Air Pollution Translations: a Bibliography With Abstracts


Mik
                                                2
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service

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    AIR  POLLUTION  TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY  WITH ABSTRACTS
                   VOLUME  2
         Office of Technical Information and Publications
          Air Pollution Technical Information Center
   U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                  Public Health Service
               Environmental Health Service
          National Air Pollution Control Administration
                 Raleigh, North Carolina
                      April 1970

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The AP series  of reports is issued by the National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration to report the results of scientific and engineering studies,  and information
of general interest in the field of air pollution.  Information reported in this series
includes coverage of NAPCA intramural activities and of cooperative studies con-
ducted in conjunction with state and local agencies,  research institutes, and
industrial organizations.  Copies of AP reports may be obtained upon request,  as
supplies permit,  from  the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion,  and Welfare,  1033 Wade Avenue,  Raleigh,  North Carolina 27605.
       National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. AP-69
                  For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
                               Washington, B.C., 20402 - Price $1

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                               CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	    1
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
      A  General	    3
      B  Emission Sources	    5
      C  Atmospheric Interaction	15
      D  Measurement Methods	17
      E  Control Methods	27
      F  Effects  - Human Health	37
      G  Effects  - Plants and Livestock	69
      H  Effects  - Materials	77
      J  Air Quality Measurements	79
      K  Legal and Administrative Aspects	87
      L  Standards and Criteria	93
      M  Basic Science and Technology	95
AUTHOR INDEX	101
LANGUAGE INDEX	107
SUBJECT INDEX	109

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        AIR  POLLUTION  TRANSLATIONS:
    A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  WITH  ABSTRACTS
                             VOLUME  2

                           INTRODUCTION
     This volume of "Air Pollution Translations: A Bibliography with Abstracts"
is the second in a continuing series of compilations presenting abstracts and
indexes of translations of technical air pollution literature.  It is published as an
integral part of the Air Pollution Technical Information Center's  (APTIC) assigned
task of gathering, processing,  and disseminating the world's technical literature
on air pollution.  At least 95 percent of the entries have been translated for
APTIC's Translations Section by outside contractors.  About 2 percent have been
obtained by screening published translation documents and 3 percent by screening
the  output of other translation services within and without the Federal Government.

     The 444 entries are grouped into 12 subject categories.  Within the categories
the  entries are arranged in ascending but not necessarily consecutive numerical
order using the APTIC "accession number preceded by a letter which denotes its
category.   The letter designates the section of the bibliography in which the
abstract can be found. As an example, the number A-6462 refers to Section A,
Qeneral, and to accession 6462 within it.  The highest accession number covered
is 11667.

     The language distribution is: Czech - 20, Danish - 3, Dutch - 9, French -
46,  German - 217, Hungarian - 1, Italian - 37, Japanese - 38,  Norwegian - 1,
Polish - 15, Russian - 38, Serbo-Croatian - 1, Slovak - 6, Spanish - 1, and
Swedish - 11.

     An Author Index, Language Index,  and Subject Index are included in which the
entries are referenced using the letter-numeral accession number.  The Author
Index lists the first  author and,  separately,  any co-authors.  The Subject Index
lists descriptors taken from the APTIC  microthesaurus, and other  terms that
most nearly indicate the essence of the document.  Cross-references have  been
made when the descriptor consists of more than one significant word, when the
most significant word does not appear first, and  to group generically similar
concepts.  For example, "Manganese compounds" will also be listed under "Chemi-
cal  compounds. "

     NAPCA personnel may obtain copies of the full translations abstracted here-
in by directing requests to the Air Pollution Technical Information Center.

     Non-NAPCA readers may, upon request to  the Air Pollution Technical Infor-
mation Center,  borrow the full translations abstracted herein for a period of
1 week.

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A-3205
GENERAL

     A-10776
Epstein, Danielle
DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION
IN THE U.S.S.R.  (Defection et prevention de La pollu-
tion atmospherique en U.R.S.S.]   Translated from
French.  Pollution Atmospherique, No. 31, p.  273-283,
July-Sept.  1966.
The problems of the toxic amounts of air pollutants (CO,
SOz, ^804, NO,  and 3,  4-benzopyrene) are described
and the criteria for standardization in Russia are given.
The methods for detecting toxic proportions of these
pollutants are given in detail, the techniques used for
animal experimentation,  and studies of the tests appli-
cable to mankind and the  techniques of applying them are
described in particular.  The paper mentions that since
chronaxie was judged insufficiently sensitive, the Soviet
authors resorted to electroencephalographic methods
which  reveal an electrocortical reflex for small amounts
of polluting agents.  These  tests involving instantaneous
maximum admissible concentration are  supplemented by
statistically analyzed experiments on animals.
(Author's summary)
     Lassalas, A.  F.
     AIR HYGIENE:  PURIFICATION, DISINFECTION.
     [Hygiene de I'air:  Assainissement - Desinfection.l
     Translated from French.  Tech. Hosp. Medico-Sociales
     Sanit.  (Paris),  3(26):21-22, Nov.  1947.  1 ref.
     The possible use of ozone for sterilization of areas such
     as maternity clinics and contagious disease wards is
     discussed.  Ozonization also occurs naturally.  About
     3. 5 mg of ozone per 100 m-^ of air  has been found at
     Chamonix.  Ozone  generators are discussed which use
     atmospheric oxygen as the source of the ozone.  Ozoni-
     zation is ideal for asepsis because the operation of the
     systems can be controlled electrically and equipment
     needs  cleaning only once or twice every two years.
     Ozone may also offer a convenient  solution for everyday
     sterilization problems.
                                                            A-10777
A-6462
Kislyakov, L.  D.,  V. A. Bocharov,  and G.  I. Arzhanni-
kov
PYRITE FLOTATION WITH THE USE OF FLUE GASES.
Translated from Russian.  Soviet Journal of Non-Fer-
rous Metals, £(4):22-26, April 1963. 5 refs.


Methods of controlling the pH value in pyrite flotation
are discussed.  With a pH value close to 7 the process
proceeds actively.   The use of CO2 in alkalinity reduc-
tion was demonstrated in laboratory  research, the pro-
cedure being due to the following type of reaction:  Ca
(OH>2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + HzO.  It was  found that when the
pulp was agitated with flue gases a rapid reduction took
place; after 3 to 5 minutes, there was a reduction in
alkalinity from  500 to 700 gm of free CaO per cubic
meter of pulp until phenolphthalein tests showed no
color.   The use of the flue gases makes it possible to
obtain high technological indices without using the pre-
liminary thickening operation for pyrite-containing
products or pyrite flotation modifying agents. Applica-
tion of this technology in the pyrite flotation of Degtyarsk
copper ores at the Sredneural'sk plant made  it possible
to achieve the following:  (1) increase production of high-
quality flotation pyrite concentrate by 1. 5 to  2 times;
(2) to raise the  grade of general pyrite concentrate from
3rd to 2nd grade; (3) to increase sulfur extraction by 5
to 7 percent on reflotation;  (4) to exclude thickener and
reduce water consumption by 50 percent.  Capital  expen-
ditures for mounting the installation  were estimated at
a. total of 200, 000 rubles and operating costs were esti-
mated at 247, 000 rubles.  Annual savings from the tech-
nology are over 760, 000 rubles.  When H2SO4 is used
and its mean consumption is 5 kg/t ore, other conditions
being equal,  the operating costs  will increase by 145, 000
rubles  and the  economic efficiency will  be correspon-
dingly reduced.
     Lassalas, A.  F.
     CONTRIBUTION OF OZONE TO AIR ASEPSIS.  [Contri-
     bution de I'ozone a 1'asepsie de I'air.]  Translated from
     French.  Tech.  Hosp. Medico-Sociales Sanit.  (Paris),
     2^18): 16-17, March 1947.  1 ref.


     The use of ozone for sterilization of habited rooms is
     discussed since  ozone is known to destroy 80 percent of
     the bacteria present.   Ozone, an allotropic form of
     oxygen, can be produced by permanent installations
     which are operated automatically or semiautomatically.
     Ozone  has been used as a. tonic to stimulate the digestion
     of bedridden persons,  and also as a deodorizing agent,
     such as in the  Armentieres Asylum for the Insane, in
     dissecting rooms, and in hospitals.  It is known to induce
     an increase in oxyhemoglobin level in anemic patients.
     Ozone  generators are described with emphasis upon the
     suitable use of several types of generators according to
     their design and performance.
     A-10812
     Miczek, Gerhard and Kvetoslav Spurny
     ANALYTICAL MICROCYLONE AS A PRELIMINARY
     SEPARATOR FOR MEMBRANE FILTERS.  [Analytischer
     Mikrozyklon als Vorabscheider fur Membran filter.J
     Translated from German.  STAUB  (Diisseldorf), 24(8):
     332-335, Aug.  1964.  7 refs.
     An apparatus is described for the separation of a dust
     fraction >3 f and <5 M .  The apparatus is a. combination
     of a microcyclone and a membrane filter. A test aerosol
     CaCl£ solution was used to determine the efficiency and
     flow characteristics of  this  microcylone.  A flow rate of
     10 1/min.  is recommended for this apparatus in order
     to separate particles  of <3 u.

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                                              AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A-10813

Bricard,  J. , M. Deloncle, J.  Pradel, and G. Madelaine
PHOTOELECTRIC DETERMINATION OF GRANULAR
SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN AN AEROSOL.   Translated from
German.  STAUB (Dusseldorft).  24(8): 287-290, Aug.
1964.  3 refs.

The principle behind the evaluation of the particle size
distribution of an aerosol is explained; in the explained
method,  the light scattered by each particle is measured.
Examples of the applicability of this method are present-
ed:  testing the efficiency of filters, and  investigation of
the composition of natural clouds  or Parisian mist.
 detection, chronic effects, and treatment of intoxication
 in humans.  Carbon dioxide is briefly discussed under
 similar headings.  Finally there follow brief - and some-
 what more generalized - discussions of the toxic effects
 of gases released at explosions (including dust explosions);
 flue and fuel gases which arise when chemicals, e. g.
 petroleum products,  are heated; refrigeration gases;
 liquified and compressed gases; war gases; air as a  gas
 in submarines; aerosols,  dusts and  powders; and pharma-
 ceutical inhalants.  Legal restrictions on pesticides, etc. ,
 are briefly noted.
                                                            A-11462
A-10878

Flury, Ferdinand and Franz Zernik
NOXIOUS GASES—SMOKE, FOG, FUMES AND DUST.
[Schadliche Case—Dampfe, Nebel, Rauch- und Staub-
arten. ]   Translated from German.   Folia Med. Craco-
viensia (Plordir),  Vol.  3,  p.  1 94-221; 488 -491; 5 1 3-51 5;
530-531; 542-543; 555;  563-565,  1931.  4 refs. (Krakow)

A comprehensive state-of-the-art review on carbon
monoxide,  carbon dioxide and related gases   reflecting
pertinent knowledge as  of 1931 -  is presented.  Most of
the  article deals with carbon monoxide  - its occurrence,
properties,  toxicity, method of action,  symptomatology,
Bousser,  Jaques
FROM SATURNISM ...... TO THALASSEMIA. [ Du satu-
rnisme ...... a la thalassemie. ] Cahiers du College Medi-
cine Hopitaux de Paris,  Vol. 6,  p.  253-254, March 1965.

The observations of a patient who had worked in a plant
for 6 months handling toxic products of the "White Spirit"
type are given.  He showed signs of chronic lead poison-
ing; however he did not touch any toxic products that
might have contained lead.  After extensive examination,
it was  found that the patient had minimal thalassemia, a
hereditory blood anomaly which was not of great conse-
quence to  his health and  which would not prevent him
from working in any way.

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                                                    EMISSION SOURCES
B-0895

Lur'e, V.  L.
STUDY OF THE HARMFUL, INDUSTRIAL, EXHAUSTS IN
THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE SYNTHETIC RUBBER
PLANTS IN VORONEZH AND YEFREMOV.  [Obsledo-
vanie Vrednykh Proizvodstvennykh Vybrosov v Atmosferu
na Voronezhskom  i Efremovskom Zavodakh SK. ]
Translated from Russian.  Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, p.
36-37, 1966.

Waste emission both in the factory area and in the hygienic
control zone around it (300-500 m  from the factory) were
studied both  qualitatively and quantitatively.   While pol-
lution did not exceed the established limits in the factory
areas, it did in the control zone surrounding the factories.
Contaminants were butadiene,  isobutylene, styrene,
benzene and  ethanol vapors.  Most of the pollution was
caused by  styrene-butadiene rubber processing in the
belt casting machine.  Large amounts of hydrocarbons
were  given off  by shops producing  isoprene and latex.
Pollution of the surrounding air also came from exhaust
ventilation of the factories  and  open pits of chemical
waste.  This resulted in a fall of 1200 metric tons in
Voronezh and 700 tons in Efremov per year.   Measures
for the control of exhaust ventilation from the factories
are urged.
B-0905

Buchta, O.
HYGIENIC CONDITIONS ON MOLDING POLYESTER
GLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS.  [Hygienicke pomery
pri lisovani poluesterovych skelnych laminatu. ]  Trans-
lated from Czech.  Plasticke Hmoty Kaucuk (Prague),
3_(6):177-132,  1966.

Hygienic problems associated with the manufacture of
polyester glass reinforced plastics are discussed.  Re-
sults are  given for the polarographic measurement of
styrene vapor concentration in the atmosphere of the
general pressing room and the hand pressing room.
B-2148

NO2 GAS GENERATED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER
OF COAL BURNING BOILERS. Translated from Japanese.
Clean Air and Heat Management,  _l_5_(4):5-9, April 1966.

Emphasis is placed on the importance of NO2 in air
pollution and urges that as much effort be exerted in
abating pollution due to this gas as to SO^ or 303 which
are currently under extensive  study.  The paper de-
scribes the  experimental study done by the U.S. Bureau
of Mines, and discusses the results of a similar study
by the  author.
B-2914

Derndinger, H.  -O.
STATUS AND  DEVELOPMENTAL TRENDS IN AUTOMO-
TIVE POWER PLANTS. Translated from German.
Motortechnische Zeit,  6/6):277-280,  June 1965.  6  refs.

The fields of application of Diesel and Otto motors, of
two-cycle and four-cycle systems, and of supercharging
are investigated.  Attention is called to the tendency to-
ward increase in power and in piston displacement and to
the increased commonness of motors with overhead cam-
shafts.  Considerable successhas been achieved in attempts
to improve the combustion in Diesel motors.  The in-
creased use  of V motors  is remarkable. Lastly,  atten-
tion is called to new types of possible motors for automo-
tive use.  It  must unfortunately be concluded that the  fuel
cell and the gas turbine will find no widespread applica-
tion in automotive uses at least for a long time to  come,
The NSU oscillatory motor has been able to achieve a
good initial success with  the production of a small sports
car.  Nothing can yet be said as  to the  extent of its later
use.  (Author's summary,  modified)
B-3233

Thurauf,  W. and W.  Ehnert
THE FORMATION OF NITRIC OXIDE DURING COKING.
[Stickstoffmonoxid in Koksofengas. ]  Translated from
German.  Brennstoff-Chemie, 47J9):270-273,  Sept.
1966.

Experiments were conducted to determine where and
when nitric oxide  is formed during the coking process,
and the manner in which the nitric oxide content of coke
oven gas changes  during the process of coking.  The
experiments were conducted on a small scale,  employing
specially designed apparatus  with the thermal energy
being provided by an electric heater,  in order to eli-
minate the possibility that coking fuels are responsible
for the formation  of nitric oxide.  It was found that
nitric  oxide begins to form during the first state at
which  gas is driven off; and that the extent to which it
continues as the temperature is raised depends on the
type of coal, its granular structure, and the temperature
rise.  Formation  appears  to be complete by the time that
the coking coal reaches a temperature of 400° C.  In the
case of ground coals,  the finer the grains the lower the
formation of nitric oxide,  and vice versa; the reverse
being true for  coal dust obtained by sifting coal  that
had been stored in the open air.   The NO contents of
subsequently heated alcohol extracts from coals are
approximately the same as those  of the same coals
directly heated in a helium atmosphere, and are from
four to twelve times as great as  the volumes contained
in the  distillation gases obtained during the coking pro-
cess.  This indicates that approximately 90 percent of
the NO which is formed during coking is subsequently
decomposed by reactions with the other distillation pro-
ducts.   NO is not formed,  as formerly believed,  through
oxidation during coking, but rather from the decom-
position of substances which are formed when coal is
stored in the open air.
B-6282

Arkhipov, A.  S.  and A.  N. Boytsov
TOXIC AIR  POLLUTION FROM SULFURIC ACID PRO-
DUCTION.  Translated from Russian. Gigiyena i Sani-
tariya, Vol.  31,  p.  12-17,  Sept. 1962.  5 refs.

In order  to analyze •working conditions in the production
of sulfuric acid against a background of technical pro-
gress and modernization of the progress,  data on air
pollution were collected in furnace sections  of sulfuric
acid shops at  12 chemical plants.   Technical progress,

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                                            AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
 the introduction of new calcining methods for pyrite,
 the mechanization of many manual operations,  the in-
 troduction of automation features, better ventilation
 and other means have improved working conditions in
 kiln shops of sulfuric acid plants.  The concentrations
 of SC>2 in a number of plants producing sulfuric acid
 have dropped to permissible levels.   The reduction  in
 SO,  concentration to permissible levels and the marked
 reduction in clinker dust have been achieved even during
 increased technical progress,  greater charges of raw
 materials and gas per cubic meter of furnace and cubic
 meter of building  volume and  the greater production of
 sulfuric acid plants.
B-7206

Brancato,  Biagio
THE INCINERATION OF URBAN SOLID REFUSE IN THE
MILAN PLANT. [Incenerimento dei rifiuti solidi urbani
nell'impianto di Milano. ]  Translated from Italian.   Fumi
Polveri (Milan), 7j4):70-78, April 1967.  8  refs.

The plant consists of a pit where refuse is  placed, a
bridging van to feed the furnace, afurnace, heaters,
filters, a chimney, water  purifiers, a. central station
for electricity,  and heat exchangers.  The  composition
of solid refuse varies according to locale.  The elemen-
tary composition of the Milanese refuse is  C-56 percent,
H2-5 percent, O2-36 percent,  and N2-3 percent.   The
Milan plant burns  up to 600 tons/day, and the heat pro-
duced is harnessed to produce electrical energy by means
of a 9200 kVA generator.  The hot vapor products could
be used for industrial heating.  The smoke particles are
removed by the  use of suitable electrostatic precipitators.
The water is purified in a  cement basin under the cooling
system. A flocculation apparatus  in this basin purifies
the water by means of chemical reagents.  The cost of
the plant is 5.8 million Italian lire per day.  The cost
per ton is  between 1460 and 1340 lire which is less than
the 1550 lire it costs to operate other plants.
B-7949

Sprung,  Siegbert
THE CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
OF CEMENT KILN DUST. [Die chemische  und mineral-
ogische Zusammensetzung von Zementofenstaub. ] Trans-
lated from German.  Tonind. Ztg, Keram. Rundschau
(Goslar), ^p_(10): 441-449,  1966. 7 refs.

Previous investigations into the effect of dust emitted
from cement kilns on vegetation have shown that the
chemical and mineralogical properties of that dust are
poorly delineated.  The results of chemical and  mineralo-
gical investigations and measurements of the pH-value
of 18 various kiln dust samples show that the alkaline
reaction of dust with a pH-value higher than 10 depends
primarily on the content of  clinker phases.  The segre-
gation  of dust in electrostatic precipitators leads to an
enrichment of clinker phases in the preseparating chamber.
Consequently the emitted dust in cleaned kiln waste gas,
which corresponds at the best with the composition of
the dust in the reseparating chamber of  the precipitator,
contains  no or only small quantities  of clinker phases and
therefore reacts only slightly alkaline at pH-values lower
than 10.  The results of the chemical and radiographic
analyses are tabulated showing the source of the dust,
the chemical composition of the 18 dusts analysed,  and
the pH of a dust-water suspension.
 B-S976

 Effenberger,  Ernst
 AIR POLLUTION AND CITY PLANNING.  [Luftverun-
 reinigung und Stadtebau. ]  Translated from German.  Z.
 Praventivmedizin, Vol.  11,  p. 601-621,  Nov. -Dec.
 1966.  73 refs.

 The causes of air pollution in the cities  are industrial
 processes (furnace firing),  household heating,  small
 businesses, and transport systems.  Measures suitable
 to fight this pollution must attack either at the source
 (improvement of incinerators, filters,  purification of
 waste gas, etc.  ) or by permitting a faster distribution
 and dilution of the  pollutants in the  air,  which can be
 promoted by measures related to city planning.  Some
 possibilities are:  the location of industrial emitters  of
 pollution in that sector of a  city "with  the least wind fre-
 quency and screening by parks, increase of the ventilation
 effect in a city by an appropriate layout  of the streets, the
 promotion of an open building pattern, minimum heights
 for the smoke stacks of industrial producers of pollution,
 development of main traffic routes  without intersections,
 and detours for  through traffic, etc.  The most important
 causes of air pollution in the cities are the sources of
 industrial energy  in the  form of large-scale incinerators,
 the heating of households and the  exhaust gases of automo-
 tive vehicles.  Burned are  coal and oil or products made
 of these substances.  Incinerators using coal dust and
 outmoded incinerators are particularly important
producers  of air pollution.
B-9017

Hess,  W.
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE LABORA-
TORY FOR ATMOSPHERIC HYGIENE OF THE CITY OF
ZURICH. [Organisation und Arbeitsweise des lufthygienis-
chen Laboratoriums der Stadt Zurich.]  Translated from
German.  Chemische  Rundschau,  17_(15): 3-11, 1964.
9 refs.

The legal foundations  for the establishment of the Sani-
tary Inspectorate; instruments that have been developed
for the continuous measurement and sampling of pollu-
tants; problems of automotive exhaust emissions;  pro-
blems of controlling emissions from industrial sources;
and the role of the Municipal Atmospheric Hygienic Com-
mission as  a consultant to the Sanitary Inspectorate  are
discussed.  A summary of automotive emissions from
gasoline powered vehicles and the results of CO and SO2
concentrations at various locations  are  outlined.
B-9254

Nowak, Franz
EXPERIENCES WITH THE STUTTGART REFUSE
INCINERATION PLANT. [Erfahrungen an der Mullver-
brennungsanlage Stuttgart. ] Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, J_9(2):  71-76,  Feb. 1967.
14 refs.

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                                                 EMISSION SOURCES
Difficulties that may be encountered in a. large steam
generating refuse incinerator are discussed in detail.
Means of solving these difficulties by improvements and
changes  are described for the individual plant compon-
ents.  It is  concluded that future plant construction
could be improved by using tube clusters with separation
throughout the entire length; cleaning tubes with soot
blowout and by streams of water; limited corrosion of
newly constructed furnaces on the heating surface by
eliminating the superheater tubes from the flue gas path;
limiting the attrition in the combustion chamber by
appropriate cladding; protection of tube sections from the
flue gas  stream by covering them with fitted  trays; opera-
tion of refuse incineration plants at temperatures  no
higher than 250° C.
 B-10035

 Mortstedt, S. -E.  and Karl J. Bjorkqvist
 STUDY OF DRIVING PRACTICES IN STOCKHOLM AND
 GOTEBORG IN MAY AND JUNE  1966.  [ Kormonsterun-
 dersokningar  utforda i Stockholm och Goteborg i maj-
 juni 1966.] Translated from Swedish.  Aktiebolaget Ato-
 menergi  [The Atomic Energy Corporation], BIL-12,
 32p. , July 14, 1967.

 The driving pattern in each of the larger Swedish cities
 was examined, partly for the  purpose of determining
 exhaust emission from motor vehicles  in Swedish city
 traffic, partly for a comparison with driving patterns in
 European continental cities, and  partly for an evaluation
 of the suitability of a common testing procedure for all
 of Europe.
B-9479

Lindaa, Helge
INVESTIGATION OF OIL FURNACES FOR SINGLE
FAMILY HOUSES.   [Undersc/gelse af oliefyr pa villa-
kedler. ]  Translated from Danish.  Varme, 30 (5):
124-127,  Oct.  1965.

A survey  of 101 randomly chosen oil-fired heating plants
in single family houses was conducted in Denmark.  The
CO£ level, soot content, and temperature of the flue gases
from  each furnace were determined.  Criteria for proper
combustion were at  least 10 percent CO^ in the flue gas,
and a. maximum soot level of  1-2 on the Bacharach  scale
(0= white, 9= black). Flue gas temperature  above 250°
C were considered as excessive heat loss. Absolute
minimum  criteria "were  8.0 percent CO;? and soot at 3 on
the Bacharach scale.  Results: 51 percent of  the plants
produced  too much soot; 62 percent had less than 8.0 per-
cent CO£; and 78 percent had more  than 20 percent chim-
ney loss due  to excessive flue gas temperature.  At cri-
teria  of 8.0 percent  CO£,  3 Bacharach soot and 250° C
flue gas temperature, 9 percent were acceptable. Chang-
ing the CO2 criterion to 10 percent,  only 4 percent of
the units were acceptable.  Graphs  of the data are pre-
sented, and recommendations for educating oil burner
owners are made.
B-9731

Mortstedt, S.  -E.
REPORT ON EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS FROM GASO-
LINE-OPERATED CARS WITH FOUR-STROKE ENGINES
AT COLD AND HOT STARTS. [Rapport betraffande kall-
och varmstart. ]  Translated from Swedish.  Aktiebolaget
Atomernergi [Swedish Atomic Energy Company. ], BIL-9,
BA-SSL-254,  18p. , April 20, 1967.

Exhaust gas  emissions from  gasoline operated cars with
four-stroke engines are reported for hot and cold starts,
and the results are compared with those of a previous
study and with a theoretical prediction.   Hot starts pro-
duce much less hydrocarbon and CO emission than cold
starts.   The  effects of water-cooling as opposed  to air-
cooling and automatic as opposed to manual choke are
discussed.
B-10153

Brohult,' Sven
THE SULPHUR PROBLEM AND AIR POLLUTION.
[Svavelproblem och luftfororeningar. ]  Translated from
Swedish.  Annual Report of the National Academy of
Engineers, Sweden,  p. 29-34, 1967.

Past and present sampling programs in Sweden show that
content of sulfur dioxide in the air has  increased con-
siderably with a simultaneous increase in the proportion
of sulfur in ionic form in precipitation. The result has
been a. marked increase in acidity of rain water and in
surface water.   The levels of acidity in western Europe
are discussed,  and a map presents the average annual pH
content of precipitation. The effect of  low pH levels on
soils and forest growth are discussed.  The contribution
of industry to the pollution problem, and the effort made
to control pollution are also discussed.  Recommenda-
tions are given for means of controlling the pollution,
in Sweden, from sulfur compounds.
B-10838

Nicolas, P. and M.  Martin
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY WASTE GAS FROM
CUPOLA FURNACES: GAS CLEANING. Translated from
French. Fonderie (Paris), Vol.  204, p. 54-62, April 1965.

The composition of waste gases from  cupola furnaces
where pig iron is being melted,  is discussed  in relation
to cleaning methods in use by the foundries concerned.
Gas cleaning methods, such as a centrifugal and improved
venturi scrubber (on a hot blast cupola,  8 t/hr), and a
filter gas cleaning installation (hot gas cupola,  12  t/hr),
are described and characterized as excessively costly.
Pollutants discussed, with quantities tabulated, included
various types of dusts,  CO,  CO;>,  and SO2. The improve-
ment  of the hood gas cleaning installations  (with a  cold
blast  cupola, 3 t/hr) is suggested as feasible and eco-
nomically realistic.


B-10839

Kalbskopf, Karl-Heinz
AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANTS.  [Luftmengenberechnungen fur  Belebungsanla-
gen.]   Translated from German.  Gas. Wasserfach.
(Munich), 10Z(8):22p. ,  Feb. 24, 1961. 17refs.

-------
                                           AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Air supply requirements, specifically for air bubble
supply in order to promote the correct BOD,  are dis-
cussed and theoretical analyses provided to support
empirical operation of activated sludge plants.
B-10867

Rasch,  Rudolf
TRASH-BURNING INSTALLATIONS WITHOUT AND
WITH THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT.  Translated from
German.  Energie (Munich), _17(1): 18-26, Jan. 1965.
4 refs.

The yield of heat from the incineration of trash is dis-
cussed, as well as some equipment  used in incineration.
Air pollution is not discussed, except in passing reference
to the relation of solid -waste disposal to air and water
pollution.
B-108S7

Ruf, H.
THE ROAD OCTANE NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL AUTO-
MOBILE FUELS.  [Die Strassenoktanzahl handelsublicher
Automobilkraftstoffe. ] Translated from German.  Auto-
mobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart),  bl_ (3): 93-96, March [1965? ].

The road  octane number of six Swiss regular and  high
test gasolines were determined in 38 different European
automobiles.  It was found that some cars tend to knock
during acceleration while others showed knock at  high
speeds.  This is caused by the difference in antiknock
properties of volatile and less volatile gasoline compon-
ents.   The introduction of tetramethyllead in Switzerland
should improve the gasoline quality since it adds a vola-
tile antiknock  component.  For acceleration knock the
research  octane number of the gasoline and its volatile
components  is important.  For high speed knock the
research  octane number as well as a good motor octane
number are  important.
B-11412

Engel, W. and A. von Weihe
EXPERIMENTAL REFUSE INCINERATION PLANT OF
THE DUSSELDORF MUNICIPAL WORKS, FLINGERN
POWER PLANT.  [MUllverbrennungs-Versuchsanlage
der Stadtwerke Dusseldorf,  Kraftwerk Flingern. ]
Translated from  German.   Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,
_14(5):234-236, 1962.

The experimental refuse incineration plant  in Duesseldorf
consists of a charging facility,  several consecutive roller
grates and a traveling grate.  These units are coupled
and electrically regulated. The experimental plant was
put into operation on  March  21, 1961,  and by the begin-
ning  of February  1962 it had processed 140, 000 m3  of
refuse in  about 3500  operating hours.  The  comparison of
the official measurements for  the incineration of Duessel-
dorf refuse onforced-feed and travel grates  with measure-
ments in the experimental plant show the following advan-
tages for  the experimental plant:  Its firing  efficiency is
83 percent, approximately 30 percent  higher than the tests
on forced feed grates.  Since the firebox temperature is
correspondingly higher,  it fulfills all hygienic require-
ments which can be made of a  refuse incineration plant.
The accumulation of  fly ash  in the raw gas in considerably
below the values  derived in comparable tests  with force-
feed  grate.  In the summer months  it is  1 gm/m3,  in the
winter months it is 2 to 2. 5  gm/m    No noxious compon-
ents were detected in the flue gases.   The results confirm
the belief that the roller  grate is suitable equipment for a
refuse incineration plant.
B-11413

Kammerer, H.  F.
WASTE INCINERATION PLANT WITH HEAT UTILIZA-
TION IN STUTTGART.  [MUllverbrennungsanlage mil
Heizw^rmeverwertung in Stuttgart. ]  Translated from
German.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,  l_4(10):476-478,
1967.  2 refs.
B-11411

Andritzky, M.
GARBAGE POWER PLANT MUNICH.  [Mullkraftwerk
Munchen. ] Translated from German.  Brennstoff-Warme-
Kraft, L4(5):232-233, 1962.

The refuse power plant in Munich is described and the
seasonal changes of the garbage collected (composition
and heating value shown in graphs) are described in com-
parison to those in Antwerp, Rotterdam  and Vienna.  The
power plant burns approximately 60 percent coal dust
and 40 percent garbage in separate combustion rooms of
a common high-pressure steam generator.  The first
version of the plant has a capacity of 68 million watts
and supplies  steam for a. long-distance heating system.
After the second  construction phase and A capacity of 100
million watts, all garbage  collected in the city of Munich
can be burned in this plant.  The installation is shown in
a diagram.  Purification of the flue gas  is emphasized.
An electrofilter providing 99. 75 percent dust removal is
mentioned, and the pneumatic transport of flue ash from
the boiler to  a collecting bunker is described. The prox-
imity of an airport limited the height of  the smokestack
to 80  meters.
The development of a waste incineration plant with heat
utilization in Stuttgart Germany is discussed and the
essential elements of the plant are described.  It incor-
porates the knowledge gained from existing refuse  power
plants and experimental plants  adapted to local conditions.
The power plant burns heavy fuel oil and refuse in  sepa-
rate combustion chambers  of a common  steam generator,
Electrofilters with a 98  percent degree of  separation are
planned for removal of dust.  The heat produced is fed
into the city heat supply via the steam collecting lines of
the power plant. The heat utilization system is illustrated
and discussed.  A steam generation of approximately 30
tons/hr per refuse furnace is  expected.  Economic as-
pects, including capital cost,  are briefly mentioned.
B-11427

Albinus, G.
INCINERATION OF REFUSE: FUNDAMENTAL CON-
SIDERATIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF TRASH DISPOSAL
BY INCINERATION.  [Mullverbrennung:  Grundsatzliche
Uberlegungen zu Fragen  der Mvillbeseitigung durch Ver-
brennen. ]  Translated from German.  Brennstoff-wHrme-
Kraft, _L4(5):215-217, May 15,  1962.

-------
                                                  EMISSION SOURCES
 The difficulties encountered in the disposal of refuse by
 incineration are discussed.  The properties of refuse,
 the possibilities of influencing the heating value,  and the
 technological processes of household waste incineration
 are discussed,  and the requirements for the construction
 of the firebox are deduced from them.   The incineration
 process can only proceed satisfactorily if the following
 basic conditions are fulfilled:  The trash must have a
 satisfactory supply of oxygen;  the trash and the oxygen in
 the air  must have as  close a contact as  possible,  for
 example by loosening the fuel bed; and a complete com-
 bination of the oxygen with the trash requires sufficiently
 high ignition and combustion temperatures. The  types  of
 trash incineration, the dust problem, and heat utilization
 are also discussed.
B-11428

Muller, H.-J.
TRASH INCINERATION ACCORDING TO THE VOLUND
SYSTEM. [Die Mullverbrennung nach dem System VolundJ
Translated from German.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,  14
(5):219-223,  1962.  13 refs.

The installation of St. Ouen (Paris) and its operational
results are presented as  examples of the  Volund trash
incineration system.  The trash is piled as high as 30
meters and fed into  the filling funnel, which unilaterally
tapers downward, by two orange peel buckets (one in
reserve) each "with 3m^ volume capacity and  a load capa-
city of 6 tons.  The  trash moves through a shaft to the
drying grate where it is dried by the radiation from  the
drying chamber and the convection of the  flue gases  rising
out of the incineration chamber.  The flue gases with a
high steam content "which are produced during the  drying
process are passed  through a  13.5 m long vapor channel
into the mixing and after-burning chamber.   On a  second
grate, the incineration grate,  the trash is finally ignited
and burned.  From the experiences of this installation
which has *. throughput of 323, 000 tons per year of trash,
the largest of its kind in Europe, a combination of the
rotary-drum furnace with a waste heat boiler was devel-
oped which has favorable space utilization through com-
bining the drying, incinerating,  and heat transfer  com-
ponents into a single unit.
B-11429

Zankl, W.
THE CELL GRATE TRASH DISPOSAL INSTALLATION.
[Die Zellenrost-Miillvernichtungsanlage. ]  Translated
from German.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,  14(5):224-225,
1962.
 B-11430

 Kern, A.
 VIEWS ON THE DESIGN OF MODERN INCINERATION
 INSTALLATIONS FOR URBAN TRASH.  [Gesichtspunkte
 fur die Auslegung neuzeitlicher Verbrennungsanlagen fur
 Stadtmull. ]  Translated from German.  Brennstoff-
 Warme-Kraft, _14_(5):225-227,  1962.

 Some economic considerations  on refuse incineration,
 particularly on the problem of conditions suitable to the
 utilization of heat produced, are given.  The guarantees
 and construction conditions which must be  considered  in
 the evaluation of a trash incineration installation are dis-
 cussed.  Low flue gas velocities must  be chosen and
 opportunities for the removal of flue ashes inside the
 boiler must be created, in order to keep the abrasive
 effect of high sand content in the trash on the boiler tubes
 low.  Flue gases from trash incineration must be cooled
 before entering the boiler to a point below the softening
 temperature of the trash ashes. Clogged tube arrange-
 ments are above all to be avoided in the connected heating
 surfaces, since deposits which cannot  be removed by the
 ordinary cleansing apparatus,  such as  ball-moving and
 soot blowers,  will of necessity have to be removed by
 hand.  Slag must be discharged without raising dust and
 must be tightly air-sealed against the firebox.  A high
 quality dust-removal device must be present. The Martin
 system, the Sao Paulo incineration installation,  and the
 trash power plants now under construction  in Rotterdam
 and Munich are characterized.
B-11431

Kampschulte, J.
GARBAGE INCINERATORS IN HAMBURG AND THEIR
EXTENSION THROUGH THE ADDITION OF VON-ROLL-
INCINERATORS.  [Die Mullverbrennung in Hamburg und
ihre Erweiterrung durch Von-Roll-Ofen. ]  Translated
from German.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft 14(5):2Z8-231,
1962.  10 refs.

The extension and modernization of the refuse furnace
plant located in Hamburg, Germany by the  addition of two
Von-Roll refuse incinerators -with a capacity of burning a
charge of 200 tons per 24 hours, each with one auxiliary
waste-heat boiler (with a boiler power  of 15. 5 tons per
hour) is  described and illustrated.   The experiences
gained in the operation of these furnaces are reported.
When three more  of these furnaces will be  operational, it
will be possible to burn more than one million m3 of gar-
bage annually and to produce 60 to 70 GWH.  Further
development of  the system will lead from an incinerator
with a waste-heat boiler to a uniformly structured garbage
incinerator with an initial charge of 200 tons per 24 hours,
which will require considerably less space.
The basic construction principles of a cell grate incinera-
rator trash disposal installation system are described.
Such installations  (of which some 274 have been built
since 1901) are suited for a capacity of roughly 175 tons
per 24 hours. Utilization of the heat produced generally
can be considered only in terms of steam or hot water
production, primarily for supplementing an already estab-
lished heating network.  Linkage with an electrical cur-
rent generation system is scarcely  economical in this
size range.  The installation is illustrated by  a diagram
and photographs.
B-11432

GARBAGE INCINERATION PLANT COMBINED WITH
THE DRYING AND BURNING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE.
[Mullverbrennungsanlage kombiniert mit Trocknung und
Verbrennung von Klarschlamm. ]  Translated from Ger-
man.   Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, J/4(5):231,  1962.

A refuse incineration plant combined with the drying and
burning of sewage sludge for a town of approximately
14, 000 inhabitants is described. Simultaneously with the

-------
                                           AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
burning of garbage, a drier for the sewage sludge is com-
bined with the garbage combustion, with the latter fur-
nishing the heat necessary to dry the former.  This per-
mits the efficient utilization of the heat produced by com-
bustion.   After drying, the sewage sludge is  burned along
with the garbage in the incinerator.  The plant is calcu-
lated for a normal  output of 3 tons per hour.   A diagram
of the process is shown.
B-11435

Presske, Paul
PROPOSAL FOR THE INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT OF
BERLIN CITY REFUSE MATERIALS.  [Vorschlag zur
industriellen Aufbereitung stiidtischer Abfallstoffe Ber-
lins. ]  Translated from German.  Silikattechnik, 12(11):
502-508,  1961.

On the basis of a detailed analysis of refuse composition
in Berlin,  a. complex refuse processing scheme is pro-
posed.  Household refuse is utilized in the following
manner:  25 percent (the fraction over 60 mm) is incin-
erated with heat utilization for power  and steam genera-
tion,  20 percent (fraction of 0-4 mm)  is sintered and
used in the building industry, and 48 percent (fraction
between 4 and 60 mm) is composted into fertilizer.  The
process involves magnetic  separation of iron,  sieving,
centrifuging,  incineration,  and sintering.  It is especially
adapted to the economic conditions prevailing in Berlin.
Special equipment, such as vehicle  scales, locomotives,
telephone networks, and the vehicle cleaning machinery,
are operated  economically,  and efficient administration
procedures are possible.  The proposed multi-function
plant is compared "with the  latest comparable installa-
tions in other cities.   The effective utilization  of the
resulting ash sinter for building materials is detailed.
Regarding gaseous combustion products, the flue gases
of the sinter belt, with a temperature of approximately
200° to 250° C, can be used for biothermal composting
or  for drying green fodder.
B-11436

Huch,  R.
CORROSION BY HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN REFUSE
INCINERATORS.  [Chlorwasserstoffkorrosionen in
Mttllverbrennungsanlagen. ]  Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, j_8_(2):76-79,  Feb. 1966.  9
refs.

Polyvinylchloride and other  organic material containing
chlorine is converted to hydrogen chloride and chlorine
during incineration and thus  can cause serious damage
to incinerators by corrosion.  Air pollution damage is
indicated only in  terms of flue gas composition.  The
corrosion mechanism was studied in detail and equations
describing the interaction bet-ween HC1  and iron oxides
were formulated.  The  corrosion rate was found to de-
pend on the concentration  of  the gaseous HC1 and Cl2,
the temperature of the tube surface,  and the concentra-
tion of the  chlorine compounds at the tube surface.
Chemical analyses of corrosion products are given to-
gether with case  histories of corrosion damage.  The
corrosion process is explained in terms of iron chloride
and iron oxide formation.
B-11438

Moegling,  E.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF REFUSE INCINERATION
USING THE EXAMPLE OF ESSEN-KARNAP.  [Praxis
der zentralen Mullverbrennung am Beispiel Essen-Kar-
nap. ]  Translated from German.   Brennstoff-Warme-
Kraft, _T7(8):383-391, Aug.  1965.   2 refs.

Various  aspects  involved in the planning of refuse incin-
eration plants are discussed.  Detailed data of the Essen-
Karnap power plant which serves a very wide area of
refuse collection, are  given.  This plant is the largest
refuse incineration plant existing at present.  It has a
capacity of 2000  tons of domestic and industrial  refuse
and 2000 tons of  sludge per  day.   Performance data,
components of the refuse power plant, supply and storage
facilities for household refuse, discharging of refuse,
refuse transportation and loading, incineration of used
oils,  slag transportation and treatment, and furnace
operation are described.   Simultaneous co-incineration
of high-calorific  value  industrial refuse is being attemp-
ted experimentally.   A large portion of the acid-forming
ingredients undergoes  chemical reaction with the refuse
slag and  fly ash originating  from powdered coal firing,
thereby reducing the emission of SO2, 803,  HC1,  etc,
into the flue  gas.  The  aim is to establish a  ratio of
industrial wastes to domestic refuse which will provide
the desired flue gas composition.  At present refuse to
be incinerated must contain less than 1 percent sulfur.
B-11439

ON THE STATE OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN GER-
MANY.  [Zum Stand der Mullverbrennung in Deutschland.]
Translated from German.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,
r7(12):594-595, Dec.  1965.

Refuse incineration plants operating in 17 different Ger-
man cities are listed, together with their capacities and
methods of incineration,  steam output, main fuel used,
and furnace design.  The ranges of refuse calorific value
(kcal/kg) and the method of flue gas cooling (chiefly by
steam generation,  in one case air, one water, one  clari-
fier sludge drying) are tabulated.  The following grate
systems are used in the individual plants: moving grate,
advancing and retracting grate, rotating and tipping
grate, and Volund rotating furnace.  By 1970 there will
be an installed capacity of 3 million tons  per year in
West Germany.  This assumes planned and on-going new
construction in Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich, as  well
as in eight other cities.
B-11440

Knoll, H.
REFUSE INCINERATING PLANT OF THE CITY OF
NUERNBERG.   [Miillverbrennungsanlage der Stadt
Nurnberg.] Translated from German.  Brennstoff-
Warme-Kraft,  r7_(12):595,  Dec. 1965.

The refuse incineration plant in Nurnberg (Germany),
scheduled for operation in fall  of 1968,  is described.
It has a daily capacity of 300 to 360  tons of refuse.  New
types of oil fired furnace chambers  are used:  the tem-
perature of the combustion gases is  kept low by the ad-
mixture of secondary air, preventing the slag  from
baking together.   The steam boilers generate steam of
10

-------
EMISSION SOURCES
84 atm and 450° C and have a. capacity of 27 to 34 tons/
hr each. A new autoclave process for sludge clearing is
also being designed. The sludge is sterlized by heating
to 200° C, the colloids are broken, the sludge is filtered
and the dry sludge is ground and used as fertilizer. Two
hundred tons of dried sludge (40 percent water content)
will be produced per week. Eventually the plant may be
enlarged to supply some 450 tons of dried sludge per
week. It is estimated that 50 percent of the sludge will
be used in agriculture and the remainder, representing
about 10 percent of the entire amount of refuse, will be
incinerated.
B-11447

Palm, R.
COMPOSITION OF REFUSE AND REFUSE INCINERA-
TION. [Mullzusammensetzung und Mullverbrennung. ]
Translated from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, 4(12):
561-565, Dec. 1963. 7 refs.

An attempt is made to characterize refuse by its constit-
uents. The refuse is differentiated according to various
mixing proportions of the lignitic constituent and the coal
component. The kinds of mixtures within each component
have been classified in accordance with their percentage
of really combustible materials and the content of real
slag. The burning conditions in these groups, i.e. the
quantities of smoke gas produced and the burning temper-
ature as a function of the useful heating power, can be
determined provided the estimated melting point of the
slag is taken into account. It is advisable to judge the
burning conditions on the basis of the types of refuse,
according to the region, the customs and working condi-
tions of the population and the supply of fuel and the heat-
ing methods practiced in the region. The composition of
refuse from some European and American cities, and its
effect on combustion is discussed. Analyses of the slag
from refuse are important. The properties of the slag
influence not only the temperature and the combustion
conditions in the different layers of the combustible, but
will determine whether the flue gases are suitable or not
for the production of energy. It is especially important
to know the temperatures that can be obtained in the com-
bustion chamber, with the different types of refuse. The
admissible temperature of the fire-bed is determined by
the supposed melting temperature of the slag. The air
excess will be determined correspondingly. The melting
point of the refuse slag which may not be exceeded lies
between 1000 and 1440° C.
B-11448

Peters, Wulf
METHODS OF REFUSE INCINERATION WITH PARTICU-
LAR CONSIDERATION OF THE CONDITIONS IN GER-
MANY. [Die Verfahren der Mullverbrennung unter
besonderer Berucksichtigung der deutschen Verhaltnisse.]
Translated from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, j_(8):
329-339, Aug. I960. 19 refs.

A short historical review covering the 65 years of refuse
burning in Germany is followed by a description of the
plants at Hamburg that are still in action and of the re-
construction and enlargement they are currently under-
going. The preliminary investigations that preceded the
designing of an incineration plant for industrial waste are
described. A project that will be constructed in an Indus •
trial area is listed as an example of the plans under con-
sideration in numerous German cities. This project
provides for a. large burning plant in an existing power
station. Some of the systems of refuse burning offered
by German firms are described.
B-11449

Kallenbach, K.
TRASH INCINERATION PLANT WITH ROLLER GRATE
FIRING FOR THE CITY OF HAGEN. [Mullverbrennung-
sanlag mit Walzenrostfeuerung fUr die Stadt Hagen. ]
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,
16(8):406-407, Aug. 1964.

A trash incineration plant with roller grates to be con-
structed in Hagen, Germany is described. The installa-
tion includes 3 firing units with a maximum trash through-
put capacity of 6 tons per hours, each corresponding
to a total trash throughput of more than 400 tons per
day. The recovery of heat or the sale of the steam or
hot water should be possible at any time and on such a
scale that delivery contracts could be concluded.
B-11450

TRASH PREPARATION WITH THE GORATOR. [Mullau-
fbereitung mit dem Gorator.j Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, 16(8): 404-405, Aug. 1964.

The slanted runner machine [Gorator] is suited for the
moving, pulverization, mastication, and mixing of non-
homogenous materials of the most varied types includ-
ing fibrous, doughy, and highly viscous materials,
muds, and solid fuels. It has been proposed that it
also be used for the homogenization of refuse - if
necessary with the admixture of combustibles in
order to allow the transportation of a more uniform
material with a finer structure to the refuse incinera-
tion installation. For this purpose, the Loading-Screw
Gorator is especially well suited. The operation of the
Gorator is described and illustrated.
B-11455

Comberg, G. and H. -F. Wolfermann
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HARMFUL GAS
CONTENT OF AIR IN HOG BARNS WITH SLOT FLOORS.
[Weitere Untersuchungen zur Frage schaedlicher Gasge-
halte in der Stalluft von Schweinestaellen mit Spalten-
boden. ] Translatedfrom German. Bauen auf dem Lande,
_17(2):46-49, 1966. 2 refs.

The content of CO2, NH^, and ^S, as well as general
climatic conditions were measured in hog barns having
slot floors and a manure pit within the barn. The mea-
surements confirmed that no objectionable concentrations
of undesirable and dangerous gases are formed, even
during prolonged storage of liquid manure. Pumping
off or drainage of the feces-urine mixture without prior
stirring into a pit located outside the barn produced a
minor but harmless elevation of the gas concentration.
Mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic stirring in order
to homogenize the liquid manure prior to pumpoff, pro-
duced either the formation of H->S or its increase if it
11