PB81-193260
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION OF
SELECTED CHEMICALS, VOLUME 2.
Systems Applications, Inc.
San Rafael, California
1980
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
Nms
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Page Intentionally Blank
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(ritate rtad Initructlont on tht rtvine btfort completing)
NO.
3 RECIPIENT,^ A.CCE
NO.
4, TITLE AND 8UBTITLI
Human Exposure to Atmopsheric Concentrations of
Selected Chemicals, Volume II
B REPORT DATE
6 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOH(S)
8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Systems Applications, Inc.
San Rafael, CA 94903
10 PROGRAM ELEMENT NO
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14 SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
i6 ABSTRACT
Population exposure was estimated for 29 selected chemicals or groups of
chemicals emitted into the ambient air. The exposure assessments identify types
and locations of sources of air pollution; estimate emissions, ambient concen-
trations, and surrounding populations; and provide rough order-of-magnitude
estimates of the number of people exposed to various concentrations of the
individual chemicals on a nationwide basis.
This study was performed by Systems Applications, Incorporated, under the
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The work was completed
as of May T980.
17.
KtY WQH08 AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
10. SECURITY CLASS (Tills Report)'
Unclassified
21 NO OF PAG68
30 SECURITY CLASS (Thti page)
Unclassified
22 PRICE
BFA P»*m 2220-1
n OOIOL«TB
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ATTENTION
AS NOTED IN THE NTIS ANNOUNCEMENT,
PORTIONS OF THIS REPORT ARE NOT LEGIBLE
HOWEVER, IT IS THE BEST REPRODUCTION
AVAILABLE FROM THE COPY SENT TO NTIS.
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APPENDIX A-11 Dimethylnitrosamine
DJHETHYLAMINE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 124-40-3
Synonyms. N-Methylmethanamine, DMA
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight. 45.08
Molecular Formula' C?H,N
Molecular Structure'
/«3
H —N
\
CH3
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at SIP: Gas
Boiling Point: 7.4°C
Melting Point: -93°C
Density: 0.68 at 0*C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 1290 nrn at 25°C
Vapor Density: 1.55
Solubility: Infinitely soluble (H^O)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/HjO): -0.38
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
R*act1v1ty Toward OH«:
Reactivity Toward 03:
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: NAPP
Major Atrmpherlc Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity: |
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11-5
I. SOURCES
A PRODUCTION
Methylamines are produced by the vapor phase ammonolysis of methanol. Monomethyl-
amine, with smaller quantities of both dimethylaroine and trimethylamine, is
produced by passing methanol and ammonia over a dehydrating catalyst such as
alumina and aluminum silicate. Separation of the methylamines into mono-, di-,
and trimethylamine can be accomplished by a series of stage distillations or by
extractive distillation Dimethylamine is separated from a mixture of methyl-
amines by subjecting the mixture to extractive distillation using aniline, morpho-
line, dimethylformamide or diethanolamine, in which dimethylamine is the most
soluble. The dimethylamine is recovered by flashing from the solvent.
There are currently five producers of dimethylamine in the United States. The
plant locations and the 1978 estimated capacity and production levels for each
site are shown in Table 11-1. Production levels for each site were estimated from
the total methylamine capacities of each site and the overall industry ratio of
dunethylamines to total methylamines. An estimated 71.8 million Ib of dimethylamine
was produced in 1978.
B. USES
The end-use distribution of dimethylamine is shown in Table 1l-2. An estimated
50% (35.9 million Ib) of the dimethylamine produced is used to make the industrial
solvents dimethyl formamide and dimethy acetamide. Approximately 15% (10.8 million
Ib) is used to make lauryl dimethylamine oxide, and 15% is used to make chemical
accelerators for the rubber industry. Other uses of dimethylamine, accounting
for the remaining 20% of production, are in pesticides manufacture and the dimethyl
hydrazine used in rocket fuel
Source locations of the manufacturers of dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide,
lauryl dimethylamine oxide, and dimethyl hydrazine are shown in Tables 11-3, 11-4
and 11-5.
-------
Table 11-1. Diinethylwine Producers
Company
Air Products and Chemicals
Du Pont
GAF Corporation
International Minerals ft
Chemical Corporation
Total
Location
Pensacola, FL
BeUe, WV
LaPorte, TX
Calvert City, KY
lerre Haute, IN
>
1978
Capacity
(10& Ib/yr)
100
165
20
10
28
323
1978
Production
(106 Ib/yr)
22.2
36.7
4.5
2.2
6.2
71.8
Geographic Location
Latitude /Longitude
30 36 29/81 08 12
38 13 06/81 34 12
29 42 04/95 02 05
37 02 50/88 21 12
39 27 07/87 25 02
See refs. 1 and 2.
Includes capacity for »ono-, di-, and triroethylamines. Capacities are reduced significantly by recycling for __,
a desired amine. 7"
o>
"Baaed on the ratio of total industry dimethylamine production to the total industry methylamines capacity X
individual site methylamines capacity.
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11-7
Tibia 11-2. Dimethylamine End-Use Distribution 1978*
Usage Usage
Use (106 Ib/yr) (%)
Dimethyl fonnamide and acetamide 35.9 50
Lauryl dimethylamine oxide 10.8 15
Rubber chemical accelerators 10.8 15
Pesticides and dimethyl hydrazine 14.3 20
Total 71.8 100
*See ref. 1.
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11-8
Table 11-i. Dinwthylamine Users for Dimethyl Foraamide and Acetamide
a
Company
Air Products and Chemicals
d
Du Pont
c
Lachat Chemical, Inc.
Total
Location
Pensacola, FL
Belle, WV
Mequon, WI
1978
Dimethyl amine
Usage
(106 Ib/yr)
12.0
12.0
11 . 9
35.9
Geographic Location
Latitude /Longitude
30 36 29/81 08 12
38 13 06/81 34 12
43 13 56/88 02 30
0ee ref. 1.
Total u»age distributed evenly over all three sites.
Dimethyl formamide.
Dimethyl fonnajnide and dimethyl acetamide.
5
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11-9
Table 11-4. Dimethylamine Users for Lauryl Dimethylamine Oxide
Company
Akzona Inc.
Continental Chemical
Gulf Oil
Lonza, Inc.
Scher Brothers, Inc.
Total
Location
McCook, IL
Morris, IL
Clifton, NJ
Jersey City, NJ
Mapleton, IL
Clifton, NJ
1978
Dimethylamine
Usageb
(106 Ib/yr)
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
_1.8
10.8
Geographic Location
Latitude /Longitude
41 43 17/87 49 41
41 24 28/88 18 10
40 43 34/74 07 26
40 43 02/74 06 10
40 34 00/89 43 01
40 42 14/74 10 17
a
See ref. 1.
Total usage distributed evenly over all six sites,
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11-10
T«bl« 11-5. Dimethylanune Us.r for Dimethyl Hydrazine*
Com
Teledyne McComuck Selph
Location
Hollister, CA
1978
Dimethylamine
Usage
JMillion lb)
7.15
Geographic Location
Latitude/Longitude
36 50 06/121 25 00
See refs.. 1 ajid 3.
Usage assuoed to be i of 14.3 million lb.
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n-n
II EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
Estimated production losses are shown in Table 11-6 for each of the five producing
locations. Total emissions of dunethylamine from production facilities are
estimated to have been 143,600 Ib in 1978 Process emissions originate primarily
through condenser vents from the distillation columns Other associated emission
components include methanol, monomethylamine, trimethylamine, and ammonia.
Storage emissions represent the total losses from crude and final product storage
tanks and from loading and handling. Fugitive emissions are those which result
from plant equipment leaks
Vent stack data are shown in Tabl2 j.1-7 for both production and enduse sources
B. USES
Total emissions of dune thy lamine resulting from its use as a chemical inter-
mediate are estimated to have been 71,800 Ib in 1978 using an emission factor
of 0 001 Ib lost/lb produced. This factor was determined from dimethylamine
use in 2-4-D manufacturing and is considered representative of its use as a
chemical intermediate. Vent parameter data for chemical intermediate end-use
are shown in Table 11-7.
Source locations of end-use emissions are shown in Table 11-8. Emissions for pesti-
cide manufacturing and rubber accelerators are shown by region in Tables 11-9 and
10. The total nationwide emissions of dimethylamine in 1978 from all sources
if ahown in Table 11-11 and is estimated to have been 215,400 Ib.
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Table 11-6. Di»ethylamine Production Emissions
Coapany
Air Products and
Chemicals
Du Pont
GAP Corporation
International
Minerals
Total
Location
Pensacola, FL
Belle, WV
Laporte, TX
Calvert City, KY
Terre Haute, IN
Process
fttissions
(lb/yr)
28,860
47,710
5,85O
2,860
8,06O
93,340
Storage
Emissions
(lb/yr)
4,440
7,340
900
440
1,240
14,360
Fugitive
Emissions
(lb/yr)
11,100
18,350
2,250
1,1OO
3,10O
35,90O
Total Emissions
(lb/yr)
44,400
73,400
9,000
4,400
12,400
143,600
(g/sec)
0.64
1.06
1.30
0.06
0.18
eased on the following emission factor (Ib dimethylamine lost per Ib
Process 0.0013 C-Published source
Storage O.OOO2 C-Published source
Fugitive O.OOO5 C-Published source
Total O.OO2O
Assuming 876O hr/yr operation.
produced)
See ref. 4,
ro
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11-13
Table 11-7. Dimethylamine Vent Parameters
Number Vent Vent Discharge
of Height Diameter Temperature
Vents (ft) (ft) (°F)
Production '
Process 2 40 0.17 130
Storage 8 20 0.17 80
a , t
End-uses
Process 1 30 0.17 100
Storage 2 20 0.17 80
Velocity
(fps)
22
15
Fugitive emissions distributed over a 300 ft X 300 ft area.
Building cross-section 100 m .
-------
Table 11-8. Emissions from Dimethyla«ine Users
Air Product*
Du Pont
Lachat
Akzona
Continental
Gulf Oil
Lonza
Scher Brothers
Teldyne McCormick
Selph
Total
Emission factor di
Location
Pensacola, FL
Belle, HV
Hequon, WI
HcCook, IL
Morris, IL
Clifton, HJ
Jersey City, HJ
Kapleton, IL
Clifton, NJ
Hollister, CA
»ethylaroine (Ib lost p
Process
Emissions
db/yr)
7,800
7,800
7,735
1,170
1,170
1,170
1,170
1,170
1,170
4,648
35,003
er Ib used) .
Storage
Emissions
db/yr)
1,200
1,200
1,190
180
180
180
180
180
180
715
5,385
See ref. 4.
Fugitive
Emissions
db/yr)
3,000
3,000
2,975
450
450
450
450
450
45O
1,787
13,462
Total Emissions
db/yr)
12.00O
12,000
11,900
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,8OO
7,150
53,850
(g/secf
0.173
0.173
0.171
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
0.026
O.1O3
Process O.OOO65 C-Published source
Storage O.OOO10 C-Published source
Fugitive O.OOO25 C-Published source
Total 0.00100
Assvnes 8760 hr/yr operation.
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11-15
Table 11-9. 1978 Dimethylamine Emission Estimate from
Pesticide Manufacturers3
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number of
Sites per
Region
4
37
19
15
17
14
15
5
13
139
Dimethylamine
Emissions^
(lb/,r)
206
1903
977
772
874
720
772
257
669
7150
(g/sec)c
0.003
0.027
0.014
0.011
0.013
0.010
0.011
0.004
0.010
b.
From refs. 1 and 3
Based on an average emission rate of 51.4 Ib/yr per site.
"Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
11-16
Table 11-10. 1978 Dimethylamine Emission Estimates from
Rubber Chemical Accelerator Manufacturers*
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
We»t South Central
Total
Number of
Sites per
Region
15
24
25
9
18
5
96
Dimethylamine
Emissions
db/yr)
1,688
2,700
2,813
1,012
2,025
562
10 , 800
(g/sec)c
0.024
0.039
0.041
0.015
0.029
0.008
See refs. 1 and 3.
Based on an average emission rate of 112.5 Ib/yr per site.
"Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
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11-17
Table 11-11. 1978 Dimethylanune Nationwide Emissions
Source
Producers
Users
DMF and DMA3
b
Lauryl DMA oxide
Rubber chemical accelerators
Dimethyl hydrazine/pesticides
"Total
Production/
Usage
(106 Ib/yr)
71.8
35.9
10.8
10.8
14.3
Usage
(%)
50
15
15
20
Total
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
143,600
35,900
10,800
10,800
14,300
215,400
Dimethyl formamide and dimethyl acetamide (industrial solvents).
5Lauryl dimethylamine oxide.
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I
CD
FIGURE 11-1. SPECIFIC POIKT SOURCES OF DINTrHTUWPIE DflSSIONS
-------
TABLE 11-12. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF DIMETHYLAMINE
EH 188 IONS (dfSEC)
NO.
1
2
3
4
9
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
OOWABY
AIR PRODUCTS
BUPOBT
DUPOWT
CAF CORPORATION
INTER KIRZRAL
LACHAT
AKZONA
AKZONA
CONTINENTAL
GULF OIL
LONZA
8CIIER BROTHERS
TELDYNE MCCORMI
SITE
PEH8ACOLA. FL
BELLE. WY
LAPORTE. TX
CALVERT CITY, KY
TERRE HAUTE, IN
HEOUOfl. VI
HCCOOK, IL
MORRIS. IL
CLIFTON, NJ
JERSEY CITY. NJ
NAPLETON, IL
CLIFTON. NJ
nOLLISTEn. CA
LATITUDE
30
38
39
37
39
43
41
41
40
40
40
40
36
36
13
42
02
27
13
48
24
43
43
34
42
36
29
06
04
90
07
36
17
24
34
62
00
14
06
LONGITUDE
087
081
093
088
087
088
081
088
674
974
089
074
121
08
34
02
21
23
02
08
18
07
O6
43
16
23
12
12
65
12
02
30
12
10
26
14
01
17
OO
DI An
STATION
•3855
13866
12906
03816
13806
14839
03833
14853
94741
94741
14842
94741
23199
fLJUl 1
TYPE
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
BWUttL,!,
TYPE
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
O
O
o
o
o
PROCESS
.419384
. 1 12320
. 687024
. 112320
.064240
.041184
1 16064
. 1 1 1384
016848
.616848
.616840
616848
616848
.016848
666931
STORAGE
.617280
. 109696
.017280
.612966
.606336
0I7B36
.617136
602992
.002592
.002392
.662592
.OO2392
.OO2592
.616296
FUGITIVE
. 189840
.•43200
.264240
.043200
-•32400
.019840
.044640
.042840
• Wfe^oW
.006480
.00648*
.006480
. 0*6480
.006480
.623733
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TABLE 11-12. (Concluded)
• PI wit types:
Type 1: Plant produces dimethylanrJne and'usfes'U to produce dimethyl fomawlde
> IOHF)/dimethyl acetamide (DMA)
Type 2: PTant produces dimethylami rw
Type 3: Plant produces dimethyl fonMldehyde (OMF), dimethyl acetamlde (DM),
lauryl dlmethylawlne oxide, or dimethyl hydrazlne
t Source Types:
Type 1: [Haethylamlne
Tjpe 2: Dimethyl ami ne consumption
INJ
O
-------
n-2i
TABLE 11-13 EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
0.01 4 .0418
0.005 112 .704
0.0025 1,437 4.78
0.001 H.B43 22
0.0005 65,125 56.9
0.00025 261,935 127
0.0001 395,193 149
0.00005 974,464 185
0.000025 3,569,282 266
0.00001 15,127,027 450
1.34xlO-6* 18,661,392 470
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source. 0
13
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TABLE 11-14.
EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT
SOURCES OF DIMETHYLAMINE
Pesticide Production Ctaalcat Accelerator
Emissions /Site
Region (g»/sec)
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East Sooth Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
0.00074
Nwnber
of Sites
4
37
19
15
17
14
15
5
13
EWss lorn/Site
(
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TABLE 11-15.
DIMETHYUffTROSMttNE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EMISSIONS FROM
GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF OIMETHYLAMINE
1
Concentration
Level
(ng/mJ)
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0.0005
0.00025
0
Population Exposed •
(HP persons) [103
Pesticide
Production
0
0.6
12
—
—
—
—
__
Chewlcal
Accelerator U.S. Total
0.16 0.16
13.1 13.8
136 148
—
—
__
--
—
Pesticide
Production
0
0.008
0.078
0.45
3.18
U.3
30.5
57.2
DMtge
ing/w3) -persons)
Chewlcal
Accelerator
0.005
0.183
0.^87
4.53
30.8
56.9
76.9
90.3
U.S. Total
0.005
0.191
1.06
4.98
34.0
71.2
107
148
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
TABLE 11-16. EIPOSWE AND DOSAGE SUHWKY Of
Population Exposed
(pet-sows)
Concentration Specific
Level Point
(pq/w3) Source
General
Soort*' Are* Source ffVS. Total
Specific
Point
Several
9o*rc*
Whea Sovrce
O.S. Total
*-r~ „ r * |^>wi ^-7 •< n i * J. \ • -- i.
. 0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0.00025
0.0001
0.00005
0.000025
0.00001
0.000005
0.0000025
0.000001
0
4
112
1.437
14,843
65,125
261 ,935
395,198
974,464
3,569.282
15,127,027
™~
18,6«T,592
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,000
148.000
--
--
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
112
1,437
14,843
65.125
261.935
395.198
974,464
3,569.282
15,140.827
—
—
--
—
.0418
1
5
22
57
127
149
185
266
450
—
--
—
470
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
34
148
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0418
1
5
22
57
127
149
185
266
450
--
--
--
618
NOTE: The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1$ not significant
(relative, to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at t*w %*m row)
or that the exposure of the sa« population way be counted 1n another coltMn.
-------
11-25
REFERENCES
1 T F Killilea, "Miscellaneous Aliphatic Amines," p. 611 5030B, Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (July 1978)
2. "Miscellaneous Aliphatic Amines Salient Statistics," Chemical Economics Handbook,
Manual of Current Indicators Supplemental, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo
Park, CA (April 1979).
3. Directory of Chemical Producers in the United States, 1978, pp 564, 567 and 931,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA
4. Special Project Report, "Petrochemical Plant Sites," prepared for Industrial
Pollution Control Division, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, by Monsanto Research Corporation,
Dayton, OH (April 1976).
-------
SUPPLEMENTAL SHEET FOR DIOXIN
Attachment A-12-/
As a result of information received subsequent to the original distribution
of this document, the following are noted:
- Dioxin emission estimates in this document are theoretical. Testing of
at least one plant (Vulcan Chemical, Wichita, Kansas) has shown no evidence of
either emissions of dioxin or dioxin in the product. Additional assessment of
all sources is planned by EPA.
- The Monsanto plant Identified in Table 12-3 no longer produces
pentachlorophenol.
-------
APPENDIX A-12-^— D1ox1n
DIOXIN CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number. 828-00-2
Synonyms: 2.3.7.8 - Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 2.3.7.8-TCDD
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 251
Moltcular Formula: C,~H,,C1.0,
12 A 42
Molttulir Structure:
.x
cr o ci
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP: Solid - Colorless needles
Boiling Point:
Melting Point: 306eC
Density:
Vapor Pressure :
Vapor Otnslty:
Solubility: Insoluble (2 x 10"7 g/1 of H20
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H^O):
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward On1-:
Reactivity Toward Q*'-
Reactivity Toward Photolysis:
Major At/nosph«r1c Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity:
-------
12-5
I SOURCES
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) is only one of a total of
75 compounds that make up a group of chemicals referred to as polychlorinated
dioxin. It is an impurity that results from the manufacture of tnchlorophenol
which is used to make 2,4, 5-tnchlorophenoxy acetic acid, commonly referred to
as 2,4,5-T, a herbicide The primary end-use for 2,4,5-T is for weed and grass
control l
2,3,7,8-TCDD has also been reported in pentachlorophenol which is produced by
chlorinating phenol or polychlorophenols 2 The primary end-use for pentachloro-
phenol is as a wood preservative
An estimated 6 5 million Ib of 2,4,5-T was produced and consumed as weed killer
in the United States in 1978 3 Tab^e I2-14 lists the five companies at seven loci
tions that produced 2,4,5-T
An estimated 10 million Ib of trichlorophenol was produced by two companies at
two locations as shown'in Table 12-L'.4
Pentachlorophenol production was estimated to have been 47 million Ib in 1978
Producers and site locations are identified in Table 12-3.2
In addition to its formation in the chlorinated chemical reactions noted above,
Dow Chemical announced, in late 1978, findings that indicate 2,3,7,8-TCDD is a
product of fire chemistry.5 Dow claims that 2,3,7,8-TCDD is created during the
burning of organic material and can b« found in the resulting particulate matter
emitted Dow tests found traces of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the emissions of gasoline
and diesel engines, incinerators, powerhouse boiler stacks, fireplaces, and
cigarettes ranging from 0 001 to 1100 ppb 5
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
Prior to 1965 2,3,7,8-TCDD was present in concentrations of up to 50 ppm in
2,4,5-T. Since then, sufficient technology became available to allow the manu-
facture of 2,4,5-T containing no more than 1 ppm 2,3,7,8-TCDD J
-------
Table 12-1. 2.4.5-T (Trichlorophenoxyl Ac«tic Acid) Producers'
Company
Location
2,4,5-T Capacity
(million Ib/yr)
2,4,5-T Production
(•illion Ib/yr)
See ref. 4.
Production evenly distributed over all sites in the absence of capacity data.
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
Dow
FBI-Gordon
Riverdale
Union Carbide
Vertac
"Not available.
-------
Table 12-2. Trichlorophenol Producers1
(v
Company Location
Dow Midland, MI
Vertac Jacksonville, AR
Total
Trichlorophenol
Capacity
(million Ib/yr)
NAC
NA
NA
Trichlorophenol
Production ,
(million Ib/yr)
5
5
10
Geographic Coordinates
Lati tude /Longitude
41 2r> 28/84 J 1 OB
34 55 ~5'./92 04 46
See ref. 4
Production split between both sites
Not available
Hydroscience estimate.
-------
Table 12-3. Pentachlorophenol Producers
Company
Dow
Monsanto
Rffichhold
Vulcan
Total
Location
Midland, HI
Sauget, 1L
Taco*a , WA
Wichita, KA
Pentachlorophenol
Capacity
(million Ib/yr)
15
26
12
16
69
Pentachlorophenol
Production .
(•illion Ib/yr)
10
18
8
U.
47
Geographic Coordinates
La t i t ude / Longi tude
43 25 28/84 13 08
38 35 31/90 10 11
47 16 11/122 22 57
37 36 55/97 18 30
See ref. 2.
Total pentachlorophenol distributed by site capacity.
ro
I
co
-------
12-9
Emissions for chemical producers were estimated by assuming that 0 005 Ib of
product was lost per Ib of product produced and the 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrat^p
in the production emission WAS 50 ppm, i e , the maximum level reported in
2,4,5-T prior to 1965 '
Total emissions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from the processes producing 2,4,5-T, trichloro-
phenol and pentachlorophenol were 1,6, 2 5, and 11 8 Ib respectively An addi-
tional 6 5 Ib of 2,3,7,8-TCDD is lost each year when 2,4,5-T is applied to land
for weed control, and pentachlorophenol emissions from its use as a wood preserva-
tive (90% of production) have the potential of releasing 42 3 Ib/yr assuming
2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations of 1 ppm in both cases 1
Using an average concentration from Dow data of 2 ppb 2,3,7,8-TCDD in burned
particulate matter and the particulate emission estimates made by Mitre6 as shown
in Table 12-4,2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions from burning were estimated at 18.3 Ib/yr.
Total emissions of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from all lources were estimated to have been
83.5 Ib in 1978 Table 12-5 summarizes 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions.
-------
12-10
Table 12-4. Potential Source* of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Emissions of
Participates) from Burning
Source
Open burning
Agriculture
Forest fires
Refuse open burning
Conical burners
Coal burning all sources
Oil burning all sources
Incineration, municipal
domestic
Total
Particulate
Emissions
(tons/yr)a
2,161,142
1,433,712
526,843
212,211
193,500
108,952
72,389
30,123
Total
Emissions
(lb/yr)D
8.6
5.7
2.1
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.1
18 8
See ref. 6.
'Based on an emission concentration of the particulate of
2 ppb (see ref. 5).
-------
Table 12-5. 1978 Total Nationwide Emission Estimates of 2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nationwide Emissions
Source . (Ib/yr)
Trichlorophenol production 2.5
2,4,5-T production 1.6
Pentachlorophenol production 11.8
Burning (fire sources) 18.8
2,4,5-T application (use) 6.5
Pentachlorophenol as wood preservative (use) 42.3
Total 83.5
-------
ro
i
FIGURE 12-1 . SPECIFIC POIffT SOURCES OF 2,3.7,8-TCDO EKISSIOHS
-------
TABLE 12-6. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF 2.3,7,8-TCDO
EHISSIOWS (MCL/FEC)
10.
1
2
3
4
0
«
T
8
9
I*
conpAinr
DOV
pni-corawn
niVEIUMLC
union CARBIDE
union CARBIDE
union CARBIDE
VERTAC
ROnSAJTTO
nEICBBOL*
VULCAN
SITE
"»"»
. ni
KAUNAS CITY. KA
cnicAco
AFTOLETl,
rREnonr
nF.icrrrs.
PA
. CA
ST. JOSEPH, no
JACKSONVILLE, AR
SAUCET.
TACOTIA.
WICHITA
IL
WA
. KA
LATITUDE I,OI*CITUT>F,
43 33
39 00
IL 41 30
49 Ol
37 2O
39 49
34 OS
3O 35
47 16
37 36
2fl
33
39
40
38
3*
36
31
1 1
33
084 13 9O
•94 49 09
087 38 1 1
075 13 41
122 •• 49
•94 &• 46
•92 94 S6
O99 19 1 1
122 22 07
O97 IO 39
c* • an rL*ruv i
RTA1 IOH TYTE
14043
13900
94546
13739
23244
13921
13963
13994
24207
939 2O
1
2
0
2
2
2
9
4
4
4
TYl'F. PROCF^
1 9.
2 9.
3 9.
1 9.
1 9.
1 0.
1 9.
I •-
1 •.
2 9.
3 9.
3 0.
3 9.
W RTOriACE FUGITIVE
9.
9.
e.
9
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
e.
9
9.
.9*3298
.9424B*
.993298
.903298
.9*3298
. 9*3298
.•93298
::rs2
.9424M
.94244M
.9424M
ro
i
CO
-------
TABLE 12-6. (Concluded)
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces 2,4,5-T, trlcMorophenol, and pentachlorophenol
Type 2: Plant produces 2,4.S-T
Type 3: Plant produces 2.4.S-T and trlchlorophenol
Tjnpe 4: Plant produces pgntacMoropbgnol
t Source Types:
Type 1: 2,4,5-T production
Type 2: TrlcMoropbenol production
"Type 3: Pentacfilorophenol production
-------
12-15
TABLE 12-7. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF 2,3,7,8 - TCDD RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ng/m3) (persons) [(ng/m3) . persons]
3.92 2 6.1
2-5 7 24.2
1 44 85.5
0.5 124 144
0.25 429 2*1
0.1 1,187 357
0.05 5,202 635
0.025 15,549 967
0.01 57,853 1,640
0.005 129,247 2,130
0.0025 332,682 2,830
0.001 1,100,749 4,010
0.0005 1,961,530 4,620
0.00025 2,575,300 4,860
0.0001 3,557,805 5,010
5.5xlO'6* 7,766,027 5,210
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
12-16
TABLE 12-8 HAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD (D10X1N)
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (Krf) 0
Nighttime decay rate (Kj 0
Hanna-Gifford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (EH) 0
-4
Nationwide nonheating stationary source emissions (EN) 9.734 x 10 mq/sec
2,4,5-T application 9.36 x 10 mq/jec
„£
Wood preservative 6.091 x 10 mq/sec
-6
Burning 2.707 x 10 mo/sec
Nationwide mobile source tmisiions (Eu) 0
-------
TABLE 12-9. 243,7,8-TCDO EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
Cxpo Lff»t
(rt/3)
005000
002500
001000
000500
000750
000100
44449
5O514O
148*0505
C4717*
145094185
15067*135
237J.2
2tt? 0
41054 4
70028 4
70094 0
Pgrcgnt
Melting
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ige of Contribution fm*
Stitlo»i«rjr
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
ion o
100 0
100 0
Mobil*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
dtjr tjfp« 1
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
97 5
93 8
9? 9
nltgt of OlJtrlbutlon
City Typt 2
0
0
0
0
1 1
2.5
2 6
Cltjr Tjp« 3
0
0
0
0
1 4
3 7
4 5
ro
i
-------
TABLE 12-10.
MO DOSAGE SWtWRY OF 2,3.7,8-TCDO (Dloxln)
Population Exposed
Concentratlo
Level
(nq/«J)
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.25
0.01
£ 0.005
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0.00025
0.0001
0
Point
Source
7
44
124
429
1,187
5.202
15,549
57.853
129.247
332.682
1,100,749
1,961.530
2.575.300
3,557,805
7,766,027
L
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
persons J
Area_j>our5e
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
446,952
505,140
14,890,505
35,729,915
92,471,736
145,894,185
158,679,135
H.S. Total
7
44
124
429
1,187
5,202
15,549
57,853
Spedflc
Point
Source
24
86
144
241
357
635
967
1,640
2.130
2.830
4,010
4,620
4,860
5.010
5,210
Tt m/mml
_— linl/jt
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
£V3«yv
3)'p
-------
12-19
REFERENCES
1 Report on 2,4,5-T, A report of the panel on herbicides of the President's
Science Advisory Committee, Executive Office of the President, Office of
Science and Technology (March 1971).
2. "Chemical Product Synopsis on Pentachlorophenol," Mannsville Chemical Products,
Mannsville, NY (Septeraber 1977)
3. "Herbicides," Chemical Economics Handbook, p 573 7000A—70060, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA (December 1976)
4 1979 Directory of Chemical Producers, United States, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, CA.
5. The Trace Chemistries of Fire A Source of and Routes for the Entry of Chlorinated
Dioxins into the Environment, the Chlorinated Dioxin Task Force, The Michigan
Di'ision, Dow Chemical USA (November 1978)
6 A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and Other Pollutants by Mitre
for EPA (February 1973)
-------
APPENDIX A-13 --*-- Epichlorohydnn
EP1CHLOROHYDR1N CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 106-89-8
Synonyms 3-Chloro-l,2-Propylene, 3-Chloro-l-Ozacyclobu.ane, 3-
Chlorooxetane, Chloromethyloxirane, dl-a-Epichlorohydnn,
l-Chloro-2,3-Epoxypropane, Y-Chloropropylene Oxide
Chemcal Formula
Molecular Weight 92.53
Molecular Formula C^CIO
Molecular Structure1
0
/ \
Ch2 - CH - CH2C1
Chenlcal and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP: Liquid - colorless
Boiling Point: 117.9°C
Melting Point: -25.6°C
Density: 1.1801 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 16.8 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 3.29
Solubility: Insoluble (H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octftno1/H20):
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward OH-•
Reactivity Toward 03:
Reactivity Toward Photolysis:
Major Atnospherlc Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity:
-------
n-5
I. SOURCES
All allyl chloride currently produced in the United States by the chlorination
of propylene is consumed in the production of epichlorohydrin.1'2 Allyl chloride
is first reacted with hypochlorous acid to fora dichlorohydrin; dichlorohydrin
is then reacted with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to form crude epichloro-
hydrin.2
Crude epichlorohydrin can be used darectly for the production of synthetic glycerin.2
For other end-uses (primarily tpoxy resins) the crude product is further refined
by distillation.1
Allyl chloride and epichlorohydrin are both produced by two coopanies at three
locations.1 Tot plant locations and the 1978 capacities and estimated production
levels for each plant are ihown in Table 13-1 .l '2 The estimated quantities of
allyl chloride and epichlorohydrin produced in 1978 were 330 Million Ib and
312 million Ib respectively.2
The primary end-uses of epichlorohydrin are for the manufacture of epoxy resins
and synthetic glycerin. An estimated 53% of epichlorohydrin production amounting
to 165 nillion Ib was consumed to produce epoxy resins and 25%, or 78 million
Ib, was consumed in the manufacture of synthetic glycerin.1'2
Most of the other applications of epichlorohydrin are relatively minor. Epichloro-
hydrin elastomers consumed an estimated 6 million Ib (2%) in 1978. An esti-
mated 47 million Ib (15%) was used to produce a variety of products in relatively
small volume including glycidol ethers, some types of modified epoxy resins,
wet strength resins for the paper industry, water treatment resins, surfactants,
and ion-exchange resins. Exports of epichlorohydrin are estimated to have been
1* million Ib (5%)in 1978. End-uses are tuMurized in Table 13-2.1'1 Specific
source locations of the epoxy resin producers are shown in Table 13-3.1'
EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
1. Production
Estimated production losses are shown in Table 13-4 for each of the three producing
locations. Total emissions of allyl chloride and epichlorohydrin from production
facilities are estimated to have been 1,112,100 Ib and 146,640 Ib respectively
in 1978.3 Process emissions originate primarily through the condenser vents
from the distillation columns.3 Other associated emissions include C3 hydro-
Mi
-------
Table 13-1. Production of Allyl Chloride, Bpichlorohydrin, and Acrolein*
1978 EatiMted Production 197» Estimated Capacity
(H Ib) (H Ib)
Source '
Dov Chemical Co.
Shell Chemical Co.
Shell Chemical Co.
Union Carbide Corp.
t
Celaneve Corp.
Rohm and Itaa* Co.
Union Carbide Corp.
Total
*Se* refs 1 and 2.
Allyl
Location Chloride
Freeport, TX 176
De*r Farfc, TX 77
Worco, LA 77
Taft, La
Clear Lake, TX
Deer Park, TX
Taft, LA
33O
Eplchloro- Allyl
hydrin Acrolein Chloride)
166 265
73 117
73 24° 117
22C
d
146d
73d
312 354 499
Kqlchloro-
hydrln
250
110
110
470
Acrolein
55C
60C
•
167°
273d
137d
692
Goooraphic Coordinate*
Latl tudo/Longitud*
28 59 30/95 23 35
29 42 55/95 07 34
3O 00 11/9O 23 42
29 50 OO/90 27 OO
29 37 17/95 03 51
29 43 30/» 0* 15
29 58 00/90 27 00
to
I
The distribution of production for each producer i» detentirwd by the ratio of total U.S. production to total U.S. capacity a> compared to indl«l-
dwal plant capacity.
cleolated acrolein.
Acrolein produced aj a* gnleolat«d interaeiliate in the propylene oxidation proceed tot acrylic acid and derivltlves.
-------
13-7
Table 13-2. 1978 Epi^hlorohydrin Consunption by End-Use*
End-Uee
Clycexxn
Unmodified epoxy resins
Miscellaneous products
Epichlorojiydrin •lastoaers
Export
Total
Percent
of Total
Consvsoption
25
53
15
2
5
100.0
End- Use
Consumption
(M Ib)
78
165
47
6
16
312
•See refs 1 and 2.
-------
Table 13-3. Users of Epichlorohydrin to Produce Epoxy Resins
L
Celanese
Ciba-Geigy
Dow
Reichhold
Shell
Union Carbide
Total
Location
Linden, NJ
Louisville, KY
Toms River, NJ
Freeport , TX
ftndover, MA
Azusa, CA
Detroit, MI
Houston, TX
Deer Park, TX
Bound Brook, NJ
Taft, LA
1978 Estimated
Epoxy Resin
Capacity
(M Ib)
40
25
60
170
8°
8C
8C
8C
100
10
20
457
1978 Estimated
Epichlorohydrinb
Used
(M Ib)
14
9
22
61
3
3
3
3
36
4
7
165
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
4035 10/74 13 40
3812 23/85 52 09
3959 20/74 22 33
28 59 15/95 24 45
42 08 30/71 08 28
34 07 52/117 53 51
4228 17/83 07 52
29 45 10/95 10 15'
29 42 55/95 07 34
4033 32/74 31 18
29 58 00/90 27 00
See refs. 1 and 2.
Epichlorohydrin usage allocated to each site based on resin capacity.
'Reichhold's total epoxy resin capacity at 32 M Ib allocated evenly over all four producing sites,
OJ
i
oo
-------
Table 13-4. 1979 Allyl Chloride and Eptchlorohydrin Production Eadsaions
£
01
Compa
Dou
Shell
ny . Location
Freeport. TX
Deer Park, TO
Norco, Uk
Total
frocks*
Mljl
Chloride
Emission?
Epichloro-
hyJr i n
(lb/yr)
69.720
30,660
3O,66O
131 ,040
Storage
Allyl
Chloride
Ub/yr)
24,640
10,760
I0.78O
46,200
Dnissions
Epi chloro-
hyd t 1 11
(11,/yr)
1,660
730
730
3,120
Fugitl»e
Allyl
Chloride
(lb/yr)
52, BOO
23,100
23,10O
99.OOO
Emissions
Eplchloro-
hydrln
(!h/yrt
6,640
2,920
2,920
)2,40O
Total Emissions
AJlyl Chlorldoa
-------
13-lQ
carbons and other C, chlorinated hydrocarbons.* Storage emissions, which repre-
sent total losses froo storage tanks and loading and handling, are generally
controlled by the use of pressurized tanks and/or refrigerated vent condensers
and account for less than 5% of allyl chloride losses and less than 3% of epi-
chlorohydrin Idsses.6'7 Fugitive emissions are those which result from plant
equipment leaks.
Vent stack data are shown in Table 13-5. Typically, there are four process vents
that emit allyl chloride and three process vents that emit epichlorohydnn.
Emissions from banks of storage tanks are normally collected and discharged
from common vent stacks. Usually allyl chloride/epichlorohydrin production
facilities are "open-air" structures without walls and solid floors (i.e., steel
grating). Only the control room area is enclosed.
2. Uses
For the purpose of this report, emissions resulting from the export of epichloro-
hydrin are assumed to be negligible.
Since the only significant end-use for allyl chloride is in the production of
epichlorohydrin, allyl chloride end-use emissions are included in the allyl
chloride/epichlorohydrin production emissions.
More than half (53%) of the epichlorohydrin produced is used in the production
of epoxy resin* The current domestic producers of epoxy resins, plant locations,
and estimated emissions of epichlorohydrin are given in Table U-b. Vent parameter
data relative to epichlorohydrin emissions from epoicy resin production are shown
in Table 13-5.
Emissions of epichlorohydrin resulting from the production of glycerin, the
next largest end-use of epichlorohydrin (25%), are included in the listed epi-
chlorohydrin production emissions. (Glycerin and the required epichlorohydrin
•re produced at the same location.) Emissions resulting from the use of epi-
chlorohydrin in the production of miscellaneous products were estimated by using
the epoxy resin (epichlorohydrin use) emission factor. Specific source locations
for miscellaneous chemical intermediate use could not be identified.
Total nationwide emissions of allyl chloride and epichlorohydrin in 1978 from
all sources are estimated to have been 1.11 million Ib and n 479 million Ib
respectively. & tabulation of the losses is shown in Table 13-7.
H5
-------
13-11
Table 13-5. Allyl Chloride and Epichlorohydrin Vent Parameters
Source
_ , a,b
Production
Process vents
Allyl chloride
Epichlorohydrin
Storage vents
Allyl chloride
Epichlorohydrin
c / o
fja A
Epoxy re«ins, elas-
tomars and misc.
products
Process
Column vent
Recovery vents
Storage
Number
of
Stacks
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
7
Vent
Height
(ft) '
85
40
50
15 - 20
15 - 20
50
135
20
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
0.6
0.167
0.34
0.6
0.6
0.33
0.83
0.17
Discharge
Temperature
80
228
90
86
80
115
110
80
Velocity
(fps)
Intermittent
5.5
13.8
5.3
10.0
Building cross-section 5 m .
b
Fugitive emissions distributed over a 300 ft X 300 ft area.
Building cross-section 100 m .
d
Fugitive emissions distributed over a 100 ft X 200 ft area.
-------
Table 13-6. 1978 Epichlorohydrln Emissions from Epoxy Resin Production
oO
Process Emissions
Company
Celanese
Ciba-Geigy
Dow
Reichhold
Shell
Union Carbide
Total
Location
Linden, NJ
Louisville, KY
Toms River, NJ
Freeport, TX
Andover , MA
Azusa, CA
Detroit, Ml
Houston, TX
Deer Park, TX
Bound Brook, NJ
Taft, LA
db/yr)
15,960
10,260
25,080
69,540
3,420
3,420
3,420
3,420
41,040
4,560
7,980
188,100
(g/sec)
0.230
0.148
0. 361
1.001
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.049
0.591
0.066
0.115
Storage Emissions
db/yr)
1,400
900
2,200
6,100
30O
300
300
300
3,600
400
700
16,500
(g/sec)b
0.020
0.013
0.032
0.088
0.003
0.003
O.OO3
0.003
0.052
O.OO4
0.010
Fugitive
db/yr)
3,920
2,520
6,160
17,080
840
840
840
840
10,080
1,120
1,960
46,200
Emissions
(g/sec)b
0.056
0.036
0.089
0.246
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.145
0.016
0.028
a
Total Emissions
db/yr)
21,280
13,680
33,440
92,720
4,560
4,560
4,560
4,56O
54,720
6,080
10,64O
250,800
(g/sec)b
0.306
0.197
0.481
1.335
0.066
0.066
O.O66
O.O66
0.788
0.088
0.153
Emission factor for epichlorohydrin emissions
Process O.00114 B - From state files
Storage O.OOO10 B - From state files
Fugitive 0.00028 B - From state files
Total 0.00152
Assumes 876O hr/yr operation.
(Ib lost per Ib used). See ref. 10.
-------
Table 13-7. 1978 Estimated Allyl Chloride and Epichlorohydrin
Nationwide Emission Losses
Estimated National Emission:
Source
Allyl Chloride
(M Ib/yr)
Epichlorohydrin
(M Ib/yr)
Production (allyl chloride,
epichlorohydnn, and glycerin)
Unmodified epoxy resins - use
Chemical intermediate - use
Export
Total
1.11
1.11
0.147
0.251
0.081
0
0.479
•Based on emission factor of 0.00152 Ib lost per Ib used derived
for epoxy resin manufacture.
-------
o
CO
I
FIGURE 13-1 SPECIFIC POIHT SOURCES OF EPICHIOROHYDHIN EJHSSIOHS
-------
TABLE 13-8. EMISSIONS AMD METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN
EMISSIONS (GH^SEC)
1*0.
1
a
a
4
9
t
T
8
9
!•
11
12
COWAHY
DOW
SHELL
SHELL
CELAKESE
CELAKE8E
CIBA-CEICY
REtCHtoLB
REICHBOLD
REICHBOLD
HEICIIUOLD
union CARBIDE
union CARBIDE
SITE
rHEEPORT. TX
DEER PAMC. TX
MOACO. LA
LIHDEB. HJ
LOUISVILLE. KY
TOW RIVER. HJ
AnOVC*. MA
AZOBA. CA
DETROIT. HI
uousTOH, TX
BOUHD naooc. HJ
TAFT. LA
LATITUDE LOnCITUDE
26 39
29 42
36 66
46 37
38 1 1
39 59
42 «8
34 67
42 28
29 43
46 33
29 06
36 693 23
53 695 67
11 696 23
18 674 10
99 989 09
26 674 2?.
3* 671 *6
02 117 03
17 683 67
16 695 16
32 674 31
•6 *9* 27
35
34
42
53
66
33
2ft
01
02
13
18
*6
BIJUI ruwi i
8TATIOP TYPE
12923
129*6
12929
94741
93821
147*6
14794
23174
14822
12966
94741
1397*
1
1
2
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
BWHL.E,
TYPE
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
i
2
2
2
2
2
PROCESS
1.6*3968
1.661376
.441064
.096976
.4419*4
.229824
. 147744
.361192
.•4*246
.•49248
.649248
.64924O
. »69664
. 1 14912
STORAGE
.623964
.987846
.616512
.663664
.616312
.626166
.612966
.631686
.**432*
.**432*
.6*432*
.664326
.665766
616686
fUCITIfE
.•99616
.249992
.*42*46
. 114912
.*42*48
.•96446
.•36 £68
.•687*4
.•12*44
.•12*94
.•12*96
.•12*96
.616128
.628234
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces eplchlrohydrln, glycerins and epoxy reslons
Type 2: Plant produces eplchlorohydrln and glycerins
Type 3: Plant produces epoxy resins
t Source Types:
Type 1: Eplchlorohydrln and glycerin production
Type 2: Epoxy resins production
CO
I
-------
13-16
TABLE 13-9. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
_ (pg/*3) (persons) [(fag/m3) .-persons]
50 4 276
25 24 934
10 91 1,920
5 282 3,210
2.5 1,234 6,260
1 7,199 14,900
0.5 20,650 23,400
0.25 62,671 3B.200
0.1 172,223 55,100
0.05 299,377 64,400
0.025 545,133 73,000
0.01 1,145,275 82,900
0.005 1,541,349 85,800
0.0025 2,053,120 87.500
0.001 ,. 3,656,816 90,100
l,24xlO";) 10,565,572 92,400
•The lowest annuil avtrftge concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
13-17
TABLE 13-10. KAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (Krf) 0
Nighttime decay rate (K ) 0
Hanna-Gifford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (EH) 0
Nationwide nonheating stationary source emissions (E,,) 1.165 gm/sec
Nation mobile source emissions (EM) 0
-------
TABLE 13-11. EPICHLORHYDRIN EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
lo
po lerrl
OOVWO
007500
001000
00500
OO02SO
000100
Population
505140
505140
19111174
43072401
106150721
I509S3815
158679135
uvruqc
(u9/»^y
prnor
3140 9
3140 9
36094 9
53239 5
76295 7
84448 ?
849?l 4
1 P«rc»ntJ
i) Netting
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
\y? of Contr
Slat \ontrj
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 o
100 0
100 0
100 0
Ibutlon
Ptoblle
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
f«rmrt»5t
Cltf 1jft 1 CU
100 0
100 0
100 0
99 J
% 7
93 4
92 1
•f Dtitrlbutton
T Typ« 2 Cltjf
0
0
0
1
1 6
2 6
2 6
JjQ^J
0
0
0
6
1 7
4 1
4 5
00
-------
TABLE 13-12. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SlftURY OF EPICHLOROHYDRIN
Population Exposed
(persons)
Dosage
in
Concentration Specific
Level
(pq/-3)
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0.00025
0.0001
0
Point
Source
4
24
91
282
1,234
7,199
20,650
62,671
172,228
299,877
545,138
1,146,275
1,541.349
2,053,120
3,656,816
— —
--
— —
10,565,572
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
505,140
505,140
19,111,174
43,072,401
106,150.721
150,983,815
158,679,135
II. S. Total
4
24
91
282
1,234
7,199
20,650
62,671
172,228
299,877
545,138
1,146,275
2,046,489
2,558,530
22,767,990
--
—
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
276
934
1,920
3,210
6,260
14,900
23,400
38,200
55,100
64,400
73,000
82,900
85,800
87,500
90,100
-,
—
-_
92,400
General
tolnt
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.141
3,141
36,095
53,240
76,296
84,448
84,921
U.S. Total
276
934
1,920
3,210
6,260
14,900
23,400
38,200
55,100
64,400
73.000
82,900
88,941
90,641
126,195
--
—
--
177,371
NOTE: The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the saae row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
13-20
REFERENCES
^. S. L. Soder and K. Ring, "Propylene," pp. 300.5405E—300.5405L in Chemical Economics
Handbook,-Stanford Research Institute, M«nlo Park, CA (August 1978).
2. J. L. Blackford, "Epichlorohydrin," pp. 642.3021A—642.3022M in Chemical Economic! "
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (May 1978).
3. C. A. Peterson, Jr., Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for the Synthetic
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Induitry Product Report on Glycerin and Its
Intermediates (Allyl Chloride, Epichlorohydrin, Acrolem, and Allyl Alcohol (on
file at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC) (March 1979).
4. J. W. Blackburn, Hydroscience, Inc., Emisson Control Options for the Synthetic
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Acrylic Acid and fitters Product Report
(on file at EPA, BSED, Research Triangle Park, NC) (July 1978).
5. CEH Manual of Current Indicators Supplementary Data, p. 84 in Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (April 1979).
6. D. B. Dimick, Dow Chemical, Freeport, TX, Texas Air Control Board Emissions
Inventory Questionnaire for 1975, Epichlorohydrin, Glycerin No. 1.
7. Dow Cheaical Co., Freeport, TX, Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory
Questionnaire for 1975, Allyl Chloride, Glycerin II.
6. Shell Chemical Co., Deer Park, TX, Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory
Questionnaire for 1975, Glycerin and Associated Products.
9. Shell Chemical Co., Norco, LA, Louisiana Air Control Commission Emission Inventory
Questionnaire (January 31, 1977).
10. Shell Chemical Co., Deer Park, TX, Texas Air Control Board Eaission Inventory
Questionnaire for 1975, Resins Process.
-------
APPENDIX A-14 Ethylene Oxide
tfHYLENE OXIDE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 75-21-8
Synonyms- 1,2-Epoxyethane; Oxirane; Anprolene, Dihydrooxirene; Dimethylene
oxide; Ethyleneoxide, ETO, Oxacyclopropane, Oxane; Oxidoethane,
a,6-0xidoethane
i- ^ '
£nemical Formula
r< Molecular Weight: 44.05
Molecular Formula: C^H^O
Molecular Structure:
\ /\ /"
>~\
H H
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State fit STP: Gas - colorless, flammable
Boiling Point: 13.5°C »t 746 rm
Melting Point: -111.3eC
Density: 0.8711 at 20°C/20°C
Vapor Pressure: 1475 m at 25°C
Vapor Density: 1.52
Solubility: Infinitely soluble (H^O)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H20): -0.3
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward OH': Same as butine
Reactivity Toward 0^: No reaction
Reactivity Toward Photolyils: NAPP
M*Jor Atjnosphertc Precuriors: N/A
-------
14-5
I PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION SITES
Ethylene oxide (CH2OCH2) can De produced by either the chlorohydrin process or
the direct catalytic oxidation of ethylene using air or oxygen Catalytic oxi-
dation is now the preferred production method because of improved technology
and the rising cost of chlorine. In the direct oxidation process, ethylene
from a steam cracker is purified to remove catalyst poisons such as sulfur com-
pounds The oxidation of ethylene with air or oxygen is carried out in the
presence of a silver catalyst The present trend is to use oxygen in place of
air to increase yields.1'2
There are 13 ethylene oxide producing locations in the United States The loca-
tions of the plants and tH» 1978 capacity and estimated production level for
each site are shown in Table i4-l. In 1978, an estimated 3640 million \b of ethylene
oxide was produced J ' 2 ' 3 '4
END-USE DISTRIBUTION
Table 14-2 shows the end-use distribution for ethylene oxide. Approximately 25%
of the ethylene oxide produced is used to make ethylene glycol polyester and
23% is used to make ethylene glycol antifreeze. Ethylene glycol miscellaneous
uses and surface active agents account for 10 and 15% of the use, respectively
Ethylene oxide is also used to produce diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol,
glycol ethers, ethanolajnines, and other miscellaneous products
EMISSION ESTIMATES
Ethylene oxide emissions from production sites are presented in Taoles 14-3 and 14-4.
Emission estimates represent total ethylene oxide emissions for both production
and usage at a particular site. Most of the production sites captively use the
ethylene oxide produced for ethylene glycol and other uses Table 3 shows the
ethylene oxide emissions from producers using the air oxidation process Total
estimated emissions for 1978 were 1.28 million Ib. Emission factors used to
develop orocess vent, storage, and fugitive emission estimates are also shown
in Table 14-3.3 Process vent emissions originate primarily from the reactor vent
and the stripper vent. Storage emissions represent the losses from both working
and final product storage tanks ae well as loading and unloading areas The
number of tank« «t • facility is a function of production and tank sites. Fugi-
-------
Table 14-1. Ethylene Oxide Producers0
_o
Sottrca
BASF Wyandotte
Celanese
Dow
Jefferson Chemical
Northern Petrochemical
Olin
PPG
Shell Chemical
Sunolin Chemical
Texas Ea»t»an
Union Carbide
Total
Location
Geismar, LA
Clear Lake, TX
Preeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Port Heches, TX
East Morris, IL
Brandenburg, KY
Beaumont, TX
Geisaar, LA
Claymont, DE
Longview, TX
Seadrift, TX
Taft, LA
Type b
Process
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
1978
Estimated
Production
(106 Ib/yr)
222
340
322
351
340
165
75
107
193
72
136
594
723
3640
1978
Estimated
Capacity
(10* Ib/yr)
310
475
450
490
475
230
105
150
270
100
190
830
1010
5O85
Geographic Coordinates
30 11 34/91 00 42
29 37 17/95 03 51
28 59 15/95 24 45
30 19 00/91 15 32
29 57 45/93 56 00
41 24 08/88 17 18
38 00 27/86 06 50
30 03 40/94 02 30
30 11 00/90 59 00
39 48 20/75 25 40
32 25 55/94 41 06
28 30 31/96 46 18
29 58 00/97 27 00
See refs 1—4.
A - air oxidation process
B - oxygen oxidation process
"The distribution of production for each producer is determined by the
capacity ti»es individual site capacity.
ratio of total U.S. production/total
ot
-------
14-7
Tahlo l
-------
Table 14-3. Ethylene Oxide Emissions fro* Producers
(Air Oxidation Process)
Company
Dow
Jefferson
Onion Carbide
Total
Location
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Port Neches, TX
Seadrift, TX
Taft, LA
Process
Emission
(Ib)
169,000
184,000
179,000
312,000
380,000
1,224,000
Storage
Emission
(Ib)
6,88O
7,500
7,270
12,700
15,5OO
49,850
Fugitive
Emission
(Ib)
529
577
559
977
1,190
3,832
Total Emissions
(Ib)
176,000
192,000
186,000
326,000
396,000
1,277,000
(g/s«c)
2.5
2.8
2.7
4.7
5.7
18.4
Based on the following emission factors (Ibs EO emitted per Ib produced)
Process 0.000525 A - (derived froa site visit data)
Storage 0.000021 A - (derived from site visit data)
Fugitive O.OOOO02 A - (derived from site visit data)
0.000548
See ref. 5.
i
S3
-------
Table 14-4. Ethylene Oxide Emissions from Producers
(Oxygen Oxidation Process)
6~
Company
BASF
Celanese
Northern Petrochemical
Olin
PPG
Shell Chemical
Sunolin Chemical
Texas Eastman
Total
3Based on the following
Process 0.000470
Storage 0.000071
Fugitive 0.000005
0.000546
Location
Geismar, LA
Clear LaJce, TX
East Morris, IL
Brandenburg, KY
Beaumont, TX
Geismar, LA
Claynont , DE
Longview, TX
emission factors (Ib
A - (derived from
A - (derived from
A - (derived from
Process
(Ib)
104,100
159,400
77,340
35,150
50,150
90,460
33,750
63,740
614,000
EO emitted
site visit
site visit
site visit
Storage
(Ib)
15,730
24,090
11,690
5,314
7,581
13,670
5,101
9,636
92,810
per Ib produced) -.
data)
data)
data)
Fugitive
(Ib)
1,210
1,853
899
409
583
1,052
392
741
7,140
b
Total Emissions
(Ib)
121,000
185,300
89,930
40,880
58,320
105,200
39,240
74,120
714,000
(g/sec)
1.7
2.7
1.3
0.6
0.8
1.5
0.6
1.1
10.3
See ref. 5.
-------
14-10
tivc emissions are those that rtiult from plant equipment. E»i««ion estimates
are based on a plant operating schedule of 24 hr/day, 7 days/week, 52 weeks/yr.
TaDit 14-4 show* the ethylene oxide emissions from producers using the oxygen oxi-
dation process.
Total estimated emissions for 1978 were 0.71 million Ib. Emission factors used
to develop emission estimates also are shown in Table 14-4.
Ethylene oxide production and end-use vent stack data by each of the two processes
used to manufacture are shewn in Table 14-5.
II. USER SITES
A. USER SITES
Tht ustr sites for ethylene oxidt are the sane as the production sites shown
previously in Tabie 14-1. Tacie 14-6 shows the ethylene oxide producing locations,
the use or uses of ethylene oxide at each site, and the 1978 capacities for
each of the products at each site.
B. EMISSION ESTIMATES
Ethylene oxide emissions from users of ethylene oxide are included in total emis-
sions shown previously in Tables 14-3 and 14-4. Although the end-uses of ethylene
oxide vary at different plants (as shown in Table 14-6) , only one set of emission
factors for the two basic production processes was used to estimate emissions
from captive ethylene oxide production and use at the various manufacturing sites.
There are two sites, Oxirane in Channelview, TX, and ICI in Hopewell, VA, which
produce ethylene glycol directly without actually producing ethylene oxide.
Oxirane utilizes a new process called acetozylation to produce ethylene glycol.
There should be no ethylene oxide emissions from these two sites since ethylene
oatide is not one of the products or intermediates in the acetozylation process.
Mono and diacetates are fonwd in this process when ethylene is reacted with
acetic acid in the presence of catalysts such as telluriu* and broaine.
-------
14-11
Table 14-5. Ethylene Oxide Vent Parameters'1
Number Vent Vent Discharge
of Height Diameter Temperature
Source Vents (ft) (ft) (°F)
b
Air oxidation process
Process 2 55 2.00 110
Storage 8 32 0.17 50
c
Fugitive
b
Oxygen oxidation process
Process 3 66 1.00 140
Storage 8 32 0.17 50
d
Fugitive
Velocity
(ft/sec)
345
100
See ref. 5.
Building cross-section - 200 m .
Fugitive emissions are distributed over a rectangular area 350 ft X 1350 ft.
d
Fugitive emissions are distributed over a rectangular area 350 ft X 1000 ft.
-------
Table 14-6. Ethylene Oxide Producers and Users
Company
BASF
Celanese
Dow
Jefferson
Northern Petrochemical
Olin
PPG
Shell
Sunolin
Texas Eastman
Union Carbide
Oxirane
ICI
Location
Geisnar, LA
Clear Lake, TX
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Port Heches, TX
East Morris, IL
Brandenburg, ICY
Beaianont, TX
Geismiar , LA
Clayroont, DE
Longviev, TX
Seadrift, TX
Taft, LA
Channelviev, TX
Hopewell, VA
Ethylene
Oxide
310
475
45O
490
475
230
105
150
270
100
190
830
1010
Ethylene
Glycol
330
550
360
350
50
200
200
180
870
1200
800
33
1978 Capacity
Diethylene
Glycol
20
50
25 ^
50 /
35
35
5
20
20
20
80 ^
100 )
(Ib X 106)
Triethylene Glycol Bthanol-
Glycol Ethers amines
230
10
4O
100
20 40 8O
2 70 25
20
5 50 L
to
25
75* 490* 230
*Includes a plant in Penuelas, Puerto Rico.
-------
14-13
III TOTAL EMISSIONS
Table 14-7 summarizes the total ethylene oxide emissions from producers and users
Since ethylene oxide emissions were reported for both combined production and
usage, the total emissions from producers also include the various user cate-
gories for ethylene oxide. Total nationwide emissions of ethylene oxide were
estimated to have been 1,991,000 Ib in 1978
-------
14-14
Table 14-7. Estimated 1978 Ethylene Oxide Nationwide Emissions
Source
a
Producers
Air oxidation
Oxygen oxidation
Users
EGT polyester
EG antifreeze
EG (other uses)
Surface active agents
Et hano 1 amine s
Glycol ethers
Other
Total
Production/
Usage Usage
(106 Ib/yr) (%)
2330
1310
910 25
837 23
364 10
546 15
255 7
255 7
473 13
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr) (g/sec)
1,277,000 18.4
714,000 10.3
1,991,000 28.7
Total emissions from producers also include total emissions from users,
since ethylene oxide is produced and used at the same site.
b
EG - ethylene glycol.
-------
r
I
<_n
FIGURE 14-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF ETHYLENE OXIDE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 14-8.
EMISSIONS AltO PCTtOtOtOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC P01HT SOURCtS Of ETHYUHt OXIOt
W1IP8IOW*
no.
i
2
3
4
8
«
7
a
•
i*
11
12
13
tf^f^MMAHBP •• • ^i^f
VvTwrVrl WITT;
DOW t imjMTT. TX
DOW rLACOenifTE. LA
JEKFEnnon ronr HECHES. TC
union cAnniDE sEAmrr. TX
Union CARBIDE TAFT. LA
OASr CEtSTVm. LA
CELAKEGE CLEAR LAKE. TX
n PKTOOCffETf ICAL CAST WMRI9. IL
OLin BRAMWJtBUnC. KT
FTC nEAMOWT. TX
PflKLL CEIfTTIA*. LA
SUIHILin CIIEHICA CLATKnWT. DC
TEXAS EASTTW* LOnCtlEV. TX
LATITimF, LOHCITUPF
sn
»
29
20
27
30
29
41
aa
3*
30
39
32
39
19
37
30
3D
II
37
24
••
•5
1 1
4O
23
30 *93
OO *9I
43 093
31 O9*
vv V^7
54 091
17 O98
08 •<»
27 «O6
^v 9^4
OO O9O
20 O73
33 094
25 53
10 00
36 00
4« 10
27 ••
•• 42
•8 51
17 16
vv Ov
•2 3*
09 OO
23 4O
41 •*.
1^1 nn
FTATIOn
12923
232O2
12917
12923
139 OB
1397*
I29«6
94W47
I3«*7
12917
12958
94741
13972
n*m
Tvrr,
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
f^^BUK.
IfTt
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
nwcrjw
a.43340*
2 • w ^* % wW
2.8T7WM*
4.492OOO
• .472TMW
I.499«4O
2.2933«»
1. 11349*
.54*1*4-
.722I*»
I.342624
.4f)MH^
.917836
immACE
.•99O72
.l«»0^»
.i«4f,nn
. inctmo
.223 2OO
.224312
.2«>2fl9«
. I«B336
.•7*322
.l*9lftft
. 196048
.•73434
. 158700
rUCITITE
.••7*18
.•«M»3»4
.••O030
.•140*9
.•17136
.•17424
.«2«ftS3
.•I294«
.•45B9*
.•••398
.019149
.003643
.0.067*
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces ethylene oxide by using the air oxidation process
Type 2: Plant produces ethylene oxide by using the oxygen oxidation process
cr»
t Source Types:
Type 1: Ethylene oxide production (Air oxidation process)
Type 2: Ethylene oxide production (Oxygen oxidation process)
-------
14-17
TABLE 14-9 EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF ETHYLENE OXIDE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
(ug/m3)
Population
Exposed
(persons)
Dosage
[(ug/m3) . persons]
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
.01
.005
0.
0.
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0.000432*
4
72
247
4,405
13,371
22,628
128,050
370,452
844,331
1,409,672
1,847,993
2,131,295
2,206,748
2,211.172
2,211,172
44.
468
1,070
7,020
13,400
16,600
31,800
47,900
64,500
73,900
77,000
78,100
78,200
78,200
78,200
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
14-18
REFERENCES
1. J. L. Blackford, "Ethylene Oxide," pp. 654.5031B—-G, Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Inititute, Menlo Park, CA (Sept. 1976)
2. "Chemical Products Synopsis on Ethylene Oxide," Mansville Chemical Products
(May 1976)
3. "Chemical Profile on Ethylene Oxide," p 7 in Chemical Marketing Reporter
(July 31, 1976).
4. R. F. Bradley, "Surfactant* and Detergent Raw Materials," p. 583.BOOZY, Chemical
Economic! Handbook, Menlo Park, CA (Sept 1978)
5. J. F. Lawion and V. Kalcevic, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for
the Synthetic Organic Chemicali Manufacturing Industry Ethylene Oxide Product
B«port, Knoxvillt, TN (November 1978).
-------
APPENDIX A-15 Formaldehyde
CORMALDEHYDE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomencliture
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 50-00-0
Synonyms: Methanal, Methyl Aldehyde; Formalin, Oxomethane,
Gxymethylene; Methylene Oxide; Fonrnc Aldehyde
Chemical Formula
Molecular Height: 30.03
Molecular Formula: CH^O
Molecular Structure:
n
H - C - H
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP: Gas - Flanmable, colorless
Boiling Point: -21°C at 760 mm
Melting Point: -92°C
Density: 0.815 at 20°C/46C
Vapor Pressure: 1946.67 nm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 1.075
Solubility: Soluble (370 g/1 of H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octano1/H20): -0.96
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Carbon monoxide; water
Reactivity Toward OH.: 2-4 x butane
Reactivity Toward 0,:
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: 9% per hour at full sunlloht
Major Atmospheric Precursors: Hydrocarbons (photooxldatlon)
Formation Reactivity: Equilibrium ~ 5X NMHC. Formed by Incomplete
combustion of many organic substances. Present 1n coal and
-------
15-5
I. SOURCES
Formaldehyde is currently produced in the United States by two different processes,
both of which use methanol as a raw material 1<2 The predominant process, by
which 75% of the formaldehyde is manufactured, involves the use of a metallic
silver catalyst (silver process) Formaldehyde is formed from methanol by a
combination of oxidation and dehydrogenation reactions 1/2
The alternate process, by which 25% of the formaldehyde is produced, involves
the use of a metal oxide catalyst (metal oxide process) In this process, formal-
dehyde is formed exclusively by oxidation.
Formaldehyde is produced by 16 companies at 53 locations in the United States.1'2
Because most of the formaldehyde is manufactured and shipped as a solution con-
taining 50% or more water, the distance from the producing point to the consuming
point must be minimized to reduce shipping costs; therefore, the industry is
characterized by a large number of relatively small plants Since more than
half the formaldehyde used is in the manufacture of adhesives for wood products,
the producing plants are located predominantly in the south and west. The plant
locations and the 1978 capacity and estimated production level for each plant
are shown in Table 15-1. An estimated 6400 million Ib of 37% formaldehyde solution
was produced in 1978 1/2>3
Formaldehyde has many diverse end-uses The largest end-use is in the production
of urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, and melamine-formaldehyde resins which
are, in turn, primarily consumed by the wood products industry. This end-use
consumed an estimated 54% of production in 1978 amounting to 3,460 million Ib.
Of thi« total, 1,630 million Ib w*s uied to produce urea-formaldehyde resins,
1,560 million Ib to produce phenol-formaldehyde resins, and 270 million Ib to
produce Htelaroine-formaldehydt resins.1'2"4 The balance of the formaldehyde pro-
duced i« consumed as a chemical intermediate in a variety of products.
Other applications of formaldehyde include its use in the production of elastomers,
explosives, plastics, fibers, fertilizer, chelating agents, alkyd resins (protective
coatings), textiles, and dyes.1 Total consumption for this broad category is
estimated to have been 2,940 million Ib in 1978. Because of the undesirability
-------
Table 15-1. Production of Formaldehyde
Source
Allied Chemical
Borden, Inc.
Celanese Chemical
Chetnbond Corp.
Du Pont
GAP Corp.
Location
South Point, OH
Demopolis, AL
Diboll, TX
Fayetteville, NC
Geismar, LA
Louisville, KY
Sheboygan, Wl
Fremont, CA
Kent, HA
LaGrande , OK
Missoula, MT
Springfield, OR
Bishop, TX
NewarX, NJ
Rock Hill, SC
Springfield, OR
Winnifield, LA
Belle, WV
LaPorte, TX
Healing Springs, NC
Linden, NJ
Toledo, OH
Calvert City, KY
1978
Estimated
Production
(M lb)b
222
72
57
168
179
57
93
161
57
46
64
172
1075
84
84
107
50
358
229
158
115
193
72
1978
Estimated
Capacity
(M Ib)
310
10O
80
235
250
80
130
225
80
65
90
240
1500
117
117
150
70
500
320
220
16O
270
100
Geographic Coordinates
38 25 43/82 36 00
32 30 48/27 50 06
31 11 52/94 46 50
35 01 43/78 51 41
30 13 OO/91 01 OO
38 12 09/85 51 49
43 45 26/87 46 17
37 32 06/121 57 24
47 23 12/122 13 15
45 20 33/100 02 02
46 54 10/114 40 00
44 02 60/122 59 06
27 34 06/97 49 27
40 43 30/74 07 25
34 57 25/80 57 32
44 02 60/122 59 06
31 54 49/92 40 35
38 12 13/81 28 34
29 42 04/95 02 05
35 01 56/80 10 30
40 36 02/74 12 08
41 39 22/83 33 20
37 02 50/88 21 12
en
t
-------
Table 15-1 (Continued)
Source
Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Gulf Oil Corp.
Hercules Inc.
Hooker Chemicals
& Plastics
IMC Chemical Group
Monsanto Corp.
Pacific Resins and
Location
Albany, OR
Columbus, OH
Coosbay, OR
Crossett, AR
Russelville, SC
Taylorsville , MS
Vienna, GA
Lufkin, TX
Vicksburg, MS
Louisiana, MO
Wilmington, NC
Tonawanda, NY
Seiple, PA
Sterlington, LA
Addyston, OH
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Eugene, OR
Springfield, MA
Eugene, OR
1978
Estimated
Production
(M lb)b
66
72
65
115
143
86
72
72
43
122
72
97
47
22
72
140
72
211
68
1978
Estimated
Capacity
(M Ib)
120
100
90
160
200
120
100
100
60
170
100
135
65
30
100
195
100
295
95
Geographic Coordinates
44 37 07/123 05 13
39 53 07/82 56 45
42 27 26/124 10 47
33 08 36/93 02 11
33 20 52/79 58 00
39 51 00/89 25 00
37 07 30/83 49 00
31 21 00/94 47 00
32 17 00/90 54 00
39 26 24/91 03 37
34 19 09/77 59 23
43 02 47/78 51 44
40 38 12/75 31 58
32 43 25/92 08 56
39 07 30/84 42 58
29 14 55/95 12 45
44 02 59/123 08 19
42 09 33/72 29 09
44 01 00/123 05 05
en
i
Chemicals
-------
Table 15-1 (concluded)
Source
Reichhold Chemicals,
Inc.
Reichhold
Chemicals, Inc.
Tenneco, Inc.
Wright Chemical
Corp.
Total
Location
Hampton , SC
Houston, TX
Kansas City, KA
Malvern, AR
Moncure, NC
Tacoroa, WA
Tuscaloosa, AL
White City, OR
Fords, NJ
Garfield, NJ
Riegelwood, NC
1978
Estimated
Production
(M lb)b
36
86
36
79
86
36
50
179
133
72
57
6400
1978
Estimated
Capacity
(H Ib)
50
120
50
110
120
50
70
250
185
10O
80
8929
Geographic Coordinates
32 53 33/81 06 10
29 44 50/95 10 00
39 09 28/94 37 41
34 24 09/92 48 45
35 31 18/79 04 52
47 16 11/122 22 57
33 12 03/87 34 OO
42 26 18/122 07 07
40 30 50/74 19 17
40 52 28/74 06 49
34 19 22/78 12 09
See refs. 1—3.
The distribution of production for each producer is determined by the ratio of total U.S. production
to total U.S. capacity as compared to individual plant capacity.
tn
-------
15-9
of transporting formaldehyde exports accounted for only 30 million Ib (0.5%) of
domestic production in 1978 2 Fomtldehyde end-uses are summarized in Table 15-;
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
Estimated production losses are shown in Table 15-3 for each of the 53 producing
locations. Total emissions of formaldehyde from production facilities are esti-
mated to have been 2,390,000 ]_b in 1978 Process emissions from both types of
processes originate primarily from the product absorber vent. Other emission
components include methanol, methyl formate, methylal from the metallic-silver-
catalyst process, and methanol and dimethyl ether from the metal-oxide-catlayst
process Storage emissions, which account for about 7.5% of estimated production
losses, represent the total losses from both working and final product storage
tanXs and from loading and handling. Fugitive emissions (13.5% of total formal-
dehyde emissions) are those which result from plant equipment leaks.
Vent stack data are shown in Table 15-4. Normally two process and six storage
tank vents are involved in the production and storage emissions from the metallic-
silver-catalyst process, and one process vent and six storage tank vents are
involved in emissions from the metal-oxide-catalyst process Usually formaldehyde
production facilities are "open-air" structures without walls or solid floors
(i.e , steel grating). Only the control room area is enclosed.
B USES
Emissions resulting from the production of urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde,
and melamine-formaldehyde resins were estimated to have been 8.15, 7.8 and
1.35 million Ib respectively in 1978. The average emission rates per site, the
fotal number of sites, and the total emissions per region are shown in Table 15-5.
Table 15-6 lists the producers of each type of resin and the plant locations.
Eaistions were estimated from the resin emission factor shown in Table 15-7.J'
-------
15-10
Tidbit 15-2. Fonnaldehydt Consumption by End Usea
Percent
of Total
End-Use Consumption
Urea resins
Phenolic resins
Butanediol
Acetal resins
Pentaerythritol
Hexamethylenetetranine
Mtlanune r«sins
Urea formaldehyde concentrates
Chelating agents
Trimethylolpropane
Other chemical intermediate uses
Export
Total
25.4
24.3
7.7
7.0
6.0
4.5
4.2
3.6
3.6
1.3
11.9
0.5
100
End-Use
Consumption
(M Ib)
1630
1560
490
450
380
290
270
230
230
80
760
30
6400
See refs 1—4.
As 37% solution.
-------
15-11
Tabl* 15-3. 197B formaldehyde Production Emission^
Company
Allied Ch*cuc*l
•ordvn
C«l*/l«l« Ch»nc»l
fTiMtinrrt
Du font
CAT
C*or^i»-P*ci f ic
Cult Oil
H.rcuUi
Hoc IK r Ctwucjli t
1>C Ch4Mlc«l Group
«on»«ito
P.clftc huini a/id
Michhold Cfv»ic»li
South Point , OH
OcKDpollf. k~
Diboll TX
r»yett«vill«, HC
G«..-jr. LA
LOI.I.VI) le . la
Sh.boygin, UI
Fremont CA
Kant WA
L«Crtnd« OR
Kliioul» If
Spnnqfield OR
Bli'^p, -"
H...H, NJ
Hack Hill 1C
Ipnngf it Id , OP
Winnifi.ll LA
• •111, w\
UPortt, TX
Hxllng Jpnngi. NC
llnd«n, NJ
Toledo OH
Culv.rt Cit> KY
Albany, 0«
ColurCiui , OH
Coo* b»y, OR
Cronttt Afl
Huiic Ivi llo , SC
T»ylor»vill« KS
Vltnrw«, GA
Lufkin, TX
Vick.bal, MS
LOUlllan* HO
Wi Lainqton , 1IC
Ton«.Hd.. NY
l«lpl« FA
I t«r 1 ington , LA
AJdyitor , OH
Clocol»t< i»you, Tf.
luqcn., OP«
£| tinTfluld, KA
tug«n«, CH
Htwpton, 1C
Mou«l«n, TX
Until City, KA
(UlViin, AJl
Honcui«, HC
T>COU, WA
TutCllOOK, M.
WTutt City, 0»
197*
(Ib X 1C )
222
72
5"
168
179
57
93
161
57
46
64
172
10-?
64
B4
107
50
356
229
156
115
193
72
66
72
*5
72
43
10
66
72
72
43
122
72
97
47
22
72
140
72
211
66
36
U
J6
79
li
36
50
179
. b
Typo
Proc«l»
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
1
•
1
1
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
e
B
A
b
B
t)
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
1
A
1
B
B
A
1
Dri tiions
(1L X 10"1)
5 81
1 89
1 49
4 40
4 69
1.49
2 44
•J 22
1 49
1 21
1 68
4 51
31 16
3. JO
3 30
4 30
1 9*
9 36
t 00
4 14
3 01
S 06
2 83
3 38
2 83
3 55
1 69
1 69
5 61
3 36
1 69
2 83
1 69
3 20
1 69
2 54
1 33
0 56
1 69
3 67
1 89
5 53
1 78
0.94
) 38
0 94
3 10
1 36
1 41
1 31
7 03
Dftlltlon*
(Ib X 104)
0 46
0 15
C 12
0 35
0 37
0 12
0 19
0 33
0 12
0 09
0 13
0 3S
2 21
0 43
0 43
0 55
0 26
0 74
0 47
0 33
0 24
0 40
0 37
0 44
0 37
0 3,
0 15
o 2:
0 74
0 ,4
0 15
0 37
0 22
0 25
0 H
0 20
0 10
0 05
0 11,
0 29
0 15
0 43
0 14
0 07
0 44
0 07
0 41
0 44
0 19
0 10
0 93
Tugi t 1 vc
DMUlon .
(Ib X lo )
0 91
0 3G
0 23
0 69
0 74
0 23
0 36
0 06
0 23
0 19
0 2t
0 -1
4 4^
0 68
0 66
0 ic
0 40
1 47
0 94
0 65
0 47
0 79
0 5o
0 69
0 58
o t:
0 30
0 35
1 15
0 65
0 30
0.58
0 35
0 50
0 30
0 40
0 1-.
0 09
0 3J
0 56
0 30
0 07
0 28
0 15
O.u*
0 15
0 64
0 69
0 29
0 21
1 44
Tot«l Dilllioni
(Ib X lO4)0
7 19
2 33
1 65
5 44
5 79
1 65
3 01
5 21
1 65
1 49
2 07
1 57
34 80
4 41
4 41
i 63
J e:
11.59
7 41
1 11
3 72
6 25
3 76
4 51
3 78
3.41
2 33
3 :e
7 51
4 51
2 33
3 76
1.26
: »5
3 33
}. 14
1 52
0 71
3 33
4 53
3 33
b «3
2 :o
1.17
4.41
1 17
4 15
4 51
1 «9
1 12
* 40
d
1 04
0 34
0 27
0 78
0 83
0 27
0 43
0 75
0 27
0 21
0 30
0 80
5 01
0 63
0 63
0 61
0 36
i c-
1 07
0 74
0 54
0 90
0 5«
0 o5
0 54
0 49
0 34
0 33
1 06
0 65
0 34
0 54
0 33
0 57
0 34
0 45
0 33
0 10
0 34
0 65
0 34
U W
0 32
0 17
0,45
o n
0.40
0 45
0.37
0 23
1 35
-------
15-12
Table 15-3 (concluded)
Ccnoany
Tcnntco
Wriest Cheque*]
Total
'a*, nt 2
A - tilv«t proc*i
CAUaaion fartora
1
ftora».
rufitiv.
1978
Production
Location (Ib X 106)
rorda, NJ 71
62
tufitld, NJ 72
»U«9llwood, NC 57
€400
H
Typ»
Proct?a
A
•
A
B
for fomaldahyd* production (Lb formald*hyd* loat/Ib
0 0002*20 A 0 000)930 A -
0 0000204 A 0.0000117 A -
0 0000411 A O.OOOO B06 A -
0 0003737 0 0001213
Proc«»> Stor#9» Fuqitivt
toianon* Doiaaioni ElBiitioni
(Ib f 1C4) (Ib f 10") (Ib X 10")
1 86 • 0 15 0.29
2 43 0. 32 0 50
1 83 0 IS 0 30
2 2« 0 T9 0 46
186 5 18 1 32 6
f ormaldetiydt produced)
Tott
(Ib X V
3 30
3 25
1 33
2 99
239 2
D«rivtd fro* ait* viiit data
D«rlv»d fr
D«rlv*d (r
on ait* viait data
tm lit* viait data
•760 operating houca p«r y«ari 1 «. , 34/day, 7 day/wk., 12 wk/yr.
-------
Table ]5-4. Formaldehyde Vent Parameters
Source
Production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
b
Resins
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Butanediol
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Pentaerythritol
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Number
of
Stacks
1
6
1
2
1
2
3
2
Vent
Height
(ft)
100
24
60
24
40
24
140
20
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
2
0.66
0.33
0.17
0.50
0.33
1.5
0.33
Discharge
Temperature
500
80
150
80
190
80
140
70
Discharge
Velocity Area
(ft/sec) (ft X ft)
30
160 X 500
20
100 X 100
40
100 X 200
175
100 X 200
en
i
-------
fabje 15-4 (concluded)
Number Vent Vent Discharge
of 'Height Diameter Temperature
Source Stacks (ft) (ft) (°D
Hexaiwethylene tetrasnine
Process 1 60 0.33 160
Storage 2 24 0.17 8O
Fugitive
Trime thy lol propane
Process 2 15 0.13 150
Storage 1 20 0.17 8O
Fugitive
Discharge
Velocity Area
(ft/sec) (ft X ft)
45
200 X 200
68
100 X 200
Building cross-section for production and uses - 50 m".
Includes urea, phenolic, melamine and acetal resins.
I
£*
-------
Table 15-5. Formaldehyde Emissions from Resin Producers by Region
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Phenolic
Number
of
Sites
6
26
31
5
15
6
11
1
24
125
Resins
Formaldehyde
Emissions3
(Ib/yr)
374,400
1,622,400
1,934,400
312,000
936,000
374,400
686,400
62,400
1,497,600
7,800,000
Urea
Number
of
Sites
12
21
24
4
27
17
15
1
24
145
Resins
Formaldehyde
Emissions'3
(Ib/yr)
674,460
1,180,305
1,348,920
224,820
1,517,535
955,485
843,075
56,205
1,348,920
8,150,000b
Melamine
Number
of
Sites
11
15
15
3
20
12
8
0
16
100
Resins
Formaldehyde
Emissions0
(Ib/yr)
148,500
'202,500
202,500
40,500
270,000
162,000
108,000
o Y1
216,000 ^
1,350,000°
Average emissions per
Average emissions per
-^
"Average emissions per
site: 62,400 Ib/yr (0.9O g/sec).
site: 56,205 Ib/yr (0.81 g/sec).
site: 13,500 Ib/yr (0.19 g/sec).
-------
15-16
Table 15-6. Producers of Formaldehyde-Based Resins*
Producer
Allied Chenucal
American Cyanamid
i
Ajhland Oil
Auralux Chemical
Bendix
Borden
Brand-S
Carborundum
Cargill
Celanesc
Champion International
Location
South Point, OH
Toledo, OH
Columbia, SC
Evendale, OH
Azusa, CA
Longview, WA
Wollingford, CN
Cleveland, OH
Hammond, IN
Calumat City, IL
Fords, NJ
Pensacola, FL
Hope Valley, RI
Green Island, NY
Bainbridge , NY
Demopolis, AL
Diboll, TX
Fayetteville, NC
Louieville, KY
Sheboygan , WI
Freemont , CA
Kent, WA
LaGrande, OR
flissoula, MT
Springfield, OR
Eugene , OR
Wheatfield, NY
Carpentersville , IL
Philadelphia, PA
Charlotte, NC
Louisville, KY
Redding CA
Type
Phenolic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
of Resin
Urea
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Produced
Melamine
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
15-17
Table 15-6 (Continued)
Type of Resin Produced
Producer
Location
Phenolic
Urea
Melamine
Clark Chemical
CMC Chemical
Combustion Engineering
Commercial Products
Conchemco
Con»olidat«d Papers
Conwcd
Cook Paint & Varnish
Core-Lube
CPC International
Dan River
De Soto
The Dexter Corp.
Dock Resins
The Duplan Corp
Eastern Color &
Chemical
Emkay Chemical
Exxon
The Fiberite Corp.
Ford Motor
GAF
Central Electric
Th« P.O. George Co.
Blue Island, IL
Providence, RI
Muse, PA
Hawthorne, NJ
Baltimore MD
Kansas City, MO
Wisconsin Rapids, WI
Cloquet, MN
Detroit, MI
North Kansas, MO
Danville/ IL
Forest Park, IL
Danville, VA
Berkeley, CA
Garland, TX
Waukegan, IL
Linden, NJ
Brodhead, WI
Providence, RI
Elizabeth, NJ
Odenton, MD
Winona, MN
Mt. Clemens, MI
Chattanooga, TN
Coihocton, OH
Schonectady, NY
Pittsfield, MA
St. Louis, MO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
15-18
Table 15-6 (Continued)
Producer Location
Georgia-Pacific Albany, OR
Colvmbus , OH
Conway , NC
COOB Bay, OR
Croaaett, XR
Louirville, KS
Lufkin, TX
' Ruaaallvilla , SC
Savannah/ GA
Taylor«ville , MS
Ttwkaabury, MA
Ukiah, CA
Vienna, GA
Getty Oil Andalusia, AL
Spokane , WA
Springfield, OR
Winnfield, LA
Gilman Paint & Varnish Chattanooga, TN
W. R. Grace Alliance, OH
Charleston, SC
Columbus, OH
Pinlay, OH
Fort Piarce, FL
Hanriatta, 1L
Lansing, MI
Memphis, TN
San Juan, PR
Statesville, NC
Tampa, FL
Tulsa, OK
Wilmington, NC
Guardsman Chemicals Grand Rapids, MI
Type
Phenolic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
of Raiin
Urea
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Produced
Melamine
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
15-19
Table 15-6 (Continued)
Producer
Gulf Oil
Hanna Chemical Coatings
Hart Products
Herculei
Hersite and Chemical
H & N Chemical
E. F. Houghton
Inland Steel
Inmont
International Minerals
& Chemicals
The Ironsides Co.
Knoedler Chemical
Koppers
Kordell Industries
Lawter Chemicals
Magna
The M«rbl«tt« Corpora-
Location
Alexandria, LA
High Point, NC
Lansdale , PA
Shawano, WI
Valleyfield, Quebec
West Memphis , AR
Birmingham, AL
Jersey City, NJ
Chicopee, MA
Hattiesburg, MS
Milwaukee, WI
Marahalton, DE
Manitowoc, WI
Totowa, NJ
Philadelphia, PA
Alsip, IL
Anaheim, CA
Cincinnati, OH
Detroit, MI
Greenville, OH
Detroit, MI
Columbus, OH
Lancaster, PA
Bridgeville, PA
Mishawaka, IN
S. Kearney, NJ
Houston, TX
Long Iilind City, NY
Type of
Phenolic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Resin Produced
Urea Melamine
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
tion
Haionite
Killmaster Onyx
Gulfport, MS
Lyndhurst, NJ
-------
15-20
Ttble 15-6 (Continued)
Producer
Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing
Mobil Oil
Monnanto
Napko
National Casein
National Casein of
California
National Casein of
New Jersey
National Starch and
Chemical
Occidental Petroleum
Onyx Oils 6 Resins
Owens-Corning Fiber-
glas
Pat Chemical
Patent Plastics
Perstorp U.S.
Pioneer Plastics
Plastics Engineering
Plastics Manufacturing
Polymer Applications
Polyrez
Location
Cordova, IL
Cottage Grove, MN
Kankakee, IL
Addyston, OH
Alvin, TX
Eugene , OR
La Stile, Quebec
Santa Clara, CA
Springfield, MA
Houston, TX
Chicago, IL
Tyler, TX
Santa Ana, CA
Riverton, NJ
Salisbury, NC
Kenton , OH
N. Tonawanda, NY
Newark, NJ
Harrington, NJ
Kansas City, KA
Newark, OH
Waxahachie, TX
Greenville, SC
Knoxville, TN
Florence, MA
Auburn, WE
Sheboygan, WI
Dallas, TX
Tonawanda, NY
Woodbury, NJ
Type of
Phenolic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Resin Produced
Urea Melamine
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X* X
X
X
X X
-------
15-21
Table 15-6 (Continued)
Producer
PPG Industries
Raybestos-Manhattan
Reichhold Chemicals
Riegel Textile
Rogers
Schenectady Chemicals
Scher Brothers
Scott Paper
Shanco Plastics &
Location
Circleville, OH
Oak Creek, WI
Stratford, CT
Andover, MA
Azusa, CA
Carteret, NJ
Detroit, MI
Houston, TX
Kansas City, KS
Malvern, AR
Moncure , NC
Niagara Falls, NY
S. San Francisco, CA
Tacoma , WA
Tuscaloosa, Ai,
White City, OR
Ware Shoals, SC
Manchester, CT
Oyster Creek, TX
Rotterdam Junction, NY
Schenectady, NY
Clifton, NJ
Chester, PA
Everett, WA
Fort Edward, NY
Marinette, WI
Mobile, AL
Tonawanda, NY
Type of
Phenolic
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Resin
Urea
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Produced
Melanune
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Chemicals
The Shervin-Williams
Company
Chicago, IL
Cleveland, OH
Morrow, GA
Newark, NJ
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
15-22
Table 15-6 (Continued)
Type of Resin Produced
Producer
Simpson Timber
Southeastern Adhesives
Spaulding Fibre
Location
Arcata, CA
Portland, OR
Lenoir, NC
De Kalb, IL
Tonawanda, NY
Phenolic Urea
X
X
X
X
X
Melamine
Sun Chemical
Sybron
Synthron
Thoma*on Industries
TRW
Union Camp
Union Carbide
United-Erie
United Merchants £
Manufacturers
U.S. Oil
Univar
USM
Valentin* Sugars
W«6t Coaat Adhciives
Chester, SC
Haledon, NJ
Ashton, RI
Morganton, NC
Fayetteville, NC
Thomaiville, NC
Dowington, PA
Valdosta, GA
Bound Brook, NJ
Elk Grove, CA
Marietta, OH
Sacramento, CA
Texas City, TX
Erie, PA
Langley, SC
East Providence, RI
Rock Hill, SC
Eugene, OR
N«wark, OH
Portland, OR
Richmond, CA
Greenville, SC
Lockport, LA
Portland, OR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
15-23
Table 15-6 (concluded)
Producer
Westinghouse Electric
West Point-Pepperell
Weyerhaeuser
Location
Manor , PA
Hampton, SC
Opelika, AL
Longview, WA
Marshfield, WI
Type of Resin
Phenolic Urea
X
X
X
X
X
Produced
Melamine
X
See ref. 1.
Plant to be owned by Libby Owens Ford.
-------
Table 15-7. Formaldehyde End-Use Emission Factors
End-Use Process Level3
b
Resins 0.00400 D
Butanediol 0.00200 D
Pentaerythritol 0.00731 C
Hexamethylene tetramine 0.00105 C
Tri»etnylolpropane 0.00020 B
a
A - Basis: site visit data.
B - Basis: state air files.
C - Basis: published literature.
D - Basis: Hydroscience estimate.
Urea, melamine, phenolic and acetal.
Ib Formaldehyde Lost
Storage Level
0.0005 D
0.0005 D
0.00088 C
0.00015 C
0.00003 B
per Ib Used
Fugitive Level
O.OOO5 D
O.O005 D
O.OO041 C
0.00030 C
O.OOO03 B
Total
O.OO5OO
0.003OO
O.OO86OC
0.00150°
0.00026d
en
i
ro
-C.
'See ref. 5.
See ref. 6.
-------
Table 15-8. Formaldehyde Chemical Intermediate Users
Source
Location
1978
Estimated
Formaldehyde
Consumption
(Ib X 106)
Geographic Coordinates
La ti tude/Longi tude
BASF Wyandott Corporation
Du Pont Company
GAP Corporation
Total
Celanese Corporation
Du Pont Conpany
Total
Butanediol Production
GeiEiner, LA
Houston, TX
Calvert City, KY
Texas City, TX
90
240
80
80
490
Acetal Resins Production
Bishop, TX
Parkersburg, WV
310
140
450
30 11 34/91 00 42
29 42 04/95 02 05
37 02 50/88 21 12
29 25 29/94 58 07
27 34 06/97 49 27
39 15 27/81 32 52
en
i
rv>
in
Celanese Corporation
Hercules, Inc.
IMC (CSC)
Perstorp AB
Total
Pentaerythritol Production
Bishop, TX 160
Louisiana, MO 100
Seiple, PA 50
Toledo, OH 70
380
27 34 06/97 49 27
39 26 24/91 03 37
40 38 12/75 31 58
41 42 33/83 30 00
-------
Table 15-8 (concluded)
Source
tP
Borden, Inc.
W. R. Grace & Co.
Occidental Petroleum Co.
Plastics Engineering Co.
Tenneco, Inc.
Wright Chemical Corp.
Total
Location
1978
Estimated
Formaldehyde
Consumption
•db X 106)
Hexaraethylenetetramine Production
Fayetteville, NC
Nashua, NM
North Tonawanda, NY
Sheboygan, WI
Fords, NJ
Acme, NC
60
60
50
20
40
6O
290
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
35 01 43/78 51 41
42 46 00/71 27 52
43 02 47/78 51 44
43 45 00/87 47 00
40 30 50/74 19 17
34 19 22/78 12 09
in
r\j
Celanese Corp.
Total
Trimethylolpropane Production
Bishop, TX 80
80
27 34 06/97 49 27
-------
Table 15-9. Formaldehyde Emissions from Chemical Intermediate Users
Source
Butanediol producers
BASF Wyandott Corporation
Du Pont Co»pany
GAP Corporation
Total
Acetal resin producers
Celanese Corporation
^ Du Pont Company
Total
Pentaerythritol producers
Celanese Corporation
Hercules, Incorporated
IMC (CSC)
Perstorp AB
Total
Location
Geismer, LA
Houston , TX
Calvert City, KT
Texas City, TX
Bishop, TX
Parkersburg, WV
Bishop, TX
Louisiana, MO
Seiple, PA
Toledo, OH
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
180,000
480,000
160,000
160,000
980,000
1,240,000
560,000
1,800,000
1,169,600
731,000
365,500
511,700
2,777,800
Storage
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
45,000
120,000
40,000
40,000
245,000
155,000
70,000
225,000
140,800
88,000
44,000
61,600
334,400
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
45,000
120,000
40,000
40,000
245,000
155,000
70,000
225,000
65,600
41,000
20,500
28,700
155,800
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
270,000
720,000
240,000
' 240,000
1,470,000
1,550,000
700,000
2,250,000
1,376,000
860,000
430,000
602,000
3,268,000
(g/scc)
3.89
10. 37
3.46
3.46
22.31 _
10.08 £
19.81
12.38
6.19
8.67
-------
Table 15-9 (concluded)
Source
Hexajaethylenetetraaine producers
Borden, Incorporated
W. R. Grace £ Company
Occidental Petroleum Company
Plastics Engineering Company
Tenneco, Incorporated
Wright Chemical Corporation
Total
Trimethylolpropane producers
_ Celanese Corporation
Total
3Based on emission factors shown
b
Location
Fayetteville, NC
Nashua, NH
Worth Tonawanda, NY
Sheboygan, WI
Fords, NJ
Acme, NC
Bishop, TX
in Table 7.
Process
Emissions
db/yr)
63,OOO
63,000
52,500
21.00O
42,000
63,000
304,500 '
16,000
16,000
Storage
Emissions
db/yr)
9,000
9,OOO
7,500
3,000
6,000
9,000
43,500
2 , 40O
2,400
Fugitive
Emissions
db/yr)
18,000
18,000
15,000
6,000
12,000
18,000
87,000
2,400
2,400
Total Emissions
db/yr)
90,OOO
90,OOO
75,OOO
30,OOO
60,000
90,000
435,000
20,800
20,800
(g/sec)
1.30
1.30
1.08
0.43
0.86
1.30
0.30
b
tn
i
ro
03
-------
15-29
Formaldehyde emissions from butantdiol production were estimated to have been
1.47 million lb, from acetal resins 2.25 million Ib, from pentaerythritol
3.27 million lb from hexanethylene tetramine 0.44 million lb, and from trunethylol
propane 0.02 million lb.
Emissions from all other uses of formaldehyde were estimated to have been
5.86 million lb. This was estimated by using a weighted average emission factor
derived from all other formaldehyde uses.
Specific source locations could not be identified for UF concentrates and chelating
agents. Other uses of formaldehyde are so numerous and widespread that a regional
breakdown was not possible.
Emissions from exports were assumed to be negligible
Total nationwide e«istions of formaldehyde from all sources in 1978 are estimated
to have been 33.00 million lb. A tabulation of the losses is shown in Table 15-10.
-------
15-30
Table 15-10. 1973 Formaldehyde Nationwide Emissions
Nationwide
Formaldehyde
Emissions
Source (Ib/yr)
Production 2.39
Urea resins 8.15
Phenolic resins 7.80
Melamine r«sins 1.35
But»n«diol 1.47
Acetal resins 2,25
P«nt*»rythritol 3.27
Ha x*a«thyl«n«t«tr «nin« 0.44
Tristtthylolpropan* 0.02
Oth«r miscellaneous* 5.86
Export' 0
Total 33.00
*Based on weighted average of all other formalde-
hyde uses. (0.00481 Ib lost/lb used)
-------
tn
FIGURE 15-1. S»»ECIFIC POIffT SOURCES OF FORmLDEHYDE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 15-11. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC TOIMT SOURCES OF FORMALDEHYDE
qp
o
fit
OQ
fi»
OQ
DO.
SITE
* f EMISSIONS (df8EC>
STAR PLAFT 8OOMX
LATITUDE LONGITUDE STATION TYPE TYPE PMOCES8
STORAGE FUGITIVE
o
I BORDER
2 CELANESE
3 CELANESE
4 cHEmoND
• CHEnOND
• MPONT
7 ooporr
• DUPOHT
» DUPOHT
19 DUPOHT
II GEORGIA-PACIFIC
12 COLT OIL
13 HERCULES
14 BOOKER
!• INC
16 HON8ANTO
17 r AC I FIG RESINS
10
2* BAW
CEI8NAR. LA 3» 13 9« *H »l 1397* I
IfEWARJC, HJ 49 43 3« 074 •? 29 94741 I
BOCK BILL. 8C 34 57 29 986 97 32 938*4 I
SPRINGFIELD. OR 44 *2 6* 122 99 •« 3422i 1
WIimiriELO, LA 31 94 49 *92 4* 33 13942 I
KLLE, WV 38 13 •« «ei 34 12 13866 I
LAPORTE. TX 29 42 *4 *99 *2 M 129*6 1
HEALIIVC STRIHCS. DC 39 •! 96 «8* !• 3O 13714 1
LIPDU. HJ 4« 36 *2 «74 12 »8 94741 1
TOLEDO. OH 41 39 22 •OS 33 29 9483« I
LUFCIR. TX 31 21 •• 994 47 •» 93987 1
VICRBBUBC. H9 32 17 •• O9« 94 O« 13996 1
WILHIHCTOII, FC 34 19 99 O77 99 23 13748 I
TOflAWAHDA. HY 43 «2 47 O78 91 44 14747 I
8TEHLINCTOfl. LA 32 43 39 992 0O 06 13942 I
CBOCOLATE BAYDU.TX 29 14 99 O95 12 43 12996 I
EOCENE. OR 44 91 •• 123 63 99 24221 I
HA)TTDfl. 9C 32 93 33 OBI 96 19 93829 I
CARFIELD. NJ 49 92 28 974 96 47 94741 I
GEISHER. LA 39 |I 34 991 99 42 13979 2
1
I
I
I
2
.679369
.479299
.4792*9
.282249
I.M9729
.996169
.433449
.728*49
.497929
.243369
.272169
.369769
.983929
.928489
.296329
.139369
.272169
3.992999
.993289
.961929
.961929
.979299
.937449
.196969
.967689
.947929
.934969
.9O7699
.993289
.931689
.921699
.928899
.997299
.941769
.929169
A I A^tf^A
.921699
. 196949
.9979*9
.997939
.123849
.907699
.911609
.189969
.993699
.9*7689
.113769
.983929
.999499
.943299
.997699
.912969
.983929
.949329
.921699
.943299
i
u>
ro
-------
TABLE 15-11 (Continued)
EHI88IOH8 (CK/OTC)
RO.
21
22
23
24
20
26
27
28
29
3*
31
32
33
34
C09PARY
WJPOtTT
CAT
BOTOWT
PEJWTOW
V. R. GRACE
CAT
CCLARE8E
HERCULES
INC
iu.n«X>
WRIGHT
BOftDEfl
ALLIED
BORDER
SITE
HOUSTON. TX
TEXAS CITY. TX
PARKERSBUIW. WV
TOLEDO, OH
NASHUA. RH
CALVERT CITY. KY
BISHOP. TX
LOO IS I AM A, HO
8EIPLE. PA
FORDS, IIJ
RIECELWOOD. NC
FAYETTEVILLE, NC
8OUTB POINT, OH
DEHOPOLI8, AL
LATITUDE LONC1TUDF
29 42
29 25
39 15
41 43
42 46
37 92
27 34
39 26
49 38
49 39
34 19
33 01
38 25
32 39
94 995
29 994
27 9O1
19 983
99 971
09 988
96 997
24 991
12 973
59 O74
22 978
43 978
43 082
48 987
•2 95
38 97
32 52
31 28
27 52
21 12
49 27
93 37
31 3O
19 17
12 09
31 41
36 00
59 06
eti&n
STATION
129*6
12923
13866
9483*
14743
03816
12923
93989
14737
94741
13717
13714
93824
13859
ru.«mi
TYPE
2
2
3
4
0
6
7
8
8
9
9
IO
11
1 1
OUUIUjE,
TYPF
2
o
3
4
0
2
3
4
6
1
4
4
1
5
1
G
1
3
0
1
3
1
3
PROCESS
6.
2.
8.
7.
•
2.
4.
17.
16.
1*.
5.
t
I.
•
\.
9129*9
394999
96499*
36848*
9972*9
4*7529
394999
955*4*
836***
84224*
239499
526499
17712*
263200
617769
694800
322360
997200
633609
522368
907200
836649
648000
272169
522368
STORAGE
1.728***
.076999
1.998999
.687*4*
. 12969*
.903289
.37699*
.31824*
2.232***
2.92732*
.934369
.9369**
1.2672*9
633609
.96768*
.986409
.941769
. 129600
.05940*
. 199989
. 129699
.•6624*
.989928
.9216**
. 19998*
rucmvt
I.7J0M*
.*7**»*
l.MMM
.41390*
.29*M*
:j?s:
.•O4O6*
.39*4**
.•273**
.2932**
. 1137**
. 1723**
!2392**
.2392**
. 191*4*
-•8*928
.•432**
. 19**a*
-------
TABLE 15-11 (Continued)
EMISSIONS (Ql/SBC)
o
no.
90
36
37
39
49
41
42
43
44
40
46
47
46
OOHTARY
•ORDER
BORJKH
BOMBR
BORDER
BORDER
BORDER
BORDER
CEOftCIA PACIFIC
GEORGIA-PACIFIC
CEOflC! A- PACIFIC
GEORGIA-PACIFIC
CEORCIA-PACIFIC
GEORGIA-PACIFIC
SITE
DIBOLL, TX
LOUISVILLE, KY
8MEBOYCA1I. VI
f MJjHLM 1 1 CA
KEHT, VA
LACRAITDE. OR
ma**™, irr
SPRIWCFIELD, OR
ALBARY. OR
COLOWTO. OT1
COOU BAY. OR
CRO8SCT, AR
RU98ELVILLE, 8C
TAYLOflSVILLE. HB
fsl/in fUUf 1
LATITUDK LOHCITUHF, PTATIOR TYPE
31
38
43
37
47
49
46
44
44
39
42
33
33
31
1 1
12
43
92
23
29
04
O2
37
33
27
08
26
91
52 O94
99 000
26 »O7
96 121
12 122
33 1 1O
19 114
66 122
O7 123
O7 OO2
26 124
36 O93
92 079
99 609
46 09
01 49
46 17
97 24
13 IB
92 02
40 O«
39 O6
03 13
36 45
16 47
02 1 1
3O 00
29 96
93987 1 1
9382O 11
14898 11
23244 11
24233 11
24139 II
24146 11
2422 1 1 1
24232 1 1
14621 II
24283 1 1
93992 1 1
1 37 1 7 11
13869 11
tfuunuc
TYVE
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
8
1
3
1
3
I
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
PROCESS
.214069
.893329
.214069
.893929
.391369
1.922366
. 6976*9
.214869
1.022966
. 174249
1.366069
.241929
1 . 366969
.649449
1.922366
.466729
1 . 922368
.407929
1.922366
.367299
1 .922368
.919929
1 . 922368
.807649
1.922366
.466729
STORAGE
.917289
. 199899
.917200
. 199899
.927369
. 199989
.947029
.171969
.917209
. 199909
.912969
.171369
.916729
. 171366
.999499
. 196989
.963369
. 171366
.933289
. 171369
.948969
. 171369
.908289
. 171369
. 196069
. 171369
.963369
FUGITIVE
'. 19989*
:!SaS
.9*472*
'. 17136*
.9*»12*
.927969
. 171369
.997449
. 171369
. 192249
.99936*
. 17136*
. 17136*
. 171369
.99*699
. 17136*
. 1606*9
. 171369
.99936*
in
to
-------
TABLE 15-11 (Continued)
RO.
49
86
91
92
93
94
99
96
97
68
89
60
61
COtTARY
CEOftCIA-PACiri
HDRSARTo
HORSARTO
NDR8ARTO
REICHDOLD
RKICHItOLD
REICBBOLO
REfCHDOLD
REICHIiOLD
MICHIIOLD
RIECHBOLO
OCCIDERTAL
PLASTICS
8 ITT
1C VIEHWA. CA
AD9YSTOM. OH
COCWE, on
gPHIRCFIELD, MA
tWVHIOR, TX
KARSAS CITY. KA
HALVEHR. An
HDRCURE, RC
TACOMA . WA
T08CAL008A. AL
WHITE CITY. OR
WORTH TORAWAKDA,
8HEBOYCAH. VI
LATITUDE LORC1TUDE
32
39
44
42
29
39
34
33
47
33
42
RY 43
43
07
67
O9
09
43
09
24
31
16
12
26
02
43
36 O83 49
30 O84 42
99 123 68
33 072 29
10 093 10
28 094 37
69 O92 48
18 079 64
II 1 S'* **°
63 687 34
18 122 67
47 078 31
00 087 47
66
58
19
O9
15
41
45
52
07
6«
67
44
66
r»iAii ruftji i
8TAT10H TYPE
13815 11
9UO15 11
2422 1 1 1
14763 1 1
12906 1 1
13988 II
13963 1 1
1 37 1 4 II
24207 1 1
13829 1 1
24223 1 1
14747 12
14839 12
»VUHL,e,
TYPE
3
1
3
1
1
U
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
5
3
5
PROCESS
1.522368
.272160
1 .522368
.272 ICO
718848
272160
1.322368
796320
1.322360
.486720
.648066
. 13536O
.718848
.446466
1 .522368
.486720
1 .36656O
203040
1 .322368
. 188646
1 . 922368
1.612326
1 .522368,
.7IOO48
.756000
.874368
. 302400
STORAGE
. 171366
.02 1600
. 171366
. 02 1 600
.689836
.©2I6OO
. 196686
.061920
. I9O686
O63360
.686928
.OIOOOO
.689856
.659646
. 196686
.06336O
. 171360
O27360
. I90OOO
.614466
. 196686
. 133926
. 196986
.689896
. 169446
.643266
FUGITIVE
. 171366
6432*6
. 171366
.643266
.689856
.643266
196686
. 129286
. 196686
.699366 en
.686928 ^
.621666
.689856
.692166
. 196686
.699366
. 171366
641766
. 196086
.036246
. 196686
.297366
. 196686
.689856
.216666
. 169446
.686406
-------
TABLE 15-11 (Concluded)
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces formaldehyde
Type 2: Plant produces putanedlol
Type 3: Plant produces acetal resins
Type 4: Plant produces pentaerythH tol
Type St Plant produces hexamethyl tetramlne
Type 6: Plant produces formaldehyde and butanedlol
Type 7: Plant produces formaldehyde, acetal resins, pentaerythrltol and trlmethylol propane
Type 8: Plant produces formaldehyde and pentaerythrltol
Type 9: Plant produces formaldehyde and hexamethyl tetramlne
Type 10: Plant produces formaldehyde, hexamethyl tetramlne, and resins
O Type 11: Plant produces formaldehyde and resins
Type 12: Plant produces hexamethyl tetramlne and resins
t Source Types:
Type 1: Formaldehyde production
Type 2: Butanedlol production
Type 3: Resins production
Type 4: Pentaerythrltol production
Type 5: Hexamethylene tetramlne production
Type 6: Trlmethylol propane production
-------
15-37
TABLE 15-12.
EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF FORMALDEHYDE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
(ug/n»3)
2,
1.
500
000
500
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.00042*
Ponulatlon
Exnosed
(persons)
2
7
14
34
288
,250
,970
1
14,825
29,831
62,511
190,996
392,962
773,937
,863,413
3,345,711
5,857,331
12,124,472
27,684,823
Dosaqe
[(ug/m3) . persons]
4,830
13,400
18,000
24,500
58,500
123,000
215,000
381,000
482,000
593,000
785,000
925,000
1,060,000
1,230,000
1,340,000
1,420,000
1,520,000
1,600,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring wHMn 20 km of the
specific point lource.
-------
5
IMBLE 15-13. EMISSIONS RATES AKO HUWCT OF GENERIC POINT SOURCES
Of FORMALDEHYDE (RESINS PRODUCTION)*
Emissions/Site
_ Region _ ( (pi/sec)
flew England 1.233
Kiddle Atlantic 1.233 39
East Horth Central 1.233 47
West North Central 1.233 7
South Atlantic 1.233 28
East South Central 1.233 12
test South Central 1.233 15
Mountain 1.233 0
Pacific 1.233 23
en
* Those resin production units located within plants that are also
equipped with other formaldehyde-emitting facilities were
treated as specific point sources. Plants that only emit for-
maldehyde fro* phenol1c/urea/mel amine resin production units are
treated here with average emissions rate of 1.233 gm/sec per unit.
Average emissions parameters for process vent, storage vent, and
fugitive emissions weighted by their emissions rates are:
Vent height: 50 m
Building cross section: 50 m^
Vent diameter: 0.10 m
Vent velocity: 4.8 m/sec
Vent tei*>erature: 325°K
-------
TABLE 15-14. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EWSSIOfIS FROM GENERAL POINT
SOURCES OF FORMALDEHYDE (RESINS PRODUCTION)
Concentration
Leve^ Population Exposed Dosage
" (103 persons) DO^ug/*3)'Persons]
2.5 28 89
1.0 448 705
0.50 1,890 1,670
0.25 - 2,530
0.10 — 3,970
0.050 -- 4,180
0.025 -- 5,970
0 — 8,780
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
15-40
TABLE 15-15. ^JQR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF FORMALDEHYDE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rite (Kd) 4.2 x 10"5 sec"1
N1ghtt1« dtcay rate \ty 0
Hanna-61fford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (EH) 0
Nationwide nonheatlng stationary source emissions (EN) 84.4 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source tmlsslons (EM) 0
\0r|
-------
TABLE 15-16. FORMALDEHYDE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
o
.«/*>]
.•50000
100000
060000
075000
010000
j5»rtonl|
5O5140
9149730
27819254
73731345
1410278W
158679U5
Oos«ge
person)
725625 1
1653960 0
29S6265 2
4503453 5
5698572 7
S817783 3
P^rtentaije of Contribution P*IXCT
H*at in(j
0
0
0
0
0
0
Stat lonary
ion o
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 a
Mohl le
0
0
0
0
0
0
CUf TO* 1
100 0
100 0
100 0
97 9
93 9
92 6
it*gp of [HMrlbut Ion
CHj Type 7
0
0
0
7
2 6
7 7
c(iLlffi«_J
0
0
0
1 3
3 6
4 ?
cn
i
-------
TABLE 15-17. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUWV\RY Of FORHALDCHYDE
Population Exposed
(persons)
Concentration Specific
Level
(vQ/r)
2,500
1.000
500
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0
Point
Source
2
7
14
34
288
1,250
3,970
14,825
29,831
62,511
190,996
392, 962
773,937
1,863,413
3,345,711
5,857,331
12,124,472
27.684,823
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28.000
448.000
1.890.000
--
--
--
--
--
--
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
505,140
9,149,730
27,819,254
73,231,345
141.027,899
158,679,135
U.S. Total
2
7
14
34
288
1,250
3,970
14,825
29,831
90,511
638,9%
2,282,962
--
—
--
--
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
4^30
13,400
18,000
24,500
38,500
123,000
215,000
381,000
482,000
593,000
785,000
925,000
1,060,000
1,230,000
1,340,000
1,420,000
1,520,000
1,600,000
Dosage
£ ( i^/*»3 ) • P« rs ow 1
General
Point
Sown*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
89,000
705.000
1.670.000
2,530.000
3.970,000
4,180,000
5,970,000
--
8,780,000
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
225,625
1,653,960
2,998.265
4,503,455
5,698.573
5,817,783
U.S. Total
4,830
13,400
18.000
24.500
58,500
123,000
215.000
381,000
462,000
682,000
1,490,000
2,595,000
3,815,625
6,853,960
8,518,263
11,893,435
--
16,197,783
en
i
MOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not
significant (relative to last entry or relative to entry in another
coliwn at the same row) or that the exposure of the same population
•nay be counted in another column.
-------
15-43
REFERENCES
1. J. L. Blackford, "Formaldehyde," pp. 658 503A—658.5034H in Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (April 1977).
2. R. J. Lovell, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for the Synthetic
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Formaldehyde Product Report (on file
at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC) October 1978.
3. "Manual of Current Indicators Supplemental Data," p. 252 in Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (April 1979).
4. "Chemical Products Synopsis on Formaldehyde," Mansville Chemical Products
(March 1978).
5. Special Project Report, "Petrochemical Plant Sites," prepared for Industrial
Pollution Control Division, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, by Monsanto Research Corpora-
tion, Dayton, OH (April 1976)
6. Celanese Chemical Co., Bishop, TX, Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory
Questionnaire for 1975, Triraethylolpropane Process
-------
APPENDIX A-16 ..... Hexachlorocylopentadiene
HEXACHLORuCYlLOPENlADlENE CHEMICAL DATA
Homencltture
Abstract Service Registry Number:
Synonyms: Perchlorocyclooentadiene
Formula
Molecular Weight: 272.77
Molecular Formula: CCC1,
t> 0
Molecular Structure: Cl - C - C - Cl
II II
Cl - C C - Cl
x<
CL' CL
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP. Liquid
Boiling Point: 239°C
Melting Point: 9°C
Density: 1.702 at 25°C/4°C
V»por Pressure:
V»por Otnslty:
Solubility:
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H^O)
Atmospheric Reactivity
TranifonMtlon Products:
Rttct1v1ty Toward OH-:
Reactivity Toward 0^:
Reactivity Toward Photolysis:
Major Atmospheric Precursors:
Formation Reactivity:
-------
16-5
I SOURCES
I
A. PRODUCTION
Hexachlorocyclopcntadiene has been produced commercially by three different
processes It is believed that currently in the United States, the predominant
method involves the use of mixed pentanes as a raw material The mixed pentanes
are chlorinated to polychlorinated pentanes in the liquid phase followed by
vapor phase chlorinolysis and ring closure over a surface-active catalyst to
produce hexachlorocyclopentadiene.i>2
Two companies at three locations currently produce hexachlorocyclopentadiene in
the United States 3 The locations of individual plants are shown in Table 16-1
An estimated 7 million Ib of hexachlorocyclopentadiene was produced in 1978
B. USES
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture
of flame retardants, in the manufacture of pesticides, and in the production of
flame-retardant resins
A list of the major hexachlorocyclopentadiene derivatives is shown in Table 16-2.4
Current production estimates of hexachlorocyclopentadiene derivatives are not
available The known locations of hexachlorocyclopentadiene users are shown
in Table 16-3.4
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a very questionable future because many of its
former end-uses have been banned by EPA and OSKA regulations
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
PRODUCTION
Estimated emission losses from the production of hexachlorocyclopentadiene
are shown in Table 16-4 for each of the three producing locations. Total emissions
of hexachlorocyclopentadiene resulting from its production are estimated to have
been 56,000 Ib in 1978 Emissions were determined using the emission factor
shown in Table 16-4 which represents Hydroscience1s estimate of the average emis-
-------
16-6
Table 16-1. Production of Hexchlorocyclop«ntadiene
Source
Hooker Chemical &
Plastics Corp.
Velaicol Chemical
Corp.
Total
location
Montague, MI
Niagara Falls, NY
Memphis, TN
1978
Estimated
Production
(M Ib)
1.75
3.50
1.75
7d
1978
Estimated
Capacity
(M Ib)
NAC
NA
NA
NA
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
43 24 45/86 22 30
43 04 52/79 00 34
35 09 50/90 57 45
'See rof. 3.
Individual site production allocated by the ratio of the total number of employees at
each site compared to the total number of employees at all three sites.
cHot available.
Hydroicience estimate.
115
-------
Table 16-2. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Derivatives*
Compound
Aldrin
Chloradane
Dieldrin
Endosulf an
Endnn
Heptachlor
Pentac®
Het-acid
Mi vex
Het-anhydride
Dichlorane plus
Chlorendic diesters
End-Use
Category
Pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide
Pesticide
Flame retardant
Pesticide
Flame retardant
Flame retardant
Resins
1974
Production
(million Ib)
6.5
21.2
1.0
1.5
1.2
2.0
'
•>
7.0
7
7
1978 Status
No longer made
?
No longer made
?
No longer made
7
No longer made
?
No longer made
7
?
7
Known
Producer
Velsicol
FMC & Hooker
Velsicol
Hooker
Hooker
Hooker
Velsicol
Location
Marshall, IL
New York sites
Memphis, TN
Niagara Falls,
Niagara Falls,
Niagara Falls,
Memphis, TN
NY
NY
NY
*See ref. 1 and 4.
-------
16-8
Table 16-3. Consumers of Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Company
Uook«r
Velsicol
FMC
Location
Montague, MI
Niagara Falls, NY
Memphis, TN
Marshall, IL
Middleport, NY
End-Useb
A
A,B
B,C
A
A
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
43 24 45/86 22 30
43 04 52/79 00 34
35 09 50/90 57 45
39 23 00/87 42 30
43 12 21/78 29 23
See ref. 4.
End-use code:
A • pesticide
B • flame retard«nt
C - resin
-------
Table 16-4. 1978 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Production Emissions
Process Emissions Storage Emissions
Company Location (Ib/yr) (g/sec) (Ib/yr) (g/sec)
Hooker Montague, MI 9,100 0.131 1,400 0.020
Niagara Falls, NY 18,200 0.262 2,800 0.040
Velsicol Memphis, TN 9,10O 0.131 1,400 0.020
Total 36,40O 5,600
Emission factor hexachlorocyclopentadiene (Ib lost/lb produced)
Process 0.0052 D - Hydroscience estimate
Storage 0.0008 D - Hydroscience estimate
Fugitive 0.0020 D - Hydroscience estimate
Total 0.0080
Fugitive Emissions Total Emissions
(Ib/yr) (g/sec) b (Ib/yr) (g/sec)b
3,500 0.050 14,OOO 0.202
7,000 0.101 28,000 0.404
3,500 0.050 14,OOO 0.202
14,000 56,000
5^ Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
10
-------
16-10
sion loss for the synthetic organic chemical industry. Other associated com-
ponents include pentanes, polychlorinated pentanes, and hydrogen chloride.
Process emissions originate primarily from the chlonnation reactor vent. Storage
emissions represent the losses from both in-process and final product storage
tanks as well as loading and handling Fugitive emissions are those emissions
resulting from plant equipment leaks. Vent parameter data are shown in Table 16-5.
B. USE
Total •missions of hexachlorocyclopentadiene resulting from its use as a chemical
intermediate are estimated to have been 3500 Ib in 1978 using an emission factor
of 0.0005 Ib lost/lb produced.5 This factor was determined fron hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene use in pesticide manufacturing and is considered representative
of its use as a chemical intermediate. Vent parameter data for end-uses are
shown in Tablv 16-5.
Source locations of end-use emissions are shown in Table 16-6. Total emissions
were distributed by ratioing the total number of plant employees employed at
•ach site to the total number employees at all five sites.
The total nationwide emissions of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in 1978 from all
sources are shown in Table 16-7 and are estimated to have been 59,500 Ib.
-------
16-11
Table 16-5. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Vent Parameters
Source
b,c
Production
Process
Storage
b.c
End-use
Process
Storage
Number
of
Vents
2
6
1
2
Vent
Height
(ft)
40
20
40
20
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
Discharge
Temperature
(°F)
140
80
100
80
Velocity
(fps)
20
20
Hydroecience estimate.
dispers
Building cross-section - 100 tn .
Fugitive emissions are dispersed over a 200 ft X 200 ft area.
130
-------
16-12
Table 16-6. 1979 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene End-Use Emissions
Source
Location
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
Storage
Piissions
(Ib/yr)
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
(g/sec)'
Hooker Itantague, MI
Niagara Falls, NY
Velsicol Memphis, TN
Marshall, IL
JVC Middleport, NY
Total
570
810
390
180
325
2275
90
125
60
25
JO
350
215
315
150
70
125
875
875
1250
600
275
500
3500
0.013
0.018
0.009
0.004
0.007
*taission factor for hexachlorocyclopentadiene end-use (Ib lost/lb used). See r«f. 5.
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Total
0.000325
0.000050
0.000125
0.000500
C - Derived from published source
C - Derived from published source
C - Derived from published source
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
16-13
Table 16-7. 1978 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Nationwide Emissions
Estimated
National
Emission
Source (Ib/yr)
Production 56,000
Cheiiical intermediates 3,500
Pesticides
Flame retaxdents
Resins
Total 59,500
-------
FIGURE 16-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 16-8. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF HEXACHLOROPENTADIENE
EMISSIONS (CM/SEO
-c-
Ct 1 /1U FLmil DUUIVL.CI
HO. COMPANY SITE LATITUDE LONGITUDE PIATION 1 VPL 1YTE
1 HOOKER MONTAGUE, MI 43 24 45 006 22 30 14040 1 1
2, HOOKER NIACIIA FALLS, NY 43 03 02 079 00 27 14747 1 1
•I
3 VEI.8ICOL MEMPHIS, IN 33 09 50 009 57 45 13963 1 1
4 VLI.SICOL MARSHALL, IL 39 23 00 057 42 30 93019 2 2
0 FMC M1DDLEPORT. HY 43 12 21 O7O 29 23 14747 2 2
j- r\ •% _ a •» _ . _
PROCESS
131040
OOB20O
2620OO
01 1664
131040
0056 16
002592
e04600
STORAGE
020160
001296
O4032O
OOIOOO
020160
000064
000360
000720
FUGITIVE
050400
003096
loeooo
004536
050400
002160
001000
ooiooe
en
i
en
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces and consumes hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Type 2: Plant consumes hexachlorocyclopentadiene
t Source Types:
Type 1: Hexachlorocyclopentadlene production
Type 2: Hexachlorocyclopentadlene consumption
-------
16-16
TABLE 16-9. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
RESULTING FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
25 8 1 21.3
25 1 21.3
10 6 82.5
5 85 586
2 5 370 1,610
1 963 2,600
0 5 2,310 3,660
0 25 6,421 5,020
0 1 22,730 7,480
0 05 60,372 10,100
0 025 U4.963 13,100
0.01 312,105 15,800
0 005 558,093 17,500
0 0025 796,363 18,300
0 001 ,» 1,252,948 19,100
9 45x10 1,377,001 19,100
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
16-17
REFERENCES
1 J E Stevens, "Chlorinated Derivatives of Cyclopentadiene," p 791 in Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3d ed , Vol 5, edited by M Grayson e_t al ,
Wiley, New York, 1979
2 R. R Whetstone, "Chlorinated Derivatives of Cyclopentadiene," p. 240 in
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2d ed , Vol. 5, edited by
A Standed et a_l , Wiley, New York, 1967.
3. 1979 Directory of Chemical Producers, United States of America, Stanford
Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA
4. J. Mayers and 0. H Johnson, "Insecticides," pp 573 3007E,F, Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (July 1976).
5 . Source Assessment Pesticide Manufacturing Air Emissions Overview and
Prioritization, EPA, IERL, ORD, EPA-600/2-78-004d, Research Triangle Park,
NC (March 1978)
-------
APPENDIX A-17 Manganese
MANGANESE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomencl ature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number.
Synonyms None
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight 54 94 (atomic wt )
Molecular Formula Mn - atomic number 25
Molecular Structure: (atomic structure)
6 4 a - Form Body centered cubic
6 - Form Cubic
8 - Form or electrolytic HN Face centered cubic
Chencal and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP- Solid-metal-steel gray, lustrous, hard, brittle
Boiling Point' 1962°C
Melting Point' 1244°C
Density. 7.21 to 7.44 (depending on alotrooic form)
Vapor Pressure N/A
Vapor Density. N/A
Solubility: Insoluble
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H^O): N/A
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: No atmosoheric transformation (aerosol and
particle deposition). Reacts with all mineral acids with evolution
of hydrogen and formation of divalent manganous salts.
Reactivity Toward OH-: N/A
Reactivity Toward 0,: N/A
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: N/A
Major Atmospheric Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity:
-------
17-5
I SOURCES
A PRODUCTION
There was neither production nor shipments of mangane-se ore containing 35% or
more manganese by weight in the United States in 1976, the last year for which
complete data are available l
U S production from domestic low grade (less the 35% manganese) ores mined in
Minnesota and New Mexico is estimated to have been 81,607 tons l Imports
supplied the major portion of manganese ore used in the United States amounting
to a total of 1,519,266 tons Total consumption of manganese ore is estimated
to have been 1,600,373 tons :
B USES
Manganese ore consumption is shown in Table 17-1 ' The largest end-use of manganese
ore is for the direct manufacture of manganese alloys and metal, which consumed
(1,263,531 tons) Pig iron and steel production consumed an estimated 143,761 ton,
or 9% The remainder (12%) was consumed for battery chemical and miscellaneous
alloy manufacture (193,581 tons)
C. INCIDENTAL SOURCES
Incidental sources of manganese emissions include coal- and oil-fired boilers,
and coke ovens The boilers include industrial, electrical utility power
plant, commercial, and residential types Manganese emissions originate as
impurities from oil and coal when they are burned in the boilers or in coke
ovens Table 17-21'2 shows the estimated consumption of oil and coal by use category
Table 17-3* indicates the percentage breakdown by region of the coal and oil used
by electric utility power plants
II EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
The primary source of emission data for this summary was the Survey of Emissions
and Controls for Hazardous and Other Pollutants, prepared for the Environmental
Protection Agency by the Mitre Corp 5 Based on the emissions data presented in
-------
17-6
Table 17-1. ur^ted States Manganese Ore Consunption
Manganese
Pig iron
Dry cells
Total
See ref
Use
alloys/metals
and steel
, chemicals, misc
1.
Usage
79
9
12
100
Manganese Ore Consumed
(ton/vr)
1,263,581
143,761
193,561
1,600,923
-------
17-7
*
Taile 17-2. 19^8 United States Oil and Coal Consumption
Coal Consumption Oil Consumption
User (million tors) (million bols)
Electrical utilities 4SO
Industry 55
Coke ovens 75
Reside-tial/co^--ercial 8 707
Diesel f^el 32^
Total 618 2251
See refs 2 and 3.
-0.
-------
17-8
Table ]7-3. Electrical Utility Power Plant Locations and
Usage of Coal and Oil by Geographic Region*
Nu-Tiber cf
Coal Con-
Reaion simina sites
Nev, England
Middle Atlantic
East North
West North
Central
Central
South Atlantic
East South
West South
Mountain
Pacific
Central
Central
9
51
156
111
61
44
3
38
1
Percentage
of Total U.S.
Coal Consumption
0.
11.
33.
9.
19.
16.
1.
5.
0.
7
3
9
4
6
3
3
8
7
.NuiTLDer of
Oil Con-
suming sites
35
70
110
85
97
26
100
44
33
Percentage
of Total U.S.
Oil Consuirotaon
9.
27.
5.
0.
31.
2.
4.
2.
15.
4
9
9
7
4
0
6
2
7
Total
474
100.0
600
100.0
See ref. 4
-------
17-9
this report and the fact that high grade ore is no longer mined in the United
States, manganese emissions from mining are assumed to be negligible.
USES
Emissions of manganese from its use as an ore also include incidental emissions
inherent in the metals processed The emissions from its use to produce ferro-
alloys which include ferromanganese, silicomanganese, and manganese metals are
shown in Table 17-4 by geographic region.6 Emission estimates of 12,632,000 Ib
were based on an emission factor of 0.003307 Lb manganese lost per pound
ferroalloy produced.5 The emission factor is large because it includes ferro-
and silicomanganese production which are subsequently consumed to produce
ferroalloys Total ferroalloy production was estimated to be 1,910,000 tons in
1978
Emissions of manganese from its ore to produce iron and steel are shown in
Table 17-5 by geographic region. Estimated emissions of 9,212,000 Ib are based on
an emission factor of 0.00002 Ib manganese lost per pound iron and steel
produced and assuming total iron and steel production was 230,300,000 tons in
1978 5 Total emissions were distributed by the number of people employed in the
industry in each region.7
Emissions from gray iron foundry operations were estimated to have been
5,540,000 Ib based on an emission factor of 0.000154 Ib manganese lost per
pound of metal produced5 and production was 18,000,000 ton of hot metal in
1978. The emissions are shown in Table i?-67 and were distributed using the same
method as for iron and steel.
Manganese emissions from chemical applications were estimated to have been
644,000 Ib based on an emission factor of 0.004 Ib lost/lb used and assuming
80,500 ton manganese used. Manganese emissions from its use in battery
manufacture were estimated to have been 276,000 Ib based on an emission factor
of 0.004 Ib lost/lb used5 and assuming 34,500 ton manganese used. Emissions
from welding rod manufacture of 48,000 Ib were taken directly from the report.5
Actual production quantities of manganese used for this application could not
be estimated. Emissions were assumed to be the same as those reported in the
Mitre report. Specific source locations for all three of these sources could
not be identified to allow for a regional distribution.
-------
17-10
Table 17-4. Kanganese Emissions from Ferroalloy,
Ferro Manganese, and Silica Manganese Production
Region
Nev, England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sates
0
12
8
1
8
13
1
4
4
51
Emissions
(lb/vr)b
0
2,972,220
1,981,480
247,685
1,981,480
3,219,905
247,685
990,740
990,740
12,632,000°
See ref. 6.
Based or an emission factor of 0.003307 Ib manganese lost per Ib ferro
alloy produced. "C" derived from published data (see ref. 5).
Average emission rate per site: 247,685 Ib/yr (3.57 g/sec).
-------
17-11
Table 17-5 Manganese Emissions from Iron and Steel Production'
Feaion
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West Ilorth Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number Manganese Emission;
of Sites (Lb/yr)b
10
65
84
C.
22
25
12
2
32
257
55
2,646
3,859
101
819
626
211
221
469
9,212
,045
, 655
,795
,260
,940
,250
,865
,210
,950
,000
Average Emissions per
(Ib/'-r) (q/
5
43
45
20
37
25
17
110
14
35
,505
, ~i?~
,950
,250
, 2~0
,050
,655
,605
,685
,844
0
o
0
0
0
0.
0
1
0
Site
'sec)C
079
630
661
292
527
.361
254
592
211
See ref. 7.
Eased on emissicr factcr of 0 00002 Ib manganese lost per Ib iron and
produced "C" der_.ed from published data (see ref. 5) .
"Based on 6760 hr/- r ocerat^cn
steel
-------
17-12
Manganese Emissions from Gray Iron Foundry Operations*
Reaion
Nev, England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
13
42
129
29
22
37
19
5
28
324
Manganese Emissions
(Ib/yr)
136,500
508,985
2,887,725
315,085
408,575
654,410
277,000
65,785
283,925
5,540,000°
Average
(Ib/yr)
10,655
12,120
22,385
10,865
18,570
17,685
14,580
13,157
10,140
17,100
Emissions per Site
(g/sec)
0.15
0.17
0.32
0.16
0.27
0.25
0.21
0.19
0.15
See ref. 7.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
Based on an emission factor of 0.000154 Ib manganese lost per Ib metal produced.
"C" derived fron published data (see ref. 5).
-------
17-13
INCIDENTAL SOURCES
Manganese emissions resulting from electrical utility power plants are shown
for coal-fired power plants in Table 17-", and for oil-fired power plants in
Tabl*- 17-8. Coal-fired plants had manganese emissions of 5,280,000 lb5 and oil-
fired plants 13,566 lb 5
These emission^ were calculated by multiplying the emission factors shown in
Tables 17-7 and 17-8 by the coal and oil used shown in Table 17-2. Tho emissions were
distrj_buted by region according to the usage percentages shown in Table 17-3
Manganese emissions from coke ovens were estimated to have been 1,950,000 lb as
shown in Table 17-98 using the emission factor of 0.000013 lb manganese lost per
lb of coal used and the amount of coal used is shown in Table 17-2. Total emissions
/
were distributed by the number of sites in each region
The remaining incidental sources of manganese emissions are from other sources
which burn oil or coal Emissions from coal and oil-fired industrial boilers
were estimated to have been 352,000 lb and 14,091 lb respectively derived from
an emission factor of 0 0000032 lb manganese lost per lb of coal burned and
0 00000050 lb manganese lost per gal of oil burned.5 Emissions from
residential/ commercial coal and oil for heating were estimated to be 16,000 Lb
and 4,454 lb respectively derived from an emission factor of 0.0000010 lb
manganese lost per lb of coal burned and 0.00000015 lb manganese lost per gal
of oil burned.5. Source locations for all these incidental sources are
considered too numerous and too diverse to pinpoint regional distributions
Vent parameter data for all manganese sources are shown in Table 17-10
Table 17-11 presents a summary of manganese emissions. Total nationwide emissions
are estimated to have been 35,982,111 lb in 1978
-------
17-14
Table 17-7. Manganese ETassions from Electrical Utility Power Plants (coal-fired)'
Recion
Nev England
Kiddle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
9
51
156
111
61
44
3
38
1
474
Manganese Emissions
(Ib/vr)
36,
596,
1,789,
496,
1 ,034,
860,
68,
359,
36,
3, 2 SO ,
960
640
9:0
320
880
640
640
040
960
oooc
Average Emissions/Site
(Ib/yr)
4
11
11
4
16
19
22
9
36
11
,105
,700
,475
, 470
,965
,560
,880
,450
, 960
,140
(g/sec)
0.06
0.17
0 17
0.07
0.25
0.29
0.33
0.14
0. 54
See ref. 3.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
CBased on an emission factor of 0.0000055 Is manganese lost per Ib coal burned.
"C" derived from published data (see ref. 5).
-------
17-15
Table 17-9 Manganese Emissions from Electrical Utility Power Plants (oil-fired)'
Real en
Ne'v England
Middle Atlantic
East Nortn Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number Manganese Emission
of Sites (Ib/vr)
35
70
110
85
97
26
100
44
33
600
i,:-5
3,7S8
803
ICO
4,250
275
650
300
2,125
13,566C
Average Emissions per Site
a
36
5,.
7
1.
43
10
6
6
64.
22.
yr) (g/seo
4
1
3
0
0
0
0005
0008
.0001
2 Nil
8
6
5
8
M
6
0
0
0
0
0
0006
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0009
See ref. 3.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
"Based on an emission factor of 0.0000005 ID manganese lost per gal oil burned.
"C" derived from published data (see ref. 5).
-------
17-16
Table 17-9 Manganese Emissions from Coke Oven Operations
Reaion
New England
Kiddle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
0
15
25
3
4
9
2
2
1
61
Manganese Emissions
(Ib/vr)
0
479,505
799,185
95,900
127,870
287,705
63,935
63,935
31,965
l,950,OOOb'C
See ref. 8.
Basec on an emission factor of 0.000013 Ib manganese lost per It
coal burned. "C" derived from published data (see ref. 5).
"Average erosion per site: 31,967 Ib/yr (0.46 g/sec) .
-------
17-17
Table 17-10 Manganese Vent Parameters
Source
Power plant
Iron and steel
Ferro alloy
Gray iron foundry
Coke oven
Murder
of Stacks
1
-)
1
1
2
Vent
Height
(ft)
400
80
80
150
30
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
16
1
1
2
1
Discharge
Temperature
(°F)
200
200
200
200
300
Velocity
(fos)
90
40
40
40
15
Building cross-section all sources - 200
-------
17-18
Table 17-11. 1978 Manganese Nationwide Emissions
Source
Nationwide Emissions
(Ih/vr)
Mining
Iron and steel
Gray iron foundry
Ferro alloy, ferro manganese, silico manganese
Chemical applications
Battery production
Welding rod manufacture
Power Plants
Coal
Oil
Industrial Boilers
Coal
Oil
Re s i de n ti al/ cornme r ci al
Coal
Oil
Coke ovens
Total
Negligible
9,212,000
5, 5-30, 000
12,632,000
644,000
276,000
48,000
5,280,000
13,566
352,000
14,091
16,000
4,454
1,950,000
35,982,111
-------
I
U3
FIGURE 17-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF HETHYLENE CHLORIDE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 17-12. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF MANGANESE
Production Irgo/Stetl
Gr»y Iron
tnltllooi/Stt» Nwtor tnlttlontAU«
Athlon (
-------
TABLE 17-13. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EMISSIONS FROM
GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF MANGANESE
_JrV-'JL_
n
11
i.m
*
t
ii
Ml
M..I ri»i
(!«.lj (til)
f II
4
M
M4
I tl
II
nr
4.11*
• II.H
IM
M7
,tr«
M
m
,*. PU.I >!«-(
t
I
II
tM I
III I
l.ir* MI
t.tr* lit
( IN I.Wt
*>«• I I
ilkt_ !>*il
14 14
«i in
IM Ml
•Ot I l«*
• II 4. W5
l.>4* M ro*
I.K* U.444)
i.iii n.cn*
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D Is not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
17-22
TABLE 17-14 rfAJOP PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF MANGANESE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (O 0
Nighttime decay rate (K ) 0
Hanne-Gifford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (£.,) 0.294 gm/sec
Residential coal burning 0.230 gm/sec
Residential oil burning 0.06^ gm/sec
Nationwide nonheating stationary emissions (E^) 19.211 gm/sec
Chemical applications 9.274 gro/sec
Battery production 3.974 gm/sec
Welding rod manufacturing 0.691 gm/sec
Industrial boiler coal combustion 5.069 gm/sec
Industrial boiler oil combustion 0.203 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions (Eu) 0
M
-------
TABLE 17-15. MANGANESE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
Eipo
Popu 1 «l I 0^
Pertenldjp uf Cont r iliut Inn
f'trcent*2* of 01 i t r Ibut ton
•J/"1!
1 000 00
CftOOOO
02 '.,000
010000
U0500U
01)2500
(p*riorj__
44b9S2
505140
9149730
37272291
92073728
1M4I 1291
15tib79135
person]
47097 2
52100 4
405785 5
839199 2
I2IIH20 7
1387299 2
14/1700 9
llflllng
(j
7
1 8
1 t>
1 6
1 b
1 (,
j Id 1 (ulidf y K.h 1 If
99 4 (1
99 3 0
98 2 0
98 4 0
911 4 0
9U 4 cl
98 4 II
Clljr _!/('<•
Hill II
IUII 0
100 0
1(11) 0
97 5
94 5
M: 9
Ijrgt 2 C I (.j T/pe 3
-------
TABLE 17-16 EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUMMARY OF MANGANESE
-t
Concentration
Level
(pq/m3)
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
• 0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0
Specific
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Population Exposed
(persons)
General
Point
Source
510
21,000
120,000
517,000
1,920,000
4,750,000
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
446,952
505,140
9,149,730
37,272,291
92,073,728
138,413,291
158,679,135
U.S. Total
510
21,000
120,000
517,000
1,920,000
4,750,000
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dosage
f V g/"-') -persons]
Genera T
Point
Source
14,000
185,000
948,000
2,290,000
4,380,000
6,370,000
9,190,000
13,700,000
17,400,000
--
--
--
--
29,000,000
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
47,097
52,100
405,785
839.199
1,211,820
1,387,299
1,421,708
U.S. Tot«1
14.000
185,000
948,000
2,290,000
4,380,000
6,370,000
9,190,000
13,700,000
17,400,000
--
--
—
--
30,420,000
r\>
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted In another column.
-------
17-25
REFERENCES
1 G L. DeHuff, Manganese-1977, Mineral Commodity Profiles, Bureau of Mines,
U S. Dept of the Interior (October 1977).
2. "Bituminous Coal," p. 211.3026C, Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA (October 1978)
3. "Fuel Oil," p 229,43508, Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA (February 1979)
4. "Existing Power Plants as of 1974," supplied by Systems Applications, Inc ,
San Rafael, CA, to Hydroscience, Inc., Knoxville, TN
5. Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and Other Pollutants, the
Mitre Corp , EPA Contract No. 68-01-0438, p. 115
6. "Ferroalloys," p. 738.4000C, D, E, Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford
Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA.
7 Marketing Economics Key Plants 1975-1976, Marketing Economics Institute,
New York, NY.
8. "Coke Oven Plants in the U.S ," p. 212.2000A—D, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (October 1978)
-------
APPENDIX A-18 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform)
METHYL- CHLOROFORM (1,1 ,1-TR1CHLOROETHANE) CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 71-55-6
Synonyms Alpha-Trichloroethane, Methyl Chloroform, Chlorothene,
Aerothene TT, Dowclene WR, Chlorten, Tnthane
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight. 133 4
Molecular Formula CH. CCU
Molecular Structure
H Cl
l I
H - C - C - Cl
I I
H Cl
Cherical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP. Liquid-clear, nonflammable
Boiling Point. 74 1°C
Melting Point- 30 41°C
Density 1 34 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 130 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 4.55
Solubility: soluble (1.3 g/1 of H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H-0): 3.32
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward OH-:,t to atnospheric
ReactivUy Toward 03: Oxidation, t 1/2 > 5 yr.
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: none
Major Atmospheric Precursors:
Formation Reactivity:
-------
18-5
I SOURCES
1,1,1 trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) is currently produced in the United
States by two different processes ' The predominant method involves the use
of vinyl chloride as a raw material Vinyl chloride, produced from ethylene
dichlorade, is hydrochlorinated with hydrogen chloride to form 1,1-dichloroethane,
which is then thermally chlorinated to produce 1,1,1 trichloroethane.
The alternate process, used only by Vulcan, uses ethane and chlorine as raw
materials 1,1,1 trichloroethane is produced by the continuous noncatalytic
chlorination of ethane. Other chlorinated hydrocarbon co-products, such as
ethyl chloride, vinyl chloride, etc., which are formed in this reaction in sig-
nificant quantities, are recycled unless individual separation is required.
Only three companies at four locations currently produce 1,1,1 trichloroethane
in the United States. The plant locations and the 1978 capacity and estimated
production level for each plant are shown in Tabie 18-1.1'2' An estimated 620
million Ib of 1,1,1-tnchloroetha.ne was produced in 1978.
1,1,1 trichloroethane has many diverse end-uses. The largast end-use of 1,1,1 tri-
ehloroethane is in metal degreasing and cleaning operation*. This end-use consumed
•n tBticated 63% of production in 1978 amounting to 390 million Ib. Of this
total, 193 million Ib was ustd in degreasers and 197 Billion Ib was used in
cold cleaners.
Most of the other applications of 1,1,1 trichloroethane are small and minor in
importance when compared to degreasing use. Aerosol formulations consumed an
estimated 30 million Ib (5%) in 1978. An undisclosed use of 1,1,1 trichloro-
ethane as a chemical intermediate has been reported to consume an estimated
15 million Ib. Other applications of 1,1,1-trichloroethane include its use as
a formulation and vehicle solvent in a wide variety of consumer products such
as adhesives, nonflammable paints, urethane coatings, and other types of sealants.
It is also used as an extraction solvent in nonfood and drug formulations, as a
fabric and drain cleaner, and as a lubricant and coolant in cutting oils. Total
consumption for this broad category is estimated to have been 135 million Ib (22%)
in 1978. Exports of 1,1,1-trichloroethane are estimated to have been 50 million Ib
(8%) in 1978. End-uses are summarized in Table 18-2.1f2
-------
Table 18-1. Production of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Source
Location
1978 Estimated
Production
(M Ib)
1978 Estimated
Capacity
(M Ib)
Geographic
Coordinates
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
— PPG Industries
U*
Vulcan Chemical Co.
Total
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, IJ\
Lake Charles, LA
Geismar, LA
266
160
160
34
620
500
300
300
65
1165
28 59 15
tl latitude
95 24 45
W. longitude
30 19 00
N. latitude
91 15 32
W. longitude
30 13 14
N. latitude
93 16 54
W. longitude
30 10 00
N. latitude
90 59 00
W. longitude
See refs. 1—3.
The distribution of production for each producer is determined by the ratio of total U.S. production to total U.S.
capacity as compared to individual plant capacity.
-------
18-7
Table 18-2 1973 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Consumption by End-Use*
End-Use
% of Total Consunption
End-Use Consumption (M lb'
Metal cleaning, degreasing 63 390
Chemical intermediate 2 15
Aerosols 5 30
Vehicle solvent, cleaner, misc. 22 135
Export _£ 50
Total 100 620
•See refs. 1,2.
-------
18-8
II EMISSION ESTIMATES
PRODUCTION
Estimated production losses are shown in Table 18-3 for each of the four producing
locations
-------
Table 18-3. 1978 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Production Emissions
Company
Dow
Dow
PPG
Vulcan
Total
1978
Production
Location (Ib X 106)
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Lake Charles, LA
Geismar, LA
266
160
160
34
620
Process Emissions
(Ib X 104)
19.
11.
11.
2.
44.
13
50
50
46
58
Storage Emissions
(Ib X 104)
60.
36.
36.
7.
140.
38
32
32
72
7
Fugitive Emissions Total Emissions
(Ib X 104) (Ib X 104)b (g/sec)°
26
16
16
3
62
.62
.0
.0
.4
.0
106.
63.
63.
13.
247.
13
84
84
57
38
15.
9.
9.
1.
35.
28
19
19
95
61
See refs. 4—6.
Emission factor for 1, 1,1-trichloroethane (Ib trichloroethylene lost/lb trichlorothylene produced)
Process 0.00072 B - (derived from state air emission files)
Storage 0.00227 B - (derived from state air emission files)
Fugitive 0.00100 D - (derived from engineering estimate)
0.00399
Fugitive emissions are released over a 300 X 300 ft area.
8760 operating hours per year; i.e., 24/day, 7 day/wk, 52 wk/yr.
oo
-------
18-10
Table 16-4 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Vent Parameters
Source
a
Production
Process vents
Storage vents
b
Use
Cold cleaner
Open top degreaser
]Build_ing cross-section
Nunber
of
Stacks
3
7
1
1
- 5m2.
Vent
Height
(ft)
50
15 — 20
15
15
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
0.17
0.66
0.5
0.5
Discharge
Temperature
(°F)
100
70
70
130
Velocity
(fps)
5.0
0.6
Building cross-section - 50 m
.55
-------
18-11
used in cold cleaners is encapsulated or burned and is not released to the atmos-
phere 8 The estimated emissions from degreasing operations are 178 5 million Ih
from cold cleaners and 192 7 million Ib from degreasers The average emission
rates per unit and the total number of units in operation nationally are shown
in Table 18-5 The estimated number of degreasers using 1,1,1-trichloroethane in
1978 by geographic region is shown in Table J.d-6.
Total nationwide emissions of 1,1,1-tnchloroethane in 1978 from all sources
are estimated to have been 538,730,000 Ib. A tabulation of the losses is
shown in Table 18-7.
15'*
-------
18-12
Table 16-5 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Emissions from Solvent Degreasers
Tvoe Deoreaser
Cold Cleaners
Open top vapor degreasers
Conveyorized degreasers
Total
Weighted Average
Estimated
National
Emission
(M lt/vrl
176.5
128.5
64.2
371.2
Estimated
Number of
Units in
Service
270,045
6,425
1,080
277,550
Average Emission
Rate per Unit
(Ib/vr)
661
20,000
59,500
1,337
b
(q/sec)
0.04
1.13
3.35
0.07
See ref. 7.
The nunber of annual operating hours was assumed to be 2250.
157
-------
Table 1H-6 Estimated Number of Oegreasers I'sjng I , 1 , 1-Trichloroethane in 1978 by Geographic location'
North
Deqrcascr Type East
Cold cleaners 16,234
Open top vapor 589
degi easct s
Closed con- 99
veyor i zed
degreasers
East
Mid Iloi th-
AH antic Central
42,101 71,498
1,217 1,832
214 355
West
North-
Central
23,675
475
70
Fast
South South-
Atlantic Central
32,577 15,974
490 279
74 46
West
South-
Centtal Mountain Pacific
26,216 9,799 31,971
418 183 942
60 18 145
TOTAL
27U,045
6,425
1,080
'See ref. 8
CO
-------
18-14
Table 18-7. 1978 Estimated 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Nationwide Emission Losses
Estimated national
Emission
Source (P Ib/yr)
Production
Metal cleaning (decreasing) - use
Solvent, cleaner, misc - use
Aerosols - use
Chemical intermediate - use
Export
Total
-------
CO
I
FIGURE 18-1 SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 18-0. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPFCIFIC POINT SOURCES OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
no. cow/my
1 DOW
2 now
3 rro
4 VIILCAH
SITF,
rnFFPofvr. TX
PLAo.irF.mnF, LA
LAKE CIlAlVLrs. LA
CFIPflAn, LA
-* i i\n i L,nn i
LATITUDE Lonr.mmF SIAIIOW T>TF,
20 B9
3ft 19
3» 13
3ft Ift
3ft 093 23 3tl I292T 1
00 09 1 13 OO 1397ft 1
14 093 If 34 03937 1
00 090 t)9 Oft I291jn 1
TVPK PflOCFKS
1 2 7!1472ft
1 1 656000
I 1 636099
1 334240
PTOIW7E
n
8
5
1 .
69472*
239»B0
2309B*
1 17440
FUGITIVE
3
2
2
.B332BO
394000
394900
.409690
-er
CD
I
cr>
-------
18-17
TABLE 18-9. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF 1,1 ,1-TRICHLOROETHANE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(uj/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
250 4 1,240
100 17 3,310
50 51 5,720
25 165 9,580
10 1,007 21,200
5 3,834 40,500
2.5 8,017 55,200
1 26,064 84,200
0.5 61,979 109,000
0.25 83,022 118,000
0.1 127,919 124,000
0.05 187,2C4 128,000
0.025 240,645 130,000
0.01 35,343 132,000
0.005 426,234 133,000
0.0025 431,691 133,000
•0.001 .* 443,379 133,000
5.15x10"^ 450,533 133,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
lu'-l
-------
TABLE 18-10. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF 1,1,1-TRICHIOTOETHANE
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Cold Cleaning
Open Top Vapor
Degreaslng (OTVD)
Conveyorlzed Vapor
Degreaslng (CVD)
Emissions/Site
(gm/sec)
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
Number
of Sites
16,23*
12,101
71,498
23,675
32,577
15,974
26,216
9,799
31,971
Emissions/Site
(gm/sec)
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
Number
of Sites
589
1,217
1,832
475
490
279
418
183
942
Emissions/Site
(gm/sec)
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
Number
of Sites
99
214
355
70
74
46
60
18
145
CD
I
CD
-------
TABLE 18-11. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EMISSIONS FROM GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF 1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE
Population Exposed
persons)
Dosage
[1Q6(pg/trH) .persons]
Concentration
Level
(Mg/m3)
25
10
5.0
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
^ o-io
^ 0.050
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0
Cold
Degreaslng
0
0
0
0
—
--
—
—
--
--
—
—
—
—
--
Open
Top Vapor
Degreaslng
0
20
429
1,670
--
--
--
—
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
Conveyorlzed
Vapor
Degreaslng
20.9
161
526
1,190
--
--
—
--
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
U.S.
Total
20.9
181
956
2,860
--
--
--
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Cold
Degreaslng
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.7
8.4
14.1
20.8
32.4
46.5
60.7
96.2
159
Open
Top Vapor
Degreaslng
0
0.30
3.06
7.29
13.4
19.6
26.7
40.1
52.0
62.2
80.1
95.2
109
118
119
Conveyorlzed
Vapor U.S.
Degreaslng Total
0.61
1.51
5.18
7.45
12.0
17.4
22.2
29.8
35.9
42.6
53.7
58.8
60.5
60.7
60.7
0.61
1.81
8.23
14.7
25.4
37.0
50.5
78.2
10?
126
166
200
230
258
338
00
I
U3
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not
significant (relative to last entry or relative to entry in another
column at the same row) or that the exposure of the same population
may be counted In another column.
-------
18-20
TABLE 18-12 MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FRO*- AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF 1,1 .l-TRICHLOROITHANE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (K^) 0
Nighttime decay rate (K ) 0
Hanna-G1fford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (EH) 0
Nationwide nonheating stationary source emissions (E^) 2376 gm/sec
Aerosol formation 432 gm/sec
Miscellaneous 1944 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions (EM) 0
-------
TABLE 18-13. 1,1,1-TRlCHLOROETHANE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
l»po levtl
10 (XIOOOO
5 OOOOOO
2 500000
1 OOOOOO
500000
250000
0
Population
(p»MonJ_
505140
505HO
1II47S43
433I4W8
108928270
145742124
1S8679135
Onio*
person)
6400236 4
6400236 4
54715139 6
108733700 5
156869401 7
17M96866 9
1730472% 4
r>rc»nli9e of Contribution Nrxrn
Hriltng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Si 1 1 toniry
ion o
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
tobllt
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CJ Ij Iff* 1
100 0
loo o
too o
99 2
96 6
93 8
92 9
tl9* Of OIltrltHitlon
Clt/J/p* 2
0
0
0
?
1 6
2 5
2 6
CU/ T/p« 3
0
0
0
6
1 8
3 7
4 5
oo
i
-------
TABLE 18-14. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUMMARY OF 1,1,1-TRICHLOROTTMAHE
Population Exposed
Dosage
(persons)
Concentration
Level
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
' 0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0
Specific
Point
Source
4
17
51
165
1,007
3,834
8,017
26,064
61,979
83,822
127,919
187,284
240,645
351,348
426,234
431,691
448,379
450,533
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
20,900
181,000
956,000
2,860,000
--
--
--
—
—
—
--
--
--
--
Area Source U.S. Total
0
0
0
0
505,
505,
11,147,
43,314,
108,928,
145,742,
--
--
--
--
—
--
—
158,679,
140
140
543
528
270
124
135
4
17
51
165
527,047
6R9.974
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
1,240
3,310
5,7?0
9,580
21 ,200
40,500
55,200
84,200
109,000
118,000
124,000
128,000
130,000
132,000
133,000
133,000
133,000
133,000
[M/"3!
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
61,000
1,810,000
8,230,000
14,700,000
25,400,000
37,000,000
50,500,000
78,200,000
102,000,000
126,000,000
166,000,000
200,000,000
230.000,000
258,000,000
338,000.000
LiP?1"
sons]
Area Source
6
6
54
108
156
170
173
0
0
0
,400,236
,400.236
.715,139
,733,700
.869,401
,896,866
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
,047,000
u.s
6
8
62
123
182
208
511
. Total
1,240
3,310
5,720
,470,816
,231,436
,985,639
,488.900
,353,601
,005,866
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
,180,000
CD
ro
ro
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry indicates that the Incremental E/D is not
significant (relative to last entry or relative to entry in another
column at the same row) or that the exposure of the same population
may be counted in another column.
-------
18-23
REFERENCES
1 S A Cogswell, "C Chlorinate Solvents," Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, (December 1978)
2 "Chemical Products Synopsis on 1,1,1 Trichloroethane," Mannsville Chemical
Products, (July 1973)
3 "Chemical Profile on Tnchloroethylene," Chemical Marketing Reporter,
(January 17, 1977)
4 G A Vlacos, Louisiana Air Control Commission, Emission Inventory Question-
naire for Vulcan Materials Co at Geismar, LA, (August 16, 1976)
5 AT Raetzsch, Louisiana Air Control Commission, Emission Inventory Question-
naire for PPG at Lake Charles, LA, (March 3, 1976)
6 B Dellamea, Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory Questionnaire for
Dow Chemical at Freeport, TX, (February 24, 1976)
7 Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning, EPA-450/
2-77-022 (OAQPS No 1.2-079), Research Triangle Park, NC, (November 1977)
8. Solvent Metal Cleaning, Background Information Proposed Standards (draft),
EPS, NSPS, ESED Research Triangle Park, NC, (November 1978)
-------
APPENDIX A-19 Methylene Chloride
METHYLENE CHLORIDE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 75-09-2
Synonyms Methylene Chloride, Methylene Dichlonde,
Dichloromethane, Hethylene Bichloride
Cherrical Formula
Molecular Weight 84 93
Molecular Formula CH.CU
Molecular Structure Cl
I
H - C - Cl
H
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP liouid -colorless, oleasant odor
Boiling Point. 40°C at 760 nm
Melting Point: 95 1°C
Density 1 3266 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure 435.8 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 2.93
Solubility, slightly soluble (13 g/1 of H^O)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H.O):
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products.
Reactivity Toward OH-- t 1/2 - 1 yr., < methane
Reactivity Toward 0^' No Reaction
Reactivity Toward Photolysis- NAPP
Major Atmospheric Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity: -.
-------
19-5
I SOURCES
Four volatile organic compounds methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloro-
form, and carbon tetrachloride comprise the group of chemicals commonly referred
to as the chloromethanes Emission losses for all except methyl chloride are
assessed in this summary
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Methylene chloride (CH2C12) is a heavy volatile liquid at ajnbient conditions
and is produced by the chlorination of either methyl chloride or methane
The methane chlorination process yields methylene chloride as well as methyl
chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride The methyl chloride process
involves the reaction of methanol and hydrogen chloride to yield methyl chloride
which is subsequently reacted with chlorine to form methylene chloride and other
chlorinated methanes 1/2
The latter process is used extensively by those producers who have large captive
uses for methyl chloride such as in silicone or tetramethyl lead manufacture
Variations in the methane chlorination process conditions and in the amount of
methyl chloride recycled can significantly change the various product yield
ratios. This minimizes inventory problems that might be created by changing
market demand. Capacities for each of the chloromethanes at any producing site
are very flexible.1'2
In 1978 five domestic producers of methylene chloride were operating seven plants
The locations of the plants, the type of production process used, and the J97*
capacity and estimated production level for each plant are shown in Table 19-1.3l1*'5
An estimated 525 million Lb of methylene chloride was produced in 1978.3
Methylene chloride has many diverse end-uses, the largest being in the formulation
of industrial and household paint and varnish removers. An estimated 157.5 million
Ib representing 30% of the total methylene chloride production was consumed for
this end-use in 1978.
ll?
-------
Table 19-1. Production of Methylene Chloridec
Source
Allied Chemical Corp.
Diamond Shamrock
Dow Chemical
Stauf fer
Vulcan Materials Co.
Total
Location
Moundsville, WV
Belle, WV
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Louisville, KY
Geismar, LA
Wichita, KS
1978
Estimated
Production
(10° Ib/yr)
31
63
125
112
38
50
106
525
c
Process
A,B(1
A
B
A
A
A
A,BS
1978
Estimated
Capacity
(106 Ib/yr)
50
100
200
180
60
80
170
840
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
39 54 24/80 47 51
38 14 09/81 32 38
28 59 15/95 24 45
30 19 00/91 15 00
38 12 09/85 51 49
30 10 00/90 59 00
37 36 55/97 18 30
See refs.
-5.
Distribution of the 525 million pounds per year for each producing location has been made as a direct ratio of
total production/total capacity X individual plant capacity.
(A) - Methanol hydrochlorination process or methyl chloride chlorination process.
(B) - Methane chlorination process.
5% methane chlorination 95* methyl chloride chlorination.
methane chlorination 90% methyl chloride chlorination.
I
en
-------
19-7
The second largest end-use of meth^lene cnloride is as a metal degreasing solvent
An estimated 115 5 million Ib was consumed for this purpose with 33 5 million
Ib used in cold cleaners and 27 0 million Ib used in degreasers Exoorts consumed
110.25 million Ib (21%) in 1978 representing the third largest end-use category.
The use of meth^lene chloride as a vapor depressant in aerosols is estimated to
have consumed 89 25 million Ib in 1973
Methylene chloride is also used as a chemcal intermediate in the manufacture
of various drugs, dves, and perfumes and in the dewaxing of oils, as a decaf-
feinating age_nt for coffee, and as a foaming agent for flexible polvurethane
foams. Total end-use for all of these applications is estimated to have been
26.25 million Ib in 1978 An equivalent amount of methylene chloride (26.25
million Ib) was consumed as a solvent in plastics processing. End uses are
summarized in Tanle 19-2. '
TT TTMT c: ;T T P »1 P C ^ T ' < 1 T^T c
ll. r. j .1. o ^ l ^ i« r, c* -L l ^rt ± _ o
Estimated emission losses from the production of methylene chloride for each
producing location are shown in Tajsle 19-3. Total emissions of metn/lene chloride,
chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride from production facilities are estimated
to have been 1,351,580 Ib, 351,280 Ib, and 4,557,160 Ib respectively in 1978
These estimates are oased on the emission factors generated for each of the four
processes used in the industry as shown in Table 19-4. ll2'10 Other associated
emission components include methyl chloride and hydrogen chloride from the methyl
chloride and methane chlorination processes and percnloroethylene, ethylene
dichloride, and tetrachloroethane from the carbon disulfide^ydrocarnon chlori-
nolysis processes.
Process emissions oriainate primarily from the inert gas purge /ent from the
methyl chloride or primary product recovery condenser They also originate
from the methylene cnloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride distillation
columns. Storage emissions represent the total losses from crude and final
product storage tanks as well as loading and handling losses Fugitive emissions
are those emissions which occur wnen leaXs develop in valves, pumps, seals, or
other equipment. Corrosion caused by the hydrogen chloride or c.ilorine used in
the process can result in more frequent leakage, whicn increases the amount
of fugitive emissions compared to other processes.
-------
19-8
Table 19-2. 1978 Methylene Chloride Consumption by End Use*
End Use
Paint and varnish remover
Metal degreasing
Aerosols
Plastics processing
Export
Miscellaneous
Total
Percent of
Total Consumption
30
22
17
5
21
5
100
End Use
Consumption
(H Ib)
157
115
89
26
110
26
525
.5
5
25
25
.25
25
*See refs 3 and 4
-------
Table 19-3. 1978 Methylene Chloride Production Emissions
Company
Allied
Chemical
Diamond
Miajnr ock
Dow
Chemical
Stauf fer
Vulcan
Total
Locat ion
Moundsville , WV
Delle, WV
Freeport, TX
PI aqueruine , I A
Louisville, KY
Ge ismar , I A
Wi chi t a , h_A
Process Vent
Emi ssions
Mb/yi) (g/sec)b
980 0.014
1,640 0.024
17,500 0.252
2,910 0.042
990 0 014
1,300 0.019
3,960 0.057
29,280
Storage Vent
Cm i ss i ons
(Ib/yr) (q/scc)b
74,030 1.066
154,900 2.231
127,950 1.842
275,520 3.966
93,480 1.346
123,000 1.771
245,530 3.535
1 ,091, ^90
Fugi tive
Emissions
(lb/yr) (q/sec)b
14,430 0.208
29,000 0.429
40,430 0.582
52,980 0.763
17,970 0.259
23,650 0.340
40,550 0.699
227,810
Tot a
(lb/y
89,
106,
185,
331,
112,
147,
298,
1 , 351 ,
, a
1 emi ss i ons
r)
440
420
880
410
440
950
0 10
580
(g/seOb
1. 208
2 684
2 67b
4,771
1.619
2 1 30
4 291
Derived from the emission factors shown in Table 10
JBased on 8760 hr/yi Dictation.
-------
19-10
Table 19-4. Chloromethane Production Emission Factors
Emission Factors
(Ib of product lost/lb of product produced)
Process Desionation
(A) Methyl chloride
chlorination
Total
(B) Methane
chlorination
Total
(C) ChlorinolysisC
Total
(D) Carbon disulfide
Total
/'Process
I Storage
V Fugitive
/'Process
< Storage
L Fugitive
/^Process
( Storage
V. Fugitive
['Process
< Storage
I. Fugitive
Methylene
Chloride
0.000026
0.002460
0.000473
0.002959
0.00014
0.00102
0.00032
0.00148
Chloroform
0.000008
0.000975
0 000247
0.001230
0.000004
0.000289
0.000180
0.000473
Caroon
Tetrachloride
0.000076
0.000020
0.000096
0.000005
0.000127
0 000072
0.000204
0 000008
0.001670
0.000490
0.002168
0.0100
0 0034
0.0006
0.0140
A—derived from site visit. See ref. 2.
A—derived from site visit. See ref. 1.
"A—derived from site visit. See ref. 10.
-------
19-11
Chloromethane production end-use vent stack data are shown in Table I 9-5.* ' - ' ^^
Typically there are three process vents and ten storage tanks which emit chloro-
methanes in the methyl chloride chlorination process. The methane chlonnation
process generally has just two process vents and ten storage tanks The carbon
disulfide and other chlorination processes used to produce carbon tetrachloride
normally have two process vents and seven storage tanks All chloromethane
production facilities are open air structures without walls and solid floors
(i.e., steel grating) and with only the control room area enclosed
USES
The total quantity of methylene chloride used in paint and varnish removers
(157 5 million Ib), aerosol formulations (89 25 million Ib), plastics processing
(26.25 million Ib), and miscellaneous applications (26 25 million Ib) is even-
tually released to the atmosphere. These losses are distributed geographically
approximately in proportion to the industrialized population in the United States.
Methylene chloride emissions from degreasing operations are estimated to have
been 107 1 million Ib in 197S. An estimated 8.4 million Ib of methylene chloride
from cold cleaners was encapsulated (landfilled) or burned The emissions
from degreasing operations are split between cold cleaners (75%) and degreasers
(25%). The emissions from degreasing operations, the average emission rates
per unit, and the total number of units in operation nationally are shown in
Table 19-6.^ The estimated number of degreasers using methylene chloride in
1978 by geographic region is shown in Table 19-7. -
Total nationwide emissions of methylene chloride in 1978 from all sources are
estimated to have been 407,700,000 Ib. A tabulation of the losses is shown in
Table 19-8.
-------
19-12
Table 19-5. Chlorometharie Vent Parameters
Source
b
Production
Methyl chloride chlo-
rination
Process
Storage
Methane chlonnation
Process
Storage
Carbon disulfide and
other chlorination
processes
Process
Storage
Methylene chloride end-use
Cold cleaner
Vapor degreaser
Fluorocarbons 11/12
Process
Storage
Jluorocarbon 22
Process
Storage
Number
of
Vents
3
10
2
10
2
7
1
1
2
4
0
2
Vent
Height
(ft)
35
20
35
20
45
20
15
15
30
20
0
20
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0.
08
17
08
17
17
17
5
5
33
17
17
Discharge
Temperature Velocity
(°F) (fps)
95 5.0
80
100 270
80
100 9.0
80
70 0.6
150
90
80
0 0
80
flSee refs. 1, 2, 10, and 14.
b 2
Building cross-section -5m
Building cross-section - 50 m
d 2
Building cross-section - 20 m
£
There are no process vent losses of chloroform from f-22 manufacture.
-------
19-13
Table 19-6. Methylene Chloride Emissions from Solvent Degreasers
T-'De
Cold cleaners
Open-top vapor degreasers
Conveyonzed degreasers
Total
Weighted average
Estimated
National
Emission
(H Ib/yr)
ec.i
18.0
9.0
1CP.1
Estimated
Number of
Units in
Service
121,180
900
151
122,231
Average Emission
Pate oer Unit
(Ib/yr)
661
20,000
59,500
876
(g/sec)b
0.04
1.13
3.35
0.05
3See ref. 11.
The number of annual operating hours was assumed to be 2250.
-------
Table 19-7. Estimated Number of Degreasers Using Methylene Chloride in 1978 by Geographic Location*
Dcgreaser Type
Cold cleaners
Open top vapor
degreasers
Closed con-
veyorized
degreaserg
East
North Mid North-
East Atlantic Central
7,284 18,892 32,084
82 170 257
14 30 50
West East
North- South South-
Central Atlantic Central
10,624 14,6?0 7,168
66 69 39
10 10 6
West
South-
Central
11,764
59
8
Mountain Pacific
4,397 14,347
26 132
3 20
Total
121,180
900
151
'See ref. 12.
-------
19-15
Tatle 19-8. 1978 Methylene Chloride Nationwide Emission Losses
Estimated National
Source Emission (M Ib/yr)
Production 1 35
Paint and varnish remover 157 5
Metal degreasing 107 1
Aerosols 89 25
Plastics processing 26 25
Miscellaneous 26.25
Export 0
Total 407.70
-------
r
ID
I
FIGURE 19-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF MORPHOLINE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 19-10. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE
EMISSIONS (CH/8EC)
no.
i
4
3
4
0
6
7
COMPANY
ALLIED CHEMICAL
blAMOHi) 8HAHROC
DOW CUEHICAL
BTADFFER
VULCAN
VULCAN
DOW CHEMICAL
SITE
HOUHDSVILLE, WV
§ELLfc. WV
PLAOUEMINE, LA
LOUISVILLE. KY
CEISIIAH, LA
WICHITA. KA
KREEI'ORT, TX
_ * Plant Types:
\J Type 1: Plant produces methylene
LATITUDE
39
38
30
38
00
37
54
14
19
12
10
36
39
09
66
69
00
33
28 39 30
chloride by
LONGITUDE
080
08 1
091
080
093
O97
093
using
44 49
32 38
10 00
01 49
39 00
18 30
0 1 /YJI I Ij/Ul 1 DUUIlljC.
STATION TYPE TYPE PROCESS
13736 1
13866 1
13970 1
93820 1
12950 1
03928 1
23 35 12923 2
methyl chloride
1 .014112
i .0236J6
1 .041904
1 014206
1 .0IU720
1 .037024
2 .252000
chlorlnatlon process
STORAGE
1 022832
2.231712
3.96748S
1.3461 12
1 771260
3 030632
1 842480
FUGITIVE
.207792
.4291 20
.762912
.208768
.340566
.699120
.502192
Type 2: Plant produces methylene chloride by using methane chlorlnatlon process
t Source Types:
Type 1: Methyl chloride chlorlnatlon process
Type 2: Methane chlorlnatlon process
-------
19-18
TABLE 19-11. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
278 1 142
250 1 142
100 35 4,720
50 135 11,500
25 333 19.600
10 1,757 39,600
5 9,121 90,000
2.5 28,945 153,000
1 66,193 210,000
0.5 147,353 266,000
0.25 317,621 326,000
0.1 658,724 380,000
0.05 1,219,863 420,000
0.025 1,582,741 434,000
0.01 1.6C5.359 436,000
0.00258* 1,685,359 436,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 19-12 EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Cold Cleaning
Open Top Vapor
Degreasing (OTVD)
Conveyorized Vapor
Degreasing (CVD)
Emissions/Site Number Emissions/Site Number
(gm/sec) of Sites (gm/sec) of Sites
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
7,284
18,892
32,084
10,624
14,620
7,168
11,764
4,397
14,347
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
82
170
257
66
69
39
59
26
132
Emissions/Site Number
(gm/sec) of Sites
0 857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0 857
14
30
50
10
10
6
8
3
20
-------
TABLE 19-13.
EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING EBON EMISSIONS FflOW GENERAL
POINT SOURCES OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE
centratlon
Level
25
10
5.0
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0
Cold
Cleaning
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
--
—
—
--
—
--
__
Open Top
Vapor
Degreaslng
0
4.0
60.2
234
788
2,070
--
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
..
Conveyor 1 zed
V.ipor
Degreaslng
2.9
17.0
73.6
166
575 -
1,750
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
U.S.
Total
2.9
21
134
400
1,360
3,810
--
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Cold
Cleaning
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.74
3.76
6.34
9.35
14.5
20.8
27.2
35.5
71.4
Open Top
Vapor
Degreaslng
0
0.06
0.43
1.02
1.88
2.75
3.74
5.62
7.29
8.71
11.2
13.3
15.2
16.5
16.6
Conveyor! zed
Vapor
Degreaslng
0.085
0.21
0.72
1.04
1.68
2.43
3.10
4.16
5.01
5.96
7.51
8.22
8.46
8.49
8.49
U.S.
Total
0.085
0.27
1.15
2.1
3.6
5.2
7.6
13.5
18.0
24.0
33.3
42.4
50.9
60.5
96.5
ro
o
NOTE: The use of -- as on entry Indicates that the Incremental E/0 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
19-21
TABLE 19-14 MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (Krf) 0
Nighttime decay rate (K ) 0
Hanna-Gifford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (E,,) 0
Nationwide nonheating stationary source emissions (E,,) 4309 gm/sec
Paint and varnish removing 2268 gm/sec
Aerosol formulation 1285 gm/sec
Plastic processing 378 gm/sec
Miscellaneous 378 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions 0
-------
TABLE 19-15. METHYLENE CHLORIDE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
00
lis^r:
10 000000
5 000000
? 500000
1 000000
50OOOO
0
Populitlon
505140
9M9730
33072?«
101316744
147B?6781
158679135
Oontr
(-9/-V
ptrlon)
1160716? 7
89340851 ?
1755?6?l? ?
?77?69Xn 4
3085W733 5
JIM30303 ?
rVrcrfltag* of Contribution
Hfitjng
0
0
0
0
0
0
Stltlontrf
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
Kobllf
0
0
0
0
0
0
P»rtmti|» of Dlttrlbutlon
CM/ Tjpt 1
100 0
100 0
100 0
97 1
94 1
9? 9
cur_Ln«j c
0
0
0
1 4
? 5
? 6
Itjjjrpfj
0
0
0
1 5
3 4
4 5
tx)
ro
-------
TABLE 19-16. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUMMARY OF METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Population Exposed
(persons)
Dosage
persons]
Concentration Specific
Level Point
(p9/m ) Source
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0
1
35
135
303
1,757
9,121
28,945
66,193
147,853
317,621
658,724
1,219,863
1,582,741
1,685,359
--
--
--
1,685,359
Genera 1
Point
Source
0
0
0
2,900
21,000
1 34 ,000
400,000
1,360,000
3,810,000
--
—
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Area Source
0
0
0
0
505,
9,149.
33,072,
101,318,
142,826,
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
158,679,
140
730
205
744
781
135
U.S. Total
3,
527,
9,292,
33,501,
102,744,
143,284,
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
35
135
233
897
851
150
937
634
Specific
Point
Source
142
4,720
11,500
19,600
39,600
90,000
153,000
210,000
266,000
326,000
380,000
420,000
434,000
436,000
--
--
--
436,000
Genera 1
Point
Source
0
0
0
85,000
270,000
1,150,000
2,100,000
3,600,000
5,200,000
7,600,000
13,500,000
10,000,000
24,000,000
33,300,000
42,400.000
50,900,000
60,500,000
96,500,000
Area Source
0
0
0
0
11,607,163
89,340,851
175,526,212
277,269,308
308,556,733
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
313,830,000
U.S. Totil
11
90
177
281
314
110
142
4,720
11,500
104,600
,916,763
,580,851
,779,212
,079,308
,022,733
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
_.
,800,000
UD
I
ro
Co
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the incremental E/D is not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
19-24
REFERENCES
1. F D Hobbs and C W Stuewe, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for
the Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on Chloro-
methanes, Methane Chlorination Process (on file at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle
Park, NC (January 1979)
2. F. D Hobbs and C W Stuewe, Hydroscience, Inc , Emission Control Options for
the Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on Chloro-
methanes, Methanol Hydrochlorinatlon and Methyl Chloride Chlorination Processes
(on file at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC (January 1979).
3. "Chemical Product Synopsis on Methylene Chloride," Mannsville Chemical Products
(March 1978)
4. T E Killilea, "Chlorinated Methanes," Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford
Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (April 1979)
5. "Chemical Profile on Hethylene Chloride," Chemical Marketing Reporter
(September 20, 1976)
6. "Chemical Product Synopsis on Chloroform," Mannsville Chemical Products
(June 1978)
7. "Chemical Profile on Chloroform," Chemical Marketing Reporter (September 27, 1976)
8. "Chemical Product Synopsis on Carbon Tetrachloride," Mannsville Chemical Products
(June 1978).
9. "Chemical Profile on Carbon Tetrachloride," Chemical Marketing Reporter
(April 10, 1978).
10. F. D. Hobbs and C. W Stuewe, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for
the Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on Carbon
Tetrachloride and Perchloroethylene, Hydrocarbon Chlorinolysis Process (on file
at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC (March 1979).
-------
19-25
11 Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning, EPA-450/2-77-022
(OAQPS No 1 2-079), Research Triangle Park, NC (November 1977)
12 Solvent Metal Cleaning, Background Information Proposed Standards (draft)
EPA, NSPS, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC (November 1978)
13 Chemical Research Services, 1979 Directory of Chemical Producers, United States
of America, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA
14. D M Pitts, Hydroscience, Inc , Emission Control Options for the Synthetic Organic
Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on Fluorocarbons, on file at EPA,
ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC (February 1979)
-------
APPENDIX A-20 Nitrosomorpholine
MORPHOLINE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomencl ature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 110-91-8
Synonyms Diethylemmide Oxide, Tetrahydro-1 ,4-Isoxa:ine,
Tetrahydro-2H,4 Oxazine, Diethylene Oximide,
Diethylene Imidoxide
Chemical Formula
Molecular Ueight 87.12
Molecular Formula C.H-NO
4 9
Molecular Structure 0
I2 I2
CH, CH,
-------
20-5
I. SOURCES
A. PRODUCTION
Morpholine is produced by the dehydration of diethanolaroine. The diethanolamine
is produced by reacting ethylene oxide with aranonia. Morpholme processes are
integrated into the ethanolamine facility.
Currently, Jefferson Chemical is the only conpany an the United States that
produces morpholine (two locations as shown in Table 20-1).! In 1978, an estimated
25 million Lb of morpholine was produced.
B. USES
Morpholine has many diverse end-uses. The largest end-use of morpholine is as
an intermediate in the production of rubber processing chemicals, particularly
accelerators. An estimated 35% of morpholine production (8.8 million Ib) was
consumed for this end-use. The second largest application for morpholine is as
a corrosion inhibitor in •team condensate systems. An estimated 7.5 million Ib
(30%) was consumed for this end-use.
Host of the other Applications of •orpholine are small in quantity. Approximately
2.5 million Ib of morpholine is used as an intermediate to produce optical
brighteners for the soap and detergent industry. An equivalent amount (2.5 million
Ib) was used in formulating polishes and waxes. Miscellaneous applications
consuming 2 million Ib include the pharmaceutical industry, deodorants, iliMjiuui.
cosmetics, and disinfectants. An estimated 1.7 sdllion Ib was exported. End-as*•
of Borpholine are summarized in Table 20-2.1 2
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
Morpholine emissions from production sites are presented in Table 20-3. Total
estimated emissions from these sites were 13,700 Ib for 1978. The emission
factors used to develop process vent, storage, and fugitive emission estimates
(shown in Table 20-3) were assumed to be similar to ethylene oxide in the absence
-------
20-6
Table 20-1. Morpholine Producers
Company
Jefferson
Total
Location
Port Heches, TX
Conroe , TX
1978
Capacity
(10& Ib/yr)
14
14
28
1978 b
Production
(106 Ib/yr)
12.5
12.5
25.0
Geographical Location
Latitude /Longitude
29 57 45/93 56 00
30 18 50/95 23 06
See refs. 1 and 2.
Capacity and production were distributed evenly over both sites since individual
capacities were not available.
-------
20-7
Table 20-2. Morpholine End-Use Distribution 1978"
Usage Usage
Use (Id6 Ib/yr) (%)
Rubber chemicals 8.8 35
Corrosion inhibitors 7.5 30
Optical brightners 2.5 10
Polishes and waxes 2.5 10
Miscellaneous 2.0 8
Exports 1.7 7
Total 25.0 100
*See refs. 1 and 2.
-------
20-8
Table 20-3. 1978 Morpholine Production Emissions
Companv Location
Jefferson Port Neches, TX
Conroe , TX
Total
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
6,560
6,560
13,125
Storage
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
260
260
525
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib/vr)
25
_25
50
a
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
6,650
6,850
13,700
(g/sec)
0.099
0.099
Based on the following emission factor (Ib lost per Ib produced)
Process 0.000525 A - Derived from site visit data
Storage 0.000021 A - Derived from site visit data
Fugitive 0.000002 A - Derived from site visit data
Total 0.000548
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
14?
-------
20-9
of data on morpholine emissions Process vent emissions would originate from
the stripping, evaporating, drying, and fractionating operations,3 while storage
emissions represent losses from both working and final product storage loading
and unloading Fugitive emissons are those resulting from leaks from plant
equipment. Emission estimates are based on a plant operating schedule of 24 hr/day,
7 days/week, 52 weeks/yr.
Other associated emission components would include diethanolamine and ammonia
Vent parameter data are shown in Table 20-4.
B. USES
For the purpose of this report, emissions resulting from the export of morpholine
are assumed to be negligible
The total amount of morpholine used as a corrosion inhibitor in boiler systems
(7 5 million Ib) and in polish and wax formulating (2.5 million Ib) is eventually
released to the atmosphere The losses from these two applications and from
morpholine's use as a chemical intermediate in miscellaneous applications (2000 Ib)
are probably distributed geographically in proportion to the population of the
United States
Emissions resulting from its use as a chemical intermediate were estimated by
using the dimethylamine end-use emission factor of 0 001 Ib lost/lb used. Emis-
sions from rubber accelerator (8,800 Ib) and optical bnghtener manufacturers
(2500 Ib) are shown in Tables 20-5 and 20-6 by region
Total nationwide emissions of morpholine in 1978 from all sources are estimated
to have been 10.028 million Ib. A tabulation of the losses is shown in Table 20-7
-------
20-10
Table 20-4. Morpholine Vent Parameter Data
Number Vent Vent Discharge
of Height Diameter Temperature
Stacks (ft) (ft) (°F)
Production
Process 3 40 0.33 150
Storage 8 20 0.17 80
b
Fugitive
End-use (chemical
intermediate)
Process 1 40 0.17 100
Storage 2 20 0.17 80
d
Fugitive
Velocity
(ft/sec)
10
6
a 2
Building cross-section 5 m .
Distributed over a 200 ft X 200 ft area.
Building cross-section 50 m .
Distributed over a 100 ft X 100 ft area.
-------
20-11
Table 20-5 Morpholine Emission Estimates from
Rubber Accelerator Producers3
Reoion
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Total
Number
of
Sites
15
24
25
9
18
5
96
Morpholine
(Ib/yr)
1380
2210
2300
830
1650
460
8800
Emissions
(q/sec)c
0.020
0.032
0.033
0.012
0.024
0.007
See ref. 4.
Based 01 morpholine emissions losr per site of 92 Ib/yr
using 0.001 Lb morpholine lost/lb used.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
20-12
Table 20-6. Morpholine Emission Estimates from
Optical Brightener Producersa
Peqion
Nev. England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
Pacific
Total
Number
of
Sites
8
29
31
10
13
4
33
128
Morpholine
(Ib/yr)
175
454
633
310
286
32
317
2500
b
Emissions
(g/sec)
0.003
0.007
0.012
0.004
0.004
nil
0.005
Average
Emissions
per Sitec
(Ib/yr)
22
16
27
31
22
8
10
See ref. 5.
Based on 0.001 Ib morpholine lost/lb used.
"Emissions allocated bj total number of employees per region.
Assumes 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
20-13
Table 20-7. 1978 Morpholine Nationwide Emissions
Source
Estimated
National Emission
fM Ih/yr)
Production
Rubber chemicals
Corrosion inhibitor
Optical brightener
Polishes and waxes
Miscellaneous
Experts
Total
-------
TABLE 20-8. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF MORPHOUNE
* * EmSSIOKB
STAR PLAJTT SOURCE ------------------------------
WO. COWAJTf SITE LATITUDE LOHCITUDE STATION TYPE TYPE PROCESS STOBACE FUGITIVE
s JErrERSow PORT ITECRES, TX 29 57 45 «93 56 e» 12917 i i .•944*4 .«»3744
2 JEFFERSOH COHROE, TX 3» 18 56 990 23 »6 12960 I I .»94464 . ««3744
* The chemical plants producing morphoHne are the only type of specific point sources for
Us emissions.
o
I
-------
20-15
TABLE 20-9. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF MORPHOLINE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/tn3) (persons) [(ug/m3) • persons]
0.0005 0 .0000219
0.00025 1,380 .372
0.0001 26,481 3.4
0.00005 106,662 8.8
0.000025 200,117 12.5
0.0000125* 239,277 13.A
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 20-10. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOURCES Of MOKPHOUNE
Resins Production
Wr« Enavel Solvent
r>
CO
England
Middle Atlantic
East Horth Central
West Horth Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
E»1ss Ions/Site
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
0.00132
Nunber
of Sites
15
24
25
0
9
18
5
0
0
Eartss Ions/Site
(9M/sec)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.000315
.000225
.000387
.000446
.000317
.000115
.000138
MuMber
of Sites
8
29
31
10
13
4
0
0
33
r\»
O
i
-------
TABLE 20-11.
IIITWJSOHORPHOLTNE EXPOSURE AN9 fc>SA&£ INSULTING F1W EHISSIOWS
FROM GENFRAL POINT SOURCES OF HORPHOUKE
D
1
Concentration
Level
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0.00050
0.00025
0
Population Exposed
(103 persons) [103(
Accelerator
Production
0.15
7.87
91.5
—
—
—
„_
--
Brlghtener
Production
0
0
0.54
—
--
—
—
--
U.S. Total
0.16
7.87
92.0
--
—
—
--
--
Accelerator
Production
0.004
0.102
0.602
2.65
16.8
40.8
58.0
736
Oostge
ng/ir*)- persons]
Brlghtener
Production
0
0
0.003
0.035
0.33
1.27
6.57
23.7
U.S. Total
0.004
0.102
0.605
2.69
17.1
42.1
64.5
97.3
r\>
NOTE: Ttie use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
20-18
TABLE 20-12. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF MORPHOLINE
__ Parameter _ _ Value
Daytime decay rate («d) 0
N1ghtt1« decay rate (K 4.67 x 10~6 sec"1
Htnna-G1fford cotffldtnt (C) 225
Nationwide bating tourct tmlislons (EH) 0
Nationwide nonheatlng stationary source missions (EN) 144.03 gm/sec
Corrosion Inhibitor toi1ss1ons 108 gm/sec
Wax application emissions 36 gm/sec
Miscellaneous 0.03 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions 0
-------
TABLE 20-13. HORPHOLINE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
(
*WA f 9 llgl
*Xr\f LET EL.
uc/(rnn>
.•••029
.000010
„„-.„
722*2*42
I04O63C9*
12349*37*
IBO679139
nwm:*: PRKUKKTACR ur COWTHIIWTIOW PTOCEFTM^ or DISTBIUUTIOH
rKnsoro nKATinc RTATIOHAIUT rmoitr. CITY TYPE i CITY TYPE 2 CITY TYTE 3
3442.1 •. !•«.• 4. !•*.* 4. A.
BATtl 2 % 196 9 H IIM 60 6
£. A 1 9 ft A • ^^A A A fl ^^A A A A
W I fl • O V • I W • V V • 1 ^TW • V Tr « V •
6372.1 O. I»O.» ft. IOO.O .• ».
47O9.4 O. I9O.9 O. 99.7 .3 ft.
6700.6 0. lOft.ft 0. 90. O .6 .6
ro
O
i
-------
TABLE 20-14. rXPOSURE AlfO DOSAGE SUWWRY OF
Population Exposed
(personsj
Dosage
Concentration
Level
(pq/"*)
Specific
Point
Source
General
Point
Source
Area Source
U.S.
Total
Specific
Point
Source
General
Point
Source
Area
Source
U.S.
Total
0.00025
0.0001
0.00005
0.000025
0.00001
0.000005
0
1.380
26.481
106,662
200.117
239,277
--
—
0
0
0
160
7,870
92,000
--
0
21,659,620
44,606.075
72,282,642
104,863,590
123,499,379
158,679,135
1,300
0.4
3
9
13
13
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.6
97.3
0
3,442
5,073
6,017
6,572
6,709
6,791
0.4
3,445
5,080
6,030
6,900
NOTE:
The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D Is not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the sa«e row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted In another column.
ro
o
-------
20-21
REFERENCES
1 "Chemical Products Synopsis on Morpholine," Hannsville Chemical Products
(December 1977) .
2. "Chemical Profile on Morpholine," Third Revision, Chemical Marketing Reporter
(October 1, 1974)
3. Special Project Report, "Petrochemical Plant Sites," prepared for Industrial Pollution
Control Division, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, by Monsanto Research Corporation, Dayton,
OH (April 1976).
4. 1979 Directory of Chemical Producers, United States of America, Stanford Research
Institute, Henlo Park, CA.
5. "Soaps and Other Detergents," 1972 U.S Census of Manufacturers, SIC Code 2841
-------
APPENDIX A-21 Nickel
NICKEL CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 7440-02-0
Synonyms- Carbonyl ruckle powder
Chenical Formula
Molecular Weight 58.71 (atomic weight)
Molecular Formula. Ni - atomic number. 28
Molucular Structure' (atonic structure)- face-centered
cubic crystal
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP- Solid-lustrous white, hard, ferromagnetic
Boiling Poinf 2732°C to 2837°C
Melting Point. 1453°C to 1555°C
Density 8.902 at 25°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: N/A
Vapor Density: N/A
Solubility: Insoluble (H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octane!/H^O): N/A
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Stable in air at ordinary temperatures. Burns
1n oxygen forming ti.O. Slowly attacked by oil hydrochloric or sulfuric
add, readily attached by nitric acid.
Reactivity Toward OH: Unreactive
Reactivity Toward CL: Unreactive
Reactivity Toward Photolysis. N/A
Major Atmospheric Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity: 0.018% abundance in earth's crust. Occurs free
in meteorites. Found 1n many ores (e.g. pentlandite (FeN»)gSo).
am
-------
21-5
I. SOURCES
A. PRODUCTION
There were only two domestic nickel mineral production sites in the United
States in 1976 the last year for which data are available 1
Hanna Mining Company at Riddle, Oregon, produced an estimated 13,900 tons of
nickel primarily from laterite ore, although part of the production was from
scrap. The second producer, AMAX, Inc., at Port Nickel, Louisiana, produced an
estimated 13,300 tons of nickel derived from nickel-copper matte imported from
Botswana.2
The remainder of the nickel consumed in the United States was imported. This
amountec
istics.
amounted to 188,100 tons in 1978. Table 21-1 shows the estimated salient stat-
1
1 2
The two producing site locations are shown in Table 21-2.
B. USES
The primary end-use of nickel is in the manufacture of steel and other ferrous
alloys An estimated 48,600 tons of nickel was consumed for steel manufacture
A total of 19,100 tons was consumed in the manufacture of other ferroalloys
Nonferroalloys consumed 54,800 tons of nickel; electroplating used an estimated
28,700 tons of nickel Other smaller uses of the mineral were in cast irons,
chemicals, batteries, and ceramics.
An estimated 162,900 tons of primary nickel was consumed as shown in Table 21-3.
C. INCIDENTAL SOURCES
Incidental sources of nickel emissions include coal- and oil-fired boilers,
coke ovens, diesel fuel burning, and the gray iron foundry industry The
boilers include industrial, electric utility power plant, commercial, and
residential types Nickel emissions originate as impurities from oil and coaJ
when they are burned in the boilers, in coke ovens, or as diesel fuel. Table 21-A3' •
shows the estimated consumption of oil and coal in 1978 by use category.
Table 21-55indicates
utilities by region.
Table 21-5 indicates the percent breakdown of the coal and oil used by the electric
-------
21-6
Table 21-1. Nickel Salient Statistics*
1000 ton/yr
U.S. Plant production
Primary 13.9
Secondary 13.3
Injport* 188.1
Exports
Primary stock 31.6
M«t consultation 172.6
£•• r«f. 1.
-------
21-7
Table 21-2. Domestic Nickel Producers*
Production Geographic Coordinates
Company Location (ton/yr) (latitude/longitude)
Primary
Hannah Mining Raddle, OR 13,900 42 55 02/123 24 60
Secondary
AMAX, Inc. Port Nickel, LA 13,300 29 52 35 /89 57 26
*
See rjefs . 1 and 2.
-------
21-8
Table 21-3. Nickel End-use Consumption*
End-use
Steel
Stainless and heat resistant
Alloys (excludes stainless)
Super alloys
Nickel-copper/copper-nickel alloys
Permanent magnet alloys
Oth tr nickel and nickel alloys
Cut iron*
Electroplating
Chemicals and chemical uses
Others0
Total
Usage
1000 ton/yr
48.6
19.1
9.1
7.4
5.8
32.5
4.0
28.7
2.6
4.1
162.9
Percent
Usage
29.8
11.7
5.6
4.5
3.6
20.0
2.5
17.7
1.6
3.1
100.0
*See ref. 1.
b
Exclusive of scrap; primary nickel only.
Includes batteries, ceramics, and other alloys containing nickel.
-------
21-9
Table 21-4. 1979 United States Oil and Coal Consumption*
Users
Electrical utilities
Industry
Coke ovens
Residential/Commercial
Diesl fuel
Total
Coal Consumption
(million tons)
480
55
75
8
618
Oil Consumption
(million bbls)
646
671
707
327
2351
See refc. 3 and 4.
-------
21-10
Table 21-5. Electrical Utility Power Plant Locations and
Usage of Coal and Oil by Geographic Region*
Region
Number of
Coal Con-
suminq Sites
Percentage of
Total U.S. Coal
Consuinption
Number of
Oil Con-
Sites
Percentage of
Total U.S. Oil
Consumption
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West Worth Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
9
51
156
111
61
44
3
38
1
474
0.7
11.3
33.9
9.4
19.6
16.3
1.3
6.8
0.7
100.0
35
70
110
85
97
26
100
44
33
600
9.4
27.9
5.9
0.7
31.4
2.0
4.8
2.2
15.7
100.0
See ref. 5.
3\5
-------
21-11
II EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
The primary source of emission data for this summary was the Survey of Emissions
and Controls for Hazardous and Other Pollutants, prepared for the Environmental
Protection Agency by the Mitre Corp 6 In this report, it is estimated that
emissions resulting from electroplating, chemical use, and miscellaneous uses
are negligible due to control techniques
Production emissions as shown in Table 21-6 are estimated to have been 440,640 Ib.
The emission factor of 0.0081 Ib nickel lost per Ib produced was derived from
the Mitre report 6
B. OSES
Emissions from nickel use also include incidental emissions of nickel inherent
In the metals processed. The emissions from its use to produce iron and steel
are shown in Table 21-7 by geographic region. They totaled 231,000 Ib. Emissions
are based on an emisson factor of 0.0000011 Ib nickel lost/lb iron steel produced
assuming pigiron production of 105,000,000 tons in 1978
Emissions from ferroalloy manufacture totaled 828,000 Ib and are shown in
Tpble 21-8 by geographic region. Emission estimates were based on an emission
factor of 0.000217 Ib nickel lost per Ib ferro alloy produced 6 Ferro alloy
production was estimated to be 1,910,000 tons in 1978 Emissions are distributed
by geographic region in Table 8.
Nickel emissions from gray iron foundries totaled 185,800 Ibs based on an
emission factor of 0 00000516 Ib nickel lost per Ib of hot metal produced
assuming 18,000,000 ton hot metal was preduced in 1978 Emissions are dis-
tributed by region in Table 21-9.
Emissions from iron and steel and gray iron foundry sources were distributed by
region based on the number of people employed in the basic industries.7 Ferro-
alloys were distributed simply by the number of sites in each region 8
-------
21-12
Table 21-6. Nickel Production Emissions
Company
Hannah Mining
AMAX, Inc.
Total
Location
Riddle, OR
Port Nickel, LA
Total Emissions*
(Ib/yr) (g/sec)
225,180 3.24
215,460 3.10
440,640
*
Bated on 0.0081 Ib nickel emitted/lb nickel produced. "C"
derived from published data (see ref. 6).
-------
21-13
Table 21-7. Nickel Emission Estimates from Iron and Steel Manufacturing Sites0
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
10
65
84
5
22
25
12
2
32
257
Nickel Emissions
(Ib/yr)
1, 380
71,333
96,789
2,539
20,561
15,704
5,313
5,547
11,784
231,000
Averaoe Emissions
(IVyr)
13?
1098
1152
508
935
628
443
2774
360
09S
Per Site
(g/sec)b
0.003
0.016
0.017
0.008
0.013
0.009
0.007
0.040
0.005
0.013
Sea ref. 7.
b
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
c
Based on an emission factor of 0.0000011 Ib nickel lost per Lb iron/steel
produced "C" (see ref. 6).
-------
21-14
Table 21-8. NicWl Emission Estimates from
Ferro-Alloy Production Sites*
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West Worth Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number of Sites
0
12
6
1
8
13
1
4
4
51
Nickle
(lb/yr)b
0
194,820
129,880
16,235
129,880
211,055
16,235
64,940
64,940
828,000
Emissions
(g/sec)C
0
2.80
1.87
0.23
1.87
3.04
0.23
0.93
0.93
Set ref. 8.
Based on an average emission rate of 16,235 Ib/yr per site. (0.23 g/sec)
Based on 8760 hours per year operation.
Based on an emission factor of 0.000217 Ib nickel lost/lb ferro-alloy
produced "C" (see ref. 6).
-------
21-15
Tablfc 21-9. Nickel Cnuition Estimates from Gray Iron Foundry Site*-'
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
13
42
129
29
22
37
19
5
^8
324
Nickel Emissions
(Ib/yr)
4
1~
96
10
13
21
9
2
9
165
,645
, 09 5
,800
,£90
,750
,925
,290
,230
,475
,800°
Average Emissions/Site
(Ib/yr)
357
407
750
365
625
593
489
4.46
338
573
(g/sec)
0 005
0.006
0.011
0.005
0.009
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.008
See ref. 7 .
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
'Based on an emission factor of 0 00000516 Ib nickel lost per Ic of hot metal
•C" (see ref. 6).
aao
-------
21-16
Emissions from nonferrous alloy manufacture were estimated to be 142,600 Ib
based on an emission factor of 0.000012 Ib nickel lost/lb produced and 5,942,000
tons of nonferrous alloy produced in 1978. Specific source locations could not
be identified to allow for a regional distribution.
Nickel emissions resulting from electrical utility power plants are shown for
coal-fired operations in Table 21-10 and for oil-fired operations in Table 21-11.
Coal-fired plants had emisiions of 316,800 Ib6 and oil fired plants 8,139,600 Ib 6
Thtse emissions were calculated by multiplying the emission factors shown in
Tables 21-10 and 21-11 by the coal and oil used shown in Table 21-4. The emissions
were distributed by region according to the usage percentages shown in Table 21-5
Mickel emissions from coke ovens were estimated to have been 123,000 Ib as
shown in Table 21-12.9 This estimate is based on an emission factor of
0.00000082 Ib nickel lost per Ib of coal used to manufacture coke 6. Total
emissions were distributed by the number of sites in each region.
The remaining incidental sources of nickel emissions are from other sources
which burn oil or coal. Emissions from coal- and oil-fired industrial boilers
were estimated to have been 36,300 Ib and 6,481,860 Ib respectively derived
from an emission factor of 0.00000033 Ib nickel lost per Ib of coal burned6 and
0.00023 Ib of nickel lost per gal of oil burned 6 Emissions from residential
and commercial coal and oil heating were estimated to be 2,400 Ib and
3,860,220 Ib respectively derived from an amission factor of 0.00000015 Ib
nicktl lost per Ib of coal burntd6 and 0.00013 Ib of nickel lost per gal of oil
burned.6 Diesel fuel consumption generated an estimated 1,785,420 Ib of nickel
•missions based on tmission factor of 0.00013 Ib nickel lost per gal of diesel
futl consumed.6 Source locations for all of these incidental categories are
considered too numerous and too diverse to pinpoint regional distributions.
Vent parameter data for all nickel tmission sources are shown in Table 21-13.
Table 21-14 presents a summary of nickel emissions. Total nationwide nickel
emissions are estimated to have been 22,573,640 Ib in 1978.
-------
21-17
Table 21-10. Nickel Emissions from Electrical Utility Power Plants (coal-fired)
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
9
51
156
111
61
44
3
38
1
474
Nickel Emissions
(Ib/yr)
2 2 nO
35 , CCO
107,395
29,775
62,095
51,640
4,115
21,540
2,220
316,600
Average Emissions/Site
(Ib/yr)
245
700
690
270
1020
1175
1370
565
2220
670
(g/sec)
0.004
0.010
0.010
0.004
0.015
0.017
0.020
0.008
0.032
See ref. 5.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
'Based on an emission factor of 0.00000033 lb nickel emitted per Ib coal burned
"C" from published source (see ref. 6).
-------
21-18
Table 21-11. Nickel Emissions from Electrical Utility Power Plants (oil-fired)
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
We»t South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
35
70
110
85
97
26
100
44
33
600
..,,.„. . Average Emissions/Site
Nickel Emissions 3 •* —
(Ib/yr) "(Ib/yr) (g/sec)
765,125
2,270,945
480,235
56,960
2,555,830
162,790
390,700
179,075
1,277,920
8,139,600°
21,860
32,440
4,365
670
26,350
6,260
3,905
4,070
38,725
13,566
0.31
0.47
0.06
0.01
0.38
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.56
See ref. 5.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
Based on an emission factor of 0.000300 ib nickel emitted per gal oil burned,
"C" Published data (see ref. 6).
-------
21-19
Table 21-12. Nickel Emissions from Coke Oven Operations (coal burning)
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of Sites
0
15
25
3
4
9
2
2
1
61
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
0
30,245
50,410
6,050
6,065
18,145
4,035
4,035
2,015
123,OOOb'C
aSee ref. 9.
Based on an emission factor of 0.00000082 Ib nickel enutted/lb coal burned
(see ref. 6).
Q
Average emission rate per site 2016 Ib/yr (0.029 g/sec).
-------
21-20
Table 21-13. Nick«l V«nt Parameters
Source
Production
Power plant
Iron and st««l
Ferro-alloy
Gray iron foundry
Coke oven
Number of
Stacks
1
1
2
1
1
2
Vent
Height
(ft)
100
400
80
80
150
30
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
2
16
1
1
2
1
Discharge
Tenperature
(°F)
400
200
200
200
200
300
Velocity
(fps)
45
90
40
40
40
15
• 2
Building cross-section all sources-200 M .
-------
21-21
Table 21-14. 1978 Nickel Nationwide Linissions
Source
Nationwide
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
Nickel mining/smelting
Iron and steel manufacturing
Ferroalloys
Non-ferroalloys
Gray Iron Foundry
Electroplating
Chemicals
Others
Power Plants
Coal
Oil
Industrial Boilers
Coal
Oil
Resident! al/Commercial
Coal
Oil
Coke ovens (coal)
Diesel fuel (oil)
Total
440,640
231,000
828,000
142,600
185,800
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
316,000
8,139,600
36,300
6,481,860
2,400
3,860,220
123,000
1,785,420
22,573,640
-------
ro
i
ro
FIGURE 21-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF NICKEL EHISSIOHS
-------
TABLE 21-15. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF NICKEL
ENI88IOH8
NO.
1
2
COMPANY
HANNAH HI N1HC
ArtAX
SITE
RIDDLE. OR
PORT NICKEL. LA
LATITUDE
42
29
33
32
62
33
LONGITUDE
123
689
23 66
37 26
a i An i Lrtn i
STATION TYPE
24221 1
12938 1
ouuru^e.
TYPE PROCESS
1 3.
1 3.
242592
162624
STORAGE FUGITIVE
6. •.
6. •.
*The only specific point sources of nickel emissions are the two smelters producing nickel.
The vent height for these emissions 1s 30 meters, the effective building cross-section 1s
200 m2t the vent diameter 1s 0.6 meter, the vent velocity is 14 meters per second, and the
vent temperature 1s 477°k.
ro
OJ
-------
21-24
TABLE 21-16.
EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF NICKEL RESULTING
FROK SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
(ug/m3)
IS.8
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.00769*
Population
Exposed
(persons)
2
18
201
774
,657
,044
62,226
452,218
714,923
718,776
718,776
713,776
2,,
4,
Dosage
[(ug/m3) . persons]
1.-
3,
6..
28.
216
470
430
550
7,490
26,900
80,400
103,000
103,000
103,000
103,000
•The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 21-17. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF NICKEL
(0111
Cok»
toll**
»e»b,1«*
«IM1t Atlantic
Cast ••rtk Central
Wnt Berth Central
Sortk Atlantic
Catt Sowth Central
wttt S««tM Central
*M»Uln
Pacific
bri»l Nua4*r
Of SUM
9
51
156
111
61
44
3
38
1
E*ritl1o*t/SUl
(fl"/»*c)
0 315
0 467
0 0629
0.00965
0 0379
0.0901
0 05«2
0 05OT
0 0558
Of- Sit**
35
70
110
n
97
26
100
44
33
(§B/t*t)
0 029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0 029
0 029
0 029
.*-£
0
15
25
J
4
9
2
2
1
ro
i
en
-------
TABLE 21-18. EXPOSURE WIO 005AGC HtSULTIHG FPOK ENISStONS FWW
GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF NICKEL
*M«*itw ?*•
IW'J^MM)
t*t<«
l*wl MM* Mt*r« *^a »•*<
Uv-1! *i»»H»»i »iiln>t«t fi« «n (l»U
I t
V
0»
•
•
t.«
t
« t
• I
III
»M
f 1
t II t »
M.« it i n r
IM B n*
1.1» IH
1ml
• >
M.I
B»«il JTJJL ?•*•_
• i •
»».t *.f
t.t.
IH
«7t
»*»
it
»
«
nt
I.Mt
!.•*•
It I
M »
M r
«n
wr
111
».m
i.tt*
ro
t.rtt
NOTE: The use cf -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the sane row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
21-27
TABLE 21-19. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF NICKEL
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (K^) 0
Nighttime decay rate (
-------
TABLE 21-20. NICKEL EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROH AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
PtrtnitM* of DHtrltxjtlon
f^v ucrr i
l,yW)
500000
2VJOOO
100000
osoooo
075000
ropvifli ion
505140
9149730
W126880
81697926
13179O074
158679135
i l»l/»-V
J49680 9
3565444 6
6710390 7
10154411 8
12041700 1
12506B33 2
Hc.UrK,
19 0
39 7
37 0
35 2
34 4
M 1
St »t loojrj
73 9
55 B
55 3
55 7
55 8
55 9
tobllt
7 1
4 6
7 7
9 1
9 8
10 0
Ctt, Tm 1
100 0
100 0
100 0
97 6
94 6
92 7
CUj In* 2
0
0
0
1 0
2 4
2 7
City Typ« 3
0
0
0
1 4
3 0
4 7
I
ro
oo
-------
TABLE 21-21. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUWARY OF NICKEL
Population Exposed
(persons)
Concentration Specific
Level
(uq/m3)
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0
Point
Source
18
201
774
2,657
4,044
62,226
452.218
714.923
718,776
718,776
718,776
General
Point
Soerc*
8,
76.
290.
2,240,
—
—
--
—
0
0
0
500
700
000
000
Area Source
0
0
0
0
505,140
9,149,730
30,126,880
81,697,926
131,790,074
—
158,679,135
U.S. Total
11.
585,
9,501,
32,019,
--
—
--
--
18
201
774
157
884
956
098
Specific
Point
Source
216
1,470
3,430
6,550
7,490
26,900
80,400
103,000
103,000
103,000
103,000
Dosaqe
Kyg/'^J 'persons]
taeneral
Point
Source
0
0
0
11,300
55,700
129,000
427,000
777,000
1,130,000
1.710,000
4,060,000
Area Source
0
0
0
0
349
3,565
6,710
10.154
12,041
-
12,506
,681
,444
,390
,411
,708
-
,833
U.S. Total
216
1,470
3,430
17,850
412,871
3.721,344
7,217,790
10,034,411
13,274,708
--
16,669,833
ro
to
NOTE- The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
21-30
REFERENCES
1. J. D. Corrick, Mickel-1977 Mineral Commodity Profiles, Bureau of Mines, U.S.
Dept. of Interior (July 1977).
2. "Nickel—Salient Statistics," p. 754.1000B, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (February 1977).
3. "Bituminous Coal," p. 211.3026C, Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, Henlo Park, CA (October 1978).
4. "Fuel Oil," p. 229.4350B, QMmical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, Htnlo Park, CA (Ftbruary 1979).
5. "Existing Power Plant* at of 1974," supplied by Systems Applications, Inc.,
San Rafael, CA, to Hydroscience, Inc., Knoxville, TN.
•6. Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and Other Pollutants, The
Mitre Corporation, EPA Contract No. 68-01-0438, p. 115.
7. Marketing Economics Key Plants 1975-1976, Marketng Economics Institute, New
York, NY.
8. "Ferroalloys," p 738 4000C,D,E, Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA
9. "Coke Oven Plants in the U.S.," p. 212.2000A—D, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (October 1978).
-------
APPENDIX A-22 Nitrobenzene
NITROBENZENE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 98-95-3
Synonyms. Nitrobenzol, Monorntrobenzene
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 123 11
Molecular Formula: C6H5 NC>
Molecular Structure:
Chemical end Physical Properties
Physical State at STP: Solid/oily liouid, colorless, volatile oil; almond odor
Boiling Point: 210.8°C at 760 mm
Melting Point: 5.7°C
Density: 1.2037 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 0.284 rm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 4.25
Solubility Slightly soluble (10 q/1 at 20°C; 2.04 g/1 In H20 at 30°C)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/HjO): 1.88
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward OH-: 1/2 butane
Reactivity Toward 0^: Relatively unreactive, t 1/2 * 11 yr.
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: NAPP
Major Atmospheric Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity: -p>
-------
22-5
I. SOURCES
PRODUCTION
Nitrobenzene (C6H5N02) is currently produced in the United States by the direct
nitration of benzene with a mixture of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and water.1'2
The quantity of organic by-products formed, primarily nitrated phenols, is only
about 0.02 wt % of the nitrobenzene produced
There are currently five companies producing nitrobenzene at seven locations in
the United States. The locations of the plants and the 1978 capacity and estimated
production level for each plant are shown in Table 22-1. 1-2-3 An estimated 850 million
Ib of nitrobenzene was produced in 1978
B. USES
Approxijnately 98% (833 million Ub) of the nitrobenene produced in 1978 was con-
sumed captively for the manufacture of aniline. An estimated 12.75 million Ib
(1.5%) of the nitrobenzene production was used as a solvent in cellulose ether
manufacture and as a selective solvent in the petroleum industry A very small
portion, 4.25 million Ib, was used as a chemical intermediate to produce dichloro-
anilines and dinitrobenrenes. Uses are summarized in Table 22-2. 1>2 Specific
cellulose ether and chemical intermediate, nitrobenzene user site locations are
shown in Tables 22-3H and 22-/.5 respectively.
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
\. PRODUCTION AND USE TO MAKE ANILINE
Estimated production losses are shown in Table 22-5 for each of the seven producing
locations. Total emissions of nitrobenzene resulting from its production and
subsequent use to produce aniline are estimated to have been 275,000 Ib in 1978 6
Process eaissions of nitrobenzene originate from the reactor and separator vents,
from the wa»h and neutralization vents, and from the nitrobenzene stripper.
Other associated Mission components include nitrated phenols which leave via
the wastevater effluent and benzene. It is estimated that nitrobenzene consti-
tutes roughly 20% of the total volatile organic compounds emitted from nitro-
benzene production and aniline manufacturing facilities.6 Storage emissions
-------
Table 22-1. Production of Nitrobenzene*
Source Location
American Cyanamid Bound Brook, NJ
Willow Island, WV
Du Pont Beaumont, TX
Gibbstown, NJ
First Chemicals Pascagoula, MS
Mobay Corp. New Martinsville, WV
Rubicon Geismar, LA
Total
1978 Estimated
Production
(million Ib)
55 2
55.2
243.3
129.8
227 1
87.6
51.9
850
1978 Estimated
Capacity
(million Ib)
85
85
375
200
350
135
80
1310
Geographic
Coordinates
N, Latitude/W Longitude
43 24 45/
74 33 40
39 21 50/
81 18 50
30 00 51/
94 01 40
39 49 50/
75 15 50
30 21 20/
88 32 55
39 44 50/
80 50 50
30 12 OO/
91 00 30
See refs 1—3.
3The distribution of production for each producer is determined by the ratio of total U.S production/total
capacity as compared to individual capacity
ro
ro
cr>
-------
22-7
Table 22-2. 1978 Nitrobenzene Consumption by End Use*
End Use
Percent
of Total
Consumption
End Use
Consumption
(ii ib)
Aniline
Solvent (cellulose ether,
petroleum industry)
Chemical intermediate
(dichloroanilines,
dinitrobeozenes)
Total
98
1.5
0.5
100 0
833
12 75
4.25
850
*See refs 1 and 2.
931
-------
Table 22-3. Nitrobenzene Solvent Users - Cellulose Ether Producers*
Cony any
Location
Cellulose Ether Capacity
(million 1b/y r)
Geographic Coordinates
(latitude/longitude)
.
o
BASF Wyandotte
Dow
Hercules
H. Kohnstamm
MAK Chemical
Procter and Gamble
Union Carbide
Wyandotte, MI
Midland, MI
Plaquemine, LA
Brunswick, GA
Harbor Beach, MI
Hopewell, VA
Parlin, NJ
Camden, NJ
Clearing, IL
Muncie, IN
Memphis, TN
Institute, WV
5
27.5
20
30
10
80
10
1.5
1.5
2.5
7.5
30
225.5
42 12 55/83 08 35
43 35 28/84 13 08
30 19 00/91 15 32
31 07 55/81 28 05
43 51 07/82 42 08
37 15 34/77 17 14
40 31 30/74 27 10
39 54 42/75 08 53
41 49 10/87 45 40
40 12 17/85 20 38
35 10 40/90 56 30
30 00 11/90 23 42
IV
rv>
co
See ref 4.
-------
22-9
Table 22-4. Nitrobenzene Chemical Intermediate User Locations*
Geographic Coordinates
Source Location Latitude /Longitude
2,4-Dichloroaniline
Eastman Kodak Company Rochester, NY 43 12 01/77 37 58
3,4-Dichloroaniline
Blue Spruce Co. Bound Brook, NJ 40 32 10/76 29 18
Du Pont Deepwater, NJ 39 41 25/75 30 35
Monsanto Luling, LA 29 55 10/90 22 30
Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
Tomi River Chem. Toms River, NJ 39 58 14/74 12 30
*See ref 5.
-------
Table 22-5. 1978 Nitrobenzene Emissions from Both Nitrobenzene and Aniline Production
Company
American Cyanamid
Du Pont
First Chemical
Mobay
Rubicon
Total
"from refs 1, 2,
Eaission factor-.
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Total
Location
Bound Brook, NJ
Willow Island, WV
Beaumont, TX
Gibbstown. NJ
Pascagoula, MS
New Hartinsville, WV
Geisraar, LA
and 6 .
0.000008 "A" from
0.000006 "A" from
0 000310 "A" from
0.000324
1978 Process
Production Emissions
(ft Ib) (Ib X 104)
55.2 0.04
55.2 0.04
243.3 0.20
129.8 0.10
227.1 0.18
87.6 0.07
51.9 0.04
850 0.68
site visit data
site visit data
site visit data
Storage
Emissions
(Ib X 104)
0.03
0.03
0.15
0.08
0.14
0.05
0.03
0.51
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib X 104)
1.71
1 71
7.54
4.02
7.04
2.73
1.61
26.35
Total • Total
Emissions ' Emissions
(Ib X 104) (g/sec)C
1.79 0.26
1.79 0.26
7.88 1.13
4 21 0.61
7.36 1.06
2 84 0.41
1.68 0.24
27.54 3.96
ro
ro
i
CD
'Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
22-11
represent th« total lossts from surge, final product, and feed storage tanks as
well as loading and handling losses. Fugitive emissions are those that result
froa plant •quipoent leaks.
Vent stack data are shown in Table 22-6. Normally five process vents and five
storage tank vents are sources oi production and storage emissions Usually
nitrobenzene production facilities are "open-air" structures without walls and
•olid floors (i.e., steel grating). Only the control room area is enclosed.
Fugitive losses are estimated to occur over a 130 ft X 260 ft area.6
B. USES
The emissions of nitrobenzene resulting from its use to make aniline were included
in the nitrobenzene production losses.
The total quantity of nitrobenzene used in solvent applications, 12.75 million
lb, is eventually released to the atmosphere For purposes of this report 50%
of the nitrobenzene solvent (6,375,000 lb) is assumed to be used in cellulose
•ther manufacture and 50% in petroleum refineries
The 6,375,000 million lb lost in cellulose ether production was allocated by
cellulose ether site capacity. Emissions are shown in Table 22-7.
The 6,375,000 lb lost in refinery operations was distributed by geographic region.
Allocation of emissions shown in Table 22-8 were made based on region refinery
capacity.7
Nitrobenzene emissions resulting from its use as a chemical intermediate to
produce dichloroanilines and dinitrobenzenes amounted to 6375 lb in 1978 based
on an emission factor of 0.0015 lb lo«t/lb used.8 Emissions are shown in Table 22-9.
Total emissions were distributed evenly over all five sites in the absence of
capacity data.
Total nationwide emissions of nitrobenzene in 1978 from all sources are estimated
to have been 13.04 million lb. A tabulation of the losses is shown in Table 22-10.
-------
22 12
Table 22-6. Nitrobenzene Vent Parameters
Vent Vent
Number Height Diameter
Source of Stacks (ft) (ft)
Production '
Process
Reactors and separator 3 66 0.12
Wash and neutralization 1 36 0.10
Nitrobenzene stripper 1 66 0.08
Storage
Nitrobenzene storage tank 5 40 0.12
Fugitive0
Cellulose ether
Process 1 25 0.33
Refinery
Process 1 30 0.33
Nitrobenzene chemical
Intermediate
Process 1 20 0.17
Storage ' 2 20 0.17
Fugitive - -
Discharge
Temperature Velocity
(«F) (ft/sec)
131 11.5
113 12.5
89 6.6
104
120 5
120 7
140 12
80
-
See ref 6.
Building cross-section 50 m2.
Distributed over a 130 ft X 260 ft area.
Building cross-section 10 m2.
Building cross-section 200 m2.
'Distributed over 100 ft X 100 ft area.
-------
22-13
Table 22-7. Nitrobenzene Emissions from Cellulose Ether Producers'
Conpany
BASF
Dow
Hercules
H. KQhJi*tamm
MAX Chemical
Procter 6 Gamble
Union Carbide
TOTAL
Location
Wyandotte, MI
Midland, Ml
Plaquemine, LA
Brunswick, GA
Harbor Beach, Ml
Hopflwcll, VA
Parlin, NJ
Camden, NJ
Clearing, IL
Muncie, IN
Memphis, TN
Institute, WV
Nitrobenzene
(Ib/yr)
140,250
280,500
567,375
847,875
280,500
2,263,125
280,500
44,625
44,625
70,125
210,375
847,875
6,375,000
b
Emissions
(g/sec)
2.02
4.04
8.17
12.21
4.04
32.58
4.04
0.64
0.64
1.01
3.03
12.21
S«e ref. 4.
o
Assumes 50% of nitrobenzene solvent use is for cellulose ether production.
Individual site losses were allocated by ratioing site cellulose ether
capacity to total industry cellulose ether capacity.
Assmes 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
22-14
Table 22-8. Nitrobenzene Solvent Emissions from Petroleum Refineries by Region^
Raqion
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Number
of Sites
1
16
33
19
11
16
92
42
49
279
Rafinery
Capacity
(bbl/day)
13,000
1,552,620
2,535,350
844,753
279,600
645,686
7,305,616
683,076
2,769,883
16,'629,584
Nitrobenzen<
Emissions^
(lb/yr)
5,100
595,425
972,190
323,850
107,100
247,350
2,800,540
262,010
1,062,075
6,375,000
Average Nitrobenzene
Emissions per Site
(lb/yr)
5,100
37,215
29,460
17,045
9,735
15,460
30,440
6,240
21,675
(g/sec)c
0.073
0.536
0.424
0.245
0.140
0.223
0.438
0.090
0.312
See rtf. 7.
Assumes 50% of nitrobenzene solvent use
total emissions allocated per region by
to total U.S.A. refinery capacity.
"Assumes 8760 hr/yr operation.
is in refinery operations. Individual
ratio of region refinery capacity compared
-------
22-15
Table 22-9. Nitrobenzene Emissions from Chemical Intermediate Users'
Cony any
Eastman Kodak
Blue Spruce
Du Pont
Monsanto
Toms River
Total
Location
Rochester, NY
Bound Brook, NJ
Deepwater, NJ
Luling, LA
Toms River, NJ
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
893
893
893
893
893
4460
Storage
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
128
128
128
128
128
640
Fugitive
•Emissions
(Ib/yr)
255
255
255
255
255
1275
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
1275
1275
1275
1275
1275
6375
(g/sec)
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
0.018
Soe ref. 5.
Based on nitrobenzene factor (Lb lost/lb used). See ref. 8.
Process 0.00105 C Derived
Storage 0.00015 C Derived
" Fugitive 0.00030 C Derived
0.00150
"Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
from published source.
from published source.
from published source.
-------
22-16
T«blt 22-10. Estimated 1978 Nitrobenzene
Nationwide Emission Losses
Estimated National
Emission
Source (million Ib/yr)
Production and consumption to 0.28
make aniline
Solvent (cellulose ether, 12.75
petroleum industry)
Chemical intermediates (dichloro- J3.01
anilines and dinatrobenzenes)
Total 13.04
-------
±L
ro
i
~j
FIGURE 22-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF MITR08OIZEHC WISSIOWS
-------
TABLE 22-11. EMISSIONS AND ICTlOROtOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF NITROBENZENE
HO.
SITE
* t
STAR PLANT SOURCE
LATITUDE LONCITUDE STATION TYPE TYPE PROCESS
MlONq (Gtt/VEC)
STORAGE FUGITIVE
o
CYANAH
2 AMERICAN CYANAH
3 Dupoirr
4 DUPONT
o Finer CHEMICAL
4 HOBAY
7 ROB IO(W
8 BASF
9 DOW
19 DOW
II HERCOLES
12 HERCULES
13 HERCOLES
14 HERCULES
10 H KOUNSTAHH
16 H BDflNSTAHH
17 HAK CHEMICAL
18 PROCTER GAMBLE
19 OTIOH cAnioe
29 EASTHAN KDDAC
BOOTH) BROOK, RJ 49 24 49 974 33 44 94741 I I .993769 .994329
WILLOW ISLAND, WV 39 21 09 981 18 99 13736 I I .990769 .994329
BEAUMONT, TX 39 99 01 994 91 49 12917 I I .928899 .921699
C1BMTOWN. RJ 39 49 09 970 IB 89 13739 I 1 .914499 .911929
PASCAGOLA. MB 39 21 29 988 32 90 13829 I 1 .929929 .929164
NEW HARTINSVILLE.WV 39 44 99 989 99 99 13734 I I .919989 .997299
CEIfflAR. LA 39 12 99 991 II 39 12908 I 1 .999769 .994329
WYANDOTTE, HI 42 12 98 983 98 39 14822 2 2 2.919699 9.
MIDLAND. Ml 43 39 28 984 13 98 14849 2 2 4.939299 9.
PUMDEH1RE. LA 39 19 99 991 19 99 13979 2 2 8.179299 9.
BRUNSWICK. CA 31 97 88 981 28 99 93836 2 2 12.299499' 9.
HARBOR BEACH, Ml 43 81 97 982 42 98 14849 2 2 4.939299 9.
BOPEWELL, VA 37 19 34 977 17 14 13749 2 2 32.989999 9.
PARL1N. NJ 49 31 39 974 27 IO 94741 2 2 4.939299 9.
GARDEN. NJ 39 94 42 979 98 93 13739 2 2 .642699 9.
CLEARING. IL 41 49 19 987 49 49 14839 2 2 .642699 9. *
HONCIE. IN 49 12 17 989 29 38 93819 2 2 1.999899 9.
MEMPHIS. TN 39 19 49 999 86 39 13963 2 2 3.929499 9.
INSTITUTE. WV 38 23 92 981 47 24 13866 2 2 12.299499 9.
ROCHESTER. NY 43 12 91 977 37 58 14771 3 3 .912889 .991843
^344249
1.9807*9
.078009
I.913749
.8931X9
.281849
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
9.
6.
9.
9.
9.
9.
.993672
r\j
-------
TABLE 22-11 (Concluded)
EMISSIONS (CFfBEC)
HO.
21
22
23
24
COWAFY
BLUE SPRUCE
DUPOHT
MOHSAJ1TO
TONS RIVER
SITE
BOOWD BAOOK HJ
DEEPWATEH. NJ
LULIRG. LA
TOW RIVER. IU
LATITUDE
4ft
39
29
39
32
19
41 25
35
58
te
14
a iiut ruin i
LOMCITDDE STATIOH TYFE
•74 29 IB 14737 9
•73 36 35 13739 3
•99 22 3d 12958 3
974 12 36 147*6 3
msunL.^ -•
TYPE PROCESS STORAGE FUGITIVE
3 .6 128*9 .e»1843 .^3672
3 e 12839 .091843 .903672
3 .912371 .091843 . »93672
3 .912839 .091843 .903672
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant
produces nitrobenzene
and
an1
line
PO
ro
i
Type 2: Plant produces cellulose ether
Type 3: Plant produces nitrobenzene derivatives
t Source Types:
Type 1: Nitrobenzene and aniline production
Type 2: Cellulose ether production
Type 3: Derivative productions
-------
22-20
TABLE 22-12. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF NITROBENZENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/rc3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
990 1 809
500 5 3,130
250 28 10,300
100 138 26,000
50 590 55,300
25 1.781 94,700
10 7,005 179,000
5 14,236 230,000
2.5 29,413 232,000
1 75,958 353,000
0.5 145,099 402,000
0.25 260,202 443,000
0.1 526,799 404,000
0.05 882,868 509,000
0.025 1,461,169 529,000
0.01 ,„ 2,979,214 553,000
3.94x10"* 2,979,214 584,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 22-13. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERIC POINT SOURCES
OF NITROBENZENE (REFINERY SOLVENT USE)*
Emissions/Site Number
_ Region _ (g*/sec) of Sites
New England 0.073 1
Middle Atlantic 0-536 16
East North Central 0.424 33
West North Central 0.245 19
South Atlantic 0.140 11
East South Central 0.223 16
West South Central 0.438 92
Mountain 0.090 42
Pacific 0.312 49
* Emissions parameters:
Vent height: 9 m
Building cross section: 200
Vent diameter: 0.10 m
Vent velocity: 2.1 m/sec
Vent temperature: 322°K
-------
TABLE 22-14. EXPOSURE ANO DOSAGE RESULTING FRO* EWISSIOHS FWW GENERAL POINT SOURCES
Of NITROBENZENE (REFINERY SOLVENT USE)
i i
Concentration
Level Population Exposed Dosage
(ug/HH) (ip3 persons) [lO^pq/*3)*persons!
5.0 76 0.011
2.5 196 0.045
1.0 404 0.181
0.50 - 0.480
0.25 - 1.06
0.10 - 3.60
0.050 — 7.00 iv
rv>
0.025 — 10.9 , r^>
*»
0.010 -- 24.7
0.0050 - 39.4
0.0025 — 69.6
0.0010 — 128
0.00050 — 193
0 — 501
NOTE: The use of — as an entry indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
TABLE 22-15. EXPOSURE AMD DOSAGE SUrtWRY Of
Population Exposed
(persons)
Dosage
Concentration Specific
Level
(uq/mJ)
500
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0
Point
Source
5
28
138
590
1,781
7,000
14,236
29,413
75,958
145,099
206,202
526,799
882,868
1.461,169
2,979,214
_.
__
__
__
2.979,214
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,000
45,000
181,000
480,000
1,060,000
--
.-
_ —
--
--
--
--
--
—
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U.S. ToUl
5
28
138
590
1,781
7,000
25,200
74,400
257,000
625,100
1,266,200
--
-.
_.
--
--
--
--
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
3,130
10.300
26.000
55.300
94,700
179,000
230,000
282,000
353,000
402,000
443,000
484,000
509,000
529,000
553,000
--
--
--
--
584,000
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
76,000
196,000
404,000
605,000
808,000
1,180,000
1.420.000
1,550,000
1,780,000
1.890.0CO
2,000,000
2,090,000
2,130,000
2.190,000
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.S. Total
3.130
10.300
26.000
55,300
94.700
179,000
306,000
478,000
757,000
1,007,000
1,251.000
1.664,000
1,929.000
2,079,000
2,222,000
—
--
--
-.
2,774,000
I
r\>
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
22-24
REFERENCES
1. E. M. Klapproth, "Aniline and Nitrobenzene," Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (January 1979).
2. "Chemical Product Synopsis on Nitrobenzene," Mannsville Chemical Products
(March 1978).
3. "Chemical Profile on Nitrobenzene," Chemical Marketing Reporter (December 20, 1976).
4. E. M. Connolly, "Cellulose Ethers," Chemical Economics Handbook, pp. 584.5022F/G,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (July 1976).
S. Chemical Research Services, 1979 Directory of Chemical Producers, United States
of America, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA
6» F. D. Hobbs and C. W. Stuewe, Hydroscience, Inc , Emission Control Options for
the Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on
Nitrobenzene (on file at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC (January 1979).
7. T. F. Killilea, "Petroleum Refinery Capacity by State," Chemical Economics
Handbook, p. 229.3510B, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (January 1. 1978)
8. Special Project Report, "Petrochemical Plant Sites," prepared for Industrial
Pollution Control Division, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, by Monsanto Research
Corporation, Dayton, Ohio (April 1976)
2 5" 6
-------
APPENDIX A-23 PCB
PCB'S (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS) CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number r(a) 11097-69-1
l(b) 11096-82-5
Synonyms (a) Aroclor 1254 (b) Aroclor 1260
Chlorinated biphenyls PCB 1260
Polychlorinated biphenyls Kanechlor
Chemical Formula
Molecular Height.
MolecuUr Formula: (exact composition unknown or underterrnned)
Molecular Structure
r ^, x * Cl or H
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at SIP Variable—mobile oily liquids, white crystalline
solids; and hard noncrystalme resins
Boiling Point- 365° to 390°C
Melting Point:
Density: 1.495 to 1.505 at 65°C/15 5°C
Vapor Pressure. 1 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density:
Solubility: Slightly soluble (5.6 x 10"6 g/1 of H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H20):
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward OH-: 5* butane
Reactivity Toward 0,: No Reaction
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: NAPP
Major Atmospheric Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity: tV~}
-------
23-5
I. SOURCES
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is a generic term used to describe the mixture
of chlorinated biphenyl isotners (209 possible isomers-) formed by the direct
chlorination of biphenyl PCBs were produced in the United States by the Monsanto
Corporation at its Sauget, Illinois, plant, but PCB manufacture is currently
banned in the United States.1
PCBs are no longer used or consumed for any kind of end-use in this country.
Originally, PCBs had application as plasticizers, hydraulic fluids, pump oils,
in carbonless carbon paper, and as a dielectric fluid in electrical equipment.
In September of 1970, all end-use* of PCBs were restricted to only closed elec-
trical systems iuch as transformers and capacitors 2'3
Currently, the only potential source of PCB emissions to the atmosphere is from
the disposal of transformers and capacitors containing PCBs. Chemical landfills
will be used to dispose of medium- and small-sized capacitors with negligible
resulting emissions. Liquid PCBs, drained from transformers and large capacitors
containing PCBs, will have to be incinerated per EPA regulations. Incineration
will have some PCB emission potential.
The specific areas from which transformers and capacitors will have to be dis-
posed a"^ '•be quantity of PCBs generated by such incineration disposal are shown
in Table 23-1.2 Quantities of PCBs in excess of 30.02 million Ib/yr requiring
disposaj. would be landfilled. A list of proposed PCB incinerator site locations
if shown in Table 23-2.
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
Using the EPA's Versar Report2 as a basis, an emission estimate was completed
for incinerating a total of 30.02 million Ib of PCBs at 12 locations within the
United States (see Table 23-3). The total was apportioned over each site per the
Versar Report assuming that all twelve sites would be in operation and that all
PCBs incinerated would be done only at these 12 locations.
-------
23-6
Table 23-1. Sources of PCBs for Incineration*
(million Ib/yr)
Source
PCBs from
Transformer Disposal
PCBs from
Capacitor Disposal
Total PCBs from Closed
Electrical Systems
Utilities
Large residential
and commercial
Industrial
Trivate residential
Total
4.7
1.6
1.6
0.5
8.4
9.79
6.78
14.49
8.38
*S«e r«f 2.
-------
23-7
Table 23-2. Proposed PCB's Incinerator Site Locations
Incinerator Geographic Coordinates
Location Latitude/Longitude
Bridgeport, NJ 39 46 00/75 22 00
b
Deer Park, TX 29 45 50/95 09 00
Baton Rouge, LA 30 33 35/91 15 30
San Francisco, CA 38 00 00/122 00 00°
Los Angeles, CA 34 00 00/118 00 00°
Denver, CO 39 43 12/105 00 00°
Chicago, IL 41 52 00/87 43 38°
Sandusky, OH 40 26 15/82 41 21°
Atlanta, GA 33 45 17/84 22 51°
Richmond, VA 37 28 53/77 25 06°
Waterford, NY 42 49 03/73 45 13b
El Dorado, AR 33 14 38/92 18 45°
a
See ref. 1.
b
Represents existing incinerator sites.
c
Represents geographic center of city or approximate
center of chemical industry 1:1 proximity to that
city.
-------
23-8
Table 23-3. Incidental Source* of PCBs from
Incinerator Sites after July 1, 1979
Incinerator
Location
d
Bridgeport, NJ
Deer Park, TXd
d
Baton Rouge, LA
San Francisco, CAe
Los Angeles , CA
Dtnver, C0e
Chicago, ILe
Sandusky, OH*
Atlanta, GA*
Richmond, VAC
Waterford, NYf
El Dorado, AKC
Total
PCB Solids
Burned
(million Ib/yr)
5.91
2.12
0.99
1.60
3.01
1.19
2.75
3.83
5.21
1.82
0.10
1.49
30.02
PCB Emissions5
Case
(Ib/yr)
5,910
2,120
990
1,600
3,010
1,190
2,750
3,830
5,210
1,820
100
1,490
30,020
I
(g/sec)
0.106
0.038
0.018
0.029
0.054
0.021
0.049
0.069
0.094
0.033
0.002
0.027
Case
(Ib/yr)
591
212
99
160
301
119
275
383
521
182
10
149
3,002
II
(g/sec)C
0.011
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.005
0.002
0.005
0.007
0.009
0.003
-
0.003
See ref 1.
Case I » 99.90% removal efficiency; 0.001% of PCBs charged to the incinerator
are released to the atmosphere.
Case II « 99.99% removal efficiency; 0.0001% of PCBs charged to the incinerator
are released to the atmosphere.
Assumes incinerator in operation 80% of the time, i.e., 7008 hr/yr.
All three existing incinerators are owned by Rollins Environmental Services.
Planned new incinerator installations.
General Electric's Waterford, New York, incinerator to be used only for GE
waste generated onsite.
-------
23-9
The first three locations shown in Tables 23-2 and 23-3 are currently existing and are
owned by Rollins Environmental Services. A fourth location, General Electrical,
Waterford, NY, is also existing but will incinerate only PCB wastes generated
oneite. All other sites shown in Tables 2J-2 and 23-3 are proposed or planned.
Individual site emission estimates are based on two cases. Case I assumes a
removal efficiency of 99.9% as specified in the initial EPA rules and regulations
for PCB disposal,4 and Case II assumes 99 99% removal efficiency, the level
currently being recommended by RECRA 5 Case II efficiencies have been demonstrated
when burning liquid PCBs. Case I efficiencies have been achieved for incineration
of solid PCB waste.
Emission rates are based on an average rate of 80% of total annual time. The
other 20% downtime is caused by maintenance, refractory repair, and inventory
interruptions.
Vent parameter data, representative of a typical incinerator system, are shown
in Table 23-4
Total estimated annual emissions of PCBs with all twelve incineration, sites
operating are estimated to be between 3000 and 30,020 ib/yr.
-------
23-10
T«blt 23-4. PCB Incinerator Vent Parameters
Number of stacks 1
Vent height 175 ft
Vent diameter 2 ft
Discharge temperature (after 180°F
water scrubber)
Velocity 60 ft/sec
Building cross-section 100 m
-------
ro
to
FIGURE 23-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF EMISSIONS OF PCBs
-------
TABLE 23-5. EKISSIOHS
PCTEOROtOGlCAt STATIWtS OF SPECIFIC W1IIT SOWCtS Of
(D
01
3
4
9
II
12
PITT.
LONGIFUW. BTATIOW
IU
tem PATOC. TX
DATOP HOVUt. 1^
BAH rfli^nc i cct>. CA
L0f» ABCKLF-J. CA
OtH/PJl, CO
CHICAGO. IL
8AHVUHRT, OH
ATLAfTTA. CA
nictmnno, VA
EL DOTWBO, AK
39 44* OO 979 23 OO
29 49 90 099 O9 OO
39 33 33 *9I 19 3*
3O 00 »0 123* *• O* 23234
34 00 00 I in •« •• 23174
39 43 12 IO3 OO O«
41 92 •• OO7 43 30
4« M 19 •03 41 21 14091
33 49 17 «WV4 22 91 I3fl74
37 2O 93 077 23 •* 13749
43 49 93 973 43 13 14739
33 14 38 002 IO 43
.94*112
.024409
.01137*
.9I»433
.O34T94
.I34COO
.021024 9.
.001192 9.
.OI7I36 O.
ro
u>
i
ro
-------
23-13
TABLE 23-6. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF PCBs RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level > Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
0.25 231 57.6
0.1 1,681 280
0.05 5,325 531
0.025 . 24,030 1,170
0.01 112,492 2,440
0.005 308.735 3,780
0.0025 665,140 5,010
0.001 1,676,775 6,570
0.0005^ 3,039,955 7,530
0.00025 5,354,725 8,340
0.0001 9,109,812 8,970
0.00005 .« 10,946,527 9,110
3.29x10"' 12,024,500 9,130
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
23-14
REFERENCES
1. A. K. Ahswd, "PCS in the Environment," Environment 18 (2), p 7, March 1976.
2. "Microeconomic lapacts of the Proposed Marketing and Disposal Regulations for
PCBs," EPA 560/^>-77-013, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic
Substances, Washington, D.C. (April 1977)
3. "Hicroeconotnic I«p»ct« of the Proposed PCB Ban Regulations," EPA 560/6-77-035,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agtncy, Office of Planning and Management,
Washington, D.C. (Hay 1978).
4. Environatntal Prottction Agency, Part VI, "Polychlorinated Biphenylt; Criteria
Modification-. Hearings," Federal Register, p. 31519 (May 31, 1979).
5. "EPA Steks Comments on Decision to Test Proposed PCB Disposal Method," Environment
Reporter, p. 666 (July 13, 1979).
-------
APPENDIX A-24 Phenol
PHENOL (MONOHYDROXYBENZENE) CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 108-95-2
Synonyms: Carbolic acid, phemc acid; pheoylic acid, oxybenzene,
phenyl hydroxide; hydroxybenzene
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 94.11
Molecular Formula: C,H,0
Molecular Structure:
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State fit STP. Solid colorless, acicular crystals or white
cryst mass
Boiling Point: 161.9eC at 760 mn
Melting Point: 42.5 to 43°C
Density: 1.0576 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 0.530 mn at 25°C, 1 mn at 40°C
Vapor Density: 3.24
Solubility: Soluble (86.6 gm/1 of H.O), infinitely soluble in hot H20
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H20): 1.48
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Reacts with oxidizing materials (forming a variety
of products Including benzenediols, benzenetriols, and diphenyls).
Rapidly biodegraded to catechol, Cl-^, CHj and-keto-adip«te, c1s,
c1s-muconate
Reactivity Toward OH-: 2 x butane
Reactivity Toward O^ t 1/2 « 9.6 hr. 15t propylene
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: HAPP
Major Atmospheric Precursors: H/A
-------
24-5
I. SOURCES
A. PRODUCTION
Phenol (C6H5OH) is currently produced in the United States synthetically by the
cumene process and by the oxidation of toluene The cumene process represents
over 90% of the capacity for synthetic phenol. In the cumene process, cumene
is oxidized with air to cumene hydroperoxide which is then decomposed by sulfuric
acid hydrolysis to yield phenol and acetone. Toluene oxidation consists of
oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid with subsequent oxidation of the benzoic
acid to phenol Kalama Chemical at its plant in Kalama, Washington, is the
only synthetic producer that uses the toluene oxidation process. All others
use the cumene process.
There are currently 11 producers of synthetic phenol in the United States The
locations of the plants and the 1978 capacity and estimated production levels
for each plant are shown in Table 24-1. 1>2 In 1978 an estimated 2375 million Ib
of phenol was produced.
Phenol is also produced "naturallv" from coal tar and petroleum fractions at
the five locations shown in Table 24-2. l Natural phenol production for 1978 was
estimated to have been 27 million Ib.
B. OSES
Phenol is a major chemical intermediate used to produce a variety of other chemi-
cals and products The largest end-use of phenol is for the manufacture of
phenol-formaldehyde (phenolic) resins which are used primarily in plywood adhesives
insulation binders, and molding compounds. An estimated 1405 million Ib of phenol
was consumed for this end use An estimated 40,516 Ib of phenol was used to manu-
facture Bisphenol-A which is used to make epoxy resins Caprolactam production,
which is a starting material for nylon manufacture, consumed 15% (355 million
Ib) of phenol production. Other uses of phenol include the manufacture of nonyl-
phtnol (2%), salicylic acid (2%), dodecyphenol (1%), and adipic acid (1%).
Other miscellaneous uses consume an estimated 15% of phenol production. Exports
in 1978 were estimated to consume 3% (71 million Ib) of production. End-uses
are summarized in Table 24-3.1 Identifiable source locations of phenol end-users,
excluding phenol resins, are shown in Table 24-4. Phenolic resin plant are so
-------
Table 2<|-1. Phenol Producers (Synthetic Phenol)'
Company
Location
1978
Capacity
(10G Ib/yr)
1978 b
Production
(106 Ib/yr)
Geographical Location
Latitude/Longitude
Allied Chemical
Clark
Dow
Georgia Pacific
Getty
Kalama
Monsanto
Shell
Standard Oil of California
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Total
Pranfcford, PA
Blue Island, IL
Freoport, TX
Plaqueiaine, LA
El Dorado, KS
Kalama, WA
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Deer Park, TX
Richmond, CA
Bound Brook, NJ
Haverhill, OH
GOO
88
465
265
95
75
500
500
55
18O
325
3148C
453
66
351
200
72
57
377
377
42
135
245
2375
40 18 15/79 52 43
41 39 21/87 41 56
28 59 12/95 24 05
30 15 00/91 11 00
37 47 10/96 52 00
46 00 54/122 51 05
20 14 55/95 12 45
29 42 57/95 07 28
37 56 12/122 20 48
40 33 32/74 31 18
38 34 52/82 49 36
ro
-C».
i
—1
O
See refs. 1 and 2.
Total production distributed based on individual site capacity.
CReichhold put a 150 M Ib/yr plant on stand-by in the first quarter of
1978 at Tuscaloosa, AL.
-------
Table 24-2. Phenol Producers (Natural Phenol)
Company
Location
1978 h
Capacity
(106 Ib/yr)
1978 t
Production
UP6 Ib/yr)
Geographical Location
Latitude/Longitude
Ferro Corporation
Koppers
Merichem
Sante Fe
Springs, CA
Follansbee, WV
Stimson Lumber
U.S. Steel
Total
Corporation
Houston ,
Anacortes
Clairton,
TX
, WA
PA
12
12
12
12
12
60
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
27
4
4
4
4
4
33
40
29
48
40
56
23
45
28
18
30/118
10/80
36/95
31/122
15/79
04
35
10
32
52
18
07
48
48
43
See ref. 1.
Total capacity and production distributed evenly over all five sites in the absence of capacity figures.
r\>
i
—i
-------
24-8
Table 24-3. Phenol End-Use 1978
(Synthetic and Natural Phenol)*
Source
Usage
(10fe Ib/yr)
Usage
Phenolic resins
Bisphenol-A
Caprolactam
Nonylphenol
Salicylic acid
Dodecylphenol
Adipic acid
Miscellaneous
Exports
Total
1045
405
355
48
48
24
24
382
71
2402
44
17
15
2
2
1
1
15
3
100
*See ref. 1.
-------
24-9
Table 24-4. Phenol User Locations
Company
Dow
General Electric
Shell
U.S. Steel
Location
Freeport, TX
Mount Vernon,
Deer Park, TX
Haverhill, OH
Total
1978 1978
Production Phenol
Capacity Usaqe
(Ib/yr) (lb/yr)
Bisphenol-A Producers
150 95
IN 220 140
150 95
120 75
640 405
Caprolactam Producer
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
28 59 12/95 24 05
37 56 42/87 34 25
29 42 55/95 07 34
38 34 52/82 49 36
Allied
Borg Warner
Exxon
GAP
Jefferson
Kalama
Monsanto
Rohffl and Haas
Schenectady
Dow
Monsanto
Sterling Drug
Tenncco
Borg Warner
GAP
Monsanto
Allied
Hopewell, VA
Total
400 355
400 355
Nonylphenol Producers
Morgantown, WV
Bayway, NJ
Calvert City, KY
Linden, NJ
Port Neches, TX
Kalama, WA
Kearney, NJ
Deer Park, TX
Philadelphia, PA
Rotterdam Junction,
Oyster Creek, TX
NY
Total
300
48
Salicylic Acid Producers0
Midland, MI
St. Louis, MO
Cincinnati, OH
Garfield, NJ
Total
15
20
8
10
53
14
18
7
_9
48
Dodecylphenol Producers
Morgantown, WV
Calvert City, KY
Ktarney, NJ
Total
60
5
40
105
Hopewell, VA
Total
Adipic Acid Producer
30
30
4
1
_9
24
24
24
37 22 13/77 18 08
60
20
5
20
35
20
40
10
20
20
50
10
3
1
3
6
3
6
2
3
3
8
39 40
40 38
37 02
40 38
29 57
46 00
40 46
29 43
39 54
42 47
29 58
39/80 58 34
46/74 11 48
50/88 21 12
19/74 15 26
45/93 56 00
54/122 51 05
12/74 09 08
30/95 06 15
50/75 11 30
22/73 43 12
21/95 20 38
43 35 28/84 13 08
38 34 37/90 11 42
39 05 15/84 33 09
40 52 28/74 06 49
39 40 39/80 58 34
37 02 05/88 21 12
40 46 12/74 09 08
37 22 13/77 18 08
See ref. 3.
See ref. 1.
'See ref. 4
-------
24-10
numerous (total 125)J that they had to be tabulated by geographic region. They
are shown in the emissions section of this report
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
Phenol emission estimates from both synthetic and natural phenol producers are
tabulated in Table 24-5. Total phenol emissions from these sites were estimated
to have been 5,332,400 Ib for 1978. Emission factors used to develop process
storage, and fugitive emission estimates are shown in lable 24-6. Emission fa tors
derived for the cumene process were used for all producers in the absence of
«ny site visit, statt file, or other published data on toluene oxidation or
natural phenol production. Process emissions originate primarily from catalytic
columns and steaming column vents. Storage emissions represent the losses from
both working and final product storage tanks as well as loading and unloading
losses. Fugitive emissions are those caused by leaks from plant equipment.
Other associated emission components would include acetone, benzene, a-raethyl
styrene and cumene from the curoene process, and toluene and benzene from the
toluene oxidation process.
B. USES
Phenol emissions resulting from the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins
(phenolic) were estimated to have been 511,200 Ib in 1978. The total estimated
emissions, the total number of phenolic resin plants, and the average emission
rate per site are shown in Table 24-7.7 Total emissions were estimated from the
usage shown in Table 24-3 and the emission factors in Table 24-6. They were distri-
buted by the total number of sites in each region
Table 24-8 shows the emission estimates for all other identifiable phenol
end-users.
Phenol emissions from the four Bisphenol-A plants were estimated to have been
202,500 Ib in 1978.
-------
Table 24-5. Phenol Emissions from Phenol Producers
Company
Allied
Clark
Dow
Georgia Pacific
Getty
Kalama
Monsanto
Shell
Standard Oil of
California
^j Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Ferro
Koppers
Merichem
Stimson
U S. Steel
Total
Location
Frankford, PA
Blue Island, IL
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
El Dorado, KS
Kalama, WA
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Deer Park, TX
Richmond, CA
Bound Brook, NJ
Haverhill, OH
Sante Fe Springs, CA
Follansbee, WV
Houston, TX
Anacortes, WA
Clairton, PA
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
806
117
624
356
128
101
671
671
74
240
436
9
9
9
9
9
4,275
, 340
,400
,780
,000
,160
,460
,060
,060
,760
, 300
,100
,612
,612
,612
,612
,612
,560
Storage
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
13
1
10
6
2
1
11
11
1
4
7
72
,590
,980
,530
,000
,160
,710
,310
, 310
,260
,050
, 350
162
162
162
162
162
,060
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
185
27
143
82
29
23
154
154
17
55
100
2
2
2
2
2
984
,730
,060
,910
,000
,520
,370
,570
,570
,220
,350
,450
,214
,214
,214
,214
,214
,820
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
1,005
146
779
444
159
126
836
836
93
299
543
11
11
11
11
11
5, 332
,660
,520
,220
,000
,840
,540
,940
,940
,240
,700
,900
,988
,988
,988
,988
,988
,440
b
(g/sec)
14
2
11
6
2
1
12
12
1
4
7
1
1
1
1
1
.48
.11
.22
. 39
30
.82
.05
.05
ro
.34 f-
.31 ^
.83
.73
.73
.73
.73
.73
Based on the emission factors for phenol production shown in Table 6.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
Table 24-6. Phenol Production and End-Use Emission Factors
Source
Phenol production
Caprolactam
Bisphenol A
Nonylphenol
Salicylic Acid
Dodecylphenol
Phenolic resins
Adipic acid
Miscellaneous
Emission Factor
Process Storage
0.00178 0.00003
0.00130 0.00001
0.00035 0.00003
0.00080 0.00001
0.00035 0.00001
0.00080 0.00001
0.00035 O.OO002
Phenol emissions are
Ib Phenol Lost per Ib Used
Fugitive Total
0.00041 0.00222
0.00013 0.00144
O.OO012 O.OO050
0.00019 0.00100
0.00014 0.00050
O.OO019 0.00100
O.OOO13 0.00050
(Produced!
Derivation
b
C
AC
b
C
b
C
b
D
D
included with caprolactam production losses
d
0.00068
A - site visit data
B - state files
C - published data
D - Hydroscience estimate
See ref. 5.
Q
See ref. 6.
rj
Based on a weighted average of all other phenol end-use emission factors.
ro
.«»
i
ro
-------
24-13
Table 24-7. Phanol Emissions from Phenolic Resin
Producers by Region
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
aSee ref. 7.
Average emissions per
Number
of
Sites
6
26
31
5
15
6
11
1
24
125
site. Ib/yr
2926
167
1087
4180
Phenol
Emissions
(lb/yr)D
25,080
108,680
129,580
20,900
62,700
25,080
45,980
4,180
100,320
522,500°
g/sec
Process 0.042
Storage 0.002
Fugitive 0.016
Total 0.060
Based on emission factors shown in Table 6.
-------
24-14
Allied at Hopewell, Virginia, is the only producer of caprolactam derived from
phenol Adipic acid is considered a by-product of the caprolactam manufacture
Emissions of 511,200 Ib phenol shown in Table 8 actually represent the total
losses from Allied's facility in the production of both products.
Phenol emissions from nonylphenol and dodecylphenol are estimated to have been
48,000 and 24,000 Ub respectively. The same emission factor was used for both
products since they are made by the same producers in the same equipment.
Salicylic acid, the main ingredient in aspirin production, had estimated phenol
•missions of 24,000 Ib in 1978 at the four producing locations listed.
The oth«r miscellaneous uses of phenol are very small but numerous. Specific
industry and site identification was not possible, so point source or regional
locations could not be determined.
Total estimated emissions of 259,760 Ib for miscellaneous uses of phenol were
made by using a weighted average emission factor of 0.00068 derived from all
other phenol end-uses. Emissions from exports were assumed to be negligible.
Vent parameter data for phenol production and end-uses are tablulated in Table 24-9.
Total nationwide emissions of phenol in 1976 from all sources are estimated to
have been 6,924,360 Ib. A tabulation of the losses is shown in Table 24-10.
-------
Table 24-8. Phenol Emissions fro» End-Users
a)
Phenol Emissions
Total
Company
Location
Process Storage
Fugitive
(Ib/yr)
(d/secT
Bisphenol-A Producers
Dow
General Electric
Shell
U.S. Steel
Allied
Borg Warner
Exxon
GAP
Jefferson
Kalana
Monsanto
Freeport, TX
Mount Vernon, IN
Deer Park, TX
Haverhill, OH
Total
Hopewell, VA
Total
Morgantown, NY
Bayway, NJ
Calvert City. KY
Linden, NJ
Port Neches, TX
Kalama, WA
Kearney, NJ
33.250 2,
49,000 4,
33,250 2,
26,250 2,
141,750 12,
Caprolactaiu Producer
461,500 3.
461,500 3,
Nonylphenol Producers
8,000
2,400
800
2,400
4,800
2,400
4,800
850
200
850
250
150
550
550
100
30
10
30
60
30
60
11,400
16,800
11,400
9,000
48,600
46,150
46.150
1,900
570
190
570
1,140
570
1,140
47,500
70,000
47,500
37,500
202,500
511,200
511,200
10,000
3,000
1 ,000
3,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
0.68
1.01
0.68
0.54
7.36
0.144
0.043
0.014
0.043
0.086
0.043
0.086
I
cn
-------
Table 26-8 (continued)
Phenol Emissions
Total
Cowipany
Location
Process
Storage
Fugitive
(Ib/yr)
(g/sec)"
Nonylphenol Producers (Continued)
Rohn and Haas
Schenectady
Dow
Monsanto
Sterling Drug
Tenneco
Borg Warner
GAP
Monsanto
Deer Park. TX
Philadephia, PA
Rotterdam Junction
Oyster Creek, TX
Total
Midland, HI
St. Louis, MO
Cincinnati, OH
Garfield, NJ
Total
Morgantown, WV
Calvert City, KY
Kearney, NJ
Total
1,600
2.400
, NY 2,400
6.400
38,400
Salicylic Acid
4.900
6.300
2,450
3,150
16.8OO
Dodecylphenol
11,200
800
7,200
19,200
20
30
30
80
480
Producers
140
180
70
90
480
Producers
140
10
90
240
380
570
570
1,520
9,120
1.960
2.520
980
1.260
6.720
2,660
190
1.710
4,560
2,000
3,000
3,000
8,000
48,000
7,000
9,000
3,500
4,500
24,000
14,000
1,000
9,000
24,000
0.029
0.043
0.043
0.115
0.101
0.130
0.050
0.065
0.202
0.014
0.130
Allied
Hopewell, VA
Adipic Acid Producer
Emissions are included in caprolactam production losses
Based on emission factors shown in Table 6.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
24-17
Table 24-9. Phenol Vent Parameters for Production and End-use Facilities
Source
Production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Phenolic resins
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Bisphenol A
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Caprolactam/adipic acid
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Nonyl/dodecylphenol
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Salicylic acid
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Building cross-section
Number Vent Vent
of Height Diameter
Stacks (ft) (ft)
3 75 0.4
10 25 0.33
1 60 0.33
2 24 0 17
2 40 05
6 24 0 25
2 60 1.0
8 24 0.17
2 60 0.5
3 20 0.17
1 55 0.5
3 20 0.17
Producers
Resins
Bisphenol A
Caprolacta/n
Nonyl/dodecybenzenes
Salicylic acid
Discharge
Temp
(°F)
125
150
150
150
100
150
90
150
160
150
120
150
100 m2
50 m2
50 m2
200 m2
25 m2
50 m2
Discharge
Velocity Area
(ft/sec) (ft X ft)
2
300 X 1000
20
100 X 100
24
300 X 300
500
100 X 200
60
100 X 200
5
100 X 200
-------
24-18
Table 24-10. 1978 Phtnol Nationwide Emissions
Nationwide
Emissions
Source (Ib/yr)
Production 5,332,400
Phenolic resins 522,500
Bisphenol-A 202,500
Caprolactam* 511,200
Nonylphenol 48,000
Salicylic acid 24,000
Dodecylphenol 24,000
Miscellaneous 259,760
Export 0
Total 6,924,360
alncludes emissions from adipic acid manufacture
Based on an emission factor of 0.00068 Ib phenol lost per
]±> used. Derived from a weighted average of all other
phenol uses
-------
-7,19,20,
28,32
FIGURE 24-1. SPECIFIC POIffT SOURCES OF PWEHOL EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 24-11. EMISSIONS AND WTEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF PHENOL
f EMISSIONS
HO.
1
2
3
4
3
6
7
a
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
COMPANY
ALLIED
CLARK
GEORGIA PACIFIC
GETTY
MONSANTO
STANDARD
UNION CARBIDE
FERRO
KOPPERS
HER1CREH
8TINSON
US STEEL
DOW
SHELL
US STEEL
KALAJIA
CEfl ELECTRIC
ALLIED
SITE
FRAJtKFOTO. PA
BLUE ISLAND. IL
PLAQOEHINE. LA
EL DORADO. KS
CBOCOLATE DAYOU,
RICHMOND. CA
BOUND BROOK, NJ
8ANTEFE SPRINGS,
FOLLAK8BEE. WV
HOUSTON, TTt
ANACORTES. WA
CLAIRTON. PA
FREEPOirr, TX
DEER PAHK. T\
HAVEIUJILL, OH
KALAMA. WA
MOUNT VERNON. IN
HOPEWELL. VA
LATITUDE LONGITUDE
40 18
41 39
39 13
37 47
TX 29 14
37 36
40 33
CA 33 36
49 23
29 43
48 28
49 18
28 39
29 43
38 34
46 09
37 36
37 22
13 079
21 987
OO 091
10 O96
33 093
12 122
32 074
39 1 18
10 089
36 093
31 122
13 079
30 993
30 O93
32 082
34 122
42 087
13 077
32 43
41 Ot>
1 1 00
52 90
12 4O
29 4O
31 18
94 18
35 97
19 48
32 48
32 43
23 35
96 15
49 36
31 63
34 23
18 00
nifin ruurr
STATION TYPE
14762
14855
13979
039 2O
12906
12906
94741
93196
14762
12996
24217
14762
12923
12996
13866
24229
93817
13749
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
O
2
3
4
0
BuuKiiK
TYPE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
4
2
3
PROCESS
11.61 1296
1.691712
5. 126499
1.B45094
9.663264
1.976544
3.469329
. 138413
. I 384 13
. 138413
. 138413
. 138413
8.996832
.478899
9.663264
.478BO9
6.279840
.378999
1.461924
.934569
. 703699
6.643600
STORAGE
. 195696
.92(13 12
.986499
.931 194
. 162864
.018144
.058320
.002333
.002333
.092333
.992333
.902333
. 151632
.941940
. 162864
.941049
. 193840
.032400
.024624
.000432
.060480
.051 120
FUGITIVE
2 674512
.389664
1. 180800
.425088
2.223808
.247968
.797040
.031882
.031882
.031882
.031882
.031882
2 072304
, 164160
2.223808
. 164160
1.446480
. 129600
.336528
.098298
.241929
.664369
.
ro
i
IN)
O
-------
TABLE 24-11 (Continued)
EMI SSI 0*8 (CFfSEO
NO.
19
29
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
&
Of 28
In
29
30
31
32
COMPANY
EXXOB
CAP
JEFFERSOH
ROHnAND HAAS
ROOnABD BAAS
8CHEBECTADY
8CHENECTADY
BORC WARNER
CAF
nonsAirro
DOW
MONSANTO
SFLIlLinC DRUG
TENNECO
SITE
BAYWAY. RJ
LIMBO. BJ
POUT HECHES. TX
DEER PAIUC, TX
rHILABCPBlA. PA
H JOWCTIOH. BY
OYSTER CREEK. TX
NORGANTOUN, PA
CALVEKT CITY. KY
KEARNEY. HJ
MfDUUTD. HI
bT LOUlLi, TO)
CIBCIBNATI. Oil
CARF1KLD. BJ
LATITUUF.
49
49
29
29
39
42
29
39
37
46
43
'I
0<>
•>0
38
38
37
43
54
47
38
40
O2
46
35
a t
03
5-5
46
19
45
30
50
22
21
39
50
12
28
a/
15
20
r> i nil rL./\n i
LONGITUDE STAT1OB TYI'E
974
974
093
095
073
073
095
OOO
ooo
974
«84
U(>O
004
074
It
15
36
90
1 1
43
2O
50
21
99
13
1 1
:i:i
00
48
20
(JO
15
30
12
30
34
12
98
98
•U
0->
•lc'
94741
94741
12917
1290*
13739
14735
12969
13736
03816
94741
14843
1 J404
13010
94741
6
6
6
6
6
O
6
7
I
7
8
i;
u
o
e>uuiu*e,
TYPE
4
4
4
4
4
•>
4
4
b
4
6
4
6
5
0
!>
(t
PROCESS
.934569
.934569
.969120
.O23049
934569
.034560
092160
. 1 15200
. 1612BO
91 1520
.•1 1529
.9*9 1 29
. 193689
.979569
evo^(.
.0352UO
.040360
8TORACE
.•^432
.
-------
TABLE 24-11 (Concluded)
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces phenol
Type 2: Plant produces phenol and B1sphenol-A
Type 3: Plant produces phenol and nonylphenol
Type 4: Plant produces BIsphenol-A
Type 5: Plant produces caprolactam and adlplc acid
Type 6: Plant produces nonylphenol
Type 7: Plant produces nonylphenol and dodecylphenol
Type 8: Plant produces salicylic add
t Source Types: ^
Type 1: Phenol production ^
Type 2: B1sphenol-A production
Type 3: Caprolactan/adlplc acid production
Type 4: Nonylphenol production
Type 5: Salicylic acid production
Type 6: Dodecylphenol production
-------
24-23
TABLE 24-12 EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF PHENOL RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
100 38 5,090
50 183 15,100
25 564 27,900
10 1,789 45,600
5 4,225 62,600
2.5 8,413 77,600
1 23,341 100,000
0.5 43,341 115,000
0.25 90,904 131,000
0.1 236,693 154,000
0.05 466,855 170,000
0.025 808,979 183,000
0.01 1,220,574 189,000
0.005 1,933,893 195,000
0.0025 3,301,523 199,000
0.001 7,876,138 206,000
0.0005 12,062,170 202,000
0.00025 16,305,625 211,000
0.0001 17, 20,494,337 212,000
8.58x10"'^ 34,206,205 212,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 24-13. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER Of
GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF PHENOL
(PHENOIC RESINS PRODUCTION)*
Ewlss ions/Site Number
Region (gm/sec) of Sites
New England 0.0602 6
Middle Atlantic 0.060? ?6
East North Central 0.060? 31
West North Central 0.060? 5
South Atlantic 0.060? 15
East South Central 0.060? 6
West South Central 0.060? 11
Mountain 0.060? 1
Pacific 0.060? ?4
* Emissions parameters:
Vent height: 13 m
Building cross section: 50 m?
Vent diameter: 0.085 m
Vent velocity: 4.? m/sec
Vent temperature: 339° K
-------
TABLE 24-14 EXPOSURE AM) DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EHISSIOHS FRO* GENERAL POINT SOURCES
OF PHENOL (PHENOLIC RESINS PRODUCTION)
i
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(10-* personsj^ [1Q3(ug/*»3). persons]
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.010
0
1.3
18.1
56.4
131
433
--
--
--
--
4.03
28.6
55.3
82.1
129
177
225
294
555
ro
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
24-26
TABLE 24-15. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FRO* AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF PHENOL
Parameter
Daytime decay rate (Kd) 2.95 x 10~5 sec"1
Nighttime decay rate (KR) 1.5 x 10"6 sec"1
Hanna-G1fford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (£„) 0
Nationwide nonheating stationary source tmisslons (EJ 3.74 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions (£„) 0
-------
TABLE 24-16. PHENOL EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
x> L*vtl
jfl/*3)
010000
oowoo
oo?soo
001000
000500
Population
JJ»np"L
505140
9149730
27656703
87809142
135741991
1S8679135
(»f/B^/
pert on)
10017 9
74338 2
134272 7
217937 4
?5353S 3
261345 4
Percent
Hut Ing
0
0
0
0
0
0
»Jf o' Cootrltxjt ton ft ret
Stdtlwiary
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
*>blle
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cltj In* \
100 0
100 0
100 0
97 6
94 4
92 7
nugc of DHtrlbutlon
UljM[ye«_2
0
0
0
1 0
2 5
2 7
C 1 ty Type 3
0
0
0
1 4
3 2
4 6
i
ro
-------
TABLE 24-17. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUMWRY Of PHEHOt
i
Concentration Specific
Level
(uq/gr*)
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
> 0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0
Point
Source
38
183
564
1,789
4.225
8,418
23,341
43,341
90.904
236,698
466,855
808,979
1.220.574
1.983.898
3.381,523
7.876.138
--
34,206,205
Population Exposed
(persons)
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
1,300
18.100
56,400
1 31 ,000
433,000
._
—
—
--
--
--
--
--
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
505,140
9.149,730
27.656,703
87.809,142
135,741,991
158,679,135
U.S. Total
38
183
564
1,789
4,225
9,718
43,440
99,740
221,900
669,700
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
5.090
15,100
27,900
45,600
62,600
77,600
100,000
115,000
131.000
154.000
170.000
183.000
189,000
195,000
199,000
206,000
--
212,000
Dosaoe
t(y5/"»3J -persons]
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
4,030
28,600
55.300
82,100
129.000
177,000
225.000
294.000
--
--
--
--
555,000
Area Sourc*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.017
74.338
134,272
217,937
253.535
261,343
U.S. T«U1
5.090
15.100
27,900
45.600
62.600
81.630
128.600
170.300
213.100
283.000
347.000
408.000
493.017
—
—
--
—
1 ,028,300
CD
)TE: The use of -- as an entry indicates that the incremental E/0 is not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
24-29
REFERENCES
1. S. A. Cogswell, "Phenol," p 868.5021A—5023J, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, (October 1978)
2 "Chemical Products Synopsis on Phenol," Mannsville Chemical Products, Mannsville,
NY, July 1977.
3. "Chemical Products Synopsis on Bisphenol-A," Hannsville Chemical Products,
Mannsville, tf? (February 1978)
4. "Chemical Products Synopsis on Salicylic Acid," Mannsville Chemical Products,
Mannsville, NY (December 1977)
5. Special Project Report "Petrochemical Plant Site," Monsanto Research Corporation,
April 15, 1976.
6. Trip Report, Emission Control Options for the Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manu-
facturing Industry, Allied Chemical Corporation, Hopewell, VA, plant visit by
Hydroscience, Inc., February 21, 1978
7. "Phenolic Res..ns," p. 580 0933B—0, Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, CA (May 1978).
-------
APPENDIX A-25 Phosgene
PHOSGENE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number 75-44-5
Synonyms. Carbonoxychlonde, Carbonylchlonde, CG, Carbonic Dichloride,
Chloroformyl Chloride
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 98.92
Molecular Formula1 COCK
Molecular Structure:
0
II
C
/ \
Cl Cl
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP. Gas (or volatile liquid) - colorless, highly toxn
suffocating odor
Boiling Point: 7.56°C at 760 m
Melting Point: -118CC
Density: 19°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 1428 m at 25°C
Vapor Density: 3.4
Solubility: Decomposes 1n H^O
109 Partition Coefficient (Oct*nol/H20):
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Decomposes 1n h^O to form HC1
Reactivity Toward OH-:
Reactivity Toward O^:
Reactivity Toward Photolysis:
Major Atmospheric Precursors:
Formation Reactivity: -
-------
25-5
I. PRODUCTION
A. PRODUCTION SITES
Phosgene (C0312) is made by reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence
of a catalyst, usually activated carbon The hot product gases are put through a
condenser wh:re liquid phosgene is removed Additional phosgene is scrubbed
from the system with a hydrocarbon solvent In most cases the phosgene is used
as it is made, and the solvent in the scrubber may be the same solvent in which
subsequent processing takes place
I
There are currently 18 phosgene producers in the United States. The locations of
the plants and the 1978 capacity and estimated production levels for each plant
are shown in Table 25-1. In 1978, an estimated 1357.4 million Ib of phosgene was
produced.
Virtually all phosgene produced is used captively The Chemetron site at Laporte,
Texas, and the VanDeHark site at Lockport, New York are believed to be the only
producers of phosgene for the merchant market.
B. END-USE DISTRIBUTION
Table 25-2 shows the end-use distribution for phosgene. Approximately 60% of the
phosgene produced is used to make toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and 25% is used
to nake polymeric isocyanates Phosgene is also used in the manufacture of
polycarbonates and other miscellaneous products.
C. EMISSION ESTIMATES
Phosgene emissions from phosgene producers are shown in Table 25-3. Total estimated
phosgene emissions from the 18 sites that produce phosgene were 244,332 Ib/yr
in 1978. Emission factors used to develop process vent storage and fugitive
emission estimates are also shown in Table 25-3. There were no proven vent or
storage emissions. Fugitive emissions from plant equipment accounted for the
total phosgene emissions. Emissions estimates are based on a plant operation
schedule of .24 hr/day, 7 days/week, 52 weeks/yr. Vent stack data, where avail-
able, were reported in Table 25-3. In this case limited data were available, and
data from ont; site were used for all the sites.
-------
Table 25-1. Phosgene Producers*
Company
Location
1978
Capacity
(Id6 Ib/yr)
1978
Production
(106 Ib/yr)
Geographical Location
Latitude/Longitude
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Chemtron
Dow Chemical
Du Pont
General Electric
Jefferson
Minerec
Hobay Chemical
Olin
PPG
Rubicon Chemicals
Stauffer Chemicals
Union Carbide
Upjohn
Van De Mark
Total
*See ref. 1 and 2.
Moundsville. WV
Geismar, LA
LaPorte, TX
Freeport, TX
Deepwater, NJ
Mt. Vernon, IN
Port Neches, TX
Baltimore, MD
Baytown, TX
New Martinsville, -WV
Ashtabula, OH
Lake Charles, LA
Barberton, OH
Geismar, LA
Cold Creek, AL
S. Charleston, WV
LaPorte, TX
Lockport, NY
100
55
80
130
135
60
30
8
250
250
50
120
5
130
25
150
200
8
1786
76
41.8
6O.8
98.8
102.6
45.6
22.8
6.1
190
190
38
91.2
3.8
98.8
19
114
152
6.1
1357.4
39 54 24/80 47 51
30 11 34/91 00 42
29 39 20/95 02 18
28 59 12/95 24 05
39 41 25/75 30 35
37 56 42/87 54 25
30 18 50/95 23 06
39 14 11/76 34 41
29 45 30/94 54 25
39 43 35/80 49 43
50 53 46/80 43 22
30 13 55/93 15 57
41 00 37/81 36 29
30 12 00/91 00 30
30 58 30/88 01 16
38 22 13/81 40 44
29 42 26/95 04 29
43 11 08/78 42 40
ro
in
i
CTi
en
-------
25-7
Table 25-2. Phosgene End-Use Distribution*
Source
Toluene diisocyanates (TDI)
Polymei ic isocyanates (MDI)
Polycai bonates
MiscelJ aneous
Total
Usage
(106 Ibs/yr)
814
339
67
135
1,357
.5
5
.8
6
.4
% Usage
60
25
5
10
100
*
See Reference 1.
-------
25-8
Table 25-3. Phoegene Emissions from Phosgene Producers*
Total Emissions
Company
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Chemetron
Dow
Du Pont
General Electric
Jefferson
Minerec
Mobay
Olin
PPG
Rubicon
Stauffer
Union Carbide
Upjohn
Van De Mark
Total
Location
Moundsville, WV
Geismar, LA
LaPorte, TX
Freeport , TX
Deepwater, NJ
Mt. Vemon, IN
Port Neches, TX
Baltimore, MD
Baytovn, TX
New Martinsville, WV
Ashtabula, OH
Lake Charles, LA
Barberton, OH
Geismar, LA
Cold Creek, AL
S. Charleston, WV
LaPorte, TX
Lockport, NY
db/yr)
13,680
7,524
10,944
17,784
18,468
8,208
4,104
1,098
34,200
34,200
6,840
16,416
684
17,784
3,420
20,520
27,360
1,098
244,332
(g/sec)
0.197
0.108
0.158
0.256
0.266
0.118
0.059
0.016
0.492
0.492
0.098
0.236
0.010
0.256
0.049
0.295
0.394
0.016
3.516
See r«f 4.
Emission factor phosgene (Ib phosgene lost/lb phosgene produced)
Process 0
Storage 0
Fugitive 0.00018
0.00018
fugitive emissions are distributed over a 300 X 300 ft area
Building cross-section - 200 m2
C8760 operating hours per year i.e. 24 hr/day, 7 days/wk, 52 wk/yr.
-------
25-9
Process and storage emissions are negligible The only emissions noted from
production facilities are from fugitive sources, therefore, no process or storage
vent parameter data are given
II. USERS
A USER SITES
loule 25-4 presents the phosgene users who manufacture toluene diisocyanate (TDIj
There are 10 sites which used an estimated total of 814 5 million Ib
of phosgene in 1978.
Table 25-5 presents the phosgene users who manufacture polymeric isocyanates
(MDI) There are 4 sites which used an estimated total of 339.5 million
Ib of phosgene in 1978.
B. EMISSION ESTIMATES
Table 25-6 presents the phosgene emissions from phosgene users that produce
TDI. Estimated total emissions from these sites in 1978 were 5364 Ib Table 25-7
presents the phosgene emissions from phosgene users that produce MDI Estimated
total emissions from these sites in 1978 were 2140 Ib
III. TOTAL EMISSIONS
Table 25-8 presents a summary of the total phosgene emissions for all the produc-
tion and user sites. A number of the plants produce phosgene for captive use
in producing H)I and MDI.
Table 25-9 prtnenti • aunnnary of the phosgene usage and sources of phosgene emissions
for production and various uses. Total nationwide emissions from producers *nd
user* for 197(1 are estimated to have been 253,176 Ib.
-------
Table 25-4. Phosgene Users*
[Manufacturers or Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)J
o
Company
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Dow Chemical
DuPont
Mobay Chem. Corp.
Mobay Chem. Corp.
Olin Corp.
Olin Corp.
Rubicon Cheras. Inc.
Union Carbide
1978
TDI
Capacity
Location (106 Ib/yr)
Moundsville. WV
Geisnar, LA
Freeport, TX
Dtepwater, NJ
Baytovn, TX
New Hartinsville,
WV
Ashtabula, OH
Lake Charles, LA
Geisnar, LA
S. Charleston, WV
Total
80
100
100
70
130
100
30
100
40
55
805
1978 b
Phosgene Use
(10e Ib/yr)
80
101
101
70
131
101
30
101
40
55
814
.9C
.2°
.2C
8
.5
.2
.4
.2°
.5
.6
.5
Geographical
Location
Latitude/ Longitude
39
30
28
39
29
39
41
30
30
38
54
11
59
41
45
44
53
13
12
19
39/80
34/91
12/95
25/75
30/94
50/80
07/80
55/93
00/91
35/81
44
00
24
30
54
50
45
15
11
40
49
42
05
35
25
50
50
57
30
29
See References 2, 3, and 4.
Based on 60% of phosgene produced that is used to make TDI (see Reference 1)
Phosgene used =
TDI capacity
805 X 106 Ib/yr
x .60 (1357.4 X 106 Ib/yr phosgene produced).
ro
en
i
"Phosgene use exceeds phosgene produced at same plant.
-------
Table 25-5. Phosgene Users
(Manufacturers ot Polymeric Isocyanates)
(V)
Company
Location
1978
Capacity
(106 Ibs/yr)
MDI
1978 b
Phosgene
Use
(106 Ib/yr)
Mobay Che*. Corp.
Mobay Che*. Corp.
Rubicon Cheaicals
Upjohn
Baytown. TX 110
New Martinsville, WV 50
Geisaar, LA 50
LaPorte, TX 250
Total 460
81.25
36.9
36.9
184.4
339.5
Geographical
Location
Latitude/Longitude
29 45 30/94 54 25
39 44 50/80 50 50
30 12 00/91 00 30
29 42 26/95 04 29
See Reference 4.
Based on 25% of phosgene produced that is used to make HDI (see Reference 1).
Phosgene used = fy x .25 (1357 4 X 106 Ib/yr phosgene produced).
ro
en
-------
table 25-6. Phosgene Emissions from Phosgene Users for TDI Production
Process Vents
Emissions
Covpany
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Dow
Du Pont
Mobay
Olin
Rubicon
Onion Carbide
Total
Location
Moundsville, WV
Geismar, LA
Freeport, TX
Deepwater, NJ
Baytown, TX
New Martinsville, WV
Ashtabula, OH
Lake Charles , LA
Geismar, LA
S. Charleston, WV
(lb/yr)
534
666
666
466
868
666
200
666
266
366
(g/sec)
0.008
0.01
0.01
0.007
0.012
0.01
0.003
0.01
0.004
0.005
Fugitive Emissions
(lb/yr)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
(g/sec)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Total Emissions
(lb/yr)
534
666
666
466
868
666
200
666
266
366
5364
(g/sec)
0.008
0.01
0.01
O.OO7
0.012
0.01
0.003
0.01
0.004
0.005
0.079
ro
en
i
no
2 eased on the following emission factors (Ib phosgene emitted per Ib produced):
Process 0.000006 B - (derived from state air emission files)
Storage Nil B - (derived from state air emission files)
Fugitive Nil B - (derived from state air emission files)
0.000006
Average process vent stack parameters for all locations are:
27.1 m
0.27 m
- stack
- stack
11.8 ra/sec - stack
43.5°C - stack
height
diameter
velocity
temperature
Building cross-section - 200 m
-------
Table 25-7. Phosgene Qnissions from Phosgene Users for MDI Production*
rt
Process Vents
Company
Mo bay
Location
Baytown
, TX
New Martinsville, WV
Rubicon
Upjohn
Total
Based on the
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Geismar
LaPorte
, LA
, TX
following emission factors
0.0000066
0
Nil
0.0000066
Average process vent stack
B - (derived
B - (derived
B - (derived
parameters for
db/yr)
480
220
220
1220
(g/sec)
0.007
0.003
O.OO3
0.018
(Ib phosgene emitted per
from state air
from state air
from state air
all locations
emission
emission
emission
are: 27
0.
Piwjif-tvo Rmi cjRirmf; Total Qnissions
(Ib/yr) (g/sec) (Ib/yr)
Nil Nil 480
Nil Nil 220
Nil Nil 220
Nil Nil 1220
2140
Ib produced) :
files)
files)
files)
.1m - stack height
27 m - stack diameter
(g/sec)
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.018
0.031
11.8 m/sec - stack velocity
43.5°C - stack temperature
ho
in
i
Building cross-section - 200 m .
-------
25-14
Table 25-8. Total Phosgene Emissions from Producer and Users
Company
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Chemetron
Dow
DuPont
General Electric
Jefferson
Minerec
Mobay
Mobay
Olin
Olin
PPG
Rubicon
Stauf fer
Union Carbide
Upjohn
Van Demark
Location
Moundsville, WV
Geismar, LA
LaPorte, TX
Freeport, TX
Deepvater, NJ
Mt. Vemon, IA
Port Neches, TX
Baltimore, MD
Bay town, TX
New Martinsville, WV
Ashtabula, OK
Lake Charles, LA
Barberton, OH
Geismar, LA
Cold Creek, AL
S. Charleston, WV
LaPorte, TX
Lockport, NY
Total
Phosgene
(Ib/yr)
14,214
8,190
10,944
18,450
18,934
8,208
4,104
1,098
35,548
35,086
7,040
17,082
684
18,270
3,420
20,886
28,580
1,098
251,836
Emissions
(gm/sec)
0.205
0 118
0.158
0.266
0.273
0.118
0.059
0.016
0.511
0.505
0.101
0.246
0.01
0.263
0.049
0.30
0.412
0.016
3.626
-------
25-15
Table 25-9. Sources of Phosgene Emissions
Source
Producers
Users
Toluene dusocyanate
Polymeric isocyanates
Polycarbonates
Miscellaneous
Total
Production/
Usage
(106 Ib/hr)
1357 4
814 5
339 5
67.8
135 6
1357.4
% Usage
-
60
25
5
10
100
Total
(Ib/yr)
244,332
5,364
2,140
447*
893*
253,176
Emissions
(gm/sec)
3.52
0 079
0.031
0.006
0.012
3.65
*Based on emission factor for toluene diisocyanate (TDI).
-------
7J-
ro
in
i
CTi
FIGURE 25-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF PHOSGENE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 25-10. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF PHOSGENE
NO.
COMPANY
SITE
STAR pLAirr
LATITUDE LONGITUDE SIA1ION TYPF.
SOURCE
EMISSIONS (GH/8EC)
WIWIIACE FUGITIVE
I ALLIED CHEMICAL
2 BASF VYANDOTTE
3 DOW
4 DUPOKT
5 HOBAY
6 MORAY
7 OLIN
8 01 IN
9 RUBICON
10 UN1OM CARBIDE
I I UP.IOHN
12 ciiEmrrnoN
13 GEN ELECTRIC
14 JEFFERSON
13 MINEREC
16 IT(,
17 STAUFFER
18 VANDENARK
MOUNDSVILLE, WV 39 34 39 OO0 44 40 13736 I I .807696 0.
CEISflAR, LA 38 1 I 34 09 I O6 42 IU970 ( I OO9590 6
FREEPOnT. TX ^8 59 30 093 23 35 I29U3 I 1 256090 0.
DEEPWATER, NJ 39 41 23 673 30 35 13739 I I .OO671O O.
BAYTOWN, T< 29 45 30 094 54 25 129O6 1 I 019498 0
NEW MARTINSVILLE,WV 39 44 30 OOe 36 5O 13736 I I 492486 O.
ASBTABULA, Oil 41 53 07 OO0 45 5O I4O43 I 1 002BOO 0
LAKE CHARLES. LA JO 13 55 093 15 57 03937 1 I OO9596 0
CEISMAR, LA 30 12 00 O9I II 30 12958 I 1 .O0699O 0
SO CHARLESTON, WV 3U 1') 35 OOI 4O 2'> 13566 1 1 .005270 6
LAPORTt., I'X 29 42 26 093 O4 2'> 12906 I 1 017568 0
LAPORTK, IX 29 39 2O 095 02 111 I29O6 210 0
tTT VERHON, IN 37 86 42 687 34 25 93O17 216. 6.
PORT NECHES, TX 29 57 45 093 36 06 12917 2 I 0 0.
BALTIMORE, KD 39 14 I 1 676 34 41 13701 2 1 6. 6.
UAIU!!»'
-------
-o
I
TABLE 25-10 (Concluded)
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces and consumes phosgene
Type 2: Plant produces phosgene
t Source Types:
Type 1: Phosgene production/consumption processes
OO
-------
25-19
TABLE 25-11. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF PHOSGENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
10 1 11.7
5 24 153
2.5 109 438
1 477 976
0.5 5,672 4,340
0.25 12,296 6,450
0.1 33,155 9.940
0.05 65,498 12,200
0.025 165,867 15,700
0.01 439,117 19,900
0.005 851,470 22,700
0.0025 1,521,168 25,100
0.001 ,* 1,994,392 26,000
1.25xlO~b 4,622,350 26,300
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
25-20
REFERENCES
Phosgene, Chendcal Product Synopsis, March 1978, A Reporting Service of Mannsville
Chemical Products, Mannsville, New York.
'. 1978 Directory of Chemical Producers in United States.
Toluene Dusocyanate, Chemical Product Synopsis, July 1977, A Reporting Service
of Mannsville Chemical Products, Mannsville, New York
Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Diisocyanates and
Polyisocyanatcs, September 1978
Texas Air Control Board Emissions Inventory Questionnaire for Chemetron Corp.,
LaFortt, Texas, June 2, 1976.
Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory Questionnaire for Mobay Chemical Co.,
Baytovn, Texas, April 11, 1974.
Gray, D. K., Texas Air Control Board Emissions Inventory Questionnaire for Upjohn
•Chemical Co., LaPorte, Texas, July 28, 1976.
Keene, M. L., Louisiana Air Control Commission, Emission Inventory Questionnaire
for Rubicon Chemicals, Inc., Geisraar, Louisiana, April 14, 1975.
-------
APPENDIX A-26 Propylene Oxide
PROPYLENE OXIDE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 75-56-9
Synonyms Propene Oxide, Methyl Oxirane, 1, 2 Epoxy Propane, Epoxypropane,
Methy Ethylene Oxide, Propene Oxide, Propyleneoxide, 1, 2-Propylene
Oxide
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 58 08
Molecular Formula' C^H^
Molecular Structure:
0
\
- CH-CH
3
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP. Liquid-colorless, ethereal, extremely flammable
Boiling Point- 33.9°C at 760 mm
Melting Point: -104 4°C
Density 0.8394 at 20°C/4'C
Vapor Pressure 596 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 20
Solubility: Soluble (650 gm/1 of H20)
Log P*rtU1on Coefficient (Octftnol/H20) :
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products:
Reactivity Toward OH- .
Reactivity Toward 0.,:
Reactivity Toward Photolysis:
Major Atmospheric Precursors:
Formation Reactivity:
-------
26-5
I. SOURCES
A. PRODUCTION
Propylene oxide (C3H60) is currently produced in the United States by chloro-
hydration or peroxidation of propylene. (Peroxidation is the direct oxidation
of propylene 1) The chlorohydration of propylene oxide is similar to ethylene
oxide manufacture via chlorohydrin Many ethylene oxide plants have been converted
to chlorohydiin PO plants. The basic raw materials for the chlorohydrin process
are propylenc, chlorine, and caustic. In the process propylene and hypochlorous
acid are reacted to yield propylene chlorohydrin The chlorohydrin is then
treated with slaked lime or caustic to yield propylene oxide. Propylene dichloride
it the major by-product.
There are currently seven producers of propylene oxide in the United States.
The locationi of the plants and the 1978 capacity and estimated production levels
for each plant are ihown in Table 26-1. ll2 The two Oxirane Plants use the peroxida-
tion process. All other sites produce propylene oxide by the chlorohydrin process
In 1978 an estimated 2000 million Ib of propylene oxide was produced.
B. USES
Table 26-21'2 shows the distribution of end-uses of propylene oxide. The largest
end-uae of propylene oxide, which consumes an estimated 56% of production
(1120 million Ib), is polyether polyol manufacture for urethane applications.
An additional 6% of production was used to produce polyether polyols for surfactant
applications. In each of these processes, water or propylene glycol is reacted
with propylen* oxide to form the polyols.3
Specific source locations of the urethane polyol producers are shown in Table 26-3,^
and the surfactant polyol producers are shown in Table 26-5.14 An estimated 2UI
(40 million U)) of propylene oxide was ctptively consumed to produce propylene
glycol. Propyltnt ylycol is made by reacting propylene oxide with water (hydr«tion).
Specific source locations of propylene glycol manufacturers are shown in Table 26-4.6
Minor uses of propylene oxide include di- and tripropylene glycol manufacture
(source locations shown in Table 26-6)5 consume 100 million Ib and glycol ethers
manufacture (nource locations shown in Table 26-7)1 which consume an estimated
-------
Table 26-1. Propylene O»ide Producers*
Company
BASF Wyandotte
Dow
Dow
Jefferson
Olin
Oxirane
Oxirane
Location
Wyandotte, Michigan
Freeport, Texas
Plaqueaine , LA
Port Heches, Texas
Brandenburg, Kentucky
Bayport, Texas
Chaimelviev, Texas
Total
1978
Capacity
(106 Ib/yr)
175
1100
340
150
130
920
400
3215
Process
UsedT
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
1978C
Production
(106 Ib/yr)
109
684
212
93
81
572
249
2000
Geographical
Location
Latitude /Longitude
42 12 55/83 08 35
28 59 35/95 23 36
30 19 00/91 15 32
29 57 50/93 56 0
38 00 27/86 06 50
29 37 26/95 03 07
29 48 50/95 07 30
See References 1 and 2.
A = chlorohydnn
B = peroxidation
Based on 62.2% production to capacity ratio.
IN}
cr>
i
en
Oj
-------
26-7
Table 26-2. Propylene Oxide End-Uses 1978*
Source
Urethane polyols
Propylene glycol
Surfactant polyols
Dipropylene glycol
Glycol ethers
Miscellaneous
Exports
Total
Usage
(106 Ib/yr)
1120
480
120
100
40
40
100
2000
% Usage
56
24
6
5
2
2
5
100
*See ref. 1 and 2.
-------
Table 26-3. Propylene Oxide Users for Urethane Polyols Production
Company
BASF Wyandotte
E. R. Carpenter Co.
Dow Chemical Co.
Emery Industries
Hodag Chemical Co.
Hagna Corporation
Hilliken
3H
Mobay Chemical Corp.
Nalco Chemical Co.
Olin Corporation
Owens-Corning
Pelron Corporation
Location
Geismar, LA
Washington, NJ
Wyandotte, HI
Bayport, XX
Freeport, TX
Midland, MI
Hauldin, SC
Sante Fe Springs, CA
Skokie, IL
Houston, TX
Inaan, SC
Decatur. AL
Baytown, TX
New Hartinsville, WV
Sugar Land, TX
Brandenburg, KY
Lake Charles, LA
Newark, OH
Lyons, Illinois
1978
Urethane Polyols
Capacity
(million Ib/yr)
100
40
225
150
400
20
10
10
10
12
3
15
100
80
40
220
30
10
22
1978a
Propylene Oxide
Used
(million Ib/yr)
45
18
101
68
180
9
4.5
4.5
4.5
5
1.5 '
7
45
36
18
100
14
4.5
10
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
30 11 34/91 00 42
40 45 20/74 58 22
42 12 55/83 08 35
29 43 20/94 54 00
28 59 35/95 23 36
43 34 08/84 16 26
34 48 16/82 16 09
33 55 30/118 05 40
42 01 50/87 43 39
29 40 10/95 23 30
34 56 10/82 06 29
34 38 39/87 02 25
29 45 30/94 54 25
39 44 50/80 50 55
29 37 10/95 38 32
38 00 26/86 00 50
30 13 85/93 15 57
40 05 30/82 26 00
41 44 56/87 49 04
i
oo
-------
Table 26-3 (concluded)
C/J
\.uvjqjauj
Petrolite Corp.
PPG Industries, Inc.
The Quaker Oats Co.
Reichhold
Jefferson Chem. Co.
Union Carbide
Upjohn
Witco
Brea, CA
St. Louis, HO
Circleview, OH
Memphis, TN
Carteret. NJ
Austin, TX
Conroe , TX
Port Neches, TX
Institute, WV
Seadrift, TX
South Charleston, WV
LaPorte, TX
Clearing, IL
Houston, TX
Total
1978
Urethane Polyols
Capacity
f mi 1 1 inn lh/vr}
15
15
30
10
20
33
33
34
245
245
250
14
25
18
2484
1978b
Propylene Oxide
Used
(Billion Ib/vr)
7
7
14
4 5
9
15
15
15
110
110
113
6
11
8
1120
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
33
38
39
35
40
30
30
29
38
28
38
29
41
29
53
41
36
10
35
20
18
57
23
30
22
42
48
34
30/117
50/90
05/82
30/90
56/74
00/97
50/95
50/93
02/81
31/96
13/81
44/95
02/87
45/95
58
12
57
56
13
14
23
56
47
46
40
04
46
26
45
00
34
56
13
15
06
0
24
18
44
45
39
00
See refs . 3 and 4.
Based on 56% of propylene oxide produced. Used to make urethane polyols (see refs. 2 and 5)
propylene oxide used =
"^ethane
caPacltY
x 56 (2000 X 106 Ib/yr propylene oxide produced).
tv>
I
<£>
-------
Table 26-4. Propylene Oxide Users for Propylene Glycol Production
Company
Dov
Jefferson
Olin
Oxirane
Onion Carbide
Location
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Port Neches, TX
Brandenburg, KY
Bayport, TX
Institute, W
S. Charleston, WV
Total
1978
Propylene Glycol
Capacity
(million Ib/yr)
250
160
50
45
250
50
50
855
1978b
Propylene Oxide
Used
(million Ib/yr)
140
91
28
25
140
28
28
480
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/ Longitude
28 59 35/95 23 36
30 19 00/91 15 32
29 57 50/93 56 0
38 00 27/86 06 50
29 37 26/95 03 07
38 23 02/81 47 24
38 22 13/81 40 44
See ref. 5.
'flased on 24% of propylene oxide produced used to make propylene glycol (see ref. 2).
propylene oxide used = Pr°Pylene f^co1 caPaclty x 0.24 (2000 X 106 Ib/yr polylene oxide produced)
» 855
ro
i
O
-------
Table 26-5. Propylene Oxide Users for Surfactant Polyols Production
Company
Emery Industries
Olin
Petrolite
Sherex
Union Carbide
Witco
Polyether Polyols
Capacity
Location (million ib/yr)
Sante Fe Springs, CA
Brandenburg, KY
Brea, CA
St. Louis, MO
Janesville, WI
Institute, WV
Seadrift, TX
S. Charleston, WV
Houston, TX
Total
10
270
15C
15C
5
100
lOOj
iood
18
633
Propylene Oxide
Used^
(sillion Ib/vr)
2
51
3
3
1
19
19
19
3
120
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
33 55 30/118 05 40
38 00 26/86 00 50
33 53 30/117 58 45
38 41 50/90 12 00
42 40 47/89 00 30
38 23 02/81 47 24
28 30 31/96 46 18
38 22 13/81 40 44
29 34 45/95 26 00
See ref. 4
Total propylene oxide used distributed over each site based on polyether polyols capacity.
Total capacity of 30 million Ib equally distributed between both sites
lotal capacity of 300 million Ib equally distributed over all three sites
ro
CTi
-------
Table 26-6, Propylene Oxide Users for Di- and Tripropylene Glycol Production
Dipropylene Glycol/
Tripropylene Glycol
Production Propylene Oxide
Capacity Usea Geographic Coordinates
Company Location (million Ib/yr) (million Ib/yr) Latitude/Longitude
Dow Freeport, TX 27.5 32.3 28 59 35/95 23 36
Plaquewine, LA 17.6 20.7 30 19 00/91 15 32
Olin Brandenburg, KY 5 5.9 30 08 27/86 06 50
Oxirane Bayport, TX 18 21.1 29 37 26/95 03 07
Jefferson Port Heches, TX 7 8.2 29 57 50/93 56 00
Union Carbide Institute, WV 5° 5.9 38 23 02/81 47 24
S. Charleston, WV 5° 5.9 38 22 13/81 40 44
Total 85.1 100.0
See ref. 5.
b
Total propylene oxide used allocated per site based on the rati of di/tripropylene glycol individual site produc
tion capacity to total industry production capacity.
CCapacity of 10 million Ib/yr equally distributed between the two sites.
-------
26-13
Table 26-7. Propylene Oxide Users for Glycol Ethers Production
Company
Dow
Olin
Location
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Brandenburg, KY
Total
Propylene Oxide Usea
(million Ib/yr)
19 5
13 0
_7_5
40 0
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
28 59 35/95 23 36
30 19 00/91 15 32
30 08 27/86 06 50
*See ref. 1.
Propylene oxide use allocated over the three sites based on ethylene glycol
ethers capttcity in the absence of propylene glycol ether figures.
-------
26-14
40 million Ib. Miscellaneous end-uses of propylene oxide as a chemical inter-
mediate consumed 40 million Ib, and exports are estimated to have been 100 million
Ib.
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
A. PRODUCTION
Emission estimates from the production of propylene oxide are tabulated in Table 26-
Total emissions of propylene oxide from production facilities are estimated to
have been 1,160,660 Ib in 1978. Emicuon factors used to develop process storage
and fugitive eroifiion estimates are shown in Table '6-8.617'6'9 Process emissions
originate primarily from the reaction and scrubber vents. Other associated
emission components would include propylene, chlorine, and propane from the
chlorohydrin process and n-butyl alcohol and octane from the peroxidation process.
Storage emissions represent the total losses from working and final product
storage tanks as well as loading and handling losses. Fugitive emissions are
those caused by leaks from plant equipment Emission estimates are based on a
plant operation schedule of 24 hr per day, 7 days per week, 52 weeks per year
Vent stack data are reported in Table 26-8. Normally 2 process vents and 2 storage
tank vents are involved Usually propylene oxide production facilities are
"open-air" structures without walls and solid floors (steel grating). Only the
control room area is enclosed.
}. USES
For the purpose of this report, emissions resulting from the export of propylene
oxide are assumed to be negligible
Table 26-9 shows the emissions of propylene oxide that result from its use in the
manufacture of polyether polyols for urethane applications. Total emissions of
propylene oxide from this end-use are estimated to have been 147,840 Ib in 1978.
Eaission factors used to develop this estimate are shown in Table 26-910 along
with vent parameter data Other associated emissions would include propylene
glycols and propylene. Normally one process vent and one storage tank vent are
involved.
o
-------
Table 26-8. Emissions from Propylene Oxide Producers0
Process Vents
Emissions
BASF Wyandotte
Dov
Jefferson
Olin
Oxtrane
Wyandotte, MI
Freeport, TX
Plaqueaine, LA
Port Heches. TX
Brandenburg, ICY
Bayport, TX
Channelviev, TX
Total
81
513
159
69
60
120
52
1,056
.750
,000
,000
,750
,750
,120
,290
,660
Stack
Hnght
10 4
10 4
10 4
7 25
10 4
9 1
14 6
Stack
Diameter
0 26
0 26
0 26
0 19
0 26
0 05
0 76
Stack
Velocity
(•/sec)
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
Stack
Te-rp
25
25
25
46
25
21
26
Storage
Vent
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
3
21
6
2
2
17
7
62
,380
,200
,570
,880
510
,730
,720
000
Fugitive
Emissions Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
2,
14,
4,
1
1
12
5,
42
290
360
450
950
700
010
230
000
(Ib/yr)
87
548
170
74
64
149
65
1 160
420
570
020
, 590
960
860
240
,660
(Ib/yr)
1 26
7 90
2 45
1 07
0 94
2 16
0 94
Based on the following emission factors (Ib PO lost per Ib produced)
Process A — Chlorohydrination (refs 6, 9)
Process 0 000750 "B" State air files
Storage 0 000031 "B" State air files
Fugitive 0 000021 "D" Hydroscience estuiate
Total 0 OOO802
Process B — Pero«idatlon (refs 7, 8)
Process 0 000210 "B" State air files
Storage 0 000031 "B" State air files
Fugitive 0 000021 "D" Hydroscience estimate
Total 0 000262
ro
Building cross section 200 •* distributed over a 350 ft X 1350 ft area
-------
Table 26-9. Emissions from Propylene Oxide Users for Urethane Polyols Production*
Process Vents Bnl^rions
Conpany
BASF Hyandotti
E. R Carpenter
Dow
E»rry Industry
Boda^ Chemical
Ragna
Milllkcn
Minnesota Mining t
Nobay
Halco
OHn
Location
Ccismar, LA
Washington, NJ
Hyandotte, Ml
Bayport, TX
Frecport, TX
Midland, MI
Mauldin, SC
Santa Fe Springs, CA
SVokle, IL
Houston, TX
Iranan, SC
Decatur, AL
Baytown, TX
New Martinsvllle, WV
Sugarland, TX
Brandenburg, KY
Lake Charles, LA
db/yr)
5,8OO
2,400
13,200
B.eoO
23,400
1,2OO
6OO
600
600
600
200
1,000
5, BOO
4,600
2,400
12, BOO
1.8OO
(g/scc)
0 OH
0.03
0 19
0 1 3
0 34
0 02
0 01
0 01
0.01
0 01
0.01
0 08
0 07
0 03
0 19
0 03
Storage Vents Emissions Fugitive Emissions
db/yr)
40
20
1OO
BO
100
40
40
20
100
20
(g/spc) (g/sec)
O.OOI 40 0 001
20
O.OO2 . 80 O.OOI
O.OOI 6O 0.001
0.003 14O 0.002
O.OOI 40 O.OOI
0.001 20
20
0.002 eo o 001
20
Total Emissions
db/yr)
5.890
2.44O
13, 3 HO
B.940
23,640
1,200
600
60O
600
60O
20O
l.OOO
5,880
4,660
2,440
12,98O
1,840
(g/sec)
0 082
0.03
0. 193
0 132
0.34S
0.02
0 01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0 082
0.071
0.03
0 193
0 03
ro
cn
i
CTl
-------
Table 26-9 (concluded)
Company
Owe ret -Co ml ng
Pelroo
Petrolite
puaker Oats
IWichhold
Jef f ersoo
Union Carbide
Upjohn
Hitco
Total
• Based on the
(ref. 10)
Location
Newark, Oil
Lyons, IL
Brea, CA
St. Louis, m
Memphis, TN
Cateret, NJ
Austin, TX
Conroe, TX
Port Heches, TX
Institute, WV
Seadrift, TX
S. Charleston, WV
LaPorte, TX
Clearing, IL
Houston, TX
following emission factors
Average process vent ttack parameters for
Process Vcnt»
db/yr)
800
1,400
1.000
1.000
. ~,~
6OO
1,200
2,000
2,000
2,000
14.300
14,300
14.6OO
eoo
1,400
l.OOO
145,600
(lb PO emitted per
all locations are
Enltsions
(g/sec)
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
« nt
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.01
0 02
0 01
lb PO used)
131m
0 03 m
1. 1 m/sec
27'C •
Storag* V«nt» EaUteions
(Ib/yr) (g/«ec)
20
->r>
20
20
20
120 0.002
120 0.002
120 0.002
20
1,120
Process 0 OOO13O B -
Storage 0 OO0001 B -
Fugitive O.OO0001 B -
0 000132
- stack height
- stack diameter
- stack velocity
- stack temperature
Fugitive Elusions Total Cnisitons
db/YT) (g/soc) (lb/YD
600
1.42O
l.OOO
l.OOO
fft 1 .840
600
1,200
20 2,040
20 2,040
2O 2,040
80 0.001 14,500
90 0.001 14,500
90 0 001- 14, BOO
8OO
1,420
1.000
1,120 147,840
(derived from state air emission files)
(derived from state air emiasion files)
(derived from state air emission files)
(g/sec)
0 01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.213
0 213
0.213
rv>
0.01 0»
0.02 ^
0.01
Average storage vent parameters. 6 •
0 03
27'C
- stack height
- »tack diameter
- itock temperature
Building crost section - 10O •
Fugitive emissions distributed over • 100 ft X 10O ft area
-------
26-18
Table 26-10 shows the emissions of propylene oxide that result from its use in the
manufacture of propylene glycols. Total emissions of propylene oxide from this
end-use are estimated to have been 13,935 Ib in 1978. Emission factors used to
develop this estimate are shown in Table 26-10 along with vent parameter data.
Other associated emission components would include propylene glycols and propylene
Normally one process vent distillation column and one storage tank vent are
involved.
Emissions from storage are reported to be negligible.11'12 Both di- and tri-
propylene glycol are co-producte of propylene glycol manufacture.
Table 26-11 shows the propylene oxide emissions resulting from its use in the manu-
facture of polyether polyols used in surfactant applications Since most surfactant
polyols are produced by the same companies that produce urethane polyols, usually
in the same equipment, the emission factors and vent parameter data are assumed
to be the same for both end-uses. Total emissions of propylene oxide resulting
from this end-use are estimated to have been 15,840 Ib in 1978
Table 26-12 shows the estimated emissions of propylene oxide form the manufacture
of dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and propylene-based glycol ethers.
Because these chemicals are all manufactured by the same companies that produce
propylene glycol and are integrated units, the emission factors and vent parameter
data determined for propylene glycol manufactures are applicable here.13 Total
estimated emissions of propylene oxide from these end-uses are estimated to
have been 4060 Ib in 1978.
Total nationwide emissions of propylene oxide in 1978 from all sources are esti-
mated to have been 1,346,160 Ib. A tabulation of the losses is shown in Table 13.
-------
26-19
Table 26-10. Emissions from Propylene Oxide Users for
Propylene Glycol Production*
Company
Dow
Jefferson
Olln
Oxirane
Union Carbide
*B«sed on the
r«f§. 11, 12.
Proce««
Storage
Fugitive
Location
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Port Neches, TX
Brandenburg, KY
Bayport, TX
Institute, WV
S. Charleston, WV
Total
following emission factors
0.000028 B - (derived
00 B - (derived
0 000001 B - (derived
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
3,920
2,550
785
700
3,920
785
785
13,440
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
140
90
30
25
140
30
30
480
(Lb PO emitted per Ib PO
from state
from state
from state
air emission
air emission
air emission
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
4,060
2,640
810
725
4,060
810
810
13,920
used) ;
files)
files)
files)
(q/sec)
0.058
0.038
0.012
0.010
0 058
0.012
0.012
see
0.000029
Average process vent stack parameters for all locations are:
27.4 m - stack height
0.05 m - stack diameter
3.3 m/sec - stack velocity
5°C - stack temperature
Average storage vent stack parameters:
6.0 m - stack height
0.03 m - stack diameter
27°C - stack temperature
Building cross-section, 200 m2
Fugitive emissions distributed over a 350 ft X 1350 ft area.
-------
Table 26-11. Emissions from Surfactant Polyol Producers
Company
Enery
Olin
Petrolite
Sherex
Union Carbide
Hitco
Location
Santa Fe Springs, CA
Brandenburg, KY
Brea, CA
St. Louis, MO
Janesville. WI
Institute, WV
Seadrift, TX
S. Charleston, WV
Houston, TX
Total
Process
Emissions
db/yr)
260
6630
390
390
130
2470
2470
2470
390
15,600
Storage
Emissions
(lb/yr)
nil
50
nil
nil
nil
20
20
20
nil
120
Fugitive
Emissions
(lb/yr)
nil
50
nil
nil
nil
20
20
20
nil
120
Total Emissions8
(lb/yr)
265
6730
395
395
130
2510
2510
2510
395
15,840
(g/sec)b
0.004
0.097
0.006
0.006
0.002
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.006
Based on urethane polyols emission factor since both are produced in the same equipment.
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
ro
o
-------
26-21
Table 26-12.
Emissions from Dipropylene Glycol, Tnpropylene Glycol,
and Glycol Ether Producers
Company
Dow
Olin
Oxirane
Jefferson
Union Carbide
Location
Freeport, TX
Plaquemine, LA
Brandenburg, KY
Bayport, TX
Port Neches, TX
Institute, WV
S. Charleston, WV
Total
Process
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
1450
945
375
590
230
165
165
3920
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
50
35
15
20
10
5
5
140
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
1500
980
390
610
240
170
170
4060
(q/sec)
0.022
0.014
0.006
0.009
0.003
0.002
0.002
Based on propy]ene glycol emission factor, see ref. 13
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
26-22
Table 26-13. 1978 Propylene Oxide Nationwide Emissions
Estimated 1978
Source ' Emissions (Ib/yr)
Production 1,160,660
Urethane polyols 147,840
Propylene glycol 13,920
Surfactant polyols 15,840
Di/tri-propylene glycole 2,900
Clycol ethers 1.160
Miscellaneous 3,840*
Exports 0
Total 1,346,160
*Derived based on weighted average of other users except
exports.
-------
6.7.12,17,
21,24,26,35
i
ro
CO
FIGURE 26-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF PROPYLENE OXIDE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 26-14. EMISSIONS AND MFTtOROlOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POIHT SOURCtSOf PROPYIF.NF. OXIDE
EMIP8IOWP
^
H
y
O
no.
i
2
3
4
9
«
7
0
9
!•
II
12
13
COWAIff
BASF WArfDOTT
DOW
JEFFER90K
OLIH
DOW
OXIRAJIE
0X1 RAKE
EffEllY
PETnOLITE
PETIWLITE
tmiOW CARBIDE
WITCO
OHIO* CARBIDE
RITE LATITUDE
WTAJTOOTTF., HI 42 12 53
FHEKPOITT. TX 2O 39 3O
PORT hkxJHc!*. TX 29 97 49
^nlARl/t/RBUHo* KT 3O OO 27
PLAQUETtlffE. LA 3O 19 OO
BATPOKT, TX 29 37 26
ClIAJfKELVIEW, TX 29 48 9O
8AHTAFE PPRIWC5, CA 33 99 3O
BRKA. CA 33 53 3O
8T LOtJIS, WO 38 41 90
SEADniFT, TX 28 3O 31
IWU8TOH, TX 29 34 49
INSTITUTE. W 38 23 02
LOKCITVW.
•03
O99
•93
*°*
091
•99
099
118
117
099
096
^^AM
O99
•01
08
23
96
•*
15
•3
07
•9
98
12
46
47
33
33
•0
9O
OO
•7
30
40
45
•O
18
24
wrnit rukirr
RTATIOIt TYVE
I4H32 1
12923 2
12917 >
I38O7 3
13970 4
12906 4
12906 5
23174 4
23174 «
13994 *
12923 6
13066 7
MMmuc
TVTE
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
3
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
• — ---- ' -- ••- -- *
PIWH.EKy RTORACE
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2.20960* .094600
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1.729720 .255312
.•64944 •.
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.•95472 O.
.•I44«« •.
.•93616 •.
.•I44«« •.
.••5616 •.
. 2Wv92O .••1728
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. 2#592O . 09 1 728
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».
9.
».
9.
,.
9.
.••1192
.9992A8
*!
.••1182
-------
TABLE 26-14 (Continued)
no.
14
13
16
17
in
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
COHf AJTY
union CARBIDE
DARF WYAHDOTTE
BASF VYAHDOTTE
En CARPEHTER
DOW
EHEKY
1IODAC
HACRA
niLLIKEH
3H
ffOOAY
ffOFlAY
nALCO
OLIIf
OWKH9 COtUMFC
rrxno*
rrc
QUAKER OATS
SITE
SO CBAftLEOTOn. W
CEIST1AR. LA
VAMIffCTO*, IfJ
BAIFWU . TX
niBLAVO, 111
HAULDIH. SC
8KOKIE. IL
HOIAH. 9C
MCATDR, AL
BATTOW, TX
HEV nAHTH»3VILLE.VV
SWARLAim, TX
LAKE CIMBLES. LA
IfEVARK. OTI
LTWW, IL
CIIICLETIEW. OH
HFJHII8, TH
LAT1TVW.
38
39
4O
29
43
34
42
29
34
34
29
39
29
99
40
41
39
33
19
11
40
43
33
48
• 1
36
38
49
44
37
13
•3
44
34
!•
33
34
3*
2»
28
16
9«
IO
!•
39
3«
9«
!•
09
3«
94
•9
3«
LomjiTuw,
•81
•91
•T4
•94
•84
•O2
•07
O9B
082
•O7
•94
•0*
•99
•93
•82
•87
aoz
•O9
4% 29
•• 42
98 22
94 ••
13 OB
1* «9
43 39
23 3«
•6 29
•2 23
94 20
9« 99
38 32
19 97
**A Atft
£ff Wv
49 «4
97 34
96 96
UTAH
PTATIOII
13866
1397*
•4734
129^
14643
93804
14833
938*4
13882
129*6
I3T36
12996
•3937
93824
94846
93824
139*3
**
TYTE
7
a
a
a
a
a
a
8
8
a
8
8
8
a
8
a
a
a
WHmCE*
TYPE
3
4
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
fjrw • rmy • VT»CT * Trrv ufj**r
fHUCtS8 RTOHACE ftPClTIVt
» V39v v^V • W^FZOQ » ^^99ZoO
A I Irf^f^A A AAATA^.
• V 1 *>T>*^» W • • WW>»TT^
.2I924* .••1728 .«vn52
.•33568 . «MM»2no .•••2O8
A I ^fkfMk A flMMk'lAA
.•83329 .•••976 .•••976
.•0392* .•••376 .•••376
.124729 .991192 .99OO64
.•I728* •. •.
.•**,*« •. «.
.••2S8* •. •.
.•I444* •. «.
ACV1S9A IMMIK7A AttAft7A
^ycjF A^jk A^M«V*T^ ^^^A'MIO
* • Vl> ^TTr • W^iJ « v • ^F^^V^-OO
.•340*9 .999280 .999288
.•259 29 .999208 .9992S8
.•^649 •. •.
.•29I4* . 999288 •.
.•29929 .••9288 .•99288
.••CUM* •. •.
ro
tji
-------
TABLE 26-14 (Concluded)
CT1WUOHS
TO. COWAITT
93 RKICROU
99 JEFTEBSOU
34 JETFCTSOW
99 UPJvUH
34 VITCO
* Plant
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
^ Type
)J Type
Type
Type
types:
1: Plant
2: Plant
3: Plant
4: Plant
5: Plant
6: Plant
7: Plant
8: Plant
9: Plant
PITT.
CAI ILM.I . PJ
ATOTm. TX
COWIWK, TX
LAFWtTB, TX
J/VHESTILLE, Wl
produces
produces
produces
produces
produces
produces
produces
produces
produces
LATITUDE
4»
41
42
39 94
19 99
n 2*
40 93
49 47
LOWITOOT
•74 19
•97 14
•99 23
999 94
OO7 4«
"W^ Wv
13
19
39
fmw
STATIOW
14734
13958
12949
129*6
94A4«
14OO7
TVTK TYPE rmctss PTOIWCB rociTi«
a 2 .•17289 •. •.
O Z • VZOv^^^V • V^^VdfOH • ^^^^Wi&OO
O 2 * w2v 1 9 V * VVVZtRv 9 *
9 3 .9«I072 9. 9.
propylene oxide and urethane polyols
propylene oxide, urethane polyols, and glycols
propylene oxide surfactant polyols and glycols
propylene oxide and glycols
propylene oxide
urethane polyols and surfactant polyols
urethane polyols, surfactant polyols and goycols
urethane polyols
surfactant polyols
t Source types:
Type 1: Propylene oxide production
Type 2: Urethane polyols production
Type 3: Surfactant polyols production
Type 4: Propylene glycol product1on/D1/tr1propylene glycol/glycol ether production
-------
26-27
TABLE 26-15. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF PROPYLENE OXIDE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
(ug/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) . persons]
50 6 413
25 49 1,800
10 330 5,820
5 897 9,760
2.5 3,372 17,900
1 12,723 31,400
0.5 31,330 44,400
0.25 71,759 58,100
0.1 • 159,155 71,600
0.05 285,922 80,400
0.025 453,985 86,500
0.01 842,303 92,600
0.005 1,313,739 95,900
0.0025 2,130,202 90,700
0.001 ,* 3,622,335 101,000
2.18x10"' 27,393,800 104,000
333
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
26-28
TABLE 26-16. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF PROPYLENE OXIDE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (Kd) 1.4 x 10"5 sec"1
nighttime decay rate (Kp) 0
Hanna-G1fford coefflcttnt (C) 225
nationwide heating »ource missions (EH) 0
nationwide nonheatlng stationary source emissions (EJ 0.055 gro/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions (EM) 0
-------
TABLE 26-17. PROPYLENE OXIDE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
Exp* L««l
c/
000250
000100
000050
000025
000010
utrtmme
pet-too)
133 7
1MB 6
1596 0
2412 9
3680 4
3930 4
Percent
Heating
0
0
0
0
0
0
«ge of Cootr (but 1o*i
St«t lonjrj
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
100 0
toblle
0
0
0
0
0
0
of Olstrlbntlon
CUI Ijft 1
100 0
100 0
100 0
99 3
95 7
92 8
City Tjrp« 2
0
0
0
1
2 0
2 6
City Tjp« 3
0
0
0
7
2 3
4 6
ro
cr>
ro
-------
TABLE 26-18. EXPOSURE flHD DOSAGE SUt*WRY OF PROPYIEWE OXIDE
i
Concentration Specific
Level
(*!/•*)
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
O. 00025
0.0001
J 0
Point
Source
6
49
330
897
3,372
12,723
31,330
71,759
159,155
285,922
453,985
842.308
1.313,739
2,130,202
3,622,335
._
_.
27,393,800
Population Exposed
(persons)
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
446.952
9,149,730
158,679,135
U.S. Total
6
49
330
897
3,372
12,723
31,330
71,759
159,155
285,922
453,905
842.308
1,313,739
2,130,202
3,622,335
--
--
186,072,935
Specific
Point
Source
413
1,800
5,820
9,760
17,900
31,400
44,400
58.100
71,600
80,400
36,500
92.600
95,900
98,700
101,000
--
--
104,000
Dosage
£( g/w3)' persons]
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
134
1,118
3.930
I
U.S. Total
413
1,800
5,820
9,760
17,900
31,400
44,400
58,100
71,600
80,400
86,500
92,600
95,900
98.700
101,000
--
--
107,930
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the sane row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted In another column.
-------
26-31
REFERENCES
1. J. L. Blackford, "Propylene Oxide," Chemical Economics Handbook, pp 690.8022C—
690.8022E, Stanford Research Institute, Henlo Park, CA (November 1976)
2. "Chemical Products JSynopsis on Propylene Oxide," Mannsville Chemical Products,
(January 1977).
3. J. L. Blackford, "Polyether Polyols," Chemical Economics Handbook, pp 688 3031E—
688.3032K, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (September 1977).
4. 1978 Directory of Chemical Producers, United Statej, "Polyether Polyols for
Urethane Application, Polyether Polyols for Non-urethane Applications,"
pp. 857—858, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA.
5. E. M. Klapproth, "Propylene Glycols," Chemical Economics Handbook, p. 690.6050E,
Stanford Research Institute, Henlo Park, CA (March 1978).
6. Texas Air Control Board 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Jefferson Chemical
Co., Inc., July 1, 1976.
7. Texas Air Control Board, Construction Permit for Oxirane Chemical Co., Channelview,
TX, April 3, 1975.
8. Texas Air Control Board Construction Permit for Oxirane Chemical Co., LaPorte,
TX, April 24, 1973.
9. Texas Air Control Board Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Dow Chemical Co.,
Freeport, TX, Propylene Oxide Finishing Facility, February 6, 1976.
10. Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory Questionnaire, Dow Chemical Co.,
e
Freeport, TX, Voranol Polyol Plant, February 6, 1976.
11. Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory Questionnaire, Dow Chemical Co.,
Freeport, TX, Glycols Plant, February 6, 1976.
-------
26-32
12. Trip R«port, Eroiiiion Control Options for the Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Manufacturing Industry, Dow Chemical Co., Plaqueaine, LA, plant visit by
Hydro»cience, Inc., November 16—17, 1977.
13. T. L. Schooer, Emission Control Options for the Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Manufacturing Industry, Glycol Ethers Abbreviated Product Report, Hydroscience,
Inc., Knoxville, TN (February 1979).
3V*
-------
APPENDIX A-27 Toluene
TOLUENE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 108-88-3
Synonyms Methyl Benzene, Phenyl Methane, Toluol, Kethacide
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: - 15
Moltculer Formula: H8
Molecular Structure
Chemical and Physical P
Physical State at
Boiling Point: 1
Melting Point:
Density: 0.8669
Vapor Pressure:
Vapor Density: •
Solubility: slit
Log Partition Co
CH.
Liquid-flammable, refractive, clear, noncorrosive, sweet
odor
°C at 760 rim
)6C/4°C
mm at 25°C
soluble (4.7 g/1 of H20)
ient (Octanol/H20): 2.80
Atmospheric React1v1t
Transformation F
(5-102), Fonnalc
Reactivity Towa'
Reactivity Towa
Reactivity Towa
Major Atjrospher
Formation Rt*ct
ts: reacts with oxidizing materials. Forms organic aerosols
, and Cresols (lOi), Benzaldehyde, benzoic acid
: 2 x Butane
Nc Reaction
tolysls: none - NAPP
•cur»or$: N/A
-------
27-5
I SOURCES
PRODUCTION
Toluene is produced as an aromatic mixture (BTX) with benzene and mixed xylenes
primarily from catalytic reformate from refineries It is also produced as BTX
from petroleum-derived pyrolysis gasoline as a by-product of olefin manufacture
during the cracking of hydrocarbons Small ajnounts of toluene as BTX are also
obtained from coal-derived coke oven light oil and as a by-product from the
manufacture of styrene.1'2
Approximately 9,195 million Ib of toluene was isolated from a total of 66,930 mil-
lion Ib of toluene produced as BTX The isolated toluene is used primarily for
chemical manufacturing and as a solvent 1/2
The largest source of toluene is from catalytic reformate. Total estimated
toluene produced from this source is estimated to have been 64,875 million Ib
with 8,000 million Ib isolated for chemical use Catalytic reforming involves
the dehydrogenation of selected petroleum fractions rich in naphthalenes in the
presence of hydrogen to yield a mixture of aromatics consisting of toluene,
benzene, and mixed xylenes. Toluene is isolated by distillation followed by
washing with sulfuric acid and redistillation l'2
The second largest source of toluene is from pyrolysis gasoline An estimated
1560 million Ib of toluene was produced from this source with an estimated
830 million Ib isolated for chemical use.
An estimated 320 million Ib of toluene was produced as a by-product of styrene
manufacture with 220 million Ib isolated for chemical use.1'2
Approximately 175 million Ib of toluene was produced from coal-derived BTX with
an estimated 145 million Ib isolated for chemical use.1'2
There are currently 201 locations that produce toluene as BTX from catalytic
reformate. They are shown in Table 27-1 by geographic region.3 Of this total,
only 33 plants isolate toluene from catalytic reformate Three of these sites
are located outside the continental United States and were not considered in
-------
27-6
Table 27-1. Nonisolated Toluene Production from Catalytic Reformate
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
E*«t North Central
W«t North Central
South Atlantic
E*«t South Central
WǤt South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of
Sites
0
17
28
16
5
8
71
23
33
201
Reformate
Capacity
(M bbl/day)
0
369,952
624,178
165,250
. 57,660
144,700
1,649,303
123,094
647,461
3,781,598
Nonisolated
Toluene
Produced
(M Ib/yr)
0
5,564
9,388
2,485
868
2,176
24,805
1,851
9,738
56,875
Average
Nonisolated
Toluene Produced
Per Site
(M Ib/yr)
0
327
335
155
174
272
249
60
295
283
See ref. 3.
Total production distributed based on total capacity.
,-Ml
-------
27-7
the project scope The locations of the plants, the isolated toluene capacity,
and the isolated toluene production are shown in Table 27-2.ll2
There are currently nine producers at nine locations that produce toluene as
BTX from pyrolysis gasoline manufacture. One of the sites is in Puerto Rico
and was considered outside the project scope. The locations of the plants, the
ethylene capacity, the estimated toluene production as BTX and as isolated
toluene, and the total toluene produced are shown in Table 27-3.1>2
The six locations that produce coal-derived toluene and the seven sites that
produce toluene as a styrene by-product are also listed in Table 27-3.
A production summary of the sources of isolated toluene and toluene as BTX are
shown in Table 27-41'2 along with toluene's 1978 end-use distribution.
B. OSES
tks noted above, the end-use distribution of toluene is shown in Table 27-4. All
toluene produced as BTX and not isolated (57,735 million Lb) is blended into
gasoline The remaining isolated toluene (9,195 million Ib) has a large
variety of end-uses.
The single largest end-use of toluene is in the manufacture of benzene through
dealkylation which consumes an estimated 3693 million Ib and represents 40.2%
of isolated toluene production. Specific source locations of benzene producers
are Bhovn in Table 27-5 The second largest use of isolated toluene is backblending
into gasoline This end-use consumed an estimated 3230 million Ib of isolated
toluene, representing 35.1% of 1978 production.
Toluene is the most important of the three major aromatics in solvent appli-
cations, and this end-use accounts for an estimated 9.5% of isolated toluene
production. The major use of toluene as solvent is in paints and coatings
formulations which consumed an estimated 579 million Ib A significant amount,
291 million Ib, was used in adhesives, inks, Pharmaceuticals, and other formu-
lated products requiring a solvent carrier.
-------
Table 27-2. isolated Toluene Production from Catalytic Refor»atea
Company
Aaterada Hess
American Petrofina
Ashland Oil
ARCO
Charter Oil
Coastal States
Caemomte a 11 h
Crown
Exxon
Getty
Gulf
Kerr McGee
Marathon
Mobile
Monsanto
Location
Toluene
Capacity
(metric ton/yr)
Isolated
Toluene
Produced
(M Ib/yr)*1
Geographic Coordinates
Latituda/Longitude
St. Croix. VI
Big Spring, TX
Beaumont, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonavanda, NY
Houston, TX
Wilmington, CA
Houston, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena, TX
Baytown, TX
El Dorado, KA
Alliance, LA
Philadelphia, PA
Port Arthur, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Texas City, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
460
164
125
99
39
118
46
53
56
395
46
411
13
207
92
49
148
72
280
33
798
285
217
171
68
217
85
68
97
684
80
713
34
336
160
86
257
125
485
57
Not in project scope
32 17 10/101 25 17
29 57 30/93 53 20
38 22 39/82 35 58
42 59 45/78 55 27
29 42 17/95 16 01
33 48 15/118 17 22
29 42 50/95 15 12
27 48 43/97 26 28
Not in project scope
29 44 40/95 10 30
29 44 50/95 01 04
37 47 10/96 52 00
29 50 00/90 00 10
39 54 00/75 12 30
29 51 30/93 58 30
27 48 16/97 25 24
29 22 22/94 54 58
30 04 00/94 03 30
29 22 45/94 33 30
ro
I
CO
-------
Table 27-2 (concluded)
Company
Phillips
Quint ana- Howe 11
Shell
Sun
Tenneco
Texaco
Union Oil
Union Pacific
Total
Location
Sweeny, TX
Guayaraa, PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Deer Park, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
Toledo, OH
Tulsa, OK
Chalmette, LA
Port Arthur, TX
Westville, NJ
Chicago, IL
Corpus Christi , TX
Toluene
Capacity
(metric ton/yr)
33
335
56
197
138
151
247
66
99
92
132
56
99
4,607
Isolated
Toluene
Produced
(H lb/yr)b
57
582
97
342
239
262
428
114
200
160
228
97
171
8,000
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
29
Not
27
29
27
39
41
36
30
29
39
41
27
04
in
48
42
49
48
36
08
03
52
52
38
48
48/95
44
project
35/97
55/95
53/97
45/75
52/83
18/96
30/89
00/93
05/75
33/88
10/97
27
07
31
24
31
01
58
54
08
03
35
46
scope
30
33
30
51
40
18
30
43
42
02
29
rx>
~j
i
See refs. 1 and 2.
3Total isolated toluene production distributed per toluene extraction capacity.
-------
Table 27-3. Other Toluene Producers
Company
Location
1978
1978 Toluene
Production Produced
Capacity as HTX
(M Ib) (M Ib)
1978
Toluene
Isolated
(M lb)b
1978
Total
Toluene
Produced
(M Ib)
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
Pyrolysis Gasoline
ARCO
Commonwealth
Dow
Exxon
Gulf
Mobile
Monsanto
' Shell
Union Carbide
(_p Total
cn
Ashland
Bethlehen Steel
Jones S Laughlin
U.S. Steel
Total
Chanelview, TX
Penuelas, PR
Freeport, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Cedar Bayou, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
Deer Park, TX
Taft, LA
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Sparrows Point, MD
Aliquippa, PA
Clairton, PA
Geneva, UT
1,179
454
1,134
816
544
408
340
624
417
5,916
33
10
3
7
26
3
82d
145
56
140
101
67
50
42
77
52
730
Coal Derived
12
4
1
3
9
1
30
195
92
24
-
122
31
244
-
122
830
58
17
6
12
46
6
145
340
148
164
101
189
81
286
77
174
1,560
70
21
7
15
55
7
175
29
50
04/95
06
43
NIPSC
28
30
29
30
29
29
29
38
42
42
40
40
40
59
09
49
04
15
92
58
22
59
49
35
18
19
12/95
10/90
29/94
00/94
00/95
55/95
00/90
39/82
45/78
31/78
54/8O
15/79
01
54
55
03
12
07
27
35
55
51
14
52
00
20
10
30
40
33
00
55
27
17
24
43
01/111 44 29
ro
--4
-------
Table 27-3 (concluded)
Company
American Hoechst
Cos-Mar
Dow
3uif
tonsanto
\moco
Total
Location
Baton Rouge, LA
Carville, LA
Freeport, TX
Midland, MI
Donaldsonville, LA
Texas City, TX
Texas City, TX
1978
Production
Capacity
(M Ib)
Styrene
990
1,300
1,500
325
600
1,500
540
6,755
1978
Toluene
Produced
as BTX
(M lb)b
By-Product
15
19
22
5
9
22
8
100
1978
Toluene
Isolated
(M lb)b
32
42
49
11
19
49
18
220
1978
Total
Toluene
Produced
(M Ib)
47
61
71
16
28
71
26
320
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
30 33 02/91 15 50
30 13 30/91 04 00
28 59 12/95 01 00
43 35 28/84 13 08
30 03 30/90 56 10
29 22 45/94 33 30
29 21 40/94 55 50
See refs. 1 and 2.
Distributed based on production capacity.
'Not in project scope.
Metric tons toluene extraction capacity.
UJ
-------
tl -
Table 27-4. 1978 Toluene Production and Consumption*
Isolated Toluene
Toluene in BTX
Source (M lb) (M lb)
Production
Catalytic reformate 8,000 56,875
Pyrolysis gasoline 830 730
Coal derived 145 30
Styrene by-product 220 100
Total 9,195 57,735
End-Use Consumption
Isolated
Toluene
Used
End Use (%)
Gasoline as BTX
Gasoline isolated (back blended) 35.1
Benzene dealkylation 40.2
Paints and coating solvent 6.3
Adhesives, inJcs, Pharmaceuticals solvent 3.2
Toluene diisocyanate 4.8
Xylenes (disproportionation) 2.3
Benzole acid 1.6
Benzyl chloride 0.8
Vinyl toluene 0.6
Benoaldehyde 0 . 2
p-Cre«ol 0 . 1
Miscellaneous others 0.6
Net export 4.2
Total 100.0
Total
Toluene
Produced
(M lb)
64,875
1,560
175
320
66,930
Toluene
Used
(M Ib/yr)
57,735
3,230
3,693
579
291
440
216
144
79
55
18
14
53
383
66,930
•See refs. 1 and 2.
-------
27-13
Table 27-5. Benzene Producers
Company
American Petrofina
Ashland Oil
Coastal States
Commonwealth
Crown
Dow
Gulf
Monsanto
Phillips
£uintana-Howell
Shell
Sun
Total
Location
Port Arthur, TX
Big Spring, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
Corpus Christi, TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena, TX
Freeport, TX
Alliance, LA
Philadelphia, PA
Alvin, TX
Guayama, PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Odessa, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Toledo, OH
Tulsa, OK
Benzene
Production
Capacity
(M gal/yr)
23
40
35
60
115
23
25
47
20
40
40
74
7
20
63
15
647
Toluene
Used
(M Ib/yr)
131
228
200
343
657
131
143
268
114
228
228
422
40
114
360
86
3693
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
29
32
38
27
57
17
22
48
30/93
10/101
39/82
43/97
53
25
35
26
20
17
58
28
NIPS°
29
28
29
39
29
44
59
50
54
14
40/95
15/95
00/90
00/75
55/95
10
24
00
12
12
30
25
19
30
45
NIPSC
27
31
27
41
36
48
49
50
36
08
35/97
14/102
00/97
52/83
18/96
27
19
31
31
01
30
53
25
40
18
See refs. 1 and 2.
Total usage distributed per benzene capacity.
Not in project scope.
-------
27-14
Other major uses of isolated toluene include toluene diisocyanate production
(440 million Ib), xylenes via disproportionation (216 million Ib), benzoic acid
manufacture (144 million Ib), benryl chloride production (79 million Ib), vinyl
toluene eanufacture (55 million Ib), benzaldehyde manufacture (18 million Ib),
and p-creiol production (14 million Ib). Net exports consumed 383 million Ib
of production, and 53 million Ib of toluene was consumed in other miscellaneous,
unidentifiable uses.
Locations producing toluene dusocyanate are listed in Table 27-6.1>2 All other
ch«mic«l intermediate users of toluene are listed in Table 27-7.1'2'1*
C. INCIDENTAL USES
For the purpose of this report, the use of toluene in gasoline and the emissions
resulting from gasoline evaporation and exhaust are considered incidental. The
only other source of toluene assessed for emissions was coke ovens.
Gasoline consumption in 1978 is estimated to have been 104,568 million gal.2
Coal tars from coke oven plants contain toluene. The total estimated coke pro-
duction from 61 plants in 1978 was 107 billion lb.s
II. EMISSIONS
A. PRODUCTION
Emission factors used to develop production and end-use emission estimates for
toluene are shown in Tables 27-8,27-6 27-13.
billions fro* the production of nonisolated toluene from catalytic reformate
•re tabulated by geographic region in Table 27-9. Emissions from the production
of isolated toluene from catalytic reformate are tabulated in Table 27-10.
Emissions fron the production of toluene froa pyrolysis gasoline and coal-
derived and ityrene by-product are tabulated in Table 27-11.
Emission factors used to develop process, storage, and fugitive emission
estimates are shown in Table ^.7-8. Process emissions are those that originate
-------
Table 27-6. Toluene Diisocyanate Producers
Company
Location
1978
TDI
Capacity
(106 Ib/yr)
1978
Toluene
Useb
(10& Ib/yr)
Total
805
See refs. 1 and 2.
Total usage distributed per TDI capacity.
440
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Dow Chemical
Du Pont
Mobay Chem. Corp
Olin Corp.
Rubicon Chems. Inc.
Union Carbide
Moundsville, WV
Geismar, LA
Freeport, TX
Deepwater, NJ
Baytown, TX
New Hartinsville, WV
Ashtabula, OH
Lake Chrales, LA
Geismar, LA
S. Charleston, WV
80
100
100
70
130
100
30
100
40
55
44
55
55
38
71
55
16
55
22
29
39
30
28
39
29
39
41
30
30
38
54
11
59
41
45
44
53
13
12
19
39/80
34/90
12/95
25/75
30/94
50/80
07/80
55/93
00/91
35/81
44
OO
24
30
54
50
45
15
11
40
49
42
05
35
25
50
50
57
30
29
ro
^j
i
01
-------
27-16
Tabl« 27-7. Oth«r Toluene Chemical Intermediate Users*
Company
Monsanto
Stauffer
UOP, Inc.
Total
Kalama
Monsanto
Velsicol
,
Pfizer
Tenneco
Total
Location
1978 1978b
Production Toluene
Capacity Used Geographic Coordinates
(10° ib/yr) (106 Ib/yr) Latitude/Longitude
Benzyl Chloride Producers
Bridgeport, NJ 80
Sauget, IL
Edison, NJ
E. Rutherford
Kalama, WA
St. Louis, MO
Beaumont, TX
Chattanooga,
Terre Haute,
Garfield, NJ
80
12
, NJ 3
175
Benzoic Acid Producers
140
10
50
TN 60
IN 6
15
281
Xylene Disproportionation Produ
AJCO
Bun
Total
Bow
Houston, TX
Marcus HooX,
Midland, MI
196
PA 202
396
Vinyl Toluene Producer
60
p-Cresol Producer
36
36
6
1
79
72
5
26
31
3
7
144
cers
106
110
216
55
39 47 33/75 23 45
38 35 31/90 10 11
40 29 23/74 23 03
40 49 46/74 05 30
46 00 54/122 51 05
38 34 37/90 11 42
29 58 16/94 03 17
30 36 31/85 16 36
39 26 01/87 24 22
40 52 28/74 06 49
29 42 17/95 16 01
39 48 45/75 24 51
43 35 28/84 13 08
fln»rwin Hillii
Chicago,
14
41 43 04/87 36 30
-------
27-17
Table 27-7 (concluded)
Company
1978
Production
Capacity
Location (106 Ib/yr)
1978b
Toluene
Used
(106 Ib/yr)
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
Benzaldehyde Producers
Kalama
Stauf f er
Tenneco
UOP
Total
Kalama, WA
Eddystone, PA
Edison, NJ
Garfield, NJ
E. Rutherford, NJ
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
3
3
3
3
18
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
d
46
39
40
40
40
00
50
29
52
49
54/122 51 05
58/75
23/74
28/74
46/74
20
23
06
05
00
07
49
30
See refs. 1, 2, and 4.
Total usage distributed per production capacity.
'Not available
Total usage distributed evenly over all sites.
-------
Table 27-8. Toluene Emission Factors
Emission Factor Ib Lost/lb Produced (Used)
Source
Toluene production - catalytic refonaate
Toluene production - pyrolysis gasoline
Toluene production - coal derived
Toluene production - styrene by-product
Benzoic acid production
Benzyl chloride production
Vinyl toluene production
Benzene production
Xylene disproportionation
Toluene diisocyanate production
p-Cresol production
Benzaldehyde production
Process
0.00002
0.00015
0.00050
0.00001
0.00100
0.00055
0.00055
0.00005
0.00005
0.00077
0.00120
0.00090
Storage
0.00006
0.00060
0.0006O
0.0006O
0.00040
0.00030
0.00030
0.00010
0.00010
0.00032
0.00050
0.00040
Fugitive
O.OO002
0.00015
O.O0015
O.OOO15
O.OOO10
0.00015
0.00015
0.00005
0.00005
0.00019
0.00030
0.00020
Total
0.00010
0.00090
0.00125
O.OOO76
0.00150
0.00100
0.00100
0.00020
0.00020
0.00128
0.00200
0.00150
Derivation
b
B
AC
D
d
A
ce
ce
D
f
B
D
ce
D
D
A - Site visit data
B - State files
C - Published data
D - Hydroscience estimate
See refs. 6—10.
'See ref. 11.
See ref. 12.
"See ref. 13.
See refs. 6, 7, and 9.
i
oo
-------
27-19
Table 27-9. Toluene Emissions from Nonisolated Toluene Produced as
BTX from Catalytic Reformate
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
Ea»t South Central
Wett South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
a
See ref. 3.
Based on the following
Ib toluene lost per
Number Toluene
of Emissions
Sites3 (lb/yr)b
0
17
28
16
5
8
71 2
23
33
201 5
0
556,400
938,800
248,500
86,800
217,600
,480,500
185,100
973,800
,687,500
Average
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
0
32,730
33,530
15,530
17,360
27,200
34,940
8,050
29,510
Toluene
per Site
(g/sec) C
0
0.47
0.48
0.22
0.25
0-39
0.50
0.12
0.42
emission factor:
Ib produced
0.00002 Process
0.00006 Storage
0.00002 Fugitive
0.00010 Total
"Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
Table 27-10. Toluene Emissions frow Catalytic Reformats Isolated Toluene Production
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Company
taerada Hess
American Petrofina
Ashland Oil
ARCO
Charter Oil
Coastal States
CooBionwealth
Crown
Exxon
Getty
(/) Gulf
(J)
Kerr McGee
Marathon
Mobil
Monsanto
Phillips
O^iin tana-Howe 11
Location
St. Croix, VI
Big Spring, TX
Beaumont, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Houston, TX
Wilmington, CA
Houston, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena , TX
Baytown, TX
El Dorado, KS
Alliance, LA
Philadelphia, PA
Port Arthur, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Texas City, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
Sweeny, TX
Guayama , PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Process
15,960
5,700
4,340
3,420
1,360
4,340
1,700
1,360
1,940
13,680
1,600
14,260
680
6,720
3,200
1,720
5,140
2,500
9,700
1,140
1,140
11,640
1,940
Storage
47,88O
17,100
13,020
10,260
4,080
13,020
5,100
4,080
5,820
41,040
4,800
42,780
2,040
20,160
9,600
5,160
15,420
7,500
29,100
3,420
3,420
34,920
5,820
Fugitive
15,960
5,700
4,340
3,420
1,360
4,340
1,700
1,360
1,940
13,680
1,600
14,260
680
6,720
3,200
1,720
5,140
2,5OO
9,700
1,140
1,140
11,640
1,940
Total Emissions
(lb/yr)
79,800
28,500
21,700
17,100
6,800
21,700
8,500
6,800
9,700
68,40O
8,000
71,300
3,400
33,600
16,000
8,600
25,700
12,500
48,500
5,700
5,700
58,200
9,700
(g/sec) *
1.15
0.41
0.31
0.25
0.10
0. 31
0.12
0.10
0.14
ro
0.98 T*
ro
0.12
1.03
0.05
0.48
0.23
0.12
0. 37
~ 0.18
0.70
0.08
0.08
0.84
0.14
-------
Table 27-10 (concluded)
Emissions
Company
Shell
Sun
Tenneco
Texaco
Union Oil
Union Pacific
Total
Location
Deer Park, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
Toledo, OH
Tulsa, OK
Chalmette, LA
Port Arthur, TX
Westville, NJ
Chicago, IL
Corpus Christi, TX
Process
6,
4,
5,
8,
2,
4,
3,
4,
1,
3,
160,
840
780
240
560
280
000
200
560
940
420
000
(Ib/yr
Storage
20
14
15
25
6
12
9
13
5
10
480
,520
,340
,720
,680
,840
,000
,600
,680
,820
,260
,000
) Total Emissions
Fugitive
6
4
5
8
2
4
3
4
1
3
160
,840
,780
,240
,560
,280
,000
,200
,560
,940
,420
,000
-------
Table 27-11. Toluene Emissions from Pyrolytig Gasoline, Coal-Derived and Styrene By-Product Production
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Company
ARCO
Commonwealth
Dov
Exxon
Gulf
Mobil
Monsanto
Shell
Union Carbide
Total
Ashland
Bethlehem Steel
Jones & Laughlin
U.S. Steel
Total
American Hoechst
Cos-Mar
Dov
Gulf
Monsanto
Amoco
Total
Location
Channelview, TX
Penuelas, PR
Freeport, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Cedar Bayou, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
Deer Park, TX
Taft, LA
Catlettsburg, KY
H. Tonawanda, NY
Sparrows Point,
Aliquippa, PA
Clairton, PA
Geneva, UT
Baton Rouge, LA
Carville, LA
Freeport, TX
Midland, MI
Donaldsonville,
Texas City, TX
Texas City, TX
Process
Pyrolysis Gasoline
51,000
22,200
24,600
15,150
28,350
12,150
42,900
11,550
26,100
234,000
Coal Derived
35,000
10,500
MD 3,500
7,500
27,500
3,500
87,500
Styrene By-Product
470
610
710
160
LA 280
710
260
3,200
Storage
204.000
88,800
98,400
60,600
113,400
48,600
171,600
46,200
104,400
936,000
42.000
12,600
4,200
9,000
33,000
4,200
105,000
28,200
36,600
42,600
9,600
16,800
42,600
15,600
192,000
Fugitive
51,000
22,200
24,600
15,150
28,350
12,150
42,900
11/550
26,100
234,000
10.500
3,150
1,050
2,250
8,250
1,050
26,250
7,050
9,150
10,650
2,400
4,200
10,650
3,900
48,000
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
306,000
133,200
147,600
90,900
170,100
72,900
257,400
69,300
156,600
1,404,000
87 , 500
26,250
8,750
18,750
68,750
8,750
218,750
35,720
46,360
53,960
12,160
21,280
53,960
19,760
243,200
(q/sec)*
.
4.41
1.92
2.12
1.31
2.45
1.05
3.71
1.00
2.25
1.26
3.78
0.13
0.27
0 99
0.13
0.51
0.67
0 78
0 18
0.31
0.78
0 28
ro
-j
i
ro
ro
*Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
27-23
from the reactor and distillation vents Storage emissions represent the loss
from both working and final product storage as well as loading and handling
losses. Fugitive emissions are those that result from plant equipment leaks.
Toluene emissions from catalytic reformate, pyrolysis gasoline, and
coal-derived and styrene by-product were 6,487,500 Ib, 1,404,000 Ib,
218,750 Ib, and 243,200 Ib respectively in 1978
Other associated emissions would primarily include benzene and the three xylene
isomers.
Process emissions of toluene from refineries are apparently quite low because
of the use of flares as hydrocarbon control devices
B. USES
Toluene emissions from its use to produce benzene were estimated to have been
738,600 Ib in 1978 The emissions are tabulated in Table 27-12 using the emission
factors listed in Table 27-8.
Toluene emissions resulting from its use in toluene dusocyanate manufacture
were estimated to have been 563,200 Ib in 1978 Emissions are tabulated in
Table 27-13.
Toluene emissions from all other chemical intermediate end-uses are tabulated
in Table 27-14. Toluene emissions were 79,000 Ib from benzyl chloride, 216,000 Ib
from benzoic acid, 43,200 Ib from xylene disproportionation, 55,000 Ib from
vinyl toluene, 28,000 Ib from p-cresol, and 27,000 Ib from benzaldehyde. Emis-
sion factors used to estimate toluene emissions are listed in Table 27-8.
Other miscellaneous uses of toluene caused an estimated 20,140 Ib of toluene
emissions This estimate was made by using an emission factor of 0.00038 Ib
toluene lost per Ib used and was derived from a weighted average of all other
toluene chemical intermediate end-uies.
For the purpose of this report all toluene used in paints and coatings,
578,000,000 Ib, is assumed released to the atmosphere. Specific end-user
locations are considered too widespread to identify regionally.
-------
Table 27-12. Toluene E»i««ions fro* Benzem Producers
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Company
Aaerican Petrofina
Ashland Oil
Costal States
Oosaaonvealth
Crovn
Dov
Gulf
Monsanto
Phillips
Qvintana-Hovell
Shell
Sun
Total
Location
Port Arthur. TX
Big Spring, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
Corpus Christi, TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena., TX
Freeport, TX
Alliance, LA
Philadelphia, PA
Alvin, TX
Guayama , PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Odessa, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Toledo, OH
Tulsa, OK
Process
6,550
11,400
10,000
17,150
32,850
6,550
7.150
13,400
5,700
11,400
11,400
21,100
2,000
5,700
18,000
4,300
184,650
Storage
13.10O
22.800
20,000
34.300
65,700
13.100
14,300
26,800
11.400
22,800
22,800
42,200
4,000
11,400
36,000
8,600
369,300
Fugitive
6,550
11,400
10,000
17,150
32,850
6,550
7,150
13,400
5,700
11,400
11,400
21,100
2,000
5,700
18,000
4,300
184,650
Total Emission*
(Ib/yr)
26,200
45.600
40,000
68,600
131,400
26 , 200
28,600
53,600
22,800
45,600
45,600
84,400
8,000
22,800
72,000
17,200
738,600
(
-------
Table 27-13. Toluene Emissions from Toluene Diisocyanate Producers
O
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Company
Allied Chemical
BASF Wyandotte
Dow Chemical
DuPont
Mobay Chem. Corp
Olin Corp.
Rubicon Chems . Inc.
Union Carbide
Total
Location
Houndsville, WV
Geismar, LA
Freeport, TX
Deepwater, NJ
Bay town, TX
M«w Martinsville, WV
Ashtabula, OH
Lake Charles, LA
Gcisaar, LA
S. Charleston, WV
Process
33,880
42,350
42,350
29,260
54,670
43,250
12,320
42,350
16,940
22,330
338,800
Storage
14,080
17,600
17,600
12,160
22,720
17.600
5,120
17,600
7,040
9,280
140,800
Fugitive
8,360
10,450
10,450
7,220
13,490
10,450
3,040
10,450
4,180
5,510
83,600
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
56,320
70,400
70,400
48,640
90,880
70,400
20,480
70,400
28,160
37,120
563,200
(g/sec)*
0.81
1.01
1.01
0 70
1.31
1 01
0.29
1.01
0.41
0 53
ro
i
r\j
*Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
Table 27-14. Toluene Emissions fro* Other Che«ical Intermediate Useri
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Company
Monsanto
Stauffer
UOP, Inc.
Total
Location
Process
Storage
Benzyl Chloride Producers
Bridgeport, NJ
Sauget, IL
Edison, NJ
East Rutherford
19.800
19.800
3.300
, NJ 550
43,450
10,800
10,800
1.800
300
23,700
Fugitive
5,400
5,400
900
150
11,850
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
36,000
36,000
6,000
1,000
79,000
(g/sec)*
0.518
0.518
0.086
0.014
Benzole Acid Producers
Kalana
Monsanto
Velsicol
Pfizer
Tenneco
Total
ARCO
Sun
Total
Kala*a, HA
St. Louis, MO
Beaumont, TX
Chattanooga, TN
Terre Haute, IN
Garfield, NJ
Xylene
Houston, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
72,000
5,000
26,000
31,000
3,000
7,000
144,000
Disproportionation
5,300
5,500
10,500
28,800
2,000
10,400
12,400
1,200
2,800
57,600
Producers
10.600
11,000
21,600
7,200
500
2,600
3,100
300
700
14,400
5,300
5,500
10,800
108,000
7,500
39,000
46,500
4,500
10,500
216,000
21,200
22,000
43,200
1.55
0.11
0.56
0.67
0.06
0.15
0.31
0.32
-------
Table 27-14 (concluded)
V
Enissions (Ib/yr)
Company
Dow
Sherwin Williams
Kalaiaa
Stauffer
Tenneco
OOP
Total
Location Prpcess
Vinyl Toluene Producer
Midland, MI 30,250
p-Cresol Producer
Chicago, IL 16,800
Benzaldehyde Producers
Kalama, WA 3,240
Eddys tone, PA 3,240
Edison, NJ 3,240
Garfield, NJ 3,240
E. Rutherford, NJ 3,240
16,200
Storage
16,500
7,000
1,440
1,440
1,440
1,440
1,440
7,200
Fugitive
8,250
4,200
720
720
720
720
720
3,600
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
55,000
28,000
5,400
5,400
5,400
5,400
5,400
27,000
(g/sec)*
0.79
0.40
0.078
0.078
0.078
0.078
0 078
i
ro
*Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
27-28
Hydroscience estimates that 15% of the toluene used in other solvent applica-
tion! ii consumed at a fuel The remaining 247,000,000 Ib of toluene is
released to the atmosphere. Again, specific source/industry locations could
not be identified because use is considered too widespread.
C. INCIDENTAL SOURCES
Since gasoline consumes 91% of all toluene produced, it is the largest source
of toluene enissions.
There are three distinct toluene emission sources from gasoline use. They
Include evaporation from its use in automobiles, evaporation from gasoline
Marketing activities (bulk and service stations), and emissions front the
exhaust of automobiles.
Toluene emissions are estimated to have been 38,492,000 Ib from gasoline marketing
activities using an emission factor of 0.004735 Ib hydrocarbon lost per Ib gasoline
consumed14 and assuming toluene is 1.26 wt%1£ of the hydrocarbon emission. In
Table 27-15 the total emissions from gasoline marketing are distributed by the
total number of service stations in each geographic region 14
Toluene emissions are estimated, to have been 35,400,000 Ib from automobile
gasoline evaporation using an emission factor of 0.83 g/mile hydrocarbon
evaporative loss.16 Average mileage was assumed to be 14.7 mile/gal,14 and
toluene was assumed to be 1.26 wt% of the total hydrocarbon emission
Toluene emissions in automobile exhaust were estimated to have been
1,300,147,000 Ib using an emission factor of 3.2 g/mile16 of hydrocarbons in
the exhaust, 14 7 mile/gal mileage,14 and assuming toluene constituted 12%17 by
weight of the exhaust emission.
Toluene enissions from coke ovens were estimated to have been 25,680,000 Ib
using an emission factor of 0.48 Ib toluene lost per ton of coke produced and
estimating coke production at 107 billion Ib in 1976. Emissions are luaoiarized
and distributed in Table 27-16 by the number of coke oven sites in each region.5
-------
27-29
Table 27-15. Toluene Emissions from Gasoline Marketing
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of
Sites
11,105
28,383
42,270
23,304
37,286
16,313
28,336
12,815
26,647
226,459
Toluene
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
1,887,850
4,825,110
7,185,900
3,961,680
6,338,620
2,773,210
4,817,120
2,178,550
4,529,900
38,492,000b
See ref. 13.
Average toluene emission per site 170 Ib/yr (0.002 g/sec)
A
-------
27-30
n
Table 27-16. Toluene Emissions from Coke Oven Operations
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of
Sites
0
15
25
3
4
9
2
2
1
61
Toluene
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
0
6,314,775
10,524,625
1,262,955
1,683,940
3,788,865
841,970
841,970
420,985
25,680,000b
See ref. 4.
Average emissions: 420,985 Ib/yr per site (6.06 g/sec).
-------
27-31
Vent oarameter data for both production and end-uses of toluene are summarized
in Table 27-17.
The total nationwide emissions of toluene in 1978 are estimated to have been
2,235,842,590 Ib Total emissions are summarized in Table 27-18.
-------
Table 27-17. Toluene Vent Parameter Data*
Source
Production -
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Production -
Process
•torage
Fugitive
Production -
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Production -
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Number Vent
of Height
Stacks (ft)
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
Discharge
Temperature
(°F)
Discharge
Velocity Area
(ft/sec) (ft X ft)
catalytic reformats
11
12
54
30
3.0
0.33
300
80
12
800 X 1400
pyrolysis gasoline
4
10
coal derived
2
6
250
30
60
24
2.50
0.17
1.5
0.25
100
80
120
60
210
600 X 1200
40
400 X 400
styrene by-product
3
4
200
30
0.25
0.17
115
80
5
200 X 700
Benzene production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
4
8
50
55
0.25
4.0
95
115
16
300 X 600
TDI production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Benroic acid
Process
Storage
Fugitive
2
6
production
2
5
90
24
50
24
0.90
0.17
1.25
0.25
110
80
110
80
40
300 X 500
15
300 X 300
Benryl chloride production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
2
4
38
24
1.0
0.17
78
70
0.02
300 X 300
30/7
-------
27-33
Table 27-17 (concluded)
Number
of
Source Stacks
Vinyl toluene production
Process 2
Storage 4
Fugitive
Benzaldehyde production
Process 1
Storage 3
Fugitive
p-Cresol production
Process 2
Storage 4
Fugitive
Xylene production
Process 3
Storage 4
Fugitive
Coke ovens
Process 2
Vent
Height
(ft)
50
24
40
20
30
24
60
30
30
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
1.0
0.17
0.75
0.17
1
0.17
1.5
0.25
1
Discharge
Temperature Velocity
(°F) (ft/sec)
120 15
80
125 10
80
208 75
80
150 60
80
300 15
Discharge
Area
(ft X ft)
100 X 100
100 X 100
200 X 200
300 X 600
*Building cross-section:
Benzoic acid - 50 m
Benzyl chloride - 50 m"
Vinyl toluene - 20 m
Benzaldehyde - 50 m
All others - 200 m
-------
27-34
Table 27-18. Total Nationwide 1978 Toluene Emissions
Toluene Emissions
Source (Ib/yr)
Toluene production - catalytic reformate 6,487,500
Toluene production - pyrolysis gasoline 1,404,000
Toluene production - coal-derived 218,750
Toluene production - styrene by-product 243,200
Paint and coatings solvent 579,000,000
Adhesives, iivks, pharmaceutical solvent 247,000,000
B«nzene production 738,600
Toluene dinocyanate production 563,200
B«nzoic acid production 216,000
Benzyl chloride production 79,000
Vinyl toluene production 55,000
Benzaldehyde production 27,000
p-Cresol production 28,000
Xylene disproportionation production 43,200
Other/miscellaneous uses 20,140
Gasoline - marketing evaporative loss 38,492,000
Gasoline - automobile evaporative loss 35,400,000
Gasoline - automobile exhaust emissions 1,300,147,000
Coke ovens 25,680,000
Total 2,235,842,590
-------
J
.6,15,16,
\),5,8,18, 17,24,33,
23,26,35, 39,55 «*
51
OJ
en
HGURE 27-1. SPECIFIC POIFfT SOURCES OF TOLUENE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 27-19. DUSSIOHS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS Of SPECIFIC FOTWT SOURCES OF TOIUEHE
o
no.
,
a
3
4
•
4
7
B
A
4
IO
II
12
13
14
IB
I*
17
10
COfVAKT
AlttO
EXXWI
GULP
m>DIL
PriELL
VH 1 CFr^ C A^^D i ^^C
DOW
HOUSAHTO
ASflLATO
M*\njiitn
DETirLCJIPJI STEEL
JONES « LAOCTtLI
O. 8. SI UL
0. 8. STEEL
AfiEn iNifjLBBT
COS- BAR
CULP
AflOCO
eiTr.
CHAimrLT.EV. TX
BATOff MUbP>. LA
CEOAM BATOO. TX
BEAOTWTT. TX
BUM PAMC, TX
TATT. LA
TEXAS CITT. TX
C A IL#C« 1 1 0 Uv 1 *v » P\ T
W • T^^fl * WrtMlFrt « ™ •
8PAWW POIPTT, HO
ALIQOIPPA. PA
CLAimtm, PA
CCTTJTA. VT
BATCH nOOCE. LA
CAItTtLLE. LA
90KALD90fnriLLE. LA
TEXAS CITY. TX
LATITUBT
24 90 04
30 04 10
24 44 34
30 04 14
24 42 99
24 90 OO
28 94 9O
24 22 43
38 22 34
42 54 43
34 IO 3O
40 39 94
4O IB 19
4O 14 Ol
30 33 02
30 13 30
30 13 90
24 21 40
LOW
O49
040
044
044
049
04O
O49
O44
OO2
O78
O74
000
074
III
O4I
041
041
094
JITDW:
O* 43
94 20
99 10
O3 4O
07 94
27 00
29 99
99 90
39 OO
99 27
34 30
14 24
92 43
44 29
15 90
O4 OO
04 00
99 50
n IMM
BTATIOff
13404
19470
13423
13417
I34O4
19470
12423
12423
138*4
14747
I37OI
14742
14742
24101
13470
19470
13470
I24O4
rUMM
TYPE
1
1
t
1
1
1
3
3
4
B
B
B
B
B
•
4
4
4
V^VNUK
1 TPt
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
4
B
1
3
•
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
PWOCE89
.73440O
.2IBI4O
.408240
.174440
.104320
.379040
.9*4240
.O 10224
. 1429*4
.4O4B4O
.017740
.OIO22 4
!M"OO
. 191200
.090400
• 1 ^"T^P^F^^V
• W^W^^^rW
.090400
.OO4768
.OO8784
.OO4032
.OO9744
8TOHACE
3.4974OO
.872444
I.49244O
.444B4O
.469280
1.593369
1.414449
.4I344O
.203429
.293449
2.471949
.413449
^(WHH!
. IOI449
.0*0480
. I244OO
.4752OO
.040400
.4O«OOO
.927040
.241429
.224440
nwrritr
.7344OO
.SIBfOO
.108310
. 174449
.104330
.37*049
! 193949
. I924«>9
. IB948O
.4I774O
. 193949
. 1*1299
. 144999
.49 3499
.019129
.092400
.118800
.013120
. IOI92O
. 1317*9
.000480
.004149
ro
-------
TABLE 27-19 (Continued)
(CTt'WEC)
no.
conpAnr
SITE
STAR PLAJIT
LATITUDE LONGITUDE STATIOfl TYPE
TYPF.
PROCESS STORAGE PUCITITE
19 DOW
20 Aftnn pLTnoFinA
21 AMF.IX PETROriKA
22 COASTAL STATES
23 mown OIL
24 GULF
23 GULF
26 nonSAJTTO
27 OUinTAJIA-ItOWELL
28 SHELL
29 sun OIL
39 sun OIL
31 sun OIL
32 ALLIED CHEMICAL
33 DASF WYAnDOTTE
34 ouponr
33 noBAY ciren conp
36 HOnAY CHEH CORP
37 OLin CORP
38 OLIW CORP
, m
PORT AimiUR, TX
BIC,8PRI*C. TX
4H 33 20 084 13 98 14843
29
32
CORPUS CRISTI, TX 27
PASADEHA. TX 29
ALLIAJVCE. LA 29
PHILADELPHIA. PA 39
ALVIIf. TX 29
CORPUS CTUSTI. TX 27
ODESSA, TX 31
CORPUS CPIST1. TX 27
TOLEDO. OR 41
TUL8A. OK 36
nounDsviLLE. wv 39
CEisriAn. LA 30
DEEPWATER. nj 39
BAYTOWH, TX 29
BEV FlARTinSVlLLE.W 39
ASnTADULA. Ofl 41
LAKE CHARLES. LA 39
37 3O
17 IO
4O 43
44 4O
30 OO
34 99
14 33
40 33
49 14
5fl O0
36 92
08 IB
34 39
1 I 34
41 29
43 39
44 99
33 97
13 35
993 S3 2O
101 29 17
O97 26 2O
O99 !• 3O
•99 99 19
979 12 3O
098 12 49
O97 27 39
192 19 93
097 31 23
983 31 49
O^w v1 1O
089 44 49
991 99 42
979 39 39
•94 84 23
9O9 99 99
989 49 99
O93 IB 57
12917
13962
12923
12996
I293B
13739
12996
12923
23923
12923
94839
I396B
13749
13979
13739
12906
13736
14843
93937
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
B
8
8
8
B
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
B
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
5
B
B
B
9
9
.9«2304
.994329
. 164169
.246969
.994329
.192969
.M29O9
.1*4169
.3O3O4O
.•28899
.254299
.•61929
.4O7872
.•99849
.421344
.7BT24B
.622899
.177498
.I3B249
.2H76WW
.IO8649
.328329
.493929
.188*49
.303929
. 164169
.328329
.697689
.997699
. 164169
.818409
.123849
.292792
.283449
. 179194
.32716B
.293449
.973728
.293449
.93486»
.itonoe
.994329
.16416*
.•9432*
. 192969
.•B29B*
. 16416«
ro
oo
.92S09»
.20929«
.961929
.I293B4
.I994O9
. I9396B
. 1942B6
.I994O9
.•43776
.199489
-------
TABLE 27-19 (Continued)
99
49
41
42
43
44
49
44
47
40
44
OJ 99
(^J •«
92
93
94
99
M
COnTAHT
IWTUCOH CNCHP
QKIOfl CAMIIBE
fWHSAHTO
no«8Airn>
STAOFFER
OOP inc
KALAfIA
itnntAAJ
nofWAjrro
VELSICOL
VELSICOL
At*co
mm
enrnvin VILLIAH
KALAflA
uupunr
mrpotrr
tutr.
CEIB1MR. LA
BO CTARLCTTOW, VT
BAUGCT, 1 L
E»l90fl. KJ
ROTflERPOW), PJ
KALAHA. VA
CARrtELD. *J
9T LOUIS. HO
BEAtmmrr, TX
dlATTAPOOCA , TH
TOWA HAUTK. IB
MUM IU9, TX
HA KUW HOOK. PA
CHICAGO, IL
LAPLACE. LA
VICTORIA, TX
LATITUW.
39 12
38 19
39 47
38 39
49 29
49 49
46 99
49 92
38 24
29 98
39 92
39 26
29 42
39 40
41 43
34 90
28 49
99
35
31
23
44
94
2O
37
16
31
41
17
43
94
00
24
LONG I IUW,
991 II 99
981 49 24
979 23 49
949 19 II
974 S3 93
9749939
122 91 99
974 94 47
949 II 42
944 93 17
989 14 84
987 24 22
949 1* 91
979 24 91
987 3* 39
979 29 99
949 32 99
944 97 21
r inn
PTATIOH
12998
13844
13739
13944
94741
94741
24224
44741
13944
12917
13882
93819
12969
13739
94846
13734
12998
12923
FLJUI i
TYTE
9
9
19
19
II
II
12
(2
13
13
13
13
14
14
19
16
17
17
mrunuc.
TYTE
9
7
7
7
4
7
9
4
4
6
9
4
6
6
6
II
II
19
9
13
12
PHOCTS8
.243434
.921992
.280129
.280129
.947929
.946636
.997929
.946494
1.936899
.940656
.946436
.972999
.374499
.446499
.943299
.976329
.979299
.241929
.944494
0.444974
2.9432T9
STORAGE
. 191374
. 133432
. 199929
. 199929
.929429
. 92*736
.994329
.92073*
.414729
. 929736
.949329
.929736
. 928099
. 149769
. 178069
.9I72O9
. 192649
. 198499
.929734
.947974
.931944
nJCITITE
.949142
.977799
.9777*9
.912449
.919348
.992199
.919348
. 193409
.919368 ^
.919909 ^
.919368 do
.997299
.937449
.944649
.994329
.976329
.919340
1.219409
.398909
-------
TABLE 27-19 (Continued)
* Plant types:
Type 1: Plant produces toluene (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Plant produces toluene (gasoline pyrolysls and from styrene production, benzene, and
toluene dllsocyanate
Type 3: Plant produces toluene (gasoline pyrolysls and from styrene production)
Type 4: Plant produces toluene (coal derived) and benzene
Type 5: Plant produces toluene (coal derived)
Type 6: Plant produces toluene (from styrene production)
Type 7: Plant produces toluene (from styrene production) and vinyl toluene
Type 8: Plant produces benzene
Type 9: Plant produces toluene dllsocyanate
Type 10: Plant produces benzylchlorlde
Type 11: Plant produces benzyl chloride and benzaldehyde
Type 12: Plant produces benzolcacld and benzaldehyde
Type 13: Plant produces benzole add
Type 14: Plant produces oxylene
Type 15: Plant produces p-cresol
Type 16: Plant produces benzaldehyde
Type 17: Plant produces chloroprene
t Source types:
Type 1: Toluene production (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Toluene production (coal derived)
Type 3: Toluene production (styrene production)
Type 4: Benzene production
Type 5: Toluene dllsocyanate production
-------
TABLE 27-19 (Concluded)
Type 6: Benzole acid production
Type 7: Benzyl chloride production
Type 8: Vinyl toluene production
Typt 9: Benzaldehyde production
Type 10: p-cresol production
Type 11: Hylene disproportionate
Type 12: Chloroprene production
-J
tsj
-------
27-41
TABLE 27-20.
EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF TOLUENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
(ug/m3)
1
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0925
0.001
0.0005
0.00025
0.0001
1.32x10"
Population
Exposed
(persons)
34
509
1,943
8,046
27,827
66,891
162,451
432,334
1,002,343
2,333,778
6,313,031
10,569,787
16,374,931
23,145,893
25,140,557
25,930,501
26,787,769
34,748,633
Dosage
[(ug/m3) . persons]
1,170
7,550
18,000
39,500
69,500
96,000
128,000
168,000
200,700
253,000
315,000
345,000
366,000
378,000
379,000
379,000
380,000
330,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 27-21. EMISSIONS RATES ANO NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF TOLUENE
-O
o
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Toluene Production
(Catalytic Reforming)*
Gasoline Marketing
Coke Oven
Emissions /Site MuMber
(94/sec) of Sites
0
0.535
0.510
0.227
0.250
0.422
0.634
0.116
0.429
0
17
28
16
5
8
71
23
33
EMl ss tons/Site Number Drtjs Ions/Site Hu*ber
(ox/sec) of Sites (o»/sec) *f Sites
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
0.00245
11,105
28,383
42,270
23,304
37,286
16,313
28,336
12,815
26,647
6.062
6.062
6.062
6.062
6.062
6.062
6.062
6.062
6.062
0
15
25
3
4
9
2
2
1
i
4k
ro
This Includes both the nonlsolated toluene (as BTJ) producers and the
Isolated toluene producers.
-------
TABLE 27-22. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FRW EMISSIONS FROH GENERAL POINT SOURCES Of TOLUEKE
Population Exposed
(103 persons)
Dosage
M O6(ug/m3).persons 1
^onc^niranun
Level
(uq/"H)
100
50
25
10
5.0
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.010
0
Toluene
Production
0
0
0
0
4.5
24.4
82.4
150
255
662
1,050
—
—
--
Gasoline
Marketing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,890
--
--
--
Coke Oven
0.159
3.00
13.2
35.9
65.3
121
302
481
726
1,540
2,620
—
--
--
U.S. Total
0.159
3.00
13.2
35.9
69.8
145
3B5
631
981
2,210
5,550
--
--
--
Toluene
Production
0
0
0
0
0.03
0.09
0.18
0.23
0.27
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.42
0.45
Gasoline
Marketing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.123
0.61
1.43
3.65
Coke Oven
0.018
0.201
0.551
0.85
1.14
1.35
1.64
1.77
1.85
1.98
2.05
2.07
2.07
2.10
U.S.
Total
0.018
0.201
0.55
0.85
1.17
1.44
1.82
2.00
2.12
2.32
2.54
3.06
3.93
6.19
NOTE- The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
27-44
TABLE 27-23. HAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF TOLUENE
Parameter Value
, . -5 -1
Daytime decay rate (Kd) 2.8 x 10 sec
Nighttime decay rate (Kn} 0
H*nna-Sifford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (EH) 0
Nationwide nonheatlng stationary source emissions (E.,) 11,895 gm/sec
n
Paint/coating solvent emissions 8,337.6 gm/sec
Adhesive/1 Inks solvent emissions 3,556.8 gm/sec
Miscellaneous 0.3 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions (EM) 19,232 gm/sec
Motor vehicle evaporation loss 509.8 gm/sec
Motor vehicle exhaust loss 18,722.2 gm/sec
Ratio of truck emissions to auto emissions 0
-------
TABLE 27-24. TOLUENE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
o'
[ipo level
Popul«t Ion
Dosam
k
t
iM^L- JflonJL _P*«9nJ
10(7 OOOOOO
SO OOOOOO
tt OOOOOO
10 OOOOOO
S OOOOOO
0
S6188
S05I40
128S3644
S5332S57
123701326
1S867913C,
71BS433
S0335701
46047S519
1 I4H946S5
1W3319075
1742401236
1
2
4
0
S
9
Percem
Heating
0
il
0
0
0
0
tag*1 of Ton t r 1 bu 1 1 on
Stationary Mol)l
4? 3 V
63 ] 36
M 5 38
sn 4 49
48 S SI
17 9 S?
1 P
/
7
S
6
S
1
(
C i tjr^ Ijrf
100
100
100
9fl
94
91
>ercpnt
)C I
0
0
0
1
2
1
ag* of
Cttjr 1
0
0
0
3
3
DUtrlb
'12«_?
9
0
4
ut 1 on
City Type 3
0
0
0
1 0
2 7
S S
rv>
~w
i
-------
TABLE 21-2b. EXPOSURE AWD DOSAGE SUWARY OF TOLUCTE
O"1
1
Concentration Specific
Level
(tf
100
50
25
10
5
2.
1
0.
0.
0.
0
/"3)
5
5
25
1
Point
Source
0
0
34
509
1,943
8,046
27,827
66,891
162,451
432.334
34.748,633
Population Exposed
(persons)
Genera 1
Point
Source
159
3,000
13,200
35,900
69,800
145.000
385,000
631 .000
981.000
2.210.000
--
Area Source U.S. Total
58
505
12.853
55.332
123.701
--
--
--
--
--
158,679
.347 58,347
,140 50RJ40
.644
.557
,326
--
--
--
--
--
,135
Specific
Point
Source
0
0
1,170
7,550
18.000
39.500
69.500
96.000
128,000
168.000
380,000
Dosage
[ (n g/w3 ) • pe rs ens ]
Genera i
Point
Source
18.000
201,000
550,000
850,000
1.170.000
1,440,000
1,820,000
2,000,000
2.120.000
2.320,000
6,190,000
Are* Source
7
50
460
1,141
1.623
1,742
,185,433
,335,701
.475,519
,494,655
,319,075
--
--
--
--
--
,401 ,000
o.s
7
50
461
1,142
1,624
1.748
. Total
,203,433
,536.701
.026,689
.352,205
,507,075
--
--
--
-•
--
,971 ,000
ro
-j
i
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry in another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted In another column.
-------
27-47
REFERENCES
1. K Ring, "Toluene," p. 300.7200A—300.7202L, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (July 1979).
2. K. Ring, T. C. Gunn, "BTX Aroraatics Supply," p. 300.6500A—300.6502F, Chemical
Economics Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (February 1979).
3. Oil and Gas Journel, "Annual Refinery Survey," p. 63, March 20, 1978.
4. 1979 Directory of Chemical Producers, United States, Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, CA.
5. "Coke-Oven Plants in the United States," Coal and Coke Products, Chemical Economics
Handbook, p. 212.2000A, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (October 1978).
6 Texas Air Control Board 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Cosden Oil and
Chemical Co., subsidiary of American Petrofina, Inc., Big Spring, TX, May 19,
1977.
7. Texas Air Control Board 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Coastal States
Petrochemical Co., subsidiary of Coastal States Gas, Corpus Christi, TX,
July 6, 1976.
8. Texas Air Control Board 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Charter
International Oil Co., Houston, TX, April 4, 1977.
9. Texas Air Control Board 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Sun Oil Company
of Pennsylvania, Corpus Christi Refinery, Corpus Christi, TX, July 1, 1976.
10. Texas Air Control Board 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Marathon Oil
Co , Texas Refining Division, Texas City, TX, March 25, 1976.
11. R. L. Standifer, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for the Synthetic
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on Ethylene (on file
at EPA, ESED, Research Triangle Park, NC) (June 1978).
-------
27-48
-12. J. A. Key, Hydroscience, Inc , Emission Control Options for the Synthetic
Organic Chemicalt Manufacturing Industry—Product Report on Styrene (on
file at EPA, ESED, Reitarch Triangle Park, NC) (May 1978)
13 Special Project Report "Petrochemical Plant Sites" prepared for Industrial
Pollution Control Division, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, by Monsanto Research
Corporation, Dayton, Ohio, April 1976.
.14. A Study of Vapor Control Methods for Gasoline Marketing Operations. Volume I—-
Industry Survey and Control Techniques, EPA, OAWM, OAQPS, Research Triangle Park,
MC, EPA 450/3-75-046a (April 1975)
15. Source Reconciliation of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons, State of California Air
Rttources Board, El Monte, CA (March 1975).
t
16. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emuaion Factors, AP-42, 2d ed , EPA, Research
Trianglt Park, NC (March 1975).
17. F. Black and L. High, Automotive Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns and the Heasure-
»ent of Noranethane Hydrocarbon Emission Rates, EPA, Mobile Source Emissions Research
Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC (February 1977).
-------
APPENDIX A-28 Tnchloroethylene
TRICHLORUtTHYLENE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 79-01-6
Synonyms. Ethylene Trichloride, Trichloroethene, Ethinyl Trichloride, Acetylene
Trichloride, Tri-Clene, Trielene, Trilene, Trichloran, Trichloren,
Chlorylen, Gemalgene; Algylen Trimar, Trilme, Tn, Trethylene,
Sestrosol , Germalgene
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight 131.39
Molecular Formula' C^HCI,
Molecular Structure:
Cl Cl
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP: Liquid-nonflarmable, mobile, chloroform-like odor
Boiling Point. 87°C at 760 mm
Melting Point: -73°C
Density 1 4642 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure' 77.5 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 4.53
Solubility Slightly soluble (1.1 g/1 of H.O)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H.O) : 2.29
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Phosgene, HC1 , CO, Trichloroethylene oxide, and
Dlchloroacetylchloride from oxidation by 63 i R02. Fonnyl Chloride
Reactivity Toward OH-: quite reactive, 1/3 x vinyl chloride, 0.2 x propene
Reactivity Toward 0,: slow oxidation
Reactivity Toward Photolysis:
Major Atrospherlc Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity:
-------
28-5
I. SOURCES
Trichloroethylene, CHC1°CC12, is currently produced in the United States by
proce«*e« Involving either chlorination or oxychlorination of ethylene dichloride
or other C2 chlorinated hydrocarbons. Perchloroethylene it * coproduct of the
reaction. Feed adjustments can vary product ratios from all perchloroethylene
to nearly all trichloroethylene. Until early 1978 trichloroethylene was also
produced by acetylene chlorination, but that process was abandoned in early
1978 due to its high manufacturing cost.1
Only three companies currently produce trichloroethylene in the United States.
The location* of the plant* and the 1978 capacity and estimated production level
for each plant are ihovm in Table 28-1.ll2'3 An estimated 290 million pounds of
trichloroethylene w»* produced in 1978.2
The largest end-uie of trichloroethylene it in the industrial metal fabricating
industry for vapor degreasing and cleaning operations. This end-use consumed
an estimated 80% of production in 1978 amounting to 232 million pounds. Of
this total, 195.6 million pounds was used in degreasers and 36.4 Billion pounds
was used in cold cleaners.
Most other applications of trichloroethylene are small and minor in importance
when compared to degreasing use. Other applications include its use as a solvent
or solvent base for adhesive*, sealants, lubricants, and dip-painting processes.
Total consumption for this broad category is estimated to have been 11.6 million
pounds (4%) in 1978. Exports of trichloroethylene are estimated to have been
46.4 million pounds (16%) in 1978. End-uses are summarized in Tab1: ?8-2.2
II. EMISSION ESTIMATES
PRODUCTION
Estimated production losses are shown in Table 28-3 for each of the three producing
locations.4'5'* Total emissions of trichloroethylene resulting from its produc-
tion are estimated to have been 600,000 pounds in 1978. Process emissions origi-
nate primarily from the condenser vent off the oxychlorination reactor and the
-------
28-6
Table 28-1. Production of Trichloroethylene *
b
Source
1978 Estimated0
Production
Location - (million pounds)
1978 Estimated
Capacity
(million pounds)
Geographic
Coordinates
Do*' Chemical i^Frecport, TX
Sthyl Corpora- -'Baton Rouge, LA
Xion
PPG Industrie* *Lake Charles, LA
Total
89.0
37.0
164.0
290
120
50
220
390
28», 59', 15"
N. Latitude.
95*, 24' , 4,5"
W. Longitude
30». 18', 00"
N. Latitude
91», 08', 00"
W. Longitude
30', 13', 14"
N. Latitude
93%, 16', 54"
N. Longitude
1—3.
TDiaraond Shamrock Corporation placed a 50 million pound per year unit at D«er Park, Texas,
.« standby in early 1978. Hooker Chemical Company no longer produces trichloroethylene
•t it» Taft, LA, facility.
The distribution of production for each producer is determined by the ratio of total U.S.
production/total capacity ae compared to individual capacity.
-------
28-7
Table 28-2. Trichloroethylene End-Uses 1978*
End Use
Vapor degreasing
Solvent
Export
Total
% of Total
Consumption
80
4
16
100
End-Use_
Consumption (M Ib)
232
11.6
46.4
290
*Se« refs. 1 and 2.
-------
28-8
condenser vent off tht light-ends column. Storage emissions represent the losses
from both working and final product storage tanks as veil as loading and handling
lossts. Fugitive emissions are those emissions caused by leaks from plant equip-
s>ent. Vent §Uck data arc shown in Table 28-4. normally four process and nine storage-
tank vents are involved.
B. USES
For the purpose of this report, emissions resulting from the export of trichloro-
ethylene are assumed to be negligible. The total amount, 11,600,000 pounds, of
trichloroethylene used in solvent and solvent-based applications is eventually
released to the atmosphere. Statistical data on individual solvent use by spe-
cific category are not available and are usually estimated as a group by difference.
Therefore, no point sources or model sources were identified. Trichloroethylene
vapor degreasing emissions are estimated to have been 226.5 million pounds in
1978, or 98.5% of the total amount of trichloroethylene consumed for this end-
use! An estimated 9.5% of the trichloroethylene used in cold cleaners is encap-
sulated or burned and is not released to the atmosphere.7 In estimated 15% of
the trichloroethylene used in degreasing applications was used in cold cleaning
equipment. The remaining 85% was used in open top or conveyorized degreasers.
The average emission rates per unit and the total number of units in operation
nationally are shown in Table 28-5. The estimated number of degreasers using tri-
chloroethylene in 1978 by geographic area is shown in Table 23-6.
Total nationwide emissions of trichloroethylene in 1978 are estimated to have
been 240.7 million pounds. & tabulation of the losses is shown in Tablp 28-7.
-------
Table 28-3. 1978 Trichloroethylene Production Emissions
Company
Dow
PPG
Ethyl
Total
Location
Freeport, TX
Lake Charles, LA
Baton Rouge, LA
1978
Production
(Ib X 106)
89
164
37
290
Process
Emissions
(Ib X 104)
4.56
8.40
1.89
14.85
Storage
Emissions
(Ib X 104)
7.21
13.28
3.00
23.49
Fugitive
Emissions
(Ib X 104)
6.68
12.30
2.78
21.75
Total
Emission*
(Ib X 104)
18.44
33.98
7.67
60.09
Total
Emissions
(gr/sec)c
2.65
4.89
1.103
8.64
See refs. 4—6.
3EmiBsion factor trichloroethylene (Ib trichloroethylene lost/lb trichloroethylene produced)
Process .000512
Storage .000810
Fugitive .000750
Total .002072
Fugitive emissions are released over a 300 X 300 ft area.
B - (derived from state air emission files)
B - (derived from state air emission files)
D - (derived from engineering estimate)
ro
oo
i
'8760 operating hours per year, i.«., 24 hr/day, 7 days/wk, 52 wk/yr.
-------
28-10
Table 2&-£. Trichloroethylene Vent Parameters
Source
Production
Process vent
Storage
0»eb
Cold cleaner
Vapor degreaser
Number
of
Stacks
-
4
9
1
1
Vent
Height
(ft)
45
20
15
*5
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
0.17
0.17
0.5
0-.5
Discharge
Temperature
CF)
-10 — 150
70
70
150
Velocity
(ft/sec)
5.5
Building cross-section - 5M .
b 2
Building cross-section - 50M .
-------
28-11
Table 28-5. Trichloroethylene Emissions from Solvent Degreasers
Type
De greaser
Cold cleaners
Open top vapor
degreasers
Conveyor ized
degrcascrs
Total
Weighted
Estimated Estimated
National Number of
Emission Units in
(M Ib/yr) Service
32.9 49,773
122.25 6,110
73.35 1,232
228.5 57,115
Average
Average Emission Rate
Per Unit*
(Ib/yr)
661
20,000
59,500
4,000
b
(gm/sec)
0.04
1.12
3.33
0.22
See r«f. 7.
Th« numb«r of annual operating hr was asiumed to be 2,250 hr.
-------
Table 28-6. Estimated Nu*b«r of Degreasers Using Trichlorc-ethylen* in 1978 by Geographic Location4
East West East West
North Kid North- North- South South- South-
Degreaser Type East Atlantic Central Central Atlantic Central Central Mountain Pacific TOTAL
Cold cleaners 2,991 7,76O 13,179 4,362 6,005 2,944 4,832 1,806 5,893 49,773
Open top vapor
degreasers 560 1,158 1,742 452 465 265 398 174 896 6,110
Closed con-
veyorited
degreasers 113 244 405 80 84 52 68 21 165 1,232
•See ref. 8.
ro
co
i
INJ
-------
28-13
Table 28-7. Estimated 1978 Trichloro«thylene Nationwide
Emission Lo»««»
Estimated National Emission
_ Source _ (million Ib/yr) _
Production 0.6
Cold cleaners 32.9
Vapor degreasers 195.6
Solvent " 11.6
Export 0
Total 240.7
-------
\
\.
ji W*
tv' -^-wlb
ro
CO
FIGURE 28-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS
-------
TABtE 28-8. EMISSIONS AND H£TEOROLO€ICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES Of TRICHLOROTTHYLEIC
EMISSION*
ID.
1
a
9
COMPANY
low
PPC
ETHYL
SITE
FREEPORT. TX
LAKE CHARLES. LA
BATOW TOOCE. LA
LATITUDE
28
3*
3d
39
13
ia
30
14
LONGITUDE
•93
091
23
16
eo
35
54
eriAn
KTATIOH
12923
•3»37
1397«
ruuri
TYPE
1
1
1
TYPE PROCESS STORAGE FUGITIVE
1 .«B664« I.*3a24« . 9*I9»
1 1.2»96** I.9I392« 1.77I29*
1 .272169 .432*«« . 4*«32«
ro
CD
i
-------
28-16
TABLE 28-9. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
(ug/m3)
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
0.001
0.0005
0.00025
0.
0.
0001
00005
0.000025,n,
7.75xlO"IU
1
3
6
10
26
44
59
94
13*
169
264
353
402
Population
Exposed **
(persons)
4
15
33
98
324
639
,904
,953
,631
,686
065
000
910
071
,770
111
073
699
439,963
Dosage
[(ug/m3) . persons]
147
304
422
632
980
1,180
1,570
1,930
2,130
250
500
620
680
730
760
770
2,790
2,790
2,800
2,300
2
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
•The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
**People exposed to annual average concentrations equal to or greater
than noted level.
-------
TABLE 28-10. EMISSIONS RATES AW) NUMBER OF 9ENERAL POINT SOURCES OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
JD
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Cold Cleaning
Open Top Vapor
Degreaslng (OTVD)
Conveyor1 zed Vapor
Degreaslng (tVD)
Emissions/Site
(gm/sec)
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
0.00952
Number
of Sites
2,991
7,760
13,179
4,362
6,005
2,944
4,832
1,806
5,893
Emissions/Site
(gm/sec)
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
Nurter
of Sites
560
1,158
1,742
452
465
265
398
174
896
Emissions/Site
(gm/sec)
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
0.857
Number
of Sites
113
244
405
80
84
52
68
21
165
ro
oo
i
-------
TABLE 28-11. ElPOSUft AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EMISSIONS FROM GENERAL POINT SOURCES OF TRICHLOROETHYLENC
1
1
Concentrttl on
Level
5.0
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
^ °'10
_£ 0.050
^ 0.025
0.010
0
Population Exposed
(103 persons)
Open
Cold Top Vapor
Cleaning Degreaslng
0 93
0 565
0 2,300
0 4,060
—
--
._
—
.. -_
Conveyorlzed
Vapor U,S. Cold
Degreaslng Total Cleaning
256 349 0
590 1,160 0
1,170 3.470 0
2,110 6,170 0
0.06
0.46
1.01
1.46
1.84
3.15
tlO/* ( pg/m^) • persons ]
Open
Top Vapor
Degreaslng
0.59
2.17
4.91
6.22
7.46
8.83
9.93
10.6
11.2
12.2
Conveyorl red
Vapor U.S.
Degreaslng Total
2.17
3.^3
4.22
4.89
5.63
6.31
6.53
6.92
7.20
7.43
2.76
5.50
9.13
11.1
13.2
15.6
17.5
18.9
20.2
22.8
i
CO
CO
NOTE: The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1« not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted In another column.
-------
28-19
TABLE 28-12. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate («d) 2.8 x 10~ sec"
Nighttime decay rate (Kn) 0
Hanna-Gifford coefficient (C) 225
Nationwide heating source emissions (Eu) 0
n
Nationwide nonheatlng stationary source emissions (E^) 167.04 gm/sec
Nationwide mobile source emissions (E..) 0
-------
TABLE 28-13. TRICHLOROETHYLENE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
rvPA t rwt
0
-o
pfVf>in A*rirkff
( PERSON )
8*9144
9I4973W
27819294
I2O273998
IOB679I35
DOSAGE PFJICKNTA«;E OF oonTniBirnoN POKEHTACE OF DISTRIBUTION
PER550N) m:/\TINC PTATIONAIlY MODILK CITY TYPE 1 CITY TYPE 2 CITY TYPE 3
447676.4 *. I**.* t. IM.* «. «.
o^fj&^htt^ 1 A 1 AA A A 1 A^fc A A A
6*37914.6 «. l*«.e * !•*.« 0 *.
9WJ9292 7 9 IJH» « ». 98 6 7 1.3
iii9427n.7 « iee.e e. 93 t 2.3 2.6
II72OI59.7 e. I0« » O. 92 7 2.7 4 C
ro
oo
I
ro
o
-------
TABLE 28-14. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SUtfWRY OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
O
Concentration
Level
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
Population Exposed
(persons)
Specific
Point
Source
4
15
33
98
324
639
1,904
3,953
6,631
10,686
26,888
439,968
General
Point
Source
0
0
349,000
1,160,000
3.470,000
6,170,000
--
--
—
--
—
--
Area Source
0
0
0
0
0
505,140
9,149,730
27,819,254
73,308,971
128,273,558
--
158,679,135
U.S. Total
4
15
349,033
1,160,098
3,470,324
6,675,779
f
--
--
--
--
--
Dosage
[(wg/m3). person]
Specific
Point
Source
147
304
422
632
980
1,180
1,570
1,930
2,130
2,250
2,500
2,800
General
Point
Source
0
0
2,760,000
5,500,000
9,130,000
11 ,100,000
13,200,000
15,600,000
17,500,000
18,900,000
20,200,000
22,800,000
Area 'Source
0
0
0
0
0
447,676
3,334,007
6,037,914
9,089,292
11,194,278
--
11.720.159
U.S. Total
147
304
2,760,422
5,500,632
9,130.980
11,548,856
16,535,577
21.639,844
26,591,422
30,096,528
--
34,5K,t5f
NOTE: The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D Is not significant
(relative* to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
28-22
REFERENCES
1. S. A. Cogswell, "C2 Chlorinate Solvents," in Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (December 1978).
2. "Chemical Products Synopsis on Trichloroethylene," Mannsville Chemical Products,
May 1978.
3. "Cheaical Profile on Trichloroethylene," p. 9 in Chemical Marketing Reporter,
June 26, 1978.
4. W. C. Mutton, Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory Questionnaire for Diamond
Shamrock at D*er Park, TX, April 7, 1977.
5. A. T. Raetzsch, Louisiana Air Control Commission, Emission Inventory Questionnaire
for PPG at Lake Charles, LA, March 3, 1976.
6. R. S. McKneely, Texas Air Control Board Emission Inventory Questionnaire for
Dow Chemical at Freeport, TX, Feb. 6, 1976.
7. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning, EPA-450/2-77-022
(OAQPS No. 1.2-079), Research Triangle Park, NC (November 1977).
B. Solvent Metal Cleaning, Background Information: Proposed Standards (draft),
EPA, NSPS, ESED Research Triangle Park, NC (November 1978).
-------
APPENDIX A-29 Xylene
m-XYLENE (PREDOMINANT OF 3 ISOMERS) CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number. 108-33-3
Synonyms m-Xylol; Dimethybenzene
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 106.2
Molecular Formula COHIQ
Molecular Structure:
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State et STP. Liquid - mobile, flammable, colorless
Boiling Point: 139CC at 760 rrm
Melting Point1 -47.4°C
Density 0.864 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure. 8.56 mm at 25°C
Vapor Density: 3.66
Solubility Nearly Insoluble (0.13 gm/1 of H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H20): 3.20
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Organic aerosol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, PAN,
benzaldehyde. Xylene can be easily chlorinated, sulfonated, or nitrated.
Reactivity Toward OH': t 1/2 • 8 x Butane
Reactivity Toward Cy No Reaction
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: NAPP
Major Atmospheric Precursors: N/A ^-^
Formation Reactivity:
-------
29-5
P-XYLENE CHEMICAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 106-42-3
Synonyms p-Xylol; Dimethybenzene
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 106.2
Molecular Formula- CgH.f,
t Molecular Structure: C
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP. Liquid - colorless (plates or prisms at low temperatures)
Boiling Point- 138.5°C at 160 mm
Melting Point 13.2°C
Density. 0.8611 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm at 27.3°C
Vapor Density: 3.66
Solubility: Insoluble (H^O)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octanol/H-O): 3.15
Atmospheric Reactivity
Transformation Products: Reacts with oxidizing materials (see m-Xylene for
products)
Reactivity Toward OH-: t 1/2 - 3 days, 0 x Butane \ same fls
Reactivity Toward 03: t 1/2 « 100 yr J toluene
Reactivity Toward Photolysis: NAPP
Major Atrospherlc Precursors: N/A
Formation Reactivity: MC
-------
29-6
0-XYLENt LMtniCAL DATA
Nomenclature
Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number: 95-47-6
Synonyms: o-Xylol; Dimethybenzene
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight: 106.2
Molecular Formula: CgH10
Molecular Structure:
Chemical and Physical Properties
Physical State at STP: Liquid - colorless
Boiling Point: 144.4°C at 760 ran
Melflng Point: -25°C
Density: 0.880 at 20°C/4°C
Vapor Pressure: 10 mm at 32.TC
Vapor Density:
Solubility: Insoluble (H20)
Log Partition Coefficient (Octino1/H20): 2.77
Atmospheric Reactivity
Trtnsfonaatlon Products: Reacts with oxidizing materials (see m-Xylene
Monograph for products)
Reactivity Toward OH': 1/2 x w-Xylene
Reactivity Toward 03: 1/2 x «-Xylent
Rwct1v1ty Toward Photolysis: KAPP
Mjjor Atmospheric Precursors: M/A
Formation Reactivity:
-------
29-7
I SOURCES
PRODUCTION
The xylene isomers include para-xylene (p-xylene), ortho-xylene (o-xylene), and
meta-xylene (m-xylene) Most of the xylene isomers produced occur together as
mixed xylenes in an aromatic mixture (BTX) along with benzene and toluene The
majority of mixed xylenes currently are produced in the United States by catalytic
reforming of petroleum They are also obtained from pyrolysis gasoline as a
by-product of olefin manufacture during the cracking of hydrocarbons Small
amounts of mixed xylenes as BTX are also obtained from coal-derived coke oven
light oil and from the disproportionation of toluene 1/2
Approximately 8,555 million Ib of mixed xylenes was isolated in 1978 from a
total of 77,973 million Ib of mixed xylenes produced as BTX The isolated mixed
sylenes are used primarily for the production of the individal isomers and for
solvent applications. The nonisolated mixed xylenes as BTX are blended into
gasoline.1' 2
The largest source of mixed xylenes is from catalytic reformate Catalytic
reforming involves the hydrogenation of naphtha fractions that are unsatisfac-
tory for use as gasolines. The aromatic fractions, consisting primarily of
benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes, are isolated from the reformate by a com-
bination of extraction and distillation Total mixed xylene produced from this
source is estimated to have been 76,916 million Ib with 7,991 million Ib isolated
for chemical use 1>2
The second largest source of mixed xylenes is from pyrolysis gasoline. An esti-
mated 826 million Ib of mixed xylene as BTX was produced from this source with
an estimated 429 million Ib isolated for chemical use.
The diiproportionation of toluene produced an estimated 198 million Ib of mixed
xylenes of which 106 million Ib was separated for chemical use
Approximately 33 million Ib of mixed xylene was produced from coal-derived BTX
with an estimated 29 million Ib separated for chemical use
-------
29-8
A suantry of both isolated and nonisolated nixed xylenes production by source
for 1978 if shown in Table 29-1.
There are currently 201 locations that produce mixed xylenes from catalytic refor-
nate. They are shown in Table 29-2 by geographic region.3 Of this total, only
29 plants isolate mixed xylenes from catalytic reformate. Three of the sites
•re located outside the continental United States and were not considered in this
project scope. The locations of the plants, the mixed xylenes capacity, and the
isolated nixed xylenes produced are shown in Table 29-3.
There are currently nine producers at nine locations that produce nixed xylene
as BTX from pyrolysis gasoline manufacture. One of these sites is locattd in
Puerto Rico and was considered outside the project scope. The locations of the
plants, the ethylene capacity, the estimated nixed xylene production as BTX and
as isolated nixed xylene, and the total mixed xylene produced are shown in Table 29-4,
The three locations that produce coal-derived mixed xylenes and the two sites
that produce mixed xylenes from toluene disproportionation are also listed in
Table 29-4.
Since the individual isoraers are actually end-uses of mixed xylene production,
they will be discussed in the uses section of this report.
B. USES
The end-use distribution of nixed xylenes is shown in Table 29-5. All mixed xyl«nes
produced as BTX and not isolated (69,418 million Ib) are blendtd into gasoline.
Tht remaining isolated nixed xylenes (8,555 nillion Ib) are used to produce the
individual xylene isoawrs and are also used in • variety of solvent applications.
The single largest end-use of nixed xylene is in the production of the p-xylene
isoater, which consumed an estimated 4,107 nillion Ib in 1978. o-Xylene isoner
production consumed 1,046 nillion Ib, m-xylene isocner production 83 nillion Ib,
and ethylbenzene, • natural constituent of nixed xylenes, 220 nillion Ib. Sepa-
ration of the various xylene isooers from nixed xylene is accomplished through
distillation and crystallization.
-------
29-9
Table 29-1. Mixed Xylene Production Source Summary'
Source
Catalytic reformate
Pyrolysis gasoline
Toluene disproportionation
Coal-derived
Total
Isolated Mixed
Xylene Product
(M Ib/yr)
7,991
429
106
29
8,555
Nonisolated
Mixed Xylene
Production
(M Ib/yr)
68,925
397
92
4
69,418
Total Mixed
Xylene
Production
(M Ib/yr)
76,916
826
198
33
77,973
*See refs. 1 and 2.
-------
29^10
Table 29-2. Norusolated Mixed Xylene (as BTX) Production from
Catalytic Reformat*8
Region
New England
Kiddle Atlantic
East North Central
M««t North Central
•outh Atlantic
E*Jt South Central
*«»t South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of
Sites
0
17
28
16
5
8
71
23
33
201
Reformate
Capacity
(M bbl/day)
0
369,952
624,178
165,250
57,660
144,700
1,649,303
123,094
647,461
3,781,598
Nonisolated
Mixed
Xylenes
Produced
(M lb/yr)b
0
6,743
11,377
3,012
1,051
2,637
30,061
2,243
11,801
68,925
Average
Nonisolated
Mixed Xylenes
Produced
Per Site
(M Ib/yr)
0
397
406
188
210
330
423
98
358
343
See ref. 3.
Total production is distributed based on capacity.
-------
Table 29-3. Isolated Mixed Xylene Production from Catalytic Reformatec
Company
Location
Mixed Xylene
Capacity
(metric ton/yr)
Isolated
Mixed
Xylene
Produced
(H
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
Amerada Hess
American Petrofina
Ashland Oil
ARCO
Charter Oil
Cities Service
Coastal States
Commonwealth
Crown
Exxon
Gulf
Kerr McGee
Marathon
Monsanto
Phillips
Quitana-Howe11
Shell
St. Croix, VI
Big Spring, TX
Beaumont, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
Lake Charles, LA
Corpus Christi, TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena, TX
Baytown, TX
Alliance, LA
Corpus Christi, TX
Texas City, TX
Texas City, TX
Guayama, PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Deer Park, TX
457
209
49
98
46
258
36
163
55
343
46
408
196
140
36
32
326
42
245
699
306
72
143
67
378
53
239
80
502
67
597
287
205
53
47
477
61
359
Not in project scope
32 17 10/101 25 17
29 57 30/93 53 20
38 22 39/82 35 58
42 59 45/78 55 27
29 42 17/95 16 01
29 42 50/95 15 12
30 10 58/93 19 01
27 48 43/97 26 28
Not in project scope
29 44 40/95 10 30
29 44 50/95 01 04
29 50 00/90 00 10
27 48 16/97 25 24
29 22 22/94 54 58
29 22 45/94 33 30
Not in project scope
27 48 35/97 27 30
29 42 55/95 07 33
rsj
UD
I
-------
Table 29-3 (concluded)
Company
Chevron
Amoco
Sun
Tenneco
Union Oil
Union Pacific
Total
Location
Pascagoula, MS
Richmond, CA
Texas City, TX
Whiting, IN
Corpus Christi, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
Toledo, OH
Chal»ette, LA
Chicago, IL
Corpus Christi, TX
Mixed Xylene
Capacity
(metric ton/yr)
212
196
800
588
78
65
163
130
33
10
5,460
Isolated
Mixed
Xylene
Produced
(M lb/yr)b
310
287
1,171
860
114
95
239
190
48
15
7,991
Geographic Coordinates
La t i t ude /Longi tude
30 19 04/88 28 37
37 56 12/122 2O 48
29 21 40/94 55 5O
41 41 07/87 29 02
27 49 53/97 31 30
39 48 45/75 24 51
41 36 52/83 31 40
30 03 30/89 58 3O
41 38 33/88 03 02
27 48 10/97 35 29
ro
vo
i
INJ
See refs. 1 and 2.
"''Total isolated mixed xylene production distributed per mixed xylene extraction capacity.
-------
Table 29-4. other Mixed Xylene Producers'
Company
ARCO
Commonwealth
Dow
Exxon
G.ulf
Mobile
Monsanto
Shell
Union Carbide
Total
Ashland
U.S. Steel
Total
Location
Channelview, TX
Penuelas, PR
Freeport, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Cedar Bayou, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
Deer Park, TX
Taft, LA
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Clairton, PA
Production
Capacity
(M Ib/yr)
1179
454
1134
816
544
408
340
624
417
5916
13
7
13
33
Nonisolated Isolated
Mixed Mixed
Xylene Xylene
Produced Produced
(M Ib/yr) (M Ib/yr)
Pyrolysis Gasoline
79 168
30 91
76
55
37
27
23 61
42
28 109
397 429
Coal-Derived
1.6 11.4
0.8 6. 2
1.6 11.4
4.0 29.0
Total
Mixed
Xy lene
Produced
(M Ib/yrP
247
121
76
55
37
27
84
42
137
826
13
7
13
33
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
29
Not
28
30
29
30
29
29
29
38
42
40
50
i n
59
09
49
04
15
42
58
22
59
18
04/95
06
project
12/95
10/90
29/94
00/94
00/95
55/95
00/90
39/82
45/78
15/79
01
54
55
03
12
07
27
35
55
52
43
scope
00
20
10
30 rvo
UD
40 ^
CO
33
00
58
27
43
-------
Table 29-4 (concluded)
Nonisolated
Company
ARCO
Sun
Total
Production
Capacity
Location (M Ib/yr)
Toluene
Houston, TX 196
Marcus Hook, PA 202
398
Mixed
Xylene
Produced
(M Ib/yr)
Isolated
Mixed
Xylene
Produced
(M Ib/yr)
Total
Mixed
Xyleno
Produced
(M lb/yr)b
Geographic Coordinates
Lati tude/Longi tude
Disproportionation
45
47
92
52
54
106
97
101
198
29 42 17/95 16 01
39 48 45/75 24 51
See refs. 1 and 2.
Total production distributed based on production capacity.
vo
-1
-------
29 15
Table 29-5. End-Use Distribution—1978a
Mixed Xylene and Xylene Isomers
Mixed xylene as BTX (not isolated)
Gasoline
Isolated mixed xylene
p- Xylene isomer
o-Xylene isomer
m-Xylene isomer
Ethyl benzene
Gasoline backblending
Paint and coating solvent
Adhesives solvent
Chemical manufacturing solvent
Agricultural solvent
Other miscellaneous solvents
Net export
o-Xylene
Phthalic anhydride
Gasoline backblending
Exports
p-Xylene
Terephthalic acid
Dimethyl terephthalate
Net exports
Gasoline backblending
m- Xylene
Itophthalic acid
Usage
(M Ib/yr)
69,418
69,418
8,555
4,107
1,046
88
220
2,158
496
77
77
66
55
165
1,046
670
21
355
4,107
1,430
2,040
620
17
88
98b
Usage
(%)
100.0
48.0
12.2
1.0
2.6
25.2
5.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.9
64.1
2.0
33.9
34.8
49.7
15.1
0.4
100.0
a
See refs. 1, 2, and 4
Difference between production and use supplied by imports
-------
29-16
Individual locations producing xylene isomer are shown in Table 29-6.** Total iaomer
production was di»tributed based on the individual site's capacity. In this
report ethyl benzene production has been grouped with the individual xylene
isomers because it is a component of mixed xylenes
The second largest use of isolated mixed xylenes is backblending into gasoline
This end-use consumed an estimated 2,158 million Ib of isolated mixed xylenes
representing 25.2% of 1978 isolated production.
The only other area of domestic use for mixed xylenes is in solvent applications
which consumed an estimated 771 million Ib in 1978. Use as a solvent in paints
and coatings was the single largest solvent application. An estimated 496 mil-
lion Ib wa» consumed for this end-use. Other solvent applications include
77 million Ib for adhesive! and rubber solvent, 77 million Ib for chemical and
manufacturing solvent, 66 million Ib for agricultural solvent (solvent carrier
for pesticides), and 55 million Ib for household proprietary product and print-
ing inJc solvent Net exports consumed 165 million Ib, representing 1.9% of
production
Each of the individual isomers has one primary outlet for end-use. o-Xylene is
used almost exclusively as a chemical intermediate to produce phthalic anhydride
which is used chiefly in phthalate plasticizers. An estimated 670 million Ib
of o-xylene was consumed for this use. Exports of o-xylene totaled 355 million
Ib, and the remaining 21 million Ib was backblended into gasoline
p-Xylene is used primarily to produce terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate
which are used as intermediates in the nanufacture of polyester fiber. Consump-
tion of p-xylene was estimated to have been 1430 million Ib for terephthalate
acid production and 2040 million Ib for dimethyl terephthalate manufacture.
Net exports consumed 620 million Ib of p-xylene, and the remaining 17 Billion
Ib was backblended into gasoline.
•-Xylene is used exclusively to produce itophthalic acid, which is primarily
ustd in tht manufacture of polyester resins. A total of 98 million Ib of
m-xylene was consumed for this end-use, of which 10 million Ib was imported.
Xylene isomer end-user locations are summarized in Table 29-7.u'5
-------
Table 29-6. Xylene Isomer Producers'
Company
Location
Isomer
Capacity
(M Ib/yr)
Isomer
Production
(M lb/yr)fc
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude/Longitude
ARCO
Corco
Exxon
Monsanto
Phillips
Shell
Sun
Tenneco
Total
Amoco
Amoco
ARCO
Chevron
St. Croix
Exxon
Hercor
Phillips
Shell
Sun
Tenneco
Total
Houston, TX
Ponce, PR
Baytown, TX
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Guayama, PR
Deer Park, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Chalmette, LA
Texas City, TX
Decatur, AL
Texas City, TX
Houston, TX
Pascagoula, MS
St. Croix, VI
Baytown, TX
Penuelas, PR
Guayama, PR
Deer Park, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Chalmette, LA
o-Xylene Producers
210
175
200
30
130
165
160
130
183
153
174
26
113
144
140
113
1200
1046
m-Xylene Producer
175 88
p-Xylene Producers
1300 952
900 659
360 264
330 242
600 440
420 308
600 440
470 344
110 80
390 286
125 92
29 42 17/95 16 01
Not in project scope
29 44 50/95 01 00
29 14 55/95 12 45
Not in project scope
29 42 55/95 07 34
27 49 53/97 31 30
30 03 30/89 58 30
29 21 40/94 55 50
34 36 12/86 58 42
29 21 40/94 55 50
29 42 17/95 16 01
30 19 04/88 28 37
Not in project scope
29 44 50/95 01 00
Not in project scope
Not in project scope
29 42 55/95 07 34
27 49 53/97 31 30
30 03 30/89 58 30
5605
4107
-------
29-18
Table 29-6 (concluded)
Company
ARCO
Charter
Monsanto
Sun
Total
Location
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Corpus Chnzti , TX
I some r
Capacity
(M Ib/yr)
Ethylbenzene
136
35
59
73
303
Isomer
Production
(M Ib/yr)
Producers
99
25
43
53
220
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude /Longitude
29 42 17/95 16 01
29 42 50/95 15 12
29 14 55/95 12 45
27 49 53/97 31 30
S«« ref. 4.
Total production dutnbuttd based on capacity.
"Ethylb«nzene is considered to be a mixed xylene isomer.
-------
29-19
Table 29-7. Xylene Isomer End-Users
Company
Production o-Xylene
Capacity Used Geographic Coordinates
Location (M Ib/yr) (M It/yr) Latitude/Longitude
Phthalic Anhydride Producers (o-Xylene)
Allied
BASF Wyandotte
Exxon
Koppers
Monsanto
Hooker
Chevron
Stepan
Total
Amoco
El Segundo, CA
Kearny, NJ
Baton Rouge, LA
Cicero, IL
Texas City, TX
Arecibo, PP
Richmond, CA
Millsdale, IL
Isophthalic
Joliet, IL
36
150
130
235
150
87
50
100
938
Acid Producer
240
26
107
93
168
107
62
36
71
670
(m-Xylene)
98
33
40
30
41
29
Not
37
41
41
56
45
09
48
22
in
56
26
26
30/116
53/74
10/90
44/87
45/94
26
09
54
45
33
project
12/122
03/88
48/88
20
09
10
35
03
20
04
30
scope
48
48
41
Dimethylterephthalic Acid Producers (p-Xylene)
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Hercofina
Total
Amoco
Hercofina
Total
Old Hickory, TN
Wilmington, NC
Columbia, SC
Kingsport , TN
Wilmington, NC
Terephthalic
Cooper River, SC
Decatur, AL
Wilmington, NC
550
1250
500
500
1300
4100
Acid Producers
1000
2000
240
3240
273
622
249
249
647
2040
(p-Xylene)
441
883
106
1430
36
34
33
36
34
32
34
34
16
10
59
31
19
45
36
19
24/86
00/77
50/81
41/82
27/77
57/79
12/86
27/77
34
56
04
12
46
58
58
46
12
06
17
22
56
28
42
56
3See refs. 4 and 5.
Total use distributed based on production.
-------
23-20
C. INCIDENTAL SOURCES
For the purpose of this report, the use of mixed xylenes in gasoline and the
emissions resulting from gasoline evaporation and exhaust are considered to be
incidental. Gasoline consumption in 1978 is estimated to have been 104,568 million
gal.
II EMISSIONS
A. PRODUCTION
Emission factors used to develop production and end-use tmission estimates for
mixed xylenes art shown in Table 29-8.6—12 Process emissions originate from the
reactor, diitillation, and crystallization vents. Storage emissions represent
the loss from both working and final product storage as well as loading and
handling losses Fugitive emissions are those which result from plant equip-
ment leaks.
/
Xylene isomer emissions can occur from both mixed xylenes and individual isomer
producers and end-users
Total missions of mixed xylenes and xylene isomers from the production of nonisolated
mixed xylene via catalytic reformate are tabulated by geographic region in Table 29-9.
Average emissions of each of the xylene isomers per each catalytic reformate
producing site in the nine geographic regions are tabulated in Table 10. Total
emissions of mixed xylenes from isolated nixed xylenes production are tabulated
in Table 29-11. Emissions of Individual iiomers from this source are tabulated in
Table 29-12. Total emissions of mixed xylenes from this catalytic reformate production
were estimated to have been 9,229,920 Ib. Individual isomer emissions were
estimated by assuming that the weight coopocition of the individual isomers in
the mixed xylene were 16.7% p-xylene, 20.5% o-xylene, 35.7% n-xylene, 2.9% toluene,
23.7% ethyl benzene, and 0.5% others.13 Individual emission estimates from
catalytic refonwting production of p-xylene, o-xylene, and m-xylene are
1,541,397 Ib, 1,892,134 Ib, «nd 3,295,081 Ib respectively.
Emissions of mixed xylenes from the other nixed xylene production sources are
tabulated in Table 29-13. The mixed xylene emissions from pyrolysie gasoline,
-------
29-21
Table 29-8. Xylene Emission Factors
Ib Xylene Lost per Ib Produced (Used)
Source
Mixed xylene - catalytic reformate
Mixed xylene - pyrolysis gasoline
Mixed xylene - toluene
Mixed xylene - coal-derived
o-Xylene - production
m-Xylene - production
p-Xylene - production
Ethylbenzene - production
Phthalic anhydride - production
Isophthalic acid - production
Qimethylterephthalate - production
Terephthalic acid - production
Process
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
00003
0000^
00005
00050
00209
00158
00114
00010
00014
00085
00013
00254
Storage
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
00006
00030
00010
00060
00008
00012
00019
00005
00002
00005
00003
00011
Fuai tive
0.
0.
0.
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
00003
00003
00005
00015
00038
00030
00024
00005
00004
00010
00007
00007
a
Total Derivation
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
00012
00040
00020
00125
00255
00200
00157
00020
00020
00100
00023
00272
B
A
D
D
B
D
B
D
C
C
A
A
b
C
d
e
f
f
g
g
A - Site visit data
B - State files
C - Published data
D - Hydroscience estimate
See refs 6—9
'See ref. 1C.
See refs. 7 and 8
'See ref. 7
See ref. 11.
3See ref. 12.
-------
29-22
Table 29-9. Total Mixed Xylenes and Xylene Isomer Emissions from
Catalytic Reformate (Nonisolated) Production*
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
W«»t North Central
South Atlantic
Eait South Central
Meet South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Number
of
Sites
0
17
26
16
5
8
71
23
33
201
Mixed
Xylene
Emissions
db/yr)
0
809,160
1,365,240
361,440
126,120
316,440
3,607,320
269,160
1,416,120
8,271,000
Total Emissions (Ib/yr)
p-Xylene
0
135,130
227,995
60,360
21,062
52,845
602,422
44,950
236,492
1,381,257
o-Xylene
0
165,878
279,874
74,095
25,855
64,870
739,501
55,176
290,305
1,695,555
m-Xylene
0
288,870
487,391
129,034
45,025
112,969
1,287,813
96,090
505,555
2,952,747
See ref. 3.
-------
29-23
Table 29-10. Average Xylene Isomer Emissions per Site from
Catalytic Reformate (Nonisolated Mixed Xylene Production)
Average Emissions
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Weighted average
*Based on 8760 hr/yr
Number
of
Sites i
0
17
28
16
5
8
71
23
33
201
operation,
p-Xy lene
:ib/yr)
0
7949
8143
3773
4212
6606
8485
1954
7166
6872
(g/sec) *
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 11
.12
.05
.06
. 10
.12
.03
.10
per Site
o-Xylene
(Ib/yr)
9
9
4
5
8
10
2
8
8
0
,758
,996
,631
,171
,109
,416
,399
,797
,436
(g/sec) *
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
14
14
07
07
11
15
03
13
m-Xy lene
(Ib/yr)
16
17
8
9
14
18
4
15
14
0
,992
,407
,065
,005
,121
,138
,178
,320
,690
(g/sec)*
0.24
0.25
0.12
0. 13
0.20
0. 26
0.06
0.22
-------
Table 29-11. Mixed Xylene Emissions from Catalytic Rcfomate (Isolated Mixed Xylenes) Production
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Cowpany
Amerada Hess
American Petrofina
Ashland Oil
Arco
Charter Oil
Cities Service
Coastal States
Commonwealth
Crown
Exxon
Gulf
Kerr-McGee
Marathon
Monsanto
Phillips
Quintana-Howell
Shell
Chevron
Location
St. Croix, VI
Big Spring, TX
Beaumont, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
Lake Charles, LA
Corpus Christi, TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena, TX
Bay town , TX
Alliance, LA
Corpus Christi, TX
Texas City, TX
Texas City, TX
Guayama, PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Deer Park, TX
Pascagoula, MS
Richmond, CA
Process
20,070
9,180
2,160
4,290
2,010
11,340
1,590
7,170
2,400
15,060
2,010
17,910
8,610
6,150
1,590
1,410
14,310
1,830
10,770
9,300
8,610
Storage
40,140
18,360
4,320
8,580
4,020
22,680
3,180
14,340
4,800
30,120
4,020
35,820
17,220
12,3OO
3,180
2,820
28,620
3,660
21,540
18,600
17,220
Fugitive
20,070
9,180
2,160
4,29O
2,010
11,340
1,590
7,170
2,400
15,060
2,010
17,910
8,610
6,150
1,590
1,410
14,310
1,830
10,770
9,300
8,610
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
80,28O
36,720
8,640
17,160
8,040
45,360
6,360
28,680
9,600
60,240
8,040
71,164
34,440
24,600
6,360
5,640
57,240
7,320
43,080
37,200
34,440
-------
Table 29-11 (concluded)
Emissions
Company
Amoco
Sun
Tenneco
Union Oil
Union Pacific
Total
*Based on 8760 hr/yr op
Location
Texas City, TX
Whiting, IN
Corpus Chnsti, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
Toledo, OH
Chalmette, LA
Chicago, IL
Corpus Christi, TX
eration.
Process
35,
25,
3,
2,
7,
5,
1,
239,
130
000
420
850
170
700
440
450
730
(Ib/yr)
Storage
70
51
6
5
14
11
2
479
,260
,600
,840
,700
,340
,400
,880
900
,460
Total Emissions
Fugi
35,
25,
3,
2,
7,
5,
1,
239,
tive
130
800
420
850
170
700
440
450
730
(Ib/yr)
140
103
13
11
28
22
5
1
958
,520
,200
,680
,400
,680
,800
,760
,800
,920
(g/sec) *
2.02
1.49
0.20
0. 16
0.41
0. 33
0.08
0.03
rx>
i
INJ
tn
-------
Table 29-12. Xylene Isower Emissions from Isolated Mixed Xylene Catalytic Reformate Producers
p- Xylene
Total Emissions
Cowpany
Aaerada Hess
American Petrofina
Ashland Oil
Arco
Charter Oil
Cities Service
Coastal States
Cononwealth
Crown
Exxon
Gulf
Kerr-McGee
Marathon
Monsanto
Phillips
Quintana-Howell
Shell
Chevron
Location
St. Croix, VI
Big Springs, TX
Beaumont, TX
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
Lake Charles, LA
Corpus Christi , TX
Penuelas, PR
Pasadena, TX
Bay town , TX
Alliance, LA
Corpus Christi, TX
Texas City, TX
Texas City, TX
Guayama, PR
Corpus Christi, TX
Deer Park, TX
Pascagoula, MS
Richmond, CA
(Ib/yr)
13,407
6,132
1,443
2,866
1,343
7,575
1,062
4,790
1,603
10,060
1,343
11,884
5,751
4,108
1,062
942
9,559
1,222
7,194
6,212
5,751
(g/sec) *
0.19
0.09
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.11
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.14
0.02
0.17
0.08
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.10
0.09
0.08
o- Xylene
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
16,457
7,528
1,771
3,518
1,648
9,299
1,304
5,879
1,968
12,349
1,648
14,589
7,060
5,043
1,304
1,156
11,734
1,501
8,831
7,626
7,060
(g/sec) *
0.24
0. 11
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.13
0.02
0.08
0.03
0.18
0.02
0.21
0.10
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.17
0.02
0.13
0.11
0. 10
m- Xylene
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
28,660
13,109
3,084
6,126
2,870
16,194
2,271
10,239
3,427
21,506
2,870
25,406
12,295
8,782
2,271
2,013
20,435
2,613
15,380
13,280
12,295
(g/sec) *
0.41
0.19
0.04
0.09
0.04
0.23
0.03
0.15
0.05
0.31
0.04
0.37
0.18
0.13
0.03
0.03
0.29
0.04
0.22
0.19
0.18
l/l
-------
Table 29-12 (concluded)
p-Xy lene
Total Emissions
Company
Amoco
Sun
Tenneco
Union Oil
Union Pacific
Total
Location
Texas City, TX
Whiting, IN
Corpus Christi, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
Toledo, OH
Chalmette, LA
Chicago, IL
Corpus Christi , TX
db/yr)
23
17
2
1
4
3
160
,467
,234
,285
,904
,790
,808
962
301
,140
(g/sec) *
0. 34
0.25
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.01
Nil
o-Xylene
Total Emissions
db/yr)
28,
21,
2,
2,
5,
4,
1,
196,
807
156
804
337
879
674
181
369
579
(g/sec) *
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
41
30
04
03
08
07
02
01
m-Xylene
Total Emissions
db/yr)
50
36
4
4
10
8
2
342
,166
,842
,884
,070
,239
,140
,056
643
,334
(g/sec) *
0.72
0.53
0.07
0.06
0.15
0. 12
0.03
0.01
vo
*Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
29-28
Table 29-13. Mixed Xylene Emissions from Other Mixed Xylene Producers
Emissions (Ib/yr)
Company
ARCO
Conmonwealth
Dow
Xxxon
Gulf
Mobil*
Monsanto
Shell
Union Carbide
Total
Location
Process
Storage
Pyro lysis-Gasoline
Channelview, TX
Penuelas, PR
Freeport, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Cedar Bayou, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
Deer Park, TX
Taft, LA
17,290
8,470
5,320
3,850
2,590
1,890
5,880
2,940
9,590
57,820
74,100
36,300
22,800
16,500
11,100
8,100
25,200
12,600
41,100
247,800
fugitive
7,410
3,630
2,280
1,650
1,110
810
2,520
1,260
4,110
24,780
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
98,800
48,400
30,400
22,000
14,800
10,800
33,600
16,800
54,800
330,400
(g/sec)*
1.42
0.70
0.44
0.32
0.21
0.16
0.48
0.24
0.79
Coal-Derived
Ashland
U.S. Steel
Total
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Clairton, PA
6,500
3,500
6,500
16,500
7,800
4,200
7,800
19,800
1,950
1,050
1,950
4,950
16,250
8,750
16,250
41,250
0.23
0.13
0.23
Toluene Disproportionation
ARCO
-Sun
Total
Houston, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
4,850
5,050
9,900
9,700
10,100
19,800
4,850
5,050
9,900
19,400
20,200
39,600
0.28
0.29
*-Ba*ed on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
29-£9
toluene disproportionation and coal-derived production sources were 330,400 Ib,
39,600 Ib, and 41,250 Ib respectively
Emissions of the individual isomers from other mixed xylene producers are shown
in Table 29-14, where the same compositions employed in catalytic reformate computa-
tions are used
Individual isomer emissions from pyrolysis gasoline production were 55,177 Ib
p-xylene, 67,732 Ib o-xylene, 117,953 Ib m-xylene, from toluene disproportiona-
tion emissions were 6,613 Ib p-xylene, 8,118 Ib o-xylene, 14,137 Ib m-xylene,-
and from coal-derived production emissions were 6,889 Ib p-xylene, 8,456 Ib
o-xylene, and 14,726 Ib m-xylene.
Other associated emissions would primarily include benzene and toluene from all
four production sources,
B. USES
Individual isomer emissions from each of the individual isomer production sites
are tabulated in Table 29-15.
o-Xylene emissions from its production were estimated to have been 2,667,300 Ib
p-Xylene production emissions totaled 6,447,990 Ib, and m-xylene production
emissions were 176,000 Ib
The emissions from the production of ethylbenzene from mixed xylene are shown
in Table 29-16. Total mixed xylene emissions are estimated to have been 44,000 Ib.
Individual isomer emission totals based on the reported composition mentioned
earlier in this report are 7,348 Ib p-xylene, 9,020 Ib o-xylene, and 15,708 Ib
m-xylene
For the purpose of this report all mixed xylenes used in solvent applications
for adhesives and rubber, agricultural pesticides, and household products were
assumed to be released to the atmosphere Specific end-user locations are con-
sidered too widespread (individual consumer-type uses) to identify regionally.
-------
Table 29-14. Xylene Isomer Emissions from Other Mixed Xylene Producers
Jt
p-Xylene
Total Qnissions
Company
ARCO
CoMnonwealth
Dow
Exxon
Gulf
Mobile
Monsanto
Shell
Union Carbide
Total
Ashland
U.S. Steel
Total
Location
Channelview, TX
Penuelas, P7
Freeport , TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Cedar Bayou, TX
Beaumont, TX
Texas City, TX
Deer Park, TX
Taft, LA
Catlettsburg, KY
N. Tonawanda, NY
Clairton, PA
db/yr)
16,500
8,083
5,077
3,674
2,472
1,804
5,611
2,806
9,152
55,177
2,714
1,461
2,714
6,889
(g/sec) *
o-Xylene
Total Emissions
db/yr)
Pyrolysis Gasoline
0.24
0.12
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.04
0.13
Coal-Derived
0.04
0.02
0.04
20,254
9,922
6,232
4,510
3,034
2,214
6,888
3,444
11,234
67,732
3,331
1,794
3,331
8,456
(g/sec)*
0.29
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.10
0.05
0.16
0.05
0.03
0.05
•-Xylene
Total Emissions
db/yr)
35,272
17,279
10,853
7,854
5,284
3,856
11,995
5,998
19,564
117,953
5,801
3,124
5,801
14,726
(g/sec) •
0.51
0.25
0.16
0.11
0.07
0.06
0.17
0.09
0.28
0.08
0.05
0.08
Toluene Disproportionation
ARCO
Sun
Total
Houston, TX
Marcus Hook, PA
3,240
3,373
6,613
0.05
0.05
3,977
4,141
8,118
0.06
0.06
6,926
7,211
14,137
0.10
0.10
f\J
VO
I-
U!
O
•Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
29-31
Table 29-15. Xylene Isomer Emissions from Xylene Isomer Producers
Company
APCO
Corco
Exxon
Monsanto
Phillips
Shell
Sun
Tenneco
Total
Amoco
Amoco
ARCO
Chevron
St. Croix
Exxon
Hercor
Phillips
Shell
Sun
Tanneco
Total
Location
Houston, TX
Ponce, PR
Baytown, TX
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Guayama , PR
Deer Park, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Chalmette, LA
Texas City, TX
Decatur , AL
Texas City TX
Houston, TX
Pascagoula, MS
St. Croix, VI
Baytown, TX
Penuelas, PR
Guayama, PR
Deer Park, TX
Corpus ChriBti, TX
Chalmette, LA
Emiss
Process
o-Xvlene
362,470
319,770
363,660
54,340
237,170
300,960
292,600
236,170
2,186,140
m-Xylene
139,040
p-Xylene
1,085,280
751,260
300,960
275,880
501,600
351,120
501,600
392,160
91,200
326,040
104,880
4,681,980
ions (Ib/y
Storage
Producers
14,640
12,240
13,920
2,080
9,040
11,520
11,200
9,040
83,680
Producer
10,560
Producers
180,880
125,210
50,160
45,980
83,600
58,520
83,600
65,360
15,200
54, 340
17,480
780,330
r)
Fugiti vre
69,540
58,140
66,120
9,880
42,940
54,720
53,200
42,940
397,480
26,400
228,480
158,160
63,360
58,080
105,600
73,920
105,600
82,560
19,200
68,640
22,080
985,680
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
466,650
390,150
443,700
66,300
288,150
367,200
357,000
288,150
2,667,300
176,000
1,494,640
1,034,630
414,480
379,940
690,800
483,560
690,800
540,080
125,600
449,020
144,440
6,447,990
(g/sec) *
6.72
5.62
6. 39
0.95
4.15
5.29
5-14
4.15
2.53
21 52
14. 89
5.97
5.47
9.94
6.96
9.94
7.78
1.81
6.46
2.08
*Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
Table 29-16- Mixed Xylene and Xylene Isoroer Emissions fro» Bthylbenxene Production
Company
ARCO
Charter
Monsanto
Sun
Location
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Mixed
Process
9,9OO
2,500
4,300
5,300
22,000
Xylene Emissions (Ib/yr)
Storage
4,950
1,250
2,150
2,650
11,000
Fugitive
4,950
1,250
2,150
2,650
11,000
Total
19.8OO
5.OOO
8,6OO
10,000
44.0OO
p-Xylene
Total Emissions
Ob/yr )
3,307
835
1,436
1,770
7,348
*
(g/sec )
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.03
o- Xylene
Total Emissions
Qb/yr )
4,059
1,025
1,763
2,173
9,020
(g/sec*)
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.03
m- Xylene
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
7,069
1,785
3,070
3,784
15,708
*
(g/sec '.
0.10
0.03
0.04
0.05
Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
00
IN)
<£>
I
U>
ro
-------
29-^3
Hydroscience estimates that 15% of the mixed xylene used as solvent, in paints
and coatings, and in chemical and manufacturing applications is consumed as
fuel The remaining mixed xylene is released to the atmosphere Again, spe-
cific source/locations could not be identified nor could a further breakdown of
use quantities be obtained for regional distribution Emission estimates for
the individual isomers from solvent applications are shown in Table 29-17. Emis-
sions were 114,395,000 Ib p-xylene, 140,425,000 Ib o-xylene, and 244,545,000 Ib
m-xylene
Emissions of the individual isomers from their chemical end-users are tabulated
in Table 29-18. Phthalic anhydride manufacture contributed 134,000 Ib of o-xylene,
isophthalic acid production released 98,000 Ib of m-xylene, and terephthalic
acid and dimethyl terephthalate yielded emissions of p-xylene of 469,200 Ib and
3,889,600 Ib, respectively
C. INCIDENTAL SOURCES
Since gasoline consumes 92% of all mixed xylenes produced, it is one of the
largest sources of mixed xylenes emissions.
There are three distinct sources of mixed xylenes emissions from gasoline use
They include evaporation from its use in automobiles, evaporation from gasoline
marketing activities such as bulk and service stations, and emissions from the
exhaust of automobiles Individual xylene isomer emissions are estimated to
have been 2,138,500 Ib p-xylene, 2,138,500 Ib o-xylene, and 5,193,450 Ib m-xylene.
These estimates were made by using an emission factor of 0 004735 Ib hydrocarbon
lost per Ib gasoline consumed,14 assuming the weight composition of p-, o-, and
m- isomers in the gasoline vapor were 0 07%, 0.07%, and 0.17%, respectively 15
The total emissions of each iiomer from gasoline marketing are distributed in
Table 29-19 by the total number of service stations in each geographic region.
Xylene isomer emissions are estimated to have been 1,967,100 Ib p-xylene,
1,967,100 o-xylene, and 4,777,400 Ib m-xylene from automobile gasoline evapora-
tion using an emission factor of 0.83 g/mile hydrocarbon evaporative loss.16
Average mileage was assumed to be 14.7 mile/gal14 and the xylene isomer composi-
tion in the vapor was assumed to be the same as reported above.
-------
Table 29-17. Xylene Isotner Emissions from Mixed Xylen* Solvent Uses*
Paints and coatings
Adhesive, rubber
Chemical, automotive
Agricultural pesticides
Household products, printing inks
Total
Total
Mixed Xylene
Emissions
(M Ib/yr)
422
77
65
66
55
685
p- Xylene
Eimissions
(M Ib/yr)
70.474
12.859
10.855
11.022
9.185
114.395
o- Xylene
Emissions
(M Ib/yr)
86.510
15.785
13.325
13.53O
11.275
140.425
•-Xylene
Emissions
(M Ib/yr)
150. 6S4
27.489
23.205
23.562
19.635
244.545
*See ref. 2.
-------
29-35
Table 29-18. Xylene Isomer Emissions from Users
Emissions
Company
Allied
BASF Wyandotte
Exxon
Koppers
Monsanto
Hooker
Chevron
Stepan
Total
Location
Phthalic
El Segundo, CA
Kearny, NJ
Baton Rouge, LA
Cicero, IL
Texas City, TX
Arecibo, PR
Richmond, CA
Millsdale, IL
Process
Anhydride
3,
14,
13,
23,
14,
8,
5,
9,
93,
640
980
020
520
980
680
040
940
800
(Ib/yr)
Storage
Producers
2,
1,
3,
2,
1,
1,
13,
520
140
860
360
140
240
720
420
400
Fuqi tive
(o-Xy
1
4
3
6
4
2
1
2
26
lene )
,040
,280
,720
,720
,280
,480
,440
,840
,800
Total Emissions
(Ib/yr)
5
21
18
33
21
12
7
14
134
,200
,400
,600
,600
,400
,400
,200
,200
,000
(g/sec) *
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
07
31
-) -j
Z /
48
31
18
10
20
Isophthalic Acid Producer (m-Xylene)
Amoco
Joliet, IL
83,
300
Dime thylterepht ha late
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Hercofina
Total
Old Hickory, TN
Wilmington, NC
Columbia, SC
Kngsport, TN
Wilmington, NC
35,
87,
32,
32,
84,
265,
490
360
370
370
110
200
4,
900
9
,800
98
,000
1.
41
Producers (p-Xylene)
8,
18,
7,
7,
19,
61,
190
660
470
470
410
200
Terephthalic Acid Producers
Amoco
Hercofina
Total
Cooper River, SC
Decatur, AL
Wilmington, NC
1,120,
2,242,
269,
3,632,
140
820
240
200
48,
97,
11,
157,
510
130
660
300
19
43
17
17
45
142
,110
,540
,430
,430
,290
,800
62
143
57
57
148
469
,790
,060
,270
,270
,810
,200
0.
2.
0.
0.
2.
90
06
82
82
14
(p-Xylene)
30
61
7
100
,870
,810
,420
,100
1,199
2,401
288
3,889
,520
,760
,320
,600
17.
34.
4
27
58
15
'Based on 8760 hr/yr operation.
-------
Table 29-19. Xylene Isomer Emissions from Gasoline Marketing
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total
Nuober
of
Sites
11,105
28,383
42,270
23,304
37,286
16, 313
28,336
12,815
26,647
226,459
o-JCylene
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
104,831
267,935
399,029
219,990
351,980
153,995
267,492
120,974
251,548
2,138,5OOb
ft- Xylene
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
254,638
650,822
969,251
534,361
854,968
374,057
649,744
293,848
611,016
5,193,400°
p- Xylene
Emissions
(Ib/yr)
104,831
267,935
399,029
219,990
351,980
153,995
267,492
120,974
251,548
2,13a,500b
See ref. 14.
Average 9.44 Ib/yr per site (0.00014 g/sec).
°Average 22.93 Ib/yr per site (0.00033 g/sec).
ro
vo
u»
-------
29-37
Xylene isomer emissions from automobile exhaust were estimated to have been
108,345,600 Ib p-xylene, 119,180,000 Ib o-xylene, and 195,022,100 Ib m-xylene
using an emission factor of 3 2 g/mile16 of hydrocarbons in the exhaust Average
mileage was assumed to be 14 7 mile/gal14 and xylene isomer weight composition
of the hydrocarbons in the exhaust were 1 0% p-xylene, 1 1% o-xylene, and 1 3%
m-xylene 17
Vent parameter data for both production and end-uses of mixed xylene and xylene
isomers are summarized in Table 29-20.
The total nationwide emissions of p-xylene, o-xylene, and m-xylene are estimated
to have been 239,270,414 Ib, 268,497,360 Ib, and 453,533,939 Ib, respectively
Total emissions are summarized in Table 29-21 for all three isomers.
-------
Table 29-20. Xylene Vent Parameter Data*
Source
Production - Catalytic Reformate
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Production - Pyrolysis Gasoline
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Production - Coal Derived
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Production - Toluene Disproportionation
t^_ Process
fjj Storage
— ^ Fugitive
o-Xylene Production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Number
of
Stacks
11
10
4
9
2
3
3
4
3
8
Vent
Height
(ft)
54
30
250
30
60
24
60
30
10O
30
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
3.0
0.33
2.50
0.17
1.5
0.25
1.5
0.25
2.5
0.25
Discharge
Tesperature
CF)
3OO
80
100
80
120
8O
150
80
300
80
Discharge
Velocity Area
(ft/sec) (ft x ft)
12
800 x 14OO
210
600 x 1200
40
400 x 40O
60
300 x 6OO
13
300 x 300
03
-------
Table 29-"20 (Continued)
Source
p-Xylene Production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
m-Xylene Production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Ethyl Benzene Production
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Phthalic Anhydride
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Isophthalic Acid
Process
Storage
Fugitive
NiKiber
of
Stacks
5
8
2
6
2
4
2
4
2
4
Vent
Height
(ft)
125
30
60
24
100
30
60
24
60
24
Vent
Diameter
(ft)
3.5
0.25
1.0
0.17
1.0
0.17
0.5
0.17
1.0
0.25
Discharge
Teirperature
(°F)
700
75
150
80
115
80
150
80
18O
80
Di scharge
Velocity Area
(ft/sec) (ft x ft)
3
3OO x 300
10
300 x 300
5
200 x 500
10
200 x 200
20
200 x 200
ro
vo
-------
Table 29-20 (concluded)
Source
Terephthalic Acid
Process
Storage
Fugitive
Dimethylterephthalate
Process
Storage
Fugitive
•Building cross-section
Phf-hnlHr- AnhvrJrlH** - 1 Of) m
Nuntoer
of
Stacks
6
4
3
4
Vent
Height
(ft)
100
30
100
24
Vent
Diane ter
(ft)
1.5
0.33
2.0
0.25
Discharge
Teei>erature Velocity
(°F) (ft/sec)
120 15
80
175 25
80
Discharge
Area
ft x ft
3OO x 500
3OO x GOO
S
i
o
Isophthalic Acid - 40 m
All Others - 200 m"
-------
Table 29-21. 1976 Nationwide Emissions of Xylene Isomers
Nationwide Emissions
(Ib/yr)
p-Xylene
Mixed xylene production 1,610,076
Mixed xylene solvent use 114,395,000
Ethyl benzene production 7,348
p-Xylene production 6,447,990
Terephthalic acid production 469,200
Dimethylterephthalate production 3,889,600
Gasoline marketing - evaporation 2,138,500
Gasoline automobile - evaporation 1,967,100
Gasoline automobile - exhaust 10B,345,600
Total 239,270,414
o-Xylene
Mixed xylene production 1,976,440
Mixed xylene solvent use 140,425,000
Ethyl benzene production 9,020
o-;Cylene production 2,667,300
Phthalic- anhydride 134,000
Gasoline marketing - evaporation 2,138,500
Gasoline automobile - evaporation 1,967,100
Gasoline automobile - exhaust 119,180,000
Total 268,497,360
m-Xylene
Mixed xylene production 3,706,331
Mixed xylene solvent use 244,545,000
Ethyl benzene production 15,708
m-Xylene production 176,000
Isophthalic acid 98,000
Gasoline marketing - evaporation 5,193,400
Gasoline automobile - evaporation 4,777,400
Gasoline automobile - exhaust 195,022 ,100
Total 453,533,939
-------
fs>
VO
rv>
FIGURE 29-1. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF n-XTLEUE FJHSSIOW
-------
TABLE 29-22. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS Of SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF m-XYLENE
no.
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IO
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
COWAHT
ArtCO
DOW
EXXOW
CULT
HODILE
nonsAirro
SHELL
union CARBIDE
ASItLAnO
ASITIJMID
0. 8. STEEL
AIXCO
wn
AJWCO
CHARTER
noKSAHTO
sun
AMOCO
S1TT.
CHAnnELVIEW. TX
FREEPORT, TX
BATOK ROOCE. LA
CEDAR DA YOU. TX
BEAunonr. TX
TEXAS CITY, TX
DEEH PARK. TX
TAfT. LA
CATLETTSTH/nC. ICY
n. TOnAWAHDA. nY
CLAinron. PA
noosron , TX
HABCUS HOOK. PA
TEXAS CITY. TX
HOUSTON, TX
CHOCOLATE BAYOU, TX
CORPUS CRISTI. TX
JOLIET. IL
r» inn
LATITUDE LOnCITUDE PTATIOff
29 30
28 39
30 O9
29 49
30 O4
29 22
29 42
29 58
38 22
42 39
40 18
29 42
39 48
29 21
29 42
29 14
27 00
41 26
O4 998 O6
39 998 23
19 990 84
29 994 95
14 094 93
45 994 33
95 095 97
99 O99 27
39 O82 35
45 078 89
19 979 92
17 995 16
49 979 24
49 994 99
99 999 19
99 999 12
09 997 31
48 088 19
43
33
20
10
49
3O
34
99
50
27
43
91
81
59
12
45
25
41
12996
12923
13979
12923
12917
12923
12906
13979
13866
14747
14762
12969
13739
12996
12996
12996
12925
14855
ri*nni
TYPE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
9
6
6
6
7
r»wra*e.
TYPE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
9
3
4
9
9
9
6
PROCESS
.988848
.927369
.921249
.913329
.99972O
.93O249
.915129
.949329
. 933498
.918099
.933498
.924912
.9399O4
.929929
2.992176
.912816
.922194
.927216
1. 199529
STORAGE
.300889
. 1 (7216
.984016
.937924
.941616
. 129699
.964899
.211 248
.949194
.921699
.949867
.923488
.991849
. 152964
.996422
.911988
.913689
.979369
POSITIVE
. 930M0
.911722
.9941482
. 995792
.9941*2
. 9129*9
MML4JM
. v^v^n^9
.921129
• ™ 1 VW^^P l"O
.999499 -k
bo
.919909
.924912
.929468
.929929
.9891*9
.99*422
.911980
.913609
. 141 129
-------
TABLE 29-22. (Concluded)
* Plant types:
Type 1: Plant produces «1xed xylene (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Plant produces wixed xylene (coal-derived)
Type 3: Plant produces »ixed xylene (toluene dlsproportlonatlon), and 0-ethylbenzene
Type 4: Plant produced wlxed xylene (toluene dlsproportlonatlon)
Type 5: Plant produces Isolated »-xylene
Type 6: Plant produces ethyl benzene
Type 7: Plant produces 1sophthal1c add.
t Source types:
Type 1: Mixed xylene production (gasoline pyrolysls}
Type 2: Mixed xylene production (coal derived)
Type 3: Mixed xylene production (toluene dlsproportlonatlon)
Type 4: m-Xylene Isolation
Type 5: Ethyl benzene Isolation
Type 6: Isophthallc acid production
i
-e»
-££
-------
29-45
TABLE 29-23. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF m-XVLENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
3
55.8
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.0025
.001
.0005
0.
0.
0.00025
0.0001
5.87x10
-121
Population
Exposed
(persons)
2
2
27
128
376
1,104
6,031
15,105
35,277
72,348
160,994
336,726
528,291
846,125
1.410,179
2,923,437
4.040,763
5,161,258
5,733,603
7,963,374
Dosage
[(ug/m3) . persons]
114
114
923
2,490
4,250
6,500
12,400
13,700
25,800
32,100
38,200
44,800
47.900
50,100
52,100
54,500
55,300
55,700
55,300
55,900
•The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 29-24. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERIC POINT SOURCES OF P-XYIEHE
Mixed Xylene Production
(Catalytic Reforming)
Gasollng Marketing
Region
England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East Sooth Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Eml ss 1w«/S1te
(
-------
TABLE 29-25. EXPOSURE AffD DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EMISSIONS FROM GENERAL POtffT SOURCES OF
Population Exposed
(103 persons)
[IQ^diq/n?) 'persons]
win^fikf • <. i u»i
IHO/B^)
s.d
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0.00050
0.00025
0
Mixed Xylene
Production
13.3
39.0
145
374
711
2,510
4,960
—
—
—
--
--
--
—
--
Gasoline U.S.
Marketing Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
--
—
--
--
--
--
—
--
13.3
39.0
145
374
711
2,510
4.960
—
—
--
--
--
—
--
--
Mixed Xylene
Production
91.1
176
338
491
607
905
1,070
1.320
1.550
1,750
1,940
2.110
2.170
2.190
2,190
Gasoline
Marketing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
299
579
860
1,250
1,600
2,090
5,460
U.S.
Total
91.1
176
338
491
607
905
1,070
1,380
1,850
2,330
2,800
3,360
3,770
4,280
7.650
ro
vo
I
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/0 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
29-48
TABLE 29-26. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FRO* AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF m-XYLENE
Parameter
Daytime dtcay rite (Kd)
N1ghtt1ne decay rate (Kn)
Hanna-61fford coefficient (C)
Nationwide heating source emissions (E^)
Nationwide nonheatlng stationary source emissions (EN)
Paint/coatings solvent emissions
Adhesive emissions
Agricultural pesticide emissions
Miscellaneous
Nationwide mobile source emissions (Eu)
n
Chemical (automobile) emissions
Motor vehicle gasoline evaporation
Motor vehicle exhaust emissions
Ratio of truck emissions to auto emissions (R..)
Value
1.12 x 10~4 sec"1
225
0
3187 gin/sec
2169 gm/sec
396 gm/sec
339 gm/sec
283 gm/sec
3211 gm/sec
334 gm/sec
69 gm/sec
2808 gm/sec
3
-------
h:
TABLE 29-27. m-XYLENE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
EXPO LEVEL POPULATION
(UG/(M)3) (PERSON)
!18*~«
!•.•«*«
0 . 90^01
2.S*««
l.MMI
t>
M 88186
M M814*
»• 12046113
»• 39492498
»• 12168973*
188679135
DOSAGE PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION POUCEHTACE OF DISTRIBUTION
PERSON) HEATING STATIONARY
iMltTT.l •.
If AH^^AJUL ^ A
I ^W^^V^WO • ^ W •
9BT97171.8 ».
191324441.7 «.
31S7»6727.3 e.
341146B2*. 1 0.
54
73
71
63
60
59
.*
.8
.8
.6
. 1
.4
MOBILE CITY TYPE 1 CITY TYPE 2 CITY TYPE 3
4*.
26.
28.
36.
39.
49.
0 IM • ft.
8 !•••• •.
2 !••.• ».
4 98.8 .4
9 93.8 3.1
6 96.8 3 8
«.
«
e
.9
3. 1
8.7
vo
i
-------
TABU 29-28. EXPOSURE AW) DOSAGE SUHWART Of m-XYUKE
Concentrate
Level
(w«/(n^)
50
25
10
5
2.5
; 1
- 0.5
K 0.25
0 0.1
0
jn Specific
Point
Source
2
27
128
376
1,104
6,031
15,105
35,277
72,348
7.963,374
Population Exposed
(persons)
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
13,300
39,000
145,000
374,000
711,000
2,510,000
--
Area Source
0
58,188
505,140
12,846,113
39,492,498
121.659.730
._
-_
--
158,679,135
U.S. Total
2
58,215
505.268
--
--
--
__
__
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
114
923
2.490
4.250
6.500
12,400
18.700
25.800
32,100
55,900
Dosage
[(P I/*3) -persons]
General
Point
Source Are* Source
0 0
0 1.501,077
0 11.454,086
91,100 95.797.171
176,000 191,324.441
32k%C^3 315.706,727
491,000
607,000
905,000
7,650,000 341,146.000
'
U.S. Total
114
1, SO? ,000
11,455,576
95,892,521
191.506,941
316,057,127
348.862,000
ro
to
i
NOTE: Th« use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
ro
10
i
tn
FIGURE 29-2. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF o-XYLENE EMISSIONS
-------
TABU 29-29. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS Of SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF o-XYLENE
Missions
NO.
1
2
3
4
3
6
7
8
9
19
1 1
12
13
14
19
16
coir AWT
AftCO
MW
CULT
MOBILE
union CARBIDE
EXXON
MOnSAKTO
SHELL.
ASHLAKD
ASHLAJTO
U. S. STEEL
ARCO
SUM
Exxon
ILHILUO
HOnOTO
SITE
CHAHMELVIEW. TX
FHEEPORT, TX
CEDAR DAVOU, TX
BEAUMONT, TX
TATT. LA
BATOH ROUGE. LA
TEXAS CITY, TX
DEER PARK. TX
CATLETTSDUnC, ICY
U. TOUAWAflDA. HY
CLAIItTOn, PA
BOUSTOH, TX
HARCUS ROOK, PA
DAYTOVN. TX
CnALWTTTE, LA
CHOCOLATE BAYOU, TX
LATITUDE umcm
29
28
29
38
29
39
29
29
30
42
40
29
39
29
36
29
39
39
49
64
3O
99
22
42
22
39
IO
42
4O
44
O3
14
94
30
29
14
90
10
45
53
39
43
13
17
43
50
30
33
993
O93
994
094
099
099
994
993
OO2
070
O79
093
073
993
OO9
O95
96
23
33
93
27
34
33
97
38
35
52
16
24
91
38
12
o inn
JDE STAT1OH
43
35
ie
49
99
29
39
34
50
27
43
01
Dl
00
30
43
• 2996
12923
12923
12917
13979
13979
12923
12996
13866
14747
14762
12960
13739
12996
I295O
12996
ruin i cwum^r,
TYPE TYPE
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
4
5 '
6
7
7
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
6
1
4
2
o
2
3
5
3
4
4
4
3
PROCESS
. 959976
.915696
997632
.995616
.928360
.913696
. I874O8
.917289
.•21312
.99864*
4.333O24
.919152
.919368
.919102
.914296
5.00756O
923769
.914904
0.236794
3.49084O
.782496
.91O368
STORAGE
.921888
.967329
.932769
. 923994
. 121392
. 967329
. 926784
.974448
.93*816
.•37192
. 160BOO
.923*49
.012384
.923*4*
.028636
.21*816
.91 1932
.929898
.29*448
. 13*176
.929492
.•99184
rOClTlVE
.••2189
.••6799
.••32S3
.**239*
.•12139
.••6739
.•93568
ro
.9*7444 f
.•61632 en
ro
.••3719
.787968
.**576*
.••3*96
.**976*
-•14256
1.**I376
.•11952
.•149*4
.902128
.618336
. 142272
.••9184
17 9UH
CORPUS CtmiSTI. TX 27 SO 9* 997 31 25 12925
8
4.213449
161289 .7
-------
TABLE 29-29 (Continued)
EHIS810HS (CffCTO
BO.
IR
19
20
21
22
23
COWAHY
CHARTER
ALLIED
BASF
KOPPERS
CHEVRON
8TEPAJI
8ITK
HOUSTON, TX
EL 6ECUHDO, CA
KEAIWY. NJ
CICERO. IL
nicnnoND. CA
MILLSDALE. IL
LATITUDE
29 -13
33 30
40 40
•il 4O
37 56
41 26
3O
30
S3
44
13
O3
LOHCITUDE
O95 13
1IO 26
t>74 09
OO7 43
122 20
000 09
1 °
35
O3
04
4O
40
a i nn
8T ATI Oil
I2Q06
23129
94739
148OS
23239
94fl4
-------
TABLE 29-29 (Concluded)
* Plant types:
Type 1: Plant produces mixed xylene (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Plant rpoduces mixed xylene (gasoline pyrolysls) and phthallc anhydride
Type 3: Plant produces mixed xylene (gasoline pyrolysls) and o-xylene
Type 4: Plant produces mixed xylene (coal-derived)
Type 5: Plant produces mixed xylene (toluene dlsproportlonatlon)»o-xylene
and ethylb-enzene
Type 6: Plant produces mixed xylene (toluene dlsproportlonatlon)
Type 7: Plant produces o-xylene
Type 8: Plant produces o-xylene and ethylbenzene
Type 9: Plant produces ethyl benzene
fvj
Type 10: Plant produces phthallc anyydrlde f
*
t Source types:
Type 1: Wxed xylene production (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Mixed xylene production (coal-derived)
Type 3: H1xed xylene production (toluene dlsproportlonatlon)
Type 4: o-xylene Isolation
Type 5: Ethylbenzene Isolation
Type 6: Phthallc anhydride production
-------
29-55
TABLE 29-30. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF o-XYLENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration Population
Level Exposed Dosage
ju9/m3) (persons) [(ug/m3) • persons]
100 123 17,800
50 278 28,600
25 706 44,700
10 5,680 113,000
5 11,591 157,000
2.5 24,016 197,000
1.0 76,516 279,000
0.5 166,196 340,000
0.25 346,538 401,000
0.10 968,731 495,000
0.05 2,201,665 579.000
0.025 3,631,012 632,000
0.010 5,873,072 667,000
0.005 8,633,187 636,000
0.0025 11,638,907 697,000
0.0010 ,* 14,363,418 702,000
1.6x10'b 21,012,242 704,000
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point source.
-------
TABLE 29-31. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL P01KT SOURCE? Of G-XYlENE.
C/i
Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Mixed Xylene Production
(Catalytic Reforming)
Gasoline Ha^Vctlng
E»1ss ions/Site
(gm/secj
0
0.14*
0.15.",
0.0667
0.07*5
0.137
0.180
0.0345
0.130
ltej.t>cr
of Sites
0
i '
?3
^6
5
8
71
73
33
E*rls$ Ions /Site
(9«/sec)
0.00014
0.00014
O.Or-M
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.0f>014
0.00014
NuMbe«
of Sites
11,105
28,383
42,270
23 v 304
37,286
16,313
28,336
12,815
26,647
-------
TABLE 29-32 EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FKW EMISSIONS FROM GENERAL TO1WT SOURCES OF o-XUEWE
Population Exposed
(103 persons)
mPda/iffil
wirvcii vi a v ivni
Le?*l
5.0
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0.00050
0.00025
0.00010
0
Mixed Xylene
Production
3.17
16.0
71.3
150
422
1,480
2,710
—
--
—
--
--
--
--
—
—
Gasoline
Marketing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
--
—
--
—
—
—
—
--
--
U.S.
Total
3.17
16.0
71.3
160
422
1,480
2,710
--
—
--
—
--
—
—
—
—
Mixed Xjrlene
Production
18.4
59.5
140
203
295
438
531
637
787
921
1,030
1,160
1,220
1,250
1,260
1,260
Gasoline
Marketing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
97
227
374
484
637
890
2,320
U.S.
Total
18.4
59.5
140
203
295
438
531
637
811
1,020
1,250
1,530
1.710
1,890
2,150
3,580
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/0 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry In another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted in another column.
-------
29-58
TABLE 29-33. MAJOR PARAMETERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF o-XYLENE
Parameter Value
Daytime decay rate (Kd) 5.6 x 10" sec"
Nighttime feciy rate (K^) 0
Kenna-Gffford coefficient
-------
TABLE 29-34. o-XYLENE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
r.njr\j i>tvtu rvruivtiiun >- •>
M(C/(M)3) (I'KRSOfl) I'F.RSON* IIKATINC STATIONARY NOIlll.F CITY TYTR 1 CITY TYTK 2 CITY TYPF. 3
1 v • Ww Wv vwv 1 449 o • £r \m*L t 4 9 •
5. •««««• 5*9 I4« 6729382.4 9.
2.50«eee 1977I7»3 79754865.4 e.
1 «W«MKW Afl4-6»33 I54669JUW 4 ft.
5OO«m« 1,15315314 2H47MI332 O O
B i5H6T<»l;;ri 2I2475C34. 1 O
72 5 27.5 !••.# ft.
72.9 27.9 !••.» «.
67.4 32.6 tftft.e 0.
r^(^ o
LO
t
tn
-------
TABLE 29-35. EXPOSURE MO DOSAGE SUWWRY Of o-XYlEHC
Population Exposed
(persons)
Dostft
Concentration Specific
Level
(nq/w*)
100
50
25
10
5
2.5
1
0.5
0.25
0.10
0
Point
Source
123
278
706
5.6BO
11,591
24,016
76,516
166.196
346,538
968,731
21,012,242
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
3,170
16.000
71,300
160,000
420,000
1,480.000
--
Are* Source
0
0
0
505,140
505,140
19,771,703
68,426,035
135,515,319
—
--
158,679,135
U.S. Total
123
278
706
510,820
519,901
—
—
—
--
--
--
Specific
Point
Source
17.800
28,600
44,700
113,000
157,000
197,000
279,000
340.000
401.000
495,000
704,000
General
Point
Source
0
0
0
0
18,400
59.500
KO.OOO
203,000
295,000
438,000
3,580,000
Area Source
0
0
0
6,729,382
6.729.382
79,754,865
154,689,889
204,701.332
--
--
212.475,000
U.S. Total
17.800
28,600
44.700
6,842.382
6.904,782
80.011,365
155,108.889
205,244,332
--
..
216,759,000
N)
ID
1
cr>
o
NOTE: The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/D 1s not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the sawe row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
FIGURE 29-3. SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES OF p-XYLENE EMISSIONS
-------
TABLE 29-36. EMISSIONS AND METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OF SPECIFIC POINT SOURCES Of p-XYLENE
EJIISatJOjftB COB^SIC)
we.
i
3
3
4
•
6
7
a
9
!•
1 ^
13
14
13
16
17
18
COW AFT
AftCO
DOW
EXXOfl
CULT
NDfllLE
WMWAKTO
OHIO* CABBIDC
SHELL
ASffLAKD
ASTILAKI)
U. 8. STEEL
AftCO
SOU
AMOCO
AMOCO
CHETBOH
EXHMI
TKHHECO
SITU
CHAHNELVIEV. TX
riweronr, TX
BATON ROUGE. LA
CEDAR BAYOU. TX
BEAUWWT. TX
TEXAS CITY. TX
TATT. LA
DEER PAJUC, TX
CATLETTSBtmc. ICY
H. TOHAWAWDA, HY
CLAIRTOR. PA
HOUSTOH, TX
MARCUS HOOK, PA
DECATim. AL
TEXAS CITY, TX
PASCACOULA. MS
BAYTOVW, TX
CnALHETTE. LA
LATITUDE
29
28
30
^9
3O
29
29
29
38
42
40
29
39
34
29
oe
29
34
30 »4
09 3*
•9 10
49 29
94 14
22 43
98 •«
42 59
22 39
39 43
18 15
42 17
40 43
36 12
21 40
19 04
44 3O
O3 30
9-iiut ruuii
LOHCITUDF. STATION TY?E
»93
999
O9O
O94
O94
094
•99
•49
•82
97O
079
095
075
OO6
094
eoo
093
9O9
96 43
23 35
34 20
33 10
93 49
33 3«
27 9«
•7 34
35 58
55 27
52 43
16 01
24 51
5O 42
33 5O
2O 'J7
91 00
38 39
12906
12*20
13979
12923
12917
12923
13979
129*6
13866
14747
14762
12960
13739
I30G2
12900
13C20
12906
1295B
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
7
inima i
TYPE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
O
o
3
4
5
3
4
7
4
4
4
4
PROCESS
.•41616
.•13616
.••9259
.••6221
.••4009
.•141 12
.923«4«
.•«7«94>
1.31328*
.•15696
.OOB424
.OIS696
.91 1664
4.333824
.•23769
.912*96
13.628932
32.290608
IO. 810144
3.972672
3.936128
1.51 0272
STORAGE
. I7BI28
.•940*4
.•39744
.•26649
.•1944«
.•6*624
.•98784
.•9*24*
.21888*
.•18729
.OI9OO0
.918720
.O2332U
.7223O4
.•11952
.924336
2.694672
1 . 398672
1. 8*3*24
.662112
.842*88
.291712
FUGITIVE
.917813
.•95486
.••3974
.••2664
.••1944
.**6*62
. **9B78
.**3*24
.27648*
.994698
.902329
.994698
.01 1664
.912384
.011952
.912996
3.299112
. O9wOO4
2.277994
.836332
1.964448
.317932
ro
10
i
Ol
ro
-------
TABLE 29-36 (Continued)
HO.
19
20
21
22
23
24
2fl
26
COMPANY
sun
CHARTER
NONSAirro
DUPOKT
DUPOHT
EA8THAH KODAK
EASTMAN KODAK
IIERCOFINA
SITE
COHPOS cmusTi, TX
HOUSTON, TX
CHOCOLATE BAYOU. TX
OLD HICKORY, TO
WUflNCTOff. KC
COLUMBIA. 0C
KIB8POHT. TH
VILMIRCTOn, RC
LATITUDE
27
29
29
36
34
33
36
34
30
42
14
16
>•
•9
31
19
OO
3O
SO
24
00
W
41
27
» I All ri>AI* 1
LOKCITUDE STATION TYPE
097
093
O93
•86
•77
•81
082
077
31
IS
12
34
86
04
12
46
25
lli
45
12
06
17
22
56
12923 8
12906 9
129O6 9
13897 10
13717 10
13883 10
13877 10
13717 II
MMJItUC.
TYPE
4
3
5
3
6
6
6
6
6
7
PROCESS
4.694976
.012816
.006048
.010368
.911036
1.2C7984
.466128
.466128
1.21 1 184
3.877036
STORAGE
. 782496
.006336
O03O24
.003184
. 1 17936
. 268704
. 107868
. 10736O
.279504
. 167904
FUGITIVE
.988416
. 003024
.O03I84
.278184
.626976
.200992
.250992
.652176
. 106848
r-o
i
CTv
to
27 AfWCO
COPPER RIVER, sc
32 45 37 O79 38 2O 13717
12
16.130016
.698844
444528
-------
TABLE 29-36 (Concluded)
* Plant Types:
Type 1: Plant produces nixed xylene (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Plant produces mixed xylene (gasoline pyrolysls) and p-xylene
Type 3: Plant produces Mixed xylene (coal-derived)
Type 4: Rant produces mixed xylene (toluene dlspraportlomtlon), p-xylene and ethylbenzene
Type 5: Plant produces mixed xylene (toluene d1sproport1onat1on)
Type 6: Plant produces p-xylene and terephthallc acid
Type 7: Plant produces p-xylene
Type 8: Plant produces p-xylene and ethyl benzene
Type 9: Plant produces ethyl benzene
Type 10: Plant produces dimethyl terephthalate
Type If: Plant produces dimethyl terephthalate and terephthallc acid
Type 12: Plant produces terephthallc acid
Source types:
Type 1: Mixed xylene production (gasoline pyrolysls)
Type 2: Mixed xylene production (coal-derived)
Type 3: H1xed xylene production (toluene dlsproportlonatlon)
Type 4: p-Xylene Isolation
Type 5: EthyTbenrene Isolation
Type 6: Terephthallc add production
-------
29-65
TABLE 29-37.
EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE OF p-XYLENE RESULTING
FROM SPECIFIC POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS
Concentration
Level
(ug/m3)
Population
Exposed
(ptrsons)
Dosage
[(ug/B)3) . ptrtoni]
1,940
1,000
500
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5
0
5
25
10
05
025
6.43x10
-10*
1,
2,
20
40
295
602
1,214
1,669
3,196
12,746
26,513
63,869
137,485
258,904
417,804
902,636
525,145
202,050
9,932,196
39,000
64,600
246,000
355,000
446,000
477,000
531,000
636,000
783,000
901,000
030,000
110,000
170,000
1,240,000
1,290,000
1,310,000
1,330,000
1.
1,
1.
*The lowest annual average concentration occurring within 20 km of the
specific point sourct.
-------
TABLE 29-38. EMISSIONS RATES AND NUMBER OF GENERAL POINT SOWCES OF p-WENE
jteglon
Mixed Xylene Production
(Catalytic Reforming)
Twlsslorn/Site Nwtt>eF~ tflTssTats/STteT
(yi/sec) of sites (g^sec) ofSltet
New England
Middle Atlantic
E»st North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East Sooth Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
0.0
oj»7
o.w*
0.0543
0.0607
0.111
0.146
0.0281
0.106
0
17
28
16
5
8
71
23
33
t. 00014
OvOOtfU
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
0.00014
11,105
28,383
42.270
23.304
37,286
16,313
28,336
12.815
26,647
ro
vo
i
crt
cr>
-------
TABLE 39-39. EXHBWE AM) DOSAGE RESULTING FROM EMISSIONS FWW GENERAL WTWT SOURCES OF p-IYLEWE
Population Exposed
r-"
§A?!VD
wmcm trail on
(IK1/.3)
5.0
2.5
1.0
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.050
0.025
0.010
0.0050
0.0025
0.0010
0.00050
0.00025
0.00010
0.00005
0
tttxed Xylene
Production
1.92
10.6
56.3
131
309
1.180
2.380
—
—
—
—
—
—
--
--
--
—
Gasoline
HaHcetlng
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
--
--
--
—
--
—
—
U.S.
Total
1.92
10.6
56.3
131
309
1.180
2,380
—
—
—
--
—
—
—
--
—
--
W Ned Xy tevie
Production
12.4
40.3
107
159
224
351
429
532
654
757
851
967
1.030
1,060
1,070
1,070
1,070
Gasoline
Marketing
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
25
96
222
365
475
623
868
1.060
2.260
U.S.
Total
12.4
40.3
107
159
224
351
429
532
679
853
1,070
1,330
1.500
1.680
1.940
2.130
3.330
ro
to
i
CT»
NOTE: The use of -- as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/0 1$ not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
29-68
TABLE 29-40. HMOR *ARAME,TERS FOR ESTIMATING EXPOSURE/DOSAGE RESULTING
FMH AREA, SOURCE EMISSIONS OF p-XYLENE
Parameter Value
r»t* f*d) 1.12 x 10"4 sec"1
decay rat* («n) 0
Narm«*Cifford coefficient (C) 225
Natfoprtde heating tource emissions (EH) 0
itatry source emissions (EN) 1488 gm/sec
ft) 1 vtnt etrt til ons 1015 gm/stc
185 gm/sec
Agricultural pesticide emissions 156 gm/sec
132 gm/sec
Natlefedde mobile source emissions (Ej 1745 gn/sec
n
Che*1ci1 (automobile) emissions 156 gm/sec
Rotor vehicle gasoline evaporation 28 gm/sec
Hotor vehicle exhaust emissions 1561 gm/sec
Ratio of truck emissions to auto emissions
-------
TABLE 29-41. p-XYLENE EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE RESULTING FROM AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS
EXPO LEVEL PWULATIO*
(UC/3) (PfcRfcOK)
16. •••••0 803140
9 . &%0^^0 999 1 46
2.MK08 12083*44
1.0^000 a263*W6
• O^^kAA 1 *> 1 {LA^A-*m
* W^^^^^^Tw 1^1 T^^^rO^CP
0. 138679135
M^ACE
(OCx(H>3-
PERSOW) 1
^a*«i6.
we»*i6.
46613161.
1 •42345 12.
19718362*.
1698727*6.
4
9
7
0
7
6
PpKCEflTAUF, OF COWTRIBVTIOT .
IEATIKO STATIONARY
*.
0.
0.
e.
0.
o.
70.
70.
68.
3B.
36
33.
4
4
6
6
4
7
rtv
COTTACE OP DISTRIBUTION
NOBILE CITY TYPE 1 CITY TYPE 2 CITY TYPE 3
«.
29.
31.
4i.
43
44.
6
6
4
4
6
3
,M
!••.
!•*.
97.
93.
90.
•
•
•
5
7
*
, •.
0. •.
0. •.
<» 1.6
3.2 3. 1
3.5 3.8
i
o»
vo
-------
TABLE 29-42. EXPOSURE AND DOSAGE SWWWY OF
Population Exposed
7
Dosage
~ 'persons!
Coftcentrtttat Specific
Level
(UQ
1.000
500
250
100
50
25
10
5
2.
1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
I/*3)
5
5
25
1
05
025
feint
Source
40
295
602
1,214
1.669
3.196
12.746
26.513
63.869
137,485
258*984
417,804
902,636
1.525,145
2.202.850
f.982,196
dwfcral
feint
Sowrce
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.920
10.600
56.300
131.000
309,000
1,180,000
2,380,000
--
—
Area Sovrce
0
0
0
0
0
0
505.140
505.140
12.85J.644
52,650.656
121,944,638
--
--
--
..
158.679,135
' " Spfccfflc
feint
U.S. Total Sovrce
1,
1.
3.
517,
533,
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40 64.600
295 246,000
€82 355,000
214 446,000
669 477,000
196 531.000
886 686.0CO
573 783,000
901,000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,030.000
,110,000
,170,000
,240,000
,290,000
.310.000
.330,000
General
feint
Source
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12,400
40.300
107.000
159,000
224,000
351,000
429.000
532,000
3,330,000
Are*
5.
5,
46,
109.
157.
169,
Sovrc*
0
0
0
0
0
0
580.616
580.616
813.161
234.512
185.626
--
—
--
--
872.766
0.5. T«t»1
64.600
$46,000
$55.000
446.000
477.000
531.000
f ,266.616
6,37f,016
47.754,461
110.371.512
158.454,562
--
-•
—
—
174.532.766
to
NOTE: The use of — as an entry Indicates that the Incremental E/0 Is not significant
(relative to last entry or relative to entry 1n another column at the same row)
or that the exposure of the same population may be counted 1n another column.
-------
29-71
RiriftlNCES
1. K. Ring and.T. C.'Gtinn, "BTX Aroaatics Supply," p. 300.6500A—300.6501U, Cheaical
Economics Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (February 1979).
^ -" ' r ' % I
2. K. Ring, "Mixed Xylenes," p. 300.7300A—300.7301D, Chemical Economics Handbook,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (February 1979).
3. Oil and Ga» Journal, "Annual Refinery Survey," p. 63, March 20, 1978.
4. E. M. Klapproth, "Xylene Isocners," p. 300.7400A—300.7404M, Chemical Econoaics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (December 1978).
5. K. Ring and S. Al-Sayyari, "Ethylbenzene," p. 645.3000D—F, Chemical Economics
Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA (March 1979)
6. Texas Air Control Board, 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Marathon Oil
Co., :Tew* Refining.Division,. Texas City, Texas, March 25, 1976.
7. Texas Air Control Board, 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Sun Oil Company
of Pennsylvania, Corpus Christi Refinery, Corpus Christ!, Texas, July 1, 1976.
8. Texas Air Control Board, 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Cosden Oil and
Chemical CO., subsidiary of American Petrofina, Inc., Big Spring, Texas, May 19,
1977.
9. Texas Air Control Board, 1975 Emissions Inventory Questionnaire, Charter Inter-
national Oil Co., Houston, Texas, April 4, 1977.
10. R. L. Standifer, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for the Synthetic
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Product Report on Ethylene (on file
at EPA, ISED, Research Triangle Park, NC) (Junt 1978).
11. Special Project Report "Petrochemical Plant Sites" prepared for Industrial
Pollution Control Division, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, by Monsanto Research
Corporation, Dayton, Ohio, April 1976.
-------
23-72
S. W. Dylevski, Hydroscience, Inc., Emission Control Options for tht Synthetic
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry——Dimethyl Terephthalate Terephthalic
Acid Rtport, on file at ESED, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC (June 1979).
13. Assessment of Ortho-xylene as a Potential Air Pollution Problem, January 1976,
CCA/Technology Division
14. A Study of Vapor Control Methods for Gasoline Marketing Operations Volume I
Industry Survey and Control Techniques, EPA, OAWM, OAQPS, Research Triangle Park,
HC, EPA 450/3-75-046* (April 1975)
15. Source Reconciliation of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons, State of California Air
Resource* Board, El Monte, CA (March 1975).
16. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, 2d ed., EPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC (March 1975).
17. F. Black and L. High, Automotive Hydrocarbon Emission Patterns and the Measure-
ment of Nonmethane Hydrocarbon Emission Rates, EPA, Mobile Source Eaissions
Research Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC (February 1977).
-------
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