-------
EMISSION SOURCES
storage, dumping slag utilization, furnace systems, cool-
ing and flue gas utilization, purification of flue gases,
e. g. by dust precipitation and elimination of air pollution.
Settling chambers, wet scrubbers, cloth filters, cyclones,
and electrostatic precipitators are discussed. Domestic
incinerators are criticized as unsatisfactory, causing 25
percent of all complaints for excessive smoke and odor
in New York. It is concluded that most existing refuse
incineration plants are not substantially automated and
require a large number of operating personnel. In
most cases the purification of waste gases is not satis-
factory. Maximum emission standards, and their
variation in different cities are discussed. Refuse incin-
eration and technology is probably functioning at a higher
level in Germany than in the USA at the present time. It
is emphasized that refuse incineration technology require s
a larger amount of scientific research than it has been
receiving in the past. Some novel developments, in-
cluding a double mantle upright cylindrical combustion
chamber, a rotating drum installation and a moving-grate
firing installation (which is illustrated) are discussed.
B-11640
Bachl, Herbert and Franz Maikranz
INCINERATION OF REFUSE IN A HIGH-PRESSURE
STEAM PLANT. [Erfahrungen mit der Verfeuerung von
Mull in einem Hochdruck-Dampfkraftwerk. ] Translated
from German. Energie, IT_ (8):317-326, Aug. 1965.
Refuse is used as a fuel in two high-pressure super-
heated steam boilers at the "Nord" power station of the
Munich municipal system. The boilers are designed
for burning coal or refuse, either alone or in combina-
tion. The technical features of the plant are given in de-
tail, including the site-map of the station, boiler design
data, construction history 1961-65, firing mechanism,
and experience in operation. The design and operation
of a refuse shed and crane are discussed, and experi-
mental runs with coal and refuse firing are described.
Refuse averaged 45-50 percent of ash and was found to
contain only 1.64-2.48 percent of scrap metal. The
storage bin and loading area did not attract rats of ver-
min. Refuse feeds of 25 tons/hr were achieved with a
caloric output of 1200-1300 kcal/kg. The percentage of
refuse in the overall operation will be about 35 percent.
The refuse-generated power would have negative prices
due to the city subsidies. The financial advantages
would benefit the city administration and the government.
Refuse combustion will supply about 10 percent of the
total future power requirement of Munich. Air pollution
is not discussed, except indirectly, in terms of the high
combustion efficiency of the coal burned, and the pre-
sence of an electrostatic precipitator in the system.
B-11647
Fischer, Franz
THE REFUSE INCINERATING PLANT IN VIENNA. [Die
Wiener Mullverbrennungsanlage. ] Translated from
German. Brennstoff-Waerme -Kraft, 16(8):392-396,
Aug. 1964.
A plant designed for the incineration of 600 tons of refuse
daily, and also capable of burning used oil, is described.
Three steam generators produce a maximum of 15 tons
of steam per hour for remote heating and power pro-
duction. The plant design is illustrated and discussed
in detail, including storage of the refuse, the slag
generator, an electrical current generating plant, and
a system for utilization and disposal of used oil from
industrial plants. Air pollution aspects are mentioned
only incidentally, in connection with flue-gas recircula-
tion for control of combustion-chamber temperature.
The gas is transported from an electrostatic filter
through a mechanical flue gas purifier. The presence of
large amounts of fly ash and the advantages of an angle -
tube boiler for easy cleaning of heating surfaces are
mentioned. The experiences gained during the first
year of operation are also discussed.
B-11649
Gruetsky, Werner
HEAT TECHNOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN A
REFUSE INCINERATING PLANT. [Warmetechnische
Messungen an einer Mullverbrennungsanlage.] Trans-
lated from German. Tech. Uberwach. (Dusseldorf),
4(6):211-214, June 1963.
Measurements conducted in an experimental refuse
incinerating plant to establish the heat technological
parameters that may serve as a basis for a larger
project are reported. The following measurements
were made: the refuse combusted and the amount of
ash removed; the amount of fuel oil used; the amount of
steam generated; the amount of cooling water used; the
pressure at the steam outlet and the superheater;
temperature; composition of the gas; SO;> and SOj con-
tent of the flue gases; content of acetic acid and aldehyde;
biological studies on the ash cooling water; moisture
content of the flue gases; and special analysis of the ash
including specific heat and calorific value of the ash.
The efficiency of the refuse incinerating plant was 56. 7
percent. For maintenance of purity of the atmosphere,
the requirement is imposed on refuse incinerating plants
that the flue gas after 1000 fold dilution - as it is assumed
to be at the exit of the smokestack - must show only one-
tenth of the maximum working site concentrations tolera-
ted for acetic acid and formaldehyde. The measured
corresponding values represented but fractions of the
maximum permissible emission values.
B-11651
Hanstedt, Walter
PLANNING OF REFUSE ELIMINATION AND UTILIZA-
TION PLANTS IN THE RUHR AREA WITH EMPHASIS
ON MAINTAINING THE PURITY OF THE AIR. [Planung
von beseitigungs-und Verwertungsanlagen fur Mull im
Ruhrgebiet im Hinblick auf die Reinhaltung der luft. ]
Translated from German. STAUB, 23(3): 218-225,
March 1963. 6 refs.
A working group comprising 22 townships was established
in the German Ruhr area to develop and implement mea-
sures for refuse removal. Four possibilities of disposal
are listed: the deposition of refuse in alternating layers
with soil, composting of refuse, incineration combined
with heat utilization, and incineration without heat utiliza-
tion. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods
are discussed in detail, with special emphasis on air
pollution by fly ash. Experience with a. composting plant
in Duisburg showed that for odor removal air coolers and
scrubbers had to be installed. Finally a process was
adopted which used chlorine dioxide for decomposing
organic compounds. It is recommended that composting
13
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
plants be located at least 500 m from residential areas.
In refuse incineration it is shown that there is a difficulty
in finding markets for the heat produced. An example of
a large incineration plant with heat utilization in Karnap
is given and it is emphasized that incinerators can be
used in combination with peak power plants. Experience
with a small incinerating plant without heat recovery is
also described.
B-11655
Kachulle, C.
REFUSE INCINERATING PLANTS WITH OR WITHOUT
HEAT UTILIZATION. A MAIN SUBJECT OF THE
THIRD CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORK-
ING GROUP FOR REFUSE RESEARCH, TRIENT, 1965.
[Abfallverbrennungsanlagen mit oder ohne Warmenutzung.
Ein Hauptthema des dritten Kongresses der Internation-
alen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fUr Mullforschung in Trient,
1965.] Translated from German. Brennstoff-Warme-
Kraft, r7(8):391-395, Aug. 1965.
Several refuse research topics were discussed, including
refuse incineration with heat utilization for steam genera-
tion. A cost comparison of a refuse incineration plant
in Issy-les Moulineux which has four furnaces "with a
capacity of 17 tons/hr each, showed that income from
the sale of electric power and steam exceeds the opera-
ting expense. In Glasgow, Scotland, it was found that
the electricity generated in refuse combustion cannot be
sold in Great Britain on a. continuous basis. Another
topic discussed was a central refuse disposal plant
installed as additional incineration units in existing
power plants. Such an installation is being operated in
Goldenberg, near Cologne, Germany. The operating
capacity of this unit is 1, 026, 000 tons/year. The plan-
ning and design for the Goldenberg plant are illustrated
and discussed in detail, including refuse transportation
from a wide area on compactor trucks with removable
bodies, rubbish and scrap processing, moving grate
incineration, and refuse storage in surrounding mines.
The advantages of large central incineration plants are
discussed.
B-11657
Meyer, G.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A MS COMBUSTION CONE
PLANT WITH REFUSE. [Aufbau und Wirkungsweise
einer MS-Brennkegelanlage mit Mullzerkleinerung. ]
Translated from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, No.
3, pp. 135-138, 1964.
The design and operation of a MS combustion cone plant
including the crushing installation for refuse are des-
cribed. The unsorted refuse is dumped by truck into a
refuse bin where it is dried. At the bottom of this bin,
a combined discharging and crushing installation is pro-
vided which reduces the refuse to a desired size (pieces
whose edges are 40 cm long) and discharges the material
from the bin. By means of a steel plate conveyor the
material is fed into the combustion cone housing and
thrown on to the combustion cone grate. With plants for
a. throughput of 1500 kg per hr of refuse, the combustion
cone has a maximum diameter of approximately 3.2m
and rotates with n speed of 30 to 40 cm per minute rela-
tive to the maximum circumference. The ignition of the
material is effected by a Schoppe burner operated option-
ally with oil or gas. The design and control of the
blowers in the system, calculated to prevent the emission
of odoriferous or harmful gases, is discussed and illus-
trated.
B-11666
Wuhrmann
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF WASTE INCINERA-
TION [Mdglichkeiten und Grenzen der Mullverbrennung.~j
Translated from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, 5(9):
506-507, Sept. 1964. ~
Several lectures presented at the Third Waste Technolo-
gical Colloguium "which considered the technological and
practical aspects of the process of "waste incineration
are summarized. The lectures included the technical
basis of waste incineration, various incineration systems
and the problems concerning fireproof materials, and
the experiences in the Stuttgart incineration project. It
became apparent that the problem of selecting a suitable
incineration system is not yet solved, especially for
medium sized plants which still face extensive develop-
ment and expansion. Aspects discussed include the
ignitability of the refuse, transportation to the plant and
weighing, the refuse bin, handling of the fire, removal
of the slag, and selection of grates. Legal requirements
for air pollution control are mentioned and some data
given -e.g. a limitation of 0. 4 mg/m^ of SO2 emission.
14
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
C-3775
Grafe, Kurt and Joachim Hagen
DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM STACK HEIGHT IN
CONSIDERATION OF SURROUNDING BUILDINGS. [Zum
Problem des Fur die Bebauung zu berucksichtigenden
Umkreises bei der Festlegung von Schornsteinmindest
hShen. ] Translated from German. STAUB, 26(9): 391-
392, Sept, 1966. 7 refs.
In order to calculate the distance from the stack covering
the area where buildings have to be considered, a
formula is derived from the equation for the distribution
of the SO£-concentration in the surroundings of a source.
Thus a suggestion is made as a basis for discussion
with regard to an addition to the TAL - Techn. Anleitung
Reinhaltung der Luft (a paper containing among other
things rules for minimum stack heights). An example
illustrates the possibilities of practical appliance.
C-10789
Goetz, F. W. Paul and Rudolf Ladenburg
THE OZONE CONTENT OF THE LOWER ATMO-
SPHERIC REGIONS. [Ozongehalt der unteren Atmospha-
renschichten.] Translated from German. Naturwissen-
schaften (Berlin), Vol. 18, p. 373-374, 1931.
Using light from a mercury lamp, quartz spectrographs
were used to analyze the light 1. 2 km and about 4. 8 km
away. Thus the absolute air permeability of a 3. 6 km
air space at 2 300 m altitude were determined. Absorp-
tion increased strongly with decreasing wavelength. At
shorter wavelengths, some constituent of the atmosphere
prevents sunlight from penetrating the atmosphere at
the short-wave end of the ozone absorption band. Simi-
lar work elsewhere is discussed. The results indicate
that ozone must also be present below those atmospheric
layers that participate in the dispersion of sunlight.
C-9460
Bardelli, Umberto
MICROMETEOROLOGY AND AIR POLLUTION. (2nd
PART.) [Micrometeorologie e inquinamento dell'aria.
(2a_Parte).] Translated from Italian. Fumi Polveri,
£(5):133-141, May 1966.
General aspects of micrometeorological effects on air
pollution are discussed. A research proposed to impede
theformation of smog in cities is presented. The method
consists of constructing a tube with convenient height
and placing it vertically in the polluted zone. Then very
hot air is blown into the tube, under very high pressure.
The hot air will rise and finally collide with the 20° C
70° C stratum, go through it and ultimately expand above
the stratum and will again have a normal temperature
distribution. The air cools, descends and permeates
the 20° C - 70° C stratum and dilutes it. The ascending
shock tears and mixes the stratum, and the descending
air dilutes it.
C-10787
Fabry, Ch. and H. Buisson
THE ABSORPTION OF RADIATION IN THE LOWER
ATMOSPHERE AND THE AMOUNT OF OZONE. [Sur I1
absorption des radiations dans la basse atmosphere et
le dosage de 1'ozone. ] Translated from French. Compt.
Rend. (Paris), Vol. 192, p. 457-461, 1931. 4 refs.
Optical density is computed for different wave lengths in
order to show that absorption of visible radiation by the
atmosphere is produced by an ozone layer of 0. 0022 cm/
km air. An increased absorption in the short wave
lengths is probably due to the presence of oxygen. The
calculated concentration of ozone required to produce
the observed absorption (or 4. 3 mg/100 m air at 15° C)
is of the same order of magnitude as can be obtained by
chemical analysis. If the atmosphere contained the
same proportion of ozone at all heights, the total density
of ozone in the earth's atmosphere would be 0. 18 mm.
C-10801
Bozza, G.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CAUSED BY LARGE
CURRENTS, [inquinamento atmosferico provocato da
sorgenti estese.] Translated from Italian. Ric.
Termotechnica, No. 14, Reprint, 1964.
Atmospheric interactions such as heat diffusion, which
play a role in the basic pollution of a residential area
are considered in a quantitative study for the compara-
tive evaluation of air pollution levels. Calculations are
presented for the concentration, at ground level and at
various heights, of a gaseous pollutant diffusing freely
in a still atmosphere. The values obtained, from which
actual concentrations can be calculated, are those of
equilibrium pollution, not assuming any special meteoro-
logical conditions which can produce serious danger;
they provide a means of comparison for residential areas
of different extension and shape. Several typical shapes
of areas are examined. Pollution is proportional to the
total emission from a square and inversely to the side.
The maximum level of pollution, near the ground, tends
to be proportional to twice the thickness of the diffusion
layer, instead of to the side of the square. The values
of the turbulent diffusion coefficients are discussed and
the dangers of low air turbulence in large towns are
emphasized.
C-10885
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES FOR DEVELOPING A METHOD
OF COMPUTING ATMOSPHERIC DISPEPERSION OF
POLLUTANTS FROM STATION SMOKESTACKS.
Translated from Russian. C.I.T.E.P. A. Documentary
Information Report No. 20, CI 207, (No Date) (Supplement).
A method was developed for calculating the dispersion of
pollutants in the atmosphere. The method considers that
pollutants emitted by smoke stacks are mixed with air
and then transported together with air. The method is
based on the turbulence theory and uses the vertical
component of the turbulence exchange coefficient and its
variation with altitude. Also the temperature distribu-
tion, settling rate of the pollutants, and parameters of
the smoke stack are considered. The method can also
be used to calculate, for a given wind velocity and
meterological situation, the maximum concentration of
15
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
light and heavy pollutants. Corrections are applied in
case of temperature inversion and terrain irregulari-
ties. The distance from the source at which the pollu-
tant concentration is maximum was found to be propor-
tional to the height of the smoke stack. The calculated
results are in good agreement with experimental data.
C-10937
Grafe, K. and C. Schlunk
MEASUREMENT OF GLOBAL RADIATION AS A CON-
TRIBUTION TO THE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM.
[Glovalstrahlmessungen als Beitrag zu lufthygienischen
Problemen. ] Translated from German. Gesundh. Ing.
(Munich), 86_(2):54-60, 1965. 13 refs.
"Global" radiation is the combined radiation impinging
on the earth's surface directly from the sun and diffusely
from the sky. In global radiation measurements in the
Hamburg area considerable differences in radiation "were
observed between the stations on individual days. On
the average the urban and industrial district showed
reductions in radiation as compared to the immediate
vicinity of Hamburg, the level of which differed between
summer and winter and with varying -weather conditions.
These reductions in global radiation are attributed to
urban and industrial air pollution and make possible an
indirect check on the pollution of the air. In the
interpretation of the statistical data the complicated
interaction of air pollution and meteorological para-
meters is taken into account. In conclusion attention is
called to the economic aspects of the air pollution
situation.
C-11420
Blokker, P. C.
AIR POLLUTION, m. DISPERSION OF FLUE GASES
FROM STACKS. [Dispersie van rookgassen uit schoor-
stenen. ] Translated from Dutch. Ingenieur, 80(10):
G25-G32, March 8, 1968. 20 refs.
A method for calculating dispersion, plume rise, and
maximum ground level concentration of a gas issuing
from a. stack is given. The method is confined to hot
gases and gas quantities in the range of 15 to 100 nm^
per s. Of the dispersion equations considered, that due
to Sutton was chosen. Values for the vertical and
horizontal dispersion parameters as a. function of
atmospheric stability are suggested, and the effect of
sampling time is discussed. Multiple regression cal-
culations were made for all published data on plume
rise. The best agreement was found with an equation
in which the plume rise was proportional to the three-
quarter power of the wind speed. This means plume
rise was inserted in Button's dispersion equation. The
necessary stack height is obtained from the resulting
equation for the maximum ground-level concentration.
With a view to very unfavorable atmospheric conditions,
it is suggested that this concentration be multiplied by
a factor of 1.6, or the stack height by 2. However, it
is possible that in practice lower factors could be
justified, because the impression from publications is
that the concentration given by this factor of 1. 6 is sel-
dom reached and then only under special circumstances.
Remarks are given on the calculation of maximum
ground level concentrations from a. complex of stacks.
C-11644
Dronia, Horst
THE INFLUENCE OF CITIES ON THE WORLDWIDE
TEMPERATURE TREND. [Der Stadteinfluss auf den
weltweiten Temperaturtrend. ] Translated from German.
Meteorologische Abhandlungen, 7£(4):l-65, 1967. 34
refs.
An attempt has been made to exclude the warning influence
of growing cities from the consideration of long period
temperature trends of large areas of the world. One
method used for such calculations was the comparison
between rural (non-influenced) and city series for a
possibly long time by computing the single temperature
differences of these two types of weather stations. Sixty-
seven of such pairs, spread over the world, gave the
results of +0. 24° C average city influence for the forty
year period 1901 10 to 1941 1950. In another method
of calculation, dividing the global temperature t'rend into
two individual series, comprising stations situated in
cities and in open country, the temperature trend of the
curve representing the cities is warmer to the same
degree as it was calculated for the mean effect resulting
from the growth of cities. Thirdly, a computation of
worldwide temperature trends since 1871-80 using only
non-influenced (rural) stations and some reduced city
stations gives a temperature curve confirming previous
calculations. Accordingly, the temperature, after a
short rise, has fallen about 0.2° C since 1871-80. This
amount is 0. 4° C below the present value generally
accepted as valid. Thus, the worldwide warming trend
finally diminishes to a short episode of two or three
decades and a value not higher than +0. 25° C, and the
present temperature is the same as eighty years ago.
(Author's summary, modified)
16
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-2681
Lahmann, Erdwin
METHODS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS AIR-POLLU-
TANTS. [Methoden der Messung gasfb'rmiger Luftver-
unreinigungen. ] Translated from German. STAUB,
25_{9):346-351, Sept. 1965. 68 refs.
As the analysis of air pollutants has become a very
extensive area of micro-chemistry, the statements in-
cluded herein are limited to the principles involved in
the analysis of the most important extraneous gases.
Empirical, batch, and continuous methods are the basic
means for investigating gaseous air pollutants. The
advantages and disadvantages of these methods are pre-
sented. Subsequently, the most important methods used
at present for determination of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, oxidants, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons are discussed.
D-2952
Straubel, M.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE MEASUREMENT AND
EVALUATION OF THE CO CONTENT OF AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST GASES. Translated from German. Automo-
biltechnische Zeit, 67^(4): 115-119, April 1965. 3 refs.
The carbon monoxide and oxygen content of the exhaust
gas while idling was determined for a. number of passen-
ger cars with Otto motors. From the results, indica-
tions are obtained as to the development of devices for
taking test samples and as to the necessity of a multi-
component measurement. Absolute and specific indexes
are given for evaluation of the CO expelled which are
more appropriate than the usual indication in percent-
ages by volume. (Author's abstract)
D-2954
Turkin, Y. I. and P. F. Svistov
DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE IMPURITIES IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Translated from Russian. Trudy
Glavnoy Geofizicheskoy Observatorii, Vol. 154, p. 99-
104, 1964.
A portable apparatus is proposed for the sampling of
atmospheric aerosols under field conditions. Determi-
nation of the content of soluble impurities in the samples
is accomplished by the spectral method. The relatively
poor study of the chemical composition of gaseous micro-
components and aerosols of atmospheric air can be attri-
buted for the most part to the absence of satisfactory
analytical methods. Solution of this type of problem
makes it possible to obtain additional information on the
influence of the chemical composition of the atmosphere
on meteorological processes and also to clarify the prin-
cipal problems involved in the sanitary-hygiene state of
the atmosphere and its corrosive activity.
D-3044
Monig, F. J. , K. H. Rohe and U. Pfeiffer
IMPULSE CONVERTER TO ADAPT SCATTERED LIGHT
PARTICLE COUNTERS TO MULTIPLE CHANNEL
ANALYZERS. [impuls-Konverter zur Anpassung von
Streulicht-Teilchenzahlern an Mehrkanal-Analysatoren.]
Translated from German.
157-165, June 1966.
Aerosol Forschung, 13(2):
An impulse converter is described which makes it pos-
sible to feed the electric impulses emanating from a
scattered-light particle-counter into a multiple-channel
analyzer. This instrument enables one to get the spec-
trum of the particle sizes of any desired aerosol in the
shortest amount of time. A schematic diagram of the
instrument is given together with explicit statements of
important features. The output from the multiple -
channel analyzer can be fed into a printer or an X-Y
plotter. The instrument makes it possible to gain in-
sights even into the rapidly proceeding dynamics of
aerosol processes.
D-3218
Krizek, Josef
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN SMALL
CONCENTRATIONS. [Stanoveni nizkych koncentraci
kyslicniku dusikuj Translated from Czech. Chemicky
Prumysl, ,lj>(9):558-559, 1966.
The polarographic and colorimetric methods for deter-
mining nitrogen oxides are revised. He finds that im-
proper composition of the absorption solution is respon-
sible for the biased (systematically lower) experimental
results; potassium nitrite, formed if the gas is absorbed
in O. IN KOH solution containing H2O2, decomposes in
acid medium during further operations. He therefore
recommends using the H2O2 solution for absorption with
subsequent alkalization before the sample is boiled down.
The applicability and suitability of methods for deter-
mining NO2 which utilize the formation of azo dyes are
discussed.
D-4018
Stratmann, H. , M. Buck, H. Gies, L. Warschun, and
E. Marenbach
THE MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. [Messung von Stickstoffdioxid in der
Atmosphare.] Translated from German. Research
Report 11/15, Landesanstalt fur Immissions - und Boden-
nutzungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen,
Germany. 19p. 13 refs.
Up to the present time there has been no standard pro-
cess for determining nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.
The Saltzman process is suitable both for discontinuous
and continuous recording measurements, according to
international experience to date. The chemical reaction
mechanism which forms the basis of this process is,
however, still so obscure that different interpretations
and calculations of the research findings are made.
The behavior of gaseous nitrogen dioxide towards re-
action solution in comparison with the calibration of the
process with sodium nitrate was investigated. It was
found that, contrary to the classical conceptions, 0. 5 M
of sodium nitrate are not equivalent to 1 M of NO2, nor,
contrary to Saltzman's view, are 0. 72 M, but 1 M of NO2
corresponds to 1 M of NO2 ions from sodium nitrate.
The calibration factor for a calibration function establish-
ed with sodium nitrite thus has no value different from 1,
contrary to previous conceptions. After calculation of
the limit of detection and the reproducibility, the dis-
turbing influences of foreign substances were investigated,
with special attention to the behavior of NO-NO2 mixtures.
17
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Discontinuous NO2 emission measurements can now be
carried out at intervals of 10 minutes using a special
sampling vessel with an air flow rate of 60 lit/hr .
(Authors' abstract, modified)
D-4209
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
PARTS 4 AND 5. DETERMINATION OF SULFUR DI-
OXIDE. [Metodi di misura dell'inquinamento atmos-
ferico. Quarta e quinta parte. Misura dell'anidride
solforosa.J Translated from Italian. Fumi & Polveri,
6_(12):331-332, Dec. 1966. 3 refs.
It was found that SO2 is not usually present in the atmo-
sphere in the free state but in the form of sulfuric acid
and sulfates resulting from the reaction of SO2 with
water and ammonia present in the air. The atmosphere
in each of the cities studied (London and Paris) contained
sulfuric acid, but this represented only a small part of
the total sulfate in suspension. The concentration of the
free or mixed acid was determined by collecting samples
on Whatman No. 1 filter paper. One filter paper -was
used for two determinations: half to determine the HZ
SO^ content by pH titration and half -with cyanin chro-
mate to determine the total sulfate content. Conducto-
metric and colorimetric methods were also used. To
measure the conductivity, samples collected on filter
paper were immersed in a KC1 solution of known nor-
mality, and the SO£ content was calculated from the
conductivity measurements.
D-4210
METHODS OF MEASURING AIR POLLUTION. MEAS-
UREMENT OF HYDROCARBONS. (Part 5. ) [Misura
deli Idrocarburi (Parte 5.)] Translated from Italian.
Fumi Polveri (Milan), 6(12):333-336, Dec. 1966.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons, present in the air an an inte-
gral part of the material in suspension, and volatile
hydrocarbons present in the gaseous state, -were inves-
tigated as pollutants. Polycyclic hydrocarbons can
cause cancer. Work on the "anthracene index" and the
"method of quinine sulfate" made it possible to define a
simple index of the tar material, whether this index
could or could not be related to the concentration of
individual polycyclic hydrocarbons. Good results for
determining the smoke content of tars are possible if
contamination by other pollutants, such as lubricating
oil, is avoided. The quinine sulfate method can be cor-
related with the daily measurements of smoke/SOz being
carried out in various locations. Volatile hydrocarbon
pollutants are becoming more prevalent in large cities
due to automotive emissions. The principle of the index
of the quinine sulfate method is described using fluro-
metric measurements on the sample and on a reference.
D-4902
Peterson, Folke
MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE DUST. [Matning av
luftburet stoft.] Translated from Swedish. Technical
Conference and Advanced Training Institute (TKF), No.
2, p. 33-36, June 1964.
This paper summarizes various methods of measuring
airborne dusts. The measurement of dust in flue gases
is usually limited to determination of the amount of
dust per cubic meter of gas. Using the Bacharach scale,
measurement is made with a. simple pump which is used
to suck the flue gas through a filter paper, the degree of
blackness being a measure of dust content. Ringelmann
cards are also used in determining the relative darkness
of smokes, whereby an observer compares differently
shaded cards with smoke. Optical smoke detectors can
be used to measure dust by light beam diffusion in flue
gases, and filters can be used to measure dust directly
in weight units. Other types of apparatus for measuring
airborne dusts include konimeters, electrostatic precipi-
tators, thermal precipitators, tyndallometers and
impingers. In the measurement of dust fallout, two
types of samplers can be used. One utilizes collection
devices in the form of vessels, and the other utilizes
adhesive surfaces. Various methods applied to the
measurement of particle size distribution are enumera-
ted and include: microscopic measurements and statis-
tical analyses; tape projection where soot flakes are
collected on a tape and projected in appropriate appara-
tus; sedimentation; centrifuging; and screening.
D-5381
Kolomiets, G. K.
AN APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE CONCEN-
TRATION AND SIZE-DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL
AEROSOL PARTICLES IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF
THE ATMOSPHERE. Translated from Russian. Bull.
Astrophys. Inst. , Vol. 11, p. 111-114, 1960. 6 refs.
In order to study particles which are smaller than 1
micron in radius, ultramicroscopy is used. In the
ultramicroscope, particles are viewed in the suspended
state, with strong side illumination, against a dark
background. For particles which fall with a constant
velocity, the time of the fall is measured with a stop
watch and the equivalent spherical particle size is
determined by the Stokes formula. The results of mea-
surements of particle size distribution and concentration
of solid particles and fog are presented.
D-5383
Krilov, N. A.
DETERMINATION OF ETHYLENE OXIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Translated from Russian. Gigiena i
Sanit. , 26(10):48, Oct. 1961. 1 ref.
A colorimetric method was developed for the estimation
of ethylene oxide in the atmosphere, based on the hydra-
tion of ethylene oxide to the ethylene glycol and its sub-
sequent oxidation by periodic acid or potassium perio-
date to formaldehyde and the determination of the latter
with chromotrophic acid. The sensitivity of the method
is 0. 000 5 mg. in 5 ml. It is recommended that ethyl-
ene oxide be sampled in 6 ml. of 40 percent H2SO4 con-
tained in a U-shaped absorber with a No. 1 porous
membrane at a speed of 0. 5 1 /min.
18
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-7692
Ixfeld, H. and M. Buck
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TOTAL. AMOUNT
OF COMBUSTIBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN WASTE
GASES. [Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Gesamt-
menge verbrennbarer organischer Substanzen in Abga-
sen.] Translated from German. Brennstoff-Chem.
(Essen), 47_(3):79-83, March 1966. 2 refs.
The gas sample is passed through a small tube filled
with silica gel on which organic compounds from the
gas are absorbed, with the exception of CO2- These
compounds are then desorbed by heating and oxidizing
on platinum wool. In order to remove sulfur oxides and
halogen compounds which are also absorbed, the gas is
passed through silver wool which by chemo-sorption
eliminates these compounds. Subsequently, the gas
passes through a gas washing bottle with Ba(OH)2 solu-
tion where the COj formed by combustion is absorbed.
Its amount is determined by titration with oxalic acid.
The applicable range of concentrations suitable for this
method is 20 to 400 mg C/Nm3, with 3 percent relative
standard deviation. The laboratory procedure is des-
cribed in detail, and calibration values are listed. The
results of tests on 17 substances are also reported.
D-7700
Scassellati Sforzolini, Giuseppina, Francesco Pascasio,
Eugenio Marchesotti, and Mario Novella Chiucchiu
CHROMATOGRAPHY ON LONG ALUMINA COLUMNS
AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRY OF POLYCYCLIC ARO-
MATIC HYDROCARBONS. [Cromatografia su Lunga
Colonna di Allumina e Spettrofotometria di Idrocarburi
Aromatic! Policiclici J Translated from Italian. Ann.
1st. Super. Sanita (Rome), 3_(l):45-49, 1967. 36 refs.
Spectrophotometric analysis of 15 pure polycyclic aro-
matic hydrocarbons most frequently found in cigarette
smoke were studied. The spectra obtained were used
for both qualitative detection and quantitative analysis
of the hydrocarbons. The characteristic maximum
wavelength of each and its respective standard optical
height are given in tables. Several mixtures of the
same pure hydrocarbons were studied by spectrophoto-
metric analysis to determine the qualitative and quanti-
tative interference of each upon the others. Chromato-
graphic separation using a long alumina column was
used on the mixture of the 15 pure hydrocarbons and this
was followed by Spectrophotometric measurement of the
eluates obtained. A fairly good separation of the various
constituents was obtained. Most were identified and
measured with remarkable accuracy.
D-7832
Wachler, G.
THE DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM IN AIR. [Ueber
die Bestimmung von Kadmium in der RaumluftJ Trans-
lated from German. Z. Ges. Hyg., 2_2(8):674-681, 1966.
27 refs.
In the East German electrochemical industry it has be-
come necessary to develop a method for the analysis of
cadmium in air. Dusts and aerosols containing Cd are
collected on glass wool in a glass tube. At 500 liter of
air per hour the collecting time is one hour. Subse-
quently the glass wool is boiled in nitric acid and the Cd
concentration is determined photometrically by the dithi-
ozone method. This method was chosen because it is
insensitive to zinc and nickel. A detailed discussion is
presented of analysis of error. The lower threshold is
13 jtg Cd at the 99 percent level; the standard deviation
is 19 percent.
D-8468
Wickert, Kurt
SO3 DETERMINATION IN DUST-LADEN AND DUST-
FREE COMBUSTION GASES. [SO3-Bestimmung in
staubhaltigeri und staubfreien Verbrennungsgasen.]
Translated from German. Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg),
20(8): 568-572, Aug. 1967.
An analytical method is described which allows an exact
determination of the SO$ content of dust-free as well as
dust-laden combustion gases. The apparatus for dust-
free analysis is illustrated and two tables are given
showing the analytical data obtained with the catalytic
temperature at 450 and 550° C, respectively, and an
asbestos layer at 75° C. A third table shows the gas
temperatures at different catalytic temperatures and
gas flow velocities. The condensation tube of the appara-
tus should contain at least 4-5 gm of asbestos in a 4-cm-
long layer and the catalytic temperature should be high
if correct 803 values are to be obtained. For 803 deter-
mination in dust-laden combustion gases a modified
apparatus is illustrated. The dust in the gas reacts
with the 303 (or the sulfuric acid) and if this dust reac-
tion is disregarded the result of the analysis becomes
incorrect, the error increasing with increasing amounts
of reactivity of dust. In the analytical method described,
this dust reaction is taken into account and the SOg (vol.
%) in dust-free gas, dust-laden gas, and fuel gas is
tabulated. It is further shown that analytical difficulties
result if calcium oxide is present in the dust. The con-
ditions under which SO2 reacts with dust to produce
sulphate are indicated.
D-8630
Bardodej, Z.
VALUE AND USE OF EXPOSURE TESTS. VI. CARBON-
YLHEMOGLOBINEMIA AND CARBON MONOXIDE IN
EXHALED AIR. [Hodnota a pouziti expozicnich testu.
VI. Karbonylhemoglobinemie a kyslicnik uhelnaty ve
vydechovanem vzduchu.J Translated from Czech. Ces-
koslovenska Hygiena, fS( 2): 108-112, 1963. 30 refs.
A study was made of the course of saturation of the
blood coloring matter by carbon monoxide at various
degrees of lung ventilation and desaturation both during
inhalation of uncontaminated air as well as during inhala-
tion of pure oxygen or oxygen with an admixture of car-
bon dioxide. Since it is not desirable to take blood sam-
ples in the field and delays resulting from the transfer
of the blood sample from the workplace to the doctor' s
office always result in a decrease of the level of COHb
in blood (and it is difficult to estimate the decrease), an
effort has been made to study the possibility of analyzing
exhaled or alveolar air both to evaluate the exposure of
persons who have been exposed chronically as •well as
for purposes of diagnostics and to study the course of
19
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
intoxication by carbon monoxide. This was made possi-
ble by the introduction of infra-analyzers which make it
possible to determine quickly and accurately the content
of carbon monoxide, and by introducing tube indicator
which is so simple to operate that anybody can do it.
It was determined by computations that 1 ppm of carbon
monoxide in exhaled air corresponds to 0. 3 percent
COHb in blood within the concentration range encoun-
tered in industry.
D-8964
Terabe, Motoji, Sadao Oomichi, and Masanobu Nagata
RESEARCH ON MEASUREMENT OF FLOATING DUST
BY HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER. REPORT NO. 2. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Kuki Seijo [J. Japan. Air Clean-
ing As soc.] (Tokyo), 5J2):34-40, July 1967.
Comparison tests were made in order to: (1) verify
measurements by Hi-Vol samplers manufactured by two
different firms; (2) determine differences in results
when the two different Hi-Vol samplers were used; and
(3) compare differences between the same tests made in
the U.S.A. by the Field Studies Branch (FSB), Division
of Air Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service and in
Japan by the Kawasaki Municipal Hygienic Laboratory
(KHL), Kawasaki, Japan. Methodology was previously
reported. The average value of floating dust obtained
with 20 samplings from March to May was 324 gm/m3
for one sampler and 274 gm/m3 for the other. The
ratio of these values was 1. 19 which is close to the
results for the first experiment (1. 18). The results of
dust analyses by FSB and KHL -were very similar.
D-9012
Vyskocil, Jiri, Bohumir Chalupa, and Ivan Berka
RECENT ADVANCES IN EVALUATION OF WORKMEN'S
EXPOSURE TO CARBON MONOXIDE. [Nove poznatky
vhodnoceni vystaveni pracujicich kyslicniku uhelnatemv.J
Translated from Czech. Vnitrni Lekarstvi, 10(3): 230-
237, March 1964. 33 refs.
Of all presently known methods, the biochemical deter-
mination of blood COHb (carboxyhemoglobin) is the most
specific indicator of exposure to CO. The carboxyhemo-
globin level shows a fairly close relationship with the
CO concentration in the air at the workplace, but the
relationship between the signs of poisoning and the COHb
level is not pronounced and varies with individuals.
Still undecided is the question of how to determine expo-
sure to low CO concentrations that play a role in chronic
poisoning. New information is described concerning the
clinical picture of acute poisoning, particularly the
changes in the CNS that manifest themselves as memory
disturbances and disorders in neurohumoral control.
It is much more difficult to diagnose chronic CO poi-
soning. Although signs of CNS and neurohumoral im-
pairment after fairly long-term exposure to low CO
concentrations were more frequent in entire groups of
exposed workmen than among normal persons, they
were not specific enough to detect chronic poisoning
individual cases. In future research on CO poisoning
we must concentrate our attention primarily on a final
solution to the problem of chronic poisoning, and on
determining the specific toxic effects other than the
anoxemic effect of the combination of CO with the hemo-
globin. (Authors' summary)
D-9015
Pedrero, Pablo Sanz and Pedro Ramos Rodrigo
THE TOXICOLOGY OF CARBON MONOXIDE WITH
TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE IT. A NEW POLARO-
GRAPHIC METHOD TO EVALUATE IT IN THE BLOOD
AND IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [La toxicologia del oxido
de carbono con las tecnicas para su determinacion. Un
nuevo metodo polarografico para la evaluacion en sangre
y en el ambiente.] Translated from Spanish. Anales de
la Rela Academia de Farmacia, 30(4): 228-259, Sept.
1964. 106 refs.
An improved polarographic method for the determination
of carbon monoxide both in the blood and in contaminated
atmospheres has been investigated. The development of
techniques for each of the two measurements are fully
described. Both techniques utilize the reaction of the
contaminated sample with palladium chloride which pro-
duces palladium. The reduced palladium is determined
by polarography. Results show that both measurement
methods are simple and rapid. The atmospheric meas-
urement technique is accurate within the permissible
limits set by the First and Second International Sympo-
sium on Maximum Tolerable Concentrations of Toxic
Substances in Industry.
D-9037
Switzerland. Commission for Air Hygiene
QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR MEASURING THE
EMISSION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE WITHIN THE LIMITS
RECOMMENDED BY THE SWISS COMMISSION FOR
AIR HYGIENE. Translated from German. In: Surveil-
lance of the Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere.
Bull. Eidgenoess. Gesundh. , Beilage B, No. 4, p. 5-
10, 1966.
In this "directive" the requirements are listed for
methods used to determine SO2 emission within the
limits recommended by EKL, the Swiss Commission for
Air Hygiene. Sulfur dioxide methods in use today were
deliberately ignored in order to avoid setting standards
These requirements serve as guidelines for methods
that must be applicable for settling disputes, damage
claims, etc. Quantitative measurement of SO^ emission,
in order to stay within the recommended limits, must
conform to requirements 1 and 2 of section I of this
directive. During quantitative determinations, require-
ments 3-6 of the same section must be satisfied. Section
II contains advice on purely informative examinations.
Section III deals with systematic methods for measuring
SO2 emissions.
D-9038
Hoegger, D.
DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF THE CON-
TENT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
Translated from German. In: Surveillance of the Sul-
fur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere. Bull. Eidgeno-
ess. Gesundh., Beilage B, No. 4, p. 21-47, 1966. 13 refs.
If health hazards are to be kept to a minimum, values
of SO^ concentration in the atmosphere should not ex-
ceed the limits which are proposed. Investigations in
Switzerland and abroad indicated that in large cities
these recommended limit values are often reached
ZO
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
or surpassed during the winter. Surveillance of SOz
content in villages and towns during winter and spring
is desirable. Yearly surveillance is desired in areas
near industrial SC>2 emitters. Basic principles are
described which pertain to such determinations and
some methods are described which have been used to a
large extent in Switzerland and which proved to be of
value. This paper provides a practical tool for rational
planning.
D-10204
Heinl, E.
ANALYSIS OF CHILD GROUP CASE HISTORIES FOR
ASSESSING AIR POLLUTION. [Analyza anamnezy
detskych kolektivu pri hodnoceni vlivu znecisteneho
ovzdusi.] Translated from Czech. Ceskoslovenska
Hygiena, H_(9):531-538, 1966. 9 refs.
Most methods of assessing and documenting the harmful
effects of air pollution in large communities are based
on the evaluation of specific indices obtained by examin-
ing the state of health of groups of children. This study
was based on the analysis of anamnestic data on 85 chil-
dren age 8 to 9 years near an industrial emission source
in Neratovice and a control group of 50 from an "air-
pollution" free town. The several factors simultane-
ously affecting state of health are elucidated using the
multiple and partial correlation methods. The results
indicate basic differences between the average incidence
of certain respiratory diseases in the groups examined.
Data from 1962 and 1963 indicate that the part played by
pollution from industrial gas discharge is the most im-
portant factor in the relationship between the occurrence
of bronchitis and various external factors. A detailed
discussion is given of the method of computation and
the principles of evaluating results.
D-10785
Cier
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF CARBON MON-
OXIDE. [La detection et le dosage de 1'oxyde de car-
bone.] Translated from French. Rev. Corps Sante Mil.
(Paris), Vol. 14, p. 338-352, Sept. 1958. 52 refs.
Chemical methods used to detect CO are reviewed. The
methods are based on oxidation, on the oxidation of CO
by IzOj, on the oxidation of CO by metallic salts, and
on the formation of complexes. Physical methods used
to detect CO are also reviewed. With all these techni-
ques available, there is no single one which is satisfac-
tory in all circumstances.
detail. They fall into the 3 main groupings of: titrime-
tric, using pentose oxide; photometric, using palladium
chloride; and a method measuring the level of carboxy-
hemoglobin, or COHb, in the blood. Some of the contin-
uous or semi-continuous measuring methods are also
discussed. Many schematic drawings and photographs
of the testing equipment are included in the text, together
with (1) graphs showing the toxicity of CO as a function
of concentration and of the period of time of exposure;
(2) the rate of saturation of hemoglobin with various
concentrations of CO in the air; and (3) the percentage
of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood correlated with per-
centage of CO in the air, the period of exposure, and the
activity of the subject.
D-10799
Ciuhandu, Gheorghe
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CO IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. [Photometrische Bestimmung von
Kohlenmonoxyd in der Luft.] Translated from German.
Anal. Chem. (Berlin), Vol. 155, p. 321-327, 1957.
6 refs.
A photometric method is described for the determination
of CO which is based on the absorption of the gas in an
alkaline solution of the silver compound of p_-sulfamino
benzoic acid. The silver compound is reduced to metal-
lic silver which remains in colloidal suspension. The
extinction of this silver sol is measured. Under the ex-
perimental conditions described, the extinction is pro-
portional to CO levels in the range of 0. 001-0. 5 percent CO.
At wave lengths below 500 m/i, extinction increases
rapidly. For this reason, it is useful to carry out meas-
urements at short wavelengths. For example, sensitiv-
ity with a Zeiss filter S42 is almost twice that for S50.
Exact directions for the determination of CO are furnish-
ed.
D-10814
Prochazka, Rudolf
THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF THE KONITEST
DUST MEASURING INSTALLATION OPERATING ON AN
ELECTROSTATIC FRICTION BASIS. Translated from
German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 2£(9):353-359, Sept.
1964. 9 refs.
D-10795
Del Vecchio, V.
DETERMINATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE AIR.
[Determinazione dell'ossido di carbonic nell'aria.]
Translated from Italian. Minerva Med. (Turin), Vol. 49,
p. 1028-1048, March 21, 1958. 19 refs.
Carbon monoxide is discussed with emphasis on nomen-
clature, physiochemical properties, toxicity, tolerable
concentrations, and methods of measuring its concen-
tration in the air. Some of the semi-analytical methods
of measurement in the air are listed and discussed in
Preliminary results with the Konitest apparatus for con-
tinuously recording dust levels in industrial working
places are reported. Experiments with aerosol genera-
tors are described which indicate the sensitivity of the
measuring apparatus to fine, solid aerosols. An indica-
tion is given of the possibility of recording dust levels
accessible to the lungs in working places with a silicosis
hazard by continuous separation of the coarser particle
components using a collecting cyclone and the Konitest
apparatus. The apparatus performs very accurately in-
side industrial working areas. Lowest level of sensitiv-
ity was 1 y/in. 3. It fulfills requirements laid down for
dust recorders inside workshops.
21
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
D-10815
Schmidt, Karl Georg
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE FINE PARTICLE DEPOSITS
IN THE PRECOLLECTOR OF THE HEXHLET APPARA-
TUS. [Untersuchungen ueber den Feinkornniederschlag
im Vorabscheider des Hexhlet Geraetes.] Translated
from German. STAUB (DSsseldorf), 24(8): 338-341,
Aug. 1964. 4 refs.
A Hexhlet apparatus for the gravimetric determination
of dust levels is described. Problems with corrosion
of the intake head are mentioned and led to the installa-
tion of a precollector made of stainless steel. Theoreti-
cal particle size distribution curves are derived as a
function of dust fractions of varying diameters.
D-10816
Coenen, Wilfried
DUST MEASUREMENT AND RECORDING BY THE
METHOD OF SMALL ION ACCUMULATION. [Registri-
erende Staubmessung nach der Methode der Kleinione-
nanlagerung.J Translated from German. STAUB (Dus-
seldorf), 24(9): 350-353, Sept. 1964. 9 refs.
A commercially available apparatus for dust measure-
ment is described mathematically. The described
instrument, which measures ionization levels of the
dust, is found suitable in principle for dust measure-
ment. This instrument will measure practically the
whole range of suspended particulate matter. The
effects of air temperature and air pressure upon ioniza-
tion are expressed mathematically. When used in con-
junction with a gravimetric measuring instrument, this
instrument may be able to determine the mean radius of
an unknown particle size distribution.
D-10817
Schutz, Alfred
AN ARRANGEMENT FOR CONTINUOUS RECORDING OF
DUST MEASUREMENTS BY THE CONTACT-ELECTRI-
FICATION METHOD. [Eine Anordnung zur registrieren-
den kontaktelektrischen Staubmessung.] Translated from
German. STAUB (Diisseldorf), 24(9): 359-363, Sept.
1964. 12 refs.
The structure and operation of a contact-electrification
dust measuring recorder is described. Using three
types of quartz dust, tests are made to provide calibra-
tion curves of known dust levels. Discrepancies in the
results are attributed to the impact of the particles on
the electrical recording wire.
D-10818
Neuwirth, Robert
DUST-MEASURING EXPERIENCE WITH RECORDING
INSTRUMENTS IN THE STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITIONS IN SPAS. [Erfahrungen mit registrieren-
den Staubmessgeraeten im Rahrnen der Kurortklimafor-
schung.] Translated from German. STAUB (Diissel-
dorf), 24(9): 364-366, Sept. 1964. 11 refs.
Comparative measurements were taken of aerosols by
the Biometeorology Department of the Freiburg Office of
Meteorology, using Effenberger's avigraph and an air
sampler used in America. A difference is noted in dust
loads for lowlands and mountains. Comparison of the
two pieces of apparatus finds the photometer more objec-
tive than the avigraph, the pump output (0.43 m-Vsec)
of the air sampler low, and the nozzle on the avigraph
easily clogged. The values obtained by both measuring
procedures are comparable. The air sampler requires
use of filter paper with very uniform thickness.
D-10819
Rzeznik, Jerry
THE TYNDALLOGRAPH, A PHOTOELECTRIC DUST-
MEASURING INSTRUMENT. [Der Tyndallograph, ein
optisches Staubmessgeraet mit elektrischer Anzeige.]
Translated from German. STAUB (Diisseldorf), 24(9):
366-368, Sept. 1964. 1 ref.
A tyndallograph for dust measurement is described.
This new optical apparatus is discussed and compared
with others. It features a high efficiency of the servo
feedback mechanism, elimination of the temperature
dependence, insensitivity toward oscillations in the
supply voltages, and automatic adjustment of the noise
to the measuring speed. It was designed for routine
measuring of dust levels in the coal mining industry.
D-U1820
Baum, Fritz and Fritz Riess
AN AUTOMATIC DUST SAMPLER BASED ON THE
MEMBRANE FILTER PRINCIPLE. [Automatischer
Staubprobensammler auf Membranfilter-Basis.] Trans-
lated from German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24J9): 369-
370, Sept. 1964.
A novel, automatic dust sampler, based on the membrane
filter principle, is described which is suitable for con-
tinuous checking of dust levels. A series of filters are
rotated in turn in the path of the air intake. Measure-
ment of air in a car-parking tunnel in Stuttgart leads to
the conclusion that maximum dust levels are found at
night (due to increased traffic after ventilation is shut
off for the night).
D-10821
Avy, Alban P. and Michael Benario
ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF DUST PARTICLES. [Akusti-
scher Nachweis von Staubteilchen.] Translated from
German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24(91:343-344, Sept.
1964. 8 refs.
First, an experimental apparatus is described for the
detection of small particles (1-30 it in diameter), using
a telephone received with a thin brass plate attachment.
The microphone is placed in a vacuum chamber to accel-
erate the particles and to protect the microphone against
outside noises. Secondly, the results of calibration of a
cascade impactor are summarized for polydispersed and
monodispersed aerosols.
22
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-1082Z
Hartogensia, Freddy
RECORDING DUST-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.
[Registrierende Staubmessgeraete.] Translated from
German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24(9):344, Sept. 1964.
A short communication is given on two experimental
recording dust-measuring instruments which have with-
stood tests under operational conditions: a tyndallo-
meter and an American smoke sampler. Both instru-
ments have the disadvantage of showing only one meas-
urement; particle size and dust color affect the values
obtained.
D-10824
Walter, Erwin
POTENTIALITIES AND LIMITS FOR THE OPTICAL
RECORDING MEASUREMENT OF LOW DUST CONCEN-
TRATIONS. [Moglichkeiten und Grenzen fur eine opti-
sche registrierende Messung von kleinen Staubkonzen-
trationen.] Translated from German. STAUB (Dussel-
dorf), 24(9):348-350, Sept. 1964. 8 refs.
Performance of an optical measurement system for dust
or smoke is limited by contamination of optical lenses
by dust or condensate, differences in temperature of
moisture near the light transmitter or receiver, and by
the instability of the dust-laden air being monitored.
Corrections of these conditions are discussed, leading
to the design of a prototype apparatus. This apparatus
is described. Photoelectric procedures are considered
suitable for recording fine dust levels of a few mg/m^
D-10825
Hartogensis, Freddy
PARTICLE COUNTING. [Teilchenzahlung.J Translated
from German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24(8):282-283,
Aug. 1964. 6 refs.
The problem of counting small particles is discussed,
with examples from several countries. A well-defined
counting method may be preferred, but it would be pre-
ferable to have a standardized method which will, under
specified conditions, reliably count all detectable par-
ticles. Methods should be selected for routine meas-
urements on the basis of the best possible correlation
between results and the hazard of sickness caused by
the dust. A final choice is hardly possible as long as
there ie no clear indication of which results of dust
monitoring are the best indicators of health hazards.
D-10827
Bauer, Hans-Dieter
THE USE OF MEMBRANE FILTERS FOR DUST MONI-
TORING. [Die Verwendung von Membranfiltern bei
Staubmessungen.] Translated from German. STAUB
(Dusseldorf), 24(8):290-292, Aug. 1964. 5 refs.
Membrane filters are used instead of a konimeter be-
cause they permit firmer deposition of dusts. Differ-
ently colored membrane filters are discussed and ana.-
lyzed; their performance is compared with that of micro-
pore filters. The results obtained with two different
aspirators are in good agreement, regardless of whether
green filters or white micropore filters are used.
D-10828
Walkenhorst, Wilhelm
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PARTICLE SHAPE AND THE RATE OF SEDIMENTA -
TION OF DUST PARTICLES. [Untersuchungen fiber den
Zusammenhang zwischen Kornform und Sedimentations-
geschwindigkeit.] Translated from German. STAUB
(Dusseldorf), 24(8):305-309, Aug. 1964. 5 refs.
An apparatus for the determination of particle sedimen-
tation rate is described where the particles are sorted
in a tube according to their velocities. The operation
of the apparatus, using small particles of India ink, is
described. Using a microscope, the size distribution
of the dusts according to falling velocities can be deter-
mined; once this distribution is determined, then the
apparatus can be calibrated for the relation between
Stokes' diameter and sedimentation distance. Tests
with glass, quartz, and talcum particules were used to
demonstrate reliability.
D-10831
Gessner, Hermann
EXPERIENCE OF PRACTICAL DUST MONITORING.
[Erfahrungen aus der Praxis der Staubmessung.^j Trans-
lated from German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24(8): 314-316,
Aug. 1964. 13 refs.
The methods used for dust monitoring are discussed.
Particle counting is considered inferior to other methods
except in the case of low dust levels. Determination of
particle numbers, gravimetric analysis, determination
of particle size distribution and measurement of dust
deposition are reviewed.
D-10832
Da vies, C. N.
THE DEPOSITION AND RETENTION OF DUST IN THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT OF MAN. [Deposition und Re-
tention von Staub in den menschlichen Atemwegen.]
Translated from German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24(8):
316-323, Aug. 1964. 11 refs.
The methods for determination of dust particle sizes
are discussed, followed by a mathematical description
of particle size distribution expected in a dust collec-
tor. These observations are then related to the behav-
ior of inhaled aerosols and compared with previously
observed results. Particles of 4 p. diameter have low
rates of diffusion and sedimentation; only 22. 7 percent
are calculated to be deposited in the alveoli and 14. 5
percent adhere to the bronchi during exhalation. Parti-
cles of 0. 4 M diameter are calculated to be 33. 3 percent
deposited in the alveoli. Deposition in the bronchi and
bronchioles occurs with 50 percent deposition during
inhalation of 5 M diameter particles, and 50 percent
deposition during exhalation of 2. 12 it. diameter parti-
cles. These theoretical calculations are compared with
data from reported autopsies. Retention curves are
calculated. In conclusion, gravimetric dust sampling
for control of silicosis hazards must be carried out with
23
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the aid of precollectors in order to eliminate larger
particles from the sample.
D-10833
Hamilton, R. J.
MEASUREMENT OF RESPIRABLE DUST CONCENTRA-
TIONS BY MASS. [Die Me s sung atembarer Staubkon-
zentrationen nach ihrer Masse.] Translated from Ger-
man. STAUB (Diisseldorf), 24_(8): 336-337, Aug. 1964.
8 refs.
Instruments which are used in British mines to monitor
dust levels are discussed, as well as the principles
upon which they operate. The normal precipitator,
presently used by the National Coal Board, may be re-
placed for routine dust monitoring by the long-term
thermal precipitator. The thermal precipitator is be-
lieved to be inaccurate and the gravimetric estimation
of respirable dust levels is recommended. Gravimetry
is discussed. Two instruments are mentioned which
fill the general requirements for gravimetric measure-
ment.
D-10834
Breuer, Hans
EXPERIENCES WITH THE GRAVIMETRIC FINE DUST
FILTER BAT. [Erfahrungen mit dem gravimetrischen
Feinstaubfiltergerat BAT.] Translated from German.
STAUB (Diisseldorf), 24(8): 324-329, Aug. 1964. 11
refs.
Evaluation of dust samples in the coal mining region of
West Germany, by means of 54 "BAT" brand fine dust
filter instruments, is reported. The instruments, used
for the determination of quartz in mine dusts, are equip-
ped with a cyclone for the preliminary separation of dust
particle sizes not entering the lungs. Particle size dis-
tribution measurements are described graphically, re-
presenting tests of coal, slate, and quartz dusts. Slate
dusts were used for investigations on the effect of an
aspirated air volume of 3-15 m-^/hr on the degree of
filter transmissivity; the latter can be set at a certain
value by applying a definite volume of aspirated air,
thus simulating the retention of dust in the lungs. The
effect of different air intakes on the concentration and
particle distribution of fine dust, and the effect of total
dust concentration on transmissivity, also are documen-
ted. Gravimetric and routine photometric comparison
measurements were carried out in 8 different mines,
using the "BAT" fine dust filter-instrument, the "Goth"
total dust filter instrument, a Tyndalloscope, and a
mining konimeter. Differences of the "BAT" instrument
results, shown graphically, were apparent primarily in
the measurement of fine dust concentrations.
D-10835
Landwehr, Martin
EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF PRELIMINARY SEPA-
RATORS WITH GRAVIMETRIC DUST MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS FOR PARTICLES GREATER THAN 5
MICRONS. [Erfahrungen bei Verwendung von Vorab-
scheidern fur Kornungen grosser als 5 Mikrometer bei
gravimetrischen Staubmessgeraten.] Translated from
German. STAUB (Dusseldorf), 24(8):329-332, Aug.
1964. 3 refs.
Experience during operation of gravimetric dust meas-
uring instrumentation in mines is reported. Collecting
instruments with preimpingers and membrane filters
are described, including a Drager model of an SFI sam-
pling instrument system. The efficiency of the dust
collection of this SFI instrument is compared with col-
lection efficiency of the Tyndalloscope. The SFI instru-
ment satisfied all requirements of industrial and scien-
tific dust measurement.
D-10840
Koubal, Jan and Josef Zdrazil
INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERE: III. DETERMINATION
OF PHENOL IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF FACTORIES
OF PHENOLFORMALDEHYDE RESINS. Translated
from Czech. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), Vol. 3, p.
140-150, 1951.
A method is described for the polarographic determina-
tion of phenol in the air. The values listed are obtained
by checking the atmosphere of press rooms where elec-
trotechnical products are made from Bakelite, and
where automotive brake linings are manufactured.
D-10864
Stratmann, H. and M. Buck
COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS WITH THE SILICA
GEL-METHOD AND THE TCM-METHOD FOR DETER-
MINING SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
[Vergleichsmessungen mit dem Silikagelverfahren und
dem TCM-Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Schwefeldi
oxyd in der Atmosphare.] Translated from-German.
Intern. Air Water Pollution (London), Vol. 9, p. 199-
218, 1965. 8 refs.
Comparative data are reported for the silica gel-method
and the TCM-method, the two most commonly used
methods for determining SO£. The accuracy of the
methods was established with a pure SOj-air mixture.
Both methods give similar results within the range of
probable error. Agreement with atmospheric measure-
ments taken in Essen was also statistically satisfactory.
Reproducibility of the results, for levels between 0, 05
and 1. 0 mg. SO2/m-*, ranges from 4 to 8 percent. The
relative limits of detection and optimum range of meas-
urement, based on standard conditions for both methods,
also do not differ. Both methods can detect as little as
0. 01 mg. SO2/m3, Levels greater than 0. 03 mg. SO2/
m3 are determined with a standard deviation of about
5 percent. Sampling times of 10-60 minutes can be used.
D-10876
Perrelli, G. and E. Rosettani
EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD OF
CARBON MONOXIDE. [Criteri di valutazione del rischio
ambientale da CO.] Translated from Italian. Folia Med.
(Naples), £7(11):1062-1067, Nov. 1964. 9 refs.
After a brief review of the various methods available for
environmental CO detection (colorimetric tests, cataly-
tic tests, infra-red tests, chemical oxidation and reduc-
tion tests, and hemoglobin absorption tests), the
24
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
difficulties inherent in making adequate evaluations of
actual exposure level are stressed. Direct COHb deter-
mination is a more sensitive index of actual exposure
hazard.
D-1090Z
Sprenger, Gerhard
THE SPECTROGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF NITRIC
OXIDE OCCURRING IN AN INTERMEDIATE FASHION
IN THE REACTION BETWEEN NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
AND OZONE. [Die spektrographische Identifizierung
des in der Reaktion zwischen Stickstoffpentoxyd und
Ozon intermediar auftretenden Stickoxydes.J Translated
from German. Elektrochem. (Weinheim), 37(8-9):674-
678, 1937.
The reaction between nitric pentoxide and ozone was
studied spectrographically at 20 to 40° C and NO3 was
identified as an intermediate product. The chain reac-
tion mechanism was formulated and the calculated rate
constant was found in good agreement with that obtained
from kinetic data.
D-11423
Novak, Jiri V. A.
POLAR OGRAPHIC-COULOMETRIC ANALYZERS FOR
TRACE CONCENTRATIONS OF SOz. [Polarograficko-
coulometricke analyzatory na stopove koncentrace SO2-J
Translated from Czech. No reference, 6p. 3 refs.
A sensitive polarographic-coulometric method for the
measurement of trace concentrations of SO2 in the atmo-
sphere has been worked out and on its principle a con-
tinuous analyzer has been constructed, characterized
by simplicity, portability, and operational dependability.
The method is based on a continuous coulometric meas-
urement of the concentration of iodine ions, which form
in the course of the known reaction between SO2 and
elementary iodine. The electrolytic current flowing
through the solution corresponds to theoretical assump-
tions; it is a correct measure of the SO2 concentration
in the gas supplied, if the solution flows through the
electrolytic vessel slowly enough in order not to carry
away a substantial quantity of the formed iodine ions
before they can undergo electrochemical oxidation on
the indication electrode. The principal advantage of
these instruments, aside from their high sensitivity and
simplicity, is the circumstance that SO2 concentration
can be expressed in terms of the magnitude of electric
current (with a known gas flow) without the necessity of
gauging them with gases of a known SO2 concentration.
D-11424
Harders, H.
STOCHASTIC APPROXIMATION OF THE LARGEST
INEFFECTIVE DOSE. [Stochastische Approximation
der grcissten unwirksamen Dosis.] Translated from
German. Metrika, U_(2): 106-114, 1966. 4 refs.
In a theoretical statistical discussion of a well-known
dosage-response model, a sequential procedure for
finding a reasonable lower limit for a dosage with a
small probability of response is given. The more gen-
eral problem of finding a dosage with arbitrary given
probability of response is solved by the procedure of
Robbins and Monro which, however, contains no stopping
rule. It is of considerable practical value to have a
procedure with a stopping rule for this important special
case. Some heuristic points of view to choose an effec-
tive procedure are considered. The statistical reason-
ing used is illustrated by equations and by a flow-dia-
gram indicating, among other features, that the dose
applied in the last case yielding a response is never
exceeded, and that a new lower dose is applied until
either a response is achieved or no response is achieved
"i" consecutive times. The goal is to accumulate "n"
failures at one and the same dose.
D-11463
Kanitz, Stefano
OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION FROM
SUSPENDED DUST BY MEANS OF AN AUTOMATIC
SAMPLER. [Relevamento dell'inquinamento atmosferico
da pulviscolo sospeso medinate campionatore automatico.J
Translated from Italian. Giornale di Igiene e Medicina
Preventiva, Vol. 1, p. 57-68, I960. 8 refs.
The functional details of an automatic suspended dust
sampler are described, and results obtained with an
apparatus of this type over a two year period are re-
ported. In the sampler, air which is aspired by a suit-
able pump, driven by an electric motor, is conveyed
across a strip of Whatman #4 filter paper wound on two
bobbins located at the top and the valley, respectively,
of a circular filter with an internal diameter of 25. 4
mm. A series of electric circuits regulated by a timing
device provides cyclic automatism for the sampling, by
controlling the pump, and the progress of the paper strip.
Collected samples are estimated by optical means and
results expressed as optical density units per cm^ per
m . By this method it was possible to observe some
characteristic variations of air pollution caused by sus-
pended matter in a residential and in an industrial dis-
trict of Genoa. Marked differences of pollution were
noted between samplings in an industrial district and in
a residential district. Only in the residential district
was it possible to observe an increase in pollution values
during the winter months. The presence of a maximum
of high dust values from 7 to 11 in the morning was con-
firmed.
D-11664T
Suzuki, Hozumi
AN IMPROVED ROTO-ROD-SAMPLER FOR THE
STUDY OF AEROBIOLOGY IN PIRICULARIA. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Nisshoku Byoshi (Annals Phyto-
pathol. Society, Japan), 3JJ2): 296-299, 1965. 11 refs.
The Perkins Roto-rod spore sampler has been modified
so that collection can be made by means of slides. The
original sampling surface was tubular, therefore, it
was difficult to examine transparent piricularia spores
under a microscope. The sampler has been used to
improve the method of forecasting disease outbreaks.
25
-------
CONTROL METHODS
E-0163
Fink
ANTIPOLLUTION PROGRAM AND MEASUREMENT
EQUIPMENT FOR CHECKING ON THE EFFECTIVE-
NESS OF THIS PROGRAM IN THE|ENTERPRISE. [Luft-
reinhaltung und messtechnische Moglichkeiten ihrer
innerbetrieblichen Uberwachung.] Translated from
German. Werkszeitschrift der Duisburger Kupferhutte,
H>{19):15-21, April 1965.
A general assessment of air pollution technologies re-
quired to set up an effective air control system is pre-
sented. The salient point of the paper centers around
an alternating light photometer which the Duisburg
Copper Smelting Plant has been successfully using. The
concentration measurements made with this home-made
photometer are based on the fact that gases reveal a
radiation absorption in certain wave length ranges which
depends on the gas concentration. By measuring this
radiation absorption at a certain wave length or in a
certain wave length range, the percentage of the harm-
ful gas after calibration of the photometer with gas-air
mixtures of varying concentrations can be indicated
directly.
E-2053
Dels, F.
DEVELOPMENT OF INSTALLATIONS FOR DESULPHU-
RIZING FLUE GASES IN NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN.
[Stand der Entwicklung von Anlagen zur Entschwefelung
von Abgasen im Land Nordrhein-Westfalen.] Translated
from German. Proceedings (Part I), International Clean
Air Congress, London, 1966, Paper VI/17, pp. 206-208.
In support of development of flue gas desulphurization
installations by the State of Northrhine-Westfalia dry
processes for desulphurization of hot flue gases are
being preferred. According to the Reinluftprocess a
plant with a capacity of 55, 000 Nm3/h in a chemical
factory is being started up. This installation is coupled
•with a sulphuric acid plant, a. Glaus oven plant, and an
oil burning installation. Another plant of this type with
et capacity of 33, 000 Nm3/h is being erected in con-
nection with ct pitcoal power station in order to test the
process with different kinds of furnaces. At the same
power station another desulphurization process is being
tested by blowing lime or dolomite into the boiler
(Wickert process). Finally at a coal-fired power station
another desulphurization plant has to be erected using
absorption of sulphur dioxide on wet lignite coal filters
ash (Still-process). (Author abstract)
E-0562
Hiinigen, E. andW. Prietsch
THE ELIMINATION OF NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES FROM
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. [Probleme und
Losungswege der Schadstoffbeseitigung bei Verbren-
nungsmotoren.] Translated from German. Technik,
2JL(6):377-383, June 1966.
The control of air pollution from internal combustion
engines is reviewed. A table is given of maximum
permissible concentrations of various components of
exhaust gases for East and West Germany, the USSR,
and the USA. Methods of measurement of various pol-
lutants are emphasized.
E-1125
Zanon, Domenico and Danilo Sordelli
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS OF AIR POLLUTION PROB-
LEMS FROM CHEMICAL PROCESSES. [Realizzazioni
nel campo della prevenzione dell'inquinamento atmos-
ferico di origine industrials.]] Translated from Italian.
Chimica e I'Industria, 48(3):251-261, March 1966.
A strict control of pollutant to be dispersed in the atmos-
phere offers technical and economic problems, both in
the design and the operation of chemical processing
units. Three examples of processes for which pollution
control has been established are described: SO2 derived
from contact sulfuric acid and from hydroxylamine
sulfate plants, nitrous gas from low- and high-pressure
nitric acid plants, and fluorine-containing effluents
from hydrogen fluoride production. The general ap-
proach, kind of abatement process adopted, materials
and construction costs are discussed.
E-2934
Martin, H.
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES AND THEIR DETOXI-
FICATION. Translated from German. Automobiltech-
nische Zeit, ^7(4):113-115, April 1965. 5 refs.
CO reduction by idling regulation according to the limits
set by a VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Society of
German Engineers) Directive •will make it possible to
reach an immediate solution that is optimal for European
conditions, provided cheap measuring instruments are
available. Because of the probable simultaneous de-
crease in the aldehyde component, the odor might also
become somewhat less at the same time. If the USA
should throttle German exports by stricter detoxification
regulations with respect to hydrocarbons, under some
circumstances still more would have to be done. Cer-
tainly further work will be done in the Federal Republic
on the motor side, including among other things an air
blast at the exhaust valve. In cases where this does
not suffice use will again be made of the reliable catalyst,
perhaps with the very same additional air blast at the
valve or with a self-regulating exhaust gas fresh air
ejector. The catalyst, as an optional pure exhaust
catalyst with bypass, might represent a future solution.
(Author's summary).
E-2957
Wolf, W. and K. Starke
EXHAUST GAS DETOXIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE
MOTORS. Translated from German. Motortechnische
Zeit, 26^(3): 102-104, March 1965.
The possibilities for detoxification of the exhaust gases
from Otto motors (spark ignition engines) are present-
ed and the results of experiments are described. For
four of the five devices already approved, experience
27
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
and experimental data are available. How the Chrysler
units and devices on the Man-Air-Ox principle will work
out in practice is still to be seen. In the matter of price
the last-mentioned units will probably have an advantage
since they can be taken care of along with routine ser-
vicing, while in catalyst units replacement of the sub-
stance about every 20, 000 km would be necessary.
(Authors' summary)
E-2971
Henrich, G.
PRACTICAL PROCESSES FOR REMOVING SOz FROM
EXHAUST GASES IN EXPERIMENTAL AND PERMA-
NENT INSTALLATIONS. [Praktische Erfahrungen zur
SO2-Beseitigung aus Abgasen in Versuchs- und Petriebs-
anlagen.] Translated from German. Lecture pre-
sented at the Congress and Exhibition on "Clean Air"
at Dusseldorf, Germany, June 4, 1965, 28p. 14refs.
The extent of sulfur dioxide emissions in various
branches of industry is given, and it is shown that the
power industry affects these emissions. Since sulphur
removal from fuel is technically difficult and expensive,
the desulphurization of flue gas at main emission points
is the only solution to the problem. Known methods for
flue gas desulphurization are described and compared,
and subsequently some of the processes tested in pilot
plants and on an industrial scale are explained in de-
tail. Numerous data are given on •washing methods
with limewater (Battersea) and water (Duisburger
Kupferhutte), and on the adsorption method using semi-
coke (Reinluft-method). (Author's summary)
E-3046
Nakagawa, S.
SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS IN EXHAUST SMOKE, ITS RE-
MOVAL, RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION BY WET
PROCESSES. Translated from Japanese. Japan Analyst
(Tokyo), 1_5_(8):872-881, Aug. 1966.
Thirteen wet absorption processes for the removal of
SO2 in industrial exhaust are reviewed and evaluated in
terms of efficiency, economy and recovery by-products.
Emphasis is placed on recovering SO2 in various useful
compound forms such as ammonium sulfate and gyosum.
A disadvantage of wet processes is that the tempe. ature
of exhaust gas decreases, resulting in the decrease of
thermal bouyancy and exhaust velocity. The necessary
booster power to make up for the difference in exhaust
velocity is calculated to be 25.7 KW, assuming the
temperature decrease of 80° C and certain typical con-
ditions such as the composition of exhaust gas. Using
the same assumed data as above, the effective height of
a. 50 m smoke stack becomes 142.12 m. Sulton's
equations give the maximum SO£ concentration between
2360 m and 15,840 m depending on the air temperature
gradient. From these calculations, it is concluded
that wet processes can be used profitably in controlling
air pollution if they are combined with appropriate
corrective measures.
E-3050
Stehn, Werner
PROBLEMS OF REMOVAL OF FLUE GAS FROM GAS
FIRES. [Probleme der Abgasabfuhrung von Gasfeuer-
statten.J Translated from German. Gas Erdgas GWF,
H>7(33):922-932, Aug. 1966. 4refs.
Methods of removing flue gases from several types of
home gas furnaces are described. The problems to
which each single method gives rise are thoroughly de-
scribed in a discussion section at the end of the article.
Specifically, the paper mentions conventional chimneys,
used either exclusively with gas heaters or with several
heaters at once, ducts which lead straight from heaters
through outer walls to the outside, community ducts,
and closed or so-called "se-ducts". Several cut-off
valves (dampers) to isolate given units from the main
removal duct are discussed, among them thermostatical-
ly controlled cut-off valves and mechanical ones, the
latter being either fully automatic or gas-pressure acti-
vated, electrically controlled or gas-pressure operated.
In conjunction with the discussion of conventional chim-
neys, the problem of "wet" chimneys is emphasized.
E-3204
Ehnert, W.
BEHAVIOR OF NITRIC OXIDE DURING ELECTRO-
STATIC GAS PURIFICATION, [tjber das Verhalten des
Stickstoffmonoxids bei der elektrostatischen Gasreini-
gung.] Translated from German. Brennstoff-Chemie,
47(9):273-274, Sept. 1966.
The effects of field intensities, ionizing-electrode dia-
meters, duration of the gas in the electrostatic purifier,
concentrations of nitric oxide in the gas, and the pres-
ence of unsaturated compounds upon the decomposition
of nitric oxide were measured by means of an experi-
mental electro-filter situated in a coke-oven plant.
Within the range of 0 to 3. 8 kv/cm, the quantities of
NO decline with increasing field intensity, this decline
amounting to only about 10 to 20 percent at field strengths
of 2 to 3 kv/cm which are commonly used in coke-oven
installations. Industrial-economic considerations, how-
ever, place a limit on the extent to which voltages can
be increased in practice. The period during which the
gases remain in the filter is a factor in the reduction
of NO content, but a doubling of this period from 6 to
12 seconds results in a maximum increase in the de-
composition rate of only 25 percent. The reduction in
NO tends first to decline and then to increase as the
diameter of the ionizing electrode is increased. The
most effective factor in the reduction of NO contents is
the addition of unsaturated compounds; thus the addition
of 2.5 ml cyclopentadiene per cu/m of gas increases
the loss of NO by a factor of 4 under certain experimen-
tal conditions. The experiments show that current com-
mercial coke-oven practice results in reductions of about
20 percent in NO content, and that an increase in the
field strengths together with a rise in the unsaturated-
compound contents can effect reductions of 50-60 percent.
E-3231
Takai, Masami and Fumiki Nakado
VENTILATION OF ROAD TUNNELS.
Translated from
23
-------
CONTROL METHODS
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air), 5(6):ZO-Z7, March
1966.
Ventilation of automobile exhaust from tunnels is dis-
cussed. The permitted level of CO concentration is
0.025 percent. The ventilation rate of a tunnel is de-
fined as the ratio of the amount of harmful gases to the
permitted level of each of them. Poor visibility is a
problem in tunnels due to smog. The tolerated concen-
tration of this substance is 30-50 percent. Equations
are given to define visibility. Three types of ventilation
systems are discussed: longitudinal, transverse, and
semi-transverse. The first semi-transverse system
in Japan was that of the TENNOZAN tunnel. The system
is discussed and explained with a cross-sectional dia-
gram and a. rough sketch of the whole tunnel.
E-4198
Kimura, K.
EFFICIENCY OF FILTERS FOR RADIOACTIVE AER-
OSOLS. Translated from Japanese. Rodo Kagaku (J.
Sci. Labor) (Tokyo), 42^10):696-702, Oct. 1966. 27
refs.
Electronmicroscopic photographs of thoron daughters
from thorium nitrate corrected by a thermal precipi-
tator, and an investigation of the relation between
filtering efficiency and the number of sheets of filter
paper used showed that the particle diameter of the
thoron daughter aerosols was very small and fairly
uniform in an examination of various kinds of dust
filters using radioactive solid aerosols of the thoron
daughters. Thoron and thoron daughters generated
from thorium nitrate in a flask were led through a
polyethylene tank to the dust filter to be tested. Several
kinds of dust filters were tested for their filtering ef-
ficiency by measuring the radioactivity of aerosols be-
fore and after filtration using a membrane. The filter-
ing efficiency was generally low in most kinds of dust
filters -which usually showed high filtering efficiency
for ordinary dust particles, due to the small particle
size of the radioactive aerosol. Fiber glass filters for
use in measurement of dust concentrations and A.C.G.
(asbestos, cellulose, fiber glass) filters showed over
99 percent filtering efficiency even for radioactive
aerosols.
E-4361
Gills, B. G. andE. L. Howe
OIL BURNERS FOR DOMESTIC USE: PRESENT STATE,
RECENT IMPROVEMENTS AND FUTURE DEVELOP-
MENTS. [Olbrenner fur den Hausbrand: Gegenwartiger
Stand, erzielte Verbesserungen und Moglichkeiten der
Weiterentwicklung.] Translated from German. Schwei-
zer Archiv, 31(4): 119-126, April 1965. 7 refs.
An oil furnace well built and maintained should cause no
intolerable air pollution. Soot and a smell of oil will
occur only in case of improper adjustment or perhaps
in starting up. In the latter case an inadequate means
of ignition, too low carburetor temperature, or ex-
cessive cooling of the flame may be the cause. Some
methods of combating this difficulty are described here
(beginning injection of fuel only after an adequate oil
pressure is achieved in the pressure atomizer burner;
as nearly continuous operation as possible for evapo-
rator furnaces; use of higher pressure for the air of
combustion). In pressure atomizer burners such dif-
ficulties can usually be traced to defective nozzler or to
poor combustion from other causes. Installations which
give rise to complaints must therefore be overhauled
and replaced if necessary. Determination of unburned
hydrocarbons is more difficult. Research in this field
concerns itself among other things with the following
problems: studies of the emission of unburned hydro-
carbons during the starting period; improved mixing of
air and oil mists; influence of systems for recirculating
smoke gases; ultrasonic and airfoam atomizer burners;
electrostatic oil atomizing; total evaporation of the fuel
in the vaporizer burner; and speed of combustion.
E-4862
Petersson, Folke
AGGRESSIVE SOOT—A SERIOUS CORROSION PROB-
LEM. [Aggresivt sot — ett allvarligt korrosionsprob-
lem.] Translated from Swedish. Tidsskrift for Varme,
Ventilation, Sanitet, No. 1, p. 19-24, 1967.
A review is presented of the corrosiveness of soot
particles, conventional protection methods, the pro-
cess of soot formation, the formation of sulfuric acid,
adsorption by soot particles, suppression of floe for-
mation, and practical tests conducted at Tekniska Hog-
skolan in Stockholm. An improvement is advanced; an
increase of the boiler water temperature when heating
with heavy oils appears to be justified. The increase
should be up to 150° C for the adsorption of aggressive
substances on soot particles to be adequately suppress-
ed. The proposed increase should result in reduced
damage to protective coatings, automobile lacquers,
ladies' stockings, and clothing where aggressive soot
floes easily produce point attacks. In addition the
corrosion on the fireside surfaces of the heating boilers
will be substantially reduced.
E-5137
Johswich, F. and E. Wahns chaffe
DESULFURIZATION OF FLUE GASES. [Entschwefe-
lung von Rauchgasen.] Translated from German. VIK
(Vereinigung Industrielle Kraftwirtschaft) Berichte, No.
155, p. 20-43, Aug. 1964. 3 refs.
The method for the desulfurization of flue gases accord-
ing to the dolomite procedure was investigated with the
help of a 175 t/hr oil boiler. The factor that was deci-
sive for desulfurization was the temperature that pre-
vailed in the boiler at the place where the desulfurization
material is inserted. The effect of the distribution, the
duration of time (in the boiler), the effect of the catalyst
and of the volume of the material to be used were of
secondary importance. It is understood on the basis of
the description of the experimental results, that these
results for the time being apply only to the experimental
boiler. Some of the basic problems could not be resolved
and new basic problems arose; these problems must be
answered for the purpose of planning and giving a guar-
antee in connection with the erection of a desulfurization
installation. Additional series of experiments are nec-
essary before the method is ready for actual operation.
(Authors' summary modified)
29
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-5275
Earth, Walter
THE EVOLUTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF DUST
REMOVAL. Translated from German. STAUB, 21(9):
382-390, Sept. 1961. 43refs.
Although the problems of dust nuisance are very old,
it has only been possible to speak of an actual dust-
collecting technology in the last 70 years. The basic
patents for filter dust collection and cyclone dust col-
lection were announced in 1886 and for electrical dust
collection in 1908. Between the first proposals and
final introduction of the methods into practice there was
a gap of between 20 and 40 years. The processes in
dust collection are in many cases of a technical flow
nature and hence can be treated by technical flow
methods. This is shown particularly for the case of
the development of the cyclone collector. On the basis
of newer knowledge, a systematology is proposed for
the cyclone collector using certain characteristic values.
E-5309
Betz, E. C. and H. J. Feist
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNING OF ORGANIC AIR POL-
LUTANTS. [Die katalytische Nachverbrennung von
organischen Luftverunreinigungen.J Translated from
German. Die Technik, 20(b): 395-400, June 1965.
Newly developed all-metal catalysts are discussed
which are designed on the basis of the building block
assembly system; in practice, they achieve an average
running time of 25, 000-35, 000 working hours. A
catalyst, which speeds up a reaction because of its
presence, without itself participating in the reaction,
reduces the decomposition temperature during com-
bustion. A reaction temperature of 250-350° C was
achieved with all-metal catalysts developed for catalytic
exhaust gas purification. The cold exhaust gases flow
through a heat exchanger and are preheated. Then they
are heated by means of oil burners, gas burners, or
electrical heating elements until they reach the catalytic
reaction temperature. A fan then moves the exhaust
gases to the catalyst where the irritants are oxidized.
The heat released during catalytic combustion is large-
ly recovered in the heat exchanger and it is used for
heating the cold exhaust gases as combustion here is
exothermal. At a reaction temperature of about 250-
350° C, all combustible components are oxidized in the
exhaust gas. As a result of the temperature increase in
the exhaust gas in the catalyst, the positive heat change
of this reaction can be measured which gives a. figure
directly proportional to the irritant concentration. The
catalytic exhaust gas purification unit thus serves as a
measurement instrument for the concentration of the
exhaust gas. A measurement system used for continual
surveillance is diagrammed. Applications of catalytic
afterburning are discussed in relation to the following:
drying and hardening processes, phthalic acid and maleic
acid anhydride production, nitric acid production, NO/
NO^ reduction.
E-6280
Sweden. Ministry of Communication Expert Group for
Development in the Field of Auto Exhaust
DIESEL EXHAUST GASES: INVESTIGATION WITH PRO-
POSALS FOR ACTION. [Dieselavgaser: Utredning med
forslag till atgarder. ] Translated from Swedish. Stock-
holm, Sept. 1967, 74p. 27refs.
Diesel exhaust emissions and methods of controlling
these emissions in Sweden are reviewed. The diesel
engine differs from the gasoline engine in several re-
spects, which have a decisive influence on the pollution
it emits. It uses a fuel that is less volatile than gasoline.
It normally works with a higher excess of air (leaner
mixture) and the devices for feed and ignition of the fuel
are quite different. Due to the discharge by individual
vehicles of dense smoke and by the discharge of foul-
smelling substances they have been pointed out by the
public as serious air polluters. Poor maintenance of
the engine or intentionally wrong pump adjustments can
result in the giving off of such dense smoke that this
can constitute a hazard for overtaking vehicles due to
impaired or obscured visibility. Diesel engines can
give off various types of smoke. One type is the heavy
load smoke, -which arises through load on a hot engine.
Exhaust gases from diesel vehicles, especially under
certain driving conditions, contain substances that are
irritating to eyes, nose and throat. These include:
oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide.
The smoke from a diesel engine can be limited by various
measures, undertaken on the engine or the fuel pump,
the fuel, and finally on the exhaust gases. Regular
maintenance of the engine is necessary to keep the smoke
values at the lowest possible level. Current and pro-
posed regulation of diesel exhaust emissions are dis-
cussed.
E-6678
Japan. Kanagawa Industrial Experiment Station
REMOVER OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE GAS. Translated
from Japanese. 5p. , 1967.
A method for removal and absorption of sulphur dioxide,
which is applicable to other gaseous substances, is de-
scribed. This equipment processes sulphur dioxide gas,
discharged by a smoke duct with water or a weak alkali
solution, fixing the sulphur dioxide gas in burned and
discharged gas. The processing water or fluid is a thin
membrane through which burned and discharged gas must
pass upon leaving. Effective absorption is achieved by
reducing the current speed of gas within the equipment.
Designs permit continual renewal of air liquid contact
and control of loss of gas pressure. With this system,
SO^ can be almost completely removed and large quan-
tities of gas can be processed at a low cost.
E-6835
(Anonymous)
STUDIES ON SMOKE PURIFICATION. Translated from
Italian. Fumi and Polveri, 6p):69-85, March 1966.
Testing conditions for chimney-mounted smoke purifiers
was to determined. The ultimate aim was to devise a
method for controlling the efficiency of such devices.
Five devices were tested, none of which had forced draft,
mechanical acceleration of the velocity of the combustion
gases, or water scrubbing. The effect of various wind
30
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CONTROL METHODS
speed on the velocities and the pressure drop in the de-
vices was measured in an experimental tunnel. The
capture efficiency of the devices was tested using cold
balsa and silica dusts to simulate soot agglomerates.
The efficiency was further tested on a restaurant
kitchen coal furnace, a screw-shaped coal burner in a
cast-iron boiler, a coal stove and a liquid fuel burner
mounted on the boiler. Stack samples were examined
by optical and electron microscopy and the deposits'
acidity was determined. Some test methods are pro-
posed.
E-6999L
Spengler, Gunter and Georg Michalczyk
SULFUR OXIDES IN SMOKE GASES AND IN THE AT-
MOSPHERE: A PROBLEM OF KEEPING THE AIR
CLEAN. [.Die Schwefeloxyde in Rauchgasen und in der
Atmosphare: Ein Problem der Luftreinhaltung.] Trans-
lated from German. VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)
Verlag, Dusseldorf, 1964, 152p. 53 refs.
Since there are no methods that will reliably prevent
SO2 emissions and at the same time operate with some
degree of economy and efficiency, a. compilation of the
literature available on this problem was arranged from
a. critical view point. The information is taken from
generally available literature, private communications
and reports by domestic and foreign agencies in govern-
ment and industry. The following subjects are dis-
cussed: The sulfur content of fuels; the formation of
SO2, SOs, and sulfuric acid; a general review of the
physiological influences of SO2 on man, animal, and
plants; the corrosion behavior of sulfur oxides; analyt-
ical methods for the determination of sulfur oxides; and
legal measures for keeping air clean in West Germany,
Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. Methods
for the removal of SO2 from smoke gases by absorption,
adsorption, catalytic oxidation, reduction, desulfuri-
zation of fuels, and control equipment are discussed.
Some economic and industrial problems connected with
the removal of SOo and a bibliography of 360 documents
and communications are included.
E-7228
Herrmann, E.
APPARATUS AND INSTALLATIONS FOR CATALYTIC
AFTERBURNING. [Apparate und Anlagen zur katalyti-
schen Nachverbrennung. ] Translated from German.
Chemie-Ingenieurwesen-Technik, 37/9):905-912, 1965.
The catalytic combustion of waste gases and vapors has
the purpose of keeping the air clean and producing heat
energy or infrared radiation. The simplest types of
catalysts are those used in diesel and Otto engines. For
burning industrial waste gases the catalysts become
more complex. Three different types most widely used
are catalysts whose active component is thinly spread
out over chromium-nickel-steel substrates, over ce-
ramic bars, and over the inner and outer surfaces of
small cylindrical ceramic bodies of various sizes. The
temperature of the waste gas is important for efficient
catalytic afterburning. The efficiency may increase
rather steeply by raising the temperature by only a few
degrees. The influences of the flow rate of the gas
through the afterburner on the efficiency is discussed in
detail. The useful life and possibilities for regeneration
of the catalysts is discussed. The costs of a catalytic
afterburning system are determined not only by the
catalyst but also by the requirement of a heat exchange
system or of preheating the waste gas. This applies
especially to waste gases of less than 1000 kcal/m^.
An example for such a system as well as for a catalytic
infrared radiator are briefly described.
E-8036
Wicke, E.
FUNDAMENTALS OF CATALYTIC AFTERBURNING.
[Grundlagen der katalytischen Nachverbrennung.] Trans-
lated from German. Chemie-Ing. Techn., 37(9):892-
904, Sept. 1965. 27 refs.
Catalytic afterburning proved itself as suitable for the
removal of objectionable and harmful impurities from
industrial exhaust gases in a number of instances. The
length of the catalyst stretch that must be passed by the
exhaust gases to attain a certain degree of conversion
(degree of oxidation) can be characterized in terms of
the 'length of a conversion unit' provided that the re-
action is first-order and proceeds approximately iso-
thermally. This term encompasses in a rational
manner the effects of reaction rate and catalyst activity
(including catalyst porosity and internal surface), gas
flowthrough, longitudinal mixing, and material transfer
between gas flow and catalyst surface. The material
transfer imposes minimum lengths for a. conversion
unit; these were explained in more detail for a particle
layer and for insert catalysts with perpendicular flow
within tube clusters. If the conditions deviate strongly
from formal kinetics of the first order, this treatment
no longer remains applicable, as has been shown on the
example of an autocatalytic oxidation of CO on a Pt
carrier catalyst. At higher concentrations of components
to be oxidized, increasing temperature profiles develop
along the catalyst layer: these were discussed under the
assumption that the operation is adiabatic. As the heat
generation and the activation energy of the reaction in-
crease, more and more of the total conversion will
crowd into a relatively short layer cross section with a
steep temperature gradient. Under certain conditions,
thermal instabilities may occur here for the catalyst.
These lead to the formation of 'combustion zones, '
which are stationary only at a characteristic 'combustion
rate' and gas flow rate within the catalyst layer. Curved
combustion zones are able to adapt themselves within
•wide ranges to changing gas flow rate by expansion or
shrinkage. Concentration profiles measured in a. com-
bustion zone created with a butane/oxygen mixture in-
dicate the intensity of the reaction in the steep tempera-
ture rise range. Combustion zones could be created at
relatively small temperature gradients and relatively
low intake temperatures in the autocatalytic oxidation
of CO on Pt catalysts. (Author's summary)
E-8989
Nakai, Yoshiyuki and Tetsuya Yokogawa
THE STUDY OF MULTI-PURPOSE GAS ABSORBER BY
WET PROCESS. Translated from Japanese. Kagaku
Kogyo [Chemical Industry] (Tokyo), ^_8(12):44-51, Dec.
1967.
31
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A wet process gas absorber developed at the Kanagawa-
Ken Industrial Experiment Laboratory was tested to de-
termine its efficiency in eliminating sulfur dioxide. Its
compact size, minimum pressure loss and absorption
speed, are described favorably. This absorber can also
be used as a dust collector, or as a cooling tower as
well as for desulfurization. Detailed test results are
not given. The provision of several thin mesh screens
inside the absorption tower increased liquid surface
contact with the gas and permitted the comparatively
small equipment to handle large quantities of gas. The
relationships between the height of the liquid screen
and the liquid/gas ratio are calculated to show that by
increasing the number of screens, the concentration of
SO2 gas can be reduced to the desired level. Further
tests were then carried out at a steel factory in Kawasa-
ki, Japan, and the results tabulated. 4,200 m3/hr (at
40° C) exhaust gas with a liquid/gas ratio of 0.78 show-
ed 85 percent absorption.
E-9607
Veverka
DESIGN OF AN AMMONIACAL DESULFURIZATION
UNIT FOR 100 MW. [Entwurf einer ammoniakalischen
Entschwefelungsstrasse fur 100 MW.] Translated from
German. In: Proceedings, International Symposium on
Air Purification and the Utilization of Sulfur Dioxide and
Fly Ash from Steam Power Plants, Libllce (Czechoslo-
vakia), Oct. 1965, p. 98-104.
A method is presented whereby SO? is removed from
power plant stack gases with ammonia scrubbing. The
gases, containing 0. 15 to 0. 30 mole-percent SO;?, are
cooled to 160° C, washed in a "bicyclic" (two-stage)
scrubbing system, reheated to increase subsequent
thermal plume rise, and then exhausted. The absorption
solution is regenerated by boiling. SO^ in the resulting
vapor is condensed and dried "with H2SO4- Ammomium
sulfate is a by-product. The following topics are dis-
cussed qualitatively: corrosion, system heat balance,
heat conservation, fly-ash removal, materials of con-
struction, and economics.
E-10836
cyclone separator to the operating conditions in practice,
further real improvements should be achieved.
E-10886
Fiala, E. andE.-G. Zeschmann
THE AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GAS PROBLEM. [Zum
Abgasproblem der Strassenfahrzeuge. ] Translated from
German. Automobiltech. Z. (Stuttgart), 67(9):419-422,
1967. 58 refs.
The problem of improving the automobile exhaust gas
composition is discussed on the basis of literature and
original experiments. Various sources of undesirable
exhaust gas components are listed and discussed. Meas-
ures for improving the exhaust gas composition such as
traffic flow control and engine modifications are analyzed
in detail. Changes in compression ratio, setting of idling
speed for lean mixture, cutting of fuel supply during
braking, heating of engine for cold starts, etc. are some
of the modifications discussed. A lower compression
ratio in diesel engines and ci limited fuel injection would
improve diesel exhaust gases. Also electric drives are
covered. It is concluded that Diesel and Otto engine ex-
haust can be substantially improved if a somewhat lower
performance is accepted. A prerequisite for such meas-
ures would be legislation binding for all manufacturers.
A unified European solution is recommended.
E-10888
Keller, Helmut
AN AIR-COOLED OSCILLATING MOTOR. [Ein luftge-
kiihlter Wankelmotor.] Translated from German. MTZ
Motortech. (Stuttgart), 2^(4): 165-167, April 1965.
The characteristics of a rotating piston gasoline engine
(Wankel engine) designated as KM 37 are described in
detail. The advantages are the lower gasoline consump-
tion and the torque which is effective for 270° of shaft
revolution while this is more than in two-stroke or four-
stroke engines. Design and manufacturing details of the
engine whose serial production was started in 1964 are
described.
Barth, Walter and Ludwig Leineweber
EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF CYCLONE SEPARATORS.
[Beurteilung und Auslegung von Zyklonabscheidern. J
Translated from German. STAUB (Diisseldorf), 24(2):
41-55, Feb. 1964. 19 refs.
In the assessment of the capacity of cyclone separators,
it is necessary to consider the plant costs, space re-
quirement and operating costs in addition to the separating
performance. A system is developed with the aid of
•which, under given operating conditions, an optimal de-
sign of the cyclone separator can be achieved. The
magnitude of the torsional force in the cyclone separator
is determined both experimentally and by calculation and
conclusions are made about the separating performance
to be achieved. With the aid of a model experimental rig
for cyclone separators, the influence of the various con-
structional parameters on pressure loss and separating
performance are evaluated. The experimental results
are compared with theoretically calculated results and
good agreement is found. By better matching of the
E-10926
Alekseyeva, M. V., A. S. Ozerskiy, and V. A. Khrusta-
leva
DECREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC EX-
HAUST FROM AUTOMOBILE ENGINES, [o snizhenii
kontsentratsii toksicheskikh otrabotannykh gazov avto-
mobil1 nykh dvigatelei.] Translated from Russian.
Glgiena i Sanit. , Vol. 27, p. 3-7, Dec. 1962. 1 ref.
Automobile engines idling during change of gear, braking,
or standing operate in a. regime during which the toxicity
of exhaust gases increases substantially. This is due to
the fuel rich mixture yielding a high percentage of incom-
plete combustion products. This phenomenon has been
studied and an air-fuel ratio regulator was developed
which is mounted in the intake line and starts operation
automatically when the engine idles. Gas samples with
and without the device were analyzed under various opera-
ting conditions. Without the device carbon monoxide con-
tents ranged from 3. 2 to 7. 8 percent while with use of
32
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CONTROL METHODS
the device it was only 0.4 percent. Also the concentra-
tion of benzene, acrolein, and formaldehyde decreased
substantially. The device was tested on city buses with
good results.
E-109Z7
Kohn, Hellmuth
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DUST COLLECTION BY
MEANS OF CLOTH FILTERS. Translated from German.
STAUB (Diisseldorf), 2J.(9):437-443, Sept. 1961. 11 refs.
The problem of correctly classifying the various types
of cloth dust filters available for industrial use is dis-
cussed. Emphasis is placed on filtering characteristics
in relation to the nature of the dust layer which remains
on the cloth during filtering. Two instruments most
suitable for measurement under test conditions are de-
scribed: the dust mass probe and the velocity probe.
Formulas, graphs, and tables are given to demonstrate
the methods used to evaluate different materials and
circumstances best suited for specific industrial appli-
cations.
E-10932
Nickel, Werner
ON PRACTICAL USE OF THE CENTRIFUGAL DUST
SEPARATOR. Translated from German. STAUB (Dusse-
Idorf), ^3_(11):509-512, Nov. 1963. 4 refs.
A centrifugal dust separator of 200 mm diameter was
tested for coal and stone dusts. The separator had been
previously developed for a capacity of 350 m-Vhr. The
problem of increasing the capacity of such a unit is dis-
cussed by increasing the size of a single unit or by
arranging several units in a multi-cell installation.
Pilot units of 500 mm and 1000 mm diameter were test-
ed and up-scaling of methods were theoretically develop-
ed. Development of a large multicell unit with a capac-
ity of 30,000 m-^/hr for dust collection in a, tar-macadam
plant is also discussed.
E-10933
Schaufler, Erwin, Karl Heinz Oehrlich, and Karl Rudolf
Schmidt
THE CENTRIFUGAL DUST SEPARATOR. Translated
from German. STAUB (Diisseldorf), 23(4):228-230, April
1963. 1 ref.
The principle of a newly developed dust separator is
explained. The operation of the separator is based on a
vortex generated by countercurrent gas injection into the
raw gas moving upwards in a vertical tube. To rein-
force the separating effect a drop shaped bluff body is
placed in the tube. Separation efficiencies for different
particle size fractions were determined in a 200 mm
diameter separator. Tests with larger units (300-1000
mm diam.) have also been conducted. The installation
of a separator into the smoke stack of a power plant
(2-2.5 m diam.) is being planned.
E-10934
Schmidt, Karl Rudolf
PHYSICAL BASIS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE CENTRI-
FUGAL DUST SEPARATOR. Translated from German.
STAUB, (Dvisseldorf), 23(11):491-501, Nov. 1963. 8 refs.
The physical principle of a new centrifugal dust separator
is described in detail. First the theory of rotational and
potential flows including source and sink flows is analyzed.
Then the theory of the separator is derived. The separa-
tor is based on the principle that the raw gas flows up-
wards in a vertical tube and a secondary gas stream is
injected countercurrently. The latter imparts a rotating
motion which effects separation of the dust. This prin-
ciple is compared with that of a conventional cyclone,
and the advantages are evaluated. The vortex source
effective in the centrifugal dust separator is responsible
for its higher efficiency as compared with a cyclone work-
ing on the basis of an eddy sink.
E-10935
Klein, Heinrich
DEVELOPMENT AND CAPACITY LIMITS OF THE CEN -
TRIFUGAL DUST SEPARATOR. Translated from German.
STAUB (Diisseldorf), 2_3_(11):501-509, Nov. 1963. 17 refs.
The development of a pilot model of a centrifugal dust
separator is described in detail. The separator is based
on the principle that the gas containing the dust flows up-
wards in a vertical tube and a secondary air jet is in-
jected at a certain angle countercurrently into the gas.
The raw gas inlet design, the jet angle and configuration,
the pressure ratios, the possibility of using more than
one jet, the efflux baffle design, prerotation of raw gas
and other parameters affecting the separation rate and
efficiency were studied. Also upscaling of units is treat-
ed.
E-10936
Hedwall, Ake
SOOT FALLOUT — UNAVOIDABLE? [Sotnedfall —
ofrankomligt?] Translated from Swedish. K-Kontur
(Stockholm), Vol. 1, p. 17-20, 1965.
The problem of soot pollution in Stockholm is discussed.
Despite extensive research in combustion technology,
approximately 15 tons of soot settle over Stockholm every
day. Aspect of the problem, such as building codes,
effect of oil burning, size of flue area, height of smoke-
stacks are mentioned. The importance of dust separators
is stressed. A plea is made for increased attention,
through regulatory means, if necessary, to the improve-
ment of fuel combustion so as to reduce by at least 75
percent the amount of soot emitted into the atmosphere
at present. A system of continuous soot removal from
furnace surfaces by water scrubbing recommended by
some manufacturers, is rejected as leading to damage
by water pollution.
E-114Z2
Japan. Air Filtering System Designing Committee
STUDIES CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC
33
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
POLLUTION ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT AND
MEASURES TO PREVENT POLLUTION. Translated
from Japanese. J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoo., ^(5):1-
31. Jan. 1967. 24 refs.
Indoor and outdoor pollution -were compared to determine
the various capacities of air cleaning and ventilation
equipment for reducing the effects of atmospheric pol-
lution on the indoor environment. The results were used
to establish the standards for the installation of air clean-
ing equipment in a building. The building selected was
provided with two air filters "with high dust efficiencies.
The following items were determined: 1. Change in out-
door air pollution with time; 2. Change in indoor air pol-
lution with time; 3. Air quantity of ventilation system;
4. Quantity of air infiltrating into the building; 5. Air
pollution upstream and downstream of air filters; 6.
Changes in the number of people in the room; and 7.
State of smoking in the room. The results were analyzed
and compared with theoretically calculated data concern-
ing the efficiency of air cleaning equipment. In order to
know the state of particles floating in the air, the follow-
ing measurements were necessary: 1. concentration of
particles; 2. distribution of particle size; 3. physio-
chemical composition; and 4. change in particle concen-
tration with time and space. Two methods were applied
for dust concentration measurements: the discoloration
method, measuring the optical density of the filter paper,
and the weight method, measuring the relationship be-
tween optical density and the weight density of the dust.
The dust removing efficiencies of the installed air filters
were calculated from their upstream and downstream
dust concentrations. From the data obtained, the dust
quantity generated in a room was calculated.
E-11445
Kohn, Hellmuth
CLOTH FILTERS FOR THE REMOVAL OF DUST FROM
CUPOLA AND ELECTRIC FURNACES. [Gewebefilter
fur die Entstaubung von Kupolofen und Elektroofen.]
Translated from German. STAUB, 2.3(11): 530-535, Nov.
1963.
Cloth filter installations for dust removal from waste
gases from a hotblast cupola furnace with recuperator,
two electric reduction furnaces, and a 60-ton electric
smelting furnace are described in detail. Cupolafur-
naces and electric furnaces emit a very find dust which
in all cases must be designated as a nuisance. In the
dry collection of these dusts, very high efficiency col-
lectors are necessary. Recently cloth filters have been
used in Germany with success. With residual dust con-
tents which lie in the order of magnitude of mg per m ,
the waste gas plumes are no longer visible. In many
cases, however, the high "waste temperatures must be
reduced by connecting coolers in series.
E-11446
Schnitzler, Hermann
DRY ELECTRO-FILTERS FOR DUST REMOVAL IN
CUPOLA FURNACES. [Trocken-Elektrofilter zur Kupol-
ofenentstaubung. ] Translated from German. STAUB,
^4(6):201-205, June 1964. 4 refs.
A dry electro-precipitator for cleaning cooled combustion
gases from a. hotblast cupola furnace, after passage
through the recuperator, is described. It removes about
94 percent of the dust with a resulting dust content of
about 60 mg per m3. The relationship between the quan-
tity of injected water and the efficiency of dust removal
ind electrical dust resistivity are reported. For optimal
efficiency in cleaning off the precipitation plates, a pause
length of 15 minutes between rapping periods was chosen
upon investigation. Interim results obtained on a new
type of electroprecipitator, in which the electrodes are
situated perpendicular to the flow of gas, are also re-
ported.
E-11454
Corver, H.
AIR POLLUTION AND AGRICULTURE. [Pollution at-
pherique et agriculture.] Translated from French.
federation Europeenne Agr. Publ. (Brugge), Vol. 24,
mos
Confi
p. 182-194, 1963.
Planning measures are the prime requirement for avoid-
ing setbacks to agriculture due to air pollution now and
in the future. These measures concern the location of
industrial sites with regard to agriculture areas, con-
sideration of meteorological conditions, the surface con-
figuration, the height of chimneys and the concentration
of industries. In addition, further research must be
encouraged with regard to the sources of impurities and
measures to prevent or restrict air pollution. Uniform
methods for measuring the levels and for setting limits
to air pollution must be established. The agricultural
industry must do more agricultural research and must
study the results. The minimum requirements for air
purity and sunlight for maintenance of reasonable
agricultural production can thus be formulated. The
agricultural community roust be considered and consulted
as an important participant in discussions.
E-11460
Johswich, F.
REMOVING SULFUR FROM FLUE GAS: SIGNIFICANCE
AND PRACTICAL POSSIBILITIES. Translated from
German. Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, _14(3): 105-115, 1962.
21 refs.
A critical survey of the basic processes for the removal
of SO2 is presented, with emphasis on economic feasi-
bility. Additive and wet scrubbing procedures are gen-
erally unsuitable. Of dry absorption and adsorption pro-
cedures, the latter have more successful prospects in
relation to technical applicability and economic feasi-
bility. Of the absorbents, only activated charcoal is
suitable at the present time, in spite of its high cost.
The development of a new process has placed the appli-
cation of activated charcoal on an economically feasible
basis. The need for activated charcoal is avoided in
the pure-air process (Reinluft) in that the material used
is not prepared activated charcoal, but cheap semicoke
or hard coal, peat, brown coal, and other similar carbon
carriers, calcinated at about 600° C. Without additional
provisions and expenditures, they activate themselves
during their application. The pure-air process is dis-
cussed in detail, indicating useful information on econom-
ic replaceability, required floor space, auxiliary mate-
rials, utilizability of amounts collected, adaptability,
34
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CONTROL METHODS
corrosion, other gas pollutants, reconstruction of exist-
ing apparatus, flues, and areas of application and tech-
nical position.
E-1165Z
Kmoch, H.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF REFUSE INCINERATORS.
[Automatische Steuerung von MUllverbrennungsanlagen.J
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
^(8):402-403, Aug. 1964.
The devices (such as temperature controllers, control
valves, air blowers, etc.) required for control guidance,
and monitoring of plants for refuse incineration only
and plants for refuse incineration with heat utilization
are discussed and illustrated. In design work, con-
sideration must be given to the fact that the plants are
usually operated by relatively unskilled personnel, also
that the very rough operation of the plant with much fly
dust and acid effluents requires tough and corrosion-
resistant devices. It is also important for the control
system to be protected against interruption in operation
by blockage. In the heat utilization design, the scheme
of the units conforms to a great extent to that of a steam
generating plant; auxiliary oil or gas firing may be used
to provide extra steam during peak load periods.
E-11658
Ochs, Hans-Joachim
THE USE OF AIR FILTERS IN REFUSE INCINERATION
PLANTS. [Einsatz von Luftfiltern in Mullverbrennungs -
anlagen. ] Translated from German. Wasser Luft und
Betrieb, 8(9): 535-537, Sept. 1964.
A recirculating filter system equipped with a sludge-free
fine-filter for collecting dust in a refuse incinerating
plant in Hamburg, Germany is described and illustrated.
Much dust invariably rises from refuse storage bins
located underneath the furnaces and must be controlled.
The air filter system used involves spraying a wetting
material under pressure through the recirculation cells
from the wetting material container from underneath the
recirculating filter element that is normally used only
for the wetting agent for contact rinsing. The wetting
material, as it passes through the recirculating filter
cells, loosens the accumulated dust deposited on the
cells, becomes enriched with it, and forms a sludge
precipitate at its bottom. This sludge, in turn, is dis-
charged at the bottom of the wetting material container
and passed to settling tanks "whence it is recirculated
into the system after subsequent settling and filtration.
35
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-0074
Pukhov, V. A.
EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY AND
HYPERFUNCTION ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RATS
AND MICE TO CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. Trans-
lated from Russian. Farmakologiya i toksikologiya,
£7(3): 343-345, June 1964. 8 refs.
The aim of this work was to study the effect of adreno-
cortical insufficiency and hyperfunction on resistance to
carbon monoxide poisoning. A total of 138 rats and 45
mice of both sexes was used. CO poisoning was pro-
duced through static asphyxiation with concentrations
of CO at 10 and 1. 6 mg/1 with exposures of 15, 30, and
180 minutes. Eight days before the asphyxiation the
adrenals were removed from 25 rats, autotransplants
of the adrenals were performed on 63 rats by Kulagin
and Shurygin's method. In one of the series of experi-
ments 15 mice were given intramuscular injections of
0. 2 unit/kg of ACTH for a week before asphyxiation.
The following indicators were studied: Length of life
and animal behavior during and after asphyxiation, res-
piratory rate per minute, rectal temperature, body
weight, leucocyte and eosinophil count, blood formula.
The adrenal transplants were examined histologically.
Following adrenalectomy the animals were listless, in-
hibited, and slow to react to tactile and pain stimuli for
a period of 5 to 7 days. Within a week after the opera-
tion, 45 percent of the animals showed a drop in body
weight of 10 to 20 grams and a 23 percent reduction in
oxygen consumption. The adrenalectomized rats were
more subject to pustular diseases of the skin. Within A
week after removal of the adrenals the number of eosin-
ophils had more than doubled; the leucocyte count in-
creased an average of 8000. A week after adrenalec-
tomy the sensitivity of rats to CO increases. Sensitivity
of rats to CO poisoning remains high during the first 2
weeks after autotransplantation of the adrenals. A
month after the operation this sensitivity is close to the
resistance of intact animals. Preliminary injections of
ACTH increases the resistance of rats to CO.
F-0093
Kozlov, V. M. and V. D. Turovskiy
BERYLLIUM: TOXICOLOGY, CLINICAL ASPECTS OF
DISEASES AND LABOR HYGIENE. [Berilliy: Toksiko-
logiya, klinkia porazheniy, gigiyena truda.] Translated
from Russian. State Publishing House for Literature in
the Field of Atomic Science and Technology, Moscow.
Dec. 3, 1962, 32p. 27 refs.
This report is a translation of parts of the Russian-
language book by Kozlov and Turovskiy: toksiko
logiya, klinika porazheniy, gigiyena truda. The follow-
ing chapters are included: (1) Experimental Toxicology
of Beryllium and Its Compounds; (2) Labor Hygiene in
Working with Beryllium; (3) Protection of the External
Environment from Beryllium Contamination.
F-2105
Tacquet, A. , A. Collet, B. Devulder, J. -C. Martin,
A. Policard and Ch. Gernez-Rieux
DUST-COATING OF THE LUNGS AND EXPERIMENTAL
INFECTION BY MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASH. I. IN-
FLUENCE OF- INERT DUST AND OF DIFFERENT
INFECTANT DOSES. [Empoussierage pulmonaire et
infection experimentale par Mycobacterium Kansasii.
I. Influence des poussieres inertes et de differentes
doses infectantes.J Translated from French. Path. -
Biol., l£(15-l6/17-18):781-789, 1966.
In an effort to define the mechanism of the interaction
between dusts and infections in the parenchyma of the
lung, the authors studied the influence of the inhalation
of inert dusts, which had been deprived of all true chem-
ical toxicity, on experimental infection with Mycobac-
terium Kansasii var. luciflavum in the guinea pig. Bio-
logical, radiological, histo-pathological and bacterio-
logical examinations were carried out systematically
and showed the aggravating influence of carbon dust on
this type of infection. Inhalation of dust is sufficient to
convert a local inoculum which is usually incapable of
provoking lesions into a pathogenic one. This aggrava-
ting influence of dust shows itself by important radio-
logical, anatomical and histo-pathological changes and
by a considerable increase in the number of germs iso-
lated from the parenchyma of the lung. It is a function
of the importance of the bacteriological inoculum and
the time of infection, before or after the influence of
the dust. It does not appear after inoculation with non-
viable germs. (Authors' summary)
F-2106
Tacquet, A. , A. Collet, J. -C. Martin, B. Devulder,
and Ch. Gernez-Rieux
COATING OF LUNGS WITH DUST AND EXPERIMENTAL
INFECTION BY MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII. II. IN^
FLUENCE OF VARIOUS ANTITUBERCULOSIS SUB-
STANCES. [Empoussierage pulmonaire et infection
experimentale par Mycobacterium kansasii. n. Influ-
ence de diverses substances antituberculeusesJ Trans-
lated from French. Path.-Biol. , ,U(1 5-16/1 7-18): 790-
795, 1966.
After defining the aggravating effect of the inhalation of
inert dusts on the development of experimental myco-
bacterial infection, the role of anti-tuberculous chemo-
therapy in the guinea pig submitted to the double effect
of dust and infection is studied. It is shown that when
"in vitro" active antibacterial substances are used on
the strain of mycobacterium, they are capable of atten-
uating and avoiding serious tuberculous lesions in the
lungs of untreated animals if given early and regularly.
Previous dust inhalation in the guinea pig allows germs
which are only slightly pathogenic to form lesions and
this gives excellent "in vivo" conditions for the study
of the activities of new anti-tuberculous substances on
so called "atypical" mycobacteria, which are sometimes
responsible for chronic infection. (Authors' summary)
F-2283
Burda, A. S. and N. A. Oborin
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF CYTOCHROME C IN
ACUTE CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN ANIMALS.
Translated from Russian. Gigiyena Truda i Professi-
onal'nyye Zabolevaniya, Vol. 7, p. 56-57, August 1963.
14 ref.
The intravenous injection of 3. 5-2. 25 my/pr kg of weight
in rabbits severely poisoned with carbon monoxide has
shown therapeutic value. Cytochrome C in the above
37
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
amounts was completely safe for the rabbits. In the
light of the literature on the effectiveness of cytochrome
C for carbon monoxide coma and other hypoxemic states
in human beings, it is recommended that the substance
be tested clinically.
F-2591
Datsenko, I. I.
THE EFFECT OF AERO IONIZATION ON THE ANIMAL'S
ORGANISM IN CO INTOXICATION. [Vliyanie aeroioni-
zatsii no organizm zhivotnykh pri intoksikatsii okis'yu
ugleroda.] Translated from Russian. Gigiena i Sanita-
riya, 29J8), Aug. 1964. 1 ref.
Intoxication of the organism with carbon monoxide results
in a decrease of activity of the cholinesterase of blood
serum. This can be used as a sensitive index of the
degree of poisoning. Changes in the organism under
chronic intoxication with carbon monoxide are persistent,
as demonstrated by the incomplete restoration of the
activity of cholinesterase for three months after the
inspiration of CO stopped. The use of air ionization had a
a favorable effect on the organism under conditions of
the action of carbon monoxide on the body.
F-2924
Hamelin and Muler
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF COCHLEO-VESTI-
BULAR DISORDERS DUE TO OXYCARBONATED IN-
TOXICATION. [Contribution a 1'etude des troubles
cochleo-vestibulaires de Pintoxication oxycarbonee. J
Translated from French. A thesis for a degree at the
Academy of Paris. 1957, 66p. 33 refs.
Cochleo-vestibular disorders are observed rather rarely
in oxycarbonated intoxication, especially with respect to
its great frequency. In effect, carbon monoxide does
not exercise an elective toxic action upon the ear .'Essen-
tially it causeG general and nervous manifestations and
it produces hearing disorders and objective vestibular
disorders only occasionally. Their rarity may perhaps
be more apparent than real because these disorders are
often discreet and are really in the background in the
general and rather severe picture of acute intoxications;
they are often voluntarily overlooked in the case of
chronic intoxication which is above all objective and even
this chronic intoxication is often overlooked. However,
the literature on the subject does offer several observa-
tions of indisputable cochleo-vestibular lesions; these
observations have been published during or after cases
of intoxication due to carbon monoxide. Three cases of
acute intoxication are reported.
F-2959
Zenk, H.
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN OTOLOGICAL IN-
DUSTRIAL AND MEDICAL EXPERT TESTIMONY PRAC-
TICE. [CD-Intoxikationen in der otologisch-arbeitsme-
dizinischen Gutachterpraxis.] Translated from German.
Int. Archiv fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene,
2
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-3Z14
Japan. Ministry of Health and Welfare
REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF
THE EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST ON THE
HUMAN BODY. Translated from Japanese. Kuki Seijo
Japan. Air Gleaning Assoc. (Tokyo), 4(l):39-43,
1966.
The measurement of CO, soot, nitrogen oxides, SOz,
503, and hydrocarbons and their medical psychological
effects on the human body were investigated in Septem-
ber 1965 in two regions with contrasting amounts of
daily traffic. A quiet region to be considered was the
vicinity of Ohara-Machi Setagagya-ku, Tokyo, and the
other was in the vicinity of the National Hygienic Lab-
oratory at Yoga-cho Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. The results
are stated categorically for each air pollutant. To
determine environmental effects, meteorological data
were supplied by Tokyo District Central Meteorological
Observatory.
F-3Z24
Raymond, V. and R. Nussbaum
ON CEMENT-PLANT DUST AND ITS EFFECTS ON
MAN, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS. [A propos des pous-
sieres de cimenteries et de leurs effets sur I'homme,
les plantes et les animaux.J Translated from French.
Pollution Atmospherique, 8(31):284-294, July-Sept.
1966. 39 refs.
A summary is given of the principles of cement manu-
facture during which dust is produced (consisting of fine
powders of partially decarbonated calcium carbonate,
silicates, and sulfates) and the studies of the dust's
effects on plants (little importance with respect to wild
animals). Lung diseases, bronchitis, and emphysema
have been noted among cement workers, but negative
results were obtained from the rare studies of the
neighboring population of cement works. The paper is
a summary of classical information in the field.
(Authors' summary)
F-3239
Tsutomu, Umezawa
AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST AND HEALTH IMPAIRMENT.
Translated from Japanese. Kuki Seijo [j. Air Cleaning
Assoc.] (Tokyo), 3_(6):28-33, March 1966.
A list of physical, psychological, and nervous systems
of exhaust gas poisoning compiled by a committee on
exhaust of the Sanitation Association of Japanese Indus-
try is given . The HbCo (carboxyhemoglobin) in the
human blood and CO concentration in the air "were meas-
ured at two intersections in Tokyo to determine their
relation. Methods of determining the danger level of
CO in the air and in human blood are discussed. The
composition of CO, SO2, and 803 and organic substan-
ces in the automobile exhaust from two types of Japa-
nese cars, ISUZU BERERU 2000, and NISSAN DATSUN
with the gasoline 'Mobil Special' is determined at dif-
ferent speeds and with different gears.
F-3704
Jerzykowski, Tadeusz and Stanislaw Nowak
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE CARBON MONOXIDE POI-
SONING ON THE RIBOFLAVIN LEVEL IN BLOOD AND
TISSUES. [Wplyw ostrego zatrucia tlenkiem wegla na
poziom ryboflawiny we krwi i tkankach.J Translated
from Polish. Acta Physiologica Polonica, 14(1):115-
126, 1963. 22 refs.
In the course of investigations of the effect of various
substances, components of the respiratory enzymes,
on carbon monoxide poisoning and other forms of anoxia,
an interest was taken in the biochemical alterations
accompanying hypoxia. Some reports indicate that the
blood level of riboflavin (vitamin 63) is lowered in rab-
bits subjected to acute carbon monoxide poisoning. The
aim of the present work was to perform more detailed
analyses. The investigations were carried out on 23
white rats and 27 rabbits. Riboflavin was supplied in a
concentration of 3 mg percent during three days before
the experiment. The animals were poisoned in a special
chamber by a mixture of carbon monoxide with air. The
contents of the vitamin B^ in the muscles and liver were
estimated fluorimetrically. Riboflavin in blood was also
determined. As the result of experiments the following
average standard values of total riboflavin were recorded:
in rabbits - blood 21 gamma percent, muscles 199 gam-
ma percent, liver 960 gamma percent; in rats - muscles
393 gamma percent, and liver 1313 gamma percent-
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning in rabbits brings about
a statistically significant decrease in total riboflavin in
muscles (by 25 percent). No similar changes in the
liver of poisoned rabbits were observed. On the contrary,
the acute poisoning evokes in rats no significant dif-
ferences in the riboflavin concentration of liver and
muscle tissues. The changes of riboflavin concentration
in the muscles and blood of rabbits are connected "with
the general stress effect of carbon monoxide poisoning.
F-3705
Grudzinska, Barbara
ENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN CASES OF CHRO-
NIC EXPOSURE TO CARBON MONOXIDE IN AIR. [obraz
elektroencefalograficzny w przypadkach przewleklej
ekspozycji na male stezenia tlenku wegla w powietrzu.]
Translated from polish. Folia Medica Cracoviensia,
5_(3):493-515, 1963. 50 refs.
Neurological tests and the EEC method have shown that
exposure to low concentration of CO are not responsible
for extensive damage to the central nervous system. It
is, however, possible that chronic exposure to CO has a
retarding influence on the bioelectric activity of the
brain tissue, manifested in clinical pattern as the neu-
rasthenic syndrome. EEC tracing with inhibitory effect
on bioelectric activity frequently found in cases of chronic
exposure to CO occurs in some physiological phases of
healthy individuals, particularly in various types of neu-
roses and pseudo-neuroses, and is not a unique charac-
teristic of carbon monoxide. EEC examinations in cases
of chronic exposure to CO may be of value as a means to
control the existence of harmful conditions in considering
large groups of exposed individuals. In single instances,
EEC examination alone cannot be considered as decisive.
39
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-3848
Toyama, Toshio
STUDIES ON AEROSOLS: SYNERGISTIC RESPONSE OF
THE PULMONARY AIRWAY RESISTANCE ON INHALING
SODIUM CHLORIDE AEROSOLS AND SO£ IN MAN.
Translated from Japanese. Sangyo Igaku, £(2): 18-24,
Feb. 1962. 26 refs.
While inhalation of sodium chloride aerosols showed no
irritating response in all the cases, SO2 gas induced
remarkable increases of airway resistance in a study
calculating the pulmonary air flow resistances in 1 3
healthy male adults. Alveolar pressure and the flow
rate in and out the airway were measured by the inter-
ruption technique, and pneumotachometry and responses
were compared after 5-rnin inhalations of submicronic
NaCl aerosols, SO2 in concentrations of 1. 6-56. 0 ppm,
and an SO2-aerosol mixture. Monodisperse saline aero-
sols with CMD 0. 22 microns were generated from 2 per-
cent NaCl solution through a Dautrebande D30 device,
and SO2 inhaled -was ejected from the iron pressure tube
through e. capillary rotameter to obtain constant concen-
tration. The enhanced response to SO2 gas was 2 to 50
percent above the pre-experimental control value. When
the SO2-aerosol mixture was inhaled, the percentage
response change increased synergistically, showing 20
to 80 percent above the control value. A hypothetical
explanation on the synergism may be made by La Belle's
theory which involves pulmonary penetration of particles
and gas in terms of size and Henry's constant. (Author's
summary modified)
F-3903
Kiyoo, Matsui, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Tetsuji Kojima, and
Akitaka Inada
A SYMPTOM-COMPLEX DUE TO INHALATION OF
CASTOR BEAN DUST. Translated from Japanese. Jap.
J. Indust. Health, 4(11):23-30, Nov. 1962.
Acute conjunctival congestion, chill, fever, leucocytosis
with neutrophilia, albuminuria and excessive urobilino-
gen in the urine have occurred as acute ricin intoxica-
tion by inhalation of castor bean dusts, and expiratory
dyspnea and cough have occurred by allergen inhalation
after the sensitization in workers exposed for a long
period to the dusts. Some workers in an oil mill com-
plained of acute conjunctival congestion, rhinorrhea and
chill, as prodrome, from 30 rnin. to 3 hr after the ex-
posure to castor bean dusts; then they suffered from
arthralgia and headaches with fever, cough, and sputum.
Those who were exposed for short terms were attacked
strongly with conjunctival congestion, rhinorrhea, chill
and fever, while workers exposed for long terms were
attacked mainly with expiratory dyspnea and cough.
During exposure to the dust, leucocytosis with neutro-
philia, albuminuria, and excessive urobilinogen excre-
tion in the urine were detected in many cases. Anti-
bodies for allergen and promoting action to the hemag-
glutination by ricin were also detected in the serum of
the workers. A month after the exposure, the tendency
to an increase of eosinophils was observed. The rectal
temperature rose an hour after the intramuscular injec-
tion of crude pomade extract or ricin in an experiment
using rats. Twenty-four hours after the injection, con-
gestion and hypertrophy of liver, kidney, and spleen,
and lung congestion and hemorrhage, brain, digestive
canal, peritoneum, genital glands, and adrenal glands
were observed by dissection. Precipitation for the re-
spective fraction was positive in the serum of sensitized
rats with ricin or allergen fraction. The ricin sensitized
serum of the rats inhibited hemagglutination by ricin.
(Authors' summary modified)
F-4204
Tomono, Yoshiro
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON HUMAN PULMON-
ARY FUNCTIONS. Translated from Japanese. Japan J.
Indust. Health, 3J2):77-85, Feb. 1961.
The 46 healthy males, who were subjected to the inhala-
tion of 1-45 ppm SO2 gas for 10 min through a mask from
a high-efficiency gas changer, did not show any symp-
toms of poisoning except for a few persons after inhaling
1-5 ppm of the gas. Changes of clinical symptoms, res-
piration rate, pulse rate, vital capacity, 0. 5-sec expira-
tory capacity, and Wright's expiratory peak flow rate
were measured for all subjects. When exposed to 10-30
ppm SO2 gas, all subjects experienced a sense of burning
of the upper respiratory tract, coughing, chest tightness,
and in several persons moist rales in the chest were
heard. A slight increase of pulse and respiration rate
was observed in about 10 percent of the subjects -with no
proportional relation to the concentration of SO2- The
0/5-sec expiratory capacity and Wright's peak flow rate
showed a linear decrease in proportion to the increase
of SO2 concentration, that is, a decrease by 10 percent
in 10 ppm and by 15 percent in 40 ppm. It was notable
that the vital capacity remained constant. The lowest
limit of SO2 concentration which induced the broncho-
constriction was about 1. 6 ppm. Within 10 min after the
inhalation of the gas, the physiological changes returned
to the pre-inhalation level. When 15-41 ppm of SO2 were
inhaled several times for 10 min, the bronchial response
tended to lessen and the subjects seemed to become ac-
customed to the SO2- When the subjects inhaled using
the bronchodilator (isoproterenol hydrochloride) aero-
sols, the constriction of the bronchi resulting from SO^
was immediately released and no constriction by repeat-
ed SO2 inhalation occurred. (Author's summary, modi-
fied)
F-5749
Pavoni, Pietro and Luciano Semprebene
RADIOISOTOPES IN THE STUDY OF PULMONARY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION. [Radioisotopi nello studio
della funzione respiratoria polmonare.J Translated
from Italian. Recent! Progress! in Medicina, 37(1):1-
46, July 1964.
A critical review of current methods perfected for the
study of the pulmonary respiratory function through radio-
isotopes is presented. It was concluded that: (1) these
methods facilitate the separate investigation of the 3
elementary processes of ventilation, perfusion, and dif-
fusion; (2) the radioisotope methods are divided into two
groups: the first group employs the in vitro count of
samples of expired air; this method offers great pre-
cision and is of tremendous interest in the field of experi-
mental physiology; a second group employs in vivo counts
from outside the body; this method offers a lesser degree
of precision but it is extremely practical; this group is
definitely highly useful in the field of clinical practice.
(3) the radioisotope techniques, compared to the
40
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
conventional methods, offer substantial advantages:
they are less laborious; they are reproducible, given
the lesser degree of inconvenience for the patient, even
after a short time; they correspond completely under
experimental conditions to the normal physiological
mechanism; and they are more sensitive to even mini-
mum functional variations. (4) The study of the pul -
monary respiratory function with radioisotopes should
still be considered in the development phase; broader
and more reliable improvements are certainly possible.
F-5855
Jedrychowski, Wieslaw, Jan Kus, Jozef Pietrowski,
and Bohdan Sawicki
GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF LIVER OF RATS IN CASE
OF POISONING BY CARBON MONOXIDE. [Zawartosc
glikogenu w watrobie przy zatruciu tlenkiem wegla.J
Translated from Polish. Folia Medica Cracoviensia,
7(3):437-442, 1965. 5 refs.
This study compares the degree of disturbances of car-
bohydrates under the effects of carbon monoxide after
administration of large doses of adrenalin. The evalu-
ation was made on the basis of the behavior of liver
glycogen in rats, while considering the condition and
content of liver glycogen is a sensitive index of the
activity of the cell on the one hand and of the processes
of glycogenolysis and neoglycogenesis on the other hand.
The experiments were carried out on 36 hooded rats of
both sexes, weighing 120 to 150 g. When the animals
were killed and their diaphragm opened, small seg-
ments of their liver were studied. Lumps of liver were
fixed for 24 hours in Rossman gas at 0° C and immer-
sed in blocks of paraffin. This method makes it possi-
ble to observe accurately the size and quantity of the
grains of glycogen and its location in the liver lobe. The
results show that as a. result of the effects of carbon
monoxide there is intensive glycogenolysis in the liver
tissue. During the first stage the glycogenolysis affects
the periportal area and later the central part of the
liver lobe. Hypoxia in combination with the blocking of
the activity of respiratory enzymes can cause a switch
of the pH center inside the cells in the direction of fer-
mentation and hydrolytic decomposition of glycogen.
When conceived in this way, glycogenolysis would be an
expression of direct damaging of the metabolism of the
liver cell.
F-5875
Jedrychowski, Wieslaw, Jan Kus, Jozef Pietrowski,
and Bohdan Sawicki
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVI-
TIES IN THE LIVER OF RATS IN EXPERIMENTAL
ACUTE POISONING BY CARBON MONOXIDE. [Zacho-
wanie sie aktywnosci oksydazy cytochromowej i peroksy-
dazy w watrobie szczura w doswiadczalnym ostrym
zatruciu tlenkiem wegla.] Translated from Polish.
Folia Medica Cracoviensia, 7_(3):429-442, 1965. 12 refs.
The purpose of this study was an investigation by means
of histochemical methods of the influence of CO on the
activity of cellular oxide reducing enzymes in experi-
mental acute poisoning by carbon monoxide. Liver was
selected because liver tissue is one of the animal tis-
sues which is very rich in enzymes, and its paren-
chyma is considered to be homogenous both biochemically
as well as histologically. Fresh fragments of the liver
tissue were frozen and strips of 75 microns were used
for a Nadi's indophenolic reaction, and 40-micron strips
were used for a benzidine reaction. It was established
that indophenolic reaction was strongly blocked in strips
of liver of rats which have been subject to the effects of
carbon monoxide. In six poisoned rats there was no
reaction at all, which would indicate that the enzyme was
completely blocked. In 12 animals the activity of the
enzyme was evaluated as poor, and in two it was evalu-
ated as medium or strong. Benzidine reaction in liver
lobes of a rat shows a rather even distribution both in
the center as well as on the periphery. In the liver of
rats poisoned by CO the intensity of the reaction is clear-
ly poorer. Only in one case there was no benzidine re-
action, which may indicate that peroxidase was complete-
ly inactivated. From the results of the studies which are
included it is concluded that the activity of both enzymes
under study in acute poisoning by CO is heavily blocked.
The period during which the animals were kept in an
atmosphere of carbon monoxide was very short and lasted
from two to three minutes. The short duration of the
activity of CO in combination with the results obtained
from histochemical studies shows that in the course of
poisoning by carbon monoxide rapid changes occur in
the oxide reduction system of a liver cell. The results
compiled show that cytochrome oxidase is subject to a
stronger blocking than peroxidase. A considerable de-
crease of the activity of cytochrome oxidase is extreme-
ly important for an explanation of the pathogenesis of
poisoning by carbon monoxide, because the enzyme is
responsible for the terminal linkage of tissue combustion,
i. c. for the transmission of electrons from the substra-
tum to oxygen. The discontinuation of the linkage of the
tissue combustion must intensify the condition of inade-
quate tissue oxidation caused by the anoxemic effects of
CO.
F-6227
Coscia, G. C. , G. Perrelli, P.C. Gaido, and F. Capellaro
BEHAVIOR OF GLUTATHIONE, STABLE GLUTATHIONE
AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE IN
SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC INHALATION OF
CARBON MONOXIDE. [ll comportamento del glutatione,
del glutatione stabile e della glucosio-6-fosfato-deidro-
genasi in soggetti esposti ad inalazione cronica d'ossido
di carbonic.] Translated from Italian. Rassegna di
Medicina Industriale e di Igiene del Lavoro, Vol. 33,
p. 446-451, May-Aug. 1964. 29 refs.
The behavior of glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase of red blood cells was studied to ascertain
the possible toxicity of carbon monoxide for these sys-
tems. Nineteen men, employed in a plant producing
illuminating gas, who had undergone supraliminal inhala-
tions of carbon monoxide were examined. In six subjects
with carboxyhemoglobin above normal, a decrease in the
glutathione ratio was found, while the glucose-6-phos-
phate dehydrogenase decreased. However, comparison
of the average values obtained with those of a group of
normal subjects did not show any statistically significant
differences.
41
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-6228
Datsenko, I. I.
DISTURBANCE OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN
EXPERIMENTAL POISONING WITH CARBON MONOX-
IDE. [Narushenie uglevodnogo obmena pri intoksikatsii
okis'yu ugleroda v eksperimente.] Translated from
Russian. Gigiena i Sanitariya, MX5):30-34, 1965. 5
ref s.
The effect of chronic exposure to CO at varying concen-
trations on carbohydrate metabolism was studied in
guinea pigs and rabbits. Fasting blood sugars were de-
termined monthly. The assimilation of carbohydrates
was tested by the "loading method" using 1. 7 gm gluco'se,
1. 5 units insulin, and 0. 37 ml (1:1000) adrenalin per kg
body weight. Throughout the experiment the animals
were fed normally. Prolonged exposure to CO led to
disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism as shown by
an increased rise of glycemic curves, and occasional
distortion. The chronic effect of CO concentrations of
0. 012-0. 018 mg/1 on guinea pigs indicates a need to
reduce the maximum permissible concentration of this
gas in the air.
F-6842
Yesipova, I. K.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS AND PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
Translated from Russian, Arkh. Pat. , Vol. 26, p. 3-
18, 1964. 102 refs.
Chronic bronchitis was defined by the 1962 European
Symposium of WHO in Moscow as the chronic and re-
current generalized irritation or inflamation of the
smaller bronchi, characterized by the increased forma-
tion of sputum continuing for at least three months with-
in a two year period. The disease, as understood by
this definition, is examined in detail and its relationship
with pulmonary emphysema is analyzed. The work of
other researchers in this field is reviewed. The major
topics discussed include the following: the etiology of
chronic bronchitis, touching upon bacterial and viral
agents and smoking; the hypersecretion of mucus and
its effect on the structure of the bronchi; post mortem
lung studies; the effects of chronic bronchitis on pul-
monary arteries; criteria for defining emphysema;
etiology of emphysema and studies of lung pathology
with an improved lung fixation technique; the effects of
emphysema on the structure of bronchioles and alveoli;
the characterization of centrilobalar and panacinar
emphysema; emphysema and hypertension in pulmonary
vessels and hypertrophy of the heart; frequency of em-
physema in old age; and lobar emphysema of newborn
and small children. It is concluded that chronic bron-
chitis must be distinguished from secondary focal lesions
of the bronchial tree, which occur as a result of suppura-
tion or diffusion of a process from the focal bronchi-
ectases. Chronic bronchitis and especially bronchiolitis,
as well as the disturbance of the secretory and motor
function of the bronchi and bronchioles brings with it a
disturbance of pulmonary ventilation and the develop-
ment of emphysema which might be panalobular or
centrilobular, depending upon the caliber of the injured
bronchi.
F-7096
Poche, Reinhard, Otfrid Mittmann, and Oswald Kneller
STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF BRONCHIAL CAR-
CINOMA IN NORTH-RHINE-WESTPHALIA. [Statistis-
che Untersuchungen ueber das Bronchialcarcinom in
Nordrhein-Westfalen.] Translated from German. Zeit-
schrift fur Krebsforschung, No. 66, p. 250-262, 1964.
23 refs.
Investigations "were carried out using 1229 questionnaires,
more than 20, 000 autopsies (including 1807 cases of
bronchial carcinoma), and the material of the general
population statistics of Nordrhein-Westfalen as well as
of Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Austria, and
Switzerland. Since the beginning of this century, bron-
chial carcinoma found during autopsies in the pathological
Institutes at Dusseldorf, Bonn, and Solingen has in-
creased in relation to the general population statistics.
The increase of bronchial carcinoma found in autopsies
is noticeable in all age groups and is highest for men
immediately before age 60. The percentage of bronchial
carcinoma found during autopsy corresponds to the con-
cept of "relative mortality from bronchial carcinoma "
in general population statistics. The range of the age
maximum of absolute mortality from bronchial carcin-
oma, however, has not remained constant over the years;
it moves like a "-wave" through the age groups where
heavy smoking of cigarettes first assumed the epidemic
proportions of a mass addiction. However, it will be
found from the data of the general population statistics of
Switzerland that the displacement of the maximum of
absolute mortality from lung cancer to increasingly
higher age groups had already begun prior to the First
World War. The explanation of this "wave" is not diffi-
cult if in addition to the absolute mortality from bron-
chial carcinoma, the relative mortality from bronchial
carcinoma and the total mortality are taken into account.
The correlation between these three parameters is ex-
plained by a simple numerical example. Statistical
correlation analyses of various parameters are included.
F-7193
Truhaut, R. , C. Boudene, and J. R. Claude
RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS ON THE RABBIT AND
THE RAT FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO LOW
CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE. I. STUDY
OF THE CYCLE OF FIXATION AND ELIMINATION OF
THE TOXIC SUBSTANCE. A DISCUSSION OF THE THE-
ORY OF THE PERSISTENCE OF CARBON MONOXIDE
IN THE BLOOD. [Recherches sur les effects de 1'expo-
sition prolongee du lapin et du rat a de tres faibles con-
centrations d'oxyde de carbons. I. Etude du rythme de
fixation et d'elimination du toxique. discussion de la
notion de remanence de 1'oxyde de carbone dans le sang.]
Translated from French. Arch. Maladies. Profess.
Med. Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris), 28(3):341-356,
March 1967.
This study was made to determine whether carbon mon-
oxide has a cumulative effect and whether there is a per-
sistence of carbon monoxide in the blood of animals with
chronic poisoning. The carboxyhemoglobin was followed
in rabbits and rats with exposures to 100 ppm of carbon
monoxide in an exposure chamber. The animals were
exposed for 2500 hr at a rate of 8 hr per day for 5 days
per week. Periods of rest, one for 15 days and another
42
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
of 1 month were interposed at 500 and 1500 hr. There
was no residual carbon monoxide in the blood of animals
who had been chronically poisoned. The kinetics of the
fixation and elimination of carbon monoxide follows a
simple physiological phenomenon. The results agree
with work by others that carbon monoxide is absorbed
and eliminated without change and without any storage
except in the blood. The value of carboxyhemoglobin
in the plasma is very low. Animals exposed for 500 hr
to 250 ppm of CO after a previous exposure of 2500 hr
to 100 ppm showed the same poisoning as animals who
had not received the first exposure. It is concluded
that there was no cumulative effect or persistence in
the blood of carbon monoxide after long exposure to low
concentrations of carbon monoxide.
F-7212
Petrilli, F. L. and S. Kanitz
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH IN GENOA DEALING WITH AIR POLLU-
TION AND ITS RELATION TO INDICES OF RESPIRA-
TORY FUNCTION. [Risultati Preliminari di Ricerche
Epidemiologiche sui Rapporti fra Inquinamento dell'
Aria ed Indici di Funzionalita dell'Apparato Respiratorio
a Genova. ] Translated from Italian. Giorn. Igiene
Med. Prevent. (Genoa), 7_(3):205-220, Sept. 1966.
Research carried out in Genoa deals with the effects of
air pollution on the respiratory system and on some
indices of respiratory function. The studies were made
on elementary school children living in two zones with
different levels of such pollutants as sulfur dioxide,
suspended particles, and deposited matter. The statis-
tics show that the children living in the more polluted
zone had longer and more frequent episodes of bron-
chitis as well as rhinitis, cough, and phlegm. A
decrease in the peak respiratory flow (Wright) "was
observed. The seasonal course of these syndromes "was
followed. The results show that these indices persist
during the hotter months if there is no decrease in air
pollution, whereas other respiratory ailments that had
no correlation to air pollution showed similar seasonal
curves in the two zones, even though the absolute values
of these indices were different.
F-7240
Petr, B. and P. Schmidt
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAMI-
NATED BY SULFUR DIOXIDE AND NITROUS GASES ON
THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN. [Der Einfluss der durch
Schwefeldioxid und nitrose Case verunreinigten Atmos-
phare auf den Gesundheitszustand der Kinder.] Trans-
lated from German. Z. Ges Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin), 13:
(l):34-38, Jan. 1967.
Evidence that sulfur dioxide and nitrous gases which
are effective in low concentrations also produce changes
in the individual indicators of group diagnostics is
demonstrated. Differentiation was made between effects
on control groups and the group from the polluted atmos-
phere as well as between the influence of both the com-
bined effect of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen peroxide and
the effect of sulfur dioxide alone. The method of the
erythrogram is also described. This method is based
on the increase of the number of erythrocytes in child-
ren living in air-polluted areas. The methemoglobin
level in the blood of children is significantly increased
by the air pollution caused by nitrogen peroxide in the
surroundings of large chemical works. Thus, another
possible cause of the development of latent methe-
moglobinemia in school children between the ages of 8
to 10 is explained. (Authors' summary, modified)
F-7532
Ishido, Shozaburo
STUDY OF AIR QUALITY IN BUILDINGS, I. RELATION
BETWEEN DEGREE OF WEARINESS, CONCENTRATION
OF CO2, AND POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT. Text in
Japanese. J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc. (Tokyo), 3J3):
11-15, 1965.
The relationship between indoor CO2 concentration and
weariness was investigated. An examination was made
of 30 people for three days. Ten were working in a part
of the room "where the CQ^ concentration was low (0. 14-
0. 17%) and 20 in a high-CO2 section of the same room.
The degree of "weariness was defined by the "flicker
value". Graphed results indicate that "weariness is
greater for people working under a higher CO2 concen-
tration than those working under a lower concentration.
Also investigated "was the relation between the CO2
concentration and amount of ventilation required per
person. The average value of CO2 emitted by a person
with an R.M.R. (Metabolic Ratio) value of 0. 4 to 0. 6 is
about 18 liters/hr. The threshold limit value of CO2 is
1. 5 percent in Japan and 0. 5 percent in the U. S. The
most desirable value is less than 0. 1 percent, which can
be obtained by the ventilation of 10 cubic meters/hr per
person. CO2 values were measured in offices in winter
when steam radiators are in operation. A graph in-
dicates a maximum value of 0. 32 percent. Other mea-
surements made in 116 offices without air conditioners
gave average values between 0.16 and 0.2 percent.
Values appeared to be lower in summer than in winter.
CO2 concentrations in an apartment using a gas heating
apparatus "was measured at 0. 66 percent.
F-7694
Komura, Setsuo
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING IN RABBITS. Translated from
Japanese. Japan J. Legal Med. (Tokyo), 2JJ1): 25-48,
Jan. 1967. 71 refs.
Changes in behavior and in the EEG were observed in
male rabbits exposed to carbon monoxide. Fast waves
disappeared gradually and slow "waves with spindle
bursts appeared in the neocortex after the inhalation of
pure CO gas. Later slow waves of distinct high voltages
were demonstrated in the neocortex, especially in the
limbic and optic areas, about 40 min. after contact with
CO gas; at this time the serum CO-Hb concentration had
reached 35 percent. Furthermore, low voltage slow
waves with spindle bursts were demonstrated after 80
min. , when the CO-Hb concentration was 55 percent.
At this time the rabbits were still sensitive to sound and
to other stimuli. However, they could not walk. Slow
waves appeared diffusely in the anterior and posterior
hypothalamus, central nuclei of thalamus, midbrain
reticular formation, amygdala, hippocampus, pallidum,
caudate nucleus, corticospinal tract and internal capsule.
43
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Increases of the threshold of the arousal reactions in the
neocortex were examined after successive stimulations
of the midbrain reticular formation, the central nuclei
of the thalamus and the posterior hypothalamus. Almost
no changes were shown in the midbrain reticular forma-
tion, and slight increases of threshold were demonstrated
in the central nuclei of the thalamus and in posterior
hypothalamus, about 40 min. after onset. The increases
of threshold, however, were distinctly shown after 80
min. to be strongest in the posterior hypothalamus and
the central nuclei of the thalamus and weakest in the
midbrain reticular formation. Other findings are
reported and it is concluded that CO caused disturbances
in the limbic system, in the hypothalamic activating
system, on motor function and on the visual pathway.
Only slight disturbances were observed in areas related
to consciousness.
F-7821
Gilgen, A. and H. U. Wanner
THE TOXICOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE
OF OZONE. [Die toxikologische und hygienische
Bedeutung des Ozons.] Translated from German. Arch.
Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), 1_5CH1-2):62-78, 1966. 62
refs.
The toxicological and bactericidal properties of ozone
are reviewed. The acute toxicity of ozone to laboratory
animals is reported as being diverse and variable from
species to species. Chronical exposure results in
damage to the respiratory organs, i.e. in bronchitis
and lung emphysema, limitation in weight increase of
young animals, and reduced urine acidity. When man is
exposed to 4 to 5 ppm, a lung edema develops within a
few hours. Lower concentrations primarily affect
respiration by irritation and cause headaches and nausea.
In animals, the exposure to low ozone concentrations
produces immunity to subsequently applied lethal doses.
Tolerance to ozone has also been brought about by
germanium oxide. Conversely, ozone has been shown
to produce tolerance for ketene, H2O2 and NO£. The
mode by -which ozone becomes biologically effective is
not yet fully elucidated. Presumably, free radicals
causing oxidation processes are formed similar to those
produced by nuclear radiation. These processes, in
turn, set free adrenalin, noradrenalin and bradykinin.
The strongest bactericidal effects of ozone are obtained
at high relative humidity and low temperature. In prac-
tice the germicldal effect of ozone can only be applied
to sterilizing water. The deodorizing effect is generally
accepted but requires concentrations exceeding the maxi-
mum allowable concentrations.
The effects of magnesium on the human were investigated
by medical observations over a period of 12 years, air
samples taken in a magnesium refinery, a study of the
levels of magnesium in the body fluids as well as X-ray
examinations. At the plant in question, magnesium is
produced by calcination and reduction of dolomite
(CaCO3-MgCOs) in an electric furnace under vacuum.
Among 76 men in the magnesium plant, 28 (36.8 percent)
complained of digestive disturbances of whom 18 (23.7
percent) had stomach ulcers. The incidence of stomach
ulcers among other metallurgical workers as reported
in the literature as well as in the plant is 3.5 percent.
The highest concentration of MgO occurred during the
operation and discharge of the reduction furnace and
during the extraction of the condensation crucibles. The
exposed men had an increase in urinary magnesium con-
tent of 115 percent, and an increase of serum MgO con-
tent of 123.6 to 140.5 percent as compared to those not
exposed. The magnesium content of the blood and urine
were the same before and after the working shift. Air
samples showed concentrations from 0.050 to 0.116 mg
of MgO per liter of air. A definite relation exists bet-
ween an exposure to magnesium aerosols and fumes and
the incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
F-7942
Mammarella, Luigi
AEROSOLS AND AEROSOLIZATIONS. INHALATION -
RETENTION PLACES OF DEPOSITION ALONG THE
RESPIRATORY TRACT GENERATION PRINCIPLES
OF AEROSOLS. [Aerosol! e aerosolizzazioni. Inala-
zione - Ritenzione Luoghi di deposizione lungo 1'appar-
ato respiratorio Principi di generazione di aerosoli. ]
Translated from Italian. Ann. Med. Navale (Rome),
^2_(l):67-82, Jan.-Feb. 1967. 41 refs.
The various aspects of inhalation and deposition of
therapeutic aerosols along the respiratory tract are
reviewed. For good deposition of the particles along the
primary respiratory tract, i.e., trachea, bronchi, the
particles should be 5-10 microns in diameter. However,
to ensure a higher percentage of penetration and reten-
tion in the bronchioles and alveoli, the particles should
preferably be less than a micron in diameter. For
optimum therapeutic results, the aerosol should be
monodispersed. Various devices for aerosol production
are available. The production of a liquid aerosol can be
accomplished by the following: atomization with a gaseous
flow, by hydrodynamic atomization and by centrifugal
atomization. Production of solid aerosols can be
accomplished by pulverization and dispersion by air
current, or by a controlled pulverization.
F-7824
Gwizdek, E. and S. Kochanowski
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE (MgO) VAPORS ON
THE HUMAN ORGANISM IN INDUSTRY. [Influence des
d'oxyde de magnesium (MgO) sur 1'organisme humain
dans 1'industrie. ] Translated from French. Arch.
Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris),
2^(6):531-534, June 1967. (Presented at the Meeting of
the Societe de Medecine et d'Hygiene du Travail de
Strasbourg [Strasbourg Socidety of Medicine and Labor
Hygiene], June 18, 1966.)
F-7999
Suzuki, T., K. Ishikawa, E. Yokoyama, H. Kita, H.
Maeda, T. Toyama and K. Nakamura
PULMONAL-VENTILATORY CAPACITY OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN IN A CITY EVALUATED BY WRIGHT'S
PEAK FLOW RATE. Translated from Japanese.
Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, 5J8): 13-18, Aug.
1963. 21 refs.
The relation between air pollution and pulmonary
ventilatory functions was studied. The pulmonary-vent -
ilatory functions of 1200 children in Tokyo and of 200
44
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EFFECTS • HUMAN HEALTH
pupils in Amagasaki were examined from 1960-1962 by
the Wright peak flow meter. As to the evaluation of air
pollution, suspended particles were estimated by the
tape air sampler method, and sulfur dioxide by the
"lead peroxide" method. The investigation period in
Tokyo was from November 1961 to March 1962. Wright
peak flow value, breathing capacity by bitarometer, and
0. 5 second amounts were measured in triplicate per
person and the maximum value was taken. Peak flow
value was measured once per month for a total of 5
times, and breathing capacity and 0. 5 second amounts
were measured once in March. The investigation in
Amagasaki was from September 1960 to May 1961 and
4 measurements were conducted during the period in
two month intervals. The degree of air pollution was
expressed by the suspended particulate concentration
index determined with a tape air sampler. The appara-
tus was placed near the school for measurement.
Monthly checks on fallen dust concentration and SO were
made in Amagasaki. The results showed a relationship
between the index of suspended particles and peak flow
rate. The higher the concentration of suspended parti-
cles the lower the peak flow rate. Variation in peak flow
rate was large in areas of intermediate pollution and
change in the degree of pollution agrees with that of
peak flow rate. This is indicative of the relation be-
tween the prevention mechanism of the body and air
pollution. Also these can be classified into a group of
(1) high peak flow rate when the degree of pollution by
index of suspended particles is small, (Z) an intermedi-
ate peak flow rate when the degree of pollution is inter-
mediate. These results indicate that a long term
observation and group diagnosis instead of individual
diagnosis is necessary when the influence of air pollu-
tion is judged by peak flow rate. Even when difference
in SO concentration of 1. 0 mg 803/day/100 cm2 PBOz
was observed, there was no difference in peak flow rate
between the two districts.
F-8120
Khukhrina, Ye. V.
EVALUATION OF THE MODERN METHODS OF DETER-
MINATION OF THE AMOUNT AND DISPERSITY OF
DUST. In: A. A. Letavet and Ye. V. Khukhrina (eds.),
Methods of Studying Industrial Dust and the Incidence of
Pneumoconioses, [Metody izucheniya proizvodstvennoy
pyli i zabolevayemosti pnevmokoniozami, ] Translated
from Russian. Leningrad, Meditsina Publishing House,
1965, 123p. Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C. , p. 5-9, March 11, 1966.
CFSTI: TT66-30952
As an example of the relationship between the number
of cases of pneumoconiosis and the level of contamina-
tion of the air with dust, a study was conducted on the
health of sand blasters in the USSR during the years
1947-1950. Working conditions at different plants varied
sharply, depending on the volume of work, the dimensions
of the casting, the arrangement and state of the sand-
blasting chambers, and on the measures taken for indiv-
idual protection. Only the composition of the dust
inhaled by the workers, which contained 85-90 percent
quartz particles remained the same. Parallel investi-
gations affirmed the belief that the mass of the active
dust establishes the level of the index of the number of
cases of morbidity. The significance of the mass of the
affecting dust was demonstrated in a specially conducted
experimental work. Two series of experiments were
set up with white rats into which quartz dust of various
dispersity was introduced intratracheally. Consequently,
it was affirmed that the especially active and dangerous
quartz dust, with a particle size of less than 5 microns,
did not cause the development of silicosis because the
mass of the acting dust was insignificant. The experi-
ments performed indicate the predominant significance of
the mass of the acting dust, and especially the mass of
the most finely divided dust. Here it is interesting to
note that quartz dust consisting of several size fractions
caused the development of a silicosis similar to the sili-
coses caused by the action of dust of higher fractions.
Consequently it can be stated that in the multifraction
dust the mass of fine particles was insignificant, since
this dust fraction did not affect the character of the de-
velopment of silicosis. Thus it is evident that the origi-
nation of silicosis is caused by the mass of the acting
dust as "well as by its fineness. At the present time,
microscopic methods are still being used for the evalua-
tion of the degree of dispersion of dust, but it must be
borne in mind that the data obtained express the degree
of dispersion with respect to the number of particles of
various sizes, and not with respect to their mass.
F-8396
Zenji, Horai
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTED AIR ON THE
HUMAN BODY. [Taiki Osen no Jintai Oyobusu Eikyo ni
Kansuru Kenkyu. ] Translated from Japanese. 1964
Special project research by grant-in-aid for scientific
research for the Ministry of Education (Report on the
results of study, March 31, 1965), 202 p. 5 refs.
The chronic effects of polluted air on elderly residents
of industrial and non-industrial areas of Japan were
studied. The cities involved were Tokyo, Osaka,
Northern Kyushu, Hiroshima, and Nara. Lung autopsy
specimens were examined for coal dust accumulation,
degree of fibrosis, and presence of emphysema from
persons who had lived in the above-mentioned cities for
forty years or more. Living, long-time residents of the
areas were given x-ray, pulmonary function, and other
examinations and were classified according to smoking
habits, age, sex, and presence of cough and bronchitis.
The data from these studies are tabulated and represent
the work of 15 separate investigators. The amount of
dust and soot in the air of these cities was also studied
as well as some meteorological conditions. Results of
the dust measurements indicated that Hiroshima and Nara
had less pollution than the other cities. This coincided
with the clinical findings which showed that the residents
of the two lesser polluted areas had less accumulation
of dust in the lungs, better ventilatory capacity, and a
lower frequency of abnormal linear shadows on lung
x-rays.
F-8499
Gualtierotti, R. and G. Ghini
ION AEROTHERAPY MODIFIES PULMONARY EDEMA
RESULTING FROM OZONE. [L'aeroionoterapia modifica
1'edema polmonare da ozono. ] Translated from Italian.
Arch. Med. Interna (Anselmi), j_8(2):66-71, March-
April 1966. 11 refs.
Results are compared for two groups of male white rats
which were subjected to ozone intoxication. For 20 days
45
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
before poisoning with ozone, one group was subjected for
one hour daily to a stream of negative ions (measured
by a galvanometer at a distance of 20 cm, 2 x 1010 ions/
sec). Subsequent to exposure to ozone for 45 min. ,
using a bell jar, two animals from each group were
decapitated and examined. The relationship between the
dry and wet weight of the lungs of each animal was
analyzed. It is concluded that the negatively ionized air
significantly reduced the edematous infiltration into the
lungs caused by inhaling ozone. The negative ions were
shown to stimulate the endocrine system and improve the
general metabolism of the organism, probably as a
result of enhanced utilization of oxygen at the cellular
level.
F-8533
Biersteker, K.
AIR POLLUTION AND MAXIMAL FLOW RATES IN TEN
ASTHMATIC CHILDREN IN ROTTERDAM, [Luchtveron-
treiniging en dagelijkse pneumometerwaarden bij tien
astmatische kinderen in Rotterdam. ] Translated from
Dutch. T. Soc. Geneesk. , Vol. 45, p. 841-844, 1967.
5 refs.
Ten children in Rotterdam with severe asthma were
studied "with the Wyss-Hadorn pneumometer to see whe-
ther the maximum flow rates were influenced by air pol-
lution. The examination was made every day at school
at 11 a.m. after the children had played outdoors for 15
minutes. Smoke and SO£ were measured from 10: 30 -
11:00 a.m. When the flow rates were grouped according
to increasing SO^ and smoke concentrations no systematic
differences were found, except in one child. When the
mean flow rates, as percentages of normal values, were
grouped chronologically and compared with the solution
curves, one dip was found on a day -with SO;? and smoke
levels of approximately 800 and 300 ng/m . This day
•was also characterized by a temperature drop. The
study illustrates how much one depends on meteorological
variables to get experimental results. The question also
rose during the study "whether asthmatic children are the
most sensitive group to register effects. It may well be
that the children were fixed at such low flow rates, that
they were not very sensitive to air pollution anymore.
(Author's summary)
F-8565
Matysyak, V. G.
PECULIARITIES OF THE OVULATION CYCLE IN WHITE
RATS UNDER THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE VAPORS.
[Osobennosti estral'nogo tsikla belykh krys pri vozdei-
stvii parov benzina. ] Translated from Russian. Aku-
sherstvo i ginekol. (Moscow), ^3J1):63, Jan. 1967.
3 refs.
Rats were exposed to gasoline vapors in a concentration
of 5 mg/1 for 1-1/2 months, and the ovulation cycle "was
determined by smears. It was found that out of a total
of 16 rats the overall cycle became longer in 7, remain-
ed unchanged in 5, and became shorter in 4. The results
showed that gasoline vapors considerably change the
function of the ovaries, as manifested by changes in total
cycle duration and by the prolongation of estrus. The
mechanism seems to be complex.
F-8606
Effenberger, E.
STUDIES OF BLOOD COHb IN RESTING SUBJECTS AS
A FUNCTION OF CO-LEVEL IN THE AIR. [Untervuchs-
ungenuberden COHb-Gehalt des Blutes in Abhangigkeit
von der CO-Konzentration der Luft bei ruhenden Versuchs.
personen.] Translated from German. Arch. Hyg.
Bakteriol. (Munich), J_5(5-6):455-474, Oct. 1967.
8 refs.
Increases in blood carboxyhemoglobin levels were
determined by the modified Wolff method using 52 test
subjects (29 women, 23 men age 17-46). All subjects
inspired, while resting, CO-concentrations between
0. 006 and 0. 033 vol. percent for 3 hours. Data are
graphed in 5 illustrative cases. Individual subjects show
considerable differences in COHb levels, even under
similar test conditions. Differences were also found
between the COHb values calculated according to the
methods of Forbes et al. , and of Hatch. No dependency
of the COHb level on respired volume of air could be
detected. The direct relationship between CO content
of exhaled air and blood COHb level is statistically
significant. The range of values for a single subject
•was considerably narrower than for a group. The rough
determination of blood COHb level, using CO level in
expired air, appears to be a rapid and convenient method.
F-8626
Torelli, Giorgio
MECHANISM OF THE TOXIC ACTION OF CARBON
MONOXIDE AND THE CONSEQUENT THERAPEUTIC
PRINCIPLES. [Meccanismo dell'arione tossica da CO
e principi terapeutici conseguenti. ] Translated from
Italian. Rassegna di Medicina Industriale e di Igiene
del Lavoro, ^3_(3-4):458-464, May-Aug. 1964.
21 refs.
The toxic action of CO should be tracted back to anemic
anoxia and to a more difficult yielding of the O2 from the
blood to the tissues by means of the Haldane effect. As
a therapeutic aid, the administration of pure O2 to the
patient, whi is subjected to a high artificial hyperventi-
lation, is indicated. Therapeutic intervention should be
performed as early as possible, since anomia lesions
occur in the first minutes of poisoning. (Author's
summary)
F-8627
Rubino, Giovanni Francesco
HEMODYNAMIC MODIFICATIONS DURING ACUTE
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. [Modificazioni emodin-
amiche durante 1'intossicazione acuta da monossido di
carbonio.] Translated from Italian. Rassegna di
Medicina Industriale e di Igiene del Lavoro, 33
(3-4):268-274, May-Aug. 1964.
The results of research onhemodynamic modifications
during experimental acute carbon monoxide poisoning
and subsequent resuscitation in dogs are reported. An
increase in the heart rate and a slight increase in the
systemic pressure was observed. On the other hand,
pressure in the pulmonary artery increased two or three
times. A particular aspect of the autonomy of coronary
circulation is pointed out and the hypothesis is advanced
46
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
that the decreased C>2 alveolar tension is not as respon-
sible for the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary heart as
the decreased 03 content in the blood. (Author's sum-
mary)
F-8629
Desoille, H. , G. Cremer, and C. Girard
ON THE SUBJECT OF A SUPPOSED CARBON MONO-
XIDE POISONING OF ENDOGENOUS ORIGIN IN DIABET-
ICS. [Au sujet d'un pretendu oxycarbonisme d'origine
endoge'ne chez les disbetiques. ] Translated from French.
Archives des Maladies Professionnelles, de Medecine
du Travail et du Securite Sociale, 26(12):6Z5-630.
Dec. 1965.
Carbon monoxide poisoning was studied in 47 diabetic
and 15 normal subjects. No carbon monoxide poisoning
modifications were found that could be correlated with
a. glycemic increase. Thfe only correlation found was
an increase in carbon monoxide poisoning in certain
cases; it was always in relation to the smoking habits
of the tested subjects. (Authors' summary)
F-8815
Frerovska, Ivana and Sona Drakova
THE CHRONIC EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD SERUM WITH
RESPECT TO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. [Vliv chronickeho
pusobeni kyslicniku uhelnateho na biochemicke zmeny
v zeru vzhledem k ateroskleroze. ] Translated from
Czech. Pracovnl Lekar. (Prague), 19(l):l-4,
Jan. 1967. 22 refs.
A group of 50 healthy workers (aged 20-40) from a coal
carbonization plant "was examined. They had been ex-
posed to fluctuating CO concentrations (up to 0. 1 vol
percent) for 3 to 20 years (10. 5 years average). Serum
cholesterol phospholipids, beta-lipoproteins, and total
lipid levels were determined. With the exception of the
phospholipids, which were somewhat higher, the levels
did not deviate from those in a. control group. It is con-
cluded that chronic exposure to CO does not change the
lipid spectrum and by itself does not induce arterioscle-
rotic changes.
F-8945
Siegenthaler, P. and G. Helle
ENDOGENOUS FORMATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DESTRUCTION OF ERYTHRO-
CYTES. [Formation endogene de monoxyde de carbone
associee a la destruction des erythrocytes. ] Translated
from French. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift,
95(43):1445-1446, 1965. 11 refs.
Previous studies of the endogenous production of carbon
monoxide (CO) in man have shown that this substance is
produced during hemoglobin catabolism by the reticulo-
endothelial system. An attempt was made to establish
a relationship between various hemolytic states and
increased production of CO, measured as carboxyhemo-
globin (COHb) by two independent spectrophotometric
procedures. The concentration of COHb in venous blood
was found to be 0. 30 + 0. 14 percent in normal individuals.
In the presence of hemolysis, COHb values were found to
be elevated (0.55 - 5.1 percent) in every instance. Thus,
COHb appears to represent a measure of total erythro-
cyte destruction. Its determination can be of value for
the assessment of hemolysis.
F-8995
Petr, B. and P. Schmidt
SOME NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR OBSERVING THE
INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN OF THE CHANGE IN LIVING
ENVIRONMENT. I. LYMPHOCYTE REACTION AND
THE MONOCYTE. [Nektere nove moznosti sledovani
vlivu zmeneneho zivotniho prostredi na detsky organismus.
I. Lymfocytarni reakce a monocytogram. ] Translated
from Czech. Cesk. Pediat. (Prague), 21(6):502-504,
1966. 8 refs.
A total of 128 children (aged 8-10) from 3 Czechoslovak
towns were examined (Bohdanec, Ohrazenice and Rosice).
SO levels of 0. 03-0. 32 mg/m and nitrogen oxides of
0. 005-0. 07 mg/m were found in 2 towns; the other town
v/ith clean air "was used as a control environment. The
pollutants cause an increase in erythrocyte count as well
as a change in their size. Lymphocyte count increased
and monocyte proliferation decreased significantly in
children from the polluted areas. The deviation of these
indices from normal was more pronounced in children
exposed to both SOT and nitrogen oxides than in children
exposed to SO2 alone.
F-8944
Meda, Eugenio
THE KINETICS OF A REACTION OF HUMAN HEMO-
GLOBIN WITH CARBON MONOXIDE. [Cinetica della
reazione dell'emoglobinumana con 1'ossido di carbonio. ]
Translated from Italian. Rassegna di Medicina Indus -
triale e di Igiene del Lavoro, 33(3-4):Z')Z-Z95, May-
Aug. 1964. 6 refs.
The results of studies on the kinetics of the reaction of
human hemoglobin with carbon monoxide are presented.
The results were obtained by employing the "interrupted
flow" method. The effect of temperature on the kinetics
was also studied, and an equation is presented for cal-
culating the constant of velocity. (Author's summary)
F-8996
Petr, B. and P. Schmidt
SOME NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR OBSERVING THE
INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN OF THE CHANGE IN LIVING
ENVIRONMENT. II. ERYTHROGRAMS AND METHEMO-
GLOBIN IN THE BLOOD. [Nektere nove moznosti sledo-
vani vlivu zmeneneho zivotniho prostredi na detsky
organismus. II. Erytrogram a methemoglobin v krvi. ]
Translated from Czech. Cesk. Pediat. (Prague), 21(6):
505-508, 1966. 4 refs.
Children living in the vicinity of chemical plants emitting
SO^ and nitrogen oxide were examined using two nonrou-
tine methods, erythrogram and methemoglobin content.
Methodology was explained in a previous paper. The
erythrogram records the kinetics of hemolysis in hydro-
chloric acid and serves as a. measure of the resistance of
47
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
erythrocytes. Both the erythrogram and the methemo-
globin level differed significantly in children from pol-
luted areas, compared to children in a. clean environ-
ment. The air pollution apparently causes an increase
in the number of immature erythrocytes. The effects
of SO2 and nitrogen oxides are additive. Methemoglobin
content of children exposed to nitrogen oxide alone was
considerably higher than in the controls, which may
explain the development of methemoglobinemia in school
children.
F-9000
Schmidt, P. , B. Patre, and V. Picko
LEUKOCYTE TEST INDICES AND THE CONDITION OF
TONSILS AND LYMPH NODES IN THE THROAT AS
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SUBTLE CHANGES IN THE
HEART OF CHILDREN. [Indexy bile krevni rady a stav
tonzil a krcnich miznich uzlin jako diagnosticka kriteria
jemnych zmen detskeho organismu. ] Translated from
Czech. Cesk. Hyg. (Prague), j_l_(8):473-478, 1966. 6
refs.
Groups of about 100 children from 2 Czechoslovak
industrial areas with high air pollution (Asti nad Labem
and Most) and a control group from a rural area with
low air pollution (Zatec) •were examined. Leukocyte
count and the conditions of the tonsils and the lymph
nodes were noted. Boys and girls from polluted areas
have fewer lymphocytes, more polymorphonuclear
neutrophil leukocytes, and lower levels of proliferation
and monocyte differentiation than children from clean
areas. Children from polluted areas also exhibited
hypertrophic tonsils with lesions and enlarged lymph
nodes. The lymphocyte and leukocyte values do not and
should not be correlated -with the state of the lymphatic
nodes.
F-9004
Symon, Karel, Vladislav Kapalin, Olga Absolonova, and
Ludmila Moudra
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON
THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN IN BEROUN AND KRALUV
DVUR. [Studium vlivu znecisteni ovzdusi v Beroune a.
Kralove Dvore na zdravotni stav deti. ] Translated from
Czech. Cesk Hyg. (Prague), 5(2/ 3):88-99, I960.
Children (aged 2-13) were examined for 2 years in two
Czechoslovak cities (Veroun and Kraluv Dvur) where
air pollution from smoke of cement factories and ore
processing plants is high (exceeding 1000 tons/km /yr.
Growth, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, alkaline
phosphatase count, albumin/globulin ratio, protein levels,
and blood color were measured and compared with nor-
mal levels. The air pollution definitely affects the
children's health, seen in the higher incidence of diseases,
as well as in the deviation of the studied parameters from
normal values. These parameters are suggested for use
in health studies of areas with air pollution. The results
of this study are used as a convincing argument for the
implementation of air pollution control measures.
F-9013
Beukering, J. A. Van
THE OCCURRENCE OF PNEUMONIA AMONG MINERS
IN AN IRON MINE AND A MANGANESE ORE MINE IN
SOUTH AFRICA. [Het voorkomen van pneumonic bij
mijnwerkers in een ijzermijn en een mangaanertsmijn in
Zuid-Afrika. ] Translated from Dutch. Ned. T.
Geneesk., 110(10):473-474, March 1966.
A comparative study was made on the morbidity of pneu-
monia among miners in a manganese ore mine and an
iron mine located in the same region. The statistics
showed that the chance of pneumonia was greater in the
manganese ore mines than in the iron mine. No cases
of chronic manganese poisoning were observed. (Author's
summary)
F-9003
Symon, Karel, Blahoslav Petr, and Vladimir Kapalin
THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION WITH NOXIOUS
GASES ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN. [Vliv znecis-
teni ovzdusi plynnymi skodlivinami na zdravotni stav
detske populace. ] Translated from Czech. Prakt.
Lekar. (Prague), 46_(1): 19-22, 1966.
Several groups of children (8-11 years) from areas near
thermal power plants, open pit coal mines, and chemi-
cal plants with high SO2 and fly ash concentrations were
examined and compared with control groups from rural
areas with low air pollution. The results showed signi-
ficantly higher erythrocyte count accompanied by a
lowering of the blood color index. Globulin level was
higher and albumin level lower in the blood serum of
children from areas with air pollution. Due to the lack
of ultraviolet radiation in the areas with air pollution,
serum alkaline phosphatase levels were raised. Child-
ren from areas with smoke pollution also exhibited
moderate growth retardation. These changes demon-
strate the negative effects of industrial emissions on the
human organism.
F-9014
Schaetzle, P., B. Nussbaumer, and H. Brandenberger
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY MOTOR
VEHICLE GASES. CHEMICAL AND MEDICAL STUDIES
IN THE CITY OF ZURICH BETWEEN 1961 and 1962.
[Die Luftverunreinigung durch Motorfahrzeugabgase. ]
Translated from German. Zeitschrift fur Praventivm
izin, 10(5):367-385, 1965.
.ed-
The carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere was
measured at nine high-traffic-density street intersections
in the City of Zurich during 1961 and 1962 during rush
hours. The 125 measurements indicated that the mean
carbon monoxide concentration is 30-40 ppm. This
carbon monoxide concentration is well below the MAK-
value of 100 ppm. Occasionally, mean values of 80-90
ppm were measured at the intersection of Raemi Street
and Zeltweg, with temporary peaks of 95-120 ppm.
These high values were clearly attributable to slow
traffic, traffic blockages, and, especially to stationary
vehicles with running engines that emitted considerable
quantities of exhaust gas. The results of carboxyhemo-
globin content determinations in the blood of 71 traffic
police officers showed clearly that they must be sepa-
rated into groups of smokers and nonsmokers.
48
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
respectively. The smokers exhibit high carboxyhemo-
globin contents, especially at the beginning of the duty
term. In such persons, we found consistently values
as high as over 5%, whereas the mean values for the
nonsmokers were around 3 percent. The higher initial
values for the smokers caused a decrease during duty
in an atmosphere with high carbon monoxide concentra-
tion. At the same time, the lower initial values for the
nonsmokers usually increased. Since the average carbo-
xyhemoglobin saturation values did not exceed the toxic
limit of 10 percent, it is not possible to conclude that
poisoning may occur in the course of traffic regulation
duties. It was not possible to relate any serious disease
symptoms or health-harming consequences with the
inhalation of carbon monoxide-containing air during the
term of duty, as established by brief questioning of the
test subjects. The fact, however, that 39 out of the 71
traffic police officers, i.e. , more than one-half,
experienced for a period of 1-2 hours such symptoms
as headaches, nausea, and loss of appetite, should not
be overlooked. (Authors' summary)
F-9019
Lehnert, G. , K. H. Schaller, A. Kuehner, and D.
Szadkowski
EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON THE BLOOD
LEAD LEVEL. Translated from German. Int. Archiv
fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene, Vol. 23,
p. 358-363, 1967. 6 refs.
In the cigarette smoking investigations described, the
smoke as well as the tobacco remains of eight of the
most popular cigarette brands was analyzed "with an
atomic absorption spectrophotometric procedure for its
lead concentration. An average of 0.8 micrograms of
Pb was inhaled per cigarette, and of this amount some
0. 3 micrograms was absorbed by the body. One hundred
and sixteen subjects (71 smokers and 45 nonsmokers)
were investigated under ecologically uniform conditions,
but no statistically valid effects of cigarette smoking on
the blood lead level could be determined. (Authors'
summary)
F-9020
Jonderko, G., Zurkowski, A., and A. Wegiel
INVESTIGATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM
IN ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL MANGANESE POISONING.
[Untersuchungen des hamopoetischen Systems bei akuter
experimenteller Manganvergiftung. ] Translated from
German. Int. Archiv fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewer-
behygiene. Vol. 21, p. 141-151, 1965. 21 refs.
Hematological investigations of the peripheral blood
and the bone marrow -were performed on rabbits with
acute manganese chloride poisoning. The serum iron
level was also determined. The results show that man-
ganese chloride, when injected in toxic doses, exercises
a manifold influence upon the blood formation system.
During the early stage, as » result of a stimulation of
the bone marrow, an increase in erythrocyte count and
in the hemoglobin content occurred in the peripheral
blood. At the same time an iron deficiency was noted
in the body. The inhibition of hemopoiesis during the
later stage of the toxic effect of manganese upon the
blood forming system can be blamed upon the iron de-
ficiency; an accumulation of this metal in the bone marrow
is probably also involved. In particularly sensitive
cases, there was both an inhibition of hemopoiesis and
an anemia from the very beginning of the poisoning.
(Authors' summary)
F-9021
Dervillee, P. , G. Morichaud-Beauchant, M. -J.
Charpentier, and Et. Dervillee
ON MANGANIC PNEUMONIA. [A propos de la pneu-
monic manganique.] Translated from French. Archives
des Maladies Professionnelles, Vol. 27, p. 222-224,
Jan.-Feb. 1966.
A review of two cases of acute manganic pneumonia is
presented and the characteristics of the disease are
briefly discussed. From the anatomopathological point
of view, the observations which can be made are those
of an ordinary pneumonia alveolitis (alveoli filled with a
fibrinoleukocytic exudate). On the other hand, no con-
clusion can be drawn from quantitative analysis of man-
ganese at the level of the pulmonary parenchyma: the
same figures have been found in the lungs of miners who
died from pneumonia and in those of subjects who died
accidentally. The reality of manganic pneumonia rests
on statistical studies made in many countries, which
provide evidence of the abnormally high percentage of
pulmonary illnesses in the various sectors of the man-
ganese industry.
F-9253
Djordjevic, Sr. and M. Stankovic
AIR POLLUTION AND COMMUNAL SATURNISM IN
MALO RUDARE VILLAGE. [Aerozagadenje i komunalni
saturnizam u selu Malo Rudare. ] Translated from
Serbocroatian. Hlgijena (Belgrade), JL2(l):35-44, I960.
13 refs.
A study was conducted of the occurrence of respiratory
and eye ailments among 107 inhabitants of the village of
Malo Rudare in Yugoslavia. The village is located in
close proximity to a lead and zinc foundry. Pharyngitis
was the predominant illness, occurring in 86 percent of
the study population. Percentage values are given for
several other illnesses. Symptoms of chronic lead
poisoning were found in the course of the study, which
lead to an analysis of the lead content of the blood and
urine of the subjects. Measurements were also made of
lead in the air, soil, water, and food products of the
region. Findings of an autopsy performed on a lamb
indicated that lead might be producing a harmful effect
upon grazing animals. On the basis of these studies it
•was concluded that the lead and zinc foundry was pro-
ducing changes in the environment that were hazardous
to the population.
F-9535
Teisinger, J.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAD LEVEL IN BLOOD
AND IN URINE IN PERSONS NOT EXPOSED TO LEAD.
[Vztah mezi hladinou olova v krvi a, v moci u lidi olovu
neexponovanych. ] Translated from Czech. Casopsis
Lekaru Ceskych (Prague), 1J>5(30):810-812, July 5, 1966.
5 refs.
49
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Lead levels are tabulated for 789 urine and blood sam-
ples obtained from persons in 16 countries and major
cities who had not been occupationally or otherwise ex-
posed to lead. Lead levels in blood and urine ranged
from 7-26 |J.g percent in blood and 22-46 uG/1 in urine.
Analysis of the data showed that the lead concentration
in the blood is directly proportional to that in urine. An
increase in the blood level of 1 |ig percent is accompanied
by an increase in the urine level of 1. 4 )ig/l. A plot of
lead concentration in the blood vs. that in the urine gives
a straight line which intersects the urine concentration
ordinate at a value of about 12 |ig/l. Since this is impos-
sible it appears that the correlation line must be curved
in the lower concentration range. The proportionality
between the lead concentration in the urine and in the
blood is considered as indirect evidence that lead at
normal blood levels is excreted by glomerular filtration
only.
F-9605
Joetten, K. W.
THE USE OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE DETEC-
TION AND PREVENTION OF LUNG DAMAGE BY
OCCUPATIONAL DUSTS. [Das Tier experiment im
Dienste der Aufklarung und Verhutung von Lungenschadi-
gungen durch Gewerbestaub. ] Translated from German.
Archive fur Hygiene und Bakteriologie, Vol. 131, p.
222-260, 1944. 39 refs.
Experiments were conducted in laboratory animals with
damaged lungs from industrial dusts. The problem of
etiology of pneumonia, interstitial changes at the lung,
pneumoconiosis and, especially silicosis and silico-
tuberculosis as a consequence of inhaling various
industrial dusts was investigated. It was concluded that
different occupational dusts have entirely different
actions on lungs. Above all, Silica dusts enhance
tuberculosis of the lungs and produce silicosis or sili-
cotuberculosis with or -without the participation of
tubercle bacilli. The extent of the lung damage is
governed by the SiOz content of the dust. The action of
SiO£ is greatly modified by the admixture of other dusts
(e.g. clay, Bolus alba, calcium, corundum, carborun-
dum, etc.). Under certain circumstances these admix-
tures prevent silicosis. Dusts low in SiO2 or containing
none at all produce harmless dusts in lungs leading to
uncomplicated pneumoconioses sensu Koelsch, recogni-
zable by the formation of dust pockets in the lung tissues.
Inhalation of manganese-containing dusts (Thomas slag,
Siemens-Martin slag, MnO2) produces pneumonia.
Aluminum dust produced peculiar changes in the lungs,
leading to the formation of connective tissue in the
structure of the lung, i.e. "structure sclerosis". These
pneumonia-like changes are favored by certain factors
which appear as a complex of factors. The complex
plays a role in lung tuberculosis, together with social
factors and the natural disposition of the patient. Silli-
manite, dusted for more than 1-1/2 years, lead to lung
changes which resembled lung cirrhosis. Symptoms
are accelerated in the presence of a chronic infection.
Untersuchungen uber Manganvergiftungen und "Mangan-
pneumonien". ] Translated from German. Zeitschrift
fur Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten, Vol.125, 76p.,
1944.
In the manganese milling plant of a large West German
industrial plant, five cases of manganism occurred
among a workforce of only 18 men during a period of
approximately four years. This observation is signifi-
cant because of the fact that, in this manganese milling
plant, only ferromanganese, a metallic manganese, is
ground. With regard to metallic manganese, the
assumption to date had been that it cannot cause chronic
manganese poisoning. It was established by animal
experimentation that the degree of harmfulness of the
various manganiferous substances bears no relation to
the degree of oxidation of manganese, but rather that
the toxicity of the manganiferous substances rises at a
rate commensurate with the percentage increase of the
manganese concentration. Chemical analysis showed
that ferromanganese may be resorbed by any one of three
methods of application. Consequently, the absorption of
manganese is possible not only by inhalation, but also
through the skin and by way of the gastro-intestinaltract.
A temporary manganese deposit is possible in practically
any organ. A permanent deposit of manganese was ob-
served primarily in the bones. In a West German in-
dustrial plant -which processes pure alloys for use in the
production of high-grade steel, a considerable increase
of cases of pneumonia among the -workers was observed
during several years. However, it was established on
the basis of intensive studies that the increased incidence
of pneumonia was not caused by specific substances,
particularly by working -with manganese, but these cases
of pneumonia rather were results of other factors, such
as draughts, long-term unemployment, undernourish-
ment, weather conditions, etc. Animal experiments
established the fact that inhalation of ferromanganese
dust, even if present at high concentrations, is not only
unable to produce pneumonia, but also is not a potential
agent in creating "increased susceptibility" to infection.
F-9610
Poraznik, I. and I. Pajed
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON KROMPACHY CHIL-
DREN. [Vyhodnotenie vplyvu ovzdusia v oblasti Krom-
pach na cerveny krvny obraz u vybraneho suboru skol-
skych deti. ] Translated from Slovak. Ceskoslovenska
Hygiena, H_(9):526-530, 1966. 8 refs.
The erythrocyte counts of children living in an environ-
ment polluted with arsenic from a metallurgical works
were compared with counts from a. group of children
living in an unpolluted area. There were forty-three
children in the study group and forty in the control group.
A reduction -was found in the erythocyte count of children
from the polluted area at the 5 percent level of signifi-
cance. No significant differences were found in the hemo-
globin and hematocrit values.
F-9606
Heine, Wilhelm
OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
OF MANGANESE POISONINGS AND "MANGANESE
PNEUMONIA". [Beobachtungen und experimentelle
F-9727
Rasche, B. and W. T. Ulmer
CELLULAR RETENTION AND CELLULAR TRANSPORT
OF INHALED DUST PARTICLES IN ALVEOLAR MACRO-
PHAGES. [Die zeLlulare Retention und der zellulare Trans-
port inhalierter Staubpartikel in Alveolarmakrophagen. ]
50
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
Translated from German. Med. Thorac. (Basel), 24(4):
227-236, 1967. 19 refs.
The alveoli are constantly traversed by free mononu-
clear cells, the macrophages, which may be signifi-
cantly increased in number as a result of the inhalation
of various irritants, including dust. After repeated in-
halation of ultramarine blue paint dust particles (1-2^.),
guinea pigs and higher phagocyte indices than after a
single inhalation. Phagocytized paint particles were
also carried from the lungs to peritoneal organs in re-
sponse to prior intraperitoneal irritation. As a result,
fewer macrophages remained available to purify the
lungs.
F-9958
Strandberg, Lars
CHANGES IN THE NO2-ABSORBTION OF THE RESPI-
RATORY TRACT WHEN EXPOSING RABBITSnTO NOz
TOGETHER WITH CARBON PARTICLES. [Forandrad
NO2-absorbtion i luftvagarna hos kanin vid samtidig
koldammtillforsel. ] Translated from Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Copenhagen), 48(1):8-12, 1967. 10 refs.
Groups of rabbits were exposed to NO2 (15-65 ppm).
One group was exposed to NO2 without particles, another
group to NO2 plus carbon particles (most particles over
0. 25 n). The third group was also exposed to NO2 plus
carbon particles (most less than 0.25 fi). Gas absorp-
tion was then studied using a method previously de-
scribed. Rabbits exposed to NO2 and carbon particles
absorbed more NO2 in the upper respiratory tract than
the NO2-exposure group. Differences in the absorption
pattern and the respiratory pattern when comparing the
two carbon particle groups could also be observed. The
changed NO2 absorption pattern in the presence of car-
bon particles may be the result of synergistic actions.
(Author's summary, modified)
F-10152
Wasserman, M. and Georgeta Mihail
SIGNIFICANT INDICATORS FOR THE EARLY DETEC-
TION OF MANGANISM IN MINERS WORKING IN MAN-
GANESE MINES. [Indicateur significatifs pour le depi-
stage precoce du manganisme chez les mineurs des
mines de manganese.] Translated from French. Acta
Med. Legalis Socialis (Liege), Vol. 17, p. 61-89, July-
Sept. 1964. 59 refs.
The pathology of workers engaged in the handling of
manganese is characterized by three nosological en-
tities: manganic pneumonia, chronic manganese in-
toxication and manganoconiosis. In the present state-
of-the-art of ore extraction, the use of pneumatic drill-
ing leads to a considerable increase in the amount of
dust present in the air of working areas, concentrations
that are not influenced by the natural infiltration of
water into the ore deposits. The consequence of this
fact in the mines investigated here as well as in mines
of other countries has been an increased risk of in-
toxication. Two medical surveys were carried out, the
survey of 1949-50 and of 1957-58. These surveys show-
ed that manganese mines represent the principal source
of chronic manganese intoxication. The medical survey
of 1949-50 revealed the existence of two categories of
neurological disorders. In the survey of 1957-58, the
existence of three categories of clinical disorders were
revealed. These disorders are all discussed in great
detail as are laboratory examinations and results.
F-10202
Picko, V.
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ITS RE-
FLECTION IN THE BLOOD COUNT OF CHILDREN.
[Znecisteni ovzdusi a jeho odraz na krevnim obraze
deti. ] Translated from Czech. Cesk. Hyg., 7(7):422-
429, 1962. 12 refs.
The influence of living in an atmosphere polluted in vary-
ing degrees was investigated in children by determining
the blood picture and some of its indicators (erythrocyte
count, color index, hematocrit value, and volume of
erythrocyte). Application of the-analysis of variations
showed that significant differences do exist, and that
these differences correspond to the observed degree of
air pollution. In addition it was shown that the organism
defends itself by a certain reaction against the influence
of the polluted environment, attempting in this way to
offset its effects. At the same time it was proved that
the groups of children investigated differed essentially
from each other, so that it is evident that the results
found are not accidental differences in the same basic
group. (Author's summary)
F-10203
Balazova, G., L. Balazovjechova, and V. Kirilcukova
DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN
LIVING IN THE VICINITY OF ALUMINUM WORKS.
[Hlbkovy rozbor zdravotneho stavu deti v sidliskach z
okolia zavodu na vyrobu hlinika. ] Translated from
Slovak. Cesk. Hyg., 5J10):573-579, I960. 20 refs.
Children living in a village in the vicinity of an aluminum
plant and in a control village were examined for hemo-
globin percentage, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts, dif-
ferentiation of the blood count, amount of fluorides eli-
minated in urine, and general state of health. In the
case of the children of the affected village, radiographs
were also taken of the bones, and the children's teeth
were examined. In the affected village the average per-
centage of hemoglobin was 62. 8 percent in the 6-8-year-
old group and 69. 5 percent in the 9-H-year-old group
as compared to 70.9 percent and 72.2 percent, respec-
tively, in the control village. The average erythrocyte
count in children of the affected village was 3, 958, 000
in the 6-8-year-old group and 4, 208, 000 in the 9-11-
year-old group as compared to 3, 741, 000 and 3, 783, 000
respectively in the control village. No substantial dif-
ferences were found in the values of segmented and un-
segmented neutrophiles, eosinophiles, basophiles, and
the lymphocyte and monocyte counts between children
of the affected village and the control village. The
average level of fluorides eliminated in urine was 0. 91
mg/1 in children of the affected village as compared to
0.48 mg/1 in those of the control village. Evaluation
of subjective complaints and objective symptoms shows
no perceptible differences between children of the affect-
ed village and those of the control village. Radiographs
of bones for children of the affected village showed no
changes which could be suggestive of pathological and
51
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
significant fluorosis. The teeth of the children from the
affected village also showed no traces of fluorosis.
(Authors' summary)
F-10356
Rosmanith, Jindrich, Karel Bubik, and Ladislav Name-
stek
THE DEGREE OF CARBONIZATION AS A CAUSE FOR
THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL AGGRESSIVITY OF
COAL DUST. [Stupen prouhelneni jako pricina ruzne
biologicke agresivity prachu z cerneho uhli. ] Trans-
lated from Czech. Pracovni Lekar. (Prague), 16(3):
117-120, 1964.
The incidence of pneumoconiosis of miners in 20 Czecho-
slovak coal mines was studied by X-ray tests and cor-
related with the carbon content (geological age) of the
coal. A very good correlation was found which indicates
that the hazard of a coal mine increases "with the carbon
content. It is highest for anthracite and lowest for
bituminous coal. These results agree with those from
studies in Great Britain. The effects of exposure time
and dust particle size were taken into consideration and
are discussed.
F-10413
Wachsmuth, W. and H. J. Viereck
THE ETIOLOGY OF BRONCHIAL CARCINOMA. EVAL-
UATION OF 1000 ORIGINAL CASES. [Beitrag zur
Atiologie des Bronchialkarzinoms. Auswertung von
1000 eigenen Fallen.] Translated from German. Deut.
Med. Wochenschr. (Stuttgart), ^9(13:606-611, March
27, 1964. 20 refs.
A questionnaire designed to shed light on environmental
factors of possible etiological significance was distrib-
uted to 1000 lung cancer patients (mostly males) or their
families. Males were more frequently affected than f e -
males (940:60). Of the respondents, 91. 4 percent were
smokers. The greatest incidence of lung cancer was
found among hotel and restaurant (and tavern) employees,
traffic and transportation workers, and metal industry
workers. A statistically significant low incidence of
lung cancer (less than one case per 1000 workers em-
ployed in the area surveyed) was noted in occupational
areas of agriculture, forestry, textiles, and health
sciences. A tabulation of patients according to size of
locality (including the cities of Wurzburg, Schweinfurt,
and As chaffenburg) is interpreted as showing a greater
incidence of lung cancer in urban areas, due to air pol-
lution caused by traffic concentration and the presence
of industry. Exhaust gases, tars and chemicals are
among the pollutants implicated. The role of tobacco
is discussed.
Candura, F. , A. Craveri, and F. Brasca
FIBRINOLYSIS IN ACUTE CO POISONING: EXPERI-
MENTAL RESEARCH. [La fibrinolisi nell'ossicarbon-
ismo acuto: Ricerche sperimentali. ] Translated from
Italian. Folio Med. (Naples), 44(5):400-408, May 1961.
44 refs.
Fibrinolysis and COHb levels were observed in 21 rab-
bits before and after exposure to 5 to 8 percent CO. The
technique for determination of fibrinolysis is described.
Fatal intoxication with CO causes a significant rise in
fibrinolytic activity, and specifically a marked rise in
plasmin level. Observation of plasminogen behavior in
vitro, before and after plasminogen triggering, showed
a clear drop in 12 cases. Thus, in the other 9 rabbits,
plasminogen triggering which occurred after intoxication
and caused the increase in free plasmin was counter-
acted by the appearance of an excess of new plasminogen.
The increase in fibrinolysis rate could not be correlated
with COHb level. In conclusion, the fluid blood noted
post-mortem in cases of CO poisoning is probably due to
the increased fibrinolysis rate, but the lack of correla-
tion between the increase in fibrinolysis rate and the
COHb level suggests that blood fluidity is caused by non-
specific stress-triggered mechanisms.
F-10784
Almgren, Sigyn
TWELVE YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF
CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IN SWEDEN.
[12 Jahre Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiete der chronischen
Kohlenoxydvergiftung in Schweden. ] Translated from
German. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidel-
berg), Vol. 13, p. 97-131, 1954. 80 refs.
The incidence of CO poisoning has risen since the appear-
ance of generator gas from automotive exhausts in Swe-
den in about 1939. In December 1940, the Fuel Commis-
sion issued directions for the manufacture and use of
generator gas motors, followed by further efforts to
alert the public to the danger of CO poisoning from the
use of generator gas motors. The exhaust of a generator
gas motor contains a greater quantity of CO (5 t o 8 per-
cent) than does that of a gasoline motor and during
starting and after stopping, up to 30 percent CO can be
emitted. Thus, during 1939-1944, 41 fatal cases of
accidental generator gas pois oning were registered. At
this time, chronic generator gas poisoning quickly be-
came the most common occupational disease in Sweden,
but declined after the war when the use of generator gas
declined. Then, the danger of CO poisoning from faulty
chimneys and the burning of inferior fuels became of
widespread interest. Experience with patients at the
Generator Gas Clinic in the Sabbatsberg Hospital during
1941-1945 is discussed. Symptoms of 1883 patients are
described. Fatigue, disorientation, absent-mindedness,
and disruption of powers of concentration were noted, as
were headaches, dizziness, insomnia, and apathy. These
disruptions of perception often led to traffic accidents;
such cases with chauffers and bus drivers are noted.
Clinical and otoneurological findings upon examination
are noted. Some patients became more sensitive to
alcohol. Occupational and medical insurance aspects of
CO poisoning, especially occupational poisoning, are
discussed. Five cases are described in detail.
F-10778
Truche, M. R.
THE TOXICITY OF OZONE. [La toxicite de 1'ozone. ]
Translated from French. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med.
Travail Securite Social (Paris), 1Z( l):55-58, Jan. -Feb.
1951.
52
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
The characteristic odor of ozone is noticeable about 1
ppm below 4 ppm, ozone induces non-symptomatic
effects, such as a 10 to 20 percent drop in basal metab-
olism, reduced pulse rate and marked drop in arterial
blood pressure in hypertensives (not in young persons or
in hypotensives). At higher, symptomatic levels, the
characteristic symptoms appear: substernal pressure,
or a feeling of oppression, but no irritation of the mucous
membranes. The oppressive feeling disappears as soon
as the ozone level drops below 4 ppm. Symptoms of the
higher irritant, but nontoxic levels are: cough, itching
of the nose and throat, aggravation of symptoms by
tobacco smoke, and general mucosal irritation. This
irritation and sore throat may persist for several days.
One source believes that ozone is nontoxic to man in
levels up to 1000 ppm for a short period, or 20 ppm for
long periods of exposure. Occupational examples of
irritation by ozone are mentioned, specifically in a test
laboratory of a factory for electronic insulators.
F-10779
Henschler, D. and W. Laux
ON THE SPECIFICITY OF THE TOLERANCE INCREASE
UPON REPEATED INHALATION OF GASES THAT PRO-
DUCE PULMONARY EDEMA. [Zur Spezifizitat einer
Toleranzsteigerung bei wiederholter Einatmung von
Lungenodem erzeugenden Gasen. ] Translated from
German. Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. (Berlin),
23_9(5):433-441, 1960. 16 refs.
Sub-lethal doses of irritant gases will protect against
the formation of lethal pulmonary edema upon subsequent
inhalation of highly toxic levels. Groups of 20 Wistar
rats each were pretreated for 6 hr with low levels of
phosgene (1 ppm), NO£ (20 to 40 ppm), or ozone (1.6 to
20 ppm) and four days later were exposed for a half-hour
to lethal levels of one of the three gases. Survival rate,
survival time, and relative lung weights are used as
criteria of protective effects for the pre-treated animals
and for the controls. Ozone protects against subsequent
ozone exposure, and also slightly against subsequent
NO2 or phosgene exposure. NO£ protects against itself
and ozone; pretreatment with Phosgene produces the
most powerful tolerance increases, specifically, and in
ascending order, to phosgene, ozone, and NO^. Pre-
treatment with NO2 is without any definite effect on
phosgene poisoning. Since the protective effects are thus
not specific for one kind of gas, an antigen-antibody re-
action is ruled out. The large variations in degree and
duration of the protective give rise to the belief that
several unknown processes are involved.
F-10780
Schulz, Hugo
CHRONIC OZONE POISONING. [Ueber chronische
Ozonvergiftung. ] Translated from German. Arch. Exp.
Pathol. Pharmakol. (Berlin), 29_(5-6):364-385, 1892.
6 refs.
Either separately or in pairs, a total of 3 rabbits, 5
cats, and 6 dogs were exposed repeatedly to ozone for
1 to 2 hours at a time. The bell-jar apparatus used for
exposure is described. Ozone concentrations were not
determined, but some of the rubber hosing was repeated-
ly eaten away. The animals died after totals of 2-62 hr
exposure over pexiQds of. several days., Autopsy details
are given. Descriptive details are also given of behavior
and symptoms observed while exposed to the ozone.
F-10781
Bringmann, G.
ATTEMPTS AT THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION
OF THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF CHLORINE AND OZONE
ON ESCHERICHIA COLL [Versuche zur quantitativen
Bestimmung der letalen Wirksamkeit von Chlor und Ozon
auf e. coll.] Translated from German. Z. Hyg. Infek-
tionskrankh. (Berlin), J_3J9(2): 130-139, 1954. 4 refs.
Using suitably buffered media so that the number of
living Escherichia coli would otherwise remain constant,
the effects of 0. 06 to 0. 40 mg/1 chloride and of 0. 11 to
0. 33 mg/1 ozone upon the survival of the bacteria were
observed. The apparatus is described for the administra-
tion of ozone to one-liter suspensions of the bacteria for
5 to 15 sec. The number of surviving bacteria in a. cer-
tain number of hours after exposure to chlorine is graphed.
Because of the variable decrease in chlorine content as a.
result of varying initial bacterial counts, the time curve
for lethality is steeper for a small number of cells in the
initial suspension than for larger numbers. The lethal
effect is accelerated by higher temperatures; the same
result is achieved at 37° C in about half the time required
at 22° C. The extraordinarily quick action of ozone, 600
times that of chlorine, may reflect a different mechanism
of action. Since the time for total killing of a bacterial
suspension is so brief, the situation cannot be the result
of a microphysical impact effect. It is possible that
ozone can induce a general effect, rather than some
selective effect to the vital centers.
F-10790
Bassleer, R.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF INTOXICATION BY
OZONE. [Contribution a 1'etude de 1'intoxication par
1'ozone.] Translated from French. Acta. Belg. Arte
Med. Pharm. Mil., 4_(2):253-269, June 1958.
Experiments where "white rats (300 gm) were exposed to
the acutely toxic levels of 60 ppm indicate that ozone pro-
duces major changes in the alveoli. Effects of cardiac
and respiratory rhythms and on hemoglobin saturation
are graphed. Survival time was about 5 hr. The effects
of nembutol, morphine, largactil, lobeline, adrenaline,
and digitalis are also noted. The many characteristics
common to poisoning with ozone and with oxygen lead to
the conclusion that an identical mechanism is involved
in both cases.
F-10791
Henschler, D. , A. Stier, H. Beck, and W. Neumann
OLFACTORY THRESHOLD OF SOME IMPORTANT IRRI-
TANT GASES (SULFUR DIOXIDE, OZONE, NITROGEN
DIOXIDE) AND MANIFESTATION IN MAN BY LOW CON-
CENTRATIONS. [Geruchsschwellen einiger wichtiger
Reizgase (Schwefeldioxyd, Ozon, Stickstoffdioxyd) und
Erscheinungen bei der Einwirkung geringer Konzentra-
tionen auf den Menschen. ] Translated from German.
Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), 17(6):
547-570, March 1960. 46 refs.
53
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
An 8 m3 exposure chamber and auxiliary equipment are
described for use in exposure esperiments. After a re-
view of the effects of low levels of SOz, nitrogen oxides,
and O3 on human beings, work is described using groups
of 10 to 14 male volunteers. SO2 was smelled and/or
tasted by subjects at 0. 5 ppm, by 75 percent at 1. 0 ppm,
and by all at 2. 5 ppm; 5 ppm reproduced cough and irri-
tation. The initial odor slowly changes into a sensation
of flavor. Increased humidity has no effect on the sensa-
tions. The olfactory threshold lies below the lowest
tested concentration of 0. 02 ppm. Odor perception
diminished rapidly and 0. 5-12.0 min. exposure to 03
no longer led to an olfactory perception. Increased
humidity also has no effect on perception. NC>2 is
smelled by some at 0. 1 ppm, and by all of 0. 4 ppm. The
olfactory sensation disappears upon continued inhala-
tion of higher levels (up to 20 ppm) for several minutes.
Local irritations appeared during initial exposure to NO^,
but subsequent exposures led to rapid adjustment.
Increased humidity with 1 ppm NO2 increases the num-
ber of irritant symptoms. A rapid increase in the
threshold of perception to relatively strong NC>2 levels
is observed. Results, including subjective effects, are
tabulated.
differences.
F-10794
Desoille, H. , L. Truffert, J. Lebbe, R. Boncour, and
C. Girard-Wallon
EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING. (PRELIMINARY NOTE). [L1 intoxication
experimentale prolongee par 1'oxyde de carbone. (Note
preliminaire). ] Translated from French. Arch.
Maladies Profess. Med. Travail Securite Sociale (Paris),
25_(7-8):389-394, July-Aug. 1964. 3 refs.
In order to explore the effects of chronic CO poisoning,
rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits were exposed in an air-
tight, 2 m cage. Exposures lasted 6 hours, and were
repeated daily, five times a week. Resultant effects on
COHb levels and on electroencephalograms are noted.
The exposure system used is flow-charted. Exposure
to 250-450 ppm CO led to a slight rise in COHb levels
(up to 4 percent), which fell 12 hours later. Blood cells
were normal; slight disturbances in serum protein levels
were found. Slight disturbances in electroencephalograms
are noted.
F-10792
Flury, Ferdinand and Franz Zernik
NOXIOUS GASES, FUMES, VAPORS, FOG, AND
VARIETIES OF SMOKE AND DUST: OZONE. [Schaed-
liche Case, Daempfe, Nebel, Rauch- und Staubarten:
Ozone. ] Translated from German. Berlin, Julius
Springer, 1931, p. 115-116. 14 refs.
The chemical properties of Oj are described. Based on
the literature, the symptoms of acute and chronic poison-
ing are summarized for animals and man. Death usually
occurs from pulmonary edema, usually-with convulsions.
In man, brief inhalation of 5-10 ppm leads to accelerated
pulse, sleepiness, and lasting headaches.
F-10793
Castellino, N. and V. Perla
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD.
(Contributo allo studio della carbossiemia. ) Translated
from Italian. Folia Med. (Naples), 42(3):209-222,
March 1959. 20 refs.
COHb levels were measured in 302 patients: 46 with
diabetes, 66 with gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders,
38 with anemia, 30 with cardiac conditions, 74 with
respiratory ailments, and several with occupational
diseases (24 with caisson disease and 14 with lead poison-
ing). Readings were compared with those from 100 nor-
mal subjects, with breakdown by smoking habit. In only
a very few patients with uncompensated cardio-circula-
tory disturbances or respiratory diseases was any in-
crease in COHb level noted. The high levels in these
particular morbid conditions are attributed to incomplete
CO elimination through the lungs, -with a consequent
build-up in the blood, rather than, as others have pro-
posed, to oxygen insufficiency, with consequent failure
to oxidize carbon to carbohydrate. Thus, the presence
of CO in the human bloodstream is considered to be of
foreign origin, not endogenous. The wide variations
observed simply reflect heavier absorption or lowered
elimination as a result of individual or environmental
F-10800
Chalupa, B.
MEMORY DEFICIENCIES AFTER ACUTE CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONINGS. [Pametni nedostatky po
akutnich otravach kyslicnikem uhelnatym. ] Translated
from Czech. Pracovni Lekar (Prague), 12(7):331-336,
I960. 21 refs.
The results of experimental examination of memory
are reported for a group of 44 patients recently recov-
ered from acute and subacute poisoning. Average age
of the patients was 35. 6 yr. The following methods
were used; repeating 20 separate words, identification
of the same material from a group of 10 expressions,
and repetition of 30 verbal pairs having related meanings.
Disturbance of logical memory and difficulty in differen-
tiating were found; mechanical memory was relatively
intact. When evaluating the result, pathological changes
of the memory structure were found in 26 patients (59. 9
percent). These findings were most frequent in the group
of industrially exposed patients, although loss of con-
sciousness was noted in only 21.6 percent. About half of
the suicidal patients (54. 5 percent), who had all lost con-
sciousness, exhibited pathological deviations, asdidmost
persons (47.7 percent) who had suffered from acute, ac-
cidental poisoning (loss of consciousness in 36.8 percent).
When CoHb levels upon admission were compared with
the degree of decreased logical memory in 22 patients, a
positive correlation was found. At CoHb levels up to
29. 9 percent, disorders of memory were found in 33. 3
percent; at levels of 30-78.3 percent CoHb, disorders of
memory were found in 61. 5 percent. Repeated exami-
nations indicate that, with time, logical memory and rec-
ognition returned to normal and that mechanical memory
remained the same (virtually normal).
F-10805
Ricci, C. , F. Capellaro and P. C. Gaido
ELECTROPHORETIC AND IMMUNO-ELECTROPHORE-
TIC EXAMINATIONS IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO
CHRONIC CO INTOXICATION. [Indagini eletttrjaforfitiche
54
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
ed immunoelettroforetiche sul siero di individui esposti
a rischio protratto da CO. ] Translated from Italian.
Rass. Med. Ind. (Rome), 33(3-4):414-416, May-Aug.
1964. —
Persons exposed to CO for more than 3 months exhibit
a sharp increase in the transferrin fraction of their
serum. The sera of 19 persons working near coke
distillation ovens, and thus exposed to CO occupationally
for at least 3 months, were examined. CO levels
averaged 500 ppm. , but rose as high as 3000 ppm. An
increase in B-globulin was found in 40 percent, with
values as high as 20. 3. Persons with the highest B-
globulin levels were persons with the longest CO ex-
posures. When sera were tested electrophoretically for
concentration of Bj-globulin (or transferrin); transferrin
levels exceeded 300 mg/100 cc serum.
F-10808
Marchiaro, G. , E. Margaria, P. C. Gaido, and G.
Aquaro
ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE
INTOXICATION FROM CARBON MONOXIDE. [Equilibria
acido base nell'intossicazione acuta sperimentale da
ossido di carbonio. ] Translated from Italian. Rass.
Med. Ind. (Rome), 3_3(3-4): 452-453, May-Aug. 1964.
In one of the tired dogs experimentally poisoned with CO,
a progressive decrease in blood pH values is found,
(from 7. 38 to 7. 26) accompanied by an increase in pCO£,
(from 43 to 56 mm Hg). This acidosis tends to correct
partially during the successive stages of treatment.
F-10806
Trompeo, G. , P. C. Gaido, and F. Capellaro
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR
AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. [Concentrazioni
ambientali di ossido di carbonio e carbossiemoglobinemia.
Studio sui meccanici di autorimesse. ] Translated from
Italian. Rass. Med. Ind. (Rome), 33(3-4):440-442,
May-Aug. 1964. 8 refs.
In 12 underground garages, the average CO level at
working areas was 98 ppm (range, 10-300 ppm), of
which 31.8 percent of the readings were above 100 ppm
(the American MAC). In a. group of 26 workers, COHb
levels ranged from traces to 18.7 percent; five subjects
had COHb levels over 10-percent. The average COHb
levels for workers in areas having 100 ppm or more CO
was about 6 percent. Workers in areas with less than
100 ppm averaged about 4 percent. Thus, the workers
appeared to average 5 percent COHb, which level is
higher than that found in smokers not exposed to other
sources of CO. A close correlation was found between
high CO levels in the surrounding air.
F-10807
Paris, Jean
EVALUATION OF "EXCITATION-DURATION" CURVES
AFTER ACUTE OCCUPATIONAL INTOXICATION BY
CARBON MONOXIDE. [Etude des courbes "excitation-
Duree" apres intoxication aigue professionnelle par
1'oxyde de carbone. ] Translated from French. Rass.
Med. Ind. (Rome), 3_3(3-4):275-291, May-Aug. 1964.
2 refs.
The modifications of excitability-duration curves after
acute occupational CO intoxication in seven persons are
characterized by pronounced hypoexcitability of the
nerve and consequent inversion of the nerve-muscle
excitability ratios. Such modifications have already
been observed by many authors in states of fatigue, in
reduced resistance after surgery, and in chronic alco-
holism. The inversion in this excitability ratio appears
to indicate that the subjective clinical syndrom of mus-
cular asthenia with weakness in the lower legs, custom-
arily observed after acute intoxication by CO can be
considered as an objective clinical symptom.
F-10810
Candura, Francesco and Angelo Craveri
AMOUNT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FIBRINOLYSIS IN
EXPERIMENTAL CARBON MONOXIDE INTOXICATION.
[Valore e significato della fibrinolisi nell' ossicarbonismo
sperimentale.] Translated from Italian. Rass. Med.
Ind. (Rome), ^3_(3-4):404-406, May-Aug. 1964. 4 refs.
A study was made of fibrinolysis in animals acutely in-
toxicated with CO. The increase in fibrinolysis is found
only in vivo, and is found even in animals whose supr-
arenal glands have been removed. The removal of the
spleen, however, prevents the occurrence of this pheno-
menon. Two hypotheses are advanced: release of "hypo-
xylienin" can lead to hypocoagulability, or immission
into the circulation of splenin B, a principle with profib-
rinolytic activity, can lead to fibrinolysis.
F-10811
Zorn, Hans
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING. [Zur Diagnostik der chronischen Kohlen-
oxydvergiftung. ] Translated from German. Rass. Med.
Ind. (Rome), 33J3-4):325-329, May-Aug. 1964.
Tests which should be employed to judge the relationship
between subtoxic occupational CO levels and illnesses of
the workers are listed. Workers in a blast furnace
workshop were observed for two years. They showed no
unusual irritability due to the monotonous noise (90 phon.)
in the shop until a defective machine released small
amounts of CO. Increased sensitivity to noise was then
found, as well as increased psychic irritability. Inquiry
at home showed that the workers showed increased
sensitivity to noise accompanied by insomnia. CO tests
yielded 10-20 percent COHb at the end of a shift. Audio-
gram of an older worker showed a clear loss in the
higher tones, and others had lost 1500 Hz with a small
proportion of the loss in the higher tones. Electroence-
phalograms exhibited variations, even in the younger
workers. Six weeks after the equipment was repaired,
tests on the younger workers were normal. Recovery
in the older workers was not complete, even after 16
weeks.
55
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-10842
Grieser, N.
FLUORINE INTAKE INCREASED IN MAN BY FOOD
PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN. Translated from
German. Med. Ernaehr. (Munich), 6/2):30-35, 1965.
29 refs.
Because the practice of feeding farm animals mineral
phosphates is spreading, it is important to find out
whether long-range administration of large amounts of
fluorine, contained in the mineral phosphates, can in-
crease fluorine levels of foods such as meat, milk and
eggs. Resorption, accumulation, elimination, and equili-
brium states for small amounts of fluorine are discussed,
as are fluorine contents of food products of animal origin.
No reference is made to air pollution.
F-10846
Navratil, M.
VENTILATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF AIR IN THE
LUNGS IN CHRONIC ASTHMOID BRONCHITIS. [Pomery
ventilace a distribuce vzduchu v plicich u chronicke
astmoidni bronchitidy. ] Translated from Czech. Casopis
Lekaru Ceskych (Prague), HH_(45): 1353 -1357, Nov. 1962.
21 refs.
Data on ventilation, residual volume, and distribution
of air in the lungs are assessed as a. group of patients
with chronic bronchitis with emphysema. The criterion
for classification into the two groups was the result of the
pneumotachogram or the epinephrine test. Ventilation
and distribution deteriorated considerably in the patients,
compared with controls, and provided evidence that
emphysema in these pathological conditions is the main
pathogenetic factor of dyspnea. The asthmoid component
reduced the respiratory function even more markedly,
but this deterioration was not sufficient to manifest it-
self significantly when evaluated statistically.
F-10849
Troquet, J. and D. Colinet-Lagneaux
SHALLOW RESPIRATION AND PULMONARY EDEMA
INDUCED IN THE RABBIT BY OZONE INHALATION.
[Respiration superficielle et oedeme pulmonaire provo-
ques, chezlelapin, par 1'inhalation d'ozone.] Translated
from French. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. , 157(1):228-
230, Sept. 1965. 4 refs.
In experiments on five anaesthesized rabbits, vagotomy
was found to aggravate ozone-induced edema. It is
pointed out that ozone intoxication is not the only pheno-
menon which can produce tachypnea with reduced volume,
associated with alveolar edema. Embolism of the pul-
monary artery by small particles is one example. Super-
ficial respiration can also occur in the absence of edema-
tous infiltration of the lung, as in the case of anaphylactic
shock in the rabbit. However, polypnea in the rabbit
induced by ozone is intense and stable as long as the
vagal nerve remains intact.
F-10851
Watanabe, Hiromu, Fusa Kaneko, Hisako Murayama,
Shigeo Yamaoka and Toshio Kawaraya
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH. REPORT
NO. 1: ON PEAK FLOW RATE AND VITAL CAPACITY
OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN. Translated from
Japanese. Report of the Osaka City Institute of Hygiene
(Osaka), Vol. 26, p. 32-37, 1964. 18 refs.
The effect of SO2 and dust pollution in an industrial area
of Osaka, Japan, on the pulmonary function of school
children was investigated. Peak flow rate and vital
capacity measurements of 275 children from two schools
in the city were compared with those of 150 children of
a rural area. At the same time a questionnaire survey
elicited data on the childrens1 respiratory health, and
the school health records were used for height and
weight measurements. Dust count and SO2 concentra-
tion data were obtained concomitantly. Children from
one of the cityschools, in the most polluted area, showed
a tendency toward delay in the peak flow rate increase
due to growth, in parallel with a high dust count and SOz
concentration in their area; a remarkably high percent-
age of these students showed a peak flow rate of less
than 250 liters/min with a. vital capacity ratio of more
than 80 percent, differing significantly from the other
two schools.
F-10852
Toyama, Toshio, Fujishige Nakamoto, Haruo Kondo,
and Yoshiro Tomono
CIGARETTE SMOKING AND PULMONARY VENTILA-
LATORY CAPACITY: AN EVALUATION OF WRIGHT'S
PEAK FLOW RATE IN INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. Trans-
led from Japanese. Nippon Koeishi (Japan Public
Health) (Tokyo), 7^(12):1-14, Dec. 15, 1960.
In a study of 1010 healthy outdoor electricity supply
company workers, the relationships between peak flow
rate, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and years
spent in smoking were investigated statistically with
age and height taken into account. The peak flow rate of
the habitual smoker was lower than that of the non-
smoker. The peak flow rate of heavy smokers with o.
smoking habit of 10 years or longer duration was signifi-
cantly lower than the peak flow rate of those who had
smoked 5 years or less; this difference was not true of
light smokers (10 cigarettes or less per day).
F-10853
Toyama, Toshio and Yoshiro Tomono
PULMONARY VENTILATORY CAPACITY OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN IN A HEAVILY AIR-POLLUTED AREA.
Translated from Japanese. Nippon Koeishi (Japanese
Journal of Public Health), (Tokyo?), 8J8): 659-666,
1961. 33 refs.
A controlled study of the effects of air pollution on the
pulmonary ventilatory capacity of school children in
Japan is reported. Measurements of pollution and vital
capacity, the 0. 5 second expiratory capacity, Wright's
peak flow rate, and the questionnaire results from two
areas are compared. There was a close relationship
between air pollution and the children's ventilatory
56
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
capacity. Two areas were studied; one relatively con-
taminated with pollutants, the other relatively clean.
F-10854
Stofen, D.
LEADED GASOLINE AND ITS EFFECT ON HEALTH.
[Die Benzinverbleiung und ihre gesundheitlichen Folgen. ]
Translated from German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Arbeits-
schutz (Darmstadt), J_6_(l):n. p. , Jan. 1966. 6 refs.
The toxic hazards of tetraethyl lead are discussed, with
emphasis upon Soviet work which "was not mentioned in
another article on this subject. The low tolerance level
permitted in the Soviet Union indicated a. certain amount
of \vork on the problem has been performed there.
Theoretical tolerance figures have recently been con-
firmed by Soviet researchers who report eight times as
many gastrointestinal and nervous system disorders and
twice as many cardiovascular diseases in people who
lived near a tin smelter. The urinary lead levels -were
slightly above physiological limit, a level which corres-
ponds to values observed in large Swiss and American
cities.
F-10855
Fatzer, R.
SYMPTOMS OF SUBLIMINAL LEAD AND LEADED-GAS-
OLINE POISONING. [Symptome der unterschwelligen
Blei- bzw. Bleibenzinvergiftung. ] Translated from
German. Schweiz. Med. Wochschr. (Basel), 83(27):
631, 1953.
iymptoms include rheumatic complaints, back pains,
iches, nasal dermal abcesses, inflammation of the
kidneys and bladder, dizziness, trembling, gum bleeding,
and hesitation in answering questions.
The s
heada
6J4):401-408, Oct.-Dec. 1965. 4 refs.
Standardized mortality ratios according to age are de-
rived for malignant tumors of the lungs and other parts
of the body, using death certificates from 1951 to 1963
in Genoa. While mortality from malignant tumors of the
lungs doubled during this period, mortality from other
malignant tumors remained practically constant. The
data are graphed.
F-10859
Fridlyand, I. G.
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING DURING THE SIEGE
OF LENINGRAD (1941-1943). [Otravleniya okis'yu
ugleroda v osazhdennom Leningrade. ] Translated from
Russian. Leningrad, 1947, 118p. 74 refs.
CO poisoning due primarily to the widespread use of
temporary primitive stoves for heating apartments and
offices during the 1941-1943 siege of Leningrad, is
reviewed. The studies are based on 1020 cases of
which 256 were hospitalized. The majority of cases
•were severe and mortality "was relatively high. The dis-
cussion, supported by tables, covers clinical symptoms
observed, including an incidence of concomitant pneu-
monia in 34 percent of the hospitalized patients, blood
examination for carboxyhemoglobin, severity of poisoning,
and course of the intoxication, illustrated by specific
cases. The pathogenesis of the CO poisoning during these
war years viewed as different -with respect to factors such
as alimentary dystrophy, psychic and neurological condi-
tions. A synergistic action of the toxic gas and the un-
favorable course of the CO poisoning in many of the
patients. Problems of therapy, including blood trans-
fusions, are illustrated by sample cases. Group poison-
ing episodes indicated that various persons exposed to
similar CO concentrations had different amounts of COHb
in their blood. Degree of poisoning was not always
correlated with amount of carboxyhemoglobin.
F-10856
Stofen, D.
EFFECT OF LEADED GASOLINE ON HEALTH.
[Gesundheitliche Folgen der Benzinverbleiung.] Trans-
lated from German. Preprint, 6p. ,[1965?] 17 refs.
Work dealing with the dangers of leaded gasoline are
reviewed. Much of the research, conducted by Kettering
Laboratories, points out that the lead level in the blood
of the average American is not essentially increased by
the use of leaded gasoline. Swiss workers report that
blood levels are deceptive and unreliable. Furthermore,
tetraethyl lead can be directly inhaled by passengers in
an air-conditioned car if the engine and carburetor are
not correctly adjusted. Genetic effects of lead on the
fetus have been noted. Effects of lead poisoning on
human beings, especially upon intelligence, are re-
viewed, and precautions are listed.
F-10857
Morando, A. E. and B. Oppezzi
TREND OF MORTALITY FROM MALIGNANT TUMORS
IN GENOA FROM 1951 TO 1963. [Sull'andamento della
mortalita per tumori maligni in Geneva, dal 1951 al 1963.]
Translated-from Italian. G. Ig. Med. Prev. (Genoa),
F-10860
Petry, Heinz
CHRONIC CARBON-MONOXIDE POISONING. [Die chron-
ische Kohlenoxydvergiftung. ] Translated from German.
Arbeitsmedizin (Leipzig), No. 29, p. 1-129, 1953,
251 refs.
Chronic CO poisoning is discussed in an extensive re-
view of the world literature, with special reference to
Scandinavian findings, as well as original observations.
The chemical properties, occurrence, determination,
normal blood and cell level of CO and the role of smoking
are described. The physiological action and metabolism
of CO in the body are examined and graphically illustra-
ted. The largest segment of the review is devoted to the
symptomatology of chronic CO poisoning, with a covering
of neurological and psychological symptoms, endocrine
disturbances, and gastrointestinal and cardiovascular
symptoms. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis is dis-
cussed, with a presentation of ten sample cases. Other
aspects treated include CO tolerance and sensitization,
pathological anatomy, patho-physiology, course of the
disorder, prognosis, therapy, and prophylaxis. It is
concluded that carbon monoxide doses below 0. 005 per-
cent-volume do not impair health.
57
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-10862
Lapresle, Jean and Michel Fardeau
LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHIES CAUSED BY CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING--STUDY OF 16 ANATOMICAL-
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS. [Les leucoencephalopath-
ies de I1 intoxication oxycarbonee--Etude de seize
observations anatomocliniques . ] Translated from
French. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin), Vol. 6, p. 327-
348, 1966. 24 refs.
This article discusses the lesions of the white matter
of the brain in acute carbonmonoxide intoxication through
16 reports analyzing such attacks. These highly techni-
cal reports, with considerable detailed figures and dia-
grams, conclude that the myelinopathy of Grinker is
only a part of the lesion continuum formed, but that
many factors speak in favor of vascular disorders which
would appear to be responsible for the brain lesions due
to carbon monoxide intoxication.
F-10868
Schlipkoter, H. W.
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON MAN. [Wirkungen
von Luftverunreinigungen auf den Menschen. ] Trans-
lated from German. Lufthygiene in Dortmund, March
1965, p. 26-34.
In a broad-ranging review of the literature on specific
medical effects of air pollutants on experimental animals
and man, the deleterious action of nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide benzopyrene and dust
are discussed in detail and illustrated by graphs and
tables. The concentrations of SO£ benzopyrene and dust
in German towns such as Bochum and Dusseldorf are
tabulated. Special emphasis is given to the problem of
combined synergistic - or antagonistic-effects of several
pollutants. As one example, the inhibition of lung clear-
ance of dust by SO;? in rats is pointed out. Experimental
details are carefully related, but citations to the litera-
ture are not furnished except by reference to names of
investigators.
F-10869
Cis, C. and G. Perani
COCHLEOVESTIBULAR FUNCTION IN CARBON MONO-
XIDE POISONING. [La funzionalita1 cocleo-vestibolare
nell'ossicarbonismo. ] Translated from Italian. Arch.
Ital. Otol. Rinol. Laringol. (Milan), Vol. 75, p. 635-
643, Sept.-Oct. 1964. 59 refs.
A group of 50 patients was examined for mental, audio-
logical, and vestibular deficits. Subjects included 15
persons being treated for CO poisoning, and 35 persons
under study for suspected chronic CO poisoning or
examined for postmortem evaluation of acute poisoning.
As with CS^ poisoning, prolonged exposure to CO pre-
sents an objective vestibular pattern with involvement of
the nucleo-reticular structures. CO poisoning does not
seem to cause sufficient damage to limit the field of
comfortable social hearing. Exposure of CO does,
however, cause irreversible alterations of the vestibular
apparatus, with polymorphous vestibular effects, or in
polymorphous vestibular effects, or in prolonged expos-
ure to CO, with nucleo-reticular involvement.
F-10870
Desoille, H. and R. Boncour
INVERSION OF ALBUMIN-GLOBULIN RATIO DURING
EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC POISONING BY CARBON
MONOXIDE. [Inversion du rapport albumine-globuline
au cours de I1 intoxication chronique experimentale par
1'oxyde de carbone.] Translated from French. Arch.
Maladies Profess. Med. Travail Securite(Paris), 2_5_
(l-2):5-7, Jan. Feb. 1964.
The effect of carbon monoxide poisoning in rabbits on
quantitative changes in protein serums was studied
experimentally, using two animals in each of three
three-month series. Analyses included total protein as
well as the separate albumin and globulin fractions
(gamma, and alpha-beta globulins). Very significant
temporary changes in amounts of albumin fractions were
observed at variable periods - in most cases favoring
a parallel increase in alpha-beta globulins. The result
is an inversion of the albumin/globulin ratio which is
variable in duration and is a function of the carbon mono-
xide dose administered. The series of rabbits which
received 250 ppm CO, showed their albumin/globulin
inversion of the 53rd day and it lasted one week; the
series which received 450ppm, in contrast showed an
inversion on the 25th day and it lasted much longer,
about three weeks. This reactive intervention of humoral
protein is so effective, that it causes the original equili-
brium to be re-established, and even exceeded.
F-10871
Moureu, H.
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF POLLUTION BY EXHAUST
GASES FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES.
[Les divers aspects de la pollution par les gaz d'echap-
pement des moteurs a combustion interne.] Translated
from French. Rev. Pathol. Gen. Physiol. Clin. (Paris),
6^(729):915-931, July 1961. 25 refs.
Composition of exhaust gases from gasoline engines is
discussed, as are the chemical reactions involved in the
formation of photochemical smog. Various aspects of
pollution by motor vehicles are reviewed, including
acute levels, low levels, and localized high levels. In
i study of 1, 605 persons, 38 percent of the motor
vehicle drivers who had been in an accident had serious
levels of 4. 8-6. 4 percent COHb. It is proposed that
many accidents which are believed to have been caused
by the effects of alcohol may actually have been caused
by the effects of CO.
F-10872
Pattono, R. , G. Marchiaro, F. Capellaro, and G.
Orione
THE DYNAMICS OF CO ELIMINATION IN VARIOUS
RESUSCITATION CONDITIONS. [Dinamica della elimina-
zione del CO in varie condizionidi rianimazione. ] Trans-
lated from Italian. Rass. Med. Ind. (Rome), Vol. 33,
p. 456-457, May-Aug. 1964.
Anesthesized dogs were held under narcosis with oxygen
and ether while being subjected to mixtures of air and
CO (0. 8-2. Opercent CO). When resuscitated by inhala-
tion of air, COHb level dropped about 40 percent in 20
minutes, but only dropped another 13 percent in the next
53
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
50 minutes. When pure Oz was used, CO levels dropped
58 percent in 20 minutes and another 12 percent in the
next 50 minutes. When G£ and air were used in conjunc-
tion with hypothermia (32° C.), the CO elimination rate
was somewhere between the two previously noted rates.
F-10873
Vestibular symptoms of the CO-exposed group amounted
to 68 percent, compared to 11 percent. Audiometric
examinations showed a definite lowering in the high fre-
quency range of the age-dependent physiological hearing
curve in the exposed workers. Audiometry revealed
corti damage in 6 cases, and retroganglionic damage in
four.
Sklenovsky, A.
FREE AMINO ACID CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN IN
ANOXIA INDUCED BY CARBON MONOXIDE. [Zmeny
volnych aminokyselin v mozky krys za anoxie zpusobene
kyslicniken uhelnatym. ] Translated from Czech.
Activitas nervosa super. (Prague), ^(3):272-275, 1964.
20 refs.
A significant decrease in glutamic acid (by 15 percent),
glutamine (by 16 percent), serine, and glycine, and a
significant increase in alanine were found after a 25
minute exposure to CO anoxia in rats. The gamma-
aminobutyric acid level was not changed. The results
are related to stimulation of glycolysis and simultaneous
depression of the aerobic oxidation of glucose in the
Krebs cycle. The observed changes may be partly
responsible for functional brain disorders in anoxia.
F-10874
Gaultier, M. , E. Fournier, P. Gervais, and F. Bodin
PANCREATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY OCCURRING
AFTER CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. COMPARI-
SON WITH POST-INTERVAL, ENCEPHALOPATHY
FOLLOWING CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. [Encep-
halopathie pancreatique survenue au decours d'une intox-
ication oxycarbonee. Comparison avec I1 au decours
d'une intoxication oxycarbonee. Comparison avec 1'
encephalopathie post-intervallaire de 1'intoxication
oxycarbonee.] Translated from French. Presse Med.
(Paris), 72J54):3263-3265, Dec. 1964. 15 refs.
A case report is presented of a woman who recovered
following a suicide attempt with city gas. The case was
complicated by the management of severe digestive and
humoral disorders with hyperglycemia and strongly
elevated amylemia. Case history included a gastrectomy
for a gastric ulcer ten years previously. Diagnosis
was acute pancreatitis.
F-10875
F-10877
Helmchen, H. and H. Kunkel
FINDINGS ON RHYTHMIC POTENTIAL FLUCTUATION
IN OPTICAL EVOKED RESPONSE IN THE HUMAN EEC.
[Befunde zur rhytmischen Nachschwankung bei optisch
ausgelosten Reizantworten (evoked responses) im EEG
des Menschen. ] Translated from German. Arch.
Psychiat. Nervenkrankh. (Berlin), Vol. 205: 397-408,
1964. 21 refs.
Various aspects of a rhythmic potential fluctuation
(rhythmic after-fluctuation) are described which fre-
quently develop within an optically triggered stimulus
response directly from the secondary component. The
findings point to the fact that essential properties of this
rhythmic after-fluctuation are influenced by the brain
stem structures. This is demonstrated in the case of
the general change in the EEG after CO intoxication, in
the case of the anomalous occipital 3-4 cycles/sec.
rhythm and in paroxysmal dysrhythmia as well as general
changes under Perazin treatment.
F-10879
Bruin, A. de, D. Vroege, and A. van Haeringen
CARBON MONOXIDE ABSORPTION BY TRAFFIC
POLICEMEN. [Onderzoek naar de opname van koolmon-
oxyde bij verkeersagenten. ] Translated from Dutch.
Tijdschr. soc. Geneesk. (Assen), 43J5): 146-151, March
1965. 15 refs.
An investigation of 36 nonsmoking traffic policemen
shows that for an average traffic exposure of 2. 5 hr
between May and August, 1964, the average COHb level
rises from 0.93 to 1. 10 percent. This increase is
greater for persons with 3-4 hr exposure than for per-
sons with only two hr. Air measurements indicate a
range of 5-15 ppm during periods of high traffic activity.
Strzelczyk, P. and H. Zenk
PERMANENT SUB TOXIC EFFECTS OF CARBON MONO-
XIDE ON THE HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM APPARA-
TUS IN GAS PLANT WORKERS. [Permanente subtoxis-
che CO-Einwirkungen auf das Hor- und Gleichgewichts -
organ bei Gaswerkarbeitern. ] Translated from German.
Arch. Klin, Exp. Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkunde (Ber-
lin), Vol. 184:81-92, May 29, 1964. 22 refs.
To obtain early recognition of slowly developing chronic
CO poisoning in a gas works, complaints from 51 exposed
workers were collected and audio-metric and vestibular
function tests performed. Occupational exposure was
to 0. 01 percent or more CO. Compared with a group
of controls, subjective complaints of the CO-exposed
group amounted to 84 percent compared to 47 percent
F-10880
Sterz, H. ,,
ON HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES. [Uber Hamoglobino-
pathien. ] Translated from German. Med. Klin, (Munich),
5_8J42):1705-1709, Oct. 15, 1963.
As part of a review of hemoglobin types and hemoglobin
anomalies, the formation of COHb is mentioned as a
very important alteration of the hemoglobin. COHb is
bright red and has absorption lines in the spectrum at
568 and 539 )j.. The clinical symptomalogy is provided.
Permanent damage may result from COHb levels above
20 percent, and for that reason 20 percent has been
called the toxic limit.
59
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-10881
Taniewski, J. and R. Kugler
U-SHAPED AUDIOMETRIC CURVE IN CARBON MON-
OXIDE POISONINGS. [Audiometrische Kurve in U-Form
bei Kohlenoxydvergiftungen. ] Translated from German.
Monatsschr. Ohrenheilk. Laryngo-Rhinol. (Vienna), 98
(7):298-301, 1964. 5 refs.
The hearing of 35 patients up to seven years after CO
intoxication was tested. In 31 patients, the audiometric
curve for both sides took on the shape of a U of varying
size, corresponding in each case to the degree of loss of
hearing. The greatest loss of hearing took place at 2048
Hz. The U-shaped curve occurs rarely in the general
population, but has been noted in children born in asphyx-
ia and in children whose mothers came down with measles
during pregnancy. It is concluded that the U-shaped
curve is often observed in CO intoxications because of
damage to the central organ of hearing.
F-10882
Schleusing, Gottfried
EFFECT OF HYPOXIA OR ANOXIA ON THE MINERAL
METABOLISM IN THE MYOCARDIUM AND SKELETAL
MUSCLES. [Der Einfluss der Hypoxie oder Anoxie auf
den Mineralstoffwechsel der Herz- und Skelettmusku-
latur. ] Translated from German. Z. Inn. Med. (Leip-
zig) j_9(21):820-82Z, 1964. 18 refs.
Mineral metabolism investigations on the heart and
skeletal musculature of 50 rats, of which 10, were
intoxicated with HCN, CO, N^, or CO^, revealed that
the heart musculature and the skeletal musculature be-
have in opposite ways. After CO intoxication the intra-
cellular potassium content of the skeletal musculature
drops; on the other hand, it remains constant in the
heart muscle. On the other hand, HCN, CO2, and N£
lead to a reduction in the intracellular potassium of the
heart musculature at unchanged potassium content in
the skeletal muscle. The causes for this are discussed
in terms of oxygen shortage.
F-10883
post-stress syndrome. It is concluded that every stress
justifies a prescription of insulin in small doses.
F-10884
Kistov, V. V. , L. A. Tiunov, and G. A. Vasil'eva
EFFECT OF CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE INHALA-
TION ON ANIMAL RESISTANCE TO ROENTGEN RAYS
EXPOSURE. Translated from Russian. Gigiena Truda
i Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), Vol.7, p. 54-55, June
1963. 12 refs.
Chronic inhalation (2 hrs/day for 15 days) of carbon
monoxide in concentrations, e.g. 2 mg/1, which elicited
CO intoxication, lowered the resistance of white mice
to X-ray irradiation. In contrast, chronic 0. 01 mg/1
inhalation of CO in nontoxic concentrations e.g. 0.01
mg/1 by white rats (sic), had no effect on the animals'
resistance, even when carried on for 60 days. Para-
doxically, when the dose of CO was reduced to 0. 005
mg/1 two hours daily for 60 days, the experimental
animals' resistance was enhanced. This enhanced re-
sistance to X-rays seems in no way to be connected with
the hypoxemic mechanism of CO action reported by other
authors, since the degree of hypoxemia in test and con-
trol mice was the same, 1. 5 percent.
F-10889
Biget, P. L. , J. Fabre, and A. Vauzelle
THE PROBLEM OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND ITS
AERONAUTICAL INCIDENCES. [Le probleme de 1'
ozone atmosphe'rique et ses incidences aeronautiques. ]
Translated from French. Rev. Med. Aeron. , 4(15):66-
76, 1965. 60 refs.
The properties of ozone, its chemical properties, and
its toxic threat to humans in the upper atmosphere are
discussed. A complete bibliographical study is present-
ed, -with the conclusion that more research is needed on
the problems posed by intoxication due to ozone, although
its toxic effects "when encountered by humans in the upper
atmosphere (e.g. during air travel) seem to have been
effectively countered by modern ozone filters.
Larcan, A., J. Leclere, L. Picard, and D. Malarde
VARIATION OF THE GLUCIDIC ASSIMILATION CO-
EFFICIENT IN THE COURSE OF VARIOUS STRESSES.
[Etude des variations du coefficient d1 assimilation glu-
cidique au cours de diverses agressions. ] Translated
from French. Diabete (Le Rainey) , Vol. 11, p. 275-281,
Aug. -Sept. 1963. 26 refs.
Glucose assimilation studies were carried out in 32
patients who had undergone acute medical stress {such
as infection, intoxication, renal insufficiency) but who,
with few exceptions, were not known diabetics and had
no hereditary predisposition toward diabetes. The sub-
jects were 11 patients with myocardial infarction, 7
with acute carbon monoxide intoxication, and 14 cases
of miscellaneous stresses. The existence of transitory
perturbation in peripheral glucose assimilation was ob-
served in 7 of the 11 infarction cases and in 28 out of
38 tests carried out. This perturbation, which corre-
sponds neither to a preexisting diabetes, nor to the
revelation of creation of acute diabetes, disappears
during clinical and biological improvement in the
F-10890
Grashchenkov, N.E. andK. F. Elenevskii
CARDIOVASCULAR SYNDROME. [Serdechno-sosudi-
styi sindrom. ] Translated from Russian. Profess.
Bolezni. (Moscow), 1964, p. 103.
Deleterious effects of lead on the renal and cardio-
vascular systems of workers in lead factories are dis-
cussed. Observations in recent years at the Institute
of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases of the
Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR showed that
the so-called "lead kidney", as well as "early arterio-
sclerosis" in workers who come in contact with lead
"belong to the past". In fact, in a considerable number
of workers examined, a tendency toward a lowering of
the level of maximal arterial pressure was noted, with
the number of cases of hypotension proportional to the
increase in degree of poisoning. Oscillometric data did
show an increase in mean arterial pressure (and also in
venous pressure) in some of the individuals examined.
60
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-10891
Medved, L. I.
HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY OF NEW PESTICIDES AND
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF POISONING. [Gigiyena i toksi-
kologiya novykh pestitsidov i klinika otravlenity. ] Trans-
lated from Russian. Moscow, State Publishing House of
Medical Literature, 1962, 143p.
A compilation of 92 conference papers on the occurrence,
detection, toxicology and public health aspects of various
pesticides, gaseous disinfectants and related chemicals,
is presented. Topics covered include general problems,
such as effect of poisons on endocrine organs, and meth-
ods of calculating permissible concentrations; prophylac-
tic occupational health measures in the production of
chemical herbicides and insecticides (e.g. organic phos-
phorus compounds); air contamination during ship fumi-
gation; determination of methyl bromide in the air; toxi-
cologic characteristics of organic chlorine insecticides
and similar compounds; normalization of DDT analogues;
and determination of maximum permissible concentra-
tions of compounds such as ether sulfonate (sic). Four
separate series of papers are devoted to the experimental
toxicology of organic phosphorus insecticides, organic
chlorine insecticides, herbicides and defoliants, and des-
sicants. The volume ends with a series of papers on the
clinical picture and therapy of pesticide intoxication.
F-10892
Del Vecchio, V. , S. d'Arca, and M. Talenti
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING AND CARBON MON-
OXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE CITY OF ROME.
[L'ossicarbonismo, e 1'ossido di carbonio nell'atmosfera
della citta di Roma. ] Translated from Italian. Nuovi
Ann. Igiene, Microbiol. (Rome), ^7_(2):81-102, March-
April 1966. 67 refs.
The problem of carbon monoxide poisoning is discussed
in detail. Findings on the effects of exposure, for var-
ious concentrations and lengths of time, on humans are
presented. Measurements in the city of Rome as well
as other studies throughout the world are cited. Samples
and measurements taken in Rome between November
1954 and October 1955 revealed CO pollution rates
ranging from 0. 001 to 0. 015 percent. The problem of
carbon monoxide poisoning is viewed along with other
forms of pollution from the stand-point of public health.
F-10893
Boedicker, Wilhelm
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE QUESTION OF
CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. [Experi-
mentelle Studien zur Frage der chronischen Kohlenoxyd-
vergiftung. ] Translated from German. Arch. Hyg.
Bakteriol. (Munich), JJV7(l):318-336, Oct. 1931. 29
refs.
The role of acidosis as a manifestation of chronic, as
well as acute carbon monoxide intoxication was studied
with two series of rabbits, one of 20 and one of 30
animals. After elimination of the more susceptible
animals, a concentration of 0.25 percent CO was used,
with an inhalation time of 1-1/2 hours a day. The re-
serve alkali index of the plasma, determined manomet-
rically, was affected significantly by the state of hunger
of the animals. However, these determinations as well
as cholesterol determinations proved unsuitable for the
detection of chronic carbon monoxide intoxication. De-
finite changes were observed, however, upon determi-
nation of erythrocyte resistance, and of the serum phos -
phatide value. The paper is carefully documented with
specific data, tables and figures.
F-10894
Boedicker, Wilhelm
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON CHRONIC
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. II. BLOOD SUGAR
AND BLOOD-SUGAR CURVE IN EXPERIMENTAL
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. [Experimentelle
Studien zur Frage der chronischen Kohlenoxydvergiftung.
II. Blutzucker und Blutzuckerkurve bei der experiment -
ellen Kohlenoxydvergiftung. ] Translated from German.
Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. (Munich), Vol. 109, p. 124-134,
1933. 7 refs.
Sufficiently significant variations in fasting and normal
rabbit blood sugar levels, determined by the Hagedorn-
Jensen method, were observed to suggest abandonment
of the assumption that mammalian blood sugar content
under physiological conditions is a. constant and species-
specific quantity. Similarly, in animals exposed to
carbon monoxide variations up to 50 percent were noted.
This fact limits the significance of about 50 determi-
nations in -which experimental CO-exposed animals
showed a mean blood sugar value of 124mg percent and
showed a mean blood sugar value of 124mg percent and
control rabbits a mean of 106mg percent. It may be as-
sumed however that carbon monoxide did influence blood
sugar regulation. Additional studies, involving glucose
tolerance tests, are discussed in detail, to show the ef-
fect of CO on the blood-sugar regulating organs, such
as the suprarenal gland. An unexpected reaction of a
control animal indicated that a particularly high, or
somehow abnormal, blood sugar curve is not one of the
detailed manifestations of chronic CO poisoning.
F-10895
Gilula, I. O.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM. [Die Einwirkung von Kohlenoxyd
auf das Nervensystem. ] Translated from German. Deut.
Z. Nervenheilkunde (Leipzig), Vol. 116, p. 237-239,
1930.
Carbon monoxide poisoning experiments on dogs, cats,
rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, pigeons, and frogs using
concentrations of the gas from 0. 4, 0. 5, and 0. 8 are
reported. A syndrome of chronic CO-poisoning was not
observed. It is concluded that carbon monoxide acts on
the nervous tissue causing degenerative changes; and
that a. relative selectivity of the toxin in regard to a few
cerebral regions seems to be a result of a particular
biochemistry of the respective cerebral regions of the
whole brain due to which the nervous tissue has an un-
equal resistance to the action of the gas.
F-10896
Oba, Saburo
EXPERIMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE
61
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
OF BRAIN CHANGES IN CARBON MONOXIDE POISON-
ING. [Experimentelle Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gehirn-
veranderungen bei Kohlenmonoxydvergiftung mit besond-
erer Berficksichtigung der Lipoide. ] Translated from
German. Nippon Byori Gakkai Kaishi (Transactions of
the Japanese Pathological Society) (Tokyo), No. 22, p.
346-853, 1932.
Findings from experiments with rabbits showing the brain
damage resulting from carbon monoxide poisoning are
presented. Various methods of examining the relative
degeneration of brain tissues are outlined in detail, and
note is made of the inhibiting effects that an excess of
cholesterol seems to have on the degenerative process
produced by the CO gas.
F-10898
Sirtori, Carlo
CONTRIBUTION TO A SATISFACTORY SOLUTION OF
THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION. (WITH PARTI-
CULAR REGARD TO LUNG CANCER). [Par una soddis-
faconte soluzione del problema degli inquinamenti atmos-
ferici (con particolare reguardo al cancro polmonare). ]
Translated from Italian. Minerva Med. (Turin), 47(76):
3-11, 1956. 2 refs.
The relationship between the high incidence of lung can-
cer in urban areas and the high proportion of chemical
pollutants in the air of urban areas is discussed. Auto-
mobile exhaust and fumes from the combustion of coal
and naphtha in heating plants are indicated as the prime
causes of pollution; the latter is cited as easily control-
lable and the purification of the fumes from heating
plants is named as the logical method of reducing pol-
lution.
F-10915
Cramer, L.
THE METHODOLOGY OF VARIOUS CO DETERMINA-
TIONS IN THE BLOOD. [Uber die Methodik verschied-
ener CO-Bestimmungen im Blut. ] Translated from
German. Aerzt. Lab. (Wuerzburg), 7_(12):373-38 1, 1961.
26 refs.
Due to the possibility of errors it is necessary to deter-
mine the CO content in blood by at least two different
methods. The following five methods can be used: (1)
the spectroscopic test which is a. qualitative test and in-
dicates CO contents only if they exceed 26 percent COHb,
(2) The Wolff test, a quantitative method based on hemo-
globin precipitation while COHb remains in solution, (3)
the accurate Roughton and Scholander microgas analysis,
(4) a turbidometric method developed by the author which
is based on the liberation of metallic palladium deter-
mined by a photometer, and (5) the Grosskopf and Sachs
method "which is useful for preliminary tests. The
methods are described and their advantages are dis-
cussed.
chronischer Kohlenoxyd- und Kohlendioxyd-Vergiftung
auf die Spinne Zilla-X-Notata Cl. und ihren Netzbau. ]
Translated from German. Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn.
(Ghent), H>6_(3):275-293, 1956. 25 refs.
In a study of CO intoxication, Epelbaum addresses the
problem of whether the deficiency of oxygen in the tis-
sues, induced by carbon monoxide, can be an explanation
of all the observed effects of the gas. After discussing
the problems of specific CO or COi poisoning and litera-
ture dealing with chronic carbon-monoxide poisoning,
experiments on spiders are described evaluating be-
havior during the period of poisoning as well as feeding
and web spinning after poisoning. A large number of ob-
jective measurements are illustrated by charts and
figures to describe the lack of proof of irreversible
poisoning by CO or CO£.
F-10918
Moeschlen, S. and W. Wildermuth
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BLOOD SUGAR IN EXPERI-
MENTAL CO INTOXICATION AND IN NITROGEN IN-
HALATION. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE QUESTION OF
THE SPECIFIC TOXIC EFFECT OF CARBON MON-
OXIDE. [Das Verhalten des Blutzuckers bei der experi-
r.ientellen CO-Vergiftung und bei der Stickstoffatmung.
Ein Beitrag zur Frage der spezifisch toxischen Wirkung
des Kohlenoxyds . ] Translated from German. Arch.
Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. (Berlin), Vol. 198, p. 417-
419, 1941.
Experiments with rabbits who were exposed to CO-air
mixtures in gas chambers for 1/2 to 1 hr showed that
the blood sugar level increased above normal and was
maximum about 1/2 hours after exposure. Then after
2-1/2 hours the blood sugar level decreased to normal.
A marked increase in blood sugar was found even in
cases when the COHb content amounted to only 20-25
percent. Experiments with nitrogen-oxygen mixtures
showed that even under severe anoxemia no rise in
blood sugar was noted. Therefore, the increase in
blood sugar level is due to the specific effect of carbon
monoxide and not to the lack of oxygen.
F-10920
Justin-Besancon, L. , Ivan Bertrand, and Frederic
Pergola
CARBON MONOXIDE COMA WITH PROLONGED HYPER-
THERMIA. [Coma oxycarbone avec hyperthermie pro-
longee. ] Translated from French. Bull. Mem. Soc.
Med. Hosp. Paris (Paris), Vol. 59, p. 430-432, 1943.
Four brief case histories of carbon monoxide or illumi-
nating gas poisoning, are presented. All of the patients
were dramatically awakened from a coma by injection
of novocaine. Laying no claim to conclusive evidence of
any successful new treatment, a therapy deserving of
further research is outlined.
F-10916
Epelbaum, Felix
EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC CO AND CO, IN-
TOXICATION ON THE SPIDER ZILLA-X-NOTATA CL.
AND ITS WEB BUILDING. [Die Wirkung akuter und
F-10921
Petry, H.
PRESENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING
CHRONIC CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. [Gegen-
wartiger Stand unseres Wissens uber die chronische
62
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
Kohlenoxydvergiftung. ] Translated from German. Arch.
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), Vol. 18, p.
22-36, 1960. 46 refs.
Industrial and clinical physicians disagree as to whether
there is such a thing as chronic carbon monoxide poison-
ing. Opponents of the notion contend that the pathophy-
siological mechanisms during exposure to CO do not
correspond to those of "true" chronic poisonings. Sup-
porters of the concept insist that it is based primarily
on practical, clinical results . Examples are presented
which suggest that the terms "acute" and "chronic" can
both be applied to the following phenomena: exposure
time to the damaging agent, the developmental phase of
the disease, the course of the disease, secondary phe-
nomena, and therapeutic measures. Other sections of
the paper discuss (1) recent knowledge concerning clin-
ical symptoms of chronic CO poisoning, (2) recent ex-
perimental results concerning the effects of CO, (3) the
pathophysiology of chronic CO poisoning, and (4) the
diagnosis of chronic CO poisoning. It is concluded that
there is no need to eliminate the term "carbon monoxide
poisoning. "
F-10922
Messmer, E.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF MAN OF PROLONGED, CON-
TINUOUS EXPOSURE TO VERY LOW CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE. [Zur Frage der Toxi-
citat kleinster Kohlenoxydkonzentrationen bei langer
dauernder kontinuierlicher Einwirkung auf den men-
schlichen Organismus. ] Translated from German. Arch.
Toxikol. (Berlin), Vol. 16, p. 336-340, 1957. 8 refs.
The case history is outlined of a possible case of chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning, describing the lawsuit
brought by a couple, who claimed illness due to a high
level of carbon monoxide. Concentrations of 0.001 to
0. 005 percent of CO were measured in the apartment,
but based upon figures quoted from V. Raymond and A.
Valland, it is concluded the wife's illness would have
required at least a 0. 01 percent concentration of carbon
monoxide to cause symptoms of dizziness, mild dis-
turbance of consciousness, pressure in the heart region,
anxiety, palpitation, and anoxemia. While symptoms of
this kind occur in carbon monoxide poisoning, they do
not prove the existence of such poisoning.
F-10923
Effenberger, E.
EXHAUST-FUME HAZARDS TO PASSPORT AND
CUSTOMS OFFICIALS IN BORDER AREAS. [Gefahr-
dung der Beamten des Passkontroll- und Zolldienstes an
Grenziibergangen durch Auspuffgase. ] Translated from
German. Z. Hyg. (Berlin), Vol. 145, p. 403-421, 1958.
18 refs.
At two German border crossings for private cars, the
CO content of the air was measured. Average concen-
trations were 0. 013 Vol percent, with peaks of 0. 022
Vol percent. A statistically significant correlation was
established between traffic rate and air CO content. The
health complaints of the passport and customs officials,
which had been observed for several weeks, showed a
statistically significant correlation with traffic rate and
wind velocity. When the traffic rate was equal, the com-
plaints decreased when the wind velocity increased. This
correlation could also be quantitatively determined by
means of the regression line. In several of these of-
ficials, the blood COHb was determined before, during,
and after the period of duty. During duty, increases of
an average of 10 percent could be found with maxima of
14 percent COHb. There is no doubt that, in conditions
of heavy traffic and no wind the officials at the two
border crossings are endangered by the exhaust fumes.
Evidently the complaints are attributable to the effects
of several components of the exhaust fumes. Appropriate
countermeasures are suggested.
F-10924
Krueger, P. D. , O. Zorn, and F. Portheine
PROBLEMS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC CARBON MON-
OXIDE POISONING. [Probleme akuter und chronischer
Kohlenoxyd-Vergiftungen. ] Translated from German.
Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Heidelberg), Vol.
18, p. 1-21, 1960. 42 refs.
An extensive and detailed discussion of occupationally
related carbon monoxide poisoning, including some
original data and tables from studies of mine and in-
dustrial workers, is presented. The investigations in-
cluded field studies at "work locations containing CO
with control studies from non-polluted locations and
clinical studies on "workers exposed to CO. In addition
to a critical review of the various CO detection methods
and of the toxicological aspects involved, the conclusion
is drawn that "chronic carbon monoxide poisoning" per
se does not exist. Rather, the concept "light, recurring
CO poisoning" expresses the clinical and theoretical con-
dition clearly. The expert should constantly deal with
F-10925
Datsenko, I. I.
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE
DETERMINATION OF CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN IN
BLOOD BY THE GASOMETRIC, PHOTOMETRIC, AND
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS. [Sravnenie rezul1
tatov kolichestvennogo opredeleniya kapboksigemoglobina
v krovi gazometricheskim, foto-i spektrofotometriches-
kim methodami. ] Translated from Russian. Lab. Delo
(Moscow), 2(5):8-15, 1963. 13 refs.
Determination of the carboxyhemoglobin content in blood
is important for studying carbon monoxide poisonings.
The carboxyhemoglobin content in blood of animals with
CO poisoning was determined by gasometric, photo-
metric and spectrophotometric methods and the results
were compared to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability
of the individual methods. The three methods developed
by the Departments of hygiene and biochemistry at the
Lvov Institute of Medicine were found tobein satisfactory
agreement. The photometric method which is most con-
venient and simple is therefore recommended for general
laboratory use.
63
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-10928
Datsenko, I. I. and I. S. Alycheva
EFFECT OF AEROIONIZATION ON THE IMMUNOBIO-
LOGICAL REACTIVITY OF THE ORGANISM UNDER
CONDITIONS OF CHRONIC CARBONMONOXIDE POISON-
ING. [Vliyanie aerolionizatsii na immunobiologicheskuyu
reaktivnost organizma v ushoviyakh khronicheskoi intok-
sikatsii okisyu ugleroda. ] Translated from Russian.
Vrachebnoye Delo (Kiev), Vol. 7, p. 149-150, 1964.
The effect of aeroionization on the immunobiological re-
activity of the organism during chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning -was studied with 52 albino rats. One group
was exposed to carbon monoxide only, another group ob-
tained 30 min. of aeroionization after carbon monoxide
poisoning and the third group served as control. Before
the experiment all animals were vaccinated three times
at 7-day intervals with killed typhoid vaccine. The re-
sults showed that the hemoglobin content was 75-85 per-
cent in all three groups. The agglutinin titres were
maximum in all three groups on the 23rd day after the
third vaccination. The agglutinin titre in the poisoned
animals "was 2. 5 times lower than in the control group
and 3 times lower than in the group treated with aeroions.
Thus, the use of aeroions neutralizes the effect of carbon
monoxide and aeroionization has a. favorable effect on
chronic carbon monoxide poisoning.
F-10929
Kovnatskiy, M. A.
CLINICAL STUDY OF CHRONIC CARBONMONOXIDE
POISONING. [Klinika Khronicheskoi Intoksikatsii Oki-
syu Ugleroda.] Translated from Russian. Gig. Truda
i Zabolevaniya (Moscow), No. 10, p. 25-30, 1961. 23
refs.
This review of the general properties of carbon mon-
oxide poisoning and its temporary and possibly chronic
effects upon the central nervous and cardiac systems
utilizes many reports of other investigations and of 30
individuals whose work involved exposure to carbon mon-
oxide. In some cases, symptoms of chronic carbon
monoxide poisoning may progress even after contact with
this toxic agent is discontinued. Over half of the subjects
presented overt electrocardiographic changes indicative
of muscular changes. Symptomatic treatment is given
for cases of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, but
investigations of other forms of treatment, i.e. iron
preparations and novocaine, should be made.
F-10930
Datsenko, I. I.
CHANGES IN CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING. [Izmeneniya aktivnosti Kholi-
nesterzy pri oksyglerodnoi intoksikatsii. ] Translated
from Russian. Vrachebnoye delo, (Kiev), Vol. 11, p.
111-114, 1964. 6 refs.
The activity of choline esterase in the presence of carbon
monoxide was studied to elucidate the mechanism of
carbon monoxide poisoning and find a diagnostic method
for determining early carbon monoxide poisoning. Al-
bino rats and guinea pigs were subjected to chronic or
acute carbon monoxide and the activity of choline esterase
in the brain, heart and liver was determined. The choline
esterase activities after acute and chronic poisonings
differed considerably. Determination of the choline
esterase in the blood of guinea pigs in chronic and acute
experiments showed that the choline esterase activity is
a sensitive indicator of carbon monoxide poisoning. Its
determination is therefore recommended for hygienic
and toxicological purposes. The chronic action of carbon
monoxide showed also that it directly affects the cells
and that it may have adverse effects even in very low
concentrations.
F-10931
Anichkov, S. V.
REFLEXES FROM CHEMORECEPTORS UPON ENDO-
CRINE GLANDS. [Reflexksy s khimioretseptorov na
endokrinnye zhelezy. ] Translated from Russian. Fiziol.
Zh. SSSR (Moscow), 40(4):420-423, Jan. -Feb. 1954.
5 refs.
Based on the results of a long study of the carotid body
a hypothesis -was developed which explained the nature of
reflexes originating from carotid chemoreceptors. The
reflexes caused by anozic poisons (cyanide, sulfide),
poisons suppressing the respiratory phoshorylation, and
by carbon monoxide -were studied. The experiments
showed that carbon monoxide is a. strong stimulant of
carotid chemoreceptors. It was shown that stimulation
of chemoreceptors causes reflexes acting on the adrenal
gland. The effect of nicotine on blood pressure was also
found to be caused by reflexes originating from carotid
chemoreceptors.
F-11416
Faerber, Klaus-Peter and Alex Hoffmann
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF ATMOS-
PHERIC POLLUTION ON^THE HEALTH OF HUMANS.
[Weitere Untersuchungen uber Einflusse von Luftverun-
reinigungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit. ] Trans-
lated from German. Oeffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst,
Vol. 23, p. 17-25, Jan. 1961. 42 refs.
The effect of air pollution on human health was studied
by determining the dust fallout and its sulfur content in
several German municipalities in the Ruhr region. The
serum phosphatase activity of 503 boys in the Oberhausen
area was determined. Also hemoglobin values and red
blood cell counts were determined in 1805 boys, and
lung cancer mortality figures were studied. The results
confirm previous conclusions that the children in pol-
luted areas exhibit higher phosphatase values, and an
impaired blood count, indicating the possibility of long
range damage due to increased light absorption. The
lung cancer mortality in Oberhausen increased in 1952-
1959 from 30 per 100, 000 to 50 per 100, 000, thus ex-
ceeding values reported in the U. S. It is proposed to
record lung cancer and leukemia mortality throughout
Germany, in order to establish data baselines for
individual communities. Air Quality measurements of
dust and sulfur (in terms of 504) are tabulated and dis-
cussed.
64
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-11425
Nakamura, Kenichi
RESPONSE OF PULMONARY AIRWAY RESISTANCE BY
INTERACTION OF AEROSOLS AND GASES IN DIFFER-
ENT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE. Translated
from Japanese. Nichieishi [Japan J. Hyg. ], 19(5):322-
333, 1964. 37 refs.
Inhalation tests were conducted on 25 healthy males to
determine their response in pulmonary airway resistance
to the interaction of aerosols and irritant gases. The
subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 inhaled
SO2 for 5 minutes, followed by a mixture of SOz with a
large-size NaCl aerosol. Group 2 inhaled NO2 for 5
minutes, followed by a small-size NaCl aerosol. Group
3 inhaled NO2 for 5 minutes followed by a mixture of
NO2 and a large-size NaCl aerosol. The airway resist-
ance (AWR) values immediately after inhalation were
measured by the airway interruption technique, and the
intensities of the reactions were compared. The control
values for the AWR were those prior to the tests. The
AWR increased synergistically in groups 1 and 3. In
Group 2 the AWR for NO2 and NO2 plus aerosol was
higher than the control value, and practically no change
in reaction was observed when the NO? •was mixed with
the NaCl aerosol. The synergistic effect of an irritant
gas and an inactive aerosol is greatest when the aerosol
particle size is around l[i, and the increase in airway
resistance in this case is believed to be due to reactive
constriction of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar
ducts.
F-11437
Tsvetkov, V. P., B. A. Tsybalyskiy, and A. P. Sapo-
zhnikov
INFLUENCE OF DUST ON WORKERS AT THE KASHIR-
SKIY STATE ELECTRIC POWER STATION. Translated
from Russian. Klinicheskaya Meditsina, 11(9-10):458-
465, 1933. 8 refs.
The effect of lignite coal dust and ash in the Hashirskly
Electric Power Plant near Moscow on the health of ex-
posed workers was studied. A total of 148 workers •were
examined. While dust pollution of lungs can occur after
only 5 years of -work in a power plant, the development
of actual pneumoconiosis is considered to require ex-
posure of at least 20 years. It was found that carbon
dust and ash from lignite coal originating in the vicinity
of Moscow penetrate the pulmonary tissue to cause re-
active changes characterizing pneumoconiosis. Clinical
details on various sub-groups of the workers, including
X-ray findings, are mentioned. The harmful component
in both the coal and ash dusts is silica which is present
in large amounts. The presence of sulfur anhydride in
household dust requires further study. Based on the
dust particle concentration, the pollution even in the
most hazardous areas of the electric plant is considered
moderate. Only 4 cases of pneumoconiosis •were found
after 10 years of service. Future studies on the effect
of dust on children are indicated, on the basis of incon-
clusive findings on 19 children living in the area.
F-11458
F-11426
Dubrovskaya, F. I. , M. S. Katsenelenbaum, Ya. K.
Yushko, G. V. Bulychev, and V. A. Korolova
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH DISCHARGES
FROM SYNTHETIC FATTY ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS
PRODUCING INDUSTRIES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE
HEALTH OF THE POPULATION. [Zagryazneniye
atmosfernogo vozdukha vybrosami proizvodstva sintetich-
eskikh zhirnykh kislot i spirtov i vliyaniye ikh na zdor-
dov'e naseleniya. ] Translated from Russian. Gigiena
iSanitariya, ^(12):3-8, Dec. 1961. 5 refs.
Investigations of the atmosphere in Shebekino have
revealed it to be intensely polluted up to a radius of
3 km from a synthetic fatty acids and alcohol plant in
the Shebekino Industrial Complex. Its discharges con-
tain fatty acids, hydrocarbons, acetone, methanol and
formaldehyde. Investigations showed that combustion
of exhaust gases occurred at low efficiency, with hydro-
carbons, acids and acetones only 30 percent burned.
The concentrations of pollutants in escaping gases, and
of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, ketones,
acetone, and fatty acids in atmospheric air, are tabu-
lated. Construction inadequacies of the furnace used
were blamed for the low efficiency of combustion. A
complete medical examination of the children in Shebe-
kino shows their health to be somewhat affected by the
atmospheric pollution. Diseases of respiratory tract
prevail among other affections. It has been determined
experimentally that the threshold value of olfactory pre-
ception of valerianic acid in most people fluctuates from
0.5 to 1.0 mg per m
Zenji, Horai
STUDIES ON CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, PULMONARY
EMPHYSEMA, AND PULMONARY FIBROSIS. [Mansei
kikanshien, haikishu, haisenisho ni kansuru kenkyu. ]
Translated from Japanese. 1963 Research for Medical
Aid by the Ministry of Welfare (Japan), 158 p.
Studies of chronic respiratory diseases related to air
pollution carried out by fourteen study groups are re-
ported. Clinical and pathological phenomena of respira-
tory diseases for two areas with high pollution levels
(Tokyo and Osaka City) and a non-polluted area (Nara
Prefecture) are compared. Respiratory symptoms were
studied in long time residents of the areas studied in
employees of commercial enterprises, and in inmates of
homes for the aged. Clinical and pathological examina-
tions were also made of patients being treated by medi-
cal organizations. Soot accumulation in the pulmonary
tissue and pathological changes were investigated in the
bodies of accident victims based on area of residence,
age, and sex. Specialists in different areas observed
levels of air pollution and found a clinical and pathologi-
cal relationship between soot accumulation in pulmonary
tissues and the occurrence of chronic bronchitis, pul-
monary emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. While the
different study groups did not investigate identical para-
meters and patient-groups, their observations generally
agreed in correlating the respiratory conditions found
with the presence of air pollution in Osaka and Tokyo.
Clinically, the incidence of chronic bronchitis seemed
high, as did both the incidences of pulmonary emphysema
due to abnormal ventilatory function and pulmonary
fibrosis observed in x-rays. In one study of subjective
respiratory complaints, lowering of ventilatory function,
and abnormal linear shadows, no such difference as
that found between (the non-polluted) Nara Prefecture
65
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
and Osaka was seen between Osaka City and its suburbs.
F-11464
Babayants, R. A.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES AND
URBAN AIR POLLUTION. [O zavisimosti boleznei
organov dykhaniya ot zagryazneniya gorodskogo vozduk-
ha.] Translated from Russian. Gigiena i Sanit. , No.
12, p. 3-11, 1949.
The morbidity of the population in Leningrad from dis-
eases of the respiratory organs was studied. Material
was collected from 7 polyclinics which serve as much as
10 percent of the population and "which are situated in
regions of the metropolitan area differing in degree of
air pollution (from clean air, expressed as "up to 150
g/m3/yr of sediment" to strongly polluted air, expressed
as "up to 700 g/m3/yr of sediment".) A comparison of
the results by statistical processing of the morbidity
data with data concerning the degree of air pollution,
indicate that this morbidity of the population in the
microregion with polluted air is higher in an average of
90 percent of the cases than it is in the microregions
with clean air; for angina, it is 2 to 3 times higher, for
bronchitis, 3 to 5 times, pneumonia, 2 to 3 times, pleu-
ritis, 3 to 4 times, and for diseases of the pharynx and
tonsils, 5 to 6 times higher.
F-11468
Scheel-Thomsen, A.
LEAD POISONING OF ANIMALS BY THE EXHAUST
FROM MOTOR VEHICLES. [Dyr blyforgiftede af
Ubdlaesning fra Motork^ret^jer.] Translated from
Danish. Dansk Dyrlaegeforening Medlemsblad (Copen-
hagen), Vol. 39, p. 596-598, 1956.
Three cases of lead poisoning in dogs are reported. One
dog spent considerable time in a large engine shed for
motor trains, another spent most of the day in an auto
dealer's garage, and the third involved a. dog which
traveled daily -with its owner in an automobile, always
lying on the floor of the automobile. The investigation
revealed a local stomatitis in two of the dogs. All
three displayed tremor in the hindquarters, loss of
weight, sluggishness, and albumin in the urine. All
three patients reacted promptly to Antoxol treatment.
F-11470
Henschler, D.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT WITH
SMALL GAS CONCENTRATIONS AGAINST FATAL
PULMONARY EDEMA CAUSED BY IRRITANT GASES.
[Schutzwirkung einer Vorbehandlung mit geringen
Gaskonzentrationen gegen todliche Reizgas-Lungenod-
eme.] Translated from German. Arch. Exp. Pathol.
Pharmacol. (Berlin), Vol. 238, p. 66-67, 1960.
4 refs.
In order to elucidate the mode of effect of irritant gas,
the mechanism of a tolerance increase was studied, as
it develops following the effect of small gas concentra-
tions. This effect, which is known for phosgene and
ozone, was determined also for nitrous gases. These
three gases exert a protective effect of differing inten-
sity with respect to each other with the exception of the
combination of nitrous gases and phosgene. This pro-
tection is consequently neither a principle valid for all
combinations of irritant gases, nor is it specific for any
one type of gas. This finding permits exclusion of an
antibody-antigen reaction as the mechanism involved.
The following working hypothesis regarding the mechan-
ism of the protective effect is proposed: irritant gases
diffuse through the alveolar wall and only that portion
which is not hydrolytically disintegrated exerts an edema-
inducing effect, by reacting with structural elements of
the pulmonary capillaries. The hydrolysis of acid gas
is consequently not, as has often been assumed, the
basis for the formation of an edema, but an essential
factor of detoxication.
F-11639
Baader, Ernst W.
MANGANESE POISONING IN DRY-CELL FACTORIES.
[Manganvergiftungen in Elementefabriken. ] Translated
from German. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. ,
Vol. 4,p. 101-116, 1933. 8 refs.
Dry cell factories utilize large amounts of pyrolusite
(MnOz). Very volatile Mn compounds are liberated in
the grinding of the pyrolusite in the mills, exposing
workers at the mixing machines in such plants to inhala-
tion of the dust in the mixing operation. Two case his-
tories of confirmed Mn poisoning in two different fac-
tories are presented. The first patient showed symptoms
of Mn poisoning only after eight and a half years of work-
ing as a pyrolusite mixer, while the disease erupted in
the second patient after twenty-one months in this occu-
pation. The significance of the demonstration of Mn in
stool and urine and the importance of pneumonia among
pyrolusite workers are discussed.
F-11642
Belyayeva, L. N.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLINICAL COURSE OF
PNEUMONIA RELATED TO BERYLLIUM COMPOUND
POISONING. [Osobennosti klinicheskogo techeniya
pnevmonii pri intoksikatsii s oedineniyami berilliya. ]
Translated from Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabol-
evaniya, Vol. 9, p. 28-32, March 1965.
Pneumonia, which is the most serious and rather fre-
quent complication of beryllium compound poisoning,
appearing in 20% of the cases, develops in the intersti-
tial tissue against the background of toxic lesion to the
alveoli and bronchioli, -which leads to particle atelec-
tasis and dilation of some parts of the lungs with con-
siderable increase in permeability of pulmonary vessels.
The records of 60 patients -with this condition were
analyzed. The development of pneumonia is usually
related to concomitant secondary pneumotropic infection
or activation of existing microflora which acquires
virulent properties. In view of the significant changes
in reactivity of the organism most cases of beryllium
related pneumonia have a hypoergic course without
significant temperature elevation with moderate leuco-
cytosis or normal leukocyte content, without any special
stab-nuclear shift. Arterial hypoxemia, hyperventila-
tion, tendency toward marked tachypnea, tachycordia,
hypotension and collaptoid states are observed.
66
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
Because of the protracted course of the pneumonia pro-
cess, there is slow recovery of functional capabilities of
the respiratory and hemodynamic systems. A case his-
tory is presented to illustrate these characteristics of
pneumonia related to beryllium compounds. Treatment
with a good response is obtained only with prolonged
combined sulfanilamide and antibiotic therapy in conjunc-
tion with antiallergic, bronchodilating and cardiovascu-
lar agents.
F-11643
Cernik, L. , Doan Hong-Hoa, Vu Dinh-Hai, A. Tomsi-
kova, Pham van-Nong, and F. Vymola
EFFECT OF MYCOTIC FLORA ON BRONCHIAL
ASTHMA IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS. [Vplyv mykoti-
ckej flory na bronchialnu astmu v tropickych podmien-
kach. ] Translated from Slovak. Casopis Lekaru Ces-
kych. , _102_(48:1313-1322, Nov. 1963. 38refs.
The sensitivity to mycotic flora on the part of Vietna-
mese asthmatics was investigated by examing 61 asthma-
tic patients plus a control group of 45 healthy individuals.
An infectious allergic type of asthma was determined in
the majority of cases (88. 5 percent) as well as frequent
sensitivity to mycotic flora (in 55. 7 percent an allergy
to mold fungi was found.) In the control group of 45
healthy individuals, sensitivity was significantly less
common, while a finding of sarcinae in the respiratory
passage was equally frequent for both asthma patients
and healthy individuals. A serologic examination per-
formed on half of the asthma sufferers and healthy sub-
jects indicated the presence of complete antibodies
against sarcinae to be considerably more frequent in
asthma patients and only in isolated cases and in posi-
tive titer threshold values in healthy subjects. The use
of mycotic antigens for treatment is recommended.
F-11645
Elstad, D.
OBSERVATIONS ON MANGANESE PNEUMONIA.
[Beobachtungen liber Manganpneumonien.J Translated
from German. Eighth International Congress on Indus-
trial-Accident and Occupational Disease. Leipzig, No.
2, p. 1014-1022, 1939.
In the vicinity of a plant for the production of manganese
oxides in Sauda, Norway, analysis demonstrated con-
siderable amounts of MnO^ in the air. Since the estab-
lishment of the factory, the community has become
known for the high incidence of lobar pneumonia. Morta-
lity in relation to the number of patients is also unusually
high. If the total production of the plant is related to
Mn content of the air, it is shown that morbidity from
lobar pneumonia in the community varies with the total
production.
F-11646
Elstad, Dagfinn
FACTORY SMOKE CONTAINING MANGANESE AS CON-
TRIBUTING CAUSE IN PNEUMONIA EPIDEMICS IN AN
INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT. [Manganholdig fabrikkrok som
medvirkende arsak ven pneumonia-epidemier i en indus-
tribygd.] Translated from Norwegian. Nord. Med.,Vol.
3, p. 2527-2533, 1939. 11 refs.
Known formerly for its healthy climate, the town of
Sauda, Norway, since the start of industrial activity
has had a pneumonia morbidity four times that of the
whole country and a pneumonia mortality eight times as
great. 32. 3 percent of all decreased in the district
since 1924 died from this disease. The industrial pro-
ducts of the area are alloys of manganese produced by
electrical melting. This operation gives off a consider-
able amount of smoke. The smoke contains Mn and an-
alysis of lung tissue from dissected individuals shows a.
considerable increase in Mn content. It is concluded
that the abnormal pneumonia conditions must be due to
the exposure of the inhabitants, through the factory
smoke, to the inhalation of the Mn dust.
F-11648
Gadaskina, I. D. , Ye. I, Lyublina, N. A. Minkina, and
M. L. Rylova
SOME DATA ON THE INFLUENCE OF CONTINUOUS
AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO CARBON MONO-
XIDE ON THE ANIMAL ORGANISM. [Nekotorye dannye
o vliyanii no organizm zhivotnykh okisi ugleroda v uslov-
iyakh nepreryvnogo i intermittiruyu shchego vozdeistvi-
ya. Translated from Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, Vol. 5, p. 13-18, 1961. 24 refs.
A comparative study was made of the effect on labora-
tory animals of intermittent and continous exposure to
carbon monoxide. In the intermittent experiment animals
were exposed 4 hours daily for four months. In the con-
tinuous experiments they were exposed to a constant
mean concentration of 0.036 mg/1. A carboxyhemoglo-
bin content of 15-16 percent was found during exposure
in rabbits exposed intermittently. Twenty hours later,
i. e. prior to new exposure, the carboxyhemoglobin
content was zero. Animals continuously exposed to car-
bon monoxide did not exhibit any carboxyhemoglobin.
The gas exchange was lower in mice continuously ex-
posed, while intermittently exposed mice showed no de-
crease in mean oxygen consumption. The ability to
•work (swimming time) of mice constantly exposed was
somewhat higher than of those intermittently exposed.
The overall conclusion indicates that fluctuating concen-
trations of CO are more harmful than exposure to a
constant mean concentration of carbon monoxide, even
•with rare and transient elevation to a level inducing a
brief increase in carboxyhemoglobin content in the blood.
When evaluating the toxicity of carbon monoxide inside
Industrial buildings, the concentration fluctuations
should be taken into consideration.
F-11656
Lampert, F. F.
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF LIVING CONDITIONS IN
APARTMENTS ABOVE STATIONARY BOILERS.
[Gigienicheskaya otsenka uslovii prozhivaniya v kvarti-
rakh nad vstroennymi kotel'nymi. ] Translated from
Russian. Gigiena i Sanit. (Hygiene and Sanitation), No.
7, p. 14-18, 1956.
The air in eleven apartments and one area in a children's
home situated above boiler rooms utilizing solid fuel
were analyzed for CO and SO2. Eleven other apartments
67
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
and one room in the children's home located in the same
building hut in areas away from the boiler rooms served
as controls. The air in apartments located above boiler
rooms was much more polluted by CO and SO^ than air
in the control apartments. The frequency of detection
and the concentration increase during cleaning of the
boilers indicated that the boiler room was the source of
the pollution. In order to study the effect of the air on
the carboxyhemoglobin level three groups of persons
were examined: 22 janitors, 56 persons who lived
above boiler rooms, and 63 children from areas with no
stationary boilder room. The tests, adjusted for a 6 per-
cent COHb level in all city dwellers, showed that child-
ren living in buildings -with no stationary boiler had a
carboxyhemoglobin concentration of less than 6 percent
in the overwhelming majority of samples. In persons
living above boiler rooms the number of positive sam-
ples amounted to 34 percent. Most of the samples with
concentrations above 6 percent were found in janitors
(64 percent.)
F-11660
Oltramare, M., M. Tchicaloff, P. Desbaumes, and G.
Herman
CHRONIC MANGANESE POISONING IN TWO ARC
WELDERS. [Intoxication chronique au manganese chez
deux soudeurs a 1'arc. ] Translated from French. Int.
Archiv. fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene,
Vol. 21, p. 124-140, 1965. 12 refs.
Two arc welders with more than 25 years of job experi-
ence showed ordinary subjective symptoms such as
asthenia, dizziness, headaches, profuse sweating, as
well as disturbances in walking in one case and slight
cerebellar signs in the other. The dosages in the air
inhaled by the welders showed concentration of mangan-
ese, up to 125 mg/m In the stools of their workmates
2. 5 times more Mn was found than is found in normal
subjects. Only a thorough study of the neuromuscular
electric excitability (intensity/duration curves) and of
electromyography made it possible to evidence peripheral
nervous lesions in the two patients, i. e, partial dener-
vation. These disturbances in neuromuscular electric
excitability seem to appear earlier than the usual clini-
cal signs of manganese intoxication. (Authors' summary)
F-11665
Vigliani, Enrico Carlo
IS THERE SUCH A THING AS "MANGANESE PNEUMON
LA"?) Translated from Italian. Folia Medica, 23(9):
451-458, May 15, 1937. 19 refs.
The case of a worker who after ten days of employment
as a MnO£ mill operator came down with pneumonia
and died as a result, is reported. Against the back-
ground of literature data, the possibility of the existence
of so-called manganese pneumonia is considered. It is
assumed that the toxic or irritating action of MnO;> upon
the bronchial mucosa "would seem to reduce the resist-
ance and thus facilitate the development of pneumonia
processes.
F-11667
Yelfimova, Ye. V. and V. S. Shashkov
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDE ON
SOME BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF HUMAN BLOOD.
[Vliyanie sernistogo gaza atmosfernogo vozdukha na
nekotorye biokhimicheskie pokazateli krovi cheloveka. ]
Translated from Russian. Gigiyena i Sanitariya, No. 3,
p. 18-22, I960. 11 refs.
Two inhabited localities differing in intensity of pollution
by industrial -waste were investigated for the presence of
SO2- The first locality was 2000 to 3000 meters from a
sintering plant and the other 6000 to 7000 meters away.
The zone 2000 meters from the main source of emissions
was polluted the most by SO^. The concentration grad-
ually decreased in the following zones. Since the SO2 con-
centrations in the air greatly exceeded the permissible
limits, the presence of sulfur anhydride in the Dlood of
residents was determined. At the same time the con-
centration of sugar and ascorbic acid were also deter-
mined. To supplement the chemical studies, the people
were questioned about the gas odor. The results of the
biochemical analysis of the blood and interviews indi-
cate that SO2 is an unfavorable health factor, especially
in the locality 2000 meters from the sintering plants.
63
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EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
G-6533
Berge, Helmut
EMISSION-CONDITIONED IRON DUSTS AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF AGRI-
CULTURAL CROPS. [Emissionsbedingte Eisenstaube
und ihre Auswirkungen auf Wachstum und Ertrag land-
wirtschaftlicher Kulturen. ] Translated from German.
Luftverunreinigung, No. 2, p. 1-7, 1966. 5 refs.
This experiment shows the effects which large amounts
of dusts of industrial origin have on cultivated plants in
the system of crop rotation. It may be said with great
statistical reliability that no yield-reducing effect of
iron dust is to be expected with reference either to the
main product or to the by-product of the crops grown
under the conditions of the experiment. An actual yield-
increasing effect of iron dust on the main product yields
may be assumed, but cannot be proved with statistical
reliability. Further experiments are required which
would take into account what is known of the effects of
individual locale and environmental factors.
G-6641
Czaja, Alphons Th.
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE EFFECT OF CEMENT
DUST ON PLANTS, [liber das Problem der Zement-
staubwirkung auf Pflanzen.] Translated from German.
STAUB, 22(6): 228-232, June 1962. 31 refs.
The investigation of plants in the sedimentation area of
several cement factories definitely proved the formation
of cement crusts on the leaves and needles of a wide
variety of plants. In other "words, it proved the direct
action upon the plants. The lime hydrate, "which is
released during the setting of the cement dust with the
water on the surface of the leaf epidermis, however, by
definition of the term toxins is a. very strong caustic
poison and, after penetration through the stomas of the
conifer needles or penetration of the upper epidermis of
leaves that only have stomas on the other side, directly
corrodes the living content of the leaf cells and thus
directly damages the plants (leaves). A critical review
of the literature and the investigations described here
tell us that previous investigations using artificial
mechanical dusting of cement preparations over plants,
under uncontrolled weather conditions, are not suitable
for reasons of methodology and because of the selection
of the location for the experiment; these methods are
thus not suitable in answering the question as to the
direct effect of cement dust upon the plants in the
vicinity of cement factories. The action upon the
soil is not discussed.
G-6967
Germany Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, North
Rhine - We s tphalia.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STATE OF
NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA. [Reinhaltung der Luft
im Land Nordrhein-Westfalen. ] Translated from
German. 78p. , 1965. (Report to the Congress on the
Prevention of Air Pollution, Duesseldorf, Germany,
April 5-7, 1965.)
A survey of the activities in North Rhine-Westphalia for
the prevention of air pollution is reported and the results
are summarized. The report includes: (1) history, legal
basis, administrative organization, a smog-warning
network, and economic problems; (2) Report of the
Factory Inspection Dept. (Enterprises subject to approval
and other enterprises and working places); and (3)
Report of the State Institute for Air Pollution Control and
Land Utilization (monitoring of air pollution, techniques
for measuring immissions, relationship between emis-
s ion and immission, technical steps for the restriction
of emissions, and the effect of air pollution on soil,
vegetation, and animals.
G-8462
Matsushima, J. and M. Harada
SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS INJURY TO FRUIT TREES. V.
ABSORPTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE BY CITRUS TREES
AND ITS RELATION TO LEAF FALL AND MINERAL
CONTENTS OF LEAVES. Translated from Japanese.
J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. (Tokyo), 3J5J3): 241-246,
Sept. 30, 1966. 11 refs.
Two-year-old Satsuma (Citrus unshiu), (C. hassaku),
and Natsudaidai (C. natsudaidai) orange trees were
fumigated with a continuous stream of air containing 5,
1, and 0 ppm of sulfur dioxide for 34 days, 2 hours per
day. Defoliation increased with increasing concentra-
tion of SO2, although smoke lesions did not occur. The
increase in sulfur content of the leaves coincided "with
defoliation rate. Hassaku and Natsudaidai leaves
accumulated more sulfur than Satsuma, but defoliation
rate was markedly lower than for Satsuma. The calcium
content of leaves decreased considerably and potassium
content decreased slightly in all species after fumigation
with 5 ppm. In the growing season, from May to June,
1964, the same relationships were observed, but sulfur
absorption was markedly higher than in the "winter fumi-
gation, in spite of its shorter duration. The calcium
content of leaves "was not clearly related to the SO^
level during the growing season, but the potassium con-
tent of fumigated trees "was higher than in controls.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium contents were not
related to sulfur dioxide concentration. In a later experi-
ment using a fumigation chamber, trees were fumigated
with 2 ppm (6 hrs), 10 ppm (12 hrs ), 5 ppm (24 hrs), or
2. 5 ppm (48 hrs) for a cumulative total of 120 ppm SO2-
The higher the SO^ level, the more severe was the
injury to Satsuma trees. Sulfur content of leaves,
however, did not coincide with injury. Therefore,
analysis of leaf sulfur content may be useful for evaluating
chronic injury, but in acute injury it may not be useful.
(Authors' summary, modified)
G-9039
Keller, T. and E. Bovay
GREEN PLANTS DAMAGED BY THE EMISSION OF SOz-
Translated from German. In: Surveillance of the Sul-
fur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere. Bull. Eidgenoess.
Gesundh. , Beilage B, No. 4, p. 48-56, 1966. 10 refs.
In areas of industrial centralization in countries other
than Switzerland, it was repeatedly observed that green
plants, especially forest trees, were much more sensi-
tive to SO2 emission than were people. Consequently, a
brief review is presented on the type of damage,
69
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
physiological causes of damage, and methods for ascer-
taining damage to plant life from sulfur dioxide. (Authors'
abstract)
G-9757
Zahn, Richard
INVESTIGATIONS ON PLANT REACTION TO CONTINU-
OUS AND/OR INTERMITTENT SULPHUR DIOXIDE EX-
POSURE. [Untersuchungen liber die Bedeutung kontinu-
ierlicher und intermittierender Schwefeldioxideinwirkung
fur die Pflanzenreaktion. 1 Translated from German.
STAUB (Duesseldorf), 23(7): 343-352, 1963. IZrefs.
Relations between the possibilities of combination in
time of given amounts of SO2 and plant reaction are
clarified. Continuous action is discussed and it is de-
monstrated that the familiar "stimulation-threshold
function" of L'Gara and Stratmann do not have general
validity. They develop a new equation which is better
adapted to the experimental findings. Prerequisite for
the analysis of intermittent gas exposure is knowledge
of the trace of the deterioration curve under continuous
gas exposure. The experiments furnish the basis for a
formula which represents the degree of deterioration as
a function of concentration and duration of action. The
effects of continuous and/or intermittent exposure have
a given relation to each other. The experiments with
constant and variable exposure and interruption shown
in tables and graphs demonstrated that plant deteriora-
tion becomes reduced as a function of the time of re-
cuperation and duration of exposure. The former is
limited by a minimum time of recuperation and the
latter by the threshold of stimulation. The sum of these
individual findings is embodied in <± "recuperation func-
tion" with the help of which the plant reaction can be
calculated in advance from metrologically given data.
(Author's abstract, modified)
G-10201
Knabe, Wilhelm
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON VEGETATION. [Die
Wirkungen der Luftverunreinigung auf die Vegetation. ]
Translated from German. Report on current problems
and research needs as a result of a comparative evalu-
ation of research work in the United States and Central
Europe, Sept. 26, 1967, 24 p.
The result of a study tour of research centers for air
pollution control in the U. S. and a comparison of the
work with research projects in central Europe is re-
ported. Current work on the following problems and
research tasks is discussed: 1. Proof of whether or
not existing plant damage is caused by air pollution.
2. Proof of air pollution as the cause of recurring
plant damage. 3. Delimitation of emission areas
(damage zone and danger zone). 4. Establishing the
economic losses. 5. Derivation of threshold values.
6. Basic research on the effect mechanism of plant
damage caused by air pollution. 7. Causes of resist-
ance. 8. Breeding for resistance. 9. Passive meas-
ures in agriculture and forestry.
G-10206
Haut, H. van and H. Stratmann
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE ON PLANTS. Transaction of the
Land Institute of Pollution Control and Soil Conservation
of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia, Essen. [Schrif-
tenreihe der Landesanstalt fur Immissions- und Boden-
nutzungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen,]
Translated from German. No. 7, p. 50-70, 1967. 25 refs.
The effect of NO2 on plants was studied. Because NO is
always present wherever there is NO2, NO was also in-
troduced into the exposure chambers containing test
plants. Included in the tests were various dicotyledons,
monocotyledons, conifers, and deciduous plants. Symp-
toms of damage included necrosis, chlorosis, striping,
and spotting. The toxic tolerances of many plants are
listed, along with specific damage symptoms for each.
Effects of stage of growth and soil conditions are con-
sidered. The concentrations of NO2 which were damaging
are compared to the toxic concentrations of SO^ which
have been thoroughly studied in the past.
G-10384
Nikolayevskiy, V. S.
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON THE ENZYME
ACTIVITY OF TREE LEAVES. [Vliyanie sernistogo
na fermentnuyu aktivnost1 list'yev drevesnykh rasteniy. ]
Translated from Russian. Akad. Nauk SSSR Uralsk.
Filial Komis. po Okhrane Prirody Trudy (Sverdlovska),
Vol 5, p. 19-23, 1966. 17 refs.
From 15 August to 25 September 1963 the activities of
the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase
in maple and birch branches 15-18 years old, were sub-
jected to 14 test fumigations in a gas chamber with 50%
in concentrations of 2 x 10 and 2. 5 x 10. The purpose
of the experiment was to test the thesis that the effects
of O-gases on photosynthesis and respiration differ in
different types of plants and especially that the inhibi-
tion of dark reactions, but not of light reactions, by SO^,
•will carry over to diverse types of enzyme systems.
Maple and birch were chosen because not only does the
former have a weak reaction to damage and the latter a
strong one, but also because they differ greatly in phy-
siological, biochemical, and anatomical characteristics.
Catalase activity was lower in the maple than the birch
by 32. 5 percent, and similar differences were observed
with the other two enzymes. (On this basis it is suggest-
ed that the intensity of photodynamic oxidation must be
proportional to the activity of the redox enzyme systems.)
SO2 depressed the activity of all three enzymes, but
catalase was the most severely affected. The difference
in effect between the -weaker and stronger concentrations
was that the weaker increased the enzyme activities on
the second day, whereas the stronger decreased it. Thus,
the SO2-induced drop in catalase activity may promote
oxidation processes and plant damage through accumu-
lation of organic peroxides (Mikhlin, 1960), but nothing
definite can be said about peroxidase and polyphenoloxi-
dase without further testing.
70
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EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
G-10841
Bronsch, K. and N. Grieser
FLUORINE AND FLUORINE TOLERANCES IN FODDER
OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF FLUORINE AND FODDER TESTS ON DOMESTIC
ANIMALS. Translated from German. Berlin-Muncher
Tieraerztl. Wochschr. (Hamburg) r7(20):401-408, 1964.
297 refs.
Studies on the effects of fluorine on domestic animals
are reviewed in order to come to some conclusion about
fluorine tolerance in fodder. The tolerable levels for
soluble fluorides are given: 1 mg. F/kg in cattle, 1. 5
mg. F/kg. in sheep, 70 p.p.m. in hogs, 100 p. p.m in
broilers, and 250 p. p.m. in laying hens. Tolerable
levels for slightly soluble fluorides are: 60-100 p.p. m.
for cattle, 100-200 p. p. m. for sheep and hogs, and 300-
400 p. p.m. for chickens. These levels are slightly
lower than those recommended by the National Research
Council in America. Effects of fluorides are reviewed;
important differences are seen in different types of
animals.
G-10843
Grieser, N. and K. Bronsch
FLUORINE AND FLUORINE TOLERANCES IN THE
NUTRITION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 1. BEHAVIOR
OF FLUORINE IN METABOLISM. Translated from
German. Berlin Munch. Tieraerztl. Wochschr. (Ham-
burg), 77_(19):373-379, 1964.
The general effects of fluorine on metabolism are dis-
cussed, with special consideration to resorption, tissue
storage, and excretion. Major sections of the paper
are entitled Distribution of Fluorine in the Blood, Dis-
tribution of Fluorine in the Soft Tissues, Deposit of
Fluorine in Hard Tissue, Fluorine Excretion Ratios,
Effects of Fluorine on Enzymes, Effects of Fluorine on
Organ Function, and Actions of Fluorine upon Symbionts,
G-10914
Czaja, Alphons Th.
EFFECT OF DUSTS, SPECIFICALLY CEMENT KILN
DUST, ON PLANTS. [Uber die Einwirkung von Stauben,
von Zementofenstaub auf Pflanzen. ] Translated from
German. Source unknown, p. 106-120, [1966]. 8 refs.
The "aggressive" propensities of cement kiln dust on
living cells are examined. The cells discussed include
those of the human and animal organisms, but specifi-
cally those of plants. Through pictures and graphs of
the reaction of cement kiln dust with water, it is shown
that chemicals harmful to living cells are produced. The
Mnium test is expounded as a means of identifying the
harmful types of dust, which are highly alkaline and re-
sistant to carbonization, therefore calling for precau-
tionary measures.
G-10917
Gewitz, H. S. and W. Volker
INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY CARBON MON-
OXIDE AND SUSPENSION OF THE CARBON MONOXIDE
INHIBITION BY LIGHT. [Hemmung der Photosynthese
durch Kohlenoxyd und Aufhebung der Kohlenoxydhemmung
durch Licht. ] Translated from German. Naturforsch.
(Tuebingen), _18b(8):649-653, Aug. 1963. 5 refs.
Experiments with chlorella pyrenoidosa in an atmos-
phere of CO^-argon and CO2-CO were made to study the
inhibition of photosynthesis by carbon monoxide. It was
found that cells grown in light show inhibition of photo-
synthesis by carbon monoxide. Inhibition is reversible
and depends on the CO and O^ partial pressures. Also
the effect of the spectral characteristics of light on the
inhibition of photosythesis was studied. The experi-
ments indicated that in photosynthesis an enzyme is
involved which has an effective group containing iron.
This enzyme transports oxygen in photosynthesis. Car-
bon monoxide inhibits photosynthesis by blinding the
iron in the enzyme. The absorption spectrum of the
carbon of the photosynthesis was determined. The
carbon monoxide compound can be split by light and thus
inhibition is stopped.
G-10844
Fric, Fridrich and Jozef Kolek
IMPORTANCE OF SULFUR IN PLANTS WITH RE-
GARD TO SH-GROUP FUNCTIONS. [Vyznam siry u
rastlin z hladiska funkcie SH-latok. ] Translated from
Slovak. Biologia (Bratislava), r?(9):697-704, 1962.
31 refs.
A review dealing with the role of SH-groups in plant
organisms is presented. It is based on 31 sources
published mostly before 1960. Discussed are: the
reduction mechanisms by which sulfates are converted
to cistein, the role of sulfur in plant metabolism, the
forms in which sulfur occurs in plants, manifestations
of a lack of sulfur, redox systems based on the oxidation
of sulfhydryl to disulfide groups, the role of a-lipo acids
in photosynthesis, the role of a-lipo acids in enzymatic
processes, glutathione redox systems, the effect of SH
on plant growth and frost resistance, and the role of
SH in protecting enzymes from deactivation by radiation.
G-11415
Zahn, Richard
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON VEGETATION:
RESULTS OF GAS EXPOSURE EXPERIMENTS. [Wirk-
ungen von Schwefeldioxyd auf die Vegetation. Ergebnisse
aus Begasungsversuchen. ] Translated from German.
STAUB, 21(2):56-60, Feb. 1, 1961. 7 refs.
The resistance of different plants to exposure with
sulfur dioxide in concentrations varying from 0. 15 to
0. 8 was studied. Long range tolerance limits were
determined in a range from 0. 15 to 0. 4 ppm for differ-
ent plants. Also the effects of short duration exposures,
the importance of time intervals between exposures, the
effects of duration of exposure and concentration, and
the combination of toxic and subtoxic concentrations
were determined. For a given amount of gas an in-
crease of non-exposure period and an increase in im-
pulse frequency of gas exposure were found to prolong
the threshold period after which irritation occurs.
71
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Concentrations below the threshold value were found to
enhance the effect of concentration peaks. In all cases a
strict distinction had to be made between continuous and
intermittent exposure, the latter allowing recuperative
pauses within certain ranges of concentration. The
plants were divided into the following groups according
to their resistance as well as their tolerance: (1) clover
type cattle feed. (2) cereals, and (3) rape, cabbage etc.
Individual SC>2 immissions cannot be treated by a simple
additive process in the determination of gas effects on
plants. The manner of their distribution over the diurnal
period must be taken into account, along with biological
and meteorological factors.
G-11417
SteinhQbel, G. and L. Halas
THE DESTRUCTION AND FORMATION OF DRY
MATTER AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES INDUCED
IN THE LEAVES OF TREES BY DUST EMISSIONS.
[Poruchy v tvorbe susiny pri zvysenych teplotach
vyvolanych v listoch drevin prasnou imisiou. ] Translated
from Slovak. Lesnicky Casopis, _1_3<4) :365~38Z> 1967.
18 refs.
Experiments were conducted with the tree species
Populus nigra and Prunus laurocerasus to determine
unfavorable changes in the balance between synthesis
and dissimilation of dry matter at elevated temperatures
induced in the leaves by foundry dust deposition. The
increase or loss in dry weight were determined by the
modified leaf half method (increase in weight). The
results showed that foundry dust deposited on leaves
causes a reduction in the expected increase in dry matter
after seven hours of exposure. Removal of the dust
deposit resulted in an immediate increase in the produc-
tion of dry matter. Prolonged dusting was found to
cause a decrease in productivity as well as a permanent
reduction of the total leaf weight and starch formation.
An increase in temperature of the leaf tissue was found
due to the absorption of heat rays of solar irradiation by
deposited dust. Details of the test results are tabulated
and analyzed statistically. It was established that the
difference between the increase in dry matter in the
clean and contaminated leaves increased in proportion to
the temperature elevation, a change evident even at a
temperature difference of 2. 5 percent C, the average
heating power of the dust used. Simultaneously an in-
crease in the intensity of dry matter reduction, or re-
spiration, occurs.
G-11433
Steinhubel, Gejza
THE EFFECTS OF FOUNDRY DUST FROM THE NOVY
HUT METALLURGICAL WORKS NAMED FOR KLEMENT
GOTTWALD ON THE LEAF MASS. [Pusobeni uletu z
NHKG na listovou masu. ] Translated from Czech. Acta
Musei Silesiae, Series C, Vol. 3, p. 1-9, 1964. 13 refs.
Experiments were conducted with rhododendron, lilac,
poplar, oak, lime, and birch tree leaves to determine
the effect of neutral foundry dust applied for 6 months
on the production of dry matter. The following proce-
dure was used: 9 mm diameter samples from both
halves of the leaves were cut out; one half of the leaf was
then coated with a mixture of foundry dust and egg white
and the other half was left without contaminant. The
results showed an obvious decrease in dry matter pro-
duction in 17 forest and decorative species, with the
exception of rhododendron, as reflected by a difference
in weight. On the average, the decrease in dry matter
in evergreen species amount to 86 percent of the normal
increase and 65 percent in deciduous species. Also the
total leaf mass after 6 months of exposure was reduced.
Thus the negative effect of dust was proved not only to
reduce the production of assimilation products but also
the leaf tissue. The reasons for this inhibition appear
to be of physical nature such as reduction in the light
reception by the leaf surface, heating of the mesophyll
leaf layer due to heat absorption of the dust coating and
the effect of the dust on transpiration.
G-11434
Schoenbeck, Helfried
THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON THE
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO DISEASE. [Beobach-
tungen zur Frage des Einflusses von industriellen Immis-
sionen auf die Krankheitsbereitschaft der Pfanze.j Trans-
lated from German. Berichte aus der Landesanstalt fur
Bodennutzungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen,
[1962? ] p. 89-98. 28 refs.
The effect of cement mill dust (containing 36 percent
CaO, 15 percent SiO2) from an electrostatic precipitator
on the susceptibility of sugar beet plants to disease was
studied in field tests. Scale sketches were made of
random samples of beet plants on dusted and non-dust-
ed plots of ground, and a leaf destruction rating, ranging
from 0 to 4 was applied. The data and their statistical
evaluation are tabulated. The results showed that the
incidence of cercospora leaf-spot disease (cercospora
beticola) was enhanced in the presence of dust. Also the
beet yield from the dusted areas was lower. The cause
of the intensified attack by the cercospora fungus was
found in the disturbance of the plant's physiological
equilibrium due to the dusting. No effect of the dust on
sugar content was found but undusted leaves has a higher
carotene and crude protein content.
G-11444
Antonelli, Giuseppe
EFFECTS OF FLUORINE IN THE REGIONS CLOSE TO
THE INDUSTRIES THAT PRODUCE IT AND ITS TOXI-
CITY IN PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC USES.
[Effetti del fluoro nelle regioni prossime ad Industrie
die sua produzione e tossicita di esso anche negli usi
profilattici e terapeutici. ] Translated from Italian.
Rassegna Trimestrale di Odoontoiatria, 35(2):5-122,
April-June 1954. 7 refs.
The effects of fluorine compounds on vegetation, cattle,
workmen, and students in the vicinity of a fluorine pro-
cessing plant were investigated. The techniques and
methods used at the plant are described indicating the
sources of emission. The entire vegetation found in the
surrounding territory, plants and trees, were struck and
damaged by the toxic gases. Varing degrees of serious
effects and certain evidence of pathological disorders
were observed - ranging from types of chlorosis to
complete dryness due to a third degree scorching. The
crop most affected was Indian corn. Cattle showed signs
72
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EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
of organic decline with symptoms of anemia of a chronic
character and irritation of the bronchial mucosae and of
the main respiratory tracts. None of the workers exam-
ined displayed signs of fluorosis. The front teeth of the
workers and part of the premolars display dark yellow-
green stains. In approximately one-half of the cases the
gingival mucosae showed whitish, opaque aspects with
some spots slightly reddened, a moderate tumefaction
and readily bleeding gums. Caries is absent in most of
the subjects with eight years of exposure, and extremely
rare in others. The percentage of caries was substan-
tially lower in children in the vicinity of the plant than
those of the same age group outside the district. The
properties of fluorine, its pharmacology, toxicology,
water toxicity, therapy, and prophyaxlis are reviewed.
G-11451
Hoffmann, H.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL CLIMATIC
FACTORS IN PIG FATTENING SITES. [Ueber die
Zusammenhaenge zwischen den einzelnen Klimafaktoren
in Schweinemaststaellen. ] Translated from German.
Monatsh, Veterinaermed. , 2_l(15):572-578, 1966. 56refs.
In three standardized fattening sites (pigsties) with
gravitational ventilation, which accomodated different
numbers of pigs, the following numbers of measurements
for each parameter were made: 510 oxygen, 514 carbon
dioxide, 516 ammonia, 479 air germ content, 259 temp-
erature, and 258 humidity (relative air humidity). The
values were compared in order to determine the relation-
ship between the separate factors and to exhibit the cli-
matic factors which must be taken into consideration when
sanitary examination in fattening pig-sties are undertaken.
It was found that CO2 and G£ levels are inversely related;
CO2 and relative humidity levels are directly related (a
satisfactory level of below 80% humidity is associated
with 0.20 Vol. % COj); CO2 and germ content is directly
related (sanitary) level possible if CO? content is limited
to 0.15). A low CO2 content cannot be taken as valid
proof of sufficient air circulation. High germ counts and
high dust concentrations are associated with feeding of
dry non-polletized feed. Ammonia content is related to
temperature, but not to humidity or CO2 content.
G-11452
Cohrs, F.
SICKENING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS THROUGH SMOKE
DAMAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. [Erkran-
kungen der Haustiere durch Rauchschaeden und Abwaes-
ser der Industrieanlagen.] Translated from German.
Monatsh. Veterinaermed., U_(2): 662-669, 1956. 77 refs.
The effects of industrial smokes containing sulfur com-
pounds, arsenic compounds, lead, copper, fluorine,
molybdenum, zinc, and selenium on domestic animals
are reviewed. The most frequent intoxications result
from lead, arsenic, SO2> and fluorine. Fluorosis has
gained considerable importance in the last 30 years and
today represents the most important disease among the
smoke injuries. Pneumoconiosis very seldom develops
in animals as a. result of flue ash. Clinical manifesta-
tions and pathological anatomy, the course of disease,
the changing picture of the disease manifestations, and
meteorological and topographic influences are discussed.
Mechanical, chemical and physical effects of smoke are
also considered.
G-11453
AIR POLLUTION. [La pollution de 1'air. ] Translated
from French. Chambres d1 Agriculture, 35J304; Suppl.):
1-16, Nov. 1964.
The effects of air pollution in rural and urban areas are
reviewed. The effects of pollutants on plants and animals
and the effects of radioactivity and pollution due to chemi-
cal products are considered for rural areas. In urban
areas the consequences of air contamination on man,
plants, and materials are considered. Particular empha-
sis is devoted to air contamination in Paris, which is
principally due to emissions from domestic furnaces (3
million combustion units), industrial fumes, and auto-
mobiles (1.2 million). These three sources are discuss-
ed in detail, with a tabulation of sources of CO2, SO2,
and fumes produced, and a discussion on the influence of
pollution on materials, urban vegetation and man. A
regulation concerning the fight against air pollution and
odor in France is presented, including the establishment
of "protection zones" and strictures on type, condition
and operation of combustion equipment allowed.
G-11456
Ferro, O.
ESTIMATING DAMAGES FROM TOXIC GASEOUS
EFFLUXES. [Stima di danni da emanazioni gassose
tossiche. ] Translated from Italian. Agric. della
Venezie, Vol. 14, p. 364-383, 1960.
The estimation of damages caused by toxic effluents is
illustrated in the case of seven agricultural claimants
against a glass factory emitting fluorine compounds. The
decay of topsoil, diminished or lack of production of the
plantations, and damage to cattle through the ingestion of
polluted fodder are basic criteria used in the evaluation.
The nature of damage (including amounts of fluorine
found) is discussed in detail. The estimation of indemni-
ties (e.g. value of dead plants) for each of the seven
claimants is outlined. Technical devices aimed at
eliminating these emissions are briefly discussed.
G-11466
Bohne, H.
INDUSTRIAL SMOKE DAMAGE FROM FLUORIDES.
[Industrielle Rauchschaden durch Fluor.] Translated
from German. Mitt. Deut. Landwirtsch. (Frankfurt),
r?(17):575-578, 1962.
The damage caused to plants and animals by air con-
taining fluoride was investigated, and the extent of this
damage and its economic importance evaluated. Damage
to plants usually takes the form of discoloration of
leaves. Chemical analyses were performed to determine
the extent of cumulation of fluorine in cereals, truck
crops and fodder plants, pastures, fruit trees, garden
and decorative plants, and forest trees. The green por-
tion of pear leaves gathered contained 8. 5 percent fluor-
ine, and the brownish edge of the leaves, 21.2 mg
percent fluorine, illustrating that the discoloration was
due to the effect of fluorine. Fluoride emissions exert
73
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
quite evident damage on cattle. The animals eat con-
taminated fodder, grass, and hay, and also inhale quan-
tities of fluorine. This explains why these animals
suffer more in comparison to animals kept constantly in
stables. The external sympton of such effects is a
yellow to dark brown discoloration of the incisors, whose
enamel sometimes breaks off. Increased deposition of
fluorine in the bones sometimes results in stiff hobbling
and painful walking. Chemical analysis proves that
animals showing these symptons of fluorine exposure
have in their organism too much of this substance. These
symptoms were also observed in hogs who were allowed
to eat in pastures. Cattle show a reduction in the forma-
tion of milk and they conceive poorly as a result of
fluoride emissions.
G-11467
Miessner, H.
DAMAGE TO ANIMALS CAUSED BY INDUSTRY AND
TECHNOLOGY. [Schadigung der Tierwelt durch Indust-
rie und Technik. ] Translated from German. Deut.
Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. , Vol. 39, p. 340-345, 1931.
26 refs.
Pollution of the air and damage to feed plants, and the
resulting diseases of humans and animals, are extremely
frequent in regions where ore-processing metallurgical
plants are located. The fumes being produced during
roasting and melting of the ore are usually bonded to
sulfur and arsenic; consequently the smoke contains
considerable quantities of SO2 and As2O^. This smoke
most affects cattle. Acute arsenic intoxication becomes
manifest in the form of vomiting and diarrhea, caustic
injuries to the gastric mucosa, and fatty degeneration
of the liver. In chronic cases, increasing cachexia,
eczema and weakening resembling paralysis are observed.
The metallic elements in the fly dust, moreover, can
lead to harmful indigestion. During acute lead poison-
ing, stomach distress is observed, as well as spastic
movements. Chronic lead intoxication leads to a
malaise combined with abortion, lead colic, muscular
pain, epilepsy, and paralysis. The red blood corpuscles
show a partial basophilic granulation. Hydrofluoric acid
fumes from foundries and plants producing artificial
fertilizers dissolve the calcium in the bones, and chronic
calcium degradation and softening of the bones are the
consequences. As a result of an air pollution episode
in Luttich, damage by foundry smoke in fog caused
hundreds of persons to fall ill and 63 to die, mostly
within 1 to 2 days. Hardest hit were asthmatic and
heart patients, and persons suffering from bronchitis.
Copper intoxication was observed in sheep and cattle as
a. result of spraying orchards with lime and copper.
G-11469
Liegois, F. and J. Derivaux
SOME CASES OF CHRONIC FLUOROSIS IN SHEEP.
[Quelques cas de fluorose chronique chez des moutons. ]
Translated from French. Annales de Medecine Veteri-
naire, ±QQ(5):Z21 -224, 1956. 63 refs.
Clinical observations of several sheep with chronic
fluorosis in Belgium are discussed in detail. The obser-
vations are compared with those of several authors.
Numerous examinations of the blood, particularly
studying the total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, phos-
phatases and in some cases magnesium, polypeptides,
urea, cholesterol, proteins, serum albumins and globu-
lins, and glucose were made. Autopsy of these animals
showed no specific characteristics, other than bone
lesions and especially dental lesions. The limit safe
dose of fluoride that a cow can absorb daily over a long
period of time was investigated. No delayed growth or
weight gain, or alteration in the general condition and
hooves of lactating cows receiving 2 to 3 mg of fluorine
in the form of natural phosphates, was observed.
G-11650
Halbwachs, Gottfried and Josef Kisser
DWARFISM IN FIRS AND BIRCHES CAUSED BY SMOKE
IMMISSIONS. [Durch Rauchimmissionen bedingter
Zwergwuchs bei Fichte und Birke.] Translated from
German. Zentralblatt fur das gesamte Forstwesen, Q4_
(2-6):156-173, 1967. 34 refs.
A morphological and anatomical study of dwarfed
varieties of Norway spruce and birch was made. The
varieties became established under the chronic influence
of polluted air containing HF from an aluminum plant. A
possible effect of minerals or water in the soil was
excluded. The spruce specimen examined was 20, the
Birch, 18 years old. The trees have a shrub-like,
bushy appearance. This is due to the fact that the termi-
nal shoot of the spruce fades out when it grows beyond a
certain height, then occasionally the buds from the
lateral twigs start to develop. The shape of the dwarfed
birch is caused by elongation of basal buds. The size of
the needles and leaves is greatly reduced particularly on
the weather side. The reduction is due to a decrease in
number as well as size of the cells. The number of pith
ray cells per unit area is increased as we,ll as size of
the cells. The number of pith ray cells per unit area is
increased as compared to normally developed spruce
trees. With birch no different reaction was found. It
is open for further investigation if this observation
indicates a fundamentally different reaction of dwarfed
soft- and hardwood.
G-11663
Steinhubel, Gejza
CHANGES IN THE STARCH RESERVES OF HOLLY
LEAVES AFTER ARTIFICIAL CONTAMINATION WITH
SOLID DUST. [Zmeny v skrobovych rezervach listov
cezminy po umelom znecisteni pevnym popraskom. ]
Translated from Slovak. Biologia, JjJ_(l):23-32, 1963.
26 refs.
Starch determinations were made on sunlit and shaded
holly leaves (Ilex aquifolium) and on other species used
as controls. The holly was selected for the study because
of its usefulness in horticulture and its resistance to
air pollution. The starch was evaluated microscopically
by means of potassium iodide. Artificial contamination
of the leaf surface was effected by application of an egg
white carbon powder mixture. The thickness of the
applied mixture corresponded approximately to condi-
tions found near metallurgical plants. The diurnal
fluctuations in starch concentration were determined in
clean and contaminated samples. The starch concentra-
tion in April-May exhibited regular 24-hour cycle varia-
tions. In sunshine the variation had two maxima and in
74
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EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK u
the shade only one. Solid contaminants of inert compos- effect in diffuse daylight. Because holly is a shade loving
ition, applied to the leaf surface, had a positive effect plant the effect in direct sunlight is due to the absorption
on starch production in sunshine but a very retarding of rays by the contaminants.
75
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EFFECTS - MATERIALS
H-2140
Hayakawa, Kazuya
AIR POLLUTION AND PAINT. Translated from Japan-
ese. Kuki Seijo [Air Cleaning], ^(l):36-38, 1966.
19 refs. ~
This is a. review, mainly of American and British authors,
of the harmful effects on coatings caused by aerosols
from incomplete combustion of coal and liquid fuel. The
chemical processes involved in the reaction of the coat-
ings with aerosols, microbes, and sulfur dioxide are
explained. Various kinds of protection processes are
reviewed.
H-3215
Kobayaski, M. , T. Mikani, and Y. Senoa
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND ITS PREVENTION
ON INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.
Translated from Japanese. Clean Air (Tokyo) _3_(6):45-51,
March 1966. ~
The effects of inorganic gases, organic gases, and soot
on pure paddadium are investigated. Palladium is used
at the contacts in crossbar switches and wire spring
relays. Pollutants cause poor electrical connection.
H-8612
Bacskai, Gyula
AIR POLLUTION BY THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND
ITS EFFECT ON CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. [Vegyi-
pari atmoszfera szennyezodese es hatasa a szerkezeti
anyagok korroziojara. ] Translated in Hungarian. Magy.
Kern. Lapja (Budapest), 22_(10):534-539, 1967. 7 refs.
Concentrations of air pollutants, such as chlorine, phe-
nol, ammonia, SO;>, and NO2, in different Hungarian
chemical plants are given and the effect of these pollu-
tants on corrosion of construction materials, particularly
iron and zinc is discussed. Corrosion is increased by the
gaseous and solid contaminants of the atmosphere. Deep-
er insight into atmospheric corrosion mechanisms is
required to provide efficient protection.
H-11641
Barton, Karel
THE INFLUENCE OF DUST ON THE ATMOSPHERIC
CORROSION OF METALS. [Der Einfluss von Staub auf
die atmospharische Korrosion von Metallen. ] Translated
from German. Werkstoffe Korrosion, Vol. 8/9, p. 547-
549, 1958. 3 refs.
Data on the influence of dust with different characteristics
on the process and rate of atmospheric corrosion of
metals are reported. The following types of dust were
selected for the corrosion test on carbon steel, zinc,
copper and aluminum: 1. pulverized silica gel, Z. ac-
ti"pated carbon, 3. glass dust, and 4. dust from a
chemical factory. No action of dust with high absorb-
ability for -water vapor and SO^ was found. In the pre-
sence of SO£, the action of the dust can be disregarded.
A slight aggressive action may be expected in pure at-
mospheres with dusts containing a certain share of
leachable components with Cl and 804 Different ab-
sorbability for -water vapor has no influence on the ag-
gressivity of the dust. With iron, dusts with a small
content of leachable components form corrosion centers
in pure atmospheres but these propagate only very slow-
ly in the absence of corrosion promoting agents. By
analogy, nonferrous metals only oxidize.
77
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AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
J-1257
Biersteker, K. , H. de Graaf, and Ch. A. G. Nass
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN ROTTERDAM HOMES.
[Luchtverontreiniging in Rotterdam, een vergelijkend
onderzoek van luchtverontreiniging binnen en buiten de
woningen. ] Translated from Dutch. Nederlands Tijd-
schrift voor Geneeskunde (Rotterdam), 109(1): 793-799,
April 24, 1965. 3 refs.
800 paired samples of indoor and outdoor smoke and SO?
concentrations of 60 Rotterdam homes were studied in an
effort to throw more light on the role that indoor air pol-
lution may play in epidemiology. It was found that
smoking increased the amount of smoke found in living
rooms and the data suggest that newer houses tend to
have less SO? in the living rooms than older houses. On
the average living rooms contained approximately 80 per-
cent of the smoke and 20 percent of the SO2 measured
simultaneously outdoors during 24 hr periods. The
probability of having more SO2 in the living room than
outdoors is estimated at less than 2 percent of the days,
but the findings of constant high SO2 in one living room
in this small sample may mean that faulty chimneys and
heaters may play a bigger role in air pollution mortality
during fogs than so far has been suspected. (Authors'
abstract)
J-2054
Georgii, Hans-Walter
THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE MEAS-
URED AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES SIMUTANEOUSLY
IN CITY STREETS. [Die Vertikalverteilung des Kohlen-
monoxid in Grossstadtstrassen in Abhangigkeit von den
meteorologischen Bedingungen. ] Translated from
German. Proceedings, International Clean Air Congress,
Parti, London, 4-7 Oct. 1966, p. 209-210.
Results are presented of the investigation of the carbon
monoxide concentration measured in city streets at
different altitudes above street-level simultaneously.
The influence of traffic-density, wind velocity and wind
direction on the carbon monoxide concentration in dif-
ferent levels is discussed. The results show a diurnal
trend of CO concentration in all levels above the street,
the amplitude of which is determined by the rate of
emission of automobile-exhaust gases and the "wind-
distribution. The evaluation of the effect of wind on the
CO concentration reveals a great difference whether the
measurement of carbon monoxide is carried out on the
weather-side or on the lee-side of the street. On the
basis of the results of the CO and the wind distribution,
an idea of the circulation of air and the ventilation in
city streets can be gained. (Author's abstract)
J-2953
PROVISIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTING AT-
MOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF WASTE ASHES AND
SULFUROUS GASES FROM POWER STATION SMOKE-
STACKS. [Vremennaya metodika rashetov rasseivaniya
v atmosfere vybrosov (zoly i sernistykh gazov) iz dymo-
vykh trub elektrostantsiy. ] Translated from Russian.
Teploenergetika, No. 7, p. 89-92, July 1964. C.I.T.E.P.A.
Documentary Information Report No. 20, CI 208.
The method proposed is based on theoretical and
experimental work carried out in the vicinity of a large
thermal power station. It is valid for the calculation of
dispersion of pollutants, determination of the necessary
height of smokestacks, and for attaining normalized
values of ground-level concentration of such pollutants.
The report explains how to apply the formula defining
maximum concentration and how to select the various
factors involved. A graph is proposed which gives, in
terms of maximum concentration at a given distance, the
value of the concentration of pollutants at other points,
and, finally, a method is described for calculating the
minimum height of smokestacks compatible with the
authorized limits of concentration of waste products in
the atmosphere. An example is given of the practical
application of this method in calculating the maximum
concentration of noxious impurities at ground level.
J-6192
Miura, Toyohiko, Kikuzi Kimura, Kunimori Kimotsuki,
Hiroshi Okusa, Osamu Tada, and Tsutomu Sawano
COMPARISON OF THE CONCENTRATION OF SUSPEND-
ED PARTICULATE MATTER AND GASEOUS POLLUT-
ANTS BETWEEN INDOOR AIR AND OUTDOOR AIR IN
URBAN AREA. Translated from Japanese. RodoKogaku,
41_(10):493-500, 1965. 18 refs.
The concentration of suspended particulate matter and
gaseous pollutants of indoor and outdoor air in Tokyo
was determined at several locations including factories,
business machine rooms and offices. The concentration
of suspended particulate matters -was determined by Roken
Type long term recording impactor and gas analysis for
SO2, NO~ and HCHO of indoor and outdoor air was
carried out at the same time. The electromicrographs
revealed that most of the particulate matter in the urban
area -was microfine, seeming to be carbon particles and
some mist particles. The concentration of suspended
particulate matter of the outdoor air in the urban area
ranged from 0. 05 to 0. 5 mg./m and that of the indoor
air in air conditioned rooms ranged from 0. 01 to 0. 3
mg/m3. The attenuation efficiency of an air filter with
electrostatic precipitator for suspended particulate
matter was high. The concentration of SO2 of the in-
door air was lower than that of outdoor air, but the dif-
ferences were not marked in cases of NO2 and HCHO.
(Authors' abstract, modified)
J-6204
Teubner, J. , K. Horn, A. Knauer, and K. Hammje
AIR-HYGIENIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE RELATION-
SHIPS BETWEEN SO2 IMMISSION, NUMBER OF NUCLEI,
NUMBER OF GERMS AND METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS.
[Lufthygienis che Untersuchungen uber Beziehungen zwi-
schen SO2-Immission, Kernzahl, Keimzahl und meteoro-
logischen Faktoren. ] Translated from German. Z. Ges.
Hyg. Grenzg. (Berlin), 1_1_(7):497-500, July 1965.
The relations between SO2-immission, number of nuclei,
number of germs, as well as the meteorological factors
of air temperature, wind velocity and rainfall were ob-
served at two measuring points (a dwelling area and an
industrial area) of a big city for one year's time. The
number of nuclei changed in the same direction as the
SOz-immission. This was due to their same sources of
origin. The number of nuclei changed counter-directional-
ly towards the temperature. This was due to a secondary
79
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
influence exerted by the heating processes in winter, as
well as by the improved exchange conditions of atmos-
pheric air existing in summer. The SOz-concentrations
were directly dependent on the rainfall conditions; there
exist secondary relationships with air temperature. Re-
lations between the number of germs and the SC>2-im-
mission however, existed only at one measuring point
and even there only under certain bacteriological ex-
perimental conditions. All further comparisons, parti-
cularly those concerning the number of germs and the
number of nuclei, air temperature, wind velocity and
rainfall revealed that the measuring values obtained
•were completely independent of one another. The number
of germs is of no practical importance as an air-hygienic
indicator for characterizing the pollution of the atmos-
pheric air. (Authors' summary)
J-6787
STUDIES OF THE AIR POLLUTION IN THE DEPART-
MENT OF THE SEINE IN 1965. PART I. CARBON
MONOXIDE RESULTS. [Etudes de Pollution Atmospheri-
que dans la Departement de la Seine en 1965. Premiere
Partie. Operation Oxyde de Carbons. ] Translated from
French. Laboratoire Municipal de la Prefecture de
Police, Paris, France. April 1966. p. 1-2, 5, 9-11, 13,
15-17, 19, 21, 23-29.
The values for carbon monoxide are given in a report by
the Paris Municipal Laboratory which has followed the
carbon monoxide values determined in the Paris streets
since 1956 as indicative of the air pollution from automo-
biles. A statistical examination was made of the 15, 187
samples taken at 317 sampling stations. Two percent or
312 samples had a carbon monoxide content of 100-200
ppm, 27 or 0. 2 percent were from 200-300 ppm, and 11
were above 300 ppm. The average values for carbonmon-
oxidein 1965 was 24. 3 ppm compared to 23 . 9 ppm in 1 964,
and 31.1 ppm in 1963. There are numerous tables show-
ing the carbon monoxide at various sampling stations and
at various underground passages. Studies are also re-
ported of the carbon monoxide in the blood among three
groups: persons -who feared they had been affected by
carbon monoxide, workers who were exposed to carbon
monoxide, and drivers involved in an accident who had
blood taken to determine alcoholic content. An appreci-
able number of persons in each group had CO levels in
the blood which were a matter of concern. While the
slight increase in the 1965 figures is not significant,
there is no doubt that the number of cars will continue to
increase as -will the problem.
J-7231
Jaenicke, R. and C. Junge
STUDIES OF THE UPPER SIZE LIMIT OF THE
NATURAL AEROSOL. [Studien zur oberen Grenzgrosse
des naturlichen Aerosoles. ] Translated from German.
Beitrage zur Physik der Atmospha're, 40(1 /2): 129- 143,
1967.
Assuming a. sedimentation and diffusion equilibrium for
natural aerosols in the lower atmosphere, theory pre-
dicts an upper limit of the particle size of 20 to 30 |i. For
experimental verification, a special particle detector
was designed which is capable of detecting one particle
per cubic meter. It consists of a rotating propeller
whose blade tips are lined by adhesive strips made of
silicon oil. The apparatus and its calibration are
described in detail. Measurements in Mainz, theTaunus,
the Black Forest (1480 m), on Helgoland, and on the
Jungfraujock in Switzerland (3570 m) revealed no upper
limit of the particle size up to ISOji. Furthermore, the
results were remarkably uniform and showed no depend-
ence on locality (and thus local emission sources),
altitude, or elevation. The distribution of the larger
particles is a. smooth continuation of the distribution of
the sizes between 0. 1 and 10 |J..
J-7367
Gundermann, Knut-Olaf
DANGER TO THE MOTORIST FROM CARBON MON-
OXIDE. [Zur GefahrdungdesKraftfrahrers durch Kohlen-
monoxyd. ] Translated from German. Stadtehygiene,
77jll):2482-53, 1964.
Results of CO-measurements made in the urban areas
of Hamburg and Kiel, West Germany, are reported.
After a brief discussion of the constituents of automobile
exhausts and of previous CO-measurements, results of
CO-measurements performed with the Draeger gas
detector model 9/31 are presented in six tables. Of
35 measurements made in each city from a moving
passenger car during rush hours, eight values were
above 0. 01 percent (maximum allowable concentration)
in Hamburg and two in Kiel. Since both cities have
favorable climatic conditions, it must be concluded that
higher concentrations may occur in other communities.
Improving the flow of traffic and avoiding smoking while
driving are recommended.
J-7486
Narasaki, Masaya
CHANGE OF DUST CONCENTRATION .INDOORS. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc. (Tokyo),
3j4):32-35, 1965. 5 refs.
Factors which affect the change of dust concentration
indoors are the concentration of outdoor dust, dust
generation due to combustion or air flow, and sedimen-
tation. The relation between dust concentration indoors
and out is graphed for periods during which the air
conditioner was on and off. Tests were performed for
dust sedimentation and also when CO2 and dusts were
generated in the same room. It was observed that the
smaller the particle size, the smaller the sedimentation
ratio, the ratio being the greatest at the moment dust
generation stopped. The ratio was also larger in rooms
with ventilation than without. The theory for quantita-
tive investigation is given illustrating that the concentra-
tion at time t is expressed: Cr (t)=Cs(t)+Cf(t) + Co(t),
where Cs accounts for indoor dust generation, Cf for
outdoor dust generation, and Co is the contribution to
dust at t=0. The assumption made here is that the
quantity of air entering and leaving the room is the same.
Measurements of the amount of air ventilated by dust is
not easy to determine; sedimentation rate determination
is likewise difficult.
J-7526
Grafe, Kurt and Walter Schiitze
INVESTIGATION OF DUST PRECIPITATION IN HAM-
BURG WITH 230 BERGERHOFF INSTRUMENTS.
80
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AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
[Staubniederschlagsuntersuchungen mit 230 Bergerhoff-
geraten. ] Translated from German. Stadtehygiene,
No, 8, 8p., 1966. 5 refs.
Since the fall of 1964, 223 dust sampling locations have
been set up in Hamburg, which are equipped with Berger-
hoff jars. Six locations have more than one unit. Dust
precipitation is measured in mg x m x day -1 The
periods of measurement and some results of the statisti-
cal analysis of the precision of the measurements are
tabulated. Generally, short periods yielded higher
average values and large variations. Air pollution by
dust is described by the "characteristic concentration
parameter" (Ij, !£>, as defined in the "Technical direc-
tives for clean air maintenance". A map of Hamburg is
reproduced in which areas of specific maximum Ij
values are indicated. These results are discussed and
explained by relating them to dust-emitting sources. A
detailed statistical analysis also supports the view that
there is a strong relationship between dust precipitation
and atmospheric precipitation and that there is good
correlation between dust precipitation and wind together
with dry ground. These preliminary results already
indicate that strong dust sources must be limited and
that watering the streets during summer is essential.
J-86E8
Hess, W.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY RESIDENTIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL HEATING IN THE CITY OF ZURICH.
[Die Luftverunreinigung durch hausliche und industrlelle
Heizungen in der Stadt Zurich. ] Translated from German.
Neue Zurcher Zeitung, "Technology" Supplement, Nov.
18, 1964, p. 3-10. 9 refs.
The systematic testing of the air in Zurich is discussed.
Sulphur dioxide measurements were made from May 1962
to 1964 at 28 measuring points, distributed over the
entire Zurich area. Liesegang's method was used in
taking the measurements. Over 1, 500 samples have
been collected. During the months May to September
the sulphur content of the city air averaged one to two
milligrams per one hundred hours of exposure time.
For the industrial area the sulphur content in the
summer is considerably higher than in the other areas.
From December through March the villa quarter had a
peak at 11.5 mg of sulphur. The residential quarter
and the densely populated residential area measure-
ments were similar. The mixed residential and indust-
rial area produces a somewhat higher level of sulphur
content. The air in Zurich has not reached an intoler-
able limit of pollution. Seven hundred oil heating instal-
lations, distributed over the entire city area, were
tested. All solid and all unburned liquid parts of the
flue gas were precipitated onto the filter paper and
analyzed. The individual measurements were evaluated
according to the Bacharach scale. For each installation
a check sheet was prepared which made very rapid and
simple evaluation possible. A few of the oil burners
and heating pots were manufactured prior to 1945. No
very great differences in their way of functioning were
observed. Those manufactured between 1945 and 1955
plainly had many more defects than the two next cate-
gories, from 1955 to I960 and from 1961 to 1964. In
a table, five of the most heavily represented types of
pots and burners are shown and compared to the soot
figures. Instructions for the installation of and for
owners' operation of oil burning heating equipment are
discussed.
J-7994
Prokopenko, A. V. and S. Ya. Fedorchuk
AN ASPIRATOR ATTACHMENT FOR 24-HOUR AIR
SAMPLING. Translated from Russian. Gigiyena i
Sanitariya, No. 7, p. 60-61, July 1965.
An attachment for an aspirator to facilitate unattended
sampling for air pollution is described. The aim was
to provide intermittent operation; 2nd hour on, 2nd hour
off to allow the aspirator to cool completely before
repeating the cycle. This attachment allows the aspira-
tor to automatically turn on and off to maintain normal
operation. This attachment can also be fitted onto other
pneumatic pumps or aspirators of any type. The attach-
ment consists of a starter, three relays, four diodes
and a clock. The attachment works on a current recti-
fied by a diode bridge. An alarm clock is used as a time
gauge to the hour hand of which a small cam of organic
glass -with 3x6 millimeter dimensions is attached. This
cam, completing one revolution per hour along with the
hour hand, breaks small contacts built in under the
clock cover. With breaking of these contacts the con-
tacts the condenser becomes charged. As soon as the
contacts are completely closed, impulse relay drops,
and its normally closed contacts close, while the
normally open contacts break. At this time the con-
denser discharges onto a switch-on relay as o. result of
•which the starter is switched on through the normally
open contacts of the starter relay. Thus, the normally
closed contact breaks, and the normally open one closes
and the aspirator is switched on. With the next revolu-
tion of the cam the condenser discharges onto a switch-
off relay, the circuit of the starter coil is broken, and
the aspirator switches off. Then the described cycle
repeats itself in the same sequence.
J-8812
Muller, Th.
AIR POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUSTS.
OBSERVATIONS IN BASEL. [Die Verunreinigung der
Atmosphare durch die Abgase der Motorfahrzeuge.
Beobachtungen in Basel. ] Text in German. Z. Prae-
ventivmed. (Zurich), JJ_(2): 157-160, March-April, 1966.
5 refs.
CO level "was sampled in air taken from 8 areas of dense
traffic during the period 1961-1964. Levels found ranged
from ff to 45 ppm, with occasional peaks to 90 ppm.
These levels were about the same each year, in contrast
to the sharp increase in the number of automobiles dur-
ing that period. No conclusions are drawn from this
observation, but the ambient air concentration of other
exhaust gas components is pointed out as also signifi-
cant. Averages are given for ammonia, SOz, NO2, and
aldehyde. In order to clarify the possibility of eventual
harm from lead additives in gasoline, urine samples from
all traffic policemen were examined in 1965. There was
no evidence of lead accumulation in any of the samples.
81
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
J-8991
Okita, Toshiichi
ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURE. I. MEASUREMENT
OF ATMOSPHERIC ACID PARTICLES AND LABORA-
TORY EXPERIMENTS ON THE ADSORPTION AND
OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON THE SURFACE
OF PARTICLES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Koshu Eiseiin Kenkyo Hokoku
[Bulletin of the Institute of Public Health] (Tokyo), 16
(2):52-58, June 1967. 9 refs.
The presence of airborne acid particles was monitored
and the particles sized, using thymol blue-gelatin film.
In Tokyo and Osaka air, acid particles were detected
frequently -with most around a micron in size. In fog,
acid droplets as large as 30 H- "were detected. No acid
particles were detected in Asahikawa. Laboratory
experiments on the adsorption and oxidation of SO£ on
the particle surfaces indicate that manganese salts,
active carbon, and coal soot can lead to the formation
of acid particles. SO2 appears to react with CaCO3 or
iron oxide to form sulfate. Some of the particles
suspended in Tokyo air were capable of producing acid
particles, whereas airborne particles in Asahikawa
had no such activity. (Author's abstract, modified)
J-9007
De Fraja Frangipane, E. , C. F. Saccani, and V. Turolla
OUTDOOR AND INDOOR AIR POLLUTION. [Inquina-
mento atmosferico e inquinamento dell'aria degli ambi-
enti confinati. ] Translated from Italian. Nuovi Annali
d'Igiene e Microbiologia, l_4(6}:403-42 1, Nov.-Dec.
1963. 16 refs.
The results of investigations aimed at analyzing the con-
tent of particulate matter and SO2 in indoor air and com-
paring them with those of outdoor air are reviewed. The
investigations -were conducted in Milan and Genoa, Italy,
New York City, Cincinnati, and Moscow.
J-9008
Jaccard, G. and P. E. Pilet
STUDY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE
CITY OF LAUSANNE. [Etude de la pollution atmos -
pherique de la ville de Lausanne.] Translated from
French. Institut de biologie et de physiologie vegetales
de 1'Universite de Lausanne, Jan. 16, 1968, 48p.
Measurements were conducted from October 1965 to
September 1966 of sulphurous anhydride (SO2> and
carbon monoxide. The analyses were completed by a
systematic study of various sensitive biological tests
in the presence of polluted air. SO^ was measured by
two methods; gravimetric measurement and measure-
ment by an automatic recording apparatus which meas-
ures electrical conductivity. Carbon monoxide was
measured with the Uras apparatus, which measures
infrared ray absorption. Biological tests were run by
making measurements of pine needles and lentil seeds.
Dust was measured with membrane filters, using gravi-
metric analysis. Germs were measured with the same
apparatus used for dust, then seeded on solid culture
medium. The titer of absorbed SO2 is much higher in
winter than in summer. In summer, the diurnal SO2
titer is higher than the nocturnal titer. The CO titer
varies during the day, the diurnal titer being almost
double that of the nocturnal titer. No results are given
for winter measurements. Those for summer are dia-
grammed. It is concluded that foreign gases are pre-
sent in air currents from aeration openings and act on
the growth and metabolism of the nearby pine needles
and lentil plants. The dust titer was found to be rela-
tively low in the city. The increase in total germ titer
was in direct ratio with the occupation of work locations
and of streets. A mobile laboratory is described.
J-9010
Bruhlmann, R.
CARBON MONOXIDE DETERMINATIONS IN SUBTER-
RANEAN CARPORTS. [Kohlenmonoxidmessungen in
unterirdischen Autoeinstellhallen. ] Translated from
German. Chemische Rundschau, lTJ.26):l-8, 1964. 5
refs.
CO determinations with a recording infrared spectro-
graph are reported. The measurements pertain to
ventilated garages and garages without ventilation sys-
tems in the City of Zurich. The CO concentrations in
ventilated garages are on the average (for a 10-hr meas-
urement period) below 60 cm3 CO/m3. Individual short-
term peak values of more than 500 ppm could be occa-
sionally observed. The values determined in an un-
ventilated garage -were also observed occasionally. The
values determined in an unventilated garage with approxi-
mately 70 to 90 parking spaces ranged from 90 to 100
ppm and the peak values reached a height of more than
500 ppm CO. (Author's summary)
J-9018
Hess, W.
SUMMARY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES IN THE
CITY OF ZURICH BETWEEN 1961 and 1965. [Ubersicht
uber die Luftuntersuchungen in der Stadt Zurich von 1961
bis 1965.] Translated from German. Zeitschrift fur
Praventivmedizin, 1_^(Z): 144- 156, 1966. 5 refs.
Measurements of CO, SOj, and NOX concentrations
were made at several important intersections of heavy
traffic. Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations were meas-
ured in the blood of traffic officers and were correlated
with CO measurements. The concentrations of the var-
ious pollutants fluctuated within a -wide range and varied
with the density of traffic and meteorological conditions.
J-9726
Langmann, R. and H. Kettner
THE PROBLEM OF CHRONIC CO INTOXICATION AND
INVESTIGATION OF CO POLLUTION IN LARGE CITIES.
[Die Problematik einer chronischen Intoxikation durch
Kohlenoxyd und Untersuchungen seiner Immissionen in
Grossstadten. ] Translated from German. Offentl. Ge-
sundheitswesen (Stuttgart), 30.(1):7-11, Jan. 1963.
In contrast to the common agreement on the danger of
high CO concentrations, opinion is divided on the risks
of human exposure to low concentrations of this gas.
The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed. Some
114 different samples were measured at 30 points of
-------
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
heavy traffic flow in Mulheim (Ruhr) during the morning
and evening rush hours; an infrared absorption device
measured CO levels. About 90 percent of the samples
exhibited 25 ppm CO or less, with the mean value at
14. 5 ppm. These figures can be compared to the con-
tinuously high level of 200 ppm found in large parking
garages. Meteorological conditions had a significant
effect, hazy weather almost doubling the mean CO levels.
Levels of lead and hydrocarbons paralleled those of CO
at the locations sampled. The significance of CO meas-
urements and pollution abatement measures are briefly
discussed.
J-10550
Georgii, H.-W. , E. Busch and E. Weber
IMMISSION CONCENTRATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE
IN FRANKFURT/MAIN AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN
TIME AND SPACE. [Untersuchung uber die zeitliche
und raumliche Verteilung der Immissions-Konzentration
des Kohlenmonoxid in Frankfurt am Main. ] Translated
from German. Ber. Inst. Meteorol. Geophys. Univ.
Frankfurt/Main (Frankfurt), No. 11, p. 66, May 1967.
21 refs.
This report presents new results of a study of the dis-
tribution of street CO levels. Simultaneous measure-
ments of the CO level and of wind distribution in dif-
ferent levels above the street were performed. The
apparatuses used are described. Evaluation of the data
•was carried out with respect to traffic density, "wind
velocity, and wind direction. The results show a diur-
nal trend in all levels, the amplitude of which is deter-
mined by the rate of production of automotive exhausts
and by the wind distribution. There is an empirical dif-
ference, which is described graphically, between meas-
urements of CO on the weather or on the lee side of the
street. Based on these results, a model of air circu-
lation in the streets and of street ventilation can be de-
duced.
J-10782
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES FOR DEVELOPING A METHOD
OF COMPUTING ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF POL-
LUTANTS FROM POWER STATION SMOKESTACKS.
[Fiziceskie principy postroenija motoki rasceta rassei-
vanija v atmosfere vybrosov iz dymovyh trub elektro-
stancij.] Translated from Russian. Teploenergetika
(Moscow), 21j7):92-94, July 1964.
A Russian study is translated which examines the vari-
ous physical principles involved in establishing a tenta-
tive method for calculating the dispersion of pollutants
in the atmosphere. Starting with the known turbulence
theory and applying modern methods for solving differ-
ential equations with the aid of electronic computers,
the study considers: the vertical component of the tur-
bulence exchange coefficient and how it varies with
height; the conditions of temperature stratification in
the atmosphere; and the sedimentation rate of the im-
purities--both gaseous and solid. The various para-
meters of pollutant discharge are examined: height of
smokestack, initial velocity of combustion gases, dia-
meter of the smokestack opening, volume of gas dis-
charged as a function of time, etc. Based on the above,
a method is then developed whereby it is possible to
compute —for a wind velocity considered dangerous and
under average meteorological conditions —the maximum
concentration of light impurities, heavy impurities, and
impurities discharged by several smokestacks of the
same height. Corrections are proposed for the special
cases of temperature inversion or irregular terrain.
The distance at which the maximum calculated concen-
tration is obtained is found proportional to the height of
the smokestack. The theoretical calculations agree
with actual measurements.
J-10809
Trompeo, G. , G. Turletti, and O. Trombi Giarrusso
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN UNDER-
GROUND GARAGES AND PARKING FACILITIES. [Con-
centrazioni di CO nelle autorimesse interrate.] Trans-
lated from Italian. Rass. Med. Ind. (Rome), 33, (3-4):
392-393, May-Aug. 1964.
The results of CO determinations of air samples from
12 underground garages and parking facilities are re-
ported. The average concentration -was found to be very
near the MAC (according to American standards), with
readings of 10-300 ppm. In view of the long hours work-
ed by garage employees (more than 8 hrs), these high
levels of CO could bring about symptoms of chronic CO
poisoning.
J-10823
Bricard, Jean, F. Billard, Guy Madelaine, and Jaques
Pradel
THE EVALUATION OF THE COLLECTION OF FILTERS
FOR RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS OF KNOWN SIZE.
[Ermittlung der Abscheideleistung von Filtern mit radio-
aktiven Aerosolen bekannter Grosse. ] Translated from
German. Staub (Dusseldorf), 24_(9):345-348, Sept. 1964.
9 refs.
Labeling of an aerosol with radioactive thoron is dis-
cussed. Mathematical calculations lead to the conclusion
that electrical equilibrium is attained in all cases for a
monodisperse aerosol. Experimentally, three aerosols
were separated. Using this theoretically and experi-
mentally defined aerosol, the deposition capacity of a
high efficiency filter was measured. Permeability in-
creases with diameter of the particles, in the range of
5 x 10"-* |o. to 2 x 10~9 |i. It appears that permeability
has a. certain maximum for particles with diameters of
0. 1-0. 3 n.
J-10826
Juda, Jan and Karol Budzinski
ERRORS OF DETERMINATION OF THE MEAN DUST
CONCENTRATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER
OF SINGLE MEASUREMENTS. [Fehler bei der Bestim-
mung der mittleren Staubkonzentration als Funktion der
Anzahl der Einzelmessungen. ] Translated from German.
Staub (Dusseldorf), 24(8):283-287, Aug. 1964.
Previously, it had been assumed that the coefficient K
of the change of concentration remains constant during
a specific technological process and under specific pro-
duction conditions. This assumption led to the assumption
S3
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
that the standard deviation remains constant for a loga-
rithmically-normal distribution; these assumptions would
significantly simplify calculations and diminish the error
of the mean value determination as a function of single
measurements. This hypothesis dealing with the loga-
rithmically-normal distribution was to be applied to both
gaseous and atmospheric pollutions. By checking with
a serial determination of the SC>2 levels in the air, the
hypothesis could only be proved to about 13 percent, and
thus cannot be accepted.
J-10830
Matla, W. P. and J. Terpstra
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE QUARTZ AND ASH
CONTENTS OF COAL-MINE DUST. [Beziehung zwi-
schen Quarz und Aschegehalt von Strebestaub. ] Trans-
lated from German. Staub (Dusseldorf), 2A(8):3 12 -3 14,
Aug. 1964. 3 refs.
The ash and quartz contents of dusts collected during
seven coal mining operations for four hours were deter-
mined. There is a distinct correlation between the
quartz and ash contents in the dust, such that the ash
content of the dust is considered to be a sufficiently
accurate indicator for establishing quartz content.
J-10837
Vassy, Arlette
OZONE IN ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS NEAR THE GROUND.
[L'ozone dans les couches voisines du sol. ] Translated
from French. Geofis. Meteorol. (Genoa), 9.(l-2):l-4,
April 1961. 10 refs.
Many local factors can affect measurements of ground-
level ozone concentrations and distort their geophysical
or meteorological significance. Some of these are:
winds, site of the sample intake (which should be quite
high), ozone destruction by large or small concentra-
tions of dwellings, and automobile exhaust gases. Nitro-
gen pexoxide is the reason for the destruction and for-
mation of harmful ozone by automobile exhaust pollution.
A comparison is made between the effects of exhaust
gases in Los Angeles and in Paris.
J-10845
Lebbe, M. J.
RECENT RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE STUDY OF AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION FROM EXHAUST FROM AU-
TOMOTIVE VEHICLES IN THE AIR OF PARIS. [Re-
sultats recents obtenus dans 1'etude de la pollution at-
mospherique par les gas d'echappement des vehicules
automobiles, de 1'atmosphere de Paris.] Translated
from French. Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), 27(5):316-3Z5,
July-Sept. 1965.
Air pollution measurements at various locations through-
out the city of Paris, conducted by the Municipal Labo-
ratory, have made it possible to determine the amount
of carbon monoxide and hence, by statistical correlation,
of lead, traceable to automobile traffic. The data are
tabulated and discussed. The origin of the benzo-3, 4-
pyrene found at various locations could not be ascribed
to automobile traffic. Pollution is affected by the man-
ner of vehicle flow, and the layout of the major
thoroughfares studies, in addition to the number of ve-
hicles moving.
J-10863
Stratmann, H.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SULFUR DIOXIDE CONTENT
OF LAYERS OF AIR NEAR THE GROUND IN THE VICIN-
ITY OF COAL-BURNING POWER PLANTS. [Untersu-
chungen iiber den Schwefeldioxydgehalt bodennaher Luft-
schichten in der Umgebung von Steinkohlen-Kraftwerken. ]
Translated from German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesi-
tzer (Duesseldorf), No. 37, p. 705-714, 1955. 34 refs.
An investigation of the sulfur dioxide content of layers
of air near the ground in the vicinity of coal-burning
power plants is presented. Also discussed are the pro-
cedures used to discover the concentration ranges and
relative distribution of SO2 through explanation of for-
mulas applied in the Ruhr district of Germany to com-
pare a plant in an urban area with one in a rural area.
Average concentration of SO2 at 0.2 mg SO2/m3 air
was hypothesized and proven empirically.
J-10897
Grafe, Kurt
IMPORTANCE OF DUST AND SO2 MEASUREMENT
DATA IN DETERMINING MINIMUM HEIGHTS OF
STACKS. [Bedeutung von Staub- und SO2-Messerge-
bnissen fur die Bestimmung von Schornsteinmindest-
hohen. ] Translated from German. Ber. Deut. Wetter-
dienstes (Frankfurt), U_(91): 117-119, 1962. 5 refs.
Dust and SO2 measurement results, which were obtain-
ed in downtown Hamburg continual registrations, are
discussed briefly "with the help of tables and illustrations
and wind direction compasses. Such measurement re-
sults are required in order to consider factors that are
important in determining the minimum heights of chim-
neys according to the method of Wippermann and Klug.
The effect of this initial loading (initial stress) on the
height of the chimney, which is necessary for reasons
of air hygiene, is presented here with the help of two
examples. In conclusion, possibilities are mentioned
which might permit the use of lower chimney heights
without neglecting clean-air requirements.
J-11441
Ishido, Shozaburo, Tamie Tanaka, and Tatsuko Nakagawa
AIR CONDITIONS IN DWELLINGS WITH SPECIAL RE-
FERENCE TO NUMBERS OF DUST PARTICLES AND
BACTERIA. Translated from Japanese. In: Free Dust
Particles and Air-Borne Microflora, p. 127-135. 6
refs.
Dust particles and bacteria under actual living condi-
tions in three kinds of dwellings in Osaka City and sub-
urbs were measured. The dwellings were a two-story
concrete apartment, a wooden two-story tenement, and
a. suburban two-story dwelling of one-hour concentration.
Measurements -were conducted in relation to cleaning,
bedding placement and removal, and sleeping conditions.
Ground plans are illustrated and the relative numbers
of bacteria and dust particles under various conditions
(type of room, time of day, before and after cleaning)
34
-------
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
are shown graphically. The results indicate that indoor
dust particle concentrations are for the most part con-
trolled by outdoor air conditions. On the other hand the
number of bacteria is controlled by indoor living condi-
tions .
J-11442
Seisaburo, Sekido, KamedaKiyoko, and TatsukoNakagawa
FREE DUST PARTICLES AND AIRBORNE MICROFLORA.
Translated from Japanese. Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku
Kasei-gakubu Kiyo (Bulletin of the Department of Home
Economics, Osaka City University), 4/3):31-37, 1959.
7 refs. ~
Concentrations of dust and bacteria in concrete apart-
ments and Japanese wooden houses during the summer
are reported. The results are compared with previous
measurements made during the winter. The relation-
ship of these measurements by time of day as well as
daily activities and outdoor concentrations are reported.
The outside dust density in the center of cities shows
regular variations. This density is quite high, particu-
larly during winter, and occurs indoors almost to the
same extent. There are sometimes decreased densities
because of doors or curtains or time lags, but the direct
effects of outside air on the atmosphere indoors are
clearly present. The generation of dust through daily
activities is of comparatively short duration and is not
directly reflected in the daily variations in density. On
the other hand, the number of airborne bacteria does
not show the same regular fluctuations as dust density.
It is low from late night to early morning, and high
during waking hours. It is thought that the fluctuations
in the outside air are not directly reflected in an in-
crease in the bacteria count indoors.
J-11465
Romagnoli, G.
STUDIES ON THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN SOME
ELEMENTARY CLASSROOMS OF NOVARA. [Indagine
sulle condizioni climatiche nelle aule di alcune scuole
elementari di Novara. ] Translated from Italian. Rivista
Italiana d'Igiene, Vol. 21, p. 410-419, 1961.
The climatic conditions of classrooms in six schools
situated in different locations in Novara, Italy were in-
vestigated. The classrooms and methods of observation
are described. The following parameters were measured,
both indoors and outdoors: dust, microorganisms, tem-
perature, humidity, air velocity, and air cooling capaci-
ty. Average numerical values of total bacterial load and
of staphylococcus are tabulated. It appears from the re-
sults that the only decidely negative element in the class-
rooms investigated was the high bacteria load found
during lesson hours. Dust content of the classrooms was
invariably lower than that of outside air - with no signi-
ficant differences between inhabited and empty class-
rooms. The average dust particle diameter, however,
was 0. 5 n in the empty rooms, as against a considerable
disparity in form and dimension of dust particles collect-
ed during class with an average of about 1. 2 fi.
J-11653
Ishido, Shosaburo
AIR POLLUTION IN OSAKA CITY AND INSIDE BUILD-
INGS. Translated from Japanese. Source unknown,
6p. 3 refs.
Measurements were made of the outdoor and indoor dust
concentrations in the air and its diurnal and seasonal
variations in the city of Osaka. The shifting patterns of
outdoor dust and dirt density during a 24-hour day, with
varying wind velocity, and at various heights of a build-
ing, are shown graphically and discussed. SO2 concen-
trations were measured also. The Roken type instru-
ment for counting dust particles was found to be very
laborious for high dust concentrations. Recent develop-
ments indicate a preference for dust measurements by
weight rather than by particle count. The usefulness
and advantages of different analytical instruments are
discussed. The role of electrical dust collectors is
evaluated for eliminating indoor air pollution. These
devices, unlike air filters, capture particles less than
one micron in size, but they are expensive. It is em-
phasized that a reduction of outdoor pollution reduces the
level of indoor pollution.
J-11654
Ishido, Shosaburo
VARIATIONS IN INDOOR AND OUTDOOR DUST DENSI-
TIES. Translated from Japanese. Osaka Shiritsu Dai-
gaku Kaseigakubu Kiyo [Bulletin of the Department of
Home Economics, Osaka City University], ^(Special
Issue):53-59, March 31, 1959. 5 refs.
Measurements of the dust concentration with "Eiken"
dust meters inside rooms of a residence, a hospital,
and a school in Japan "were made with simultaneous out-
door concentration measurements . The results plotted
as seasonal and daily dust concentration changes show-
ed that peaks occurred at 10 a.m. and minima at 1-2
p.m. This is attributed to smoke and dust generated by
heating. The dust density reached a maximum of 2346
particles per cc in December and a minimum of 752
particles per cc in June. The dust concentration inside
the building is directly proportional to that on the out-
side; this fact holds true not only within relatively small
rooms, but also within hospitals and schools. During
the late morning a sudden and precipitous reduction of
dust density from the forenoon peak is noted. The dra-
matic wintertime increase in dust density is completely
consistent with measured data on soot precipitation, pre-
sumably due to heating.
J-11661
Rennerfelt, Erik
SOME INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FUNGUS DIASPORE
CONTENT OF THE AIR. [Nagra undersokningar over
luftens halt av svampsorer. ] Translated from Swedish.
Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 4J_(2):283-294, 1947. 14 refs.
The fungus diaspore content of the air at Experimental
Field in the neighborhood of Stockholm, Sweden was in-
vestigated. The spores -were collected in Petri dishes
which exposed for 60 to 120 minutes in the "winter and
15 to 30 minutes in the spring, summer and autumn.
85
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Altogether 1572 fungus colonies grew on the dishes, 51.5
percent of which were blueing fungi, 19. 9 percent molds,
and 28.6 percent yeasts. The largest numbers were
found in July, August and September. The most common
fungus was Cladosporium herbarum. Penicillium species
dominated among the molds. The yeast, both tame and
wild, amounted to about 30 percent. The most common
were Torulopsis and Rhodotorula spp. The fungus spore
content of the air in a. sawmill timber yard and at a log
pile in the forest were also reported. The spore con-
tent of the air in one room of the Forest Research In-
stitute was considerably lower than that outdoors.
J-11662
Rostrup, Ove
SOME INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FUNGUS-SPORE CON-
TENT IN THE AIR. [Nogle Undrsogelser over Liftens
Indhold af Svampekin. ] Translated from Danish. Bota-
nisk Tidskrift, Vol. 29, p. 32-41, 1908.
The fungus-spore content of the air (indoors and out-
doors) in Denmark was investigated. The procedure
used involved exposing Petri dishes containing a thin
layer of beer wort, gelatin or apple extract or sweat-
spoons with gelatin in the places to be studied for 15
minutes. The organisms found can most naturally be
divided into three groups: bacteria, yeast-like-germi-
nating fungi, and fungi with mycelia. Mold fungi oc-
cured far more frequently than bacteria and yeast-like-
germinating fungi. Considerably fewer species were
found inside than outside; 8. 7 and 58. 3, respectively,
on the average per analysis, corresponding to about
13, 000 inside and 87, 000 germs outside per square
foot per day. Brief comments are made concerning
some of the species found. The results are compared
with the result of a previous investigation.
86
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LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
K-1567
Berge, Helmut
EMISSION CONTROL, A SUPRA-NATIONAL CONCERN
IN OUR TECHNICAL AGE. [immissionsschutz, eine
ueberstaatliche Gemeinschaftsaufgabe in unserem tech-
nischen Zeitalter.] Translated from German. MTG
(Mensch-Technik-Gesellschaft) Zeitschrift fur Sozialo-
konomie, 1966, 8p. 10 refs.
Local SO2 warnings; guide lines; and limit values are
critically discussed with emphasis on the situation in
North Rhine-Westphalia. The need for independent
evaluations and supra-national regulations are stressed
for the west European community. The economic and
sociological as well as the biological aspects of the
problem are discussed. The need for continuous meas-
urements is emphasized.
devices or installations apt to create pollution, and re-
serves the right to enforce use of such devices or
installations which prevent or control air pollution.
K-2295
PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION: ATMOSPHERIC
ODORS AND POLLUTION. DECREE NO. 63-963 OF
17 SEPTEMBER 1963. [Sante et salubrite publiques:'
Odeurs et pollutions atmospheriques. D^cret no. 63-
963 du 17 septembre 1963.] Translated from French.
Journal Officiel, p. 8539, Sept. 1963.
The legislation concerns control of the emission of odors
and air pollutants from all combustion sources. Noncom-
pliance offenders are to be penalized. Special attention
is given to smokeless zones. Established emission
standards will be strictly enforced.
K-228Z
LAW CONCERNING PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO MAIN-
TAIN PURITY OF THE AIR OF 17 MAY 1965. [Gesetz
uber Vorsorgemassnahmen zur Luftreinhaltung vom 17.
Mai 1965.] Translated from German. Bundesgesetz-
blatt. Parti, No. 21, p. 413-415, May 22, 1965.
This legislation concerns the establishment of air pol-
lution stations for certain districts for the measurement
of particles and gases. Directives concerning measure-
ment procedures and instruments, particularly concern-
ing the use of continuously recording instruments, will
be issued. Enforcement regulations are described and
penalties for violators are discussed.
K-2294
LAW NO. 61-842 OF 2 AUGUST 1961: ON THE STRUG-
GLE AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AND
ODORS, AMENDING THE LAW OF 19 DECEMBER 1917.
[Loi no. 61-842 du 2 aout 1961, relative & la lutte contre
les pollutions atmospheriques et les odeurs et portant
modification de la loi du 19 decembre 1917.] Translated
from French. Journal Officiel, Aug. 3, 1961, p. 7195.
Newly enacted legislation on air pollution and odors from
industrial, non-industrial, agricultural and other com-
bustion sources, as well as from radioactive substances
and transportation, are the content of this bill. A fine
may be inflicted in the event of failure to carry out the
work or modifications within the period prescribed.
Under Title n, the legislation dating from 1917 and 1932
is being amended.
K-2301
LEGISLATION CONCERNING THE STRUGGLE AGAINST
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. [Loi relative \ la lutte
contre la pollution atmosphe"rique.] Translated from
French. Moniteur Beige, p. 345, Jan. 14, 1965.
This legislation pertains to emissions from gaseous,
liquid, or solid substances which may cause harm to
human health, animals and plants, or prove damaging
to property. The legislation also enforces control over
K-6124
Wiethaup, H.
SMOG ALARM AND LEGISLATION. [Der Smogalarm in
rechtlicher Sicht.] Translated from German. Zentr.
Aerosol-Forsch. (Stuttgart), j_3(5-6):501-508, May 1967.
In the state of North Rhine Westphalia, Germany, there
are presently in effect four legislative acts concerning
air pollution. For incidents of severe smog conditions
they provide for: compulsory change-over to fuels low
in sulfur for industrial enterprises emitting more than
200 kg of sulfur dioxide per hour; banning motor traffic
from certain areas; laws and regulations to administer
and enforce the anti-air pollution acts. The paper
questions the necessity for these rather stringent laws
since smog conditions in the area concerned are extreme-
ly rare; so far, smog has never been persistent or parti-
cularly obnoxious and is not known to have caused damage
to human health, animal, or plant life. Caution and
vigilance, however, are being exercised and cooperation
of the industrial and private community is helpful.
K-9009
Sweden, Ministry of Communication. Expert Group for
Development in the Field of Auto Exhaust
REPORT OF ACTIVITIES DURING THE PERIOD OF 1
JULY 1966 TO 30 JUNE 1967. [Redogorelse f8r verksa-
mheten under tiden 1 juli 1966 - 30 juni 1967.] Trans-
lated from Swedish, p. 1-12.
The activities of the Communications Ministry expert
group in Sweden are summarized. Some of the purposes
of the development work are to make more effective
measures possible for reducing harmful substances in
auto exhaust gases and to supply the technical foundation
for formulating the regulations necessary for this. The
investigations and studies include the following: (1) In-
vestigation of driving methods; (2) Measurement of CO
in open air; (3) Testing of Swedish antipollution devices
for autos; (4) Measurement of exhaust gas emission during
cold and warm starting; (5) Study of crankcase ventilation;
(6) Study of diesel exhaust gases; (7) Testing of equipment
for a mobile laboratory; and (8) Development of a method
for analysis of organic lead compounds. Proposed activi-
ties for the coming year are also outlined.
87
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
K-9128
Ochab, E, and J. Horodecki
LAW OF 21 APRIL 1966 ON PROTECTION AGAINST AIR
POLLUTION. Translated from Polish. In: Laws and
Decrees on Air Pollution in Poland. Dziennik Ustaw
(Moscow), No. 14, p. 113-115, April 29, 1966.
Air pollution in Poland within the meaning of the law
occurs when the air absorbs stable, liquid or gaseous
substances in quantities or of a type which can exceed
the permissible concentration in the air. The law's
nineteen articles which are aimed at maintaining the
concentration of pollutants below the maximum allow-
able concentration are outlined. Enforcement procedures
and the duties of establishments emitting pollutants and
organizations of the governments handling matters of
air pollution are emphasized.
K-9129
Cyrankiewicz, J.
DEGREE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF 23
MARCH 1967 CONCERNING PROTECTIVE ZONES
AGAINST AIR POLLUTION. Translated from Polish.
In: Laws and Decrees on Air Pollution in Poland. Dzi-
ennik Ustaw (Moscow), No. 15, p. 95-96, May 6, 1967.
Regulations concerning protective zones for individual
establishments which discharge air pollutants in Poland
are outlined. The organizations responsible for deter-
mining the width of the zone and the use of its terrain
are designated.
K-9130
Cyrankiewicz, J.
DECREE OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF 26
SEPTEMBER 1967 CONCERNING PRINCIPLES USED
TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF FINES IMPOSED
ON ESTABLISHMENTS FOR EXCEEDING THE AMOUNT
OF DUST WHICH CAN BE DISCHARGED IN THE AIR.
Translated from Polish. In: Laws and Decrees on Air
Pollution in Poland. Dziennik Ustaw (Moscow), No. 40,
p. 323-3Z4, Oct. 21, 1967.
A regulation outlining the computation of fines against
establishments exceeding the permissible amount of
dust emitted into the atmosphere in Poland is presented.
K-9131
Grochulski, J. and J. Sztachelski
DECREE OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTRAL
WATER UTILIZATION BUREAU AND OF THE MINISTER
OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARES OF 31 JANUARY
1967 CONCERNING PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN MEAS-
UREMENTS OF CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTION.
Translated from Polish. In: Laws and Decrees on Air
Pollution in Poland. Monitor Polski (Warsaw), No. 11,
p. 94-96, Feb. 24, 1967.
According to a regulation in Poland, establishments
emitting pollutants into the atmosphere must measure
the amount of discharged substance and maintain re-
cords of the results. The measurements must be made
at least once after three periods of 24 hour continued
operation. The following measurements must be made:
(1) concentration of pollutant, (2) temperature, (3) pres-
sure, and (4) velocity of discharge. The regulation also
contains a directive concerning the method of measuring
and computing the amount of discharge. The duties of
governmental organizations dealing with air pollution
measurement are also outlined.
K-9132
Grochulski, J.
DECREE OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTRAL WATER
UTILIZATION BUREAU OF 16 JULY 1966 CONCERNING
THE SPREADING OF AIR POLLUTION. Translated from
Polish. In: Laws and Decrees on Air Pollution in Poland.
Monitor Polski (Warsaw) No. 36, p. 365, July 20, 1966.
A regulation in Poland requires the measurement of pol-
lutants from existing sources of emission. In all areas
which are distinct topographically and meteorologically,
the extent of the spreading of air pollution must be deter-
mined. It requires the measurement of meteorological
parameters [wind turbulence, wind direction, vertical
temperature gradient, and vertical gradient of wind
speed] and the degree of pollution [concentration of pol-
lutants, distribution of pollutants, and changes of pol-
lutant concentration].
K-9133
Grochulski, J.
DECREE OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTRAL WATER
UTILIZATION BUREAU OF 15 JULY 1966 CONCERNING
THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANS WHICH ARE COM-
PETENT TO COORDINATE PLANTS OF ECONOMIC
UTILIZATION OF SPACE, LOCATION AND PRELIMI-
NARY PROJECTS OF CONSTRUCTION OR RECON-
STRUCTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS FROM THE VIEW-
POINT OF PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUTION.
Translated from Polish. In: Laws and Decrees on Air
Pollution in Poland. Monitor Polski (Warsaw), No. 37,
p. 380, July 28, 1966.
Regional and local plans of economic utilization of space,
general location of establishments, and preliminary pro-
jects of construction or reconstruction are to be coordi-
nated by the Central Water Utilization Bureau and the
organization of the appropriate people's council respec-
tively, according to a Polish regulation.
K-9134
Grochulski, J.
DECREE OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE CENTRAL WATER
UTILIZATION BUREAU OF 15 SEPTEMBER 1966 ON THE
SUBJECT OF REPORTING DATA PERTAINING TO THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ESTABLISHMENTS FROM THE
VIEWPOINT OF PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUr-
TION AND ON THE SUBJECT OF PRINCIPLES USED IN
DETERMINING THE TYPE AND AMOUNT OF SUB-
STANCES WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS MAY BE AL-
LOWED TO DISCHARGE. Translated from Polish. In:
Laws and Decrees on Air Pollution in Poland. Dziennik
Ustaw (Moscow), No. 55, p. 534, Oct. 11, 1966.
88
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LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
A Polish regulation requires establishments emitting
pollutants to submit reports containing the following in-
formation: (1) description of source, (2) operational
time, (3) average amount of waste, their temperature
and rate of discharge, (4) type of pollutant, (5) charac-
teristics of control equipment, and (6) height and dia-
meter of individual outlets of pollutants. The organi-
zation handling matters of air protection determines the
amount of pollutants an establishment can discharge.
K-9135
Grochulski, J. and J. Sztachelski
DECREE OF THE CHAIRMAN OF CENTRAL WATER
UTILIZATION BUREAU AND OF THE MINISTER OF
HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE OF 17 OCTOBER
1966 CONCERNING THE SCOPE AND METHOD OF
COOPERATION OF THE ORGANS HANDLING MATTERS
CONCERNING PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUTION
WITH ORGANS OF THE STATE HEALTH INSPECTO-
RATE. Translated from Polish. In: Laws and De-
crees on Air Pollution in Poland. Monitor Polski (War-
saw), No. 59, p. 582, Oct. 26, 1966.
A regulation in Poland stipulates that organizations
handling matters of air protection and the state health
inspectorate should exchange opinions regarding plans
of economic utilization of space and preliminary pro-
jects of construction or reconstruction. They also
should inform each other on the following subjects: (1)
annual plans of measuring pollutants, control measure-
ments, and plans for the control of establishments, (2)
programs and results of studies and scientific research,
and (3) results of inspections and measurements.
K-9136
Grochulski, J.
DECREE ON PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUTION.
Translated from Polish. Monitor Polski (Warsaw), No.
32, p. 341-345, June 15, 1967.
The width of protection zones surrounding industrial
emission sources in Poland was established. Manu-
facturing establishments which emit substances causing
air pollution are classified - depending on the type of
their production - in one of five categories for which
the width of the protective zone is as follows: Class I-
1000 m, Class II - 500 m, Class in 300 m, Class IV
100 m, and Class V - 50 m. The width of the protective
zone is measured in terms of a straight line from the
source of pollution. The classifications of 280 types of
establishments which emit substances and pollute the
air are listed according to each category.
K-9229
Richter, J.
TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENT AND AIR POLLUTION.
[Verkehrssanierung und Lufthygiene.] Translated from
German. Z. Praeventivmed. (Zurich), ll(2):220-225.
March-April 1966.
Since automotive emissions are lowest at speeds of
about 60 km/hr, an increase in speed which increases
the traffic capacity of city streets can reduce air
pollution. More traffic does not necessarily produce
more pollution. Therefore, all measures for increasing
the capacity of city streets to expedite the existing traffic
are also advantageous from the viewpoint of air pollution.
Traffic control measures such as construction of under-
passes and bypassing of through traffic are discussed.
It is pointed out that Los Angeles is the only city with
air pollution caused primarily by automotive exhausts.
After removing industrial emission sources from Pitts-
burg, the city had no smog problem in spite of the in-
crease in automobile traffic.
K-9245
Reichow, H. B.
CITY PLANNING MEASURES FOR NOISE ABATEMENT
AND PRESERVATION OF CLEAN AIR. [stadtebauliche
Massnahmen in Dienste der Larmbekampfung und der
Reinhaltung der Luft.] Translated from German. Z.
Praeventivmed. (Zurich), 11(6):642-659, Nov.-Dec.
1966.
Modern city planning should have as its objective the
abatement of noise and air pollution. The modern
street system should have no intersections, only curves
for direction changes; noise protection walls should sur-
round thoroughfares, through traffic in residential areas
should be eliminated. Specific examples in German city
planning are given to illustrate the theory. Much of the
article deals with street design aimed at noise abatement.
K-10796
HEIGHTS OF DOMESTIC CHIMNEYS--REGULATIONS
IN FORCE IN GERMANY, THE UNITED STATES,
FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND SWITZERLAND:
STUDIES SYNTHESIZED FROM EXISTING DOCUMENTS.
[Heuteur des cheminees domestiques--Specifications en
vigueur en Allemagne, Etats-Unis, France, Grande-
Bretagne, Suisse: Etudes de synthese des documents
existants.] Translated from French. I.F.C.E. (In-
stitut Francais des Combustibles et de 1'Energie) In-
formation Document No. 18, 12p., May 12, 1964. 17
ref s.
Specifications concerning the height of chimneys in
Germany, America, and Great Britain are reported, as
taken directly from the pertinent, new air pollution con-
trol laws. Specifications for administrative building
codes in Germany, America, Great Britain, and
Switzerland are also reported, with emphasis on chim-
ney design.
K-10797
THE FIGHT AGAINST AIR POLLUTION AND ODORS:
CIRCULAR LETTER DATED 14 JANUARY 1964, AND
ADDRESSED TO DEPARTMENTAL PREFECTS, CON-
CERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE DECREE OF 17
SEPTEMBER 1963. [La lutte centre les pollutions at-
mospheriques et les odeurs: Circulaire du 15 Janvier 1964
a Mm. les Prefets concernant I'application du decret 17
Septembre 1963.] Translated from French. C.I.T.E.P.A.
(Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Pol-
lution Atmospherique) Information Document No. 18, 4p.
April 22, 1964.
89
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
This directive interprets the provisions in Decree No.
63-963, of September 1963, and relates them with the
1917 statute, with amendments, and with the Law of
August 1961, which covers all establishments deemed
dangerous, unhealthy, or inconvenient. The 1917 Law
gives the Prefects the power to institute criminal pro-
ceedings against offenders. The difference between the
1917 Law and the Decree of 1963 appears to be the dif-
ference between a rigid classification of air pollution
sources, and the prescription of a grade series of re-
gulations to be applied, where applicable, throughout
the country. Title I, containing minimal regulations to
be applied throughout the country, is to be used in the
effort to require complete combustion in heating ap-
paratuses. Other Articles in the new Decree are inter-
preted. A course by the National School of Public Health
is announced whereby departmental or communal health
inspectors can acquire a working knowledge of heating
techniques and checking and control methods.
K-10798
Grajetzky, Helmut
MONITORING OF SO2 POLLUTION IN THE INGOLSTADT
REFINING CENTER. [Uberwachung der Luftverunreini-
gung durch Schwefeldioxid im Raffineriezentrum Ingol-
stadt.] Translated from German. STAUB (Diisseldorf),
24(10): 390-395, Oct. 1964. 8 refs.
About I960, a petroleum refining center was established
at Ingolstadt. Based on meteorological studies of the
area, it was shown that Ingolstadt was not an ideal area
to locate such a refinery center: Ingolstadt has more
frequent periods of low wind velocity than other German
communities. Thus, SO£ levels can rise to dangerous
levels. Monitoring stations and a mobile monitoring
unit are described. Meteorological readings obtained
are graphed. These daily average SO2 readings are
used to activate the official five-stage "SOz Alarm Plan",
whereby the refineries can be required to reduce pro-
duction, and thus reduce emission of SOzi or even to
stop work. For example, a daily median value for all
monitoring stations of 0.5-0,6 mg/m , or half-hour
SO2 excess above 7.5 mg/m^, (Alarm Level II) could
require a 20 percent reduction in plant emission. With
this plan in effect, the plants are not required to use
low-sulfur fuel all the time.
K-10802
Wiethaup, Hans
GREAT BRITAIN: THE LEGAL BASIS OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL. [England: Rechtsgrundlagen der
Bekampfung von Luftverunreinigungen.J Translated
from German. Wasser Luft Betrieb (Mainz), 8(4):219-
221, April 1964. 12 refs. ~
After a historical review of air pollution and its control
in England, the Alkali Works Regulation Act of 1906 and
the Clean Air Act of 1956 are described. In the Act of
1906, 25 types of plants which emit noxious gases were
defined and registration and annual inspections of such
plants were required. Penalties could be incurred for
emission or non-cooperation. The Act of 1956 deals
with smoke abatement for smokes derived from com-
bustion only, leaving the Alkali Act of 1906 and Public
Law 1936 still in effect. Emission of dark smoke is
prohibited and fines can be incurred for operation of
heating installations with the emission of dark smoke,
or for emission of smoke in control areas or smokeless
zones. Private organizations such as the National Soci-
ety for Clean Air, have also been active since 1899.
According to civil law, action for damages can be re-
quested in case of personal damage or damage to pro-
perty.
K-10803
Wiethaup, Hans
ITALY: THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL, [italien: Probleme der Luftverunreinigung
in rechtlicher Sicht.] Translated from German. Wasser
Luft Betrieb (Mainz), _9(2): 118-119, Feb. 1965. ISrefs.
Due to its favorable climate and geography, Italy has
had no urgent air pollution problems in the past. Only
as recently as 15-20 years ago, with the advent of in-
dustrial centers and the increase in automobiles, has
Italy paid any attention to air pollution. There is as yet
no special law regulating the problem. Relevant pro-
visions of the Civil Code, the Penal Code, the Public
Health Law, and the Town Planning Law are discussed.
Unfortunately the Road Traffic Act of 1949 does not
contain any provisions for vehicular exhausts, although
the regulation of excessive traffic noise is included.
Instead, local authorities have enacted public health
ordinances to protect the health of the population, for
example, Milan in 1952, Genoa in 1955, Turin in 1962,
and Bologna in 1957. These local laws deal mainly
with air pollution caused by heating installations.
K-10804
Wiethaup, Hans
IRELAND: THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.
[irland: Probleme der Luftverunreinigung in rechtlicher
Sicht.] Translated from German. Wasser Luft Betrieb
(Mainz), 2(5): 322-327, May 1965. 17 refs.
Ireland's island location and climate do not favor air pol-
lution. There are thus very few laws which are concern-
ed with air pollution. The Civil Law provides the usual
legal safeguards. The English Penal Law (which is still
valid) and the Criminal Justice Act together provide for
action following damage to persons, plants, animals,
and objects, but in the absence of any special penal re-
gulations, claims of injury or damage from air pollution
are not admissible. Instead, the English Alkali Act of
1906 is in force, specifying 21 types of industries whose
emissions should be controlled. The Local Government
Act of 1962 and the Road Traffic Act of 1961 provide for
the establishment of air pollution regulations, and for
the monitoring of air pollution, as well as prohibit the
excessive emission of fumes or visible exhausts from
vehicles. Town Planning Legislation does not contain
any special regulations on the prevention of air pollution.
K-10848
Wiethaup, H.
THE LEGAL BASIS OF CLEAN-AIR MAINTENANCE IN
THE NETHERLANDS. [Rechtsgrundlagen der Luftrein-
haltung in den Niederlanden.] Translated from German.
90
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LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
Krankenhausarzt (Karlsruhe), 38(12):4l5-4n, 1965. 17
refs.
The Netherlands have had laws for some time which deal
with the prevention or control of air pollution, but no
comprehensive "clean air" law. Relevant portions of
the Civil Law, the Penal Law, the Nuisance Law of
1952, and the several regulations and ordinances are
discussed. There are no mandatory regulations limit-
ing air pollution. Generally, the Nuisance Law meets
the needs of the communities. Six private organizations
for combatting air pollution are listed.
K-10850
Japan. Ministry of Health and Welfare
COLLECTION OF STATUTES AND CABINET ORDERS
RELATING TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Preprint, 57p., 1962.
The Air Pollution Control Act of June 2, 1962 is pre-
sented. This act was enacted for the purpose of con-
trolling the disposition of soot and smoke created by
plants and workshops so as to prevent danger to public
health due to pollution, to insure the maintenance of
healthy living conditions and the steady development of
industry, and for the purpose of establishing systems
for the conciliation of disputes concerning air pollution.
Penalities are also listed. The cabinet order fixing the
enforcement date for the Air Pollution Control Act
(Order No. 435 on 30 November 1962) is also provided,
as well as the cabinet order on the enforcement of the
Air Pollution Control Act (Order No. 438 on 1 December
1962). Ministerial Rules on the enforcement of the Air
Pollution Control Act are listed, including format of
the notifications to be used. Other statues related to
air pollution are parts of the Mineral Mines Safety Act
of 1949, the Act on Temporary Measures to Control
Electrical Industry of 1952, the Gas Industry Act of
1954, the Local Taxation Law of 1950, and the Act for
providing Incentive Funds for Medium and Small Size
Enterprises of 1961.
K-10865
Germany. Public Health Service
JOINT MINISTERIAL BULLETIN. Translated from
German. Regulation Z 3191 A on Air Pollution Control.
Department of the Interior (Bonn), Sept. 14, 1964.
34p.
General administrative instructions concerning permit-
requiring addenda per Section 16 of the Industry Control
Act of West Germany (Technical Instructions on Air
Pollution Control) of September 8, 1964, are provided.
Topics covered are: nomenclature and units of measure-
ment; general principles for approvals and supplementary
regulations; limiting emission; the established maximum
values for immissions (limiting immission values); de-
termining the ground level concentration of sulfur di-
oxide in an area; calculating minimum stack heights;
and regulations per Section 25, Par. Z, of the Industry
Control Act.
K-11421
Eilers, H.
AIR POLLUTION. IV. ALERT AND ALARM REGU-
LATIONS IN SOME FOREIGN CITIES. [Waakzaamheids-
en alarmstelsels in enkele buitenlandse steden_] Trans-
lated from Dutch. Ingenieur, J30(10):G33-G38, March
8, 1968. 17 refs.
Air pollution alert and alarm regulations in Ingolstadt,
and the Ruhr area, Germany, New York City, and Los
Angeles County are discussed in detail, tabulated and
compared. The differences in predominant types of
pollution - e.g. photooxidation in Los Angeles, SO2,
soot, etc. in New York, and SO2 in the Ruhr area - are
noted, -with a detailed explanation of the complexities of
Los Angeles smog and of the various alarm stages used.
The possibility and desirability of introducing an alarm
system in the Netherlands is discussed. With increased
motorization, the chance for damage to horticultural
districts is increasing, and an alarm system, resulting
in the limitation of traffic under unfavorable conditions,
may be required.
K-11659
Poland. Ministry of Mining and Power Engineering
COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF DESULFURIZATION
OF COMBUSTION GASES. Translated from Polish.
Letter and 7 attachments to American Embassy, Warsaw,
Dec. 13, 1967.
Six topics of planned research projects to be conducted
in Poland in cooperation with the United States in the
field of desulfurization of combustion gases are outlined.
For each topic, scope of investigation, participating in-
stitutions, anticipated results, technical-economic sub-
stantiation of the scope of research, state of research,
description of research methodology and plans, and
proposals to the United States are listed. The concepts
outlined include "SO2 sorption with metal oxides", com-
bining stack gases with gaseous ammonia", and "the
use of dolomite to protect boiler heating surfaces",
among others.
91
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STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
L-7079
Germany. Society of German Engineers. Clean Air
Maintenance Commission.
MAXIMUM IMMISSION CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGAN-
IC COMPOUNDS. [Maximale Immissions-Konzentration-
en: Organische Verbindungen.] Translated from German.
VDI Richtlinien 2306, 5p. , March 1966.
The VDI Guide Lines for Maintenance of Purity of the
Air fall into the following groups: 1. Maximum Im-
mission Concentrations (MIK); 2. Dissemination of non-
atmospheric substances in the atmosphere; 3. Restric-
tion of the discharge of such substances; 4. Analyses
and methods of measurement. For the purpose of main-
tenance of air purity, MIK values are needed for numer-
ous organic compounds. They can be used as reference
values for the dimensioning of relevant installations and
for evaluation of measurement data in the immediate
vicinity of sources of contamination. If the MIK value
for a substance is unknown it is recommended that if
there are no known reasons to the contrary about 1/20
of the maximum allowable concentration value be taken
as a start. Technical societies recommending person-
nel to serve on the VDI Commission on Maintenance of
Purity of the Air are listed. Neither the MIK or MAK
values are listed.
L-9006
Switzerland. Commission for Air Hygiene
DIRECTIVE FOR SETTING LIMITS ON THE EMISSION
OF SULFUR DIOXIDE. [Richtlinien zur Beurteilung
von Schwefeldioxyd-Immissionen.] Translated from
German. Bulletin of the Swiss Department of Health,
Section B, No. 2, 8p., April 3, 1965.
Tolerable limits are set for sulfur dioxide as an air pol-
lutant under normal conditions. The limits were chosen
such that as long as they are observed, even sensitive
individuals and species will not suffer any impairment
of their health. The recommended limits are meant to
serve as a basis for the planning and constructing of
equipment which will emit sulfur dioxide. These limits
are also meant for evaluating existing conditions, and
for judging damage. These directives are the guiding
principles of the Swiss Commission for Air Hygiene for
owners and users of installations which emit sulfur di-
oxide and for supervisory and regulatory public agencies.
A brief summary is given of the effects of sulfur dioxide
on man, animals, and plants. The recommended limits
of sulfur dioxide content of the atmosphere are given as
limits for dayaverages and limits for half-hour averages.
L-9137
Cyrankiewicz, J.
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTION.
Translated from Polish. Dziennik Ustaw (Warsaw), No.
42, p. 403-404, Oct. 8, 1966.
Maximum allowable concentrations of 803, HzSO4, NOX,
H^S, CO, gasoline, dust, and CSj in "special protection
areas" and "protected areas" in Poland are outlined.
Special protection areas include areas of health resorts
and health protection areas, national parks, and reser-
vations of natural resources. Protected areas include
other terrains of the land, with the exception of land oc-
cupied by manufacturing establishments or other sources
of pollution and protective zone areas. Exceptions for a
specified period can be granted in the following cases:
(1) Difficulties involved in the installation of air purifi-
cation facilities in the manufacturing establishments due
to exceptionally high investment costs, lack of opportu-
nities to find a producer of such equipment or appropriate
technical methods; (2) Excessive agglomeration of manu-
facturing establishments in a. given area, which causes
air pollution in excess of the permissible concentration
in spite of the utilization of appropriate purification fa-
cilities; (3) When a new manufacturing establishment
will exceed the maximum permissible concentration of
air pollution in spite of the fact that the most adequate
control equipment has been installed.
L-10829
Matla, W. P. M. and J. Terpstra
THE GRAVIMETRICALLY DETERMINED DUST LIMIT
VALUES OF THE "STOFFINSTITUT" AND AMERICAN
DUST LIMITS. [Die gravimetrisch ermittelten Staub-
grenzwerte des "Stoffinstituut" und amerikanische Staub-
grenzen.] Translated from German. STAUB (Diissel-
dorf), 24(8):309-311. Aug. 1964. 12 refs.
Dust limits for Dutch coal mines are based upon plotting
of the gravimetric dust limits for the type of dust. Dutch
and American dust limits are related mathematically
and the results of 133 dust measurements are used to
plot the American dust limit values for dusts -with quartz
level of 10 and 15 percent of the ash content. These two
levels approximate the Dutch maximum permissible
levels.
L-10847
Friberg, Lars and Ragnar Rylander
SWEDISH MEDICAL AIR QUALITY GUIDES. [Medici-
nska rekommendationer rorande luftrenhetsnormer.]
Translated from Swedish. Nord. Hyg. Tidsk. (Copen-
hagen), Vol. 46, p. 1-32, 1965. 46 refs.
The air pollution situation in Sweden, including the
medical effects of specific pollutants, is discussed and
compared with published data from other countries.
After a discussion of threshold values and exposure
levels, medical factors such as the carcinogenic, muta-
genic, toxic, and annoyance effects of specific pollutants
on the body are examined - with a special section on
respiratory effects. In an effort to set air quality guide-
lines despite the dearth of data from Swedish studies,
the following maximal permissible values were recom-
mended: Sulfur dioxide 25 pphm (2 hour sample); 5
pphm (30 day sample). Carbon monoxide - to be kept
as low as possible and under no circumstances higher
than 30 ppm(8 hour sample) and 120ppm(l hour sample).
Soot an increase should be avoided (no recommenda-
tions made for nuisance effects). No quantitative guide-
lines are presented for metals, carcinogenic and muta-
genic substances, and pollutants causing sanitary nui-
sances. Further data collection is urged.
93
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
L-10858
Zhilin, V. G.
MAXIMAL SIZE OF CONDENSATION ELECTRIC POW-
ER PLANTS IN THE CASE OF AIR POLLUTION. Trans-
lated from Russian. Original Source Unknown, 24p.,
[1964?].
The problem of limiting air pollution caused by electric
power producing stations is discussed. Specific sug-
gestions include setting limits on the capacity of the
plants to produce electricity, which would in turn limit
the production of ash and sulfurous compounds; also
mentioned are reasonable conventions placed on the phy-
sical dimensions of the exhaust stacks. Formulas and
detailed tables are given for evaluating and judging the
pollution dispersion properties of various types of ex-
haust stacks in relation to a range of the most common-
ly used fuels.
L-11414
Biersteker, K.
FRESH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. [Kwaliteitsnormen
Buitenlucht.] Translated from Dutch. T. Soc. Geneesk. ,
No. 46, p. 166-176, 1968. 58 refs.
Fresh air quality standards in different nations are re-
viewed. Considerable differences exist because the
hazards of air pollution are assessed differently. How-
ever, the differences in clean air specifications appear
to disappear as the maximum permissible impurity con-
centrations become gradually lower. The Committee
for Soil, Water and Air in Rotterdam developed stand-
ards which have no legal significance but help govern-
ment and industry to establish clean air policies. These
standards are tabulated for chlorine, hydrogen fluoride,
carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur di-
oxide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid with compara-
ble standards shown for West Germany, Russia, and
the United States. The permissible SO;> concentration
in California is higher than in Europe. This is due to
the fact that SO^ plays a minor role in summer fog for-
mation. In Europe, however, fog occurs in the winter
and is accompanied by high SO£ and smoke concentra-
tions. Another notable difference in air quality stand-
ards is that the Russians have unrealistically high
standards for clean air while in Western Europe air
is considered as a raw material which should be left in
a reasonably good condition for the next consumer. Air
quality directives, being used for the city of Rotterdam,
and air pollution alarm systems used for Los Angeles
and proposed for New York, are discussed.
L-11418
Brasser, L. J.
AIR POLLUTION. I. AIR QUALITY GUIDES, SURVEY
TECHNIQUES, AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
[Toelaatbaarheid van luchtverontreiniging, benaderd
vanuit meettechnisch standpunt.] Translated from Dutch.
Ingenieur, T9.(49):A72Z-A729, Dec. 8, 1967. 6 refs.
When establishing guidelines for the permissibility of
certain quantities of air pollutants, survey experiences,
information concerning the relationship between the
concentration of the pollutant, the duration of exposure,
and the effects must be considered. The height of peak
concentrations and the duration of sampling are inter-
related: measurements of a shorter duration give higher
peak concentrations than measurements with a longer
sampling duration. This means that the sampling time
should be included in the standard. When a large num-
ber of measurements are made at the same location, the
frequency of occurrence of the concentrations will show
a log-normal distribution. On probability paper, this
distribution is represented by a straight line. This
means that when a maximum allowable concentration is
set, this concentration will in practice be exceeded
sooner or later. In a standard, not only a maximum
allowable concentration should be given, but also the
number of times per year that it may be exceeded. The
best way to set a standard is to give a frequency line on
probability paper, or a combination of frequency lines.
The frequency distribution of the concentration of an air
pollutant should, in practice, be below this line, to con-
form with the standard. Since the experiences on which
a standard is based are closely connected to the method
of measurement, the method should be part of the stand-
ard. The total emission of SOz in the Netherlands is
expected to remain about constant, though there will be
a shift from SOz production by domestic heating (low
chimneys) to that by industrial sources (high chimneys).
Since SO£ will continue to be a major air pollutant, the
need for an air quality guide for sulfur is not eliminated
by the coming of sulfur-free natural gas.
L-11419
Joosting, P. E.
AIR POLLUTION. II. AIR POLLUTION PERMISSI-
BILITY STANDARDS APPROACHED FROM THE HY-
GIENIC VIEWPOINT. [Toelaatbaarheid van luchtveron-
treiniging, benaderd vanuit hygienisch standpunt.] Trans-
lated from Dutch. Ingenieur, ^79(50):A739-A747, Dec.
15, 1967. 20 refs.
The concept of tolerance levels is discussed from a
medical viewpoint. Standards for air quality are a con-
sequence of a multidisciplinary approach. The choice
of tolerance levels is based on qualitative, quantitative,
and tolerative criteria. The environmental hygienist
should provide medical guides that apply to realistic ex-
posures of population groups, that is, the phenomenology
of atmospheric pollution, which can be characterized by
cumulative frequency distributions over a year. Avail-
able data from various epidemiological investigations
have been evaluated in terms of dose-effect relationships
for SO2 and smoke. The results could be transformed
in response curves on probability paper for varying com-
binations of concentrations and exposure times. These
graphs are directly comparable with cumulative fre-
quency distributions of pollutants. Application of medi-
cal criteria of acceptability to the effect-exposure dia-
grams results in a bordering of concentrations of SO2
and days of exposure per year that can be tolerated from
the medical point of view in prevailing areas of the
Netherlands, where the ratio of SO2 to standard smoke
is about four to one.
94
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BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
M-3160
Kimura, Kikuzu, Osamu Tada, Kuninori Kumotsuki and
Kenji Nakaaki
ON THE GENERATION OF SULFURIC ACID MIST FROM
SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Journal of Science of Labour 41
(10):501-511, Oct. 1965. 19 refs. ' ~
Experimental studies are reported on the simulated
oxidation of sulfur dioxide in atmospheric air. It was
observed that the higher the air current velocity, and
the higher the relative humidity, the more marked the
decrease of SO2 concentration. Sulfuric acid studies
showed that it is produced by oxidation of SO2 in the air
and that the coexistence of NO2, O3 or H2O2 enhances
the production of H2SO4. Microscope studies of the
sulfuric acid mist formed by SO2 oxidation revealed
that the presence of particulate matter contributes to
the formation of the acid mist. Electron microscope
studies substantiated results by showing that samples
of city air contained particles similar to sulfuric acid
mist particles obtained experimentally.
M-5378
Kimura, K., K. Kimotsuki, O. Tada. and K. Nakaaki
ON THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF SULFUR DI-
OXIDE. Translated from Japanese. Rodo Kagaku, 41
(10):501-511, 1965. 19 refs.
Basic studies were conducted on the behavior of SO2,
which is most representative of gaseous atmospheric
pollutants, and the effect of atmospheric conditions
were followed. The first study was to follow the time
changes in the decrease in SO2 concentration within a
sealed container especially with respect to the rate of
air flow, humidity, or presence of particulate matter.
It was found that high air circulating rate of high humid-
ity increased the rate of decrease in SO2 concentration.
This rate also was greater when particulate matter was
present than when there was none. This means that the
oxidation of SO2 is favored by high circulating rate,
high humidity, or the presence of particulate matter.
Qualitative and quantitative tests were conducted on the
formation of sulfuric acid by the atmospheric oxidation
of SO2 or by the reaction of SO2 with other gases pre-
sent in the atmosphere. A known concentration of SO2
was generated into a 27 m^ chamber, and the H2SO4
mist generated was analysed. This was followed by
studies of the reactions between SO2 and other gases in
20 1 and 5 1 reaction bottles under fixed conditions, and
the products of these gaseous reactions were analyzed.
The results verified the production of H2SO4 from SOz.
It was found that there was much greater production of
H2SO4 from SO2 when other gases such as NO2, ozone,
or H2O2 were present.rather than SO2 alone. The H2SO4
mist produced from SO2 was observed under a micro-
scope, and it was verified that liquid droplets (H2SO4)
were being formed in the atmosphere. It was found that
the presence of particulate matter greatly accelerated
H2SO4 production. It was found that the atmosphere of
an urban area also contains particles similar to the mist
formed in the experiments. This was verified by elec-
tron microscopy. (Author's summary)
M-5628
Briner, E. , W. Pfeiffer and G. Malet
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PEROXIDATION
OF NITROGEN OXIDE. HI. THE INCREASE IN THE
SPEED OF NITROGEN OXIDE PEROXIDATION AT
VERY LOW TEMPERATURES. [Contribution a 1'etude
de la peroxydation de 1'oxyde d'azote. III. L'accroisse-
ment de la vitesse de peroxydation de I'oxyde d'azote
aux tres basses temperatures.] Translated from French.
J. Chim. Phys., Vol. 21, p. 25-44, 1924.
The process of peroxidation of nitrogen oxide, whose
speed increases as the reaction temperature drops, is
a purely chemical process in flat contradiction with the
general rule that the speed of a reaction increases with
the rise in temperature. A systematic study of this
phenomenon, measuring the reaction speed at increasing-
ly low temperatures was conducted. By means of suit-
able apparatus and operating methods, the process of
peroxidation over a temperature range from +75° to
-193°, was observed. For various temperatures with-
in that range, the absolute constants of speed as well as
the temperature coefficients were determined. To show
clearly the influence of temperature as it occurs in
practice on nitrous gases, whose composition is general-
ly given in percentages of NO by volume, the values for
the relative constants and the half-reaction times for
various temperatures above and below 0° were calcu-
lated. The half-reaction times are particularly interest-
ing to consider, since because of the formation of N2O3
they indicate good conditions for recovering nitrous
mixtures. To bring out the effect of refrigeration at
-183° and for a mixture containing 1 percent NO in air,
a mixture about the same as the gas from an arc furnace,
•the half-reaction time is 58 times shorter than at ordi-
nary temperatures. Intense refrigeration of the nitrous
gases will thus make it possible to reduce the volume
of oxidation chambers by very large proportions.
M-10786
Boriani, V. A. and M. Gandolfi
HISTOCHEMICAL ASSAYS OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID IN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM IN CHRONIC
BRONCHITIS AND BRONCHOPULMONARY NEOPLASMS.
[Osservazioni istochimiche quantitative sull'acido desos-
siribonucleico dell'epitelio bronchiale nelle bronchiti
croniche e delle neoplasie broncopolmonari.] Trans-
lated from Italian. Arch. Ital. Otol. Rinol. Laringol.
(Milan), _7i(5-6):628-640, Sept. -Dec. 1961. 33 refs.
A study of the amount of nuclear DNA in bronchial
epithelium is described for formal subjects, persons
with chronic aspecific inflammation, and for persons
with bronchopulmonary neoplasms. The literature is
reviewed; the question of a histopathological classifi-
cation of inflammatory and tumoral lesions is discussed.
The histochemical data show that in chronic inflamma-
tory conditions of the bronchi there is more nuclear DNA
in the basement and intermediary layers of the bronchial
epithelium than in these same layers in healthy subjects.
The DNA levels for bronchopulmonary carcinoma do not
differ from those for other tumors of the same kind
located in other portions of the air passages (nose,
larynx). Jackson's adenoma shows an average nuclear
DNA level which is much lower than that found in epithe-
liomas.
95
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
M-10788
Harries, C. and K. Langheld
THE BEHAVIOR OF PRODUCTS OF PROTEIN CLEAV-
AGE AND OF SEVERAL SUGARS TOWARD OZONE.
[Uber das Verhalten der Eiweissspaltprodukte und eini-
ger Zuckerarten gegen Ozon.] Translated from German.
Z. Physiol. Chem. (Berlin), Vol. 51, p. 372-383, 1907.
10 refs.
mercury compound without the formation of free radicals.
Isotope exchange occurs under mild conditions without
decomposition of the mercury compounds and formation
of radicals. Isotope exchange occurred also without
change in the stereochemical configuration.
M-10899
The chemical effects of ozonization on the fatty products
of protein cleavage (glycocol, alamine, leucine, serine,
asparagine, guanidine) are experimentally explored.
No oxidation products for these substances could be de-
tected. Ozonization of aromatic cleavage products
(phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophas) is also ex-
plored. Derivatives were found after ozonization of
these last three compounds. Chemical properties of
the derivatives and cleavage of the benzene ring to yield
these products are discussed. Chemical properties of
compounds derived from the oxonization of sugars
(dextrose, mannitol, and dulcitol) are described.
M-10861
Warburg, Otto
HEAVY METALS AS ACTIVE GROUPS IN FERMENTA-
TION. [Schwermetalle als Wirkungsgruppen von Fer-
menten.j Translated from German. Berlin, Verlag
Dr. Werner Sanger, 1946, p. 60-120. 27 refs.
The action of carbon monoxide of displacing the oxygen
carried by hemoglobin in the blood is described as only
one among many facets of the physiology of respiratory
pigments. The toxic effect of CO on the cell, apart
from its combination with hemoglobin, is mentioned.
The photochemical dissociation of CO-iron compounds
and the effect of light on the CO-inhibition of respiration
are discussed in detail among accounts of various mano-
metric studies of fermentation and respiration. The
paper contains equations derived from data on photo-
chemical dissociation. The photochemical yield, being
the ratio of molecules split to quanta absorbed, was
measured for CO-hemochromogens, CO-ferrocysteine,
and iron pentacarbonyl. Experiments with myoglobin,
chlorophyll and urease are briefly discussed.
M-10866
Lantzsch, Kurt
ACTINOMYCES OLIGOCARBOPHILUS (BACILLUS OLI-
GOCARBOPHILUS BEIJ.), ITS CHANGE OF FORM AND
ITS PHYSIOLOGY. [Actinomyces oligocarbophilus {Ba-
cillus oligocarbonphilus Beij.), sein Formwechsel und
seine Physiologie.] Translated from German. Zentr.
Bakteriol. (Parasitenk.) Abt. 11 and Tech. (Jena), Vol.
57, p. 309-319, 1922. 5 refs.
The bacteria oligocarbophilus Beij was studied and found
to belong to the group of actinomycetes. Actinomycetes
oligocarbophilus occurs in two well defined forms which
developed in response to the different carbon sources.
The thread shaped, branched form of the microbe as-
similates CO while the short bacillus-form assimilates
higher members of the aliphatic hydrocarbon series.
Benzene and xylene are not assimilated. Hydrogen is
also not assimilated. Both forms are acid resistant
and gram positive.
M-10900
Kaserer, Hermann
THE OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN BY MICROORGA-
NISMS. [Die Oxydation des Wasserstoffes durch Mikro-
organismen.J Translated from German. Zentr. Bakteri-
ol. Parasitenk. Abt. 11 (Jena), Vol. 16, p. 681-696,
1906.
Two bacteria species, i.e. Bacillus pantitrophus and
Bacillus oligocarbophilus were discovered which can
oxidize hydrogen into water. Three different oxidation
mechanisms are formulated which involve reactions of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and
formic acid. The morphology and physiology of the two
species was studied. Also the rate of oxidation was de-
termined.
Reutov, O. A. and U. Yan-Tsei
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE OF SOME MERCURY ORGANIC
SALTS WITH METALLIC MERCURY MARKED WITH
Hg203. Translated from Russian. Dokl. Akad. Nauk
SSSR (Moscow), 117(6):1003-1006, 1957.
The interaction was studied between metallic mercury
labeled with the isotope Hg and the following organic
mercury compounds: x-bromo-mercury-cyclohexanon,
the ethyl ester of S-bromo-mercury-phenylacetic acid,
the methyl ester of !-bromo-mercury-phenyl acetic
acid, 3-bromo-mercury-3-benzyl camphor, 3-bromo-
mercury-camphor, 1-chloro-mercury-camphene, 2-
bromo-mercury-camphagne and n-butyl-mercury bro-
mide. The reactions were carried out under identical
conditions. The isotope exchange reaction was found to
take place by direct action of metallic mercury on the
M-10901
Trautz, Max
REACTION KINETICS AND THE ADDITIVITY OF IN-
TERNAL ATOMIC HEAT IN IDEAL GASES. fReaktions-
kinetik und Additivitat der inneren Atomwarmen bei
idealen Gasen.] Translated from German. Z. Electro-
chemi. (Weinheim), Vol. 22, p. 104-107, 1916.
Based on the collision theory second-and higher-order
reaction mechanisms are discussed and temperature de-
pendencies of rate and equilibrium constants for NOClz
were formulated. The additivity of internal atomic heats
was also examined. In the discussion W. Nernst refutes
the author's theory and proves non-additlvity of atomic
specific heat using the example of hydrogen, oxygen,
and water vapor.
96
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
M-10903
Schumacher, H. J. and G. Sprenger
O$ THE EXISTENCE OF HIGHER NITRIC OXIDES.
[Uber die Existenz hoherer Stickoxyde.] Translated
from German. Z. angew. Chem. (Weinheim), Vol. 42,
p. 697-700, 1929.
The formation of NO3 as an intermediate product in the
reaction between nitrogen pentoxide and ozone was
studied by kinetic experiments. The experimental re-
action rate data were in agreement with data calculated
on the basis of a reaction mechanism involving re-
actions for the formation and disintegration of NO3- It
is concluded that NOj requires the presence of ozone
and nitrogen pentoxide and therefore it cannot be pre-
sent as an intermediate product in the oxidation of
nitric oxide with oxygen.
M-10904
Schumacher, Hans Joachim and Gerhard Sprenger
THE REACTION BETWEEN NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
AND OZONE. [Uber die Reaktion zwischen Stickstoff-
pentoxyd und Ozon.] Translated from German. Z.
Physik. Chem. (Leipzig/Berlin), Vol. 53, p. 77-92,
1928.
The reaction between nitrogen pentoxide and ozone was
studied by kinetic experiments. An expression for the
reaction rate was obtained. The reaction was also
studied spectrographically. Formulation of reaction
mechanisms and spectrographic data indicate the pre-
sence of NO^ as an intermediate in the reaction.
M-10905
Schumacher, H. J. and G. Sprenger
DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN PENTOXIDE. H.
[Der Zerfall von StickstoffpentoxydJ Translated from
German. Physik. Chem. Abt. A (Leipzig/Berlin), 140
(3-4):281-290, 1929.
In a laboratory investigation of the chemical properties
of nitrogen pentoxide, a series of experiments showed
that the decomposition of ^Oj was not inhibited by
ozone, contrary to the opinions of Daniels, Wulf, and
Karrer. Details of apparatus and methods and compre-
hensive charts of the results of each in the series of
experiments are given.
M-10906
Schumacher, H. J. and G. Sprenger
THE REACTION BETWEEN NITROGEN PENTOXIDE
AND OZONE. II. [Die Reaktion zwischen Stickstoff-
pentoxyd und Ozon. II.] Translated from German. Z.
Physik. Chem. Abt. B (Leipzig/Berlin), £(4):267-281,
1929.
The reaction between nitrogen pentoxide and ozone was
studied in an apparatus which permitted simultaneous
photometric and manometric measurements. The con-
centrations of each component were varied over a wide
range. A reaction mechanism was formulated which
indicates that NO3 is formed as an intermediate product.
M-10907
Lunge, G. and E. Berl
NITROGEN OXIDES AND THE LEAD CHAMBER PRO-
CESS. II. BEHAVIOR OF A MIXTURE OF GASES,
PRESUMABLY NO + NO2, IN CONCENTRATED SUL-
FURIC ACID AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE 1/5 N. [Unter-
suchungen liber Stickstoffoxyde and uber den Bleikamer-
prozess. II. Verhalten einer Gasgemisches von der
ungefaehren Zusammensetzung NO+ NO2 gegen konz.
Schwefelsaeure and 1/5-n. Natronlauge.] Translated
from German. Z. Angew. Chem. (Weinheim), 19(19):
857-869, May 1906.
The behavior of a gas mixture containing NO and NO2
in sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide was investigated
with the result that for analytical purposes sulfuric acid
is the only absorption liquid for the gas mixture. Also
the behavior of nitrogen oxide in the presence of oxygen
and water was studied together with the kinetics of
nitrogen oxide oxidation with oxygen or air. The kinetic
curves indicated that the reaction 2NO+ O2 = N2O4 takes
place at a constant rate which indicates that the oxidation
takes place directly without formation of ^Oj as an
intermediate.
M-10908
Hautefeuille, P. and J. Chappuis
THE SEARCH FOR GASEOUS COMPOUNDS AND THE
STUDY OF SOME OF THEIR PROPERTIES WITH THE
HELP OF THE SPECTROSCOPE. [De la recherche des
composes gazeux et de 1'etude de quelques-unes de leurs
proprietes a 1'aide du spectroscope.J Translated from
French. Compt. Rend. (Paris), Vol. 90, p. 80-82,
1881.
It has been discovered that the gases which issue from
the electric discharge apparatus of Berthelot can be
studied with a spectroscope. Traces of ozone can be
detected when a sufficiently long gaseous column is used.
The method has been used to study the destruction of
ozone by heat and to study the products obtained by the
electrification of a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. It
was found that the bands of absorption of pure and dry
ozone, prepared •with oxygen from which all of the
nitrogen has been removed, disappear slowly at ordinary
temperature and rapidly at red-hot temperatures. By
avoiding the use of high electric voltages, the discharge
apparatuses can be used to prepare ozone in the pre-
sence of nitrogen without the formation of hyponitric
acid. The experiments can be easily interpreted if the
idea of the formation of a pernitric acid, obtained under
conditions similar to those which were used by Berthelot
to discover persulfuric acid, is accepted.
M-10909
Hautefeuille, P. and J. Chappuis
ON THE COMPOSITION AND THE VOLUME EQUIVA-
LENT OF PERNITRIC ACID. [Sur la composition et 1'
equivalent en volume de 1'acide pernitrique.] Trans-
lated from French. Comp. Rend. (Paris), Vol. 94, p.
1306-1310, 1882.
The article describes experiments for determining the
composition of nitrogen oxides obtained by electric
97
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
discharge in air and absorbed in sulfuric acid. Ozone
contents are calculated on the assumption that the vol-
ume equivalent of pernitric acid is strictly double the
volume of nitrogen contained in that acid.
M-10910
Hautefeuille, P. and J. Chappuis
PERNITRIC ACID. [Sur 1'acide pernitrique.] Trans-
lated from French. Compt. Rend. (Paris), Vol. 94,
p. 1111-1114, 1882.
Nitrogen peroxide formed when ozone is prepared by
electric discharge in dry air was investigated. The
rate at which the peroxide is formed was studied by
spectroscope. Also its conversion into another oxide
was studied by pressure measurements. Emphasis is
also placed on the breaking down of pernitric acid to
hyponitric acid.
M-10911
Bodenstein, M.
THE RATE OF THE REACTION BETWEEN NITRIC
OXIDE AND OXYGEN. [Die Geschwindigkeit der Reak-
tion zwischen Stickoxyd und Sauerstoff,] Translated
from German. Elektrochem. angew. Physik. Chemie
(Weinheim), 2_4(13/ 14): 1 83-Z01, July 1, 1918. 30 refs.
The oxidation of nitric oxide with oxygen was studied
kinetically by pressure recordings at temperatures from
0 to 90° C. The reaction took place according to the
third order process 2NO+ O£ = 2NO2. The rate was
independent of NO2, H2O and SO2 admixtures. The
experiments proved that Raschig was incorrect when he
assumed that NO is first rapidly oxidized to N2O3 which
is then slowly converted to NO2.
M-10912
Bodenstein, Max
THE SPEED OF THE COMBINATION OF NITRIC OXIDE
AND OXYGEN. [Die Geschwindigkeit der Vereinigung
von Stickoxyd und Sauerstoff.] Translated from German.
Z. angew. Chem. (Weinheim), Vol. 31, p. 145-148,
July 30, 1918.
The reaction rate of nitric oxide with oxygen •was deter-
mined by batch experiments. The conversion rate was
determined from the measured pressure change. Ex-
periments were also made to elucidate possible side re-
actions and catalytic effects. The result of the study
indicates that the reaction takes place according to the
trimolecular equation 2 NO + O^ =2 NO2 and not as sug-
gested by Raschig by a two stage reaction with ^03 as
an intermediate.
The formation and decomposition of higher nitrogen
oxides was studied by determining the equilibrium con-
stants of the reactions 2NOz «—>NzO4 in the temperature
range of 9-115° C and 2NO2 <—» 2ND + O2 in the range
of 225-550° C. Expressions for the logarithm of the
equilibrium constants as a. function of temperature were
obtained. Also the rate constants of the reaction 2NO +
O2 = 2NO2 was determined in the temperature range of
140-390° C. Reaction mechanisms are discussed.
M-10919
Warburg, Otto
EFFECT QF CARBON MONOXIDE ON YEAST METAB-
OLISM. [Uber die Wirkung des Kohlenoxyds auf den
Stoffwechsel der Hefe.] Translated from German.
Biochem. Z. (Heidelberg), Vol. 177, p. 471-481, 1927.
28 refs.
The effects of carbon monoxide on respiration and fer-
mentation of bakers yeast and the effects of light inten-
sity and wavelength on the yeast metabolism were
studied. The results showed that the respiration fer-
ment of the yeast combines with carbon monoxide. In
the presence of carbon monoxide and oxygen at a given
carbon monoxide pressure the inhibition of respiration
is indirectly proportional to the partial oxygen pressure.
The compound formed by combination of the respiration
ferment with carbon monoxide is dissociated by light
and absorbs at wave lengths of 436, 546, and 578.
M-11443
Wippermann, F.
THE EFFECT OF THE MEASURING TIME INTERVAL
IN DETERMINING MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS
IN GAS DIFFUSION IN TURBULENT FLOW. [Der
Effekt der Messdauer bei der Ermittlung von
Maximalkonzentrationen eines sich in turbulenter Stro-
mung ausbreitenden Gases.] Translated from German.
VDI Forschungsheft, No. 483, p. 49-52, 1961. 58 refs.
The effect of the interval of measurement in computing
maximum concentration values of gas diffusion in tur-
bulent flow is illustrated. The connection between the
concentration of a gas escaping continuously from a
source and the meteorological parameters is treated
mathematically using the Suttom formula. It is shown
that three time parameters, the interval of measure-
ment (for concentration measurements), the emission
time (for the influence of the gas) and the observation
time (for measuring meteorological parameters) must
agree.
M-11459
M-10913
Bodenstein, Max
FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF THE HIGHER
OXIDES OF NITROGEN. [Bildung and Zersetzung der
hoheren Stickoxyde.] Translated from German. Z.
Physik. Chem. (Leipzig), Vol. 99, p. 68-123, 1922.
19 refs.
Shirai, Toshiaki, Shuichi Hamada, Hiromi Takahashi,
Toshihiro Ozawa, Takao Omuro and Takashi Kawakami
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
IN ATMOSPHERE. Translated from Japanese. Pre-
print. 1962. 20 refs. (Presented at the 15th Annual
Meeting of the Japanese Chemical Society in April, 1962).
The concentration distribution of SO2 and total oxides of
sulfur in the area of Zao smelting plant in Yamakata Ken
93
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
were determined. The concentration ratio of SO2 to
total sulfur oxides decreased with increasing distance.
This clearly indicated that SC>2 was oxidized in the at-
'mosphere. The intensity ratios of solar radiation meas-
ured in fine weather in the Zao and Tokyo areas agreed
extremely well in the range of the wavelength 400 mji to
320 mji. However, there was a big difference below 320
mji. From experiments with a. mercury lamp it was
found that the photochemical oxidation of SO^ "was a first
order reaction and that the rate constantly increased
with an increase in atmospheric moisture. Parameters
tabulated for 10 to 32 different measurement locations
include: concentration of SO^ and of total sulfur oxides;
temperature; wind direction and speed; weather; and
correlation of total sulfur oxides with distance from the
slag dump pollution source.
99
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Absolonova, Olga
Albinus, G.
Alekseyeva, M. V.
Almgren, Sigyn
Alycheva, I. S.
Andritzky, M.
Angenend, Franz-Josef
Anichkov, S. V.
Antonelli, Giuseppe
Aquaro, G.
Arkhipov, A. S.
Arzhannikov, G. I.
Avy, Alban P.
Baader, Ernst W.
Babayants, R. A.
Bachl, Herbert
Bacskai, Gyula
Balazova, G.
Balazovjechova, L.
Bardelli, Umberto
Bardodej, Z.
Earth, Walter
Barton, Karel
Bassleer, R.
Bauer, Hans-Dieter
Baum, Fritz
Beck, H.
Belyayeva, L. N.
Benario, Michael
Berge, Helmut
Berka, Ivan
Berl, E.
Bertrand, Ivan
Betz, E. C.
Beukering, J. A. van
Biersteker, K.
Biget, P. L.
Billard, F.
Bjorkqvist, Karl J.
Blokker, P. C.
Bocharov, V. A.
Bodenstein, Max
Bodin, F.
Boedicker, Wilhelm
Bohne, H.
Boncour, R.
Boriani, V. A.
Boudene, C.
Bousser, Jaques
Bovay, E.
Boytsov, A. N.
Bozza, G.
Brancato, Biagio
Brandenberger, H.
Brasca, F.
Brasser, L. J.
Breuer, Hans
Bricard, Jean
Briner, E.
Bringmann, G.
Brohult, Sven
Bronsch, K.
Bruhlmann, R.
Bruin, A. de
Brunner, M.
B-11411
E-5275
K-1567
J-1Z57 F-8533
M-10911 M-10912
F-10893
F-10794
A-10813
G-10841
F-9004
B-11427
E-10926
F-10784
F-10928
B-11637
B-11638
F-10931
G- 11444
F-10808
B-6282
A-6462
D-10821
F-11639
F-11464
B-11640
H-8612
F-10203
F-10203
C-9460
D-8630
E-10836
H-11641
F-10790
D-10827
D-10820
F-10791
F-11642
D-10821
G-6533
D-9012
M-10907
F-10920
E-5309
F-9013
L-11414
F-10889
J-10823
B-10035
C-11420
A-6462
M-10913
F-10874
F-10894
G-11466
F-10870
M-10786
F-7193
A-11462
G-9039
B-6282
C-10801
B-7206
F-9014
F-10783
L-11418
D-10834
J -10823
M-5628
F-10781
B-10153
G-10843
J -9010
F-10879
B-11457
Bubik, Karel
Buchta, O.
Buck, M.
Budzinski, Karol
Buisson, H.
Bulychev, G. V.
Burda, A. S.
Busch, E.
Candura, Francesco
Capellaro, F.
Castellino, N.
Cernik, L,,
Chalupa, Bohumir
Chappuis, J.
Charpentier, M. -J.
Chiucchiu, Mario Novella
Cier
Cis, C.
Ciuhandu, Gheorghe
Claude, J. R.
Coenen, Wilfried
Cohrs, F.
Colinet-Lagneaux, D.
Collet, A.
Comberg, G.
Corver, H.
Coscia, G. C.
Craveri, Angelo
Cremer, G.
Cyrankiewicz, J.
Czaja, Alphons Th.
d'Arca, S.
Datsenko, I. I.
Davies, C. N.
De Fraja Frangipane, E.
de Graaf, H.
Deloncle, M.
Del Vecchio, V.
Derivaux, J.
Derndinger, H. -O.
Dervillee, Et.
Dervillee, P.
Desbaumes, P.
Desoille, H.
Devulder, B.
Dinh-Hai, Vu
Djordevic, Sr.
Drakova, Sona
Dronia, Horst
Dubrovskaya, F. I.
Effenberger, Ernst
Ehnert, W.
Eilers, H.
Elenevskii, K. F.
Elstad, Dagfinn
Engel, W.
Epelbaum, Felix
Epstein, Danielle
Fabre, J.
Fabry, Ch.
D-4018 D-7692
F-10783
F-6227 F-10805
D-9012
M-10908 M-10909
F-2105
F-10733
K-9129 K-9130
G-6641
F-2591 F-6228
F-10928
D-10795
F-8629 F-10794
F-2105
F-8606 B-8976
E-3204
F-11645
F-10356
B-0905
D-10864
J-10826
C-10737
F-11426
F-2283
J-10550
F-10810
F-10806
F-10872
F-10793
F-11643
F-10800
M-10910
F-9021
D-7700
D-107S5
F-10869
D-10799
F-7193
D-10316
G-11452
F-10849
F-2106
B-11455
E-11454
F-6227
F-10810
F-8629
L-9137
G-10914
F-10892
F-10925
F-10930
D-10832
J-9007
J-1257
A-10813
F-10892
G-11469
B-2914
F-9021
F-9021
F-11660
F-10870
F-2106
F-11643
F-9253
F-8815
C-11644
F-11426
F-10923
B-3233
K-11421
F-10890
F-11646
B-11412
F-10916
A-3205
F-10889
C-10787
101
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Faerber, Klaus-Peter
Fardeau, Michel
Fatzer, R.
Fedorchuk, S. Ya.
Feist, H. J.
Ferro, O.
Fiala, E.
Fink
Fischer, Franz
Flury, Ferdinand
Fournier, E.
Friberg, Lars
Fric, Fridrich
Frick, R.
Fridlyand, I. G.
Gadaskina, I. D.
Gaido, P. C.
Gandolfi, M.
Gaultier, M.
Georgii, Hans-Walter
Germany. Ministry of
Labor and Social
Welfare, North Rhine -
Westphalia
Germany. Public Health
Service
Germany. Society of
German Engineers.
Clean Air Maintenance
Commis si on
Gernez-Rieux, Ch.
Gervais, P.
Gessner, Hermann
Gewitz, H. S.
Ghini, G.
Gies, H.
Gilgen, A.
Gills, B. G.
Gilula, I. O.
Girard, C.
Girard-Wallon, C.
Goetz, F. W. Paul
Grafe, Kurt
Grajetzky, Helmut
Cramer, L.
Grashchenkov, N. E.
Grieser, N.
Grochulski, J.
Grudzinska, Barbara
Gruetsky, Werner
Gualtierotti, R.
Gundermann, Knut-Olaf
Gwizdek, E.
Haeringen, A. van
Hagen, Joachim
Halas, L.
Halbwachs, Gottfried
Hamada, Shuichi
Hamelin
Hamilton, R. J.
Hammje, K.
Hanstedt, Walter
Harada, M.
Harders, H.
Harries, C.
F-10792
F-6227 F-10S05
J-2054
F-2105
C-3775 J-7526
G-10841 F-10S42
K-9131 K-9132
K-9134 K-9135
F-11416
F-10862
F-10855
J-7994
E-5309
G-11456
E-10S86
E-0163
B-11647
A-10878
F-10S74
L-10347
G-10844
B-11457
F-10S59
F-11648
F-10S06
F-10308
M-10786
F-10874
J-10550
G-6967
K-10865
L-7079
F-2106
F-10S74
D-10831
G-10917
F-S499
D-4018
F-7821
E-4361
F-10S95
F-8629
F-10794
C-10789
J-10897
C-10937
K-10798
F-10915
F-10890
G-10843
K-9133
K-9136
F-3705
B-11649
F-8499
J-7367
F-7824
F-10879
C-3775
G-11417
G-11650
M-11459
F-2924
D-10833
J-6204
B-11651
G-8462
D-11424
M-10788
Hartogensis, Freddy
Haut, H. van
Hautefeuille, P.
Hayakawa, Kazuya
Hedwall, Ake
Heine, Wilhelm
Heinl, E.
Helle, G.
Helmchen, H.
Henrich, G.
Henschler, D.
Hermann, G.
Herrmann, E.
Hess, W.
Hettche, O.
Hoegger, D.
Hoffmann, Alex
Hoffmann, H.
Horn, K.
Horodecki, J.
Howe, E. L.
Huch, R.
Hunigen, E.
Inada, Akitaka
Inagaki, Y.
Ishido, Shozaburo
Ishikawa, K.
Ixfeld, H.
Jaccard, G.
Jaenicke, R.
Japan. Air Filtering
System Designing
Committee
Japan. Kanagawa
Industrial Experiment
Station
Japan. Ministry of
Health and Welfare
Jedrychowski, Wieslaw
Jerzykowski, Tadeusz
Joetten, K. W.
Johswich, F.
Jonderko, G.
Joosting, P. E.
Juda, Jan
Junge, C.
Justin-Besancon, L.
Kachulle, C.
Kalbskopf, Karl-Heinz
Kallenbach, K.
Kammerer, H. F.
Kampschulte, J.
Kaneko, Fusa
Kanitz, Stefano
Kapalin, Vladimir
Kapalin, Vladislav
Kaserer, Hermann
Katsenelenbaum, M. S.
Kawakami, Takashi
Kawaraya, Toshio
Keller, Helmut
Keller, T.
Kern, A.
Kettner, H.
Khrustaleva, V. A.
D-10S22
M-10908 M-10909
F-10779 F-10791
J-8628 B-9017
D-9038
G-11451
F-7532
J-H441
D-10825
G-10206
M-10910
H-2140
E-10936
F-9606
D-10204
F-8945
F-10877
E-2971
F-11470
F-11660
E-7228
J-9018
B-11457
B-11457
B-11457
F-11416
B-11457
J-6204
K-9123
E-4361
B-11436
E-0562
F-3903
F-3211
J-11653
J-11654
F-7999
D-7692
J-9008
J-7231
E-11422
E-6678
F-3214
F-5855
E-5137
F-7212
K-10850
F-5875
F-3704
F-9605
E-11460
F-9020
L-11419
J-10826
J-7231
F-10920
B-11655
B-10839
B-11449
B-11413
B-11431
F-10351
D-11463
F-9003
F-9004
M-10900
F-11426
M-11459
F-10851
E-10888
G-9039
B-11430
J-9726
E-10926
102
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Khukhrina, Ye. V.
Kimotsuki, Kunimori
Kimura, Kikuzu
Kirilcukova, V.
Kislyakov, L. D.
Kisser, Josef
Kistov, V. V.
Kita, H.
Kiyoko, Kameda
Kiyoo, Matsui
Klein, Heinrich
Kmoch, H.
Knabe, Wilhelm
Knauer, A.
Kneller, Oswald
Knoll, H.
Kobayashi, M.
Kochanowski, S.
Kohn, Hellmuth
Kojima, Tetsuji
Kolek, Jozef
Kolomiets, G. K.
Komura, Setsuo
Kondo, Haruo
Korolova, V. A.
Koubal, Jan
Kovnatskiy, M. A.
Kozlov, V. M.
Krilov, N. A.
Krizek, Josef
Krueger, P. D.
Kuehner, A.
Kugler, R.
Kumotsuki, Kuninori
Kunkel, H.
Kus, Jan
Ladenburg, Rudolf
Lahmann, Erdwin
Lampert, F. F.
Landwehr, Martin
Langheld, K.
Langmann, R.
Lantzsch, Kurt
Lapresle, Jean
Larcan, A.
Lassalas, A. F.
Laux, W.
Lebbe, J.
Lebbe, M. J.
Leclere, J.
Lchnert, G.
Leineweber, Ludwig
Liegois, F.
Lindaa, Helge
Lunge, G.
Lur'e, V. L.
Lyublina, Ye. I.
Madelaine, Guy
Maeda, H.
Maikranz, Franz
Malarde, D.
Malet, G.
Mamma rella, Luigi
Marches otti, Eugenio
Marchiaro, G.
M-5378
M-3160 E-4198
E-10927
F-5855
F-8120
J-619Z
M-5378
J-6192
F-10203
A-6462
G-11650
F-10884
F-7999
J-11442
F-3903
E-10935
E-11652
G-10201
J-6204
F-7096
B-11440
H-3215
F-7824
E-11445
F-3903
G-10844
D-5381
F-7694
F-10852
F-11426
D-10840
F-10929
F-0093
D-5383
D-3218
F-10924
F-9019
F-10881
M-3160
F-10877
F-5875
C-10789
D-2681
F-11656
D-10835
M-10788
J-97E6
M-10899
F-10862
F-10883
A-10776 A-10777
F-10779
F-10794
J-10845
F-10883
F-9019
E-10836
G-11469
B-9479
M-10907
B-0895
F-11648
A-10813 J-10823
F-7999
B-11640
F-10883
M-5628
F-7942
D-7700
F-10808 F-10872
Marenbach, E.
Margaria, E.
Martin, H.
Martin, J. -C.
Martin, M.
Matla, W. P. M.
Matsushima, J.
Matysyak, V. G.
Meda, Eugenio
Medved, L. I.
Messmer, E.
Meyer, G.
Michalczyk, Georg
Miczek, Gerhard
Miessner, H.
Mihail, Georgeta
Mikani, T.
Minkina, N. A.
Mittmann, Otfried
Miura, Toyohiko
Moegling, E.
Moeschlen, S.
Monig, F. J.
Morando, A. E.
Morichaud-Beauchant, G.
Mortstedt, S. -E.
Moudra, Ludmila
Moureu, H.
Muler
Muller, H. -J.
Muller, T.
Muller, Th.
Murayama, Hisako
Nagata, Masanobu
Nakaaki, Kenji
Nakado, Fumiki
Nakagawa, S.
Nakagawa, Tatsuko
Nakai, Yoshiyuki
Nakamoto, Fujishige
Nakamura, Kenichi
Namestek, Ladislav
Narasaki, Masaya
Nass, Ch. A. G.
Navratil, M.
Neumann, W.
Neuwirth, Robert
Nickel, Werner
Nicolas, P.
Nikolayevskiy, V. S.
Novak, Jiri V. A.
Nowak, Franz
Nowak, Stanis law
Nussbaum, R.
Nussbaumer, B.
Oba, Saburo
Oborin, N. A.
Ochab, E.
Ochs, Hans -Joachim
Oehrlich. Karl Heinz
Oels, F.
Okita, Toshiichi
Okusa, Hiroshi
Oltramare, M.
Omuro, Takao
Oomichi, Sadao
Oppezzi, B.
D-4018
F-10808
E-2934
F-2105 F-2106
B-10838
L-10829 J-10830
G-8462
F-8565
F-8944
F-10891
F-10922
B-11657
E-6999L
A-10812
G-11467
F-10152
H-3215
F-11648
F-7096
J-6192
B-11438
F-10918
D-3044
F-10357
F-90Z1
B-9731 B-10035
F-9004
F-10871
F-2924
B-11428
B-11457
J-8812
F-10851
D-8964
M-3160 M-5378
E-3231
E-3046
J-11441 J-11442
E-8989
F-10852
F-7999 F-11425
F-10356
J-7486
J-1257
F-10846
F-10791
D-10818
E-10932
B-10838
G-10384
D-11423
B-9254
F-3704
F-3224
F-9014
F-10896
F-2283
K-9128
E-11658
E-10933
E-2053
J-8991
J-6192
F-11660
M-11459
D-8964
F-10857
103
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Orione, G.
Ozawa, Toshihiro
Ozerskiy, A. S.
Pajed, I.
Palm, R.
Paris, Jean
Pascasio, Francesco
Pattono, R.
Pavoni, Pietro
Pedrero, Pablo Sanz
Perani, G.
Pergola, Frederic
Perla, V.
Perrelli, G.
Peters, Wulf
Peterson, Folke
Petersson, Folke
Petr, B. F-7240
Petrilli, F. L.
Petry, Heinz
Pfeiffer, U.
Pfeiffer, W.
Picard, L.
Pic'fco, V.
Pietrowski, Jozef
Pilet, P. E.
Poche, Reinhard
Poland. Ministry of
Mining and Power
Engineering
Policard, A.
Poraznik, I.
Portheine, F.
Pradel, Jaques
Prerovska, Ivana
Presske, Paul
Prietsch, W.
Prochazka, Rudolf
Prokopenko, A. V.
Pukhov, V. A.
Rasch, Rudolf
Rasche, B.
Raymond, V.
Reichow, H. B.
Reiter, R.
Rennerfelt, Erik
Reutov, O. A.
Ricci, C.
Richter, J.
Riess, Fritz
Rodrigo, Pedro Ramos
Rohe, K. H.
Romagnoli, G.
Rosettani, E.
Rosmanith, Jindrich
Rostrup, Ove
Rubino, Giovanni Francesco
Ruf, H.
Rylander, Ragnar
Rylova, M. L.
Rzeznik, Jerry
Saccani, C. F.
Sakamoto, Hiroshi
Sapozhnikov, A. P.
Sawano, Tsutomu
Sawicki, Bohdan
F-6227
F-8995
F-9000
F-10S60
F-9000
F-5855
A-10313
K-9229
F-5855
F-10872
M-11459
E-10926
F-9610
B-11447
F-10807
D-7700
F-10872
F-5749
D-9015
F-10869
F-10920
F-10793
D-10876
B-11448
D-4902
E-4862
F-8996
F-9003
F-7212
F-10921
D-3044
M-5628
F-10883
F-10202
F-5875
J-9008
F-7096
K-11659
F-2105
F-9610
F-10924
J-10823
F-8815
B-11435
En ^ A ?
-UDO£
D-10314
J-7994
F-0074
B-10867
F- 9727
F-3 J •) A
- j LL.*±
K-9245
F- 3 048
J- 1 1 66 1
M-10866
F-10805
B-11457
D-10820
D - 901 5
D - 3044
J-11465
D-10376
F-10356
J-11662
FR A? 7
- 0 o£. I
B-10887
L-10847
F-11648
D-10819
Jonn*?
- 7UU /
F'lnn'i
- J 7U J
Fl 1 A1 "7
- i 14J /
J-6192
F-5875
Scassellati Sforzolini,
Giuseppina
Schaetzle, P.
Schaller, K. H.
Schaufler, Erwin
Scheel-Thomsen, A.
Schleusing, Gottfried
Schlipkoter, H. W.
Schlunk, C.
Schmidt, Karl Georg
Schmidt, Karl Rudolf
Schmidt, P. F-7240
Schnitzler, Hermann
Schoenbeck, Helfried
Schulz, Hugo
Schumacher, Hans M- 10903
Joachim
Schutz, Alfred
Schutze, Walter
Seisaburo, Sekido
T .
Senoa, Y.
Shashkov, V. S.
Shirai, Toshiaki
Siegenthaler, P.
Sirtori, Carlo
Sklenovsky, A.
Sordelli, Danilo
Spengler, Gunter
Sprenger, Gerhard D-10902
Sprung, Siegbert
Spumy, Kvetoslav
Stankovic, M.
Starke, K.
Stehn, Werner
Steinhubel, Gejza G-11417
Sterz, H.
Stier, A.
Stofen, D.
Strandberg, Lars
Stratmann, H. D-4018
Straubel, M.
Strzelczyk, P.
Suzuki, Hozumi
Suzuki, T.
Svistov, P. F.
Sweden. Ministry of
Communication. Expert
Group for Development in
the Field of Auto Exhaust
Switzerland. Commission
for Air Hygiene
Symon, Karel
Szadkowski, D.
Sztachelski, J.
Tacquet, A.
Tada, Osamu M-3160
Taga, T.
Takahashi, Hiromi
Takal, Masami
Talenti, M.
Tanaka, Tamie
Taniewski, J.
Tanner, R.
Tchicaloff, M.
Teisinger, J.
E-10933
F-8995
M-10904
M-10903
M-10905
G-11433
F-10854
G-10206
E-62SO
L-9006
F-9003
K-9131
F-2105
M-5378
D-7700
F-9014
F-9019
E-10933
F-11468
F-10832
F-10363
C-10937
D-10315
E-10934
F-3996
F-9000
E-11446
G-11434
F-10780
M-10905
M-10906
D-10817
J-7526
J-11442
F-5749
H-3215
F-11667
M-11459
F-8945
F-1089S
F-10873
E-1125
E-6999L
M-10904
M-10906
B-7949
A-10312
F-9253
E-2957
E-3050
G-11663
F-10380
F-10791
F-10356
F-9958
J-10863
D-10864
D-2952
F-10875
D-11664
F-7999
D-2954
K-9009
D-9037
F-9004
F-9019
K-9135
F-2106
J-6192
B-2143
M-11459
E-3231
F-10392
J-11441
F-10831
B- 11 461
F-11660
F-9535
104
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Terabe, Motoji
Terpstra, J.
Teubner, J.
Thurauf, W.
Tiunov, Li. A.
Tomono, Yoshiro
Tomsikova, A.
Torelli, Giorgio
Toyarna, Toshio
Trautz, Max
Trombi Giarrusso, O.
Trompeo, G.
Troquet, J.
Truche, M. R.
Truffert, L.
Truhaut, R.
Tsutomu, Umezawa
Tsvetkov, V. P.
Tsybalyskiy, B. A. .
Turkin, Y. I.
Turletti, G.
Turolla, V.
Turovskiy, V. D.
Ulmer, W. T.
van-Nong, Pham
Vasil'eva, G. A.
Vassy, Arlette
Vauzelle, A.
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
See Germany. Society of
German Engineers
Veverka
Viereck, H. J.
Vigliani, Enrico Carlo
Volker, W.
Vroege, D.
Vymola, F.
Vyskocil, Jiri
Wachler, G.
L-10329
F-4204 F-10852
F-384S F-7999
F-10806
F-10794
D-8964
J-10330
J-6204
B-3233
F-10884
F-10853
F-11643
F-8626
F-10852
F-10853
M-10901
J-10809
J-10809
F-10S49
F-1077S
B-11457
F-7193
F-3239
F-11437
F-11437
D-2954
J-10809
J-9007
F-0093
F-9727
F-11643
F-10884
J-10837
F-10S89
E-9607
F-10413
F-11665
G-10917
F-10879
F-11643
D-9012
D-7832
Wachsmuth, W.
Wahnschaffe, E.
Walkenhorst, Wilhelm
Walter, Erwin
Wanner, H. U.
Warburg, Otto
Warschun, L.
Wasserman, M.
Watanabe, Hiromu
Weber, E.
Wegiel, A.
Weihe, A. von
Wicke, E.
Wickert, Kurt
Wiethaup, Hans
Wildermuth, W.
Wippermann, F.
Wolf, W.
Wolfermann, H. -F.
Wotschke, J.
Wuhrmann
Yamaoka, Shigeo
Yan-Tsei, U.
Yelfimova, Ye. V.
Yesipova, I. K.
Yokogawa, Tetsuya
Yokoyama, E.
Yushko, K. Ya.
Zahn, Richard
Zankl, W.
Zanon, Domenico
Zdrazil, Josef
Zenji, Horai
Zenk, H.
Zernik, Franz
Zeschmann, E. -G.
Zhilin, V. G.
Zorn, Hans
Zorn, O.
Zurkowski, A.
M-10861
K-6124 K-10802
K-10804
G-9757
F-8396
F-2959
F-10792
F-10413
E-5137
D-10828
D-10824
F-7821
M-10919
D-4018
F-10152
F-10851
J-10550
F-9020
B-11412
E-8036
D-8468
K-10803
K-10848
F-10918
M-11443
E-2957
B-11455
B-11636
B-11666
F-10851
M-10866
F-11667
F-6842
E-8989
F-7999
F-11426
G-11415
B-11429
E-1125
D-10840
F-11458
F-10875
A-10878
E-10886
L-10858
F-10811
F-10924
F-9020
105
-------
LANGUAGE INDEX
General
Control Methods
French
German
Russian
Czech
Danish
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Russian
Swedish
Dutch
French
German
Italian
Russian
Czech
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Russian
Spanish
Swedish
A-3205
A-10812
A-10776
A-10813
A-10777
A-11462
A-10878
A-6462
Emission Sources
B-2914
B-8976
B-10839
B-11411
B-11427
B-11430
B-11435
B-11439
B-11448
B-11455
B-11636
B-11640
B-11651
B-9731
B-3233
B-9017
B-10867
B-11412
B-11428
B-11431
B-11436
B-11440
B-11449
B-11457
B-11637
B-11647
B-11655
B-0895
B-10035
B-0905
B-9479
B-10838
B-7949
B-9254
B-10887
B-11413
B-11429
B-11432
B-11438
B-11447
B-11450
B-11461
B-11638
B-11649
B-11657
B-11666
B-7206
B-2148
B-6282
B-10153
Atmospheric Interaction
C-3775
Measurement
D-3218
D-10204
D-2681
D-4018
D-8468
D-10799
D-10816
D-10819
D-10822
D-10827
D-10832
D-10835
D-4209
D-10795
D-2954
C-10789
C-9460
Methods
D-8630
D-10840
D-2952
D-7692
D-9037
D-10814
D-10817
D-10820
D-10824
D-10828
D-10833
D-10864
D-4210
D-10876
D-8964
D-5381
C-11420
C-10787
C-10937
C-11644
C-10801
C-10885
D-9012
D-11423
D-10785
D-3044
D-7832
D-9038
D-10815
D-10818
D-10821
D-10825
D-10831
D-10834
D-10902
D-11424
D-7700
D-11463
D-11664
D-5383
D-9015
D-4902
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Russian
Swedish
Czech
Danish
Dutch
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Norwegian
Polish
E-0163
E-2934
E-3050
E-5137
E-6999L
E-9607
E-10888
E-10933
E- 11445
E-3046
E-6678
E-4862
Effects - Human
F-8815
F-9000
F-9535
F-10800
F-8533
F-2105
F-3ZZ4
F-8629
F-10152
F-10794
F-10862
F-I0874
F-2959
F-7240
F-9014
F-9605
F-10413
F-10780
F-10792
F-10854
F-10860
F-10877
F-10882
F-10895
F-10916
F-10922
F-11416
F-5749
F-7942
F-8627
F-I0793
F-10808
F-I0869
F-3211
F-3848
F-7532
F-8396
F-10853
F-3704
E-0562
E-2957
E-3204
E-5275
E-7228
E-10836
E-10927
E-10934
E-11446
E-11652
E-1125
E-3231
E-8989
E-6280
Health
F-8995
F-9003
F-10202
F-10846
F-9013
F-2106
F-7193
F-8945
F-10778
F-10807
F-10870
F-10883
F-10920
F-3048
F-7821
F-9019
F-9606
F-10784
F-10781
F-10811
F-10855
F-10868
F-10880
F-10893
F-10896
F-10918
F-10923
F-11470
F-6227
F-8499
F-8944
F-10805
F-10810
F-10872
F-10898
F-3214
F-3903
F-7694
F-10851
F-11425
F-3705
E-11454
E-2053
E-2971
E-4361
E-5309
E-8036
E-10886
E-10932
E-10935
E-11460
E-11658
E-6835
E-4198
E-11422
E-10926
E- 109.36
F-8996
F-9004
F-10356
F-10873
F-11468
F-10879
F-2924
F-7824
F-9021
F-10790
F-10849
F-10871
F-10889
F-11660
F-7096
F-8606
F-9020
F-9727
F-10779
F-10791
F-10842
F-10856
F-10875
F-10881
F-10894
F-10915
F-10921
F-10924
F-11639
F-11645
F-7212
F-8626
F-10783
F-10806
F-10857
F-10892
F-11665
F-3239
F-4204
F-7999
F-10852
F-11458
F-11646
F-5855
F-5875
107
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Effects - Human Health (continued)
Air Quality Measurements (continued)
Russian
Se rboc roatian
Slovak
Swedish
Czech
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Russian
Slovak
F-0074
F-2591
F-8120
F-10884
F-10925
F-10930
F-11437
F-11648
F-9610
Effects Plants,
G-6533
G-9039
G-10206
G-10914
G-11434
G-11466
G-10844
F-0093
F-6228
F-8565
F-10890
F-10928
F-10931
F-11464
F-11656
F-10203
Livestock
G-11453
G-6641
G-9757
G-10841
G-10917
G-11451
G-11467
G-11444
G-11417
F-2283
F-6842
F-10859
F-10891
F-10929
F-11426
F-11642
F-11667
F-9253
F-11643
F-9958
G-11433
G-11469
G-6967
G-10201
G-10843
G-11415
G-11452
G-11650
G-11456
G-8462
G-10384
G-11663
Effects - Materials
German
Hungarian
Japanese
Danish
Dutch
French
German
Air Quality Mea:
J-6787
J-2054
J-7367
J-8812
J-9726
J-10826
H-2140
gurements
J-9008
J-6204
J-7526
J-9010
J-10550
J-10830
H-11641
H-8612
H-3215
J-11662
J-1257
J-10837
J-10845
J-7231
J-8628
J-9018
J-10823
J-10863
J-10897
Italian
Japanese
Russian
Swedish
Dutch
French
German
Japanese
Polish
Swedish
Dutch
German
Polish
Russian
Swedish
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Russian
J-9007
J-6192
J-2953
J-10809
J-11653
J-7486
J-11441
J-7994
J-11465
J-11654
J-8991
J-11442
J-10782
J-11661
Legal and Administrative
K-2294
K-1567
K-9229
K-10802
K-9128
K-9131
K-9134
Standards and
L-11414
L-7079
Basic Science and
M-10908
M-10788
M-10900
M-10904
M-10907
M-10913
M-3160
K-2301
K-10796
K-2282
K-9245
K-10803
K-10848
K-9129
K-9132
K-9135
Criteria
L-11418
L-9006
Technology
M-10909
M-10861
M-10901
M-10905
M-10911
M-10919
M-5378
K-11421
K-2295
K-10797
K-6128
K-10798
K-10804
K-10865
K-10850
K-9130
K-9133
K-9136
K-11659
K-9009
L-11419
L-10829
L-9137
L-10858
L-10847
M-10910
M-10899
M-10903
M-10906
M-10912
M-11443
M-10786
M-5628
M-11459
M-10866
108
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Absorption
Accidents
[See: Automobile
Accidents]
Acids
[See: Amino Acids;
Hydrofluoric Acids;
Nucleic Acids;
Sulfuric Acid]
Acoustic Detection
Adaptation
Additives
[See: Alkaline
Additives]
Ads orption
Acid Smuts
Aerosols
[See also: Radio-
active Aerosols;
Sodium Chloride
Aerosols]
Afterburners
[See: Catalytic
Afterburners]
Air Conditioning
Equipment
Air-Fuel Ratio
Air lonization
Air Quality Measure-
ment Programs
Air Quality Measure-
ments
Air Quality Standards
Air Resource
Management
Aitken Particle Counters
Alarm Systems
Alcohols
Alkaline Additives
Aluminum
Alveoli
Amino Acids
Ammonia
Analy s is
[See: Colorimetric
Analysis; Mathemati-
cal Analyses; Polaro-
graphic Analysis;
Statistical Analyses;
Urinalysis]
Analytical Methods
Animals
Anthracosis
Antibiotics
Antibodies
Arsenic Compounds
Aspirators
Asthma
Atmospheres
[See: Controlled
Atmospheres; Indoor
Atmospheres; Lower
Atmosphere]
Atmospheric Attenuation
H-2140
F-3048
J-7231
D-Z681
G- 11451
L-11414
K-6124
F-6842
A-3205
E-4862
D-2954
E-4198
F-7942
D-10821
F-3214
B-11455
L-11418
B-9017
L-11414
F-9727
E-6999L
F-10895
F-9610
F-8533
E-8989
D-10821
F-10779
J-8991
J-8991
D-3044
D-5381
A-10813
J-10823
E-11422
E-10926
K-2591
K-2282
J-6204
D-11463
L-11419
E-11454
J-11654
K-11421
F- 11426
E-5137
H-11641
F-10790
M-10788
B-11455
D-9038
G- 11452
F-10356
F-2106
F-3903
G- 11467
J-7994
F- 11643
Austria
Automatic Samplers
Automobile Accidents
Automobiles
Automotive Emission
Control
Automotive Emissions
Automotive Exhausts
Bacteria
Barns
[See: Hog Barns]
Battery Manufacturing
Belgium
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzopyrene
Beryllium
Beryllium Compounds
Birch Trees
Blood Cells
Blood Chemistry
[See also: Carboxy-
hemoglobin;
Hematology]
Blood Pressure
Boilers
Brain Damage
Brain Disorders
Brain Effects
Breathing
Bronchial Cancer
Bronchitis
Bronchodilators
Buildings
[See also: Indoor
Atmospheres]
By-Product Recovery
[See also: Combus-
tion Products]
Cadmium Compounds
Cancer
E-2934
E-0562
F-3Z14
E-6280
J-7367
B-9017
B-10035
J-10837
F-10879
F-2106
M-10900
F-8945
F-9000
F-9610
F-3704
F-9019
F-10783
F-10810
B-2148
F-6842
J-1257
F-10806
J-11442
E-3046
B-11647
J-7367
E-2957
K-9009
J-2054
E-3231
J-6787
J-8812
K-9229
J-10550
J-10845
E-10886
B-11457
J-6204
J-11441
F-9021
K-2301
F-0093
F-8995
F-9003
F-10880
F-3903
F-9535
F-10805
F-10894
E-4862
F-10862
F-7096
M-10786
J-6192
E-11422
J-11465
E-9607
G-11650
D-11463
F-10871
F-10923
E-3231
E-10886
B-10887
E-2957
F-3239
E-7228
F-9014
B-9731
F-10784
F-10871
E-10926
F- 11468
M-10899
J-11442
J-11465
B-11639
G-11469
J-10845
F-10868
F-0093
F-11642
G-11650
F-8996
F-9020
A-11462
J-6787
F-10202
F-10808
F-10915
F-10918
F-10890
F-11656
F-10896
F-10873
F-7694
F-7942
F-10413
F-10846
E-11458
F-4204
F-7532
J-11441
J-11654
F-11656
E-11460
D-7832
[See: Bronchial Can-
cer; Lung Cancer]
Carbohydrates
Carbon Black
Carbon Dioxide A-6462
F-7532
M-5378
F-6228
F-9958
G-11453
B-11455
109
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning
Carboxyhemoglobin
[See also: Blood
Chemistry]
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Disorders
Castor Beans
Catalysts
Catalytic Afterburners
Cattle
Cells
[See: Blood Cells;
Fuel Cells]
Cell Metabolism
Cement Dust
Cement Kilns
Cements
Centrifugal Separators
Chemical Composition
Chemical Compounds
[See: Arsenic Com-
pounds; Beryllium
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Compounds
Chemical Proc
Cadraium
Chlorine
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Organic
Sulfhydril
Sulfur
isses
J -2054
F-2924
F-2959
F-6227
J-7367
D-8630
F-8945
F-9014
J-9726
F-10793
F-10805
J-10845
F-10871
M-10900
F-10918
F-10929
F-0074
F-5875
F-8627
D-9012
F-10794
F-10808
F-10859
F-10868
F-10872
F-10875
F-10879
F-10883
F-10893
F-10896
F-10921
F-10924
F-7193
D-9015
F-10794
F-10811
F-10879
F-10923
>
E-5309
G- 11444
F-9004
E-10836
m
e
F-2283
F-2934
F-3239
J-6787
F-7694
J-8812
J-9008
D-9015
J-10550
D-10795
F-10806
L-10847
A-10878
F-10915
M-10919
F-10931
F-3704
F-6228
F-8629
F-10783
F-10800
F-10810
F-10860
F-10869
F-10873
D-10876
F-10881
F-10884
F-10894
F-10916
F-10922
F-10925
F-8606
F-10783
D-10795
F-10872
F-10880
F-10925
E-7228
G- 11456
G-10914
E-10932
E-10934
E-1125
K-2591
D-2952
F-3705
F-7193
F-8606
F-8815
J-9010
J-9018
D-10785
D-10799
J-10809
M-10861
M-10899
G-10917
F-10928
F-11648
F-11656
F-5855
F-8626
F-8944
F-10784
F-10807
F-10811
F-10862
F-10870
F-10874
F-10877
F-10882
F-10892
F-10895
F-10920
F-10923
F-10930
D-8630
F-10793
F-10806
D-10876
F-10892
F-11648
F-11656
F-8815
F-10890
F-3903
E-7228
E-8036
G-11466
F-10873
G-11434
B-7949
F-3224
E-10933
E-10935
B-7949
B-6282
Chemical Reactions M-10788
M-10904
M-10907
M-10910
Chemistry
[See: Blood
Chemistry]
Children F-7212
F-8533
F-9000
F-9610
D-10204
Chimneys
[See: Domestic
Chimneys ]
Chlorides
Chlorine Compounds
Cholinesterase
Chromatography
Circulation
[See: Wind Circulation]
Clean Air Act
Coal B-2148
Coal Dust
Coke
Coke Oven Gas
Collectors
[See: Dust Collectors]
Colorimetric Analysis
Colorimetric Methods
Comas
Combustion
Combustion Gases B-2148
Combustion Products
Commercial Equipment
Compounds
[See: Chemical
Compounds]
Concentration
[See: Maximum Allow-
able Concentration]
Control Agencies
Control Equipment
[See also: Automotive
Emission Control;
Catalytic Afterburners ;
Centrifugal Separators;
Commercial Equipment;
Cyclone Separators;
Dust Collectors; Elec-
trostatic Precipitators ;
Filters; Scrubbers;
Separators; Wet
Cyclones]
Controlled Atmospheres
Control Methods K-1567
[See also: pH Control]
Control Programs K-2295
Copper
Corrosion H-8612
[See also: Materials
Deterioration]
Counters
[See: Particle
C ounte r s ]
Cows
Criteria
[See: Design Criteria]
D-10902
M-10905
M-10908
M-10911
F-7240
F-8995
F-9003
F-10202
F-10853
F-11426
D-7700
F-10356
F-3211
E-3204
D-7692
A-6462
B-10838
G-6967
K-10798
G-11467
B-11436
M-10903
M-10906
M-10909
M-10912
M-10913
F-7999
F-8996
F-9004
F-10203
F-11416
F-11656
F-10781
B-11436
K-2591
D-10864
K-10802
F-11437
F-8396
E-3204
B-3233
E-5383
D-10864
F-10920
B-11447
D-8468
B-11447
D-10795
B-9017
E-11652
F-10780
B-10153
K-10865
H-11641
H-11641
G-11469
110
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Cupolas
Cyanides
Cyclones
[See: Wet Cyclones]
Cyclone Separators
Cytochrome C
Czechoslovakia
Damage
[See: Brain Damage;
Plant Damage]
Denmark
Design Criteria
Deterioration
[See: Materials
Deterioration]
Diabetics
Diesel Engines
Diffusion
Diffusion Models
Dioxides
[See: Carbon Dioxide;
Nitrogen Dioxide;
Sulfur Dioxide]
Diseases
[See: Physiological
Disorders; Respira-
tory Diseases]
Disorders
[See: Physiological
Disorders]
B-10838
E-11445
F-10882
F-9000 F-9004
B-11430 B-11636
B-2914
C-3775
E-11446
F-10931
E-5275
F-2283
F-10356
J-11662
B-11647
B-11657
F-8629
E-6280
C-10801
J-10782
Dispersion
Dogs
Domestic Chimneys
Domestic Heating
Driving Practices
Dust Collectors
Dusts
Ear disorders
Economic Loss
Edema
[See: Pulmonary
Edema]
Electrical Equipment
Electrochemical Methods
Electroencephalography
Electron Microscopy
K-9132
E-3050
F-2105
F-3903
G-6641
B-7949
J-9008
F-9727
D-10815
D-10818
D-10822
L-10829
D-10832
F-10851
G-10914
E-10933
F-11416
G-11433
J-11442
J-11465
J-10782
C-10885
E-4361
B-9479
F-2106
D-4902
J-7486
D-8468
K-9130
A-10812
D-10816
D-10819
D-10824
J-10830
D-10833
F-10868
E-10927
E-10934
G-11417
F-11437
E - 1 1 445
J-11653
E-11658
F-7694
L-10858
C-11420
F-11468
K-10796
E-6835
F-10898
B-10035
E-5275
F-3224
G-6533
J-7526
D-8964
F-9605
D-10814
D-10817
D-10821
J-10826
D-10831
D-10835
J-10897
E-10932
E-10935
E-11422
J-11441
E-11446
J-11654
G-11663
F-2924
G-11456
H-3215
D-11423
F-10794
M-3160
Electrostatic
Precipitation E-3204
Electrostatic
Precipitators
Emission Control
[See: Automotive
Emission Control]
Emission Sources
[See: Automotive
Emissions; Industrial
Emission Sources]
Emission Standards E-0562
Emphysema
Enforcement Procedures
Engines
[See: Diesel Engines;
Gasoline Engines;
Rotary Piston
Engines]
Enzymes F-5875
Epidemiology
Equipment
[See: Air Conditioning
Equipment; Commer-
cial Equipment;
Control Equipment;
Electrical Equipment]
Erythrocytes
Ethylene Oxide
Europe
Exhausts
[See: Automotive
Exhausts]
Experimental Methods
Exposure Methods G-6533
Facilities
[See: Medical
Facilities]
Farms
Feasibility Studies
Fibres is
Filter Fabrics
Filters
[See also: Mem-
brane Filters]
Fir Trees
Flame Chamber
Melting Process
Flow Rates
[See also: Wrights
Peak Flow Rate]
Fluorides
Fluorine
Fluorine Compounds
Fluorosis
Fly Ash
Fog
Foods
Formaldehyde
France
Fuel
[See: Air-Fuel Ratio]
Fuel Cells
Fuels
Fumes
E-11446 J-11653
B-11638
D-9037
F-6842
G-10384
K-10798
F-11458
K-2294
F-10930
J-1257
G-9757
F-6227
D-5383
L-11414
F-10794
G-11415
E-4198
E-11445
F-10203
F-9003
K-2294
J-9008
1
D-10834
E-11446
G-10841
G-11456
G- 11444
B-11412
K-2295
K-10797
G-11453
F-10784
G- 11451
E-11460
F-11458
E-10927
E-11422
B-11638
E-11658
G-11650
B-11636
F-7999
G-10843
G-11466
G-11469
F-10842
G-11469
B-11651
D-5381
F-10842
J-6192
J-6787
B-11428
E-11454
B-2914
B-10887
E-1125
111
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Fungi
Furnaces
[See also: Cupolas]
Garages
Gases
[See also: Coke Oven
Gas: Combustion
Gases; Stack Gases]
Gasoline Engines
Gasoline Vapors
Gas Samplers
Gas Sampling
Generators
[See: Ozone
Generators]
Genoa (Italy)
Germany
Glands
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glutathione
Glycogen
Great Britain
Growth
[See: Particle Growth]
Guinea Pigs
Hamburg (Germany)
Health Impairment
[See also: Occupational
Health Treatment and
Aids]
Health Statistics
Hearing Deficit
Heating
[See: Domestic Heating]
Hematology
Hemodynamic Modifica-
tions
Hemoglobin Interactions
Hi-Vol Samplers
Hog Barns
Hogs
Hydrocarbons
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hyper sensitivity
Immunology
Incineration
Incinerators
Indicators
[See: Plant Indicators]
F-11643
D-7692
E-2053
D-2952
K-10865
1
F-2924
J.
F-10869
g]
F-3903
F-8944
B-0895
E-5309
B-9254
B-11413
B-11429
B-11432
B-11438
B-H448
B-11638
B-11651
B-11657
1
J-11661
B-11440
J-9010
A-10878
D-2681
K-2282
E-2957
K- 11421
B-11448
F-7532
G- 11452
F-10875
F-9000
F-11416
M-10861
G-11451
D-4210
G-11467
F-10870
B-11450
B-7206
B-11411
B-11427
B-11430
B-11435
B - 1 1 43 9
B-11449
B-11640
B-11649
E-11658
J-11662
E-11445
J-10809
E-10933
B-2914
F-8565
D-10785
D-4018
F-l 0857
E-2934
B-9254
B-11439
B-11449
F-10931
F-6227
F-6227
F-5855
K-10802
F-2106
J-7526
F-7821
G-11467
F-3214
F-10881
F-9004
F-11667
F-8627
F-10880
D-8964
B-11455
G- 11466
D-7700
F-11426
G-11650
M-10900
B-11455
F-10811
F-10928
E-11652
B-8976
B-11412
B- 11428
B-11431
B-11436
B-11440
B-11461
B-11647
B-11655
B-11666
Indoor Atmospheres
[See also: Buildings;
Hog Barns]
Industrial Emission
Sources
Institutes
[See: Research
Institutes]
Instrumentation
lonization
[See: Air lonization]
Ions
Ireland
Iron
Iron Oxides
Isotopes
Italy
Japan
Kidney Disorders
Kinetics
[See: Reaction
Kinetics]
Laboratory Animals
Lead
Lead Compounds
[See also: Tetra-
ethyl Lead]
Lead Poisoning
Leaves
Legislation
[See also: Local
Government]
Leningrad
Light Radiation
Limestone
Lipids
Litigation
Liver
Local Government
Lower Atmosphere
Lung Cancer
Lungs
Magnesium Compounds
Management
[See: Air Resource
Management]
Manganese
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Poisoning
Manufacturing
[See: Battery Manu-
facturing; Plastics
Manufacturing; Rub-
ber Manufacturing]
J-7436
E-11422
J-11465
B-0895
E-7228
B-8976
K-9136
K-10803
M-3160
F-10853
F-9019
J-8812
G-8462
K-1567
G-6967
K-10803
F-10857
F-8396
F-11645
F-9013
F-7532
J-11441
J-11653
E-2053
F-7824
F-9003
B-10153
G-11434
D-2954
F-8499
G-6533
G-11456
F-8396
J-11441
J-9726
A-11462
K-9253
J-10845
G-10384
K-2301
K-9128
K-10804
K-10850
F-5855
F-10898
F-8499
F-11646
F-9020
F-9606
F-10152
J-9007
J- 11 442
J-11654
E-2971
E-8036
F-9004
F-11426
B-11438
D-10819
D-10816
K-10804
H-8612
F-9013
F-5749
J-11465
K-10850
J-11442
F-11458
F-10890
F-9605
F-10890
G-11467
F-9535
F-10855
F-11468
G-11663
K-6124
K-10802
K-10848
E-10886
F-11464
C-10787
E-5137
F-8815
F-10922
F-5875
K-10803
C-10789
F-11416
F-9605
F-7824
F-11660
F-11665
F-9021
F-10152
F-11639
112
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Materials Deterioration
[See also: Corrosion]
Mathematical Analyses
Maximum Allowable
Concentration
J-2953
J-10826
E-0562
L-7079
F-6228
F-9020
J-2054
Measurement
[See: Air Quality
Measurements]
Measurement Methods
[See also: Methods]
Medical Facilities
Membrane Filters
Memory
Mercury Compounds
Metabolism
[See also: Cell Metab-
olism; Yeast Metabo-
lism]
Metabolism (Bacteria)
Metallurgical Processes
[See: Primary Metal-
lurgical Processes]
Metal Poisoning
Metals
Meteorology
[See also: Micro-
meteorology]
Methods
[See: Analytical Methods;
Colorimetric Methods;
Control Methods; Electro-
chemical Methods; Exper-
imental Methods; Meas-
urement Methods; Photo-
metric Methods; Polarogra-
phic Methods; Quinine Sul-
fate Method; Research Me-
thodologies; Spectrometry;
Spectrophotometry; Statisti-
cal Methods; Turbidimetry]
Mice
Micrometeorology
Microorganisms
Microscopes
Microscopy
[See: Electron Microscopy]
Mineral Processing
Mining
Models
[See: Diffusion Models;
Respiratory Tract Models]
Monitoring
Morbidity
Mortality
Nervous System
Netherlands
Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
C-3775
D-11424
J-2953
L-9006
M-11443
H-2140
D-10204
M-11443
K-6124
K-9137
B-11461
K-9131 K-10865 F-10925
A-10776 A-10777
A-10812 D-10827
F-10800
M-10866
F-8945 F-10793
G-10843 F-10882
M-10899
F-9253 F-11660
M-10861
J-6204 G-11451
D-2681
F-3705
F-10849
K-10848
E-3204
B-2148
F-9958
E-1125
F-7240
F-9013
F-10884
C-9460
J-9008
D-5381
A-6462
F-10152
J-7994 K-10798
D-10831 D-10833
L-11419 F-11464
L-11419
D-9012
F-10877
L-11414
B-3233
D-4018
G-10206
F-10791
D-3218
F-8995
F-10807
F-10895
K-1142Z
M-5628
M-10905
J-6192
F-10779
F-11425
E-5309
F-8996
Nitrogen Oxides
(continued)
North Rhine-West-
phalia
Norway
Nucleic Acids
Occupational Health
[See also: Health
Impairment]
Odors
Oil Burners
Olfactory Perception
Organic Compounds
Organic Vapors
Ovulation
Oxidants
Oxidation
Oxides
[See also: Sulfur
Oxides]
Ozone
J-9018 M-10901 D-10902
M-10903 M-10904 M-10906
M-10907 M-10908 M-10909
M-10910 M-10911 M-10912
M-10913 M-11470
Ozone Generators
Ozone Poisoning
Palladium
Paris
Particle Counters
[See also: Aitken
Particle Counters]
Particle Growth
Particle Shape
Particle Size
Particulates
[See also: Suspended
Particulates]
Particulate Sampling
Penalties
Perception
[See: Olfactory
Perception]
Pesticides
Pesticide Toxicology
pH Control
Phenols
Photometric Methods
Photooxidation
Photosynthesis
Physiological Disorders
[See: Brain Dis-
orders; Cardiovas-
cular Disorders;
Ear Disorders;
Kidney Disorders]
F-2959
F-10784
E-4361
M-3160
D-10785
F-7821
A-10777
F-10780
M-10788
F-10792
F-10889
M-10904
M-10908
D-3044
D-3044
F-8120
M-3160
D-4902
G-6967
F-11645
F-7824
D-10876
F-11639
J-8628
L-7079
M-5378
M-10907
F-10868
F-8499
F-10778
F-10781
C-10789
J-10837
D-10902
M-10905
M-10909
F-10790
D-10825
D-5381
A-10813
E-6835
D-10825
D-10816
E-0163
F-7096
F-11646
M-10786
D-9012
F-10924
F-11665
B-11651
B-9479
F-10791
D-7692
E-5309
F-8565
H-2140
M-5628
M-10911
F-10882
A-10776
F-10779
C-10787
F-10791
F-10849
M-10903
M-10906
M-10910
A-10776
F-10792
H-3215
J-10845
J-11653
E-4862
D-10828
J-7231
D-10832
D-10834
J-9007
D-10828
D-10817
D-10833
K-9130
F-10891
F-10891
A-6462
D-10840
D-10799
M-11459
G-10917
113
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Pilot Plant
Planning and Zoning
Plans and Programs
Plant Cell Respiration
Plant Damage
[See also: Plants;
Trees]
Plant Growth
Plant Indicators
Plants
Plastics
Plastics Manufacturing
Pneumoconiosis
Pneumonia
Poisoning
[See: Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning; Lead Poison-
ing; Manganese Poison-
ing; Metal Poisoning;
Ozone Poisoning;
Toxicity]
Poland K-9128
K-9131
K-9134
Polarographic Analysis
Polarographic Methods
Police
[See: Traffic Police]
Pollutants
Power Plants
[See also: Steam
Plants]
Power Production
K-9129
F-3224
G-9039
G-10206
G-11415
G-11434
G-11456
G-6533
F-8120
F-9013
F-11642
K-9133
G-6641
G-9757
G-10384
G-11417
G- 11 444
G-11466
G-9039
G-6533
F-9605
F-9021
F-11645
B-11412
K-9229
K-9245
K-9135
M-10919
G-8462
G-10201
G-10914
G-11433
G-11454
G-11650
G-11663
G-10844
J-9008
E-11454
B-090S
B-0905
F-10356
F-11437
F-9606
F-11646
F-11665
K-9129
K-9132
K-9135
L-9137
D-9015
J-2953 L-10858
Precipitation
[See also: Electrostatic
Precipitation]
Precipitators
[See: Electrostatic
Precipitators]
Pressure
[See: Blood Pressure]
Primary Metallurgical
Processes F-10203 G-11417
Processes
[See: Chemical Pro-
cesses; Flame Chamber
Melting Process;
Mineral Processing;
Primary Metallurgical
Processes]
Process Modification
Programs
[See: Air Quality Meas-
urement Programs;
Control Programs;
Plans and Programs;
Research Programs]
Protective Zones
Pulmonary Edema F-10792 F-10849
K-9130
K-9133
K-9136
K-11659
B-0905
D-10840
A-3205
J-10863
F-11437
B-11637
B-10153
G-11433
G-11467
B-6282
K-9136
F-11470
Pulmonary Function
Pulmonary Resistance
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pyrite Flotation
Quartz Dust
Quinine Sulfate Method
Rabbits
Radiation
[See: Light Radia-
tion; Solar Radia-
tion; X-rays]
Radioactive Aerosols
Radioactive Tracers
Rats
Reaction Kinetics
Reaction Mechanisms
Recording Systems
R e c ove ry
[See: By-Product
Recovery]
Regulations
Reporting Require-
ments
Reproduction
Research Institutes
Research Methodologies
Research Programs
Residential Areas
Respiration
[See also: Plant Cell
Respiration]
Respiratory Diseases
Respiratory Functions
Respiratory System
Respiratory Tract
Models
Resuscitation
Retention (Physiologi-
cal)
Riboflavin
Rotary Piston Engines
Rubber Manufacturing
Russia
Samplers
[See also: Automatic
Samplers; Gas Sam-
plers; Hi-Vol
Samplers]
Sampling Methods
[See also: Gas Sam-
pling; Particulate
Sampling]
Scrubbers
[See also: Control
Equipment]
F-5749 F-10851
F-3848
F-7999 D-8630
F-10852
F-11425
F-10846
F-10853
A-6462
J-10830
D-4210
F-2283 F-10870 F-10918
E-4198
M-10866
F-10928
M-5628 F-8944 M-10901
M-10903 M-10904 M-11459
F-8626 M-10913
D-9038
K-2294
K-9131
K-9134
K-10797
K-10865
F-2105
F-6842
K-9253
F-4204
F-3048
F-2591
A-3205
F-11426
J-1257
D-10820
D-2952
E-6835
K-9129
K-9132
K-9135
K-10848
K-11421
K-9009
F-3211
F-7212
D- 10204
G-11452
F-7942
F-9958
F-9727
B-2914
J-2953
F-10854
F-11437
D-10815
D-10822
D-2954
E-8989
K-9130
K-9133
K-10796
K-10850
G-11453
K-9134
F-8565
G-10201
F-5749
K-11659
C-10801
G-9039
F-3224
F-8396
F-10790
F-11464
F-8533
F-10780
F-10778
F-3048
F-10872
D-10832
F-3704
E-10888
B-0895
D-2954
L-11414
F-11667
D-10818
D-10835
D-11664
G-6967
D-9038
E-9607
B-11638
114
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Separators
[See: Centrifugal
Separators ; Cyclone
Separators]
Sewage Sludge
Sewage Treatment
Sheep
Silicates
Silicosis
Slag
Sludge
[See: Sewage
Sludge]
Sludge Plants
Smokes
Smoking
Sodium Chloride
Aerosols
Solar Radiation
Solid Waste Disposal
Soot
Spectrometry
Spectrophotometry
Spiders
Spores
Stack Gases
Stack Heights
Stacks
Standards
[See also: Air Quality
Standards; Emission
Standards]
Statistical Analyses
[See also: Health
Statistics]
Statistical Methods
Steam Plants
[See also: Power
Plants]
Steel
Streets
Stuttgart (Germany)
Styrenes
Sulfates
[See also: Quinine
Sulfate Method]
Sulfhydril Compounds
Sulfides
[See also: Hydrogen
Sulfide]
Sulfur Compounds
J-1257
F-8629
B-7206
B-11411
B-11427
B-11430
B-11435
B-11439
B-11448
B-11461
B-11640
B-11651
B-11657
H-3215
D-7700
J-11661
E-2053
E-5137
B-11411
J-2953
E-3050
C-10885
F-7096
B-11411
J-6787
K-9229
E-6835
G-11452
F-9019
F-3848
B-9254
B-11412
B-11428
B-11431
B-11436
B-11440
B-11449
B-11636
B-11647
E-11652
E-11658
E-4862
D-7832
J-11662
E-3046
B-9479
C-11420
C-3775
L-10858
J-10782
J-10897
C-10885
L-11419
B-11413
B-11640
F-9014
K-9245
D-4209
B-11432
B-10839
G-11469
F-11437
F-3211
B-11447
B-10839
E-6999L
F-11646
F-10852
F-11425
C-10937
B-10867
B-11413
B-11429
B-11432
B-11438
B-11447
B-11450
B-11637
B-11649
B-11655
B-11666
L-10847
E-10936
M-10908
F-9019
F-10916
D-11664
E-3050
E-9607
B-11436
B-11438
B-8976
K-10865
K-10796
C-11420
J-10897
L-11418
F-11464
D-10204
B-11435
B-11655
H-11461
J-9018
J-10550
D-10820
B-0905
F-11416
G-10844
F-10931
B-10153
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide Removal
Sulfur Dioxide Removal
(Combustion
Products)
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid Mist
Sulfur Oxides
[See also: Oxides]
Sulfur Trioxide
Surface Coatings
Suspended Particulates
Sweden
Switzerland
Systems
[See: Alarm Systems
Tar
Teeth
Temperature
Temperature
(Atmospheric)
Tetraethyl Lead
Tokyo
Toxicity
[See also: Poisoning]
Toxic Tolerances
Tracers
[See: Radioactive
Tracers]
Traffic Police
Treatment and Aids
Trees
[See also: Birch
Trees; Fir Trees]
Tuberculosis
Tunnels
Turbidimetry
Turbine
Turbulence
Tyndallometer
United States
Urban Areas
Urinalysis
E-1125
E-3046
C-3775
D-4209
J-6204
G-8462
J-8812
F-8996
J-9007
D-9037
K-9137
F-10791
F-10851
F-10868
L-11418
G-11453
E-2053
E-5137
D-4209
E-6280
B-10153
]
E-4862
F-3214
F-0093
F-6227
F-7821
A-10878
K-2591
F-2283
J-1257
M-3160
F-3848
M-5378
F-7212
F-8533
J-8991
F-9003
J-9008
D-9038
G-9757
K-10798
J-10863
J-10897
D-11423
M-11459
E-6678
E-2971
E-9607
E-4862
B-6282
J-6192
K-9009
L-10847
J-9010
M-5628
F-10854
F-3239
F-2283
F-6628
F-7824
F-10889
F-10778
G-11415
F-10883
G-11417
F-2106
D-10819
B-8976
E-2971
F-3239
F-4204
J-6192
F-7240
J-8628
F-8995
E-9006
J-9018
G-9039
G- 10384
L-10847
D-10864
G-11415
F-11425
F-11656
F-11667
E-6999L
E-3046
E-11460
K-11659
B-6282
M-3160
E-6999L
D-8468
H-2140
A-11462
B-10035
E-10936
J-11661
B-11457
E-10932
G- 11444
B-11427
C-11644
F-10856
J-6192
A-3205
G-6641
F-9606
G- 11444
F-10779
F-11648
F-9014
F-11470
G-11433
F-3211
E-3231
D-10824
B-2914
C-10885
D-10822
B-11638
B-11448
F-9535
115
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Vapors
[See: Organic Vapors]
Ventilation
[See also: Pulmonary
Ventilation]
Vietnam
Visibility
Waste Disposal
[See: Solid Waste
Disposal]
Weather Modification
Wet Cyclones
[See also: Control
Equipment]
E-3231
F-11643
E-3231
C-9460
A-10812
Wind Circulation
Wright's Peak Flow Rate
X-Rays
Yeast Metabolism
Yugoslavia
Zinc
Zoning
[See: Planning and
Zoning; Protective
Zones]
Zurich
H-8612
J-8628 J-9010
J-10550
F-7999
F-10884
M-10919
F-9253
H-11461
J-9018
116
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