Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
        CEMENT MANUFACTURING
     A  Bibliography with Abstracts
      U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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         AIR  POLLUTION ASPECTS
          OF  EMISSION SOURCES:
      CEMENT MANUFACTURING-
  A  BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
         Office of Technical Information and Publications
          Air Pollution Technical Information Center
          ENVIRONMENTAL, PROTECTION AGENCY
                 Office of Air Programs
           Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
                      May 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402 - Price 50 cents
                   Stock Number 5503-0008

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The AP series of reports is issued by the Office of Air Programs, Environmental  Protec-
tion Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information of
general interest in the field of air pollution.   Information reported in this series includes
coverage  of Air Program intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in con-
junction with state  and local agencies,  research institutes,   and  industrial organizations.
Copies of AP  reports  are available free of charge to Federal employees,  current contrac-
tors  and  grantees,  and nonprofit organizations - as  supplies  permit - from the Office of
Technical Information and Publications, Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, P.O. Box  12055, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.  Other requestors
may purchase copies from the Superintendent of Documents,  Washington,  D. C.  20402.
                      Office of Air Programs Publication No. AP-94
                                            ii

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            BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN THIS  SERIES

AP-92,  Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
      Municipal Incineration — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-93,  Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
      Nitric Acid Manufacturing  — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-94,  Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
      Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-95,  Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
      Cement Manufacturing — A Bibliography with Abstracts
 AP-96, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
       Electric Power  Production — A Bibliography with Abstracts
                               iii

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                                    CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	vii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
      A-   Emission. Sources   	••   1
      B.   Control Methods	   4
      C.   Measurement Methods  	17
      D .   Air Quality Measurements	19
      E.   Atmospheric Interaction  	20
      F.   Basic Science and Technology  	21
      G.   Effects -  Human Health	23
      H.   Effects -  Plants and Livestock	„	26
      I  .   Effects -  Materials	29
      J .   Effects -  Economic	31
      K.   Standards and Criteria	32
      L .   Legal and Administrative	33
      M.   Social Aspects (None)
      N.   General (None)
AUTHOR INDEX	37
SUBJECT  INDEX	39

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                   AIR  POLLUTION  ASPECTS
                   OF EMISSION  SOURCES:
               CEMENT  MANUFACTURING -
          A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS

                              INTRODUCTION
   Cement manufacturing contributes significantly to the overall air pollution level in the
United States.  To aid efforts to improve air quality,  the Air Pollution Technical Informa-
tion Center (APTIC) of the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Office of Air
Programs has compiled this bibliography relevant to  the problem and its solution.

   Approximately  130  abstracts have  been selectively screened from the contents of
APTIC's information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in
the table of contents. The compilation is intended to be representative of available litera-
ture, and no claim is made to all-inclusiveness.

   Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC acces-
sion number.  Generally, higher accession numbers,  representing the latest acquisitions,
cover the most recent material.

   All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the  Air Pollution  Technical
Information Center, Office of Air Programs,  Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box
12055,  Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina  27709.  Readers outside the Environ-
mental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of documents directly from libraries, pub-
lishers,  or authors.
                                     VII

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                                 A.  EMISSION  SOURCES
 040261
 Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
 Air Pollution Control. Jan. 1967. 21 pp.
 SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES IN SIXTY-NINE
 STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS WITH
 EMPHASIS ON SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS .
 This survey presents estimates  of a number of parameters that
 contribute to an area's  air  pollution problems. The Standard
 Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was selected as the unit
 of study. The parameters presented  here are consumption of
 fuels,  sales of  gasoline, and production of steel, petroleum,
 and cement. The method used to estimate the various parame-
 ters is an abbreviated form of the  Ozolins-Smith technique.
 Further investigation is planned with a view toward reliably
 predicting sulfur pollution problems from emission estimates
 based  on community parameters.

 09541
 Sprung, S., and H. M. V. Seebach
 FLUORINE BALANCE  AND FLUORINE EMISSION FROM
 CEMENT KILNS. ((Flu- orhaushalt und Fluoremission von Ze-
 mentofen.)) Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden),
 21(1):18, Jan. 1968. 20 refs
 In the burning  of  Portland  cement clinker,  fluorine is  partly
 driven out of  the raw materials and  fuel. To determine
 whether  gaseous fluorine is emitted along with the other kiln
 gases, complete fluorine determinations were performed for 11
 cement kilns of varying  design. No gaseous fluorides could be
 detected in the cleaned  gas from these kilns; the  significance
 of electrofilters in  the removal of  solid fluorides is discussed.
 In  conclusion,  cement  kilns cannot emit gaseous fluorides
 because, in the presence of an excess of  CaO, they produce
 CaF2.  The negligible level  of fluorides in the dust from the
 cleaned gas (0.009-1.420 mg. F/Nm to 3rd power) is thus not
 dependent upon the magnitude of the fluorine balance, but
 upon   the  efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators. The
 amount of fluorine combined in the clinker ranges from 88-98
 percent of the  total fluorine intake, and  this percentage in-
 creases with a decrease in dust load of  the emitted gas.
 Fluorine  appears as CaF2  in  clinker and  kiln dust and, as
 such, is harmless since CaF2 is  relatively insoluble in water.

 10667
 Feldstein, M. L., B. Potter, A. E. Alcocer, and H. Moore
 THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC DUST
 DOWNWIND OF SOURCE  EFFLUENTS. Preprint, Bay Area
 Air Pollution  Control  District, San Francisco,  Calif, and
 California Dept. of  Public Health, Berkeley, Air and Industrial
 Hygiene Lab., 7p.,  1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual
 Meeting of the Air Pollution Control  Association,  St. Paul,
 Minn.,  June 23-27, 1968, Paper 68-11.)
Dust collected downwind from  two types of industrial opera-
tions is analyzed. One is concerned with the emission of ce-
ment dust from a materials handling operation within a cement
manufacturing plant; and the other deals with the emission of
mica dust in an asphalt  saturating operation. The method of
sampling used to collect dust was the same in both cases. The
basic collecting apparatus consisted of high volume samplers,
operated by directional control unit. Each directional control
unit activated a sampler when  the wind blew from a predeter-
mined direction. One sampling set  was placed downwind of
the source and a second placed upwind. Both were oriented in
the same direction, being activated by the same wind sweeping
across the  source. Comparative  samples were  thus provided
for evaluation of the  source  as  a  cause for nuisance com-
plaints. After the sampling  period was  completed  the filters
were removed  and the  collected materials  were chemically
processed and analyzed by X-ray spectrometry, and by micro-
scopic examination. Authentic samples  of  cement dust and
mica dust from the industrial sources were also obtained and
submitted for comparison and analysis. Results of the analysis
show that mica  dust was present in the asphalt case to the ex-
tent of 15-20%  of the total  inorganic dust collected. Cement
dust was present in the cement manufacturing case to the ex-
tent of 10-15%  of the total  inorganic dust collected. Upwind
samples contained little or none of the respective minerals. It
is reasonable to conclude that the  collected mineral in each
was contributed by the suspected source.

15637
Muhlrad, M. Wolf
CEMENT  PLANTS  AND  ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTION.
PROBLEMS OF DUST REMOVAL. (Les cimenteries et la pol-
lution atmospherique. Les problemes de depoussierage). Text
in French. Equipement Mecan., 48(87):91-95, 1969.
Cement  plants   have  the  most formidable  dust removal
problems among industrial dust and smoke emission sources.
The centrifugal, the wet, the electrostatic, and  the screen fil-
tering, methods  of dust separation are described in detail; dust
sources and the  dust collecting  equipment  used in  the in-
dividual  successive stages  of cement  production are  con-
sidered. Quarrying limestone in open air gives rise to moderate
quantities of dust, which are sometimes sprayed with water.
Pounding and crushing limestone calls for the use of multitu-
bular centrifuges followed, if need be, by screen filters. Wet
crushing produces no dust, while  dry  or  semi-dry  erasing
requires high-capacity, fine-mesh, movable screen filters. Elec-
trostatic filters  are occasionally  used instead.  Homogenizing
requires limited dust removal. Drying  and crushing of coal
pose difficult dust removal problems due to the  danger of
coal-dust explosions. Smoke  from roasting kilns is the primary
source of dust. Particle size distributions and concentrations of
dusts from  six  kinds of roasting kilns  are given in a Table.
Most modern  kilns are provided  with electrostatic  filters.
Clinker cooling  uses dust centrifuges. Clinker crushing some-
times uses electrostatic filters but, more commonly, bag filters
with movable screens.  Automatic cement bagging machines
usually have movable screen filters made of nylon. At present,
no satisfactory solution of the  problem of dust removal in ce-
ment plants exists, so that the establishment of new  cement
plants should still be based  on considerations of dispersal of
dust emissions in the atmosphere.

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                                        CEMENT MANUFACTURING
16229
Friese, Guenther
THE  ROHRBACH-LURGI PROCESS FOR THE GENERA-
TION OF STEAM AND  ELECTRICITY  AND THE MANU-
FACTURE OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT FROM OIL SHALE.
(Das Rohrbach-Lurgi-Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Dampf,
Strom und  hydraulischen Bindemitteln  aus Oelschiefer). Er-
doel Kohle (Hamburg), 14(9):702-703, Sept. 1961. Translated
from  German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,  Philadelphia,
Pa., Science Info. Services, 6p., Sept.  18, 1969.
In the Rohrbach-Lurgi process,  high strength hydraulic ce-
ments are produced by combustion of  oil shale in fluidized-bed
furnaces. The electricity required for  the project is generated
by the waste heat; unlike familiar low temperature processes,
no oil or gas is obtained.  The raw material is kept in suspen-
sion by an  air stream that enters the furnace at the bottom.
The turbulent movement in the suspended layer has a surface
similar to a boiling  fluid, making it  extremely favorable for
combustion  and heat  exchange.  The  good  heat exchange
makes it feasible to maintain  a constant  temperature at all
points in the fluidized bed. The optimum temperature for the
oil shale particles is  soon  reached. It is important to determine
both optimum temperature and optimum residence time, since
the binding property and  hydraulic strength of the cement de-
pends to a large extent  on these factors.  Other equipment
required for the process include a waste  heat boiler, gas clean-
ing plant, turbine, sifting, shredding,  and grounding facilities,
conveyance system, and  measurement and control units. The
use of modern control units permits fully automized  opera-
tions, enabling even large plants to be  run with only two or
three workers.

19177
Tripler, Arch B. Jr. and G. Ray Smithson, Jr.
A REVIEW OF ADI  POLLUTION PROBLEMS  AND  CON-
TROL IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRIES. Preprint, American
Ceramic  Society, Columbus, Ohio, 25p., May 5, 1970. 19 refs.
(Presented at the American  Ceramic Society Annual Meeting,
72nd, Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, 1970.)
Air pollution in the ceramic  industry  stems  from the large
amounts  of dust and fumes which form at various processing
stages. Five segments of  the industry (glass, cement, mineral
wool, asbestos, and  brick) are considered. Prior to the analysis
of the problems  of each of these, eight  basic control methods
are listed along with comment on the  application and approxi-
mate  cost of each.  The control methods listed are cyclones,
scrubbers, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators,  adsorption,
burning,  stacks,  and process modification. In the manufacture
of glass three chief  sources of air contaminants are batch dry-
ing of finely divided raw material prior to melting, gas or oil
fired melting furnaces, and glass forming. The first of these
presents  only  a dust problem. The  furnaces, on the  other
hand, emit participates and a gas combination representing
both fuel products  and the melt composition. Glass forming
machines  generate   heavy  smoke  from  vaporization  of
hydrocarbon lubricants. Both process modification and electro-
static precipitation are recommended. In the cement industry,
dust is the major problem; dust reclamation is an an economic
necessity. In spite of highly efficient collection, some  of the
dust escapes. Dustfall rates of 35 tons  per square mile were
recorded in  areas adjacent  to  efficiently  controlled kilns. A
secondary problem is the effluent from the kilns which contain
gaseous pollutants from the fuel and  from the heating  of the
components. In  the mineral wood industry,  stack emissions
containing condensed fumes from the molten material,  sulfur
dioxide, and fluorides  as well as blow chamber  and  curing
oven emissions consisting of fumes, oil vapors, binding agent
materials, and up to 90% wool fibers must be contended with.
The  asbestos industry is faced  with the twin  threats of
asbestosis and lung cancer  as a  result  of asbestos  dust in
which a fiber thickness of 0.01 micron is fairly common.  The
current threshold limit value  of 5 million particles per  cu ft of
air for a daily 8-hr exposure, 40 hrs  per week is  thought by
some to be too high. The importance of controlling dust in the
manufacture  of silica brick was pinpointed in a Pennsylvania
Dept. of Health report in 1939 revealing that 51.9%  of  1035
workers examined had silicosis. The  threshold limit value of
airborne  dust as set by the American Conference  of Govern-
mental Industrial Hygienists is a function of the silica content.
In a dust containing 5% free SiO2, the TLV is 25 mppcf, but
in a dust containing 45% free SiO2, the TLV is only 5 mppcf.
For amorphous silica, the TLV is 20 mppcf.

21221
Pels, M. and  H. L. Crawford
FEASD3IIJTY STUDY OF CENTRALIZED ADX-POLLUTION
ABATEMENT.  (FINAL REPORT).  Battelle  Memorial Inst.,
Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Labs. NAPCA Contract PH-86-68-
84, TAsk 12,  51p., Nov. 17, 1969. 35 refs. CFSTT: PB 190486
The technical and economic  aspects of a centralized air-pollu-
tion  control  plant located a distance from  seven industrial
plants were investigated.  The plants chosen were  as follows:
lime, 200 tons/day; cement, 4500 barrels/day; sulfuric acid, 400
ton/day;  power,  25 Mw; fertilizer, 570  tons/day; gray iron,
1440 tons/day; and electric arc, 2600 tons/day.  Gaseous  and
particulate-emission levels were taken from literature sources,
and as far as possible,  average values were used for each in-
dustry. The total amount of gases from the plants was  627,000
cfm at 320 F and after mixing. While the centralized  control
facility is less expensive to build and operate than individual
control devices, transportation costs  are so high as to make
the centralized  concept unattractive.  The economics would
favor centralized abatement  only if each of the seven plants
were located  at about 1/2 mile from  the central facility. This
distance  is considered to be  unrealistically  close from the
standpoint of an individual plant's land requirements. In addi-
tion to transportation costs, the centralized plant would render
emissions from lime, cement, and sulfuric acid  plants value-
less, and any  equipment malfunction would release large quan-
tities of pollutants over a relatively small area. Finally,  vegeta-
tion growth over buried pipes  would be inhibited, leading to
potential  esthetic problems. (Author summary modified)

21627
VDZ (Verein  Deutscher Zementwerke), Emissionsausschuss
RESTRICTION   OF    EMISSION    PORTLAND-CEMENT
WORKS. (Auswurfbegrenzung Zementwerke). VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2094, Feb. 1967. 15 refs. Translated from
German  by  D. Ben Yaakov,  Israel Program for Scientific
Translations,  Jerusalem, 26p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/12
The various sections of a cement  plant yield dusts of widely
differing  composition,  including  raw-material dust, flue-gas
dust from the kilns, clinker dust, coal dust, and cement dust;
each of  these requires a specific  separation process.  The
production processes and equipment that emit dust in  cement
works  as well  as the technically most effective  means of
removal and the operating conditions  that affect the dust  con-
tent of the flue gases are described for kiln and drier systems,
crushers, grinding and drying mills, clinker coolers, and other
equipment. Factors affecting collecting efficiency for centrifu-
gal collectors, fabric filters, and electrostatic  precipitators are
outlined;  aggregate-layer filters can also be used. A  limit of

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                                         A. EMISSION  SOURCES                                        3

150 mg/cu m STP for particulate emissions is established for    very low in cement works and can be effectively dispersed
undisturbed and continuous operation of a new plant after a
starting period. The emission of noxious gases is inherently    from stacks.

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                               B.  CONTROL  METHODS
02024
W. Kohler
(METHODS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF AIR  POLLUTION
CAUSED BY CEMENT PLANTS.) Verfahren  Zur Vennin-
demng Der Durch Die Zementindustrien Verursachten Luft-
verunreinigungen. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., Lon-
don, 1966. Paper Iv/12). pp. 114-6.
With the increasing cement consumption the production plants
of the cement industries are on the whole fully employed. To
some extent they were enlarged  by new  plants in order to
satisfy the demand for cement. According to temperature, con-
tents and components of dust, the quantities of air or gases
escaping from the production  plants are dedusted by various
dust extraction plants, e.g. centrifugal dust-extractors, fabric
filters, gravel-bed filters,  electric dust extractors,  so  that a
vast reduction of  the dust emissions will  be  reached.  To
produce one ton of cement some 2.8 tons of raw materials,
gypsum, clinker, and  coal of  rough or  fine quality must be
crushed to  powder. During the various  stages of production
the fine crushed material always  mixes with cold  air  or hot
gases, and  this necessitates a further separation. The removal
of the fairly considerable dust contents of raw gases and the
observance of the required limits of emissions  not only are
diccicult technical task butr also cause considerable financial
costs by capital expenditure for new plants, their management
and maintenance. (Author abstract)

02028
M. Tomaides
DUST COLLECTION IN THE CEMENT  INDUSTRY. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean  Air Cong.,  London, 1966. (Paper V/4).
pp. 125-8.
The paper describes briefly the main sources of dust nuisance
in Czechoslovak cement works and specifies the usual, as well
as the recommended means of dust collection in  this industry.
Attention   is  mainly  devoted   to   the  description  of
Czechoslovak separating equipment, i.e. cyclone  separators,
wet  type separators, electrostatic precipitators and cloth  fil-
ters, all of which are used for  dedusting cement factories.
Readers are further acquainted with the newly introduced unit
ventilating  set  and  the  mobile  industrial  dust  exhauster.
(Author abstract)

02031
R. L. Chamberlin and G. Moodie
WHAT PRICE INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING.?  Proc. (Part I)
INTERN. CLEAN AIR CONG., LONDON. 1966. (PAPER V/7).
PP. 133-5.
This paper  gibes a brief description of four standard industrial
gas-cleaning tools, electrostatic precipitator, mechanical collec-
tor, high-energy scrubber  and  cloth filter.  The application of
these collectors to air pollution problems of the power, cement
and steel industries is expalined. Finally, capital, utility, main-
tenance and amortization cost of specific  gas-cleaning plants
for these industries are given. These cost studies point out ap-
proximate cost of solving these specific problems and empah-
size the need to go beyond capital costs in choosing gas clean-
ing equipment. (Author asbaract)

02229
P.W. Spaite, D.G. Stephen, A.H. Rose, Jr.
HIGH  TEMPERATURE FABRIC FILTRATION OF  INDUS-
TRIAL GASES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 243-7 & 58,
May 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting,  Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,1960.)
The field of industrial filtration over 300 F is assessed  in a
general way. High temperature media other than fiber glass are
not discussed. Thermal effects on equipment, media, chemical
attack and  power requirements are covered. Applications to
gray  iron cupolas, nonferrous fumes, perlite processing,  car-
bon black production, cement kilns, and electric arc steel fur-
naces are reviewed. Potential  applications  and research  are
discussed.

02735
R. E. Doherty
CURRENT  STATUS  AND FUTURE  PROSPECTS-CEMENT
MILL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Proc. Natl.  Conf.  Air
Pollution 3rd, Washington, D.C. 1966. pp. 242-9.
Author   discusses  the  efficiencies   of   control   equip-
ment/methods  in the  cement  industry,  particularly in  the
Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania.  Dust separating equipment the
fiberglass  baghouse  filter,  electrostatic precipitation,  and
cyclones are presented as partial answers  to the control of
dusts. Author suggests that a 98% efficiency is not enough for
a control device  and suggests  tandem dust separating units
such  as mechanical  cyclones preceding  the  electrostatic
precipitators.

02939
K. Oleksynowa
CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  WASTE  CEMENT
DUSTS AND THEIR VALUE FOR AGRICULTURE  . (Charak-
terystyka chemiczna  cementowych  pytow  odlotowych i  ich
wartosc dla rolnictwa.)  Cement, Wapno, Gips  11/20,  (3)62-4,
1955. CFSTI: 60-21233
Waste dust from cement works was  analyzed. The material
was obtained on electrofilters when purifying waste gas from
clinker kilns in one  of  the larger Polish cement plants. This
material, a waste product in cement burning, has long been an
object of interest on account of its high potassium oxide con-
tent.  The raw  material introduced into cement kilns contains
barely 0.2 to 1.2% K20. In the course of burning the cement, a
large part of the finest fraction is carried off by air current,
and the aluminum silicates contained in the crude clay  sub-
stance undergo thermal decomposition. At high temperatures,
the liberated K20 sublimates, combine with anions  freed dur-
ing thermal decomposition of  the raw material. In this way,
potassium chlorides, fluorides  and silicates of various com-
position are formed. The dust  analyzed in  the present work
contained fairly large quantities of carbonates, so that it was a

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                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
 typical blend of dust. From the analysis it was established: (1)
 Some 72% of the substance  including total K is soluble  in
 water and 1% citric acid, as is the major part of the Ca and
 half the SiO2; (2) K, Na and Ca pass into water solution in the
 form of sulfates, chlorides and carbonates; (3) Ca, Fe and K
 cations pass into citric acid solution together with silicate, car-
 bonate and sulfate anions; and (4) that cement dust can be
 used as a fertilizer. It primarily contains compounds soluble in
 water and 2% citric acid, especially K and Ca.

 03126
 Kohler, A.
 METHODS FOR  REDUCING  POLLUTION  CAUSED BY
 SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES. (CHAPTER m. CEMENT WORKS).
 European Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, 1964. p. 283-311.
 The main reason  for emissions of cement works is that,  in
 order to produce 1 ton of cement, it is necessary to reduce to
 dust  some 2.8 tons  of coarse  material.  Throughout this
 process, the finely ground product repeatedly comes into close
 contact with  cold or  hot gases, from  which it  must be
 separated by means of appropriate devices. The light-grey dust
 produced by cement works, being  very visible, makes a direct
 impression on the public. However, it must be said that emis-
 sions of dust  from cement works  are not a  dangerous source
 of pollution and are not harmful to health. Reports show that
 in the past ten years,  the cement industry has successfully
 dealth with the problem of the extraction of dust from waste
 air and burnt gases. For some years now new plants have been
 equipped with the most up-to-date and efficient dust extrac-
 tors.  The present trend is for older plants already in use  to
 achieve the same efficiency in dust extraction.

 03754
 G. L. Allen, F. H. Viets, and L. C. McCabe
 CONTROL OF METALLURGICAL AND MINERAL DUSTS
 AND FUMES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIF. Bureau of
 Mines, Washington,  D.C.  (Information Circular 7627.) Apr.
 1952. 85 pp.
 The nonferrous pyrometallurgical industry of Los Angeles has
 three  unusual characteristics  that contribute to its difficulties
 in developing suitable fume control: (1) It consists of a mul-
 tiplicity of relatively  small  establishments  subject  to wide
 variations in products and operating schedules; (2) operations
 are largely of the secondary or  reclaiming nature;  and (3)
 much of the industry is concentrated near  the center of a city.
 A difficulty inherent in most nonferrous foundries  is the high
 volatility of zinc and the extremely small mean particle size of
 the resulting zinc oxide fume. The nonferrous industry has
 found only one type of equipment that  could be depended
 upon to adequately remove participate matter emitted by the
 larger furnaces in  which the gases  are characterized by heavy
 dust loadings at high temperatures.  This is a specially equipped
 baghouse,  and its first cost is rather  high.  For smaller fur-
 naces, particularly of the crucible type, the conventional sock-
 type baghouse has proved  satisfactory. The inert slag cover,
 which reduces emission at the  source, has  proved fairly effec-
 tive  and economical,  particularly with the crucible-type fur-
 nace and pouring ladle, but is successful use depends on the
 skill of the operators. The gray-iron-foundry branch of the fer-
 rous industries has not fared as well as the nonferrous branch,
 despite extensive investigation and development of equipment
 for control of cupola emissions. Appreciable progress has been
 made in adapting equipment suitable technically and cost-wise
for cupola-exit gases,  and development continues. Equipment
capable of producing the required clearances is  available but is
not within the financial ability of many small  foundries. The
baghouse equipped with specially woven glass-fabric bags, as
used commercially in the nonferrous industry, has technically
been the most successful single device to date for controlling
cupola emissions and has  been  proven in  pilot operations.
After extensive investigation, electrical precipitation has been
adopted  for cold-metal open-hearth work, and hydrodynamic
scrubbers and baghouses have been adopted  for electric-steel-
furnace fumes. In addition  to the fact that such equipment
removes the necessary dust, capital and operating costs were
important factors in their selection.

05441
M. Hankin, Jr.
IS  DUST  THE  STONE  INDUSTRY'S   NEXT  MAJOR
PROBLEM? Rock Prod., 70(4):80-4,110, Apr. 1967.
The special problems of the  stone producers  include: airborne
dust from unpaved plant roads; dust from wind action on fine
material  stockpiles; and dust from  crushing, screening, con-
veying, and stockpiling of crushed stone. The control of the
dust emissions involves more of  an  investment htan technical
problems. For dusty plant roads,  calcium chloride, used motor
oil, fuel oil, or dust oil will control the road dust at costs from
10 to 15 cents per square yard per  year. Wetting agents and
fine water sprays are stated to be the simplest, least expensive
means of controlling dust at crushing and screening operations.
The various dust collecting systems are reviewed with pictures
of commercial collectors.

05472
CONTROL AT SANTEE CEMENT.  Southern Eng. 50-1,  Mar.
1968.
Dust control  is a major concern in  the design,  construction
and operation of a cement  plant, especially at  such critical
processes as: kiln  operation, clinker handling, milling, grind-
ing, conveying, and storage. At a plant with a capacity of 5800
bbl/day,  kiln  dust is  collected  by  a bank of 8  cyclones
designed to handle 185,000 cfm of kiln dust at 500 degrees F.
The collected  dust is returned to the kiln by insufflation or
withdrawn  through a  rotary  valve for disposal.  The kiln
discharge is cooled in an air-quenching clinker  cooler  from
2500 degrees  F to  150 degrees F with the dust collected in a
Dracco CC collected and returned to a drag vonceyor.  Dust
collection for  the  finish mill is  provided by an 18,000 crm
Dracco three-compartment Mark  H collector. The dust collec-
tors at the silos handle 5800 cfm; the packer dust collectors
each handle 9000 cfm, and  the  bulk truck collector handles
2500 cfm. The rail bulk loading is  vented by a fan and returned
to the storage silo.  The importance of environmental engineer-
ing is evidenced by the use  of dust control equipment at the
critical processing points.

05511
E. W. Schroder
DUST COLLECTION PRACTICE IN THE CEMENT INDUS-
TRY. Proc. Clean lip.
The eight main sources of dust in a cement plant are briefly
described and the equipment available for its  suppression,
namely, wet collectors,  centrifugal  types, electrofilters, bag-
type collectors and dust collectors integral with certain kilns.
A dust collection  cost analysis, based  on  recent Australian
figures, is given for a 1000 horsepower cement mill and  a kiln
producing 200,000  tons per  year. Running  costs and capital
charges for the mill installation would total 3,500 Pounds per
year, while for the kiln  the figures would  be about 29,000
Pounds per year, or 2.9 shillings  per ton of cement produced.

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                                         CEMENT MANUFACTURING
The latter figure could be greatly offset in certain favourable
circumstances, but might also be much higher, particularly in
the case of plant retained for part time operation. Clean air
legislation, based on broad  consideration of the whole indus-
try, therefore  could fall very unevenly on different works,
with marked financial effects. (Author abstract)

06783
G. Funke and H. Fischer
(RESULTS  OF DUST   MEASUREMENTS  ON  CEMENT
KILNS.) Ergebnisse von Staubmessungen an Zementofen.  Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden) 20, (4) 146-51, Apr. 1967. Ger.
In 1966, the Research Institute of the Cement Industry in Ger-
many performed 270 measurements at  dust collection installa-
tions in 37 cement  plants. The results,  pertaining for the most
part to  electrofilter installations, are summarized in 6 tables.
The individual measurement conditions are reported. The mea-
sured values provide a survey of the present position of dust
collection technique for cement kilns. The  limiting values at
present specified for the dust content of the cleaned gas  are
indeed usually conformed to if the dust collection plant is cor-
rectly designed, but at the present stage of technical develop-
ment troubles still often occurr which impair the collection ef-
ficiency. Conditioning of kiln exit gases  by water spraying,
especially in the case of rotary kilns with suspension pre-
heaters in  direct operation, continues to  present difficulties.
The prevention of  the infiltration of 'false' air and constantly
applied proper maintenance contribute much to ensuring that
the dust collectors maintain the required collection  efficiency
under continuous working conditions.

07492
Yamashita, K.
TEST  PARTICLES (DUST) OF JIS. Text  in  Japanese.  Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air   J.  Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
2(3):59-63,  1965. 2 refs.
The  methods  for  determination  of  chemical  composition,
specific  gravity, and  particle size distribution of  dust  are
covered. The sampling method is standardized by JIS M 8501
as a 'coning' and 'quartering' methods; this method is required
for processing coarse dust. For determining chemical composi-
tion,  the  'firebrick' method  and 'cement physical  analysis'
methods are used.  A pycnometer and  stopper  and a chemical
balance having a sensitivity  to 0.001 g are standardized for the
specific gravity determination. With the exception of talc and
Portland cement, the particle size distribution of all of the test
dusts is determined by  standard sieve. The Andreasen  pipet
(50-mm diam., 200-mm distance between top of pipet and sur-
face of liquid, capable of drawing in 100 cu. m. at one time) is
used to determine  particle size distribution of  medium or fine
silica, portland cement, and  medium and fine loam. Procedures
for measurement are outlined. Equivalent methods can be used
for talc and fly ash.

07535
W. Leithe
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE - AN IMPORTANT TASK FOR
CHEMISTRY AND ECONOMY. (Reinhaltung der Luft    ein
dringendes Anliegen fur Chemie und Wirtschaft.) Text in Ger-
man. Allgem. Prakt. Chem.  (Vienna),  18(8):239-241, Sept.  10-
17, 1967. 4 refs.
This article is a summary of two lectures given at meetings of
chemical societies.  The problem of air pollution and some con-
trol methods are outlined. Typical examples  of well-known air
pollution problems are  mentioned:  London's smog chiefly
caused by domestic heating, the smog of Los Angeles due to
automobiles, the sun, and temperature inversions, and the in-
dustrial air pollution of the Ruhr Valley. Some characteristic
data for all three examples are quoted. The techniques for the
control of dust emissions are  farthest  advanced.  This is
verified by the fact that in Germany, emission of cement dusts
decreased to one third while the production of cement tripled
in the last 17 years. Far less satisfactory is  the control of S02
emissions. About twice as much sulfur is  blown into the air
than is used for the production of sulfuric acid. Some wet and
dry processes for the elimination of SO2 from smoke are men-
tioned, but no method is known today which is both effective
and  economical. The chemical industry tackled its  problems
mostly by reducing the emission of air polluting substances by
increasing the  efficiencies of the relevant chemical processes.
Examples are  the production of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
Organic compounds can be recovered by either absorption on
activated charcoal or oxidation by catalytic  afterburners.

07562
O'Mara, Richard F. and Carl R. Flodin
FILTERS AND FILTER MEDIA FOR THE CEMENT INDUS-
TRY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 9(2):96-97,  100-101, Aug.
1959. 6 refs. (Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-29,1958.)
The  oldest and most common filter design  are stockings or
tubes - either circular or oval type individual bags. The most
common fabric employed as  a filter medium has been cotton.
In recent  years  a  number of synthetic fibers have become
available such as Dacron, Dynel,  Nylon,  and Orion. Rayon
and Teflon are available as filter cloth. The most commonly
used weaves are chain, twill, and satin. The approximate com-
parative costs  of various filter media are given. The removal
of the dust from  the  separator can be done by  automatic
shakers that give either vertical or lateral motion to  the bags.
Most types of  filters are arranged so that the gas flow can be
shut off and some gas allowed to flow back through the bag to
assist in cleaning. Some filters are provided with dual dampers
so that when  a compartment is  shut  off for cleaning it is
opened to  atmosphere  and the fan pulls atmospheric air or
warm clean air through for reversing flow.  In raw mills filters
are used for ventilation of the mill circuit.  In coal pulverizers
cotton  fabric filters have been used for the cleaning of coal
pulverizer vent gases but these are subject to fire and explo-
sion. Experiments have been  under way with the application
of glass cloth filters for this service. Glass cloth filters show
considerable promise for the  treatment of waste gases from
both dry and  wet process cement kilns. One of  the  most im-
portant considerations for  filters in the cement  industry is a
program of preventive maintenance.  Shaking  type filters
should be checked at regular intervals to be sure that all of the
shakers are functioning properly. Patching materials are availa-
ble for all types of bags. When a unit is taken out of service
for maintenance, all of the bags in the unit should be removed
and replaced with  a new set of  bags or with a set that  has
been carefully repaired.

07699
Pottinger, J. F.
THE COLLECTION OF DD7FICULT MATERIALS BY ELEC-
TROSTATIC  PRECIPITATION.  Australian  Chem.  Process.
Eng. (Sidney),  20(2):ll-23, Feb. 1967. 11  refs.
Problems encountered in the metallurgical,  cement and power
generation industries which led to  an extensive study of the
electrical properties of dust particles and the effects of these
properties on precipitator performance are reviewed. Electrical

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
 breakdown and resistivity measurement are  discussed and  a
 design of a bulk resistivity measuring apparatus is illustrated.
 Negative resistivity is cited as a problem. The remedial mea-
 sures in the industries cited are described in technical terms.

 07875
 T. E. Kreichelt, D. A. Kemnitz, S. T. Cuffe
 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THE MANUFACTURE
 OF PORTLAND CEMENT. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
 Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-
 AP-17, 47p., 1967. 29  refs. GPO: 803-789-2
 Information is presented on  actual and potential atmospheric
 emissions  resulting from the  manufacture  of cement. Raw
 materials,  process equipment,  and production processes  are
 described,  as  well as  the  location of plants, and process
 trends.  Emission and related  operating data are presented,
 along with methods  normally  employed to  limit or control
 emissions  from the  dry, semi-dry,  and wet processes. The
 main source of emissions in the cement industry is the kiln
 operation.  Dust generated in the  dry-process kiln may vary
 from 1  to  25 percent expressed in terms of  finished cement;
 from the wet process,  1  to  33 percent. Sulfur dioxide emis-
 sions from the kiln gases combine with the alkalies as con-
 densed  sulfates. In  the wet process,  an odor problem may
 arise from heating  certain  types  of  raw material  such as
 marine shellls, marl,  clay, or shale. Another  important source
 of dust emissions in the cement industry is the dryer normally
 used in dry process plants. Dust can be adequately arrested in
 the cement industry by proper plant layout and proper selec-
 tion of high-efficiency multicyclones, electrostatic precipita-
 tors, or fabric filters. Electrostatic precipitators or fiber-glass
 fabric filters that  have  been  properly designed,  installed,
 operated, and maintained will adequately collect the dust from
 the  hot kiln gases.  In many  plant  designs, multicyclones
 precede  the precipitator or fabric  filter. Precipitators or low-
 temperature fabric filters alone may be adequate on other unit
 operations such as handling,  crushing, grinding, drying, and
 packaging. Dust emissions as low as 0.03  to 0.05 grains  per
 standard cubic  foot  have been obtained in  newly designed,
 well controlled plants.

 07931
 Ertl, D. W.
 ELECTROSTATIC GAS CLEANING. S. African Mech. Engr.
 (Johannesburg), 16(8):159-168, March 1967.
 Electrostatic precipitators are a highly developed and efficient
 means of  cleaning  industrial and  waste gases,  satisfying all
 modern hygienic and industrial requirements. Each precipitator
 has to fulfill two functions: (1) electrically charging the dust
 and capturing it by electrodes which are at earth potential; and
 (2)  passing this precipitated  dust, with minimum re-entrain-
 ment losses,  into the  hoppers underneath  the precipitation
 field. Parameters influencing the total dust collecting efficien-
 cy are: the ratio of the collecting plate  area to gas flow rate,
 which is a dimension of the precipitator size; the migration
 velocity or the velocity by which the dust is attracted to  the
 collecting plate under electrical forces,  which is dependent on
 field intensity; the dielectric constant  of the dust; the dew-
 point of the gas/dust mixture,  high dew-point being better
 suited for precipitation than a completely dry  gas. Factors  ad-
 versely affecting precipitation  efficiency are space  charges,
 which develop when there are large amounts of very fine dust
in the gas,  and dust resistivity, which makes precipitation dif-
ficult when the dust  layers have  an electrical resistance of
greater than approx.  10  to the llth power ohm/cm. Precipita-
tors are important for thermal power stations where the dust
fineness must also be taken into account in design. The use of
precipitators  for  blast furnaces and steel  works,  cement
works,  and in the chemical industry, is noted. Dust collecting
efficiencies of 99.5% are not exceptional and greater efficiency
is advisable in continuous operation at numerous plants. For
optimum dust collecting  results, the specific dust properties
have to be taken into account during the planning stage of the
whole plant.

08372
Wiemer, Peter
DUST   REMOVAL   FROM  THE   WASTE  GASES   OF
PREPARATION PLANTS FOR BITUMINOUS ROAD-BUILD-
ING MATERIALS. Staub (English translation), 27(7):9-22, July
1967. 2  refs. CFSTI: TT 67-51408/7
Dust in waste gas from preparation plants for road building de-
pends on many characteristic factors. This is valid for the dust
at the  drying drum outlet and also  for clean gas dust at the
chimney inlet. The crude gas dust is naturally influenced by
the properties of raw material, while clean gas dust is also in-
fluenced by  the dust removal method used.  These problems
are discussed on the basis of a wide range of numerical data.

08636
Gale, W. M.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS  OF A MODERN CEMENT PLANT.
Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand,) 1(2):7-
13, Sept. 1967
Dust collection problems  encountered in the cembent industry
are discussed and the basic processes for the production of ce-
ment are reviewed. At some plants in the United States  rapid
analysis is being carried out using x-ray analysers and attempts
are being made to have these analysers control (by computers)
and the mixing of raw materials. This means  that the analyser
will require clean rooms with filtered air, and  air conditioning.
But in order to decrease the probability of analyser failure due
to dirt and dust it will be  almost essential to pay careful atten-
tion to the raw materials stacking and recovery system so that
the air-borne dust in the region  of  the analyser  is kept at  a
minimum.  Observations  of  several  different companies in-
dicate  that many control installations do not give the per-
formance  of which  they are capable because of  minor en-
gineering defects. Examples  of this are: (1) Insufficient study
of the  choice of filter cloth in relation to material to be col-
lected so that the build up of filter cake is too rapid. (2)  Poor
sealing  between clean air and dirty air compartments particu-
larly around the edges of  bags. (3) Insufficient strength so that
bags collapse under suction.  (4) Insufficient slope on the  sides
of collecting  hoppers so that they do not empty  properly. (5)
Poor finish of  welded joints inside hoppers.  This  can cause
build up. (6) Insufficient instrumentation. Each installation has
certain  variables which are absolutely essential to  efficient
operation.  These variables should be instrumented so that they
can be kept at the correct values and so that management can
see that they  are being maintained.

09789
Simon, Herbert
SINGLE-STAGE  ELECTRICAL  PRECIPITATORS.  In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual.  (Air Pollution Control District,
County  of Los Angeles.)  John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 135-156,  1967
GPO: 806-614-30

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8
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
The  history of electrostatic precipitation, its advantages and
disadvantages,  diverse  applications,  and  mechanism  are
discussed. The mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation
are treated in detail providing pertinent information on the fol-
lowing:   construction;  voltage   for   successful   operation
(rectifiers,  effects of wave form, controlled  sparking rate);
uniform gas distribution; theoretical analysis of performance;
theoretical  efficiency;  effects of resistivity; and  effects of
nonumiform gas  velocity.  Proportion, capacity, cleaning of
electrical system, accessibility for maintenance, control of gas
flow, control of erosion of dust from electrodes,  and power
supply are  design factors that are critical elements  in an elec-
trostatic   precipitator.   The  fundamental  theory  of  the
mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation is only partially
understood at present. Designs are based  either upon previous
experience with similar processes or upon the results of pilot
model precipitator studies. Data is tabulated on; dielectric con-
stants for some common materials; pioneer precipitator instal-
lations (1907-1920); summary  of U.S. precipitator installations
in major fields of application; typical precipitator applications
(flow rate, temperature, dust concentration, dust weight, effi-
ciency,  cost); suspended  particulate  matter  in  commercial
gases in  typical installations;  average  diameter of particles in
various  industrial operations; typical values of drift velocity
encountered in practice for use with precipitators; and typical
values for  some design variables  used in commercial electro-
static precipitator practices.

09806
Vincent, Edwin J. and John L. McGinnity
CONCRETE-BATCHING PLANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineer-
ing Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp.  and  ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 334-339, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Concrete-batching  plants   store,  convey,   measure,  and
discharge the  ingredients for making concrete to mixing or
transportation equipment. One type is used to charge sand, ag-
gregate,  cement,  and water to transit-mix trucks,  which mix
the  batch  enroute to  the  site where the concrete is to be
poured; this operation is known as wet batching. Another type
is used to  charge the sand, aggregate, and cement  to flat bed
trucks,  which transport the batch to  paving machines where
water is added and mixing takes place; this operation is known
as dry batching. A third type  employs  the use of a central mix
plant, from which wet concrete is delivered to the pouring site
in open dump trucks. Dust control equipment and hooding and
ventilation requirements for each plant are discussed.  Filters
may  be used  to control dust   emissions in wet concrete
batching plants.  No hooding  and  ventilation requirements are
necessary.  Dry batching plants present more difficult control
problems. A local exhaust system  with an efficient dust collec-
tor is required to  control a dry batching plant adequately. This
is a  difficult operation to hood  without interfering with the
truck's movement or the batch operator's  view. A canopy type
hood just large enough to cover  one  compartment at a time
provides effective dust pickup and affords adequate visibility.
A baghouse is the most suitable type of dust collector for this
service.  A  hydraulically  operated, swing-away  cone-shaped
hood is normally used  with  a 2  inch clearance  between the
hood and mixer in central mix batching plants. A baghouse is
required  to collect the dust emissions. From an  air pollution
standpoint, the central mix batching plant is preferable to dry
batching. The  dust is  more easily  captured and there is  no
generation  of dust at the pouring site. The operation is also
preferable  to wet batching because designing control  equip-
ment for a  stationary mixer is easier then  it is for a  transit mix
truck-loading area.
                    09807
                    Vincent, Edwin J.
                    CEMENT-HANDLING EQUIPMENT.  In:  Air  Pollution En-
                    gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control  District, County  of
                    Los Angeles.) John  A.  Danielson (comp. and  ed.), Public
                    Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
                    lution  Control, PHS  Pub-999-AP-40,  p. 339-340, 1967.  GPO:
                    806-614-30
                    The equipment involved in the operation of a bulk cement
                    plant which receives, stores, transships  or bags cement in-
                    cludes hoppers, bins, screw conveyors, elevators, and  pneu-
                    matic  conveying  equipment. Its main purpose  is usually  to
                    tranfer cement from  one type  of carrier  to another, such  as
                    from railway cars to trucks or ships. In  the handling of ce-
                    ment,  a dust problem can occur if proper equipment or  hood-
                    ing  is not  used. Hooding and ventilation  requirements  of
                    receiving hoppers,  storage and receiving  bins, elevators and
                    screw  conveyors,  and hopper trucks and  car loading are
                    discussed. A baghouse has  been found to be the most satisfac-
                    tory dust collector for handling the ventilation  points. All
                    sources are  normally ducted to a single baghouse.
                    Vincent, Edwin J.
                    ROCK AND GRAVEL AGGREGATE PLANTS. In: Air Pollu-
                    tion  Engineering Manual.  (Air Pollution  Control District,
                    County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and  ed.),
                    Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
                    Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub- 999-AP-40, p. 340-342, 1967.
                    GPO: 806-614-30
                    Rock and  gravel aggregate  plants supply sand and variously
                    sized aggregates  for  the construction and paving  industries.
                    The processing of the gravel consists of screening out the usa-
                    ble size and crushing the oversize into various size ranges. A
                    simplified flow diagram for a typical plant is shown. An inven-
                    tory of sources of dust  emissions in rock  and gravel plants
                    usually begins  with the first crusher and continues with the
                    conveyor  transfer  points  to  and including  the  succeeding
                    crushers. Here the rock is more finely ground, and dust emis-
                    sions become greater. As  the  process  continues, dust emis-
                    sions are again prevalent from sources at conveyor transfer
                    points and at the  final screens. The points that  require hooding
                    and ventilation are the crusher discharge points, all elevator
                    and belt conveyor  transfer  points, and all screens.  All these
                    dust sources should be enclosed as nearly completely as possi-
                    ble and  a minimum  indraft velocity of 200  fpm  should be
                    maintained through all open areas. One method of suppressing
                    the dust emissions consists of using water to keep the material
                    moist at all stages of processing; the other, of using a local ex-
                    haust system and a dust collector at all sources. The preferred
                    dust collector device is a baghouse. A combination of a dry
                    centrifugal collector and a wet scrubber is sometimes used. A
                    centrifugal collector alone would allow a considerable amount
                    of very fine  dust to be emitted to the atmosphere. A scrubber
                    of good design is required, therefore, to prevent such emis-
                    sions.

                    09914
                    Hankin, Montagu, Jr.
                    VARIOUS METHODS OF DUST COLLECTION AT STONE
                    PLANTS. Preprint,  Grove (M.J.) Lime Co., Lime Kim,  Md
                    ((35))p., 2966. 5 refs. (Presented at the 49th Annual Conven-
                    tion, National Association, Chicago, 111., Feb. 6-10, 1966.)
                    The  sources and  types  of  dust generated in  the stone
                    processing industry are  discussed.  Diagrams and  operating
                    ranges are presented for the following dust control equipment:

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                                            B.  CONTROL METHODS
 electrostatic  precipitators,  bag  filters,  cyclones,  packed
 towers, wet centrifugal collectors, venturi-type collectors, and
 wet dynamic  precipitators. Methods are also considered for
 controlling dust from roads, from roads.

 09950
 Okuma, R., and H. Shimazu
 AIR-POLLUTION PREVENTION IN CEMENT WORKS. Test
 in Japanese Netsu Kami (Heat Engineering) (Tokyo), 19(4):18-
 26, April 1967.
 Air  pollution  devices  for  Japanese kilns   and  dryers are
 reviewed. Electric dust collecting devices for  cement kilns are
 said to be over 98.5% efficient. Six different types of rotary
 kiln (used mainly in Japan) and different types of dryers are il-
 lustrated. The main dust collecting devices  are electrostatic
 collector (for  kiln and dryer): multiclone (for cooler, ventila-
 tor,  or dryer); starclone (for  rapid dryer); cyclone (for coal
 dryer); wet system (for  dryer); Venturi scrubber  (for dryer);
 and bag filter  (for crusher, conveyor, or wrapper). Some larger
 factories in Japan are restricted by law as to S03 and SO2
 content in the exhaust gas (22% of SO2 and SO3 per 1 gram of
 soot). The analysis of exhaust gas  from a cement factory is
 given; particle size distribution of cement dust and a chemical
 analysis of collected dust are also given. Exhaust gas from ce-
 ment factories generally does not exceed the legal limit for
 SO2 and SO3. Studies have shown that cement  dust is not
 harmful to animals or plants, but efforts to minimize dust fall
 are continuing.

 12347
 Plass, Robert  J. and Harold H. Haaland
 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS IN THE CEMENT IN-
 DUSTRY. Preprint, Pennsylvania State Univ.,  University Park,
 29p.,  1957.  (Presented  at  the Electrostatic Precipitation
 Seminar, University Park, Pa., June  16-21, 1957.)
 The applications and problems of electrostatic precipitators in
 cement plants are reviewed. Precipitators have a variety of
 uses in these plants, including collection of dust from coal
 handling systems, emissions from rock and shale drying, and
 cleaning effluen  air from modem  air-swept  raw and finish
 grinding mills. By far th greatest problem,  however,  is the
 cleaning of  dust from kiln gases. The specifics of the problem
 vary, depending on  the  kind of plant and kiln and the raw
 material source. Although the quantity of dust to be removed
 is a  management decision which must depend on individualO
 plant and community factors, as a general frame of  reference
 there has been wide  acceptance for  a relatively clean stack at
 about 0.05-0.06 gr/CF for low  alkali content effluents, and at
 about 0.025-0.03 gr/CF for higher alkali content effluents. Raw
 feed  problems,  exemplified  by  alkali  volatilization,  are
 discussed, as well as sulfur oxides from the presence of sulfur
 kiln  feed and  in fuel.  Difficulties related to the major cement
 making systems in current use, including wet process, filter
 cake feed, dry process, wet  nodulizing kiln, and Fuller-Hum-
 boldt preheat,  are examined in some detail,  and progress in
 precipitator  design as  it  applies to Othe cement  industry is
 described.

 13946
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Committee on Air Pollution
PROCESS FLOW SHEETS  AND  AIR  POLLUTION  CON-
TROLS. Cincinnati,  American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1961, 40p. 33 refs.
A variety of industrial processes, described in the text and il-
lustrated by  flow charts, are categorized according  to  the
odors or pollutants produced by each stage of plant opera-
tions. Appropriate primary and secondary air cleaning equip-
ment, including dry centrifuges, wet scrubbers, and fabric and
electrostatic filters, are matched to each operation and evalu-
ated as satisfactory or not satisfactory. The suggested controls
have applications for asphalt and cement plants, gray iron or
malleable foundry operations, the milling of asbestos ores, al-
falfa dehydrating plant operations, coffee processing, iron and
steel making,  and scavenger-type  rendering processes. Sug-
gested reference sources are included for each process.

14289
Hohmann, Hans and Horst Huckauf
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SYSTEM CACO3-SO2-H2O(D) IN
CONNECTION  WITH  PROBLEMS  OF  DUST AND SO2
EMISSION FROM CEMENT KILNS. (Untersuchungen zum
System CaCO3-SO2-H2O(d) in Verbindung mit Problemen der
Staub- und  SO2-Emission von Zementbrennaefen). Text  in
German.  Silikat Tech., 20(5): 148-155,1969. 23 refs.
The  four  alkali earth  carbonates  (CaCOS,   travertine,
limestone, and dolomite) were studied with respect to their ad-
sorption  of sulfur dioxide and water vapor using  gas chro-
matography. It was found that CaCO3 dried at 180 C at first
adsorbs considerable quantities of SO2 from a SO2  and CO2-
containing gas.  The SO2 adsorption isotherms found by the
frontal gas chromatographic process of G.  Schay all belonged
to type I of Brunauer's classification. Water vapor adsorption
of all four carbonates was determined at 20, 40, 60,  and 80 C.
The water vapor adsorption isotherms were found to belong to
type n of Brunauer's  classification. Studies by the gas chro-
matographic pulsed flow method showed that SO2 adsorption
by the system CaC03-SO2-H2O at  temperatures ranging from
0 to 100  C occurs at relative water vapor partial pressures of
almost 1.0. Chemical conversion of  SO2 to calcium sulfite oc-
curs at partial pressures down to zero. This leads to the con-
clusion that formation of the adsorbed water vapor  into a
three dimensional fluid  at the absorbent  surface is a more
thorough process than all known  theories concerning water
vapor adsorption on solids have anticipated. A critical relative
water vapor partial pressure for calcium sulfate formation was
found at 0.50, above which higher chemical activity  occurs.
Calcium sulfite (at oxidation) or calcium sulfate solidifies cal-
cium carbonate dust and changes its surface properties. Cloth
filters and electrostatic precipitators are thus hampered in their
function. Five known types of waste gas of desulfurization are
discussed.

14425
Hodgkiss, J. E.
SOME ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AND THE  CEMENT
INDUSTRY.  S.   African   Mech.   Eng.  (Johannesburg),
18(10):265-267, May 1969. 4 refs.
The  ways in which dust can be suppressed or collected at al-
most every stage of the cement-making process are illustrated.
These methods  are designed to meet the requirements of the
South African Air Pollution Prevention Act of 1965.  Major
sources of dust to be controlled include the quarrying of raw
materials, the crushing plant, mill ventilation, stack emission
from the burning process, coal drying and grinding, bagging
and  dispatch, in-plant transport systems and storage of raw
materials, and surface dust on roads and  roofs. Particular at-
tention is given to the  cyclone system  for mill ventilation,  the
electrostatic precipitator used to reduce stack emissions from
the kiln, and the stack whose height and diameter were deter-

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10
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
mined after theoretical calculations of dust deposition patterns.
The installation of cyclones to remove coarse particles and of
additional plates  and electrodes on the precipitator commis-
sioned in 1966, have reduced stack emissions to 86 mg/cu m at
standard temperature and pressure.

15629
Eisner, Joachim H.
DUST EXTRACTION IN CEMENT WORKS. (Enstaubung von
Zementwerken).  Text  in  German. Wasser  Luft Betrieb,
13(ll):433-439, 1969.
Various dust separators used in cement factories, and their
structural design and special uses are discussed. The operating
principles and various components  of  electrostatic precipita-
tors, cyclones, and packed towers are reviewed.  Electrostatic
precipitators, which have become the  most efficient dust
separators for the cement industry, may be horizontal or verti-
cal to the flow of gas. The vertical type must have a larger
filter surface. The ventilator here is usually installed in  the ex-
haust gas duct, which leads to more rapid wear.  This  version
is advantageous only if there is danger  of  explosion; other-
wise, the horizontal type is preferable in all respects. Cyclones
are now  used in a  cement factory  only  for preliminary dust
separation. Their collection efficiency is improved by a larger
specific weight of the  dust,  a larger speed, smaller cyclone
diameters, larger dust grains, and by a lower dynamic viscosi-
ty of the carrier gas. They can be used for dust concentrations
of less than 1000 g/cu m. Packed towers can be  used  only at
temperatures below 350 C; collection efficiencies of 99.9% can
be obtained, and the dust content can be  reduced to 50 mg/cu
m, but their costs run extremely high.  In almost all instances
in the cement industry, the high collection efficiency  can be
more economically obtained with electrostatic precipitators.

15728
Betta, Vittorio and Francesco Reale
A STUDY ON LIGHT TRANSMISSION OF LAYERS OF
DUST PARTICLES AND ON CORRELATIONS TO BE USED
IN DISCOLORATION METHODS FOR EFFICIENCY TEST-
ING OF  FILTER  DEVICES. (Studio  della trasparenza  di
deposit! di polveri per le correlazioni nei metodi  colorimetrici
di misura dell'efficienza di filtrazione). Text in  Italian. Ter-
motecnica  (Milan),  23(6):295-317, 1969. 3 refs. (Presented at
the 23rd National ATI Congress, Bologna, Sept. 24-28, 1968.)
A study of the transparency of deposits of dust is presented,
to be used for correlations  with colorimetric methods for mea-
suring the effectiveness of air filtration. Theoretical and practi-
cal descriptions are presented related to testing the effective-
ness of air filters in removing dust particles of various sizes
and materials from the air passing through them. The method
depends on the measurement  of  opacity  of trapped particles.
Experiments  are  described using aerosols from cement (5-25
microns  in  diameter); talcum  (3  microns); iron  oxide  (3
microns); and graphite (1 micron).

15759
Frauenfelder, A.
WHAT HAS BEEN DONE  BY THE SWISS CEMENT INDUS-
TRY TO  ELIMINATE THE DUST PROBLEM EN THEIR DIF-
FERENT WORKS. (Was hat die schweizerisc Zementindustrie
fuer die Entstaubung ihrer Werke getan).  Text in German. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden),  58(11):501-504,  Nov. 1969.  3
refs.
There are only 18 cement works in Switzerland with relatively
small capacities and only one kiln producing more than 1000
                    tons per day. Since 1950, this industry made great strides in air
                    pollution control. The Swiss Association of Cement, Lime,
                    and Gypsum  Producers  established their own rules for dust
                    emissions in  1963 which were  binding for members.  Clean
                    gases from new installations should not have more than 75-100
                    mg dust/cu m.  Older plants have until 1973 to reduce  their
                    emissions to 100-150 mg dust/cu m. A federal law states  that
                    only plants which meet these requirements obtain approval
                    from the Authorities of the Canton. In all cement works meet-
                    ing the emission  standards, adequate dust collection devices
                    are in operation.  The sources of dust in the cement works,
                    adequate dust collection  equipment, and costs were discussed.
                    Equipment includes bag filters for dry dust and gases at low
                    temperatures, electrical precipitators  for the cleaning of waste
                    gases from kilns, and raw material dryers. Installation difficul-
                    ties from corrosion and methods for the correction of the
                    problem were described. Multicyclones and gravel bed filters
                    also have special applications  in  the dedusting of  clinker
                    coolers. It was  concluded that many Swiss cement works are
                    clean and by  1973, all cement works will meet emission  stan-
                    dards. (Author summary  modified)

                    15957
                    Mel'nik, M. N.
                    MEASURES FOR SANITATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN
                    THE  UKRAINE.  (Meropriyatiya  po  ozdorovleniyu atmosfer-
                    nogo  vozdukha  na Ukraine). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation
                    Measures Against Air and Water Pollution  in the Planning of
                    Cities. (Ozdorovleniye   vozdushnogo  i  vodnogo  basseynov
                    gorodov).  Government  Committee  on  Civil  Building  and
                    Architecture (ed.), Lecture series no. 2, Kiev, Budivel'nik,
                    1968, p. 17-18.
                    Control measures instituted at cement plants in Dneprodzerz-
                    hinsk and Krivorozhsk  have given significant  reduction in
                    quantities of  dust emitted into the atmosphere. The ore en-
                    richment combine at Krivorozhsk was provided with dust con-
                    trol equipment which resulted in a substantial recovery of iron.
                    Effective gas  purification measures at the Kramatorsk Metal-
                    lurgy Plant and  at the Zaporozhstal Martensite Furnace No. 2
                    are also reported. Failures at pollution control have occurred
                    at some locations, especially in the Donbass, because the ac-
                    tual  efficiency  of control equipment  has  been significantly
                    below  the design  values,  or  else already existing pollution
                    sources were not adequately accounted for.

                    16446
                    Vypov, A. I. and G. N. Makarets
                    PROTECTION  OF THE AIR  AND  WATER  BASINS  AT
                    NOVOKUZNETSK. (Zashchita vozdushnogo i vodnogo bas-
                    seynov v novokuznetske). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Mea-
                    sures  Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Ci-
                    ties.  (Ozdorovleniye  vozdushnogo   i  vodnogo  basseynov
                    gorodov).  Government  Committee  on  Civil  Building  and
                    Architecture (ed.), Lecture  series no.  2, Kiev, Budivel  'nik,
                    1968, p.37-38.
                    An overall examination of the pollution problems of Novokuz-
                    netsk was made in 1965-1966  by the Deputy Commission on
                    Natural Conservation and the Presidium of the Novokuznetsk
                    Branch of the  Association for Natural Conservation.  Dust
                    emission from the Kuznetsk cement plant was 260 tons per
                    day in 1962; it was reduced to 50 tons per  day by the end of
                    1966,  and the installation of electrofilters at two roasting fur-
                    naces in 1968 reduced emission to 10 tons per day. Measures
                    were also taken to reduce emission from the aluminum and
                    iron-smelting plants. Efforts at pollution control in this city are
                    regarded as successful and similar measures are recommended
                    for other Soviet cities.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      11
 17402
 Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
 THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
 TION RESULT  OF AN  ELECTRIC  PRECIPITATOR IN
 VARIOUS INDUSTRY  SMOKE  ABATEMENT  (V) -  AHt
 POLLUTION IN  CERAMIC  INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu  ni
 mini denkishujinsochi no setsubikeikaku to untenkoka (V) -
 Yogyohin  seisan  ni tomonau haigasu  no  jogai). Text  in
 Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(3):165-174,
 March 15, 1967. 28 refs.
 Dust generated in the manufacturing of cement is high in elec-
 tric resistivity  and has an erosive property.  A rotary dryer
 generates high  amounts of dust whose apparent resistivity va-
 ries considerably with the treatment of the raw material. A ro-
 tary kiln generates dust the apparent resistivity of which is
 high. By considering such variabilities, an effective dust col-
 lecting system can be designed. Dust generated by a packer is
 a part of the final product and has to be precipitated and col-
 lected by a special dust collector. An electric precipitator is
 usually  controlled by reading the  voltage of  the transformer
 and the amperage of the discharge-amperemeter. For the  most
 effective operation of the precipitator,  a precipitative voltme-
 ter has to be used. The  spark-count controlling method can be
 adopted  for the dust of low resistivity. Plumes or  smut result
 when precipitating efficiency is not satisfactorily high. In the
 carbonic industry, the production of electrodes for metal refin-
 ing  and  other  purposes  and the production of carbon black
 have to  be considered first  with  respect  to  air-pollution
 prevention. Dust generated in the manufacturing of electrodes
 is low in  electric resistivity,  has  little  cohesive power, and
 contains some higher boiling hydrocarbon; thus, a stabilizer is
 necessary. Dust generated  in  the manufacturing  of carbon
 black  can not be  precipitated by  an  electric precipitator
 because  of its special properties, but it can be precipitated by
 a special unit system of dust collectors. In other parts of the
 ceramic  industry, it is  easy to precipitate dust by  an electric
 precipitator,  but most  of the factories are small in scale so
 special methods of treatment are necessary.

 17750
 Funke, G.
 POLLUTION AND NUISANCE CONTROL ACTmTIES.  (Aus
 dem Arbeitsgebiet  Emissionen).  Text in German. Zement-
 Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 57(5):209-219,  May  1968.  9  refs.
 (Presented at the Technical Meeting of the Vereins Deutscheer
 Zementwerke, Karlsruhe, Germany, Sept. 27, 1967.)
 Dust removal equipment in the cement industry has improved.
 Multicyclones can  be  efficiently used to collect  dust from
 cooler exhaust  air if blockage and excess wear are  prevented.
 Mixing-bed filters with  increased operational reliability are
 also used for dust collection  from cooler exhaust air.  New
 developments are fluidized bed filters and hot-gas  dry filters
 with mineral wool as the filter medium. Longer filter fabric
 life  was attained with  new  types of  cleaning mechanisms.
 Electrostatic precipitators are not always in continuous opera-
 tion due to unfavorable gas and dust conditions which produce
 a limit of 150 mg/N cu m. Precipitators are also affected by
 corrosion of the internal fittings and filter chambers. Electro-
 static precipitators for  rotary  kilns with air suspension pre-
 heaters should be equipped with evaporative coolers in order
 to cool and moisten gases when direct kiln operation is em-
ployed. Regulations aimed at combating noise  will  necessitate
measures to reduce noise, particularly in wet-process plants.
The  vibrations caused by blasting in quarries  are continually
measured in order to enable the requisite technical precautions
for reducing the vibration velocities to be established. (Author
summary modified)
18160
Herod, Buren C.
NCSA'S  DUST CONTROL  SEMINARS  REFLECT INDUS-
TRY'S CONCERN WITH EFFECTIVE MEASURES. Pit and
Quarry, 61(12): 118-124, June 1969.
Several  reports given  at  two  seminars  on dust  control
technology for producers in the stone industry are reviewed.
Dry mechanical  collectors,  including the inertia!,  settling
chamber, and centrifugal, were identified. Centrifugal collec-
tors are most affected by particle size. They are most effective
in collecting material in the 10 to 200-micron range. Wet scrub-
bers usually act as an after cleaner for mechanical collectors.
Various  inherent  advantages  of wet  scrubbers  were cited.
Scrubbers have the ability to collect particles in the submicron
range. A comprehensive review of fabric collector fundamen-
tals covers the theory of fabric  filtration, types of fabrics, fac-
tors in the selection of proper fabric, operation of this type of
collector, and proper maintenance procedures. The principles
of operation, along with a physical description of the basic
components, plus a review of factors affecting performance of
electrostatic precipitation were presented. The effective con-
trol of dust by wet suppression  techniques also was reviewed.

19210
Matsuda, Norikazu
ABATEMENT  OF  AIR  POLLUTION  CAUSED   BY
FLUORIDE. (Fukkasuiso oyobi kakushu fukkabutsu niyoru
taikiosen no taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 6(7):509-514, July 15, 1970.
Sources of fluoride pollutants include  aluminum refining and
phosphate fertilizer, brick, glass, glass-fiber, steel,  and cement
manufacturing. Fluorides emissions from an aluminum refinery
and a phosphate fertilizer plant, both subject to large numbers
of damage claims, are shown in a block diagram. Examples of
fluoride pollution  by the Showa Denko plants in Fukushima
and Chiba and Sumitomo Chemicals in Ehime are presented.
Regulations applicable to pollutant sources in Osaka and Fu-
kushima   Prefectures  are noted.  A  common  method  of
processing fluorine  compounds is the use of caustic soda.
Fluorine  becomes  sodium fluoride, which is subsequently con-
verted to calcium fluoride by lime. In aluminum refineries, the
recovery rate of fluorine by the method is over 99%. Exhaust
gas, however, shows a recovery rate of only 60-70%, even in
factories equipped with a recovery device. If the density at the
source is  lowered  to several  ppm,  the  use of  chimnneys
around 200-m high will reduce  the ground concentration to .1
ppb. At present, the recovery of fluorides is accomplished by
wet methods, which give rise  to mists such as hydrofluoric
acid. The efficient processing of the mist is a future problem.
Since the demand for aluminum is predicted to be 2,000,000
tons in 1975, an increase in aluminum refineries is expected. In
the  process  of  construction, future refineries  must  be
thoroughly evaluated for fluoride pollution.

19240
Deynat, Gerard
DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS  EXTRACTION OF ALKALIS
FROM THE ESCAPE GASES OF A CEMENT KILN. (Societe
des Forges et Ateliers du Creusot, Paris  (France) U. S.  Pat.
3,503,187. 4p., March 31, 1970. 9 refs. (Appl. Aug. 2, 1968, 1
claim).
A device for the continuous removal of alkalis from the waste
gases of cement kilns is described. It consists of an outlet duct
for the  gases and a curtain formed  by a  number of metal
chains. The two runs of the chains are wound on a return
wheel immersed in a tank containing  water for washing and

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 12
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
 cooling the chains. The two tanks have double walls to allow
 cooling by the circulation of washing and cooling liquid, the
 temperature  of which is maintained  at  50-60  C. This ac-
 celerates the dissolving of the alkalis entrained by the chains
 and reduces  the effects  of thermal shocks.  The tanks  have
 hoppers for recovering the dust  collected by the chains; the
 chains pass over glide wheels in the upper part of the hopper,
 and dust is collected in the lower part. To complet the sealing
 tightness and to prevent  fresh air from entering the ducting,
 the  device can include two pressure detectors in the ducting
 and casing, respectively.  A comparator of the pressures then
 controls a regulating chain which controls a shutter in the duct
 for fresh air, so that the duct pressure is always slightly higher
 than the casing pressure.  The air introduced into the casing is
 evacuated by a fan which draws air through a filter which en-
 trains  fine dusts.  Larger dust  particles,  released from the
 chains by nozzles and brushes,  are collected in a recovery
 hopper situated in the lower part of the casing.

 20014
 Wasilewski, L., J. Z. Zaleski, A. Kaczorowski, and W.
 Badzynski
 THE METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
 AND PORTLAND CEMENT FROM GYPSUM. (Otrzymywanie
 dwutlenku siarki i cementu portlandzkiego z gipsu). Text in
 Polish. Przemysl Chem., vol. 18:633-647, 1934. 15 refs.
 The decomposition of gypsum was studied on laboratory,
 semi-technical, and  plant  scales. Laboratory studies deter-
 mined the effect of temperature  and of additions  of carbon,
 silcion dioxide, and iron  and aluminum oxides on the rate of
 calcium sulfate decomposition. The effect of  carbon and iron
 oxides  was  most  prominent. The  effectiveness  of CaSO4
 decomposition as dependent upon coke, clay,  and iron ore ad-
 dition  in varying amounts  was  studied in a four-meter-long
 rotating furnace at different temperatures. The agreement with
 the lab results was good.  At the same time, the concentration
 of S02 in exhaust gases was determined for each separate ex-
 periment.  At 1200 deg, it was about 3.5 %. The plant testing
 was carried out in a 40-meter-long furnace. When appropriate
 amounts of coke are added, the most favorable conditions of
 decomposition  result, yielding SO2  in concentrations  high
 enough for H2SO4 production; as  a byproduct,  Portland ce-
 ment is obtained. The excessive addition of coke results in
 CaS formation in the firing remnant, thus  lowering clinker
 quality. Insufficient amounts of coke yield clinker with a high
 content of CaSO4; thus, effectiveness of gypsum decomposi-
 tion is lowered. The optimum amount of coke when the clinker
 is free of CaS depends on the temperature and firing condi-
 tions. The results of the study can serve as a basis for indus-
 trial design of H2SO4 and Portland cement production from
 gypsum.

 20188
 Squires, B. J.
 FABRIC FILTER DUST COLLECTORS. THEIR USE IN THE
 VENTILATING, STEEL, NON-FERROUS METAL, CEMENT,
 POWER STATION AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. Filtration
 Separation (Purley), 1967:228-239,  May/June 1967.  (Presented
 at the Meeting of the Filtration Society, Manchester, Jan. 17.)
 Design aspects, industrial applications, and  development of
 new fabrics for fabric filter dust collectors are reviewed.
 Fabric  collectors  are of  three  kinds: screen type filters,
 reverse jet or blow back filters at high filtering ratios, and tu-
 bular filters at normal filtering ratios;  the latter are  in most
general usage, have undergone considerable  recent develop-
ment, and  are described  in detail. Theoretical criteria  for
                    fabric selections are noted. Some typical fabric filter installa-
                    tions are discussed. The use of a pre-coat filter aid in fabric
                    filters to achieve very high cleaning efficiencies when filtering
                    air and gas streams with low dust concentrations, such as the
                    cleaning of atmospheric air for special ventilating systems, is
                    one new application which has opened new fields for this
                    equipment in the sewage, pharmaceutical, and steel industries.
                    Particular attention is paid to the use of fabric filter dust col-
                    lectors to clean high temperature gases and to applications in
                    the  cement, non-ferrous, smelting, and carbon black indus-
                    tries.

                    20674
                    Abelitis, Andris
                    APPARATUS   FOR HEAT   TREATING   CEMENT  RAW
                    MATERIAL OR PRECIPITATED WASTE LIME CONTAIN-
                    ING  COMBUSTIBLE  CONSTITUENT. (Klockner-Humbold
                    Deutz A. G.,  Cologne  (West  Germany)  U.  S. Pat.  3,491,991.
                    3p. Jan. 27, 1970.1 ref. (Appl. Oct. 30,  1967, 4 claims).
                    Apparatus is described for heat treating cement raw material
                    or precipitated  waste  lime  material  containing combustible
                    constituents, wherein the waste gas pipe or duct is given a
                    special construction  to  achieve complete combustion of the
                    carbon material. By providing the waste gas duct or pipe with
                    a downcomer portion descending to and connecting with the
                    separator and having a larger  cross section than a  riser por-
                    tion,  the material  is entrained and upwardly driven by the
                    waste gases in the riser portion at a greater velocity than the
                    velocity  in the downcomer portion of  the waste gas duct. An
                    initmate  intermixture and uniform distribution of the material
                    over the entire cross section is produced. Since the flow of the
                    gas in the descending portion of the waste gas duct  or pipe is
                    in a downward  direction, there is  no  danger of the material
                    tending to bake together even for relatively slow flow veloci-
                    ties, so that slow gas velocities and relatively lengthy periods
                    during which the material is present within the waste gas duct
                    are permitted. The  cross section of the descending portion can
                    be such that the gas velocity is only between approximately 1-
                    5 meters per  second. Thus,  the  combustible  carbon con-
                    stituents are certain to be consumed  while the cement  raw
                    material  is carried by the waste gas flow in suspension through
                    the waste gas duct.

                    20756
                    Deussner, Herbert
                    METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REMOVING DUST FROM EX-
                    HAUST  GASES. (Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz A.  G., Cologne
                    (West Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,485,012. 4p., Dec. 23, 1969. 5
                    refs. (Appl. March  11, 1968, 7 claims).
                    A method for removing dust from the exhaust gases of a ce-
                    ment manufacturing installation is based  on increasing the
                    dewpoint of the gases.  After leaving a raw-powder-preheater,
                    the gases are conducted to the lower portion of a vertically ex-
                    tending moistening compartment. Water  in an excess amount
                    is sprayed into the  upwardly moving gas stream and the excess
                    water is  loaded with dust collects in a sump at the bottom of
                    the compartment. A pump withdraws  the muddy water from
                    the sump and discharges it first to nozzles tangentially extend-
                    ing into  the sump to circulate its contents and then to the
                    upper  portion  of  the  compartment to  wet the inner  wall.
                    Another  pump conveys a portion of the muddy water from the
                    sump to the raw-powder-preheater at  a point before the one
                    where the  raw powder is   introduced.   (Author  abstract
                    modified)

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      13
 21187
 Kato, Yujiro
 PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
 DUST  COLLECTOR  SYSTEM AT  VARIOUS EVUSTRIES
 (TV). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE CERAMIC IN-
 DUSTRY (I). (Gyoshubetsu ni mum rokashiki shujinsochi no
 keikaku to untenjisshirey (TV) - yogyo  ni okeru baggu-firuta
 (sono I). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Con-
 trol), 4(6):385-389, June 15, 1968.
 A baghouse is the most suitable type of dust collector for the
 cement industry. The raw-material mixer, the kiln exhaust, the
 clinker  cooler, the  clinker  storage,  the  finishing  mill, the
 packer, the tanker,  and  the  cement-receiving  station  are the
 possible emission points in  a cement plant. The operational
 conditions of bag filters installed at these points are reviewed.
 Dust from a dry-type  kilm results from the finely powdered
 material. In the American plant described, the bag filters are
 located at the top of the silo to control dust created in convey-
 ing and mixing processes. Since multi-cyclones have low col-
 lection  efficiencies, baghouses are being increasingly used to
 control the large  volumes  of dust emitted by  the  clinker
 cooler.  The cement  product  which comes from the finishing
 mill  is  swept  through  the separator,  cyclone,  and the
 baghouse; in this process, the baghouse plays the most impor-
 tant role. With reference to the baghouse for the packer, the
 hood method is considered.  Also  noted is the ability of the
 baghouse to deal with an airstream the  inlet concentration of
 which is several kgm per cu m, despite predictions to the con-
 trary.

 21292
 Arras, K.
 EVAPORATIVE    COOLERS    FOR    ELECTROSTATIC
 PRECIWTATORS IN THE CEMENT  INDUSTRY. (Verdamp-
 fungskuehler fuer Elektrofilter der Zermentidustrie). Text in
 German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden), 59(3): 106-112, March
 1970. 5 refs. (Presented at  a meeting of the Committee  on
 Emissions  of the German Cement Industry, Duesseldorf, Feb.
 6,1970.)
 In the cement industry, waste gases must be conditioned (i.e.,
 reducing the temperature of the waste gas and simultaneously
 increasing  the  moisture  content)  to reduce dust resistance.
 This  measure is necessary to assure high collection efficiency
 of the electrostatic precipitator. Roughly 0.5 g water/cu m gas
 are needed to reduce the gas  temperature by 1  C. For calcula-
 tion of the volume of the evaporative cooler, the time required
 for evaporation of the injected droplets must be known. The
 equation by Gumz indicates that the evaporation time is pro-
 portional to the square of the maximum droplet diameter. Cal-
 culation of the volume as a function of the input and output
 conditions  is more precise. There  are four types of coolers:
 uniflow and counterflow coolers, with  bottom to top or top to
 bottom  flow. The cooler most commonly used in the  cement
 industry is the uniflow type where  the gas inlet and the water
 injection device is installed in the top.  Of the various types of
 nozzles, the so called  'return pipe nozzle' has proved to  be
 most advantageous because the droplet size does not increase
 when the throughput decreases. The water enters tangentially
 into  a cylindrical chamber and cannot leave through the noz-
 zle,  since the diameter of the return  pipe is larger than the
 nozzle opening. If the pipe cross section id changed by a sim-
ple shutter, so that the inner diameter of the water rotating in
the chamber becomes smaller  than the nozzle outlet, the water
leaves through  the  outlet and is atomized. The quantity  of
water injected with such a nozzle can be controlled by chang-
ing the water quantity in  the return pipe. The advantages and
disadvantages of conventional type nozzles and the possibili-
ties of controlling the sprayed amount of water are likewise
discussed.  Examples of  the  arrangement  of  evaporative
coolers behind heat-exchanger kilns with combined drying and
grinding mills are presented.

22351
Trauffer, Walter E.
MAINE'S NEW  DUST-FREE CRUSHED STONE PLANT. Pit
Quarry, 63(2):96-100, Aug. 1970.
Most aggregates producers  have, or eventually will  have,
problems  with  encroaching residential  or industrial  areas,
tightening and changing  specifications,  and increasing their
output. One crushed stone plant was able to solve these other
problems by completely rebuilding the plant to produce more -
- and finer - sizes of stone, and taking drastic steps to reduce
noise and blasting vibration, to control all plant and incidental
dust,  to  shield operations from public  view,  and to prevent
water pollution.  The important  environmental  features and
practices  include  complete wet  and  dry  dust  collecting
systems; the dustproofing of all haul roads (with  reclaimed
oil);  noise shielding with acoustical treatment at the primary
crusher; and the  use of old conveyer belting at impact points.
The  combination of wet  and dry dust collecting system has
completely eliminated any problem with neighbors or em-
ployees. A wet system with a spray nozzle is used at the pri-
mary crusher when necessary.  The dry system, which effec-
tively controls and collects dust in the rest of  the plant, com-
prises 456 cotton sateen tubes, with a total bag area of 6338
square  feet,  an  intermittent   shaker  system,  three  slide
discharge valves  and hoppers, a size 30 AAF exhauster, and a
75-hp motor. The duct system  maintains the required suction
at the eight  collecting points.  These are  at  the three cone
crushers, the scalping screens, the twin sizing screens, and the
shuttle and  transfer conveyers. The 6000-12,000 Ibs of dust
collected each day are currently hauled to a pond on the plant
site, but markets  for it are being developed.

22500
Conrad, Guenter
PROBLEMS   IN   THE   CONSTRUCTION   OF   HIGH
SMOKESTACKS   IN   THE   GERMAN   DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC. (Probleme beim Bau hoher Schornsteine in der
DDR). Text in German. Energietechnik, 17(12):550-551, Dec.
1967.
Problems  connected with  the  designing  and construction of
high   industrial  smokestacks  as  they  emerged  during the
planning  of  the  construction of a 300 m high steel-concrete
smokestack for the Boehlen II  power plant in  East Berlin are
discussed. This height was necessary if the ground sulfur diox-
ide concentration was not to increase above its present levels
with  the  projected draught capacity of 7.5 million cu m flue
gas per hour. Decisive for the steadiness of so high a structure
was the correct determination of the wind stress factor which
was calculated from data about wind currents, velocity, and
frequency supplied by the Meteorological Service  and from
wind tunnel experiments. A concrete lining reinforced  by lo-
cally  available materials  is  foreseen for  the  flue  gas duct
proper to be built inside the static  smokestack column. The
empty space between the flue  and the column is designed to
reduce the heat stress on the structure and will permit easy in-
spection  of  the  lining. While  present technology  permits a
daily erection of  2.5 m of the structure with the protective lin-
ing being constructed with the  help of a separate scaffolding,
specially  constructed sliding shells foreseen for this construc-
tion are expected to increase the daily construction of both the
column and the lining to 4 to 6 m.

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 14
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
 22523
 Lyn, Andrew Van der
 PRESCRIPTION FOR CEMENT PLANT DUST  CONTROL.
 Rock Prod., vol. 73:73, 76-78, 80, 86, 87, Aug. 1970.
 Prevention, or effective control, of the fine particulate matter
 generated in the portland cement industry involves enclosure
 of the dust, conveying lines, and collection at the terminal end
 of the lines. An adequate air flow velocity to assure capture of
 these particles is generally considered to be 200 fpm, and total
 air volume for  any particular dust generating operation is
 readily arrived at merely by multiplying the 200 fpm velocity
 by the actual open face area in sq ft to obtain the total volume
 in cfm. Normally, round ducts are used for minimum static
 control when conveying  the captured dust. Large radius seg-
 mented elbows,  rather than abrupt 90 deg elbows,  should be
 used, as well as branch pipes which enter at no more than 45
 deg with the preferred entry angle being 30 deg or less. Dust
 conveying  lines  should be as straight as possible, with  the
 minimum number of changes in  direction, and  a minimum
 transport velocity of 3500 fpm  should be  maintained in  the
 branches and main header. A reference table for dust collector
 selection is presented tabularly. Electrostatic precipitators  are
 high-voltage, high-efficiency units, with efficiency as  high as
 99.99% if  the  precipitator  is properly designed and sized.
 Woven, graphited, silicone glass bags in the form of tubes or
 stockings enjoy wide use on high temperature dust control  ap-
 plications up to 550 F. Felted  fabrics  have a multiplicity of
 much finer pores than  woven fabrics, but, they must be com-
 bined with a means of thorough and very  frequent cleaning.
 An operation utilizing a series of traveling rings is explained.

 22997
 Lyn,  Andrew van der
 PRESCRIPTION FOR CEMENT PLANT DUST  CONTROL,
 PART 2. Rock Prod., 73(9):118-120,  136-138,  Sept. 1970. Part
 1. Ibid, Aug. 1970.
 The cement industry has done little to control and collect dust
 generated by the primary crusher or by the mechanical materi-
 al handling equipment that conveys the product of the primary
 crusher to  further processing  and storage. These operations
 are suitable for ventilation with cloth dust collectors of either
 the woven  fabric shaker type, incorporating cotton sateen or
 Dacron cloth; or a reverse pulse jet venturi equipped with
 Dacron or wool felt. With inlet baffles incorporated, these col-
 lectors are  also suitable for the areas of raw material grinding
 and blending, the filling of raw material proportioning bins,
 and material withdrawal  by proportional feeders. The  kiln is
 the major producer of particulate matter in air float dust, and
 mechanical separators  are normally required  ahead of either
 precipitators  or glass  bag collectors to reduce  the  dust load
 from  the kiln. Where waste heat boiler are employed on kiln
 exit gases,  reverse pulse jet venturi scrubbers should be con-
 sidered. Precipitators  and  woven  glass  bag  collectors have
 been  well applied to reduce dust loading from a clinker cooler,
 but the use of cyclones or other pre-separators should be con-
 sidered. The applications of shaker collectors and the  reverse
pulse  jet venturi in the handling of clinker and gypsum from
cooler to storage and from storage  to proportioning and to the
grinding  mill are  noted. Also  indicated is the  relationship
betwee  grain loadings  and  temperature and  dust  control
requirements.

23127
Schwanecke, Rudolf
HOW HIGH ARE THE COSTS OF Am POLLUTION CON-
TROL? (Wie teuer ist  die Luftreinhaltung?) Text in German.
Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(7):286-289, July 1970. 2 refs.
                    Examples  of the cost of  air pollution  are  cited. A plant
                    producing  bituminous highway surfacing material  emits  100
                    g/N cu m dust. To produce a ton of surfacing material approx-
                    imately 500 N cu m/t hot combustion gases are generated. A
                    medium-sized plant  with  an hourly output of 50  t/h and  a
                    waste quality of 25,000 N cu m/h emits 2500 kg dust per h.
                    The investment in a good dust-arrester installation of 99.9% ef-
                    ficiency  consisting of a battery  of cyclones as preliminary
                    separators and a high-efficiency dust arrester comes to about
                    82,000 DM for the whole plant. The dust is reclaimed almost
                    completely in a dry  state. It can be returned into the produc-
                    tion cycle and replace ground limestone  as a filler. On this ba-
                    sis, the pollution control installation will pay for itself in 1 1/2
                    years. Similar calculations are presented for examples involv-
                    ing the cost of control installations in a chemical plant manu-
                    facturing  toxic compounds,  in the  manufacturing of cement
                    and in the petrochemical industry (olefins or acetylene produc-
                    tion). In all cases the value of the reclaimed materials or the
                    saving in the cost of high stacks for example which would be
                    necessary if no pollution control equipment existed more than
                    make up for the initial investment in pollution equipment.

                    23364
                    Weber, Ekkehard
                    ANNUAL REPORT  ON THE STATE OF  AIR POLLUTION
                    CONTROL (SERIES  5).  (Jahresuebersicht Reinhaltung  der
                    Luft  (5. Folge). Text in  German.  Giesserei  (Duesseldorf),
                    56(12):372-377, June 5, 1969. 88 refs.
                    A survey is given of  literature covering a vast scope  of air pol-
                    lution problems, including  legislation,  governmental regula-
                    tions,  measurement  of the content  of sulfur dioxide, carbon
                    monoxide dust fall, etc. in various parts of Germany, France,
                    Italy, and  other  countries. The emissions  of dust and  gases
                    from various industries are  discussed, including the types of
                    equipment used  for their  control,  such as  dry  and  wet
                    processes,  electrostatic filters,  and  bag  filters.  Measuring
                    techniques are also reviewed.

                    23616
                    Vance, Rupert C.
                    DO-IT-YOURSELF  DUST  SUPPRESSION SYSTEM  SAVES
                    MONEY. Plant Eng., 24(15):84-85, July 1970.
                    High levels of dust generation have long been associated with
                    the stone processing  industry, but a Massachusetts stone com-
                    pany designed and built their own dust suppression system for
                    approximately $1500. Since their well and main pump were too
                    far from the plant to provide sufficient  pressure and volume,
                    they mounted a used 20,000 gal glass-lined tank on a concrete
                    block  foundation alongside one  of their crusher  control
                    houses. Use of  the   tank provides  the  additional  benefit of
                    isolating  the  system  to ensure cleanliness,  while the addition
                    of a  wetting agent to the reservoir water helps to settle  the
                    dust and keep the inside of  the system and nozzles clean. All
                    suction,  bypass,  and pressure piping was  specified polyvi-
                    nylchloride with  the  pressure line being adapted to standard
                    150  psi black plastic water  pipe to feed the spray nozzles.
                    Manifolds made from galvanized iron pipe were placed at the
                    discharge chutes of  all crushers except the primary  crusher
                    where a 20 gpm fog nozzle was installed. An inline, self-clean-
                    ing,  100 mesh filter  was installed on the pressure line, and  a
                    150 psi adjustable pressure regulator controls the bypass line.
                    A schematic diagram of the system is included.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
 23725
 White, Harry J. and Walter A. Baxter, Jr.
 A SUPERIOR COLLECTING PLATE FOR ELECTROSTATIC
 PREdPITATORS. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical
 Engineers, New  York, 7p., 1959. 2 refs. (Presented at  the
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Annual Meeting,
 Atlantic City, N. J., Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1959, Paper 59-A-279.)
 The basic importance of collecting-electrode design to over-all
 precipitator performance is analyzed, and a scientific program
 leading to the development of greatly  improved  collecting
 plates broadly applicable to a wide range of practical applica-
 tions is described. A newly-designed solid collecting plate with
 triangular baffles  was evaluated for fundamental and practical
 performance   criteria,   including  electrical  characteristics,
 aerodynamic  properties,  precipitation rate, rapping  require-
 ments, weight, and cost. The solid plate was superior in every
 measured  characteristic  to  an expanded-metal  plate tested
 under the same conditions. The new plate has been success-
 fully applied to fly ash cement, powered catalyst, gypsum and
 alumina dust,  paper-mill, oxygen  converter, and open-hearth
 fume, and other recovery problems (Author abstract modified)

 24200
 TWENTY BAGHOUSES ON CLINKER COOLERS FOR PER-
 MANENTE CEMENT PLANT. Pit Quarry, 63(1): 133, 144, July
 1970.
 The new $1.1 million dust collection system for the six clinker
 coolers at a cement and gypsum plant manufacturing facility in
 California  consists of  20  individual  and  identical glass-cloth
 baghouses. Each unit, equipped with its own induced draft air
 fan, is capable of drawing 15,000 cfm of dust-laden air for a
 combined system capacity of  300,000 cfm. A manifold con-
 nects each collector unit to a large central  duct, which is
 linked, in turn, by another manifold to the six cooler exhaust
 systems.  Nevertheless,  the  average  exhaust  temperature
 through this manifold ranges from 300 to 500  F, necessitating
 the use of glass cloth instead of the normal cotton or synthetic
 fiber bags. A timer, located on the control panel, actuates  the
 cleaning cycle of  each unit in sequence. The system has built-
 in  flexibility  that  permits  individual dampers to  provide
 separate  draft-air control for each of the coolers.  Since  the
 burner building was built into the side of a hill with no availa-
 ble space around  it, there was no choice but to place the new
 dust collection system on top of the building.

 24568
 Put, Y. and J. Stassen
 PREVENTION  OF  ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN THE
 CEMENT INDUSTRY AND LIME  OVENS. (Prevention de la
 pollution atmospherique dans les  cimenteries et les  fours a
 chaux). Text in French. Ann Mines Belg., vol.  12:1337-1347,
 1969. 2 refs. (Presented at the Congres International de Secu-
 rite et d'Hygiene du Travail, June 30 - July 4, 1969.)
 The sources of atmospheric pollution from the manufacturing
 processes of cements and lime  are investigated. Two catego-
 ries  of dust control  installations can be  distinguished; those
 which purify  the  gases from the ovens, and the separators
 which remove the dust from the manufacturing installations. A
 rational approach to  both  types of  problems requires a
 knowledge  of  such fundamental data as  the  nature  of  the
 gases, the nature of the dust to be removed, the topographical
 situation of the plant, and the meteorological conditions of  the
region. The solutions generally adoped in Belgium for each
 source of pollution are described,  and new  tendencies  are
pointed out. The legal and administrative problems associated
with the prevention  of  atmospheric pollution are discussed,
and  the system  of permits and working  conditions  imposed
presently are described.  The total cost of dust removal is cal-
culated from the point of view of investment, maintenance,
and power consumption.

24881
Kazarinoff, Andrew
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION-ITS CONTROL AND COST.
Design News, 23(14):18-24, July 5, 1968.
Power generating plants, steel mills, and cement kilns are in-
cluded in the groups that will be forced by government restric-
tions to control pollutants. The industrial air pollution control
equipment available now, the  cost of pollution control to in-
dustry,  and  some air pollution problems for which there are
yet no practical  solutions are  discussed. No real innovations
have been made in  control equipment for a  long time; the
major devices are still electrostatic precipitators, bag filters,
cyclones, and scrubbers. Research and development is needed
on equipment that can control both particulate  and  gaseous
pollutants; equipment that can perform at higher efficiencies
without size  and cost penalties; equipment whose efficiency
curve is relatively flat over broader ranges of particle size; and
lower-cost equipment.

25078
Koehler, Wilhelm and Gerhard Funke
DUST  CONTROL IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY OF  THE
GERMAN  FEDERAL  REPUBLIC.  Preprint,  International
Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 21p.,  1970.  7
refs. (Presented at the International Clean  Air  Congress,  2nd,
Washington,  D. C., Dec. 6-11,1970, Paper EN-22B.)
The  cement  industry of the  Federal  Republic  of Germany
(FRG)  endeavors to cut  down dust emissions.  Therefore, the
Verein Deutscher Zementwerke (Association of  German Ce-
ment Manufacturers)  has emphasized in its statute the reduc-
tion  of the emissions as  a main objective of the Association,
and  has set  up a special Dust Commission for self-control in
its member works. Though the cement output in the FRG has
approximately tripled since 1950, the dust emission in the
same period  has  been reduced  from 3 to 5% of the production
to less than  0.15%. The latest state of engineering in the field
of dust control  in cement  plants  is delineated  in the VDI-
Richtlinie (Directive) 2094  entitled  'Staubauswurfbegrenzung
Zementwerke' (Dust  Emission Control-Cemen Plants). In this
publication a maximum dust emission of 150 mg/N cu m has
been prescribed  for all cement plant installations. These dust
control measures imply considerable expense for the cement
industry; about 12% of the total investments are necessarily al-
lotted to dust removal equipment. The dust collectors, such as
electrostatic   precipitators,  granular  bed  filters,  and filters
made of fibrous  material, used in the various cement plant in-
stallations, are continuously being improved, with the intention
of getting a more trouble-free operation in the future. Recently
the authorities demanded that the stacks of the cement plants
be fitted with measurement instruments for continuous dust
monitoring. (Author abstract modified)

25453
POLLUTION: EVERYBODY'S  CONCERN.   Pit.  Quarry,
63(6):74-78, Dec.  1970.
The  necessity to convert the  present waste economy into a
recycle economy means that industry, communities, and in-
dividuals must mature to the acceptance of responsibility that
we live in a  limited world that must be protected. Not all the

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 16
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
technology required to accomplish this is available due to the
waste philosophy that developed over  the years. In shifting
their living patterns from a waste to a recycle economy, in-
dividuals can start immediately to conserve what they use and
to use products more effectively. Industrialists can start think-
ing of waste as a source of material  that can  at times be
profitable because of recycle into their  own processes or into
material with potential for sale. The costs of recycle have al-
ways proved to be lower than the cost of abatement. An in-
stance  of recycle thinking is illustrated by modern, efficient
cement manufacturing where extensive recycle of dust lowers
the actual leftover or waste from the process to less than 3%,
which is removed.

25609
Litynski, T., H. Jurkowska, and E. Gorlach
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CEMENT DUST FROM
ELECTROFILTERS  AS  A  POTASSIUM  FERTILIZER.
(Wstepne  doswiadczenia nad wartoscia pylu cementowego z
elektrofiltrow  jako  nawozu  potasowego). Cement, Wapno,
Gips,  ll(3):57-62, March 1955. 9 refs. (Translated from Polish
by  M.   Radziwill,  Centralny  Inst.  Informacji  Naukowo-
Technicznej i Ekonomicznej,  Warsaw (Poland),  14p.,  1961.
NTIS: OTS 60-21237
The use of the dust precipitated by electrofilters in the produc-
tio  of cement was  investigated as a source of potassium  for
agriculture fertilizers.  The dust has a  high calcium but low
potassium level; however, the  potassium is highly soluble in
water and dilute acids. Experiments were performed on pot
cultures of sunflowers and Italia rye-grass with three fertilizer
combinations: no potassium dressing, potassium in the form of
chloride, and  potassium  in  the form  of electrofilter  dust.
Preliminary  results  indicate  that  the cement  dust  is  an
adequate source of  potassium  for these two plants  although
further pot  and field  tests are required.  The dust not only
showed no noxious effect on  the plants  from the high alu-
minum content, but some of its constituents (calcium, silica,
trace elements) appear to have a beneficial effect on  plant
development and yield, and it can be considered a calcium as
well as a potassiu fertilizer. Leaching and crystallization may
be necessary to increase  potassium  concentration. It is con-
cluded  that  all  cement  plants should  be  equipped  with
adequate dust-collecting equipment,  since it appears that the
large cement industry in Poland could supply much of her
potassium needs and thus reduce imports of potassium salts.

25643
Sykes, W. and F. Broomhead
                    PROBLEMS     OF    ELECTRICAL     PRECIPITATION
                    REVIEWED. Gas  World, 134(3494):98-104,  Aug. 4, 1951. 5
                    refs.
                    Aspects of the design, construction, and operation of the elec-
                    trical precipitator are discussed. The great advantage of this
                    device is its ability to remove with high efficiency dust of par-
                    ticle size much smaller than that removable by mechanical or
                    cyclone  separators.  Back pressure,  and  power  needs  to
                    produce the corona  discharge,  a very  small; however initial
                    costs are much higher. Problems considered at length include
                    removal efficiency and its relation to time contact of the gases
                    in the field, design of the precipitation chamber, insulator
                    breakdown, gas distribution across the precipitator, removal of
                    deposits  from electrodes, and  electrical equipment require-
                    ments. Five essential design factors are given:  correct time
                    contact, good gas distribution throughout the fields, design and
                    arrangement of  the  electrodes, maintenance of clean  elec-
                    trodes, and maintenance  of correct voltage.  Examples of the
                    following typical application are described and the principal
                    design features are indicated in each case to point up the great
                    variety of  constructions  required by specific and differing
                    operating conditions: detailing of producer gas from coal and
                    coke, chamber and contact process sulfuric acid manufacture,
                    aluminum and cement production, boiler flyash precipitation,
                    gypsum dust removal,  sodium  sulfate recovery in the Kraft
                    pulp industry, cleaning of blast furnace gas, air conditioning,
                    and spray painting.

                    26239
                    Dietrich, Leo
                    DUST AS RAW  MATERIAL AS A  SOURCE OF LOSS AND
                    OF GAIN.  (Staub  als Rohstoff, Verlust- und Gewinnquelle).
                    Text  in  German.  Chem.  Ing.  Tech.  Z.,  25(8/9):433-437,
                    Aug./Sept. 1953.  2 refs.
                    Dust recovery processes in operation in West Germany in 1952
                    in the production of anthracite and bituminous coal, in iron
                    and  copper smelting, in  the production of  zinc from  zinc
                    blende, in the production of aluminum in calcining furnaces, in
                    the cement industry, in pulverizers  used in the chemical and
                    food industries (dried milk, detergents) and in power plants are
                    reviewed. Of a total production of 289.7 million tons of materi-
                    als, 34.2 million  tons (11.88%) were emitted  in powder form.
                    Of this quantity, 32.2 million tons (94%) were recovered; 1.98
                    million tons or 6%  of all dust emitted was lost, representing a
                    loss  of considerable magnitude. In some  industries,  dust
                    recovery technology has reached it limits, in others it has not.
                    Thus, fly ash emitted from power plants amounted to 7.8 mil-
                    lion tons, of which 82.5%  was removed; 1.43 million tons were
                    emitted into the atmosphere, 80% in the Ruhr area.

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                                                                                                                  17
                          C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
06126
K. Potzl and R. Reiter
THE  RESPIRATORY TRACT MODEL AS  A RETENTION
SIMULATOR IN PRACTICAL USE. Das Atemtraktmodell als
Retentionssimulator im Praktischen Einsatz.) Zentr.  Aerosol-
Forsch. (Stuttgart) 13, (5-6) 372-81, May, 1967. Ger.
A four-stage filter simulating the human respiratory tract was
used in eight industrial locations, for example  a  cement kiln
and a fluorite mine. The distribution of Fe2O3, SiO2, A12O3,
and CaO particles over the filter stages was measured, as well
as their radioactivity and electrical charge. The usefulness of
the model, described elsewhere (Acta Albertina,  Regensburg
26,  67 (1966)) to determine the  retention of aerosols  in the
respiratory tract according  to both particle size and material
properties was demonstrated.

06752
H. Joel
(SOME PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DUSTFALL  MEASURE-
MENTS.) Aus der Praxis der Staubniederschlagsmessungen. Ze-
ment-Kalk-Gips (Weisbaden) 20, (4) 157-61, Apr. 1967. Ger.
The   German   cement   industry's   research  association
(Forschungsinstitut  der  Zementindustrie)  carries  out dust
precipitation measurements in accordance with the  directives
contained in VDI-Richtlinie 2119 and 'The Technical Instruc-
tions for Clean Air Maintenance' (TAL). These  measurements
are being steadily extended. The experience  gained  over the
years  shows  that  even  apparently quite  insignificant  in-
fluences, especially those due to environmental conditions, are
liable to cause considerable variations  in  the results of the
measurements. Besides the  difficulties associated  with setting
up the measuring instruments, the dust pollution values are
particularly affected by meteorological conditions such as rain-
fall, wind direction and wind velocity, and also by the season.
The dust deposit parameters calculated according  to TAL are
discussed with reference to the evaluated results  of the dust
precipitation measurements. The comparative measurements
performed with various types of equipment  indicate the dif-
ficulties associated with the calculation  of conversion factors
for   different   measuring   instruments.   (Author  summary
modified)

07411
Yamashita, K.
TEST PARTICLE (DUST) OF JIS (I). Text in Japanese. Kuki
Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,  Tokyo), 2(2):56-
60, 1964. 9 refs.
In 1958 Japanese industry standard JIS Z 8901 regulated six
kinds of dust for the first time and it was modified in 1963 by
the addition of two more types of dust. The eight dusts consist
of coarse, medium and fine silicas, talc, fly ash, portland ce-
ment, and Kanto medium and fine loams. The dusts  are used
for the  testing  the  endurance of machines,  in performance
tests  of chemical apparatus, for testing dust collectors, etc.
Four standards,  namely SAE ('41), SAE  ('53),  MIL-F-7194
('51), and JIS Z 8901 ('58) and their contents are described.
Generally, the static state of the particles can be determined
by particle size distribution, specific gravity,  chemical com-
position, and shape. The latter three properties are regulated
and tabulated for each of the eight dusts. Their specific gravi-
ties range from 2.0 to 3.2 and the particle size from 5.0 to 210
microns.

07916
JJgda, M. G. H.
DETECTION OF CEMENT DUST CLOUDS WITH A PULSED
RUBY LIDAR. Stanford Research List, Menlo Park, Calif.,
Contract AT-(04-3)-115,  Proj. SRI-5880, UCRL-13204, 18p.,
March 4, 1966.
A summary report of results of observations made with a
pulsed ruby lidar, of clouds  of cement  dust dispensed by
helicopter at Test Site 300 of the Livermore Radiation Labora-
tory on  5 February 1966 is presented. Under marginal weather
conditions of low cloud cover, light wind, and variable visibili-
ty, strong and persistent echoes  from the cement dust clouds
were observed many minutes after they could no longer be ob-
served visually at ranges  varying from 435 to 2910 meters. The
lidar operated  satisfactorily  under somewhat adverse weather
conditions, the cement clouds were  detected well after  they
had dispersed below visibility (even as viewed  against a white
cloud background), and the conditions of the  experiment ap-
proximated to some degree those which might be encountered
at the Nevada Field Site. Minor difficulties were experienced
with the remote firing trigger of the lidar and the pulse energy
monitoring  circuit  (the latter  after completion of the LRL
tests), but these were not serious and did not require interrup-
tion or termination of the experiment. Based on the signal-to-
noise ratios observed at the close ranges, if the reflectivity of
the  cement dust clouds  approximates that of  the dust cloud
produced by a nuclear explosion, it should be  possible to de-
tect the latter at  ranges well over 10 miles with this same
equipment. The primary limitation of this lidar  is obviously its
low firing rate (about 2 per minute, maximum),  which makes it
difficult or impossible to obtain an adequate number of obser-
vations of a large, fast changing  cloud to determine its size or
volume  with precision. However, it would be possible to con-
struct a much more efficient lidar, so this should not be re-
garded as a fundamental difficulty to  the proposition that lidar
may be a useful instrument for nuclear dust mensuration.

08130
Vigdorchik, E. A.
DETERMINATION OF MR DUSTINESS ACCORDfflG  TO
OWEN'S METHOD. In: Survey of U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. Translated from
Russian by  B. S. Levine. National Bureau  of Standards,
Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 1-12,
May 1960. 13 refs. CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The Owens method was tested in order to determine its possi-
ble use in routine  sanitary inspection for the determination of
air dustiness in manufacturing plants. On the basis of tests to
which Owens apparatus  was subjected in  the dust chamber

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 18
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
and under manufacturing plant conditions, it can be stated that
the method and apparatus present a considerable advance in
the problem of dust study. Particularly valuable characteristics
of the instrument are: a. Particles suspended in the air measur-
ing 0.3u  and  above in diameter can be reliably counted; b.
Diferential particle counts can be made simultaneously; c. The
dusts studied microscopically remain unchanged because  of
the special method used  in making  the  preparations; d. Dif-
ferences  in duplicate readings do not exceed  the limits of ex-
perimental error; e. Sample collecting is not time consuming; f.
As a consequence to the rapidity of sampling, the dynamics of
the dust-laden air  can be  studied reliably; g. The apparatus is
of small size and is easily  portable.

08607
Dresia, Heinrich, Peter Fischotter, and Gerd Felden
CONTINUOUS  MEASUREMENT OF  DUST CONTENT IN
AIR AND WASTE GASES, USING BETA RAYS. ((Kontinuier-
liches Messendes  Staubgehaltes hi  Luft  und Abgasen  mit
Betastrahlen.)) Text in  German.VDI  (Ver.  Deut.  Ingr.)Z.
(Duesseldorf), 106(24):1191-1195, Aug. 1964. 8 refs.
The  quasi-continuous measurement by  means of beta rays of
dust sampled  by a fibrous paper tape filter and by a cyclone is
described. Since the absorption  of beta rays  does not depend
on the composition of  the dust  or on particle size,  this mea-
surement method lends itself to all kinds of dust. The  ap-
paratus for the filter sampling method is illustrated, and  the
successful measurement results of various dusts such as soot,
fly ash, cement, gypsum, quartz, scouring powder, and wheat
flour are described. A schematic diagram of the  cyclone sam-
pler  and  graphs  of the  measurement  results  are  provided.
Better results can  be obtained by this method, if  the dust con-
tent is heavy  and the particle size not very fine. The construc-
tion of the apparatus permits measurements close to the emis-
sion source and registration of the results elsewhere. The scat-
tered beta-ray measurements indicate the composition of dust,
if the dust can be regarded as a two component mixture with
substantially different specific atomic numbers. The ash con-
tent of coal can be determined by this method.

13821
Potzl, Karl
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MODEL ANALYZES Affi POLLU-
TANTS.  (Atemtraktmodell analysiert  Luftverunreinigungen).
Text in German. Umschau, 68(24):757-8, Nov. 1968. 2 refs.
Suspended particles are generally heterogeneous mixtures  of
chemically and physically differing  compounds. In addition,
they vary greatly in size. Any study of the effects of such par-
ticles on humans  must start with the respiratory tract, since
this is practically the only way for particles to enter human be-
ings. To facilitate  determining the concentration and all physi-
cal  and  chemical  properties  of the various  components, a
model was developed which also permits determination of the
extent of particle retention in the various parts of the respira-
                    tory tract. The model comprises four filters connected in se-
                    ries with staggered retention properties which draw in a mea-
                    sured amount of the particle-laden air. The four filters rest on
                    wire nettings  isolated  by Teflon disks which measure  and
                    record the electric charge of the retained  particles.  The four
                    filters are designed to retain particles from 0.02 to 6  microme-
                    ters  in the trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and  at exhalation. The
                    results of measurements showed retention of SiO2 particles
                    from a metallurgical plant mainly in the trachea and bronchi,
                    while only a minimum amount is retained in the alveoli. In
                    contrast, SiO2 from a mixture of suspended particles in a ce-
                    ment factory was mainly retained in the alveoli.
                    18130
                    Alcocer, A. E., L. B. Potter, M. Feldstein, and H. Moore
                    THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC DUST
                    DOWNWIND OF SOURCE EFFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Con-
                    trol Assoc., 19(4):236-238, April 1969. 6 refs.
                    Two directionally oriented high-volume  samplers are used to
                    pinpoint the collection  of specific inorganic dusts from an in-
                    dustrial emission. One of the samplers is placed upwind of the
                    source, and the other downwind. Both samplers are  activated
                    by winds  blowing from the direction  of  the source  of the
                    downwind sampler. Both are de-activated when the wind shifts
                    from the 30 degree sampling arc. Thus, the  upwind sampler
                    'sees' background dust, and  the  downwind  sampler  'sees'
                    material originating from the source. Microsorban filters are
                    used to collect the dust materials. The filter is then  dissolved
                    in benzene and the residue  washed with benzene to remove
                    the  filter material  and organic  substances  collected. The
                    residue consists of dry, inorganic dust, which is then subjected
                    to X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy for analysis. This
                    technique was successfully used to collect and analyze cement
                    dust and mica dust from two separate industrial sources. The
                    technique has promise for the analysis of a wide variety of in-
                    organic materials which can be identified by x-ray diffraction,
                    optical microscopy, or other techniques. (Author's Abstract)

                    18236
                    Blezard, R. G., and R. W. Pring
                    ELECTRONIC TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICLE SIZE ANALY-
                    SIS. Minerals Process.,  10(6):16-21, June  1969. 3 refs.
                    The Coulter counter, combined with sieve analysis, has proved
                    to be reliable in determining the particle size distribution of ce-
                    ment raw mixes and cement clinker grinding, providing a high
                    degree of reproducibility between duplicate determination. The
                    electronic  approach has revealed significant differences in the
                    particle size distribution in cements and prepared raw materi-
                    als,  particularly where different types of  mills are used.
                    Satisfactory results are obtained if the correct choice of elec-
                    trolyte composition,  particle  concentration,  and instrument
                    settings is made. A 2%  solution of lithium chloride in  methanol
                    was the best electrolyte. Preparation of the sample for Coulter
                    counter analysis consisted of weighing 10 mg of wet  slurry on
                    a microscope slide and adding one drop of Nonidet P 42 solu-
                    tion  to assist in mixing the  sample. Size analysis was deter-
                    mined using a 200 and a 50 micron tube.

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                                                                                                               19
                   D.   AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
07406
Terabe, M.
PUBLIC NUISANCE BY AIR POLLUTION. Text in Japanese
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
2(4): 1-6,1965. 6 refs.
The changes in air pollution problems and pollution by soot,
dust,  and SO2  are  discussed.  While  soot  and  dust  fall
presented the greater problem in the past, SO2 is the present
menace. In Yokkaichi city, 90% of the fuel used is petroleum
and 400 tons of SO2 gas  are emitted each day. A maximum
peak of SO2 concentration was recorded at more than 1 ppm
in the city. Another problem is automobile exhaust gas. In the
past 10 years the number of cars has increased seven-fold. The
chemical composition of the air in Tokyo and in Los Angeles
are tabulated. The concentrations of CO and SO2 are higher in
Tokyo. Measurements of  dust  and  soot fall  were made in
Kawasaki, Tokyo, and  Yokohama. The  maximum value was
61.2  tons/sq.  km.  month in Kawasaki and 56.0 tons/sq. km.
month in Tokyo.  The biggest generators of dust and soot are
the power plants, iron, steel, and cement industries. Dust par-
ticles 10 microns in size are radiated to 50 km from a chimney
80 m high by a wind velocity of 3.6 m/sec. The amount of sul-
fur in  heavy  oil used in industry is tabulated.  Yokkaichi
asthma has become  an issue since 1962. About 10% of the
citizens over 50 has asthmatic disease in 1963 in Isazu in Yok-
kaichi city. Asthmatic disease increases when  SO2 reaches  a
concentration above 0.3 ppm. Yokohama-Tokyo asthma is also
mentioned. SO2 concentration in Kawasaki is higher than in
Tokyo. In 1964, the average range was 0.010 to 0.094 ppm in
Tokyo and 0.041 to 0.115 ppm in Kawasaki.

21088
Dubrovina, Z. V., S. P. Nikolaev, and N. M. Tomson
EFFECT OF DISCHARGES OF A CEMENT PLANT ON THE
POPULATION'S HEALTH. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:110-115, 1963.
(B. S. Levine, ed.) CFSTI: 63-11570
Air samples were  collected  within the  range of a cement
plant's stack plumes  for  gravimetric,  count,  and dispersion
determinations. The intensity of atmospheric air pollution with
cement dust in the vicinity of the cement plant exceed the dust
intensity found in the inhabited  region; it was 3-4 times as
great  as the limit of allowable dust concentration  in  at-
mospheric air. Atmospheric air pollution with the cement plant
discharges was detected 2000 m from the plant.  The results
showed that between  41 and 45% of the inhaled cement dust
was deposited in the respiratory organs, the amount increasing
with the increase  in  dust intensity. Dust dispersion studies
showed  that 95% of the cement  dust in the air consisted of
particles 5 micron  in diameter. Particles  of  this  size easily
penetrate into the respiratory organs of  man. Medical examina-
tions  of workers in the  cement plant showed an increased
frequency in the following morbid conditions: bronchitis, gas-
tritis,  gastric and duodenal ulcers, and diseases  of the skin and
hypodermis.  The appearance of a vascular  reaction began with
the inhalation of 0.5-1.0 mg/cu m of cement  dust concentra-
tions.  It was concluded that elimination or abatement of ce-
ment plant discharges into the atmosphere  on inhabited locali-
ties can be attained by moving city plants into regions outside
the city limits. It can  also be  controlled by adopting sanitary-
hygienic protective means such as complete hermetization of
all  cement  producing processes,  installing   effective dust
catching equipment at all points of dust generation and insur-
ing their proper operation, replacing  coal burning with gas
burning  operations, and increasing the number and extent of
nark spaces containing trees, shrubs, and other plant life.

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20
                     E.  ATMOSPHERIC   INTERACTION
10368
Berlyand, M. E.
METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF CLEAN AIR PROTEC-
TION.  ((Meterologicheskie problemy  obespecheniia  chistoty
atmosfery.)) Text in Russian. Meteorol. i Gidrol. (Moscow),
1967(11):50- 62, 1967. 11 refs.
Causes and control of air pollution in Russia are discussed, as
well as research in air pollution. Cement dust emitted in 1964
alone amounted to  1.5 million tons. Large heat and electric
power plants are presently installing ash collectors which are
95% effective,  but even the  small percentage emitted causes
significant pollution because of the sheer volume of burned
fuel. Desulfurization equipment is lacking. The effect of pollu-
tion depends on volume of emission, but more importantly on
distribution of  the pollutant and meteorology. Ground level
temperature and wind velocity measurements  are no  longer
sufficient since so  many  emission  sources  are  high  above
ground (200-300  m.). Meteorological  studies  at  the  Main
Geophysical  Observatory are dealing with the first several
hundred meters of air and include the development of mathe-
matical equations for atmospheric diffusion from tall emission
sources as well as formulas for initial escape velocity of pollu-
tants and for pollution concentration. When an air layer with a
weakened turbulence is directly superimposed over the emis-
sion source, the concentration of the pollutant more than dou-
bles, while if such a layer is 100-200 m. above the source, the
concentration is much less. Results of practical research con-
ducted near the three heat and electric power plants with the
tallest stacks in Russia during the period  1961 through 1965,
using  ground-level and air-borne  equipment,  agreed with
theoretical data and led to  the compilation  of  'Provisional
methods of determining the dispersal in the air of emissions
from stacks of electric power plants' which is being applied in
planning new power plants. Regular pollution determinations
were started in 50 larger cities beginning in 1966, mostly using
automatic recording equipment. Results of research in several
large industrial cities of the Ukraine, Urals and Siberia have
shown that air pollution is greater in cities with unfavorable
meteorological  conditions;  in  most cases, pollution is more
severe in summer than in winter.

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                                                                                                               21
               F.  BASIC  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY
07949
S. Sprung
THE CHEMICAL  AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
OF CEMENT KILN DUST. (Die chemische und mineralogische
Zusammensetzung  von  Zementofenstaub.)  Text in German
with  English  Abstract.  Tonind.  Ztg.  Keram. Rundschau
(Goslar), 90(10):441-449> 1966. 7 refs.
Previous investigations into the effect of dust emitted from ce-
ment kilns on vegetation have shown  that the  chemical and
mineralogical properties of that dust are poorly delineated. The
results of chemical and mineralogical investigations and mea-
surement of the pH-value  of  18  various kiln  dust samples
show that the alkaline reaction of dust with a PH-value higher
than 10 depends primarily on the  content of clinker phases.
The segregation of dust in electrostatic precipitators leads to
an enrichment of clinker phases in  the preseparating chamber.
Consequently  the  emitted dust in cleaned  kiln waste  gas,
which corresponds at the best with  the composition of the dust
in the reseparating chamber of the  precipitator, contains no or
only small quantities of clinker phases and therefore reacts
only slightly alkaline  at pH-values  lower  than 10. The  results
of the chemical and radiographic analyses are tabulated show-
ing the source  of the  dust, the chemical composition of the 18
dusts analysed, and the pH of a dust-water suspension.

14506
Hull, William Q., Frank Schon, and Hans Zirngibl
SULFURIC  ACID   FROM  ANHYDRITE.  Mod.   Chem.
Processes,  vol. 5:  123-133, 1958.  12  refs. (Also: Ind. Eng.
Chem., Aug. 1957.)
The chemistry of sulfate decomposition and differences in ce-
ment clinker production are discussed.  The effect of decom-
position speed, dependence on temperature and additives, par-
ticle size, and granular size with  gypsum residues from  the
sulfate decomposition were  investigated. In the  industrial  an-
hydrite sulfuric acid process, coke  is used as a reducing agent
and enough aluminum-containing materials are added so that
Portland  cement is  produced per ton of acid.  Dissociation of
the calcium sulfate consists of three stages; CaSO4 plus 2 C
yields CaS plus 2CO2; CaS plus  3CaSO4 yields 4CaO plus
4SO2 (the overall reduction process is  2CaSO4 plus  C yields
2CaO plus CO2  plus 2SO2);  and  3CaS  plus CaSO4  yields
3CaO plus  2S2. The CaS and CaSO4 have, at each tempera-
ture, a definite decomposition pressure. Additives of clay or
similar materials raise the decomposition pressure and the tem-
perature  in order  to  maintain the  same  decomposition rate.
Too much CaS and CaSO4 also lowers the decomposition rate.
As far as sulfur dioxide is concerned,  this is the end  of the
process.  The rest  involves making the  cement clinker. A
further rise in temperature up to 1400 C  completes the reaction
between the components and lime,  formed during decomposi-
tion, to produce a good clinker. Besides an exact adjustment
of the proportions of  the reduction coke to the anhydrite, the
proportions of the  added materials to  the CaO  and to each
other must be  carefully adjusted within determined limits so
that a good clinker results. Even more  important, kiln opera-
tion must be carried  out under steady  conditions. Heat con-
sumption for clinker in the anhydrite sulfuric acid process as
compared with that of normal portland cement clinker must
also be considered. A typical plant and its contact process are
described. Production  is  inexpensive, and cement is sold at
market value. There was no difficulty in marketing surplus
acid.

19751
Bendinelli, Ralph A.
TESTS OF SANDED GROUTS. EFFECTS OF  FLY ASH IN
GROUTING COARSE SANDS AND FINE GRAVELS. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,  Vicksburg, Miss.,
TM-6-419, Rept. 5,16p., April 1963. 2 refs.
Investigations were made to determine whether a fly ash with
a carbon content in excess of specification limits would mea-
surably affect the quality of grout in which it is used, and
whether a grout mixture of water, cement, and fly ash would
more effectively penetrate by pump-injection the voids formed
by granular materials than normal neat cement grout (without
fly ash), when the fly ash has an amount of material retained
on the No. 325  sieve in  excess of that permitted by current
specifications. Proportioning studies indicated that an addition
of 25% fly ash to a portland cement grout produced the op-
timum fly ash grout mixture. Injectivity test results indicated
that (a) the use of the  fly ash with a carbon content 8.13% in
excess of specifications did not appear to affect the quality of
the grout, and (b) the fly ash mixture and the mixture contain-
ing no fly  ash  exhibited essentially  the same  penetration
characteristics. (Author summary modified)

24564
Shepard, N. L.
THE  UTILIZATION OF  RED  MUD  WASTE FROM THE
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY.  Preprint, American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York,
13p.,  1958. 2 refs. (Presented at the Mid-America  Minerals
Conference,  St. Louis,  Mo., Oct. 23, 1958.
Bauxite refining in the aluminum industry gives from one to
three tons of 'red mud' for each ton of aluminum produced.
From 0 to 20% of the red mud may be classified out as sand.
At least 60% of the mud has a particle  size less than one
micron. The  fine red mud  from high-silica Arkansas bauxite is
used in  a sinter  process  to recover  soda and alumina, and
yields a substantially equal tonnage of 'sinter mud', which ap-
proaches the composition of the raw mix for Portland cement
and might serve as a raw material for that  industry. Red muds
from bauxites other than those of Arkansas are  not processed
through the sinter step. Titanium minerals occur in Arkansas
mud in two  generations:  discrete grains of manganiferous il-
menite, and dispersed leucoxene. The titanium content of the
muds  from  Suriname  and Caribbean  bauxites is all in  the
dispersed form. Red mud from Arkansas bauxite contains
from 0.1  to  0.2% columbium pentoxide which is too finely
dispersed to permit mechanical concentration. Many proposals
have been investigated but no large scale use for  red  mud
(other than  in the sinter process) or sinter mud has been

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22                                  CEMENT MANUFACTURING

developed to  date. Because of the small particle size, it is    based on chemical decomposition or on smelting. (Author ab-
probable that  any recovery of values from red mud will be    stract modified)

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                                                                                                               23
                         G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN  HEALTH
06896
S. A. Davydov
CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN CHILDREN EX-
POSED TO ATMOSPHERE WHICH HAS BEEN POLLUTED
BY CEMENT WORKS. (O nekotorykh fiziologicheskikh sd-
vigakh u  detei v  usloviyakh zagryaznenmogo tsementnymi
zavodami  atmosferaogo  vozdukha.) Hyg.  Sanit.  (Gigiena i
bSsanit.) 30 (10), 7-12 (Oct.  1965) Russ. (Tr.)
The  effects of cement dust on  children  were investigated.
Physiological reactions in children age 10 to 12 who lived at
distances 0.5 and 2 km from cement work sites for at least five
years and also children living at control points are examined.
The mean dust concentrations in the air are  1.48 mg/cu m at a
distance of 0.5 km from the work site, 0.49  mg/cu m at a
distance of 2 km and 0.3 mg/cu m at the control point. Practi-
cally healthy children residing in a dusty atmosphere for a pro-
longed period exhibited a reduced excitability of the olfactory
analyzer and of the vegetative nervous system. They also ex-
hibited an enhanced migration of leukocytes to the surface of
the nasal and conjunctiva!  mucosae and increased desquama-
tion  of epithelial  cells. The changes  in  the physiological
parameters were obviously due to  the effect  of the  cement
dust on the exteroceptors.

07571
Retnev, V. M.
OCCUPATIONAL   HYGIENE   AT    AN   AUTOMATED
ASPHALT-CONCRETE FACTORY. (Gigiena  truda na  avto-
matizirovannom predpriyatii po proizvodstvu  asfal'tobetona.)
Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., 30(8), July  1965. 2 refs.  Engl.
transl. by JPRS, Hyg. Sanit., 30(7):133-136, July 1967. CFSTI:
TT66-51033/3
A study of the working conditions at the factory revealed dust
concentrations at  the  control panel  of 9  plus or minus  2
mg/cu.m.  The working conditions were more favorable from a
hygienic standpoint  than those in old  factories, as indicated,
for instance, by the concentrations of dust and carbon monox-
ide in the air. At  the same time, one cannot ignore the
presence of dust containing free silicon dioxide, the concentra-
tion of which was somewhat in excess of the  maximum per-
missible concentration (4 mg/cu.m. allowed  by Sanitary  Stan-
dards SS  245-63). The measures required for other sections of
the factory include thermal insulation of heated surfaces (to
keep the  external temperature down to 35 C); installation of
air showers at the  worksite, at the  boilers for heating the
petroleum bitumen, and at  the drying drums; hermetic sealing
of dust-producing equipment; and application of suction to ball
mills,  screens, mixers, and  batchers. The noisy general equip-
ment (ball mills) should be housed  in a  separate hall. The noise
must be reduced in all sections of the factory, this being the
management's most difficult task at  present.  Workers who
come  into  contact with the dust must undergo mandatory
periodic medical examinations. Some of the measures for im-
proving the working conditions suggested to the management
have already been implemented.
09004
Symon, Karel, Vladislav Kapalin, Olga Absolonova, and
Ludmila Moudra
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF AHt POLLUTION ON THE
HEALTH OF CHILDREN IN BEROUN AND KRALUV DVUR.
((Studium vlivu znecisteni ovzdusi v Beroune a Kralove Dvore
na zdravotni stav deti.)) Text in Czech. Cesk. Hyg. (Prague),
5(2/3):88-99,1960.
Children  (aged  2-13)  were  examined  for  2  yrs.  in  two
Czechoslovak cities (Beroun and  Kraluv Dvur) where air pol-
lution from smoke of cement factories and ore processing
plants is high (exceeding  1000 tons/sq. km./year). Growth,
erythrocyte  count, hemoglobin  level,  alkaline  phosphatase
count, albumin/globulin ratio, protein levels, and blood color
were measured and compared with normal levels. The air pol-
lution definitely affects  the  children's health,  seen  in  the
higher incidence of diseases, as well as in the deviation of the
studied parameters from normal values. These parameters are
suggested for use in health studies of areas with air pollution.
The results of this study are used as a convincing argument
for the implementation of air pollution control measures.

16246
Reiter, R.
ELIMINATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES IN THREE SEC-
TIONS OF THE HUMAN RESPDIATORY TRACT WHEN IN-
HALING VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL AEROSOLS. (Studie ueber
die Abscheidung elektrischer Ladungen in drei  Abschnitten
des   menschlichen    Atemtraktes    bei   Einatmung   un-
terschiedlicher Industrieaerosole). Text  in German.  Zentr.
Aerosol-Forsch. V (Stuttgart), 13(7):3-19, Nov. 1967. 43 refs.
The electric charge of  inhaled aerosol particles may influence
the precipitation process in the respiratory tract and may have
a  biological effect.  It is  known that  negative  charges, if
precipitated in sufficient amounts, accelerate the ciliary move-
ment; positive  charges  hamper the movement  and cause
muscle cramps  in  the trachea.  The distribution of electric
aerosol charges in  the respiratory tract was determined with a
respiratory tract model. The model simulates retention of thee
particles contained in a polydisperse aerosol in three sections
of the respiratory  tract: the trachea, the bronchi, and the al-
veoli; it  also indicates  the amount of dust exhaled again. The
measurements were taken in the  smoke  plumes of various in-
dustrial plants (cement factory, kaolin plant, sintering plant,
converter). It was found that the  charges found in the various
stages and  the ratios to  each other differed greatly and de-
pended on the type of aerosol source. A grouping according to
charge polarity was observed in the respiratory tract, even in
the case when the aerosol  cloud appeared to be  neutral. The
electrical surface charge in the respiratory  tract was in some
cases far above the threshold of biological effects as known
from the literature.

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 24
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
 16558
 Barhad, B., M. Tai, C. Simionescu, and V. Mirea
 RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY UNDER THE IN-
 FLUENCE OF DUSTS, AT REST AND AT WORK. (Capacite
 fonctionelle  respiratoire sous 1'influence  des poussieres,  au
 repos et a 1'effort). Text in  French. Arch. Maladies Profess.
 Med. Trav. Securile Sociale (Paris), 3(K9):493-503, Sept. 1969.
 28 refs.
 The effects of inhalation of dust-bearing air was studied with 0
 to 10, 10 to 25, 25 to 50, 50 to 100, more than 100, and 300 to
 500 mg/cu m of cement dust with 70% of particles of less than
 1 micron mean diameter, on the  ventilatory capacity of 25
 men, 20 to 25 years of age free of any pulmonary afflictions
 and  never exposed to any dusts before this study, and on that
 of 41 miners, 30 to 45 years of age who had been working for
 various lengths of time before this study  on  the bottom of a
 zinc and a lead mine. Silicosis was presented in 39 of the latter
 in various stages of advancement, while all others were found
 to be free of pulmonary pathological modifications. Tests were
 made of the ventilatory capacity, which consisted of determin-
 ing spirographic parameters,  using a Godart  spirograph, with
 and  without bronchial dilatation by aleudrine; percentages of
 absorbed 02 and eliminated CO2; and oxyhemoglobin satura-
 tion during an exertion test. During the latter,  the  subject
 breathed dust-bearing air for 20 minutes through a respiratory
 mask connected by a flexible tube with an air  dusting chamber
 the dust content  of which was controlled  by  a tyndallometer,
 the five-minute exertion test being started 5 min after the start
 of the  dust exposure. The results of this series of tests show
 that the dust had a direct effect on the respiratory functions of
 all  subjects. Among the spirographic parameters, the  'vital
 capacity' constitutes a sensitive indicator of the effect of dust.
 As  long as the dust content of the inhaled air is less than 50
 mg/cu m, almost one-half of the subjects  react by a lowering
 of their vital capacity. At dust contents above  50 mg/cu m, the
 proportion of those with lowered vital capacity is higher, and
 with subjects never exposed  to dust  before this study, a high
 dust content of air (300 to 500 mg/cu  m) leads to a lowering of
 the vital capacity of 80% of them.

 22990
 Yano, Ryoichi, Ichiro Hata, and Toshiro Nakajima
 FREQUENCIES OF COMPLAINTS OF RESPIRATORY DIS-
 EASES IN ADI POLLUTED AREA. (Taiki  osen chiku ni okeru
 kokyukishojo chosa. I. Tsukumi-shi no baai). Text in Japanese.
 Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan  Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):49, 1969.
 (Proceedings  of  the  Japa Society of Air Pollution  Annual
 Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
 Tsukumi is a town devoted to the production of milestone and
 cement  and the people complain much about the  white dusts
 that rise from the factories. Oita  Prefecture  Medical Assoc.
 and  Tsukumi  Medical Assoc. conducted a city-wide question-
 naire survey of kindergarten, grammar school and junior high
 school  pupils  concerning the  respiratory afflictions caused by
 dust particles. The samples were drawn from industrial and re-
 sidential areas. Examination  of the individual with regard to
 the history of pneumonia and bronchitis showed that people in
 the industrial area are more  prone to respiratory illness and
the morbidity is higher, the lower the age. Other investigations
including radiography and breathing  test indicated that com-
pared to the results obtained from other  non-polluted areas,
there are slightly  more respiratory ailments among pupils in
Tsukumi, but not at a statistically significant level.
                    23148
                    Nose, Yoshikatsu and Nobuko Tokojima
                    ON  THE  YEARLY  ANALOGY  OF   AER  POLLUTION
                    BETWEEN  UBE-ONODA   REGION  AND   TOKUYAMA-
                    NANYO  REGION.  (Ube-Onoda  chiku to Tokuyama-Nanyo
                    chiku taiM osen no tsuinen no  ruijika  ni  tsuite). Text  in
                    Japanese. Yamaguchi Idai Sangyu Igaku Kenkyusho Nenpo
                    (Ann. Report Res. Inst. Ind.  Med., Yamaguchi  Med. School),
                    no. 16:217-220, 1969. 5 refs.
                    Mining-industrial cities Ube and Onoda are known as the cites
                    of  dust  pollution,  and  Tokuyama and   Nanyo of  the
                    petrochemical  industry are  polluted by  gaseous  pollutants.
                    However, the recent trend in the soluble and non-soluble com-
                    ponents  of the pollutants, the seasonal wind  direction, the
                    decline in the use of coal in  Ube and Onoda, and the general
                    tendency in the industry to use more and more petroleum,
                    have all contributed toward the increasing similarity  in the na-
                    ture of pollution in the two  groups of cities. In addition, the
                    similarity of the rates of chronic bronchitis  affliction in the
                    two general areas indicate that it is related to the similarity of
                    the proportions of soluble components in the  settling dusts,
                    especially the pH values, in  Ube and Nanyo, and Tokuyama
                    and Onoda.  This can be seen in the regression line of the
                    bronchitis affliction rate versus  the pH of soluble components,
                    the data points being taken from all four cities and other major
                    bronchitis-prone cities as Yokkaichi and London.

                    24392
                    Novakova, Eliska
                    THE  INFLUENCE  OF   INDUSTRIAL  POLLUTION   ON
                    ANIMAL COMMUNTnES AND THE USE OF  ANIMALS AS
                    BIO-INDICATORS. (Influence des pollutions  industrielles sur
                    les communautes animales et utilization des animaux comme
                    bioindicateurs). Air Pollution. Proc. First European Congr. In-
                    fluence  Air  Pollution Plants Animals, Wageningen, Nether-
                    lands, 1968,  p. 41-48. 9 refs. Translated  from French. Belov
                    and Associates, Denver, Colo., lip., Sept. 15, 1970.
                    Analyses made on blood samples from hares shot during the
                    fall hunting season confirmed the possibility of  using hares as
                    indicators of industrial air pollution and of the presence of cer-
                    tain pesticides. The  distribution of harmful emissions can be
                    estimated by analyzing  some  elements  of  the erythrocytes
                    (hemoglobin, hematocrit,  and eventually  globular saturation).
                    In general, the blood values decrease with increased  pollution,
                    except in a few cases of very high SO2 emissions. The pH of
                    the urine varies: in cement-producing areas, it is over 7.0; in
                    SO2 areas, it is  below 7.0. A  good practical criterion is the
                    multiplication coefficient calculated from the number of young
                    and full-grown hares killed. For hares in an area of mixed ash
                    and sulfur dioxide pollution,  the multiplication coefficient was
                    30% lower than for controls. In contrast, the coefficient was
                    higher by 35% in an area rich in cement dust. The present in-
                    vestigations, which covered  mainly the influence of gaseous
                    SO2 and hydrogen fluoride, point to a decrease  in the number
                    of insects (without an actual decrease in the number of spe-
                    cies) with increasing pollution. The  differences in the  tax-
                    onomic groups are not pronounced: the decrease in  number is
                    almost uniform in all categories. However,  a slight increase
                    was noted in the Phytophaga in the most  polluted zone and in
                    the Zoophaga in a less polluted zone.

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                                      G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                    25
24708
Einbrodt, H. J., H.-J. Dietze, E. Korchhoff, W. Oberthuer,
and D. Hentschel
DUST FALL IN THE  VICINITY OF CEMENT FACTORIES
AS IT RELATES TO POSSIBLE HEALTH HAZARDS; PART
2. (Ueber den  Staubanfall in  der Umgebung von Zementwer-
ken im Hinblick auf moegliche Gesundheitsschaeden. n. Mit-
teilung). Text in German. Arch. Hyg Bakteriol. (Munich), vol.
151:211-220, Aug. 1967. 13 refs.
The properties of cement dust of interest to the biologist are
discussed and  the  dust content of cement  plants analyzed,
together with an analysis of  its  chemical and mineralogical
composition, attention  is given to the effects of the dust on
human health. Despite  excessively high concentrations of this
dust in the respiratory tract, fibrous changes in the lungs of
people residing in  such  an area is not attributed to the
presence of Si02,  due to the relatively low quartz content in
the dust. Preliminary studies of the incidents  of bronchitis in-
dicate that women residing in the cement plant area do not ex-
perience a higher  bronchitis rate than those residing in other
communities of a comparable size. When the data were broken
down according to the seasons of the year, there was again no
significant difference to be found in the  comparison. When
classified in terms of age, however, it was  discovered that the
bronchitis rate reached a peak among younger people in areas
not related to  the cement industry, while there was a higher in-
cidence among older people in the area adjoining the cement
plant.

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 26
               H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS  AND  LIVESTOCK
00127
E. F. Darley
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CEMENT-KILN DUST ON
VEGETATION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (3) 145-50,
Mar. 1966.
Most of the recent work on the effects of cement-kiln dust has
been confined to Germany and  results differ considerably.
There appears to be little doubt that naturally deposited dust
from certain cement plants is responsible for leaf injury to
deciduous and coniferous species and occasionally for death
of the latter. Injury results from the combination of a relative-
ly thick crust deposit and the toxicity of alkaline solutions
formed  when dusts are deposited  in the presence of free
moisture. The results of several hand-dusted field experiments,
however, are not so conclusive; dusts are reported as either
harmful, harmless, or even indirectly beneficial. In the present
laboratory investigation, the comparison of CO2 exchange in
the leaf between dusted and nondusted leaves, as well as oc-
currence of obvious tissue damage,  were used as the criteria
of dust effects in short term experiments. The results demon-
strated that the finer particles of certain cement-kiln dusts col-
lected from  electrostatic precipitators do  interfere with CO2
exchange and in some cases cause considerable leaf injury .
The results further suggest that calcium content alone may not
be the only indicator of whether a dust might be injurious, and
that much more needs to be known about the effects of the in-
teraction of  chemical composition, particle size, and deposi-
tion rate. (Author)

03224
Raymond, V. and R. Nussbaum
ON CEMENT-PLANT  DUST AND ITS EFFECTS  ON MAN,
PLANTS AND ANIMALS. ((A propos des poussieres de cimen-
teries et leurs effets sur 1'homme, les plantes et les animaux.))
Pollut.  Atmos (Paris),  8(31):284-294, July-Sept. 1966. 39 refs.
Translated from French.  Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C., R-8979-D, lip., Jan. 16, 1968.
A summary is given of the principles of cement manufacture
during which dust is produced (consisting of fine powders of
partially  decarbonated  calcium  carbonate,  silicates,  and
sulfates) and the studies of the dust's effects on plants (little
importance  with respect  to wild animals).  Lung diseases,
bronchitis, and emphysema have been noted among cement
workers, but negative results were obtained from the  rare stu-
dies of the neighboring population of cement works. The paper
is a summary of classical information in the field. (Authors'
summary)

03849
E. F. Darley
STUDDZS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE DUST FROM A CE-
MENT FURNACE. Studi Sugli Effetti Delia Polvere di Cemen-
to da Fornace. Fumi Polveri (Milan) 6, (1)) 274-81, Oct. 1966.
Text in It.
Experiments  were made in Germany on the effects of powder
(or dust) from cement furnaces  on the leaves of green beans.
The leaves were sprayed with powder (from 0.6 3.8 g/sq m) for
a period of 8 hr. The spraying was done for 2-3 days. Humidi-
ty was increased in the area of the  leaves  during the major
part  of  the experiment.  The method used  for applying the
powder allowed only the finest particles to be deposited on the
plants. Later it was established that most of the particles were
less than 10 micron in diameter. The  criterion for determining
the effect  of  the  powder  was by  comparing the rate of
exchange of CO2, or the apparent photosynthesis, between the
leaves that were covered with dust and  those that were not.
All three powders used in this experiment (the powders con-
taining varying amounts of SiO2, A12O3, TiO2,  P2O5, Fe203,
Mn2O3, CaO, MgO, SOS, S, K2O, Na2O, Cl, CO2, C, H2O)
reduced the rate of exchange of CO2 and in most cases this
was reduced by more than 30%. One of the powders caused
considerable damage to the leaves, probably  because KC1 was
present in a high  concentration. The powders differed con-
siderably in their chemical composition, in particular in Ca, K,
and sulfates, and since the chemical  composition varies with
the size of the particle, the reciprocal action of composition
and size and the rate of deposit, require an accurate investiga-
tion.

06641
A. T.  Czaja
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE EFFECT  OF CEMENT DUST
ON PLANTS. STAUB (Duesseldorf)), 22 (6),  228-32 (1962).
Ger. (Tr.) (Translated as JPRS-R-8486-D.)
The investigation of plants in the sedimentation area of several
cement factories definitely proved the formation of cement
crusts on the leaves and needles of a wide variety of plants, in
other  words, it proved the direct action upon the plants. The
lime hydrate, which is released during the setting of the ce-
ment dust with the water on the surface of the leaf epidermis,
however, by definition of the term  toxins  is  a very strong
caustic poison and, after penetration through the stomas of the
conifer needles or penetration of the upper epidermis of leaves
that only have stomas on the other side,  directly corrodes the
living content of the leaf cells and thus  directly damages the
plants (leaves). A critical review of the literature and the in-
vestigations described here tell us that previous investigations
using  artificial mechanical dusting of cement  preparations over
plants, under uncontrolled weather conditions, are not suitable
for reasons of methodology and because of the selection of
the location for the experiment; these methods are thus not
suitable in answering the question as to the direct effect of ce-
ment dust upon the plants in the vicinity of  cement factories.
The action upon the soil is not discussed here.

10914
A. T.  Czaja
EFFECT OF DUSTS, SPECDJ1CALLY CEMENT KILN DUST,
ON PLANTS. ((U- ber die Einwirkung von Stauben, von Ze-
mentofenstaub   auf  Pflanzen.))  Translated  from   German.
Source unknown, pp. 106-120, ((1966)), 8 refs.

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                                 H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
                                                     27
 The 'aggressive'  propensities of cement kiln dust on living
 cells are examined. The cells discussed included those of the
 human and animal organisms, but specifically those of plants.
 Through pictures and graphs of the  reaction of cement kiln
 dust with water, the author shows that chemicals  harmful to
 living cells are pro duced. The Mnium test is expounded as a
 means of identifying the farmful  types  of dust,  which are
 highly alkaline  and resistant to  carbonatization, therefore
 calling for precautionary measures.

 11434T
 Schoenbeck,H.
 THE  EFFECT  OF INDUSTRIAL  EMISSIONS  ON  THE
 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANTS TO DISEASE.  ((Beobachtun-
 gen zur  Frage des  Einflusses von industriellen Immissionen
 auf die  Krankheitsbereitschaft der  Pflanze.)) Translated from
 German.  Berichte  aus  der  Landesanstalt fur  Bodennut-
 zungsschutz des  Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, ((1962?)) 89-98.
 28 refs.
 The effect of cement  mill dust (containing 36%  CaO,  15%
 SiO2) from an electrostatic precipitator on the susceptibility of
 sugar beet plants to disease was studied in field tests.  Scale
 sketches were made of  random samples of beet plants on
 dusted and non-dusted plots of ground, and a leaf  destruction
 rating, ranging from 0 to 4 was applied. The data and their
 statistical evaluation are tabulated. The results showed that the
 incidence of cercospora leaf-spot disease (cercospora beticola)
 was enhanced in the presence of  dust. Also the beet yield
 from the dusted  areas was lower. The cause of the intensified
 attack by the cercospora  fungus was found in the disturbance
 of the plant's physiological equilibrium due to the dusting. No
 effect of the dust on sugar content was  found but undusted
 leaves had a higher carotene and crude protein content.

 16157
 Bergmann-Lehnert, Dse
 METHOD  FOR  DETECTING  DUST  DEPOSITIONS  ON
 LEAVE   SURFACES.    (Methoden  zum   Nachweis   der
 Verschmutzungen von  Blattoberflaechen). Text in  German.
 Wiss. Z.  Tech. Univ. Dresden, ll(3):571-574, 1962. 7 refs.
 Dust emissions from industrial plants affect vegetation in vari-
 ous ways: the incident light may be attenuated; the  soil may
 be changed chemically; the leaves may be injured  by deposi-
 tion of toxic dust; and plant assimilation may be weakened by
 crusts of indifferent dusts  on the  leaf  surface. In the latter
 case, objective determination of the degree of dust settlement
 on the leaves is necessary. An exact replica of the leaf surface
 is used without dislocating the dust particles. A simple method
 proved to be very efficient for field tests. Adhesive tape is ap-
 plied to  the leaf or leaf section and  pressed on with the finger
 to avoid any air bubbles. A folder with  a larger  number of
 loose leaves of oleate paper is recommended for collecting the
 leaves. They dry out less rapidly if stored this way,  which is
 important for the removal of the tape. For the microscopic
 study, another adhesive tape of the same width is applied to
 the replica, which can  be placed into glycerine  gelatine,
Canada balsam, and glycerine chloral hydrate. For isolation of
the dust particles for a physical or chemical analysis, the tape
is put into benzene or xylole. The light attenuation by the dust
from a cement kiln on an ivy leaf  was measured; it reached
more than 50%.
17977
Pajenkamp, H.
EFFECT  OF  CEMENT  KILN  DUST  ON  PLANTS AND
ANIMALS. (Einwirkung des Zementofenstaubs auf Pflanzen
und Tiere). Text in German. Zement-Kalk-Gips (Wiesbaden),
14(3):88-95,1961. (Presented at the fall meeting of the Associa-
tion of the German Cement Industry, Sept.  13,  1960, Salz-
burg.)
Various tests for determining the effect of cement kiln dust on
plants and animals are reviewed. Cattle, sheep, and rabbits fed
with fodder laden with dust from a nearby cement kiln for 60
days showed no effects. Each animal received  between  2.5  and
11 g cement kiln dust per day. In a second series of  experi-
ments, the daily consumption of  dust was increased to 33 g.
But again, no clinical symptoms were observed. At the end of
several other experiments, it was concluded that this kind of
dust has no pathological effect on animals. Field experiments
conducted in 1958/1959 by the Agricultural Chemical Institue,
Goettingen with clover, oats, beets, and darnel also showed no
direct influence of the cement kiln dust on the growth of these
plants. An average quantity of 0.75 g of dust was strewn over
the plants per square meter per day. The dust  contained 29.3%
CaO and 3.1% K2O. The  alkaline components  of the dust
raised  the pH of the soil. It is recommended  to fertilize such
soils with an acid fertilizer.

19460
Scheffer, Fritz, Eberhard Przemeck, and Werner Wilms
INVESTIGATIONS PERTAINING TO THE INFLUENCE  OF
AIRBORNE  DUST  COMING FROM CEMENT  FURNACES
ON SOD1 AND PLANTS.  (Untersuchungen uber de Einfluss
von Zementofen-Flugstaub auf Boden  und  Pflanze.) Staub
(Duesseldorf),  21(6):251-254, 1961.  8 refs. Translated from
German by Belov and Associates,  Denver, Colo.
The effects of cement furnace dusts on plants and soil were
investigated. Barley, German weidel grass, sugar beets,  and
Hungarian red  clover were used  in  the  experiments.  No
damage to the plants was observed over a two-year  period.
The soil  pH increased, and during the second year, when  the
cement dust had a high potassium content, its lactate  soluble
K20 content increased with  increasing dust quantity.  Barley
showed a small decrease in yield with increasing dust. For the
German weidel grass and Hungarian red clover, the increased
alkalinity caused by the dusting process had a  favorable effect
on the mass yield. Sugar beets also showed an increased mass
yield, and the plant contents remained unchanged. The possi-
bility exists of an indirect influence on plant yield and the sub-
stances contained in the plants by the soil and by changes in
the soil reaction and nutrient. Under certain circumstances  this
may lead to impairment of plant production. The dust sedi-
mented in the vicinity of cement factories appears to have no
immediate danger for plants as long as  its influence  can be
counteracted at the  right time. The best counteraction  can be
achieved by the application of physiologically acid fertiliza-
tion.

21293
Przemeck, E.
EFFECTS OF  CEMENT KILN DUST PRECIPITATION  ON
SOILS USED FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.  (Wirkungen
von   Zementofenstaub-Immissione  auf  landwirtschaftlich
genutzte   Boeden).   Text  in  German.  Zement-Kalk-Gips
(Wiesbaden), 59(3): 119-124, March 1970.  7 refs. (Presented at
the meeting of the Committee on Emissions of the  Association
of the German Cement Industry, Duesseldorf,  Feb. 5, 1970.)

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28
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
It is known today that airborne dusts from cement kilns affect
the soil chemically, physically, and biologically through the
calcium and potassium content. The quantities of these com-
ponents vary in dusts from different kilns. Free CaO is con-
verted to carbonate in the soil within a short time. The effect
of dusts emitted from cement kilns was studied over a period
of six years with five different soils. They ranged from humus-
rich to humus-poor soils of  clay to sandy composition. In the
first two years, red clover was grown, followed by sugar beet,
wheat, rye and rape-seed. The  dust applied to the soil con-
sisted of 38% CaO and 10% K20. In the upper 15 cm of all
types  of  soils, an  accumulation of lactate soluble potassium
was observed. In the sandy soil, more potassium penetrated to
lower depth than with the clay types of soil. The presence of
calcium raised the pH of the neutral to weakly acid soils and
changed the content of active manganese and of water-soluble
boron. It became apparent that the processes going on in the
soil counteract the effect of the calcium brought into the soil
with the  cement kiln  dusts so that the annually precipitated
amounts  do  not compare in their  effect with fertilization.
Sugar beet, wheat, and clover which require neutral to alkaline
pH grew better in the dust-sprayed soils than in the control
soil, while rye reduced its yield.

24308
Mammarella, Luigi
PRINCIPAL EFFECTS OF  POLLUTION AND DETERIORA-
TION PHENOMENA DUE TO Am POLLUTION. (I principal!
effetti degli inquinamenti e i fenomeni di deterioramento dovu-
ti alle contaminazioni dell' aria). Text in Italian. In: L'inquina-
mento Atmosferico in Italia. Kept. 27, p. 54-69, 1970. 110 refs.
The effects of pollution on human  health, on natural resources
and the economy, on building materials,  and on plants and
animals are reviewed.  Reduced visibility and climatic changes
resulting  from air pollution ar also discussed. Among the
materials damaged  by pollution, the following are mentioned:
building stone, textiles,  metals, paints, rubber,  leather, and
paper products. A b'st is given of types of plants that are
highly sensitive, moderately sensitive, and resistant to sulfur
dioxide and to the  fluorides. A tabulation is also given of the
climatic effects of dusts and aerosols, SO2, carbon dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, quoted from an American author.
                    25906
                    Strenk, F., A. Haba, and A. Rohovetsky
                    DOSING OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF DUST BY MEANS OF A
                    DOSATOR WITH A GRANULAR BASE.  (Dozirovaniye ma-
                    lykh kolichestv  pyli  s pomoschch'yu dosator  s  zernistym
                    nositelem). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit, no. 7:87-89, 1970.
                    5 refs.
                    An abrasion-resistant granular  material (plastic) is used to
                    carry test dust into a fluidized bed from which the dust is then
                    carried by Bernoulli effect into an animal test chamber. Tests
                    with cement,  talc,  and asbestos gave delivery  rates stable
                    within plus or minus 4%.

                    25964
                    Holobrady, K. and J. Toth
                    THE PROBLEM OF CEMENT FACTORY  DUST FROM THE
                    AGRICULTURAL STANDPOINT. Contemp.  Agr.  (English
                    translation from Serbo-Croati of: Savremena Poljoprivreda),
                    17(7-8):87-%, 1969. 26 refs. NTIS: TT 69-51001/7-8
                    The greatest sources of dust pollution in Czechoslovakia are
                    cement  factories  with rotary furnaces,  discharging  almost
                    100,000 tons of dust into the air annually. Dust discharge have
                    an undesirable effect on the thermal balance  of furnaces and,
                    moreover, lower  the production of clinker.  If escaping dust
                    can be trapped, there is the possibility of using it  as fertilizer,
                    because of its lime and potassium content. Samples of solid
                    aerosols were  obtained by means of passive  sedimentation at
                    sites distributed over areas subject to the influence of airborne
                    particles  from cement factories.  Chemical tests  were made
                    using silicate analysis methods and spectrography. The pH fac-
                    tor was measured, and the rate of accumulation of organic car-
                    bon was determined. From the agricultural viewpoint, the fol-
                    lowing compounds obtained from passive sedimentation are of
                    interest: calcium oxide, magnesium oxide,  potassium monox-
                    ide, sodium monoxide,  silicon dioxide,  and the trace  elements
                    copper,  boron,  zinc,  manganese,  and  molybdenum. The
                    depression in the accumulation rate of organic carbon after the
                    formation of an even  layer of dust demonstrates that solid
                    aerosol  particles   affect  photosynthesis.  On  an  electron
                    microscope  photograph,  chloroplasts  of  dust-contaminated
                    leaves have a blurred outline and the tilacoids are difficult to
                    discern.  While the action of dust pollution on sugar beet did
                    not affect the yield, it did influence the quality of the beet.

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                                                                                                                29
                                I.  EFFECTS-MATERIALS
19353
Schaffer, R. J.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN ITS BEARING ON THE
WEATHERING  OF  STONE  AND  SIMILAR  BUILDING
MATERIALS. In: Investigation on Atmospheri Pollution. Dept.
of Scientific  and  Industrial Research, Cambridge (England),
Rept2S, p. 111-121. 1960(7).
Atmospheric pollution affects  building materials in two ways:
soot adheres to the surfaces, causing discoloration and disfigu-
rement, while sulfur  dioxide and  ammonium sulfate  bring
about chemical changes. Except with magnesian milestone, the
appearance of efflorescent salts on the surface of the stone in-
dicates that the decay is to be attributed to some cause other
than, or in addition to, atmospheric pollution, but the reverse
statement  does  not apply.  Buildings  in  towns are  more
disfigured by soot than those in country districts, and there
are marked differences in behavior between different materi-
als. With sandstones of good quality, surface erosion does not
occur and washing by rain is not effective in preventing soot
deposition, while the degree of discoloration of limestones by
soot varies with the aspect and degree of exposure. The only
mineral constituents of building stones that are significantly af-
fected by the acids in the air and rain water are the carbonates
of lime and magnesia. Suitable choice and use of materials is
the first safeguard against decay but  is of little avail against
discoloration  by soot; those building stones  that suffer most
seriously in this respect are among the most durable. Oil paint,
applied when the  stone is dry and renewed every few years,
has good protective qualities; limestone buildings can be hosed
down with water at intervals; and the inhibition of  skin forma-
tion  and  the  removal of decomposition products should also
enhance durability.

20421
Brenner, Raymond C, Richard  Hooker, K. K. Stevens,
Carlton Strong, and E. B. Lee
PAPERS  ON  THE EFFECT  OF SMOKE  ON  BUILDING
MATERIALS. Pittsburgh Univ., Pa., Mellon Inst. of Industrial
Research and School of Specific Industries, Bull. No. 6, 1913,
58p.  7 refs.
Not  until the general public is awakened from its  apathy will
the smoke nusiance, the greates blot on our industrial centers,
be eliminated. Data has  been  accumulated  for the following
topics:  chemistry of soot and  the corrosive products of com-
bustion; effect of  smoke on outside painting; effect of smoke
on paint  coatings;  effect  of smoke on  stone; stone and  the
smoke  nuisance with special  reference to the protection of
stone; effect  of smoke on metals; the question of light and
smoke; the effect of smoke on the interior of buildings; and
limitations placed  by smoke upon the means  of architectural
expression. This monograph addressed to the general public
presents the facts  about air pollution by combustion products
of bituminous coal as they were known in the year 1912. The
papers  on the effect of smoke on paint coatings are based on
work done for the National Paint Manufacturers' Association.
The  last  three papers  describe the  effects  of covering of
skylight windows,  lighting fixtures, wall paper, painted interior
walls, lace curtains, silk hangings, floor coverings, etc. etc. by
soot, In general, the simplest possible form of architecture is
to be  advised.  Under-cutting,  delicacy  of incised line  and
sharpness of angular forms must be forgone, for the soot
deposited will, in time, fill up the crevices and mar the beauty
of the outline, causing considerable alteration of  the original
forms and make the building degenerate  into a mere mass of
dirty, shabbey masonry.

20507
Pepper, Leonard
INFLUENCE OF ALKALI CONTENT OF FLY ASH ON  EF-
FECTIVENESS    IN   PREVENTING   EXPANSION   OF
CONCRETE. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg,  Miss., TR-6-627, 26p., June 1963. 6 refs. CFSTI,
DDC: AD 687367
Eight mixtures containing various  ratios of high- or low-alkali
fly ash and cement, and two control mixtures were made to
determine the influence of the alkali content of fly ash on its
effectiveness in preventing expansion of concrete due to alkali
aggregate reaction. Mortar bars made from the mixtures were
cast  and their  lengths  measured  at 2,  14, and  28  days, 6
months, and 1 year. Data from this and a previous investiga-
tion using a medium-alkali fly  ash indicated that the approxi-
mate  minimum  percentage  replacements of portland cement
needed to reduce expansion of mortars made with high-alkali
cement and very reactive aggregate by 75% at 14 days for the
low-,  medium-,  and high-alkali fly ash are 33, 46, and 47%,
respectively. Although the high-alkali fly  ash will increase the
expansion of an inocuous combination, the expansion will not
be so great as to render the resulting mixture deleterious. The
data  from the mortar-bar expansion test were too variable,
both within  and between batches, for the  test to be used in
research on aggregate reactions in concrete. Results of this in-
vestigation did not confirm conclusions from an earlier study,
and indicate the need for further research. (Author abstract
modified)

21473
Moraru, D.  and  I. Timar
ATMOSPHERIC AGGRESSION TOWARD CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS ALONG THE BLACK  SEA  COAST OF RU-
MANIA  AND   ITS   CLASSIFICATION   BY   ZONES.
(Agresivitatea atmosferica asupra  constructiilor de pe litoralul
romanesc al Marii Negre si zonarea ei). Text in  Romanian.
Revista  Constructiilor  si   a   Materialelor  de   Constructii,
20(10):527-535, 1968. 1 ref.
Atmospheric  salinity, influenced  by the salt content of the
Black Sea is measured and studied;  the area up to 20 kilome-
ters from the coast is divided into zones, on the basis  of the
need for protection of certain building materials  (metals  and
concrete) affected by the atmospheric salinity.

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30
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
22410
Buchanan,D. R.
THE CORROSION OR DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE.
Australasian Corrosion Eng., 14(5):5-15, May  1970. 9 refs.
(Presented to the Australasian Corrosion Association, 10th An-
nual Conference, Perth, Nov. 10-14th, 1969.)
Concrete consists of two materials, aggregate,  and sands and
pastes (water and cement). Concrete deterioration is a result of
either internal  agents (incorrect mixing or material selection)
or external agents or environments which affect the durability
of the cement paste.  Internal agents which affect aggregates
include organic impurities,  sulfide ores, sulfate minerals, and
alkali  reactive materials.  Water  can  be  contaminated  by
suspended matter, or by various salts and  other chemical com-
pounds. Chemical attack of concrete is carried out by sulfates,
sea water, acids, and frost.  Impermeability  of concrete will
protect it from many chemical attacks. Fire or other severe
temperature exposure can crack concrete due to differences in
thermal expansion. Various types of cement are tabulated, as
well as the effects on concrete of many chemical compounds.

25465
                    Winkler, E. M.
                    THE IMPORTANCE OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CORRO-
                    SION OF  STONE AND METALS.  Eng.  Geol., 4(4):327-334,
                    1970. 11 refs.
                    Evidence is presented that polluted air not only affects life but
                    also stone, concrete and metals as well. The important corro-
                    sive agents in the process of weathering, however, are Carbon
                    dioxide, sulfur dioxide and  sulfur  trioxide combined  to
                    sulfates, chlorine and possibly nitrogen dioxide. Carbon diox-
                    ide is considered the most important ingredient, whereas car-
                    bon monoxide and the organic irritants aldehydes  and ketones
                    are only of minor importance as stone corrodents. Evidence is
                    presented that the ionic increase almost doubled in the Great
                    Lakes St. Lawrence River drainage  basin,  whereby about 20-
                    50% of the ions are believed to be  contributed from polluted
                    atmospheres surrounding the lakes.  Improvement of automo-
                    tive combustion will eliminate toxic CO and smog-producing
                    unburned hydrocarbons,  but on the other  hand will augment
                    CO2 and NO2 to such a high level that the corrosion of stone
                    and metals probably will increase rapidly  unless  a  switch to
                    new  power  sources  is  accomplished.   (Author  summary
                    modified)

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                                                                                                                 31
                                J.  EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
15889
Kohn, Robert E.
A  MATHEMATICAL  PROGRAMMING MODEL  FOR AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL. School Sci.  Math., June 1969:487-
494.  (Presented at the Central  Association of Science and
Mathematics Teachers, Annual  Convention, St Louis, Nov.
30, 1968.)
Mathematical models are proposed for computer processing to
determine  the least  possible  cost of pollution controls in  an
airshed. Advantages  of the models are their simplicity, empha-
sis on economic efficiency, and appropriateness for the type
of data normally available. One model considers a hypothetical
airshed for a single industry, cement manufacturing. Annual
production is 2,500,000 barrels of cement; two pounds of dust
are emitted for every barrel produced. The least cost solution
to the emission problem would be to install  a four-field elec-
trostatic precipitator on kilns producing  1,000,000 barrels and a
five-field precipitator on kilns producing 1,500,000 barrels. A
second model concerns the five major  pollutants in the Saint
Louis  airshed in 1970:  sulfur dioxide,  carbon  monoxide,
hydrocarbons,  nitrogen oxides,  and particulates. Among the
possible control methods included in the model are exhaust
and  crankcase devices for automobiles, the substitution  of
natural gas for coal, catalytic oxidation of  sulfur  dioxide to
sulfuric acid at power plants,  and the use of low sulfur-content
coal. Pollution reduction requirements are itemized. The com-
puter-derived solution of this  model indicates  the cost and effi-
ciency  of each reduction method. A third model evaluates the
effects of  air pollution on humans,  vegetation, and materials.
It can be used to determine whether the relative damaging ef-
fects of pollutants are proportional tc their control cost.

17203
Oels, Heinriche
AIR  POLLUTION PROBLEMS  IN WEST GERMANY AND
THE ROLE OF INDUSTRY. (Luftforurensningsproblemer  i
Vest-Tyskland industriens innsats). Text in Norwegian. Tek.
Ukeblad (Oslo), 116(45):1245-1247, Dec. 1969.
West Germany has been occupied in the last decade with
reducing emissions of dust and smoke. Effectiveness of dust
filters has increased threefold, and filtration is more economi-
cal. The dust content can now be reduced to 150 mg/cu m for
an emission rate of 100,000 cu m/hr. In 1950, the dust output
from the  West German cement industry was  3.5% of the
clinker produced; in 1967, it was 0.15%. Dust output from the
manufacture of calcium carbide was reduced to 3 mg/cu m of
exhaust gases. Attention now centers on reducing sulfur diox-
ide emissions. An electric power plant in Essen absorbs it with
a new  type of activated carbon, recovering the SO2 for the
manufacture of H2SO4, the cost per 1000 kWh being about 1
DM (25 cents), and this can be further reduced. Government
standards  now limit the sulfur content of fuel oils to 1.8%.
About 20% of the total SO2 emission in West Germany comes
from sulfuric acid plants. A new 'double contact' process can
reduce SO2 emissions of such a plant from 17 to 3 kg per ton
of H2SO4 produced.  Nitrogen oxides emitted from nitric acid
plants  have  been reduced by  50% with  special absorption
equipment. New legislation sets a maximum  average  of  2
mg/cu m for fluorine emissions, or 5  mg for short intervals.
Readings as high  as  2.7 mg have been recorded above the
Ruhr from January 1, 1966, to December 31, 1968. During that
period,   industry   in  North  Rhine-Westphalia   invested
4,000,000,000 DM on  air pollution problems related to  existent
operations and about  275,000,000 DM on those related to new
ones.   Exhaust purification   for  the 2-year  period  cost
3,000,000,000 DM,  plus an additional 30,000,000 for research
this  in  comparison with  a  gross   national   product  of
300,000,000,000 DM per year. The total amount spent by in-
dustry  is  small compared with the damage caused, which
amounts to 50 DM per capita per year, or 3,000,000,000 for
the entire republic, not including losses  due to sickness or
sanitation problems.

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32
                      K.  STANDARDS  AND  CRITERIA
06679
F. E. Ireland
ALKALI INSPECTORATE - ALKALI ETC. WORKS REGU-
LATION ACT 1906 AND ALKALI  ETC. WORKS ORDER
1966. (NOTES ON  BEST PRACTICABLE MEANS FOR CE-
MENT WORKS EMISSIONS.) Ministry of Housing and  Local
Government, London (England). (June 28,1967). 5 pp.
Restrictions are  set forth covering  emissions  from cement
works. Included are: particulate  emissions and hydrogen sul-
fide from kiln waste gases; stack height; sampling methods to
be used; and miscellaneous cement works operations.

16116
Koehler, W.
PRESENT  POSITION  IN COMBATING  AIR  POLLUTION
AND NUISANCE IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. (Stand der
Emissionsbekaempfung in der Zementindustrie). Text in Ger-
man. Zement-Kalk-Gips  (Wiesbaden),  58(11):493-500,  Nov.
1969. 12 refs.
Prior to  a  discussion of present achievements  in combating
pollution and noise in the cement industry, the composition of
emissions by this industry is reviewed. Apart from dust, waste
gases from cement kilns contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ox-
ygen, and water vapor. The sulfur dioxide concentration is low
because it is chemically bound as sulfate in the clinker and the
dust. No gaseous  fluorine emissions have ever been deter-
mined;  the carbon  monoxide concentration is negligible. Dust
emissions sank from about 3.5% in 1950 to 1.5% in 1957, and
to 0.15% of the clinker  production in  1967, although  the
production increased from  11 million tons to 33 million tons.
In the vicinity of the Westphalian industrial center comprising
15 cement plants, an average dust fall of 0.75 g/sq m/day was
measured in  1950;  now, the annual  average is down to  0.42
g/sq m/day.  The VDI (Association of  German Engineers)
Guideline 2094 recommends a maximum allowable  emission
concention of 150 mg dust/standard cu m. In 1950, only  15%
of the rotary kilns  were equipped with electrostatic precipita-
tors; in 1967, more than  93% had precipitators. The VDI
Guideline 2058 provides for noise abatement in the cement in-
dustry.  It recommends limitation of noise in primarily industri-
al centers to 70 dB and in  residential areas with interspersed
cement  factories, to 55 dB/day and 40 dB/night.

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                                                                                                                 33
                     L.  LEGAL   AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
06708
V. E. Wessels
STATEMENT OF VINCENT E. WESSELS, VICE PRESIDENT
OF RESEARCH,  IDEAL CEMENT CO. 90th Congress ('Air
Pollution-1967, Part 3 (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee on
Public Works, Washington, D. C. Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, April 19, May 2-4, 8-10, 1967.)
The  statement in  the title of the original act that 'Prevention
and control of air pollution at its source is the primary respon-
sibility of State and local governments' is endorsed. In setting
standards in excess of those required to protect health, abate-
ment costs  should be weighed against  anticipated  benefits.
Standards on an area basis were suggested.  Research  on air
pollution  abatement  by the Federal  Government should be
enhanced. Special tax consideration should be given on instal-
lations of air pollution abatement equipment. The statement of
the American Mining Congress as presented by Mr. Coons is
endorsed.

14337
Baccanari, Samuel
LEHIGH VALLEY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT.
(Appendix 8 to: Effect of Area on Air Pollution Control Pro-
grams.) Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Center for
Air  Environment  Studies,  NAPCA Grant  AP-00458, Final
Progress  Kept., 9p., Nov. 30, 1968.
The  Lehigh  Valley Air Pollution Control District, an interju-
risdictional air pollution control program established in 1957
under ordinances  enacted by the municipalities of Northamp-
ton and Nazareth, is described. The communities, located in
the southeastern portion of Pennsylvania, comprise the Lehigh
Valley cement belt, which extends for 25 miles and includes
about 75 square miles. Prior to establishment of the control
district, residents had tolerated a long-standing condition of
excessive dustfall from the cement industry. The entry into the
district of additional communities has caused  the district to ex-
pand its scope to include control of other pollution sources as
well.  The program has  two full-time  employees: a director
who, as a professional engineer, enforces the individual  mu-
nicipal ordinances, and a secretary. In each municipality there
are citizen air pollution control boards of five members ap-
pointed by the elected representatives.  Public funds are ob-
tained by levying service charges on participating governments
according to an established formula.  The program has been
judged effective on the basis of both significant expenditures
by industrial plants for air pollution control  equipment and a
steady decline in the annual dustfall in the area under the Dis-
trict's jurisdiction.  Data  is included on annual dustfall survey
averages  and on cement plants in the  District. Administration
of the program emphasizes persuasion and conciliation, with
enforcement powers, for the most part, held in reserve.

17927
Thayer, J. M.
THE CONTROL OF GRIT, DUST, AND FUME EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Conf. Filtration Soc., Dust
Control Air Cleaning Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 10-15. 8
refs. (Sept. 23-25.)
Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources in England and
Wales are controlled in part by the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968  and the Alkali Act of 1906.  The 1956 Clean Air Act
prescribes standards for the emission of smoke from chimneys
and prohibits smoke darker than Ringelmann 2, except for cer-
tain specified periods. The 1968 Act  adds to this by prohibiting
the emission of dark smoke from industrial and trade premises
as distinct from chimneys. The 1956 Act deals with  dust and
soot only in general terms. The 1968 Act, covering emissions
of grit and dust from furnaces, applies to a wide range of fur-
naces burning solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, excluding small
domestic boilers.  The recommended  standards  for  furnaces
burning fuel equivalent to 100 to 50,000 Ib per hour of coal are
illustrated graphically. Recommendations are also offered for
reducing  grit and dust emissions  from cold blast cupolas at
iron foundries. These involve minimizing emissions by suitable
arresters fitted at  the top of the shaft or dispersing  fumes
from  chimneys not less than 120-ft  high.  The Alkali Act is a
measure  to  control emissions from virtually all the  heavy
chemical industries, the fine chemical industry, petroleum
refining,  and petrochemicals, nonferrous metallurgy, iron and
steel production, power stations, coke and gas works, and cer-
tain  ceramic and  lime  works.  The Act provides for the
establishment of grit, dust, and fume emission standards and
requires suitable equipment for obtaining these standards. Ar-
restment  to a specific standard by dispersal of waste gases at
inadequate  height is given  in some  detail  for cement works,
iron and steel works, lead works, and electricity works.

17940
Kester, Bruce E.
AIR  POLLUTION-RULE AND REGULATION. Preprint, Inst.
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 10p., 1968.
3 refs. (Presented  at the  IEEE  (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) Cement Indusry Technical Conference,
St. Louis, Mo., May 21-24,  1968.)
The history of air pollution with respect to the cement indus-
try is briefly reviewed from the  early 1900's when  pollution
control was nonexistent and cement plants were generally far
from  populated areas, through World War II with vastly in-
creased pollution levels, to the present situation of great public
awareness and stringent control regulations. The application of
process weight tables to dust emissions  from cement plants
presents  many  specific questions  of  interpretation  which
remain to be clarified.  A  comparison analysis is presented,
showing the wide range of basic design criteria subsmitted by
different  manufacturers of electrostatic precipitators to handle
one process and to meet the same efficiency.  In addition, the
daily efficiency of a cement kiln precipitator often is markedly
lower than that determined  during  the acceptance test, and un-
less a dust collection system is designed with excess capacity
anticipated, trouble develops as soon as  production rates in-
crease. More precise definitions,  better test procedures, and
agreement on basic design criteria  are urgently needed.

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 34
CEMENT MANUFACTURING
 19747
 Kester, Bruce E.
 Am POLLUTION - RULE AND REGULATION. IEEE (Inst.
 Elec. Electron. Engrs.) Trans.  Ind. Gen. Appl., IGA-5(3):237-
 241, May/June 1969, 3 refs. (Presented at the IEEE (Inst. Elec.
 Electron. Engrs.)  Cement  Industry Technical Conference, St.
 Louis, Mo., May 21-24, 1968, Paper 68 TP64-1GA.
 A framework of increasing impetus for pollution control regu-
 lation and enforcement is  established. The progression of air
 pollution control from early in-plant control of the working en-
 vironment to community recognition of air pollution and black
 smoke control is traced. Today, in target areas of the nation,
 rules and regulations have been  promulgated  which govern
 paniculate and sulfur dioxide  emissions. In particulate emis-
 sions, the process weight  table is being promoted. Manufac-
 turers of  pollution control equipment have asserted that they
 can install equipment in a cement plant to meet the process
 weight  table.  However,   electrostatic precipitator manufac-
 turers do not agree on basic design criteria to do the job. Glass
 bag collectors, while in basic agreement  on cloth-to-gas ratio,
 get into equally confusing  design differences as to preference
 of suction or pressure installations and many varied proposals
 for handling wet-process kilns. When the question of sulfur
 emissions from a  cement plant arises, opinion with little fac-
 tual data prevails. It is predicted that the process weight table
 will be uniformly applied in almost every air shed area. Sulfur
 dioxide will be restricted  to the emission rates prevailing on
 the combustion of low sulfur coal. Studies  of possible pollu-
 tants will be  made, and  air quality criteria established for
 nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants which
 do not directly concern the cement industry.

 22330
 Middleton, John T.
 AIR QUALITY CONTROL. (Ueberwachung der  Luftguete).
 Text in German. Schriftenreihe Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg.
 (Berlin), no. 33:159-175,   1970. Translated  from English in:
 Mining Congr. J., Oct. 1968.
 The Commissioner of the  National Air Pollution Control Ad-
 ministration is  interviewed concerning the work  of  his or-
 ganization. He describes projected plans of the organization,
 dangers that must be given priority in the study programs, the
 responsibility of state governments in settling limits to define
 air quality, the importance  of meteorological and topographical
 factors, the division  of the country into air pollution control
 zones, aid from private  organizations, governmental commit-
 tees working in this  area,  the  role of industry,  some special
 problems  of the cement and phosphate industries, the  use of
 the Ringelmann scale, and the  activities of Senator Muskie at
 the congressional level.

 22466
 Ordinanz, Wilhelm
 A NEW  AIR POLLUTION LAW. Staub (English  translation
 from German of:  Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 29(9):8-10, Sept.
 1969. 7 refs.
 The Air Pollution  Law of  Michigan (1967) stipulates licensing
 for the erection, mounting, or alteration of combustion equip-
 ment or other working processes liable to emit pollutants. An
 application must be submitted with the following information:
 quantity and temperature of the waste gas or air; the composi-
 tion  of  waste  gases  with  or without scrubbing; prospective
 content of solids in the waste gases; point of emission; height
and location relative to adjacent buildings; other factors liable
to facilitate the diffusion or emission in the surroundings; and
information on special effects of the pollutants. The gray value
                    of smoke plumes from furnaces must be brighter than No. 2
                    on  the  Ringelmann scale,  but  gray value No. 2  must not
                    prevail for more than 3 minutes every half-hour and gray value
                    No.  3 for no longer than 3 minutes in an hour, though not
                    more than three time  in  24 hours. Permissible limits of dust
                    emission are presented tabularly for combustion plants, gar-
                    bage incinerators, steel production, cupola furnaces for cast
                    iron, lime kilns, asphalt preparation, cement production, and
                    pelletizing of iron ore.  Several prohibitions are also listed.

                    23562
                    Damon, W. A.
                    THE TREATMENT OF WASTE GASES IN CHEMICAL IN-
                    DUSTRY. Trans.  Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London), 31(l):26-35,
                    1953. 16 refs.  (Presented at  the  Institute  of Chemical En-
                    gineers, Midlands Branch  Meeting, England, Jan.  31, 1953.)
                    Statutory control of the  atmospheric pollution  arising from
                    certain  industrial  processes is considered,  and  the possible
                    means of implementing the requirements of the Alkali Act are
                    discussed. Processes are described in which the control of pol-
                    lution is difficult, and the means adopted to mitigate their ef-
                    fects are explained. The  rate at which a gas diffuses when
                    travelling downwind from its point of emission depends on the
                    turbulence of the atmosphere, and this in turn is affected by
                    the wind speed and the temperature gradient. Calculations of
                    Bosanquet and Sutton relating to maximum ground concentra-
                    tions and chimney discharges are cited. Cement manufacture,
                    pollution by  sulfur gases,  petroleum refining, requirements for
                    lead works,  and various unregistered processes are discussed.
                    Great difficulty has been experienced in the case of a plant for
                    the recovery of magnesia from sea water,  by reason of the
                    discharge of a very foggy emission from the kiln chimneys.
                    The discharge of fluorine  compounds, coal  combustion, pollu-
                    tion  by coke  ovens,  and burning spoilbanks are  also con-
                    sidered.

                    25329
                    Bergan, J. and J. Jasen
                    STATE  OF  NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS  (NO. 242)
                    OSCAR H.  BOOMER AND  JUNE  C.  BOOMER, APPEL-
                    LANTS  V.  THE  ATLANTIC  CEMENT  COMPANY, INC.,
                    RESPONDENT  (AND  FIVE OTHER  ACTIONS) (NO. 475)
                    CHARLES J. MEILAK AND ANO.,  APPELLANTS V. THE
                    ATLANTIC  CEMENT COMPANY, INC. RESPONDENT. In:
                    Air Polhition-1970, Part 2. 91st Congress (Senate), Second Ses-
                    sion  on  S.3229,  S.3466,  S.3546,  p.  854-861, 1970.  7 refs.
                    (Hearings before the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution
                    of the Committee on Public Works, March 19, 20, 23,  1970.)
                    One alternative in settling disputes between property owners
                    and cement plants where vibrations and emissions of dust and
                    smoke cause substantial property damage is to grant an injunc-
                    tion but postpone its effect to a future date to allow the defen-
                    dent to  eliminate the nuisance. Another alternative is to grant
                    the injunction  conditioned  on  the payment of permanent
                    damages to the plaintiff. One opinion holds  that the second al-
                    ternative is  the most effective stimulus to  research into im-
                    proved control techniques. Another opinion maintains that to
                    permit an injunction to become inoperative upon payment of
                    permanent damages is, in effect, licensing a continuing wrong.

                    25642
                    Mein, William Wallace, Jr.
                    THE CALAVERAS  CEMENT CO. DUST SUIT. Mining En-
                    gineering, 3(6): 534-536, June 1951. (Presented at the  American
                    Institute of  Mining, Metallurgical  and Petroleum  Engineers

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                                    L.  LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     35
Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 1949 and New York, Feb.
1950, Paper TP 3047H.
An account is given of the background, testimony, and out-
come of a 1949 trial resulting from a suit by five landowners,
all cattle ranchers, whose properties are located in the vicinity
of a cement plant.  The  plaintiffs sued for dust damages of
$120,338 and for an injunction preventing the company from
casting  dust  on  their  properties  in injurious  quantities.
Testimony for the plaintiffs was designed to establish that the
flue dust had damaged the land and forage and  had caused
fluorine poisoining to the cattle, both results causing substan-
tial loss of profits. Defense testimony sought to establish that
the damage had been enormously exaggerated and should be
limited to the much lower loss of rental values, and that the
claim of  fluorine poisoning  was spurious. A  jury  verdict
awarded the ranchers $7508 in damages and the court issued
an injunction following the lines of a company proposal requir-
ing a minimum stack dust recovery of 87%. The plaintiffs sub-
sequently filed an appeal, contending that their proposed ver-
sion of the injunction should be the one adopted by the court;
this appeal was still pending at time of writing.

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                                      AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                                                          37
                                     FUNKE, G  *B-06783
ABELITISA »B-20674
ABSOLONOVA, O   G-09004
ALCOCERAE  'C-18130
ALCOCER, A E  A-10667
ALLEN, G L 'B-03754
ARRAS K  'B-21292


                B

BACCANARI S  *L-14337
BADZYNSKIW  B-20014
BARHAD B *G-16558
BAXTER W A JR   B-23725
BENDINELLI R A  'F-19751
BENNER R C  '1-20421
BERGANJ  *L-25329
BERGMANN LEHNERT I  'H-16151
BERLYAND, M E  *E-10368
BETTAV  'B-15728
BLEZARD R G  *C-18236
BROOMHEAD F  B-25643
BUCHANAN D R  *I-22410
CHAMBERLIN, R L 'B-02031
CONRAD G  *B-22500
CRAWFORD H L   A-21221
CUFFE, S T  B-07875
CZAJA, A T 'H-06641, 'H-10914


                D

DAMON W  A  'L-23562
DARLEY, E F  *H-00127, 'H-03849
DAVYDOV, S A  *G-06896
DEUSSNER H  *B-20756
DEYNATG  'B-19240
DIETZE H J  G-24708
DOHERTY,  R E  *B-02735
DRESIA, H  'C-08607
DUBROVINA Z V  *D-21088
EINBRODTHJ  'G-24708
EISNER JH  *B-15629
ERTL, D W  *B-07931
FELDEN, G  C-08607
FELDSTEIN M   C-18130
FELDSTEIN, M L  'A-10667
PELS M  'A-21221
FISCHER, H   B-06783
FISCHOTTER, P  C-08607
FLODIN, C R  B-07562
FRAUENFELDER A 'B-15759
FRIESE G 'A-16229
FUNKE G 'B-17750, B-25078
                 G
GALE, W M
GORLACH E
'B-08636
 B-25609
                H
HAALAND J J  B-12347
HABA A   H-25906
HANKIN, M JR 'B-05441, 'B-09914
HASHIMOTO  K *B-17402
HATAI   G-22990
HENTSCHEL D  G-24708
HEROD B C  *B-18160
HODGKISS J E  'B-14425
HOHMANN H 'B-14289
HOLOBRADY K  'H-25964
HOOKER R  1-20421
HUCKAUF H  B-14289
HULL W Q  'F-14506


                 I

IRELAND, F E  'K-06679
JASEN J  L-25329
JOEL, H  *C-06752
JURKOWSKA H  B-25609


                K

KACZOROWSKIA  B-20014
KAPALIN, V   G-09004
KARZARINOFFA 'B-24881
KATOY  'B-21187
KEMNITZ, D A  B-07875
KESTER B E  'L-17940, *L-19747
KIRCHHOFF E   G-24708
KOEHLER W  'B-25078, 'K-16116
KOHLER, A  'B-03126
KOHLER, W  'B-02024
KOHN R E 'J-15889
KREICHELT, T E  *B-07875
LEE E B  1-20421
LEITHE, W  'B-07535
LIGDA, M G H  *C-07916
LITYNSKIT  'B-25609
LYN A V D  'B-22523, 'B-22997


                M

MAKARETS G N  B-16446
MAMMARELLA L 'H-24308
MATSUDA N  'B-19210
MCCABE, L C  B-03754
MCGINNITY, J L  B-09806
MEINWWJR  'L-25642
MEL NIK M N  'B-15957
MIDDLETONJT 'L-22330
MIREA V  G-16558
MOODIE, G  B-02031
MOORE H   C-18130
MOORE, H  A-10667
MORARUD '1-21473
MOUDRA, L  G-09004
MUHLRAD M W  'A-15637


                N

NAKAKIMA T   G-22990
NIKOLAEV S P  D-21088
NOSE Y  'G-23148
NOVAKOVA E  'G-24392
NUSSBAUM, R  H-03224


                O

OBERTHUER W  G-24708
DELS H  'J-17203
OKUMA, R  'B-09950
OLEKSYNOWA, K 'B-02939
OMARA, R F 'B-07562
ORDINANZ W  'L-22466
                         PAJENKAMPH 'H-17977
                         PEPPER L '1-20507
                         PLASS R J 'B-12347
                         POTTER L B   C-18130
                         POTTER, L B  A-10667
                         POTTINGER, J F 'B-07699
                         POTZLK  'C-13821
                         POTZL, K 'C-06126
                         PRING R W  C-18236
                         PRZEMECK E   H-19460, 'H-21293
                         PUT Y 'B-24568


                                          R

                         RAYMOND, V  'H-03224
                         REALE F  B-15728
                         REITER R 'G-16246
                         REITER, R  C-06126
                         RETNEV, V M  'G-07571
                         ROHOVETSKY A   H-25906
                         ROSE, A H JR   B-02229
                          SCHAFFERRJ  '1-19353
                          SCHEFFER F  'H-19460
                          SCHOENBECK, H  *H-11434
                          SCHON F  F-14506
                          SCHRODER, E W  'B-05511
                          SCHWANECKE R  'B-23127
                          SEEBACH, H M  A-09541
                          SHEPARD N L  'F-24564

-------
 38
 CEMENT MANUFACTURING
SHIMAZU, H  B-09950
SIMIONESCU C  G-16558
SIMON, H 'B-09789
SMITHSON G R JR   A-19177
SPAITE, P W  'B-02229
SPRUNG,  S 'A-09541, *F-07949
SQUIRES  B }  *B-20188
STASSEN J  B-24568
STEPHEN, D G  B-02229
STEVENS K K  1-20421
STRENK F  'H-25906
STRONG C  1-20421
SYKES W  'B-25643
SYMON, K  'G-09004
TAI M  G-16558
TERABE, M 'D-07406
THAYER J M  *L-17927
TIMAR I   1-21473
TOKOJIMA N   G-23148
TOMAIDES, M  'B-02028
TOMSON N M  D-21088
TOTH J  H-25964
TRAUFFER W E *B-22351
TRIPLER A B JR 'A-19177
VANCE R C  'B-23616
VIETS, F H   B-03754
VIGDORCHIK, E A  *C-08130
VINCENT, E J  'B-09806, 'B-09807,
     •B-09808
VYPOVAI  *B-16446
                 W

WASILEWSKIL  'B-20014
WEBER E  *B-23364
WESSELS, V E  *L-06708
WHITE H J  'B-23725
WIEMER, P  *B-08372
WILMS W   H-19460
WINKLER E M  "I-25465
                                                                            YAMASHITA, K  *B-07492, 'C-07411
                                                                            YANO R 'G-22990
                                                                            ZALESKI J Z   B-20014

-------
                                        SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                                                  39
ABATEMENT  A-21221, B-25078, K-16116,
     L-06708, L-22466
ABSORPTION  B-07535, J-17203
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)  B-07535,
     J-17203
ACETYLENES  B-23127
ACIDS  A-21221, B-07535, B-07931,
     B-09789, B-20014, B-2S643, F-14506,
     G-24392, 1-22410, J-17203
ADMINISTRATION  A-04026, B-03126,
     B-09789, B-16446, B-24568, E-10368,
     L-06708, L-14337, L-22330
ADSORPTION  A-19177
ADSORPTION (GENERAL)  B-14289
ADVISORY SERVICES  B-25078
AERODYNAMICS  B-23725
AEROSOL GENERATORS  H-00127,
     H-25906
AEROSOLS  B-15728, C-06126, G-16246,
     H-06641, H-24308
AFRICA  B-07931, B-14425
AFTERBURNERS  B-07535
AGE G-22990, G-24708
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
     PROGRAMS  A-04026
Affi QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
     A-04026, A-09541, A-10667, B-02939,
     B-07492, B-08636, B-09950, B-23364,
     C-06752, C-08607, C-18130, D-07406,
     D-21088, F-07949, G-06896, H-00127,
     H-24308, H-25964, K-16116,  L-14337,
     L-22330, L-22466
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS  A-19177,
     B-02024, K-16116
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
     E-10368, L-23562
AIR-FUEL RATIO  B-03754
AIRCRAFT  C-07916
ATTKEN COUNTERS C-08130
ALDEHYDES  1-25465
ALFALFA  H-00127
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS B-23127
ALKALINE ADDITIVES  B-14289, L-23562
ALTITUDE  B-22500, C-07916, E-10368,
     L-23562
ALUMINUM  B-03754, B-16446, B-19210,
     B-25643, F-24564
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS B-02939
ALUMINUM OXIDES C-06126, F-07949,
     H-03849
ALVEOLI  C-13821, G-16246
AMMONIA  B-07699
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE  F-07949
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS  B-07699,
     F-07949
ANALYTICAL METHODS  A-09541,
     B-02939, B-15728, C-08607, H-00127,
     H-16151, H-24308
ANIMALS  G-24392, H-03224, H-10914,
     H-17977, H-24308, L-25642
AREA SURVEYS A-04026
ASBESTOS  A-10667, A-19177, B-03754,
     B-13946, H-25906
ASBESTOSIS  A-19177
ASHES  B-07535
ASIA B-07492, B-09950, B-17402, B-19210,
     B-21187, C-07411, D-07406, G-22990,
     G-23148, L-22466
ASPHALT  A-10667, B-08372, B-13946,
     B-23127, C-18130, G-07571, L-22466
ASTHMA  D-07406, G-22990
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS  A-10667,
     B-05441, B-22500, C-06752, C-18130,
     G-23148, L-23562
AUSTRALIA  B-05511, B-07699, B-08636,
     1-22410
AUTOMOBILES  B-07535, D-07406
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
     B-03754, J-15889
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS  B-07535,
     D-07406, 1-25465
                  B
BAFFLES B-18160, B-22997, B-23725
BAG FILTERS A-15637, B-02028, B-02031,
     B-02229, B-02735, B-03126, B-03754,
     B-07562, B-08636, B-09806, B-09807,
     B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-15759,
     B-18160, B-21187, B-22351, B-22997,
     B-23364, B-24200, B-24881, L-19747,
     L-23562
BARLEY  H-19460
BELGIUM  B-24568
BERYLLIOSIS B-02024, B-02939, H-00127,
     H-03849
BESSEMER CONVERTERS  B-07699
BETA PARTICLES  C-08607
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
     MEASUREMENT  G-07571, G-09004
BLAST FURNACES  B-07931, B-25643
BLOOD CELLS  G-09004, G-24392
BLOOD CHEMISTRY  G-09004
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS  G-24392
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
     C-06126, G-09004, H-06641, H-10914
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
     C-06126, H-06641
BOILERS  B-07535, B-07699, B-25643
BORON COMPOUNDS  H-25964
BREATHING APPARATUS G-16558
BRICKS  A-19177, B-19210
BRONCHI C-13821, G-16246
BRONCHITIS G-22990, G-23148, G-24708,
     H-03224
BUILD-UP RATES  H-25964
BUSES  D-07406
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-16229,
     A-19177, B-15957, B-19210, B-20014,
     B-23127, B-25453, B-25609, F-24564,
     H-25964, J-17203
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS  F-07949
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-09541,
     A-10667, B-02939, B-14289, B-20014,
     B-25609, C-06126, F-14506, H-00127,
     H-03224, H-03849, H-06641, H-21293,
     H-25964
CALCIUM SULFATES  A-10667, B-20014,
     F-14506, H-00127
CALIBRATION METHODS C-07411,
     C-18236
CALIFORNIA  B-03754, B-07535, D-07406,
     H-03849
CANADA  H-00127
CANCER  A-19177
CARBON BLACK  B-02229, B-09789,
     B-20188, F-19751, H-25964
CARBON DIOXIDE  B-08372, F-07949,
     H-00127, H-03849, H-24308, 1-25465,
     K-16116
CARBON DISULFIDE  L-23562
CARBON MONOXIDE  B-23364, D-07406,
     G-07571, H-24308, 1-25465, J-15889,
     K-16116, L-19747
CARBONATES B-02939, B-14289, H-03224,
     1-19353
CARCINOGENS H-00127, H-03849
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS  B-07535
CATALYTIC OXIDATION  J-15889
CATTLE  H-17977, L-25642
CELLS  G-09004, G-24392, H-06641,
     H-10914
CEMENTS  A-04026, A-09541, A-10667,
     A-15637, A-16229, A-19177, A-21221,
     A-21627, B-02024, B-02028, B-02031,
     B-02229, B-02735, B-02939, B-03126,
     B-05472, B-05511, B-06783, B-07492,
     B-07535, B-07562, B-07699, B-07875,
     B-07931, B-08636, B-09789, B-09806,
     B-09807, B-09950, B-12347, B-13946,
     B-14289, B-14425, B-15629, B-15728,
     B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17402,
     B-17750, B-19210, B-19240, B-20014,
     B-20188, B-20674, B-20756, B-21187,
     B-21292, B-22523, B-22997, B-23364,
     B-23725, B-24200, B-24568, B-24881,
     B-25078, B-25453, B-25609, B-25643,
     B-26239, C-06126, C-06752, C-07411,
     C-07916, C-08130, C-08607, C-13821,
     C-18130, C-18236, D-07406, D-21088,
     E-10368, F-07949, F-14506, F-19751,
     G-06896, G-09004, G-16246, G-16558,
     G-22990, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
     H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
     H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
     H-19460, H-21293, H-25906, H-25964,
     J-15889, J-17203, K-06679, K-16116,
     L-06708, L-14337,  L-17927, L-17940,
     L-19747, L-22330, L-22466, L-23562,
     L-25329, L-25642
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS  A-15637,
     A-19177, A-21627, B-02028, B-02939,
     B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-05472,
     B-05511, B-06783, B-08372, B-08636,
     B-09808, B-09914,  B-09950, B-13946,
     B-15629, B-15759, B-17750, B-18160,
     B-21187, B-22997, B-23127, B-23364,
     B-24881, C-08607, L-23562
CERAMICS  A-19177, B-17402
CHAMBER PROCESSING  B-25643
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION  A-09541,
     B-02939, B-07492, B-08636, C-08607,
     D-07406, F-07949

-------
40
 CEMENT MANUFACTURING
CHEMICAL METHODS  A-09541, B-02939,
      H-00127
CHEMICAL PROCESSING  A-04026,
      A-21221, B-07535, B-07931, B-09789,
      B-20014, B-20188, B-23127, B-25643,
      B-26239, F-14506, J-17203, L-17927,
      L-23562
CHEMICAL REACTIONS  B-02229,
      B-20014, F-14506
CHILDREN  G-06896, G-09004, G-22990
CHLORIDES  B-02939,  F-07949, H-03849
CHLORINE  B-02939, H-03849, 1-25465
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS  B-02939,
      F-07949, H-03849
CHLOROPLASTS  B-03754, H-06641
CHROMATOGRAPHY  C-08607, H-00127,
      H-24308
CHRONIC  G-23148
CITIZENS GROUPS  H-00127
CITRUS  H-00127
CITY GOVERNMENTS   L-06708
CLAY A-10667, C-07411, G-16246
CLEAN AIR ACT  L-22330
CLOUDS  C-07916
CLOVER  H-17977, H-19460, H-21293
COAL A-04026, B-02031, B-07535,
      B-07699, B-07931, B-08636, B-26239,
      C-08130, G-23148, 1-20421, J-15889
CODES B-25078, E-10368
COFFEE-MAKING  B-13946
COKE A-04026
COLLECTORS  A-15637, A-19177, A-21627,
      B-02028, B-02031, B-02735, B-02939,
      B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-05472,
      B-05511, B-06783, B-07875, B-08372,
      B-08636, B-09808, B-09914, B-09950,
      B-13946, B-15629, B-15759, B-17402,
      B-17750, B-18160, B-19240, B-20188,
      B-21187, B-22523, B-22997, B-23127,
      B-23364, B-23725, B-24568, B-24881,
      B-25609, C-07411, C-08607, L-23562
COLLOIDS  H-06641
COLORIMETRY   B-15728
COMBUSTION  A-16229, B-07699
COMBUSTION GASES   A-09541, A-19177,
      B-03754, B-07931, B-15759, B-20674,
      B-20756, B-22500, B-25078, D-07406,
      E-10368, G-16246, 1-25465, L-17927,
      L-19747, L-22466, L-23562
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS  A-09541,
      A-19177, B-03754, B-07535, B-07931,
      B-15759, B-20674, B-20756, B-22500,
      B-25078, D-07406, E-10368, G-16246,
      G-23148, 1-20421, 1-25465, L-17927,
      L-19747, L-22466, L-23562
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-09950
COMPUTER PROGRAMS  B-08636, J-15889
CONCRETE  B-03754, B-08372, B-09806,
      B-22500, B-23127, F-24564, G-07571,
      1-20507, 1-21473, 1-22410
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
      C-07916, H-06641
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-04026,
      A-09541, A-10667, A-15637, A-16229,
      A-19177, A-21221, A-21627, B-02024,
      B-02028, B-02031,  B-02229, B-02735,
      B-02939, B-03126, B-03754, B-05441,
      B-05472, B-05511,  B-06783, B-07492,
      B-07535, B-07562,  B-07699, B-07875,
      B-07931, B-08372,  B-08636, B-09789,
      B-09806, B-09807,  B-09808, B-09914,
      B-09950, B-12347,  B-13946, B-14289,
      B-14425, B-15629,  B-15728, B-15759,
      B-15957, B-16446,  B-17402, B-17750,
      B-18160, B-19210,  B-19240, B-20014,
      B-20188, B-20674,  B-20756, B-21187,
      B-21292, B-22351,  B-22500, B-22523,
      B-22997, B-23127, B-23364, B-23616,
      B-23725, B-24200, B-24568, B-24881,
      B-25078, B-25453, B-25609, B-25643,
      B-26239, C-06126, C-06752, C-07411,
      C-07916, C-08130, C-08607, C-13821,
      C-18130, C-18236, D-07406, D-21088,
      E-10368, F-07949, F-14506, F-19751,
      F-24564, G-06896, G-07571, G-09004,
      G-16246, G-16558, G-22990, G-23148,
      G-24392, G-24708, H-00127, H-03224,
      H-03849, H-06641, H-10914, H-11434,
      H-16151, H-17977, H-19460, H-21293,
      H-24308, H-25906, H-25964, 1-19353,
      1-20421, 1-20507, 1-21473, 1-22410,
      1-25465, J-15889, J-17203, K-06679,
      K-16116, L-06708, L-14337, L-17927,
      L-17940, L-19747, L-22330, L-22466,
      L-23562, L-25329, L-25642
CONTACT PROCESSING   B-07931,
      B-25643, L-23562
CONTINUOUS MONITORING  B-19240,
      B-25078, C-08607, H-00127
CONTROL AGENCIES B-03126, B-05441,
      B-15759, B-25078, L-14337
CONTROL EQUIPMENT  A-09541,
      A-15637, A-19177, A-21627, B-02024,
      B-02028, B-02031, B-02229, B-02735,
      B-02939, B-03126, B-03754, B-05441,
      B-05472, B-05511, B-06783, B-07535,
      B-07562, B-07699, B-07875, B-07931,
      B-08372, B-08636, B-09789, B-09806,
      B-09807, B-09808, B-09914, B-09950,
      B-12347, B-13946, B-14425, B-15629,
      B-15728, B-15759, B-16446, B-17402,
      B-17750, B-18160, B-19210, B-19240,
      B-20188, B-20674, B-20756, B-21187,
      B-21292, B-22351, B-22523, B-22997,
      B-23127, B-23364, B-23616, B-23725,
      B-24200, B-24568, B-24881, B-25078,
      B-25609, B-25643, C-06126, C-07411,
      C-08130, C-08607, C-18130, E-10368,
      F-07949, H-00127, H-11434, J-15889,
      J-17203, K-16116, L-17940, L-19747,
      L-23562
CONTROL METHODS  A-16229, A-19177,
      B-02028, B-03754, B-05441, B-06783,
      B-07535, B-07562, B-07875, B-07931,
      B-09789, B-09806, B-09807, B-09808,
      B-09914, B-13946, B-14289, B-14425,
      B-15957, B-19210, B-20014, B-20674,
      B-22351, B-22997, B-23127, B-23364,
      B-23725, B-25453, B-25609, B-25643,
      B-26239, C-08130, F-24564, H-00127,
      H-06641, H-25964, J-15889, J-17203,
      L-23562
CONTROL PROGRAMS  E-10368, L-14337
COOLING  B-02229, B-07931, B-08636,
      B-21292
COPPER  B-03754
COPPER ALLOYS  B-03754
COPPER COMPOUNDS  H-25964
CORONA  B-09789
CORROSION B-15759, 1-22410, 1-25465
COSTS  A-19177, A-21221, B-02031,
      B-05511, B-07562, B-09789, B-09914,
      B-15759, B-23127, B-23616, B-23725,
      B-24200, B-24568, B-24881, B-25078,
      B-26239, J-15889, J-17203
COTTONS  B-07562, B-09807, B-09808,
      C-08130
COUGH  G-22990
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS L-06708
CRITERIA  B-15629, B-25078
CROPS  C-08607, H-00127, H-11434,
      H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, L-25642
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE   F-07949,  H-06641
CUPOLAS  B-02229, B-03754, L-17927,
      L-22466, L-23562
CZECHOSLOVAKIA  G-09004, G-24392,
      H-00127, H-03849, H-25964


                   D

DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS  B-08636,
      J-15889
DECOMPOSITION  B-20014, F-14506
DENSITY  B-07492, C-07411
DEPOSITION  C-13821, D-21088, H-16151,
      1-19353
DESIGN CRITERIA B-09789, B-09806,
      B-09914, B-12347, B-15629, B-17402,
      B-19240, B-20188, B-20674, B-20756,
      B-21292, B-22500, B-22523, B-23616,
      B-23725, B-24200, B-25643, L-17940,
      L-19747
DIFFRACTION  C-18130
DIFFUSION  E-10368, L-23562
DIFFUSION MODELS  E-10368
DISCOLORATION 1-19353
DISPERSION  E-10368, L-23562
DISPERSIONS  H-06641
DISSOCIATION  F-14506
DOMESTIC HEATING  B-07535
DRYING  B-08372
DUST FALL  A-10667, B-09950, B-23364,
      C-06752, C-18130, D-07406, H-00127,
      K-16116, L-14337
DUSTS  A-10667, A-15637, A-19177,
      A-21627, B-02024, B-02028, B-02031,
      B-02735, B-02939, B-03126, B-03754,
      B-05441, B-05472, B-05511, B-06783,
      B-07492, B-07535, B-07699, B-07875,
      B-07931, B-08372, B-08636, B-09789,
      B-09806, B-09807, B-09808, B-09914,
      B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14289,
      B-14425, B-15629, B-15728, B-15759,
      B-15957, B-16446, B-17402, B-17750,
      B-18160, B-19240, B-20188, B-20756,
      B-21187, B-21292, B-22351, B-22523,
      B-22997, B-23127, B-23616, B-23725,
      B-24200, B-24568, B-25078, B-25453,
      B-25609, B-25643, B-26239, C-06126,
      C-06752, C-07411, C-07916, C-08130,
      C-08607, C-18130, D-07406, D-21088,
      F-07949, G-06896, G-07571, G-09004,
      G-16558, G-22990, G-23148, G-24708,
      H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
      H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
      H-19460, H-21293, H-24308, H-25906,
      H-25964, J-15889, J-17203, K-06679,
      K-16116, L-14337, L-17927, L-17940,
      L-19747, L-22466, L-23562, L-25642
ECONOMIC LOSSES  B-26239, J-17203,
      L-25329, L-25642
EDUCATION  B-09914
ELECTRIC CHARGE  B-07699, B-07931,
      B-09789, C-06126, G-16246
ELECTRIC FURNACES  B-02229, B-03754
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
      A-21221, B-02031, B-07699, B-07931,
      B-09789, B-20188, B-22500, B-24881,
      D-07406, E-10368, J-15889, J-17203,
      L-17927, L-23562
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES  B-07699,
      B-07931, B-09789, B-23725, B-25643
      C-06126, G-16246
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE  B-07699,
      B-07931, B-09789

-------
                                                  SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                             41
ELECTROSTATIC PREOPITATORS
     A-09541, A-15637, A-21627, B-02024,
     B-02028, B-02031, B-02735, B-02939,
     B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-06783,
     B-07535, B-07699, B-07875, B-07931,
     B-08636, B-09789, B-09914, B-09950,
     B-12347, B-13946, B-14425, B-15629,
     B-15759, B-16446, B-17402, B-17750,
     B-18160, B-21292, B-22523, B-22997,
     B-23127, B-23364, B-23725, B-24881,
     B-25078, B-25609, B-25643, F-07949,
     H-00127, H-11434, J-15889, K-16116,
     L-17940, L-19747, L-23562
EMISSION INVENTORIES  A-04026
EMISSION STANDARDS  A-21627,
     B-09950, B-15759, B-25078, E-10368,
     K-06679, K-16116, L-17927, L-17940,
     L-22466
EMPHYSEMA  H-03224
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES L-22330
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
     J-15889
ENGINE EXHAUSTS   B-07535, D-07406
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
     B-03754
ENZYMES  G-09004
EPIDEMIOLOGY  G-23148
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA  B-15629
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS  A-21627,
     E-10368
EUROPE  A-09541, A-15637, A-16229,
     A-21627, B-02024, B-02028, B-02229,
     B-03126, B-06783, B-07535, B-07931,
     B-08372, B-14289, B-15629, B-15728,
     B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17750,
     B-19240, B-20014, B-20188, B-20674,
     B-20756, B-21292, B-22500, B-23127,
     B-23364, B-24568, B-25078, B-25609,
     B-25643, B-26239, C-06752, C-08130,
     C-08607, C-13821, C-18236, E-10368,
     F-07949, G-06896, G-07571, G-09004,
     G-16246, G-16558, G-24392, G-24708,
     H-00127, H-03849, H-10914, H-16151,
     H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, H-24308,
     H-25906, H-25964, 1-19353, 1-21473,
     J-17203, K-06679, K-16116, L-17927,
     L-23562
EXHAUST SYSTEMS   B-05441, B-05472,
     B-08636, B-09806, B-09807, B-09808,
     B-09914, B-19240, B-22351, B-24200
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT C-06126
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS C-06126,
     C-08607
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS  H-00127,
     H-25906
EXPOSURE METHODS G-16558
FANS (BLOWERS)  B-08636, B-19240
FARMS L-25642
FEASIBILITY STUDIES  A-21221
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS  B-25078,
     L-06708, L-17927, L-22330
FEMALES  G-24708
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
     A-21221, B-19210, H-25964, L-22330
FERTILIZING  B-02939, B-25609
FIELD TESTS  H-11434
FILTER FABRICS  A-19177, A-21627,
     B-02024, B-02229, B-02735, B-03754,
     B-07562, B-07875, B-09806, B-09807,
     B-09808, B-17750, B-18160, B-19210,
     B-20188, B-22523, B-24200, C-08607,
     C-18130, L-19747
FILTERS  A-15637, A-19177, A-21627,
      B-02024, B-02028, B-02031, B-02229,
      B-02735, B-03126, B-03754, B-05441,
      B-05511, B-06783, B-07562, B-07875,
      B-08372, B-08636, B-09806, B-09807,
      B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-13946,
      B-14425, B-15728, B-15759, B-17750,
      B-18160, B-19210, B-19240, B-20188,
      B-21187, B-22351, B-22523, B-22997,
      B-23364, B-23616, B-24200, B-24568,
      B-24881, B-25078, B-25609, C-06126,
      C-08130, C-08607, C-18130, J-17203,
      L-19747, L-23562
FIRING METHODS  B-20014
FLOW RATES  B-09789, B-22523
FLUID FLOW  B-09789, B-22523
FLUORIDES  A-09541,  B-19210, H-24308
FLUORINE  L-25642
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS  A-09541,
      A-19177, B-19210, C-06126, H-24308,
      L-23562
FLUOROSIS  L-25642
FLY ASH A-19177, B-07492, B-07699,
      B-09789, B-23725, B-25643, B-26239,
      C-07411, C-08607, F-19751, G-24392,
      1-20507
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS B-13946,
      B-26239
FRANCE  A-15637, B-19240
FRUITS  H-00127
FUEL GASES   A-19177
FUEL OILS  A-19177, D-07406, G-23148
FUELS A-04026, A-19177, B-02031,
      B-07535, B-07699, B-07875, B-07931,
      B-08636, B-26239, C-08130, D-07406,
      G-23148, 1-20421, J-15889, L-23562
FUMES  A-19177, B-02229, B-03754,
      B-07699, B-09789, C-08130, K-06679,
      L-17927
FUNGI H-11434
FURNACES  A-16229, A-19177, B-02031,
      B-02229, B-03754, B-07535, B-07699,
      B-07931, B-23725, B-25643, D-07406,
      H-03849, H-19460, L-17927, L-22466,
      L-23562
                   G
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY  H-00127
GAS SAMPLING  A-09541
GASES  B-02229, B-07931, C-08607
GERMANY  A-09541, A-16229, A-21627,
      B-02024, B-06783, B-07535, B-08372,
      B-14289, B-15629, B-17750, B-20674,
      B-20756, B-21292, B-22500, B-23127,
      B-23364, B-25078, B-26239, C-06752,
      C-08607, C-13821, F-07949, G-16246,
      G-24708, H-00127, H-03849, H-10914,
      H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, J-17203,
      K-16116
GLASS FABRICS A-19177,  B-02229,
      B-02735, B-03754, B-07562, B-19210,
      B-22523, B-24200, L-19747
GOVERNMENTS B-16446, B-25078,
      L-06708, L-14337, L-17927, L-22330
GRAPHITE  B-15728, C-08130
GRASSES  H-19460
GRAVITY SETTLING  H-06641
GREAT BRITAIN B-07535,  B-20188,
      B-25643, C-18236, 1-19353, K-06679,
      L-17927, L-23562
GROUND LEVEL  B-22500, E-10368,
      L-23562
                  H

HALOGEN GASES B-02939, H-03849,
     1-25465, L-25642
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT  D-07406, G-06896
HEARINGS  L-06708, L-22330, L-25329
HEAT OF COMBUSTION  B-20674
HEAT TRANSFER  A-16229, B-02229,
     B-07931, B-08636, B-21292
HEIGHT FINDING B-22500
HEMATOLOGY  G-09004, G-24392
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS  G-09004
HERBS  H-06641
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-10667, C-18130
HIGHWAYS   B-09914
HUMANS A-19177, C-13821, G-06896,
     G-09004, G-16558, G-22990, G-23148,
     G-24708, H-03224, H-10914, H-24308
HUMIDITY  B-20756, H-03849, H-06641
HYDROCARBONS  B-23127, J-15889
HYDROFLUORIC ACID  G-24392
HYDROGEN SULFTOE  B-07875, K-06679,
     L-23562
                   I
INCINERATION  B-09789, L-22466
INDUSTRIAL AREAS  G-07571, G-09004,
     G-22990, K-16116
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
     A-04026, A-09541, A-10667, A-15637,
     A-16229, A-19177, A-21221, A-21627,
     B-02024, B-02028, B-02031, B-02229,
     B-02735, B-02939, B-03126, B-03754,
     B-05441, B-05472, B-05511, B-06783,
     B-07535, B-07562, B-07699, B-07875,
     B-07931, B-08372, B-08636, B-09789,
     B-09806, B-09807, B-09808, B-09914,
     B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14289,
     B-14425, B-15629, B-15759, B-15957,
     B-16446, B-17402, B-17750, B-18160,
     B-19210, B-19240, B-20014, B-20188,
     B-20674, B-20756, B-21187, B-21292,
     B-22351, B-22500, B-22523, B-22997,
     B-23127, B-23364, B-23616, B-23725,
     B-24200, B-24568, B-24881, B-25078,
     B-25453, B-25609, B-25643, B-26239,
     C-06126, C-06752, C-13821, C-18130,
     D-07406, D-21088, E-10368, F-07949,
     F-14506, F-24564, G-07571, G-09004,
     G-16246, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
     H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-10914,
     H-16151, H-17977, H-21293, H-25964,
     J-15889, J-17203, K-06679, K-16116,
     L-06708, L-14337, L-17927, L-17940,
     L-19747, L-22330, L-22466, L-23562,
     L-25329, L-25642
INFECTIOUS DISEASES  H-11434
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY  H-00127
INGESTION  H-17977
INORGANIC ACIDS A-21221, B-07535,
     B-07931, B-09789, B-20014, B-25643,
     F-14506, G-24392, 1-22410, J-17203
INSTRUMENTATION  B-09789, C-07916
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
     B-07535
INVERSION  B-07535, E-10368
IONIZATION B-07699, B-07931
IONS  B-07931
IRON  A-04026, B-02031, B-02229, B-03754,
     B-07699, B-07931, B-09789, B-13946,
     B-16446, B-19210, B-23364, B-24881,
     D-07406, L-17927, L-22466
IRON COMPOUNDS  B-02939

-------
 42
 CEMENT MANUFACTURING
 IRON OXIDES  B-07699, B-15728, C-06126,
      F-07949, H-03849
 ITALY  B-15728, H-24308
 JAPAN  B-07492, B-09950, B-17402,
      B-19210, B-21187, C-07411, D-07406,
      G-22990, G-23148


                   K

 KETONES  1-25465
 KILNS  A-09541, A-15637, A-19177,
      A-21627, B-02735, B-03126, B-05472,
      B-05511, B-06783, B-07535, B-07562,
      B-07699, B-07875, B-07931, B-08636,
      B-09950, B-12347, B-14289, B-15629,
      B-15759, B-17750, B-19240, B-20674,
      B-21292, B-22997, B-24200, B-24568,
      B-24881, C-06126, F-07949, H-00127,
      H-10914, H-17977, H-21293, J-15889,
      K-06679, K-16116, L-06708, L-17940,
      L-22466, L-23562
 KONIMETERS  C-08130
 KRAFT PULPING  B-09789, B-25643
 LABORATORY ANIMALS  G-24392,
      H-03224, H-17977
 LABORATORY FACILITIES  C-07411
 LASERS  C-07916
 LEAD  B-03754, C-08130, L-17927, L-23562
 LEAD ALLOYS  B-03754
 LEAD COMPOUNDS  C-08130
 LEATHER  H-24308
 LEAVES  H-00127, H-03849, H-06641,
      H-16151
 LEGAL ASPECTS  A-21221, A-21627,
      B-14425, B-15759, B-23364, B-24568,
      B-25078, C-06752, E-10368, K-16116,
      L-06708, L-17927, L-17940, L-19747,
      L-22330, L-22466, L-23562, L-25329,
      L-25642
 LEGISLATION  B-14425, B-15759, B-23364,
      L-06708, L-17927, L-22330, L-22466,
      L-23562, L-25329
 LIGHT RADIATION  B-07535
 LIGHT SCATTERING  B-15728
 LIME  A-15637,  B-07699, B-07931, B-20674,
      B-24568, F-07949, H-17977, L-06708,
      L-22466
 LIMESTONE  A-21221, B-08372, B-14289,
      C-08607, 1-19353
 LIQUIDS  B-09808, B-14289, H-03849
 LITIGATION  L-25329, L-25642
 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-16446,
      L-06708, L-14337
 LONDON B-07535, K-06679
 LOS ANGELES  B-03754, B-07535, D-07406
 LOWER ATMOSPHERE  E-10368
 LUNG CANCER A-19177
 LUNGS  C-13821, G-16246


                  M

 MAGNESIUM B-03754
'MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS  6-02939,
      F-07949, H-03849, H-25964
 MAINTENANCE  B-06783, B-07562,
      B-25643
 MALES  G-16558
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS  B-02939,
      F-07949, H-03849, H-25964
MATERIALS DETERIORATION  B-15759,
      H-24308, 1-19353, 1-20507, 1-22410,
      1-25465
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES B-07699,
      B-07931, E-10368, J-15889
MATHEMATICAL MODELING J-15889
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
      CONCENTRATION  A-19177,
      B-02024, K-16116
MEASUREMENT METHODS  A-09541,
      B-02024, B-06783, B-19240, B-23364,
      B-25078, C-08130, C-08607, C-18236,
      H-00127, H-16151
MEMBRANES H-06641
METAL COMPOUNDS  A-09541, A-10667,
      B-02939, B-14289, B-20014, B-25609,
      C-06126, C-08130, F-07949, F-14506,
      H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
      H-19460, H-21293, H-25964
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
      B-02229, B-03754, B-20188, B-25643,
      D-07406
METALS  A-04026, B-02031, B-02229,
      B-03754, B-07699, B-07931, B-09789,
      B-13946, B-16446, B-19210, B-23364,
      B-24881, B-25643, B-26239, C-08130,
      D-07406, F-24564, H-24308, 1-20421,
      1-21473, 1-25465, L-17927, L-22466,
      L-23562
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
      E-10368
METEOROLOGY  A-10667, B-05441,
      B-07535, B-20756, B-22500, C-06752,
      C-07916, C-18130, E-10368, G-23148,
      H-03849, H-06641, H-24308, L-23562
MICHIGAN  L-22466
MICROORGANISMS  H-11434
MICROSCOPY A-10667, C-08130, C-18130,
      H-00127
MINERAL PROCESSING  A-09541,
      A-10667, A-15637, A-16229, A-19177,
      A-21221, A-21627, B-02024, B-02028,
      B-02031, B-02735, B-03126, B-03754,
      B-05441, B-05472, B-05511, B-07562,
      B-07699, B-07875, B-07931, B-08372,
      B-08636, B-09806, B-09808, B-09914,
      B-09950, B-12347, B-13946, B-14425,
      B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17402,
      B-17750, B-18160, B-19210, B-20188,
      B-20674, B-20756, B-21187, B-21292,
      B-22351, B-22523, B-22997, B-23127,
      B-23364, B-23616, B-23725, B-24200,
      B-24568, B-25078, B-25453, B-25609,
      B-25643, B-26239, C-06126, C-06752,
      C-13821, C-18130, D-21088, E-10368,
      G-09004, G-16246, G-23148, G-24392,
      G-24708, H-00127, H-03224, H-03849,
      H-16151, H-21293, H-25964, J-15889,
      J-17203, K-06679, K-16116, L-06708,-
      L-14337, L-17927, L-17940, L-19747,
      L-22330, L-22466, L-23562, L-25329,
      L-25642
MINERAL PRODUCTS  A-10667, A-19177,
      A-21221, B-02939, B-03754, B-08372,
      B-09789, B-13946, B-14289, B-15728,
      C-07411, C-08130, C-08607, G-07571,
      G-16246, G-24708, H-25906,  1-19353
MINING B-05511, B-07562, C-06126,
      G-23148
MISSOURI  B-02229, H-00127
MISTS  B-09789
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS H-25964
MONITORING A-09541, B-06783, B-19240,
      B-25078, C-08607, H-00127
MORBIDITY  G-09004, G-23148
                  N

NECROSIS  H-00127, H-06641
NITRIC ACID  B-07535, J-17203
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)  B-07535
NITROGEN  K-16116
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)  1-25465
NITROGEN OXIDES  B-07535, B-07875,
      1-25465, J-15889, J-17203, L-19747
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      B-02939, B-07535, B-20188, B-25609
NON-URBAN AREAS  L-25642
NUCLEIC ACIDS  H-06641
NYLON  B-07562

                  o

OATS  H-00127, H-17977
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH  A-19177,
      D-21088, G-07571
ODOR COUNTERACTION  B-07535,
      B-13946
ODORS B-07875, B-13946
OLEFINS  B-23127
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES  B-03754,
      B-07699, B-23725
OPERATING CRITERIA  B-15629, B-25078
OPERATING VARIABLES  A-21627,
      B-12347, B-20674, B-21187, B-25643
ORLON B-07562
OWENS JET DUST COUNTERS  C-08130
OXIDES  A-04026, A-19177, B-02939,
      B-03754, B-07492, B-07535, B-07699,
      B-07875, B-07931, B-08372, B-09950,
      B-12347, B-14289, B-15728, B-20014,
      B-22500, B-23364, C-06126, C-07411,
      C-08130, C-13821, D-07406, F-07949,
      G-07571, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
      H-00127, H-03849, H-24308, H-25964,
      1-19353, 1-25465, J-15889, J-17203,
      K-16116, L-19747
OXYGEN  K-16116
OXYGEN LANCING  B-07535
PACKED TOWERS B-03754, B-05441,
     B-09914, B-15629, B-25078
PAINTS  H-24308, 1-20421
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY  C-08607,
     H-24308
PAPER MANUFACTURING  B-09789,
     B-23725
PARTICLE COUNTERS   B-02024, C-08130,
     C-18236
PARTICLE SHAPE B-02024, C-07411,
     C-08130
PARTICLE'SIZE  A-15637, B-02024,
     B-07492, B-07699., B-08372, B-09789,
     B-09914,- B-157& B-25643, C-06126,
     C-07411, C-08130, C-08607, C-18236,
     D-07406, D-21088, F-24564, H-00127,
     H-03849
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-15637,
     B-02024, B-07492, B-07699, B-08372,
     B-09789, B-09914, B-15728, B-25643,
     C-06126, C-07411, C-08130, C-08607,
     C-18236, D-07406, D-21088, F-24564,
     H-00127, H-03849
PARTICULATE SAMPLING  A-10667,
     B-07492, C-06126, C-08130, C-08607
     C-18130
PARTICULATES   A-10667, A-15637,
     A-19177, A-21627, B-02024, B-02028,
     B-02031, B-02229, B-02735, B-02939,

-------
                                                 SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                            43
     B-03126, B-03754, B-05441, B-05472,
     B-05511, B-06783, B-07492, B-07535,
     B-07699, B-07875, B-07931, B-08372,
     B-08636, B-09789, B-09806, B-09807,
     B-09808, B-09914, B-09950, B-12347,
     B-13946, B-14289, B-14425, B-15629,
     B-15728, B-15759, B-15957, B-16446,
     B-17402, B-17750, B-18160, B-19240,
     B-20188, B-20756, B-21187, B-21292,
     B-22351, B-22523, B-22997, B-23127,
     B-23616, B-23725, B-24200, B-24568,
     B-24881, B-25078, B-25453, B-25609,
     B-25643, B-26239, C-06126, C-06752,
     C-07411, C-07916, C-08130, C-08607,
     C-13821, C-18130, C-18236, D-07406,
     D-21088, F-07949, F-19751, G-06896,
     G-07571, G-09004, G-16246, G-16558,
     G-22990, G-23148, G-24392, G-24708,
     H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
     H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
     H-19460, H-21293, H-24308, H-25906,
     H-25964, 1-19353, 1-20421, 1-20507,
     1-21473,1-22410, J-15889, J-17203,
     K-06679, K-16116, L-14337, L-17927,
     L-17940, L-19747, L-22466, L-23562,
     L-25642
PENNSYLVANIA  B-02735, L-14337
PERMEABILITY H-06641
PERMITS  L-22466
PESTICIDES  G-24392
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
     L-23562
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION  B-23127,
     G-23148
PETROLEUM REFINING  A-04026,
     B-09789, L-17927, L-23562
PH  F-07949, G-23148, G-24392, H-00127,
     H-06641, H-19460, H-21293, H-25964,
     1-20507
PHOSPHATES  L-22330
PHOSPHORIC ACID  B-09789
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS B-02939,
     H-03849, L-22330
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS  H-00127
PHOTOSYNTHESIS  H-00127, H-03849,
     H-25964
PHYSICAL STATES  B-02229, B-07931,
     B-09808, B-14289, C-08607, H-03849,
     H-06641
PLANNING AND ZONING A-21221
PLANS AND PROGRAMS  A-04026,
     B-16446, E-10368, L-14337, L-22330
PLANT DAMAGE  H-00127, H-03849,
     H-06641, H-11434, H-24308,  L-25642
PLANT GROWTH  B-25609, H-00127,
     H-03849, H-19460, H-21293, H-25964
PLANT INDICATORS  H-24308
PLANTS (BOTANY)  C-08607, F-07949,
     H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, H-06641,
     H-10914, H-11434, H-16151, H-17977,
     H-19460, H-21293, H-24308, L-25642
PNEUMOCONIOSIS  A-19177
PNEUMONIA G-22990
POINT SOURCES  E-10368
POLLENS  H-00127
PORTABLE  C-08130
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-02939,
     B-25609, F-07949, H-00127, H-03849,
     H-19460, H-21293, H-25964
POTATOES H-00127
POWER SOURCES  B-07535
PRECIPITATION C-06752
PRESSURE B-02229,  B-19240
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
     PROCESSING  A-21221, B-02031,
     B-02229, B-03754, B-07699, B-07931,
     B-09789, B-13946, B-15957, B-16446,
     B-19210, B-20188, B-23364, B-24881,
     C-13821, D-07406, F-24564, L-17927,
     L-22466, L-23562
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-19177,
     B-20014, B-20674
PROTEINS  G-09004, H-06641
PUBLIC AFFAIRS  B-09914, H-00127
PUBLIC INFORMATION   B-09914
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-16558,
     G-22990
PULVERIZED FUELS  B-07699, B-08636
QUARTZ  A-10667, C-08607, G-24708
QUESTIONNAIRES  G-22990


                  R

RABBITS  G-24392, H-17977
RADIATION COUNTERS  C-08607
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
      C-08607
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION  C-06126,
      C-08607, C-18130, F-07949, H-00127
RAIN  C-06752
RAPPING  B-07931, B-09789, B-23725
REDUCTION F-14506
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS  L-06708
REGULATIONS  A-21627, B-23364,
      B-25078, C-06752, K-16116, L-17940,
      L-19747
RENDERING B-13946
RESEARCH INSTITUTES  C-07916,
      E-10368
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES  H-03849
RESEARCH PROGRAMS L-06708
RESIDENTIAL AREAS  G-09004, G-22990,
      K-^16116
RESPIRATION  H-06641
RESPIRATORY DISEASES  A-19177,
      D-07406, D-21088, G-22990, G-23148,
      G-24708, H-03224
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS  C-13821,
      D-21088, G-16558, G-22990, H-16151,
      1-19353
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM C-06126,
      C-13821, D-21088, G-16246, G-24708
RETENTION  C-06126, C-13821, G-16246
RINGELMANN CHART L-22330, L-22466
RIVERS  G-09004
RUBBER  H-24308
SAMPLERS  A-10667, C-06126, C-08607,
     C-18130
SAMPLING METHODS  A-09541, A-10667,
     B-07492, B-25078, C-06126, C-08130,
     C-08607, C-18130, H-25964
SCREEN FILTERS  A-15637, B-05441,
     B-09808, B-09914, B-20188
SCRUBBERS  A-19177, B-02028, B-02031,
     B-03754, B-05441, B-05511, B-07535,
     B-07931, B-08372, B-09808, B-09914,
     B-09950, B-14425, B-15629, B-18160,
     B-20756, B-22351, B-22997, B-24881,
     B-25078, L-23562
SEA SALTS  1-21473, 1-22410
SEASONAL  C-06752, E-10368, G-24708
SEDIMENTATION  C-08130, H-00127,
     H-06641
SENATE HEARINGS  L-06708, L-22330,
     L-25329
SETTLING CHAMBERS  B-03754, B-18160
SETTLING PARTICLES  A-10667, A-15637,
     A-19177, A-21627, B-02024, B-02028,
     B-02031, B-02735, B-02939, B-03126,
     B-03754, B-05441, B-05472, B-05511,
     B-06783, B-07492, B-07535, B-07699,
     B-07875, B-07931, B-08372, B-08636,
     B-09789, B-09806, B-09807, B-09808,
     B-09914, B-09950, B-12347, B-13946,
     B-14289, B-14425, B-15629, B-15728,
     B-15759, B-15957, B-16446, B-17402,
     B-17750, B-18160, B-19240, B-20188,
     B-20756, B-21187, B-21292, B-22351,
     B-22523, B-22997, B-23127, B-23616,
     B-23725, B-24200, B-24568, B-25078,
     B-25453, B-25609, B-25643, B-26239,
     C-06126, C-06752, C-07411, C-07916,
     C-08130, C-08607, C-18130, D-07406,
     D-21088, F-07949, G-06896, G-07571,
     G-09004, G-16558, G-22990, G-23148,
     G-24708, H-00127, H-03224, H-03849,
     H-06641, H-10914, H-11434, H-16151,
     H-17977, H-19460, H-21293, H-24308,
     H-25906, H-25964, 1-19353, 1-20421,
     1-21473, 1-22410, J-15889, J-17203,
     K-06679, K-16116, L-14337, L-17927,
     L-17940, L-19747, L-22466, L-23562,
     L-25642
SEWAGE  B-20188
SEWAGE TREATMENT  B-20188
SHEEP  H-17977
SIEVE ANALYSIS  B-07492, C-18236
SILICATES  H-03224, H-06641
SILICON COMPOUNDS  A-19177,  B-02939,
     H-03224, H-06641
SILICON DIOXIDE  B-07492, C-06126,
     C-07411, C-13821, F-07949, G-07571,
     G-24708, H-03849, H-25964
SILICOSIS  A-19177
SIMULATION C-06126, C-13821, G-16246,
     H-19460
SINTERING   G-16246
SMOG  B-07535
SMOKE SHADE  L-22330, L-22466
SMOKES  A-15637,  A-19177, B-07535,
     B-09789, B-13946, C-08130, G-09004,
     1-20421, J-17203, L-19747
SOCIAL ATTITUDES  B-25453
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-02939, F-07949,
     H-03849, H-25964
SOILS  B-07492, C-07411, H-19460, H-21293
SOLAR RADIATION  B-07535
SOOT  B-09950,  C-08607, D-07406,  1-19353,
     1-20421, L-17927
SOOT FALL  D-07406
SOURCE SAMPLING  B-25078
SOUTH CAROLINA B-05472
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
     PRODUCTS)  B-07535, B-14289,
     J-17203, L-23562
SPECTROMETRY  A-10667, C-18130,
     H-00127
SPRAY TOWERS B-20756, B-22351
SPRAYS  B-05441
ST LOUIS  B-02229, H-00127
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC)  B-07535,
     E-10368, L-23562
STACK GASES  A-09541, A-19177,
     B-03754, B-07931, B-15759, B-20756,
     B-22500, B-25078, D-07406, E-10368,
     G-16246, 1-25465, L-17927, L-19747,
     L-22466
STACK SAMPLING  B-25078
STACKS A-19177,  B-22500, B-25078,
     E-10368, H-00127, K-06679, L-17927
STANDARDS A-19177, A-21627, B-02024,
     B-09950, B-15759, B-25078, C-07411,

-------
44
 CEMENT MANUFACTURING
     E-10368, K-06679, K-16116, L-17927,
     L-17940, L-22330, L-22466
STATE GOVERNMENTS   L-06708, L-22330
STATISTICAL ANALYSES E-10368,
     G-22990
STEAM PLANTS  B-07699, B-07931,
     B-09789, D-07406, E-10368
STEEL  A-04026, B-02031, B-03754,
     B-07699, B-07931, B-09789, B-13946,
     B-19210, B-23364, B-24881, D-07406,
     L-17927, L-22466
STONE  B-03754, B-05441, B-08372,
     B-09808, B-09914, B-18160, B-22351,
     B-23616, G-22990, H-24308,1-19353,
     1-20421, 1-25465
STREETS  C-08130
SULFATES  B-02939, B-09950, F-07949,
     H-00127, H-03224, H-03849, 1-19353,
     1-22410, 1-25465
SULFIDES  B-07875, F-07949, K-06679,
     L-23562
SULFUR COMPOUNDS B-02939, B-07875,
     B-09950, F-07949, H-00127, H-03224,
     H-03849, 1-19353, 1-22410, 1-25465,
     K-06679, L-23562
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-04026, A-19177,
     B-03754, B-07535, B-07875, B-09950,
     B-14289, B-20014, B-22500, B-23364,
     D-07406, G-23148, G-24392, H-24308,
     1-19353, 1-25465, J-15889,  K-16116,
     L-19747
SULFUR OXIDES A-04026, A-19177,
     B-03754, B-07535, B-07699, B-07875,
     B-07931, B-09950, B-12347, B-14289,
     B-20014, B-22500, B-23364, D-07406,
     F-07949, G-23148, G-24392, H-03849,
     H-24308, 1-19353, 1-25465, J-15889,
     K-16116, L-19747
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL   B-07535,
     B-14289, B-23364, J-17203, L-23562
SULFUR TRIOXIDE   B-07535,  B-07699,
     B-07931, B-09950, F-07949, H-03849,
     1-25465
SULFURIC ACID  A-21221, B-07535,
     B-07931, B-09789, B-20014, B-25643,
     F-14506, 1-22410, J-17203
SURFACE COATINGS H-24308, 1-20421
SURFACE PROPERTIES  H-06641
SURFACTANTS  B-05441, B-23616
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES  A-15637,
     A-19177, B-02229, B-03754, B-07492,
     B-07535, B-07699, B-09789, B-13946,
     B-23725, B-25643, B-26239, C-07411,
     C-08130, C-08607, C-13821, F-19751,
     G-09004, G-24392, H-00127, 1-20421,
     1-20507, J-17203, K-06679,  L-17927,
     L-19747
SWEDEN  B-02229, H-00127, H-03849
SYNTHETIC FIBERS   B-07562,  B-09807
TAXATION  L-06708
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES  B-05441,
     B-09914
TEMPERATURE  A-16229, B-02229,
     B-07699, B-09789, B-19240, 1-22410
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT  L-23562
TENSILE STRENGTH  B-07562
TESTING FACILITIES C-07411, H-00127,
     H-25906
TEXTILES  B-07562, B-09807, B-09808,
     C-08130, H-24308
TIN  B-09789
TISSUES  H-06641
TITANIUM  F-24564
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS H-03849
TOKYO D-07406
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS   1-21473
TOXIC TOLERANCES  H-24308
TOXICITY  H-06641, L-25642
TRACHEA  C-13821, G-16246
TRAINS  B-09807
TRANSPORTATION  A-21221, B-05441,
     B-07535, B-09807, C-07916, D-07406
TREATED FABRICS B-17750
TREES  H-06641
TRUCKS  B-09807, D-07406
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)   E-10368,
     L-23562


                  u

UNITED STATES  A-04026, L-22330
URBAN AREAS  B-16446, D-07406,
     E-10368, G-07571, G-09004, G-22990,
      K-16116
URINALYSIS  G-24392, H-00127, H-03224,
      H-03849
USSR  B-15957, B-16446, C-08130, E-10368,
      G-06896, G-07571
VEGETABLES  H-00127, H-03849, H-17977
VEHICLES  B-07535, B-09807, D-07406
VENTILATION B-02028, B-09806,
      B-09807, B-09808, B-09914, B-14425,
      B-22997
VENTILATION (PULMONARY)  G-16558
VENTURI SCRUBBERS  B-05441, B-07931,
      B-09914, B-09950, B-22997
VISIBILITY H-24308
VOLTAGE B-07699, B-09789

                  w

WATER  B-09808, B-14289, H-03849
WEATHER MODIFICATION  H-24308
WET CYCLONES  B-02028, B-05441,
      B-05511,  B-09914, B-09950, B-14425
WETTING  A-15637, B-05441, B-09914,
      H-06641
WHEAT  C-08607, H-21293
WINDS  A-10667, B-05441,  B-22500,
      C-06752,  C-18130, G-23148, L-23562
WOOD  C-08130
WOOLS  B-07562

                  X

X-RAYS  C-18130, F-07949, H-00127

                  Y

YOKOHAMA   D-07406

                  z

ZINC  B-03754, B-09789

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