Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
A Bibliography with Abstracts
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
CEMENT MANUFACTURING-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL, PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
May 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402 - Price 50 cents
Stock Number 5503-0008
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The AP series of reports is issued by the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information of
general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series includes
coverage of Air Program intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in con-
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Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contrac-
tors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Office of
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may purchase copies from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 20402.
Office of Air Programs Publication No. AP-94
ii
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN THIS SERIES
AP-92, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Municipal Incineration — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-93, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Nitric Acid Manufacturing — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-94, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-95, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Cement Manufacturing — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-96, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Electric Power Production — A Bibliography with Abstracts
iii
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION vii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A- Emission. Sources •• 1
B. Control Methods 4
C. Measurement Methods 17
D . Air Quality Measurements 19
E. Atmospheric Interaction 20
F. Basic Science and Technology 21
G. Effects - Human Health 23
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock „ 26
I . Effects - Materials 29
J . Effects - Economic 31
K. Standards and Criteria 32
L . Legal and Administrative 33
M. Social Aspects (None)
N. General (None)
AUTHOR INDEX 37
SUBJECT INDEX 39
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
CEMENT MANUFACTURING -
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
Cement manufacturing contributes significantly to the overall air pollution level in the
United States. To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Informa-
tion Center (APTIC) of the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Office of Air
Programs has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.
Approximately 130 abstracts have been selectively screened from the contents of
APTIC's information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in
the table of contents. The compilation is intended to be representative of available litera-
ture, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC acces-
sion number. Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the latest acquisitions,
cover the most recent material.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box
12055, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Readers outside the Environ-
mental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of documents directly from libraries, pub-
lishers, or authors.
VII
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
040261
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control. Jan. 1967. 21 pp.
SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES IN SIXTY-NINE
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS WITH
EMPHASIS ON SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS .
This survey presents estimates of a number of parameters that
contribute to an area's air pollution problems. The Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was selected as the unit
of study. The parameters presented here are consumption of
fuels, sales of gasoline, and production of steel, petroleum,
and cement. The method used to estimate the various parame-
ters is an abbreviated form of the Ozolins-Smith technique.
Further investigation is planned with a view toward reliably
predicting sulfur pollution problems from emission estimates
based on community parameters.
09541
Sprung, S., and H. M. V. Seebach
FLUORINE BALANCE AND FLUORINE EMISSION FROM
CEMENT KILNS. ((Flu- orhaushalt und Fluoremission von Ze-
mentofen.)) Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden),
21(1):18, Jan. 1968. 20 refs
In the burning of Portland cement clinker, fluorine is partly
driven out of the raw materials and fuel. To determine
whether gaseous fluorine is emitted along with the other kiln
gases, complete fluorine determinations were performed for 11
cement kilns of varying design. No gaseous fluorides could be
detected in the cleaned gas from these kilns; the significance
of electrofilters in the removal of solid fluorides is discussed.
In conclusion, cement kilns cannot emit gaseous fluorides
because, in the presence of an excess of CaO, they produce
CaF2. The negligible level of fluorides in the dust from the
cleaned gas (0.009-1.420 mg. F/Nm to 3rd power) is thus not
dependent upon the magnitude of the fluorine balance, but
upon the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators. The
amount of fluorine combined in the clinker ranges from 88-98
percent of the total fluorine intake, and this percentage in-
creases with a decrease in dust load of the emitted gas.
Fluorine appears as CaF2 in clinker and kiln dust and, as
such, is harmless since CaF2 is relatively insoluble in water.
10667
Feldstein, M. L., B. Potter, A. E. Alcocer, and H. Moore
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC DUST
DOWNWIND OF SOURCE EFFLUENTS. Preprint, Bay Area
Air Pollution Control District, San Francisco, Calif, and
California Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Air and Industrial
Hygiene Lab., 7p., 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-11.)
Dust collected downwind from two types of industrial opera-
tions is analyzed. One is concerned with the emission of ce-
ment dust from a materials handling operation within a cement
manufacturing plant; and the other deals with the emission of
mica dust in an asphalt saturating operation. The method of
sampling used to collect dust was the same in both cases. The
basic collecting apparatus consisted of high volume samplers,
operated by directional control unit. Each directional control
unit activated a sampler when the wind blew from a predeter-
mined direction. One sampling set was placed downwind of
the source and a second placed upwind. Both were oriented in
the same direction, being activated by the same wind sweeping
across the source. Comparative samples were thus provided
for evaluation of the source as a cause for nuisance com-
plaints. After the sampling period was completed the filters
were removed and the collected materials were chemically
processed and analyzed by X-ray spectrometry, and by micro-
scopic examination. Authentic samples of cement dust and
mica dust from the industrial sources were also obtained and
submitted for comparison and analysis. Results of the analysis
show that mica dust was present in the asphalt case to the ex-
tent of 15-20% of the total inorganic dust collected. Cement
dust was present in the cement manufacturing case to the ex-
tent of 10-15% of the total inorganic dust collected. Upwind
samples contained little or none of the respective minerals. It
is reasonable to conclude that the collected mineral in each
was contributed by the suspected source.
15637
Muhlrad, M. Wolf
CEMENT PLANTS AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
PROBLEMS OF DUST REMOVAL. (Les cimenteries et la pol-
lution atmospherique. Les problemes de depoussierage). Text
in French. Equipement Mecan., 48(87):91-95, 1969.
Cement plants have the most formidable dust removal
problems among industrial dust and smoke emission sources.
The centrifugal, the wet, the electrostatic, and the screen fil-
tering, methods of dust separation are described in detail; dust
sources and the dust collecting equipment used in the in-
dividual successive stages of cement production are con-
sidered. Quarrying limestone in open air gives rise to moderate
quantities of dust, which are sometimes sprayed with water.
Pounding and crushing limestone calls for the use of multitu-
bular centrifuges followed, if need be, by screen filters. Wet
crushing produces no dust, while dry or semi-dry erasing
requires high-capacity, fine-mesh, movable screen filters. Elec-
trostatic filters are occasionally used instead. Homogenizing
requires limited dust removal. Drying and crushing of coal
pose difficult dust removal problems due to the danger of
coal-dust explosions. Smoke from roasting kilns is the primary
source of dust. Particle size distributions and concentrations of
dusts from six kinds of roasting kilns are given in a Table.
Most modern kilns are provided with electrostatic filters.
Clinker cooling uses dust centrifuges. Clinker crushing some-
times uses electrostatic filters but, more commonly, bag filters
with movable screens. Automatic cement bagging machines
usually have movable screen filters made of nylon. At present,
no satisfactory solution of the problem of dust removal in ce-
ment plants exists, so that the establishment of new cement
plants should still be based on considerations of dispersal of
dust emissions in the atmosphere.
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CEMENT MANUFACTURING
16229
Friese, Guenther
THE ROHRBACH-LURGI PROCESS FOR THE GENERA-
TION OF STEAM AND ELECTRICITY AND THE MANU-
FACTURE OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT FROM OIL SHALE.
(Das Rohrbach-Lurgi-Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Dampf,
Strom und hydraulischen Bindemitteln aus Oelschiefer). Er-
doel Kohle (Hamburg), 14(9):702-703, Sept. 1961. Translated
from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia,
Pa., Science Info. Services, 6p., Sept. 18, 1969.
In the Rohrbach-Lurgi process, high strength hydraulic ce-
ments are produced by combustion of oil shale in fluidized-bed
furnaces. The electricity required for the project is generated
by the waste heat; unlike familiar low temperature processes,
no oil or gas is obtained. The raw material is kept in suspen-
sion by an air stream that enters the furnace at the bottom.
The turbulent movement in the suspended layer has a surface
similar to a boiling fluid, making it extremely favorable for
combustion and heat exchange. The good heat exchange
makes it feasible to maintain a constant temperature at all
points in the fluidized bed. The optimum temperature for the
oil shale particles is soon reached. It is important to determine
both optimum temperature and optimum residence time, since
the binding property and hydraulic strength of the cement de-
pends to a large extent on these factors. Other equipment
required for the process include a waste heat boiler, gas clean-
ing plant, turbine, sifting, shredding, and grounding facilities,
conveyance system, and measurement and control units. The
use of modern control units permits fully automized opera-
tions, enabling even large plants to be run with only two or
three workers.
19177
Tripler, Arch B. Jr. and G. Ray Smithson, Jr.
A REVIEW OF ADI POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND CON-
TROL IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRIES. Preprint, American
Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 25p., May 5, 1970. 19 refs.
(Presented at the American Ceramic Society Annual Meeting,
72nd, Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, 1970.)
Air pollution in the ceramic industry stems from the large
amounts of dust and fumes which form at various processing
stages. Five segments of the industry (glass, cement, mineral
wool, asbestos, and brick) are considered. Prior to the analysis
of the problems of each of these, eight basic control methods
are listed along with comment on the application and approxi-
mate cost of each. The control methods listed are cyclones,
scrubbers, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, adsorption,
burning, stacks, and process modification. In the manufacture
of glass three chief sources of air contaminants are batch dry-
ing of finely divided raw material prior to melting, gas or oil
fired melting furnaces, and glass forming. The first of these
presents only a dust problem. The furnaces, on the other
hand, emit participates and a gas combination representing
both fuel products and the melt composition. Glass forming
machines generate heavy smoke from vaporization of
hydrocarbon lubricants. Both process modification and electro-
static precipitation are recommended. In the cement industry,
dust is the major problem; dust reclamation is an an economic
necessity. In spite of highly efficient collection, some of the
dust escapes. Dustfall rates of 35 tons per square mile were
recorded in areas adjacent to efficiently controlled kilns. A
secondary problem is the effluent from the kilns which contain
gaseous pollutants from the fuel and from the heating of the
components. In the mineral wood industry, stack emissions
containing condensed fumes from the molten material, sulfur
dioxide, and fluorides as well as blow chamber and curing
oven emissions consisting of fumes, oil vapors, binding agent
materials, and up to 90% wool fibers must be contended with.
The asbestos industry is faced with the twin threats of
asbestosis and lung cancer as a result of asbestos dust in
which a fiber thickness of 0.01 micron is fairly common. The
current threshold limit value of 5 million particles per cu ft of
air for a daily 8-hr exposure, 40 hrs per week is thought by
some to be too high. The importance of controlling dust in the
manufacture of silica brick was pinpointed in a Pennsylvania
Dept. of Health report in 1939 revealing that 51.9% of 1035
workers examined had silicosis. The threshold limit value of
airborne dust as set by the American Conference of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists is a function of the silica content.
In a dust containing 5% free SiO2, the TLV is 25 mppcf, but
in a dust containing 45% free SiO2, the TLV is only 5 mppcf.
For amorphous silica, the TLV is 20 mppcf.
21221
Pels, M. and H. L. Crawford
FEASD3IIJTY STUDY OF CENTRALIZED ADX-POLLUTION
ABATEMENT. (FINAL REPORT). Battelle Memorial Inst.,
Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Labs. NAPCA Contract PH-86-68-
84, TAsk 12, 51p., Nov. 17, 1969. 35 refs. CFSTT: PB 190486
The technical and economic aspects of a centralized air-pollu-
tion control plant located a distance from seven industrial
plants were investigated. The plants chosen were as follows:
lime, 200 tons/day; cement, 4500 barrels/day; sulfuric acid, 400
ton/day; power, 25 Mw; fertilizer, 570 tons/day; gray iron,
1440 tons/day; and electric arc, 2600 tons/day. Gaseous and
particulate-emission levels were taken from literature sources,
and as far as possible, average values were used for each in-
dustry. The total amount of gases from the plants was 627,000
cfm at 320 F and after mixing. While the centralized control
facility is less expensive to build and operate than individual
control devices, transportation costs are so high as to make
the centralized concept unattractive. The economics would
favor centralized abatement only if each of the seven plants
were located at about 1/2 mile from the central facility. This
distance is considered to be unrealistically close from the
standpoint of an individual plant's land requirements. In addi-
tion to transportation costs, the centralized plant would render
emissions from lime, cement, and sulfuric acid plants value-
less, and any equipment malfunction would release large quan-
tities of pollutants over a relatively small area. Finally, vegeta-
tion growth over buried pipes would be inhibited, leading to
potential esthetic problems. (Author summary modified)
21627
VDZ (Verein Deutscher Zementwerke), Emissionsausschuss
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION PORTLAND-CEMENT
WORKS. (Auswurfbegrenzung Zementwerke). VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2094, Feb. 1967. 15 refs. Translated from
German by D. Ben Yaakov, Israel Program for Scientific
Translations, Jerusalem, 26p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/12
The various sections of a cement plant yield dusts of widely
differing composition, including raw-material dust, flue-gas
dust from the kilns, clinker dust, coal dust, and cement dust;
each of these requires a specific separation process. The
production processes and equipment that emit dust in cement
works as well as the technically most effective means of
removal and the operating conditions that affect the dust con-
tent of the flue gases are described for kiln and drier systems,
crushers, grinding and drying mills, clinker coolers, and other
equipment. Factors affecting collecting efficiency for centrifu-
gal collectors, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators are
outlined; aggregate-layer filters can also be used. A limit of
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A. EMISSION SOURCES 3
150 mg/cu m STP for particulate emissions is established for very low in cement works and can be effectively dispersed
undisturbed and continuous operation of a new plant after a
starting period. The emission of noxious gases is inherently from stacks.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
02024
W. Kohler
(METHODS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
CAUSED BY CEMENT PLANTS.) Verfahren Zur Vennin-
demng Der Durch Die Zementindustrien Verursachten Luft-
verunreinigungen. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. Paper Iv/12). pp. 114-6.
With the increasing cement consumption the production plants
of the cement industries are on the whole fully employed. To
some extent they were enlarged by new plants in order to
satisfy the demand for cement. According to temperature, con-
tents and components of dust, the quantities of air or gases
escaping from the production plants are dedusted by various
dust extraction plants, e.g. centrifugal dust-extractors, fabric
filters, gravel-bed filters, electric dust extractors, so that a
vast reduction of the dust emissions will be reached. To
produce one ton of cement some 2.8 tons of raw materials,
gypsum, clinker, and coal of rough or fine quality must be
crushed to powder. During the various stages of production
the fine crushed material always mixes with cold air or hot
gases, and this necessitates a further separation. The removal
of the fairly considerable dust contents of raw gases and the
observance of the required limits of emissions not only are
diccicult technical task butr also cause considerable financial
costs by capital expenditure for new plants, their management
and maintenance. (Author abstract)
02028
M. Tomaides
DUST COLLECTION IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper V/4).
pp. 125-8.
The paper describes briefly the main sources of dust nuisance
in Czechoslovak cement works and specifies the usual, as well
as the recommended means of dust collection in this industry.
Attention is mainly devoted to the description of
Czechoslovak separating equipment, i.e. cyclone separators,
wet type separators, electrostatic precipitators and cloth fil-
ters, all of which are used for dedusting cement factories.
Readers are further acquainted with the newly introduced unit
ventilating set and the mobile industrial dust exhauster.
(Author abstract)
02031
R. L. Chamberlin and G. Moodie
WHAT PRICE INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING.? Proc. (Part I)
INTERN. CLEAN AIR CONG., LONDON. 1966. (PAPER V/7).
PP. 133-5.
This paper gibes a brief description of four standard industrial
gas-cleaning tools, electrostatic precipitator, mechanical collec-
tor, high-energy scrubber and cloth filter. The application of
these collectors to air pollution problems of the power, cement
and steel industries is expalined. Finally, capital, utility, main-
tenance and amortization cost of specific gas-cleaning plants
for these industries are given. These cost studies point out ap-
proximate cost of solving these specific problems and empah-
size the need to go beyond capital costs in choosing gas clean-
ing equipment. (Author asbaract)
02229
P.W. Spaite, D.G. Stephen, A.H. Rose, Jr.
HIGH TEMPERATURE FABRIC FILTRATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL GASES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 243-7 & 58,
May 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,1960.)
The field of industrial filtration over 300 F is assessed in a
general way. High temperature media other than fiber glass are
not discussed. Thermal effects on equipment, media, chemical
attack and power requirements are covered. Applications to
gray iron cupolas, nonferrous fumes, perlite processing, car-
bon black production, cement kilns, and electric arc steel fur-
naces are reviewed. Potential applications and research are
discussed.
02735
R. E. Doherty
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS-CEMENT
MILL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air
Pollution 3rd, Washington, D.C. 1966. pp. 242-9.
Author discusses the efficiencies of control equip-
ment/methods in the cement industry, particularly in the
Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania. Dust separating equipment the
fiberglass baghouse filter, electrostatic precipitation, and
cyclones are presented as partial answers to the control of
dusts. Author suggests that a 98% efficiency is not enough for
a control device and suggests tandem dust separating units
such as mechanical cyclones preceding the electrostatic
precipitators.
02939
K. Oleksynowa
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE CEMENT
DUSTS AND THEIR VALUE FOR AGRICULTURE . (Charak-
terystyka chemiczna cementowych pytow odlotowych i ich
wartosc dla rolnictwa.) Cement, Wapno, Gips 11/20, (3)62-4,
1955. CFSTI: 60-21233
Waste dust from cement works was analyzed. The material
was obtained on electrofilters when purifying waste gas from
clinker kilns in one of the larger Polish cement plants. This
material, a waste product in cement burning, has long been an
object of interest on account of its high potassium oxide con-
tent. The raw material introduced into cement kilns contains
barely 0.2 to 1.2% K20. In the course of burning the cement, a
large part of the finest fraction is carried off by air current,
and the aluminum silicates contained in the crude clay sub-
stance undergo thermal decomposition. At high temperatures,
the liberated K20 sublimates, combine with anions freed dur-
ing thermal decomposition of the raw material. In this way,
potassium chlorides, fluorides and silicates of various com-
position are formed. The dust analyzed in the present work
contained fairly large quantities of carbonates, so that it was a
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B. CONTROL METHODS
typical blend of dust. From the analysis it was established: (1)
Some 72% of the substance including total K is soluble in
water and 1% citric acid, as is the major part of the Ca and
half the SiO2; (2) K, Na and Ca pass into water solution in the
form of sulfates, chlorides and carbonates; (3) Ca, Fe and K
cations pass into citric acid solution together with silicate, car-
bonate and sulfate anions; and (4) that cement dust can be
used as a fertilizer. It primarily contains compounds soluble in
water and 2% citric acid, especially K and Ca.
03126
Kohler, A.
METHODS FOR REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY
SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES. (CHAPTER m. CEMENT WORKS).
European Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, 1964. p. 283-311.
The main reason for emissions of cement works is that, in
order to produce 1 ton of cement, it is necessary to reduce to
dust some 2.8 tons of coarse material. Throughout this
process, the finely ground product repeatedly comes into close
contact with cold or hot gases, from which it must be
separated by means of appropriate devices. The light-grey dust
produced by cement works, being very visible, makes a direct
impression on the public. However, it must be said that emis-
sions of dust from cement works are not a dangerous source
of pollution and are not harmful to health. Reports show that
in the past ten years, the cement industry has successfully
dealth with the problem of the extraction of dust from waste
air and burnt gases. For some years now new plants have been
equipped with the most up-to-date and efficient dust extrac-
tors. The present trend is for older plants already in use to
achieve the same efficiency in dust extraction.
03754
G. L. Allen, F. H. Viets, and L. C. McCabe
CONTROL OF METALLURGICAL AND MINERAL DUSTS
AND FUMES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIF. Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D.C. (Information Circular 7627.) Apr.
1952. 85 pp.
The nonferrous pyrometallurgical industry of Los Angeles has
three unusual characteristics that contribute to its difficulties
in developing suitable fume control: (1) It consists of a mul-
tiplicity of relatively small establishments subject to wide
variations in products and operating schedules; (2) operations
are largely of the secondary or reclaiming nature; and (3)
much of the industry is concentrated near the center of a city.
A difficulty inherent in most nonferrous foundries is the high
volatility of zinc and the extremely small mean particle size of
the resulting zinc oxide fume. The nonferrous industry has
found only one type of equipment that could be depended
upon to adequately remove participate matter emitted by the
larger furnaces in which the gases are characterized by heavy
dust loadings at high temperatures. This is a specially equipped
baghouse, and its first cost is rather high. For smaller fur-
naces, particularly of the crucible type, the conventional sock-
type baghouse has proved satisfactory. The inert slag cover,
which reduces emission at the source, has proved fairly effec-
tive and economical, particularly with the crucible-type fur-
nace and pouring ladle, but is successful use depends on the
skill of the operators. The gray-iron-foundry branch of the fer-
rous industries has not fared as well as the nonferrous branch,
despite extensive investigation and development of equipment
for control of cupola emissions. Appreciable progress has been
made in adapting equipment suitable technically and cost-wise
for cupola-exit gases, and development continues. Equipment
capable of producing the required clearances is available but is
not within the financial ability of many small foundries. The
baghouse equipped with specially woven glass-fabric bags, as
used commercially in the nonferrous industry, has technically
been the most successful single device to date for controlling
cupola emissions and has been proven in pilot operations.
After extensive investigation, electrical precipitation has been
adopted for cold-metal open-hearth work, and hydrodynamic
scrubbers and baghouses have been adopted for electric-steel-
furnace fumes. In addition to the fact that such equipment
removes the necessary dust, capital and operating costs were
important factors in their selection.
05441
M. Hankin, Jr.
IS DUST THE STONE INDUSTRY'S NEXT MAJOR
PROBLEM? Rock Prod., 70(4):80-4,110, Apr. 1967.
The special problems of the stone producers include: airborne
dust from unpaved plant roads; dust from wind action on fine
material stockpiles; and dust from crushing, screening, con-
veying, and stockpiling of crushed stone. The control of the
dust emissions involves more of an investment htan technical
problems. For dusty plant roads, calcium chloride, used motor
oil, fuel oil, or dust oil will control the road dust at costs from
10 to 15 cents per square yard per year. Wetting agents and
fine water sprays are stated to be the simplest, least expensive
means of controlling dust at crushing and screening operations.
The various dust collecting systems are reviewed with pictures
of commercial collectors.
05472
CONTROL AT SANTEE CEMENT. Southern Eng. 50-1, Mar.
1968.
Dust control is a major concern in the design, construction
and operation of a cement plant, especially at such critical
processes as: kiln operation, clinker handling, milling, grind-
ing, conveying, and storage. At a plant with a capacity of 5800
bbl/day, kiln dust is collected by a bank of 8 cyclones
designed to handle 185,000 cfm of kiln dust at 500 degrees F.
The collected dust is returned to the kiln by insufflation or
withdrawn through a rotary valve for disposal. The kiln
discharge is cooled in an air-quenching clinker cooler from
2500 degrees F to 150 degrees F with the dust collected in a
Dracco CC collected and returned to a drag vonceyor. Dust
collection for the finish mill is provided by an 18,000 crm
Dracco three-compartment Mark H collector. The dust collec-
tors at the silos handle 5800 cfm; the packer dust collectors
each handle 9000 cfm, and the bulk truck collector handles
2500 cfm. The rail bulk loading is vented by a fan and returned
to the storage silo. The importance of environmental engineer-
ing is evidenced by the use of dust control equipment at the
critical processing points.
05511
E. W. Schroder
DUST COLLECTION PRACTICE IN THE CEMENT INDUS-
TRY. Proc. Clean lip.
The eight main sources of dust in a cement plant are briefly
described and the equipment available for its suppression,
namely, wet collectors, centrifugal types, electrofilters, bag-
type collectors and dust collectors integral with certain kilns.
A dust collection cost analysis, based on recent Australian
figures, is given for a 1000 horsepower cement mill and a kiln
producing 200,000 tons per year. Running costs and capital
charges for the mill installation would total 3,500 Pounds per
year, while for the kiln the figures would be about 29,000
Pounds per year, or 2.9 shillings per ton of cement produced.
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CEMENT MANUFACTURING
The latter figure could be greatly offset in certain favourable
circumstances, but might also be much higher, particularly in
the case of plant retained for part time operation. Clean air
legislation, based on broad consideration of the whole indus-
try, therefore could fall very unevenly on different works,
with marked financial effects. (Author abstract)
06783
G. Funke and H. Fischer
(RESULTS OF DUST MEASUREMENTS ON CEMENT
KILNS.) Ergebnisse von Staubmessungen an Zementofen. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden) 20, (4) 146-51, Apr. 1967. Ger.
In 1966, the Research Institute of the Cement Industry in Ger-
many performed 270 measurements at dust collection installa-
tions in 37 cement plants. The results, pertaining for the most
part to electrofilter installations, are summarized in 6 tables.
The individual measurement conditions are reported. The mea-
sured values provide a survey of the present position of dust
collection technique for cement kilns. The limiting values at
present specified for the dust content of the cleaned gas are
indeed usually conformed to if the dust collection plant is cor-
rectly designed, but at the present stage of technical develop-
ment troubles still often occurr which impair the collection ef-
ficiency. Conditioning of kiln exit gases by water spraying,
especially in the case of rotary kilns with suspension pre-
heaters in direct operation, continues to present difficulties.
The prevention of the infiltration of 'false' air and constantly
applied proper maintenance contribute much to ensuring that
the dust collectors maintain the required collection efficiency
under continuous working conditions.
07492
Yamashita, K.
TEST PARTICLES (DUST) OF JIS. Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
2(3):59-63, 1965. 2 refs.
The methods for determination of chemical composition,
specific gravity, and particle size distribution of dust are
covered. The sampling method is standardized by JIS M 8501
as a 'coning' and 'quartering' methods; this method is required
for processing coarse dust. For determining chemical composi-
tion, the 'firebrick' method and 'cement physical analysis'
methods are used. A pycnometer and stopper and a chemical
balance having a sensitivity to 0.001 g are standardized for the
specific gravity determination. With the exception of talc and
Portland cement, the particle size distribution of all of the test
dusts is determined by standard sieve. The Andreasen pipet
(50-mm diam., 200-mm distance between top of pipet and sur-
face of liquid, capable of drawing in 100 cu. m. at one time) is
used to determine particle size distribution of medium or fine
silica, portland cement, and medium and fine loam. Procedures
for measurement are outlined. Equivalent methods can be used
for talc and fly ash.
07535
W. Leithe
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE - AN IMPORTANT TASK FOR
CHEMISTRY AND ECONOMY. (Reinhaltung der Luft ein
dringendes Anliegen fur Chemie und Wirtschaft.) Text in Ger-
man. Allgem. Prakt. Chem. (Vienna), 18(8):239-241, Sept. 10-
17, 1967. 4 refs.
This article is a summary of two lectures given at meetings of
chemical societies. The problem of air pollution and some con-
trol methods are outlined. Typical examples of well-known air
pollution problems are mentioned: London's smog chiefly
caused by domestic heating, the smog of Los Angeles due to
automobiles, the sun, and temperature inversions, and the in-
dustrial air pollution of the Ruhr Valley. Some characteristic
data for all three examples are quoted. The techniques for the
control of dust emissions are farthest advanced. This is
verified by the fact that in Germany, emission of cement dusts
decreased to one third while the production of cement tripled
in the last 17 years. Far less satisfactory is the control of S02
emissions. About twice as much sulfur is blown into the air
than is used for the production of sulfuric acid. Some wet and
dry processes for the elimination of SO2 from smoke are men-
tioned, but no method is known today which is both effective
and economical. The chemical industry tackled its problems
mostly by reducing the emission of air polluting substances by
increasing the efficiencies of the relevant chemical processes.
Examples are the production of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
Organic compounds can be recovered by either absorption on
activated charcoal or oxidation by catalytic afterburners.
07562
O'Mara, Richard F. and Carl R. Flodin
FILTERS AND FILTER MEDIA FOR THE CEMENT INDUS-
TRY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 9(2):96-97, 100-101, Aug.
1959. 6 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-29,1958.)
The oldest and most common filter design are stockings or
tubes - either circular or oval type individual bags. The most
common fabric employed as a filter medium has been cotton.
In recent years a number of synthetic fibers have become
available such as Dacron, Dynel, Nylon, and Orion. Rayon
and Teflon are available as filter cloth. The most commonly
used weaves are chain, twill, and satin. The approximate com-
parative costs of various filter media are given. The removal
of the dust from the separator can be done by automatic
shakers that give either vertical or lateral motion to the bags.
Most types of filters are arranged so that the gas flow can be
shut off and some gas allowed to flow back through the bag to
assist in cleaning. Some filters are provided with dual dampers
so that when a compartment is shut off for cleaning it is
opened to atmosphere and the fan pulls atmospheric air or
warm clean air through for reversing flow. In raw mills filters
are used for ventilation of the mill circuit. In coal pulverizers
cotton fabric filters have been used for the cleaning of coal
pulverizer vent gases but these are subject to fire and explo-
sion. Experiments have been under way with the application
of glass cloth filters for this service. Glass cloth filters show
considerable promise for the treatment of waste gases from
both dry and wet process cement kilns. One of the most im-
portant considerations for filters in the cement industry is a
program of preventive maintenance. Shaking type filters
should be checked at regular intervals to be sure that all of the
shakers are functioning properly. Patching materials are availa-
ble for all types of bags. When a unit is taken out of service
for maintenance, all of the bags in the unit should be removed
and replaced with a new set of bags or with a set that has
been carefully repaired.
07699
Pottinger, J. F.
THE COLLECTION OF DD7FICULT MATERIALS BY ELEC-
TROSTATIC PRECIPITATION. Australian Chem. Process.
Eng. (Sidney), 20(2):ll-23, Feb. 1967. 11 refs.
Problems encountered in the metallurgical, cement and power
generation industries which led to an extensive study of the
electrical properties of dust particles and the effects of these
properties on precipitator performance are reviewed. Electrical
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
breakdown and resistivity measurement are discussed and a
design of a bulk resistivity measuring apparatus is illustrated.
Negative resistivity is cited as a problem. The remedial mea-
sures in the industries cited are described in technical terms.
07875
T. E. Kreichelt, D. A. Kemnitz, S. T. Cuffe
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THE MANUFACTURE
OF PORTLAND CEMENT. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
AP-17, 47p., 1967. 29 refs. GPO: 803-789-2
Information is presented on actual and potential atmospheric
emissions resulting from the manufacture of cement. Raw
materials, process equipment, and production processes are
described, as well as the location of plants, and process
trends. Emission and related operating data are presented,
along with methods normally employed to limit or control
emissions from the dry, semi-dry, and wet processes. The
main source of emissions in the cement industry is the kiln
operation. Dust generated in the dry-process kiln may vary
from 1 to 25 percent expressed in terms of finished cement;
from the wet process, 1 to 33 percent. Sulfur dioxide emis-
sions from the kiln gases combine with the alkalies as con-
densed sulfates. In the wet process, an odor problem may
arise from heating certain types of raw material such as
marine shellls, marl, clay, or shale. Another important source
of dust emissions in the cement industry is the dryer normally
used in dry process plants. Dust can be adequately arrested in
the cement industry by proper plant layout and proper selec-
tion of high-efficiency multicyclones, electrostatic precipita-
tors, or fabric filters. Electrostatic precipitators or fiber-glass
fabric filters that have been properly designed, installed,
operated, and maintained will adequately collect the dust from
the hot kiln gases. In many plant designs, multicyclones
precede the precipitator or fabric filter. Precipitators or low-
temperature fabric filters alone may be adequate on other unit
operations such as handling, crushing, grinding, drying, and
packaging. Dust emissions as low as 0.03 to 0.05 grains per
standard cubic foot have been obtained in newly designed,
well controlled plants.
07931
Ertl, D. W.
ELECTROSTATIC GAS CLEANING. S. African Mech. Engr.
(Johannesburg), 16(8):159-168, March 1967.
Electrostatic precipitators are a highly developed and efficient
means of cleaning industrial and waste gases, satisfying all
modern hygienic and industrial requirements. Each precipitator
has to fulfill two functions: (1) electrically charging the dust
and capturing it by electrodes which are at earth potential; and
(2) passing this precipitated dust, with minimum re-entrain-
ment losses, into the hoppers underneath the precipitation
field. Parameters influencing the total dust collecting efficien-
cy are: the ratio of the collecting plate area to gas flow rate,
which is a dimension of the precipitator size; the migration
velocity or the velocity by which the dust is attracted to the
collecting plate under electrical forces, which is dependent on
field intensity; the dielectric constant of the dust; the dew-
point of the gas/dust mixture, high dew-point being better
suited for precipitation than a completely dry gas. Factors ad-
versely affecting precipitation efficiency are space charges,
which develop when there are large amounts of very fine dust
in the gas, and dust resistivity, which makes precipitation dif-
ficult when the dust layers have an electrical resistance of
greater than approx. 10 to the llth power ohm/cm. Precipita-
tors are important for thermal power stations where the dust
fineness must also be taken into account in design. The use of
precipitators for blast furnaces and steel works, cement
works, and in the chemical industry, is noted. Dust collecting
efficiencies of 99.5% are not exceptional and greater efficiency
is advisable in continuous operation at numerous plants. For
optimum dust collecting results, the specific dust properties
have to be taken into account during the planning stage of the
whole plant.
08372
Wiemer, Peter
DUST REMOVAL FROM THE WASTE GASES OF
PREPARATION PLANTS FOR BITUMINOUS ROAD-BUILD-
ING MATERIALS. Staub (English translation), 27(7):9-22, July
1967. 2 refs. CFSTI: TT 67-51408/7
Dust in waste gas from preparation plants for road building de-
pends on many characteristic factors. This is valid for the dust
at the drying drum outlet and also for clean gas dust at the
chimney inlet. The crude gas dust is naturally influenced by
the properties of raw material, while clean gas dust is also in-
fluenced by the dust removal method used. These problems
are discussed on the basis of a wide range of numerical data.
08636
Gale, W. M.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A MODERN CEMENT PLANT.
Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand,) 1(2):7-
13, Sept. 1967
Dust collection problems encountered in the cembent industry
are discussed and the basic processes for the production of ce-
ment are reviewed. At some plants in the United States rapid
analysis is being carried out using x-ray analysers and attempts
are being made to have these analysers control (by computers)
and the mixing of raw materials. This means that the analyser
will require clean rooms with filtered air, and air conditioning.
But in order to decrease the probability of analyser failure due
to dirt and dust it will be almost essential to pay careful atten-
tion to the raw materials stacking and recovery system so that
the air-borne dust in the region of the analyser is kept at a
minimum. Observations of several different companies in-
dicate that many control installations do not give the per-
formance of which they are capable because of minor en-
gineering defects. Examples of this are: (1) Insufficient study
of the choice of filter cloth in relation to material to be col-
lected so that the build up of filter cake is too rapid. (2) Poor
sealing between clean air and dirty air compartments particu-
larly around the edges of bags. (3) Insufficient strength so that
bags collapse under suction. (4) Insufficient slope on the sides
of collecting hoppers so that they do not empty properly. (5)
Poor finish of welded joints inside hoppers. This can cause
build up. (6) Insufficient instrumentation. Each installation has
certain variables which are absolutely essential to efficient
operation. These variables should be instrumented so that they
can be kept at the correct values and so that management can
see that they are being maintained.
09789
Simon, Herbert
SINGLE-STAGE ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATORS. In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 135-156, 1967
GPO: 806-614-30
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8
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
The history of electrostatic precipitation, its advantages and
disadvantages, diverse applications, and mechanism are
discussed. The mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation
are treated in detail providing pertinent information on the fol-
lowing: construction; voltage for successful operation
(rectifiers, effects of wave form, controlled sparking rate);
uniform gas distribution; theoretical analysis of performance;
theoretical efficiency; effects of resistivity; and effects of
nonumiform gas velocity. Proportion, capacity, cleaning of
electrical system, accessibility for maintenance, control of gas
flow, control of erosion of dust from electrodes, and power
supply are design factors that are critical elements in an elec-
trostatic precipitator. The fundamental theory of the
mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation is only partially
understood at present. Designs are based either upon previous
experience with similar processes or upon the results of pilot
model precipitator studies. Data is tabulated on; dielectric con-
stants for some common materials; pioneer precipitator instal-
lations (1907-1920); summary of U.S. precipitator installations
in major fields of application; typical precipitator applications
(flow rate, temperature, dust concentration, dust weight, effi-
ciency, cost); suspended particulate matter in commercial
gases in typical installations; average diameter of particles in
various industrial operations; typical values of drift velocity
encountered in practice for use with precipitators; and typical
values for some design variables used in commercial electro-
static precipitator practices.
09806
Vincent, Edwin J. and John L. McGinnity
CONCRETE-BATCHING PLANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineer-
ing Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 334-339, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Concrete-batching plants store, convey, measure, and
discharge the ingredients for making concrete to mixing or
transportation equipment. One type is used to charge sand, ag-
gregate, cement, and water to transit-mix trucks, which mix
the batch enroute to the site where the concrete is to be
poured; this operation is known as wet batching. Another type
is used to charge the sand, aggregate, and cement to flat bed
trucks, which transport the batch to paving machines where
water is added and mixing takes place; this operation is known
as dry batching. A third type employs the use of a central mix
plant, from which wet concrete is delivered to the pouring site
in open dump trucks. Dust control equipment and hooding and
ventilation requirements for each plant are discussed. Filters
may be used to control dust emissions in wet concrete
batching plants. No hooding and ventilation requirements are
necessary. Dry batching plants present more difficult control
problems. A local exhaust system with an efficient dust collec-
tor is required to control a dry batching plant adequately. This
is a difficult operation to hood without interfering with the
truck's movement or the batch operator's view. A canopy type
hood just large enough to cover one compartment at a time
provides effective dust pickup and affords adequate visibility.
A baghouse is the most suitable type of dust collector for this
service. A hydraulically operated, swing-away cone-shaped
hood is normally used with a 2 inch clearance between the
hood and mixer in central mix batching plants. A baghouse is
required to collect the dust emissions. From an air pollution
standpoint, the central mix batching plant is preferable to dry
batching. The dust is more easily captured and there is no
generation of dust at the pouring site. The operation is also
preferable to wet batching because designing control equip-
ment for a stationary mixer is easier then it is for a transit mix
truck-loading area.
09807
Vincent, Edwin J.
CEMENT-HANDLING EQUIPMENT. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS Pub-999-AP-40, p. 339-340, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
The equipment involved in the operation of a bulk cement
plant which receives, stores, transships or bags cement in-
cludes hoppers, bins, screw conveyors, elevators, and pneu-
matic conveying equipment. Its main purpose is usually to
tranfer cement from one type of carrier to another, such as
from railway cars to trucks or ships. In the handling of ce-
ment, a dust problem can occur if proper equipment or hood-
ing is not used. Hooding and ventilation requirements of
receiving hoppers, storage and receiving bins, elevators and
screw conveyors, and hopper trucks and car loading are
discussed. A baghouse has been found to be the most satisfac-
tory dust collector for handling the ventilation points. All
sources are normally ducted to a single baghouse.
Vincent, Edwin J.
ROCK AND GRAVEL AGGREGATE PLANTS. In: Air Pollu-
tion Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub- 999-AP-40, p. 340-342, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
Rock and gravel aggregate plants supply sand and variously
sized aggregates for the construction and paving industries.
The processing of the gravel consists of screening out the usa-
ble size and crushing the oversize into various size ranges. A
simplified flow diagram for a typical plant is shown. An inven-
tory of sources of dust emissions in rock and gravel plants
usually begins with the first crusher and continues with the
conveyor transfer points to and including the succeeding
crushers. Here the rock is more finely ground, and dust emis-
sions become greater. As the process continues, dust emis-
sions are again prevalent from sources at conveyor transfer
points and at the final screens. The points that require hooding
and ventilation are the crusher discharge points, all elevator
and belt conveyor transfer points, and all screens. All these
dust sources should be enclosed as nearly completely as possi-
ble and a minimum indraft velocity of 200 fpm should be
maintained through all open areas. One method of suppressing
the dust emissions consists of using water to keep the material
moist at all stages of processing; the other, of using a local ex-
haust system and a dust collector at all sources. The preferred
dust collector device is a baghouse. A combination of a dry
centrifugal collector and a wet scrubber is sometimes used. A
centrifugal collector alone would allow a considerable amount
of very fine dust to be emitted to the atmosphere. A scrubber
of good design is required, therefore, to prevent such emis-
sions.
09914
Hankin, Montagu, Jr.
VARIOUS METHODS OF DUST COLLECTION AT STONE
PLANTS. Preprint, Grove (M.J.) Lime Co., Lime Kim, Md
((35))p., 2966. 5 refs. (Presented at the 49th Annual Conven-
tion, National Association, Chicago, 111., Feb. 6-10, 1966.)
The sources and types of dust generated in the stone
processing industry are discussed. Diagrams and operating
ranges are presented for the following dust control equipment:
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, cyclones, packed
towers, wet centrifugal collectors, venturi-type collectors, and
wet dynamic precipitators. Methods are also considered for
controlling dust from roads, from roads.
09950
Okuma, R., and H. Shimazu
AIR-POLLUTION PREVENTION IN CEMENT WORKS. Test
in Japanese Netsu Kami (Heat Engineering) (Tokyo), 19(4):18-
26, April 1967.
Air pollution devices for Japanese kilns and dryers are
reviewed. Electric dust collecting devices for cement kilns are
said to be over 98.5% efficient. Six different types of rotary
kiln (used mainly in Japan) and different types of dryers are il-
lustrated. The main dust collecting devices are electrostatic
collector (for kiln and dryer): multiclone (for cooler, ventila-
tor, or dryer); starclone (for rapid dryer); cyclone (for coal
dryer); wet system (for dryer); Venturi scrubber (for dryer);
and bag filter (for crusher, conveyor, or wrapper). Some larger
factories in Japan are restricted by law as to S03 and SO2
content in the exhaust gas (22% of SO2 and SO3 per 1 gram of
soot). The analysis of exhaust gas from a cement factory is
given; particle size distribution of cement dust and a chemical
analysis of collected dust are also given. Exhaust gas from ce-
ment factories generally does not exceed the legal limit for
SO2 and SO3. Studies have shown that cement dust is not
harmful to animals or plants, but efforts to minimize dust fall
are continuing.
12347
Plass, Robert J. and Harold H. Haaland
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS IN THE CEMENT IN-
DUSTRY. Preprint, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park,
29p., 1957. (Presented at the Electrostatic Precipitation
Seminar, University Park, Pa., June 16-21, 1957.)
The applications and problems of electrostatic precipitators in
cement plants are reviewed. Precipitators have a variety of
uses in these plants, including collection of dust from coal
handling systems, emissions from rock and shale drying, and
cleaning effluen air from modem air-swept raw and finish
grinding mills. By far th greatest problem, however, is the
cleaning of dust from kiln gases. The specifics of the problem
vary, depending on the kind of plant and kiln and the raw
material source. Although the quantity of dust to be removed
is a management decision which must depend on individualO
plant and community factors, as a general frame of reference
there has been wide acceptance for a relatively clean stack at
about 0.05-0.06 gr/CF for low alkali content effluents, and at
about 0.025-0.03 gr/CF for higher alkali content effluents. Raw
feed problems, exemplified by alkali volatilization, are
discussed, as well as sulfur oxides from the presence of sulfur
kiln feed and in fuel. Difficulties related to the major cement
making systems in current use, including wet process, filter
cake feed, dry process, wet nodulizing kiln, and Fuller-Hum-
boldt preheat, are examined in some detail, and progress in
precipitator design as it applies to Othe cement industry is
described.
13946
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Committee on Air Pollution
PROCESS FLOW SHEETS AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROLS. Cincinnati, American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1961, 40p. 33 refs.
A variety of industrial processes, described in the text and il-
lustrated by flow charts, are categorized according to the
odors or pollutants produced by each stage of plant opera-
tions. Appropriate primary and secondary air cleaning equip-
ment, including dry centrifuges, wet scrubbers, and fabric and
electrostatic filters, are matched to each operation and evalu-
ated as satisfactory or not satisfactory. The suggested controls
have applications for asphalt and cement plants, gray iron or
malleable foundry operations, the milling of asbestos ores, al-
falfa dehydrating plant operations, coffee processing, iron and
steel making, and scavenger-type rendering processes. Sug-
gested reference sources are included for each process.
14289
Hohmann, Hans and Horst Huckauf
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SYSTEM CACO3-SO2-H2O(D) IN
CONNECTION WITH PROBLEMS OF DUST AND SO2
EMISSION FROM CEMENT KILNS. (Untersuchungen zum
System CaCO3-SO2-H2O(d) in Verbindung mit Problemen der
Staub- und SO2-Emission von Zementbrennaefen). Text in
German. Silikat Tech., 20(5): 148-155,1969. 23 refs.
The four alkali earth carbonates (CaCOS, travertine,
limestone, and dolomite) were studied with respect to their ad-
sorption of sulfur dioxide and water vapor using gas chro-
matography. It was found that CaCO3 dried at 180 C at first
adsorbs considerable quantities of SO2 from a SO2 and CO2-
containing gas. The SO2 adsorption isotherms found by the
frontal gas chromatographic process of G. Schay all belonged
to type I of Brunauer's classification. Water vapor adsorption
of all four carbonates was determined at 20, 40, 60, and 80 C.
The water vapor adsorption isotherms were found to belong to
type n of Brunauer's classification. Studies by the gas chro-
matographic pulsed flow method showed that SO2 adsorption
by the system CaC03-SO2-H2O at temperatures ranging from
0 to 100 C occurs at relative water vapor partial pressures of
almost 1.0. Chemical conversion of SO2 to calcium sulfite oc-
curs at partial pressures down to zero. This leads to the con-
clusion that formation of the adsorbed water vapor into a
three dimensional fluid at the absorbent surface is a more
thorough process than all known theories concerning water
vapor adsorption on solids have anticipated. A critical relative
water vapor partial pressure for calcium sulfate formation was
found at 0.50, above which higher chemical activity occurs.
Calcium sulfite (at oxidation) or calcium sulfate solidifies cal-
cium carbonate dust and changes its surface properties. Cloth
filters and electrostatic precipitators are thus hampered in their
function. Five known types of waste gas of desulfurization are
discussed.
14425
Hodgkiss, J. E.
SOME ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND THE CEMENT
INDUSTRY. S. African Mech. Eng. (Johannesburg),
18(10):265-267, May 1969. 4 refs.
The ways in which dust can be suppressed or collected at al-
most every stage of the cement-making process are illustrated.
These methods are designed to meet the requirements of the
South African Air Pollution Prevention Act of 1965. Major
sources of dust to be controlled include the quarrying of raw
materials, the crushing plant, mill ventilation, stack emission
from the burning process, coal drying and grinding, bagging
and dispatch, in-plant transport systems and storage of raw
materials, and surface dust on roads and roofs. Particular at-
tention is given to the cyclone system for mill ventilation, the
electrostatic precipitator used to reduce stack emissions from
the kiln, and the stack whose height and diameter were deter-
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10
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
mined after theoretical calculations of dust deposition patterns.
The installation of cyclones to remove coarse particles and of
additional plates and electrodes on the precipitator commis-
sioned in 1966, have reduced stack emissions to 86 mg/cu m at
standard temperature and pressure.
15629
Eisner, Joachim H.
DUST EXTRACTION IN CEMENT WORKS. (Enstaubung von
Zementwerken). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
13(ll):433-439, 1969.
Various dust separators used in cement factories, and their
structural design and special uses are discussed. The operating
principles and various components of electrostatic precipita-
tors, cyclones, and packed towers are reviewed. Electrostatic
precipitators, which have become the most efficient dust
separators for the cement industry, may be horizontal or verti-
cal to the flow of gas. The vertical type must have a larger
filter surface. The ventilator here is usually installed in the ex-
haust gas duct, which leads to more rapid wear. This version
is advantageous only if there is danger of explosion; other-
wise, the horizontal type is preferable in all respects. Cyclones
are now used in a cement factory only for preliminary dust
separation. Their collection efficiency is improved by a larger
specific weight of the dust, a larger speed, smaller cyclone
diameters, larger dust grains, and by a lower dynamic viscosi-
ty of the carrier gas. They can be used for dust concentrations
of less than 1000 g/cu m. Packed towers can be used only at
temperatures below 350 C; collection efficiencies of 99.9% can
be obtained, and the dust content can be reduced to 50 mg/cu
m, but their costs run extremely high. In almost all instances
in the cement industry, the high collection efficiency can be
more economically obtained with electrostatic precipitators.
15728
Betta, Vittorio and Francesco Reale
A STUDY ON LIGHT TRANSMISSION OF LAYERS OF
DUST PARTICLES AND ON CORRELATIONS TO BE USED
IN DISCOLORATION METHODS FOR EFFICIENCY TEST-
ING OF FILTER DEVICES. (Studio della trasparenza di
deposit! di polveri per le correlazioni nei metodi colorimetrici
di misura dell'efficienza di filtrazione). Text in Italian. Ter-
motecnica (Milan), 23(6):295-317, 1969. 3 refs. (Presented at
the 23rd National ATI Congress, Bologna, Sept. 24-28, 1968.)
A study of the transparency of deposits of dust is presented,
to be used for correlations with colorimetric methods for mea-
suring the effectiveness of air filtration. Theoretical and practi-
cal descriptions are presented related to testing the effective-
ness of air filters in removing dust particles of various sizes
and materials from the air passing through them. The method
depends on the measurement of opacity of trapped particles.
Experiments are described using aerosols from cement (5-25
microns in diameter); talcum (3 microns); iron oxide (3
microns); and graphite (1 micron).
15759
Frauenfelder, A.
WHAT HAS BEEN DONE BY THE SWISS CEMENT INDUS-
TRY TO ELIMINATE THE DUST PROBLEM EN THEIR DIF-
FERENT WORKS. (Was hat die schweizerisc Zementindustrie
fuer die Entstaubung ihrer Werke getan). Text in German. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 58(11):501-504, Nov. 1969. 3
refs.
There are only 18 cement works in Switzerland with relatively
small capacities and only one kiln producing more than 1000
tons per day. Since 1950, this industry made great strides in air
pollution control. The Swiss Association of Cement, Lime,
and Gypsum Producers established their own rules for dust
emissions in 1963 which were binding for members. Clean
gases from new installations should not have more than 75-100
mg dust/cu m. Older plants have until 1973 to reduce their
emissions to 100-150 mg dust/cu m. A federal law states that
only plants which meet these requirements obtain approval
from the Authorities of the Canton. In all cement works meet-
ing the emission standards, adequate dust collection devices
are in operation. The sources of dust in the cement works,
adequate dust collection equipment, and costs were discussed.
Equipment includes bag filters for dry dust and gases at low
temperatures, electrical precipitators for the cleaning of waste
gases from kilns, and raw material dryers. Installation difficul-
ties from corrosion and methods for the correction of the
problem were described. Multicyclones and gravel bed filters
also have special applications in the dedusting of clinker
coolers. It was concluded that many Swiss cement works are
clean and by 1973, all cement works will meet emission stan-
dards. (Author summary modified)
15957
Mel'nik, M. N.
MEASURES FOR SANITATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN
THE UKRAINE. (Meropriyatiya po ozdorovleniyu atmosfer-
nogo vozdukha na Ukraine). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation
Measures Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of
Cities. (Ozdorovleniye vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov
gorodov). Government Committee on Civil Building and
Architecture (ed.), Lecture series no. 2, Kiev, Budivel'nik,
1968, p. 17-18.
Control measures instituted at cement plants in Dneprodzerz-
hinsk and Krivorozhsk have given significant reduction in
quantities of dust emitted into the atmosphere. The ore en-
richment combine at Krivorozhsk was provided with dust con-
trol equipment which resulted in a substantial recovery of iron.
Effective gas purification measures at the Kramatorsk Metal-
lurgy Plant and at the Zaporozhstal Martensite Furnace No. 2
are also reported. Failures at pollution control have occurred
at some locations, especially in the Donbass, because the ac-
tual efficiency of control equipment has been significantly
below the design values, or else already existing pollution
sources were not adequately accounted for.
16446
Vypov, A. I. and G. N. Makarets
PROTECTION OF THE AIR AND WATER BASINS AT
NOVOKUZNETSK. (Zashchita vozdushnogo i vodnogo bas-
seynov v novokuznetske). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Mea-
sures Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Ci-
ties. (Ozdorovleniye vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov
gorodov). Government Committee on Civil Building and
Architecture (ed.), Lecture series no. 2, Kiev, Budivel 'nik,
1968, p.37-38.
An overall examination of the pollution problems of Novokuz-
netsk was made in 1965-1966 by the Deputy Commission on
Natural Conservation and the Presidium of the Novokuznetsk
Branch of the Association for Natural Conservation. Dust
emission from the Kuznetsk cement plant was 260 tons per
day in 1962; it was reduced to 50 tons per day by the end of
1966, and the installation of electrofilters at two roasting fur-
naces in 1968 reduced emission to 10 tons per day. Measures
were also taken to reduce emission from the aluminum and
iron-smelting plants. Efforts at pollution control in this city are
regarded as successful and similar measures are recommended
for other Soviet cities.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
11
17402
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION RESULT OF AN ELECTRIC PRECIPITATOR IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (V) - AHt
POLLUTION IN CERAMIC INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni
mini denkishujinsochi no setsubikeikaku to untenkoka (V) -
Yogyohin seisan ni tomonau haigasu no jogai). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(3):165-174,
March 15, 1967. 28 refs.
Dust generated in the manufacturing of cement is high in elec-
tric resistivity and has an erosive property. A rotary dryer
generates high amounts of dust whose apparent resistivity va-
ries considerably with the treatment of the raw material. A ro-
tary kiln generates dust the apparent resistivity of which is
high. By considering such variabilities, an effective dust col-
lecting system can be designed. Dust generated by a packer is
a part of the final product and has to be precipitated and col-
lected by a special dust collector. An electric precipitator is
usually controlled by reading the voltage of the transformer
and the amperage of the discharge-amperemeter. For the most
effective operation of the precipitator, a precipitative voltme-
ter has to be used. The spark-count controlling method can be
adopted for the dust of low resistivity. Plumes or smut result
when precipitating efficiency is not satisfactorily high. In the
carbonic industry, the production of electrodes for metal refin-
ing and other purposes and the production of carbon black
have to be considered first with respect to air-pollution
prevention. Dust generated in the manufacturing of electrodes
is low in electric resistivity, has little cohesive power, and
contains some higher boiling hydrocarbon; thus, a stabilizer is
necessary. Dust generated in the manufacturing of carbon
black can not be precipitated by an electric precipitator
because of its special properties, but it can be precipitated by
a special unit system of dust collectors. In other parts of the
ceramic industry, it is easy to precipitate dust by an electric
precipitator, but most of the factories are small in scale so
special methods of treatment are necessary.
17750
Funke, G.
POLLUTION AND NUISANCE CONTROL ACTmTIES. (Aus
dem Arbeitsgebiet Emissionen). Text in German. Zement-
Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 57(5):209-219, May 1968. 9 refs.
(Presented at the Technical Meeting of the Vereins Deutscheer
Zementwerke, Karlsruhe, Germany, Sept. 27, 1967.)
Dust removal equipment in the cement industry has improved.
Multicyclones can be efficiently used to collect dust from
cooler exhaust air if blockage and excess wear are prevented.
Mixing-bed filters with increased operational reliability are
also used for dust collection from cooler exhaust air. New
developments are fluidized bed filters and hot-gas dry filters
with mineral wool as the filter medium. Longer filter fabric
life was attained with new types of cleaning mechanisms.
Electrostatic precipitators are not always in continuous opera-
tion due to unfavorable gas and dust conditions which produce
a limit of 150 mg/N cu m. Precipitators are also affected by
corrosion of the internal fittings and filter chambers. Electro-
static precipitators for rotary kilns with air suspension pre-
heaters should be equipped with evaporative coolers in order
to cool and moisten gases when direct kiln operation is em-
ployed. Regulations aimed at combating noise will necessitate
measures to reduce noise, particularly in wet-process plants.
The vibrations caused by blasting in quarries are continually
measured in order to enable the requisite technical precautions
for reducing the vibration velocities to be established. (Author
summary modified)
18160
Herod, Buren C.
NCSA'S DUST CONTROL SEMINARS REFLECT INDUS-
TRY'S CONCERN WITH EFFECTIVE MEASURES. Pit and
Quarry, 61(12): 118-124, June 1969.
Several reports given at two seminars on dust control
technology for producers in the stone industry are reviewed.
Dry mechanical collectors, including the inertia!, settling
chamber, and centrifugal, were identified. Centrifugal collec-
tors are most affected by particle size. They are most effective
in collecting material in the 10 to 200-micron range. Wet scrub-
bers usually act as an after cleaner for mechanical collectors.
Various inherent advantages of wet scrubbers were cited.
Scrubbers have the ability to collect particles in the submicron
range. A comprehensive review of fabric collector fundamen-
tals covers the theory of fabric filtration, types of fabrics, fac-
tors in the selection of proper fabric, operation of this type of
collector, and proper maintenance procedures. The principles
of operation, along with a physical description of the basic
components, plus a review of factors affecting performance of
electrostatic precipitation were presented. The effective con-
trol of dust by wet suppression techniques also was reviewed.
19210
Matsuda, Norikazu
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY
FLUORIDE. (Fukkasuiso oyobi kakushu fukkabutsu niyoru
taikiosen no taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 6(7):509-514, July 15, 1970.
Sources of fluoride pollutants include aluminum refining and
phosphate fertilizer, brick, glass, glass-fiber, steel, and cement
manufacturing. Fluorides emissions from an aluminum refinery
and a phosphate fertilizer plant, both subject to large numbers
of damage claims, are shown in a block diagram. Examples of
fluoride pollution by the Showa Denko plants in Fukushima
and Chiba and Sumitomo Chemicals in Ehime are presented.
Regulations applicable to pollutant sources in Osaka and Fu-
kushima Prefectures are noted. A common method of
processing fluorine compounds is the use of caustic soda.
Fluorine becomes sodium fluoride, which is subsequently con-
verted to calcium fluoride by lime. In aluminum refineries, the
recovery rate of fluorine by the method is over 99%. Exhaust
gas, however, shows a recovery rate of only 60-70%, even in
factories equipped with a recovery device. If the density at the
source is lowered to several ppm, the use of chimnneys
around 200-m high will reduce the ground concentration to .1
ppb. At present, the recovery of fluorides is accomplished by
wet methods, which give rise to mists such as hydrofluoric
acid. The efficient processing of the mist is a future problem.
Since the demand for aluminum is predicted to be 2,000,000
tons in 1975, an increase in aluminum refineries is expected. In
the process of construction, future refineries must be
thoroughly evaluated for fluoride pollution.
19240
Deynat, Gerard
DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION OF ALKALIS
FROM THE ESCAPE GASES OF A CEMENT KILN. (Societe
des Forges et Ateliers du Creusot, Paris (France) U. S. Pat.
3,503,187. 4p., March 31, 1970. 9 refs. (Appl. Aug. 2, 1968, 1
claim).
A device for the continuous removal of alkalis from the waste
gases of cement kilns is described. It consists of an outlet duct
for the gases and a curtain formed by a number of metal
chains. The two runs of the chains are wound on a return
wheel immersed in a tank containing water for washing and
-------
12
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
cooling the chains. The two tanks have double walls to allow
cooling by the circulation of washing and cooling liquid, the
temperature of which is maintained at 50-60 C. This ac-
celerates the dissolving of the alkalis entrained by the chains
and reduces the effects of thermal shocks. The tanks have
hoppers for recovering the dust collected by the chains; the
chains pass over glide wheels in the upper part of the hopper,
and dust is collected in the lower part. To complet the sealing
tightness and to prevent fresh air from entering the ducting,
the device can include two pressure detectors in the ducting
and casing, respectively. A comparator of the pressures then
controls a regulating chain which controls a shutter in the duct
for fresh air, so that the duct pressure is always slightly higher
than the casing pressure. The air introduced into the casing is
evacuated by a fan which draws air through a filter which en-
trains fine dusts. Larger dust particles, released from the
chains by nozzles and brushes, are collected in a recovery
hopper situated in the lower part of the casing.
20014
Wasilewski, L., J. Z. Zaleski, A. Kaczorowski, and W.
Badzynski
THE METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
AND PORTLAND CEMENT FROM GYPSUM. (Otrzymywanie
dwutlenku siarki i cementu portlandzkiego z gipsu). Text in
Polish. Przemysl Chem., vol. 18:633-647, 1934. 15 refs.
The decomposition of gypsum was studied on laboratory,
semi-technical, and plant scales. Laboratory studies deter-
mined the effect of temperature and of additions of carbon,
silcion dioxide, and iron and aluminum oxides on the rate of
calcium sulfate decomposition. The effect of carbon and iron
oxides was most prominent. The effectiveness of CaSO4
decomposition as dependent upon coke, clay, and iron ore ad-
dition in varying amounts was studied in a four-meter-long
rotating furnace at different temperatures. The agreement with
the lab results was good. At the same time, the concentration
of S02 in exhaust gases was determined for each separate ex-
periment. At 1200 deg, it was about 3.5 %. The plant testing
was carried out in a 40-meter-long furnace. When appropriate
amounts of coke are added, the most favorable conditions of
decomposition result, yielding SO2 in concentrations high
enough for H2SO4 production; as a byproduct, Portland ce-
ment is obtained. The excessive addition of coke results in
CaS formation in the firing remnant, thus lowering clinker
quality. Insufficient amounts of coke yield clinker with a high
content of CaSO4; thus, effectiveness of gypsum decomposi-
tion is lowered. The optimum amount of coke when the clinker
is free of CaS depends on the temperature and firing condi-
tions. The results of the study can serve as a basis for indus-
trial design of H2SO4 and Portland cement production from
gypsum.
20188
Squires, B. J.
FABRIC FILTER DUST COLLECTORS. THEIR USE IN THE
VENTILATING, STEEL, NON-FERROUS METAL, CEMENT,
POWER STATION AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. Filtration
Separation (Purley), 1967:228-239, May/June 1967. (Presented
at the Meeting of the Filtration Society, Manchester, Jan. 17.)
Design aspects, industrial applications, and development of
new fabrics for fabric filter dust collectors are reviewed.
Fabric collectors are of three kinds: screen type filters,
reverse jet or blow back filters at high filtering ratios, and tu-
bular filters at normal filtering ratios; the latter are in most
general usage, have undergone considerable recent develop-
ment, and are described in detail. Theoretical criteria for
fabric selections are noted. Some typical fabric filter installa-
tions are discussed. The use of a pre-coat filter aid in fabric
filters to achieve very high cleaning efficiencies when filtering
air and gas streams with low dust concentrations, such as the
cleaning of atmospheric air for special ventilating systems, is
one new application which has opened new fields for this
equipment in the sewage, pharmaceutical, and steel industries.
Particular attention is paid to the use of fabric filter dust col-
lectors to clean high temperature gases and to applications in
the cement, non-ferrous, smelting, and carbon black indus-
tries.
20674
Abelitis, Andris
APPARATUS FOR HEAT TREATING CEMENT RAW
MATERIAL OR PRECIPITATED WASTE LIME CONTAIN-
ING COMBUSTIBLE CONSTITUENT. (Klockner-Humbold
Deutz A. G., Cologne (West Germany) U. S. Pat. 3,491,991.
3p. Jan. 27, 1970.1 ref. (Appl. Oct. 30, 1967, 4 claims).
Apparatus is described for heat treating cement raw material
or precipitated waste lime material containing combustible
constituents, wherein the waste gas pipe or duct is given a
special construction to achieve complete combustion of the
carbon material. By providing the waste gas duct or pipe with
a downcomer portion descending to and connecting with the
separator and having a larger cross section than a riser por-
tion, the material is entrained and upwardly driven by the
waste gases in the riser portion at a greater velocity than the
velocity in the downcomer portion of the waste gas duct. An
initmate intermixture and uniform distribution of the material
over the entire cross section is produced. Since the flow of the
gas in the descending portion of the waste gas duct or pipe is
in a downward direction, there is no danger of the material
tending to bake together even for relatively slow flow veloci-
ties, so that slow gas velocities and relatively lengthy periods
during which the material is present within the waste gas duct
are permitted. The cross section of the descending portion can
be such that the gas velocity is only between approximately 1-
5 meters per second. Thus, the combustible carbon con-
stituents are certain to be consumed while the cement raw
material is carried by the waste gas flow in suspension through
the waste gas duct.
20756
Deussner, Herbert
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REMOVING DUST FROM EX-
HAUST GASES. (Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz A. G., Cologne
(West Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,485,012. 4p., Dec. 23, 1969. 5
refs. (Appl. March 11, 1968, 7 claims).
A method for removing dust from the exhaust gases of a ce-
ment manufacturing installation is based on increasing the
dewpoint of the gases. After leaving a raw-powder-preheater,
the gases are conducted to the lower portion of a vertically ex-
tending moistening compartment. Water in an excess amount
is sprayed into the upwardly moving gas stream and the excess
water is loaded with dust collects in a sump at the bottom of
the compartment. A pump withdraws the muddy water from
the sump and discharges it first to nozzles tangentially extend-
ing into the sump to circulate its contents and then to the
upper portion of the compartment to wet the inner wall.
Another pump conveys a portion of the muddy water from the
sump to the raw-powder-preheater at a point before the one
where the raw powder is introduced. (Author abstract
modified)
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B. CONTROL METHODS
13
21187
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS EVUSTRIES
(TV). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE CERAMIC IN-
DUSTRY (I). (Gyoshubetsu ni mum rokashiki shujinsochi no
keikaku to untenjisshirey (TV) - yogyo ni okeru baggu-firuta
(sono I). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 4(6):385-389, June 15, 1968.
A baghouse is the most suitable type of dust collector for the
cement industry. The raw-material mixer, the kiln exhaust, the
clinker cooler, the clinker storage, the finishing mill, the
packer, the tanker, and the cement-receiving station are the
possible emission points in a cement plant. The operational
conditions of bag filters installed at these points are reviewed.
Dust from a dry-type kilm results from the finely powdered
material. In the American plant described, the bag filters are
located at the top of the silo to control dust created in convey-
ing and mixing processes. Since multi-cyclones have low col-
lection efficiencies, baghouses are being increasingly used to
control the large volumes of dust emitted by the clinker
cooler. The cement product which comes from the finishing
mill is swept through the separator, cyclone, and the
baghouse; in this process, the baghouse plays the most impor-
tant role. With reference to the baghouse for the packer, the
hood method is considered. Also noted is the ability of the
baghouse to deal with an airstream the inlet concentration of
which is several kgm per cu m, despite predictions to the con-
trary.
21292
Arras, K.
EVAPORATIVE COOLERS FOR ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIWTATORS IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. (Verdamp-
fungskuehler fuer Elektrofilter der Zermentidustrie). Text in
German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 59(3): 106-112, March
1970. 5 refs. (Presented at a meeting of the Committee on
Emissions of the German Cement Industry, Duesseldorf, Feb.
6,1970.)
In the cement industry, waste gases must be conditioned (i.e.,
reducing the temperature of the waste gas and simultaneously
increasing the moisture content) to reduce dust resistance.
This measure is necessary to assure high collection efficiency
of the electrostatic precipitator. Roughly 0.5 g water/cu m gas
are needed to reduce the gas temperature by 1 C. For calcula-
tion of the volume of the evaporative cooler, the time required
for evaporation of the injected droplets must be known. The
equation by Gumz indicates that the evaporation time is pro-
portional to the square of the maximum droplet diameter. Cal-
culation of the volume as a function of the input and output
conditions is more precise. There are four types of coolers:
uniflow and counterflow coolers, with bottom to top or top to
bottom flow. The cooler most commonly used in the cement
industry is the uniflow type where the gas inlet and the water
injection device is installed in the top. Of the various types of
nozzles, the so called 'return pipe nozzle' has proved to be
most advantageous because the droplet size does not increase
when the throughput decreases. The water enters tangentially
into a cylindrical chamber and cannot leave through the noz-
zle, since the diameter of the return pipe is larger than the
nozzle opening. If the pipe cross section id changed by a sim-
ple shutter, so that the inner diameter of the water rotating in
the chamber becomes smaller than the nozzle outlet, the water
leaves through the outlet and is atomized. The quantity of
water injected with such a nozzle can be controlled by chang-
ing the water quantity in the return pipe. The advantages and
disadvantages of conventional type nozzles and the possibili-
ties of controlling the sprayed amount of water are likewise
discussed. Examples of the arrangement of evaporative
coolers behind heat-exchanger kilns with combined drying and
grinding mills are presented.
22351
Trauffer, Walter E.
MAINE'S NEW DUST-FREE CRUSHED STONE PLANT. Pit
Quarry, 63(2):96-100, Aug. 1970.
Most aggregates producers have, or eventually will have,
problems with encroaching residential or industrial areas,
tightening and changing specifications, and increasing their
output. One crushed stone plant was able to solve these other
problems by completely rebuilding the plant to produce more -
- and finer - sizes of stone, and taking drastic steps to reduce
noise and blasting vibration, to control all plant and incidental
dust, to shield operations from public view, and to prevent
water pollution. The important environmental features and
practices include complete wet and dry dust collecting
systems; the dustproofing of all haul roads (with reclaimed
oil); noise shielding with acoustical treatment at the primary
crusher; and the use of old conveyer belting at impact points.
The combination of wet and dry dust collecting system has
completely eliminated any problem with neighbors or em-
ployees. A wet system with a spray nozzle is used at the pri-
mary crusher when necessary. The dry system, which effec-
tively controls and collects dust in the rest of the plant, com-
prises 456 cotton sateen tubes, with a total bag area of 6338
square feet, an intermittent shaker system, three slide
discharge valves and hoppers, a size 30 AAF exhauster, and a
75-hp motor. The duct system maintains the required suction
at the eight collecting points. These are at the three cone
crushers, the scalping screens, the twin sizing screens, and the
shuttle and transfer conveyers. The 6000-12,000 Ibs of dust
collected each day are currently hauled to a pond on the plant
site, but markets for it are being developed.
22500
Conrad, Guenter
PROBLEMS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH
SMOKESTACKS IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC. (Probleme beim Bau hoher Schornsteine in der
DDR). Text in German. Energietechnik, 17(12):550-551, Dec.
1967.
Problems connected with the designing and construction of
high industrial smokestacks as they emerged during the
planning of the construction of a 300 m high steel-concrete
smokestack for the Boehlen II power plant in East Berlin are
discussed. This height was necessary if the ground sulfur diox-
ide concentration was not to increase above its present levels
with the projected draught capacity of 7.5 million cu m flue
gas per hour. Decisive for the steadiness of so high a structure
was the correct determination of the wind stress factor which
was calculated from data about wind currents, velocity, and
frequency supplied by the Meteorological Service and from
wind tunnel experiments. A concrete lining reinforced by lo-
cally available materials is foreseen for the flue gas duct
proper to be built inside the static smokestack column. The
empty space between the flue and the column is designed to
reduce the heat stress on the structure and will permit easy in-
spection of the lining. While present technology permits a
daily erection of 2.5 m of the structure with the protective lin-
ing being constructed with the help of a separate scaffolding,
specially constructed sliding shells foreseen for this construc-
tion are expected to increase the daily construction of both the
column and the lining to 4 to 6 m.
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14
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
22523
Lyn, Andrew Van der
PRESCRIPTION FOR CEMENT PLANT DUST CONTROL.
Rock Prod., vol. 73:73, 76-78, 80, 86, 87, Aug. 1970.
Prevention, or effective control, of the fine particulate matter
generated in the portland cement industry involves enclosure
of the dust, conveying lines, and collection at the terminal end
of the lines. An adequate air flow velocity to assure capture of
these particles is generally considered to be 200 fpm, and total
air volume for any particular dust generating operation is
readily arrived at merely by multiplying the 200 fpm velocity
by the actual open face area in sq ft to obtain the total volume
in cfm. Normally, round ducts are used for minimum static
control when conveying the captured dust. Large radius seg-
mented elbows, rather than abrupt 90 deg elbows, should be
used, as well as branch pipes which enter at no more than 45
deg with the preferred entry angle being 30 deg or less. Dust
conveying lines should be as straight as possible, with the
minimum number of changes in direction, and a minimum
transport velocity of 3500 fpm should be maintained in the
branches and main header. A reference table for dust collector
selection is presented tabularly. Electrostatic precipitators are
high-voltage, high-efficiency units, with efficiency as high as
99.99% if the precipitator is properly designed and sized.
Woven, graphited, silicone glass bags in the form of tubes or
stockings enjoy wide use on high temperature dust control ap-
plications up to 550 F. Felted fabrics have a multiplicity of
much finer pores than woven fabrics, but, they must be com-
bined with a means of thorough and very frequent cleaning.
An operation utilizing a series of traveling rings is explained.
22997
Lyn, Andrew van der
PRESCRIPTION FOR CEMENT PLANT DUST CONTROL,
PART 2. Rock Prod., 73(9):118-120, 136-138, Sept. 1970. Part
1. Ibid, Aug. 1970.
The cement industry has done little to control and collect dust
generated by the primary crusher or by the mechanical materi-
al handling equipment that conveys the product of the primary
crusher to further processing and storage. These operations
are suitable for ventilation with cloth dust collectors of either
the woven fabric shaker type, incorporating cotton sateen or
Dacron cloth; or a reverse pulse jet venturi equipped with
Dacron or wool felt. With inlet baffles incorporated, these col-
lectors are also suitable for the areas of raw material grinding
and blending, the filling of raw material proportioning bins,
and material withdrawal by proportional feeders. The kiln is
the major producer of particulate matter in air float dust, and
mechanical separators are normally required ahead of either
precipitators or glass bag collectors to reduce the dust load
from the kiln. Where waste heat boiler are employed on kiln
exit gases, reverse pulse jet venturi scrubbers should be con-
sidered. Precipitators and woven glass bag collectors have
been well applied to reduce dust loading from a clinker cooler,
but the use of cyclones or other pre-separators should be con-
sidered. The applications of shaker collectors and the reverse
pulse jet venturi in the handling of clinker and gypsum from
cooler to storage and from storage to proportioning and to the
grinding mill are noted. Also indicated is the relationship
betwee grain loadings and temperature and dust control
requirements.
23127
Schwanecke, Rudolf
HOW HIGH ARE THE COSTS OF Am POLLUTION CON-
TROL? (Wie teuer ist die Luftreinhaltung?) Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(7):286-289, July 1970. 2 refs.
Examples of the cost of air pollution are cited. A plant
producing bituminous highway surfacing material emits 100
g/N cu m dust. To produce a ton of surfacing material approx-
imately 500 N cu m/t hot combustion gases are generated. A
medium-sized plant with an hourly output of 50 t/h and a
waste quality of 25,000 N cu m/h emits 2500 kg dust per h.
The investment in a good dust-arrester installation of 99.9% ef-
ficiency consisting of a battery of cyclones as preliminary
separators and a high-efficiency dust arrester comes to about
82,000 DM for the whole plant. The dust is reclaimed almost
completely in a dry state. It can be returned into the produc-
tion cycle and replace ground limestone as a filler. On this ba-
sis, the pollution control installation will pay for itself in 1 1/2
years. Similar calculations are presented for examples involv-
ing the cost of control installations in a chemical plant manu-
facturing toxic compounds, in the manufacturing of cement
and in the petrochemical industry (olefins or acetylene produc-
tion). In all cases the value of the reclaimed materials or the
saving in the cost of high stacks for example which would be
necessary if no pollution control equipment existed more than
make up for the initial investment in pollution equipment.
23364
Weber, Ekkehard
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL (SERIES 5). (Jahresuebersicht Reinhaltung der
Luft (5. Folge). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf),
56(12):372-377, June 5, 1969. 88 refs.
A survey is given of literature covering a vast scope of air pol-
lution problems, including legislation, governmental regula-
tions, measurement of the content of sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide dust fall, etc. in various parts of Germany, France,
Italy, and other countries. The emissions of dust and gases
from various industries are discussed, including the types of
equipment used for their control, such as dry and wet
processes, electrostatic filters, and bag filters. Measuring
techniques are also reviewed.
23616
Vance, Rupert C.
DO-IT-YOURSELF DUST SUPPRESSION SYSTEM SAVES
MONEY. Plant Eng., 24(15):84-85, July 1970.
High levels of dust generation have long been associated with
the stone processing industry, but a Massachusetts stone com-
pany designed and built their own dust suppression system for
approximately $1500. Since their well and main pump were too
far from the plant to provide sufficient pressure and volume,
they mounted a used 20,000 gal glass-lined tank on a concrete
block foundation alongside one of their crusher control
houses. Use of the tank provides the additional benefit of
isolating the system to ensure cleanliness, while the addition
of a wetting agent to the reservoir water helps to settle the
dust and keep the inside of the system and nozzles clean. All
suction, bypass, and pressure piping was specified polyvi-
nylchloride with the pressure line being adapted to standard
150 psi black plastic water pipe to feed the spray nozzles.
Manifolds made from galvanized iron pipe were placed at the
discharge chutes of all crushers except the primary crusher
where a 20 gpm fog nozzle was installed. An inline, self-clean-
ing, 100 mesh filter was installed on the pressure line, and a
150 psi adjustable pressure regulator controls the bypass line.
A schematic diagram of the system is included.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
23725
White, Harry J. and Walter A. Baxter, Jr.
A SUPERIOR COLLECTING PLATE FOR ELECTROSTATIC
PREdPITATORS. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, 7p., 1959. 2 refs. (Presented at the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Annual Meeting,
Atlantic City, N. J., Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1959, Paper 59-A-279.)
The basic importance of collecting-electrode design to over-all
precipitator performance is analyzed, and a scientific program
leading to the development of greatly improved collecting
plates broadly applicable to a wide range of practical applica-
tions is described. A newly-designed solid collecting plate with
triangular baffles was evaluated for fundamental and practical
performance criteria, including electrical characteristics,
aerodynamic properties, precipitation rate, rapping require-
ments, weight, and cost. The solid plate was superior in every
measured characteristic to an expanded-metal plate tested
under the same conditions. The new plate has been success-
fully applied to fly ash cement, powered catalyst, gypsum and
alumina dust, paper-mill, oxygen converter, and open-hearth
fume, and other recovery problems (Author abstract modified)
24200
TWENTY BAGHOUSES ON CLINKER COOLERS FOR PER-
MANENTE CEMENT PLANT. Pit Quarry, 63(1): 133, 144, July
1970.
The new $1.1 million dust collection system for the six clinker
coolers at a cement and gypsum plant manufacturing facility in
California consists of 20 individual and identical glass-cloth
baghouses. Each unit, equipped with its own induced draft air
fan, is capable of drawing 15,000 cfm of dust-laden air for a
combined system capacity of 300,000 cfm. A manifold con-
nects each collector unit to a large central duct, which is
linked, in turn, by another manifold to the six cooler exhaust
systems. Nevertheless, the average exhaust temperature
through this manifold ranges from 300 to 500 F, necessitating
the use of glass cloth instead of the normal cotton or synthetic
fiber bags. A timer, located on the control panel, actuates the
cleaning cycle of each unit in sequence. The system has built-
in flexibility that permits individual dampers to provide
separate draft-air control for each of the coolers. Since the
burner building was built into the side of a hill with no availa-
ble space around it, there was no choice but to place the new
dust collection system on top of the building.
24568
Put, Y. and J. Stassen
PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE
CEMENT INDUSTRY AND LIME OVENS. (Prevention de la
pollution atmospherique dans les cimenteries et les fours a
chaux). Text in French. Ann Mines Belg., vol. 12:1337-1347,
1969. 2 refs. (Presented at the Congres International de Secu-
rite et d'Hygiene du Travail, June 30 - July 4, 1969.)
The sources of atmospheric pollution from the manufacturing
processes of cements and lime are investigated. Two catego-
ries of dust control installations can be distinguished; those
which purify the gases from the ovens, and the separators
which remove the dust from the manufacturing installations. A
rational approach to both types of problems requires a
knowledge of such fundamental data as the nature of the
gases, the nature of the dust to be removed, the topographical
situation of the plant, and the meteorological conditions of the
region. The solutions generally adoped in Belgium for each
source of pollution are described, and new tendencies are
pointed out. The legal and administrative problems associated
with the prevention of atmospheric pollution are discussed,
and the system of permits and working conditions imposed
presently are described. The total cost of dust removal is cal-
culated from the point of view of investment, maintenance,
and power consumption.
24881
Kazarinoff, Andrew
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION-ITS CONTROL AND COST.
Design News, 23(14):18-24, July 5, 1968.
Power generating plants, steel mills, and cement kilns are in-
cluded in the groups that will be forced by government restric-
tions to control pollutants. The industrial air pollution control
equipment available now, the cost of pollution control to in-
dustry, and some air pollution problems for which there are
yet no practical solutions are discussed. No real innovations
have been made in control equipment for a long time; the
major devices are still electrostatic precipitators, bag filters,
cyclones, and scrubbers. Research and development is needed
on equipment that can control both particulate and gaseous
pollutants; equipment that can perform at higher efficiencies
without size and cost penalties; equipment whose efficiency
curve is relatively flat over broader ranges of particle size; and
lower-cost equipment.
25078
Koehler, Wilhelm and Gerhard Funke
DUST CONTROL IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY OF THE
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC. Preprint, International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 21p., 1970. 7
refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,1970, Paper EN-22B.)
The cement industry of the Federal Republic of Germany
(FRG) endeavors to cut down dust emissions. Therefore, the
Verein Deutscher Zementwerke (Association of German Ce-
ment Manufacturers) has emphasized in its statute the reduc-
tion of the emissions as a main objective of the Association,
and has set up a special Dust Commission for self-control in
its member works. Though the cement output in the FRG has
approximately tripled since 1950, the dust emission in the
same period has been reduced from 3 to 5% of the production
to less than 0.15%. The latest state of engineering in the field
of dust control in cement plants is delineated in the VDI-
Richtlinie (Directive) 2094 entitled 'Staubauswurfbegrenzung
Zementwerke' (Dust Emission Control-Cemen Plants). In this
publication a maximum dust emission of 150 mg/N cu m has
been prescribed for all cement plant installations. These dust
control measures imply considerable expense for the cement
industry; about 12% of the total investments are necessarily al-
lotted to dust removal equipment. The dust collectors, such as
electrostatic precipitators, granular bed filters, and filters
made of fibrous material, used in the various cement plant in-
stallations, are continuously being improved, with the intention
of getting a more trouble-free operation in the future. Recently
the authorities demanded that the stacks of the cement plants
be fitted with measurement instruments for continuous dust
monitoring. (Author abstract modified)
25453
POLLUTION: EVERYBODY'S CONCERN. Pit. Quarry,
63(6):74-78, Dec. 1970.
The necessity to convert the present waste economy into a
recycle economy means that industry, communities, and in-
dividuals must mature to the acceptance of responsibility that
we live in a limited world that must be protected. Not all the
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16
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
technology required to accomplish this is available due to the
waste philosophy that developed over the years. In shifting
their living patterns from a waste to a recycle economy, in-
dividuals can start immediately to conserve what they use and
to use products more effectively. Industrialists can start think-
ing of waste as a source of material that can at times be
profitable because of recycle into their own processes or into
material with potential for sale. The costs of recycle have al-
ways proved to be lower than the cost of abatement. An in-
stance of recycle thinking is illustrated by modern, efficient
cement manufacturing where extensive recycle of dust lowers
the actual leftover or waste from the process to less than 3%,
which is removed.
25609
Litynski, T., H. Jurkowska, and E. Gorlach
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CEMENT DUST FROM
ELECTROFILTERS AS A POTASSIUM FERTILIZER.
(Wstepne doswiadczenia nad wartoscia pylu cementowego z
elektrofiltrow jako nawozu potasowego). Cement, Wapno,
Gips, ll(3):57-62, March 1955. 9 refs. (Translated from Polish
by M. Radziwill, Centralny Inst. Informacji Naukowo-
Technicznej i Ekonomicznej, Warsaw (Poland), 14p., 1961.
NTIS: OTS 60-21237
The use of the dust precipitated by electrofilters in the produc-
tio of cement was investigated as a source of potassium for
agriculture fertilizers. The dust has a high calcium but low
potassium level; however, the potassium is highly soluble in
water and dilute acids. Experiments were performed on pot
cultures of sunflowers and Italia rye-grass with three fertilizer
combinations: no potassium dressing, potassium in the form of
chloride, and potassium in the form of electrofilter dust.
Preliminary results indicate that the cement dust is an
adequate source of potassium for these two plants although
further pot and field tests are required. The dust not only
showed no noxious effect on the plants from the high alu-
minum content, but some of its constituents (calcium, silica,
trace elements) appear to have a beneficial effect on plant
development and yield, and it can be considered a calcium as
well as a potassiu fertilizer. Leaching and crystallization may
be necessary to increase potassium concentration. It is con-
cluded that all cement plants should be equipped with
adequate dust-collecting equipment, since it appears that the
large cement industry in Poland could supply much of her
potassium needs and thus reduce imports of potassium salts.
25643
Sykes, W. and F. Broomhead
PROBLEMS OF ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION
REVIEWED. Gas World, 134(3494):98-104, Aug. 4, 1951. 5
refs.
Aspects of the design, construction, and operation of the elec-
trical precipitator are discussed. The great advantage of this
device is its ability to remove with high efficiency dust of par-
ticle size much smaller than that removable by mechanical or
cyclone separators. Back pressure, and power needs to
produce the corona discharge, a very small; however initial
costs are much higher. Problems considered at length include
removal efficiency and its relation to time contact of the gases
in the field, design of the precipitation chamber, insulator
breakdown, gas distribution across the precipitator, removal of
deposits from electrodes, and electrical equipment require-
ments. Five essential design factors are given: correct time
contact, good gas distribution throughout the fields, design and
arrangement of the electrodes, maintenance of clean elec-
trodes, and maintenance of correct voltage. Examples of the
following typical application are described and the principal
design features are indicated in each case to point up the great
variety of constructions required by specific and differing
operating conditions: detailing of producer gas from coal and
coke, chamber and contact process sulfuric acid manufacture,
aluminum and cement production, boiler flyash precipitation,
gypsum dust removal, sodium sulfate recovery in the Kraft
pulp industry, cleaning of blast furnace gas, air conditioning,
and spray painting.
26239
Dietrich, Leo
DUST AS RAW MATERIAL AS A SOURCE OF LOSS AND
OF GAIN. (Staub als Rohstoff, Verlust- und Gewinnquelle).
Text in German. Chem. Ing. Tech. Z., 25(8/9):433-437,
Aug./Sept. 1953. 2 refs.
Dust recovery processes in operation in West Germany in 1952
in the production of anthracite and bituminous coal, in iron
and copper smelting, in the production of zinc from zinc
blende, in the production of aluminum in calcining furnaces, in
the cement industry, in pulverizers used in the chemical and
food industries (dried milk, detergents) and in power plants are
reviewed. Of a total production of 289.7 million tons of materi-
als, 34.2 million tons (11.88%) were emitted in powder form.
Of this quantity, 32.2 million tons (94%) were recovered; 1.98
million tons or 6% of all dust emitted was lost, representing a
loss of considerable magnitude. In some industries, dust
recovery technology has reached it limits, in others it has not.
Thus, fly ash emitted from power plants amounted to 7.8 mil-
lion tons, of which 82.5% was removed; 1.43 million tons were
emitted into the atmosphere, 80% in the Ruhr area.
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17
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
06126
K. Potzl and R. Reiter
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT MODEL AS A RETENTION
SIMULATOR IN PRACTICAL USE. Das Atemtraktmodell als
Retentionssimulator im Praktischen Einsatz.) Zentr. Aerosol-
Forsch. (Stuttgart) 13, (5-6) 372-81, May, 1967. Ger.
A four-stage filter simulating the human respiratory tract was
used in eight industrial locations, for example a cement kiln
and a fluorite mine. The distribution of Fe2O3, SiO2, A12O3,
and CaO particles over the filter stages was measured, as well
as their radioactivity and electrical charge. The usefulness of
the model, described elsewhere (Acta Albertina, Regensburg
26, 67 (1966)) to determine the retention of aerosols in the
respiratory tract according to both particle size and material
properties was demonstrated.
06752
H. Joel
(SOME PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DUSTFALL MEASURE-
MENTS.) Aus der Praxis der Staubniederschlagsmessungen. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Weisbaden) 20, (4) 157-61, Apr. 1967. Ger.
The German cement industry's research association
(Forschungsinstitut der Zementindustrie) carries out dust
precipitation measurements in accordance with the directives
contained in VDI-Richtlinie 2119 and 'The Technical Instruc-
tions for Clean Air Maintenance' (TAL). These measurements
are being steadily extended. The experience gained over the
years shows that even apparently quite insignificant in-
fluences, especially those due to environmental conditions, are
liable to cause considerable variations in the results of the
measurements. Besides the difficulties associated with setting
up the measuring instruments, the dust pollution values are
particularly affected by meteorological conditions such as rain-
fall, wind direction and wind velocity, and also by the season.
The dust deposit parameters calculated according to TAL are
discussed with reference to the evaluated results of the dust
precipitation measurements. The comparative measurements
performed with various types of equipment indicate the dif-
ficulties associated with the calculation of conversion factors
for different measuring instruments. (Author summary
modified)
07411
Yamashita, K.
TEST PARTICLE (DUST) OF JIS (I). Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo), 2(2):56-
60, 1964. 9 refs.
In 1958 Japanese industry standard JIS Z 8901 regulated six
kinds of dust for the first time and it was modified in 1963 by
the addition of two more types of dust. The eight dusts consist
of coarse, medium and fine silicas, talc, fly ash, portland ce-
ment, and Kanto medium and fine loams. The dusts are used
for the testing the endurance of machines, in performance
tests of chemical apparatus, for testing dust collectors, etc.
Four standards, namely SAE ('41), SAE ('53), MIL-F-7194
('51), and JIS Z 8901 ('58) and their contents are described.
Generally, the static state of the particles can be determined
by particle size distribution, specific gravity, chemical com-
position, and shape. The latter three properties are regulated
and tabulated for each of the eight dusts. Their specific gravi-
ties range from 2.0 to 3.2 and the particle size from 5.0 to 210
microns.
07916
JJgda, M. G. H.
DETECTION OF CEMENT DUST CLOUDS WITH A PULSED
RUBY LIDAR. Stanford Research List, Menlo Park, Calif.,
Contract AT-(04-3)-115, Proj. SRI-5880, UCRL-13204, 18p.,
March 4, 1966.
A summary report of results of observations made with a
pulsed ruby lidar, of clouds of cement dust dispensed by
helicopter at Test Site 300 of the Livermore Radiation Labora-
tory on 5 February 1966 is presented. Under marginal weather
conditions of low cloud cover, light wind, and variable visibili-
ty, strong and persistent echoes from the cement dust clouds
were observed many minutes after they could no longer be ob-
served visually at ranges varying from 435 to 2910 meters. The
lidar operated satisfactorily under somewhat adverse weather
conditions, the cement clouds were detected well after they
had dispersed below visibility (even as viewed against a white
cloud background), and the conditions of the experiment ap-
proximated to some degree those which might be encountered
at the Nevada Field Site. Minor difficulties were experienced
with the remote firing trigger of the lidar and the pulse energy
monitoring circuit (the latter after completion of the LRL
tests), but these were not serious and did not require interrup-
tion or termination of the experiment. Based on the signal-to-
noise ratios observed at the close ranges, if the reflectivity of
the cement dust clouds approximates that of the dust cloud
produced by a nuclear explosion, it should be possible to de-
tect the latter at ranges well over 10 miles with this same
equipment. The primary limitation of this lidar is obviously its
low firing rate (about 2 per minute, maximum), which makes it
difficult or impossible to obtain an adequate number of obser-
vations of a large, fast changing cloud to determine its size or
volume with precision. However, it would be possible to con-
struct a much more efficient lidar, so this should not be re-
garded as a fundamental difficulty to the proposition that lidar
may be a useful instrument for nuclear dust mensuration.
08130
Vigdorchik, E. A.
DETERMINATION OF MR DUSTINESS ACCORDfflG TO
OWEN'S METHOD. In: Survey of U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine. National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 1-12,
May 1960. 13 refs. CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The Owens method was tested in order to determine its possi-
ble use in routine sanitary inspection for the determination of
air dustiness in manufacturing plants. On the basis of tests to
which Owens apparatus was subjected in the dust chamber
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18
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
and under manufacturing plant conditions, it can be stated that
the method and apparatus present a considerable advance in
the problem of dust study. Particularly valuable characteristics
of the instrument are: a. Particles suspended in the air measur-
ing 0.3u and above in diameter can be reliably counted; b.
Diferential particle counts can be made simultaneously; c. The
dusts studied microscopically remain unchanged because of
the special method used in making the preparations; d. Dif-
ferences in duplicate readings do not exceed the limits of ex-
perimental error; e. Sample collecting is not time consuming; f.
As a consequence to the rapidity of sampling, the dynamics of
the dust-laden air can be studied reliably; g. The apparatus is
of small size and is easily portable.
08607
Dresia, Heinrich, Peter Fischotter, and Gerd Felden
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF DUST CONTENT IN
AIR AND WASTE GASES, USING BETA RAYS. ((Kontinuier-
liches Messendes Staubgehaltes hi Luft und Abgasen mit
Betastrahlen.)) Text in German.VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.)Z.
(Duesseldorf), 106(24):1191-1195, Aug. 1964. 8 refs.
The quasi-continuous measurement by means of beta rays of
dust sampled by a fibrous paper tape filter and by a cyclone is
described. Since the absorption of beta rays does not depend
on the composition of the dust or on particle size, this mea-
surement method lends itself to all kinds of dust. The ap-
paratus for the filter sampling method is illustrated, and the
successful measurement results of various dusts such as soot,
fly ash, cement, gypsum, quartz, scouring powder, and wheat
flour are described. A schematic diagram of the cyclone sam-
pler and graphs of the measurement results are provided.
Better results can be obtained by this method, if the dust con-
tent is heavy and the particle size not very fine. The construc-
tion of the apparatus permits measurements close to the emis-
sion source and registration of the results elsewhere. The scat-
tered beta-ray measurements indicate the composition of dust,
if the dust can be regarded as a two component mixture with
substantially different specific atomic numbers. The ash con-
tent of coal can be determined by this method.
13821
Potzl, Karl
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MODEL ANALYZES Affi POLLU-
TANTS. (Atemtraktmodell analysiert Luftverunreinigungen).
Text in German. Umschau, 68(24):757-8, Nov. 1968. 2 refs.
Suspended particles are generally heterogeneous mixtures of
chemically and physically differing compounds. In addition,
they vary greatly in size. Any study of the effects of such par-
ticles on humans must start with the respiratory tract, since
this is practically the only way for particles to enter human be-
ings. To facilitate determining the concentration and all physi-
cal and chemical properties of the various components, a
model was developed which also permits determination of the
extent of particle retention in the various parts of the respira-
tory tract. The model comprises four filters connected in se-
ries with staggered retention properties which draw in a mea-
sured amount of the particle-laden air. The four filters rest on
wire nettings isolated by Teflon disks which measure and
record the electric charge of the retained particles. The four
filters are designed to retain particles from 0.02 to 6 microme-
ters in the trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and at exhalation. The
results of measurements showed retention of SiO2 particles
from a metallurgical plant mainly in the trachea and bronchi,
while only a minimum amount is retained in the alveoli. In
contrast, SiO2 from a mixture of suspended particles in a ce-
ment factory was mainly retained in the alveoli.
18130
Alcocer, A. E., L. B. Potter, M. Feldstein, and H. Moore
THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC DUST
DOWNWIND OF SOURCE EFFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Con-
trol Assoc., 19(4):236-238, April 1969. 6 refs.
Two directionally oriented high-volume samplers are used to
pinpoint the collection of specific inorganic dusts from an in-
dustrial emission. One of the samplers is placed upwind of the
source, and the other downwind. Both samplers are activated
by winds blowing from the direction of the source of the
downwind sampler. Both are de-activated when the wind shifts
from the 30 degree sampling arc. Thus, the upwind sampler
'sees' background dust, and the downwind sampler 'sees'
material originating from the source. Microsorban filters are
used to collect the dust materials. The filter is then dissolved
in benzene and the residue washed with benzene to remove
the filter material and organic substances collected. The
residue consists of dry, inorganic dust, which is then subjected
to X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy for analysis. This
technique was successfully used to collect and analyze cement
dust and mica dust from two separate industrial sources. The
technique has promise for the analysis of a wide variety of in-
organic materials which can be identified by x-ray diffraction,
optical microscopy, or other techniques. (Author's Abstract)
18236
Blezard, R. G., and R. W. Pring
ELECTRONIC TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICLE SIZE ANALY-
SIS. Minerals Process., 10(6):16-21, June 1969. 3 refs.
The Coulter counter, combined with sieve analysis, has proved
to be reliable in determining the particle size distribution of ce-
ment raw mixes and cement clinker grinding, providing a high
degree of reproducibility between duplicate determination. The
electronic approach has revealed significant differences in the
particle size distribution in cements and prepared raw materi-
als, particularly where different types of mills are used.
Satisfactory results are obtained if the correct choice of elec-
trolyte composition, particle concentration, and instrument
settings is made. A 2% solution of lithium chloride in methanol
was the best electrolyte. Preparation of the sample for Coulter
counter analysis consisted of weighing 10 mg of wet slurry on
a microscope slide and adding one drop of Nonidet P 42 solu-
tion to assist in mixing the sample. Size analysis was deter-
mined using a 200 and a 50 micron tube.
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19
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
07406
Terabe, M.
PUBLIC NUISANCE BY AIR POLLUTION. Text in Japanese
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
2(4): 1-6,1965. 6 refs.
The changes in air pollution problems and pollution by soot,
dust, and SO2 are discussed. While soot and dust fall
presented the greater problem in the past, SO2 is the present
menace. In Yokkaichi city, 90% of the fuel used is petroleum
and 400 tons of SO2 gas are emitted each day. A maximum
peak of SO2 concentration was recorded at more than 1 ppm
in the city. Another problem is automobile exhaust gas. In the
past 10 years the number of cars has increased seven-fold. The
chemical composition of the air in Tokyo and in Los Angeles
are tabulated. The concentrations of CO and SO2 are higher in
Tokyo. Measurements of dust and soot fall were made in
Kawasaki, Tokyo, and Yokohama. The maximum value was
61.2 tons/sq. km. month in Kawasaki and 56.0 tons/sq. km.
month in Tokyo. The biggest generators of dust and soot are
the power plants, iron, steel, and cement industries. Dust par-
ticles 10 microns in size are radiated to 50 km from a chimney
80 m high by a wind velocity of 3.6 m/sec. The amount of sul-
fur in heavy oil used in industry is tabulated. Yokkaichi
asthma has become an issue since 1962. About 10% of the
citizens over 50 has asthmatic disease in 1963 in Isazu in Yok-
kaichi city. Asthmatic disease increases when SO2 reaches a
concentration above 0.3 ppm. Yokohama-Tokyo asthma is also
mentioned. SO2 concentration in Kawasaki is higher than in
Tokyo. In 1964, the average range was 0.010 to 0.094 ppm in
Tokyo and 0.041 to 0.115 ppm in Kawasaki.
21088
Dubrovina, Z. V., S. P. Nikolaev, and N. M. Tomson
EFFECT OF DISCHARGES OF A CEMENT PLANT ON THE
POPULATION'S HEALTH. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:110-115, 1963.
(B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
Air samples were collected within the range of a cement
plant's stack plumes for gravimetric, count, and dispersion
determinations. The intensity of atmospheric air pollution with
cement dust in the vicinity of the cement plant exceed the dust
intensity found in the inhabited region; it was 3-4 times as
great as the limit of allowable dust concentration in at-
mospheric air. Atmospheric air pollution with the cement plant
discharges was detected 2000 m from the plant. The results
showed that between 41 and 45% of the inhaled cement dust
was deposited in the respiratory organs, the amount increasing
with the increase in dust intensity. Dust dispersion studies
showed that 95% of the cement dust in the air consisted of
particles 5 micron in diameter. Particles of this size easily
penetrate into the respiratory organs of man. Medical examina-
tions of workers in the cement plant showed an increased
frequency in the following morbid conditions: bronchitis, gas-
tritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and diseases of the skin and
hypodermis. The appearance of a vascular reaction began with
the inhalation of 0.5-1.0 mg/cu m of cement dust concentra-
tions. It was concluded that elimination or abatement of ce-
ment plant discharges into the atmosphere on inhabited locali-
ties can be attained by moving city plants into regions outside
the city limits. It can also be controlled by adopting sanitary-
hygienic protective means such as complete hermetization of
all cement producing processes, installing effective dust
catching equipment at all points of dust generation and insur-
ing their proper operation, replacing coal burning with gas
burning operations, and increasing the number and extent of
nark spaces containing trees, shrubs, and other plant life.
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20
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
10368
Berlyand, M. E.
METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CLEAN AIR PROTEC-
TION. ((Meterologicheskie problemy obespecheniia chistoty
atmosfery.)) Text in Russian. Meteorol. i Gidrol. (Moscow),
1967(11):50- 62, 1967. 11 refs.
Causes and control of air pollution in Russia are discussed, as
well as research in air pollution. Cement dust emitted in 1964
alone amounted to 1.5 million tons. Large heat and electric
power plants are presently installing ash collectors which are
95% effective, but even the small percentage emitted causes
significant pollution because of the sheer volume of burned
fuel. Desulfurization equipment is lacking. The effect of pollu-
tion depends on volume of emission, but more importantly on
distribution of the pollutant and meteorology. Ground level
temperature and wind velocity measurements are no longer
sufficient since so many emission sources are high above
ground (200-300 m.). Meteorological studies at the Main
Geophysical Observatory are dealing with the first several
hundred meters of air and include the development of mathe-
matical equations for atmospheric diffusion from tall emission
sources as well as formulas for initial escape velocity of pollu-
tants and for pollution concentration. When an air layer with a
weakened turbulence is directly superimposed over the emis-
sion source, the concentration of the pollutant more than dou-
bles, while if such a layer is 100-200 m. above the source, the
concentration is much less. Results of practical research con-
ducted near the three heat and electric power plants with the
tallest stacks in Russia during the period 1961 through 1965,
using ground-level and air-borne equipment, agreed with
theoretical data and led to the compilation of 'Provisional
methods of determining the dispersal in the air of emissions
from stacks of electric power plants' which is being applied in
planning new power plants. Regular pollution determinations
were started in 50 larger cities beginning in 1966, mostly using
automatic recording equipment. Results of research in several
large industrial cities of the Ukraine, Urals and Siberia have
shown that air pollution is greater in cities with unfavorable
meteorological conditions; in most cases, pollution is more
severe in summer than in winter.
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21
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
07949
S. Sprung
THE CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
OF CEMENT KILN DUST. (Die chemische und mineralogische
Zusammensetzung von Zementofenstaub.) Text in German
with English Abstract. Tonind. Ztg. Keram. Rundschau
(Goslar), 90(10):441-449> 1966. 7 refs.
Previous investigations into the effect of dust emitted from ce-
ment kilns on vegetation have shown that the chemical and
mineralogical properties of that dust are poorly delineated. The
results of chemical and mineralogical investigations and mea-
surement of the pH-value of 18 various kiln dust samples
show that the alkaline reaction of dust with a PH-value higher
than 10 depends primarily on the content of clinker phases.
The segregation of dust in electrostatic precipitators leads to
an enrichment of clinker phases in the preseparating chamber.
Consequently the emitted dust in cleaned kiln waste gas,
which corresponds at the best with the composition of the dust
in the reseparating chamber of the precipitator, contains no or
only small quantities of clinker phases and therefore reacts
only slightly alkaline at pH-values lower than 10. The results
of the chemical and radiographic analyses are tabulated show-
ing the source of the dust, the chemical composition of the 18
dusts analysed, and the pH of a dust-water suspension.
14506
Hull, William Q., Frank Schon, and Hans Zirngibl
SULFURIC ACID FROM ANHYDRITE. Mod. Chem.
Processes, vol. 5: 123-133, 1958. 12 refs. (Also: Ind. Eng.
Chem., Aug. 1957.)
The chemistry of sulfate decomposition and differences in ce-
ment clinker production are discussed. The effect of decom-
position speed, dependence on temperature and additives, par-
ticle size, and granular size with gypsum residues from the
sulfate decomposition were investigated. In the industrial an-
hydrite sulfuric acid process, coke is used as a reducing agent
and enough aluminum-containing materials are added so that
Portland cement is produced per ton of acid. Dissociation of
the calcium sulfate consists of three stages; CaSO4 plus 2 C
yields CaS plus 2CO2; CaS plus 3CaSO4 yields 4CaO plus
4SO2 (the overall reduction process is 2CaSO4 plus C yields
2CaO plus CO2 plus 2SO2); and 3CaS plus CaSO4 yields
3CaO plus 2S2. The CaS and CaSO4 have, at each tempera-
ture, a definite decomposition pressure. Additives of clay or
similar materials raise the decomposition pressure and the tem-
perature in order to maintain the same decomposition rate.
Too much CaS and CaSO4 also lowers the decomposition rate.
As far as sulfur dioxide is concerned, this is the end of the
process. The rest involves making the cement clinker. A
further rise in temperature up to 1400 C completes the reaction
between the components and lime, formed during decomposi-
tion, to produce a good clinker. Besides an exact adjustment
of the proportions of the reduction coke to the anhydrite, the
proportions of the added materials to the CaO and to each
other must be carefully adjusted within determined limits so
that a good clinker results. Even more important, kiln opera-
tion must be carried out under steady conditions. Heat con-
sumption for clinker in the anhydrite sulfuric acid process as
compared with that of normal portland cement clinker must
also be considered. A typical plant and its contact process are
described. Production is inexpensive, and cement is sold at
market value. There was no difficulty in marketing surplus
acid.
19751
Bendinelli, Ralph A.
TESTS OF SANDED GROUTS. EFFECTS OF FLY ASH IN
GROUTING COARSE SANDS AND FINE GRAVELS. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.,
TM-6-419, Rept. 5,16p., April 1963. 2 refs.
Investigations were made to determine whether a fly ash with
a carbon content in excess of specification limits would mea-
surably affect the quality of grout in which it is used, and
whether a grout mixture of water, cement, and fly ash would
more effectively penetrate by pump-injection the voids formed
by granular materials than normal neat cement grout (without
fly ash), when the fly ash has an amount of material retained
on the No. 325 sieve in excess of that permitted by current
specifications. Proportioning studies indicated that an addition
of 25% fly ash to a portland cement grout produced the op-
timum fly ash grout mixture. Injectivity test results indicated
that (a) the use of the fly ash with a carbon content 8.13% in
excess of specifications did not appear to affect the quality of
the grout, and (b) the fly ash mixture and the mixture contain-
ing no fly ash exhibited essentially the same penetration
characteristics. (Author summary modified)
24564
Shepard, N. L.
THE UTILIZATION OF RED MUD WASTE FROM THE
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. Preprint, American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York,
13p., 1958. 2 refs. (Presented at the Mid-America Minerals
Conference, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 23, 1958.
Bauxite refining in the aluminum industry gives from one to
three tons of 'red mud' for each ton of aluminum produced.
From 0 to 20% of the red mud may be classified out as sand.
At least 60% of the mud has a particle size less than one
micron. The fine red mud from high-silica Arkansas bauxite is
used in a sinter process to recover soda and alumina, and
yields a substantially equal tonnage of 'sinter mud', which ap-
proaches the composition of the raw mix for Portland cement
and might serve as a raw material for that industry. Red muds
from bauxites other than those of Arkansas are not processed
through the sinter step. Titanium minerals occur in Arkansas
mud in two generations: discrete grains of manganiferous il-
menite, and dispersed leucoxene. The titanium content of the
muds from Suriname and Caribbean bauxites is all in the
dispersed form. Red mud from Arkansas bauxite contains
from 0.1 to 0.2% columbium pentoxide which is too finely
dispersed to permit mechanical concentration. Many proposals
have been investigated but no large scale use for red mud
(other than in the sinter process) or sinter mud has been
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22 CEMENT MANUFACTURING
developed to date. Because of the small particle size, it is based on chemical decomposition or on smelting. (Author ab-
probable that any recovery of values from red mud will be stract modified)
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23
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
06896
S. A. Davydov
CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHILDREN EX-
POSED TO ATMOSPHERE WHICH HAS BEEN POLLUTED
BY CEMENT WORKS. (O nekotorykh fiziologicheskikh sd-
vigakh u detei v usloviyakh zagryaznenmogo tsementnymi
zavodami atmosferaogo vozdukha.) Hyg. Sanit. (Gigiena i
bSsanit.) 30 (10), 7-12 (Oct. 1965) Russ. (Tr.)
The effects of cement dust on children were investigated.
Physiological reactions in children age 10 to 12 who lived at
distances 0.5 and 2 km from cement work sites for at least five
years and also children living at control points are examined.
The mean dust concentrations in the air are 1.48 mg/cu m at a
distance of 0.5 km from the work site, 0.49 mg/cu m at a
distance of 2 km and 0.3 mg/cu m at the control point. Practi-
cally healthy children residing in a dusty atmosphere for a pro-
longed period exhibited a reduced excitability of the olfactory
analyzer and of the vegetative nervous system. They also ex-
hibited an enhanced migration of leukocytes to the surface of
the nasal and conjunctiva! mucosae and increased desquama-
tion of epithelial cells. The changes in the physiological
parameters were obviously due to the effect of the cement
dust on the exteroceptors.
07571
Retnev, V. M.
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AT AN AUTOMATED
ASPHALT-CONCRETE FACTORY. (Gigiena truda na avto-
matizirovannom predpriyatii po proizvodstvu asfal'tobetona.)
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 30(8), July 1965. 2 refs. Engl.
transl. by JPRS, Hyg. Sanit., 30(7):133-136, July 1967. CFSTI:
TT66-51033/3
A study of the working conditions at the factory revealed dust
concentrations at the control panel of 9 plus or minus 2
mg/cu.m. The working conditions were more favorable from a
hygienic standpoint than those in old factories, as indicated,
for instance, by the concentrations of dust and carbon monox-
ide in the air. At the same time, one cannot ignore the
presence of dust containing free silicon dioxide, the concentra-
tion of which was somewhat in excess of the maximum per-
missible concentration (4 mg/cu.m. allowed by Sanitary Stan-
dards SS 245-63). The measures required for other sections of
the factory include thermal insulation of heated surfaces (to
keep the external temperature down to 35 C); installation of
air showers at the worksite, at the boilers for heating the
petroleum bitumen, and at the drying drums; hermetic sealing
of dust-producing equipment; and application of suction to ball
mills, screens, mixers, and batchers. The noisy general equip-
ment (ball mills) should be housed in a separate hall. The noise
must be reduced in all sections of the factory, this being the
management's most difficult task at present. Workers who
come into contact with the dust must undergo mandatory
periodic medical examinations. Some of the measures for im-
proving the working conditions suggested to the management
have already been implemented.
09004
Symon, Karel, Vladislav Kapalin, Olga Absolonova, and
Ludmila Moudra
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF AHt POLLUTION ON THE
HEALTH OF CHILDREN IN BEROUN AND KRALUV DVUR.
((Studium vlivu znecisteni ovzdusi v Beroune a Kralove Dvore
na zdravotni stav deti.)) Text in Czech. Cesk. Hyg. (Prague),
5(2/3):88-99,1960.
Children (aged 2-13) were examined for 2 yrs. in two
Czechoslovak cities (Beroun and Kraluv Dvur) where air pol-
lution from smoke of cement factories and ore processing
plants is high (exceeding 1000 tons/sq. km./year). Growth,
erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, alkaline phosphatase
count, albumin/globulin ratio, protein levels, and blood color
were measured and compared with normal levels. The air pol-
lution definitely affects the children's health, seen in the
higher incidence of diseases, as well as in the deviation of the
studied parameters from normal values. These parameters are
suggested for use in health studies of areas with air pollution.
The results of this study are used as a convincing argument
for the implementation of air pollution control measures.
16246
Reiter, R.
ELIMINATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES IN THREE SEC-
TIONS OF THE HUMAN RESPDIATORY TRACT WHEN IN-
HALING VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL AEROSOLS. (Studie ueber
die Abscheidung elektrischer Ladungen in drei Abschnitten
des menschlichen Atemtraktes bei Einatmung un-
terschiedlicher Industrieaerosole). Text in German. Zentr.
Aerosol-Forsch. V (Stuttgart), 13(7):3-19, Nov. 1967. 43 refs.
The electric charge of inhaled aerosol particles may influence
the precipitation process in the respiratory tract and may have
a biological effect. It is known that negative charges, if
precipitated in sufficient amounts, accelerate the ciliary move-
ment; positive charges hamper the movement and cause
muscle cramps in the trachea. The distribution of electric
aerosol charges in the respiratory tract was determined with a
respiratory tract model. The model simulates retention of thee
particles contained in a polydisperse aerosol in three sections
of the respiratory tract: the trachea, the bronchi, and the al-
veoli; it also indicates the amount of dust exhaled again. The
measurements were taken in the smoke plumes of various in-
dustrial plants (cement factory, kaolin plant, sintering plant,
converter). It was found that the charges found in the various
stages and the ratios to each other differed greatly and de-
pended on the type of aerosol source. A grouping according to
charge polarity was observed in the respiratory tract, even in
the case when the aerosol cloud appeared to be neutral. The
electrical surface charge in the respiratory tract was in some
cases far above the threshold of biological effects as known
from the literature.
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24
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
16558
Barhad, B., M. Tai, C. Simionescu, and V. Mirea
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY UNDER THE IN-
FLUENCE OF DUSTS, AT REST AND AT WORK. (Capacite
fonctionelle respiratoire sous 1'influence des poussieres, au
repos et a 1'effort). Text in French. Arch. Maladies Profess.
Med. Trav. Securile Sociale (Paris), 3(K9):493-503, Sept. 1969.
28 refs.
The effects of inhalation of dust-bearing air was studied with 0
to 10, 10 to 25, 25 to 50, 50 to 100, more than 100, and 300 to
500 mg/cu m of cement dust with 70% of particles of less than
1 micron mean diameter, on the ventilatory capacity of 25
men, 20 to 25 years of age free of any pulmonary afflictions
and never exposed to any dusts before this study, and on that
of 41 miners, 30 to 45 years of age who had been working for
various lengths of time before this study on the bottom of a
zinc and a lead mine. Silicosis was presented in 39 of the latter
in various stages of advancement, while all others were found
to be free of pulmonary pathological modifications. Tests were
made of the ventilatory capacity, which consisted of determin-
ing spirographic parameters, using a Godart spirograph, with
and without bronchial dilatation by aleudrine; percentages of
absorbed 02 and eliminated CO2; and oxyhemoglobin satura-
tion during an exertion test. During the latter, the subject
breathed dust-bearing air for 20 minutes through a respiratory
mask connected by a flexible tube with an air dusting chamber
the dust content of which was controlled by a tyndallometer,
the five-minute exertion test being started 5 min after the start
of the dust exposure. The results of this series of tests show
that the dust had a direct effect on the respiratory functions of
all subjects. Among the spirographic parameters, the 'vital
capacity' constitutes a sensitive indicator of the effect of dust.
As long as the dust content of the inhaled air is less than 50
mg/cu m, almost one-half of the subjects react by a lowering
of their vital capacity. At dust contents above 50 mg/cu m, the
proportion of those with lowered vital capacity is higher, and
with subjects never exposed to dust before this study, a high
dust content of air (300 to 500 mg/cu m) leads to a lowering of
the vital capacity of 80% of them.
22990
Yano, Ryoichi, Ichiro Hata, and Toshiro Nakajima
FREQUENCIES OF COMPLAINTS OF RESPIRATORY DIS-
EASES IN ADI POLLUTED AREA. (Taiki osen chiku ni okeru
kokyukishojo chosa. I. Tsukumi-shi no baai). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):49, 1969.
(Proceedings of the Japa Society of Air Pollution Annual
Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
Tsukumi is a town devoted to the production of milestone and
cement and the people complain much about the white dusts
that rise from the factories. Oita Prefecture Medical Assoc.
and Tsukumi Medical Assoc. conducted a city-wide question-
naire survey of kindergarten, grammar school and junior high
school pupils concerning the respiratory afflictions caused by
dust particles. The samples were drawn from industrial and re-
sidential areas. Examination of the individual with regard to
the history of pneumonia and bronchitis showed that people in
the industrial area are more prone to respiratory illness and
the morbidity is higher, the lower the age. Other investigations
including radiography and breathing test indicated that com-
pared to the results obtained from other non-polluted areas,
there are slightly more respiratory ailments among pupils in
Tsukumi, but not at a statistically significant level.
23148
Nose, Yoshikatsu and Nobuko Tokojima
ON THE YEARLY ANALOGY OF AER POLLUTION
BETWEEN UBE-ONODA REGION AND TOKUYAMA-
NANYO REGION. (Ube-Onoda chiku to Tokuyama-Nanyo
chiku taiM osen no tsuinen no ruijika ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai Sangyu Igaku Kenkyusho Nenpo
(Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind. Med., Yamaguchi Med. School),
no. 16:217-220, 1969. 5 refs.
Mining-industrial cities Ube and Onoda are known as the cites
of dust pollution, and Tokuyama and Nanyo of the
petrochemical industry are polluted by gaseous pollutants.
However, the recent trend in the soluble and non-soluble com-
ponents of the pollutants, the seasonal wind direction, the
decline in the use of coal in Ube and Onoda, and the general
tendency in the industry to use more and more petroleum,
have all contributed toward the increasing similarity in the na-
ture of pollution in the two groups of cities. In addition, the
similarity of the rates of chronic bronchitis affliction in the
two general areas indicate that it is related to the similarity of
the proportions of soluble components in the settling dusts,
especially the pH values, in Ube and Nanyo, and Tokuyama
and Onoda. This can be seen in the regression line of the
bronchitis affliction rate versus the pH of soluble components,
the data points being taken from all four cities and other major
bronchitis-prone cities as Yokkaichi and London.
24392
Novakova, Eliska
THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ON
ANIMAL COMMUNTnES AND THE USE OF ANIMALS AS
BIO-INDICATORS. (Influence des pollutions industrielles sur
les communautes animales et utilization des animaux comme
bioindicateurs). Air Pollution. Proc. First European Congr. In-
fluence Air Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Nether-
lands, 1968, p. 41-48. 9 refs. Translated from French. Belov
and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., Sept. 15, 1970.
Analyses made on blood samples from hares shot during the
fall hunting season confirmed the possibility of using hares as
indicators of industrial air pollution and of the presence of cer-
tain pesticides. The distribution of harmful emissions can be
estimated by analyzing some elements of the erythrocytes
(hemoglobin, hematocrit, and eventually globular saturation).
In general, the blood values decrease with increased pollution,
except in a few cases of very high SO2 emissions. The pH of
the urine varies: in cement-producing areas, it is over 7.0; in
SO2 areas, it is below 7.0. A good practical criterion is the
multiplication coefficient calculated from the number of young
and full-grown hares killed. For hares in an area of mixed ash
and sulfur dioxide pollution, the multiplication coefficient was
30% lower than for controls. In contrast, the coefficient was
higher by 35% in an area rich in cement dust. The present in-
vestigations, which covered mainly the influence of gaseous
SO2 and hydrogen fluoride, point to a decrease in the number
of insects (without an actual decrease in the number of spe-
cies) with increasing pollution. The differences in the tax-
onomic groups are not pronounced: the decrease in number is
almost uniform in all categories. However, a slight increase
was noted in the Phytophaga in the most polluted zone and in
the Zoophaga in a less polluted zone.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
25
24708
Einbrodt, H. J., H.-J. Dietze, E. Korchhoff, W. Oberthuer,
and D. Hentschel
DUST FALL IN THE VICINITY OF CEMENT FACTORIES
AS IT RELATES TO POSSIBLE HEALTH HAZARDS; PART
2. (Ueber den Staubanfall in der Umgebung von Zementwer-
ken im Hinblick auf moegliche Gesundheitsschaeden. n. Mit-
teilung). Text in German. Arch. Hyg Bakteriol. (Munich), vol.
151:211-220, Aug. 1967. 13 refs.
The properties of cement dust of interest to the biologist are
discussed and the dust content of cement plants analyzed,
together with an analysis of its chemical and mineralogical
composition, attention is given to the effects of the dust on
human health. Despite excessively high concentrations of this
dust in the respiratory tract, fibrous changes in the lungs of
people residing in such an area is not attributed to the
presence of Si02, due to the relatively low quartz content in
the dust. Preliminary studies of the incidents of bronchitis in-
dicate that women residing in the cement plant area do not ex-
perience a higher bronchitis rate than those residing in other
communities of a comparable size. When the data were broken
down according to the seasons of the year, there was again no
significant difference to be found in the comparison. When
classified in terms of age, however, it was discovered that the
bronchitis rate reached a peak among younger people in areas
not related to the cement industry, while there was a higher in-
cidence among older people in the area adjoining the cement
plant.
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26
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
00127
E. F. Darley
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CEMENT-KILN DUST ON
VEGETATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (3) 145-50,
Mar. 1966.
Most of the recent work on the effects of cement-kiln dust has
been confined to Germany and results differ considerably.
There appears to be little doubt that naturally deposited dust
from certain cement plants is responsible for leaf injury to
deciduous and coniferous species and occasionally for death
of the latter. Injury results from the combination of a relative-
ly thick crust deposit and the toxicity of alkaline solutions
formed when dusts are deposited in the presence of free
moisture. The results of several hand-dusted field experiments,
however, are not so conclusive; dusts are reported as either
harmful, harmless, or even indirectly beneficial. In the present
laboratory investigation, the comparison of CO2 exchange in
the leaf between dusted and nondusted leaves, as well as oc-
currence of obvious tissue damage, were used as the criteria
of dust effects in short term experiments. The results demon-
strated that the finer particles of certain cement-kiln dusts col-
lected from electrostatic precipitators do interfere with CO2
exchange and in some cases cause considerable leaf injury .
The results further suggest that calcium content alone may not
be the only indicator of whether a dust might be injurious, and
that much more needs to be known about the effects of the in-
teraction of chemical composition, particle size, and deposi-
tion rate. (Author)
03224
Raymond, V. and R. Nussbaum
ON CEMENT-PLANT DUST AND ITS EFFECTS ON MAN,
PLANTS AND ANIMALS. ((A propos des poussieres de cimen-
teries et leurs effets sur 1'homme, les plantes et les animaux.))
Pollut. Atmos (Paris), 8(31):284-294, July-Sept. 1966. 39 refs.
Translated from French. Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C., R-8979-D, lip., Jan. 16, 1968.
A summary is given of the principles of cement manufacture
during which dust is produced (consisting of fine powders of
partially decarbonated calcium carbonate, silicates, and
sulfates) and the studies of the dust's effects on plants (little
importance with respect to wild animals). Lung diseases,
bronchitis, and emphysema have been noted among cement
workers, but negative results were obtained from the rare stu-
dies of the neighboring population of cement works. The paper
is a summary of classical information in the field. (Authors'
summary)
03849
E. F. Darley
STUDDZS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE DUST FROM A CE-
MENT FURNACE. Studi Sugli Effetti Delia Polvere di Cemen-
to da Fornace. Fumi Polveri (Milan) 6, (1)) 274-81, Oct. 1966.
Text in It.
Experiments were made in Germany on the effects of powder
(or dust) from cement furnaces on the leaves of green beans.
The leaves were sprayed with powder (from 0.6 3.8 g/sq m) for
a period of 8 hr. The spraying was done for 2-3 days. Humidi-
ty was increased in the area of the leaves during the major
part of the experiment. The method used for applying the
powder allowed only the finest particles to be deposited on the
plants. Later it was established that most of the particles were
less than 10 micron in diameter. The criterion for determining
the effect of the powder was by comparing the rate of
exchange of CO2, or the apparent photosynthesis, between the
leaves that were covered with dust and those that were not.
All three powders used in this experiment (the powders con-
taining varying amounts of SiO2, A12O3, TiO2, P2O5, Fe203,
Mn2O3, CaO, MgO, SOS, S, K2O, Na2O, Cl, CO2, C, H2O)
reduced the rate of exchange of CO2 and in most cases this
was reduced by more than 30%. One of the powders caused
considerable damage to the leaves, probably because KC1 was
present in a high concentration. The powders differed con-
siderably in their chemical composition, in particular in Ca, K,
and sulfates, and since the chemical composition varies with
the size of the particle, the reciprocal action of composition
and size and the rate of deposit, require an accurate investiga-
tion.
06641
A. T. Czaja
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE EFFECT OF CEMENT DUST
ON PLANTS. STAUB (Duesseldorf)), 22 (6), 228-32 (1962).
Ger. (Tr.) (Translated as JPRS-R-8486-D.)
The investigation of plants in the sedimentation area of several
cement factories definitely proved the formation of cement
crusts on the leaves and needles of a wide variety of plants, in
other words, it proved the direct action upon the plants. The
lime hydrate, which is released during the setting of the ce-
ment dust with the water on the surface of the leaf epidermis,
however, by definition of the term toxins is a very strong
caustic poison and, after penetration through the stomas of the
conifer needles or penetration of the upper epidermis of leaves
that only have stomas on the other side, directly corrodes the
living content of the leaf cells and thus directly damages the
plants (leaves). A critical review of the literature and the in-
vestigations described here tell us that previous investigations
using artificial mechanical dusting of cement preparations over
plants, under uncontrolled weather conditions, are not suitable
for reasons of methodology and because of the selection of
the location for the experiment; these methods are thus not
suitable in answering the question as to the direct effect of ce-
ment dust upon the plants in the vicinity of cement factories.
The action upon the soil is not discussed here.
10914
A. T. Czaja
EFFECT OF DUSTS, SPECDJ1CALLY CEMENT KILN DUST,
ON PLANTS. ((U- ber die Einwirkung von Stauben, von Ze-
mentofenstaub auf Pflanzen.)) Translated from German.
Source unknown, pp. 106-120, ((1966)), 8 refs.
-------
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
27
The 'aggressive' propensities of cement kiln dust on living
cells are examined. The cells discussed included those of the
human and animal organisms, but specifically those of plants.
Through pictures and graphs of the reaction of cement kiln
dust with water, the author shows that chemicals harmful to
living cells are pro duced. The Mnium test is expounded as a
means of identifying the farmful types of dust, which are
highly alkaline and resistant to carbonatization, therefore
calling for precautionary measures.
11434T
Schoenbeck,H.
THE EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS ON THE
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO DISEASE. ((Beobachtun-
gen zur Frage des Einflusses von industriellen Immissionen
auf die Krankheitsbereitschaft der Pflanze.)) Translated from
German. Berichte aus der Landesanstalt fur Bodennut-
zungsschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, ((1962?)) 89-98.
28 refs.
The effect of cement mill dust (containing 36% CaO, 15%
SiO2) from an electrostatic precipitator on the susceptibility of
sugar beet plants to disease was studied in field tests. Scale
sketches were made of random samples of beet plants on
dusted and non-dusted plots of ground, and a leaf destruction
rating, ranging from 0 to 4 was applied. The data and their
statistical evaluation are tabulated. The results showed that the
incidence of cercospora leaf-spot disease (cercospora beticola)
was enhanced in the presence of dust. Also the beet yield
from the dusted areas was lower. The cause of the intensified
attack by the cercospora fungus was found in the disturbance
of the plant's physiological equilibrium due to the dusting. No
effect of the dust on sugar content was found but undusted
leaves had a higher carotene and crude protein content.
16157
Bergmann-Lehnert, Dse
METHOD FOR DETECTING DUST DEPOSITIONS ON
LEAVE SURFACES. (Methoden zum Nachweis der
Verschmutzungen von Blattoberflaechen). Text in German.
Wiss. Z. Tech. Univ. Dresden, ll(3):571-574, 1962. 7 refs.
Dust emissions from industrial plants affect vegetation in vari-
ous ways: the incident light may be attenuated; the soil may
be changed chemically; the leaves may be injured by deposi-
tion of toxic dust; and plant assimilation may be weakened by
crusts of indifferent dusts on the leaf surface. In the latter
case, objective determination of the degree of dust settlement
on the leaves is necessary. An exact replica of the leaf surface
is used without dislocating the dust particles. A simple method
proved to be very efficient for field tests. Adhesive tape is ap-
plied to the leaf or leaf section and pressed on with the finger
to avoid any air bubbles. A folder with a larger number of
loose leaves of oleate paper is recommended for collecting the
leaves. They dry out less rapidly if stored this way, which is
important for the removal of the tape. For the microscopic
study, another adhesive tape of the same width is applied to
the replica, which can be placed into glycerine gelatine,
Canada balsam, and glycerine chloral hydrate. For isolation of
the dust particles for a physical or chemical analysis, the tape
is put into benzene or xylole. The light attenuation by the dust
from a cement kiln on an ivy leaf was measured; it reached
more than 50%.
17977
Pajenkamp, H.
EFFECT OF CEMENT KILN DUST ON PLANTS AND
ANIMALS. (Einwirkung des Zementofenstaubs auf Pflanzen
und Tiere). Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden),
14(3):88-95,1961. (Presented at the fall meeting of the Associa-
tion of the German Cement Industry, Sept. 13, 1960, Salz-
burg.)
Various tests for determining the effect of cement kiln dust on
plants and animals are reviewed. Cattle, sheep, and rabbits fed
with fodder laden with dust from a nearby cement kiln for 60
days showed no effects. Each animal received between 2.5 and
11 g cement kiln dust per day. In a second series of experi-
ments, the daily consumption of dust was increased to 33 g.
But again, no clinical symptoms were observed. At the end of
several other experiments, it was concluded that this kind of
dust has no pathological effect on animals. Field experiments
conducted in 1958/1959 by the Agricultural Chemical Institue,
Goettingen with clover, oats, beets, and darnel also showed no
direct influence of the cement kiln dust on the growth of these
plants. An average quantity of 0.75 g of dust was strewn over
the plants per square meter per day. The dust contained 29.3%
CaO and 3.1% K2O. The alkaline components of the dust
raised the pH of the soil. It is recommended to fertilize such
soils with an acid fertilizer.
19460
Scheffer, Fritz, Eberhard Przemeck, and Werner Wilms
INVESTIGATIONS PERTAINING TO THE INFLUENCE OF
AIRBORNE DUST COMING FROM CEMENT FURNACES
ON SOD1 AND PLANTS. (Untersuchungen uber de Einfluss
von Zementofen-Flugstaub auf Boden und Pflanze.) Staub
(Duesseldorf), 21(6):251-254, 1961. 8 refs. Translated from
German by Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.
The effects of cement furnace dusts on plants and soil were
investigated. Barley, German weidel grass, sugar beets, and
Hungarian red clover were used in the experiments. No
damage to the plants was observed over a two-year period.
The soil pH increased, and during the second year, when the
cement dust had a high potassium content, its lactate soluble
K20 content increased with increasing dust quantity. Barley
showed a small decrease in yield with increasing dust. For the
German weidel grass and Hungarian red clover, the increased
alkalinity caused by the dusting process had a favorable effect
on the mass yield. Sugar beets also showed an increased mass
yield, and the plant contents remained unchanged. The possi-
bility exists of an indirect influence on plant yield and the sub-
stances contained in the plants by the soil and by changes in
the soil reaction and nutrient. Under certain circumstances this
may lead to impairment of plant production. The dust sedi-
mented in the vicinity of cement factories appears to have no
immediate danger for plants as long as its influence can be
counteracted at the right time. The best counteraction can be
achieved by the application of physiologically acid fertiliza-
tion.
21293
Przemeck, E.
EFFECTS OF CEMENT KILN DUST PRECIPITATION ON
SOILS USED FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. (Wirkungen
von Zementofenstaub-Immissione auf landwirtschaftlich
genutzte Boeden). Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips
(Wiesbaden), 59(3): 119-124, March 1970. 7 refs. (Presented at
the meeting of the Committee on Emissions of the Association
of the German Cement Industry, Duesseldorf, Feb. 5, 1970.)
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28
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
It is known today that airborne dusts from cement kilns affect
the soil chemically, physically, and biologically through the
calcium and potassium content. The quantities of these com-
ponents vary in dusts from different kilns. Free CaO is con-
verted to carbonate in the soil within a short time. The effect
of dusts emitted from cement kilns was studied over a period
of six years with five different soils. They ranged from humus-
rich to humus-poor soils of clay to sandy composition. In the
first two years, red clover was grown, followed by sugar beet,
wheat, rye and rape-seed. The dust applied to the soil con-
sisted of 38% CaO and 10% K20. In the upper 15 cm of all
types of soils, an accumulation of lactate soluble potassium
was observed. In the sandy soil, more potassium penetrated to
lower depth than with the clay types of soil. The presence of
calcium raised the pH of the neutral to weakly acid soils and
changed the content of active manganese and of water-soluble
boron. It became apparent that the processes going on in the
soil counteract the effect of the calcium brought into the soil
with the cement kiln dusts so that the annually precipitated
amounts do not compare in their effect with fertilization.
Sugar beet, wheat, and clover which require neutral to alkaline
pH grew better in the dust-sprayed soils than in the control
soil, while rye reduced its yield.
24308
Mammarella, Luigi
PRINCIPAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AND DETERIORA-
TION PHENOMENA DUE TO Am POLLUTION. (I principal!
effetti degli inquinamenti e i fenomeni di deterioramento dovu-
ti alle contaminazioni dell' aria). Text in Italian. In: L'inquina-
mento Atmosferico in Italia. Kept. 27, p. 54-69, 1970. 110 refs.
The effects of pollution on human health, on natural resources
and the economy, on building materials, and on plants and
animals are reviewed. Reduced visibility and climatic changes
resulting from air pollution ar also discussed. Among the
materials damaged by pollution, the following are mentioned:
building stone, textiles, metals, paints, rubber, leather, and
paper products. A b'st is given of types of plants that are
highly sensitive, moderately sensitive, and resistant to sulfur
dioxide and to the fluorides. A tabulation is also given of the
climatic effects of dusts and aerosols, SO2, carbon dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, quoted from an American author.
25906
Strenk, F., A. Haba, and A. Rohovetsky
DOSING OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF DUST BY MEANS OF A
DOSATOR WITH A GRANULAR BASE. (Dozirovaniye ma-
lykh kolichestv pyli s pomoschch'yu dosator s zernistym
nositelem). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit, no. 7:87-89, 1970.
5 refs.
An abrasion-resistant granular material (plastic) is used to
carry test dust into a fluidized bed from which the dust is then
carried by Bernoulli effect into an animal test chamber. Tests
with cement, talc, and asbestos gave delivery rates stable
within plus or minus 4%.
25964
Holobrady, K. and J. Toth
THE PROBLEM OF CEMENT FACTORY DUST FROM THE
AGRICULTURAL STANDPOINT. Contemp. Agr. (English
translation from Serbo-Croati of: Savremena Poljoprivreda),
17(7-8):87-%, 1969. 26 refs. NTIS: TT 69-51001/7-8
The greatest sources of dust pollution in Czechoslovakia are
cement factories with rotary furnaces, discharging almost
100,000 tons of dust into the air annually. Dust discharge have
an undesirable effect on the thermal balance of furnaces and,
moreover, lower the production of clinker. If escaping dust
can be trapped, there is the possibility of using it as fertilizer,
because of its lime and potassium content. Samples of solid
aerosols were obtained by means of passive sedimentation at
sites distributed over areas subject to the influence of airborne
particles from cement factories. Chemical tests were made
using silicate analysis methods and spectrography. The pH fac-
tor was measured, and the rate of accumulation of organic car-
bon was determined. From the agricultural viewpoint, the fol-
lowing compounds obtained from passive sedimentation are of
interest: calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, potassium monox-
ide, sodium monoxide, silicon dioxide, and the trace elements
copper, boron, zinc, manganese, and molybdenum. The
depression in the accumulation rate of organic carbon after the
formation of an even layer of dust demonstrates that solid
aerosol particles affect photosynthesis. On an electron
microscope photograph, chloroplasts of dust-contaminated
leaves have a blurred outline and the tilacoids are difficult to
discern. While the action of dust pollution on sugar beet did
not affect the yield, it did influence the quality of the beet.
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29
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
19353
Schaffer, R. J.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN ITS BEARING ON THE
WEATHERING OF STONE AND SIMILAR BUILDING
MATERIALS. In: Investigation on Atmospheri Pollution. Dept.
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Cambridge (England),
Rept2S, p. 111-121. 1960(7).
Atmospheric pollution affects building materials in two ways:
soot adheres to the surfaces, causing discoloration and disfigu-
rement, while sulfur dioxide and ammonium sulfate bring
about chemical changes. Except with magnesian milestone, the
appearance of efflorescent salts on the surface of the stone in-
dicates that the decay is to be attributed to some cause other
than, or in addition to, atmospheric pollution, but the reverse
statement does not apply. Buildings in towns are more
disfigured by soot than those in country districts, and there
are marked differences in behavior between different materi-
als. With sandstones of good quality, surface erosion does not
occur and washing by rain is not effective in preventing soot
deposition, while the degree of discoloration of limestones by
soot varies with the aspect and degree of exposure. The only
mineral constituents of building stones that are significantly af-
fected by the acids in the air and rain water are the carbonates
of lime and magnesia. Suitable choice and use of materials is
the first safeguard against decay but is of little avail against
discoloration by soot; those building stones that suffer most
seriously in this respect are among the most durable. Oil paint,
applied when the stone is dry and renewed every few years,
has good protective qualities; limestone buildings can be hosed
down with water at intervals; and the inhibition of skin forma-
tion and the removal of decomposition products should also
enhance durability.
20421
Brenner, Raymond C, Richard Hooker, K. K. Stevens,
Carlton Strong, and E. B. Lee
PAPERS ON THE EFFECT OF SMOKE ON BUILDING
MATERIALS. Pittsburgh Univ., Pa., Mellon Inst. of Industrial
Research and School of Specific Industries, Bull. No. 6, 1913,
58p. 7 refs.
Not until the general public is awakened from its apathy will
the smoke nusiance, the greates blot on our industrial centers,
be eliminated. Data has been accumulated for the following
topics: chemistry of soot and the corrosive products of com-
bustion; effect of smoke on outside painting; effect of smoke
on paint coatings; effect of smoke on stone; stone and the
smoke nuisance with special reference to the protection of
stone; effect of smoke on metals; the question of light and
smoke; the effect of smoke on the interior of buildings; and
limitations placed by smoke upon the means of architectural
expression. This monograph addressed to the general public
presents the facts about air pollution by combustion products
of bituminous coal as they were known in the year 1912. The
papers on the effect of smoke on paint coatings are based on
work done for the National Paint Manufacturers' Association.
The last three papers describe the effects of covering of
skylight windows, lighting fixtures, wall paper, painted interior
walls, lace curtains, silk hangings, floor coverings, etc. etc. by
soot, In general, the simplest possible form of architecture is
to be advised. Under-cutting, delicacy of incised line and
sharpness of angular forms must be forgone, for the soot
deposited will, in time, fill up the crevices and mar the beauty
of the outline, causing considerable alteration of the original
forms and make the building degenerate into a mere mass of
dirty, shabbey masonry.
20507
Pepper, Leonard
INFLUENCE OF ALKALI CONTENT OF FLY ASH ON EF-
FECTIVENESS IN PREVENTING EXPANSION OF
CONCRETE. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Miss., TR-6-627, 26p., June 1963. 6 refs. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 687367
Eight mixtures containing various ratios of high- or low-alkali
fly ash and cement, and two control mixtures were made to
determine the influence of the alkali content of fly ash on its
effectiveness in preventing expansion of concrete due to alkali
aggregate reaction. Mortar bars made from the mixtures were
cast and their lengths measured at 2, 14, and 28 days, 6
months, and 1 year. Data from this and a previous investiga-
tion using a medium-alkali fly ash indicated that the approxi-
mate minimum percentage replacements of portland cement
needed to reduce expansion of mortars made with high-alkali
cement and very reactive aggregate by 75% at 14 days for the
low-, medium-, and high-alkali fly ash are 33, 46, and 47%,
respectively. Although the high-alkali fly ash will increase the
expansion of an inocuous combination, the expansion will not
be so great as to render the resulting mixture deleterious. The
data from the mortar-bar expansion test were too variable,
both within and between batches, for the test to be used in
research on aggregate reactions in concrete. Results of this in-
vestigation did not confirm conclusions from an earlier study,
and indicate the need for further research. (Author abstract
modified)
21473
Moraru, D. and I. Timar
ATMOSPHERIC AGGRESSION TOWARD CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST OF RU-
MANIA AND ITS CLASSIFICATION BY ZONES.
(Agresivitatea atmosferica asupra constructiilor de pe litoralul
romanesc al Marii Negre si zonarea ei). Text in Romanian.
Revista Constructiilor si a Materialelor de Constructii,
20(10):527-535, 1968. 1 ref.
Atmospheric salinity, influenced by the salt content of the
Black Sea is measured and studied; the area up to 20 kilome-
ters from the coast is divided into zones, on the basis of the
need for protection of certain building materials (metals and
concrete) affected by the atmospheric salinity.
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30
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
22410
Buchanan,D. R.
THE CORROSION OR DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE.
Australasian Corrosion Eng., 14(5):5-15, May 1970. 9 refs.
(Presented to the Australasian Corrosion Association, 10th An-
nual Conference, Perth, Nov. 10-14th, 1969.)
Concrete consists of two materials, aggregate, and sands and
pastes (water and cement). Concrete deterioration is a result of
either internal agents (incorrect mixing or material selection)
or external agents or environments which affect the durability
of the cement paste. Internal agents which affect aggregates
include organic impurities, sulfide ores, sulfate minerals, and
alkali reactive materials. Water can be contaminated by
suspended matter, or by various salts and other chemical com-
pounds. Chemical attack of concrete is carried out by sulfates,
sea water, acids, and frost. Impermeability of concrete will
protect it from many chemical attacks. Fire or other severe
temperature exposure can crack concrete due to differences in
thermal expansion. Various types of cement are tabulated, as
well as the effects on concrete of many chemical compounds.
25465
Winkler, E. M.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CORRO-
SION OF STONE AND METALS. Eng. Geol., 4(4):327-334,
1970. 11 refs.
Evidence is presented that polluted air not only affects life but
also stone, concrete and metals as well. The important corro-
sive agents in the process of weathering, however, are Carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide combined to
sulfates, chlorine and possibly nitrogen dioxide. Carbon diox-
ide is considered the most important ingredient, whereas car-
bon monoxide and the organic irritants aldehydes and ketones
are only of minor importance as stone corrodents. Evidence is
presented that the ionic increase almost doubled in the Great
Lakes St. Lawrence River drainage basin, whereby about 20-
50% of the ions are believed to be contributed from polluted
atmospheres surrounding the lakes. Improvement of automo-
tive combustion will eliminate toxic CO and smog-producing
unburned hydrocarbons, but on the other hand will augment
CO2 and NO2 to such a high level that the corrosion of stone
and metals probably will increase rapidly unless a switch to
new power sources is accomplished. (Author summary
modified)
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31
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
15889
Kohn, Robert E.
A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL. School Sci. Math., June 1969:487-
494. (Presented at the Central Association of Science and
Mathematics Teachers, Annual Convention, St Louis, Nov.
30, 1968.)
Mathematical models are proposed for computer processing to
determine the least possible cost of pollution controls in an
airshed. Advantages of the models are their simplicity, empha-
sis on economic efficiency, and appropriateness for the type
of data normally available. One model considers a hypothetical
airshed for a single industry, cement manufacturing. Annual
production is 2,500,000 barrels of cement; two pounds of dust
are emitted for every barrel produced. The least cost solution
to the emission problem would be to install a four-field elec-
trostatic precipitator on kilns producing 1,000,000 barrels and a
five-field precipitator on kilns producing 1,500,000 barrels. A
second model concerns the five major pollutants in the Saint
Louis airshed in 1970: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. Among the
possible control methods included in the model are exhaust
and crankcase devices for automobiles, the substitution of
natural gas for coal, catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to
sulfuric acid at power plants, and the use of low sulfur-content
coal. Pollution reduction requirements are itemized. The com-
puter-derived solution of this model indicates the cost and effi-
ciency of each reduction method. A third model evaluates the
effects of air pollution on humans, vegetation, and materials.
It can be used to determine whether the relative damaging ef-
fects of pollutants are proportional tc their control cost.
17203
Oels, Heinriche
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN WEST GERMANY AND
THE ROLE OF INDUSTRY. (Luftforurensningsproblemer i
Vest-Tyskland industriens innsats). Text in Norwegian. Tek.
Ukeblad (Oslo), 116(45):1245-1247, Dec. 1969.
West Germany has been occupied in the last decade with
reducing emissions of dust and smoke. Effectiveness of dust
filters has increased threefold, and filtration is more economi-
cal. The dust content can now be reduced to 150 mg/cu m for
an emission rate of 100,000 cu m/hr. In 1950, the dust output
from the West German cement industry was 3.5% of the
clinker produced; in 1967, it was 0.15%. Dust output from the
manufacture of calcium carbide was reduced to 3 mg/cu m of
exhaust gases. Attention now centers on reducing sulfur diox-
ide emissions. An electric power plant in Essen absorbs it with
a new type of activated carbon, recovering the SO2 for the
manufacture of H2SO4, the cost per 1000 kWh being about 1
DM (25 cents), and this can be further reduced. Government
standards now limit the sulfur content of fuel oils to 1.8%.
About 20% of the total SO2 emission in West Germany comes
from sulfuric acid plants. A new 'double contact' process can
reduce SO2 emissions of such a plant from 17 to 3 kg per ton
of H2SO4 produced. Nitrogen oxides emitted from nitric acid
plants have been reduced by 50% with special absorption
equipment. New legislation sets a maximum average of 2
mg/cu m for fluorine emissions, or 5 mg for short intervals.
Readings as high as 2.7 mg have been recorded above the
Ruhr from January 1, 1966, to December 31, 1968. During that
period, industry in North Rhine-Westphalia invested
4,000,000,000 DM on air pollution problems related to existent
operations and about 275,000,000 DM on those related to new
ones. Exhaust purification for the 2-year period cost
3,000,000,000 DM, plus an additional 30,000,000 for research
this in comparison with a gross national product of
300,000,000,000 DM per year. The total amount spent by in-
dustry is small compared with the damage caused, which
amounts to 50 DM per capita per year, or 3,000,000,000 for
the entire republic, not including losses due to sickness or
sanitation problems.
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32
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
06679
F. E. Ireland
ALKALI INSPECTORATE - ALKALI ETC. WORKS REGU-
LATION ACT 1906 AND ALKALI ETC. WORKS ORDER
1966. (NOTES ON BEST PRACTICABLE MEANS FOR CE-
MENT WORKS EMISSIONS.) Ministry of Housing and Local
Government, London (England). (June 28,1967). 5 pp.
Restrictions are set forth covering emissions from cement
works. Included are: particulate emissions and hydrogen sul-
fide from kiln waste gases; stack height; sampling methods to
be used; and miscellaneous cement works operations.
16116
Koehler, W.
PRESENT POSITION IN COMBATING AIR POLLUTION
AND NUISANCE IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. (Stand der
Emissionsbekaempfung in der Zementindustrie). Text in Ger-
man. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 58(11):493-500, Nov.
1969. 12 refs.
Prior to a discussion of present achievements in combating
pollution and noise in the cement industry, the composition of
emissions by this industry is reviewed. Apart from dust, waste
gases from cement kilns contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ox-
ygen, and water vapor. The sulfur dioxide concentration is low
because it is chemically bound as sulfate in the clinker and the
dust. No gaseous fluorine emissions have ever been deter-
mined; the carbon monoxide concentration is negligible. Dust
emissions sank from about 3.5% in 1950 to 1.5% in 1957, and
to 0.15% of the clinker production in 1967, although the
production increased from 11 million tons to 33 million tons.
In the vicinity of the Westphalian industrial center comprising
15 cement plants, an average dust fall of 0.75 g/sq m/day was
measured in 1950; now, the annual average is down to 0.42
g/sq m/day. The VDI (Association of German Engineers)
Guideline 2094 recommends a maximum allowable emission
concention of 150 mg dust/standard cu m. In 1950, only 15%
of the rotary kilns were equipped with electrostatic precipita-
tors; in 1967, more than 93% had precipitators. The VDI
Guideline 2058 provides for noise abatement in the cement in-
dustry. It recommends limitation of noise in primarily industri-
al centers to 70 dB and in residential areas with interspersed
cement factories, to 55 dB/day and 40 dB/night.
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33
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
06708
V. E. Wessels
STATEMENT OF VINCENT E. WESSELS, VICE PRESIDENT
OF RESEARCH, IDEAL CEMENT CO. 90th Congress ('Air
Pollution-1967, Part 3 (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee on
Public Works, Washington, D. C. Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, April 19, May 2-4, 8-10, 1967.)
The statement in the title of the original act that 'Prevention
and control of air pollution at its source is the primary respon-
sibility of State and local governments' is endorsed. In setting
standards in excess of those required to protect health, abate-
ment costs should be weighed against anticipated benefits.
Standards on an area basis were suggested. Research on air
pollution abatement by the Federal Government should be
enhanced. Special tax consideration should be given on instal-
lations of air pollution abatement equipment. The statement of
the American Mining Congress as presented by Mr. Coons is
endorsed.
14337
Baccanari, Samuel
LEHIGH VALLEY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT.
(Appendix 8 to: Effect of Area on Air Pollution Control Pro-
grams.) Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Center for
Air Environment Studies, NAPCA Grant AP-00458, Final
Progress Kept., 9p., Nov. 30, 1968.
The Lehigh Valley Air Pollution Control District, an interju-
risdictional air pollution control program established in 1957
under ordinances enacted by the municipalities of Northamp-
ton and Nazareth, is described. The communities, located in
the southeastern portion of Pennsylvania, comprise the Lehigh
Valley cement belt, which extends for 25 miles and includes
about 75 square miles. Prior to establishment of the control
district, residents had tolerated a long-standing condition of
excessive dustfall from the cement industry. The entry into the
district of additional communities has caused the district to ex-
pand its scope to include control of other pollution sources as
well. The program has two full-time employees: a director
who, as a professional engineer, enforces the individual mu-
nicipal ordinances, and a secretary. In each municipality there
are citizen air pollution control boards of five members ap-
pointed by the elected representatives. Public funds are ob-
tained by levying service charges on participating governments
according to an established formula. The program has been
judged effective on the basis of both significant expenditures
by industrial plants for air pollution control equipment and a
steady decline in the annual dustfall in the area under the Dis-
trict's jurisdiction. Data is included on annual dustfall survey
averages and on cement plants in the District. Administration
of the program emphasizes persuasion and conciliation, with
enforcement powers, for the most part, held in reserve.
17927
Thayer, J. M.
THE CONTROL OF GRIT, DUST, AND FUME EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Conf. Filtration Soc., Dust
Control Air Cleaning Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 10-15. 8
refs. (Sept. 23-25.)
Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources in England and
Wales are controlled in part by the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968 and the Alkali Act of 1906. The 1956 Clean Air Act
prescribes standards for the emission of smoke from chimneys
and prohibits smoke darker than Ringelmann 2, except for cer-
tain specified periods. The 1968 Act adds to this by prohibiting
the emission of dark smoke from industrial and trade premises
as distinct from chimneys. The 1956 Act deals with dust and
soot only in general terms. The 1968 Act, covering emissions
of grit and dust from furnaces, applies to a wide range of fur-
naces burning solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, excluding small
domestic boilers. The recommended standards for furnaces
burning fuel equivalent to 100 to 50,000 Ib per hour of coal are
illustrated graphically. Recommendations are also offered for
reducing grit and dust emissions from cold blast cupolas at
iron foundries. These involve minimizing emissions by suitable
arresters fitted at the top of the shaft or dispersing fumes
from chimneys not less than 120-ft high. The Alkali Act is a
measure to control emissions from virtually all the heavy
chemical industries, the fine chemical industry, petroleum
refining, and petrochemicals, nonferrous metallurgy, iron and
steel production, power stations, coke and gas works, and cer-
tain ceramic and lime works. The Act provides for the
establishment of grit, dust, and fume emission standards and
requires suitable equipment for obtaining these standards. Ar-
restment to a specific standard by dispersal of waste gases at
inadequate height is given in some detail for cement works,
iron and steel works, lead works, and electricity works.
17940
Kester, Bruce E.
AIR POLLUTION-RULE AND REGULATION. Preprint, Inst.
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 10p., 1968.
3 refs. (Presented at the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) Cement Indusry Technical Conference,
St. Louis, Mo., May 21-24, 1968.)
The history of air pollution with respect to the cement indus-
try is briefly reviewed from the early 1900's when pollution
control was nonexistent and cement plants were generally far
from populated areas, through World War II with vastly in-
creased pollution levels, to the present situation of great public
awareness and stringent control regulations. The application of
process weight tables to dust emissions from cement plants
presents many specific questions of interpretation which
remain to be clarified. A comparison analysis is presented,
showing the wide range of basic design criteria subsmitted by
different manufacturers of electrostatic precipitators to handle
one process and to meet the same efficiency. In addition, the
daily efficiency of a cement kiln precipitator often is markedly
lower than that determined during the acceptance test, and un-
less a dust collection system is designed with excess capacity
anticipated, trouble develops as soon as production rates in-
crease. More precise definitions, better test procedures, and
agreement on basic design criteria are urgently needed.
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34
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
19747
Kester, Bruce E.
Am POLLUTION - RULE AND REGULATION. IEEE (Inst.
Elec. Electron. Engrs.) Trans. Ind. Gen. Appl., IGA-5(3):237-
241, May/June 1969, 3 refs. (Presented at the IEEE (Inst. Elec.
Electron. Engrs.) Cement Industry Technical Conference, St.
Louis, Mo., May 21-24, 1968, Paper 68 TP64-1GA.
A framework of increasing impetus for pollution control regu-
lation and enforcement is established. The progression of air
pollution control from early in-plant control of the working en-
vironment to community recognition of air pollution and black
smoke control is traced. Today, in target areas of the nation,
rules and regulations have been promulgated which govern
paniculate and sulfur dioxide emissions. In particulate emis-
sions, the process weight table is being promoted. Manufac-
turers of pollution control equipment have asserted that they
can install equipment in a cement plant to meet the process
weight table. However, electrostatic precipitator manufac-
turers do not agree on basic design criteria to do the job. Glass
bag collectors, while in basic agreement on cloth-to-gas ratio,
get into equally confusing design differences as to preference
of suction or pressure installations and many varied proposals
for handling wet-process kilns. When the question of sulfur
emissions from a cement plant arises, opinion with little fac-
tual data prevails. It is predicted that the process weight table
will be uniformly applied in almost every air shed area. Sulfur
dioxide will be restricted to the emission rates prevailing on
the combustion of low sulfur coal. Studies of possible pollu-
tants will be made, and air quality criteria established for
nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants which
do not directly concern the cement industry.
22330
Middleton, John T.
AIR QUALITY CONTROL. (Ueberwachung der Luftguete).
Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg.
(Berlin), no. 33:159-175, 1970. Translated from English in:
Mining Congr. J., Oct. 1968.
The Commissioner of the National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration is interviewed concerning the work of his or-
ganization. He describes projected plans of the organization,
dangers that must be given priority in the study programs, the
responsibility of state governments in settling limits to define
air quality, the importance of meteorological and topographical
factors, the division of the country into air pollution control
zones, aid from private organizations, governmental commit-
tees working in this area, the role of industry, some special
problems of the cement and phosphate industries, the use of
the Ringelmann scale, and the activities of Senator Muskie at
the congressional level.
22466
Ordinanz, Wilhelm
A NEW AIR POLLUTION LAW. Staub (English translation
from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 29(9):8-10, Sept.
1969. 7 refs.
The Air Pollution Law of Michigan (1967) stipulates licensing
for the erection, mounting, or alteration of combustion equip-
ment or other working processes liable to emit pollutants. An
application must be submitted with the following information:
quantity and temperature of the waste gas or air; the composi-
tion of waste gases with or without scrubbing; prospective
content of solids in the waste gases; point of emission; height
and location relative to adjacent buildings; other factors liable
to facilitate the diffusion or emission in the surroundings; and
information on special effects of the pollutants. The gray value
of smoke plumes from furnaces must be brighter than No. 2
on the Ringelmann scale, but gray value No. 2 must not
prevail for more than 3 minutes every half-hour and gray value
No. 3 for no longer than 3 minutes in an hour, though not
more than three time in 24 hours. Permissible limits of dust
emission are presented tabularly for combustion plants, gar-
bage incinerators, steel production, cupola furnaces for cast
iron, lime kilns, asphalt preparation, cement production, and
pelletizing of iron ore. Several prohibitions are also listed.
23562
Damon, W. A.
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE GASES IN CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY. Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London), 31(l):26-35,
1953. 16 refs. (Presented at the Institute of Chemical En-
gineers, Midlands Branch Meeting, England, Jan. 31, 1953.)
Statutory control of the atmospheric pollution arising from
certain industrial processes is considered, and the possible
means of implementing the requirements of the Alkali Act are
discussed. Processes are described in which the control of pol-
lution is difficult, and the means adopted to mitigate their ef-
fects are explained. The rate at which a gas diffuses when
travelling downwind from its point of emission depends on the
turbulence of the atmosphere, and this in turn is affected by
the wind speed and the temperature gradient. Calculations of
Bosanquet and Sutton relating to maximum ground concentra-
tions and chimney discharges are cited. Cement manufacture,
pollution by sulfur gases, petroleum refining, requirements for
lead works, and various unregistered processes are discussed.
Great difficulty has been experienced in the case of a plant for
the recovery of magnesia from sea water, by reason of the
discharge of a very foggy emission from the kiln chimneys.
The discharge of fluorine compounds, coal combustion, pollu-
tion by coke ovens, and burning spoilbanks are also con-
sidered.
25329
Bergan, J. and J. Jasen
STATE OF NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS (NO. 242)
OSCAR H. BOOMER AND JUNE C. BOOMER, APPEL-
LANTS V. THE ATLANTIC CEMENT COMPANY, INC.,
RESPONDENT (AND FIVE OTHER ACTIONS) (NO. 475)
CHARLES J. MEILAK AND ANO., APPELLANTS V. THE
ATLANTIC CEMENT COMPANY, INC. RESPONDENT. In:
Air Polhition-1970, Part 2. 91st Congress (Senate), Second Ses-
sion on S.3229, S.3466, S.3546, p. 854-861, 1970. 7 refs.
(Hearings before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution
of the Committee on Public Works, March 19, 20, 23, 1970.)
One alternative in settling disputes between property owners
and cement plants where vibrations and emissions of dust and
smoke cause substantial property damage is to grant an injunc-
tion but postpone its effect to a future date to allow the defen-
dent to eliminate the nuisance. Another alternative is to grant
the injunction conditioned on the payment of permanent
damages to the plaintiff. One opinion holds that the second al-
ternative is the most effective stimulus to research into im-
proved control techniques. Another opinion maintains that to
permit an injunction to become inoperative upon payment of
permanent damages is, in effect, licensing a continuing wrong.
25642
Mein, William Wallace, Jr.
THE CALAVERAS CEMENT CO. DUST SUIT. Mining En-
gineering, 3(6): 534-536, June 1951. (Presented at the American
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
35
Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 1949 and New York, Feb.
1950, Paper TP 3047H.
An account is given of the background, testimony, and out-
come of a 1949 trial resulting from a suit by five landowners,
all cattle ranchers, whose properties are located in the vicinity
of a cement plant. The plaintiffs sued for dust damages of
$120,338 and for an injunction preventing the company from
casting dust on their properties in injurious quantities.
Testimony for the plaintiffs was designed to establish that the
flue dust had damaged the land and forage and had caused
fluorine poisoining to the cattle, both results causing substan-
tial loss of profits. Defense testimony sought to establish that
the damage had been enormously exaggerated and should be
limited to the much lower loss of rental values, and that the
claim of fluorine poisoning was spurious. A jury verdict
awarded the ranchers $7508 in damages and the court issued
an injunction following the lines of a company proposal requir-
ing a minimum stack dust recovery of 87%. The plaintiffs sub-
sequently filed an appeal, contending that their proposed ver-
sion of the injunction should be the one adopted by the court;
this appeal was still pending at time of writing.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
37
FUNKE, G *B-06783
ABELITISA »B-20674
ABSOLONOVA, O G-09004
ALCOCERAE 'C-18130
ALCOCER, A E A-10667
ALLEN, G L 'B-03754
ARRAS K 'B-21292
B
BACCANARI S *L-14337
BADZYNSKIW B-20014
BARHAD B *G-16558
BAXTER W A JR B-23725
BENDINELLI R A 'F-19751
BENNER R C '1-20421
BERGANJ *L-25329
BERGMANN LEHNERT I 'H-16151
BERLYAND, M E *E-10368
BETTAV 'B-15728
BLEZARD R G *C-18236
BROOMHEAD F B-25643
BUCHANAN D R *I-22410
CHAMBERLIN, R L 'B-02031
CONRAD G *B-22500
CRAWFORD H L A-21221
CUFFE, S T B-07875
CZAJA, A T 'H-06641, 'H-10914
D
DAMON W A 'L-23562
DARLEY, E F *H-00127, 'H-03849
DAVYDOV, S A *G-06896
DEUSSNER H *B-20756
DEYNATG 'B-19240
DIETZE H J G-24708
DOHERTY, R E *B-02735
DRESIA, H 'C-08607
DUBROVINA Z V *D-21088
EINBRODTHJ 'G-24708
EISNER JH *B-15629
ERTL, D W *B-07931
FELDEN, G C-08607
FELDSTEIN M C-18130
FELDSTEIN, M L 'A-10667
PELS M 'A-21221
FISCHER, H B-06783
FISCHOTTER, P C-08607
FLODIN, C R B-07562
FRAUENFELDER A 'B-15759
FRIESE G 'A-16229
FUNKE G 'B-17750, B-25078
G
GALE, W M
GORLACH E
'B-08636
B-25609
H
HAALAND J J B-12347
HABA A H-25906
HANKIN, M JR 'B-05441, 'B-09914
HASHIMOTO K *B-17402
HATAI G-22990
HENTSCHEL D G-24708
HEROD B C *B-18160
HODGKISS J E 'B-14425
HOHMANN H 'B-14289
HOLOBRADY K 'H-25964
HOOKER R 1-20421
HUCKAUF H B-14289
HULL W Q 'F-14506
I
IRELAND, F E 'K-06679
JASEN J L-25329
JOEL, H *C-06752
JURKOWSKA H B-25609
K
KACZOROWSKIA B-20014
KAPALIN, V G-09004
KARZARINOFFA 'B-24881
KATOY 'B-21187
KEMNITZ, D A B-07875
KESTER B E 'L-17940, *L-19747
KIRCHHOFF E G-24708
KOEHLER W 'B-25078, 'K-16116
KOHLER, A 'B-03126
KOHLER, W 'B-02024
KOHN R E 'J-15889
KREICHELT, T E *B-07875
LEE E B 1-20421
LEITHE, W 'B-07535
LIGDA, M G H *C-07916
LITYNSKIT 'B-25609
LYN A V D 'B-22523, 'B-22997
M
MAKARETS G N B-16446
MAMMARELLA L 'H-24308
MATSUDA N 'B-19210
MCCABE, L C B-03754
MCGINNITY, J L B-09806
MEINWWJR 'L-25642
MEL NIK M N 'B-15957
MIDDLETONJT 'L-22330
MIREA V G-16558
MOODIE, G B-02031
MOORE H C-18130
MOORE, H A-10667
MORARUD '1-21473
MOUDRA, L G-09004
MUHLRAD M W 'A-15637
N
NAKAKIMA T G-22990
NIKOLAEV S P D-21088
NOSE Y 'G-23148
NOVAKOVA E 'G-24392
NUSSBAUM, R H-03224
O
OBERTHUER W G-24708
DELS H 'J-17203
OKUMA, R 'B-09950
OLEKSYNOWA, K 'B-02939
OMARA, R F 'B-07562
ORDINANZ W 'L-22466
PAJENKAMPH 'H-17977
PEPPER L '1-20507
PLASS R J 'B-12347
POTTER L B C-18130
POTTER, L B A-10667
POTTINGER, J F 'B-07699
POTZLK 'C-13821
POTZL, K 'C-06126
PRING R W C-18236
PRZEMECK E H-19460, 'H-21293
PUT Y 'B-24568
R
RAYMOND, V 'H-03224
REALE F B-15728
REITER R 'G-16246
REITER, R C-06126
RETNEV, V M 'G-07571
ROHOVETSKY A H-25906
ROSE, A H JR B-02229
SCHAFFERRJ '1-19353
SCHEFFER F 'H-19460
SCHOENBECK, H *H-11434
SCHON F F-14506
SCHRODER, E W 'B-05511
SCHWANECKE R 'B-23127
SEEBACH, H M A-09541
SHEPARD N L 'F-24564
-------
38
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
SHIMAZU, H B-09950
SIMIONESCU C G-16558
SIMON, H 'B-09789
SMITHSON G R JR A-19177
SPAITE, P W 'B-02229
SPRUNG, S 'A-09541, *F-07949
SQUIRES B } *B-20188
STASSEN J B-24568
STEPHEN, D G B-02229
STEVENS K K 1-20421
STRENK F 'H-25906
STRONG C 1-20421
SYKES W 'B-25643
SYMON, K 'G-09004
TAI M G-16558
TERABE, M 'D-07406
THAYER J M *L-17927
TIMAR I 1-21473
TOKOJIMA N G-23148
TOMAIDES, M 'B-02028
TOMSON N M D-21088
TOTH J H-25964
TRAUFFER W E *B-22351
TRIPLER A B JR 'A-19177
VANCE R C 'B-23616
VIETS, F H B-03754
VIGDORCHIK, E A *C-08130
VINCENT, E J 'B-09806, 'B-09807,
•B-09808
VYPOVAI *B-16446
W
WASILEWSKIL 'B-20014
WEBER E *B-23364
WESSELS, V E *L-06708
WHITE H J 'B-23725
WIEMER, P *B-08372
WILMS W H-19460
WINKLER E M "I-25465
YAMASHITA, K *B-07492, 'C-07411
YANO R 'G-22990
ZALESKI J Z B-20014
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
39
ABATEMENT A-21221, B-25078, K-16116,
L-06708, L-22466
ABSORPTION B-07535, J-17203
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-07535,
J-17203
ACETYLENES B-23127
ACIDS A-21221, B-07535, B-07931,
B-09789, B-20014, B-2S643, F-14506,
G-24392, 1-22410, J-17203
ADMINISTRATION A-04026, B-03126,
B-09789, B-16446, B-24568, E-10368,
L-06708, L-14337, L-22330
ADSORPTION A-19177
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-14289
ADVISORY SERVICES B-25078
AERODYNAMICS B-23725
AEROSOL GENERATORS H-00127,
H-25906
AEROSOLS B-15728, C-06126, G-16246,
H-06641, H-24308
AFRICA B-07931, B-14425
AFTERBURNERS B-07535
AGE G-22990, G-24708
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-04026
Affi QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-04026, A-09541, A-10667, B-02939,
B-07492, B-08636, B-09950, B-23364,
C-06752, C-08607, C-18130, D-07406,
D-21088, F-07949, G-06896, H-00127,
H-24308, H-25964, K-16116, L-14337,
L-22330, L-22466
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-19177,
B-02024, K-16116
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
E-10368, L-23562
AIR-FUEL RATIO B-03754
AIRCRAFT C-07916
ATTKEN COUNTERS C-08130
ALDEHYDES 1-25465
ALFALFA H-00127
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS B-23127
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-14289, L-23562
ALTITUDE B-22500, C-07916, E-10368,
L-23562
ALUMINUM B-03754, B-16446, B-19210,
B-25643, F-24564
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS B-02939
ALUMINUM OXIDES C-06126, F-07949,
H-03849
ALVEOLI C-13821, G-16246
AMMONIA B-07699
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE F-07949
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS B-07699,
F-07949
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-09541,
B-02939, B-15728, C-08607, H-00127,
H-16151, H-24308
ANIMALS G-24392, H-03224, H-10914,
H-17977, H-24308, L-25642
AREA SURVEYS A-04026
ASBESTOS A-10667, A-19177, B-03754,
B-13946, H-25906
ASBESTOSIS A-19177
ASHES B-07535
ASIA B-07492, B-09950, B-17402, B-19210,
B-21187, C-07411, D-07406, G-22990,
G-23148, L-22466
ASPHALT A-10667, B-08372, B-13946,
B-23127, C-18130, G-07571, L-22466
ASTHMA D-07406, G-22990
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-10667,
B-05441, B-22500, C-06752, C-18130,
G-23148, L-23562
AUSTRALIA B-05511, B-07699, B-08636,
1-22410
AUTOMOBILES B-07535, D-07406
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
B-03754, J-15889
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS B-07535,
D-07406, 1-25465
B
BAFFLES B-18160, B-22997, B-23725
BAG FILTERS A-15637, B-02028, B-02031,
B-02229, B-02735, B-03126, B-03754,
B-07562, B-08636, B-09806, B-09807,
B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-15759,
B-18160, B-21187, B-22351, B-22997,
B-23364, B-24200, B-24881, L-19747,
L-23562
BARLEY H-19460
BELGIUM B-24568
BERYLLIOSIS B-02024, B-02939, H-00127,
H-03849
BESSEMER CONVERTERS B-07699
BETA PARTICLES C-08607
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT G-07571, G-09004
BLAST FURNACES B-07931, B-25643
BLOOD CELLS G-09004, G-24392
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-09004
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS G-24392
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
C-06126, G-09004, H-06641, H-10914
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
C-06126, H-06641
BOILERS B-07535, B-07699, B-25643
BORON COMPOUNDS H-25964
BREATHING APPARATUS G-16558
BRICKS A-19177, B-19210
BRONCHI C-13821, G-16246
BRONCHITIS G-22990, G-23148, G-24708,
H-03224
BUILD-UP RATES H-25964
BUSES D-07406
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-16229,
A-19177, B-15957, B-19210, B-20014,
B-23127, B-25453, B-25609, F-24564,
H-25964, J-17203
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS F-07949
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-09541,
A-10667, B-02939, B-14289, B-20014,
B-25609, C-06126, F-14506, H-00127,
H-03224, H-03849, H-06641, H-21293,
H-25964
CALCIUM SULFATES A-10667, B-20014,
F-14506, H-00127
CALIBRATION METHODS C-07411,
C-18236
CALIFORNIA B-03754, B-07535, D-07406,
H-03849
CANADA H-00127
CANCER A-19177
CARBON BLACK B-02229, B-09789,
B-20188, F-19751, H-25964
CARBON DIOXIDE B-08372, F-07949,
H-00127, H-03849, H-24308, 1-25465,
K-16116
CARBON DISULFIDE L-23562
CARBON MONOXIDE B-23364, D-07406,
G-07571, H-24308, 1-25465, J-15889,
K-16116, L-19747
CARBONATES B-02939, B-14289, H-03224,
1-19353
CARCINOGENS H-00127, H-03849
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-07535
CATALYTIC OXIDATION J-15889
CATTLE H-17977, L-25642
CELLS G-09004, G-24392, H-06641,
H-10914
CEMENTS A-04026, A-09541, A-10667,
A-15637, A-16229, A-19177, A-21221,
A-21627, B-02024, B-02028, B-02031,
B-02229, B-02735, B-02939, B-03126,
B-05472, B-05511, B-06783, B-07492,
B-07535, B-07562, B-07699, B-07875,
B-07931, B-08636, B-09789, B-09806,
B-09807, B-09950, B-12347, B-13946,
B-14289, B-14425, B-15629, B-15728,
B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17402,
B-17750, B-19210, B-19240, B-20014,
B-20188, B-20674, B-20756, B-21187,
B-21292, B-22523, B-22997, B-23364,
B-23725, B-24200, B-24568, B-24881,
B-25078, B-25453, B-25609, B-25643,
B-26239, C-06126, C-06752, C-07411,
C-07916, C-08130, C-08607, C-13821,
C-18130, C-18236, D-07406, D-21088,
E-10368, F-07949, F-14506, F-19751,
G-06896, G-09004, G-16246, G-16558,
G-22990, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
H-19460, H-21293, H-25906, H-25964,
J-15889, J-17203, K-06679, K-16116,
L-06708, L-14337, L-17927, L-17940,
L-19747, L-22330, L-22466, L-23562,
L-25329, L-25642
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-15637,
A-19177, A-21627, B-02028, B-02939,
B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-05472,
B-05511, B-06783, B-08372, B-08636,
B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-13946,
B-15629, B-15759, B-17750, B-18160,
B-21187, B-22997, B-23127, B-23364,
B-24881, C-08607, L-23562
CERAMICS A-19177, B-17402
CHAMBER PROCESSING B-25643
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-09541,
B-02939, B-07492, B-08636, C-08607,
D-07406, F-07949
-------
40
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
CHEMICAL METHODS A-09541, B-02939,
H-00127
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-04026,
A-21221, B-07535, B-07931, B-09789,
B-20014, B-20188, B-23127, B-25643,
B-26239, F-14506, J-17203, L-17927,
L-23562
CHEMICAL REACTIONS B-02229,
B-20014, F-14506
CHILDREN G-06896, G-09004, G-22990
CHLORIDES B-02939, F-07949, H-03849
CHLORINE B-02939, H-03849, 1-25465
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS B-02939,
F-07949, H-03849
CHLOROPLASTS B-03754, H-06641
CHROMATOGRAPHY C-08607, H-00127,
H-24308
CHRONIC G-23148
CITIZENS GROUPS H-00127
CITRUS H-00127
CITY GOVERNMENTS L-06708
CLAY A-10667, C-07411, G-16246
CLEAN AIR ACT L-22330
CLOUDS C-07916
CLOVER H-17977, H-19460, H-21293
COAL A-04026, B-02031, B-07535,
B-07699, B-07931, B-08636, B-26239,
C-08130, G-23148, 1-20421, J-15889
CODES B-25078, E-10368
COFFEE-MAKING B-13946
COKE A-04026
COLLECTORS A-15637, A-19177, A-21627,
B-02028, B-02031, B-02735, B-02939,
B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-05472,
B-05511, B-06783, B-07875, B-08372,
B-08636, B-09808, B-09914, B-09950,
B-13946, B-15629, B-15759, B-17402,
B-17750, B-18160, B-19240, B-20188,
B-21187, B-22523, B-22997, B-23127,
B-23364, B-23725, B-24568, B-24881,
B-25609, C-07411, C-08607, L-23562
COLLOIDS H-06641
COLORIMETRY B-15728
COMBUSTION A-16229, B-07699
COMBUSTION GASES A-09541, A-19177,
B-03754, B-07931, B-15759, B-20674,
B-20756, B-22500, B-25078, D-07406,
E-10368, G-16246, 1-25465, L-17927,
L-19747, L-22466, L-23562
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-09541,
A-19177, B-03754, B-07535, B-07931,
B-15759, B-20674, B-20756, B-22500,
B-25078, D-07406, E-10368, G-16246,
G-23148, 1-20421, 1-25465, L-17927,
L-19747, L-22466, L-23562
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-09950
COMPUTER PROGRAMS B-08636, J-15889
CONCRETE B-03754, B-08372, B-09806,
B-22500, B-23127, F-24564, G-07571,
1-20507, 1-21473, 1-22410
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-07916, H-06641
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-04026,
A-09541, A-10667, A-15637, A-16229,
A-19177, A-21221, A-21627, B-02024,
B-02028, B-02031, B-02229, B-02735,
B-02939, B-03126, B-03754, B-05441,
B-05472, B-05511, B-06783, B-07492,
B-07535, B-07562, B-07699, B-07875,
B-07931, B-08372, B-08636, B-09789,
B-09806, B-09807, B-09808, B-09914,
B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14289,
B-14425, B-15629, B-15728, B-15759,
B-15957, B-16446, B-17402, B-17750,
B-18160, B-19210, B-19240, B-20014,
B-20188, B-20674, B-20756, B-21187,
B-21292, B-22351, B-22500, B-22523,
B-22997, B-23127, B-23364, B-23616,
B-23725, B-24200, B-24568, B-24881,
B-25078, B-25453, B-25609, B-25643,
B-26239, C-06126, C-06752, C-07411,
C-07916, C-08130, C-08607, C-13821,
C-18130, C-18236, D-07406, D-21088,
E-10368, F-07949, F-14506, F-19751,
F-24564, G-06896, G-07571, G-09004,
G-16246, G-16558, G-22990, G-23148,
G-24392, G-24708, H-00127, H-03224,
H-03849, H-06641, H-10914, H-11434,
H-16151, H-17977, H-19460, H-21293,
H-24308, H-25906, H-25964, 1-19353,
1-20421, 1-20507, 1-21473, 1-22410,
1-25465, J-15889, J-17203, K-06679,
K-16116, L-06708, L-14337, L-17927,
L-17940, L-19747, L-22330, L-22466,
L-23562, L-25329, L-25642
CONTACT PROCESSING B-07931,
B-25643, L-23562
CONTINUOUS MONITORING B-19240,
B-25078, C-08607, H-00127
CONTROL AGENCIES B-03126, B-05441,
B-15759, B-25078, L-14337
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-09541,
A-15637, A-19177, A-21627, B-02024,
B-02028, B-02031, B-02229, B-02735,
B-02939, B-03126, B-03754, B-05441,
B-05472, B-05511, B-06783, B-07535,
B-07562, B-07699, B-07875, B-07931,
B-08372, B-08636, B-09789, B-09806,
B-09807, B-09808, B-09914, B-09950,
B-12347, B-13946, B-14425, B-15629,
B-15728, B-15759, B-16446, B-17402,
B-17750, B-18160, B-19210, B-19240,
B-20188, B-20674, B-20756, B-21187,
B-21292, B-22351, B-22523, B-22997,
B-23127, B-23364, B-23616, B-23725,
B-24200, B-24568, B-24881, B-25078,
B-25609, B-25643, C-06126, C-07411,
C-08130, C-08607, C-18130, E-10368,
F-07949, H-00127, H-11434, J-15889,
J-17203, K-16116, L-17940, L-19747,
L-23562
CONTROL METHODS A-16229, A-19177,
B-02028, B-03754, B-05441, B-06783,
B-07535, B-07562, B-07875, B-07931,
B-09789, B-09806, B-09807, B-09808,
B-09914, B-13946, B-14289, B-14425,
B-15957, B-19210, B-20014, B-20674,
B-22351, B-22997, B-23127, B-23364,
B-23725, B-25453, B-25609, B-25643,
B-26239, C-08130, F-24564, H-00127,
H-06641, H-25964, J-15889, J-17203,
L-23562
CONTROL PROGRAMS E-10368, L-14337
COOLING B-02229, B-07931, B-08636,
B-21292
COPPER B-03754
COPPER ALLOYS B-03754
COPPER COMPOUNDS H-25964
CORONA B-09789
CORROSION B-15759, 1-22410, 1-25465
COSTS A-19177, A-21221, B-02031,
B-05511, B-07562, B-09789, B-09914,
B-15759, B-23127, B-23616, B-23725,
B-24200, B-24568, B-24881, B-25078,
B-26239, J-15889, J-17203
COTTONS B-07562, B-09807, B-09808,
C-08130
COUGH G-22990
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS L-06708
CRITERIA B-15629, B-25078
CROPS C-08607, H-00127, H-11434,
H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, L-25642
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE F-07949, H-06641
CUPOLAS B-02229, B-03754, L-17927,
L-22466, L-23562
CZECHOSLOVAKIA G-09004, G-24392,
H-00127, H-03849, H-25964
D
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS B-08636,
J-15889
DECOMPOSITION B-20014, F-14506
DENSITY B-07492, C-07411
DEPOSITION C-13821, D-21088, H-16151,
1-19353
DESIGN CRITERIA B-09789, B-09806,
B-09914, B-12347, B-15629, B-17402,
B-19240, B-20188, B-20674, B-20756,
B-21292, B-22500, B-22523, B-23616,
B-23725, B-24200, B-25643, L-17940,
L-19747
DIFFRACTION C-18130
DIFFUSION E-10368, L-23562
DIFFUSION MODELS E-10368
DISCOLORATION 1-19353
DISPERSION E-10368, L-23562
DISPERSIONS H-06641
DISSOCIATION F-14506
DOMESTIC HEATING B-07535
DRYING B-08372
DUST FALL A-10667, B-09950, B-23364,
C-06752, C-18130, D-07406, H-00127,
K-16116, L-14337
DUSTS A-10667, A-15637, A-19177,
A-21627, B-02024, B-02028, B-02031,
B-02735, B-02939, B-03126, B-03754,
B-05441, B-05472, B-05511, B-06783,
B-07492, B-07535, B-07699, B-07875,
B-07931, B-08372, B-08636, B-09789,
B-09806, B-09807, B-09808, B-09914,
B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14289,
B-14425, B-15629, B-15728, B-15759,
B-15957, B-16446, B-17402, B-17750,
B-18160, B-19240, B-20188, B-20756,
B-21187, B-21292, B-22351, B-22523,
B-22997, B-23127, B-23616, B-23725,
B-24200, B-24568, B-25078, B-25453,
B-25609, B-25643, B-26239, C-06126,
C-06752, C-07411, C-07916, C-08130,
C-08607, C-18130, D-07406, D-21088,
F-07949, G-06896, G-07571, G-09004,
G-16558, G-22990, G-23148, G-24708,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
H-19460, H-21293, H-24308, H-25906,
H-25964, J-15889, J-17203, K-06679,
K-16116, L-14337, L-17927, L-17940,
L-19747, L-22466, L-23562, L-25642
ECONOMIC LOSSES B-26239, J-17203,
L-25329, L-25642
EDUCATION B-09914
ELECTRIC CHARGE B-07699, B-07931,
B-09789, C-06126, G-16246
ELECTRIC FURNACES B-02229, B-03754
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-21221, B-02031, B-07699, B-07931,
B-09789, B-20188, B-22500, B-24881,
D-07406, E-10368, J-15889, J-17203,
L-17927, L-23562
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-07699,
B-07931, B-09789, B-23725, B-25643
C-06126, G-16246
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-07699,
B-07931, B-09789
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
41
ELECTROSTATIC PREOPITATORS
A-09541, A-15637, A-21627, B-02024,
B-02028, B-02031, B-02735, B-02939,
B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-06783,
B-07535, B-07699, B-07875, B-07931,
B-08636, B-09789, B-09914, B-09950,
B-12347, B-13946, B-14425, B-15629,
B-15759, B-16446, B-17402, B-17750,
B-18160, B-21292, B-22523, B-22997,
B-23127, B-23364, B-23725, B-24881,
B-25078, B-25609, B-25643, F-07949,
H-00127, H-11434, J-15889, K-16116,
L-17940, L-19747, L-23562
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-04026
EMISSION STANDARDS A-21627,
B-09950, B-15759, B-25078, E-10368,
K-06679, K-16116, L-17927, L-17940,
L-22466
EMPHYSEMA H-03224
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES L-22330
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
J-15889
ENGINE EXHAUSTS B-07535, D-07406
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
B-03754
ENZYMES G-09004
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-23148
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-15629
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS A-21627,
E-10368
EUROPE A-09541, A-15637, A-16229,
A-21627, B-02024, B-02028, B-02229,
B-03126, B-06783, B-07535, B-07931,
B-08372, B-14289, B-15629, B-15728,
B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17750,
B-19240, B-20014, B-20188, B-20674,
B-20756, B-21292, B-22500, B-23127,
B-23364, B-24568, B-25078, B-25609,
B-25643, B-26239, C-06752, C-08130,
C-08607, C-13821, C-18236, E-10368,
F-07949, G-06896, G-07571, G-09004,
G-16246, G-16558, G-24392, G-24708,
H-00127, H-03849, H-10914, H-16151,
H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, H-24308,
H-25906, H-25964, 1-19353, 1-21473,
J-17203, K-06679, K-16116, L-17927,
L-23562
EXHAUST SYSTEMS B-05441, B-05472,
B-08636, B-09806, B-09807, B-09808,
B-09914, B-19240, B-22351, B-24200
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT C-06126
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS C-06126,
C-08607
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS H-00127,
H-25906
EXPOSURE METHODS G-16558
FANS (BLOWERS) B-08636, B-19240
FARMS L-25642
FEASIBILITY STUDIES A-21221
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-25078,
L-06708, L-17927, L-22330
FEMALES G-24708
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-21221, B-19210, H-25964, L-22330
FERTILIZING B-02939, B-25609
FIELD TESTS H-11434
FILTER FABRICS A-19177, A-21627,
B-02024, B-02229, B-02735, B-03754,
B-07562, B-07875, B-09806, B-09807,
B-09808, B-17750, B-18160, B-19210,
B-20188, B-22523, B-24200, C-08607,
C-18130, L-19747
FILTERS A-15637, A-19177, A-21627,
B-02024, B-02028, B-02031, B-02229,
B-02735, B-03126, B-03754, B-05441,
B-05511, B-06783, B-07562, B-07875,
B-08372, B-08636, B-09806, B-09807,
B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-13946,
B-14425, B-15728, B-15759, B-17750,
B-18160, B-19210, B-19240, B-20188,
B-21187, B-22351, B-22523, B-22997,
B-23364, B-23616, B-24200, B-24568,
B-24881, B-25078, B-25609, C-06126,
C-08130, C-08607, C-18130, J-17203,
L-19747, L-23562
FIRING METHODS B-20014
FLOW RATES B-09789, B-22523
FLUID FLOW B-09789, B-22523
FLUORIDES A-09541, B-19210, H-24308
FLUORINE L-25642
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-09541,
A-19177, B-19210, C-06126, H-24308,
L-23562
FLUOROSIS L-25642
FLY ASH A-19177, B-07492, B-07699,
B-09789, B-23725, B-25643, B-26239,
C-07411, C-08607, F-19751, G-24392,
1-20507
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS B-13946,
B-26239
FRANCE A-15637, B-19240
FRUITS H-00127
FUEL GASES A-19177
FUEL OILS A-19177, D-07406, G-23148
FUELS A-04026, A-19177, B-02031,
B-07535, B-07699, B-07875, B-07931,
B-08636, B-26239, C-08130, D-07406,
G-23148, 1-20421, J-15889, L-23562
FUMES A-19177, B-02229, B-03754,
B-07699, B-09789, C-08130, K-06679,
L-17927
FUNGI H-11434
FURNACES A-16229, A-19177, B-02031,
B-02229, B-03754, B-07535, B-07699,
B-07931, B-23725, B-25643, D-07406,
H-03849, H-19460, L-17927, L-22466,
L-23562
G
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY H-00127
GAS SAMPLING A-09541
GASES B-02229, B-07931, C-08607
GERMANY A-09541, A-16229, A-21627,
B-02024, B-06783, B-07535, B-08372,
B-14289, B-15629, B-17750, B-20674,
B-20756, B-21292, B-22500, B-23127,
B-23364, B-25078, B-26239, C-06752,
C-08607, C-13821, F-07949, G-16246,
G-24708, H-00127, H-03849, H-10914,
H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, J-17203,
K-16116
GLASS FABRICS A-19177, B-02229,
B-02735, B-03754, B-07562, B-19210,
B-22523, B-24200, L-19747
GOVERNMENTS B-16446, B-25078,
L-06708, L-14337, L-17927, L-22330
GRAPHITE B-15728, C-08130
GRASSES H-19460
GRAVITY SETTLING H-06641
GREAT BRITAIN B-07535, B-20188,
B-25643, C-18236, 1-19353, K-06679,
L-17927, L-23562
GROUND LEVEL B-22500, E-10368,
L-23562
H
HALOGEN GASES B-02939, H-03849,
1-25465, L-25642
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT D-07406, G-06896
HEARINGS L-06708, L-22330, L-25329
HEAT OF COMBUSTION B-20674
HEAT TRANSFER A-16229, B-02229,
B-07931, B-08636, B-21292
HEIGHT FINDING B-22500
HEMATOLOGY G-09004, G-24392
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS G-09004
HERBS H-06641
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-10667, C-18130
HIGHWAYS B-09914
HUMANS A-19177, C-13821, G-06896,
G-09004, G-16558, G-22990, G-23148,
G-24708, H-03224, H-10914, H-24308
HUMIDITY B-20756, H-03849, H-06641
HYDROCARBONS B-23127, J-15889
HYDROFLUORIC ACID G-24392
HYDROGEN SULFTOE B-07875, K-06679,
L-23562
I
INCINERATION B-09789, L-22466
INDUSTRIAL AREAS G-07571, G-09004,
G-22990, K-16116
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-04026, A-09541, A-10667, A-15637,
A-16229, A-19177, A-21221, A-21627,
B-02024, B-02028, B-02031, B-02229,
B-02735, B-02939, B-03126, B-03754,
B-05441, B-05472, B-05511, B-06783,
B-07535, B-07562, B-07699, B-07875,
B-07931, B-08372, B-08636, B-09789,
B-09806, B-09807, B-09808, B-09914,
B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14289,
B-14425, B-15629, B-15759, B-15957,
B-16446, B-17402, B-17750, B-18160,
B-19210, B-19240, B-20014, B-20188,
B-20674, B-20756, B-21187, B-21292,
B-22351, B-22500, B-22523, B-22997,
B-23127, B-23364, B-23616, B-23725,
B-24200, B-24568, B-24881, B-25078,
B-25453, B-25609, B-25643, B-26239,
C-06126, C-06752, C-13821, C-18130,
D-07406, D-21088, E-10368, F-07949,
F-14506, F-24564, G-07571, G-09004,
G-16246, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-10914,
H-16151, H-17977, H-21293, H-25964,
J-15889, J-17203, K-06679, K-16116,
L-06708, L-14337, L-17927, L-17940,
L-19747, L-22330, L-22466, L-23562,
L-25329, L-25642
INFECTIOUS DISEASES H-11434
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY H-00127
INGESTION H-17977
INORGANIC ACIDS A-21221, B-07535,
B-07931, B-09789, B-20014, B-25643,
F-14506, G-24392, 1-22410, J-17203
INSTRUMENTATION B-09789, C-07916
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
B-07535
INVERSION B-07535, E-10368
IONIZATION B-07699, B-07931
IONS B-07931
IRON A-04026, B-02031, B-02229, B-03754,
B-07699, B-07931, B-09789, B-13946,
B-16446, B-19210, B-23364, B-24881,
D-07406, L-17927, L-22466
IRON COMPOUNDS B-02939
-------
42
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
IRON OXIDES B-07699, B-15728, C-06126,
F-07949, H-03849
ITALY B-15728, H-24308
JAPAN B-07492, B-09950, B-17402,
B-19210, B-21187, C-07411, D-07406,
G-22990, G-23148
K
KETONES 1-25465
KILNS A-09541, A-15637, A-19177,
A-21627, B-02735, B-03126, B-05472,
B-05511, B-06783, B-07535, B-07562,
B-07699, B-07875, B-07931, B-08636,
B-09950, B-12347, B-14289, B-15629,
B-15759, B-17750, B-19240, B-20674,
B-21292, B-22997, B-24200, B-24568,
B-24881, C-06126, F-07949, H-00127,
H-10914, H-17977, H-21293, J-15889,
K-06679, K-16116, L-06708, L-17940,
L-22466, L-23562
KONIMETERS C-08130
KRAFT PULPING B-09789, B-25643
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-24392,
H-03224, H-17977
LABORATORY FACILITIES C-07411
LASERS C-07916
LEAD B-03754, C-08130, L-17927, L-23562
LEAD ALLOYS B-03754
LEAD COMPOUNDS C-08130
LEATHER H-24308
LEAVES H-00127, H-03849, H-06641,
H-16151
LEGAL ASPECTS A-21221, A-21627,
B-14425, B-15759, B-23364, B-24568,
B-25078, C-06752, E-10368, K-16116,
L-06708, L-17927, L-17940, L-19747,
L-22330, L-22466, L-23562, L-25329,
L-25642
LEGISLATION B-14425, B-15759, B-23364,
L-06708, L-17927, L-22330, L-22466,
L-23562, L-25329
LIGHT RADIATION B-07535
LIGHT SCATTERING B-15728
LIME A-15637, B-07699, B-07931, B-20674,
B-24568, F-07949, H-17977, L-06708,
L-22466
LIMESTONE A-21221, B-08372, B-14289,
C-08607, 1-19353
LIQUIDS B-09808, B-14289, H-03849
LITIGATION L-25329, L-25642
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-16446,
L-06708, L-14337
LONDON B-07535, K-06679
LOS ANGELES B-03754, B-07535, D-07406
LOWER ATMOSPHERE E-10368
LUNG CANCER A-19177
LUNGS C-13821, G-16246
M
MAGNESIUM B-03754
'MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS 6-02939,
F-07949, H-03849, H-25964
MAINTENANCE B-06783, B-07562,
B-25643
MALES G-16558
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS B-02939,
F-07949, H-03849, H-25964
MATERIALS DETERIORATION B-15759,
H-24308, 1-19353, 1-20507, 1-22410,
1-25465
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES B-07699,
B-07931, E-10368, J-15889
MATHEMATICAL MODELING J-15889
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-19177,
B-02024, K-16116
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-09541,
B-02024, B-06783, B-19240, B-23364,
B-25078, C-08130, C-08607, C-18236,
H-00127, H-16151
MEMBRANES H-06641
METAL COMPOUNDS A-09541, A-10667,
B-02939, B-14289, B-20014, B-25609,
C-06126, C-08130, F-07949, F-14506,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
H-19460, H-21293, H-25964
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
B-02229, B-03754, B-20188, B-25643,
D-07406
METALS A-04026, B-02031, B-02229,
B-03754, B-07699, B-07931, B-09789,
B-13946, B-16446, B-19210, B-23364,
B-24881, B-25643, B-26239, C-08130,
D-07406, F-24564, H-24308, 1-20421,
1-21473, 1-25465, L-17927, L-22466,
L-23562
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
E-10368
METEOROLOGY A-10667, B-05441,
B-07535, B-20756, B-22500, C-06752,
C-07916, C-18130, E-10368, G-23148,
H-03849, H-06641, H-24308, L-23562
MICHIGAN L-22466
MICROORGANISMS H-11434
MICROSCOPY A-10667, C-08130, C-18130,
H-00127
MINERAL PROCESSING A-09541,
A-10667, A-15637, A-16229, A-19177,
A-21221, A-21627, B-02024, B-02028,
B-02031, B-02735, B-03126, B-03754,
B-05441, B-05472, B-05511, B-07562,
B-07699, B-07875, B-07931, B-08372,
B-08636, B-09806, B-09808, B-09914,
B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14425,
B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17402,
B-17750, B-18160, B-19210, B-20188,
B-20674, B-20756, B-21187, B-21292,
B-22351, B-22523, B-22997, B-23127,
B-23364, B-23616, B-23725, B-24200,
B-24568, B-25078, B-25453, B-25609,
B-25643, B-26239, C-06126, C-06752,
C-13821, C-18130, D-21088, E-10368,
G-09004, G-16246, G-23148, G-24392,
G-24708, H-00127, H-03224, H-03849,
H-16151, H-21293, H-25964, J-15889,
J-17203, K-06679, K-16116, L-06708,-
L-14337, L-17927, L-17940, L-19747,
L-22330, L-22466, L-23562, L-25329,
L-25642
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-10667, A-19177,
A-21221, B-02939, B-03754, B-08372,
B-09789, B-13946, B-14289, B-15728,
C-07411, C-08130, C-08607, G-07571,
G-16246, G-24708, H-25906, 1-19353
MINING B-05511, B-07562, C-06126,
G-23148
MISSOURI B-02229, H-00127
MISTS B-09789
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS H-25964
MONITORING A-09541, B-06783, B-19240,
B-25078, C-08607, H-00127
MORBIDITY G-09004, G-23148
N
NECROSIS H-00127, H-06641
NITRIC ACID B-07535, J-17203
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) B-07535
NITROGEN K-16116
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) 1-25465
NITROGEN OXIDES B-07535, B-07875,
1-25465, J-15889, J-17203, L-19747
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
B-02939, B-07535, B-20188, B-25609
NON-URBAN AREAS L-25642
NUCLEIC ACIDS H-06641
NYLON B-07562
o
OATS H-00127, H-17977
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-19177,
D-21088, G-07571
ODOR COUNTERACTION B-07535,
B-13946
ODORS B-07875, B-13946
OLEFINS B-23127
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES B-03754,
B-07699, B-23725
OPERATING CRITERIA B-15629, B-25078
OPERATING VARIABLES A-21627,
B-12347, B-20674, B-21187, B-25643
ORLON B-07562
OWENS JET DUST COUNTERS C-08130
OXIDES A-04026, A-19177, B-02939,
B-03754, B-07492, B-07535, B-07699,
B-07875, B-07931, B-08372, B-09950,
B-12347, B-14289, B-15728, B-20014,
B-22500, B-23364, C-06126, C-07411,
C-08130, C-13821, D-07406, F-07949,
G-07571, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
H-00127, H-03849, H-24308, H-25964,
1-19353, 1-25465, J-15889, J-17203,
K-16116, L-19747
OXYGEN K-16116
OXYGEN LANCING B-07535
PACKED TOWERS B-03754, B-05441,
B-09914, B-15629, B-25078
PAINTS H-24308, 1-20421
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY C-08607,
H-24308
PAPER MANUFACTURING B-09789,
B-23725
PARTICLE COUNTERS B-02024, C-08130,
C-18236
PARTICLE SHAPE B-02024, C-07411,
C-08130
PARTICLE'SIZE A-15637, B-02024,
B-07492, B-07699., B-08372, B-09789,
B-09914,- B-157& B-25643, C-06126,
C-07411, C-08130, C-08607, C-18236,
D-07406, D-21088, F-24564, H-00127,
H-03849
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-15637,
B-02024, B-07492, B-07699, B-08372,
B-09789, B-09914, B-15728, B-25643,
C-06126, C-07411, C-08130, C-08607,
C-18236, D-07406, D-21088, F-24564,
H-00127, H-03849
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-10667,
B-07492, C-06126, C-08130, C-08607
C-18130
PARTICULATES A-10667, A-15637,
A-19177, A-21627, B-02024, B-02028,
B-02031, B-02229, B-02735, B-02939,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
43
B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-05472,
B-05511, B-06783, B-07492, B-07535,
B-07699, B-07875, B-07931, B-08372,
B-08636, B-09789, B-09806, B-09807,
B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-12347,
B-13946, B-14289, B-14425, B-15629,
B-15728, B-15759, B-15957, B-16446,
B-17402, B-17750, B-18160, B-19240,
B-20188, B-20756, B-21187, B-21292,
B-22351, B-22523, B-22997, B-23127,
B-23616, B-23725, B-24200, B-24568,
B-24881, B-25078, B-25453, B-25609,
B-25643, B-26239, C-06126, C-06752,
C-07411, C-07916, C-08130, C-08607,
C-13821, C-18130, C-18236, D-07406,
D-21088, F-07949, F-19751, G-06896,
G-07571, G-09004, G-16246, G-16558,
G-22990, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
H-19460, H-21293, H-24308, H-25906,
H-25964, 1-19353, 1-20421, 1-20507,
1-21473,1-22410, J-15889, J-17203,
K-06679, K-16116, L-14337, L-17927,
L-17940, L-19747, L-22466, L-23562,
L-25642
PENNSYLVANIA B-02735, L-14337
PERMEABILITY H-06641
PERMITS L-22466
PESTICIDES G-24392
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
L-23562
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION B-23127,
G-23148
PETROLEUM REFINING A-04026,
B-09789, L-17927, L-23562
PH F-07949, G-23148, G-24392, H-00127,
H-06641, H-19460, H-21293, H-25964,
1-20507
PHOSPHATES L-22330
PHOSPHORIC ACID B-09789
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS B-02939,
H-03849, L-22330
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS H-00127
PHOTOSYNTHESIS H-00127, H-03849,
H-25964
PHYSICAL STATES B-02229, B-07931,
B-09808, B-14289, C-08607, H-03849,
H-06641
PLANNING AND ZONING A-21221
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-04026,
B-16446, E-10368, L-14337, L-22330
PLANT DAMAGE H-00127, H-03849,
H-06641, H-11434, H-24308, L-25642
PLANT GROWTH B-25609, H-00127,
H-03849, H-19460, H-21293, H-25964
PLANT INDICATORS H-24308
PLANTS (BOTANY) C-08607, F-07949,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
H-19460, H-21293, H-24308, L-25642
PNEUMOCONIOSIS A-19177
PNEUMONIA G-22990
POINT SOURCES E-10368
POLLENS H-00127
PORTABLE C-08130
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-02939,
B-25609, F-07949, H-00127, H-03849,
H-19460, H-21293, H-25964
POTATOES H-00127
POWER SOURCES B-07535
PRECIPITATION C-06752
PRESSURE B-02229, B-19240
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-21221, B-02031,
B-02229, B-03754, B-07699, B-07931,
B-09789, B-13946, B-15957, B-16446,
B-19210, B-20188, B-23364, B-24881,
C-13821, D-07406, F-24564, L-17927,
L-22466, L-23562
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-19177,
B-20014, B-20674
PROTEINS G-09004, H-06641
PUBLIC AFFAIRS B-09914, H-00127
PUBLIC INFORMATION B-09914
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-16558,
G-22990
PULVERIZED FUELS B-07699, B-08636
QUARTZ A-10667, C-08607, G-24708
QUESTIONNAIRES G-22990
R
RABBITS G-24392, H-17977
RADIATION COUNTERS C-08607
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
C-08607
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION C-06126,
C-08607, C-18130, F-07949, H-00127
RAIN C-06752
RAPPING B-07931, B-09789, B-23725
REDUCTION F-14506
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS L-06708
REGULATIONS A-21627, B-23364,
B-25078, C-06752, K-16116, L-17940,
L-19747
RENDERING B-13946
RESEARCH INSTITUTES C-07916,
E-10368
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES H-03849
RESEARCH PROGRAMS L-06708
RESIDENTIAL AREAS G-09004, G-22990,
K-^16116
RESPIRATION H-06641
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-19177,
D-07406, D-21088, G-22990, G-23148,
G-24708, H-03224
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS C-13821,
D-21088, G-16558, G-22990, H-16151,
1-19353
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM C-06126,
C-13821, D-21088, G-16246, G-24708
RETENTION C-06126, C-13821, G-16246
RINGELMANN CHART L-22330, L-22466
RIVERS G-09004
RUBBER H-24308
SAMPLERS A-10667, C-06126, C-08607,
C-18130
SAMPLING METHODS A-09541, A-10667,
B-07492, B-25078, C-06126, C-08130,
C-08607, C-18130, H-25964
SCREEN FILTERS A-15637, B-05441,
B-09808, B-09914, B-20188
SCRUBBERS A-19177, B-02028, B-02031,
B-03754, B-05441, B-05511, B-07535,
B-07931, B-08372, B-09808, B-09914,
B-09950, B-14425, B-15629, B-18160,
B-20756, B-22351, B-22997, B-24881,
B-25078, L-23562
SEA SALTS 1-21473, 1-22410
SEASONAL C-06752, E-10368, G-24708
SEDIMENTATION C-08130, H-00127,
H-06641
SENATE HEARINGS L-06708, L-22330,
L-25329
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-03754, B-18160
SETTLING PARTICLES A-10667, A-15637,
A-19177, A-21627, B-02024, B-02028,
B-02031, B-02735, B-02939, B-03126,
B-03754, B-05441, B-05472, B-05511,
B-06783, B-07492, B-07535, B-07699,
B-07875, B-07931, B-08372, B-08636,
B-09789, B-09806, B-09807, B-09808,
B-09914, B-09950, B-12347, B-13946,
B-14289, B-14425, B-15629, B-15728,
B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17402,
B-17750, B-18160, B-19240, B-20188,
B-20756, B-21187, B-21292, B-22351,
B-22523, B-22997, B-23127, B-23616,
B-23725, B-24200, B-24568, B-25078,
B-25453, B-25609, B-25643, B-26239,
C-06126, C-06752, C-07411, C-07916,
C-08130, C-08607, C-18130, D-07406,
D-21088, F-07949, G-06896, G-07571,
G-09004, G-16558, G-22990, G-23148,
G-24708, H-00127, H-03224, H-03849,
H-06641, H-10914, H-11434, H-16151,
H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, H-24308,
H-25906, H-25964, 1-19353, 1-20421,
1-21473, 1-22410, J-15889, J-17203,
K-06679, K-16116, L-14337, L-17927,
L-17940, L-19747, L-22466, L-23562,
L-25642
SEWAGE B-20188
SEWAGE TREATMENT B-20188
SHEEP H-17977
SIEVE ANALYSIS B-07492, C-18236
SILICATES H-03224, H-06641
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-19177, B-02939,
H-03224, H-06641
SILICON DIOXIDE B-07492, C-06126,
C-07411, C-13821, F-07949, G-07571,
G-24708, H-03849, H-25964
SILICOSIS A-19177
SIMULATION C-06126, C-13821, G-16246,
H-19460
SINTERING G-16246
SMOG B-07535
SMOKE SHADE L-22330, L-22466
SMOKES A-15637, A-19177, B-07535,
B-09789, B-13946, C-08130, G-09004,
1-20421, J-17203, L-19747
SOCIAL ATTITUDES B-25453
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-02939, F-07949,
H-03849, H-25964
SOILS B-07492, C-07411, H-19460, H-21293
SOLAR RADIATION B-07535
SOOT B-09950, C-08607, D-07406, 1-19353,
1-20421, L-17927
SOOT FALL D-07406
SOURCE SAMPLING B-25078
SOUTH CAROLINA B-05472
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) B-07535, B-14289,
J-17203, L-23562
SPECTROMETRY A-10667, C-18130,
H-00127
SPRAY TOWERS B-20756, B-22351
SPRAYS B-05441
ST LOUIS B-02229, H-00127
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) B-07535,
E-10368, L-23562
STACK GASES A-09541, A-19177,
B-03754, B-07931, B-15759, B-20756,
B-22500, B-25078, D-07406, E-10368,
G-16246, 1-25465, L-17927, L-19747,
L-22466
STACK SAMPLING B-25078
STACKS A-19177, B-22500, B-25078,
E-10368, H-00127, K-06679, L-17927
STANDARDS A-19177, A-21627, B-02024,
B-09950, B-15759, B-25078, C-07411,
-------
44
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
E-10368, K-06679, K-16116, L-17927,
L-17940, L-22330, L-22466
STATE GOVERNMENTS L-06708, L-22330
STATISTICAL ANALYSES E-10368,
G-22990
STEAM PLANTS B-07699, B-07931,
B-09789, D-07406, E-10368
STEEL A-04026, B-02031, B-03754,
B-07699, B-07931, B-09789, B-13946,
B-19210, B-23364, B-24881, D-07406,
L-17927, L-22466
STONE B-03754, B-05441, B-08372,
B-09808, B-09914, B-18160, B-22351,
B-23616, G-22990, H-24308,1-19353,
1-20421, 1-25465
STREETS C-08130
SULFATES B-02939, B-09950, F-07949,
H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, 1-19353,
1-22410, 1-25465
SULFIDES B-07875, F-07949, K-06679,
L-23562
SULFUR COMPOUNDS B-02939, B-07875,
B-09950, F-07949, H-00127, H-03224,
H-03849, 1-19353, 1-22410, 1-25465,
K-06679, L-23562
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-04026, A-19177,
B-03754, B-07535, B-07875, B-09950,
B-14289, B-20014, B-22500, B-23364,
D-07406, G-23148, G-24392, H-24308,
1-19353, 1-25465, J-15889, K-16116,
L-19747
SULFUR OXIDES A-04026, A-19177,
B-03754, B-07535, B-07699, B-07875,
B-07931, B-09950, B-12347, B-14289,
B-20014, B-22500, B-23364, D-07406,
F-07949, G-23148, G-24392, H-03849,
H-24308, 1-19353, 1-25465, J-15889,
K-16116, L-19747
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL B-07535,
B-14289, B-23364, J-17203, L-23562
SULFUR TRIOXIDE B-07535, B-07699,
B-07931, B-09950, F-07949, H-03849,
1-25465
SULFURIC ACID A-21221, B-07535,
B-07931, B-09789, B-20014, B-25643,
F-14506, 1-22410, J-17203
SURFACE COATINGS H-24308, 1-20421
SURFACE PROPERTIES H-06641
SURFACTANTS B-05441, B-23616
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-15637,
A-19177, B-02229, B-03754, B-07492,
B-07535, B-07699, B-09789, B-13946,
B-23725, B-25643, B-26239, C-07411,
C-08130, C-08607, C-13821, F-19751,
G-09004, G-24392, H-00127, 1-20421,
1-20507, J-17203, K-06679, L-17927,
L-19747
SWEDEN B-02229, H-00127, H-03849
SYNTHETIC FIBERS B-07562, B-09807
TAXATION L-06708
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES B-05441,
B-09914
TEMPERATURE A-16229, B-02229,
B-07699, B-09789, B-19240, 1-22410
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT L-23562
TENSILE STRENGTH B-07562
TESTING FACILITIES C-07411, H-00127,
H-25906
TEXTILES B-07562, B-09807, B-09808,
C-08130, H-24308
TIN B-09789
TISSUES H-06641
TITANIUM F-24564
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS H-03849
TOKYO D-07406
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS 1-21473
TOXIC TOLERANCES H-24308
TOXICITY H-06641, L-25642
TRACHEA C-13821, G-16246
TRAINS B-09807
TRANSPORTATION A-21221, B-05441,
B-07535, B-09807, C-07916, D-07406
TREATED FABRICS B-17750
TREES H-06641
TRUCKS B-09807, D-07406
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC) E-10368,
L-23562
u
UNITED STATES A-04026, L-22330
URBAN AREAS B-16446, D-07406,
E-10368, G-07571, G-09004, G-22990,
K-16116
URINALYSIS G-24392, H-00127, H-03224,
H-03849
USSR B-15957, B-16446, C-08130, E-10368,
G-06896, G-07571
VEGETABLES H-00127, H-03849, H-17977
VEHICLES B-07535, B-09807, D-07406
VENTILATION B-02028, B-09806,
B-09807, B-09808, B-09914, B-14425,
B-22997
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-16558
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-05441, B-07931,
B-09914, B-09950, B-22997
VISIBILITY H-24308
VOLTAGE B-07699, B-09789
w
WATER B-09808, B-14289, H-03849
WEATHER MODIFICATION H-24308
WET CYCLONES B-02028, B-05441,
B-05511, B-09914, B-09950, B-14425
WETTING A-15637, B-05441, B-09914,
H-06641
WHEAT C-08607, H-21293
WINDS A-10667, B-05441, B-22500,
C-06752, C-18130, G-23148, L-23562
WOOD C-08130
WOOLS B-07562
X
X-RAYS C-18130, F-07949, H-00127
Y
YOKOHAMA D-07406
z
ZINC B-03754, B-09789
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