POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH
FOR ORGANIC AIR EMISSIONS
by
MICHAEL KOSUSKO AND WADE H. PONDER
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Organics Control Branch (MD-61 j
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for: The IInd International Symposium on Characterization &
Control of Odours & VOC in the Process Industries
Hotel de Lauzelle
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Novembers, 1993
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Pollution prevention research for organic air emissions
M. Kosusko and W.H. Ponder
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory, Organics Control Branch, MD-61, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, United States
The Organics Control Branch (OCB) of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL) is
charged with developing and assessing pollution prevention (P2) techniques and
add-on control technologies for reducing emissions of organic compounds to air;
i.e., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air toxics. This presentation provides
a brief overview of OCB's P2 research in three areas: 1) Surface Coating; 2)
Solvent Cleaning; and 3) Consumer/Commercial Products, including traditional
consumer products and non-process solvent use in commercial operations.
1. INTRODUCTION
"For more than two decades, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL), located in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, has been exploring control approaches for the
pollutants and sources that contribute to air quality problems. AEERL has
successfully developed and demonstrated cost-effective sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides (NOX), and particulate control technologies for fossil fuel combustion
sources. More recently, it has expanded its interest to areas that include indoor
air quality, radon, organics control, stratospheric ozone depletion, and global
warming. The AEERL also develops inventories of many types of air emissions.
Over the past several years, AEERL has made a substantial effort to expand
pollution prevention as the preferred choice to reduce air emissions. Its goal is to
conduct research that will result in the greatest possible reduction of air pollution
for the lowest cost1."
The OCB of AEERL is charged with developing and assessing P2 techniques
and control technologies for reducing emissions of organic compounds; i.e., air
toxics (hazardous air pollutants [HAPs]) and VOCs. OCB's program is driven by
both the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) and the Pollution Prevention
Act of 1990. Title I of the CAAA, among other things, focuses on reducing ground-
level ozone to achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 120 ppb (1-
hour maximum). Ambient ozone is an oxidant and source of respiratory illness.
Ground-level ozone is formed by complex atmospheric reactions between VOCs and
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NOX in the presence of sunlight2. Thus, the control of VOCs and NOX, the
precursors of ozone, is essential in order to meet the ozone standard. OCB's
program will reduce VOC emissions in order to reduce ambient ozone. Title III
requirements of the CAAA will reduce air toxic emissions. Standards are to be set
by the year 2000 for 174 source (industry) categories which emit 189 listed toxic
compounds. EPA's air regulatory office, the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, will develop Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
standards for each of these categories. OCB will provide technical input on
methods to reduce emissions of toxic organic compounds in support of key MACT
standards.
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 [§6602(b)] established a national policy
that:
• pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible;
• pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally
safe manner whenever feasible;
• pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an
environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and
• disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a
last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner3.
EPA's definition of pollution prevention states: "Pollution prevention means
'source reduction'... The Pollution Prevention Act defines source reduction to
mean any practice which:
" • reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant
entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment
(including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and
" • reduces the hazards to public health and the environment associated with
the release of such substances, pollutants or contaminants.
"The term includes: equipment or technology modifications; process or procedure
modifications; reformulation or redesign of product; substitution of raw materials;
and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training or inventory control.4"
OCB seeks to implement this philosophy of preventing pollution throughout its
research program.
This paper will discuss OCB's P2 research in each of three technical areas:
(1) Surface Coating, such as paints and surface finishes (e.g., wood furniture
finishing), inks, and the use of adhesives and radiation-cured coatings;
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(2) Solvent Cleaning, such as vapor degreasing, process equipment cleaning, and
in-process precision cleaning; and
(3) Consumer/Commercial Products, including traditional consumer products
(e.g., hair spray and household cleaners) and non-process solvent use in
commercial operations such as textile manufacturing, roofing, and furniture
refinishing.
Each of the industries with which OCB is working has concerns about emissions
from these areas. Most of these industries use surface coatings, solvents (to
prepare surfaces for coating or to clean equipment), and a wide variety of
prepackaged commercial products in their facilities.
Generally, projects in each of the technical areas can be divided into four
categories or types:
(1) Scoping Studies which characterize an industry or process and its emissions
and identify P2 opportunities to reduce those emissions. Scoping projects are
ongoing for furniture restoration and repair, paper and other webs coating,
printing, roofing, and consumer/commercial adhesives.
(2) Technology Assessment and Development Projects which evaluate the
technical and economic feasibility of specific coating technologies or P2
techniques. Research and Development (R&D) projects are included in this
category. Technology assessment and development projects are ongoing to
evaluate very low-VOC coatings for wood furniture manufacturing and
automobile body refinishing, to identify technical barriers to the use of
radiation-cured and waterborne coatings, and to assess innovative ink-feed
systems for printing, improved degreasing systems, cleanliness criteria for
parts cleaning, and methods for determining the VOC content of consumer
products.
(3) Demonstration Projects which investigate methods of reducing emissions in
cooperation with industrial partners. Demonstration projects are planned for
coated and laminated substrate manufacturing, for the design of recirculating
spray booths incorporating VOC concentration gradient phenomena, and for
precision and non-precision cleaning.
(4) Technology Transfer is an important project activity in OCB. Through
technology transfer, the results of OCB's research are provided to the people
who can use them, hopefully in a format that they can easily use.
Technology transfer also provides OCB an opportunity to interact with its
potential clients (i.e., through workshops and conferences) to better
understand their needs and the status of technology in many industries.
Projects in each of the technical areas are summarized below.
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2. SURFACE COATING
2.1. Scoping
2.1.1. Status and Future Developments in Very Low-VOC Coatings for Wood
Furniture Finishing. The objective of this project is to determine the status of
R&D and market development for very low-VOC coatings used for wood furniture
finishing. Information has been gathered through contacts with resin suppliers,
paint manufacturers, wood furniture manufacturers, and their trade associations.
The technical barriers and concerns of industry about these coatings have been
identified and addressed5. The final report will be available in December 1993.
2.1.2. Characterization of Surface Coating Industry Segments. This project
has been proposed under EPA's Source Reduction Review Program (SRRP) for
1994. The objective of the SRRP is to ensure the consideration of P2 options
during the development of air toxic (also known as MACT) regulations for 17 of
the 174 source categories to be regulated under Title III of the CAAA by the year
2000. The purpose of this project is to:
1) Identify industry segments involved in surface coating;
2) Determine the types of surface coating processes;
3) Identify related non-surface coating processes; and
4) Determine the VOC and air toxic emissions from each type of process
with the overall objective of helping to target the most significant
processes for EPA's emissions reduction efforts.
2.1.3. Assessment of Pollution Prevention Opportunities in Five Industries.
In this small, cooperative project with the South Coast Air Quality Management
District (SCAQMD) in Los Angeles, California, emissions and P2 opportunities
have been assessed for the following five industries, all of which use surface
coatings:
1) Architectural and Industrial Maintenance (AIM) Coatings;
2) Consumer/Commercial Adhesives;
3) Rotogravure Printing;
4) Flexographic Printing; and
5) Graphic Arts.
The final report for this project is expected in December 1993.
2.1.4. Enhancing the Market Penetration of Waterborne and Other Low-
Solvent Consumer/Commercial Adhesives. This project has been recently funded
to identify, develop, and demonstrate new, innovative waterborne and low solvent
adhesive systems using recently discovered and other innovative raw materials.
During 1994, promising adhesive systems and potential industrial and academic
partners will be identified.
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2.1.5. SRRP Focus Groups. The purpose of this SRRP project is to identify
P2 opportunities via focus group input for 3 of the 17 SRRP categories. Of the
three, only one is a surface coating category (i.e., Paper and Other Webs). The
other categories are Reinforced Plastics and Integrated Iron and Steel
Manufacturing. Focus groups have included the participation of industrial,
governmental, and academic experts to achieve a broad perspective. Focus group
summaries will be available in early 1994.
2.2. Technology Assessment and Development
2.2.1. Waterborne Two-Component Epoxv Topcoats for Wood Furniture
Finishing. A two-component water-based epoxy resin coating system containing
less than 0.08 Ib/gal (10 g/1) VOC has been developed as both clear and white-
pigmented topcoats. The VOC level, 0.08 Ib/gal, is the minimum detection limit
of the test procedure for VOC content. These topcoats have met most performance
criteria including: 1) a VOC content of less than 0.08 Ib/gal; 2) high gloss; 3) dry
to touch in 10 minutes or less, and dry to handle in 15 minutes or less; and 4) a
2H pencil hardness. A paper describing this research was presented at the Low-
and No-VOC Coatings Conference on May 26, 19936. This project is cooperatively
funded with SCAQMD. Research is planned for 1994 to develop a complete
coating system (i.e., sealer, stain, and topcoat) which utilizes these resins.
2.2.2. Accelerated Development and Market Penetration for Very Low-
VOC/HAP Wood Furniture Coatings. This project will be initiated during 1994.
It will build on the final project report described in Section 2.1.1. by selecting 10
promising coatings for further evaluation, developing a program to bring each of
these to full marketability status, and testing these coatings in commercial
facilities.
2.2.3. Innovative AIM Coatings Assessment. The goal of this 1994 project is
to identify and target AIM coating applications with high environmental risks,
identify potential research partners involved with these applications, solicit their
participation, and demonstrate innovative, low-emitting coatings at their facilities.
2.2.4. Field Evaluation of an Innovative Coating Utilizing Reactive Diluents.
This project's objective is to reduce volatile organic emissions from coating
operations by demonstrating the technical and economic feasibility of using
reactive diluents in alkyd and epoxy coating formulations. Organic emissions from
coatings which are formulated with reactive diluents are less than those from
traditional, solvent-based coatings since the reactive diluents react to form part
of the coating and are not flashed off as carrier solvents. The reactive diluent,
vernonia oil, has been successfully tested at the bench-scale at the Coatings
Research Institute at Eastern Michigan University. Since vernonia oil is extracted
from a rare African plant which is not readily cultivated, alternative reactive
diluents derived from readily available soy and linseed oils to mimic the chemical
and physical properties of vernonia oil have been developed. OCB will work with
private paint researchers and coating retailers and users to field- or pilot-test
innovative coatings using these diluents. This project is being performed
cooperatively with SCAQMD.
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2.2.5. Innovative Coatings and Adhesives Research Centers. Two research
centers will be established at universities or non-profit research institutes during
1994 to develop and/or evaluate innovative adhesive and coating formulations.
2.2.6. Technical Barriers to the Use of Radiation-Cured and Waterborne
Coatings. This project is part of the SRRP and is just underway. The use of
radiation-cured (e.g., ultraviolet [UV]-cured and electron-beam-cured) or
waterborne coatings is a P2 option for several SRRP source categories. However,
technical barriers to their broadened usage exist, including concerns about toxicity
and the difficulty of coating complex parts using radiation-cured coatings. The
objective of this project is to identify and characterize these technical barriers and
to identify critical research to overcome them.
2.2.7. Basic R&D on Radiation-Cured Coatings. During 1994 under a
proposed SRRP project, the results of the 'Barriers' project (Section 2.2.6.) will be
used to target research opportunities for radiation-cured coatings. A mechanism
will be established to pursue these opportunities.
2.2.8. Retrofit of Existing Solvent-based Flexible Substrate Coating
Equipment to Use Water-based Coating Systems. The coated and laminated
substrate manufacturing industry makes a wide variety of pressure sensitive
products such as paper (masking), cloth (duct), and cellophane tapes, tags, labels,
and a number of exotic laminated products. It was selected for study because of
significant air emissions of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and toluene reported in the
1990 Toxics Release Inventory, i.e., it is the No. 1 source for MEK (8,050 tons/yr
[7,300 Mg/yr]) and the No. 3 source for toluene (13,000 tons/yr [11,800 Mg/yr]).
A focus group, including members of the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council (PSTC),
the Tag and Label Manufacturers Institute, and academic and state
environmental experts, helped OCB identify opportunities for significant
reductions of volatile organic toxic emissions in this industry.
The use of solventborne coatings (e.g., adhesives) was identified as the
primary source of the industry's toluene and MEK emissions. The objective of this
project is to evaluate the quality and economic viability of waterborne adhesives
when used to replace solventborne adhesives on flexible substrates by modifying
existing coating equipment. A report documenting background issues for this
project will be available in December 1993. The high level of industry
participation through the PSTC has allowed EPA to obtain a profile of the
industry's plans to change from solvent-based systems. Hot melt and radiation-
cured coatings and solvent recovery compete with the water-based alternatives.
Case studies will be completed during early 1994.
2.2.9. Innovative Ink Feed Systems. This project is also part of the SRRP
and is just underway. The systems (e.g., piping, tanks, and mixers) used to feed
ink to printing presses and their subsequent cleaning requirements are the source
of substantial volatile organic air toxic emissions. Alternative feed systems could
substantially reduce these emissions.
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2.2.10. Characterization and Modification of Microstructure in Waterborne
Inks Stabilized by Polymeric Surfactants - Phase I. The objective of this project
is to develop the use of polymeric surfactants to stabilize the microstructure in,
and influence the physical properties of, waterborne inks. The focus will be on the
enhancement of the performance of traditional inks, not the reformulation of inks.
Specific research will include: 1) characterization of the microstructure of
waterborne ink systems; 2) correlation of the microstructure with physical
properties (e.g., stability, viscosity, ink/substrate compatibility); 3) identification
of the dominant structure-property relationships; and 4) modification of the
microstructure by adjusting the molecular characteristics of polymeric surfactants
to produce a system with the desired properties (e.g., gloss, heat resistance, and
opacity). VOC and air toxic emission reductions will result from this 1994 project
if it is successful.
2.3. Demonstration
2.3.1. Reduction of Solvent Emissions from Automobile Body Refinishing.
The objective of this 1994 project is to demonstrate P2 technology to reduce
volatile organic emissions from automobile body refinishing operations. Promising
technologies, such as high-volume/low-pressure spray guns, low VOC paints and
primers, water-based primers, and short wavelength infrared curing, are available
for this area. The demonstration will focus on technologies which can prevent
emissions from small, dispersed, stationary area-sources. The results of these
tests will be made available to small companies that previously have not had
access to control or prevention technologies. Work is expected to be underway
during 1994.
2.3.2. Evaluation of Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Spray Gun System. The
objective of this project is to evaluate an ULV spray gun system. Tests have been
completed cooperatively with the U.S. Air Force at Warner Robins Air Force Base,
Georgia. Qualitative results of the test are promising. An improvement of paint
utilization efficiency was attributed to the enhanced paint laydown provided by
the gun. This and the ability to spray high viscosity paints (which contain fewer
solvents) have led to a 50% reduction in VOC emissions. The final project report
is under review by the U.S. Air Force and has not yet been released.
2.3.3. Application of Department of Defense (DoD) Powder Coating Expertise
to Civilian Applications. The objective of this 1994 project is to improve the
competitiveness of small businesses by allowing them to coat their products more
efficiently by using powder coatings whenever that is technically and economically
feasible. Paint in powder form is electrostatically charged and applied to
oppositely charged metal or electrically conductive parts. Overspray is collected
and reused. The powder coated parts are then cured with heat or UV radiation.
The process eliminates VOC emissions and avoids generation of paint booth
wastewater. The powder coating expertise developed by the DoD will be applied
to civilian applications to achieve this goal.
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2.3.4. Partitioned. Recirculating Spray Booth. This project is presented even
though it is not P2 since it complements OCB's P2 projects in surface coating.
Recirculation in paint spray booths has been recognized for many years as a
means of reducing the volume of spray booth exhaust. This allows the use of a
smaller control device, hence reducing air pollution control costs (i.e., equipment
and energy costs). Partitioning of the spray booth exhaust stream takes
advantage of the VOC concentration gradient that exists vertically across the
booth exit. VOCs stratify in the booth and their concentration is greatest closer
to the floor. By pulling the booth exhaust stream from the bottom portion of the
booth and the recirculating stream from the top portion of the booth, the
concentration of the exhaust stream can be enhanced, perhaps removing the same
mass of pollutants in a smaller exhaust volume than is possible in a traditional
recirculating booth. Preliminary field tests have shown the feasibility of reducing
controlled air volumes by 50-75% below non-recirculating booths.
A demonstration of the stratified recirculation concept is planned for 1994 at
the U.S. Marine Corps Maintenance Depot near Barstow, California. The
demonstration will be completed cooperatively with the Marine Corps and
Pennsylvania State University. During the demonstration, an existing spray
booth will be modified to use both recirculation and partitioning. A movable
plenum will be used to evaluate the optimum height for flow partitioning. An end-
of-pipe control technology will be evaluated in conjunction with the spray booth
demonstration. Spray booth exhaust will feed to a control device which uses UV
light to destroy organic compounds absorbed on a catalytic substrate, scrubbing
with ozonated water, and a final activated carbon polishing step.
2.4. Technology Transfer
2.4.1. The Surface-Coating-Free Materials Workshop. This workshop was
held July 1991, to explore the potential for development and use of materials that
would not need to be coated during manufacture or recoated during use. If such
materials were to come into widespread use, VOC and air toxic emissions
associated with surface preparation (cleaning), coating, and paint stripping before
recoating could be avoided. The proceedings of this workshop are available7.
2.4.2. The Pollution Prevention Conferences on Low- and No-VOC Coating
Technologies. The first conference was held in San Diego, California, May 25-27,
1993, to provide a forum for exchanging technical information on innovative
coating technology and to allow EPA to interact with industry, academia, and
others interested in surface coating technology. Conference proceedings will be
available late in 1993. A second conference has been scheduled for early 1995 and
will be held in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.
2.4.3. Coatings Alternatives Guide (CAGE). CAGE will summarize
information on new and innovative coating technologies along with their potential
applications. The first version of CAGE will be a hard-copy summary of
technologies that OCB has encountered to date. CAGE will then be computerized
using proposed 1994 SRRP funding and placed into a user friendly information
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system. This system will be modeled after the Solvent Alternative Guide which
is described in Section 3.4.1. CAGE will expand to handle new data as they
become available.
2.4.4. Adhesives Alternatives Guide (AAGE). This project has been proposed
for 1994 under the SRRP. Its objectives are similar to those of CAGE except that
it will focus on alternative adhesives.
3. SOLVENT CLEANING
3.1. Scoping
3.1.1. Evaluation and Pollution Prevention Analysis at the Warner Robins Air
Force Base. Georgia. The objective of this project is to assess the types and
quantities of emissions from various cleaning and reconditioning processes at the
Air Force Base and to identify the types and quantities of emissions and the
potential benefit of P2 approaches. A summary report for this effort will be
available during mid-1994. Funding has been requested to demonstrate these
approaches in 1994.
3.1.2. Evaluation and Pollution Prevention Analysis at the U.S. Marine Corps
Maintenance Depot. Albany. Georgia. The objective of this 1994 project is to
assess the types and quantities of emissions from various cleaning and
reconditioning processes at the Maintenance Depot and to identify the types and
quantities of emissions and the potential benefit of P2 approaches. Funding is
available to demonstrate these approaches.
3.2. Technology Assessment and Development
3.2.1. Pollution Prevention Regulatory Support for Degreasing MACT. The
purpose of this project is to evaluate alternative degreaser designs in support of
the regulation scheduled for promulgation during 1993. The impacted industries,
types and quantities of emissions, and potential benefit of prevention approaches
will be assessed. The final report of this project will be available in February
1994.
3.2.2. Surface Cleaning Research -- Cleaning Testing and Evaluation. This
project will test alternative cleaners and cleaning equipment. It will develop a
standardized scale for determining the level of cleanliness required for various
applications. A status report for this project will be available during late 1994.
3.2.3. Evaluation of Alternative Paint Stripping Technologies Used In
Aircraft and Space Vehicles. Low toxicity and low-VOC paint stripper alternatives
for metal reworking will be identified, evaluated, and compiled in this proposed
1994 SRRP project under an interagency agreement with the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA).
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3.2.4. Evaluation of Alternative Dry Cleaning Techniques. The purpose of
this project is to evaluate dry cleaning techniques which do not use toxic solvents.
Work will be underway early in 1994.
3.3. Demonstration
3.3.1. Coated and Laminated Paper Equipment Cleaning. The rationale for
this project is similar to that for the "retrofit" project described earlier under in
Section 2.2.8. However, the focus of this project is on the second largest source
of MEK and toluene emissions in the industry, equipment cleaning. The objectives
of this project are to identify and evaluate improved methods for cleaning process
equipment surfaces, recommend candidate demonstration projects, conduct
demonstrations, and transfer technical findings to the small businesses in the
industry. A report detailing emissions characterization and P2 opportunities will
be available in December 1993. The demonstration report should be available
early in 1994.
3.3.2. Demonstration of Solvent-Free Precision and Non-Precision Surface
Cleaning Techniques. The purpose of this project is to identify candidate
industrial processes in which conventional cleaning solvents can be replaced by
non-organic solvents or by solventless technology, to demonstrate the alternative
techniques, and then to compare them to conventional cleaning. Two reports
detailing these demonstrations will be available in January and February 1994.
A demonstration of the use of carbon dioxide (C02) snow at an automotive parts
manufacturer is scheduled for 1994.
3.3.3. Spray Gun Cleaning. The purpose of this project is to compare
emissions from two types of paint spray gun cleaning equipment (e.g., open- and
closed-systems) to each other and to those of current cleaning practices. This
project, which will be completed during the Fall of 1993, is being done to support
the EPA's Control Technology Center (CTC). The CTC provides technical support
to local, state, and EPA Regional environmental personnel, small businesses, and
international clients. It is co-sponsored by AEERL and EPA's Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. The final report will be available in December 1993.
3.4. Technology Transfer
3.4.1. The Solvent Alternatives Guide (SAGE). SAGE is an information
system which identifies low-pollution surface cleaning alternatives, given the
substrate to be cleaned, the type of soil, and the degree of cleanliness desired. The
objective of this project is to develop SAGE as an analytical tool, to make the tool
accessible and useful to small business users, and to identify emerging cleaning
technologies. SAGE Version 1.1 is publicly available on computer diskette and
through downloading from the CTC bulletin board8. SAGE Version 2.0 will be
released during early 1994. Funding is available to develop Version 3.0 during
1994-95.
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4. CONSUMER/COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
4.1. Scoping
4.1.1. Consumer/Commercial Products Report to Congress Support.
Information on non-process solvent use was evaluated for 15 industrial and
commercial source categories to characterize VOC emissions and identify P2
opportunities. Non-process solvents are used by industry, commercial operations,
and/or individual consumers; they are not incorporated into a product or
chemically modified as part of the manufacturing process. Project results will
support a Report to Congress, required by §183(e) of the CAAA, which addresses
emissions of VOCs from consumer or commercial products. The report
summarizing the 15 categories will be available in November 1993.
As a result of the 15-category evaluation, five categories were selected for
further study:
1) Textile Manufacturing,
2) Furniture Repair and Refinishing,
3) Roofing,
4) Mold Release Agents, and
5) Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Coil and Parts Cleaning.
For each category, a more detailed evaluation of emissions, emission sources, and
P2 opportunities is being completed. Four of these categories—Furniture Repair
and Refinishing; Roofing; Textile Manufacturing (e.g., screen printing); and Mold
Release Agents-incorporate surface coatings. All of the categories use surface
cleaning. Reports detailing emissions and P2 opportunities for the five categories
are expected in December 1993.
4.2. Technology Assessment and Development
4.2.1. Consumer Product Test Methods Development for VOC Content. The
purpose of this project is to develop test methods for the VOC content of a wide
variety of consumer products, validate the test method(s), and establish a
standard test for use by state and local agencies, industry, and others. Several
reports and papers are available9. A report detailing the final test method will be
available in January 1994.
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
EPA's OCB has a P2 program which involves industries which have
significant VOC and air toxic emissions from coating and cleaning operations.
These industries include wood furniture manufacturing, coated and laminated
substrate manufacturing, and printing and publishing. Each of these industries
has common concerns, and it is hoped that the results of EPA's work with one
industry will be useful to others. This paper summarizes surface coating, solvent
cleaning, and consumer product activities in OCB. The input of a broad spectrum
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of industry, academic, and other experts, such as the attendees at this symposium,
is needed to continue to enhance the focus, quality, and content of OCB's current
and future research activities.
REFERENCES
1. Shaver, E.M., "Pollution Prevention for Cleaner Air: EPA's Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory," Pollution Prevention Review, Winter 1992-
93, pp.41-50.
2. Ponder, W.H., "A Study of the Occurrence of Photochemical Smog with
Emphasis on Temperature Effects." Master's Thesis, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, January 1965.
3. Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, §6602(b).
4. Memorandum, F.H. Habicht II (U.S. EPA, Washington, B.C.) to All EPA
Personnel, "EPA Definition of 'Pollution Prevention'," May 28, 1992.
5. McMinn, B.W., C.R. Newman, R.C. McCrillis, and M. Kosusko, "VOC Prevention
Options for Surface Coating," Paper Number IU 6B.07, Presented to the 9th
World Clean Air Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August 30 - September
4, 1992.
6. Huang, E.W., L. Watkins, and R.C. McCrillis, "Development of Ultra-low VOC
Wood Furniture Coatings," Proceedings: Pollution Prevention Conference on
Low- and No-VOC Coating Technologies, 1993, pp. 291-300.
7. Northeim, C.M., M.W. Moore, and J.L. Warren, Surface-Coating-Free Materials
Workshop - Summary Report, EPA-600/R-92-159 (NTIS PB93-101160), August
1992.
8. Solvent Alternatives GuidE (SAGE), Beta Test Version 1.1, Control Technology
Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, MD-61, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
July 1993.
9. Kosusko, M., J.T. Bursey, R.G. Merrill, Jr., T.P. Heil, and F. DeMartin, "Test
Methods for the Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Consumer
Products," Paper Number 91-73.1, Air & Waste Management Association Annual
Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, June 1991.
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