming increasingly apparent, as the potential for ex-
posure in this large class of chemicals is high. The high ex-
posure potential exists not only because of solvents' widespread
use, but also because of the methods in which they are used:
human exposure is possible through inhalation, direct contact,
and even ingestion.
The magnitude of OTS's responsibility in administer-
ing the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) with respect to
organic solvents is great. Hundreds of solvents, currently
used in industrial and consumer applications, fall under the
jurisdiction of the Act. And, because the Act covers all
points of exposure (manufacturing, processing/commercial use,
consumer use, transport, and disposal), OTS's job becomes even
larger still.
The information contained in this report will provide
OTS with background for developing strategies to determine
risks to environmental quality and human health imposed by
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solvent manufacture and use. The methodology used in collect-
ing and organizing the information in this study may also be
useful to OTS in planning and implementing similar studies on
different groups of chemicals.
The number of solvents in current use is too large
for their simultaneous study. For this reason, OTS chose to
begin its solvent use investigation with a study of 34 large-
volume organic solvents. A list of the solvents investigated
is shown in Table 1-1. Also shown are the Chemical Abstracts
Services (CAS) preferred names and CAS Registry numbers. Syn-
onyms and molecular formulas are included to eliminate confu-
sion over the specific identity of the solvent in question.
The solvents were chosen for study for the following
reasons: (1) they were known to be consumed as solvents in
relatively large amounts; (2) qualitative data indicated they
were used in a variety of solvent applications; (3) qualitative
use data indicated that their application was one of high ex-
posure potential; and/or (4) they were known to be highly toxic
or suspected carcinogens.
The information presented here resulted from a quick
response effort. Information collected during this study was
obtained from readily-accessible, easily retrievable sources.
Funding and time limitations prohibited in-depth literature
searches. A few industry contacts were made, but potential in-
dustrial sources of information were not rigorously pursued
This information represents the quantity which could be easily
and cheaply obtained, i.e., the point of diminishing returns.
Pursuit of further information will require industry participa-
tion and/or more intensive searching.
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TABLE 1-1. SOLVENTS CHOSEN FOR OTS STUDY
Common Name
Preferred Name
and CAS No.a
Other Synonyms
Molecular
Formula
Acetone
Amyl acetates
n-butyl alcohol
Carbon disulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloronaphthalene
Cresols/cresylic acid
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
67641
2-propanone
71363
1-butanol
75150
carbon disulfide
108907
benzene, chloro
25586430
naphthalene, chloro-
1319773
phenol, methyl-
108941
cyclohexanone
95501
benzene, 1,2-dichloro
dimethyl ketone; 3-keto-propane;
dimethylketal; methyl ketone;
pyroacetic ether;
dimethylformaldehyde
acetic acid; pentyl ester;
pentyl acetate
butyl alcohol; propyl carbinol;
n-butanol
carbon bisulfide
benzene chloride; chlorbenzol;
monochlorobenzene; phenyl
chloride
monochloronaph thalene;
halowax
cresylol; tricresol;
methylphenol
pimelic ketone; ketohexamethylene;
pimelin ketone
othodichlorobenzene;
orthodichlorobenzol;
1,2-dichlorobenzene
CHaCOCHa
CS2
C10H7C1
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TABLE 1-1. SOLVENTS CHOSEN FOR OTS STUDY (Continued)
Common Name
Preferred Name
and CAS No.a
Other Synonyms
Molecular
Formula
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
N,N-dimethylformamide
Dimethylsulfoxide
Ethyl acetate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
111466 2,2'-oxybisethanol;
ethanol, 2,2'-oxybis- 2,2'-oxydiethanol;
bis(2-ethoxyethyl)ether;
diethyl carbitol;
glycol ether;
glycol ethyl ether
112345 butyl carbitol;
ethanol, o-biityl diethylene glycol;
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)- diethylene glycol N-butyl ether;
diethylene glycol butyl ether;
diglycol monobutyl ether;
butyl diglycol
HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH
HOCH2CH2OCH2CH2OC1(H9
68122
formamide,
N,N-dimethyl
DMF;
dimethylformamide;
N-formyldimethylamine
67685 DMSO;
methane, sulfinylbis- methyl sulfoxide
141786 acetic acidethyl ester;
acetic acid ethyl ester ethyl ethanoate;
ethyl acetic ester
100414
benzene, ethyl-
phenylethane; ethylbenzol
111762 butyl cellosolne;
ethanol, 2-butoxy- 2-butoxyethanol
HCON(CH3)
(CH3)2SO
CH3COOC2H5
C6H5C2H5
HOCH2CH2OC4H9
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TABLE 1-1. SOLVENTS CHOSEN FOR OTS STUDY (Continued)
Common Name
Preferred Name
and CAS No.a
Other Synonyms
Molecular
Formula
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
Ethyl ether
110805
ethanol, 2-ethoxy-
60297
ethane, l,l'-oxybis-
2-ethoxyethanol; cellosolne;
ethyl cellosolne
diethyl ether; ethoxyethane ;
ethyl oxide; diethyl oxide;
anesthetic ether
HOCH2CH2OC2H5
Isobutanol
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
78831
1-propanol, 2-methyl
Nitrobenzene
67561
methanol
75092
methane, dichloro-
78933
2-butanone
108101
2-pentanone, 4-methyl-
98953
benzene, nitro-
2-methyl-l-propanol ;
isopropylcarbinol ;
1-hydroxymethylpropane ;
isobutyl alcohol;
fermentation butyl alcohol
methyl alcohol; carbinol;
wood spirit; wood alcohol
dichloromethane; methylene
dichloride; methane dichloride
2-butanone; ethyl methyl ketone;
methyl acetone; MEK
isopropylacetone; 4-methyl-27
pentanone; MIBK; isobutyl
methyl ketone; MIK; 2-methyl-4-
pentanone
nitrobenzol; C.I. Solvent
Black 5
(CH3)2CHCH2OH
CH3OH
CH2C12
CH3COCH2CH3
CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2
C6H5N02
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TABLE 1-1. SOLVENTS CHOSEN FOR OTS STUDY (Continued)
Common Name
Preferred Name
and CAS No.a
Other Synonyms
Molecular
Formula
Perchloroethylene
Pyridine
Toluene
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Triethylene glycol
127184
ethene, tetrachloro
110861
pyridine
108883
benzene, methyl-
79005
ethane,
1,1,2-trichloro-
79016
ethene, trichloro-
75694
methane,
trichlorofluoro
112276
ethanol, 2,2'-
[1,2-ethanediylbis
(oxy)]bis-
tetrachloroethylene; ethylene
tetrachloride; tetrachloroethene;
perc; carbon dlchloride
azabenzene; azine
methylbenzene; toluol;
phenylmethane;
methylbenzol
1,1,2-trichloroethane;
vinyl trichloride;
ethane trichloride;
1,2,2-trichloroethane
trichloroethene; 1-chloro-
2,2-dichloroethylene;
1,1,2-trichloroethylene;
1,2,2-trichloroethylene;
ethylene trichloride
trichloromonofluoromethane;
fluorotrichloromethane;
Freon 11
2,2'-ethylenedioxydiethanol;
glycol bis (hydroxyethyl) ether
TEG; Triglycol
C2C14
C6H5CH3
CH2C1CHC12
CC12CHC1
CC13F
HO(C2HH0)3H
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TABLE 1-1. SOLVENTS CHOSEN FOR OTS STUDY (Continued)
Preferred Name Molecular
Common Name and CAS No.a Other Synonyms Formula
l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2- 76131 trichlorotrifluoroethane; CC12FCC1F2
trifluoroethane ethane, 1,1,2- Freon 113; 1,1,2-trifluoro-
trichloro-1,2,2- 1,2,2-trichloroethane;
trifluoro- 1,2,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane;
Xylenes 1330207 dime thy Ibenzene, Xylol C6H,t(CH3)2
benzene, dimethyl
As listed in the Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory.
No CAS number x
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The remainder of this report contains the information
collected about each solvent, which has been categorized in a
number of different ways. The kinds of information include
specific solvent and non-solvent uses, annual production and
consumption quantities, toxicity information, basic chemical
structure, and occupational and consumer exposure potential.
Section 2.0 contains conclusions and recommendations which re-
sulted from analysis of the information collected.
Section 3.0 contains a series of tables in which in-
formation about each solvent is grouped according to solvent
use. The tables in Section 4.0 group the solvents and the in-
formation describing each into categories based on chemical
structure.
In Section 5.0, the solvents are ranked in several
ways: total annual production, total annual consumption, and
amount consumed in solvent uses. Chemical parents of the sol-
vents studied are also listed and ranked by total annual pro-
duction. Methods for determining exposure potential and toxi-
city are discussed in this section, and solvents are ranked in
each of these categories.
Section 6.0 compares toxicity and exposure rankings.
The methods are described by which composite risk scores were
obtained, and the solvents which appear to present the greatest
consumer and occupational risks are listed. Complete refer-
ences are cited in Section 7.0.
Appendix A contains a detailed description of Auer-
bach Associates' methodology in developing the EPA Index of
Exposure. Exposure Index Scores .developed with Auerbach's
model are included in Appendix B. Appendix C includes the
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results of a manual patent search performed for five solvents:
acetone, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether,
ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and xylenes. The uses found
in the patent literature are presented in the Appendix because
the commercial significance could not be ascertained.
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2.0 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS. AND RESULTS
Recommendation: In-depth risk assessment studies
should be undertaken for each of the twelve high risk solvents.
One of the major conclusions reached in this study is
that twelve of the solvents considered may have potential for
presenting risk to man and his.environment. These solvents are
listed in Table 2-1. Indicators derived through screening, rank-
ing, and analytical methods show that further study is warranted
for these solvents.
TABLE 2-1. POTENTIAL HIGH-RISK SOLVENTS
Nitrobenzene
N,N-Dime thy1formami de
n-Butyl alcohol
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Isobutanol
Xylenes
Ethyl benzene3
Chlorobenzene
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Cresols/Cresylic acid
a
A component of mixed Xylenes.
Recommendation: To assess the utility of extensive
manual searches of the open literature, a pilot study should be
initiated in which an intensive manual search, is performed for
a small group of solvents.
10
-------
Gaps in information were identified for several of the
solvents. The list of solvents was chosen for the most part
from those which were well characterized in easily accessible
sources. Areas of missing information for each solvent are
shown in Table 2-2. In order to completely assess the risk
posed by the solvents in this study, important missing informa-
tion must be obtained. Also, to proceed with further studies
of solvent use and the risk presented, consideration must be
given to augmenting information sources.
Recommendation: Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) should
be established in the very near future for those solvents which
had not been assigned TLV's. Analysis of risk posed by these
solvents can then be completed.
Recommendation: Data on dermal chemical absorption
rates should be found through intensive searches or. generated in
the laboratory. Risk provided through topical exposure of these
chemicals can then be completed.
The toxicity ranking work indicates that the important
routes of exposure are topical and inhalation. Unfortunately,
TLV's were not available for some of the solvents considered in
this study. This precluded their inclusion in the rankings.
Furthermore, there is such a paucity of data for dermal toxicity
that rankings could not be attempted.
Recommendation: An assessment of risk posed by sol-
vents through inhalation should take vapor pressure into con-
sideration.
Although a number of solvents had low inhalation toxi-
city rankings, their vapor pressures were high. This indicates
that dosages may also be high.
11
-------
TABLE 2-2.
CHEMICALS FOR WHICH INFORMATION
WAS NOT READILY AVAILABLE
Chemical Name
Area(s) of Missing Information
N,N-Dime thy1formami de
Chloronaphthalenes
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Amyl acetates
o-Dichlorobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Triethylene glycol
Total Annual Production
Total Annual Consumption
Total Annual Consumption
as Solvent
Total Annual Production
Total- Annual Consumption
Total Annual Consumption
as Solvent
Toxicity via Inhalation
Total Annual Production
Total Annual Consumption
Total Annual Production
of Chemical Parent
Total Annual Consumption
Total Annual Consumption
as Solvent
Total Annual Production
of Chemical Parent
Toxicity via Ingestion
Total Annual Consumption
Total Annual Consumption
as Solvent
Toxicity via Inhalation
Toxicity via Inhalation
Toxicity via Inhalation
12
-------
Summary of Results
The results of the various rankings and categoriza-
tions of solvents are presented in Sections 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 of
this report. An analysis comparing toxicity and exposure poten-
tials is included in Se-ction 6.0. Highlights or summaries of the
results of the ranking, categorization, and analytical work are
presented here. Details are included in the body of the report.
Ranking of Solvents by Production Volume
The three solvents considered for this study having
the largest U.S. production volumes are listed below. Volumes
cited total annual production which includes solvent and non-
solvent uses.
Toluene 7730 MM Ib
Ethyl benzene 7300 MM Ib
Methanol 6460 MM Ib
Ranking of Solvents by Total Domestic Consumption
Volume
Of the list of solvents considered, the following
three had the largest domestic consumption volumes in solvent
and non-solvent uses.
Methanol 7000 MM Ib
Toluene 6770 MM Ib
Xylenes 5810 MM Ib
13
-------
Ranking of Solvents by Total Domestic Solvent
Consumption
The three solvents which have the largest consumption
volumes as solvents are:
Xylenes 1080 MM Ib
Methanol 700 MM Ib
Toluene 700 MM Ib
Ranking by Volume of Production of Chemical Parents
Of the chemical parents of the solvents studied, the
following have the highest production volumes.
Ethylene 24,650 MM Ib
Propylene 12,560 MM Ib
Benzene 11,250 MM Ib
Ranking by Toxicity
The following solvents had the highest toxicities with
respect to inhalation and ingestion exposure.
Inhalation Ingestion
Nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene
Cresols/cresylic acid Nitrobenzene
Pyridine n-butyl alcohol
Ranking by Consumer Exposure
The solvents having the highest index of exposure
scores using maximum and median values are listed below.
14
-------
Maximum
Ethyl benzene3
Xylenes
Median
Ethyl benzene'
Chlorobenzene
Ranking by Occupational Exposure
Solvents having the highest occupational exposure
scores using maximum and median values are those listed here.
Maximum
*a
Ethylbenzene
Xylenes
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Median
Chlorobenzene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Categorization by Use
In the grouping of solvents in their various uses, it
was found that the largest number are used in paint and allied
products. The category having the second highest number of
chemicals is repair work.
Categorization by Chemical Structure
There were no dominant chemical groups in the list of
solvents. The various solvents were fairly evenly distributed
among the different chemical structure categories.
component of mixed Xylenes.
15
-------
Comparison of Toxicity and Exposure to Consumers
The following list of chemical solvents ranked high in
the analysis of toxicity vs. exposure to consumers.
Nitrobenzene
N,N-Dimethy1formamide
n-Butyl alcohol
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Isobutanol
Ethylbenzene
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Xylenes
Comparison of Toxicity and Occupational Exposure
The following list of solvents ranked high in the
analysis of toxicity vs. occupational exposure.
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Xylenes
Cresols
Isobutanol
16
-------
3.0 SOLVENT GROUPING BY USE CATEGORY.
The diversity of solvent uses for the chemicals in
this study made it necessary to develop use categories into
which similar specific uses could be grouped. The function-
application chemical use classification system developed by OTS
was utilized as a basis for the use categories for a number of
reasons: (1) the functions and applications are uniformly coded
and indexed; (2) the function-application codes are flexible and
may be applied in a number of combinations ; and (3) the use
categorization system was linked with the EPA Index of Exposure.
The EPA Index of Exposure is a model developed by Auerback Asso-
ciates for EPA. The model estimates the intensity of exposure
to humans and the environment resulting from specific chemical
applications. Further information on the model is presented in
Section 5.0 and in Appendix A.
This model was used in this study to' estimate solvent
exposure potentials. Whenever possible, use categories de-
veloped for the EPA Index of Exposure were used to group the
solvents. However, in a number of cases, these categories were
inappropriate, either because the uses they encompassed were
not clearly defined, or because they did not include particular
types of solvent use. In these situations, Radian used the OTS
classification system to develop appropriate use categories
which are compatible with the system.
A total of 33 solvent use categories were developed.
Table 3-1 lists the categories and the number of chemicals in-
cluded in each. Since many of the chemicals studied could be
used in several discrete solvent applications, most of the chem-
icals appeared under more than one category.
17
-------
The tables which follow were prepared for each sol-
vent use category. In addition to listing both occupational
and consumer exposure potentials, the table for each category
included the following information about the solvent in the
category:
Chemical name
Specific solvent uses within the category
Non-solvent uses
Consumption quantities for solvent and
non-solvent uses
Percentages of total consumption ap-
plicable to each use
Chemical structural category
Primary chemical parents.
The number in parentheses after each table title re-
fers to the OTS function and application chemical use classifi'
cation system from which the category was derived.
18
-------
TABLE 3-1. SOLVENT USE CATEGORIES
Name of Category
Solvents for Adhesives
Solvents for Chemicals
Solvents for Research and
Development
Solvents for Laundry and
Drycleaning
Solvents for Repair Work
Solvents for Furniture Re-
pair and Refinishing
Solvents for Fabricated
Rubber and Plastic Products
Solvents for Oil and Gas
Extraction
Solvents for Paint and
Allied Products
Solvents for Petroleum
Refining
Solvents for Plastic and
Rubber Materials (not
fabricated)
Solvents for Printing
Operations
Solvents for Printing Inks
Solvents for Polishes and
OTS Use
Code No.
352-1009
352-02
352-0406
352-0412
352-042
352-0421
352-07
352-154
352-18
352-20
352-21
352-231
352-24
352-2511
Number of Solvents
Within Category
9
13
4
4
13
7
3
1
19
5
9
15
14
3
Related Products
Solvents for Surface Clean-
ing and Conditioning
352-0645
11
19
-------
TABLE 3-1. SOLVENT USE CATEGORIES (Continued)
Name of Category
OTS Use
Code No.
Number of Solvents
Within Category
Solvents for Plain-dyed
Yarn, Finished Fibers,
and Fabrics3
Solvents for Manufacturing3
Dyes
Tar Removers for Laundry
and Drycleaning
Tar Removers for Cleaning
and Maintenance
Solvents for Wool Cleaning3
Solvents for Drain Cleaners3
Solvents for Manicuring
Preparations3
Solvents for Fluorescent
Lampsa
Solvents for Shoe Polishes3
Solvents for Aerosol Per-
sonal Products3
Solvents for Capacitors3
Solvents for Chemicals
for Brazing, Welding
and Soldering3
Solvents for Spotting
Agents3
Solvents for Specialty
Lubricants3
Solvents for Fooda
352-11330-2702
352-11330
366-0412
366-0400
352-0006
352-25126
352-2504
4
2
2
1
1
1
352-14110
352-25115
352-OOOcb
352-OOOeb
352-12274-0640
352-1309-04120
352-1271
352-OOOab
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
20
-------
TABLE 3-1. SOLVENT USE CATEGORIES (Continued)
Name of Category
Solvents for Crop Pro-
duction3
Solvents for Paper
Coatings
Q
Solvents for Pesticides
Solvents for Hydraulic
OTS Use
Code No.
352-012
352-1132-19
352-1299
352-1252-28
Number of Solvents
Within Category
2
7
6
3
Fluids for Transpor-
tation Equipment
Solvents for Roll Coatings
Solvents for Pharmaceuti-
cals
3.
Solvents for Explosives
Solvents for Coating Mag-
netic Wire
\
Solvents for Textile
Processing
352-OOOf
352-OOOb
352-1206
or
352-170
352-12601-1461
352-1368
13
16
3
2
4
aFor these categories Radian derived exposure indices and OTS
use codes using the method of Auerbach Associates.
For these categories Radian was unable to derive use code
numbers.
21
-------
TABLE 3-2. SOLVENT FOR DYES FOR PLAIN DYED AND FINISHED
FIBERS, YARN AND FABRICSa
OTS Use Code No: 352-11330-2702
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 3.08
Consumer: 1.42
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Toxic i ty itankin g
.
Chemical Parent (s) (References
N,N-Dlmethyl f Gasoline additive, Amide 4 13 Dimetliylamine 5, 22, 29
formamide I Organic synthesis, - Methyl formate
to
NA
Diethylene glycol 25%
monobutyl ether
33%
42%
NA Solvent in liquid
dyes
3 Coalescing agent Ether NA 21 Ethylene glycol
In latex paints Butanol
5 Chemical interme-
diate for diethyl-
ene glycol mono-
butyl ether ace-
tate
<7 Solvent in liquid
dye baths
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
'30nly solvent uses within this use category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-3. SOLVENTS FOR MANUFACTURING DYES
OTS Use Code No: 352-11330
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.24
Consumer: Not applicable
ho
Solvent Name
Ethyl benzene
Merhaaol
Xylenes
NfN-Dimothylfor-
mamide
I Annual
Ctmsumpt ion
(MM Ib/yr)
962 5530
2% UQ
< 2% 12
4Z 300
10% 700
45% 3100
4% 300
8% 600
4% 300
15% 1000
<102 NA
6% 363
66% 3993
10% 605
< 9% <544
NA NA
NA NA
CJ Chemical Tojticity
Non-Solvent Uses Specific Solvent 1 Structural 1
Uses'1 Category [inhalation
Synthesis of sty- Aromatic 12
rene
Export
Solvent for dyes
Acetic acid m£g. Alcohol 19
DMT mfg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halides
Methyl methacry-
lates
Methylamines
Miscellaneous uses
(including glycol
methyl ethers &
formaldehyde
inhibitor)
Solvent for dyes
Production of Aromacic 12
ethyl benzene
Individual isomers
Gasoline pool &
miscellaneous
Solvent for dyes
Organic synthesis Amide 4
Gasoline additive
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxyla t ion rxn .
catalyst
Solvent Ear m£g.
dyes
Ranking
1 Tngestion
17 Benzene 21
Xylene
Etliylene
24 Methane 21, 24, 34
Synthesis gas
NA Petroleum and coal 5, 29
tar isolate
13 Dimethylamine 5, 22, 29
Methyl formate
NA - Not Available
aRaJian derived
solvent uses within this use category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-4. SOLVENT FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBER MATERIALS AND
SYNTHETICS (not fabricated)
OTS Use Code No: 352-21
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: Not applicable
ho
Consumption
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
Usesa
Chemical
Category
Toxicity
Inhalation
Ranking
Ingestion
Acetone
Cyc lohexanone
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Ethyl acetate
Methylene chloride
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
40%
55%
< 5%
11*
3%
10%
19%
12%
NA
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263'
476
115
NA
80
300
380
21
6
20
150
86
NA
Bisphenol A Ketone 25 22 Isopropanol 5, 23
Diacetone alcohol Cumene
Hexylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesityl oxide
Methacrylic acid
& higher methacry-
lates
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacry-
late
Pharmaceuticals
Dicalclum phosphate
Cellulose ace-
tate spinning
solvent
Caprolactam Ketone 6 9 Cyclohexane 22, 29
Phenol
Adiplc acid
Solvent for crude
rubber
Export Solvent for epoxy Ketone 12 11 Acetone 14, 24, 34
resin mfg.
Chemical synthesis Ester 23 23 Acetic acid 21, 23, 29
Ethanol
Solvent for
plastics
Vapor pressure Son-cyclic 19 5 Methane M, 35
depressant in halogenated Mcthanol
aerosol sprays alkane
Plastics process-
ing
Solvent in mfg.
synthetic fibers
-------
TABLE 3-4. SOLVENT FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBER MATERIALS AND SYNTHETICS (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annua 1 1
Consumption 1 Non-Solvent Uses
(MM Ib/yr) j
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingeation
" '" ' ~"[ " ""
Chemical Parent (s) 1 Rtifurences
1
N.N-DLmethyl-
Percyloroethyl-
ene
Gasoline additive
Organic synthesis
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylatton ixn.
catalyst
Chemical inter-
mediate for
fluorocarbons
113, 114, 115,
116
Solvent for polar
polymers (esp.
polyimides)
Solvent for syn-
thetic fibers
(particularly
acrylics, moda-
crylics, and
polyurethane)
Dlroethylamine
Methyl formate
5, 22, 29
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkene
Ethylene
dichloride
Paraffins
35, 36, 38
Ln
Chioronaphtha-
lenes
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Other applica-
tions - heat
exchanger fluid;
Pharmaceuticals
Varnishes, resins
and gums
Water-, flame-,
insect- and acid-
proofing of fi-
brous bodies
Condenser impreg-
nation
Heat transfer
medium
1'lasticizers
Moisture- and
flame- proofing
covered wire and
cable
Solvent for
silicones
Polynuclear
aromatic
Naphthalene
13, 41
Solvent for syn-
thetic fiber and
film
-------
TABLE 3-4. SOLVENT FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBER MATERIALS AND SYNTHETICS (Continued)
Di.ni
Consumption
ethyl NA
1 Eoxi de
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
NA
Uses3
Solvent In mfg.
polyaulfone
resins
Chi.
Cac
Suit
raical I Toxicity
egory (inhalation
oxide NA
Ranking
Ingest ionl
20 Dimethyl
sulfide
8, 19, 41
HA - Not Available
aOnly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-5.
OTS Use Code No: 366-0412
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational:
Consumer:
TAR REMOVERS FOR LAUNDRY AND DRYCLEANING
3.16
Not applicable
r-o
Solvent
Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
(MM Ib/yr) |
Specific Solvent
Usesa
Chemical.
Structural
Category
ToxLclty Kattking
Inhalation I Ingest ion
Chemical Parent(s) I References
Chloronaph tha-
lenes
N,N-Dimethyl-
forfflamide
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Varnishes, resins
and gums
Water-, flame-,
insect-, and
acid-proofing
of fibrous bodies
Condenser impreg-
nation
Heat transfer
medium
Plasticizers
Moisture- and
flame-proofing
covered wire
and cable
Gasoline additive
Organic synthesis
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carhoxylation rxn.
catalyst
Carbon softener
& remover
Cleaning mixtures
for carbonaceous
and greasy de-
posits
Polyimclear
aromatic
Naphthalene
13, 41
Dimethylamint;
Met-hyl formate
5. 22, 29
NA - Not Available
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-6. SOLVENTS FOR LAUNDRY AND DRYCLEANING
OTS Use Code No: 352-0412
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.41
Consumer: (In coin operated laundries): 2.08
CO
Solvent Name
Consumption
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
Usesa
Chemical
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation llngcstion
T
Aiuyl acetates NA
Perchloroethylene 12%
1,1,2-Trichloro-
1,2,2-Trifluoro-
ethane
69%
<22.4
Ttlchloro-
ethylene
NA
NA
NA
NA
Textile printing
and finishing
Chemical interme-
diate for fluoro-
catbons 113, 1U,
115, 116
Other applica-
tions (heat ex-
changer fluid &
Pharmaceuticals)
Aerosols
Refrigerants
Blowing agent
Polymer interme-
diate
Synthesis of chlo-
rotrifluoroethy 1-
ene
Chain terminator
for polymeriza-
tion of pulyvinyl
chloride
Anesthetic
Heat transfer
medium
NA - Not Available
OnJy solvent use.s within this category are listed.
Solvent for dry
cleaning prepa-
rations
Dry cleaning
solvent
Dry cleaning
solvent
Solvent for
cleaning tex-
tiles and wool
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkene
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkene
Amyl alcohols 22, 24
Aceiic acid
Ethylent; dichloridc- 35, 36, 38
Paraffins
Perchloroethylene 9, 20
ELhylene dichloride 21, 29, 35
Acetylene
-------
TABLE 3-7. SOLVENTS FOR WOOL CLEANING'
OTS Use Code No: 352-OOb
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 3.08
Consumer: Not applicable
vent ante
n mp
Annual
Non Solvent Uses
I^= T-,. -T _^^_r --. --^.
Chemical | Toxicity
Ranking
em ca Parent (s)
e erenrta
Triclilocoethylene
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chain terminator
for polymerization
of polyvinyl chlor-
ide
Anesthetics
Heat transfer
medium
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkene
Solvent for clean-
Ing textiles and
wool
Ethylene dichloride 21, 29, 35
Acetylene
to
NA - Not Available
"Ttadian derived
Radian was unable to derive a use code number for this category.
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-8. SOLVENTS FOR CHEMICALS
OTS Use Code No: 352-02
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.24
Consumer: Not applicable
u>
o
Solvent Name % To
Consun
Acetone NA
NA
NA
NA
m
m
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Amyl acetates NA
NA
Triethylene 17
glycol 30
8
12
6
NA
ptlon (MM Ib/yr) | Uses3 Category Inhalation | Ingestionj
23
48 Diacetone alcohol Cumene
50 Hexylene glycol
35 Isophorone
27 Mesityl oxide
100 Methycrylic acid
and higher meth-
acrylates
44 Methyl isobutyl
catbinol
263 Methyl isobutyl
ketone
476 Methyl methacry-
late
115 Pharmaceuticals
NA Dicalcium phos-
phate
305 Miscellaneous
solvent
NA Textile printing Ester 12 NA Amyl alcohols 22, 24
and finishing Acetic acid
NA Wax remover sol-
vent for photo-
graphic film
% 19 Humect ant Glycol NA 27 Ethylene glycol 29
% 30 Natural gas Ethylene oxide
dehydration
% 5 Polyester and
polyurethan
resins
% 13 Vinyl plasticizer
% 6 Export
NA Chemical reaction
solvent
-------
TABLE 3-8. SOLVENTS FOR CHEMICALS (Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
«prf-_.
Annual I
Consumption Non-Solvent Uses
(MM Ib/yr) j
Structural
Category
Inhalation
Ranking
Ingest ion
, , L ,
Chemical Paront(s) References
Carbon disulfide 39%
o-Dichlorobenzene 65Z
Dimethyl sulfoxide NA
u>
39%
25Z
1«
NA
<2U
65Z
5Z
5%
15%
NA
NA
«
10%
45%
«
8%
«
15%
<10%
310
200
110
NA
<170
36
3
3
8
HA
NA
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
r
1 700
Intermediate in
rayon mfg.
Intermediate In
carbon tetrachlo-
ride mfg.
Cellophane mfg.
Other chemical
production
Mfg. 3,4-Dichloro-
aniline & other
pesticides
Mfg. other dyes
Miscellaneous uses
Acetic acid mfg.
DMT mfg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halides
Methyl methacry-
iates
Hethylamiaes
Miscellaneous uses
(including mfg.
glycol methyl
ether and formalde-
hyde inhibitor)
Solvent for waxes.
oils, sulfur and
sulfur compounds
Process solvent
for toluene
diisocyanate
Solvent for aroma-
tics and hetero-
cyclics
Solvent for high
molecular weight
compounds
Solvent for wind-
shield washing
preparations
Chemical process
solvent (includes
20 MM Ib for Nylon
66 production
Thione
Halogenated
aromatic
Sulfoxide
Alcohol
Methane
10, 18
Dimethyl sulfide
Methane
Synthesis gas
8, 19,
21, Ik, 34
-------
TABLE 3-8. SOLVENTS FOR CHEMICALS (Continued)
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
% Total
Consumption
11%
<10%
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
21
< 18
Export
Chemical processing
Uses3
Chemical
Category
Ketone
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation Ingestion
12 11
Acetone
14, 24, 34
Nitrobenzene
N,N-Dimethylfor-
mamide
Methyl ethyl
ketone
Chloroii a ph tha le
5%
97%
6%
6%
NA
30
< 30
solvent
Solvent for mineral
oils and waxes
Solvent for acrylo-
nitrile cements
Solvent for butadiene
Solvent in meifal
extraction
Synthesis of aniline
Solvent in chlorina-
tion reactions
Solvent in alkyla-
tion reactions
Gasoline additive
Organic synthesis
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
Miscellaneous
Varnishes, gums,
resins
Water-, flame-,
insect- and
acid-proofing
of fibrous bodies
Condenser impreg-
nation
Heat transfer medium
Plasticizers
Moisture and flame-
proofing of covered
wire and cable
Nitrated
Aromatic
Amide
Solvent for butadiene
and acid gases;
acetylene
Extractive solvent
in mfg. TPA
Polynuclear
Aroma tic
Solvent for aniline,
other dyes & waxes,
mineral and vege-
table oils
Dime thylamine
Methyl formate
12, 21
5, 22, 29
sec-Butyl alochol
Butane
Naphthalene
21,
13, 41
-------
TABLE 3-8. SOLVENTS FOR CHEMICALS (Continued)
Solvent Name Z Total
Consumption
Ethyl ether 25%
3%
7%
NA
NA
Auuua 1
Consumption Non-Solvent lisas
(MM Ih/yr)
45 Chemical synthe-
sis (including
tithanolamines)
5 Medical uses
10 Misc. uses (in-
cluding denatu-
rant for alcohol
and refrigerant)
NA
NA
Chemical Toxlcity Ranking
Useaa Category {Inhalation Ingest ion
Ether 23 10 Ethylene 5, 22, 29
Extractive solvent
-for fats, oils,
waxes
Extraction & con-
centration of
acetic acid
NA - Not Available
^Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
OJ
-------
TABLE 3-9. SOLVENT FOR DRAIN CLEANERS2
OTS Use Code No: 352-25126
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: 2.91
Solvent Name
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Inhalation
Ranking
Ingestio.nl
References
1,1,1-Trichloro-
e thane
Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
25 Ethane 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dichloride
Solvent in drain
cleaners
Radian derived
11 Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-10. SOLVENTS FOR MANICURING PREPARATIONS
OTS Use Code No: 352-2504
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (mfr.): 1.57; Occupational (manicurists):
ConsuDcr: 2.66
2.74
Consumption
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
Usesb
Chemical
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation I Ingestlon
Amyl acetates
NA Textile printing
and finishing
Amyl alcohols
Acetic acid
22, 24
Solvent in the pro-
duction of nail
polish
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
Ln
-------
TABLE 3-11. SOLVENT FOR FLUORESCENT LAMPS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-14110
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: Not applicable
Solv *nt Name
Consumption
Annual
C
(MM Ib/yr)
Jj 0 1
Uaesb
j— —
Category
Inhalation
Ingestion
, . t(~)
R*f Timces
Amyl acetates
Textile printing
and finishing
Amyl alcohol
Acetic acid
22, 24
Phosphor solvent
in fluorescent
lamps
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-12. SOLVENTS FOR OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION
OTS Use Code No: 352-154
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.82
Consumer: Not applicable
Solvent Name
* Total
Consumption
DieChylene glycol 7%
7X
30%
12%
13Z
24%
1%
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
20
20
95
38
41
57
20
Chemical Toxicity Ranking
Uses3 Category Inhalation Inge scion
Natural gas dehy- Clycol NA 26 Ethylene oxide 22, 29
dration
Plastics & surfac-
tants
Polyurethan and un-
saturated poly-
ester
Textile agents
Triethylene glycol
Miscellaneous (in-
cluding exports)
Petroleum extrac-
tion solvent
NA - Not Available
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-13. SOLVENTS FOR SHOE POLISHES
OTS Use Code No: 352-25115
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: 2.57
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM iWyr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses*1
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic icy Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane
120 Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Ethane 5, 29, 35
gthylcne dichlorlde
Solvent in shoe
polishes
NA - Not Available
aRadian derived
°0nly solvent uses within this category are listed.
00
-------
TABLE 3-14. SOLVENTS FOR AEROSOL PERSONAL PRODUCTS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-OOc
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.24
Consumer: 2.58
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxiclty Banking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
Ref crunks
1,1,1-Trichloro- 25*
ethane
< 62
120 Chemical intermediate Non-cyclic 22 25
for vlnylidene halogenated
chloride alkane
< 30 Solvent for active
ingredients iu
aerosols (includ-
ing deodorants,
an tiper spirants)
aRadian derived
Ethane 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dichloride
C0nly solvent uses ulthin this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-15. SOLVENTS FOR FABRICATED RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS
OTS Use Code No: 352-07
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 3.00
Consumer: Not applicable
" ~"T
Solvent Nume 1 '/. 'Jutal
(Consumption
Methylene chloride 192
Aniui.il
(MM Ib/yr)
150
Non-Solvent: Uses
Vapor pressure
depressant in
aerosol spray
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Yoxicity
19
[tank ing
5
Chemical l^iiiiiii (*)
Methane
Methanol
R.?terencu&
29, 35
1,1,2-Trichloro-
1,2,2-trifluoro-
ethane <22.4
HA HA
NA NA
Amyl acetates NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
Solvent in mfg.
synthetic fibers
fAerosols
Refrigerants
• Blowing agent
L Polymer intermediate
I Synthesis of chloro-
trlfluoroethylene
Non-cyclic
halogenated
Textile printing
& finishing
Solvent for magnetic
tape
Solvent: for photo-
graphic film
Solvent for photo-
graphic film
Solvent for pro-
duction of arti-
ficial leather
Perchloroethylene 9, 20
Acetic acid
Amyl alcohols
22, 24
NA - Not available
B0nly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-16. SOLVENTS FOR CAPACITORS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-OOOe
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: Not applicable
Solvent: Name
3! Total
Consumption
Annual
Cans tmpC ion
(MM lb/yr)
Specific Solvent
USGSC
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation Ingest ion
I
j
N, N- Dime thy 1-
formamide
HA NA i
Gasoline additive Amide 4 13 Methyl formate 5, 22, 29
for anti-icing Dimethylamlne
Organic synthesis
(particularly al-
dehydes)
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylatioa rxn.
^ catalyst
NA NA Electrolyte solvent
in high voltage
capacitors
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Radian was unable to derive a use code number for this category.
'"Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-17. SOLVENTS FOR CHEMICALS FOR BRAZING, WELDING AND SOLDERING
OTS Use Code No: 352-12274-0640
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL:
Occupational:
Consumer:
1.75
Not applicable
-P-
to
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM iVyr)
Non- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Structural
Category
Inhalation 1 Ingestlon
1
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
176
115
NA
305
Bisphenol A
Dlacetone alcohol
Hexylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesityl oxide
Methacrylic acid
and higher meth-
acrylaces
Methyl isobutyl
carblnol
Methyl Isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Pharmaceut icals
DicalciuiD phosphate
Miscellaneous
Isopropanol
Cumene
5, 23
Solvent for acety-
lene absorbence
in cylinders
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
°0nly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-18. SOLVENTS FOR SPOTTING AGENTS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-1309-04120
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.74
Consumer: 2.74
-P-
Lo
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation j Ingest ion
Chemical Parent(s)
References
Cyclohexanone 40% 300 Caprolactam Ketone 6 9 Cyclohexane 22, 29
55Z 380 Adipic acid Phenol
NA
1,1,1-Trichloro- 23Z
ethane
Tcichloroethylene 5%
< 4Z
Perchloro- 12%
ethylene
3Z
HA
NA
120 Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
25 Chain terminator
for polymerization
of polyvinyl chlo-
ride
< 15
80 Chemical interme-
diate for fluoro-
carbons 113, 114,
115, 116
20 Other applications
- heat exchanger
fluid; pharmaceu-
ticals
HA
Spot remover for
Non-cyclic 22
halogenated
alkane
Solvent in spot
removers
Nan-cyclic 12
halogenated
alkene
Solvent in textile
spotting fluids
Non-cyclic 12
halogenated
alkene
v
Solvent for pre-
laundry garment
sprays
25 Ethane 3, 29, 35
Ethylene dichloride
18 Ethylene dichloride 21, 29, 35
Acetylene
NA Ethylene dichloride 35, 36, 38
Paraffins
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-19. SOLVENTS FOR SPECIALTY LUBRICANTS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-1271
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: 2.25
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Specific Solvent
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Trichloro- 6% 25 Chain terminator for Non-cyclic 12
ethylene pol ymerizat ion of halogenated
polyvinyl chloride alkenes
Ingestion
Chemical Parent(s)
References
18 Ethylene dichlorlde 21, 29, 35
Acetylene
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
Anesthetics
Heat transfer medium
Exports
Solvents for lubri-
cants
NA - Not Available
aRadian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-20. SOLVENTS FOR FOODC
OTS Use Code No: 352-OOOa
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.58
Consumer: 1.50
-P-
Cn
Solvent: Name % To
Consult
Annual
tal Consumption
ption (MM Ib/yr)
Methylene 192 150
chloride
12Z 66
NA
NA
Trichloro- 6% 25
ethylene
NA NA
NA NA
Chemical Toxic icy Ranking
Usegc Category Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
Vapor pressure de- Non-cyclic 19 5 Methane 29, 35
pressant in aero- halogenated Methanol
sol sprays alkane
Plastics processing
Solvent for extract-
ing caffeine, but-
ter, edible fats
and hops beer fla-
voring
Chain terminator 12 18 21, 29, 35
in polymerization
of polyvinyl
chloride
Anesthetics —
Heat transfer
medium
Extraction solvent
for food
NA - Not Available
aRadian derived
Radian was unable to derive a use code number for this category.
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-21. TAR REMOVERS FOR CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE
OTS Use Code No: 366-04000
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 3.00
Consumer: 3.00
Solvent Name.
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvant Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
Chloronaphtha- NA
lenea
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
N,N-Dimethyl- NA
formamide NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Varnishes, resina, Polynuclear NA 8 Naphthalene 13, 41
and gums aromatic
Water-, flame-,
insect-, and acid-
proofing of fibrous
bodies
Condenser impregna-
tion
Heat transfer
medium
Plasticizers
Moisture- and flame-
proofing of covered
wire and cable
Carbon softener
and remover
V
Gasoline additive Amide 4 13 Dimethylamine 5, 22, 29
Organic synthesis
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
Cleaning mixtures
for carbonaceous
and greasy de-
posits
NA - Not Available
aOnly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-22, SOLVENTS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
OTS Use Code No: 352-0406
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.75
Consumer: 2.92
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Dimethyl aulf-
oxide
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Xylenes
NA
96%
2%
< 22
11X
5X
6Z
66%
10%
< 9%
NA
5530
140
NA
21
11
363
3993
605
<544
Analytical solvent Sulfoxide NA 20 Dimethyl aulfide 8, 19, 41
Synthesis of sty- Aromatic 12 17 Benzene
rene Ethylene 21
Export Xylene
Solvent for labo-
ratory use
Export Ketone 12 11 Acetone 14, 24, 34
Solvent for ex-
traction of
metals
Production of Aromatic 12 NA Petroleum and 5, 29
ethyl benzene coal tar isolate
Ind 1 vidual isomers
Gasoline pool and
miscellaneous
Solvent for labo-
ratory use
WA - Hot Available
aOnly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-23. SOLVENTS FOR CROP PRODUCTION"
OTS Use Code No: 352-012
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (farmers): 3.24
Consumer: 3,33
OQ
Solvent Name
% Total
Cons map t ion
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Ethyl benzene
Xylenes
96%
2%
< 2%
6%
66%
10%
< 9%
5530
140
NA
363
3993
605
<544
Synthesis of sty-
rene
Export
Production of
ethyl benzene
Individual isomers
Gasoline pool &
miscellaneous
Aromatic 12 17 Benzene
Xylene
ELhylene
Solvent for agri-
cultural pesti-
cides & sprays
Aromatic 12 NA Petroleum and
coal tar isolate
Solvent for agri-
cultural pesti-
cides & sprays
NA - Not Available
aRadian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
5, 29
-------
TABLE 3-24. SOLVENTS FOR ADHESIVES
OTS Use Code No: 352-1009
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (Mfr. of adhesives): 2.07; Occupational (office use):
Consumer: 2.07
2.07
-P-
Solvent Name
X Total
Consump t ion
Annual ~
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non- Sol vent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesa
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlctty Ranking
Inhalation I Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Acetone
Methyl ethyl
ketone
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Nitrobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6%
14%
11%
«
971
23Z
< 6Z
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
NA
305
NA
30
72
21
a
650
120
<30
Bisphenol A
Diacetone alcohol
Hexylene glycol
Isopliorone
Mesityl oxide
Methacrylic acid
and higher meth-
acry laces
Methyl isobutyl
carblnol
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Pliarmaceuticals
Dicalcium phosphate
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous
Exports
Synthesis of ani-
line
Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
Ketone
Solvent for ad-
hesives
Ketone
Adhesive solvent
Ketone
Solvent tor adhe-
sives
Nitrated
aromatic
Solvent in depojy-
murization of rub-
ber for adhesives
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Resin solvent in
adhesives
22 Isopropanol 5, 23
Cumene
sec-Butyl alcohol 21, 24
Butane
14, 24, 34
12, 21
25 Ethane 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dlchlori-de
-------
TABLE 3-24. SOLVENTS FOR ADHESIVES (Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses*
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxiclty Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s) 1 R&ferences
35%
1%
45%
3220
92
4140
368
736
Benzene mfg.
Explosives
Gasoline pool
Isocyanates
Phenol meg. 6,
other (benzal-
dehyde & benzyl
chloride)
Petroleum isolate
5, 12, 17,
21, 23
Ethylene glycol 49%
monoethyl ether
Synthesis of
2-ethoxyethyl
acetate
Solvent for adhe-
sives, especially
those used in pres-
sure-sens i t ive
tapes and labels
Ethylene
Ethanol
Oi
o
N.N-Dimethylfor
mamlde
Trichloro-
ethylene
HA
NA
NA
6%
NA
NA
NA
25
Organic synthesis
Gasoline additive
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
Solvent for adhe-
sives
Solvent in adhe-
sive formulations
Anesthetic
Heat transfer medium
Exports
Chain terminator for
polymerization of
polyvinyl chloride
Solvent for adhe-
sives
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Diraethylamine
Methyl formate
5, 22, 29
Ethylene dlchloride
Acetylene
21, 29, 35
NA - Not Available
aOnly solvent uses within this category are listed'
-------
TABLE 3-25. SOLVENTS FOR PAPER COATINGS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-1132-19
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2. 7
Consumer: Not applicable
Solvent Name
2 Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlcity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Methyl iaobutyl
ketone
Methyl ethyl
ketone
Ln
Xylenes
Export
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings
(paints, lacquers,
varnishes, coat-
ings for flat
wood paneling,
metal cans and
coil, and paper)
62
7%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
HA
HA
NA
NA
NA
HA
6Z
66%
10%
9%
30
40
90
43
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
NA
305
NA
363
3993
605
544
Miscellaneous
Bisphenol A
Diacetone alcohol
Hexylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesltyl oxide
Methacryllc acid
and higher
methacrylate
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl Isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Pharmaceuticals
Dlcalclum phosphate
Miscellaneous
Production of ethyl
benzene
Individual isomers
Gasoline pool and
miscellaneous
Miscellaneous coat-
Ings for metal cans
& coil and paper
Solvent for paper
coatings
Solvent for paints,
coatings, and ena-
mels (especially
for coating metal
cans and coil and
paper)
4, 24, 34
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butane
Isopropanol
Cumene
21, 24
5, 23
Petroleum and coal
tar isolate
5, 29
-------
Ul
ho
TABLE 3-25. SOLVENTS FOR PAPER COATINGS (Continued)
Consumption
Annual
(MM 11,/yr)
Usesb
Chemical
Category
Ethyl benzene
litliyl acetate
962
2X
' 2Z
35Z
12
45Z
4*
nliiilat ion I
Inliiilat ion I Ingirst ioi
5 5'JO
140
'140
3220
92
4140
368
736
of «ty-
Solvent Tor coating
papiir, can.s and
llc:nzc;nu mfg.
£xplu.*i!vu product ion
Casolino pool
Isocyanatc produc-
Phennl mfg. &
otliur (biiiual-
duliydc & bcnxyl
chloride)
Chemical .synthesis
Solvent for .stir-
(va riifiliL-s for
coa ing metal
and roil;
r)
Solvent for coal in
paper, film and
foil
Chemical l'arenl(>.)
lienzcnc
Xylene
El.hyli.-iu!
I't: t ro 1 (.• urn i so 1 a c i-
rj, 12, 17,
21, 2'J
Acetic a
lUhanol
2\, 2U, 2'J
NA - Not Available
'Yidlan derived
''only solvent uses within this category are li.sletl.
-------
TABLE 3-26. SOLVENTS FOR PESTICIDES3
OTS Use Code No: 352-1299
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (mfr.): 2.41; Occupational (professional exterminators)
Consumer: 3.17
3.25
u>
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Banking
[nhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
Ethylene glycol
munobutyl ether
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloro-
ethane
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Xylenes
. 9%
1%
NA
<3U
29%
8%
8*
61
<49Z
23Z
< 6Z
11%
<10%
6%
661
10%
10
1
MA
<35
110
30
30
23
<190
120
<30
21
18
349
3812
569
Synthesis of 2-
butoxyethyl ace-
tate
Synthesis of di(2-
butoxyethyl)phthal-
ate
Penetrant in rust
removers
Solvent in insecti-
cides
Mfg. nltrochloro-
benzene
DDT, sllicones
Mfg. diphenyl oxides
Other (primarily
rubber intermedi-
ates)
Solvent for pesti-
cides
Chemical for interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
Solvent for pesti-
cides
Export
Solvent for insec-
ticides
Production of
ethyl benzene
Individual isomers
Gasoline pool and
miscellaneous
Ether
Halogenated
aromatic
Non-cyclic
lialogenated
alkane
Ketone
Aromatic
Solvent uses includ-
ing use as a carrier
for agricultural
pesticides and sprays
Ethylene oxide
Butanol
10, 36
Ethane 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dlchloride
U, 24, 34
Petroleum & coal
tar isolate
5, 29
-------
TABLE 3-26. SOLVENTS FOR PESTICIDES (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Son- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Ethyl benzene
Synthesis of sty-
rene
Benzene
Xylene
Ethylene
Carrier for agri-
cultural sprays
and pesticides
MA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
Ln
-------
TABLE 3-27. SOLVENTS FOR REPAIR WORK
OTS Use Code No: 352-042
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 3.16
Consumer: 3.08
Ul
Ul
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Uses8
Chemical
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Inge s,t ion
Chemical Parent (9)
References
Chlorobenzene
o-Dichloro-
benzene
Cyclohexanone
Ethyleue glycol
monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
29%
az
81
62
<49X
652
52
52
<10Z
402
55Z
< 5Z
9%
1Z
HA
<18Z
<31Z
49Z
< 9Z
110
30
30
25
<190
36
3
3
< 6
300
380
<20
10
i
NA
<20
<35
&o
<15
Mfg. nitrochloro-
benzene
DDT, siliconea
Mfg. diphenyl oxide
Other (primarily
rubber intermedi-
ates)
Mfg. 3,4-Dichloro-
anillne & other
pesticides
Mfg. other dyes
Miscellaneous uses
Caprolactam
Adipic acid
Synthesis of 2-
butoxyethyl ace-
tate
Synthesis of di-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
Penetrant in rust
removers
Synthesis of 2-
ethoxyethyl
acetate
Halogenated
aromatic
Solvent for de-
greasing
Halogenated
aromatic
Solvent in engine
cleaners
Ketone
Solvent for metal
de greasing
Ether
Solvent for metal
cleaners
Solvent for varnish
removers
Ether
Solvent for metal
and glass clean-
ers
Cyclohexane
Phenol
Ethylene oxide
Butanol
Ethylene oxide
Ethanol
10. 36
10, 18
22, 29
-------
TABLE 3-27. SOLVENTS FOR REPAIR WORK (Continued)
Consumption
Annual
(HM Ib/yr)
Uses3
Chemical
Category
Toxiclty Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
Ul
Isobutaiiol
Methylene
chloride
Perchloro-
ethylene
Trichlorofluoro-
methane
10%
25%
40%
<25%
191
12%
25%
4«
12%
3%
16Z
50%
26%
10%
7%
5%
20
41
70
<41
150
86
170
300
80
20
106
200
97
30
20
20
Synthesis of amide
resins
Lubricating oil
additive
Miscellaneous
(including or-
ganic synthesis
and flavoring
for food)
Vapor pressure de-
pressant in aero-
sol sprays
Plastics process-
ing
Chemical interme-
diate for fluoro-
carbons 113, 114,
115, 116
Other applications
(including heat
exchanger fluid
and pharmaceuti-
cals)
Aerosol propellants
Refrigerant
Resin synthesis
Foam blowing agent;
miscellaneous uses
Alcohol
Solvent in paint
and varnish re-
mover
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkaoe
Solvent for de-
greasing
Solvent for paint
removers
Non-cyclic
halogeoated
alkene
Solvent for metal
de greasing
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Solvent In de-
greasing
Propylenc
Methane
Methanol
29, 35
Ethylene dichloride 35, 36, 38
Paraffins
Carbon cetrachloride 21
-------
TABLE 3-27. SOLVENTS FOR REPAIR WORK (Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
1,1,1-Trichloro- 20Z
ethane
37%
120
193
Chemical intermedi-
ate for vinyl-
Idene chloride
Solvent
Non-cyclic 22 25 Ethylene 5, 29, 35
halogenated Ethylene dichloride
alkane
for cold-
" cleaning of metals
34 X
177
Solvent
for vapor
degreasing
1,1,2-Trichloro-
1,2.2-trifluoro-
ethane ^^
55. 5Z
>16.5Z
<15 (
36.3
10.8
Aerosols
Refrigerants
Blowing agent
Polymer intermediate
Synthesis of chloro-
trif luoroethylene
Non-cyclic 25 NA Perchloroethylene 9, 20
halogenated
alkane
Solvent for vapor
phase
metal
tronic
Solvent
cleaning of
and e lee-
parts
for cold-
cleaning elec-
5.6Z
N,N-Dimethyl- NA
formamide
NA
3.7
NA
HA
Gasoline additive
Organic synthesis
Quench for hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
tronic
Solvent
Solvent
parts
for drying
Amide k 13 Dimethylamine 5, 22, 29
Methyl formate
in paint
strippers
Trichloro- NA
ethylene NA
NA
6%
90% ^
NA
NA
NA
25
20
380
Anesthetics
Heat transfer medium
Exports
Chain terminator for
polymerization of
polyvinyl chloride
Solvent
degrea
Non-cyclic 12 18 Ethylene dichloride 21, 29, 35
halogenated Paraffins
alkane
for metal
sing;
cold metal cleaning;
vapor
degreasing
NA - Nat Available
aOnly, solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-28. SOLVENTS FOR SURFACE CLEANING AND CONDITIONING
OTS Use Code No: 352-0645
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.83
Consumer: Not applicable
Ol
oo
Solvent Name Z Total
Consumption
Chlorobenzeue 292
8Z
az
6Z
<49%
Cyclohexanone 40Z
55Z
< 5Z
Ethylene glycol 9Z
monobutyl ether
1Z
HA
Category Lnh<
110 Mfg. nitrochloro- Halogenated
benzene aromatic
30 DDT, silicones
30 Mfg. diphenyl oxide
25 Other (primarily rub-
ber intermediates)
<190 Solvent for de-
greasing
300 Caprolactam Ketone
380 Adiplc acid
<20 Solvent for metal
degreaslng
10 Synthesis of 2-but- Ether
oxyethyl acetate
1 Synthesis of dl-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
NA Penetrant in rust
removers
<20 Solvent for metal
cleaners
80 Synthesis of 2- Ether
ethoxyethyl
acetate
and glass clean-
ers
150 Vapor pressure de- Non-cyclic
pressant in aero- halogenated
sol sprays alkane
86 Plastics process-
Ing
170 Solvent for de-
greasing
300 Solvent for paint
removers
lation Ingest ion
11 14 flenzene 10, 36
6 9 Cyclohexane 22, 29
Phenol
6 7 Ethylene oxide 29
Butanol
19 15 Ethylene oxide 29
Ethanol
19 5 Methane 29, 35
Mathanol
-------
TABLE 3-28. SOLVENTS FOR SURFACE CLEANING AND CONDITIONING (Continued)
Solvent Name
2 Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Won- Sol vent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlcicy Ranking
Inhalation
Perchloro- 12X 80 Chemical interme- Hon-cyclie 12
ethylene diate for fluoro- halogens ted
Inges t Ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
HA Etltylene dichloride 35, 36, 38
Paraffins
32
Trichlorofluoro-
me thane
502
282
102
72
52
200
97
30
20
carbons
Other applications
(including heat
exchanger fluid
and pharmaceutl-
cals)
Aerosol propellents
Refrigerant
Resin synthesis
Foam blowing agent;
miscellaneous uses
Solvent: for metal
degreasing
Solvent in degreas
Non-cyclic
halogena ted
alkane
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Ui
1,1,1-Trichloro- 202
ethane
372
342
1,1,2-Trlchloro-
1,2,2-trifluoro-
ethane
552
>16.52
5.62
Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
f Aerosols
I Refrigerants
I Blowing agent
r Polymer interme-
| diate
I Synthesis of chloro-
V, trifluoroethylene
Solvent for cold-
cleaning of me-
tals
Solvent for vapor
degreasing
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Ethene 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dichloride
Solvent for vapor-
phase cleaning of
metal parts
Solvent for cold-
cleaning elec-
tronic parts
Solvent for drying
Perchloroethylene 9, 20
-------
TABLE 3-28. SOLVENTS FOR SURFACE CLEANING AND CONDITIONING (Continued)
Annual
Solvent Name % Total Consumption
Consumption (MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses Specific
UaeE
Trichlot-o- NA HA Anesthetics
ethylene NA NA Heat transfer medium
NA NA Exports
6Z 25 Chair terminator
for polymerization
of polyvinyl
chloride
Chemical Toxicity Ranking
k Category Inhalation 1 Ingestion
Non-cyclic 12 18
halo gena ted
alkane
Chemical Parent (a) References
Ethylene dichloride 21, 29, 35
Acetylene
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
HA
20
380
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
HA
NA
Bisphenol A
Diacetone alcohol
Hexylene glycol
Isophorone
Hesityl oxide
Methyacrylic acid
& higher meth-
acrylates
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl isobutyl
ke tone
Methyl methacrylate
Pharmaceuticals
Dicalcium phosphate
Solvent for metal
decreasing;
cold metal cleaning;
vapor de greasing
Solvent for cleaning
& drying of printed
circuits
Isopropanol
Cumene
5, 23
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-29. SOLVENTS FOR PRINTING OPERATIONS
OTS Use Code No: 352-231
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.74
Consumer: Not applicable
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Con sump t ion
(MM Ib/yr)
Non- Solvent UJGS
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlcity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
1,1,1-TrlchloTo- 231
ethane
< 61
Ethylene glycol 49%
monoethyl ether
91
120 Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
<30
80 Synthesis of 2-
ethoxyethyl ace-
tate
15
Non-cyclic
Solvent in printing
inks
Solvent in printing
inks (including
inks far deep-
etched lithographic
plates)
halo gena ted
alkane
Ether
Ethyl acetate
3Z
Chemical synthesis
<34
Solvent for inks
Toluene
Cyc lohexanone
Diechylene
glycol
35%
1Z
45Z
4%
8%
< 7%
40Z
55Z
NA
7Z
7Z
30Z
12Z
13Z
24%
NA
3220
92
4140
369
736
<644
300
380
NA
20
20
95
38
41
57
MA
Benzene mfg.
Explosives
Gasoline pool
Isocyanates
Phenol mfg. &
other (benzalde-
hyde & benzyl
chloride)
Caprolactara
Adipic acid
Natural gas dehy-
drat ion
Plastics and sur-
factants
Polyurethan and un-
saturated polyester
Textile agents
Trlethylene glycol
Misc. and export
Solvent for inks
Solvent for printing
inks
Solvent for printing
inks
Glycol
25 Ethane 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dichlorlde
15 Ethylene oxide 29
Ethanol
Acetic acid 21, 23, 29
Ethanol
Petroleum isolate 5, 12, 17,
21, 23
Cyclohexane
Phenol
Ethylene oxide
22, 29
22, 29
-------
TABLE 3-29. SOLVENTS FOR PRINTING OPERATIONS (Continued)
o-Dichloro-
benzene
to
Solvent Name
Z local
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Uses8
Chemical
Category
Toxic ity
Inhalation
Tvlethylene 17% 19 Humectant Clycol NA
glycol 30% 30 Natural gas dehy-
Ranking
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
27 Ethylene glycol 29, 33
17%
30%
8J
12%
6%
15%
65%
5%
5Z
=10%
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
19
30
9
13
6
17
3
3
6
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
NA
liumectant
Natural gas dehy-
dration
Polyester and poly-
urethan resins
Vinyl plastlclzer
Export
Mfg. 3, 4-Dichloro-
anlline & other
pesticides
Mfg. other dyes
Miscellaneous uses
Bisphenol A
Diacetone alcohol
Hexylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesltyl oxide
Methacrylic acid and
higher methacry-
lates
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylale
Pharmaceuticals
Dicalcium phosphate
Glycol
Solvent for inks
Halogenated
aromatic
Solvent in de-ink-
ing preparations
Ketone
4%
10%
45%
42
8%
4%
15%
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
Solvent for inks
Acetic acid mfg.
DMT mfg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halides
Methyl mechacrylates
Methylajnlnes
Miscellaneous uses
(including mfg.
glycol ethers and
formaldehyde in-
hibitors)
10, 18
Isopropa;
Cmuene
5, 21
Methane
Synthesis gas
21, 24, 34
Solvent In produc-
tion of inks
-------
TABLE 3-29. SOLVENTS FOR PRINTING OPERATIONS (Continued)
CTi
OJ
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses*
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Dimethyl- NA
rmamide
NA
thylene glycol 25%
nobutyl ether
33%
T,yl ethyl 6%
tone
< 6X
robenzene 977
< 1.5%
ylene glycol NA
nobutyl ether
9%
1%
NA Gasoline additive
Organic synthesis
Quench for hot -dip
1 tinned articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
NA
3 Coalescing agent
in latex paints
5 Chemical interme-
diate for diethyl-
ene giycol mono-
butyl ether acetate
< 7
30 Miscellaneous
<30
650 Synthesis of ani-
line
<10
removers
10 Synthesis of 2-
butoxyethyl
acetate
1 Synthesis of di-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
<35
Amide 4
Solvent In printing
inks
Ether NA
Solvent in printing
inks
Ketane 19
Extractive solvent
in production of
printing Inks
Nitrated 1
aromatic
Solvent for cellu-
lose ethers used
in printing inks
Ether 6
Solvent for inks
13 Dime thy lamine
Methyl formate
21 Ethylene- oxide
Butanol
16 sec-Butyl alcohol
Butane
2 Benzene
7 Ethylene oxide
Butanol
i, 22, 29
21,
12, 21
NA - Not Available
Only solvent uses wichin this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-30. SOLVENTS FOR PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
OTS Use Code No: 352-18
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: (Mfr. of paints): 1.90; Occupational (painters): 2.82
Consumer: 3.08
Solvent: Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxiclty Ranking
Inhalation I Ingestion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Amyl acetates
Ethyl acetate
cr>
-P-
HA
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
finishing
Nitrocellulose sol-
vent
Solvent for surface
coating of flat
wood paneling
Paint and lacquer
solvent
Solvent for airplane
dopes
Solvent for water-
proof coatings
13.5
5.0
5.4
1.0
0.8
2.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
5.8
29
55
Chemical synthesis
Solvent for coatings:
Wood-furniture &
fixtures
Metal furniture
& fixtures
Automotive topcoat
Automotive primer
Automotive after-
market and misc.
Trucks and buses
Machinery and
equipment
Paper, film and
foil
Factory-finished
bldg. prods.
Other profuct fin-
ishes
Auto finishing
Paint thinner and
miscellaneous
Amyl alcohol
Acetic acid
22, 24
Acetic acid
Ethanol
21, 23, 29
-------
TABLE 3-30. SOLVENTS FOR PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
Oi
Solvent Name
Diethylene
glycol
Triethylene
glycol
Xylenes
Toluene
Z Total
Consumption
7Z
7Z
30Z
121
13Z
24X
17Z
30Z
az
12Z
6Z
6Z
662
10Z
9Z
35Z
1Z
45%
4%
8%
< 7%
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
20
20
95
38
41
57
19
30
9
13
6
363
3993
605
544
3220
92
4140
368
736
<694
Chemical Toxicity Ranking
Hoes3 Category Inhalation Ingcstion
Natural gas deny- Glycol NA 26 Ethylene oxide 22, 29
drat ion
Plastics and sur-
factants
Polyurethan and un-
saturated polyester
Textile agents
Triethylene glycol
Misc. and export
Solvent for wood
stain
Humect ant Glycol NA 2? Ethylene glycol 29, 33
Natural gas deny- Ethylene oxide
drat ion
Polyester and poly-
urethan res las
Vinyl plasticizer
Export
Lacquer solvent
Production of ethyl Aromatic 12 NA Petroleum and coal 5, 29
benzene tar isolate
Individual isomers
Gasoline pool and
miscellaneous
Solvent for paints,
coatings, enamels,
and varnishes (es-
pecially in coating
metal cans & coil;
and paper)
Benzene mfg. Aromatic 12 19 Petroleum isolate 5, 12, 17,
Explosives produc- 21, 23
tion
Gasoline pool
Isocyanates mfg.
Phenol mfg. & other
(benzaldehyde &
benzyl chloride)
Solvent for surface
coatings (paints ,
lacquers , varnishes
foe coating metal
cans and coil; paper)
-------
TABLE 3-30. SOLVENTS FOR PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent(s)
References
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl ethyl
ketone
96%
2%
2%
11%
70%
40%
55%
6%
12%
342
7%
5530
140
140
21
135
300
380
30
62
72
170
Synthesis o£ sty-
rene
Export
Export
Caprolactarn
Adipic acid
Miscellaneous
Solvent for paints,
varnishes, coatings,
enamel; solvent for
coating paper, cans
and coil
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings
(paints, lacquers,
varnishes, coatings
for flat wood panel-
ing, metal cans and
coil, paper)
Solvent for lacquers
and other protective
coatings (e.g., in
coating metal cans
and wood stains)
Acrylic coatings
solvent
Nitrocellulose coat-
ing solvent
Vinyl coatings solvent
Miscellaneous coatings
(includes paper, cans,
coil)
Benzeive
Xylene
Ethylene
Cyclohexane
Phenol
sec-Butyl
Butane
14, 24, 34
21, 24
-------
TABLE 3-30. SOLVENTS FOR PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MH Ib/yt)
Hon- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Useaa
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlcity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
HA
NA
HA.
HA
NA
NA
HA
HA
HA
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
492
33%
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
HA
120
HA
10
Bisphenol A
Olacetone alcohol
ttexylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesityl oxide
Methacryllc acid
and higher meth-
acrylates
Methyl isobutyl car-
blnol
Methyl Isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Pharmaceuticals
Dicalcium phosphate
Penetrant In rust
removers
Synthesis of 2-
tmtojey ethyl
acetate
Synthesis of di-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
22
Isopropanol
Cumene
J, 23
Synthesis of
2-ethoxyethyl
acetate
Solvents for paints,
varnishes and lac-
quers
Solvents for thinner
and wash solvents
Ethylene oxide
Butanol
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings (in-
cluding metal cans,
coil, furniture,
appliances; alkyd
baking enamels,
nitrocellulose lac-
quers; coatings for
flat wood products)
Solvent for protective
coatings (including
nitrocellulose lac-
quers, alkyd resin
solvents, baking enam-
els, epoxy coatings,
and phenolic varnishes.
Used In coating cans
and coil)
Ethylene oxide
Ethanol
-------
TABLE 3-30. SOLVENTS FOR PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
Consumption
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
1 I Chemical 1 Toxiclty Ranking
I Uses3 I Category (Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
00
Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
Nitrobenzene
Hcthanol
n-Butyl Alcohol
25%
33%
<42%
97%
1.5%
4%
10%
45%
4%
8%
4%
15%
<10%
10%
18%
15%
10%
5%
12%
9%
21%
3
5
< 7
650
10
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
NA
56
100
84
56
28
67
50
117
Coalescing agent
In latex paints
Chemical intcrme-
'••11 1 0 -0
butyl ether ace-
tate
Synthesis of ani-
line
Acetic acid mfg.
DMT mfg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halides
Methyl methacry-
lates
Methlamines
Miscellaneous uses
(including glycol
methyl ethers and
formaldehyde inhi-
bitors)
Amine resins
Glycol ethers
Misc. chemical
synthesis
n-Butyl acetate
n-Butyl acrylate
Plastlcizers
Exports
Ether
Solvent for high
temperature baked
enamels and other
coatings
Nitrated
aroma tit
Solvent for cellu-
lose ethers
Alcohol
Solvent for coating
metal and fabrics
Alcohol
Surface coating
solvent (in paints.
lacquers, coatings
for metal furniture,
cans and coil)
Methantf
Synthesis gas
Propylune
Synthesis gas
Etliylene
Aluminum alkyls
Ethylene oxiilu 29
Dutanol
12, 21
21, 24,
5, 29
-------
TABLE 3-30. SOLVENTS FOR PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses*
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxiclty Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
VD
Isobutanol 10%
25%
401
25X
NjN-Dimethyl- HA
formamlde
HA
20 Synthesis of amide Alcohol 6 12 Propylene 3
resins
41 Lubricating oil
additive
70 Miscellaneous (In-
cluding organic
synthesis and
flavoring for
food)
41 Solvent Ear paints
and lacquers in
paint and varnish
remover
NA /"""Gasoline additive Amide 2 13 Dimethylamine 5, 22, 29
1 Organic synthesis Methyl formate
I Quench for hot-dip
\ tinned articles
1 Carboxylation rxn.
1 catalyst
NA Solvent foe coatings
NA - Not Available
aQnly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-31. SOLVENTS FOR PETROLEUM REFINING
OTS Use Code No: 352-20
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.82
Consumer: Not applicable
Dlnethyl
sulfoxlde
Methanol
Nitrobenzene
Triethylene
glycol
Methyl ethyl
ketone
NA
4Z
101
45J
8%
41
15Z
4Z
noz
97Z
<1.5Z
17Z
30Z
8%
122
6%
-------
TABLE 3-32. SOLVENTS FOR FURNITURE REPAIR AND REFINISHING
OTS Use Code No: 352-0421
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 3.08
Consumer (hobby): 3.08
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesa
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Pa rent (a)
References
o-Dichloro-
benzene
monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
Cyclohexanone
Isobutanol
65%
5%
5*
<10X
NA
9%
1%
<31%
49%
< 9%
40%
55%
HA
10%
25%
40%
<25%
36
3
3
< 6
10
1
<35
30
<15
300
380
HA
20
41
70
<41
Hfg. 3,4-Dichloro-
aniline & other
pesticides
Hfg. other dyes
Miscellaneous uses
removers
Synthesis of 2-
butoxyethyl ace-
tate
Synthesis of di(2-
butoxyethyl)
phthalate
Synthesis of 2-
ethoxyethyl
acetate
Caprolactam
Adlplc acid
Synthesis of amide
resins
Lubricating oil
additive
Miscel laneous
(organic synthesis
and flavoring for
food)
Solvent in paint
removers
Solvent in varnish
removers
Solvent for var-
nish removers
Solvent for paint
remover
Solvent for varnish
removers
Halogenated
aromatic
1 Benzene
Cyclohexane
Phenol
Propylene
10, 18
7 Ethylene oxide 29
Butanol
IS Ethylene oxide 29
Ethanol
22, 29
-------
TABLE 3-32. SOLVENTS FOR FURNITURE REPAIR AND REFINISHING (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses"
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation j Ingest ion
Methylene 19% 150 Vapor pressure
-------
TABLE 3-33. SOLVENTS FOR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS FOR TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
OTS Use Code No: 352-1252-28
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (mechanics and service station operators): 3.16
Consumer: 2.32
u>
Solvent Name
X Tocai
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Han- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Banking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
Ethylene glycol 92
monobutyl ether
12
NA
<18Z
Etbylene glycol 492
monoethyl ether
< 92
Diethylene glycol 252
monobutyl ether
33Z
NA
NA - Not Available
3Radian derived
10 Synthesis of 2-but- Ether
oxyethyl acetate
1 Synthesis of di(2-
butosy ethyl)
phthalate
NA Penetrant in rust
removers
<20 Solublllzer in
brake fluid
80 Synthesis of 2- Ether
ethoxy ethyl
acetate
<15 Solvent in hydrau-
lic brake fluids
3 Coalescing agent Ether
in latex paints
5 Chemical interme-
diate for dlethyl-
ene glycol mono-
butyl ether acetate
NA Diluent for hydrau-
lic brake fluids
6 7 Ethylene oxide 29
Butanol
19 IS Ethylene oxide 29
Ethanol
NA 21 Ethylene oxide 29
Butanol
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-34. SOLVENTS FOR ROLL COATINGS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-b
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.5
Consumer: Not applicable
Solvent Name
Z Total
Cons iimp tioD
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Chemical
Structural
Category
Tojticity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
4%
10Z
45Z
4%
81
4*
151
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
Acetic acid mfg.
DMT rnJg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halldes
Methyl methacrylates
Methylamlnes
Miscellaneous uses
(Including glycol
methyl ethers and
formaldehyde Inhi-
bitor)
24 Methane
Synthesis gas
21. 24, 34
Solvent in mfg.
coated fabrics
n-Butyl alcohol
102
14 Z
15Z
m
n
122
10Z
60
79
85
68
40
68
60
Amine resins
Glycol ethers
Misc. chem. syn-
thesis
n-Butyl acetate
n-Butyl acrylate
Plasticizera
Exports
Propylene
Synthesis gas
Ethylene
Aluminum aIkyIs
5, 29
Solvent for coating
metal and cans and
coil
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
NA
10
PeneCrant in rust
removers
Synthesis of 2-
butoxyethyl
acetate
Synthesis of dl-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
Ethylene oxide
fiutanol
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings (in-
cluding metal cans,
coll, furniture,
alkyd baking enam-
- els, nitrocellulose
lacquers and coat-
ings for flatuood
paneling
-------
TABLE 3-34. SOLVENTS FOR ROLL COATINGS (Continued)
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
CMM iWyr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxic icy Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
.Chemical Parent (a)
References
ELhylene glycol
monoethyl ether
491
80
55
Synthesis of 2-eth-
oxyethyl acetate
Ether
Methyl isobutyl
ketoae
Ul
Cyclohexanone
111
701
40%
55X
21
135
300
380
Export
Caprolactarn
Adlpic acid
Methyl ethyl
ketone
Miscellaneous
Ethylene oxide
Ethanol
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings (ni-
trocellulose lac-
quers, alkyd resin
solvents, baking
enamels, epoxy
coatings, and phe-
nolic varnishes.
Used in coating
metal cans and coil)
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings
(paints* lacquers,
varnishes, coatings
for flatwood panel-
ing, metal cans and
coll, and paper)
Solvent for lacquers
and other protec-
tive coatings (e.g.,
in coating metal
cans and wood
stains)
14, 24, 34
Cyclohexane
Phenol
22, 29
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butane
21, 24
72
170
40
Nitrocellulose
coatings solvent
Vinyl coatings
solvent
Misc. coat ings for
cans, coil and
paper
-------
TABLE 3-34. SOLVENTS FOR ROLL COATINGS (Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MH Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlcity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Inge at ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Triethylene 17Z 19 Hume c tan t Glycol HA 27 Ethylene oxide 29, 33
glycal 3QX 30 Natural gas dehy- Ethylene glycol
Xylenes
Ethyl benzene
17Z
3QZ
81
12Z
6Z
NA
61
661
10*
9X
962
21
< 2Z
35X
IX
45X
4%
ax
* 7%
19
30
9
13
6
NA
363
3993
605
544
5530
140
<140
3220
92
4140
368
736
<644
Humectant
Natural gas dehy-
dration
Polyester and poly-
urethan resins
Vinyl plasticizer
Export
Production of ethyl
benzene
Individual Isomers
Gasoline pool and
misc.
Synthesis of sty-
rene
Export
Benzene rofg.
Explosive produc-
tion
Gasoline pool
Isocyanate produc-
tion
Phenol mt"g. &
other (benzal-
dehyde & benzyl
chloride)
Solvent for water-
borne coatings for
flat wood paneling
Solvent for paints,
coatings and enamels
(especially for roll
coating metal cans
and coil and paper)
Solvent for paints.
varnishes coat-
Ings and enamels
(used in coating
metal cans and
coil)
Solvent for surface
coatings (varnishes
for coating metal
cans and coil;
paper)
Glycol
Aromatic
Aroma't ic
Aromatic
Petroleum and
coal tar isolate
5, 29
Benzene
Xylene
Ethylene
Petroleum isolate
5, 12, 17,
21, 23
-------
TABLE 3-34. SOLVENTS FOR ROLL COATINGS (Continued)
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM iWyr)
Non-SolvcnC Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a) 1 References
Amyl acetates NA
MA
Ethyl acetate 3%
< U
NA Textile finishing Eater 12 NA Amyl alcohol 22, 24
and printing Acetic acid
NA Solvent for surface
coating Cor wood
paneling & water-
proof coatings
6 Chemical synthesis Ester 23 23 Acetic acid 21, 23, 29
Ethanol
for paper, film,
and foil
NA - Not Available
"Radian derived
b
Radian was unable to derive a use number for this category.
cOnly solvent uses uithin this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-35. SOLVENTS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS'
OTS Use Code No: 352-000
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.58
Consumer: 1.66
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Structural
Category
Inhalation I Ingestion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Amyl acetates NA NA Textile printing Ester 12 NA Amyl alcohols 22, 24
and finishing Acetic acid
Solvent for peni-
cillin extraction
Dimethyl sulfoxide NA
00
o-Dichloro-
benzene
Solvent In pharma- Sulfoxide
ceutlcal products
4Z
10Z
451
4%
8%
4%
10%
< 1Z
65Z
5Z
5%
NA
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
2
36
3
3
NA
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
NA
NA
Acetic acid mfg.
DMT mfg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halldes
Methyl methacrylates
Methylamlaes
Miscellaneous uses
(including glycol
methyl ethers and
formaldehyde inhi-
bitor)
Mfg. of 3,4-di-
chloroanllinc &
other pesticides
M£g. of dyes
Misc. uses
Blsphenol A
Dlacetone alcohol
Hcxylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesityl oxide
Methyacrylic acid
& higher raethacry-
lates
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl tnethactylate
Pharmaceuticals
Dlcalcium phosphate
Alcohol
Solvent in produc-
tion of Pharmaceu-
ticals
llalogenated
aromatic
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Ketone
Solvent Cor mfg.
Pharmaceuticals
Dimethyl suicide 8, 19, 41
Me thane
Synthesis gas
21, 24, 34
10, 18
Isoprojianol
Cumene
5, 23
-------
TABLE 3-35. SOLVENTS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Noa-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Cliemi cal
Structural
Category
Toxic ity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Inge at ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
Methyl ethyl
ketone
N,N-Dimethyl-
fonnauide
Xylenea
Toluene
6Z
NA
NA
HA
HA
MA
62
66Z
10X
NA
35Z
IX
45%
4Z
8%
< 7%
30
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
363
3993
605
NA
3220
92
4140
368
736
<644
Miscellaneous
Gasoline additive
Organic synthesis
Quench fox hot-dip
tinned articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
Production of ethyl
benzene
Individual isomer
production
Gasoline pool &
misc.
Benzene manufac-
ture
Explosives pro-
duction
Gasoline pool
Isocyanates pro-
duction
Phenol manufacture
& other (benzal-
dehyde & benzyl
chloride)
Solvent for pharmf
ceutical mfg.
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
sec-Butyl alcohol
Butane
Dimethylamine
Methyl formate
21, 24
5, 22, 29
Petroleum coal tar
isolate
5, 29
Petroleum isolate
5, 12, 17,
21, 23
-------
TABLE 3-35. SOLVENTS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS (Continued)
oo
o
Solvent Name
X Total
Consume p Ion
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non- Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Usesc
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest Ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
n-Butyl alcohol
Ethyl ether
1,1,1-Trichloro- 23%
ethane
Methylene
chloride
Methyl isobutyl 1U
ketone
10%
18%
15%
10%
5%
12%
9%
NA
25%
3%
7%
NA
23%
NA
19%
12%
NA
11%
56
100
84
56
28
67
50
NA
45
5
10
NA
120
NA
150
86
NA
21
Amine resins
Glycol ethers
Misc. chemical
synthesis
n-Butyl acetate
n-Butyl acrylate
Plastlcizers
Exports
Chemical syn-
thesis (Includ-
ing ethanol-
amines)
Medical uses
Misc. uses (in-
cluding denatur-
ant for alcohol
& refrigerant)
Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
idene chloride
Vapor pressure de-
pressant in aero-
sol sprays
Plastics process-
ing
Export
Alcohol
Solvent in mfg.
Pharmaceuticals
Ether
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Solvent in mfg.
pharmaceut lea Is
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Pharmaceutical
solvent
Ketone
Propylene
Synthesis gas
Ethylene
Aluminum aIkyla
Ethylene
Ethane
Ethylene oxide
Methane
Methanol
5, 29
j, 22, 29
5, 29, 35
29, 35
14, 24, 34
Solvent for Phar-
maceuticals
-------
TABLE 3-35. SOLVENTS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS (Continued)
Solvent Name
Pyridine
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
2 Total
Consumption
NA
NA
NA
NA
49*
1«.~™. . v,.~~p^.^ ^ «, «—»....
Annual j
Consumption 1 Non-Solvent Uses
(MM Ib/yr) 1
2
1
1
2
80
Pharmaceuticals
Textile afg.
Piperdine mfg.
Synthesis of 2-
ethoxy ethyl
acetate
[1 Chemical Toxtclty Ranking
Usesc I Category Inhalation 1 Ingest Ion
lleterocyclic 2 4
Solvent primarily
in drug mfg.
Ether 19 15
Solvent in phar-
maceutical ex-
traction
Chemical Parent(«) References
Acetylene 29
Acctaldehydc
Coal tar isolate
Ethylenc oxide 29
Ethanol
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Radian was unable to derive a use code number for this category
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
oo
-------
TABLE 3-36. SOLVENTS FOR POLISHES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
OTS Use Code No: 352-2511
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (Mfr. of polishes): 1.99; janitorial services:
Consumer: 2.76
2.83
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses*
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
GO
Dlethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
Methanol
251
331
<42%
NA
931
u
<1835
«
10Z
451
4%
8Z
42
15%
2%
3
5
< 7
NA
10
1
<20
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
115
Coalescing agent Ether NA 21 Ethylene oxide 22, 29
in latex paints Butanol
Chemical Interme-
diate for dlethyl-
ene glycol mono-
butyl ether ace-
tate
Solvent for soaps.
oils and water In
household cleaners
Penetrant in rust Ether 6 7 Ethylene oxide 29
removers Butanol
Synthesis of 2-
butoxyethyl
acetate
Synthesis of dl-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
Solvent for liquid
household clean-
ers
Acetic acid mfg. Alcohol 19 24 Methane 21, 24, 34
DHT mfg. Synthesis gas
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halides
Methyl methacry-
lates
Methylamlnes
Miscellaneous uses
(Including glycol
methyl ethers &
formaldehyde in-
hibitor)
Solvent for wind-
shield washing
preps.
NA - Not Available
aOnly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-37. SOLVENTS FOR EXPLOSIVES
t
OTS Use Code No: 352-1206 or 352-170
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (Mfr. of explosives): 2.91
Consumer: Not applicable
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Useeb
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxlclty Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent(s)
References
oo
CO
Ethyl ether
Acetone
Amyl acetates
25*
3*
7*
65*
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
45
5
10
120
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chemical synthesis Ether 23 10 Ethylene 5, 22, 29
Medical uses
Miscellaneous uses
(including denatur-
ant for alcohol)
Solvent for smoke-
less powder (used
mainly In the puri-
fication of explo-
sives)
Bispnenol A Ketone 25 22 Isopropanol 5, 23
Diacetone alcohol Cumene
Hexylene glycol
Isophorone
Mesityl oxide
Methyacrylic acid
& higher methacry-
lates
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Pharmaceuticals
Dicalcium phosphate
Solvent in rafg.
smokeless powder
Textile printing Ester 12 SA Acetic acid 22, 24
& finishing Amyl alcohols
Smokeless powder
solvent
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-38. SOLVENTS FOR PRINTING INKS
OTS Use Code No: 352-24
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 1.90
Consumer: Not applicable
oo
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Specific Solvent
Uses8
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxiclty Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
1,1,1-Trichloro-
e thane
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
Toluene
Cyclohexanone
Dlethylene
glycol
23Z
< 6%
491
9%
35Z
1*
451
4Z
8Z
< 7*
40%
55t
NA.
7*
7%
30%
12%
13%
24%
MA
120
<30
ao
15
3220
92
4140
368
736
<644
300
380
NA.
20
20
95
38
41
57
HA
Chemical interme-
diate for vinyl-
dine
Synthesis of 2-
ethoxyethyl
acetate
Benzene jnfg.
Explosives
Gasoline pool
Isocyanates
Phenol mfg. &
other (benzal-
dehyde & benzyl
chloride)
Caprolactam
Adipic acid
Natural gas dehy-
dration
Plastics and sur-
factants
Polyurethan and un-
saturated polyester
Textile agents
Triethylene glycol
Misc. and export
Non-cyclic
halogenated
alkane
Solvent in printing
inks
Ether
Solvent in printing
inks (Including
Inks for deep-
etched litho-
graphic plates)
Aromatic
Solvent in inks
Ketone
Solvent for print-
ing inks
Glycol
Solvent for print-
ing inks
Ethylene 5, 29, 35
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide 29
Ethanol
S, U, 17,
21, 23
Cyclohexane
Phenol
Ethylene oxide
22, 29
22, 29
-------
TABLE 3-38. SOLVENTS FOR PRINTING INKS (Continued)
Solvent Name
1 Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses*
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toxiclty
Inhalation
Trie thy lene 171 19 Humec cant Glycol NA
glycol 301 30 Natural gas dehy-
Ranking
Ingest Ion
Chemical Parent (a)
References
27 Ethylene oxide 29, 33
Ethylene glycol
Ethyl acetate
12%
62
15Z
31
13
6
dration
Polyester and poly-
urethan resins
Vinyl plaetlcizer
Export
Chemical synthesis
Solvent for print-
ing inks
Acetic acid
Ethanol
21, 23, 29
Solvent for inks
OO
Ln
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90
48
50
35
27
100
44
263
476
115
NA
Bisphenol A
Diacetone alcohol
Dexylane glycol
Isophorone
Mesityl oxide
Methacryllc acid
and higher meth-
acrylates
Methyl isobutyl
carbinol
Methyl isobutyl
ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Pharmaceuticals
Dicalcium phosphate
Isopropanol
Cumene
5, 23
<305
Solvent for inks
4*
101
45Z
4Z
8Z
4Z
15Z
<10Z
300
700
3100
300
600
300
1000
Acetic acid mfg.
DMT mfg.
Formaldehyde mfg.
Methyl halldes
Methyl methacrylates
Methylamines
Miscellaneous uses
(including mfg.
glycol ethers and
formaldehyde inhi-
bitor)
Solvent in produc-
tion of inks
Methane
Synthesis gas
21, 24, 34
-------
TABLE 3-38. SOLVENTS FOR PRINTING INKS (Continued)
GO
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses3
Chemical
Structural
Category
toxicity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
Chemical Parent (s)
References
N.N-DiTnethyl H&
formainide
Diethylene glycol 25X
monobutyl ether
33%
<42%
Methyl ethyl 6*
ketone
< fe%
Nitrobenzene 97%
< 1.5%
Ethylene glycol MA
monobutyl ether
9%
1%
<3U
HA Gasoline additive Amide 4 13 Dine thy lamine 5, 22, 29
Organic synthesis Methyl formate
Quench for hot-dip
tinned "articles
Carboxylation rxn.
catalyst
Solvent for print-
ing inks
3 Coalescing agent Ether NA 21 Ethylene oxide 29
in latex paints Butanol
5 Chemical interme-
diate for diethyl-
ene glycol mono-
butyl ether acetate
< 7 Solvent for inks
30 Miscellaneous Ketone 19 16 sec-Butyl alcohol 21, 24
Butane
<30 Extractive solvent
in mfg. ink
650 Synthesis of anl- Nitrated 1 2 Benzene 12, 21
line aromatic
<10 Solvent for cellu-
in printing inks
NA Penetrant in rust Ether 6 7 Ethylene oxide 29
removers Butanol
10 Synthesis of 2-
butoxy ethyl
acetate
1 Synthesis of di-
(2-butoxyethyl)
phthalate
<35 Solvent for inks
NA - Not Available
30nly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-39. SOLVENTS FOR COATING MAGNETIC WIREC
OTS Use Code No: 352-12601-1461
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational (manufacture): 2.91
Consumer: Not applicable
oo
Cresols
Consumption
151
61
6Z
221
15Z
10Z
1U
Annual
(MM lu/yr)
26
10
10
38
26
19
20
Uses
Antioxidanta
Cleaning and dis-
infecting cpds.
Ore flotation
Phosphate estets
Besins
Misc. uses
Exports
Chemical Toxicity
k Category Inhalation
Phenol 2
Ranking
1 Ingestion
6 Phenol
Petroleum isolate
Naphtha
21, 32
Cresylic acid
21%
17Z
17Z
8Z
8Z
12Z
26
NA
HA
MA
NA
MA
NA
Magnetic wire
solvent
Phosphate esters
Phenolic resins
Antloxidants
Cleaning and dis-
infectants
Ore flotation
Miscellaneous
Petroleum isolate 16, 32
Solvent for mag-
netic wire
NA - Not Available
Radian derived
Only solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
TABLE 3-40. SOLVENTS FOR TEXTILE PROCESSING'
OTS Use Code No: 352-1368
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL: Occupational: 2.58
CO
CO
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent Uses
Specific Solvent
Use&b
Chemical
Structural
Category
Toricity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest Ion
Chemical Parent(s)
References
Trichloro- < 42 <15 Solvents for tex- Non-cyclic 12 18 Ethylene dichloride 21, 29, 35
ethylene tile sizing halogenated Acetylene
alkenes
NA
62
Perchloroethylene NA
12%
32
Methylene NA
chloride
19Z
12Z
1,1,1-Trichloro-
e thane
23%
NA - Not Available
aRadian derived
NA
25
HA
80
20
NA
150
86
120
Small amounts as
anesthetics and
medium; exports
Chain terminator
for polymerization
of vinyl chloride
Solvents for tex- 12 NA Ethylene dichloride 35, 36, 38
tile sizing Paraffins
Chemical interme-
diate for fluoro-
carbons 113, 114,
IIS, 116
Other applications -
heat exchanger
fluid; pharmaceu-
tlcals
Solvent for tex- Non-cyclic 19 5 Methane 29, 35
tile sizing halogenated Methanol
alkanes
Vapor pressure de-
pressant In aero-
sol sprays
Plastics processing
Component of fire-
extinguishing
compositions
Solvent for tex- Non-cyclic 22 25 Ethane 5, 29, 35
tile sizing halogenated Ethylene oxide
alkanes
Chemical interme-
diate for vinyli-
dene chloride
bOnly solvent uses within this category are listed.
-------
4.0 SOLVENT GROUPING BY CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Chemicals with similar chemical structures often exhi-
bit similar chemical, physical, and toxicological properties.
For this reason, the solvents in this study were grouped accord-
ing to their basic chemical structures.
The nature of organic chemical solvents is such that
many are included in the same broad chemical categories (e.g.,
alkanes, alkenes, heterocyclics). In this study, it was some-
times useful to make these broad categories more specific by
adding appropriate descriptors. For example, chemicals classi-
fied as aromatics were further categorized as either aromatics,
halogenated aromatics, or nitrated aromatics. Table 4-1 is a
list of chemical structural categories used in this study and
the number of solvents in each.
Solvents were grouped in tables prepared for each
chemical category- The following information was included
about each solvent:
Chemical name
Specific solvent uses
Solvent use categories into which
each solvent was grouped
Exposure potential, both occupational
and consumer solvent use category
Non-solvent uses
89
-------
Consumption quantities for solvent
and non-solvent uses
Percentages of total consumption
applicable to each use
Toxicity rankings for inhalation
and ingestion
Primary chemical parents.
Organizing information about each solvent according
to chemical, structure will be useful if generic regulations are
implemented. The information presented in the following tables
may be of use in developing generic chemical standards.
90
-------
TABLE 4-1. CHEMICAL STRUCTURAL CATEGORIES
Chemical Struc- Number of Solvents Table No. for
tural Category in Category Solvent Category
Halogenated aromatics 3 4-2
Ketones 4 4-3
Polynuclear aromatics 1 4-4
Amides 1 4-5
Non-cyclic halogenated 2 4-6
alkenes
Aromatics 3 4-7
Alcohols 3 4-8
Ethers 4 4-9
Non-cyclic halogenated 4 4-10
alkanes
Glycols 2 4-11
Phenols 2 4-12
Nitrated aromatics 1 4-13
Sulf oxide T 4-14
Thione 1 4-15
Heterocyclics 1 4-16
Esters 2 4-17
91
-------
TABLE 4-2. HALOGENATED AROMATIC SOLVENTS
Chloro-
benzene
Consumption
492
Annual
(MM Ib/yr)
190
Uses
Uses
Solvent for pesti-
cides & degreasing
Category
Solvents for
pesticid s
Exposure Potential
Occupational! Consumer
2.41 mfg. 3.17
3.25 exterminators
Toxlcity Ranking
Inhalation 1 Ingest ion
11 14
Parent (s)
Benzene
References
10, 36
29* 110 Mfg. of nitro-
chlorobenzene
81 30 DDT. sill cones
8X 30 Mfg. of di-
phenyl oxide
6% 25 Other (pri-
marily rubber
intermediate)
o-Dichloro- 15Z 8
benzene
10Z 6
HA HA
65Z 36 Mfg. of 3,4-
dichloroani-
line
5Z 3 Mfg. of other
dyes
52 3 Miscellaneous
uses
Solvents or 3.16 3.08
repair u rk
Solvents or
surface lean- 2.83
ing and on-
ditionlng
TDI process sol- Solvents for 2.24 6
vent chemicals
removers, en- repair work
gine cleaners, Solvents for 3.08 3.08
del liking prep- furniture re-
aratlons pair and re-
finishing
Solvents for 2.74
printing
operations
Solvent for phar- Solvents for 2.58 1.66
maceutlcal mfg. pharmaceu-
ticals
f
1 Benzene 10, 18
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-3. KETONE SOLVENTS
UJ
Annual
Solvent Name X Total Consumption Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
Consumption (MM Ib/yr) Uses Usea
Exposure Potential Toxlcity Banking
1 _ . I j n n
Acetone NA BO Cellulose acetate Solvents for 1.90 25 22 Isopropa- 5, 23
spinning solvent
plastic and nol
rubber mater- Cumene
ials (not fab-
ricated)
NA 10 Solvent for acety- Solvents for 1.75
lene in cylinders
NA 80 Solvent for paints.
chemicals for
brazing, weld-
ing and sol-
dering
varnishes, lac- Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3. OB
quers
NA 120 Solvent for thin-
ner and wash
solvent
NA 100 Chemical process-
ing solvent
paint and 2.82 painters
allied pro-
ducts
Solvent for 2.24
chemicals
NA 305 Hisc., including Solvents for 2.07 mfg. 2.07
solvents for ad-
adhesives 2.07 office
hesives; paper Solvents for 2.67
coatings ; print-
ing inks; smoke-
less powder mfg. ,
cements , clean-
ing & drying of
paper coatings
Solvents for 1.90
printing inks
Solvents for 2.74
printing op-
Solvents for 2.58
NA NA Solvent for mfg.
Pharmaceuticals
90 Bisphenol A
43 Diacetone alcohol
50 Hexylene glycol
35 Isophorone
27 Mesityl oxide
100 Methyacrylic
acid & higher
methacrylates
44 Methyl isobutyl
carblnol
263 Methyl isobutyl
ketone
476 Methyl methacry-
late
115 Pharmaceuticals
NA Dicalcium phosphate
surface clean-
ing and con-
ditioning
explosives
Solvent for 2.5B 1.66
pharmaceuti-
-------
TABLE 4-3. KETONE SOLVENTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
Methyl
ethyl
ketone
Z Total
Consumption
122
14%
34%
7%
14Z
7Z
62
NA
Annual
Cons ump tion Hon-So
(MM Ib/yr) Use
62
72
170
40
72
40
30
NA
Lvent Specific Solvent
s Uses
Acrylic coatings
solvent
Nitrocellulose
coatings solvent
Vinyl coatings
solvent
Misc. coatings
(includes cans.
coil, paper)
Adhesives solvent
Lube oil dewax by
solvent extrac-
tion
Extractive sol-
vent in ink
TPA mfg.
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Solvent Use
Category
Solvents for
paints and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
paper coating
Solvents for
adhesives
Solvents for
petroleum
refining
Solvents for
printing inks
Solvents for
printing op-
erations
Solvents for
Chemicals
Solvent for
pharmaceutl-
'
Occupational! Consumer Inhalation jlngestion Parent(s) References
1.90 mfg. 3.08 19 16 sec-Butyl 21, 24
2.82 painters alcohol
Butane
2.50
2.67
2.07 mfg. 2.0?
2.07 office
1.82
1.90
2.74
2.24
2.58 1.66
MD
Methyl
isobutyl
ketone
62
70S!
52
10%
NA
Miscellaneous
135
11
18
NA
4%
11%
Solvent for pro-
tective coatings
(paints, lac-
quers, varnishes,
coatings for flat
wood panelling,
metal cans, coil,
£, paper)
Solvent for metal
extractions
Chemical process-
ing solvent
Solvent for epoxy
resin mfg.
Solvent for insec-
ticides, buta-
diene , acryloni-
trlle cements,
mineral oils and
waxes, pharmaceu-
tlcals
Solvent for adhe-
hesives
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
paper coating
Solvents for
research and
development
Solvents for
chemicals
Solvents for
plastic and
rubber mater-
ials (not fab-
ricated)
Solvents for
pesticides
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Solvents for
adhesives
1.90 mfg. 3.08
2.82 painters
2.50
2.67
2.24
1.90
2.41 mfg. 3.17
3.25 exterminators
2.07 2.07
2.07 office
14, 24, 34
-------
TABLE 4-3. KETONE SOLVENTS ("Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Occupational
Consumer
Inhalation
Cyclohexa- Solvent for lac- Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3.08 6
none quers & other paint and 2,82 painters
protective coat- allied products
Ranking
Ingest ion
Chemical I
farent(s) I References
9 Cyclohexane 22, 29
Phenol
vo
Ul
Cyclohexa- Solvent for lac-
none quers & other
protective coat-
ings (e.g., in
cans and wood
stains)
52 20 Solvent for crude
rubber
Solvent for spot
removers for lea-
ther and textiles
De greasing agent
NA MA Solvent for paint
remover
SA NA Solvent for print-
ing ink
402 300 Capro lac tarn
55% 380 Adipic acid
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
plastics and
rubber mater-
ials and syn-
thetics (not
fabricated)
Solvents for
spotting
agents
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condi-
t ioning
Solvents for
repair work
Solvents for
furniture
repair and
refinishing
Solvents for
printing
operations
Solvents for
printing ink
1.9'
2.8
2.5'
1.9
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.0
2.7
1.9'
3.08
3.08
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-4. POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC SOLVENTS
SI N
Consumption
~
(MM Ib/yr)
Uses
Uses
Category
xposure a
Occupational
Consumer
Inhalation
n ng
Ingest ion
Parent (s)
References
ON
Chloronaph- Carbon softener &
thalenes remover
Solvent for rub-
ber, aniline and
other dyes
Waxes, mineral &
vegetable oils
Varnishes , gums ,
resins
Hater-, flame-.
insect-, acid-
proofing of
fibrous bodies
Condenser im-
pregnation
Heat transfer
medium
Plastic izers
Moisture and
flame-proofing
of covered wire
and cable
Tar remover 3.00 3.00 HA 8 Naphtha- 1
for cleaning lene
& maintenance
Tar remover 3.16
for laundry &
dry cleaning
Solvents for 1.90
plastics and
rubber mater-
ials and syn-
thetics (not
fabricated)
Solvents for 2.24
chemicals
13, 41
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-5. AMIDE SOLVENTS
VO
Annual
Solvent Name X Total Consumption Nan-Solvent Specific Solvent
Consumption (MM Ib/yr) Uses Uses
N,N-Dimethyl- f Solvent for buta-
formamide I diene and acid
I gases, & acetylene
I Solvent for poly-
1 n>ersa
V Solvent for spin-
\ nlng acrylic and
\ polyurethane fl-
\ hers
\ Solvent for poly-
\ mer film pro due -
\ tion
ings
NA NA
Paint stripper
Printing Ink
/Adhesive formula-
tions
maceutical mfg.
Dyes tuffs
Electrolyte solu-
tions in high
voltage capaci-
tors
/ Cleaning mixtures
f for carbonaceous
Solvent Use
Category
Solvents for
chemicals
Solvents for
plastic and
rubber mater-
ials and syn-
thetics (not
fabricated)
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
repair work
Solvents for
furniture re-
pair and re-
fiiilshing
printing op-
erations
Solvents for
printing Inks
Solvents for
adliesives
pharmaceuti-
Solvents for
dye mfg.
Solvents for
plain dyed and
finished fi-
bers, yarn and
fabric
Chemical
Occupational (Consumer Inhalation Ingestion Parent (s) References
2.24 4 13 Dimethyl- 5, 22, 29
a mine
Methyl
formate
1.90
1 90 mfe 3 08
2.82 painters
3.16 3.08
3.08 3.08
2. 74
1.90
2.07 mfg. 2.07
2.07 office
2.24
3.08 1.42
/ and greasy deposits
/
/
I
I Gasoline additive
1 Organic synthesis
I Quench for hot-dip
1 tinned articles
V Carboxylation rxn.
Solvents for
capacitors
Tar removers
for cleaning
& maintenance
Tar removers
for laundry
and drycleaning
1.90
3.00 3.00
3.16
NA - Not Available
aSpecific mention of poly1ml dea was found.
-------
TABLE 4-6. NON-CYCLIC HALOGENATED ALKENE SOLVENTS
VO
00
Annual
Solvent Nome % Total Consumption Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
Consumption (MM Ib/yr) Uses Dses
Trichloro- 90*
ethylene
20
380
4% 15
Solvent for metal
degreasing:
cold metal clean-
Ing
vapor degreasing
* for foods
Solvents for clean-
wool
slves
Solvent for lubri-
cants
Solvent for textile
spotting fluids
tile sizing
Solvent Use
Category
Solvents for
repair work
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condi-
tioning
foods
Solvents for
dry cleaning
Solvents for
wool cleaning
adhesives
Solvents for
specialty
lubricants
Solvents for
spotting
fluids
textile pro-
cessing
Exposure Potential Toxicity Ranking
OccupatlonaljConsumer Inhalation Ingestion Parent(s) References
3.16 3.08 12 18 Ethylene 21, 29, 35
dichlo-
rlde
Acetylene
2.83
2.58 1.50
2.41 2.08
3.08
2.07 mfg. 2.07
2.07 office
1.90 mfg.
2.25 operators
2.74 2.74
2.58
Chain termina-
tor for poly-
merization of
polyvlnyl
chloride
Small amounts
as anesthetics
& heat trans-
fer medium;
exports
-------
TABLE 4-6. NON-CYCLIC HALOGENATED ALKENE SOLVENTS (Continued)
Annual
Solvent Name] "i Total I Consumption |
I Consumption](MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
Toxic!ty Banking
OccupationalI Consumer IInhalation IIngestionj
Parent(aj
Keiurences
Perchloro-
ethylene
69%
162
458
106
Chemical inter-
mediate for
fluorocarbons
113, 114. 115,
116
Other applica-
tions - heat
exchanger fluid;
Pharmaceuticals
Drycleaning sol-
vent
Solvent for metal
degreasing
Solvent for tex-
tile sizing
Solvent for sili-
cones
Solvent for pre-
laundry garment
sprays
Solvents for
laundry and
dry cleaning
Solvents for
repair work
Solvents for
surface clean-
Ing and con-
ditioning
Solvents for
textile pro-
cessing
Solvents for
plastics &
rubber mater-
ials & syn-
thetics (not
fabricated)
Solvents for
spotting agents
2.41
3.16
2.83
2.58
1-.90
2.74
3.06
NA Kthyleni?
dichlo-
ride
Paraffins
35, 36, 38
2.74
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-7. AROMATIC SOLVENTS
Consumption
(MH Ib/yr)
Uses
Uses
Category
Occupational
Consumer
Inhalation
1
Ingestion Parent(s)
References
Xylenes
o
o
MA
NA
6%
66%
10Z
35Z
1%
45*
42
NA
NA
363
3993
605
Production of
ethyl benzene
Individual iso-
mer production
Gasoline pool &
misc.
Solvents for
paints , coatings ,
enamels, & var-
nishes (espec-
ially in coating
metal cans, coil,
paper)
Other solvent uses
including use as
carrier for ag-
cultural pesti-
cides and sprays
Solvents for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Solvents for dyes
Solvents for labo-
ratory use
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
paper coating
Solvents for
crop production
Solvents for
pesticides
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Solvents for
dye production
Solvents for
research and
development
1.90
2.82
2.50
2.67
3.24
2.41
3.25
2.58
2.24
2.75
mfg. 3.08
painters
3.33
mfg. 3.17
exterminators
1.66
2.92
Petroleum
coal tar
isolate
5, 29
644
3220
92
4140
368
736
Benzene manufac-
ture
Explosives pro-
duction
Gasoline pool
Isocyanates pro-
duction
Phenol manufacture
& other (benzalde
hyde; benzyl
chloride)
Solvent for sur-
face coatings
(paints, lac-
quers ; varnishes
for coating metal
cans & coil; pa-
per)
Solvent for inks
Solvents for adhe-
sives
Solvent In phar-
maceutical mfg.
Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3.08
paint and 2.82 painters
allied products
Solvents for 2.50
roll coating
Solvents for 2.67
paper coating
Solvents for 2.74
printing
operations
Solvents for 1.90
printing inks
Solvents for 2.07 mfg. 2.07
adhesives 2.07 office
r
Petroleum
isolate
5, 12, 17,
21, 23
-------
TABLE 4-7. AROMATIC SOLVENTS (Continued)
1..^ — .-^.p..,,,,,.,^.,, «.J1_^^...., rr,
Annual 1
Consump tionl Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
(MM Ib/yr) 1 Uses Uses
Ethyl ben- 22 140 Solvent for
zene paints, varnishes,
coatings, enam-
els
Solvents for coat-
ing paper, cans
& coil
12 Solvents for dyes
Carrier for agri-
cultural sprays
and pesticides
Solvents for labo-
ratory use
96Z 5530 Synthesis of
styrene
22 140 Export
Solvent Use
Category
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
paper coating
Solvents for
dye production
Solvents for
crop produc-
tion
Solvents for
pesticides
Solvents for
research and
development
ifc '-"••- -.•- • '•• -
Exposure Potential I ToiJcity Ranking
I C1l£Dli£Jll
tccupatlonalj Consumer llnUalationf ingest ion Parent (H) References
1.90 mfg. 3.08 12 17 Uenzcne 2]
2.82 painters Xylunc ^
Bthyleni.*
2.50
2.67
2.24
3.24 3.33
2.41 mfg. 3.17
3.25 exterminators
2.75 2.92
o
HA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-8. ALCOHOL SOLVENTS
Consumption
~~
nua
(MM Ib/yr)
Uses
Uses
Category
Occupational
Consumer
Inhalation [Ingest ion
i
Parent(s) j References
102
251
401
J
41
20
41
70
_
NA
NA
NA
:NA
660
20
NA
115
15
\^_
Solvent in paints
& lacquers
Solvent la paint
& varnish re-
movers
Synthesis of
amide resins
Lubricating oil
additive
Miscellaneous
organic synthe-
sis, flavoring
for food
Industrial process
solvent:
inks
metal finishes
coated fabrics
refining gas line
& heating oil
Chemical process
solvent
Nylon 66 nfg.
Solvent for dye
mfg.
Solvent for wind-
shield washing
preparations
Solvent in produc-
tion of Pharma-
ceuticals
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
furniture re-
pair and re-
finishing
Solvents Cor
repair work
Solvents for
printing
operations
Solvents for
printing inks
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
petroleum re-
fining
Solvents for
chemicals
Solvent for
dye mfg.
Solvents for
polishes and
related pro-
ducts
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
1.90 mfg.
2.82 painters
3.08
3.16
2.74
1.90
1.90 mfg.
2.82 painters
2.50
1.82
2.24
2.24
1.99
2.58
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
2.76
1.66
Propylene
21, 24, 34
Methane
Synthesis
gas
-------
TABLE 4-8. ALCOHOL SOLVENTS (Continued)
Solvent Name 2 Total
Consumption
Methanol 4%
(Continued) 10%
452
4%
8Z
42
15%
n-Butyl 21Z
alcohol
HA
Annual
Consumption Non-Solvent
(MM Ib/yr) Uses
300 Acetic acid mfg.
700 DMT mfg.
3100 Formaldehyde mfg.
300 Methyl halides
600 Methyl raeth-
acrylates
300 Methylaraines
1000 Miscellaneous
uses (including
mfg. of glycol
ethers & for-
maldehyde in-
hibitors)
Exposure Potential To si city Ranking
Uses Category Occupational j Consumer Inhalation! Ingest ion Parent (s) References
117 Surface coating Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3.08 6 3 Propyleoe 5, 29
solvent (in paint and 2. 82 painters Synthesis
paints, lacquers, allied products gas
coatings for Ethylene
metal furniture, Aluminum
cans, coil) alkyls
NA Solvent for phar- Solvent for 2.58 1.66
maceuCical mfg. pharmaceuti-
10%
Amlne resins
cals
Solvents for
roll coating
18Z
15Z
10%
5Z
12Z
9Z
100
84
56
28
67
50
Glycol ethers
Misc. chemical
synthesis
n-Butyl acetate
n-Butyl acrylate
Flasticizers
Exports
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-9. ETHER SOLVENTS
Consumption
An
(MM Ib/yr)
Uses
Uses
Category
P
Occupational 1 Consumer
Inhalation
Rankin
°
Ingestion
Parent(s)
References
Ethyl ether
3*
7Z
5
10
Ethylene
glycol
monoethyl
ether
33%
Solvent for smoke-
less powder pro-
duction
Solvent for phar-
maceutical mfg.
Extractive solvent
for fats, oils,
waxes, rubber
Extraction and
concentration
of acetic acid
Chemical synthe-
sis (including
ethanol amines)
Medical uses
Misc. uses (in-
cluding denatur-
ant for alcohol
& refrigerant)
Solvents for
explosives
Solvent for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Solvent for
chemicals
Solvent for print-
Ing inks (in-
cluding solvent
for deep etch
lithographic
plates)
Solvent for pro-
tective coatings
(including nitro-
cellulose lacquers,
alkyd resin sol-
vents, baking
enamels, epoxy
coatings, and
phenolic var-
nishes. Used in
coatings, cans
and coil)
Solvents for
printing
operations
Solvents for
printing inks
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coating
Ethylene 5, 22, 29
Ethylene
oxide
Ethanol
1.90 mfg. 3.08
2.82 painters
-------
TABLE 4-9. ETHER SOLVENTS (Continued)
O
Ui
Annua
Solvent Name Z Total Consump
Consumption (MM Ibj
Ethylene 92 15
glycol
monoethyl
ether
(Continued)
1
tion Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
yr} Uses Uses
Miscellaneous sol-
vent usage:
Adheslvee
Dyes
Hydraulic brake
fluid
Varnish remover
Metal and glass
cleaners
Pharmaceutical
extraction
Solvent Use
Category
Solvents for
adhesives
Solvents for
dye mfg.
Solvents for
hydrauli
fluid fo
transpor ation
equlpmen
Solvents or
repair work
Solvents for
furniture re-
pair and re-
flnlshing
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condl-
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Exposure Potential Toxic ity Ranking
e c
2.07 mfg. 2.07
2.07 office
2.24
3.16 2.32
3.16 3.08
3.08 3.08
2.83
2.58 1.66
Synthesis of
2-ethoxy ethyl
acetate
Ethylene
glycol
monobutyl
ether
18%
Solvent for protec-
tive coatings
(including metal
cans, coll, fur-
niture appliances,
alkyd baking enam-
els, nitrocellu-
lose lacquers,
coatings for flat
wood products)
Solvent for liquid
household clean-
ers
Solvent for i
cleaners
etal
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
roll coatings
Solvents for
polishes and
related pro-
ducts
Solvents for
repair work
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condi-
tioning
1.90 mfg. 3.08
2.82 painters
Ethylene
oxide
Butanol
1.99 mfg. 2.76
2.83 janitorial
3.16
2.83
-------
TABLE 4-9. ETHER SOLVENTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Occupational! Consumer
I
1 g
Chemical I
I "
Ethylene
glycol
monobutyl
echer
(Continued)
Solvent for brake
fluid
Other misc. sol-
vent usage: in-
secticides &
herbicides;
ink
Varnish removers
NA
9Z
Penetrant in
rust removers
Synthesis of
2-butoxyethyl
acetate
Synthesis of
di-(2-butoxy-
ethyl) phthalate
Diethylene
glycol
otonobutyl
ether
Solvent for inks
Solvent for dye
baths
Solvent for high
temperature baked
enamels & other
coatings
Solvent for soaps,
oils, water in
household clean-
ers
Diluent for hy-
draulic brake
fluids
Solvents for
hydraull
fluid fo
transpor ati<
equipmen
Solvents or
pesticides
Solvents for
printing ink
Solvents for
printing
operations
Solvents for
repair work
Solvents for
furniture re-
pair and re-
finishing
3.16
3.OB
Solvents for
printing
operations
Solvent for
printing inks
Solvents for
plain dyed &
finished fi-
bers, yarn
and fabrics
Solvents for
paint and
allied products
Solvents for
polishes and
related pro-
ducts
Solvents for
hydraulic
fluid for
transportation
equipment
2.32
3.08
3.08
Ethylene
oxide
Butanol
1.42
1.90 mfg. 3.08
2.B2 painters
1.99 mfg. 2.76
2.83 janitorial
-------
TABLE 4-9. ETHER SOLVENTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual .
Consumption
(MM lb/yr)
Don-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
tacupatiooall Consumer
Toxic I ty Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest Ion
Chemical
Parent (s)
References
Dlethylene 251
glycol
monobutyl 33%
ether
(Continued)
3 Coalescing agent
in latex paints
5 Chemical interme-
diates for di-
ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
acetate
MA - Not Available
aSolvent application not clear from data. This category used as an example of
drying application.
-------
TABLE 4-10. NON-CYCLIC HALOGENATED ALKANE SOLVENTS
Annual
Solvent Name X Total Consumption Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
Consumption (MM Ib/yr) Uses Used
1,1,2-Tri- 2 Drycleanlng sol-
chloro-1,2,2- vent
trifluoro-
ethane >16.5Z 10.8 Solvent for cold
cleaning elec-
tronic parts
phase cleaning
of metal and
electronic parts
5.6% 3.7 Solvent for drying
Solvent for photo-
graphic film
Solvent for mag-
netic tape
Aerosols
Refrigerants
Blowing agent
<22.4% 15 J Polymer in-
termediate
Synthesis of
chlorotri-
fluoroethylene
Exposure Potential Toxic ity Ranking
Category Occupational! Consumer Inhalation! Ingestion Parent (s) References
Solvents for 2.41 2.08 25 MA Perchloro- 9, 20
laundry and ethylene
dry cleaning
Solvents for 3.16 3.08
repair work
ing and condi-
tioning
Solvents for 3.00
fabricated
rubber and
plastics pro-
ducts
o
00
Trichloro-^
fluoro-
me thane
32%
10%
7%
97
30
20
Aerosol pro-
pellants
Refrigerant
Resin synthesis
Foam blowing
agent; mis-
cellaneous
uses
Solvent in degreas- Solvents for
ing repair work
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condi-
tioning
3.16
2.83
Carbon
tetra-
chloride
-------
TABLE 4-10. NON-CYCLIC HALOGENATED ALKANE SOLVENTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
Z Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Don-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
Occupational I Consumer
Toxic ity
Inhalation
Methylene 442 300 Solvent In paint Solvents for 3.08 3.08 19
chloride removers furniture re-
Ranking
Ingest Ion
Chemical .
Parent(s)
References
5 Methane 29, 35
Methanol
NA
192
12Z
NA
Vapor pressure
depressant in
aerosol sprays
Plastics pro-
cessing
Component of
fire extin-
guishing com-
positions
Solvent for de
'greasing
pair and re-
finishing
Solvents for
repair work.
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condi-
tioning
Pharmaceutical
solvent
Solvent for ex-
tracting caf-
feine, edible
fats, butter,
hops flavoring
Solvent for photo-
graphic film
mfg.
Solvent in mfg. of
synthetic fibers
Solvent for tex-
tile sizing
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Solvents for
food
Solvents for
fabricated
rubber and
plastic pro-
ducts
Solvent for
plastic and
rubber mater-
ials and syn-
thetics (not
fabricated)
Solvents for
textile pro-
cessing
3.16
2.58
2.5B
3.00
1.90
1.66
1.50
-------
TABLE 4-10. NON-CYCLIC HALOGENATED ALKANE SOLVENTS (Continued)
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
CODS-JIMP t ion
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
Occupational (consumer
Toxicity [tanking
Inhalation llngestion
Chemical
Parent (a)
References
i,l.l-iri- J/Z 193 Solvent for cold
chloroethane cleaning metals
34Z 177 Solvent for va-
por de greasing
y1
( Solvent for active
6% 30 hi
ingredients in
aerosols for deo-
dorants and anti-
perspirants -
major use
Resin solvent in
adhesives
Solvent la drain
cleaners
Solvent in shoe
polishes
removers
Solvent in pesti-
cides
ing inks
Solvent for tex-
tile sizing
Violvent for phar-
maceutical rofg.
23Z 120 Chemical inter-
mediate for
vinyl idene
chloride
repair work
Solvents for
surface clean-
ing and condi-
tioning
Solvents for
aerosol per-
sonal products
Solvents for
adhesives
Solvents for
drain cleaners
Solvents for
shoe polishes
spotting
agents
Solvents for
pea ticidea
printing
operations
Solvents for
printing inks
Solvent for
textile pro-
cessing
Solvent for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
3.16
2.B3
2.24
2.07
2.07
1.90
1.90
2,74
2.41
3,25
2 74
1.90
2.58
2.58
3.08 22 25 Ethane 3, Li, J3
Ethylene
oxide
2.58
nig. 2.07
office
2.91
2.57
2.74
mfg. 3.17
exterminators
1.66
HA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-11. GLYCOL SOLVENTS
Dlethylene
glycol
Trie thy lene
glycol
7X
72
72
301
122
13Z
242
15%
122
NA
17%
30%
8%
122
62
NA
NA
20
20
20
95
38
41
57
17
13
NA
19
30
9
13
6
NA
NA
Natural gas de-
hydration
Plastics and
surfactants
Poly ure than
and unsaturated
polyester
Textile agents
Trie thy lene glyco]
Misc. and export
Humectant
Natural gas de-
hydration
Polyester and
poly ure than
resins
Vinyl plasticizcr
Export
Petroleum solvent
extraction
Solvent for print-
Ing Ink
Solvent for wood
stain
L
Solvent for print-
ing inks
UDEX extraction
Solvent for water-
borne surface
coatings for flat
wood panelling
Chemical reaction
solvent
Lacquer solvent
Solvents for 1.82 NA 26 Echylene 22, 29
oil and gaa oxide
extraction
Solvents for 2.74
printing
operations
Solvents for 1.90
printing Inks
Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3.08
paint and 2.82 painters
allied products
Solvents for 1.90 NA 27 Ethylene 29, 33
printing oxide
operations Ethylene
Solvents for 2.74 glycol
printing inks
Solvents for 1.82
fining
Solvents for 2.50
roll coating
Solvent for 2.24
chemicals
Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3.08
paint and 2.82 painters
allied products
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-12. PHENOL SOLVENTS
Solvent Name
X Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Category
Exposure Potential
Dccupat ional I Consumer
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation [Ingest ion
Chemical
Parent (e)
References
Cresols
Cresyllc
acids
15%
151
6%
6%
222
15%
10%
11Z
17%
21%
17%
17%
8%
8%
12%
26
26
10
10
38
26
19
20
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
HA
HA
Magnetic wire enai
el solvent
Antioxidants
Cleaning and
disinfecting
compounds
Ore flotation
Phosphate esters
Resins
HLsc . uses
Exports
Magnetic wire
enamel solvent
Phosphate
esters
Phenolic resins
AnCioxidants
Cleaning and
disinfecting
Ore flotation
Miscellaneous
n- Solvents for 2.91 2 6 Petroleum 21, 32
coating Isolate
magnetic Phenol
wire Naphthas
Solvents for 2.91 2 6 Petroleum 16, 32
coating isolate
magnetic
wire
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-13. NITRATED AROMATIC SOLVENTS
Solvent Name
I Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
Occupational
Consumer
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Chemical
a
Nitrobenzene 1.5Z 10 Solvent for cellu-
lose ethers
| Solvent in petro-
1 leum refining
1.5X 10 I
\ Solvent in depoly-
I merization of rub-
l her for adhesives
solvent in chlori-
NA NA nation reactions
Solvent in alky la-
tion reactions
972 650 Synthesis of
aniline
Solvents for
paints and
allied products
Solvents for
adhesives
Solvents for
printing inkea
Solvents for
printing
operations
Solvents for
petroleum
refining
Solvents for
adhesives
Solvents for
chemicals
1.90 mfg. 3.08 1 2 Benzene 12, 21
2.82 painters
2.07 mfg. 2.07
2.07 office
1.90
2.74
1.82
2.07 mfg. 2.07
2.07 office
2.24
NA - Not Available
BThese are uses found for cellulose ethers. It is not clear whether nitrobenzene
is used as a solvent for the ethers In these applications.
-------
TABLE 4-14. SULFOXIDE SOLVENTS
Annua
Solvent Name Z Total Consump
Consumption (MM lb/
Dimethyl HA NA
sulf oxide
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA
NA NA
1
titm Hoo-Solvent Specific Solvent
yr) Uses Uses
Solvent for BTX ex-
traction from hy-
drocarbon feedstock
Solvent for aroma-
tics and heterocyc-
lics
Solvent for high
molecular weight
materials
Exposure Potential Toxic! ty Ranking
Category Occupational! Consumer Inhalation 1 Ingest ion Parent (e) References
Solvents for 1.82 NA 20 Dimethyl 8, 19, 41
petroleum eulfide
refining
Solvents for 2.24
chemicals
Solvent in mfg. Solvents for 1.90
polysuifone
resins
plastics &
rubber mater-
ials and syn-
thetics (not
fabricated)
research and
Solvent in pharma-
ceutical products
development
Solvents for 2.58 1.66
Pharmaceuti-
cals
NA - Not Available
-------
TABLE 4-15. THIONE SOLVENTS
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Non-Solvent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
Occupational [ Consumer
Toxlcity Ranking
Inhalation | Inge at ion
Chemical
Farent(s)
References
Carbon <2U <170 Solvents for waxes, Solvents for 2.24 5 HA Methane 29
disulfide oils, sulfur, and chemicals
sulfur compounds
392
25%
14%
NA
310
200
110
NA
Intermediate in
rayon m£g.
Intermediate in
carbon tetra-
chlorlde mfg.
Cellophane mfg.
Other chemical
production
NA - Not Available
U-i
-------
TABLE 4-16. HETEROCYCLIC SOLVENTS
Solvent Name
% Total
Consumption
Annual
Consumption
(MM lb/yr>
Non- Sol vent
Uses
Specific Solvent
Uses
Solvent Use
Category
Exposure Potential
)ccupat±onal I Consumer
Toxicity Ranking
Inhalation
Ingest ion
Chemical
Parent(s)
References
Pyridine
Solvent, primarily
in drug mfg.
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Pharmaceuticals
production
Textile mfg.
Piperidine
mfg.
Acetalde-
hyde
Ammonia
Coal tar
isolate
-------
TABLE 4-17. ESTER SOLVENTS
Annual
Solvent Name X Total Consumption Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
Consumption (MM Ib/yr) Uses lisas
Amyl ace-
tates
*
NA NA
,
Nitrocellulose lac-
quer solvent
coating of flat
wood panelling
Paint, varnish and
lacquer solvent
Solvent for dry-
cleaning prepara-
tions
Phosphor solvent
in fluorescent
lamps
Solvent for peni-
cillin extractions
Solvent for produc-
tion of artificial
leather
*^ Solvent for nail
\ polish
t
Solvent for photo-
graphic film
Max remover
Smokeless powder
solvent
Solvent for airplane
dopes
Solvent for water-
k proof coatings
NA NA Textile print- """
ing and fin-
ishing
Solvent Use
Category
Solvents for
paint and
Solvents for
roll coating
Solvents for
laundry and
drycleanlng
Solvents for
fluorescent
lamps
Solvents for
Pharmaceuti-
cals
Solvents for
manicuring
preparations
Solvents for
fabricated
rubber and
plastic pro-
ducts
Solvents for
chemicals
Solvent for
explosives
Exposure Potential Toxic Ity Ranking
11 , . , — „_ - Chemical
1.90 mfg. 3. OB 12 NA Acetic 22, 24
2.82 painters acid
2 . 50 hols
2.41 2i08
1.90
2.58 1.66
1.57 mfg. 2.66
2.74 manicurists
3.00
2.24
2.91
-------
TABLE 4-17. ESTER SOLVENTS (Continued)
oo
Annual
Solvent Name Z Total Consumption Non-Solvent Specific Solvent
Consumption (MM Ib/yr) Uses Uses
Ethyl ace- Solvent for coatings:
tate 13.5 wood furniture t,
fixtures
5.0 metal furniture &
fixtures
5.4 automotive topcoat
1.0 automotive primer
0.8 automotive after-
market & misc.
2.0 trucks and buses
70% 1.0 machinery & equip-
ment
0.5 paper, film, & foil
1.0 factory finished
building products
5.8 other product fin-
ishes
29 auto refinishing
55 Faint thinner & misc.
IQJj 20 Solvent for plastics
17% 34 Other solvent uses.
including inks
3% 6 Chemical
synthesis
NA - Not Available
aPrimary solvent use
Exposure Potential Toxlcity Ranking
Category Occupational Consumer Inhalation Ingestion Parent(s) References
Solvents for 1.90 mfg. 3.08 23 23 Acetic 21, 23, 29
paint and 2.82 painters acid
allied products
Solvents for 2.52
roll coating
Solvents for 2.67
paper coating
Solvents for 1.90
plastic and
rubber mater-*
ials (not
fabricated)
Solvents for 1.90
printing
operations
Solvents for 2.74
printing inks
-------
5.0 SOLVENT RANKINGS
Consumption/Production
The information obtained about the solvents in this
study was used to rank them in a number of ways. The solvents
were ranked according to their total annual production amounts,
by their total annual consumption amounts and according to the
quantities consumed for solvent rather than non-solvent use.
These rankings are shown in Tables 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3, respec-
tively.
Quantitative consumption and production data were not
available for all the solvents studied. Solvents not included
are noted in each table.
The chemical parents of the solvents in this study
were of two distinct types. Although the majority of solvents
were derived from synthetically-produced petrochemicals, sev-
eral (listed in Table 5-4) were produced from "parents" which
were isolated from oil or natural gas liquids, petroleum re-
formate, or coal tar residues. Because annual production of
these chemical parents could vary widely and was difficult to
quantify, they were not ranked according to annual production.
Table 5-5 ranks the synthetically-produced chemical
parents of the solvents studied according to annual production
volume. In many cases, a number, of solvents were derived from
a common chemical parent. The solvents produced from each
parent are also given in Table 5-5.
119
-------
Exposure
An important part of assessing risk presented by chem-
icals used as solvents is a measure of their exposure to man and
his environment. Although there are many exposure models to
choose from, in this study the exposure rankings were based on
a system devised by Auerbach Associates, "EPA Index of Expos-
ure ."
The Index of Exposure considers four major categories
of exposure: mode of human exposure, mode of environmental ex-
posure, amount of human exposure, and amount of environmental
exposure. Exposure is considered for normal use in this sys-
tem; exposure resulting from accidents is not included. The
model is necessarily designed to be chemical independent. This
means that oral, topical, and inhalation exposure are all con-
sidered of equal weight.
The Index of Exposure model does not include exposure
to the general population from emissions or effluents from sol-
vent production or use in industry. Thus, exposure of this
nature is not included in the exposure estimates.
Numerical values are assigned within each exposure
category or subcategory which indicate the relative degree of
exposure in that category. The composite of the scores as-
signed in each category, the index of exposure, can then be
used to rank the chemicals in question. More complete infor-
mation concerning design and application of Auerbach's model
is included in appendix A.
Auerbach Associates had completed exposure index
scores for several of the applications for the solvents being
120
-------
studied. However, for many of the uses of this group of sol-
vents, Radian derived scores using Auerbach's model. All of
the exposure index scores used in this study are included in
Appendix B. Using these exposure index score cards, every use
of the solvents on the list was assigned a score for occupa-
tional exposure and one for consumer exposure.
In ranking the solvents by exposure potential, it was
necessary to make a decision as to how to reduce the group of
exposure scores for each chemical to one score. The best meth-
od would be to weigh each solvent use category by the fraction-
al amount of solvent used in that category, summing all of
the resulting scores for each solvent. However, because the
solvent use categories did not match the groups of uses for
which consumption information was found, this method was not
feasible.
It then became necessary to consider all of the expo-
sure index scores for each solvent equally. Two composite
for each solvent were devised: the maximum and the median. The
maximum value was chosen to represent worst case exposure. To
determine an intermediate case, the median was chosen as a
representative exposure index score. These scores and the re-
sulting rankings are shown in Tables 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, and 5-9.
For several chemicals, no significant consumer applications
were found: cresols, cresylic acids, and carbon disulfide.
Toxicity
It was difficult to rank the solvents according to
their toxic effects because toxicological data were incomplete
for some of the chemicals in the study. Only nonspecific,
acute systemic to:xicity was ranked because (1) data for local
121
-------
human toxicity were incomplete or could not be obtained from
readily-accessible sources; and (2) systemic toxicity is gen-
erally a more serious health effect than local toxicity.
For the purposes of this study, a toxic effect was
defined as any noxious effect on the body - reversible or irre-
versible. In almost all cases, however, the effect was an
acute one. Relatively little conclusive data regarding car-
cinogenicity, mutagenicity, or teratogenicity were readily
available. Chemicals which are suspected or known carcinogens
are listed in Table 5-10.
Although there are a number of ways by which an indi-
vidual may be exposed to a toxic chemical, the three most im-
portant and most usually encountered routes are: oral, dermal,
and respiratory. In industrial situations and in other prac-
tical applications of chemicals, exposure is usually either
respiratory or dermal or a combination of the two. Non-acci-
dental oral exposure to industrial chemicals occurs less often,
usually through ingesting food or pharmaceuticals.
In considering ranking schemes, toxicological indices
were chosen which are specific, uniform and for which toxicity
data for the solvents were relatively complete. Six toxicity
scores were not used because they were too general and incom-
plete.
The following indices were chosen:
122
-------
(1) For Toxicity via the Inhalation Route:
TLV (Threshold Limit Value) - The level of
contaminant considered safe for a workroom
atmosphere, as established by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy-
gienists (ACGIH). Ten hours per day or 40
hours per week exposure is assumed.
(2) For Toxicity via the Oral Ingestion Route:
LD50 (oral, rat) - The calculated dose of a
chemical substance which is expected to cause
the death of 50 percent of an experimental
population of rats as determined from expo-
sure to the substance by the oral route.
(3) Relative Dermal Toxicities:
Relative toxicities via the dermal route were
not performed. Estimates of relative toxi-
city via the dermal route are complicated
by gross differences in percutaneous ab-
sorption rates. Attempts were made to lo-
cate percutaneous absorption data in the
literature, but such data could only be
found on three of the solvents. According
to the ACGIH, significant additional expo-
sure through the skin may be dangerous for
those solvents marked with an asterisk in .
Table 5-11.
123
-------
The primary difficulty in using TLV's involves the in-
herent differences in the workplace environment as compared to
the ambient environment. The most obvious difference involves
length and periodicity of exposure. Such standards are based
on a 40 hour per week exposure rather than a continuous ambient
exposure. Furthermore, they were not developed to protect the
young or the elderly. In addition, general synergistic or an-
tagnistic effects are"not incorporated and they do not address
bioaccumulations. Finally, many of these solvents do not have
a TLV or NIOSH recommended standard. Although there is a model
that can be used to translate LD50 data into TLV estimates for
these missing values, this model has difficulties and is still
in the development stage.
The main problems in using LD50 data are the difficul-
ties inherent in extrapolating animal toxicity data to humans,
arising out of differences in toxic response between animals
and humans. In addition, there are experimental variation
problems arising out of the fact that these studies are con-
ducted at different laboratories. These difficulties are mini-
mized in using data from LD50 (oral, rat) tests, because:
(1) the methodology for such tests is generally uniform; (2)
toxic effects in rats are generally accepted as indicative of
potential human toxicity; and (3) LD50 tests use a more exact
and quantifiable endpoint than do other rat studies.
i
Toxicity rankings for both inhalation and ingestion
are shown in Tables 5-11 and 5-12. Raw data are also in-
cluded in each table.
Solvent vapor pressures were compared to inhalation
toxicity rankings, as tabulated in Table 5-13, and shown graph-
ically in Figure 5-1. As the figure shows, a number of solvents
124
-------
ranked low in toxicity are also high vapor pressure chemicals.
This relationship suggests that, although their relative toxi-
city via inhalation is low, the inhalation dosage (and thus the
risk) may be high because of their greater volatility.
Environmental Effect
It was not possible to rank each solvent according to
its effect on the environment. However, a feasible ranking sys-
tem was developed using the data available. An ordering plan
was followed which resulted in the assignment of a digital or-
dering system for solvents with aquatic toxicity and biodegrad-
ability ratings. Other ecological factors could have been in-
cluded but were not because data are incomplete in the readily-
accessible literature. The derivation of these ordering num-
bers follows :
First Digit: The biodegradability (i.e.,
environmental persistence)
rating
Second Digit: The lowest aquatic toxicity
rating
The value of the second digit was assigned according to the
following scheme:
Aquatic Toxicity Digit
Rating Value
Over 1000 ppni 0
100 ppm 3
10 ppm 6
1 ppm 9
125
-------
The ordering plan described above was used to rank 11
solvents for which some environmental data were available. The
example rankings are shown in Table 5-14.
Safety Factors
Explosive limits and flash points for the solvents
are presented in Table 5-15. The information was found in
handbooks and readily available references. Safety factors
are an important consideration in assessing the risk presented
by solvents to man and his environment.
126
-------
TABLE 5-1. RANKING BY TOTAL ANNUAL PRODUCTION3
Chemical Name
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
Methanol
Xylenes
Acetone
Carbon disulfide
Perchloroethylene
Nitrobenzene
Cyclohexanone
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Me thy 1 en e chloride
n-Butyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tri chl oroe thy lene
Chlorobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Trichlorofluorophe thane
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ether
Isobutanol
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Triethylene glycol
Cresols
Cresylic acid
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluo roe thane
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Amyl acetates
Pyridine
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ranking
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Annual Production
(MM Ib) (year)
7730
7300
6460
6050
2144
782
734
655
651
620
609
558
506
388
329
309
270
207
197
176
175
160
144
110
91
77
62
25
9
9
0.1
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
1974
1974
1975
1974
1977
1974
1974
1976
1974
1976
1974
1975
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1976
1975
1964
1970
1976
Quantitative production data were not available from readily-
accessible sources for the following chemicals: chloronaph-
thalenes, N,N-dimethy1formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide. Ranking
included 31 chemicals.
127
-------
TABLE 5-2. RANKING BY TOTAL ANNUAL CONSUMPTION0
Chemical Name
Ranking
Annual Consumption
(MM Ib/yr)
Methanol
Toluene
Xylenes
Ethyl benzene
Acetone
Carbon disulfide
Methylene chloride
Cyclohexanone
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
n-Butyl alcohol
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Trichloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Ethyl ether
Isobutanol
Trichlorofluorome thane
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
Ethyl acetate
Cresols & cresylic acid
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Triethylene glycol
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluo roe thane
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Pyridine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
7000
6700
5810
5650
1943
790
706
700
670
664
560
520
516
440
385
291
195
130
172
167
165
160
155
111
101
53
15
2
Quantitative consumption data were not available from readily-
accessible sources for the following chemicals: amyl ace-
tates, chloronaphthalenes, o-dichlorobenzene, N,N-dimethylfor-
mamide, dimethyl sulfoxide. Only 28 solvents were ranked.
128
-------
TABLE 5-3. RANKING BY AMOUNT USED IN SOLVENT APPLICATIONS'
Chemical Name
Amount Used as Solvent
Ranking (MM Ib/yr)
Xylenes
Methanol
Toluene
Perchloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Trichloroethylene
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Acetone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Chloro benzene
Carbon disulfide
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl ether
n-Butyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluoroe thane
Isobutanol
Triethylene glycol
Dichlorobenzene ,
Cresols & cresylic acid
Cyclohexanone
Diethylene glycol
Nitrobenzene
Trichlorofluorome thane
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Pyridine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
14
14
16
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
24
24
28
29
1080
700
700
564
470
446
415
400
190
172
170
vL70
154
120
120
100
100
85
53
41
30
26
26
20
20
20
20
7
2
Quantitative consumption data were not available from readily-
accessible sources for the following chemicals: amyl acetates,
chloronaphthalenes , N, N-dime thy Iformamide , dimethyl sulfoxide.
Only 29 solvents were ranked.
^Consumption amounts for cresol and cresylic acid were- combined.
129
-------
TABLE 5-4. SOLVENTS DERIVED FROM NON-
SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL PARENTS
Solvent Source
Carbon distil fide Methane
o
Cresols & cresylic acid Petroleum reformate
o
Methylene chloride Methane
o
Methyl ethyl ketone Butane
Methanola Methane ,
Synthesis gas
1,1,1-Trichloroethane Ethane
Perchloroethylene Paraffins (Ethane,
Propane, Butane)
Xylenes Petroleum reformate
Pyridinea Coal tar residues
Are also produced from various synthetic industrial organic
chemicals .
- produced from methane and refinery feedstocks.
130
-------
TABLE 5-5. RANKING OF SOLVENT CHEMICAL PARENTSa'b
Parent
Amt. Produced
Ranking (MM Ib/yr)
Solvents Produced
Ethylene
Propylene
Benzene
Ethylene dichloride
Methanol
Xylene
Ethylene oxide
24,650
12,560
11,250
7,920
5
6
7
6,460
6,050
4,420
Ethylene glycol
Acetic acid
Cumene
Phenol
Cyclohexane
Acetone
Isopropanol
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
3,470
2,800
2,640
2,380
2,240
2,144
1,870
n-Butyl alcohol
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl ether
n-Butyl alcohol
Isobutanol
Chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
Nitrobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Ethyl benzene
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Ethyl acetate
Acetone
Cresols & cresylic acid
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Acetone
131
-------
TABLE 5-5. RANKING OF SOLVENT CHEMICAL PARENTS (Continued)
Parent
Amt. Produced
(MM Ib/yr)
Solvents Produced
Ethanol
15
1,618 Ethylene glycol mono-
ethyl ether
Ethyl acetate
Acetaldehyde
Carbon tetrachloride
Perchloroethylene
Naphthalene
Butanol
sec-Butyl alcohol
Acetylene
16
22
23
24
25
26
27
1,100
850
657
560
558
525
500
Pyridine
Trichlorofluoromethane
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2
trifluoroethane
Chloronaphthalene
Isobutanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Trichloroethylene
,2-
Ranking includes 27 chemicals.
Quantitative production data were not available from readily-accessible
sources for dimethyl sulfide (parent of dimethyl sulfoxide) and amyl
alcohols (from which amyl acetates are derived).
132
-------
TABLE 5-6.
EXPOSURE INDEX AND RANKING FOR CONSUMER
APPLICATIONS USING THE MAXIMUM EXPOSURE
SCORE
Solvent
Ethyl benzene
Xylenes
Methyl isobutyl ketone
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Methylene chloride
l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluoroethane
Trichlorofluorome thane
n-Butyl alcohol
Nitrobenzene
Amyl acetates
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Ethyl acetate
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Isobutanol
Methanol
o-Dichlorobenzene
N, N-Dimethylf ormamide
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Cyclohexanone
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
Diethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Chlo ronaphthal enes
Dimethylsulf oxide
Pyridine
Ethyl ether
Ranking
1
1
3
3
3
6
6
' 6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
28
29
30
30
Maximum
Exposure
Index
3.33
3.33
3.17
3.17
3.17
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.00
2.92
1.66
1.66
Range of
Exposure
Indices
2.92-3.33
1.66-3.33
1.66-3.17
1.66-3.17
3.08-3.17
1.50-3.08
2.08-3.08
3.08
1.66-3.08
2.07-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.42-3.08
3.08
1.66-3.08
1.16-3.08
3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.42-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66-3.08
2.74-3.08
2.07-3.08
1.50-3.08
2.08-3.08
3.08
3.08
3.00
1.66-2.92
1.66
1.66
For the following chemicals, no significant consumer applications were
found: cresols, cresylic acid, carbon disulfide.
133
-------
TABLE 5-7. EXPOSURE INDEX AND RANKING FOR CONSUMER
APPLICATIONS USING THE MEDIAN EXPOSURE
SCORE
Solvent
Ethyl benzene
Chlorobenzene
Xylenes
Trichlorofluorome thane
Ethyl acetate
Isobutanol
o-Dichlorobenzene
Cyclohexanone
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Diethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Chloronaphthalenes
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methanol
Perchloroethylene
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
1 , 1, 1-Trichloroethane
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluoroethane
Toluene
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Methylene chloride
n-Butyl alcohol
Amyl acetates
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Trichloroethylene
Nitrobenzene
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Pyridine
Ethyl ether
Ranking
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
22
22
25
26
27
27
27
30
30
Maximum
Exposure
Index
3.12
3.12
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.08
3.00
3.00
2.92
2.76
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.58
2.58
2.54
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.29
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.07
1.66
1.66
Range of
Exposure
Indices
2.92-3.33
3.08-3.17
1.66-3.33
3.08
3.08
3.08
1.66-3.08
2.74-3.08
1.16-3.08
3.08
3.08
1.42-3.08
3.00
1.66-3.17
1.66-3.08
2.08-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66-3.17
2.08-3.08
2.07-3.08
1.42-3.08
1.50-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66-2.92
1.50-3.08
2.07-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66-3.08
1.66
1.66
For the following chemicals, no significant consumer applications were
found: cresols, cresylic acid, carbon disulfide.
134
-------
TABLE 5-8.
EXPOSURE INDEX AND RANKING FOR OCCUPATIONAL
APPLICATIONS USING THE MAXIMUM EXPOSURE SCORE
Solvent
Ethyl benzene
Xylenes
Methylisobutyl ketone
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Cyclohexanone
Chloronaphthalenes
N, N-Dimethylf ormamide
Isobutanol
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Trichlorofluoromethane
1,1, 2-Trichlor o-l ,2,2-
trifluoroethane
Methylene chloride
o-Dichlorobenzene
Amyl acetates
Acetone
Cresols
Cresylic acids
Nitrobenzene
Ethyl acetate
Methanol
n-Butyl alcohol
Toluene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Diethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Pyridine
Ethyl ether
Carbon disulfide
Ranking
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
19
20
20
20
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
31
32
32
34
High
Value
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.00
2.91
2.91
2.91
2.82
2.82
2.82
2.82
2.82
2.82
2.82
2.82
2.75
2.58
2.58
2.24
Range of
Exposure
Indices
1.90-3.25
1.90-3.25
1.90-3.25
2.41-3.25
1.90-3.25
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
2.83-3.16
2.41-3.16
1.90-3.16
2.24-3.16
1.57-3.00
1.75-2.91
2.91
2.91
1.82-2.82
1.90-2.82
1.82-2.82
1.90-2.82
1.90-2.82
1.82-2.82
1.82-2.82
1.82-2.82
1.82-2.75
2.58
2.24-2.58
2.24
135
-------
TABLE 5-9.
EXPOSURE INDEX AND RANKING FOR OCCUPATIONAL
APPLICATIONS USING MEDIAN EXPOSURE SCORE
Solvent
Trichlorofluorome thane
Chlorobenzene
Isobutanol
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluoroethane
Cresols
Cresylic acids
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
o-Dichlorobenzene
Cyclohexanone
Methylene chloride
Ethylbenzene
Perchloroethylene
Xylenes
Chloronaphthalenes
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
Pyridine
Trichloroethylene
n-Butyl alcohol
Ethyl acetate
1 , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane
Amyl acetates
Methyl isobutyl ketone
N , N-Dimethylf ormamide
Toluene
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Carbon disulfide
Ethyl ether
Acetone
Methanol
Triethylene glycol
Nitrobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Ranking
1
1
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
14
16
16
16
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
33
34
Med ian
Exposure
Ranking
3.00
3.00
2.95
2.92
2.91
2.91
2.82
2.78
2.74
2.74
2.70
2.67
2.66
2.62
2.62
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.54
2.52
2.50
2.50
2.46
2.41
2.28
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.24
2.07
1.90
Range
2.83-3.16
2.41-3.25
1.90-3.16
2.41-3.16
2.91
2.91
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
2.24-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.25
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.25
1.90-3.16
1.90-3.16
2.58
1.90-3.16
1.90-2.82
1.90-2.82
1.90-3.25
1.57-3.00
1.90-3.25
1.90-3.16
1.90-2.92
1.82-2.75
1.82-2.82
2.24
2.24-2.58
1.75-2.91
1.82-2.82
1.82-2.82
1.82-2.82
1.82-2.82
136
-------
TABLE 5-10. CHEMICALS KNOWN OR SUSPECTED AS CARCINOGENS
Chemical Name
Basis for Inclusion
Nitrobenzene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Ethyl benzene
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Toluene
o-D ichlo robenz ene
Chlorobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Structurally related to carcinogenic
aryl amines. EPA priority pollutant.'
Structurally related to carcinogenic
carbon tetrachloride. EPA priority
pollutant.
Produced tumors in rats via ingestion.
EPA priority pollutant.
Carcinogenic in mice. Structurally re-
lated to vinyl chloride, a known car-
cinogen. EPA priority pollutant.
EPA priority pollutant. Strong sus-
pection of carcinogenicity because of
its chemical structure.
Structurally related to chloroform, a
known carcinogen. EPA priority pollu-
tant.3
Structurally related to benzene, a sus-
pected human carcinogen. EPA priority
pollutant.
Structurally related to DDT, which is
carcinogenic in mice. EPA priority
pollutant.
Structurally related to DDT, which is
carcinogenic in mice. EPA priority
pollutant.
Suspected carcinogen in rats via in-
gestion.
SThese were named Priority Pollutants in the Consent Decree resulting from
NRDC vs. EPA. The Effluent Guidelines Division of EPA is now in the pro-
cess of promulgating standards.
137
-------
TABLE 5-11. TOXICITY RANKINGS VIA INHALATION ROUTE'
Chemical
TWA TLV
Ranking
Reciprocal of
TWA TLV x 1000
TWA TLV
(Adopted)
(ppm)
Nitrobenzene*
Cresols/cresylic acid
Pyridine*
N,N-Dimethylfonnamide
Carbon disulfide*
n-Butyl alcohol*
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether*
Isobutanol
Chlorobenzene
Amyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isobutyl ketone*
Perchloroethylene*
Toluene*
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (mixed)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether*
Methanol*
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ether
Acetone
Trichlorofluoromethane
1,1,2-Trichloro-
1,2,2-trifluoroethane
'1
2
2
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
19
19
19
19
22
23
23
25
25
25
1000
200
200
100
50
20
20
20
20
20
13
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
5
5
10
20
50
50
50
50
50
75
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
350
400
400
1000
1000
1000
Only 30 solvents were ranked. Data were not readily available for dimethyl
sulfoxide, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethyl-
ene glycol, chloronaphthalene.
TWA TLV = Time-weighted Average Threshold Limit Value - the time-weighted
average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek, to
which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without
adverse effect.
*Significant additional exposure through the skin may be dangerous for these
solvents.
138
-------
TABLE 5-12. TOXICITY RANKINGS VIA INGESTION^
Chemical
LD50
Ranking
Reciprocal of
LD50 x 10,000
LD50
(oral, rat)
(rag/Kg.)
o-Dichlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
n-Butyl alcohol
Pyridine
Methylene chloride
Cresols/cresylic acid
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Chloronaphthalane
Cyclohexanone
Ethyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Isobutanol
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethyl benzene
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Acetone
Ethyl acetate
Methanol
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Diethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
1
2
3
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
20
16
13
11
11
7
7
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
500
640
790
891
945
1454
1480
1540
1620
1700
2080
2460
2800
2910
3000
3400
3500
4920
5000
5360
6560
9750
11000
13000
14300
14800
17000
aRanking includes 28 solvents. Insufficient data were available for amyl
acetates, carbon disulfide, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,1,2-trichloro—,
1,2,2-trifluoroethane, xylenes, perchloroethylene.
139
-------
TABLE 5-13. COMPARISON OF TOXICITY VS. VAPOR PRESSURE
-P-
o
Reciprocal
Solvent of TWA
TLVxlOOO
Nitrobenzene
Cresols/cresyllc acid
Pyridine
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Carbon disulfide
n-Butyl alcohol
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Isobutanol
Chlorobenzene
Amyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (mixed)
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ether
Acetone
Trichlorofluoromethane
1000
200
200
100
50
20
20
20
20
20
13
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
1
1
1,1, 2-Trichloro-l, 2 , 2-trif luoroethane 1
Dimethyl sulf oxide
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Chloronaphthalenes
Triethylene glycol
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Toxicity
Ranking
(inhalation)
1
2
2
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
19
19
19
19
22
22
22
25
25
25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Vapor
Pressure
Ranking
29
28
12
23
5
20
21
24
26
14
15
17
16
17
12
11
10
17
22
7
2
8
6
9
1
4
25
3
27
31
30
33
32
Vapor
Pressure Temperature
(mmHg) (°C)
0.15
0.24
14
2.7
260
4.4
4
1
0.6
10
8.8
6
7
6
14
22
60
6
3.8
92
349
77.5
100
72.8 '
442
270
0.904
270
0.42
<0.01
0.02
<1
0.001
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
20
20
86.5
20
NA- Not Available
-------
35"
30-k
32
33
30
31
25"
20-
is-
le-
4
X
10
X
29
X12,14,18
,13
15
16
' X19
C22
,20
21
24
.23
25
,27
,26
128
FIGURE 5-1.
10
15 20
Toxicity Ranking
25
COMPARISON OF TOXICITY AND VAPOR PRESSURE
RANKINGS (page 1 of 2)
141
-------
Figure 5-1. (Continued)
1. Nitrobenzene
2. Cresols/cresylic acid
3. Pyridine
4. N,N-Dimethylformamide
5. Carbon disulfide
6. n-Butyl alcohol
7. Cyclohexanone
8. o-Dichlorbbenzene
9. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
10. Isobutanol
11. Chlorobenzene
12. Amyl acetate
13. Ethyl benzene
14. Methyl isobutyl ketone
15. Perchloroethylene
16. Toluene
17. Trichloroethylene
18. Xylenes (mixed)
19. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
20. Methanol
21. Methylene chloride
22. Methyl ethyl ketone
23. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
24. Ethyl acetate
25. Ethyl ether
26. Acetone
27. Trichlorofluoromethane
28. 1,1,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoromethane
29. Dimethyl sulfoxide
30. Diethylene glycol
31. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
32. Chloronaphthalenes
33. Triethylene glycol
FIGURE 5-1. COMPARISON OF TOXICITY AND VAPOR PRESSURE
RANKINGS (Page 2 of 2)
142
-------
TABLE 5-14. RANKING OF SOLVENTS BY ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
Chemical
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
Chlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Methylene chloride
Cresols
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Xylenes (mixed)
Methanol
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ecology Score
Ranking
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
9
10
10
Ecology
Score
56
48
46
44
38
36
36
36
20
10
10
143
-------
TABLE 5-15.
PARAMETERS RELATED TO SAFETY IN
USE OF SOLVENTS STUDIED3
Chemical
Acetone
Amyl acetates
n-Butyl alcohol
Carbon disulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloronaphthalene
Cresols/cresylic acid
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
N , N-Dimethylf ormamide
Dime thy Is ul f o xi de
Ethyl acetate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether
Ethylene glycol monoethyl
ether
Ethyl ether
Isobutanol
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Pyridine
Toluene
Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluorome thane
Explosive
Limits in
Air..
(volume %)
2.15-13.0
1.1-7.5
1.45-11.25
1-50
1.3-7.1
X
1.1-
2.2-9.2
2.2-15.2
2.2-11.4
2.6-15.7
1.85-48
1.68-10.9
6-36.5
j
15. 5-66. 4d
1.8-10
i
1.8-b
None
1.8-12.4
1.3-6.75
Flash Point
CO
C-)16
25
46 OC
(-)30 CCC
29 CC
132
81
130 OC
68
143 OC
110
67 OC^
95 OC"
(-) 5-26
15
74 OC°
46 OCC
(-)45
23 ocj;
12 CC^
15 CC
22 OCC
25 CC^
16 OC^
20 CC
88 CCC
Nonflammable
20
4
Nonflammable
Nonflammable
144
-------
TABLE 5-15.
PARAMETERS RELATED TO SAFETY IN USE OF
SOLVENTS STUDIED (Continued)
Chemical
Explosive
Limits in
Air
(volume %)
Flash Point
Triethylene glycol
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
trifluoroe thane
Xylenes
1.1-6.6
330 OC
27-31
References: 26, 22, 42
3No upper limit was given in the references consulted
:OC: tag open cup
CC: closed cup
In oxygen
145
-------
6.0 COMPARISON OF TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE RANKINGS
To adequately assess the risk posed by chemicals, the
potential for exposure to man must be compared to toxicity. In
the course of this study it became apparent that the modes of
exposure of importance were topical and inhalation. The corres-
ponding toxicity values are TLV's and some dermal toxicity para-
meters. Dermal toxicity data were scarce as discussed in Sec-
tion 5.0, so that comparisons of exposure with this type of
toxicity data would yield little information. For this reason,
the comparisons included in this section are limited to compari-
sons of exposure to inhalation toxicity parameters: TLV's.
The numerical method chosen to relate toxicity rank-
ings to exposure rankings was addition of the two rankings. The
maximum was chosen to give a worst case analysis. The median
was chosen as a statistically acceptable method for treating the
values. Applying this method results in four sets of sums:
Median occupational ranking and inhalation
toxicity ranking
Maximum occupational ranking and inhalation
toxicity ranking
Median consumer ranking and inhalation
toxicity ranking
Maximum consumer ranking and inhalation
toxicity ranking
These sums are shown in Tables 6-1 and 6-2. Rankings and sums
are shown graphically in Figures 6-1 through 6-4. Sums are
146
-------
missing for those solvents for which TLV's were not available:
chloronaphthalene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol mono-
butyl ether, and dimethyl sulfoxide.
Arbitrarily taking fifteen as the cut off point, the
four sets of sums were examined and those solvents having sums
equal to 15 or less were listed in Table 6-3. These solvents
are considered to present the largest risk and are recommended
/
for further study.
147
-------
TABLE 6-1. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE RANKINGS USING MEDIAN VALUES
00
Solvent
Acetone
Amyl acetates
n-Butyl alcohol
Carbon disulfide
Chlor obenz ene
Chloronaphthalenes
Cresols/cresylic acid
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlor obenz ene
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ethyl ether
Isobutanol
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Pyridine
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Median
Exposure Ranking
Occupational Consumer
26
21
19
26
1
14
5
9
9
34
8
24
26
20
12
7
16
26
3
26
11
26
23
33
13
16
25
21
27
22
22
a
1
12
a
3
3
3
21
12
25
3
1
3
17
30
3
15
22
27
14
27
16
30
19
18
Inhalation
Toxic ity
Ranking
25
12
6
5
11
N.D.
2
6
6
N.D.
N.D.
4
N.D.
23
12
6
19
23
6
19
19
19
12
1
12
2
12
22
Sum of Exposure and
Toxicity Rankings
Occupational Consumer
51
33
25
31
12
N.D.
7
15
15
N.D.
N.D.
28
N.D.
43
24
13
35
49
9
45
30
45
35
34
25
18
37
43
52
34
28
a
12
N.D.
a
9
9
N.D.
N.D.
16
N.D.
26
13
9
36
53
9
34
41
46
26
28
28
32
31
40
-------
TABLE 6-1. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE RANKINGS USING MEDIAN VALUES (Continued)
Median
Solvent
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Triethylene glycol
1 , 1, 2-Trichloro-l , 2 , 2-tr if luorome thane
Xylenes
Exposure
Occupational
16
1
26
4
14
Ranking
Consumer
26
3
3
19
3
Inhalation
Toxicity
Ranking
12
25
N.D.
25
12
Sum of Exposure and
Toxicity
Occupational
28
26
N.D.
29
26
Rankings
Consumer
38
28
N.D.
44
15
N.D. - No Data
a
For these chemicals, no significant consumer applications were found.
vO
-------
TABLE 6-2. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE RANKINGS USING MAXIMUM VALUES
Solvent
Acetone
Amyl acetates
n-Butyl alcohol
Carbon disulflde
Chlorobenzene
Chloronaphthalenes
Cresols/cresylic acid
Cyclohexanone
o-Dichlorobenzene
Diethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Ethyl acetate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ethyl ether
Isobutanol
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Pyridine
Toluene
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Maximum
Exposure Ranking
Occupational Consumer
20
19
23
34
1
6
20
6
6
23
6
6
31
23
1
6
6
32
6
23
6
23
1
23
6
32
23
1
6
6
6
6
a
3
28
a
6
6
6
6
6
29
6
1
6
6
30
6
6
6
6
3
6
6
30
6
3
6
Inhalation
Toxicity
Ranking
25
12
6
5
11
N.D.
2
6
6
N.D.
N.D.
4
N.D.
23
12
6
19
23
6
9
19
9
12
1
12
2
12
22
12
Sum of Exposure and
Toxicity Rankings
Occupational Consumer
45
31
29
39
12
N.D.
22
12
12
N.D.
N.D.
10
N.D.
46
13
12
25
55
12
42
25
42
13
24
18
34
35
.23
18
31
18
12
a
14
N.D.
a
12
12
a
N.D.
10
N.D.
29
13
12
25
53
12
25
25
25
15
7
18
32
18
25
18
-------
TABLE 6-2. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND EXPOSURE RANKINGS USING MAXIMUM VALUES (Continued)
Solvent
Trichlorofluoromethane
Triethylene glycol
1,1, 2-Trichloro-l , 2 , 2-trif luoromethane
Xylenes
Maximum
Exposure Ranking
Occupational Consumer
6 6
23 6
6 6
1 1
Inhalation
Toxic ity
Ranking
25
N.D.
25
12
Sum of Exposure and
Toxicity Rankings
Occupational Consumer
31 31
N.D. a
31 31
13 13
N.D. - No Data
a
For these chemicals, no significant consumer applications were found.
-------
30-
25-
20-
g 15'
o
10-
1. Nitrobenzene
2. Pyn'dine
3. N,N-Dimethylformamide
4. n-Butyl alcohol
.2 23 5. Cyclohexanone
s. * 6. o-Dichlorobenzene
\ 7. Ethylene glycol mono-
ix IQ 99 butyl ether
« \ -iy • 3. Isobutanol
\ .1* 9. Amyl acetates
\ 10. Ethyl benzene
x 11. Methyl isobutyl ketone
\ ^ 12. Perchloroethylene
x \ 13. Toluene
v .4 \ .9 .18 14. Trichloroethylene
X * 15. Xylenes
^ ^ 16. Ethylene glycol mono-
\ \ 13 25 ethyl ether
\ \ x* 20 * 17- Methanol
\ \ 13. Methylene chloride
v x \ «lb 19. Methyl ethyl ketone
\ Nv .12 V 20. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
\ \ .17 21. Ethyl acetate
\ x \ n ^ 22. Acetone
x \ " \ 23. Ethyl ether
> -, ^ \ \ 24. Trichlorofluoromethane
\ • \ \ \s^ 25. l,l,l-Trichloro-l,2,2-
\ \ \ trifluoromethane
\ \ \ X,
\ \ \ Xx
Xx \ N \ \
\ \ X\ XN X
\ .5,5,7,8 \.15 \ \ .21 ,24V
\ N\ .10 \ \ \ \
10 15 20 25 30
INHALATION TOXICITY RANKING
FIGURE 6-1. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND
MEDIAN EXPOSURE RANKING FOR CONSUMER
USE SOLVENTS
152
-------
1. Nitrobenzene
3n_ • .23 2. Pyridine
^ 3. N,N-Oimethylformamide
V 4. n-8utyl alcohol
^. 5. Cyclohexanone
^ 6. o-Oichlorobenzene
> 7. Ethylene glycol mono-
25-
o
cj
s 10-1
5-
butyl ether
. \ 8. Isobutanol
Nv \ 9. Amy! acetate
X \ 10. Ethyl benzene
^. x 11. Methyl isobutyl ketone
\ Nv 12. Perchloroethylene
\ N 13. Toluene
\ N 14. Trichloroethylene
\ \ \ 15. Xylenes
\ \ \ 16. Ethylene glycol mono-
\ \ \ ethyl ether
\ \ \ 17. Methanol
\ Nx V 18. Methyl ene chloride
X. \ \ \ 19. Methyl ethyl ketone
\ \ \ V 20. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
\ x \ \ 21. Ethyl acetate
\ N v N 22. Acetone
\ \ N \ 23. Ethyl ether
^. \ \ \ 24. Trichlorofluoromethane
\ \ \ \ 25. l,l,l-Trichloro-l,2,2-
\ \ v V \ trifluoromethane
,1 X.3 .4,5>o,7,3 .9.12^13,14 \16,17,18, >21^.22f24,25
\ Nv Nv \ Nv \
\ > ^ \ X \
\ \ \.ll Nv \20 X
X \ \ Xv \ \
\ \ '10^ \ X, \
>, Nv v X ^!^ 5s.
5 10 15 20 25 30 02-5383-1
INHALATION TOXICITY RANKING
FIGURE 6-2. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND
MAXIMUM EXPOSURE RANKING FOR CONSUMER
USE OF SOLVENTS
153
-------
35-
30-
CJ3
5 25-
z
Xv \ \ \ \ \
\ x9 \ \ \ \ \
2 \ \ \ \ \ \
^ * \ \ Xv \ \8 X
\ X10 Xx \ \ x v
\ xxv \ \ x \
\ X x" \ \ X 27 \
Xv V ^ \ V V \
III li i
5 10 15 20 25 30
Nitrobenzene
Cresols
Pyridine
N,N-Oimethyl formaraide
Carbon disulfide
n-8utyl alcohol
Cyclohexanone
o-Oichlorobenzene
Ethyl ene glycol mono-
butyl ether
Isobutanol
Chlorobenzene
Amyl acetate
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isofautyl ketone
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes
Ethylene glycol mono-
ethyl ether
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ether
Acetone
Trichlorofluoromethane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloro-l ,2,2-
trifluoromethane
\
\
\
\
1
35
INHALATION TOXICITY RANKING 02-5332
FIGURE 6-3. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND
MEDIAN EXPOSURE RANKINGS FOR OCCUPATIONAL
USE OF SOLVENTS
154
-------
!•
35 —
30 —
UJ
£
5 75 —
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3!
t—
z
UJ
] —
o
a.
uj 20-
a.
CO
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a.
x
UJ
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<
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5
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cj
O
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I
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x\ x25 5-
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\\ 11 Ifl 1^11 V 5*? X
J|l V V lO^iJjl'T X^ K^ X \
x \ • x X\
1(111
5 10 15 20 25
Nitrobenzene
Cresols
Pyridine
N,N-Dimethyl formainide
Carbon disulfide
n-Butyl alcohol
Cyclohexanone
o-Oichlorobenzene
Ethyl ene glycol mono-
butyl ether
Isobutanol
Chlorobenzene
Amy! acetates
Ethyl benzene
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroetliyl ene
Xylenes
Ethyl ene glycol mcno-
ethyl ether
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ether
Acetone
Tri chl orofl uoromcthane
1,1,2-Trichloro-l ,2,2-
tri fl uoromethane
X\
\
\
V \-
1 1
30 35
INHALATION TOXICITY RANKING
FIGURE 6-4. COMPARISON OF INHALATION TOXICITY AND
MEDIAN EXPOSURE RANKINGS FOR OCCUPATIONAL
USE OF SOLVENTS
155
-------
TABLE 6-3. SOLVENTS REPRESENTING THE-
GREATEST RISK
Solvent
n-Butyl alcohol
Chlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
N, N-Dimethylf ormamide
Ethylbenzene
Isobutanol
Xylenes
Cy c lohexanone
Ethylene glycol mono-
butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Cresols/cresylic acid
Sums of Exposure
Consumer
Max. Med.
12
14
12
0
13
12
13
12_
12_
15_
7_
a
28
12
9_
16
13
9
15_
9
9_
26
28
a
and Toxic ity Rankings
Occupational
Max. Med.
29
12
12_
10
13
12
13
12
12
13
24
22
25
12
15
28
24
9
26
15
13
35
34
1_
For this chemical, no significant consumer use was found.
156
-------
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in Effluents from Industrial Sources, EPA 560/3-75-002,
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1975.
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in Workroom
Air Adopted by ACGIH, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978.
3. Austin, G. T. "The Industrially Significant Organic Chemi-
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4. Beyer, W. L., Auerbach Associates, Inc., Letter to Mr.
Ernest Stalder, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, No-
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5. Boscak, V., et al., Assessment of the Environmental Effect
of the Pharmaceutical Industry Draft Final Report, EPA
Contract No. 68-02-2510, Wethers field, Connecticut, TRC -
The Research Corporation of New England, December 1978.
6. Browning, E., Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Sol-
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1965-
7. Cleland, J. G. and G. L. Kingsbury, Multimedia Environ-
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600/7-77-136a, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
Research Triangle Institute, 1977.
157
-------
8. Considine, D. M. ed. Chemical and Process Technology
Encyclopedia, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974.
9. E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Freon Products Divi-
sion, Petrochemical Department, Information submitted as
requested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Wilmington, Delaware, March 15, 1978.
10. Dylewski, S. W., Emission Control Options for the Syn-
thetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry: Chloro-
benzenes Product Draft Report, EPA Contract 68-02-2577,
Knoxville, Tennessee, Hydroscience, Inc., August 1978.
11. Fairchild, E. J., R. J. Lewis, and R. L. Tatken, eds. /
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Vols. I
and II, 1977 ed., Cincinnati, Ohio, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, September 1977.
12. Hatch, Lewis F., and Sami Mater, "From Hydrocarbons to
Petrochemicals," Hydrocarbon Processing, Gulf Processing
Company, September 1977-January 1979.
13. Hawley, G. G., rev., Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 8th
ed. New York, New York, Van Nostrand Rheinhold Company,
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-------
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Inc. April 2, 1979.
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Inc. April 9, 1979.
18. Kavaler, A. R., ed., Chemical Marketing Reporter, Vol. 215,
No. 24, New York, New York, Schnell Publishing Company,
Inc. June 4, 1979.
19. Kent, J. A, , ed. , Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry,
7th ed., New York, New York, Van Nostrand Rheinhold Company,
1974.
20. Kleburg, C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Personal Communica-
tion with B. B. Lee, Radian Corporation, April 1978.
21. Lowenheim, F. A., and M. K. Moran, revs., Faith Keyes, and
Clark's Industrial Chemicals, New York, New York, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.
22. Mellan, Ibert, Industrial Solvents Handbook, 2nd ed. Park
Ridge, New Jersey, Noyes Data Corporation, 1977.
23. National Paints and Coatings Association, Solvent Consump-
tion Data, Washington, D.C., 1973.
24. Ostojic, N., End Uses of Solvents Containing Volatile Or-
ganic Compounds, Draft Final Report, Wethers field, Connec-
ticut, TRC-The Research Corporation of New England, Decem-
ber 1978.
159
-------
25. Perry, Robert H., C. H. ChiIton, and S. D. Kirkpatrick,
Chemical Engineers' Handbook, New York, New York, McGraw
Hill Book Company, 1969.
26. Sax, N. I., Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
4th ed. , New York, New York, Van Nostrand-Reinhold Company,
1975.
27. Shreve, R. N., and J. A. Brink, Jr., Chemical Process In-
dustries, New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1977.
28. Stanford Research Institute, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Menlo Park, California, various dates.
29. Stanford Research Institute, Data summaries prepared for
the National Library of Medicine, Menlo Park, California,
Various dates.
30. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Chemical Use List,"
Fed. Reg., Vol. 43 (143), pp. 32222-32251 (1978).
31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Qual-
ity Planning and Standards. Control of Volatile Organic
Emission from Existing Stationary Sources, Vol. II: Sur-
face Coating of Cans, Coils, Paper. Fabrics, Automobiles^
and Light-Duty Trucks, EPA 450/2-77-008, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, May 1977.
160
-------
32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Control of Volatile Organic Emis-
sions from Existing Stationary Sources, Volume IV: Sur-
face Coating of Magnet Wire. EPA 450/2-77-033, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, December 1977.
33. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. Control of Volatile Organic Emis-
sions from Existing Sources, Volume VII: Factory Surface
Coating of Flat Wood Paneling. EPA 450/2-78-032, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, June 1978.
34. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development. Industrial Process Profiles for Environ-
mental Use, Chapter 10: Plastics and Resins, EPA 600/2-
77-023J, Washington, D.C., January 1977.
35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development. Use of Organic Solvents in Textile Sizing
and Desizing, EPA 600/2-77-126, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, July 1977.
36. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Sub-
stances . A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals
for Testing, EPA 560/5-77-006, Washington, D.C., August
1977.
37. United States International Trade Commission, Synthetic Or-
ganic Chemicals: United States Production and Sales, 1977,
Washington, D.C., 1978.
161
-------
38. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Current Intelligence Bulletin 20, Tetrachloroethylene, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C., 1978.
39. Vershchueren, K. , Handbook of Environmental Data on Or-
ganic Chemicals, New York, New York, Van Nostrand Rheinhold
Company, 1977.
40. Wilkins, G. E., et al., The Revised Organic Chemical Pro-
ducers Data Base: Final Interim Report, EPA Contract No.
68-03-2623, Austin, Texas, Radian Corporation, March 1979.
41. Windholz, M. , ed. , The Merck Index, 9th ed. , Rahway, New
Jersey, Merck and Company, Inc., March 1977.
42. Weast, Robert C. and Samuel M. Selby, eds. Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 47th edition. Cleveland, Ohio,
The Chemical Rubber Company, 1966-1967.
162
-------
APPENDIX A
DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF EPA EXPOSURE INDEX
163
-------
DESIGN & APPLICATION OF.EPA EXPOSURE ISPEX
Auerbaeh Associates, Inc. "(AAI) is designing an Index of Exposure for
the purpose of assisting EPA in setting priorities for-chemicals under the
Toxic Substances Control. Act. The Index of Exposure will serve to indicate
the relative potential for exposure associated with a given use of a chemical.
The, Index of Exposure proposed by AAI at once minimizes subjectivity
and maximizes specificity and flexibility. In the following discussion, we
will describe the design of the Index and its application to classifying and
ranking chemical uses, as well as cases requiring special handling. The.
Appendix illustrates the manner in which the Index has been used to classify
ten sample uses'.
1. DESIGN OF'EXPOSURE IKDEZ
The Exposure Index consists of two integrated elements: (1) the
categories of exposure; and (2) the scoring system applied to the categories
of exposure. The combination of these two elements comprises the Index of
Exposure, as illustrated in Figure 1 and described in detail below.
1.1 Categories of Exposure
The Index of Exposure indicates the potential for both human and
environmental exposure during a given use of a chemical. Both human and
.environmental exposures are characterized, by a composite of "mode" and
"amount" of exposure, yielding a. classification into four major categories,
-or factors:
• Factor 1: Mode of Human Exposure
• Factor 2: Mode of Environmental Exposure
• Factor 3: Amount of Human Exposure
• Factor 4: Amount of Environmental Exposure
Factors 1 and 3, characterizing human exposure, are further divided
into subcategories of exposure. An explanation of each factor and subfactor,
164
-------
Factor 1
Mode of Human Exposure
Factor 2
Mode of Environmental
Exposure
Factor 3
i"
Amount of Human Exposure
Factor 4
Amounb of Environmental
Exposure
0
1
t_n
Route of Exposure
No exposure
Oral, topical or
Inhalation exposure
Any two of the above
All of the above
Form of Exposure
Not applicable
Liquid*, solid or
gaseous**
Any two of the above
All of the above
0 No exposure
1 Exposure via air,
water or soil
2 Exposure via any two of
the above
3 Exposure via all
of the above
A. Number of People Exposed
0 < 200,000
1 200,000 - 2,000,000
2 2,000,000 - 20,000,000
3 > 20,000,000
B. Frequency of Exposure
0 Yearly or less frequently
1 Monthly
2 Weekly
3 Dally or .continuously
•
C. Extent of Contact
0 Trace contact
1 Light contact
2 Moderate contact
3 Heavy contact
D. Duration of Exposure
0 Fleeting exposure
1 Short exposure
2 Medium exposure
3 Long exposure
0 No exposure, or exposure
as constituent of a
bulk solid
1 Up to 17, of substance
2 1 - 10% of substance
3 10 - 100% of substance
Includes suspensions and solutions
**Includes gases, vapors, mists, aerosols and respirable size particulates
-------
in the context of the Exposure. Index, is presented in Table 1. Note that
factors are defined, in terms of the normal, or intended, use of a chemical.
Exposures resulting from accidents are not considered, because accidents
cannot be foreseen, in any way which would permit reliable classification of
exposure.
Furthermore, we did not attempt to place value judgments on the
relative risk of the various modes of human and environmental exposures.
For example, we considered oral, topical and inhalation exposure to represent
equivalent exposure potentials. Thus, any two of these routes of exposure
in combination would represent twice the exposure.potential of a single route,
and all three routes in combination would represent three times the exposure-
potential.
We chose this approach because we felt that without knowing the
particular chemical being used, we could not determine whether one route or
form of exposure posed an inherently greater exposure potential, than any
other route or form.
1.2 Scoring System for Index of Exposure
As illustrated in Figure 1, each variable within an exposure cate-
gory has been assigned a numerical value. The values assigned are based on
the relative degree of exposure associated with a given variable. The.judg-
ment of relative degree of exposure is subjective, but once each variable has
been assigned a numerical value, the relative exposure scores are objectively
established for any combination of variables.
In assigning a use to the exposure classification, the use would be
given the numerical value of the variables 1 within each, factor which, best
characterizes the potential for exposure associated with, that use. The individual
values would then be scored according to the following formula*:
8
i=l
*This formula was employed by Clement Associates in scoring chemicals for
the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee.
166
-------
TABLE 1. DEFINITIONS OF INDEX OF'EXPOSURE FACTORS
Factor
Definition
Mode of Human Exposure
i. Route of Exposure
B. Form of Exposure
Means by which humans may be exposed during
normal use of a substance*, expressed as a
cumulation of two subfactors
Point of human contact with a substance
during normal- use
Physical state of the product being used
. Mode of Environmental Exposure
Route by which a substance is released
to the environment during normal use
. Amount of Human Exposure
A. Sumber of People Exposed
IB. Frequency of Exposure
C. Extent of Contact
Amount of human exposure expressed as
a cumulation of four subfactors
Number of people who would come into contact
with a substance during normal use.
Categories were chosen to reflect percentage
of U.S. population, such that:
200,000
2,000,000
20,000,000
0-.1Z
1%
10%
167
Frequency with which those people exposed to
a substance would come into contact with it
during normal use
Amount of substance to which a person would
be exposed during normal use. This subfactc
may be expressed as the percentage composit:
of the functional, chemical in the product o:
as the percentage concentration of the func-
tional chemical in the immediate area of us<
• Trace contact - Substance occurs only
incidentally in the finished product
(e.g., a polymerization intermediate
which may exist only as an impurity i:
a textile fiber), or is present in th<
workplace in trace amounts as a resul
of incidental losses during processin
in totally enclosed operations.
• Light contact - Finished product con-
tains up to 1% by weight of the sub-
stance, or the substance is present i
the workplace as a result of incident
losses from batch operations.
-------
TABLE 1. (continued)
Factor
3D. Duration of Exposure
Definition
• Moderate contact - Finished product
contains 1-10% by weight of the substaj
Occupational exposures are most likely
to be light or heavy, rather than mod-
erate, since industrial operations are
largely either automatic, in which cas
the exposure is light, or manual, in
which case the exposure is heavy.
• Heavy contact - Finished product conta
10-100% by weight of the substance, 01
substance is present in the workplace
result of such operations as spray drj
and paint spraying, or the substance ;
contacted by direct handling, as in
unloading bags and drums or weighing,
in open containers.
Length of time for which a person would bf
in contact with a substance during normal
use:
• Fleeting exposure - exposure of
up to 1 second duration
• Short exposure - exposure of 1
second to 1 minute
• Medium exposure - exposure of
1 minute to 1 hour
• Long exposure - exposure of longer
than 1 hour duration
4. Amount of Environmental Exposure
Extent of environmental. exposure in terns
the approximate amount of substance which
enters the environment during normal use.
For example, up to 100% of an aerosol spr
might enter the environment, while less
than 1% of an automotive fuel might enter
the environment in its original form with
undergoing combustion.
.As used here, the term "substance" does not refer to a particular chemical compound,
but to any class of compounds providing a given function (e.g., propellant tackifier,
extender).
168
-------
where w^ is the weight assigned to the ith factor group,
s.. is the actual numerical value of the exposure variable, assigned to
the jth chemical use,
m is the maximum numerical value obtainable for that exposure
variable, and
r is the score of the jth chemical use, from which its rank will be
derived.
Note that although there are only four major factors, two of these
have more than one subfactor, giving a total possible value of 8 for i in
the above equation, if each of the subfactors is considered independently-
If the subfactors are not considered separately, the value of i would be 4.
For the examples considered herein, we have used i=4, so that: each of the
four major factors will carry equal weight. In this case, the weight of
each subfactor in Factors 1 and 3 will be a fraction of the total weight of
the factor.
This method of scoring allows each use assigned to the classi-
fication to be characterized by a specific combination of variables, allowing
for a tremendous number of permutations.
After all chemical uses have been scored'according to the method
described above, a rank order of exposure potentials can be determined by
listing each use in order of its numerical score.
1.2.1 Weighting
In the basic ranking of exposure potentials, each factor scored:
is assumed to be of equal importance, and thus all factors bear equal weight.
In this case, the value of w. in the scoring formula equals 1. However, by
increasing the value of w. for any given factor, that factor can be emphasized
in calculating the rank of a chemical use. Any chemical uses which are
characterized by a variable Cother than zero), within the given factor will,
when weighted, assume a higher rank relative to other chemical uses not
characterized by that variable.. For example, through weighting, either human
169
AAI
-------
or environmental exposure categories can be made to appear at a higher rank
than the other. Thus, these major factors can be examined independently of
each other without having to use two separate classifications.
Note that the suggested arrangement of the Exposure Index, in which
two factors are divided into subfactors, is inherently weighted to some
extent. If all four major factors are considered to be equal in importance,
the subfactors bear only a fraction of the total weight of the parent factor.
Thus, the subfactor, "Number of People Exposed" bears one-quarter of the
weight of the entire factor,. "Amount of Human Exposure".
In taking this approach, we have assumed that EPA regards each of
the four major factors as being of equal importance. However, by treating
each subfactor as an independent unit, creating, in effect, eight factors,
the inherent weighting can be eliminated. The result of the latter approach
"will be to place greater emphasis on the "Mode of Human Exposure" and the
•-.
"Amount of Human Exposure", since these factors will be represented by more
than one subfactor.
Use of the four-factor approach will result in a possible maximum
of 49 rank levels, while use of the .eight-factor approach will result in a pos'
sible ma-n'Tmnn of 25 rank levels. ' In the latter case, the number of rank
levels falls sufficiently close to EPA's suggested range of approximately 20
rank levels not to require any further adjustment. In the former case, the
49 possible rank levels could easily be consolidated into 24 or 25 rank levels
2. APPLICATION OF EXPOSURE INDEX TO SCORING OF CHEMICAL USES
The scoring of ten sample uses is illustrated in Tables 2 and 3.
The individual factor scores calculated by using the formula, w. . Sjj ,
mi
are shown, and these scores are summed in the far right column. Table'2
gives the scores for occupational exposure and Table 3 gives the score
for consumer exposure.
170
-------
~~— -——______ Fac to ra
Uaea* ~~ • — .
No. 0032-070. uv absorbents for mis-
cellaneous fabricated plastic products
No. 004-214. Accelerators for
synthetic rubber
No. 014-0402. Aerosol propellents for
disinfecting and exterminating
No. 015-04005. Algicldes for swimming
pool cleaning and maintenance
No. 015-0407. Algicides for sewerage
treatment
No. 015-195. Algicides for pulp mill
products
No. 049-283. Antifreezes for motor
vehicles and equipment
No. 119-213. Chain stoppers for plastic
materials and resins
No. 1211-021. Chemical intermediates
for industrial organic chemicals
No. 173-2510. Detergent builders for
detergents, soaps and disinfectants
1A
ml!* 6
i/6
2/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
2/6
111
HU13 6
i/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
3/6
2/6
2
m2D ^
1/3
2/3
1/3
2/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
3/3
3/3
3A
my* 12
1/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
0/12
3D
m3~ 12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3C
m3» 12
1/12
2/12
1/12
3/12
2/12
i/12
2/12
2/12
3/12
2/12
3D
my 12
3/12
2/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
2/12
3/12
3/12
4
»4" 3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
2/3
2/3
1/3
1/3
2/3
1/3
( — •
L
1.667
2.084
1.583
2.084
2.167
2.001
1.667
1.750
3 . 25.0
2.666
*Numbers for uses come from the EPA Chemical Use Classification System.
-------
TABLE 3. SCORES OF CHEMICAL USES FOR CONSUMER EXPOSURE
(Score = S/111)
• — ______^ Factors
Uses* " • — _____
No. 0032-070. uv absorbents for
miscellaneous fabricated' plastic products
No. 004-214. Accelerators for
synthetic rubber
No. 014-0402. Aerosol propellants
for disinfecting and exterminating
No. 015-04005. Algicides for swimming
pool cleaning and maintenance
No. 015-0407. Algicides for
sewerage treatment
No. 015-195. Algicides for pulp
mill products
No. 049-283. Antifreezes for motor
vehicles and equipment
No. 119-213. Chain stoppers for
plastic materials and resins
No. 1211-021. Chemical intermediates for
industrial organic chemicals
No. 173-2510. Detergent builders for
detergents, soaps and disinfectants
1A
mj= 6
2/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
0/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
0/6
2/6
ID
m," 6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
0/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
0/6
2/6
2
ITU" 3
2/3
1/3
1/3
2/3
1/3
1/3
2/3
1/3
0/3
1/3
3A
m
-------
Table 4 shows the basic rank order for all ten sample uses scored
for consumer exposure (i.e., w -1). Table 5 (Effects of Weighting) shows
how the basic rank order could change when one of the four major factors,
in this case Amount of Human Exposure, is weighted. For the purpose of this
illustration, w3=4. (For a discussion of weighting, refer to Section 1.2.1.)
The Appendix presents the reasons for selecting particular exposure
variables for each of the ten sample uses.
3. SPECIAL CASES
In applying the Index of Exposure to a selection of sample chemical
uses, ve found -hat two types of situations might arise which will require
special handling. These situations, and our methods for dealing with them,
.are discussed below.
3.1 Incoigplete Scoring Situations
Although this problem, did not arise in the course of sample use
scoring, it is quite possible that cases will occur in which we will be unable
to assign a score to a chemical use for all of the categories in the Exposure
Index. Leaving a category without a score would imply that the use in question
involved no exposure in that category. This is an assumption which is not
necessarily true and which would yield a lower score for that use than the
score would have been, had the category in question been scored.. Therefore,
we have devised a method for completing the category with an approximate
score value.
In deriving an approximate value, we will assume that the low
exposure and high exposure values for any category of exposure will be easily
determined for a given use, and that most of the uses for which an exposure
is unknown will fall into the mid-range of values. Since it has been pre-
viously demonstrated that the possible exposure scores will follow a normal
bell-shaped distribution (AAI letter of October 31, 1977), the above assumption
is appropriate. Therefore, for any unknown score, we will assign the median
numerical value and multiply this by whatever weight value is being used for
173
-------
TABLE 4. BASIC RANK ORDER OF . CONSUMER USES (wi = 1)
Rank Score Use
1 2.916 Detergent builders for
detergents, soaps and
disinfectants
2 2.501 Antifreezes for motor vehicles
and equipment
3 2.417 Aerosol propellants for
disinfecting and exterminating
4 2.334 Algicides for swimming pool
cleaning and maintenance
5 2.167 Accelerators for synthetic
rubber
5 2.167 uv absorbents for miscellaneous
fabricated plastic products
6 • 1.334 Algicides for pulp mill
products
6 1.334 Chain stoppers for plastic
materials and resins
7 1.000 Algicides for sewerage
treatment
8 0.000 Chemical intermediates for
industrial organic chemicals
174
-------
TABLE 5. EFFECTS-OF WEIGHTING
(Weighted Rank Order of Consumer Uses
(w3 = 4))
Weighted (Unweighted Weighted (Unweighted
Rank Rank) Score Score)
1 (1) 5.667 (2.916) Detergent builders for
detergents, soaps and
disinfectants
2 (4) 4.836 (2.334) Algicides for
swimming pool cleaning
and maintenance
3 (5) 4.670 (2.167) Accelerators for
synthetic rubber
4 (3) 4?667 (2.417) Aerosol propellants
for disinfecting and
exterminating
5 (5) 4.168 (2.167) uv absorbents for
miscellaneous fabricated
plastic products
6 (2) 4.001 (2.501) Antifreezes for motor
vehicles and equipment
7 (6) 3.335 (1.334) Algicides for pulp
mill products
.7 (6) 3.335 (1.334) Chain stoppers for
plastic materials and
resins
8 (7) 1.000 (1.000) Algicides for
sewerage treatment
9 (8) 0.000 (0.000) Chemical intermediates
for industrial organic
chemicals
175
-------
che exposure category to determine the score. In a numerical iaii^e of
0 to 3, the median value would be 1.5.
This technique for data substitution ±s similar to the standard
statistical technique of substituting an average value or a probable value
for a missing data point in a series. The averaging technique is predicated
on the use of a random sample population. Since the universe of chemical
uses does not represent a random sample, we have modified this .technique
accordingly.
3.2 Single Use Comprising Multiple Industrial Processes
In one of the sample uses scored, we found that more than one
industrial process could be involved, resulting in different occupational
exposure scores. In this instance, ultraviolet (uv) absorbents for mis-
-cellaneous fabricated plastic products could be (1) incorporated into the
plastic during fabrication (i.e., molding or extrusion); or (2) incorporated
into a solution applied as a coating to the fabricated plastic product.
These are three possible methods for handling such situations:
(1) Consider each industrial process as a separate use.
(2) Consider each industrial process as a component of a
single use and score each component separately, yielding
multiple scores for a single use.
.(3) Follow method (2) above, then average the scores to yield
a single score.
We recommend using method. (1) to the extent feasible. For example,
the case cited above would be separated into the following two uses:
• uv absorbents for miscellaneous fabricated plastic
products
• uv absorbents for coatings
We have used this procedure in the present example. (See Appendix)
176
-------
When, this approach proves unfeasible, we recommend using method C2).
We do not recommend averaging multiple scores for a single use, because of
_the distortion which could be introduced into the score. Averaging is based
on the assumption that each industrial process scored is of equal impor-
tance, and such might very well not be the case.
4. CONCLUSION
In the foregoing discussion and in the Appendix, we have demonstrated
that the EPA Index of Exposure proposed by AAI not only achieves its intended
purpose, but that it has three significant advantages:
(1) It minimizes subjectivity through the numerical scoring
system.
(2) It maximizes specificity by allowing rank levels to be
determined on the basis of actual, specific exposures,
rather than requiring exposure potentials to be fitted
into predetermined rank levels.
(3) It maximizes flexibility by permitting variable weighting
of each exposure category.
177
AAI
-------
APPENDIX B
EXPOSURE INDEX SCORES
178
-------
Coating Magnetic Wire
(352-12601-1461)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Manufacture
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air, water
<200,000
Daily
•Light
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
'/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
73
712
712
712
712
73
3.08
-------
CHEMICAL USE; Solvents for adhesives
(No. 352-1009)
680
C-247
oo
O
Adhesives are used frequently in the office by secretaries and commercial
and non-conunercial artists and occasionally by consumers in the home and
children in school.
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
JU
Tor in of
F.x|>nBurc
2
Mode of
Kiwlroii.
l^xposurc
3A
Mumhcr of
I'COplu Etfp-
311
Frequency
_iiLJ&i»iaun
3C
Extent of
__Coiii;acJ:
3D
Duration of
F.xposurc
A mo nut of
Environ.
Kx|U>HUL~O
Occupational Exposure
Mfr. of adhesives
Inhalation and topical
Liquid and gaseous (vapors)
Air
< 200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
Dp to 17_
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
1/3
0/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
1/3
Consumer Exposure
Inhalation and topical
Liquid and gaseous (vapors)
Air
>20,000,000
Monthly
Heavy
Med ium
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
1/3
3/12
1/12
3/12
2/12
1/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for adheaives (Cont'd)
(No. 352-1009)
680
C-247
CO
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
1U
Form of
Kxponure
2
Mode of
Knvlrnn.
IDxpoaurc
3A
Number of
People Etfp.
311
Frequency
iUL-E&UQSUU
3C
Extent of
31)
Duration of
Exposure
Amount of
F.nvl ron.
Occupational Exposure
Office use
Inhalation and topical
Liquid and gaseous (vapors)
Air
200,000 - 2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Med ium
Up to 11
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
1/3
1/12
3/12
3/12
2/12
1/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
/3
2.07
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Chemicals (No. 352-02)
Solvents used In the manufacture of chemicals are removed from the
finished chemical. There is no consumer exposure.
681
A-197
FIIC tor
1A
Ituutc of
Exposure
)0
Form of
KXPOSUI'R
2
Mode of
hit v Iron.
Exposure
3A
lluinhcr of
I'cople Etfp.
.11)
Frc<|iiaiicy
uJL-£xiuiauu
3C
Extent of
Contact
31)
Duration or
ICKuoiiiirc
A
Amount: of
r.iivlruu.
r.H|><>IIIILO
Occupational Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air and Mater
-=200,000
Dally
Light (enclosed operations)
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3
712
L/12
3/12
X/3
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
A2
/12
/12
/12
/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Research and Development
(No. 352-0406)
Exposure to solvents in this application would occur in chemical
research laboratories and pilot plants. The only consumer exposure
would occur among college and university students during chemistry
coursework.
682
A-198
CO
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Ex|>naurc
2
(fade of
Kiivlrnn.
Exposure
11A
number of
I'cojile Etfp.
.11)
Frequency
ttf .E&uoauti
3C
Extent of
Cpi| tat;!:
3U
Duration of
Exposure
/.
Amount of
Environ.
KX|KIIIIU*G
Occupational Exposure
Inhalation and Topical
Caseous (vapors) and Liquid
Air and Water
-=200,000
Dally
Heavy
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3 712
3 /12
3 /12
2/3
Consumer Exposure
Inhalation and Topical
Gaseous (vapors) and Liquid
Air and Water
-=200,000
Weekly
Heavy
Medium
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
2/12
3 /12
2 /12
3/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Laundry and Drycleaning
(No. 352-0412)
In moat drycleanlng plants, solvents are generally handled by circulation
with pumps. However, the operator can contact solvent directly In
charging the system, handling the solvent-laden clothes prior to drying
and handling solvent-laden charcoal and filter papers. The consumer
in coin operated laundries can contact the solvent as a trace residue
in the dried clothes.
683
A-199
oo
Factor
1A
Ituute of
Kxpo.'iure
111
Form of
F.xpomiire
2
Mode of
hii v Iron.
Kxpoaiire
3A
M umber of
People Etfp.
.11)
Frequency
ut-Eiuwiaurj
3C
FxtLMlt of
.L'oatact
31)
Duration of
Kxpoaure
/i
Amount of
V.UM Leu it.
l£xi><> nun*
Occupational Exposure
Inhalation and Topical
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air
-=200,000
Dally
Heavy
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
X/3
0
712
3
712
3/12
3/12
2/3
Consumer Exposure
In coin operated laundries
Inhalation and Topical
Solid and Caseous (vapors)
Air
2 , 000 , 000- 20 , 000 , 000
Monthly
Light
Medium
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
/6
l/i
2
/i2
i
712
Vi
2/12
2
/3
z.oa
-------
00
Ul
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Repair Work (No. 352-042)
Solvents are used in repair work to clean metal parts, to remove
paints and other coatings and to remove oils and grease from parts
to be electroplated. Consumers doing repair work around the home
might also come into contact with solvents.
684
A-200
Factor
1A
Itoutc of
Kxposurc
10
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
hn v Iron.
Kxposure
3A
number of
I'eoplc Ftfp.
an
Frequency
of EKUQSUO
30
Kxtcut of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
/i
Amount of
Ilii v lion.
hhipoiuiLc
Occupational Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Water and Air
200,000-2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
l/ll
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Water and Air
2 , 000 , 000-20 , 000 , 000
Monthly
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
9
~/12
^12
3/12
3/12
3/3
3.16
3.08
-------
cr.
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Furniture Repair and Refinishing
(No. 352-0421)
Solvents are used to strip old paint and as diluents for wood glues
(adheslves).
685
A-201
Factor
1A
Route of
Expo sii re
in
Form of
Exposjitrc
2
Ifodu of
Environ.
l-.xpofliire
3A
llnniber of
311
Frequency
Q£ EflWJ.IlllJ
Extent of
Contact.
3D
Dm a tin n or
Amount of
Environ.
Occupational Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Water and Air
< 200, 000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
0/12
3/12
3 712
3/12
3
/3
Consumer Exposure
fllabbv)
Topical and -Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Water and Air
200,000-2,000,000
Weekly
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
/6
2/3
1/12
2/12
3/12
3A2
3
/3
-------
00
CHEMICAL USE:
Solvents Cor Surface Cleaning and Conditioning
(No. 352-0645)
Solvents are often used as degreasers to remove oil, waxes and coatings
from metal surfaces prior to fabrication and/or coating. There is no
consumer exposure to solvents used for this purpose.
686
A-?02
Fnc tor
1A
Itoute of
F.xpoaure
IB
Form of
Kxpuriure
2
Hoiltt of
KM v I run.
Kxpoaurt:
3A
Ilitiulter of
People Etfp.
311
Frequency
al tauo/iiitt
30
Kxtuut of
Contact
3»
|)iirutl.ou uf
Kxpoaure
/i
Amount cif
Cuvl ton.
Kx|K»i)urc
Occupational Expoeure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Caseous (vapors)
Air and Water
200,000-2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
/6
2
/3
l/12
3/u
3/U
3/12
2
/3
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
712
/12
712
/3
2.83
-------
oo
oo
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Fabricated Rubber and Plastic
Products (No. 352-07)
The use of solvents in the manufacture of fabricated rubber and
plastic products is not extensive. Except for tire retreading, solvent
use in this sector is small.
687
A-203
Factor
1A
lloute of
ICxpofuue
ID
Form of
F.xpou'.ii'p.
2
Mode of
hiivlron.
IJxponure
3A
II mill) cr of
1'coplc Erfp.
311
Frequency
F.xtunt of
3D
Duration of
Amount of
Occupational Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air -and Water
-= 200,000
Daily
Heavy
Medium
.1.0-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
76
2 73
0
/12
3
/12
3/12
2 712
3
73
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
73
/12
/12
/12
712
/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Oil and Gas Extraction
(No. 352-154)
Solvents are used to extract certain constituents from natural gases
at or near the well head. Such operations are continuous in enclosed
equipment, with little or no loss to the environment.
688
A-204
oo
Factor
1A
Iloute of
Kxposurc
111
Form of
F.xiiosuro
2
lloile of
Lit v I run.
KxpOfllire
3A
(lumber of
People Ktfp.
31)
Frequency
jij; Ejmoaiirj
3C
Extent of
ftmtnr.t
3D
Dutiitioii of
Kxposure
A
Amount of
Kiivlron.
Kx|K)iiiirc
Occupational Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air
< 200,000
Daily
Trace (totally enclosed operation)
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
/6
^3
0
712
3
/12
°/12
3/12
1
/3
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
73
/12
712
712
712
73
1.82
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Paint and Allied Products
(No. 352-18)
Occupational use of solvents in paint and allied products occura both
in the manufacture of these products and in their use by professional
painters. Consumer exposure occurs from the use of these products
by the homeowner.
690
A-205
Factor
1A
lloiite of
ICxpoatiro
111
Form of
F.x|inaurG
2
hoilc u£
Iviivlrnn.
lvK|>onnre
3A
(lumber of
I'eojile Etfp.
3D
Frequency
q j; EiUQilU O
30
Knli-ut of
()oi|l;oct
31)
lUi ration of
Exposure
It
Amount of
Kuv 1 con .
Kxptinticc
Occupational Exposure
Manufacture of paints
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Caseous (vapors)
Air
-=200,000
Daily
Light (enclosed batch operation)
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
!/3
0/12
3/12
l/u
3/12.
S3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air and Water
=•20,000,000
Yearly
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
3/12
°/12
3/12
3/12
' 3/3
-------
CIIKMICAL USE: Solvents for Paint and Allied Products (continued)
(No. 352-18)
690
A-205
Factor
IA
Iloute of
Exposure
IU
Form of
ExpoBtira
2
Hmli; of
hi) v Iron.
l-'xpoourc
3A
(lumber o f
1'eoplc Etfp-
311
Frequency
3C
Kxtont of
<*onl iir.t
3D
Duration of
I2xponurc
Amount: of
I'n vl run.
Occupational Exposure
Painters
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air
200,000-2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
1/3
lm
3/12
3/12
3/12
3
/3
Consumer Expoeure
N.A.
S/M
Vnlue
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
- /3
2.82
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Petroleum Refining (No. 352-20)
Solvents are used to refine petroleum products in continuous processes.
There is no consumer exposure in this application.
691
A-206
l-o
Factor
1A
Route of
Kxpoaure
in '
Form of
2
Htidi; of
hi) v Iron.
Exposure
3A
Number of
1'coplc Ex"p.
311
Frequency
Qt Ejtuoaurj
3C
Extent Of
Co nt net
3D
Duration of
Exposure
Amount of
V.uv Leo it .
i:x|.oimce
Occupational. Exposure
Topical and .Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air
-c 200,000
Daily
Trace
Long
UP to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
/6
!/3
°/12
3/12
°/12
3/12
1
/3
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
•
/3
-------
692
A-207
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Plastic and Rubber Materials
and Synthetics (not fabricated) (No. 352-21)
Solvents are used as reaction media and to clean equipment. In both
cases, the solvents are recovered through recycling. Contaminated
solvents that cannot be reclaimed may be Incinerated. There Is no
consumer exposure.
Co
Factor
JA
Huute of
Exposure
ID '
Form of
Kxiioniiiro
2
Hoile of
hiivliun.
Exposure
3A
Number of
I'coiile Etfp.
.Ill
Frequency
q£ EnuflaUU
:jc
Extent of
Cuatact
3D
Dnr.it Ion or
Kxnoaure
'i
Amount of
l^itv J rou.
Kx |>oii urc
Occupational Exposure
Inhalation and Topical
Liquid and Caseous (vapors)
Air
< 200,000
Dally
Light (Batch operations)
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
. 2/6
2/6
!/3
°/12
3 712
X/12
3/12
1
/3
Consumer Expoaure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
712
/12
/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Printing Operations
(No. 352-231)
Solvents exposure results from use of solvent-containing inks and
solvents used for equipment cleaning. All exposure occurs in
commercial print shops.
693
A-208
Factor
1A
lloute of
Kxposurt;
10
Form of
2
Mode of
KnvJroii.
lixiiooure
3A
Number of
People EKp.
311
Frequency
..jif—Efliiflauu
I'Ktent of
Jam tact
31)
Duration of
It
Amount: of
r.nv Iron.
Occupational Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Caseous (vapors)
Air
200,000-2,000,000
Daily
Moderate
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2 /a
2
/6
1/3
1/12
3/12
2 /12
3 /12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
M.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Printing Inks (No. 352-24)
Solvents are used as vehicles in the manufacture of printing inks.
694
A-209
VD
Ln
Factor
LA
Itoiike of
Expoaure
ID
Form of
Ex|innurc
2
Mode of
Environ.
Exposure
3A
II umber of
1'coplc Etfp.
311
Frequency
_ii £_£ iiuoau ti
3C
(km tact
in
Duration of
Aincunil: of
CnvJ ron.
Occupational Expooure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air
« 200, 000
V
Daily
Light (Batch operations)
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2
/6
>»
0/12
3/12
1/12
3/12
*
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
1
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
/3
-------
CIlliMICAI USE* Solvents for Polishes and Related Products
(No. 352-2511)
Solvents are used as vehicles In the manufacture of polishes and
related cleaning products. Another occupational exposure to these
solvents occurs during their use by janitorial personnel. Consumers
are exposed during housecleanlng.
695
A-210
I'nctor
I A
Itoule of
Exposure
JU
Form of
Kxpontire
2
Mode of
Lnvlron.
iLKponuic
3A
Dumber oC
I'coplc Ex"p-
.11)
Frequency
il£_JjJUUUlU.U
3C
Ex tout of
(ipntuct
3D
Duration ol
i:K|MKiuie
/i
Ainnunt of
Kit v Icon.
r.H(ioi)iiL-e
Occupational Exposure
Manufacture of polishes
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air
-=200,000
Daily
Moderate (Batch operation)
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
l/3
°/12
3/12
2/12
3/12
X/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid or Solid and Gaseous (vapors)
Air and water (via washing of cleaning cloths)
=» 20,000,000
Weekly
Moderate
Medium
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
>
3/12
2/12
2/12
2/12
2/3
-------
CHEMICAL USE: Solvents for Polishes and Related Products(continued)
(No. 352-2511)
695
A-210
Factor
JA
lluute of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Expomirc
2
Mode of
hnvlron.
Ex^oaura
3A
II umber of
I'coplc Ekp.
.Ill
Frequency
flf; Gx.no. aim
30
Extent of
(,'pnLuct
3D
Duration or
Kxpoaure
'.
Amount of
Environ.
Kxpotiurc
Occupational Expooure
Janitorial Services
Topical and Inhalation
Liquid or Solid and Caseous (vapors)
Air and Water (via washing of cleaning cloths)
200,000-2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
1/12
3/12
3/12
3 /12
2
/3
Consumer Exposure
N.A.
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
/3
2.83
-------
Solvents for Manufacturing Dyes
(No. 352-11330)
Radian Derived
00
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mfg of dyes
Inhalation and topical
Liquid and gaseous
Air and water
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
Up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
l/12
3/12
X/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
/3
712
712
712
712
73
2.24
-------
Solvents for Dyes for Plain Dyed
and Finished Fibers, Yarn and Fabrics
(No. 352-11330-2702)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air and water
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical
Solid
Water
>20,000,000
Daily
Trace
Long
As constituent of bulk solid
S/M
Value
'/6
'/6
l/3
3/12
3/12
°/12
3/12
°/3
3.08
1.42
-------
Solventc for Textile Processing
(352-1368)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air, water
<200,000
Dally
•Light
Long
1-10
0
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
\/l2
3/12
2/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
/3
2.58
-------
B-273
CHEMICAL USE: Tar removers for cleaning and maintenance
(No. 366-0400)
These are usually solvents alone or solvents blended with water and detergents to
form an emulsion. Consumer exposure is limited to an occasional use in the home.
Occupational exposure is limited to maintenance and cleaning personnel.
Factor
1A
lloutc of
Exposure
]Q
Form of
Kxp on tiro
2
y title of
iwlron.
liK|)03lir('.
3A
Dumber of
l't:i)|i|t! Etfp.
31)
Frequency
u£ Enuuauu
3C
Extent of
Contact
:ID
Dm al: ion of
Kx(>o;;ui;t:
/.
Amount of
ruul ion.
Kx|uuim u
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous (vapors)
Water and air
200,000 - 2,000,000
Weekly
Heavy
Mad iinn
10-1007,
1
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
1/12
2/12
3/12
2/12
3/3
_ *—< .
Consumer Exponure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous (vapors)
Water and air
-p^o.ooo.ooo
Yearly
Heavy
Med ium
10-1007.
S/M
Vnlue
2/6.
2/6
2/3
3/12
0/12
3/12
2/12
3/3
3.00
3.00
-------
CHEMICAL USIi: Tar Removers for laundry and drycleaning
(No. 366-0412)
These are usually spotting agents used almost exclusively In professional laundries
and drycleaning establishments. There Is no consumer exposure.
768
B-274
Fnctor
1A
Itoule of
lu
Fniin of
2
llo.l.; of
Liwlron.
3 A
llmuhcr of
l'«:o|ij(» F.)f|>.
3D
Kxlinit of
3D
hlllill J(>lt Of
Exnoiiurii
Amount: of
V.HM 1 V<»IV.
Ocuupatlonal Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous (vapors)
Water and air
200,000 - 2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
1/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
— Hr-i
Consumer ISxponurc
N.A.
•
'
S/M
Value
/6
/6
/3
/12
/12
/12
/12
/3
-------
Solvent for WooX Cleaning
(No. 352-006)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air , water
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
/6
/3
712
/12
712
712
73
3.08
-------
Solvents for Leather and
Fur Tanning (No. 352-122)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ .
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous and liquid
Air and water
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3A2
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
/6
/3
/12
712
712
712
73
3.08
-------
Solvents for Drain Cleaners
(No. 352-25126)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous, liquid
Air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
'/3
°/12
3/12
lm
3/12
'/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous, liquid
Air, water
2,000,000 - 20,000,000
Monthly
Heavy
Short
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
2/12
lm
3/12
'/12
3/3
N>
O
1.90
2.91
-------
Solvents for Manicuring Preparations
(No. 352-2504)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mfg.
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
'/3
°/12
3/12
V.2
3/12
°/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air
2,000,000 - 20,000,000
Daily
Moderate
Short
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
'/»
V
3/12
2/u
lm
3/3
1.57
2.66
-------
Solvents for Manicuring Preparations (Cont'd.)
(No. 352-2504)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Manicurists
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
'/3
°/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
73
712
712
712
712
73
O
--J
2.74
-------
Solvents for Fluorescent Lamps
(No. 352-14110)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
V3
°/12
3/12
l/12
3/12
Va
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
/3
712
712
712
712
73
O
00
1.90
-------
Solvents for Shoe Polishes
(No. 352-25115)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
A
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid or gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
'/3
°/12
?/12
'/12
3/12
'/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid or gaseous
Air
200,000 - 20,000,000
Monthly
Heavy
Short
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
l/3
2/12
l/12
3/12
lm
3/3
O
VO
1.90
2.57
-------
Solvents for Aerosal Personal Products
(No. 352-OOOC)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ .
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous, liquid
Air, water
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°m
3/12
lm
3/12
*/3
Consumer Exposure
%
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous
Air
720,000,000
Daily
Moderate
Short
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
'/6
'/3
3/12
3/12
2/12
'/«
3/3
ND
l-1
O
2.24
2.58
-------
(No. 352-OOOe)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ.
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mfg.
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
ln
°/12
3/12
'/12
3/12
X/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
/3
712
712
712
712
73
1.90
-------
Solvents for Chemicals for
Brazing, Welding, and Soldering
(No. 352-12274-0640)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Inhalation
Gaseous
Air
200,000 - 2,000,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
'/6
'/6
'/3
2/12
3/12
Vl2
3/12
'/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
/3
/12
712
712
712
73
1.75
-------
Solvents for Spotting Agents
(No. 352-1309-04120)
Spotting agents are washed out in
the dry cleaning solvent.
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid or gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
'/3
°/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid or gaseous
Air and water
200,000 - 20,000,000
Monthly
Light
Short
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
2/12
Vl2
l/12
Vl2
3/3
l-o
2.74
2.74
-------
Solvents for Specialty Lubricants
(No. 352-1271)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ.
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mfg.
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous and liquid
Air
<200 ,000
Daily
Light
Long
0-1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
ln
°/12
3/12
Vl2
3/12
X/3
Consumer Exposure
Inhalation
Gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
l/6
Ve
^3
°/12
3/12
1/12
3/12
3/.3
1.90
2.25
-------
Solvents for Food
(No. 352-OOOa)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Water , air
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
'/«
3/12
2/3
Consumer Exposure
Oral
Liquid and gaseous
Water
>20,000,000
Daily
Trace
Medium
0
S/M
Value
'/6
2/6
'/3
3/12
3/12
°/12
2/12
°/3
ro
i-1
Ui
2.58
1.5
-------
Solvents for Crop Production
(No. 352-012)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ .
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Farmers
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air, water, soil
200,000 - 2,000,000
Monthly
Heavy
Med ium
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
3/3
1/12
1/12
3/12
2/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air, water, soil
2,000,000 - 20,000,000
Monthly
Heavy
Medium
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
3/3
2/12
'/12
3/12
2/12
3/3
to
h-'
CTv
3.24
3.33
-------
(No. 352-1132-19)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mfg.
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air and water
<200,000
Daily
Moderate
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
2/12
3/12
2/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
/3
712
712
712
712
73
2.67
-------
Solvents for Pesticides
(No. 352-1299)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ.
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mfg.
Topical and inhalation
Liquid or gaseous
Air , water
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
up to 1%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
X/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous
Air, water, soil
2,000,000 - 20,000,000
Weekly
Heavy
Short
10 - 100%
S/M
Value
2/6
l/6
3/3
2/12
2/12
3/12
lm
3/3
2.41
3.17
-------
Solvents for Pesticides (cont'd.)
(No. 352-1299)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ.
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Professional exterminators
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous
Air, water, soil
<200,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
'/6
3/3
°/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
73
/12
712
712
712
73
3.25
-------
Solvents for Hydraulic Fluids
for Transportation Equipment
(No. 352-1252-28)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Mechanical & Service Station Oprs.
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air, water
200,000 - 2,000,000
Daily
Heavy
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2»
'/12
3/12
3/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air
2,000,000 - 20,000,000
Yearly
Light
Short
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
Vs
2/12
°A2
l/»
>/12
3/3
r 3
10
o
3.16
2.32
-------
(No. 352-
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp .
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Gaseous
Air
<200,000
Daily
Moderate
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
>/6
L/3
°/12
3/12
2/12
3/12
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
/3
712
712
712
712
73
2.50
-------
Solvents for Pharmaceuticals
(No. 352-000)
Solvents used In the manufacture of
drugs are removed from the finished
product.
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ.
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3B
Frequency
of Exposure
3C -
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air and water
<200,000
Daily
Light
Long
1-10%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
1/12
3/12
2/3
Consumer Exposure
Oral, topical, inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Water
>200,000,000
Monthly
Trace
Medium
0
S/M
Value
3/6
2/6
'/3
3/12
'/12
°/12
2/12
°/3
2.58
1.66
-------
Solvents for Explosives
(No. 352-1206) or (No. 352-170)
Radian Derived
Factor
1A
Route of
Exposure
IB
Form of
Exposure
2
Mode of
Environ .
Exposure
3A
Number of
People Exp.
3D
Frequency
of Exposure
3C
Extent of
Contact
3D
Duration of
Exposure
4
Amount of
Environ.
Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Manufacture
Topical and inhalation
Liquid and gaseous
Air, water
<200,000
Daily
•Light
Long
10-100%
S/M
Value
2/6
2/6
2/3
°/12
3/12
'/12
3/l2
3/3
Consumer Exposure
S/M
Value
76
76
73
712
/12
/12
712
73
2.91
-------
APPENDIX C
RESULTS OF MANUAL PATENT SEARCH FOR
FIVE SOLVENTS
224
-------
Specific Solvent Use
DIETHYLENE GLYCOL
Solvent in inks
Solvent in dyes
Solvent for hydrocarbon extraction
Solvent for terephthalic acid
manufacture
Solvent in electroless plating
of metal
Lubricating solvent in metal working
Solvent in brake fluids
Solvent for soldering & welding
Solvent for S02 absorption
Solvent in preparing carbonless paper
Solvent for cleaning textiles
Solvent for surface cleaning machinery
Solvent in manufacturing leather
substitutes
Chemical Abstracts
Reference No.
82:126756n
84:75951d
78:31733f
79:20127f
83:165710h
84:19002h
84:45931e
78:6179x
78:57995t
83:166583f
84:7289u
84:108138z
84:121400y
79:18408e
80:51605k
79:106637j
84:925732
84:154110g
85:82644e
85:144979d
83:117632n
82:17525r
78:5110f
225
-------
Specific Solvent Use
Chemical Abstracts
Reference No.
XYLENES
Solvent in polymer/plastics
manufacturing
Solvent for paint stripping
Solvent in synthetic fiber production
Solvent in waterproofing, treating,
and strengthening concrete
Solvent for stain removers from metal
Solvent for phosphor in fluorescent
lamps
Deinking solvent
Solvent for soil binding and mulching
compounds
Solvent for adhesives
Solvent for preparation of carbonless
paper
Leather and textile cleaning solvent
Solvent for decal removal
Toluene diisocyanate solvent
Solvent for asphalt removal
Solvent in insulating foams
85:6814v
83:80891t
85:160986j
80:96570m
76:154463j
77:35866d
82:44675w
82:4882e
78:17761g
81:39083b
80:97435h
85:7196g
81:92892r
81:92891q
85:165697a
82:102454m
78:127995u
76-.129228d
76:92932a
85:23061q
81:12469v
84:18699d
84:52149j
84:46470r
84.-91829a
84:90743f
83:13267f
80:97523k
226
-------
Specific Solvent Use
Chemical Abstracts
Reference No.
ACETONE
Solvent in plastics manufacturing
Petroleum extraction solvent
Solvent in dyes and dye application
Solvent in dry cleaning
Solvent in photographic solutions
Solvent for cleaning electronic parts
Nitrocellulose solvent
Solvent for coating & treating wood
Solvent for treating concrete
Solvent in de-acidifying natural gas
Solvent for non-cellulosic fibers
Solvent for carbonless paper
Solvent for coating wire
Solvent in coal liquefaction processes
Solvent in asphalt production
Solvent for protective metal coatings
82:86858p
85:34256h
84:151920k
81:172816j
84:62283n
78:112698a
77:127952g
77:127943e
82:112730n
85:64700r
85:79608r
82:100618u
81:137873d
79:151655z
85:151723u
76:101332j
79:140865s
78:6088s
83:134498r
80:16613q
85:7556z
79:57212f
80:123016u
80:49214p
84-.6372d
84:172135y
85:144865p
85:163104f
83-.13269h
83:83818k
227
-------
Specific Solvent Use
ACETONE (Continued)
Solvents for removing oil from water
Solvent for removing dyes from leather
goods
Solvent in wood pulping
Solvents in lubricants/degreasers
Solvent for removing rubber from metal
Solvent for oil seed extraction
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER
Solvent in preparing photosensitive
resins
Solvent for protective coatings
(especially for metals)
Solvent for surface cleaning
electronic components
Solvent for aerosol pesticides
Solvent for cleaning leather products
Solvent for stripping surface coatings
Solvent for petroleum extraction
Solvent for decolorizing plastics
Solvent in producing colorfast textiles
Solvent in fluorescent lamps
Solvent in paint strippers
Solvent in welding
Chemical Abstracts
Reference No.
83:82488r
78:44967k
77:50469v
77:77605y
76:114486n
78:126223d
85:200580f
85:102400c
84-.67883t
79:151655z
85:125895q
78:102015m
76:36590a
83:46990q
83:107385v
78:91050r
80:122700a
84:157272x
85:64914p
83:127553b
82:100109d
85:64917s
84:92538s
83:116318c
84:45937m
79:47051p
85:162054c
81:125347x
228
-------
Specific Solvent Use
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER
Solvent for petroleum extraction
(including drilling fluid solvent
and solvent in tertiary oil re-
covery)
Solvent for chemicals
Solvent for soldering and welding
Solvent for dyes
Solvent in fire extinguisher fluids
and foams
Solvent in leather treating
Solvent for cleaning electronic
circuit boards
Solvent for removal of oil from water
Solvent for photosensitive resins
Solvent for treating printing plates
Solvent in pharmaceutical manufacturing
Solvent for textile cleaners
Solvent in manufacturing capacitors
Solvent for waterproofing textiles
Solvent in electroless plating
Solvent in denture cleaning solutions
Chemical Abstracts
Reference No.
82:161845e
76:61513k
78:166955e
82:61705y
82:127340j
84:92538s
84-.46979p
84:46980g
80:50l60z
80:61841y
85:78624f
85:108298x
78:75101c
79:117834x
82:172611j
83:165711j
84:19062c
79:33293g
79:33292f
79:147621t
85:162955x
80:49296s
83:149126s
81:107520u
81-.140651k
84:128788q
83:35732f
83:152267u
83:149531v
83:201074q
82:59842x
78:59401v
81:82263x
229
-------
Miscellaneous Occupational Health and Safety References for
xylene, acetone, and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether:
ACETONE
83:168131f
83:160132g
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER
83:168131f
83:168132g
85:165888p
XYLENE
85:165865d
84:155038b
84:169006b
85:98639t
84:155059j
80:6563j
79:39061b
81:67999y
81:53876u
81:67995u
84:184380n
230
------- |