&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
R>bruary1994
Toxic Substances
Estimating Toxicity of
industrial Chemicals to
Aquatic Organisms Using
Structure Activity
Relationships
2nd Edition
ECOTOXICOLOQY
-------
REPORT OOCUMENTAT!ON>A3E
CMS Vo.
>; »r
1. AOINCY U$e OWLT
2. KCrORT DATE
February, 1994
J--1»PWST.'TTRC
'*
OATH COVERED
Final
4. TITXE AND 5UBTTTlf
Estimating Toxicity of Industrial"Chemicals
to Aquatic Organisms Using Structure
Activity Relationships. 2nd
R.G. Clements, J.V. Nabholz and M. Zeeman
S.
MUM8EW
- .«>,.;_
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION MAMI(S) AND AOO4ISKIS)
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M St., SW
Washington, DC 20460 . -
: . v
A4£NCY MAMC(S) ANP AOOMSS4IUM
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1t.
NOTIS
124. OtSTIUSUTIOII/AVAILAIIUTr STATEMENT
COQC
13. ABSTRACT (MtMiinuai 100 w(V«9k| . .'.',,-
The second edition contains over 120 SAR equations (Structure
Activity Relationships) which are in current use by the
Environmental Effects Branch to estimate the toxicity of industrial
organic chemicals to aquatic organisms. These SARs can be applied
to three broad categories af organic chemicals: (1) neutral
organics which _are non-reactive and non-ionizable, (2) neutral
organics which are reactive and exhibit excess toxicity, and (3)
surface active organic compounds such as surfactants and
polycationic polymers. The scope of these SARs includes acute and
chronic toxicity to aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates (fresh
and saltwater species) and toxicity to freshwater algae.
14. SUAJCCT TH structure Activity Relationships, SAR, QSAR, Acute
Toxicity, Chronic Toxicity, Algal toxicity,
Industrial Organic Chemicals, Bioconcentration., Aquatic
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
15. NUMSER Of PAGES
16. MICC C00
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Of REPORT
None
t«. SICURITV CLASSIFICATION
0* THIS f»AG|
None
SECURITY OASSinCAfiOM
Of ABSTRACT
None
20. LIMITATION Of ABSTRACT
- SAR
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c/EPA
United States
Environmental 'Protection
Agency
, Office of Pollution
, Prevention and Toxics
Washington, DC 20460
EP$R-93-001
February 1994
Toxic Substances
Estimating Toxicity of
Industrial Chemicals to
Aquatic Organisms Using
Structure Activity
Relationships
2nd Edition
ECOTOXICOLOGY
-------
ESTIMATING TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS USING
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
Second Edition
Edited by:
Richard G. Clements
Contributors:
R.G. Clements
J.V. Nabholz
M. Zeeman
Environmental Effects Branch
Health and Environmental Review Division
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
August, 1996
-------
DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed and approved for publication by the Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, U S Environmental Protection Agency. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does the
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
FORWARD to the SECOND EDITION
As discussed in the FORWARD to the first edition of Estimating Toxicity of Industrial
Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms Using Structure-Activity Relationships, the development of
predictive ecotoxicology models for industrial chemicals creates challenges that are unique compared to
those faced in drug or agrichemical design Under the requirements of the Toxic Substances Control
Act there is, however, no choice but to face these challenges and provide the means to assess the
ecological risks of new and existing compounds.
Since releasing their first edition in 1988, the scientists within the Environmental Effects Branch
of, the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics have continued to develop property-activity correlations
that are relevant for industrial chemicals found in commerce. In publish the second edition of
Estimating Toxicity of Industrial Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms Using Structure-Activity
Relationships, the contributors have once again demonstrated their commitment to share the results of
these efforts with the scientific and regulatory community This second edition contains over 70
additional property-activity correlations and is a companion document to ECOSAR, which is a
computerized version of the relationships developed by the contributors. Through this on-going
contribution to the world-wide 'structure-activity relationship knowledge base', the scientist in the
Environmental Effects Branch are also providing the means to identify first-order uncertainties in the
development and use of these predictive models. The influence of the first and second edition on the
application of structure-activity relationships and the course of future research in are of environmental
toxicology can not be minimized Of particular interest is the continuing to develop models for chronic
effects and to establish objective techniques whereby compounds can be assigned to specific
relationships
Again, I congratulate the contributors to this document for their dedication in implementing
structure-activity relationships in ecological risk assessments and for fostering the exchange of
information that is essential for the-advancement of the field.
Steven Bradbury
Associate Director for Research
Environmental Research Laboratory
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, Minnesota
April, 1995
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INTRODUCTION
For many years, the manufacturers of Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes have used the
' relationship between chemical structure and a specific effect to search for new chemicals. These
relationships are called structure-activity relationships (SARs). Under Section 5 of the Toxic Substances
Control Act of 1976, EPA must review and evaluate all new chemicals before enter they enter commerce
The Environmental Effects Branch (EEB) of OPPT has been responsible for the assessment and evaluation
of these new chemicals and for identifying those chemicals of greatest concern for environmental hazard.
Since 1976, of all chemicals submitted to EPA under Section 5 of TSCA, fewer than 5% of the
Premanufacture Notices have contained toxicity data pertaining to terrestrial and aquatic organisms. To
meet its regulatory mandate,.EEB began using SARs in 1979 to estimate the toxicity of chemicals in the
absence of test data.
The application of SARs in the field of environmental toxicology is relatively new Some of the early
research work began in the 1960's During the 1970's, many investigators began examining the relationships
among chemical properties and the toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Among'the leaders in this
area was the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory at Duluth (ERL-Duluth) who pioneered research
in the development and application of SARs to environmental toxicology. In the mid-1970's they developed
and later published the SAR for predicting the bioconcentration of neutral organic compounds in fish based
upon the octanol/water partition coefficient. In 1979, they initiated a' long-term research program to develop
SARs for industrial organic chemicals. Between 1981 and 1983, EEB staff, evaluated and adopted 13 of
these SARs for use in predicting toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and green algae. To date, the
scientists at ERL-Duluth have measured the toxicity of over 800 compounds From this research, they have
developed SARs for at least a dozen classes of compounds to both freshwater and marine fish. Recently,
emphasis at ERL-Duluth has shifted toward SARs for chronic toxicity with* numerous chronic values now
being published
The octanol/water partition coefficient (K^J has been the major attribute used by most investigators
to correlate structure and toxic effect The most frequently used relationship is the logarithm of the KDW
versus the logarithm of the median toxicity (LC50 and EC^) value. To date the major focus has been
centered around the class of industrial organic chemicals known as neutral organics. These compounds
are non-ionizable, non-reactive and neutral with respect to charge, however, SARs have been developed for
other classes of chemicals and new ones continue to be derived as data become available
This manual is intended to accompany an SAR program, called ECOSAR, that has been developed
by EEB for use on a personal computer. ECOSAR is menu-driven and contains on-line help, including a
User's Guide. ECOSAR includes all of the chemical classes and SARs contained in this manual. Most
toxicity values (in mg/L) are based on log K^ and molecular weight information supplied by the user,
although as discussed below, some SARs require other physical data, such as number of ethoxylates or
percent amine nitrogen ECOSAR may be obtained from the sources-listed at the end of the Introduction
Chemical Classes
This manual presents information for deriving toxicity values for four primary classes of chemicals'
(1) Neutral organics that are nonreactive and nonionizabie;
(2) Organics that are reactive and ionizable and that exhibit excess toxicity in addition
to narcosis;
(3) Surface-active organic compounds such as surfactants'and polycationic polymers,
and
(4) Inorganic compounds including organometallics.
1
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FORWARD
The world of the scientist in a regulatory agency which is responsible for chemical safety is quite
different from that in physical organic chemistry, toxicology, or drug design. Nothing highlights the
difference quite like the scientists who implement the EPA mandate to review industrial chemicals for
health and environmental effects More conventional research scientists work in data-rich areas where
chemical models are comparatively precise. Only under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA),
implemented by the Office of Toxic Substances, can we find the responsibility to evaluate the broad
spectrum of chemical safety with little or no data on either new or existing chemicals
These scientist responded to the EPA responsibilities by adapting approaches used in drug
design and chemistry to predict the environmental behavior and toxicology of chemicals from their
structure rather than extensive test data The Office of Research and Development has enjoyed a ten-
year partnership with the Office of Toxic Substances in developing quantitative structure-activity
relationships to estimate the bioaccumulation potential, the persistence, and the toxicity of chemicals in
the environment. Much developmental work remains to be done in efforts to more thoroughly evaluate
chronic effects of Jong term exposure, nonetheless, many relationships are adequate to assist regulatory
scientists in making judgements concerning the risks of chemicals
As we continue to improve our understanding of relationships between chemical structure and
effects, the Environmental Effects Branch realized the value of this technology to other scientists in EPA
Regions and states. Their initiative to summarize the state-of-the-art in this document and make it
available to others is another example of the futuristic planning of this group The predictive power of
the methods included in this document varies with the available data and complexity of the toxicity
mechanisms However, the predictive power will continue to increase over the next decade as new
chemical models are formed I congratulate the contributors to this document for the increasing effort to
formulate structure-activity relationships from scant data, and for their desire to share this work with
others in the scientific and regulatory community.
Oilman D. Veith
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, Minnesota
Jun,1988
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Neutral organic compounds that are nonelectrolytic and nonreactive act as anesthetics or narcotics.
This class of compounds includes alcohols, ketones, ethers, alkyl halides, aryl halides, aromatic
hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, many cyanates, sulfides, and disulfides
Organic compounds with a more specific mode of toxicity may contain reactive functional groups
such as electrophilic moieties. These compounds are more toxic than would be predicted by using an SAR
for a narcotic compound. Chemicals which exhibit excess toxicity include acrylates, methacrylates,
aldehydes, anilines, beta-diketones (linear forms), benzotriazoles, esters, phenols, aziridines, and epoxides.
A separate SAR has been developed for each of these classes.
s
Surface-active chemicals may act on the respiratory membranes of aquatic organisms. These
chemicals consist primarily of surfactants that can be absorbed through respiratory membranes and charged
polymers that cannot be absorbed SARs have been developed for anionic surfactants such as linear alkyl
benzene sulfonates, nohionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates and cationic surfactants, such as
ethoxylated beta-amine surfactants (ethomeen) and linear N-alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds. The
SARs for surfactants are parabolic, i e., toxicity is related to the size of the hydrophobic component in a
parabolic manner when the size of the hydrophilic component remains constant. The size of the
hydrophobic component, usually a linear alkyl carbon chain, can be estimated by simply counting the
number of carbons in the hydrophobic alkyl chain. Maximum toxicity occurs when there are approximately ,
16 or 17 carbons in the linear alkyl chain. Toxicity for the nonionic surfactants is also affected by the
number of ethoxylate units and the size of the hydrophobe and the number of ethoxy groups must be known
to use the SAR. . - (
Polycationic polymers include those with primary, secondary, and tert.ary amines and/or quaternary
ammoniums, phosphoniums, and sulfoniums The molecular descriptor used to predict toxicity for these
polymers is equivalent charge density as determined from chemical structure, i.e., percent amine-nitrogen,
number of cationic charges per 1000 units of molecular weight, or cation equivalent weight These polymers
must be water soluble or self-dispersing or both.
Quantitative SARs have not been developed for inorganic compounds. However, in lieu of such
equations, water quality criteria values have been used to predict their toxicity. Water quality criteria have
been developed for several metals. These criteria are usually indicative of the lowest concentration that is
believed to be protective of aquatic life in the receiving water. Consequently, most criteria are expressed
only for acute or chronic toxicity to freshwater or marine organisms in general. SAR equations will
eventually be developed for organometallics based on their K^ values
Some chemical classes do not have quantitative SARs. These include polyanionic polymers,
cationic dyes, and most classes of pesticides. Two classes of polyanionic polymers are known to be toxic
to aquatic organisms; polyaromatic sulfonic acids are moderately toxic to aquatic organisms; and
polycarboxylic acids are moderately toxic only to green algae However, the high molecular weight of these
polymers indicate that they will not be absorbed through the surface membranes of these organisms and
their toxicity is the result of their surface activity and is not correlated with their anionic charge density
Cationic dyes can be absorbed and are known to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms During acute
exposure, the toxicity of these dyes is believed to be mostly the result of their activity on the surface
membrane while chronic exposure also results in systemic toxicity. Dyes with delocalized cationic charges
may be more toxic, followed by dyes with four localized charges, then three localized charges, etc Most
commercial dyes contain impurities which may, in part, be responsible for some of the toxic effects seen
in these dyes Acid dyes are moderately toxic only to green algae which results more from shading of the
algae by the dye rather than from direct toxic effects. Data on which to validate this assumption are lacking
in most PMN submissions.
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How SARs Are Developed
Work sheets were developed to provide pertinent information about each SAR, especially the
mathematical procedures for calculating toxicity values based on molecular weight and K^. Data to develop
new SARs are entered in a spreadsheet that allows the SAR equations to be calculated based on a
measured toxicity values (in mmoles/L) and an estimated ^w. Using these estimated values, regression
equations can be developed for a class of chemicals, e.g, neutral organics, acrylates, anionic surfactants,
etc. Toxicity values for new chemicals may then be calculated by inserting the estimated Kbw into the
regression equation and correcting the resultant values for the molecular weight of the compound.
As discussed above, the mode of toxic action for most neutral organics appears to be narcosis;
however, some organic chemicals have a more specific mode of toxicity with comparable K^ws and
molecular weights. For these chemicals, the toxicity is also related to the K^ and as the f^w decreases (i.e.,
as the chemicals become more water soluble), the amount of excess toxicity compared to neutral organic
compounds increases Consequently, at some higher K^w the toxicity of the compound is not significantly
different from the toxicity of the equivalent neutral organic. For organic chemicals which haves excess
toxicity and for which are data poor, e.g., amino anilines, a neutral organic data point may be used in
addition to the measured toxicity value to give a regression equation. These are the chemicals that have
a N = 2 entry under statistics but show only one chemical in the list of chemicals used to develop the SAR.
The second point is a neutral organic H\,w value. In addition, for some lists of chemicals used to develop
the SAR,va single chemical is listed more than once. This is because the chemical has been tested more
than once. Each toxicity value is included for the chemical if it provides a reliable data point, i.e., if a second
study confirmed a previously derived toxicity value.
To date, over 100 SARs have been developed for over 40 classes of organic chemicals (see
Table 1). These chemical classes include neutral organics, surfactants, polymers, and other organic
compounds. Most of the SARs are for acute toxicity to fish or daphnids; however, acute and chronic SARs
have been developed for other organisms. Some classes, such as acid chlorides, only have one SAR (e.g.,
fish 96-hour \-C$0), while for other classes such as neutral organics more than 10 SARs have been developed
ranging from'acute and chronic SARs for fish to a 14-day LQo for earthworms in artificial soil. New SARs
will be added as data become available This manual will be periodically updated to reflect the additions.
Selecting an Appropriate SAR
Selecting the appropriate SAR for a new chemical is based on a variety of chemical-specific
information This information includes the exact chemical structure, chemical class, predicted K^, molecular
weight of the compound, physical state, water solubility, number of carbons or ethoxylates or both, and
percent amine nitrogen or number of cationic charges or both, per 1000 molecular weight. The most
important factor for deriving a SAR is the chemical class as SARs are chemical class specific. An
alphabetical listing of chemical classes and appropriate SARs to use for each is included at the conclusion
of this section.
To estimate the toxicity to aquatic organisms of neutral, nonreactive, non-ionizable organics and
organics that exhibit excess toxicity, the H^w and molecular weight are required. The value for the KDW
should be obtained from estimated values using the computer program CLOGP, Version 3 3. The range of
Kbw values are valid to estimate the toxicity is SAR specific and is given for each SAR in a chemical class
In general, when the log K^ is less than or equal to 5 0, valid predictions can be obtained for estimating
acute toxicity to aquatic organisms from neutral organic compounds. If the log K^ is greater than 5 0, the
decreased solubility of a compound will result in no effects in a saturated solution during a 96-hour test and
a longer exposure duration should be used to determine the LC^0. For chronic exposures, the applicable
l°9 KDW may be extended up to 8 0. If the log K^w of the compound exceeds 8 0, no adverse effects are
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Table 1. Existing SARs
SAR Class
Acid chlorides
Acrylates
Acrylates, methacrylates
Alcohols, propargyl
Aldehydes '
Amines, aliphatic
Anilines
Anilines, amino, meta or 1,3-
substituted
Anilines, amino, ortho or
1 ,2-substituted
Anilines, amino, para or
1 ,4-substituted
Anilines, dinitfoanilines
Aziridines
Benzenes, dinitro
Benzotriazoles
Carbamates
Carbamates, dithio
Crown Ethers <
Diazoniums, aromatic
Epoxides, monoepoxides
Epoxides, diepoxides
Esters
Esters, monoesters,, aliphatic
Esters, diesters, aliphatic
Esters, phosphate
Esters, phthalate
Hydrazines
Hydrazines, semicarbazide,
alkyl substituted
Hydrazines, semicarbazides,
aryl, meta/para substituted
Hydrazines, semicarbazides,
aryl, ortho substituted
Imides
Ketones, diketones, aliphatic
Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity
Fish Daphnid Algae Fish Daphnid Algae Other
X
XX,
X
X
X X XX X ,
XXX X
X X X X X
XX X
^ ,
XXX ' . Jv
''
XXX X
\
XX X
XXX
XX XX
X, X ^ X
X
See SAR Title Page
See SAR Title Page
X
X X -f .
XX
XXX X
X
X
X , .
x - x x '-'"'
. x' x ' x
X
x
X
X ,
x x , x , x
-------
SAR Class
Malononitriles
Neutral organics
Peroxy acids K
Phenols
Phenols, dinitrophenols
Polymers, polycationic
Surfactants, anionic
Surfactants, cationic,
quaternary
ammonium, monoalkyl
Surfactants, cationic,
quaternary
ammonium, dialkyl
Surfactants, ethomeen
Surfactants, noniqnic
Thiazolinones, iso
Thiols (mercaptans)
Triazines, substituted
Ureas, substituted-
Acute Toxicity
Fish Daphnid
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
x x
X X
X X v
X X
X X
Chronic
Algae Fish Dap
Toxicity
hnid Algae Other
X X X X X
X X X X
X X
X
X X X X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
for neutral organic compounds in saturated solutions even with long-term exposures. Other chemical
classes have other upper limits for K^ For examples, the maximum log K^ for aldehydes is 6 0 and 7.0
for phenols.
Using SARs
All SARs contain an equation that predicts the aquatic toxicity of a chemical. Most of the SARs
require the user to know the predicted log of the octanol water partition coefficient (^w). When this number
is entered into the equation, a toxicity values in millimoles/L (mM/L) is derived. The molecular weight of
the subject compound is required to convert the "SAR estimates from millimoles/L to mg/L The ECOSAR
program does this automatically, however, manual estimates require that conversions be made. For
example, ,the equation for predicting the fish 96-hour LC^ values for neutral organics is:
LogLC^ = 1.75-0.94 log l^w
Using 1,1'-biphenyl (CASRN [92-52-4] as a representative chemical, the estimated log K^ for this compound
is 4.0, to give a log LC^0 of -2.01 Taking the antilog of -2.01, gives an LC^ value of 0.009 mM/L However,
to express the toxicity of the '1,1 '-biphenyl as mg/L, the toxicity must be multiplied by the molecular weight
of the compound which is 154 20, to give a final toxicity value of 1.5 mg/L. Conversions from mM/L to
mg/L are not necessary for compounds and equations (e.g., surfactants, polymers) that do not use ^w as
the input parameter for toxicity.
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Molecular weight is also used to determine the absorption cutoff limit for aquatic organisms.' As the
molecular weight of a chemical increases above 600, passive absorption through respiratory membranes
decreases significantly. Therefore, for chemicals with molecular weights above 1000, it has been assumed
that such absorption is negligible. For surface active chemicals such as cationic polymers, molecular weight
is not limiting because the toxic effect is not due to absorption, for example, some polycationic polymers
with molecular weights in excess of 1,000,000 are highly toxic to aquatic organisms.
An important aspect of determining the toxicity of a compound is knowing the water solubility. The
water solubility of a compound can be compared with the SAR toxicity value derived for that compound.
If the toxicity value is significantly greater than the measured or predicted maximum water solubility, then
an effect is not expected to occur in a saturated solution. In addition, a determination of the physical state
(liquid, solid, or gas) of the compound is helpful in selecting an SAR. SARs currently used by EEB were
developed using toxicity data on chemicals that are liquids at room temperature (25 °C). If an organic
chemical is a solid at room temperature, then the melting point should be known because of the effect it
has on water solubility, i e...assuming K^ is constant, the higher the melting point of a neutral organic
chemical, the lower its water solubility. For other chemicals such as surfactants, water dispersibility is used,
however, for practical purposes, water solubility and dispersibility are considered to be synonymous.
To determine the toxicity of a surfactant, it is necessary to know the number of carbon atoms in the
alkyl chain for anionic surfactants or the number of ethoxylate units in the compound if it is an cationic
(ethomeen) or nonionic surfactant. For cationic quaternary ammonium surfactants, the toxicity is based on
the average length of a linear carbon chain, if the chain length is between 10 and 24 carbons long. The
surfactant SARs developed by EEB are based on surfactants where the hydrophobic component is
composed of a single linear chain of carbons and/or chains of ethoxylate units. Surfactants that have
complex hydrophobic components are assessed by calculating the K^ of the complex hydrophobic
component alone and determining which aliphatic alkyl (carbon) chain has an equivalent KDW. Toxicity
predictions are based on this equivalent chemical structure. See the SAR, for cationic dialkyl quaternary '
ammonium surfactants for more details on these calculations.
For polycationic polymers, it is necessary to calculate the percent amine nitrogen and/or number
of cationic charges per 1000 molecular weight.
For inorganic and organometallic compounds, only the molecular weight of the compound is used
for calculating the toxicity value Acute and/or chronic toxicity values will be expressed in mg/L, and further
conversions and/or calculations are not necessary
Reliability of SARs
As may be seen by reviewing the chemicals used to derive the individual SARs in this manual, some
chemical classes have a greater number of chemicals with accompanying toxicity values than do others.
For example, the neutral organic 96-hour fish LC^0 SAR was based on toxicity values for over 60 chemicals,
whereas, the fish 96-hour LQ0 SAR for propargyl alcohols was based on only one toxicity value. In the
cases where there is only one toxicity value for, a chemical class, the SAR is based on the line drawn
between the one toxicity value and the maximum toxicity value of a neutral organic compound. Obviously
SARs developed using only one or two toxicity values taken from the literature or premanufacture,notices
-may not have the same reliability as an SAR developed from a larger toxicity database, however, on a
regulatory basis this is the best estimate that can be scientifically achieved.
To determine how reliable the SARs in this manual are, Nabholz et al (1993) conducted a validation
study which compared the predicated toxicity values of chemicals with their measured toxicity values
Several chemical classes were included in the study: neutral organics, organic chemicals which show
-------
excess toxicity compared with neutral organics of a similar structure, anionic surfactants, cationic
surfactants, polycationic polymers, cationic dyes, acid dyes, polyanionic monomers which are strong
chelators of nutrient elements, and compounds which undergo hydrolysis (e.g., acid chlorides and
alkyloxysilanes). In all, test data from 462 chemicals were used in the validation study. SARs for acute and
chronic toxicity for fish, daphnids, and green algae were reviewed. Validation was expressed as a ratio, i.e.,
predicted toxicity:measured toxicity A ratio of 1.0 would indicate that the predictions were perfectly
accurate, a ratio of less than 1 0 would indicate an over-prediction of toxicity, and a ratio of more than 1.0
would indicate that SARs were under predicting the toxicity of the chemicals. The results of the study
indicated that the algal chronic effect was most accurately predicted (ratio 1.07) while the fish chronic value
was the least reliable (ration 0.24). The fish 96-hour LQ0 ratio was 0.64, the daph^'d 48-hour LQ0 was 0.79,
and the algae 96-hour EQ0 was 0.81. Work on validating the SARs is continuously ongoing in EEB.
FURTHER DISCUSSION NEEDED FOR USE OF NEAREST ANALOG; WHY GASES DON'T HAVE SAR;
AND RADIONUCLIDES
Sources for ECOSAR
ECOSAR: Computer Program and User's Guide for Estimating the Ecotoxicity of Industrial Chemicals Based
on Structure Activity Relationships (Publication Number EPA-748-R-93-002) is available from the following
sources:
National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7562
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650
References
Clements, RG, Nabholz, JV, Johnson, DW, Zeeman, M. 1993. The Use and Application of QSARs in" the
Office of Toxic Substances for Ecological Hazard Assessment of New Chemicals. In: Landis, WG, Hughes,
JS, and Lewis, MA, eds. Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, ASTM STP 1179. Philadelphia,
PA: American Society for Testing and Materials pp. 56-64.
V
Nabholz, JV, Clements, RG, Zeeman, MG, Osborn, KG, Wedge, R. 1993. Validation of Structure Activity
Relationships,Used by the USEPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics for the Environmental Hazard
Assessment^ Industrial Chemicals. In- Gorsuch, JW, Dwyer, FJ, Ingersoll, CG, and LaPoint, TW, eds.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment 2nd Vol. ASTM STP 1216 Philadelphia, PA: American
Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 571-590
Nabholz, JV, Miller, P, Zeeman, M. 1993. Environmental Risk Assessment of New Chemicals Under the
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section Five. In: Landis, WG, Hughes, JS, and Lewis, MA, eds.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, ASTM STP 1179. Philadelphia, PA: American Society
for Testing and Materials pp. 40-55
-------
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CHEMICAL CLASSES AND APPLICABLE SARs
Chemical Class
ACETATES
ACETYLENIC CARBAMATES
ACID CHLORIDES
ACID DYES with ONE ACID
ACID DYES with TWO ACIDS
ACID DYES with THREE ACIDS
SAR to Use
Use SAR for ESTERS
No SAR available, excess toxicity
Use SAR for ACID CHLORIDES
Some are moderately toxic to fish and daphnids, others
are not; No SAR available, Use nearest analog
Some are moderately toxic to fish and daphnids, others
are not; No SAR available, Use nearest analog
Only moderately toxic to green algae due to the indirect
effect of shading; shading inhibits growth due to the
colored water; Use nearest analog based on chemical
structure, color, and intensity of color.
ACRYLAMIDES and SUBSTITUTED
ACRYLAMIDES
ACRYLATES (log Kow <5 0)
ACRYLATES (log Kow >5.0)
ACRYLATES, METHACRYLATES
ACTINIUM
ALCOHOLS
ALCOHOLS, PROPARGYL
ALDEHYDES
ALDEHYDES, VINYL
ALIPHATIC AMINES
ALIPHATIC DIESTERS
ALIPHATIC DIKETONES, LINEAR
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON,
Q-HYDROXY-fi-NITRO SUBSTITUTED
or ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON,
1-HYDROXY-2-NITRO SUBSTITUTED
ALIPHATIC MONOESTERS
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
ALKANES, CYCLO
ALKANES, STRAIGHT & BRANCHED
ALKENES
ALKYLANILINES
ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATES
ALKYL ESTERS OF CARBAMIC ACID
ALKYL HALIDES -
ALKYL-NITROGEN-ETHOXYLATES
ALKYL SULFONATES
ALKYL SULFONATES AND CARBOXYLIC ACID
ALLYL CYANIDES
ALLYL DIESTERS
Excess toxicity, Use toxicity data for acrylamides with
MW adjustment
Use SAR for ACRYLATES
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ACRYLATES, METHACRYLATES
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ALCOHOLS PROPARGYL
Use SAR for ALDEHYDES, R-C( = O)-H,
No SAR available; some exhibit excess toxicity, e g.,
acrolein,
Use SAR for AMINES, ALIPHATIC
Use SAR for ESTERS, Dl, ALIPHATIC
Use SAR for KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
Excess toxicity towards algae, e.g.,
tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS Straight chain or
cycloalkane,
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for MALONONITRILES
Use SAR for ESTERS , Dl, ALIPHATIC
-------
ALLYL ESTER
ALLYL HALOGENS
ALKYNES
ALLYL, NITRILES
ALUMINUM
AMERICIUM
AMIDES, VINYL
AMINES, ALIPHATIC, PRIMARY
AMINES, ALIPHATIC, SECONDARY
AMINES, ALIPHATIC, TERTIARY
AMINES/ALIPHATIC,
QUATERNARY, SURFACTANT
AMINES, ALIPHATIC,
QUATERNARY, NOT A SURFACTANT
AMINES, SCHIFF BASES
AMINES, AROMATIC
AMINO-PHENOLS '
AMINOTRIAZOLES
AMPHOTERIC DYES
ANILINES
ANILINES, ALKYL
ANILINES AR-NH2(with
N-substitutions
ANILINES, AMINO, META,,
OR-1.3-SUBSTITUTED'
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO,
OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
, SUBSTITUTED
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA,
OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
SUBSTITUTED
ANILINES, DINITRO
ANILINES, MONOHYDROXY
ANILINES, POLYNITRO
ANTIMONY
used
ARGON
AROMATIC DIAZONIUMS
ARSENIC(III)
Use SAR for ESTERS
No SAR;available ALLYL CHLORIDES show excess
toxicity, ALLYL BROMIDES are even more toxic
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ALUMINUM
No SAR available
No SAR available. Excess toxicity, Use toxicity data for
arcylamides with MW adjustment
Use SAR for AMINES, ALIPHATIC when log Kow < 7.0,
Use nearest analog when log Kow > 7.0
Use SAR for AMINES, ALIPHATIC when log Kow < 7.0,
Use nearest analog when log Kow > 7.0
Use SAR for AMINES, ALIPHATIC when log Kow < ,7.0,
Use nearest analog when log Kow > 7.0
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
Calculate Kow for the tertiary amine and Use SAR for
AMINES, ALIPHATIC when log Kow < 7.0, nearest
7.0; or Use nearest analog
analog when log Kow >
method
No SAR available
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for ANILINES
If charges are balanced, low toxicity towards fish and
daphnids, and shading only towards algae; if more
cationic than anionic, see CATIONIC DYES; and if more
anionic than cationic, see ACID DYES
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO, META, OR 1,3-
SUBSTITUTED
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO, OR 1,2-
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-
Use SAR for ANILINES, DINITRO
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for ANILINES, DINITRO
No SAR available; however water quality criteria may be
Gas; No SAR available
Use SAR for DIAZONIUMS, AROMATIC
Use SAR for ARSENIC
10
-------
ARYL HALIDES
ASTATINE
AZIRIDINES
AZO DYES
BARIUM
BENZENE, DINITRO
BENZENEAMINES
BENZOATES
BENZOTRIAZOLES
BENZOTRIAZOLES with free -NH
BENZOTRIAZOLES with
N-alkyl substitution
BENZOTRIAZOLES with
N-thiol substitution
BENZOYL PEROXIDES
BERKELIUM
BERYLLIUM
BIPHENYLS, POLYBROMINATED
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CALIFORNIUM
CAPROLACTAMS
CARBAMATES
CARBAMATES, BIS(ETHYL)-
JOINED AT -NRN- BY ALKYL
OR ARYL GROUPS
CARBAMATES, ETHYL, N-ALKYL
OR ARYL SUBSTITUTED
CARBAMATES, BIS OR TRIS,
ESTERIFIED ON A SINGLE
PHENYL RING
CARBAMATES, THIO
CARBON.
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
CATIONIC.DYES
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
CHLORINE
CHLOROANILINES
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs)
CHROMIUM
CHROMIUM(III)
CHROMIUM(VI)
COBALT
COPPER
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
Use SAR for AZIRIDINES,
No SAR available; see DYES
No SAR available
Use SAR for BENZENES, DINITRO
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for BENZOTRIAZOLES
Use SAR -for BENZOTRIAZOLES, has excess toxicity,
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
Use SAR for PEROXY ACIDS, RC(=O)OOC(=0)R,
excess toxicity,
No SAR available
'Use SAR for BERYLLIUM
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
Use SAR for BORON
No SAR available
Use SAR for CADMIUM
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available, Use nearest analog, MWs can be
over 1000
No SAR available
Use SAR for CESIUM
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for CHLORINE
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for CHROMIUM
Use SAR for CHROMIUM
Use SAR for CHROMIUM
Use SAR for COBALT
Use SAR for COPPER
11
-------
CROWN ETHERS
CURIUM
CYANIDE, VINYL
CYANATES
CYCLIC DIKETONES
CYCLOALKANES
CYCLODIENE
DIAMINES, PHENYLENE
(META OR 1,3 SUBSTITUTED)
DIAMINES, PHENYLENE
(ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED)
SUBSTITUTED
DIAMINES, PHENYLENE
(PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED)
SUBSTITUTED
DIAZONIUMS, ALIPHATIC -
DIAZONIUMS, AROMATIC
DICARBOXYLIC ALIPHATIC ESTERS
DIEPOXIDES
DlESTER, ALLYL
DIESTERS; AROMATIC OR
ALIPHATIC/AROMATIC
DIKETONES, a .T-diketone or
1,3-diketones, linear
pentanediols, excess toxicity
DIKETONES, 1,3-diketones, cyclic
DINITROANILINES
DINITROBENZENES ,
DINITROPHENOLS
DIPHENOLS
DISPERSE DYES
DISULFIDES
DISULFIDE, PHENYL
DITHIOCARBAMATES
DITHIOCARBAMATES, POLY '
DYES
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
See SAR for CROWN ETHERS
No SAR available
No SAR available, R-C = C-ON, e.g., acrylonitrile,
fumaronitrile, have excess toxicity,
No SAR available, (NCO-R) or (R-OCN),excess toxicity,
Use nearest analog
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO, META, OR 1,3-
SUBSTITUTED
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-
No SAR available (R-N^N-A), (very explosive and are
used as synthesizing agents)
Use SAR for DIAZONIUM, AROMATIC(AR-N^N-AR),
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for EPOXIDES, Dl
No SAR available R-C-C = C-C-(0-C( = 0)-C-R)-O-C( = 0)-
C-R) excess toxicity e.g., 2-propene-1,1-diol, diacetate,
1000X more toxic than an eqjivalent NEUTRAL
ORGANIC,
Use SAR for ESTERS, PHTHALATE
Use SAR for KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC; e g., 2,4-
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ANILINES, DINITRO
Use SAR for BENZENES, DINITRO
Use SAR for PHENOLS, DINITRO
Use SAR for PHENOLS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available, excess toxicity, ,:
See SAR for CARBAMATES, DITHIO
No SAR available, excess toxicity,
see ACID DYES if ANIONIC DYES; see CATIONIC DYES
if cationic; see NEUTRAL DYES if neutral, and see
AMPHOTERIC DYES if both cationic and anionic; MWs
can be over 1000'for CATIONIC DYES, AMPHOTERIC
DYES, and ACID DYES; MWs of NEUTRAL DYES have
to be less than 1000 for toxicity towards fish and
daphnids; toxicity to green algae is based on color and
intensity of color, and is an indirect effect
No SAR available
No SAR available
12
-------
EPOXIDES, AZIRIDINES
EPOXIDES, DIEPOXIDES
EPOXIDES, MONOEPOXIDES
EPOXIDES, POLYEPOXIDES -
ESTERS (logKow <50)
ESTERS (log Kow >5.0)
ESTERS
ESTER, ALLYL
ESTERS, a-HALO-
ESTERS, DICARBOXYLIC, ALIPHATIC
ESTERS, DIESTERS, ALIPHATIC
ESTERS, .METHANESULFONATES
ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
ESTERS, PHOSPH1NOTHIOIC ACID,
TRISUBSTITUTED
ESTERS, PHOSPHINOTHIOIC ACID,
DISUBSTITUTED-FREE ACID
ESTERS, PHOSPHINOTHIOIC ACID,
MONOSJBSTITUTED-FREE DIACID
ESTERS, PHOSPHOROTHIOIC,
MONOESTER
ESTERS, PHOSPHOROTHIOIC,
MONOSUBSTITUTED ESTER
ESTERS, PHOSPHOROTHIOIC,
DISUBSTITUTED ESTER
ESTERS, PHOSPHOROTHIOIC,
TRIESTER
ESTERS, PHOSPHOROTHIOIC,
TRISUBSTITUTED
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
ESTERS, POLY
ESTERS, PROPARGYLIC
ESTERS, SULFONATE
ESTERS, TRIALKYL PHOSPHATE
ESTERS, VINYL
EINSTEINIUM
ETHERS
ETHOXYLATES, ALKYL
EUROPIUM
FATTY ACIDS
FERMIUM
Use SAR for AZIRIDINES
Use SAR for EPOXIDES , Dl
Use SAR for EPOXIDES , MONO
Use SAR for EPOXIDES, Dl
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ESTERS, RC(=O)OR,
Use SAR for ESTERS, R-C = C-C-O-C( = O)-C-R, excess
toxicity,
No SAR available, C-O-C(=O)-C-X, excess toxicity,
BROMIDES are more toxic than CHLORIDES
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for ESTERS , DI.ALIPHATIC
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
No SAR Available, R-O-P(=S)(0-R)R, pesticide, Use
nearest analog.
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC if alkyl chains
are long; if alkyl chains are short, use nearest analog
(R-0-P(=S)(OH)R)
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC if alkyl chains
are long; if alkyl chains are short, Use nearest analog
(HO-P(=S)(OH)R)
WE NEED A DESCRIPTION FOR THIS; USES BOTH
ANIONIC SURFACTANT AND DIESTER SARS
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC if alkyl chain is
long; if alkyl chain is short, Use nearest analog (R-0-
P(=S)(OH)OH)
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC, if alkyl chain is
long, if alkyl chain is short, Use nearest analog
Use SAR for ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
Use SAR for ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
Use SAR for ESTERS, PHTHALATE
Use SAR for ESTERS
No SAR available, have excess toxicity
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
No SAR available, excess toxicity
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
No SAR available
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
No SAR available
13
-------
FLUORINE
FRANCIUM
GADOLINIUM
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
GOLD
GUANIDINE
HAFNIUM
HALIDES, ALKYL
HALIDES, ARYL
HALOGENATED FLUOROCARBONS
HELIUM
HFCs
HOLMIUM
HYDRAZIDES
HYDRAZINES _
HYDRAZINES, CARBOXYLIC
(FREE) ACID SUBSTITUTION
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL,
META/PARA SUBSTITUTED
SUBSTITUTED
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL,
ORTHO SUBSTITUTED
SUBSTITUTED
HYDRAZONES
HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC,
HALOGENATED
HYDROCARBONS, ALIPHATIC,
HALOGENATED
HYDROGEN
HYDROQUINONES or PARA-HYDROXY
PHENOL
IMIDES
INDIUM
INDOLES, HALOGENATED
IODINE
' IRIDIUM
IRON
ISOCYANATES, MONO-^AND Dl-
ISOCYANATES (R-NCO) and
ISOTHIOCYANATES
ISOTHIAZOLINONES
KETONES, a-HALO-
KETONES, MONO
KETONES, DIKETONES, ALIPHATIC
KRYPTON
LANTHANUM
LAWRENCIUM
LEAD
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for GERMANIUM
Use SAR for GOLD
Use SAR for AMINES, ALIPHATIC
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
No SAR available, about 10 times less toxic than '
HYDRAZINES
Use SAR for SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, META/PARA
Use SAR for SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, ORTHO
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES v
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
*********
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available; toxicity is based on pH
No SAR available, excess toxicity
Use SAR for IMIDES
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for IRON
No SAR available, excess toxicity if very water soluble.
Use nearest analog
Use SAR for THIAZOLINOES, ISO
No SAR available, excess toxicity
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for KETONES, Dl Aliphatic
No SAR available
Use SAR for LANTHANUM
No SAR available
Use SAR for LEAD
14
-------
LIN ALGOLS
LINEAR ALKYL BENZENES
LINEAR ALKYL BENZENE
SULFONATES
LINEAR ALKYL SULFONATES
LITHIUM
LUTETIUM
MAGNESIUM
MALEIMIDES
MALONONITRILES
MANGANESE
MENDELEVIUM
MERCAPTANS/THIOLS
MERCAPTOBENZOTRIAZOLES:
MERCURY
METHACRYLAMIDES
SUBSTITUTED ACRYLAMIDES
METHACRYLATES (log Kow <5.0)
METHACRYLATES (log Kow >5.0)
METHANESULFONATES
MOLYBDENUM
MONOEPOXIDES
NEON
NEUTRAL DYES
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
NEODYMIUM
NEPTUNIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
NITRILES
NITRILES, ALLYL
NITRILES, VINYL
NITROBENZENES,
DINITROBENZENES
NITROGEN
NITROSO COMPOUNDS
NOBELIUM
OSMIUM
OXYGEN
PALLADIUM
PEROXY ACIDS
PHENOLS
PHENOLS, AMINO
PHENOLS, Dl
PHENOLS, DINITRO
PHENOLS, HALOGENATED
PHENOL, META-HYDROXY
PHENOL, ORTHO-HYDROXY
PHENOL, PARA-HYDROXY or
HYDROQUINONE
PHENOLS, POLY
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for IMIDES
Use SAR for MALONONITRILES
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for THIOLS; (R-SH)
No SAR available , excess toxicity
Use SAR for MERCURY
No SAR available, less toxic than ACRYLAMIDES and
Use SAR for METHACRYLATES
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for MOLYBDENUM
Use SAR for EPOXIDES, MONO
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for NICKEL
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for MALONONITRILES
Use SAR for MALONONITRILES
Use SAR for BENZENES, DINITRO
No SAR available
No SAR available, excess toxicity
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for PEROXY ACIDS
Use SAR for PHENOLS
Use SAR for ANILINES
Use SAR for PHENOLS
Use SAR for PHENOLS, DINITRO
Use SAR for PHENOLS
Use SAR for PHENOLS
No SAR available, CATECHOL, 16 times excess fish
acute toxicity
No SAR available, 1400 times excess fish acute toxicity
Use SAR for PHENOLS
15
-------
PHENOLS, SUBSTITUTED
PHENYLENEDIAMINES
PHOSPHINOTHIOIC ACID ESTERS,
DISUBSTITUTED FREE ACID
PHOSPHINOTHIOIC ACID ESTERS,
MONOSUBSTITUTED FREE ACID
PHOSPHITES
PHOSPHONIUM
PHOSPHOROTHIOIC ESTERS,
DIESTER
PHOSPHOROTHIOIC ESTERS,
MONOESTER
PHOSPHORUS
PLATINUM
PLUTONIUM
POLONIUM
POLYANIONIC MONOMERS
POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS
POLYCATIONIC POLYMERS
POLYEPOXIDES
Use SAR for PHENOLS
Use SAR for ANILINES, AMINO ********
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
No SAR available, excess toxicity
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM if a surfactant; if not a
surfactant use nearest analog: SULFONIUM or
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM analogs are acceptable
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for PHOSPHORUS
Use SAR for PLATINUM
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available, monomers with two or more acid
groups and which act like organic acid chelators, Use
nearest analog
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Use SAR for EPOXIDES, Dl,
POLYISOCYANATES
POLYMERS, POLYNONIONIC,
POLYMERS, POLYANIONIC,
POLY(CARBOXYLIC ACID)
POLYMERS, POLYANIONIC,
POLY(ACRYLIC ACID)
POLYMERS, POLYANIONIC,
' POLY(METHACRYLIC ACID)
POLYMERS, POLYANIONIC,
POLY(AROMATIC SULFONIC ACID)
POLYMERS, POLYANIONIC,
POLY(ALIPHATIC SULFONIC ACID)
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
POLYMERS, POLYAMINE
POLYMERS, POLYQUATERNARY
AMMONIUM
POLYMERS, POLYPHOSPHONIUM
POLYMERS, POLYSULFONIUM
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
POLYSULFIDES
No SAR available, if water solubility is 13 mg/L or less,
then no effects at saturation; these chemicals will
polymerize: one NCO will hydrolyze to the amine and
the amine will react with another NCO to form a
urethane; a crosslinked polymer will be formed
No SAR available, low environmental hazard.
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
Use SAR for POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Use SAR for POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Use SAR for POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Use SAR for POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Use SAR for POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS,
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
16
-------
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
PROMETHIUM -
PROPARGYL ALCOHOLS '
PROPARGYL CARBAMATES
PROPARGYLIC ESTERS
PROPARGYL HALIDE -
PROTACTINIUM
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SURFACTANTS,
DIALKYL
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SURFACTANTS,
MONOALKYL
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
QUINONES
toxicity to fish
RADIUM
RADON
RHENIUM
RHODIUM
RUBIDIUM
RUTHENIUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SCHIFF BASES
SELENIUM
SEMICARBAZIDES,
ALKYL SUBSTITUTED
SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL
META/PARA SUBSTITUTED
SUBSTITUTED
SEMICARBAZIDES ARYL
ORTHO SUBSTITUTED
SUBSTITUTED
SEMICARBAZIDES
SEMICARBAZONES
SILANES, ALKOXY
RSi(OR)(OR)(OR) and
CHLOROSILANES
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for ALCOHOLS, PROPARGYL
No SAR available, excess toxicity
No SAR available, excess toxicity
No SAR available, excess toxicity, PROPARGYL
BROMIDE more toxic than PROPARGYL CHLORIDE
No SAR available
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFIDES
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
No SAR available, para-benzoquinone, 5500X excess
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR-for SCHIFF BASES a subclass of AMINES
with excess toxicity; (R-N = C-R)
Use SAR for SELENIUM
Use SAR for SEMICARBAZIDES, ALKYL SUBSTITUTED
Use SAR for SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, META/PARA
Use SAR for SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, ORTHO
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
reactive with water (hydrolyses) and generally shows
low toxicity towards fish, moderate toxicity towards
daphnids, and high toxicity towards green algae; the
hydrolysis products (silic acids and silanols) probably
overchelate nutrient elements and inhibit the growth of
algae, all SARs for silanes have to be based oh Kows
which have C substituted for Si
No SAR available
Use SAR for SILVER
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
17
-------
SULFIDES (C-S-C), DISULFIDES
(C-S-S-C), and POLYSULFIDES
SULFONATES, ALKYL BENZENE
SULFONATES, ALKYL
SULFONATES; METHANE
SULFONIUM
SULFUR
SULFONATES, LINEAR ALKYL
SULFONYL CHLORIDES
SURFACTANTS, ALCOHOL
ETHOXYLATE
SURFACTANTS, ALKYL
ETHOXYLATE
SURFACTANTS, AMPHOTERIC
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC ,
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
CARBOXYLIC ACID
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
ALKYL-BENZENE-SULFONATE
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
ALKYL-SULFONATE
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
PHOSPHATE
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
ALKYL-ETHOXYLATE-SULFONATE
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
ALKYL-(SULFONATE and
CARBOXYLIC ACID)
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC,
TWEEN-TYPE
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
ALKYL-NITROGEN-ETHOXYLATES
ETHOMEEN
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM
DIALKYL
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM,
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for ESTERS
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, if a surfactant; if not a
surfactant, Use nearest analog: PHOSPHONIUM'or
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM analogs are acceptable.
No SAR available
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC'
No SAR available, excess toxicity (RS(=0)(=O)CI)
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
No SAR available
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC .calculate Kow
of alkyl, convert to equivalent alkyl-benzene based on
equivalent Kow and use SAR for SURFACTANTS,
ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC to predict
toxicity of alkyl-sulfonate and then adjust toxicity
depending on number of ethoxylates
No SAR available; predict toxicity of alkyl-sulfonate and
divide effective concentration by 10 times
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN ,
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL, with two large
alkyl chains
18
-------
MONOALKYL
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM,
N-ETHOXYLATED
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM
TRIALKYL
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM,
TETRAALKYL
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
SURFACTANTS, LINEAR ALKYL
BENZENE SULFONATES
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
SURFACTANT, NONIONIC,
ALKYL-ETHOXYLATES
SURFACTANT, NONIONIC,
ALKYL-ETHOXYLATE-ALKYL
SURFACTANT, NONIONIC,
TWEEN-TYPE
SULFONATES, LINEAR ALKYL
BENZENE
TANTALUM
TECHNIUM
TELLURIUM
TERBIUM
TERRENES
THALLIUM
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
THIOLS (MERCAPTANS)
THIOHYDRAZIDES
THIOSEMICAR'BAZIDES
THIOSEMICARBAZONES
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL, with one
large alkyl chain
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL, if ethoxy
groups are less than five. If ethoxylates are greater than
five, Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM MONOALKYL and then
reduce toxicity due to the presence of the ethoxylates
through the use of the SAR for SURFACTANTS,
NONIONIC.
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL, three large
alkyls,
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC,
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL, four large
alkyls
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
No SAR available, use nearest analog
No SAR available, Use nearest analog
Use SAR for SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for THALLIUM
Use SAR for THIAZOLINONES, ISO
Use SAR for THIOLS
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
Use SAR for HYDRAZINES
No SAR available .
No SAR available
No SAR available for inorganic tins or organotins, Use
nearest analog
Use SAR for TITANIUM
19
-------
TRIAZIDES, BENZO, N-ALKYL
SUBSTITUTED
TRIAZINES, SUBSTITUTED
TRIAZOLES
TRIAZOLES, AMINO
toxicity,
'TRIAZOLES, BENZO
TUNGSTEN
VANADIUM
URANIUM
UREAS, CYCLIC , ,
UREAS, SUBSTITUTED
VINYL AMIDES
VINYL ESTERS
VINYL NITROS'
VINYL SULFONE
XENON
YTTERBIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRONIUM
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
See SAR for TRIAZINES, SUBSTITUTED
No SAR available, excess toxicity, Use nearest analogs
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS, herbicide, excess
Use SAR for BENZOTRIAZOLES
Use SAR for TUNGSTEN
Use SAR for VANADIUM
No SAR available
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Use SAR for UREAS, SUBSTITUTED for green algae; to
predict toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates, Use
SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available, a -nitro-styrene, excess toxicity, (R-
C = C=N(=O)(=0))
No SAR available, e.g., divinyl sulfone, excess toxicity,
(C = C-S(=0)(=0)-R)
No SAR available
No SAR available
No SAR available
Use SAR for ZINC
Use SAR for ZIRCONIUM
20
-------
CHEMICAL CLASSES
AND THEIR
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
21
-------
22
-------
ACID CHLORIDES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ACID CHLORIDES
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = 0.565 - 0.613 log K^
N = 3; R2 = 1 0
80
10000 '
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of acid chlorides.
If the log Kbw value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility.
Curtis MW, Copeland TL, and Ward CH. 1978 Aquatic toxicity of
substances proposed for spill prevention regulation. Proc Natl. Conf.
Control of Hazardous Material Spills, Miami Beach, FL p. 93-103.
Curtis MW and Ward CH. 1981. Aquatic toxicity of forty industrial
chemicals: testing in support of hazardous substance spill prevention
regulation J. Hydrol. 51:359-367."
LIST OF ACID CHLORIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
CHEMICAL
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref
Benzoyl chloride
Benzoyl chloride
'34.7
341
1.9
1.9
C1
C2
C1 = Curtis etal (1978)
C2 = Curtis etal (1981)
23
-------
ACID CHLORIDES
9/1993
24
-------
ALCOHOL, PROPARGYL
9/1993
SAP ALCOHOLS, PROPARGYL
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.056 - 0.51 1 log
Statistics: N = 2, R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K,^: 5 0
Maximum MW: 10000
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for propargyl alcohols.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer duration.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPAJ. 1991 OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
LIST OF PROPARGYL. ALCOHOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
Chemical identity CBI 310.0 :O4 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is-Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
25
-------
ALCOHOL, PROPARGYL
9/1993
26
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum K^:
Maximum MW:
Application:
ACRYLATES
Fish '
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
i
Log LC50 (mM/L) = -1.46 - 0.18 log K^
N = 10, R2 = 0.627
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of acrylates and
polyacrylates. Ally! acrylate is expected to be about 30 times more toxic
than predicted by this SAR. '
Limitations:
References:
Nabholz JV and Platz RD. 1987. Environmental effects of acrylates and
methacrylates. I. Category Program Support Document - Generic
SNUR and II. Generic Environmental Hazard Assessment (Addendum to
Standard Review of PMN 87-930/931). Washington, DC: Environmental
Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796),
Office of Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection
Agency 20460-0001
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX Washington, DC. Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
27
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
LIST OF ACRYLATES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate
Chemical identity CBl
Isobutyl acrylate
Isobutyl acrylate
Cyclohexyl acrylate
Hexyl acrylate
Hexyl acrylate
Lauryl- acrylate
96-h LC50
<(mg/L)
48
3.61
326
3.10 '
130
2.110
2.090
1.48
1.14 '.
1.09
*
Log
^w
-0.058
0.251
0.251
0.251
1.6
2204
2.204
2778
3.392
3.392
6.566
Ref.
EPA , .
EPA '
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
' EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA ,
EPA
* No mortalities within 96 hours at saturation
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
,28
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ACRYLATES
Daphnid
48-h
LC50
Log LC50 (mM/L) = 0.009 - 0.511 log h^,w
N = 2; R2 = 1.0
5.0
10000
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for acrylates.
Beach SA. 1990. Acute toxicity of isooctyl acrylate to Daphnia magna
St Paul, MN: 3M Environmental Laboratory, 3M Company; Toxicity
Test Report.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances.
LIST OF ACRYLATES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Chemical identity CBI
Isooctyl acrylate
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
59.0
1 2
Log
*»
078
43
Ref.
M
EPA
B
B = Beach (1990)
EPA = USEPA (1991); Chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
29
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
30
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ACRYLATES
Green Algae
96-h .
EC50 (Growth)
Log EC50 (mM/L) = -1.02 - 0.49 log K^
N = 3; R2 = 091
6.4
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for acrylates.
If the log l<^w value is greater than 6.4, or if the compound is solid and
the EC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances.
LIST OF ACRYLATES USED TO DEVELOP THE SAR.
CHEMICAL
Chemical identity CBI
Chemical identity CBI
96-h EC50
(mg/L)
22
18.5
Log
KDW
0.78
1.6
Ref.
EPA
EPA
EPA = U.S. EPA (1991); Chemical identities are Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
31
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
32
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
SAR ACRYLATES
Organism: Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -1.99 - 0.526 log ^,w
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for acrylates
Limitations: If the ChV is greater than water solubility or the log K^w is greater than
8 0, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L. Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF ACRYLATES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
96-h LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) v K^
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 1^33 ^TiD
D = USEPA (1991)
33
-------
ACRYLATES
7/1988
, 34 ,
-------
ACRYLATES, METHACRYLATES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ACRYLATES, METHACRYLATES
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = 0.552 - 0.715 log K^w
\
N = 19; R2 = 0.774
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of methacrylates and
polyacrylates. Allyl methacrylate is about 35 times more toxic than
predicted by this SAR.
If the log Kbw value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Nabholz JV and Platz RD. 1987. Environmental effects of acrylates and
methacrylates. I. Category Program Support Document - Generic
SNUR and II. Generic Environmental Hazard Assessment (Addendum to
Standard Review of PMN 87-930/931). Washington, DC: Environmental
Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796),
Office of Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection
Agency 20460-0001.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
35
-------
ACRYLATES, METHACRYLATES
9/1993
LIST OF METHACRYLATES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.'
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
M ethyl methacrylate
Tetrahydrofurfuryl
2-Ethoxyethyl methacrylate
3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl
Allyl methacrylate
Chemical identity CBI
Chemical identity CBI '
Isopropyl methacrylate
Benzyl methacrylate
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
322 895
227.0 ,
151.0
34.7
27.7
175.0 ,
0.99
34.0.
32.0
38.0
4.67
Log
KDW
1.25
0.251
,1.056
1.297
1.402
1.464
1.570
1.774
1 .774
1.894 '
2.824
Ref.
, Z
EPA
EPA
EPA '
EPA
' EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
, EPA
EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
36
-------
ALDEHYDES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ALDEHYDES
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = -0.449 log K^w - 0.314
N = 54; R2 = 0.527
5.0
10000
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of aldehydes. Acrolein is
about 1400 times more toxic than predicted by this SAR.
Brooke LT, Call DJ, Geiger DL, and Northcott CE. 1984. Acute toxicity
of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
Volume I. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of
Wisconsin - Superior. Superior, Wisconsin. '
Geiger DL, Northcott CE, Call DJ, and Brooke LT. 1985. Acute toxicity
of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
Volume II. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of
Wisconsin - Superior. Superior, Wisconsin.
Geiger DL, Poirier SH, Brooke LT, and Call DJ. 1986. Acute toxicity of
organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Volume
III Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of
Wisconsin - Superior. Superior, Wisconsin.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
acute toxicity databae. Duluth, MM- Environmental Research Laboratory
(ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA. 6201 congdon
,Blvd, 55804; contact C L Russom (218) 720-5500
37
-------
ALDEHYDES
7/1988
i
LIST OF ALDEHYDES
CHEMICAL
Ethanal
Butanal #1
Butanal #2
Butanal #3
2-Methylbutyraldehyde
Vanillin #2
Vanillin #1
Isovaleraldehyde
Valeraldehyde #1
Valeraldehyde #2
o-Vanillin #1
o-Vanillin #2
2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde #2
Benzaldehyde #1
4-Nitrobenzaldehyde
5-Hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde
2-Methylvaleraldehyde
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
o-Nitrobenzaldehyde #1
o-Nitrobenzaldehyde #2
o-Fluorobenzaldehyde
Hexanal #1
Hexanal #2
p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Salicylaldehyde
3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
5-Bromo-2-nitrovanillin ^
2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
2,3-Dimethylvaleraldehyde
5-Bromovaniilin
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
o-Tolualdehyde
2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde #1
2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde #2
p-Ethoxybenzaldehyde
4,6-Dimethoxy-2-hydroxy-
benzaldehyde
Pentafluorobenzaldehyde
a A A -Trifluoro-m-tolualdehyde #3
aAA-Trifluoro-m-tolualdehyde #2 ,
a A,A -Trifluoro-m-tolualdehyde #1
USED TO DEVELOP THE
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
30.800
19.000
16.000
13.400
9.970
123.000
57.000
'3:250
12.400
13.400
2.600
2.200
49.500
12.800
7.610
10100
41.900
18800
13100
12.500
,16.600
1.350
22.000
14.000
45.700
2.300
87.600
73300
20.100
16.000
59.700
2200 "
52.900
3.800
3950
28100
2.680
1.100
1.130
0.760
0920
FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
Log
K*,
-0.22
0.88
0.88
0.88
.14
.21
.21
23 , ,.
.36
'.37
" 1.37
1.37
1.38
1 48
1.48
1.50
1 65
1 67
1.71
1.74
1.74
1-.76
1.78
1.78
1.81
1.81
1.88
1.88
1.91
2.07 ,-,,
209,
210
2.26
2.28
, 2.28
2.31
, 233
' 2.45
2.47
247
247
Ref.
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA'
38
-------
Continued
ALDEHYDES
7/1988
96-h LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL . (mg/L) l^w
2-Chloro-6-fluorobenzaldehyde9.410 2.54 EPA
4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 23.900 2.94 EPA
5-Chlorosalicylaldehyde 0.770 3.00 EPA
p-lsopropyl benzaldehyde 6.620 3.07 EPA
2,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde 1.800 3.11 EPA
5-Bromosalicylaldehyde 1.300 3.15 EPA
4-(Diethylamino)salicylaldehyde 5.360 3.34 EPA
3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 0 850 3.83 EPA
p-Phenoxybenzaldehyde 4.600 3.96 EPA
4-(Hexyloxy)-m-anisaldehyde 2670 3.99 EPA
3-(3,4-Dichlorophenoxy)
benzaldehyde 0.300 5.49 EPA
3-(4-Tert-butylphenoxy)
benzaldehyde 0.370 5.93 EPA
Tetradecanal * 612 EPA
* No effects at saturation.
EPA = USEPA (1991)
39
-------
ALDEHYDES
7/1988 '"
40
-------
ALDEHYDES
7/1988
SAR ALDEHYDES
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.059 - 0.607 log KQW
Statistics: N = 4, R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 6.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aldehydes.
Limitations:
References: Sloof W, Canton JH, and Hermens JLM. 1983 Comparison of the
susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I
(Sub)Acute toxicity tests. Aquatic Toxicology 4:113-128.
LIST OF ALDEHYDES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
48-h LC50 Log Re?
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
Salicylaldehyde 5^4Zl S
Salicylaldehyde 55 2.1 S
Salicylaldehyde 5.8 2.1 S
S = Sloof et al (1983)
41
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
42
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ALDEHYDES
Green Algae
96-h "
EC50 (Growth)
Use green algae 96-h EC50 SAR developed for neutral organics.
64
1000.0
The green algae 96-h SAR for neutral organics may be used to estimate
toxicity for aldehydes.
See references for neutral organics.
43
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
44
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
SAP ALDEHYDES
Organism: , Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Equation: Log ChV = -0.81 - 0.68 log r^w
Statistics: N = 3; R2 = 0.97
Maximum log Kow: 80
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aldehydes.
Limitations: If the log Kow is greater than 8.0, or if the ChV exceeds the water
solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF ALDEHYDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 32-d Chronic Value (Survival/Growth) SAR.
32-d ChV Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
o-Tolualdehyde Tei 2! D
aAA-Trifluoro-m-tolualdehyde 0.19 26 D
D = USEPA (1991)
45
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
46
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ALDEHYDES
Green Algae,
96-h
Chronic Value (Growth)
Use the equation for the green algae chronic value SAR developed for
neutral organics.
80
1000.0
The green algae chronic value SAR for neutral organics may be used to
estimate toxicity for aldehydes.
If the log K^,w is greater than 8.0, or if the ChV exceeds the water
solubility, no effects expected at saturation
Sloof VW, Canton JH, and Hermens JLM. 1983 Comparison of the
susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I
(Sub) Acute toxicity tests. Aquatic Toxicology 4:113-128
47
-------
ALDEHYDES
9/1993
48
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATICC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.72 - 0.64 log K^
N = 55; R2 = 0.82
6.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of aliphatic amines.
If the log r^w value is greater than 6.0, no effects expected in a
saturated solution.
Bridie AL, Wolff CJM, and Winter M. 1979. The acute toxicity of some
petrochemicals to goldfish. Water Research 13:623-626
Brooke LT, Call DJ, Geiger DL, and Northcott CE (eds). 1984. Acute
toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales ,
promelas). Superior, Wl: Center for Lake Superior Environmental
Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior. Volume I.
Calamari D, DaGasso R, Galassi S, Provini A, and Vighi M. 1980
Biodegradation and toxicity of selected amines on aquatic organisms.
Chemosphere 9:753-762.
Geiger DL, Piorier SH, Brooke LT, and Call DJ (eds). 1986. Acute
toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas). Superior, Wl: Center for Lake Superior Environmental
Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior. Volume III.
Geiger DL, Call DJ, and Brooke LT (eds). 1988. Acute toxicities of
organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas).
Superior, Wl: Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University
of Wisconsin-Superior. Volume IV. ,
Platz RD and Nabholz JV. 1990. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of aliphatic amines. Washington, DC. Environmental
Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796),
Office of Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection
Agency Unpublished manuscript
49
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990.',
Summary of structure-activity data files: University of Wisconsin -
Superior (UWS) and Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN
(ERL-D) research team. Computer printout from Environmental Effects
Branch, HERD, USEPA, Washington, DC.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances; United
States Environmental Protection Agency. - ,
50
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATICC
9/1993
LIST OF ALIPHATIC AMINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Triethanolamine
1 ,3-Diaminopropane
Diethanolamine
Ethanolamine
Ethylenediamine
1 ,2-Diaminopropane
Morpholine
2-Methoxyethylamine
Dimethylamine
2-(Ethylamino)ethanol
Allylamine
Ethylamine
N-(3-Methoxypropyl)-3,4,5-
trimethoxybenzylamine
5-Diethylamino-2-pentanone
Propylamine
N,N-Diethylethanolamine
Diallylamine
Diethylamine
Diethylamine
tert-Butylamine
3-Dimethylaminopropyl chloride
hydrochloride
sec-Butylamine
2-(Diisopropylamino)ethanol
n-Butylamine
Benzylamine
1 ,2-Dimethylpropylamine
Diisopropylamine
2,2-Dimethyl-1 -propylamine
1 ,8-Diamino-p-menthane
Tripropargylamine
Cyclohexylamine
N,N-bis(2,2-Diethoxyethyl)
methylamine
N,N-bis(2,2-Diethoxyethyl)
methylamine
Amylamine
3,3-Dimethylbutylamine
Chemical Identity CBI
N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine
Hexylamine
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
1180.000
1190.000
47100.000
2070.000
220.000
1010.000
380.000
524.000
118.000
1480.000
27.000
227.000
136.000
336.000
308.000
1780.000
20.000
855.000
182.000
270 000
133.000
275.000
201.000
268 000
102.000
284 000
196.000
475.000
65.300
296.000
90.000
634.000
637.000
177000
602.000
778.000 -
37.800
56600
Log
-1.59
-1.49
-1.46
-1.30
-1.22
v -0.91
-0.72
-0.67
-0.52
-0.46
-0.15
-0.14
009
035
039
040
0.51
0.54
0.54
0.57
0.66
0.70
0.86
0.92
1.09
1.10
1.16
1.19
1.23
1 26
1 .37
1.39 -
1.39
1.45
1.72
1.93
1.98
1.98
Ref.
EPA1
BR
' EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
BR
C
BR
C
BR
B
EPA1
EPA1
G1
BR
G1
B
BR
C
C
G1
EPA1
G2
G1
EPA1
G1
C
G1
G2
G1
C
G1
G1
G1
G2
EPA
EPA1
G1
51
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
Continued
CHEMICAL
1 -Adamantylamine"
N-Ethylb'enzylamine
tert-Octylamine ,
Heptylamine
Dibutylamine
Tripropylamine
1 -Methylheptylamine
1 -Methylheptylamine
N,N-Diethylcyclohexylamine
Octylamine
Nonylamine
Chemical identity CBI
Decylamine
Undecylamine
Dihexylamine
Dodecylamine
Tridecylamine
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
25.000 '
57.100
24.600
21.800
37.000
50.900
5110
5.280
21.400
5.190
2.160
2.800
1.030
0210
0.780
0.103
0065
Log
2.00
2.04
2.43
2.51
2.66
282
2.82
2.82
2.98
3.04
3.57
4.10
4.10
4.63
477
5.16
5.68
Ref.
G1
EPA1
G2
BR
C
G1
BR
BR
G2
G2
EPA1
EPA
EPA1
EPA1 ,
BR
EPA1
EPA1
EPA = USEPA (1991); Chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
EPA1 = USEPA (1990)
BR = Brooke et al (1984) ' * , ' -
B = Bridie et al (1979) ,
C = Calamari et al (1980)
G1 = Geigeret al (1986)
G2 = Geiger et al (1988)
52
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References: .
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
Daphnids
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.524 - 0.584 log K^w
N = 10; R2 = 0.78
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of aliphatic amines.
If the log KDW value is greater than 5.0, no effects expected in a
saturated solution.
Cowgill UM, Takahashi IT, and Applegath SL. 1985. A comparison of
the effect of four benchmark chemicals on Daphnia magna and
Ceriodaphnia dubia/affinis tested at two different temperatures.
Gersich FM, Milazzo DP, and Voos-Esquivel C. 1988. An invertebrate
life-cycle study of the toxicity of Daphnia magna Straus. Mammalian
and Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory. Dow Chemical
Company Study ID: ES-DR-0065-5425-6.
LeBlanc GA. 1980 Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea
(Daphnia magna). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 24:684-691.
Platz RD and Nabholz JV. 1990. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of aliphatic amines. Washington, DC: Environmental
Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796),
Office of Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection
Agency. Unpublished manuscript.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency
Van Leeuwen CJ, Maas-Diepeveen JL, Niebeek G, Vergouw WHA,
Griffioen PS, and Luijken MW. 1985. Aquatic toxicological aspects of
dithiocarbamates and related compounds I. Short-term toxicity tests.
Aquatic Toxicology 7:145-164
53
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
LIST OF ALIPHATIC AMINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR
48-h LC50 Log ReF
'CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w
Diethanolamine 131.000 -1.46 C
Diethanolamine 55.000 -1.46 L
Ethylenediamine . 26500 -1.22 VL
Chemical identity CBI 1760.000 -0.90 EPA
Dimethylamine 50.000 ; -0.52 -VL
Chemical identity CBI 4.300 0.44 EPA
Diethylamine 56.000 0.54 - VL
Chemical identity CBI 15000 103 EPA
Chemical identity CBI . 3.800 2.74 ' EPA
2-(Decylthio)ethylamine
hydrochloride 0.033 4.85 G
C = Cowgill et al (1985)
EPA = USEPA (1991); Chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA
G = Gersich et al (1988)
L = LeBlanc (1980)
VL = Van Leeuwen et al (1985)
54
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log KQW:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 (Growth)
Log 96-h EC50 (mM/L) = -0.548 - 0.434 log Kbw
N = 14; R2 = 0.74
7.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic amines.
If the log h^w value is greater than 7.0, no effects expected in a
saturated solution.
Calamari D, DaGasso R, Galassi S, Provini A, and Vighi M. 1980.
Biodegradation and toxicity of selected amines on aquatic organisms.
Chemosphere 9:753-762.
Platz RD and Nabholz JV. 1990. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of aliphatic amines. Washington, DC: Environmental
Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796),
Office of Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection
Agency. Unpublished manuscript.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990.
Summary of structure-activity data files: University of Wisconsin -
Superior (UWS) and Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN
(ERL-D) research team. Computer printout from Environmental Effects
Branch, HERD, USEPA, Washington, DC.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency.
Van Leeuwen CJ, Maas-Diepeveen JL, Niebeek G, Vergouw WHA,
Griffioen PS, and Luijken MW. 1985. Aquatic lexicological aspects of
dithiocarbamates and related compounds I. Short-term toxicity tests
Aquatic Toxicology 7:145-164.
55
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
LIST OF ALIPHATIC AMINES USED TO DEVELOP THE ALGAL 96-h EC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Ethylenediamine
Morpholine -
'Dimethylamine
Dimethylamine
Diethylamine
Diethylamine
tert-Butylamine
Chemical identity CBI
Diisopropylamine
Cyclohexylamine
Dibutylamine
Chemical identity CBI
Octylamine
Chemical identity CBI
96-h EC50
(mg/L)
61.000
28.000
30.000
9.000
20.000
56 000
16000
1.800
20000
20:000
19.000
1.040
0.220
0.130
Log
KDW
-1.22
-0.72
-0.52
-0.52
0.54
0.54
0.57
1.03
1.16
1.37
2.66
2.74
3.04
685
Ref.
VL
C
VL
C
C
VL
- <- c
EPA
C
C
C
EPA
EPA1 '
EPA
C = Calamari et al (1980)
EPA1 = USEPA (1990)
EPA = USEPA (1991); Chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
-VL = Van Leeuwen et al (1985)
56
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
Green Algae
Chronic Value (Growth)
Log ChV (mM/L) = -1 399 - 0.334 log K^
N = 11, R2 = 0.61
7.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic amines.
If the log K^ value is greater than 7.0, no effects expected at saturation.
Calamari D, DaGasso R, Galassi S, Provini A, and Vighi M. 1980.
Biodegradation and toxicity of selected amines on aquatic organisms
Chemosphere 9 753-762.
Platz RD and Nabholz JV. 1990. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of aliphatic amines. Washington, DC: Environmental
Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796),
Office of Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection
Agency Unpublished manuscript.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1989. Report
on alga toxicity tests on selected OTS chemicals Unpublished
preliminary draft. Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory.
Corvallis, OR: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency.
57
-------
AMINES, ALIPHATIC
LIST OF ALIPHATIC AMINES USED TO DEVELOP THE ALGAL ChV SAR.
CHEMICAL
Morpholine
Dimethylamine
Diethylamine
tert-Butylamine .
Chemical identity CBI
Diisopropylamine
Cyclohexylamine
Dibutylamine
Chemical identity CBI
Octylamine
Chemical identity CBI
' ChV
(mg/L)
1.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
0.110
5.000
5.000
2.500
0.410
0.650
0.050
Log
-0.72
-0.52
0.54
0.57
1.03
1.16
1 37
2.66
2.74
3.04
6.85
Ref.
C
C
C
C
EPA2
C
C
\
EPA2
EPA1
EPA2
C = Calamari et al (1980)
EPA1 = USEPA (1989) (
EPA2'= USEPA (1991); Chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
58
-------
ANILINES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ANILINES
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.956 - 0.739 log K^
N = 20; Ft2 = 0.882
70
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for anilines.
Di- and tri-nitroanilines are more toxic than predicted; a fish 96-h LC50
SAR has been developed for dinitroanilines.
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroaniline is 19 times more toxic than predicted by this
SAR. Tetrabromoaniline may be more toxic than predicted by this SAR
as well.
N-substituted anilines are less toxic than predicted by this SAR; for
these compounds use the neutral organics fish 96-h LQ50 SAR.
If the log r^w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Veith GD and Broderius SJ 1987. Structure-toxicity relationships for
industrial chemicals causing type (II) narcosis syndrome. In: Kaiser
KLE (ed.). QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-ll Boston, MA: D.
Reidel Pub. Co., pp 385-391.
59
-------
ANILINES
7/1988
I
LIST OF ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
aniline
4-nitroaniline
4-toluidine
4-chloroaniline
4-ethylaniline
pentafluoroaniline
2-chloro-4-nitroaniline
4-bromoaniline
4-ethoxy-2-nitroaniline
aAA-4-tetrafluoro-
2-toluidine
ap:A;4-tetrafluoro-
3-to'uidine
3,4-dichloroaniline
3-benzyloxyaniline
4-butylaniline
2,3,6-trichloroaniline
4-hexyloxyaniline
2,6-diisopropylaniline
4-octylaniline
4-decylaniline
4-dodecyl aniline
2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
ANILINES USED IN CALCULATION OF THIS
134.0
125.0
149.0
32.5
73.0
37.1
20.2
47.5
26.0
, , 29.6
301
7.6
9.14
10.2
364
- , 32
15.3
0.120
0.062
*
ANILINES WITH EXCESS TOXICITY
0.270
Log
K>w
SAR
0.9
1.3
1.4
1.8,
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6 <
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.2
3.3
.37
4.1
5.3
63
7.4
4.1
Ref.
VB
VB ,
VB
, VB
VB
VB
VB,
VB
VB
VB
VB '
VB
VB
VB
VB
VB^
VB
VB
VB
VB
VB
* No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
VB = Veith and Broderius (1987)
60
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ANILINES
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -1.623 - 0.271 log K^
N = 24; R2 = 0.24
7.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for anilines
Di- and tri-nitroanilines are more toxic than predicted by this SAR; a
daphnid 48-h LC50 SAR has been developed for dinitroanilines.
Tetrachloro- and tetrabromo-aniline may be 20 times more toxic than
predicted by this SAR.
N-substituted anilines are less toxic than predicted by this SAR; for
these compounds use the neutral organics daphnid 48-h LC50 SAR
If the log Hy,w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Canton JH and Adema DMM. 1978. Reproducibility of short-term and
reproduction toxicity experiments with Daphnia maqna and comparison
of the sensitivity of Daphnia maana with Daphnia pulex and Daphnia
cucullata in short-term experiments. Hydrobiologia 2:135-140.
Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak K-D and Winter A. 1989. Results of the
harmful effects of selected water pollutants (anilines, phenols, aliphatic
compounds) to Daphnia magna. Water Research 23:495-499.
Sloof W, Canton JH, and Hermens JLM 1983. Comparison of the
susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I.
(Sub)Acute toxicity tests. Aquatic Toxicology 4:113-128.
61
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
LIST OF ANILINES
CHEMICAL
p-aminophenol
m-aminophenol
aniline
benzidine (dianiline)
4-aminoacetophenone
aniline '
aniline
aniline
p-methoxyaniline
2-amino-4-methoxyphenol
5-chloro-2,4-
dimethoxyaniline
p-chloroaniline
m-chloroaniline
o-chloroaniline
p-ethylaniline
o-bromoaniline
o-ethylaniline
2,4-dimethylaniline
3-trifluoromethylaniline
4-chloro-2-nitroaniline
3-chloro-4-methylaniline
2,6-dichloroaniline
2,4-dichloroaniline
USED TO DEVELOP THE
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
0.240
1.1
0.640
0 600
50
0.300 '
0.100
0.680
1.9
3.0
.1.62
0.310
0.350 .
1.8
2.0
30 ,
14.0
9.9
2.7
32
0.620
1.4
2.7
DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAP,
Log
K>w
0.2
0.2
0.6
1.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1 ,
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.8
' 2.8
Ref.
K
K
S
K
K
K
CA
CA
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K = Kuhn et al (1989)
S = Sloof et al (1983)
CA = Canton and Adema (1978)
\
62
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ANILINES
Fish '
32-d
Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Log ChV (mM/L) = -1.516 - 0.625 log K^
N = 11; R2 = 0.66
8.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for anilines.
N-substituted anilines are less toxic than predicted by this SAR; for
these compounds use the neutral organics fish ChV SAR.
If the log J^w is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and the
ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Bresch H, Beck H, Ehlermann D, Schlaszus H and Urbanek M. 1990. A
long-term toxicity test comprising reproduction and growth of zebrafish
with 4-chloroaniline. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Chemistry 19:419-427.
Call DJ, Poirier SK Knuth ML, Halting SL and Lindbery CA. 1987.
Toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline to fathead minnow. Pimephales promelas.
in acute and early life-stage exposures. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 38:352-358.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990.
Rainbow trout early life stage toxicity test with 2,6-dichloro-4-
nitrobenzeneamine. TSCA Section 4 Test Report. Washington, DC:
Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L Russom (218) 720-5500.
\
Van Leeuwen CJ, Adema DMM and Hermens J. 1990 Quantitative
structure-activity relationships for fish early life stage toxicity. Aquatic
Toxicology 16:321-334.
63
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
LIST OF ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
CHEMICAL -
aniline
aniline
4-chloroaniline '
3-chloroaniline
3,4-dichloroaniline
3,4-dichloroaniline
3,5-dichloroaniline i
2,6-dichloro-4-
nitroaniline
2,4,5-trichloroaniline
2,3,4,5-tetrachloroaniline
pentachloroaniline
ChV
(mg/L)
1.8
0.569
0.400 ,
1.0
0.020
0.006
0.320
0.016
0.056
,- 0032
0.010
Log
KDW
0.9
0.9
1.8
1.9
2.7
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.7
4.6
5.1
Ref.
VL
D
B ,
VL
C
- , c
VL
c
EPA
VL
VL
VL ,
EPA = USEPA (1990)
C = Call etal (1987)
D = USEPA (1991)
VL = Van Leeuwen et al (1990)
B = Bresch etal (1990)
64
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ANILINES
Daphnid
16-d
Chronic Value (Survival/Reproduction)
,Log ChV (mM/L) = -3.12 - 0.36 log Kow
N = 3;; R2 = 0.98
9.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for anilines.
N-substituted anilines are less toxic than predicted by this SAR; for
these compounds use the daphnid ChV SAR for neutral organics.
If the log Kow value is greater than 9.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990.
Daphnid Chronic Toxicity Tests with aniline and 2-chloroaniline. TSCA
Sec. 4 Test Reports. Washington, DC: U S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.
LIST OF ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
CHEMICAL
ChV
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
aniline
2-chloroaniline
0.021
0.034
0.9
1.9
EPA
EPA
EPA = USEPA (1990)
65
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
66
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
SAR ANILINES
Organism: Green Algae
Duration:
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.41 1 - 0.588 log
Statistics: N = 5; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 9.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for anilines.
Limitations: N-substituted anilines are less toxic than predicted by this SAR; for
these compounds use the neutral organics green algae ChV SAR.
If the log Kow value is greater than 9.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Sloof W, Canton JH, and Hermens JLM. 1983. Comparison of the
susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I.
(Sub) Acute toxicity tests. Aquatic Toxicology 4:1 13-128.
' LIST OF ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
Log ChV Log Re?
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
aniline - '. 11.0 O9 S
aniline 8.0 0.9 S
aniline . 16.0 0.9 S
aniline 100- 0.9 S
S = Slooff etal (1987)
67
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
68
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
SAR ANILINES
Organism: Fish
Duration: 14-d
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = 1 02 - 0.988 log l^w
Statistics: N = 17; R2 = 0.783
Maximum log Kovt: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for the following classes of
compounds:
1. Anilines
2. Chloroanilines
3. Alkylanilines
Limitations: If the log KDW value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Hermans J, Leeuwangh P, and Musch A. 1984 Quantitative structure-
activity relationships and mixture toxicity studies of chloro- and
alkylanilines at an acute lethal toxicity level to the guppy, Poecilia
reticulata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 8:388-394.
69
-------
ANILINES
9/1993
LIST OF ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 14-d LC50 SAR.
Log LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL , (mg/L) l^w
Aniline " 125.0 iTos H
2-Methylaniline 81.3 1.54 H
3-Methylaniline " 36.3 1.54 H
4-Methylaniline . t 10.7 1.54 H
2-Chloroaniline 6.2 1.76 H
3-Chloroaniline ' 13.4 ' '1.76 . H
4-Chloroaniljne 26.0 1.76 H
2-Ethylaniline 74.7 2.07 :'~ H
3-Ethylaniline , 27.1 - 2.07 H '
4-Ethylaniline ' 29.1 2.07 H
2,5-Dichloroaniline , 1.65 2.42 H
2,4-Dichloroaniline 6.3 2.42 , H
3,5-Dichloroaniline 3.9 5 2.42 H
3,4-Dichloroaniline' - 6.3 2.42 H
2,3,4-Trichloroaniline 1.4 3.17 H '
2,4,5-Trichloroaniline - , 20 3.17 H
2,3,4,5-Tetrachloroaniline 036 3.92 H
H = Hermans et al (1984)
70
-------
AMINO ANILINES, META OR 1,3 SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR , ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.978 - 0.740 log K<,w
Statistics: , N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log KOW: 7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for meta or 1,3
substituted amino anilines. .
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 7.0, no effects expected at saturation.
duration
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances.
LIST OF META SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 Log Ret.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
m-Phenylenediamine 1618 -03 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
71
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
SAR ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h l
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -1.44 - 0.466 log K^
Statistics: ' N = 2; R2 = 1 0
Maximum log K^: '7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for meta or 1,3
substituted amino anilines.
i,
Limitations: If the log h^w value is greater than 7.0, ho effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS ,
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances
LIST OF META SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
: 48-h LC50 Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
m-Phenylenediamine 5.9 -0.3 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991) . ,
72
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
73
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
Green Algae
96-h
EC50
Log 96-h EC50 (mM/L) = -18- 0.333 log t^,w
N = 2, R^= 1.0
6.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for meta or 1,3
substituted vamino anilines.
If the log ^,w value is greater than 6.0, no effects expected at 'saturation.
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances. - '
LIST OF META SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP
THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
96-h EC501
(mg/L)
Log
, KDW
Ref.
m-Phenylenediamine
2.4
-0.3
EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
74
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
75
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAP ANILINES, AMINO, META OR ^SUBSTITUTED
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 16-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -3.29 - 0.301 log K^ ' '
Statistics:" N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log «<,: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for meta or 1,3
substituted amino anilines.
Limitations: If the log K^w value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
'the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
i
References: . United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington/DC. USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances.
LIST OF META SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID ChV SAR.
ChV:LogReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L)' - K,w '
m-Phenylenediamine ' 0.070
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, META OR 1,3-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
77
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993 ' . .
SAR ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
Organism: Fish , > ' -
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0 547 - 0.522 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
i\ , ,
Maximum log K^: ,7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: , , This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for ortho or 1,2
substituted amino anilines
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS,
TSCA Section 4 database: Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances. -
LIST OF ORTHO SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-h LC50 Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w
o-Phenylenediamine ' 44 ^3 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
78
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
79
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: ' LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -2.21 - 0.356 log K^
Statistics: N = 2, R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for ortho or 1,2
substituted amino anilines.
Limitations: If the log KDW value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
/
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991 OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances.
LIST OF ORTHO SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP
THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR. ,
48-h LC50 Log ' ~~ReT~
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
o-Phenylenediamine : 0.880 ^O3 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
80
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
81
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
9/1.993
SAR ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
Organism: Green Algae
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: EC50
Equation: Log 96-h EC50 (mM/L) = -2.848 - 0.159 log K^w
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = i.O
Maximum log K^: 60
Maximum MW: 10000
Application: ' This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for fortho or 1,2
substituted amino anilines.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 6.0, or if the compound is solid and
the EC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA,'Office of Toxic
Substances.
LIST OF ORTHO SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP
THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAR.
' 96-h EC50 Log ' * Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ' K^
o-Phenylenediamine 0.160 -03 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
82
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, ORTHO OR 1,2-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
83
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
\ »
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -3.337 - 0 123 log K^
Statistics: N = 2, R2 = 1.0
Maximum log KDW: 70
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for para or 1,4
substituted amino anilines
Limitations: " If the log ^.,w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: , United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances
LIST OF PARA SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 log ~Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) , r^w
p-Phenylenediamine 0060 ^O3 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991) . ,''"'
84
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
85
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -2.686 - 0.288 log r^w
\ * '
N = 2, R2 = 1.0
7.0
10000
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for para or 1,4
substituted amino anilines.
If the log K^ is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and the
LCSO'exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances.
LIST OF PARA SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.'
CHEMICAL
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
p-Phenylenediamine
0.280
-0.3
EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
86
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
87
-------
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
;
Limitations:
References:
ANILINES, AMINO, PARA OR 1,4-SUBSTITUTED
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 ' ' ,
Log 96-h EC50 (mM/L) = -2 657 - 0.190 log l^w
N = 2, R2 = 1.0
60
10000
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for para or 1,4
substituted amino anilines.
If the log KDW value is greater than 6.0, or if the compound is solid and
the EC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation^
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA Section 4 database. Washington, DC. USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances.
CHEMICAL
LIST OF PARA SUBSTITUTED AMINO ANILINES USED TO DEVELOP
; THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAR.
96-h EC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref
p-Phenylenediamine
028
-0.3
EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
88
-------
ANILINES, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR ANILINES, DINITRO
Organism: Fish
Duration: ' ( 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.027 - 0 596 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitroanilines and other
polynitroanilines.
Limitations: If the, log KDW value is greater than 7.0, or if trie-compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Veith GD and Broderius SJ 1987. Structure-toxicity relationships for
industrial chemicals causing type (II) narcosis syndrome. In: Kaiser
KLE (ed ). QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-ll. Boston, MA: D. '
Reidel Pub. Co., pp. 385-391.
LIST OF DINITROANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-hour LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w-
2,4-dinitroaniline 1^5 iTsVB
VB = Veith and Broderius (1987)
89
-------
ANILINES, DINITRO
9/1993
90
-------
ANILINES, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR ANILINES, DINITRO
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0 296 - 0.558 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitroanilines and other
polynitroanilines.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak K-D, and Winter A 1989 Results of the
harmful effects of selected water pollutants (anilines, phenols, aliphatic
compounds) to Daphnia magna. Water Research 23:495-499.
LIST OF DINITROANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50.
48-h LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) r^w
2,4-dinitroaniline 9~6Ts K
Kuhn = Kuhnetal (1989)
91
-------
ANILINES, DINITRO
9/1993
92
-------
ANILINES, DINITRO
9/1993
N
SAP , ANILINES, DINITRO
Organism: Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -0 91 - 0 661 log l^w
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitroanilines and other
polynitroanilines.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201 '
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L. Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF DINITROANILINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC (ChV) SAR.
ChV Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
2,4-dinitroaniline 1~41 TJB : D
D = USEPA (1991)
93
-------
ANILINES, DINITRO
9/1993
94
-------
AZIRIDINES
9/1993
SAR AZIRIDINES
Organism: Fish
Duration: Acute
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = -1.65 - 0.364 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log «,,: 7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for aziridines.
Limitations: If the log l^w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
References: Juhnke I and Luedemann D. 1978. Results of the investigation of 200
chemical compounds for acute toxicity with the Golden Orfe test. Z.F.
Wasser-Und Abwasser-Forschung 11 161-164. Translation by SCITRAN
(Scientific Translation Service), Santa Barbara, CA 93108.
LIST OF AZIRIDINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH ACUTE LC50 SAR.
LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w .
Aziridine 2.4 -1.1
J = Juhnke and Luedemann (1978)
95
-------
AZIRIDINES
9/1993
96
-------
AZIRIDINES
9/1993
SAR AZIRIDINES
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality) v
Equation: , Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -1.062 - 0.52 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1 0
Maximum log K^: 70
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for aziridines.
Limitations: If the log KDW value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Bringmann'G and Kuhn R. 1977. Results of the damaging effect of
water pollutants on Daphnia magna. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch.
10(5):161-166
LIST OF AZIRIDINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
LC50CogReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) , K^w
Aziridine iTo Ti~B
B = Bringmann and Kuhn (1977)
97
-------
AZIRIDINES
9/1993
98
-------
AZIRIDINES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
AZIRIDINES
Green Algae
7-d
Chronic Value
Log ChV (mM/L) = -2.4 - 0.33 log K^
N = 2; R2 = 1.0
80
1000.0
^
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for aziridines
>
If the log K^w value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
Bringmann G and Kuhn R 1980. Comparison of the toxicity thresholds
of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell
multiplication inhibition test. Water Research 14(3).231-241.
LIST OF AZIRIDINES USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE CHV SAR.
CHEMICAL
ChV
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
Aziridine
0.370
-1.1
B
B = Bringmann and Kuhn (1980)
99
-------
AZIRIDINES
9/1993
100 ,
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
-1.867 - 0.333 log
BENZENES, DINITRO
(
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) =
N = 2; R2 = 1.0
7.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrobenzenes and other
polynitrobenzenes
If the log K^ value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
Veith GD and Broderius SJ. 1987. Structure-toxicity relationships for
industrial chemicals causing type (II) narcosis syndrome. In. Kaiser
KLE (ed.). QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-ll. Boston, MA: D.
Reidel Pub. Co., pp. 385-391.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances.
LIST OF DINITROBENZENES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref
1,3-dinitrobenzene
Chemical identity CBI
0.71
0.013
1 5
3.2
VB
EPA
VB = Veith and Broderius (1987) i
EPA = USEPA (1991-), chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under.TSCA.
101
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
102
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
BENZENES, DINITRO
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.325 - 0.634 log K^
N = 3; R2 = 0.86
7.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrobenzenes or other
polynitrobenzenes
If the log ^w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Hermens J, Canton J, Janssen P, and DeJong R. 1984. Quantitative
structure-activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of
chemicals with anaesthetic potency: Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity'
to Daphnia maqna. Aquatic Toxicology 5-143-154
LeBlanc. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea
(Daphnia maqna). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology. 24: 684-691.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances.
LIST OF DINITROBENZENES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR
CHEMICAL
1,3-dinitrobenzene
2,3-dinitrotoluene
Chemical identity CBI
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
43.0
0.66
0.012
Log
, KDW
1.6
20
32
Ref.
H
LB
EPA
LB = LeBlanc (1987)
H = Hermens et al (1984)
EPA = USEPA (1991), chemical identities are Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
103
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
104
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR BENZENES, DINITRO
Organism: Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth):
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -3.0 - 0 40 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1 0
Maximum log KOU,: 80
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrobenzenes or other
polynitrobenzenes.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 8.0, or is the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects are expected at
saturation
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN. Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L. Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF DINITROBENZENES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
ChV Log Ret!
CHEMICAL (mg/L) - ^w
1,3-dichloro-4,6-dinitro
benzene 0.023 25 D
D = USEPA (1991)
105
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
106
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR BENZENES, DINITRO
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: . 16-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Reproduction)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.7 - 0.625 log K;
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrobenzenes or other
polynitrobenzenes.
Limitations: If the log KDW value is greater than 8.0, or is the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects are expected at
saturation.
References: Hermens J, Canton H, Janssen P, and DeJong R. 1984. Quantitative
structure-activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of
chemicals with anaesthetic potency: Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity
to Daphnia magna Aquatic Toxicology 5.143-154.
LIST OF DINITROBENZENES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
ChV Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
1,3-dinitrotoluene 3^2il5 : H ~
H = Hermens et al (1984)
107
-------
BENZENES, DINITRO
9/1993
108
-------
BENZOTRIAZOLES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log Y
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
BENZOTRIZOLES
Fjsh
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = 0.366 - 0.587 log K^
N = 2; R2 = 1.00
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of substituted
benzotriazoles with substitution on the 5th position. Toxicity estimates
for substituted benzotriazoles with substitutions on the triazole ring may
not be valid with this SAR.
This SAR may be used for substituted benzotriazoles with substitutions
on the 3rd, 4th or 6th positions (other benzo positions).
If the log r^w value is greater than 5.0, «ir if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Nabholz JV. 1987. Generic review of various benzotriazoles.
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
LIST OF BENZOTRIAZOLES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
Benzotriazole
5-Butylbenzotriazole
390
2.8
1.45
3.68
N
N
N = Nabholz (1987)
109
-------
BENZOTRIAZOLES
7/1988
110
-------
BENZOTRIAZOLES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
BENZOTRIAZOLES
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
To determine the acute toxicity of benzotriazoles to daphnids use the
neutral organic daphnid 48-h LC50 SAR.
5.0
1000.0
The neutral organic SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of
substituted benzotriazoles with substitution on the 5th position, log K^w
values of less than 5.0, and molecular weights less than 1000. Toxicity
estimates for substituted benzotriazoles with substitutions on the triazole
ring may not be valid with this SAR.
This SAR may be used for substituted benzotriazoles with substitutions
on the 3rd, 4th or 6th positions (other benzo positions).
If the log K^ value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Nabholz JV. 1987. Generic review of various benzotriazoles.
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
LIST OF BENZOTRIAZOLES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Benzotriazole
5-Butylbenzotriazole
LC50
(mg/L)
141.6
107
Log
KDW
1.45
3.68
Ref.
N
N
N = Nabholz (1987)
111
-------
BENZOTRIAZOLES
7/1988
112
-------
BENZOTRIAZOLES
7/1988
SAR ^
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
BENZOTRIAZOLES
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 and EC10 (Growth)
Log EC50 (mM/L) = 0.061 - 0.573 log
The 96-h EC10 may be determined by
EC10 = EC50/8
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
N = 2; R2 = 1.00
8.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of substituted
benzotriazoles with substitution on the 5th position. Toxicity estimates
for substituted benzotriazoles with substitutions on the triazole ring may
not be valid with this SAR.
This SAR may be used for substituted benzotriazoles with substitutions
on the 3rd, 4th or 6th positions (other benzo positions).
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the EC50 or EC10 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at
saturation.
References: Nabholz JV. 1987. Generic review of various benzotriazoles.
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
LIST OF BENZOTRIAZOLES USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 AND EC10 SARs
'
CHEMICAL
Benzotriazole
5-Butylbenzotriazole
EC50
(mg/L)
15.4
1.18
EC10
(mg/L)
1.75
0.16
Log
KDW
1.45
3.68
Ref.
N
N
N = Nabholz (1987)
113
-------
BENZOTRIAZOLES
7/1988
114
-------
CARBAMATES
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
CARBAMATES
Sea Urchin
48-h
NEC (Early Development)
Log NEC (mM/L) = 0.51 - 0.72 log K^
N = 35; R2 = 0.62
4.5
1000.0 '
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for carbamates and the
following classes of carbamates:
1. Alkyl esters of carbamic acid
2. N-alkyl or aryl substitutes on ethyl carbamate
3. Bis(ethylcarbamates) joined at -NRN- by alkyl or
aryl groups
4.' Bis- and tris- carbamates esterified on a single
phenyl ring
5. Thiocarbamates
This SAR may be used for other similar substituted carbamates-with log
K^ values less than 4.5 and molecular weights less than 1000.
The following classes of carbamates are more toxic than predicted by
this SAR: '
1. Meta-phenylene bis(ethyl carbamates) - 200 X
2. N-methyl-ortho phenyl biscarbamates -1000 X
3. N-methyl-para phenyl biscarbamates - 400 X
4. N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3-phenyl triscarbamates - 400 X
If the log K^ value is greater than 4.5, or if the compound is solid and
the NEC exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
Cornman I. 1950. Inhibition of sea-urchin egg cleavage by a series of
substituted carbamates. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
50:1123-1138.
115
-------
CARBAMATES
7/1988
LIST OF CARBAMATES USED TO DEVELOP THE SEA URCHIN 48-h NEC SAR.
48-h NEC Log ReT
CHEMICAL , (mg/L) K,w
CARBAMATES USED FOR THIS SAR
Methyl carbamate 2000.0 -0.70 C
Ethyl carbamate 999.0 -0.18 C
1,2-Hydrazine di(ethylcarboxylate) - 2000.0 -0.11 C
1,2-Hydrazinedi(ethylcarboxylate) - 1000.0 -0.11 C
N-methyl-ethylcarbamate 10.3 , 0.37 C
N,N-dimethyl-ethylcarbamate 994.0 0.42 C
Propylene bis(ethylcarbamate) 998.0' ' 0.58 ' C
1,4-Phenylene bis(N,N-dimethyl
carbamate 501.0 0.88 C
1,4-Phenylene bis(N,N-dimethyl
carbamate 101.0 , 0.88 C
N-ethyl-ethylcarbamate 99.'0 0.90 C
Ethylidene bis(ethylcarbamate) , 100.0 0.97 C
Ethylene bis(ethylcarbamate) 100.0 0.98 C
Tetrarnethylene bis(ethylcarbamate) 998.0 0.58 C
N-isopropyl-ethylcarbamate 9.2 1 21 C
3-Methylbutyl carbamate 10.5 1 28 C
Cyclohexyl carbamate 1 43 1.33 C
N,N-propyl-ethylcarbamate 970 1.43 C
N,N-diethyl-ethylcarbamate 95.7 1.48 C
N,N-cyclopentamethylene-
ethylcarbamate 39.1 1.61 C
N,N-diethyi ethylcarbamodithioate <41.0 1.68 C
N,N-butyl-ethylcarbamate 8.7 1.96 C
1,3-Phenylene bis(N,N-dimethyl
carbamate <39.0 2.09 C
N,N-di-isopropyl-ethylcarbamate 920 2.09 C
N-ethyl ethylcarbamothioate <39.0 209 , C
Para-xylylene bis(ethylcarbamate) 19.6 , . '2.14 C
Hexamethylene bis(ethylcarbamate) 502.0 2.16 C
Hexamethylene b'is(ethylcarbamate) 99.0 -2.16 C
N-phenyl-ethylcar'bamate 1.0 2.29 C
N-cyclohexyl-ethylcarbamate 1.7 2.40 C
Ortho-phenylene bis
(ethylcarbamate) 20.2 , 2.44 C
N,N-di-n-propyl-ethylcarbamate 9.4 '253 C,
N,N-di-n-butyl-ethylcarbamate 10.0 3.59 C
N,N-diphenyl-ethylcarbamate 9.6 NC C
N-decyl carbamate 1.0 ,406 , C
N-n-octyl-ethylcarbamate 1.0 407 C
N-2-fluorene-ethylcarbamate <0.10 4.34 C
2,7-fluorene-bis(ethylcarbamate) , v * 4.52 C
116
-------
CARBAMATES
7/1988
CONTINUED.
CHEMICAL
n-Dodecyl carbamate
N-n-decyl-ethylcarbamate
48-h NEC
(mg/L)
CARBAMATES USED FOR THIS SAR
*
*
Log
K>w
5.12
5.13
Ref.
C
C '
CARBAMATES WITH EXCESSIVE TOXICITY
1,2-Phenylene bis(N-methyl
carbamate
1,3-Phenylene bis(N-methyl
carbamate
1,4-Phenylene bis(n-methyl carbamate
1,2,3-Phenylene tris(N,N-dimethyl
carbamate
0.9
0.9
0.9
10.2
-0.11
-0.11
0.45
2.44
C
C
* No effects in a saturated solution.
C = Cornman (1950)
117
-------
CARBAMATES, DITHIO
9/1993
118
-------
CARBAMATES, DITHIO
9/1993
SAP CARBAMATES, DIOTHIO
Includes N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamates and ethylenebisdithiocarbamates and their metal salts which
include but are not limited to Zn, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, and Se. The SARs for the
dithiocarbamates and their degradation products are sigmoidal with acute and chronic toxicity increasing
with increasing Kow. The sigmoidal relationship between Kow and toxicity is very poor statistically.
Consequently, toxicity predictions must be made using either the closest analog or averaging data for
the two closest analogs which bracket the dithiocarbamate under question.
119
-------
CARBAMATES, DITHIO
9/1993
120
-------
CROWN ETHERS
9/1993
SAR CROWN ETHERS
Use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS for fish and daphnids; some should show excess toxicity toward
green algae due to over chelation of nutrient elements; each crown ether chelates a different element;
the type of element chelated by a crown ether has to be matched up with a nutrient element needed by
algae, e.g, Fe, Ca, Mg. There are no test data to show that crown ethers do in fact overchelate nutrient
elements in the algal toxicity test. Conclusions about crown ethers are based on extrapolations of
theory.
121
-------
CROWN ETHERS
9/1993
122
-------
DIAZONIUMS, AROMATIC
. 9/1993
SAP DIAZONIUMS, AROMATIC
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -2.456 - 0.331 log
Statistics: N = 3; R2 = 0.98
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for aromatic diazoniums
Limitations: If the log KDW value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
TSCA 8(e) database Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic
Substances
LIST OF AROMATIC DIAZONIUMS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-h LC50 Log Ref
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w
4-Dimethylamino
benzene diazonium 0.150 21 EPA
4-Dimethylamino
benzene diazonium 0.330 2.1 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991).
123
-------
DIAZONIUMS, AROMATIC
9/1993
124
-------
EPOXIDES, MONO
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log KDW:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
EPOXIDES, MONO
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.290 - 0.382 log l^w
N = 4; R2 = 0.92
5.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for monoepoxides.
If the log Kbw value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Monoepoxides which are significantly more toxic than predicted by this
SAR, based on the fish 14-d LC50 SAR, are:
epichlorohydrin, and
epibromohydrin.
Endrin has an excess toxicity of over 33,000 times the value predicted
by this SAR. Diepoxides are significantly more toxic than predicted by
this SAR and a SAR for diepoxides has been developed.
Bridie AL, Wolff CJM, and Winter M. 1979. The acute toxicity of some
petrochemicals to goldfish. Water Research, 13: 623-626.
Conway RA, Waggy GT, Speigel MH, and Berglund RL. 1983.
Environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide. Environmental
Science and Technology 17:107-112.
Leach JM and Thakore AN. 1975. Isolation and identification of
constituents toxic to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo qairdneri) in caustic
extraction effluents from kraft pulpmil! bleach plants. Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32: 1249.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Water
Quality Criteria for 1986. Washington, DC: USEPA
125
-------
EPOXIDES, MONO
9/1993
LIST OF MONOEPOXIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Ethylene oxide
Allyl glycidyl ether
Phenyl glycidyl ether
9, 1 0-Epoxystearic acid
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
MONOEPOXIDES USED IN CALCULATION OF
84.0
^30.0
43.0
1.5
Log
KJW
THE SAR
-0.8
-0.33
1.12
5.14
Ref. -
C
B
B
LT
MONOEPOXIDES HAVING EXCESS TOXICITY
Endrin
0.000410
,2.9 W
B,= Bridie et.al. (1979)
C = Conway et al (1983)
LT = Leach and Thakore (1975)
W = USEPA (1986); water quality criteria document
126
-------
EPOXIDES, MONO
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
EPOXIDES, MONO
Fish
14-d
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 14-d LC50 (mM/L) = -0.49506 - 0.34618 log K^
N = 9; R2 = 0.87
5.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for monoepoxides.
If the log r^w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
Monoepoxides which are significantly more toxic than predicted by this
SAR are:
epichlorohydrin, 53 X excess toxicity; and
epibromohydrin, 57 X excess toxicity.
Diepoxides are significantly more toxic than predicted by this SAR and a
SAR for diepoxides has been developed.
Deneer JW, Sinnige TL, Seinen W, and Hermens JLM. 1988. A
quantitative structure-activity relationship for the acute toxicity of some
epoxy compounds to the guppy. Aquatic Toxicology 13:195-204.
127
-------
EPOXIDES, MONO
9/1993
LIST OF MONOEPOXIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 14-d LC50 SAR.
14-d LC50 TogReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^,w ,
MONOEPOXIDES USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
Glycidol , 50.0 -1.46 D
Propylene oxide 31.9 -0.27 D
1,2-Epoxybutane 32.9 0.26 D
Styrene oxide , 7.07 0.73 , D ,
1,2-Epoxyhexane 18.6 ,1.31 D
1,2-Epoxyoctane 10.4 2.37 D
1,2-Epoxydecane 3.26 3.43 D
1,2-Epoxydodecane 1.11 - 4.49 D
1,2-Epoxyhexadecane * 6.60 D
MONOEPOXIDES HAVING EXCESS TOXlClTY
Epichlorohydrin 0.651 -0 21> D
Epibromohydrin 0.807 -0.07 D
No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
D =,Deneeret al (1988) , '
S128
-------
EPOXIDES, MONO
9/1993
SAR EPOXIDES, MONO
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h v
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.036 - 0.567 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for monoepoxides.
Limitations: If the log ^,w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Conway RA, Waggy GT, Speigel MH, and Berglund RL 1983.
Environmental fate and effects of ethylene oxide. Environmental
Science and Technology 1 7: 1 07-1 1 2.
LIST OF MONOEPOXIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
48-h LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
Ethylene oxide 137JO ^O8 C
C = Conway et al. (1983)
129
-------
EPOXIDES, MONO
9/1993
130
-------
EPOXIDES, Dl
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
EPOXIDES, Dl
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -1.184 - 0.263 log K^
N = 2; R2 = 1.0
5.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for diepoxides and other
polyepoxides.
/
If the log KOW value is greater than 5.0, or it the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Bailey RE and Rhinehart WL 1976. Evaluation of D.E.R. 331, diglycidyl
ether of bisphenol-A, in the aquatic environment. R&D Report
D0004653. Midland, Ml: The Dow Chemical Company.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances.
LIST OF DIEPOXIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Diglycidyl ether of
bisphenol A
Chemical identity CBI
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
3.1
*
Log
KDW
3.1
7.1
Ref.
B
EPA
* No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
B = Bailey and Rhinehart (1976)
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
131
-------
EPOXIDES, Dl
9/1993
132
-------
EPOXIDES, Dl
9/1993
SAR EPOXIDES, Dl
Organism: Fish
Duration: 14-d
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 14-d LC50 (mM/L) = -1.5692 - 0.1216 log
Statistics: N = 3; R2 = 0.83
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for diepoxides and other
polyepoxides. '
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References^ Deneer JW, Sinnige TL, Seinen W and Hermens JLM. 1988. A
quantitative structure-activity relationship for the acute toxicity of some
epoxy compounds to the guppy. Aquatic Toxicology 13:195-204.
LIST OF DIEPOXIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 14-d LC50 SAR.
14-d LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL" (mg/L) K^
1,3-Butadiene diepoxide 266 -1.84 D
1,2,7,8-Diepoxyoctane 6.64 -018 D
= 'Deneer et al (1988)
133
-------
EPOXIDES, Dl
9/1993
134
-------
EPOXIDES, Dl
9/1993
SAR EPOXIDES, Dl
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: LC50, (Mortality)
Equation: Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -2.093 - 0.1474 log Kbw
Statistics: , N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for diepoxides and other
polyepoxides.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: ' Bailey RE and Rhinehart WL 1976.- Evaluation of D.E.R. 331, diglycidyl
ether of bisphenol-A, in the aquatic environment. R&D Report
D0004653. Midland, Ml: The Dow Chemical Company.
LIST OF DIEPOXIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
48-h LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
Diglycidyl ether of
bisphenol A 0 95 3.1 B
B = Bailey and Rhinehart (1976)
135
-------
EPOXIDES, Dl
9/1993
r
136
-------
ESTERS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ESTERS
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = -0.535 log K^ + 0.25
N = 29, R2 = 0.828
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for the following esters:
1. Acetates
2. Benzoates
3. Dicarboxylic aliphatics
4. Phthalates derived from aliphatic alcohols and
phenol.
If the log Kbw value is greater than 5 0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Veith GD, DeFoe D, and Knuth M. 1984. Structure-activity relationships
for screening organic chemicals for potential ecotoxicity effects. Drug
Metabolism Reviews 15(7): 1295-1303. ,
v
137
-------
ESTERS
9/1993
f
' LIST OF ESTERS
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
Methyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
Diethyl malonate
Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate
Propyl acetate
Methyl-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate
Butyl acetate
Diethyl adipate
Methyl-p-nitrobenzoate
Dimethyl-2-nitro-p-phthalate
Methyl -4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate
Dimethyl-2-amino-p-phthalate
Diethyl-o-phthalate
Hexyl acetate
Ethyl hexanoate
Methyl-p-chlorobenzoate
Methyl-2,5-dichlorobenzoate
Ethyl sal icylate
Dibuty! succinate
Dibutyl adipate
Diethyl sebacate
Di-n-butyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-butyl-m-phthalate ,
Diphenyl71-phthalate
Di-2-ethylhexyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-octyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-octyl-m-phthalate
Di-n-octyl-p-phthalate
.
USED TO DEVELOP THE
96-h LC50
., (mg/L) "
322.895
320.0
' -' 230.0
42.2
14.9
35.2
60.0
38.5
18.0
19.3
23.6
6.52
27.2
894
30.0
4.40
8.90
109
13.8 -
-19.6
4.45
3.66
2.75
1.10
0.90
080
*
*
*
L
FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
|Log
^DW
1.25
0.18
0.69
0.71
1.19
1.22
1.25
1.59
1.79
1.80
2.10
2.28
2.35
2.65
269
2.87
287
3.15
3.45
3.45
3.65
3.96
3.96
474
5.07
7.06
7.06
7.06
7.06
7.06
'
1
Ref.
Z
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
v(
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V ,,
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
* = No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
V = Veithetal (1984)
138
-------
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Maximum log K^: 0
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ESTERS
7/1988
ESTERS
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
To find the estimated acute toxicity of an ester, use the neutral organics
daphnid 48-h LC50 SAR.
5.0
1000.0
The daphnid 48-h LC50 SAR for neutral organics may be used to
estimate acute toxicity for esters. The neutral organic 48-h LC50 SAR for
daphnids may be used for other esters; however, a separate SAR has
been developed for phthalate esters.
If the log r^,w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernack K-D, and Winter A. 1989. Results of the
harmful effects of selected water pollutants (anilines, phenols, aliphatic
compounds) to Daphnia magna. Water Research 23:495-499.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
LIST OF ESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
Chloroacetic ethyl ester
Chemical identity CBI
Chemical identity CBI
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
322.895
1.6
3.32
*
Log
KJW
1 25
9
3.7
44
Ref.
Z
K
EPA
EPA
* = No daphnid mortality in saturated solutions.
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identities are Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
K = Kuhn et al (1989)
139
-------
ESTERS
7/1988
140
-------
ESTERS
7/1988
SAR ESTERS
Organism: Green Algae
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: EC50 (Growth)
Equation: ' Log EC50 (mM/L) = -0.881 - 0.519 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 6.4
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for esters.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 6.4, or if the compound is solid and
the EC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: ^Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
LIST OF ESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAR.
96-h EC50 Log ReT~
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
Chemical identity CBI 0.410 3/7 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991), chemical identities are Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
141
-------
ESTERS
7/1988
142
-------
ESTERS
7/1988
SAR ESTERS
Organism: Green Algae
Duration: 16-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -1.01 - 0.51 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; Ft2 =1.0
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for esters.
Limitations: ' If the log K^ value is greater than 8 0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
LIST OF ESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
ChVLogiReT
CHEMICAL . (mg/L) r^w
Chemical identity CBI 0.390 3~7EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identities are Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
143
-------
ESTERS
7/1988
144
-------
ESTERS, MONO, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
SAR ESTERS, MONO
Organism: Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = 0.421 - 0.828 log l^w
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log KDW: 8.0
Maximum MW: 10000
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic monoesters.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 8.0, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF ALIPHATIC MONOESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
~ ChV Log Re?
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
Methyl acetate 1330 6~2D
D = USEPA (1991)
145
-------
ESTERS, MONO, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
146
-------
ESTERS, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
SAR ESTERS, Dl
Organism: Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -1 .677 - 0.565 log
Statistics: N = 3; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic diesters.
Limitations: If the log K^ value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MM: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C L. Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF ALIPHATIC DIESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR
ChV Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
Diethyl malonate 0.759' H D
Dibutyl fumerate 0.030 ,3.9 D
D = USEPA (1991)"
147
-------
ESTERS, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
148
-------
ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ESf ERS, PHOSPHATE
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = -0.0695 - 0.5178 log K^
N = 16; R2 = 0.595
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of phosphate esters and
other tri-alkyl-phenyl phosphate esters. This SAR may be used to
estimate toxicity for the following classes of phosphate esters all of
which are weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:
1. Tri-alkyl phosphate esters
2. Tri-phenyl phosphate esters
3. Halogenated tri-alkyl phosphate esters
4. Halogenated tri-phenyl phosphate esters
Some halogenated tri-alkylphosphate esters are significantly more toxic
than predicted by this SAR as a result of their strong
acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase inhibition. These include:
1. 1,2-dibromoethyldiethyl phosphate ester - 400 X
2. 1,2-dichloroethyldiethyl phosphate ester -«30 X
If the log K^ value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
\
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
149
-------
ESTERS, PHOSPHATE
9/1993
LIST OF PHOSPHATE ESTERS USED'TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 ' Log ' Ref.
CHEMICAL ' (mg/L) K^
Tris(betachloroethyl) '. 210.0 O92 EPA
Tris(betachloroethyl) , 90.0 ' 0.92 EPA
Chemical identity CBI - 21.0 1.80 EPA
Tris(dichloropropyl) 3.6 - 2.67 T EPA
Tris(dichloropropyl) 5.1 2.67 EPA
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) . ,1.33 - 3.51 ' x EPA
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) 1.45 3.51 ' ./EPA
'Tributyl 11..0 3.53 ' EPA
Tributyl 8.18 3.53 EPA
Tributyl ' 8.8 3.53 EPA
Tributyl ' 9.6 3.53 EPA
Tributyl . 11.8 3.53 EPA
Tributyl < 11.4 3.53 EPA
Triphenyl 0.87 4.63 EPA
Triphenyl 0.70, 4.63 EPA
Triphenyl _ 1.2 4.63 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991)
150
-------
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Dilation:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum log K,,w:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Use the ester fish 96-h SAR to determine the acute toxicity of a
phthalate ester.
5.0
1000.0
The ester SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of phthalate esters.
The ester SAR is applicable for the following phthalate esters:
1. Aliphatic diesters
2. Aromatic diesters
3. Aliphatic-aromatic diesters
4. Phthalates, derived from aliphatic alcohols and phenol.
If the log KOW value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at
saturationse SAR with longer exposure.
Veith GD, DeFoe D, and Knuth M. 1984. Structure-activity relationships
for screening organic chemicals for potential ecotoxicity effects. Drug
Metabolism Reviews 15(7):1295-1303.
LIST OF PHTHALATE ESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Dimethyl-2-nitro-p-phthalate
Dimethyl-2-amino-p-phthalate
Diethyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-butyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-butyl-m-phthalate
Diphenyl-i-phthalate
Di-2-ethylhexyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-octyl-o-phthalate
Di-n-octyl-m-phthalate
Di-n-octyl-p-phthalate
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
6.52
8.94
30.0
1.10
0.90
0.80
*
*
*
*
Log
Kbw
2.28
2.65
2.69
4.74
4.74
507
7.06
7.06
7.06
7.06
Ref.
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
151
-------
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
9/1993
* No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
V = Veith etal (1984).
152
-------
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Use the neutral organic daphnid 48-h SAR to determine the acute
toxicity of a phthalate ester.
5.0
1000.0
The neutral organic SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of
phthalate esters The neutral organic SAR is applicable for the following
phthalate esters:
1. Aliphatic diesters
2. Aromatic diesters
3. Aliphatic-aromatic diesters
4. Phthalates, derived from aliphatic alcohols and phenol.
If the log ^,w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
Nabholz JV. 1987. The acute and chronic toxicity of dialkyl phthalate
esters to daphnids. Interagency memorandum to "Whom It May
Concern." Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency.
153
-------
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
9/1993
LIST OF PHTHALATE ESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
Dimethyl
Diethyl
Di-n-butyl-ortho
Di-n-butyl-ortho
Butyl-benzyl -.:, ,
Butyl-benzyl
Butyl-benzyl
Butyl-benzyl . i
Butyl-benzyl
Butyl-benzyl
Dihexyl
Butyl-2-ethylhexyl
Di-(n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl)
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)
Diisooctyl
Di-(n-octyl)
Di-(heptyl, nonyl, undecyl)
Diisononyl
Diisodecyl
'Diisodecyl
Diundecyl
Ditridecyl
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
322.895 ,
>52:0
90.0
3.4
5.2
/ 1.83
. 3.7
1.6
1.0
2.4
1.7
*
/
*
*
*
> ,*
*
*
*
. *
*
*
*
*
Log
KJW
1.25
1.52
2.57
4.69
4.69
4.87
4.87
487
4.87
4.87
4.87
6.80
7.93
8.57
8.66
8.66
8.66
892
959
9.72
10.78
10.78
12.10
14.21
Ref.
Z
N
N
N
N
,N
N
N
N
N
N
N
rN
N
N
N
N
N
N ,
N
N
N
N
N
* No daphnid mortality in saturated solutions.
N = Nab'holz (1987)
154
-------
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
Daphnid
21-d
No Effect Concentration (NEC) (Reproduction)
Log 21-d NEC (mM/L) = 0.05 - 0.72 log K^
8.0
1000.0
The neutral organic 16-d NEC SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity
of phthalate esters. The neutral organic SAR is applicable for the
following phthalate esters:
1. Aliphatic diesters
2. Aromatic diesters
3. Aliphatic-aromatic diesters
4. Phthala'tes, derived from aliphatic alcohols and phenol.
If the log K^w value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the NEC exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Nabholz JV. 1987. The acute and chronic toxicity of dialkyl phthalate
esters to daphnids. Interagency memorandum to "Whom It May
Concern." Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency.
155
-------
ESTERS, PHTHALATE
9/1993 .
LIST OF PHTHALATE ESTERS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 21-d NEC SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
Dimethyl
Diethyl
Di-n-butyl-ortho
Di-n-butyl-ortho
Di-n-butyl-ortho
Butyl-benzyl
Butyl-benzyl
Di-n-butyl-iso
Di-n-butyl-tere
Dihexyl
Butyl-2-ethylhexyl
Di-(n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl)
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)
Diisooctyl
Di-(n-octyl)
Di-(heptyl, nonyl, undecyl)
Diisononyl
Diisodecyl
Diisodecyl ~
Diundecyl
Ditridecyl , !
21 -d NEC
(mg/L)
322.895
15.0
38.0
1.0
1.4
1.5
0.63
0.44
0.15
0.32
*
*
*
*
*
» - *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Log
1;25
1.52
2.57
4.69
4.69
4.69
4.87
4.87
5.53
5.53
6.80
7.93
' 8.57 ,
8.66
8.66
8.66
8.92
959
9.72 s
10.78
10.78
> 12.10
14.21
Ref.
Z
N
N
N
-N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
- N
N
N
N
N
N
* No daphnid systemic effects in saturated solutions.
N = Nabholz (1987).
156
-------
HYDRAZINES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
HYDRAZINES
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
/
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -1.53 - 0.438 log K^w
N = 9; R2 = 0.91
5.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for:
hydrazines
hydrazones
hydrazides
thiohydrazides
semicarbazides
thiosemicarbazides
semicarbazones
thiosemicarbazones
For hydrazines with missing fragment constants in CLOGP the following
constants may be used:
1. missing fragment (-C(=S)-): -0.24
2. missing fragment (-NC(=O)N-N): -3.13
3. missing fragment (C=NNC(=O)N): -3.39.
Hydrazines which are 10 times less toxic than predicted by this SAR are
those hydrazines which have a carboxylic acid substitution:
butanedioic acid mono-(2,2'-dimethy!hydrazide).
If the log KDW value is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.6, use the neutral
organics fish 14-d LC50 SAR; and if the log K^ value is equal to or
greater than 6.6, use the neutral organics fish ChV SAR.
Buccafusco RJ, Ells SJ, and LeBlanc GA 1981. Acute toxicity of
priority pollutants to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26:446-452.
157
-------
HYDRAZINES
9/1993
HammermeisterTJ, Kahl M.'and Broderius S. 1990. EEB/ERL-Duluth
interaction on various join projects. Duluth, MN: Environmental
Research Laboratory-Duluth, United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., 55804, Unpublished memorandum to V.
Nabolz.
Odenkirchen EW and Nabholz JV. 1989. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of hydrazines and related compounds. Rockville, Maryland:
Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, 20852.
LIST OF HYDRAZINES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
HYDRAZINES USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
Hydrazine
Hydrazine
Monomethyl hydrazine
Monomethyl hydrazine
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
Thiosemicarbazide
1,2-Diphenyl hydrazine
2.81
3.4
3.26
2.58
7.75
10.0
26.5
20.8
0.27
-1.37
-1.37
-1.06
-1.06
-1.50
-1.50
-1.50
-2.4
2.97
HYDRAZINES LESS TOXIC THAN PREDICTED
Butanedioic acid mono-
(2,2'-dimethylhydrazide)
Butanedioic acid mono-
(2,2'-dimethylhydrazide)
423.0 -0619
1490 -0619
, HYDRAZINES NOT ACUTELY TOXIC AT SATURATION
N-Acetyl-1,2-diphenylhydrazine ,* (mp 164° C) 2.2
H
ON
ON
ON
H
ON
ON
ON
B
ON
ON
H
H = Hammermeister et al (1990)
ON = Odenkirchen and Nabholz (1989)
B = Buccafusco et al (1981)
158
-------
HYDRAZINES
' 9/1993
SAP
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
HYDRAZINES
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -1.2941 - 0.256 log l^w
N = 4; R2 = 0.46
5.0
1000.0'
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for:
hydrazines
hydrazones
hydrazides
thiohydrazides
semicarbazides
thiosemicarbazides
semicarbazones
thiosemicarbazones
For hydrazines with missing fragment constants in CLOGP the following
constants may be used:
1. missing fragment (-C(=S)-): -0,24
2. missing fragment (-NC(=O)N-N): -3.13
3. missing fragment (C=NNC(=O)N): -3.39
Hydrazines which are significantly less toxic than predicted by this SAR
are those hydrazines which have a carboxylic acid substitution:
butanedioic acid mono-(2,2'-dimethylhydrazide).
If the log l^w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
LeBlanc. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea
(Daphnia maana). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology. 24: 684-691.
Hammermeister D, Kahl M, and Broderius S. 1990. EEB/ERL-Duluth
interaction on various join projects. Duluth, MN: Environmental
Research Laboratory-Duluth, United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., 558C4, Unpublished memorandum to V.
Nabolz.
159
-------
HYDRAZINES
9/1993
LIST OF HYDRAZINES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
HYDRAZINES USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
Hydrazine
1,1 -Dimethyl hydrazine
1,2-Diphenyl hydrazine
0.280
68.2
4.1
-1.37
-1.50
2.97
HYDRAZINES NOT ACUTELY TOXIC AT SATURATION
*' ' i
N-Acetyl-1,2-diphenylhydrazine * (mp 1645C) 2.2
H
H
L
H
H =, Hammermeister et al (1990)
L = LeBlanc (1980)
160
-------
HYDRAZINES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
v
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
HYDRAZINES
Green Algae
144-h
EC50 (Growth)
Log 144-h EC50 (mM/L) = -5.1725 - 0.0999 Log K^ i
N = 3; R2 = 0.3
8.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for hydrazines. SAR
equations for other subclasses of hydrazines, i.e., alkylsemicarbazides
and arylsemicarbazides, may be found elsewhere in this volume.
Hydrazines which are significantly less toxic than predicted by this SAR
are those hydrazines which have a carboxylic acid substitution:
butanedioic acid mono-(2,2'-dimethylhydrazide).
Odenkirchen EW and Nabholz JV. 1989. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of hydrazines and related compounds. Rockville, Maryland-
Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, 20852.
LIST OF HYDRAZINES USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 144-h EC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
144-h EC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
Hydrazine
0.004100
0 000041
-1.50
-1.37
ON
ON
ON = Odenkirchen and Nabholz (1989)
161
-------
HYDRAZINES
9/1993
162
-------
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ALKYL SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDE, ALKYL SUBSTITUTED
Green Algae
6-h
EC50 (Growth)
(1) For log K^ less than -1.02:
Log 6-h EC50 (mM/L) = -2.1 - 0.521 log K^
(2) For log t^w greater than -1.02:
Log 6-h EC50 (mM/L) = -0 89 + 0.625 log K^
(1) For log K^ less than -1.02: N = 6, FT7 = 0.75;
(2) For log K^ greater than -1.02: N = 7, R2 = 0.86
1.5
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for the following
hydrazine classes with alkyl substitutions:
semicarbazides
thiosemicarbazides
semicarbazones
thiosemicarbazones
hydrazides
thiohydrazides
hydrazones
SAR equations for aryl substituted semicarbazides and hydrazines may
be found elsewhere in this volume.
For semicarbazides with missing fragment constants in CLOGP the
following constants may be used.
1. missing fragment (-C(=S)-): -0.24
2. missing fragment (-NC(=0)N-N): -3.13
3. missing fragment (C = NNC(=O)N): -3.39.
If the log K^ value is greater than 1.5, no effects expected at saturation
Odenkirchen EW and Nabholz JV. 1989. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of hydrazines and related compounds Rockville, Maryland'
Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, 20852.
163
-------
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ALKYL SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
LIST OF ALKYL SUBSTITUTED SEMICARBAZIDES USED TO DEVELOP
THE GREEN ALGAE 6-h EC50 SAR.
6-h EC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL ' (mg/L) K^
4-Methyl '. O9-225 ON~
4-Allyl 3.8 -1.74 ON
4-Ethyl 5.1 -1.73 ON
4,4-Dimethyl N 4.2 -1.50 ' ON
4-lsopropyl " 2.7 -1.42 ON
4-n-Propyl , 2:5 -1.20 ON
4-t-Butyl . 4.1 -1 02 ON
4-lsobutyl 3.9 -0.80 ON
4-Benzyl 12.8 -0.69 ON
4-n-Butyl - 5.9 -0.67 ON
4,4-Diethyl 6.1 -0.44 ON
4-n-Pentyl - 12.6 -0.14 ON
4-n-Hexyl , 38.2 0.39 ON
ON = Odenkirchen and Nabholz (1989)
164
-------
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, ORTHO SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, ORTHO SUBSTITUTED
Green Algae
6-h
EC50 (Growth)
Log 6-h EC50 (mM/L) = -0.88 - 0.563 log K^
N = 7; R2 = 0.98
8.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for the following
arylsemicarbazides with ortho substituents on the aryl group:
thiosemicarbazides
semicarbazones
thiosemicarbazones
hydrazides
thiohydrazides
hydrazones
SAR equations for arylsemicarbazides with meta and para substituents,
alkylsemicarbazides, and hydrazines may be found elsewhere in this
volume.
For semicarbazides with missing fragment constants in CLOGP the
following constants may be used:
1. missing fragment (-C(=S)-): -0.24
2. missing fragment (-NC(-O)N-N): -3.13
3. missing fragment (C = NNC(=O)N): -3.39.
j
Arylsemicarbazides which are significantly more toxic than predicted by
this SAR are: -
4-(g-hydroxyphenyl)semicarbazide, SOX excess toxicity.
If the log KDW is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and the
EC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
Odenkirchen EW and Nabholz JV. 1989. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of hydrazines and related compounds. Rockville, Maryland:
Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, 20852.
165
-------
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDE, ARYL, ORTHO SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
LIST OF ARYLSEMICARBAZIDES WITH ORTHO SUBSTITUENTS ON THE ARYL GROUP USED TO
DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 6-h EC50 SAR. <
, 6-h EC50 Log Ret'.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w
ARYLSEMICARBAZIDES USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
4-[g-Nitrophenyl] 194.6 -1.47 ON
4-[o-Carboxyphenyl] 176.6 -1.47 ON
4-[g-Methoxyphenyl] 116.2 -1.30 ON
4-[o-Methylphenyl] ! 52.0 -0.57 ON
4-[g-Chlorophenyl] , 39.4 -0.50 ON
4-[m-Bromophenyl] 26.2 -0.35 ON
4-lQ-Bromophenyl] 53.4 -0.35 ON
4-[2,5-Dichlorophenyl] ', 22.3 0.21 ON
ARYLSEMICARBAZIDES HAVING EXCESS TOXICITY
4-[o-Hydroxyphenyl] 6.0 -1.88 ON
ON = Odenkirchen and Nabholz (1989)
166
-------
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDE.ARYL, META/PARA SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log Kow:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDES, ARYL, META/PARA
SUBSTITUTED
Green Algae
6-h
EC50 (Growth)
Log 6-h EC50 (mM/L) = -1.13 - 0.461 log K^
N = 19; R2 = 0.98
8.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for the following
arylsemicarbazides with meta or para substituents on the aryl group:
thiosemicarbazides
semicarbazones
thiosemicarbazones
hydrazides
thiohydrazides
hydrazones
For semicarbazides with missing fragment constants in CLOGP the
following constants may be used:
1. missing fragment (-C(=S)-): -0.24
2. missing fragment (-NC(=O)N-N): -3.13
3. missing fragment (C=NNC(=0)N): -3.39!
SAR equations for arylsemicarbazides with ortho substituents,
alkylsemicarbazides, and hydrazines may be found elsewhere in this
volume. If the log l^w value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is
solid and the EC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at
saturation.
Odenkirchen EW and Nabholz JV. 1989. Generic environmental hazard
assessment of hydrazines and related compounds. Rockville, Maryland:
Dynamac Corporation, 11140 Rockville Pike, 20852.
167
-------
HYDRAZINES, SEMICARBAZIDE, ARYL, META/PARA SUBSTITUTED
9/1993, ,
LIST OF ARYLSEMICARBAZIDES WITH META AND PARA SUBSTITUENTS ON THE ARYL GROUP
USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 6-h EC50 SAR. ',
CHEMICAL
4-[m-Hydrpxyphenyl]
4-[p-Hydroxyphenyl]
4-[m-Nitrophenyl]
4-[p-Nitrophenyl]
4-[m-Carboxyphenyl]
4-[p-Carboxyphenyl]
4-[m-Methoxyphenyl]
4-[p-Methoxyphenyl]
4-Phenyl
4-[p-Ethoxyphenyl]
4-[m-Methylphenyl]
4-[p-Methylphenyl]
4-[m-Chlorophenyl]
4-[p-Chlorophenyl]
4-[m-Bromophenyl]
4-[p-Bromophenyl]
4-[p-lodophenyl]
4-[3,4-Dichlorophenyl]
4-[2,5-Dichlorophenyl]
6-h EC50
(mg/L)
144.8
170.0
109.5
98.0
104.0
92.7
71.7
70.6
42.5
38.7
26.7
24.9 '
22.7
22.2
26.2
22.3
17.7
9.3
22.3
Log
-1.88
,-1.88
-1.47
-1.47 v
-1.47
-1.47
-1.30
71.30
-1.22
- -0.77
-0.57
-057
-0.50
-0.50
-0.35 ,
-0.35
-0.09
0.21
0.21
Ref.
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON ,
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON = Odenkirchen and Nabholz (1989)
168 ^
-------
IMIDES
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
IMIDES
Fish
96-h , ,
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 1.256 - 0.76 log K^
N = 4; R2 = 0.98
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for imides.
For imides with log ^w values greater than 5.0, a test duration of
greater than 96 hours may be required for proper expression of toxicity.
Also, if the toxicity value obtained by the use of this equation exceeds
the water solubility of the compound (measured or estimated),
.mortalities greater than 50% would not be expected in a saturated
solution during an exposure period of 96 hours.
Fukunaga K (ed). 1987. Japanese Pesticides Guide. Tokyo, Japan:
Japan Plant Protection Association.
Worthing CR fed). 1983. The Pesticide Manual. A World Compendium.
7th Ed. Croydon, Great Britain: British Crop Protection Council.
LIST OF IMIDES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
Sumilex
Vinclozolin
Vinclozolin
Spartcide
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
322.895
*
32.5
52.5
5.5
Log
KDW
1.25
2.2
2.8
2.8
3.7
Ref.
Z
F
W
W
F
* = No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
F = Fukunaga (1987)
W = Worthing (1983)
169
-------
IMIDES
9/1993
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.151 - 0.433 log K^
N = 22; R2 = 0.87
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic diketones.
If the log K^ value is greater than 5.0, or if the .compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Brooke LT, Call DJ, Geiger DL, and Northcott CE. 1984. Acute
toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas). Volume 1. Superior, Wl: University of Wisconsin, Center for
Lake Superior Environmental Studies, pp. 414.
Geiger DL, Northcott EC, Call DJ, and Brooke LT. 1985. Acute
toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas). Volume 2. Superior, Wl: University of Wisconsin, Center for
Lake Superior Environmental Studies, pp. 326.
Juhnke I and Luedemann D. 1978. Results of the investigation of 200
chemical compounds for acute fish toxicity with the golden orfe test. Z.
F. Wasser-Und-Abwasser-Forschung 11 (5): 161-164.
Nacci D, et al 1986. Comparative evaluation of three rapid marine
toxicity tests: sea urchin early embryo growth test, sea urchin sperm cell
toxicity test and microtox. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. '
5521-525.
i
Phipps GL and Holcombe GW. 1985. A method for aquatic multiple
species toxicant testing: Acute toxicity of 10 chemicals to 5 vertebrates
and 2 invertebrates. Environ Pollut. Ser. A Ecol. Biol. 38(2): 141-157.
Thurston RV, Gilfoil TA, Meyn EL, Zajdel RK, Aoki, TL, and Veith GD.
1985. Comparative toxicity of ten organic chemicals to ten common
aquatic species. Water Res. 19(9):1145-1155;
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MM: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L. Russom (218) 720-5500
171
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
LIST OF ALIPHATIC DIKETONES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
5,5-dimethyl-1 ,3-
cyclohexanedione
2,4-pentanedione
1-benzoyl acetone
2,4-pentanedione.
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
96-h LC50
(mg/L),
322.895
116.0
104.0
11,500.0
175.0
. 1.1 ^
104.0
, 146.0
155.0
71.6
, 107.0
83.6
74.3
92.4
71.7
66.9
60 1
204.0
- 151.0
106.0
121.0
143.0
141.0
Log
K>w
1.25
-0.5
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-05
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-05
-0.5
-0.5
-05
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
Ref.
Z
J
N
EPA
G
EPA
B.
J
P
P
P
P
P
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
B = Brooke et al (1984)
EPA = USEPA (1991)
G = Geiger etal (1985)
J = Juhnke and Luedemann (1978)
N = Nacci.et'al (1986)
P = Phipps and Holcombe (1985)
T = Thurston etal (1985).
172
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
Daphnid
48-h
LC50
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.466 - 0.467 log K^
N = 6; R2 = 0.98
5.0
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic diketones.
If the KaW value is greater than 5.0, a or if the compound is solid and the
LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Elnabarawy MT, Welter AN, and Robideau RR. 1986. Relative sensitivity
of three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(4):393-398.
Mount Dl and Norberg TJ. 1984. A seven-day life-cycle cladoceran
toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3(3):425-434.
Nacci D, et al. 1986. Comparative evaluation of three rapid marine
toxicity tests: sea urchin early embryo growth test, sea urchin sperm cell
toxicity test and microtox. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
5:521-525.
LIST OF ALIPHATIC DIKETONES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
2,4-pentanedione
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
322 895
47.6
75.0
75.0
75.0
35.4
Log
^>w
1.25
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-05
-05
Ref.
Z
N
E
E
E
M
E = Elnabarawy et al (1986) ,
M = Mount and Norberg (1984)
173
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
N = Naccietal (1986)
174
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
SAR KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 16-d
Endpoint: ChV
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -1.841 - 0.482 log K^
Statistics: N = 4; R2 = 0.98
Maximum log K^,: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic diketones.
Limitations: If the log Kow value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Elnabarawy MT, Welter AN, and Robideau RR. 1986. Relative sensitivity
of three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(4):393-398.
LIST OF ALIPHATIC DIKETONES USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID ChV SAR.
ChV Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K,w
Methylene chloride 322.895 1^25Z~~
2,4-pentanedione 6.5 -0.5 E
2,4-pentanedione 2.6 -0.5 E
2,4-pentanedione ~ 1.0 -0.5 E
E = Elnabarawy et al. (1986)
175
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
176
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
SAR KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
Organism: Green Algae
Duration:
Endpoint: ChV
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -1.806 - 0.412 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 8 0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: - This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for aliphatic diketones.
Limitations: If the log Kow value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
References: Bringmann G and Kuhn R. 1980. Comparison of the toxicity thresholds
of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell
multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 14(3):231-241.
LIST OF ALIPHATIC DIKETONES USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE ChV SAR.
ChVLog Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
2,4-pentanedione 27 ^O5 BK
BK = Bringmann and Kuhn (1980)
177
-------
KETONES, Dl, ALIPHATIC
9/1993
r
178
-------
MALONONITRILES
9/1993
SAR MALONONITRILES
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -2.079 - 0.139 log
Statistics: N = 3; R2 = 0.40
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for malononitriles.
Limitations: For malononitriles with log K^w values greater than 5.0, a test duration of
greater than 96 hours may be required for proper expression of toxicity.
Also, if the acute toxicity value obtained by the use of this equation
exceeds the water solubility of the compound (measured or estimated),
significant mortalities would not be expected in a saturated solution
during an exposure period of 96 hours.
References: Abram FSH and Wilson P. 1979. The acute toxicity of CS to rainbow
trout. Water Research 13:631-635.
LIST OF MALONONITRILES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-H LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
Malononitrile i~J6 T!2 A
o-Chlorobenzylidene
malononitrile 0.22 1.8 A
A = Abram and Wilson (1979)
179
-------
MALONONITRILES
9/1993
180
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = 1.75 - 0.94 log l^w
Statistics: N = 60; R2 = 0.942
Maximum K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable neutral organic compounds
1. Alcohols
2. Acetals
3. Ketones
4. Ethers
5. Alkyl halides
6. Aryl halides /
7 Aromatic hydrocarbons
8. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
9. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
Limitations: Use the fish 14-day LC50 for neutral organics with log ^,w greater than
5 and less than 7. If the compound is and the LC50 is exceeds the
water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
References: Veith GD, Call DJ, and Brooke LT. 1983. Structure-toxicity relationships
for the fathead minnow. Pimephales promelas: narcotic industrial
chemicals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:743-
748.
181
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
J
CHEMICAL
Triethylene glycol
2-Methyl-2,4-pentandiol
Methanol
Acetone ^
Ethanol
2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol
2-Propanol
2-Butanone
3-Furanmethanol (static)
Tetrahydrofuran
3-Methyl-2-butanone
2-Methyl-1 -propanol
' Cyclohexanone
3-Pentanone
1 -Butanol
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone
2',3',4'-Trimethoxyacetophenone
2-Phenoxyethanol
Cyclohexanol
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
t-Butylmethyl ether
Furan f
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol ,
Diisopropyl ether
Acetophenone
,5-Methyl-2-hexanone '
1 ,3-Dichloroethane
p-Dimethoxybenzene
1 -Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene
1 -Hexanol
1 , 1 ,2-trichloroethane
6-Methyl-5-heptene-2-one
2'-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone
1;1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethylene
2-Octanone
Tetrachloroethane ,
2,6-Dimethoxytoluene
5-Nonanone
2',4'-Dichloroacetophenone
1-Octanol
Di-n-butyl ether
96-h LC50
(mg/L) <
69800
10700
28100
8120
14200
26400
10400
3200
508
2160
864
1430
527
1540
1730
87
172
344
704
505
706
61
299
91.7
162
159
118
117
28.4
97.5
81 7
85.7
54.9
20.3
44.1
36
13.5
20.5
31
11.7
13.5
325
Log Ref.
K>w
i
-1.17
-0.70
-0.66
-0.24
-0.16
-0.08
> 0.14
0.28
0.32
0.46
0.62
0.74
0.81
0.84
0.88
0.94
1.12
1.16
1.23
1 25
1.30
1-34,
1.38
1.56
, 1.66
1.79
1.79
- 2.00
2.02
2.03
2.07
2.13
2.14
2.39
2.42
2.46
2.53
2.67
3.00
302
3.03
3.08
V
V
V
V
V
V
V'
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V .
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
182
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
Continued.
CHEMICAL
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Benzophenone
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
1 -Nonanol
2-Decanone
Pentachloroethane
2',3',4'-Trichloroacetophenone "
p-Nitrophenyl phenyl ether
1 -Decanol
Dipentyl ether
3,4-Dichlorotoluene
a p. -2,6-Tetrachlorotoluene
Diphenyl ether
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1-Undecanol
Hexachloroethane
1-Dodecanol
7-Tridecanone
1 -Tridecanol
Pentachlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Dioctyl ether
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
4.0
15.3
7.8
5.7
5.7
7.3
2.0
2.7
2.4
3.2
2.91
0.97
4.0
2.9
1.04
1.5
1.01
*
*
*
1 1
*
*
Log
3.37
3.38
3.38
3.53
3.54
3.64
3.73
3.97
4.03
4.16
4.22
4.24
4.26
4.28
4.53
4.62
5.00
5.16
5.51
5.71
5.71
5.71
6.42
Ref.
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
* = No fish mortality in saturated solutions.
V = Veith et at. (1983)
183
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
184
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Organism: Fish, Sheepshead Minnow (marine)
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Endpoint: , Log LC50 (mM/L) = 0.69 - 0.73 log
Statistics: N = 37; R2 = 0.656
Maximum K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 10000
Application: Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable neutral organic compounds:
1. Alcohols
2. Acetals
3. Ketones
4. Ethers
5. Alkyl halides
6 Aryl halides
7. Aromatic hydrocarbons
8. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
9. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
Limitations: If the log r\,w is greater than 5, or if the compound is solid and the LC50 is
exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
References: Zaroogian G, Heltshe JF, and Johnson- M. 1985. Estimation of toxicity to
marine species with structure activity models developed to estimate toxicity to
freshwater fish. Aquatic Toxicology 6:251-270
185
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988 ' ' ;
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Methylene chloride
Diethyl phthalate
1,1-Dichloroethylene
2,4-Dihitrophenol
Dimethyl phthalate
Nitrobenzene
1,1,1 ,2,2,2,-Hexachloroethane
4-Nitrophenol
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
2,3:Dinitrotoluene
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
Bromoform
4-Chlorophenol
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1 ,1 ,2,2-Pentachloroethane
Diazinon
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Hexachlorobutadiene '
Chlorobenzene
Disulfoton
Lindane
Dibenzofuran
Diphenyl ether
Dieldrin
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1 ,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene ,
Methoxychlor ,
Chloropyrifos
Heptachlor
Kepone
Fenvalerate
Parmethrin
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
322.895
29979
249.174
28515
57.310
58.924
1.380
26.507
1.759 ,"
2.293
, 128.838
17.893
5.359
11.883
70.015
113.762
1.457
7 200
9.491
7.715
1 681
0.545
9.804
0.739
0.801
1.761
2.350
0010
20.833
3.666
0.784
- 0.049
, 0.881
0.004
0.693
0.004
0.068
Log
K>w
1.25
1.40
1.48
1.53
1.61,
1.83
1.91
1.91
1.98
1 98 ,
2.03
,2.30
2.35
2.39
2.47
2.89
3.14
3.38
3.40
344
3.72
3.74
3.79
3.81
3.89
4.10
4.21 ,
4.31
4.32
446
467
4.68
4.82
544
6.08
6.20
650
Ref.
Z
Z
z .
Z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Z '
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Z = Zaroogian et al. (1985)
186
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Fish
14-day
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = 1.87 - 0.871 log K^
N = 50; R2 = 0.976
8.0
1000.0
Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable neutral organic compounds:
1. Aromatic hydrocarbons
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
3. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
4. Alcohols
5. Ketones
6. Acetals
7. Ethers
8. Alkyl halides
9. Aryl halides
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
Also applicable to reactive compounds (i.e., compounds which show excess
toxicity) whose log ^,w is greater than 5.0, such as:
1. Esters
2. Acrylates
3. Methacrylates
4. Substituted benzotriazoles
If the log K^ is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and the LC50
exceeds the water solubility,,use SAR with longer exposure.
Konemann H. 1981. Quantitative structure-activity relationships in fish toxicity
studies. Parti: Relationship for 50 industrial pollutants. Toxicology 19(3) :209-
221.
187
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 14-d LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Ethanediol (ethyleneglycol)
Digol (diethyleneglycol)
Trigol (triethyleneglycol)
2-Methoxyethanol '
Acetone
Ethanol
2-Ethoxyethanol
Propanol-2
2-lsopropoxyethanol
2-Methylpropanol-2
2-Butoxyethanol
Diethylether
Butyldigol
Butyltrigol
Pentanol-3
Dichloromethane
1 ,3-Dichloropropane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,2'-Dichlorodiethylether
1,1-Dichloroethane
Chloroform
Trans- 1 ,4-dichloro-2-butene
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
Trichloroethane
1 -Chlorobutane
1 ,1 ,2-Trichloroethane
2,4-Dichloroaniline
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Toluene
2,3-Dichloro-1 -propane
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
1 ,5-Dichloropentane
Tetrachloromethane
Monochlorobenzene
a p. '-Dichloro-m-xylene
Tetrachloroethane
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Cyclohexane
14-d LC50
. (mg/L)
49303 00
61065.00
62601.00
17433.00
1 6368.00
11051.00
16399.00
7061.00
5467.00
3547 00
983.00
2137.00
1148.00
197.00
989.00
294.00
8380
10600
54.40
202.00
10200
39.50
6350
115.00
55.60
96.90
9440
11.70
13300
68.30
11.10
41.60
11.20
67.10
19.10
0.12
18.00
36.70
35.20
3770
3520
84.20
Log
Kbw
-1.35
-1.30
-1.24
-0.74
-0.30
-0.26
-0.21
0.15
0.20
0.77
0.86
0.88
091
0.97
1.21
1.61
1.71
, 1 76'
1.81
1.92
2.02
2.11
2.13
2.16
2.20
2.35
2.38
2.42
2.49
2.59
2.60
2.63
2.77
2.79
281
2.87
295
301
309
309
309
3.18
Ref.
K
K
K
>K
K
K
K
K
K-
K
K
K
K
K
K
K ,
K
Ki
K
K
K
K
K
K '
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
188
-------
Continued.
K = Konemann (1981)
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
CHEMICAL
4-Chlorotoluene
3-Chlorotoluene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Pentachloroethane
2,4 A -Trichlorotoluene
2,4-Dichlorotoluene
3,4-Dichlorotoluene
1 ,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,3,5-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
2,4,5-Trichlorotoluene
1 ,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
14-d LC50
(mg/L)
5.90
18.30
5.80
7.40
4.00
15.00'
- 0.24
4.60
5.10
2.30
2.40
3.30
0.39
1.70
0.30
0.80
0.80
0.18
0.32
Log
3.31
3.31
3.53
3.53
3.53
3.58
3.87
3.98
3.98
4.20
4.20
4.20
4.63
4.72
4.94
4.94
4.94
5.69
6.44
Ref.
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
189
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
190
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Organism: Fish
Duration: > 30 days
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth; Early Life Stage)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = 0.72 - 0.87 log K^
Statistics: N = 20; R2 = 0 91
Maximum K^: 7.9
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable neutral organic compounds:
1. Alcohols
2. Acetals
3. Ketones
4. Ethers
5. Alkyl halides
6. Aryl halides
7. Aromatic hydrocarbons.
8. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
9. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
Limitations: If the log ^,w is greater than 7.9 or if the compound is solid and the ChV
exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991 Fish chronic
toxicity data base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL),
Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd., 55804;
contact ,CL. Russom (218) 720-5500.
191
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
192
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Organism: Fish, Fathead minnow
Duration: 28-d
Endpoint: BCF (Bioconcentration Factor)
Equation: Log BCF = 0.79 log K^w - 0.40 (the BCF is without units)
Statistics: N = 122; R, = 0.927
Maximum K^: 8 0
Maximum MW: 10000
Application: Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable compounds:
1 . Aromatic amines
2. Acetals
3. Cyclodiene
4. Ethers
5. Halogenated alkyl
6. Halogenated aromatic
7. Halogenated indoles
8. Halogenated phenols
9. Phosphate esters
Limitations: If log Kow is greater than 8.0, no significant BCF unless analog data can be
found, e.g., PCBs.
Reference: Veith, GD, and Kosian, P 1982. Estimating bioconcentration potential from
octanol/water partition coefficients. IN: Physical Behavior of PCB's in the Great
Lakes MacKay, Paterson, Eisenreich, and Simmons, eds. Ann Arbor, Ml: Ann
Arbor Science.
193
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988 ' \
LIST OF CHEMICALS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH BIOCONCENTRATION SAR.
, CHEMICAL
j
Lindane
Atrazine
Heptachlor
2-Ethylhexiphthalate
DASC-3
DASC-4
NTS-1
BSB
FWA-2-A
FWA-3-A
FWA-4-A
Nitrobenzene
p-Nitrophenol
Naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Endrin ;,
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Hexachlorobenzene ;>
p-Biphenylphenyl ether
Carbon tetrachloride
p-Dichlorobenzene
Biphenyl
Chloropyrifos
Endrin
2,5,6-Trichloropyridinol
Fluorene
Dibenzofuran
2-Chlorophenanthrene
Phenanthrene
2-Methylphenanthrene
Heptachlor
Heptachloroepoxide
p,p'-DDE
Pentachlorophenol
Hexabromobiphenyl
Methoxychlor
Mirex
Hexabromocyclododecane
Heptachloronorborene
Hexachloronorbornadiene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene
Log
BCF
2.67
0.90
4.30
2.93
0.32
032
0.66
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
1.18
1.88
2.63
2.65
3.28
3.66
206
4.37,
322
2.77
1.72
2.81
2.67
3.17
0.49
3.11
3.13
3.63
342
3.48 ,
3.98
4.16
471
2.89
6.39
3.92
4.26
426
4.05
381
1.95
1 82
Log
' K,w
3.85
2.63
5.44
4.20
1.00 >'
1.00 ,
1.00
1.00
1.80
1.48
1.20
2.93
1 91
3.59
3.79
3.72
4.56
288
6.18
5.55
4.?1
2.64
338
4.82
, 4.56
1.35
4.38
4.12
5.16
> 446
4.86
544
540
5.69
2.97
426
430
6.89
5.81
528
5.28
3.40
3.44
Ref.
VK
VK
VK
VK .
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK ,
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
194
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
Continued.
CHEMICAL
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Pentachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Isophorone
N-Nitrosophenylamine
2-Chiorophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Butylbenylphthalate
Dimethylphthalate \
Alkyl benzene sulfonate
Alkyl benzene sulfonate
Naphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
1 -Methylnaphthalene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin *
AI254
AI254 ,
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,3,5-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Chlordane
Octachlorostyrene
- p,p-DDT
Log
BCF
1.78
3.26
3.53
1.48
0.78
0.30
0.95
0.90
1.83
2.14
1.04
1.23
1.69
0.84
2.34
2.33
2.33
2.89
1.76
2.02
1.56
1.90
2.28
2.11
2.15
2.70
4.02
4.18
385
4.60
4.43
1.96
2.81
2.85
3.56
4.11
4.16
4.63
4.85
5.00
5.29
4.58
4.52
4.47
Log
KOW
3.37
4.46
4.94
2.73
1.90
1.45
2.47
2.39
3.21
3.93
1.12
2.42
2.53
1.67
3.13
2.16
2.16
4.05
1.61
1.59
1.59
3.59
3.84
3.84
3.85
3.85
4.56
4.56
4.56
6.47
6.47
3.37
4.20
4.20
4.46
494
6.18
5.86
6.11
6.47
6.91
6.00
6.29
5.75
Ref.
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK"
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK '
195
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
Continued.
CHEMICAL
o,p-DDT
Hexachlorobenzene
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Lindane
5-Bromoindole
2,4,6-Tribromoanisol
N-Phenyl-2-naphylamine
Tricresyl phosphate
Diphenyl amine
Toluene
1 ,1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Pentachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
1 ,3-Dichlorobenzene ,
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloro-1 ,3-butadiene
Acridine
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Pentachlorophenol
Imidan
Imidan
Imidan
Diazinon
Diazinon '
Diazinon
Endrin
Acenaphthene
Log
BCF
4.57
4.27
3.32
2.26
1.15
2.94
2.17
2.22
1.48
, 1.96
0.91
1.78 * ,
2.85
1.99
2.05
2.60
3.41
4.37
,3.84
2.10
3.64
3.59
1.11
0.90 > , ,
1.04
0.90
1.56
1.81
1.24
3.21
2.59
Log
KOW
5.75
6.18
4.23
3.85
2.97
4.48
4.38
3.42
3.42
3.16
2.39
3.21
3.93
3.44
3.37
452
4.46 ,
6.18
5.10
3.30
5.28
5.28
2.97
2.83 x
2.83
2.83
1 92
1.92
1.92
4.56
, 392
Ref.
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
' VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
. VK
VK
VK
VK
VK
VK = Veith and Kosian (1982)
196
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAP
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum K,,,/
Maximum MW:
Application:
LIMITATIONS:
References:
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = 1.72 - 0.91 log K^
N = 19; R2 = 0.992
5.0
1000.0
Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable compounds:
1. Aromatic hydrocarbons
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
3. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
4. Alcohols
5. Ketones
6. Acetals
7. Ethers :
8 Alkyl halides
9. Aryl halides
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
Also be applied to some classes of reactive organic compounds which show
excess toxicity to fish, such as:
1. Benzotriazoles
2 Phthalate esters
3. Esters
If the log K^ is greater than 5.0 and less than 8 0, or if the compound is solid
and the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
Hermans J, Canton H, Janssen P, and De Jong R. 1984. Quantitative structure-
activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of chemicals with
anaesthetic potency: Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity to Daphnia magna
Aquatic Toxicology 5.143-154.
197
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Ethariediol
Acetone
Ethanol
2-Ethoxyethanol
Diethylether
Benzene
1 ,2-Dichloropropane
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroeth'ene
Toluene
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
Monochlorobenzene
m-Xylene
4-Chlorotoluene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorotoluene ,
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
2,4,5-Trichlo.robenzene
1 ,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
48-h LC50
(mg/L) .
50452
6081
5413
7670
1380
56.6
45.0
20.8
14.9
35.4
25.8
14.3
3.6
3.8
0.62
2.7
0.55
' 0.54
0.12
Log
K>w
-1.35 '
-0.30
-0.26
-0.21
0.88
2.13
,2.16
2.20
2.59
2.63
2.81
3.09
3'.31
3.53
3.98
4.20
4.72
4.94
5.69
Ref.
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H- ,
H
H
H
- H
H
'H
H
H
H
'H
H
H = Hermans et al. (1984)
198
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Organism: Mysid shrimp
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = 1.83-1.25 log
Statistics: N = 17; R2 = 0.706
Maximum K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable compounds:
1 . Alcohols
2. Acetals
3 Ketones
4. Ethers
5. Alkyl halides
6. Aryl halides
7. Aromatic hydrocarbons
8. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
9. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
Limitations: If the log l^w is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and the LC50
exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
References: Zaroogian G, Heltshe JF, and Johnson M. 1985. Estimation of toxicity to
marine species with structure activity models developed to estimate toxicity to
freshwater fish. Aquatic Toxicology 6 251-270.
199
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE MYSID SHRIMP 96-h LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
Toluene
1,3-Dichloropropane
Tetrachloroethylene
Benthiocarb
Hexachlorobutadiene
Chlorobenzene
EPN
Lindane
Dieldrin
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Heptachlor
Leptophos
Fenvalerate
55.5198
10.0702
(< 9.9922
10.3235
0.0611
16.2699
0.0032
0.0059
0.0050
0.4454
0.3344
0.0250
1.4596
0.1616
0.0030
0.0033
0.0001
2.21
2.28
2.60
3.40
3.74
3.79
3.85
3.89
4.31
4.32
4.46
4.49
4.67
4.94
5.44.
608
6.20
Z
Z
Z
z-
Z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
Z = Zaroogian et al. (1985)
200
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum K^:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Daphnid
16-d
Chronic Value (EC50 Reproduction)
Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.72 log K^ + 0.05
N = 5; R2 = 0.990
8.0 '
1000.0
Solvents, non-reactive, non-ionizable compounds:
1. Aromatic hydrocarbons
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
3 Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
4 Alcohols
5. Ketones
6. Acetals
7. Ethers
8. Alkyl halides
9. Aryl halides
10. Sulfides and di-sulfides
This SAR can also be applied to some classes of reactive organic compounds
which show excess toxicity to fish, such as:
1. Benzotriazoles
2. Phthalate esters
3. Esters
If the log K^ is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and the ChV
exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Hermans J, Canton H, Janssen P, and De Jong R. 1984. Quantitative structure-
activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of chemicals with
anaesthetic potency: Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity to Daphnia magna.
Aquatic Toxicology 5:143-154.
201
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 16-d EC50 SAR.
16-d EC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L)
Dw
Monochlorobenzene 25.8 . 2.81 - H
4-Chlorotoluene , 3.6 > 3.31 H
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2.7 4.20 H
1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene , ; 0.54 , 4.94 i H
Pentachlorobenzene ' ' , ' 0.23 5.96 H
H = Hermans et al (1984)
202
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
1.466-0.885109^
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Green algae
96-h
EC50 (Growth)
Log 96-h EC50 (mM/L) =
N = 7; R2 = 0.91
6.4
10000
If the log K^w is greater than 6.4, or if the compound is solid and the EC50
exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
Calamari D, Galassi S, Setti F, and Vighi M. 1983. Toxicity of selected
chlorobenzenes to aquatic organisms. Chemosphere 12:253-262.
Galassi S and Vighi M. 1981. Testing toxicity of volatile substances with algae.
Chemosphere 10:1123-1126.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS PMN
ECOTOX. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Aquatic toxicity
database. Duluth, MN: USEPA, ERL - Duluth.
203
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAR.
-CHEMICAL
Polyether
Benzene
Isolinalool
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
trans-Anethole
Ethyl benzene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Isopropylbenzene
n-Propylbenzene
1 ,2,3-Trichlrorbenzene
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
96rh EC50
(mg/L)
315
29
14
12.5
12,5
4.24
46
'47
4.9
3.2
2.2
, 0.57
2.6
1".8
0.22
0.37
*
Log
1.9 'v
2.1
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.3
4.3
6.4
Ref.
EPA
G
EPA '
G
C
D
G k
G l
G ,
G
C
C
G
G
C
C
C
* = No effects in saturated solutions
C = Calamari et al. (1983)
D = USEPA (1992).
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA
G = Galassi and Vighi (1988)
204
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum
Maximum MW:
Applications:
Limitations:
References:
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Green algae
Chronic Value (Growth)
Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.036 - 0.634 log K^w
N = 7; R2 = 0.99
*.
80
1000.0
May be applied to other neutral organics including aldehydes.
If the log l^w is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and the ChV
exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
Calamari D, Galassi S, Setti F, and Vighi M. 1983. Toxicity of selected
chlorobenzenes to aquatic organisms. Chemosphere 12:253-262.
Galassi S and Vighi M. 1981. Testing toxicity of volatile substances with algae.
Chemosphere 10:1123-1126.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS PMN
ECOTOX. Washington, DC. USEPA, Offic6 of Toxic Substances.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Aquatic toxicity
database. Duluth, MN: USEPA, ERL - Duluth.
\ \
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANICS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE ChV SAR.
CHEMICAL
Polyether
Isolinalool
trans-Anethole
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2,3-Trichlrorbenzene
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
ChV
(mg/L)
15.9
4.8
3.09
0.57
0.22
0.37
0.027
Log
K>w
1.9
2.4,
3.3
3.6
43
43
6.4
Ref
EPA
EPA
D
C
C
C
C
205
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
C = Calamari et al. (1983)
D = USEPA (1992)
EPA = USEPA (1991)
206
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum
Maximum MW:
Applications:
Limitations:
References:
1.405 -0.308 log
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
Earthworm
14-d
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 14-d LC50 (mM/L) =
N = 5; Ff = 0.48
5.0
1000.0
Neutral organics
None
Neuhauser EF, Durkin PR, Malecki MR, and Anatra M. 1986. Comparative
toxicity of ten organic chemicals to four earthworm species. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 83C.197-200.
Neuhauser EF, Loehr RC, Malecki MR, Milligan DL, and Durkin PR. 1985 The
toxicity of selected organic chemicals to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Journal
of Environmental Quality 14:383-388.
LIST OF NEUTRAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS USED TO DEVELOP THE EARTHWORM 14-d LC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
2-chloroethylvinylether
nitrobenzene
1,2-dichloropropane
fluorene ,
1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene
14-d LC50
(mg/L)
740.0
319.0
4240.0
173.0
197.0
Log
KOW
1 0
1 9
2.0
4.2
43
Ref.
N
N
N
N
N
I
N = Neuhauser et al. (1985, 1986)
207
-------
NEUTRAL ORGANICS
7/1988
208
-------
PEROXY ACIDS
9/1993
SAR PEROXY ACIDS
Organism: Fish
Duration: - 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: , log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -2.6 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 =1.0
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for peroxy acids.
Limitations: If the log l^w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
LIST OF PEROXY ACIDS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w
Chemical identity CBI 0.750 2&EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
209
-------
PEROXY ACIDS
9/1993
210
-------
PEROXY ACIDS
9/1993
SAR PEROXY ACIDS
Organism: Daphnids
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.717 -0.417 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for peroxy acids.
Limitations: If the log l^w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
References: " United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
LIST OF PEROXY ACIDS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-H SAR.
48-h LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) l^w
Chemical identity CBI 46 Z6 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1991); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
211
-------
PEROXY ACIDS
9/1993
212
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.399.- 0.616 log K^
N = 78; R2 = 0 86
7.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for phenols.
Phenols which are significantly more toxic than predicted by this SAR
are:
catechol with 16 x excess toxicity;
hydroquinone with 1400 x excess toxicity; and
p-benzoquinone with 5500 x excess toxicity.
If the log KDW value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
Alexander HC, Dill, DC, Smith LW, Guiney PD, and Dorn P. 1988.
Bisphenol A: Acute aquatic toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7.19-26.
Curtis MW and Ward CH. 1981. Aquatic toxicity of forty industrial
chemicals: Testing in support of hazardous substance spill prevention
regulation. Journal of Hydrology 51:359-367.
DeGraeve GM, Geiger DL, Meyer JS, Bergman HL 1980. Acute and
embryo-larval toxicity of phenolic compounds to aquatic biota. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9 557-568.
Holcombe GW, Phipps GL, Knuth M, and Felhaber T. 1984. The acute
toxicity of selected substituted phenols, benzenes, and benzioic acid
esters to fathead minnows. Pimephales promela's. Environ. Pollution,
Ser. A, 35:367-381.
Holcombe GW, Phipps GL, and Fiandt JT. 1982. Effects of phenol, 2,4-
dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol on embryo,
larval, and early-juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Arch.
Environ Contam. Toxicol. 11:73-78
213
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
Konemann H, and Musch A. 1981. Quantitative structure-activity
relationships in fish toxicity studies. Part 2: The influence of pH on the
SAP of chlorophenols. Toxicology 19:223-228.
Marking LL, Howe GE, and Bills TD. 1991. Temperature and pH effects
on acute and chronic toxicity of four chemicals to amphipods
(Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mvkissV
EPA/600/X-90/286. Gulf Breeze, FL: Environmental Research
Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States
Environmental Protection Agency. August.
Saarikoski J and Viluksela M. 1982. Relation between physicochemical
properties of phenols and their, toxicity and accumulation in fish.
Ecotoxicology-and Environmental Safety 6:501-512. V
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA1). 1980.
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Phenol. EPA-440-5-80-066.
Washington, DC: Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, USEPA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA2). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA Fiche No. 0507489 (2).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA3). 1990.
Section 8(e)908.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA4). 1991. OTS
PMN-.ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
Veith GD and Broderius SJ. 1987. Structure-toxicity relationships for
industrial chemicals causing type (II) narcosis syndrome. IN: Kaiser
KLE (ed.). QSAR in Environmental Toxicology - II. New York: D. Reidel
Publishing Company, pp. 385-391.
214
-------
^
LIST OF PHENOLS USED
CHEMICAL
PHENOLS USED IN
Resorcinol
Resorcinol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol .
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
Phenol
3-Methoxyphenol
4-Methoxyphenol
4-Nitrophenol
3-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
3-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
p-Cresol
p-Cresol
o-Cresol
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
m-Cresol
2-Chlorophenol
2-Chlorophenol
2-Chlorophenol
2-Allylphenol
4-Chlorphenol
3-Chlorophenol
1-Naphthol
4-Ethylphenol
2,6-Dichlorophenol
2, 4-Dimethyl phenol
2-Chloro-4-methyl phenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
TO DEVELOP THE FISH
967h LC50
(mg/L)
THE CALCULATION OF
60.0
100.0
44.5
36.3
36.0
34.9
26.0
19.0
16.7
16.4
10.2
8.9
67.5
29.8
43.0
37.0
74.0
110.0
14.2
11.8
41.0
6.9
23.1
16.5
7.9
- 28.6
8.4
18.2
89
55.9
11.2
13.8
9.4
15.0
8.5
6.4
4.6
10.4
7.8
16.6
35.9
5.5
96-h LC50 SAP.
Log
K>w
THIS SAR
0.8
0.81
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
21
2.1
21
2.1
22
2.2
2.2
22
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.1
PHENOLS
9/1993
Ref.
C
D
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
EPA1
D
D
,K
S
V
V
V
S
S
H
M
S
V
D
D
D
D
D
D
K
S
V
V
S
K
V
v -
S
H
V
S
215
-------
PHENOLS /
9/1993 ,
-
.
CONTINUED.
.
CHEMICAL
4,5-Dichloro-2-methoxy
phenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
3,4,5-Trichloro-
2,6-dimethoxyphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
4-Propylphenol
4-Phenylazophenol
3,5-Dichlorophenol
Bis(thiophenol)
2,3,6-Trimethylphenol
2-Phenylphenol ,
4,4'-[oxybis(2, 1 -ethane
diylthio)]bisphenol
4-Tert-butylphenol
3,4,5-Trichloro-
2-methoxyphenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,3,6-Trichlorophenol
4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl
phenol
4-Phenoxyphenol
Bisphenol A
2,3,5-Trichlorphenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-2-
hydroxyphenol
4-Tert-pentylphenol
, 2-Tert-butyl-4-
methylphenol
2,3,5, 6-Tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4, 5-Tetrachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
4-(Tert-octyl)phenol
4-(Tert-octyl) phenol
4-Nonylphenol
96-h LC50
(mg/L)
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF
4.8
4.2
'3.4
7.75
5.72
7.75
11.0 ,
1.17
2.7
, 1.5
0.390
6.15
1.5
5.15
2.1
4.55
2.3
5.1
3.4
496
46
1.6
1.2
2.5
259
2.1
1.4
1.1
0.770
0.380
0.24
0.440
0-250
0.210
0.140
Log
KJW
THE SAP
' 3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
31
3.2
3.2
3.3 i
,3.4
3.4
3.4.
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9 .
3.9
39
40
4.1
4.3
4.3
4.6
51
5.1
51
5.3
5.3
6.4 ,
Ref.
S
K
S
H
V
V
V
, V
K
EPA3
S
V
,EPA4
V
S
\
V
S
K
S
V
A
K
S
S
V
S
K
S
K
K
V
S
EPA2
EPA2
V
216
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
CONTINUED.
96-h LC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^.
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAP
Substituted benzophenone
glyceride * 8.0 EPA4
Hindered phenol * 11.0 EPA4
PHENOLS HAVING EXCESS TOXICITY
p-Benzoquinone
p-Benzoquinone
Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone
Catechol
Catechol
0.125
0.045
0.097
0.044
8.9
3.5
-0.3
-0.3
0.8
0.8
0.81
0.81
D
D
D
D
D
D
* = No fish,mortality in saturated solutions.
A = Alexander et al (1988)
C = Curtis and Ward (1981)
D = DeGraeve et al (1980)
H ,= Holcombe et al (1984, 1982)
K = Konemann and Musch (1981)
M = Marking et al (1991)
S = Saarikoski and Viluksela (1982)
EPA1 = USEPA (1980)
EPA2 = USEPA (1984)
EPA3 = USEPA (1990)
EPA4 = USEPA (1991)
V = Veith and Broderius (1987)
217
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
218
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.451 - 0.409 log K^
N = 48; R2 = 0.6
5.5
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for phenols.
Phenols which contain the following groups may have excess toxicity
compared with the values predicted by this SAR:
1,2-di(OH) groups (e.g., catechol);
1,4-di(OH) groups (e.g., hydroquinone); or
1,4-di(=O) groups (e.g., benzoquinone).
If the log ^,w value is greater than 5.5, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer duration.
For aminophenols, use the daphnid 48-h LC50 SAR for anilines.
Alexander HC, Dill, DC, Smith LW, Guiney PD, and Dorn P. 1988.
Bisphenol A: Acute aquatic toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:19-26.
Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak, K-D, and Winter A. 1989. Results of the
harmful effects of water pollutants to Daphnia maana in the 21 day
reproduction test. Water Res. 23:501-510.
LeBlanc G. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea
(Daphnia magna). Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 24:684-691.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA1). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA. Fiche No. 0507489 (2)
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA2). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
219
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
LIST OF PHENOLS USED TO
CHEMICAL
DEVELOP THE DAPHNID
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE
)
3-Hydroxyphenylurea 93.0
4-Acetamidophenol
4-Hydroxybenzonitrile
4-Nitrophenol
2-Chlorophenol
4-Chlorophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
3-(Trifluoromethyl) phenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
4-Chloro-6-methylphenol
o-Phenylphenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dichloro-6-methyl
phenol
4-Chloro-3,5-dimethyl
phenol
Bisphenol A
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
2,3,5, 6-Tetrachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
4-(Tert-6ctyl) phenol
3,5-Di-tert-butylphehol
Substituted benzophenone
glyceride
9.2
15.0
22.0
2:6
' 4.1
2.1
11.0
2.6 ^
0.290
1.5
6.0
. 0430
4.5
10.2
2.7
0.290
0.570
0.680
0.270
1.7
it
48-h LC50
Log.
K>w
SAR
0.2
0.5
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.1 .
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.8 x
3.9
4.3
4.3
5.1
5.3
5.4
8.0
SAR.
Ref.
K
K
K
L
L
L
L
K
L
L
K
L
L
K
A
L
L
L
L
EPA1
K
EPA2
* = No daphnid'010113111163 in saturated solutions.
(.
A = Alexander et al (1988) v
EPA1 = USEPA1 (1984)
EPA2 t USEPA2 (1991) ,
K = Kuhnetal (1989)
L = LeBlanc (1980) -
220
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 (Growth)
To find the estimated acute toxicity of a phenol, use the neutral organic
green algae 96-h EC50 SAR.
6.4
1000.0
The neutral organic green algae 96-h EC50 SAR may be used to
estimate toxicity for phenols.
Phenols which contain the following groups may have excess toxicity
compared with the values predicted by this SAR:
1,2-di(OH) groups (e.g., catechol);
1,4-di(OH) groups (e.g., hydroquinone); or
1,4-di(=O) groups (e.g., benzoquinone).
If the log KOW value is greater than 6.4, or if the compound is solid and
the EC50 exceeds the water solubility use SAR with longer exposure.
For aminophenols, use the green algae chronic value SAR for anilines
Alexander HC, Dill, DC, Smith LW, Guiney PD, and Dorn P. 1988.
Bisphenol A: Acute aquatic toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:19-26.
Kuhn R and Pattard M. 1990. Results of the harmful effects of water
pollutants to green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus) in the cell
multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 24:31-38.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA1). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
qairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA. Fiche No. 0507489 (2).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA2). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA
221
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
LIST OF PHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAR.
96-h EC50 Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
~~ ' PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 110.0 1.4 K
4-Nitrophenol - 26.0 1.9 K
- p-Cresol , , . . 7.8 2.1 K
2-Chlorophenol 50.0 2.2 ', K
2-Bromophenol 60.0 2.4 K
2-Nitro-para:cresoK 12.0 2.5 ", K
4-Chlorophenol 8.0 2.5 K
2,4-Dichlorophenol 11.5 3.1 K
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol . >10.0 3.1 K
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol 17.0 3:4 K
Bis(thiophenol) 0.740 3.4 EPA2
Bisphenol A 2.7 3.8 A
4-(Tert-octyl)phenol 1.6 5.3 , ' < EPA1
PHENOLS HAVING EXCESS TOXICITY
2-Amino-4-methylphenol , > ,4.6 1.3 K
A = Alexander et al (1988)
EPA1>= USEPA1 (1984)
EPA2 = USEPA2 (1991)
K = Kuhn and Pattard (1990)
222
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Fish
30-d
Chronic Value
Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.401 - 0.652 log t^w
N = 20; R2 = 0.94
8.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for phenols.
Phenols which contain the following groups may have excess toxicity
compared with the values predicted by this SAR:
1,2-di(OH) groups (e.g., catechol);
1,4-di(OH) groups (e.g., hydroquinone); or
1,4-di( = 0) groups (e.g., benzoquinone).
If the log Kbw value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure. A
test duration of more than 30 days may result in a lower chronic toxicity;
at 60 days the toxicity will be 20 x lower than predicted by this SAR for
phenols with a log l^w of 1.5 and 4 x lower for phenols with a log l^w of
5.3. For an exposure period of 60 days, a separate SAR has been
developed.
For aminophenols, use the fish ChV SAR for anilines.
DeGraeve GM, Geiger DL, Meyer JS, and Bergman HL 1980. Acute
and embryo-larval toxicity of phenolic compounds to aquatic biota.
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9:557-568.
Hedtke SF, West CW, Allen KN, Norberg-King TJ, and Mount Dl 1986.
Toxicity of pentachlorophenol to aquatic organisms under naturally
varying and controlled conditions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:531-542.
Holcombe GW, Phipps GL, and Fiandt JT. 1982. Effects of phenol, 2,4-
dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol on embryo,
larval, and early-juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) Arch
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11:73-78.
Marking LL, Howe GE, and Bills TD. 1991. Temperature and pH effects
on acute and chronic toxicity of four chemicals to amphipods
(Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhvnchus mvkiss).
223
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993 '
EPA/600/X-90/286. Gulf Breeze, FL: Envrionmental Research
Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States
Environmental Protection Agency. August.
Spehar RL, Nelson HP, Swanson MJ, and Renos JW. 1985.
Pentachlorophenol toxicity to amphipods and fathead minnows at
different test pH values. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:389-397. (.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA1). 1980.
, Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Phenol. EPA-440-5-80-066.
Washington, DC: Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, USEPA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency,(USEPA2). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA., Fiche No. 0507489 (2).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA3). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L Russom (218) 720-5500.
224
-------
LIST
CHEMICAL
2,2'-Methylene bis
(4-chlorophenol)
4-Nitrophenol
Phenol
Phenol
o-Cresol
4-Nitrophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol
p-Cresol
Phenol
2-Phenylphenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
PentacHlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Phenol
4-(Tert-octyl) phenol
PHENOLS
9/1993
OF PHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 30-d ChV SAP.
ChV
(mg/L)
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE
j
0.122
3.38
1.4
2.56
1.8
2.65
2.48
0.763
1.86
2.56
1.22
0.089
0.057
0.040
0.144
0.049
0.024
0.232
0.365
PHENOLS HAVING EXCESS TOXICITY
< 0.200
0.008
Log
K)W
SAP
5.0
1.9
1.5
1.5
2.1
1 9
2.8
2.8
2.1
1.5
3.4
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
39
3.1
1.5
5.3
Ref.
EPA3
M
D
EPA1
EPA3
EPA3
HO
EPA3
EPA3
HO
EPA3
S
HO
S
HE
S
S
EPA3
HO
-
D
EPA2
D = DeGraeve et al (1980)
EPA1 = USEPA (1980)
EPA2 = USEPA (1984)
EPA3 = USEPA (1991)
HE = Hedtkeetal (1986)
HO = Holcombe et al (1982)
M = Marking et al (1991)
S = Spehar et al (1985)
225
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
226
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Fish
60-d
Chronic Value
Log ChV (mM/L) = -2.029 - 0.447 log K^
N = 2; R2 = 1.0
8.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate toxicity for phenols.
If the log ^w value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
For aminophenols, use the fish ChV SAR for anilines.
DeGraeve GM, Geiger DL, Meyer JS, and Bergman HL 1980. Acute
and embryo-larval toxicity of phenolic compounds to aquatic biota.
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9:557-568.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA. Fiche No. 0507489 (2)
LIST OF PHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 60-d ChV SAR.
CHEMICAL
ChV
(mg/L)
Log
Ref.
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
Phenol
4-(Tert-octyl)phenol
<0.200
0.008
1.5
5.3
D
EPA
D =-DeGraeve et al (1980)
EPA = USEPA (1984)
227
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
228
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Daphnid
Chronic Value
Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.573 - 0.614 log ^w
N = 12; R2 = 0.92
8.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate tbxicity for phenols.
Phenols which contain the following groups may have excess toxicity
compared with the values predicted by this SAR:
1,2-di(OH) groups (e.g., catechol);
1,4-di(OH) groups (e.g., hydroquinone); or
1,4-di(=O) groups (e.g., benzoquinone).
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol has an excess toxicity of 18 x that predicted by
this SAR.
If the log KDW value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
For aminophenols, use the daphnid ChV SAR for anilines.
Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak, K-D, and Winter A. 1989. Results of the
harmful effects of water pollutants to Daphnia magna in the 21 day
reproduction test. Water Res. 23:501-510.
Oris JT, Winner RW, and Moore MV. 1991. A four-day survival and
reproduction toxicity test for Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 10-217-224.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
qairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA. Fiche No. 0507489 (2).
229
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
LIST OF PHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID ChV SAR.
CHEMICAL
ChV
(mg/L)
Log
K>w
Ref.
Phenol
4-Nitrophenol
4-Methylphenol
2-Chlorophenol
2-Bromophenol
4-Chlorophenol
2-Nitro-para-cresol
2,4-Dichlorophenol
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
2,4,6-Trimethylphenol
4-(Tert-octyl)phenol
2-Amino-4-methylphenol
3,5-Dimethoxyphehol
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE SAR
4.9 1.5
1.8 1.9
1.4 2.1
0.500 2.2
1.5 ^ 2.4
0.840 2.5
3.2 2.5
0.290 3.1
, 1-8 3,1
' 0.160 3.4
0.086 5.3
PHENOLS HAVING EXCESS TOXICITY
0.400 1.3-
0.320 ~ 1.4
O
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
EPA
K
K
230
-------
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
PHENOLS
Green Algae
Chronic Value (Growth)
To find the estimated chronic toxicity of a phenol, use the neutral
organic green algae ChV SAR.
8.0
1000.0
The neutral organic green algae ChV SAR may be used to estimate
toxicity for phenols.
Phenols which contain the following groups may have excess toxicity
compared with the values predicted by this SAR:
1,2-di(OH) groups (e.g., catechol);
1,4-di(OH) groups (e.g., hydroquinone); or
1,4-di(=0) groups (e.g., benzoquinone).
If the log Kow is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and the
ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
For aminophenols, use the aniline green algae ChV SAR.
Kuhn R and Pattard M. 1990. Results of the harmful effects of water
pollutants to green algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus) in the cell
multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 24:31-38.
Slooff W, Canton JH, and Hermens JLM. 1983. Comparison of the
susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I.
(Sub)Acute toxicity tests. Aquatic Toxicology 4; 113-128.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA1). 1984.
Dynamic 14-day acute toxicity of octylphenol to rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). TSCA Section 4(d). Document No. 40-8462075.
Washington, DC: OTS Public Files, USEPA. Fiche No. 0507489 (2).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA2). 1991. OTS
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, USEPA.
231
-------
PHENOLS
9/1993
\
f
LIST OF PHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE ChV
CHEMICAL
t
3,5-Dimethoxyphenol
4-Nitrophenol ^
o-Cresol
o-Cresol
o-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
2-Chlorophenol
2-Bromophenol
2-Nitro-p-cresol
4TChlorophenol
4-Chloro:3-methylphenol
2,4-Diciilorophenol
2,4,6-Trirnethylphenol
Bis(thiophenol)
4-(Tert-octyl) phenol
2-Amino-4-methyl phenol
ChV
(mg/L)
PHENOLS USED IN CALCULATION OF THE
40.0
2.1
34.0
11.0 ^ s '
36.6
65.0
2.3
24.0
28.0
6.3
3.0
: 5.2
2.4
5.8
0.300
< 0.860
PHENOLS WITH EXCESS TOXICITY
' 0.750
Log
*""
SAR
^A'
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5 ,
3.1
3.1
3.4
3.4
5.3
1.3
SAR.
Ref.
K
K
'- s
S
s
s
K
K
K
K
K
K
.K
K
EPA2
EPA1
1C
EPA1 = USEPA(1984)
EPA2 = USEPA (1991)
K = Kuhn and Pattard (1990)
S = Slooff etal (1983)
232
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR PHENOLS, DINITRO
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = -0.285 - 0.559 log K.,
Statistics: N = 4; R2 = 0.96
Maximum log K^: 7.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrophenols and other
polynitrophenols.
Limitations: If the log ^>w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Veith GD and Broderius SJ. 1987. Structure-toxicity relationships for
industrial chemicals causing type (II) narcosis syndrome. In: Kaiser
KLE (ed.). QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-ll. Boston, MA- D.
Reidel Pub. Co , pp. 385-391.
LIST OF DINITROPHENOLS USED TO DEVELOPTHE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
96-h LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL .(mg/L) K,w
2,4-dinitrophenol TTxi 1^5 VET
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 1.54 2.6 VB
2,4-dinitro-1 -naphthol
sodium 4.24 3.09 VB
VB = Veith and Broderius (1987)
233
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
234
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
PHENOLS, DINITRO
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.083 - 0.632 log K^
N = 7; R2 = 0.85
7.0
1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrophenols and other
polynitrophenols
Limitations: If the log ^w value is greater than 7.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Hermens J, Canton H, Janssen P, and DeJong R. 1984. Quantitative
structure-activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of
chemicals with anaesthetic potency: Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity
to. Daphnia 'maana. Aquatic Toxicology 5:143-154.
Kuhn R, Pattard M, Pernak K-D, and Winter A. 1989. Results of the
harmful effects of selected water pollutants (anilines, phenols, aliphatic
compounds) to Daphnia magna. Water Research 23:495-499.
LeBlanc. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea
(Daphnia rnaana). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology. 24: 684-691.
LIST OF DINITROPHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR
CHEMICAL
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-dinitro-6-methyl phenol
dinitro-o-cresol
2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
48-h LC50
(mg/L)
85.0
90.0
41
3.1
3.3
2.7
Log
K>w
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.6
2.6
2.6
Ref.
L
K
L
L
H
K
235
-------
ARSENIC(III)
9/1993
r
298
-------
BERYLLIUM
^ 9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute
Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC)
LOEC (mg/L) = (0.130- MW)/9.012
This equation may be used to estimate the acute toxicity of both organic
and inorganic compounds containing beryllium.
Hardness has a substantial effect on acute toxicity.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Regulations and
Standards. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
End point: <
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic Life (freshwater)
Chronic
Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC)
LOEC (mg/L) = (0.0053- MW)/9.012
This equation may be used to estimate the chronic toxicity of both
organic and inorganic compounds containing beryllium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986 Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Regulations and
Standards EPA 440/5-86-001.
299
-------
BERYLLIUM
9/1993
300
-------
BORON
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
48-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (315.0- MW)/10.81
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing boron.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
48-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (226.0- MW)/1o!81
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing boron.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
301
-------
BORON
9/1993
302
-------
BORON
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.05- MW)/10.81
/
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing boron.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (8.37- MW)/10.81
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing boron.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
303
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
Kuhn = Kuhn et al (1989)
H = Hermens et al (1984)
L = LeBlanc (1980)
236
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR PHENOLS, DINITRO
Organism: Fish
Duration: 32-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Growth)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -1.78-0.552109^
Statistics: N = 4; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log ^i 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrophenols and other
polynitrophenols.
Limitations: If the log K^ is greater than 3,0, or if the compound is solid and the
ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Fish
Chronic Toxicity Data Base. Duluth, MN: Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL), Office of Research and Development, USEPA, 6201
Congdon Boulevard, 55804; contact C.L. Russom (218) 720-5500.
LIST OF DINITROPHENOLS USED TO'DEVELOP THE FISH CHRONIC (ChV) SAR.
ChV Log Ref.
CHEMICAL (mg/L) ^w
2,4-dinitrophenol 0.278 ' lT5 D
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 0.171 23 D
2-(1-methylpropyl)-
4,6-dinitrophenol 0.027 3.7 D
D = USEPA (1991)
237
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
238
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
SAR PHENOLS, DINITRO
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 16-d
Endpoint: Chronic Value (Survival/Reproduction)
Equation: Log ChV (mM/L) = -0.465 - 0.654 log
Statistics: N = 2; R2 = 1.0
Maximum log K^: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This SAR may be used to estimate toxicity for dinitrophenols and other
polynitrophenols.
Limitations: If the log f^w is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and the
ChV exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: Hermens J, Canton H, Janssen P, and DeJong R. 1984. Quantitative
structure-activity relationships and toxicity studies of mixtures of
chemicals with anaesthetic potency: Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity
to Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 5:143-154.
LIST OF DINITROPHENOLS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID CHRONIC VALUE (ChV) SAR.
ChV Log Ret
CHEMICAL (mg/L) r^w
Dinitro-o-cresol 27i2^3 H
H~= Hermens et al (1984)
239
-------
PHENOLS, DINITRO
9/1993
240
-------
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Minimum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Determine either the percent amine nitrogen or the number of positive
charges per 1000 units of molecular weight and use the appropriate
SAR:
1. If the percent amine nitrogen is less than 3.5:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = 1.3076 - 0.534 x (percent amine nitrogen)
If the percent amine nitrogen is greater than or equal to 3.5, then the
fish 96-h LC50 is 0.27 mg/L
2. If the number of positive charges per 1000 units of MW is less
than 2.5:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = 1.3116 - 0.7606 x (number of positive
charges per 1000 MW units)
If the number of positive charges per 1000 units of molecular weight is
greater than or equal to 2.5, then the fish 96-h LC50 is 0.27 mg/L
For the percent amine nitrogen SAR: (less than 3.5% amine nitrogen) N
= 12 and R2 = 0.73, (greater than or equal to 3.5% amine nitrogen) N =
20 and the standard deviation is plus or minus 0.18 logarithmic units;
For the number of positive charges/1000 units MW SAR: (less than 2.5
charges/100 MW) N = 12 and I? = 0.73
1000.0
These SARs may be used for polycationic polymers which are highly
water soluble or dispersible and contain nitrogen which may be
protonated and/or quaternarized. These SARs may be used for
polysulfoniums and polyphosphoniums which are dispersible.
Polycationic polymers which contain silicon may have limited water
solubility or dispersibility. Polycationic polymers which contain anionic
groups may be significantly less toxic than predicted by this SAR. For
example, a polycationic polymer containing 4.7 percent amine nitrogen
(or 3 4 cationic charges per 1000 molecular weight) and anionic groups
with a cationic-anionic molar ratio of 1:1.1, will be about 24 times less
toxic than predicted, i.e., fish 96-h LC50 is 6.6 mg/L.
241
-------
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
9/1993
References:
Nabholz JV. 1988. A structure-activity relationship for polycationic
polymers. Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency 20460-0001.
LIST OF COMPOUNDS USED TO DEVELOP THE POLYCATIONIC POLYMER FISH 96-h LC50 SAR.
Percent
Amine
Nitrogen
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
2.0
2.0
2,0
2.0
2.1
30
3.4
3.4
6.0
6.0
60
8.0
8.0
8.0
92
11.0
12.0
15.0
15.0
17.0
17.2
, 20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
200
NUmber of Positive
Charges per 1000
Units of Mol. Weight
05
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.4
1.4
1 4
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.4
2.4
4.3
' 4.3
4.3
5.7 v
5.7
5.7
66
7.9
8.6
10.7
10.7 '
* 12.1
12.3
14.3
143
14.3
14.3
143
14.3
Average
Molecular
Weight (1000)
1.8
1.8
1.8
100.0'
2500.0
2500.0
1100.0
1100.0
19000.0
100
*
*
>5.0
>5.0
>5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0,
*
1.8
*
*
*
*
50.0
*
' *
*
*
*
* <
LC50
(mg/L)
9.2
8.5
3.9
53.0
0.97
2.3
0.64
1.2v r
0.84
0.94
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.16
0.29
0.13
0.22
0.22
0.5
0.22
1.9
0.26
0.24
0.45 '
0.45
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.23
020
* Unavailable at present.
242
-------
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Maximum Value:
Minimum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
The first SAR uses percent amine nitrogen to estimate toxicity while the second
SAR uses the number of positive charges per 1000 unites of molecular weight.
The toxicity increases rapidly from 0.1 to 2.3 percent amine nitrogen; thereafter,
toxicity increases slowing with increasing charge density. The SAR equations
used to estimate the acute toxicity are:
1. Log LC50 (mg/L) = 3.41 - 1.53 x (percent amine nitrogen)
2. Log LC50 (mg/L) = 3.43 - 2.19 x (number of positive
charges per 1000 MW units)
percent amine nitrogen SAR: 2.3% amine nitrogen;
number of positive charges/1000 MW SAR: 1.6
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of polycationic polymers which
are highly water soluble or dispersible and contain a nitrogen which can be
protonated and/or quaternarized. This SAR may be used for polysulfoniums and
polyphosphoniums which are dispersible.
Polycationic polymers which contain silicon may have limited water solubility or
dispersibility.
Polycationic polymers which contain anionic groups may be significantly less
toxic than predicted by this SAR. For example, a polycationic polymer
containing 4.7 percent amine nitrogen (or 3.4 cationic charges per 1000
molecular weight) and anionic groups with a cationic:anionic molar ratio of 1:1.1,
will be about 31 times less toxic than predicted, i.e., daphnid 48-h LC50 is 19.8
mg/L
Nabholz JV. 1988. A structure-activity relationship for polycationic polymers.
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and Environmental
Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances, United States
Environmental Protection Agency 20460-0001.
243
-------
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
0/1993
LIST OF COMPOUNDS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID 48-h LC50 SAR.
Percent
Amine
Nitrogen
0.7
0.7
2.0
8.0
11.0
12.0
15.0
20.0
Number of Positive -
Charges per 1000
Units of Mol. Weight
0.5
0.5
1.4 ,
5.7
7.9
8.6
10.7
14.3
Average
Molecular
Weight
*
*
*
5.0
1.8
1.2
* ,
*
f
96-h
LC50 '
(1000)
(mg/L)
300.0
310.0
1.7
0.34
0.58
1.2
026
0.17
Unavailable at present.
244
-------
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Minimum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 (Growth)
The algal 96-h EC50 can be estimated by dividing the equivalent fish 96-h LC50
estimate by 6. In addition, the algal 96-h no effect concentration (NEC; same as
GMATC) can be estimated by dividing the algal 96-h EC50 by 2.5.
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of polycationic polymers which
are highly water soluble or dispersible and contain a nitrogen which can be
protonated and/or quaternarized. This SAR may be used for polysulfoniums and
polyphosphoniums which are dispersible.
Polycationic polymers which contain silicon may have limited water solubility or
dispersibility.
Polycationic polymers which contain anionic groups may be significantly less
toxic than predicted by this SAR. For example, a polycationic polymer
containing 4.7 percent amine nitrogen (or 3.4 cationic charges per 1000
molecular weight) and anionic groups with a cationicianionic molar ratio of 1 1 1,
will be about 30 times less toxic than predicted, i.e., the algal 96-h EC50 is 1.35
mg/L
Nabholz JV. 1988. A structure-activity relationship for polycationic polymers.
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and Environmental
Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances, United States
Environmental Protection Agency 20460-0001.
245
-------
POLYMERS, POLYCATIONIC
9/1993
, LIST OF COMPOUNDS USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE 96-h EC50 SAP.
Percent - Number of Positive Average 96-h . 96-h
Amine Charges per 1000 Molecular EC50 NEC
Nitrogen Units of Mol. Weight Weight (1000) (mg/L) (mg/L)
O7 ~ O5 * 300.0 : O88
8.0 5.7 5.0 0.16 *
11.0 7.9 1.8 0.07 0.034
* Unavailable at present.
246
-------
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Minimum Value:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Fish
96-h and 28-d
LC50 and NEC
Determine the average length of the carbon chain to the nearest tenth and use
the SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = [(avg no. of carbons -16)2 - 10.643J/12.9346
The fish 28-d no effect concentrations (NEC, GMATC, or chronic value) can be
estimated by dividing the estimated' acute value derived above by 6.5.
N = 14; R2 = 0.624
carbon chain length of 18 carbons
carbon chain length of 10 carbons
This SAR may be used for the following classes of compounds:
1.' Alkyl benzene sulfonates
2. Linear alkyl sulfonates (LAS)
3. Amphoteric surfactants with a sulfonate,
phosphonate, or carboxylate terminus
4. Anionic surfactants terminated with phosphates
5. Anionic surfactants
If the acute or chronic toxicity of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates which vary only
in carbon chain length are to be estimated, then the weighted average of
carbons in the alkyl chains (excluding the aromatic benzene ring) has to be
determined.
Nabholz JV. 1985. Standard Environmental Hazard Assessment of PMNs 85-
1156/1163. Intra-agency memorandum to O. Gutenson, Chemical Review and
Evaluation Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division (TS-796), Office of
Toxic Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC 20460-0001. August.
247
-------
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
9/1993 -
LIST OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH LC50 SAR.
~~ Number ofFish LC50
Carbons (mg/L)
1(p', 21.2 -47.5
11 11.6
'12 , 1.18-6.5
13 1.11
14 ' 0.25-0.42 ^
16 0.087 f
18 0.38
248
-------
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Minimum Value:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
*
Daphnid
48-hand21-d NEC
LC50 and NEC
Determine the average length of the carbon chain to the nearest tenth
and use the fish 96-h LC50 SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = [(ave. no. of carbons -16f - 10.643]/12.9346
The daphnid 21-d no effect concentration (NEC, GMATC, or chronic
value) can be estimated by dividing the estimated acute value derived
above by 6.5.
N = 14; R2 = 0.624
carbon chain length of 18 carbons
carbon chain length of 10 carbons
These SARs may be used for the following classes of compounds:
1. Alkyl benzene sulfonates
2. Alkyl sulfonates
3. Amphoteric surfactants with a sulfonate,
phosphonate, or carboxylate terminus
4. Anionic surfactants terminated with phosphates
5. Anionic surfactants
If the acute or chronic toxicity of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates which
vary only in carbon chain length are to be estimated, then the weighted
average of carbons in the alkyl chains (excluding the aromatic benzene
ring) have to be determined.
Nabholz JV. 1985. Standard Environmental Hazard Assessment of
PMNs 85-1156/1163. Intra-agency memorandum to O. Gutenson,
Chemical Review and Evaluation Branch, Health and Environmental
Review Division (TS-796), Office of Toxic Substances, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460-0001.
August.
249
-------
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
9/1993
LIST OF ANIONIC SURFACTANTS USED TO DEVELOP THE DAPHNID LC50 SAR.
Number of Daphnid LC50
Carbons (
10 29.55
11 21.15
12 5.88
13 , 2.63
14 0.68
16 , 0.11
18 .. ' 0.12
250
-------
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Minimum Value:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, ANIONIC
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 and NEC (Growth)
Determine the average length of the carbon chain to the nearest tenth
and use the SAR equation:
Log EC50 (mg/L) = [(ave. no. of carbons - 16)2 - 42.466J/12.368
The green algae 96-h no effect concentration (NEC, GMATC, or chronic
value) can be estimated by dividing the estimated EC50 value by 1.4.
N = 14; R2 = 0.89
i
carbon chain length of 18 carbons
carbon chain length of 10 carbons
These SARs may be used for the following classes of compounds:
1. Alkyl benzene sulfonates
2. Alkyl sulfonates
3. Amphoteric surfactants with a sulfonate,
phosphonate, or carboxylate terminus
4. Anionic surfactants terminated with phosphates
5. Anionic surfactants
If the toxicity of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates which vary only in
carbon chain length are to be estimated, then the weighted average of
carbons in the alkyl chains (excluding the aromatic benzene ring) have
to be determined.
Nabholz JV. 1987. Predicting the algal 96-h EC50 from the daphnid
and fish SAR for LAS's. Intra-agency memorandum to "Whom It May
Concern." Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 20460-0001.
251
-------
SURFACTANTS, ANIOWC
9/1993
DATA FOR A C8 ANIONIG SURFACTANT USED TO DEVELOP THE GREEN ALGAE SAR.
~:EC50;EC10
Organism - (mg/L) (mg/L)
Algae . 12 8.5
Fish 366
Daphnid 289
252
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum Value:
Minimum Value:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM,
MONOALKYL
Fish
Acute
LC50 (Mortality)
Determine the average number of carbons in the hydrophobic alkyl
chain of the surfactant. If the average length of the carbon chain is
between 16 and 24 carbons, use the SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = -0.0918 + 0.023 (average length of carbon chain)
If the length of the carbon chain is at least 10 but less than 16, use the
SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = 5.43 - 0.37 (average length of carbon chain)
average carbon chain length of 24 carbons
average carbon chain length of 10 carbons
This SAR may be applied to monoalkyl (trimethyl) quaternary ammonium
surfactants which are dispersible in water. This SAR may be used to
estimate toxicity for:
1. monoalkyl cationic surfactants
2. monoalkyl phosphonium surfactants
3. monoalkyl sulfonium surfactants
This SAR may be used for monoalkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants
where the anionic salt has less than 8 carbons in the alkyl chain. If the
alkyl chain contains 8 or more carbons, the cationic surfactant and the
anionic surfactant will form a strong ion pair. This ion pair will be much
less soluble in water and consequently will be less toxic to fish.
Nabholz JV. -1987. The SAR for monoalkyl (trimethyl) quaternary
ammonium surfactants. Washington, DC: Environmental Effects
Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic
Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency
KnaufW. 1973. Summary of the toxicity of surfactants to aquatic
organisms. Tenside Detergents 5:251-255.
253
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
9/1993 '- ., \ ... -
LIST OF MONOALKYL-TRIMETHYL-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SURFACTANTS USED TO DEVELOP THE
SAR FOR QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SURFACTANTS FOR FISH ,
Number of
Carbons
10
12
14
16
18
21 \
Species Tested
, Golden orfe
Golden orfe
Golden orfe
Golden orfe
Golden orfe
Golden orfe
Acute LC50
(mg/L)
68
9.0
2.1
0.36
0.41 ' . .
0.42 .
254
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
9/1993
SAR
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM,
MONOAKYL
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum Value:
Minimum Value:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
Acute
LC50 (Mortality)
Determine the average number of carbons in the hydrophobic alkyl
chain of the surfactant. If the average length of the carbon chain is
between 16 and 22 carbons, use the SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = -1.64 + 0.115 (average length of carbon chain)
If the length of the carbon chain is at least 10 but less than 16, use the
SAR equation: ,
\
Log LC50 (mg/L) = 2.07 - 0.13 (average length of carbon chain)
average carbon chain length of 22 carbons
average carbon chain length of 10 carbons
This SAR may be applied to monoalkyl (trimethyl) quaternary ammonium
surfactants which are dispersible in water. This SAR may be used to
estimate toxicity for:
1. monoalkyl cationic surfactants
2. monoalkyl phosphonium surfactants
3. monoalkyl sulfonium surfactants
This SAR may be used for monoalkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants
where the anionic salt has less than 8 carbons in the alkyl chain. If the
alkyl chain contains 8 or more carbons, the cationic surfactant and the
anionic surfactant will form a strong ion pair. This ion pair will be much
less soluble in water and consequently will be less toxic to daphnids.
i
Nabholz JV. 1987. The SAR for monoalkyl (trimethyl) quaternary
ammonium surfactants. Washington, DC: Environmental Effects
Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic
Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Knauf W. 1973. Summary of the toxicity of surfactants to aquatic
organisms. Tenside Detergents 5:251-255.
255
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
9/1993
LIST OF MONOALKYL-TRIMETHYL-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SURFACTANTS USED TO DEVELOP THE
SAR FOR QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SURFACTANTS FOR DAPHNIDS
Number of Acute LC50
Carbons Species Tested - (mg/L)
10 ' Daphnia magna 7.0,
12 Daphnia magna 3.2
14 Daphnia magna -1.7
16 Daphnia magna 1.2
18 Daphnia maana , 3.2
21 Daphnia maqna ' 6.0
256
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum Value:
Minimum Value:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM,
MONOALKYL
Snail
Acute
LC50 (Mortality)
Determine the average number of carbons in the hydrophobic alkyl
chain of the surfactant. If the average length of the carbon chain is
between 16 and 22 carbons, use the SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = -1.56 + 0.087 (average length of carbon chain)
If the length of the carbon chain is at least 10 but less than 16, use the
SAR equation:
Log LC50 (mg/L) = 5.74 - 0.37 (average length of carbon chain)
carbon chain length of 22 carbons
carbon chain length of 10 carbons
This SAR may be applied to monoalkyl (trimethyl) quaternary ammonium
surfactants which are dispersible in water. This SAR may be used to
estimate toxicity for:
1. monoalkyl catioriic surfactants
2. monoalkyl phosphonium surfactants
3. monoalkyl sulfonium surfactants
This SAR may be used for monoalkyl quaternary ammonium surfactants
where the anionic salt has less than 8 carbons in the alkyl chain. If the
alkyl chain contains 8 or more carbons, the cationic surfactant and the
anionic surfactant will form a strong ion pair. This ion pair will be much
less soluble in water and consequently will be less toxic to snails.
Nabholz JV. 1987. The SAR for monoalkyl (trimethyl) quaternary
ammonium surfactants. Washington, DC: Environmental Effects
Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic
Substances, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Knauf W. 1973. Summary of the toxicity of surfactants to aquatic
'organisms. Tenside Detergents 5:251-255.
257
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, MONOALKYL
9/1993 ' ;
LIST OF MONOALKYL-TRIMETHYL-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SURFACTANTS USED TO DEVELOP THE
SAR FOR QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SURFACTANTS FOR SNAILS
Number of
Carbons
o 10 '
12
14
16
18
21
Species Tested
Water snail
Water snail
Water snail
Water snail
Water snail '
Water snail
Acute LC50
(mg/L)
100
23
3.5
0.7
1.0
. 1.9
258
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DI-ALKYL
Fish
96-h
LC50 and ChV (Mortality)
Calculate the average log r^w for the two alkyl groups and use the
average value in the SAR equation:
Log 96-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.747 - 0.367 log KDW
To determine the chronic toxicity value (ChV) of a di-alkyl quaternary
ammonium surfactant to fish, divide the 96-hour LC50 value by 26.
/
N = 6; R2 = 0.9
There are no limits on the log r\,w values.
There.are no limits on the molecular weight of the two alkyl groups of
the cationic surfactant.
This SAR may be applied to cationic dialkyl (dimethyl) quaternary
ammonium surfactants which are dispersible in water. This SAR may be
used to estimate toxicity for:
1. dialkyl cationic surfactants
2. dialkyl phosphonium surfactants
3. dialkyl sulfonium surfactants
None.
FDA. Unpublished data.
ITC IR-488.
USEPA. ECOTOX database. P85-505 Standard Review.
259
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
9/1993
260
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DI-ALKYL
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 AND ChV (Mortality)
Calculate the average log ^,w for the two alkyl groups and use the
average value in the SAR equation:
Log 48-h LC50 (mM/L) = 0.874 - 0.462 log K^w
To determine the chronic toxicity value (ChV) of a di-alkyl quaternary
ammonium surfactant to daphnids, divide the 48-hour LC50 value by
1.8.
N = 4; R2 = 0.94
*
There are no limits on the log r^w values of the two alkyl groups of the
cationic surfactant.
There are no limits on the. molecular weight of the two alkyl groups of
the cationic surfactant.
This SAR may be applied to cationic dialkyl (dimethyl) quaternary
ammonium surfactants which are dispersible in water. This SAR may be
used to estimate toxicity for:
1. dialkyl cationic surfactants
2. dialkyl phosphonium surfactants
3. dialkyl sulfonium surfactants
None.
FDA. Unpublished data.
ITC. IR-488.
EPA. ECOTOX database. P85-505 Standard Review.
261
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
9/1993 '' '
262
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DI-ALKYL
Green Algae
96-h
EC50 and ChV
Calculate the average log l^w for the two alkyl groups and use the
average value in the SAR equation:
Log 96-h EC50 (mM/L) = -0.596 - 0.296 log K^
To determine the chronic toxicity value (ChV) of a di-alkyl quaternary
ammonium surfactant to green algae, divide the 96-hour EC50 value by
4.
N = 3; R2 = 0.99
There are no limits on the log l^w values of the two alkyl groups of the
cationic surfactant.
There are no limits on the molecular weight of the two alkyl groups of
the cationic surfactant.
This SAR may be applied to cationic dialkyl (dimethyl) quaternary
ammonium surfactants which are dispersible in water. This SAR may be
used to estimate toxicity for:
1. dialkyl cationic surfactants
2. dialkyl phosphonium surfactants
'3. dialkyl sulfonium surfactants
None
FDA. Unpublished data.
ITC. IR-488.
EPA. ECOTOX database. P85-505 Standard Review.
263
-------
SURFACTANTS, CATIONIC, QUATERNARY AMMONIUM, DIALKYL
9/1993 ' '
264
-------
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum Value:
Application:
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
Fish and Daphnid
96-h, 48-h
LC50 (Mortality) in mg/L
Determine the number of carbons in the alkyl chains and the number of
ethoxylate groups in the surfactant. Determine the toxicity using the
appropriate SAR equation based on the length of the carbon chain:
C = 8; Log LC50 = 0.952 + 0.130 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 9; Log LC50 = 0.796 + 0.120 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 10; Log LC50 = 0.642 + 0.112 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 11; Log LC50 = 0.261 + 0.103 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 12; Log LC50 = -0.204 + 0.0996 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 13; Log LC50 = -0.388 + 0.092 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 14; Log LC50 = -0.480 + 0.0847 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 15; Log LC50 = -0.533 + 0.0776 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 16; Log LC50 = -0.775 +.0.072 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 17; Log LC50 = -1.054 + 0.0674 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 18; Log LC50 = -1.290 + 0.063 (number of ethoxylates)
Maximum carbon chain length of 18; minimum carbon chain length of 8;
the maximum number of ethoxy'ates is 55. ,
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity for the following classes
of nonionic surfactants:
1. Alcohol ethoxylate surfactants
2. Alkyl ethoxylate surfactants
3. Nonionic surfactants
Generally, this SAR is expected to be applicable to other nonionic
surfactants, such as alcohol ethoxlyate-propoxylate surfactants where
number of ethoxylates is greater than tje mumber of propoxylates.
265
-------
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
9/1993 .. ' . ,
Limitations: When the number of ethoxylates is less than 5, chemicals may begin to
act less like surfactants and more like neutral organic chemicals.
Alcohol propoxylates and alcohol butpxylates will not act like
surfactants; the propoxylate and butoxylate units are not water soluble
enough. Alcohol propoxylates and alcohol butoxylates should be
treated like neutral organic chemicals.
References: Nabholz JV. 1988. The structure-activity relationships between nonionic
surfactants. Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health
and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency.
266
-------
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
9/1993
LIST OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS USED TO DEVELOP FISH 96-h AND DAPHNID 48-H LC50 SARS.
Number of
Carbons
8
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
13
.13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13.5
13.5
135
135
13.5
135
13.5
135
Number of
Ethoxylates
12.0
2.5
5.0
6.0
90
12.0
12.0
15.0
2.0
5.3
6^5
6.5
6.5
65
65
63
6.3
6.3
7.4
7.4
7.4
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
80
10.5
105
10.5
105
10.5
105
11.0
11.0
11 0
3.0
30
30
7.0
90
90
90
9.0
Species
Golden orfe
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Fish spp.
Fish spp.
Fish spp.
Golden orfe
Fish spp.
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Daphnia
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Daphnia
Daphnia
Fathead minnow
Goldfish
Daphnia
Fathead minnow
Goldfish
Daphnia
' Goldfish
Harlequin fish
Golden orfe
Rainbow trout
Golden orfe
Harlequin fish
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Golden orfe
Golden orfe
Goldfish '
Golden orfe
Daphnia
Rainbow trout
Blugill
Rainbow, trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
- Bluegill
Bluegill
Channel catfish
Daphnia
Time
(hours)
96
96
96
96
96
- 96
96
96
96
96
24
96
96
24
96
24
24
48
24
24
24
48
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
24
48
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
24
LC50
(mg/L)
465.0
- 5-7
8-9
2.8
5.4
4.4
4.4
22.0
1-2
1.0
1.05
2.36
0.57
0.57
1.14
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.4
1.2
1.8
0.8
2.7
1.6-2.8
'1.8
0.8
4.1
4.1
3.0
27
5.1
6.2
1.5
1.3-1.7
39
2.7
2.1
11.0
1.2
1.71
267
-------
SURFACTANTS, NONIONIC
9/1993
Continued
Number of Number of Time LC50
Carbons Ethoxylates Species (hours) (mg/L)
Kf5 ~9!6Bluegill 96 7A~
17 14.0 Minnow 24 3.4
17 14.0 Rainbow trout 96 0.4
17 14.0 Golden orfe 96 2.3
17 14.0 Golden orge- 96 2.5
17 14.0 Harlequin fish 96 0.7
268
-------
SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Maximum Value:
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
Fish, Daphnid, and Algae
96-h, 48-h, and 96-h
LC50, LC50, and EC50 (Mortality) in mg/L
Determine the number of carbons in the alkyl chains and the number of
ethoxylate groups in the surfactant. Determine the toxicity using the
'appropriate SAR equation based on the length of the carbon chain:
C = 8; Log LC50 = 1.022 + 0.122 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 9; Log LC50 = 0.794 + 0.116 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 10; Log LC50 = 0.553 + 0.112 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 11; Log LC50 = 0.335 + 0.104 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 12; Log LC50 = 0.107 + 0.098 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 13; Log LC50 = -0.102 + 0.092 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 14; Log.LCSO = -0.348 + 0.086 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 15; Log LC50 = -0.566 + 0.079 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 16; Log LC50 = -0.706 + 0.074 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 17, Log LC50 = -1.057 + 0.069 (number of ethoxylates)
C = 18; Log LC50 = -1.316 +^0.063 (number of ethoxylates)
18 carbons in the alkyl chain; 55 ethoxylates
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity of ethomeen surfactants
(i.e., ethoxylated beta-amine surfactants) with a carboxylic acid
terminus.
None.
x
Nabholz JV. 1986. The structure-activity relationships between nonionic
surfactants. Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health
and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, United
States Environmental Protection Agency.
269
-------
SURFACTANTS, ETHOMEEN
9/1993 ' ,
270
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
SAR THIAZOLINONES, ISO
Organism: Fish
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = -2.159 - 0.068 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 =1.0
Maximum log K^: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of isothiazolinones or
allyl thioamides.
Limitations: If the log l^w value is greater tah 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. OPPT
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, USEPA.
LIST OF ISOTHIAZOLINONES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-H LC50 Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^w
Chemical identity CBI 0.90 0.6 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1993), chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
271
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
272
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
SAR THIAZOLINONES, ISO
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-h
Endpoint: LC50 (Mortality)
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = -2.0 - 0.159 log K^w
i
Statistics: N = 2; R2 =1.0
Maximum log K^,: 5.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of isothiazolinones or
allyl thioamides.
Limitations: If the log r^w value is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. OPPT
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, USEPA.
LIST OF ISOTHIAZOLINONES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-H LC50 Log ReT
CHEMICAL (mg/L) r^w
Chemical identity CBI 1.2 0.6 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1993); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
273
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
274
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
x 9/1993
SAR THIAZOLINONES, ISO
Organism: Green Algae
Duration: 96-h
Endpoint: EC50
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = -2 555 - 0.241 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 =1.0
Maximum log Kow: 6.4
Maximum MW: 1000.0
v
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of isothiazolinones or
allyl thioamides.
Limitations: If the log r\,w value is greater than 6.4, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation.
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. OPPT
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, USEPA.
LIST OF ISOTHIAZOLINONES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-H LC50 Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K,w
Chemical identity CBI . 0.290 0.6 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1993); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
275
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
x276
-------
THIAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
SAR THIAZOLINONES, ISO
Organism: Green Algae
Duration:
Endpoint: Chronic Value
Equation: Log LC50 (mM/L) = -2.938 - 0.270 log K^
Statistics: N = 2; R2 =1.0
Maximum log Kow: 8.0
Maximum MW: 1000.0
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of isothiazolinones or
allyl thioamides.
Limitations: If the log l^w value is greater than 8.0, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, no effects expected at saturation
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. OPPT
PMN ECOTOX. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, USEPA.
LIST OF ISOTHIAZOLINONES USED TO DEVELOP THE FISH 96-h LC50 SAR
96-H LC50 Log Rel
CHEMICAL (mg/L) K^
Chemical identity CBI 0.130 06 EPA
EPA = USEPA (1993); chemical identity is Confidential Business Information under TSCA.
277
-------
THlAZOLINONES, ISO
9/1993
278
-------
THIOLS AND MERCAPTANS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW
Application:
Limitations:
References:
THIOLS AND MERCAPTANS
Fish
96-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = -1.022 - 0.447 log K^w
N = 4; R2 = 0.85
6.5
1000.0
/
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity for thiols and
mercaptans. Thiols with a carboxylic acid substitution will be about 10
times less toxic than the toxicity value predicted by using this SAR with
a log l^w and molecular weight for the free acid. Therefore, for thiols
with a carboxylic acid substitution, predict the toxicity values for the free
acid and multiply by 10.
For thiols with log J^w values greater than 4.5, the toxicity prediction
may only apply to rainbow trout and other cold water fish species.
While a 96-h LC50 value was measured for t-dodecane thiol (log K^ =
6.2), nonylthiol (log K^ = 4.9) showed no toxicity at saturation with
fathead minnows. The recommended species for testing thiols with log
l^w values greater than 4.5 is rainbow trout using flow-through methods,
measured concentrations, and treatment concentrations which do not
exceed the aqueous solubility limit of the thiol being tested.
./
If the log K^ value is greater than 6.5, or if the compound is solid and
the LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
Bender ME. 1969. The toxicity of the hydrolysis and breakdown
products of malathion to the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas,
Rafinesque. Water Research 3.571-582.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Toxicity of data gap
compounds to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and daphnids
(Daphnia magna). Duluth, MN: Environmental Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development, USEPA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. TSCA Sec. 8(e)
submission number 994. Washington, DC: Office of. Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, USEPA.
Verschueren K. 1983. Handbook of environmental data on organic
chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co
279
-------
THIOLS AND MERCAPTANS
9/1993
280
-------
THIOLS AND MERCAPTANS
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
THIOLS AND MERCAPTANS
Daphnid
48-h
LC50 (Mortality)
Log LC50 (mM/L) = -3.2 - 0.097 log K^
N = 3; R2 = 0.46
5.0
1000.0
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity for thiols and
mercaptans.
If the log r^w is greater than 5.0, or if the compound is solid and the
LC50 exceeds the water solubility, use SAR with longer exposure.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Toxicity of data gap
compounds to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and daphnids
(Daphnia magna). Duluth, MN: Environmental Research Laboratory,
Office of Research and Development, USEPA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992. TSCA Sec. 8(e)
submission number 994. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, USEPA.
281
-------
THIOLS AND MERCAPTANS
9/1993
282
-------
TRIAZINES, SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR TRIAZINES, SUBSTITUTED
For fish and daphnid use SAR for NEUTRAL ORGANICS;
This category includes substituted triazines which can be aromatic, partially aromatic (or partially
saturated), and unsaturated. The nitrogens in the triazine ring may be symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Substitutions on the carbons may include but not be limited to: aliphatic alcohols; ketones; benzene and
substituted benzenes; aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkyenes and alkynes; free amines and substituted
amines; cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons; halogens; amides; cyanides; ethers; methoxy groups; sulfides;
azido groups; arid carboxylic acid esters Substitutions on the nitrogens may include but not be limited
to: free amines and substituted amines; -N = CH; aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkyenes and alkynes; and
benzene and substituted benzenes. Hazard Concerns: many members of this category are commercial
herbicides which are used to control both aquatic plants and terrestrial plants. Their mode of toxic
action is generally considered to be inhibition of photosynthesis. Many members of this class are toxic
to algae at < 1 mg/L and toxic to terrestrial vascular plants at < 1 mg/kg. Members of this group can
also be highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Toxicity is expected to be related to the
octanol/water partition coefficient with respect to fish and aquatic invertebrates, but toxicity to plants
may not be related to Kow when log Kow < 5. When the log Kow is < 5, algae and terrestrial plants are
expected to be the most sensitive species. As log Kow increases, species differences are expected to
diminish. At this time there is no formalized SAR for this category for any species Toxicity predictions
will be made using either the closest analog or averaging data for the two closest analogs which bracket
the chemical under question
283
-------
TRIAZINES, SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
284
-------
UREAS, SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
SAR
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Statistics:
Maximum log
Maximum MW:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
UREAS, SUBSTITUTED
Algae
4-h
EC50 (Inhibition of Photosynthesis)
Log EC50 (mM/L) = -1.29 log K^w +0.133
N = 12; R2 = 0.944
3.9
1000.0
This SAR may be used to estimate the toxicity for substituted ureas.
If the log l^w value is greater than 3.9 and less than 7.9, use SAR with
longer exposure. If the log l^w value is greater than 8.0, no effects
expected at saturation.
Wessels JSC and Van Der Veen R. 1956. The action of some
derivatives of phenylurethan and of 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea on the Hill
reaction. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 19.
Hansch C. 1969. Theoretical considerations of the structure-activity
relationship in photosynthesis inhibitors. In: Progress in Photosynthesis
Research, Vol. III. Metzner H, ed. pp. 1685-1692.
285
-------
UREAS, SUBSTITUTED
9/1993
LIST OF SUBSTITUTED UREAS USED TO DEVELOP THE ALGAE 4-h EC50 SAR.
CHEMICAL
Ethyl-N-phenylcarbamate (phenylurethan)
Ethyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-carbamate
Ethyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-carbamate
Ethyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-carbamate
Allyl-N-phenylcarbamate
Allyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-carbamate
Ethyl-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-carbamate
Ethyl-N-(2,5:dichlorophenyl)-carbamate
Benzyl-N-phenylcarbamate
Ethyl-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-carbamate
Ethyl-N-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-carbamate,
3-Phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1 ,1 -dimethylurea (CMU)
3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(3,4,5-Trichlorophenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(3-Nitrophenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl):1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1 ,1 -dimethylurea
4-(3,3-Dimethylureido)-S-trichloromethyr-
phenyl-thiosulfonate
3-(4-Methylphenyl),-1 , 1 -dimethylurea s
3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
3-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)-1 , 1 -dimethylurea
3-(4-Acetylaminophenyl)-1,1 -dimethylurea
4-h EC50
(mg/L)
5x10'"
' 1°1
Iff4
2x1 ff4
5x1 ff4
8x1 05
2x1 0"5
3x1 ff4
2x1 0"4
. 3X1 ff3
Iff3
4x1 ff5
4x1 ff6
2x1 ff6
2x1 ff7
2x1 ff7
8x1 ff6
1.310"5
4X1 ff6
6x1 ff4
4x1 ff7 ,
3x1 ff5
3x1 ff5
2x1 ff4
2x1 ff3
Log Ref.
KJW
*
*
*
*
*
* *"
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* I "
*
*
/ .
*
*
*
* V
*
it
*
= Not available at this time.
286
-------
INORGANICS
287
-------
288
-------
ALUMINUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
96-hour
No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC)
NOEC (mg/L) = (0.087. MW)/26.981
This equation may be used to estimate the acute toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing aluminum.
This equation is based on the pH dependent Ambient Water Quality
Criteria for aluminum. The criteria for pH values between 6.5 and 9.0
were used. If the pH of the solution is less than 6.5.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1980.
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Aluminum. Washington, DC: Office of
Water, Criteria and Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References'
Aquatic Life (freshwater)
1-hour
No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC)
NOEC (mg/L) = (0.750- MW)/26981
This equation may be used to estimate the acute toxicity of compounds
containing aluminum.
This equation is based on the pH dependent Ambient Water Quality
Criteria for aluminum. The criteria for pH values between 6 5 and 9 0
were used.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1980.
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Aluminum Washington, DC. Office of
Water, Criteria and Standards Division.
289
-------
ALUMINUM
9/1993
290
-------
ANTIMONY
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.088- MW)/121.75
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing antimony.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.030-MW)/121.75 '
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing antimony.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
291
-------
ANTIMONY
9/1993
292
-------
ANTIMONY
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (1.5- MW)/121.75
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing antimony.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine) ,
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.500. MW)/121.75
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing antimony
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
293
-------
ANTIMONY
9/1993
294
-------
ARSENIC(III)
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.360- MW)/74.92
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing arsenic(lll).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.190- MW)/74.92
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing arsenic(lll).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
295
-------
ARSENIC(III)
9/1993
296
-------
ARSENIC(III)
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.069. MW)/74.92
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing arsenic(lll).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.036- MW)/74.92
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing arsenic(lll)
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
297
-------
BORON
9/1993 '
304
-------
CADMIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0039- MW)/112.41
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing cadmium.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for cadmium. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCQj was
used. For a solution with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCO,, use the
following equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0018- MW)/112.41
For a solution with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCQ, use the following
equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0086- MW)/112.41
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986 Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
305
-------
CADMIUM
9/1993
306
-------
CADMIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0011 MW)/112.41
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing cadmium.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for cadmium. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCC^ was
used. For solutions with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOj, use the
following equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.00066- MW)/112.41
For solutions with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCC^, use the following
equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.002. MW)/112.41
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
307
-------
CADMIUM
9/1993
308
-------
CADMIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.043- MW)/112.41
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing cadmium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0093- MW)/112.41
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing cadmium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
309
-------
CADMIUM
9/1993
310
-------
CESIUM
9/1993
Organism: Daphnid
Duration: 48-hour
Endpoint: LC50
Equation: LC50 (mg/L) = (7.4. MW)/132.9
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing cesium.
Limitations: None
\
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
311
-------
CESIUM
9/1993
312
\
-------
CHLORINE
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.019- MW)/35.45
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing chlorine.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.011 MW)/35.45
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing chlorine.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
313
-------
CHLORINE
9/1993
314
-------
CHLORINE
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0013« MW)/35.45
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing chlorine.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0075* MW)/35.45
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing chlorine.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
315
-------
CHLORINE
9/1993
316
-------
COBALT
9/1993
Organism:
/Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
96-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (48.0 MW)/58.933
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing cobalt.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. 'Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
48-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (1.30- MW)/58.933 -
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing cobalt.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
317
-------
COBALT
9/1993
318
-------
COBALT
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0342 MW)/58.933
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing cobalt.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.012- MW)/58.933
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing cobalt.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991 Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC- Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
319
-------
COBALT
9/1993
320
-------
COBALT
9/1993
Organism: Fish (marine)
Duration: 96-hour
Endpoint: LC50
Equation: LC50 (mg/L) = (567.0 MW)/58.933
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing cobalt.
Limitations: None
References: ' United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
321
-------
COBALT
9/1993
322
-------
COPPER
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.018- MW)/63.546
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing copper.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for copper. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO^ were
used. For a solution with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCQj, use the
following equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0 0092 MW)/63.546
For a solution with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCC^, use the following
equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0034- MW)/63.546
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986 Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
323
-------
COPPER
9/1993
324
-------
COPPER
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.012- MW)/63.546
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing copper.
i
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for copper. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO^ was
used. For solutions with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOj, use the
following equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0065- MW)/63.546
For solutions with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCO^, use the following
equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0.021 - MW)/63.546
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0029- MW)/63.546
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing copper.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
325
-------
COPPER
9/1993
326
-------
CHROMIUM(III)
'9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (1.700- MW)/51.996
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing chromium(lll).
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for chromium(lll). The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOj
was used. For solutions with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCQ), use the
following equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.980. MW)/51.996
For solutions with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCQj, use the following
equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (3 100* MW)/51.996
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). -1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
327
-------
CHROMIUM (111)
9/1993
328
-------
CHROMIUM(III)
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.210- MWJ/51.996 N
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing chromium(lll).
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for chromium(lll). The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCC^
was used. For a solution with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCQj, use
the following equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.120- MW)/51.996
For a solution with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCOj, use the following
equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.120- MW)/51.996
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
329
-------
CHROMIUM(III)
9/1993
330
-------
CHROMIUM(III)
'9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Eastern Oyster embryos (marine)
Acute
EC50
EC50 (mg/L) = (10.3- MW)/51.996
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing chromium(lll).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
331
-------
CHROMIUM(III)
9/1993
332
-------
CHROMIUM(VI)
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.016- MW)/51.996
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing chromium(VI).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.011 MW)/51.996
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing chromium(VI).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
333
-------
CHROMIUM(VI)
9/1993
334
-------
CHROMIUM(VI)
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (1.100. MW)/51.996
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing chromium (VI).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.050- MWJ/51.996
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing chromium(VI).
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
335
-------
CHROMIUM (VI)
9/1993
336
-------
GERMANIUM
9/1993
Organism: Fish (freshwater)
Duration:
Endpoint: Chronic Value (ChV)
Equation: ChV (mg/L) = (0003- MW)/72.6
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing germanium.
!
Limitations: None
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC" Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
337
-------
GERMANIUM
9/1993
338
-------
GOLD
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
Chronic Value (ChV) '
ChV (mg/L) = (0.180- MW)/196.967
. This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing gold.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Green Algae
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.125. MW)/196.967
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing gold.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC. Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch
339
-------
GOLD
9/1993
340
-------
IRON
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (1.0- MW)/55.847
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing iron.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
341
-------
IRON
9/1993
342
-------
LANTHANUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
48-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (160.0- MW)/138.906
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing lanthanum.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0008- MW)/138.906
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing lanthanum.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
343
-------
LANTHANUM
9/1993
344
-------
LANTHANUM
9/1993
Organism: Green Algae
Duration:
Endpoint: Chronic Value (ChV)
Equation: ChV (mg/L) = (6.4. MW)/138.906
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing lanthanum.
Limitations: None
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
345
-------
LANTHANUM
9/1993,
346
-------
LEAD
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
k
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.083 MW)/207.2
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing lead.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for lead. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCQj was used
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0032 MW)/207.2
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing lead.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for lead. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCC^ was used.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
347
-------
LEAD
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.220- MW)/207.2
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing lead.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0085- MW)/207.2
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing lead.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
349
-------
LEAD
9/1993
350
-------
MERCURY
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0024 MW)/200.59
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing mercury.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.00012. MW)/200.59
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing mercury.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
351
-------
MERCURY
9/1993
352
-------
MERCURY
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0021 MW)/200.59
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing mercury.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.000025 MW)/200.59
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing mercury.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
353
-------
MERCURY
9/1993
354
-------
MOLYBDENUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
96-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (553.0- MW)/95.94
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing molybdenum.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991 Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChVy
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0223 MW)/95.94
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing molybdenum.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
355
-------
MOLYBDENUM
9/1993
356
-------
NICKEL
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:-
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (1.400- MW)/58.70
This equation may be used to estimate the foxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing nickel.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for nickel. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaGO, was
used. For a solution with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOj, use the
following equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.790 MW)/58.70
For a solution with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCQj, use the following
equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (2.500* MW)/58.70
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
357
-------
NICKEL
9/1993
358
-------
NICKEL
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.160- MW)/58.70
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing nickel.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for nickel. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCQj was
used. For solutions with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOj, use the
following equation:
ChV (mg/L)- = (0.088 MW)/58.70
For solutions with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCOj, use the following
equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.280. MW)/58.70
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
359
-------
NICKEL
9/1993
360
-------
NICKEL
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.075- MW)/58.70
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing nickel.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0083 MW)/58.70
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing nickel.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
361
-------
NICKEL
9/1993
362
-------
PHOSPHORUS
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.0001 MW)/30.974
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing phosphorus.
This equation is based on the Water Quality Criteria for yellow
(elemental) phosphorus.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. - EPA 440/5-86-001.
363
-------
PHOSPHORUS
9/1993
364
-------
PLATINUM
9/1993
Organism: Daphnid
Duration:
Endpoint: Chronic Value (ChV)
Equation: ChV (mg/L) = (0.082. MW)/195.09
Application: This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing platinum.
Limitations: None
References: United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
365
-------
PLATINUM
9/1993
366
-------
SELENIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.020- MW)/78.96
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing selenium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.005 MW)/78.96
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing selenium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
367
-------
SELENIUM
9/1993
368
-------
SELENIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.300 MW)/78.96
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing selenium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.071 MW)/78.96
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing selenium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
369
-------
SELENIUM
9/1993
370
-------
SILVER
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0041 MW)/107.868
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing silver.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for silver. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCOj was used.
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.00012- MW)/107.868
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing silver.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for silver. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO^ was used.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
371
-------
SILVER
9/1993
372
-------
SILVER
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.0023- MW)/107.868
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing silver.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1992. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division.
373
-------
SILVER
9/1993
374
-------
THALLIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute
Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC)
LOEC (mg/L) = (1.4. MW)/204.37
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing thallium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic
Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC)
LOEC (mg/L) = (0.040- MW)/201.37
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing thallium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
375
-------
THALLIUM
9/1993
376
-------
THALLIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute
Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC)
LOEC (mg/L) = (2.130- MW)/204.37
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing thallium.
i
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington. DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
377
-------
THALLIUM
9/1993
378
-------
TITANIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
96-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (31.0- MWJ/47.90
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing titanium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
48-hour
EC50
EC50 (mg/L) = (4.6« MW)/47.90
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing titanium.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
379
-------
TITANIUM
9/1993
380
-------
TUNGSTEN
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
48-hour
EC50
EC50 (mg/L) = (350.0- MW)/183.85
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing tungsten.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington. DC: Office of, Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV) .
ChV (mg/L) = (15.61 MW)/183.85
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing tungsten.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1991. Hazard
Profiles for Selected Heavy Metals. Washington, DC: Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, Health and Environmental Review Division,
Environmental Effects Branch.
381
-------
TUNGSTEN
9/1993
382
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish
96-hour
LC50
vanadium salts (n=4)
vanadium oxides (n=13)
vanadium complexed with
organic acids (n=1)
LC50 (mg/L) = (3.9- MW)/50.942
LC50 (mg/L) = (3.3 MW)/50.942
LC50 (mg/L) = (26.0 MW)/50.942
vanadium sulfate (n=4) LC50 (mg/L) = (3.9- MW)/50.942
sodium vanadate (VOa) (n=4) LC50 (mg/L) = (2.5 MW)/50.942
vanadium pentoxide (n = 7) - LC50 (mg/L) = (6.1 MW)/50.942
ammonium
vanadate (VQj) (n=2)
LC50 (mg/L) = (2.4. MW)/50.942
The appropriate equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic
and inorganic compounds containing vanadium.
This category is not applicable to vanadium-complexed dyes. The toxicity of
vanadium salts and weak organic acid complexes is expected to be related to
their water solubility. Vanadium is more toxic in soft water than hard water but
the relationship is not well defined. These equations are based on toxicity data
measured in moderately hard water (150.0 mg/L as CaCOj). Strong ion pairs
with molecular weights greater than 1000 are not expected to be absorbed by
aquatic organisms even if they are water soluble. The boundaries for
organovanadium compounds are undefined, but the molecular weight boundary
is expected to be less than 1000.
Nabholz JV. 1993. Vanadium compounds (Unpublished document).
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and Environmental
Review Division, Office of Pollution- Prevention and Toxics, United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
383
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
384
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Daphnid
48-hour
LC50
sodium vanadate (VOj) (IbSSp (mg/L) = (4.1. MW)/50.942
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing vanadium.
This category is not applicable to vanadium-complexed dyes. The
toxicity of vanadium salts and weak organic acid complexes is expected
to be related to their water solubility. Vanadium is more toxic in soft
water than hard water but the relationship is not well defined. These
equations are based on toxicity data measured in moderately hard water
(150.0 mg/L as CaCOj). Strong ion pairs with molecular weights
greater than 1000 are not expected to be absorbed by aquatic
organisms even if they are water soluble. The boundaries for
organovanadium compounds are undefined, but the molecular weight
boundary is expected to be less than 1000.
Nabholz JV. .1993. Vanadium compounds (Unpublished document).
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
385
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
386
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish
Chronic Value (ChV)
vanadium pentoxide (n=3?hV (mg/L) = (0.670- MW)/50.942
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing vanadium.
This category is not applicable to vanadium-complexed dyes. The
toxicity of vanadium salts and weak organic acid complexes is expected
to be related to their water solubility. Vanadium is more toxic in soft
water than hard water but the relationship is not well defined. These
equations are based on toxicity data measured in moderately hard water
(150.0 mg/L as CaCOj). Strong ion pairs with molecular weights
greater than 1000 are not expected to be absorbed by aquatic
organisms even if they are water soluble. The boundaries for
organovanadium compounds are undefined, but the molecular weight
boundary is expected to be less than 1000.
Nabholz JV. 1993. Vanadium compounds (Unpublished document).
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
387
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
388
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
Endpoint:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Green Algae
No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) (increased growth)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.100- MW)/50.942
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing vanadium. This equation is based on
toxicity data for vanadium sulfate and sodium vanadate.
This category is not applicable to vanadium-complexed dyes. The
toxicity of vanadium salts and weak organic acid complexes is expected
to be related to their water solubility. Vanadium is more toxic in soft
water than hard water but the relationship is not well defined. These
equations are based on toxicity data measured in moderately hard water
(150.0 mg/L as CaCOj). Strong ion pairs with molecular weights
greater than 1000 are not expected to be absorbed by aquatic
organisms even if they are water soluble. The boundaries for
organovanadium compounds are undefined, but the molecular weight
boundary is expected to be less than 1000.
Nabholz JV. 1993. Vanadium compounds (Unpublished document).
Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
389
-------
VANADIUM
9/1993
390
-------
ZINC
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.120- MW)/65.38
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing zinc.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for zinc. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCC^ was used.
For a solution with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaCOj, use the following
equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.065- MW)/65.38
For a solution with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCC^, use the following
equation:
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.210 MW)/65.38
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
391
-------
ZINC
9/1993
392
-------
ZINC
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
Aquatic life (freshwater)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.110. MW)/65.38
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing zinc.
This equation is based on the hardness dependent Water Quality Criteria
for zinc. The criterion for a hardness of 100 mg/L as CaGO, was used.
For solutions with a hardness of 50 mg/L as CaGO,. use the following
equation:
ChV (mg/L)^ = (0.059- MW)/65.38
For solutions with a hardness of 200 mg/L as CaCQj, use the following
equation:
ChV (mg/L) = (0.190. MW)/65.38
References:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
393
-------
ZINC
9/1993
394
-------
ZINC
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Acute Value
Acute Value (mg/L) = (0.095 MW)/65.38
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both inorganic and
organic compounds containing zinc.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Aquatic life (marine)
Chronic Value (ChV)
ChV (mg/L) = (0.086 MW)/65.38
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of organic and
inorganic compounds containing zinc.
None
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Criteria for Water. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Criteria and
Standards Division. EPA 440/5-86-001.
395
-------
ZINC
9/1993
396
-------
ZIRCONIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Fish
96-hour
LC50
LC50 (mg/L) = (58.0- MW)/91.22
This equation may be used to estimate the toxicity of both organic and
inorganic compounds containing zirconium, including inorganic salts of
zirconium, complexes between zirconium and organic acids, and
organozirconium compounds, i.e., zirconium covalently-bonded with
carbon.
This equation is not applicable to dyes complexed with zirconium. The
equation is based on available toxicity data for solution of moderate
hardness (i.e., 150 mg/L as CaCOjj). Zirconium is more toxic in soft
water than in hard water. Acute toxicity to fish has been shown to
increase 13 times as hardness decreases from 400.0 to 20 mg/L
Compounds with molecular weights greater than 1000 are not expected
to be absorbed by aquatic organisms even if they are water soluble.
Nabholz JV. 1993. Zirconium compounds (Unpublished internal
document). Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
397
-------
ZIRCONIUM
9/1993
398
-------
ZIRCONIUM
9/1993
Organism:
Duration:
End point:
Equation:
Application:
Limitations:
References:
Green Algae
96-hour
EC50
EC50 (mg/L) = (2.6- MW)/91.22
This equation is not applicable to dyes complexed with zirconium. The
equation is based on available toxicity data for solution of moderate
hardness (i.e., 150 mg/L as CaCOij). Zirconium is more toxic in soft
water than in hard water.
This equation is not applicable to dyes complexed with zirconium. The
equation is based on available toxicity data for solution of moderate
hardness (i.e., 150 mg/L as CaCO^). Zirconium is more toxic in soft
water than in hard water. Acute toxicity to fish has been shown to
increase 13 times as hardness decreases from 400.0 to 20 mg/L
Compounds with molecular weights greater than 1000 are not expected
to be absorbed by aquatic organisms even if they are water soluble.
Nabholz JV. 1993. Zirconium compounds (Unpublished internal
document). Washington, DC: Environmental Effects Branch, Health and
Environmental Review Division, Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
399
-------
ZIRCONIUM
9/1993
400
-------
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