SOURCE TEST REPORT
EPA TEST NO.: 71-CI-23
PLANT TESTED: Southeastern Kusan, Inc.
Gaffney, South Carolina
TESTOR: Environmental Engineering, Inc.
2324 Southwest 34 Street
Gainesville, Florida 32601
AC 904/372-3318
CONTRACT NO.: CPA 70-82, Modification No. 1 to
Task Order No. 2, Third of three plants.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS 2
PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 5
LOCATION OF SAMPLING POINTS . 7
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 10
• Procedure for Sampling and Analyzing Beryllium
from Stationary Sources
APPENDIX
Code to Sample Designations 12
Complete Beryllium Test Results 13
Sampling Procedures Used for
Beryllium Sampling 17
Sampling and Analytical Procedures
Prescribed by EPA 22 '
Results of Laboratory Analyses for Beryllium 28
Project Participants . 29
Field Data' ' 30 .
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INTRODUCTION
Beryllium emission tests were performed at Southeastern
Kusan, Incorporated, located in Gaffney, South Carolina. The tests
were conducted on August 25 and 30, 1971.
The purpose of these tests was to determine beryllium emissions
from a baghouse controlled beryllium smelting operation.
Southeastern Kusan performs the secondary smelting of beryllium
- copper alloys. Emissions from the process are filtered through a bag
collector. Emission tests were performed at the inlet and outlet of the
central unit. Two separate sampling trains were used simultaneously
at the inlet, and one train at the outlet. Two separate test runs
were performed at the inlet and outlet.
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SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS
Summarized test results of stack parameters and beryllium
emission rates for all three plants tested are included in Tables 1
and 2. Complete stack parameter and beryllium emission test results
are included in the appendix. The tests indicate that Southeastern
Kusan, Inc. emits 0.09 grams of Beryllium per 8-hour day.
The following code was used to characterize sample data:
SK - Southeastern - Kusan, Inc., Division of Beth. Steel,
Gaffney, South Carolina
0 - Outlet stack from baghouse
1 - Run #1
2 - Run #2
3 - Run #3
MP - Mi Hi pore AA filter
W - Whatman 41 filter
WB - Whatman 41 filter (when used as a backup)
Be - Beryllium sample
IGB - Impinger and back half acetone and water and rinses, and
backup filter combined.
I - Impinger and back half acetone and water rinses combined
P - Probe particulate and probe acetone wash combined
F - Filter
HI - Horizontal Inlet
VI - Vertical Inlet
- 2 -
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TABLE I
SUMMARY OF BERYLLIUM EMISSION DATA
SOUTHEASTERN KUSAN, INC.
Gaffney, South Carolina
BAGHOUSE INLET AND OUTLET
Run Number
Date
Stack Flow Rate @ Stack
Conditions, CFM
Stack Gas Moisture, %
Volume
Stack Gas Temperature, F
Test Time, Minutes
Beryllium Emissions, Total Catch
yg/m3 @ Stack Conditions
grams/8-hr. day
Inlet, Complete Test
0° Traverse
VI-l-MP
8/25/71
18,543
0.4
109.5
312
8.12
2.03
90 Traverse
HI-l-MP
8/25/71
19,462
0.5
113
312
14.67
3.84
Outlet
Test
0-1-MP
8/25/71
20,348
0.4
111
320
0.38
0.10
- 3 -
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TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF BERYLLIUM EMISSION DATA
SOUTHEASTERN KUSAN, INC.
Gaffney, South Carolina
BAGHOUSE INLET AND OUTLET
Run Number
Date »
Stack Flow Rate @ Stack
Conditions, CFM
Stack Gas Moisture, %
Volume
Stack Gas Temperature, F
Test Time, Minutes
Beryllium Emissions, Total Catch
yg/m3 @ Stack Conditions
grams/8- hr. day
Inlet, Complete Test
First Half
of Test
0 Traverse
VI-2-MP
8/30/71
18,698
. 1.4
152
.168
10.86
2.74
Second Half
of Test
90 Traverse
HI-2-MP
8/30/71
20,466
0.9
100
168
1.78
0.51
Outlet
Test
0-2-MP
8/30/71
20,523
0.7
125
320
0.24
0.07
- 4
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PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
Southeastern Kusan, Incorporated, is engaged in the production
of beryllium-copper molds for plastic casting. Tests were conducted
to determine the extent of beryllium emissions produced by melting and
pouring beryllium-copper alloy. No tests were conducted for grinding
and finishing operations, which are presently uncontrolled. A Wheel-
abrator baghouse, fed by numerous hoods, is employed in controlling
Beryllium emissions at Southeastern Kusan.
The production of plastic casting molds begins with the melting
of as much as 2,000 Ibs. of beryllium-copper (approximately 2% Be)
ingots in a crucible enclosed by a furnace. On 8/25/71, 1,000 pounds
of alloy were melted. The crucible was heated with a natural gas
flame to roughly 1,900 F. The process required approximately two hours,
during which time a several foot high'copper (green) hale was .observed
over the crucible. Air flow however, was sufficient to pull all visible
green emissions into the crucible area hood.
Once the correct temperature was attained the molten alloy was
poured into a transfer pot and dressed (i.e. skimmed to remove oxides
and impurities). The transfer pot was then moved to the pouring cart
where the molten material was screened through two-inch openings into
molds. The pour hole and risers were covered to retain heat during
the setting process, and a movable hood was installed over the molds
during cooling to prevent beryllium emissions into work areas.
- 5 -
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Beryllium emission control was obtained by hooding each work
area except grinding, for which a hood is planned in the near future.
The furnace area emissions were ducted to a cyclone and joined with
the hood emissions from the transfer crucible area, two small open
sided cooling areas, and the pouring table area. The combined emissions
were routed to a three section Wheelabrator baghouse operated at 22,900
CFM. Air movement in the building was moderate during the test period
and was provided by two three-foot exhaust fans and three open doors.
- 6 -
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LOCATION OF SAMPLING POINTS
/
At Southeastern Kusan a square plywood stack extension was
connected to the existing effluent stack from the baghouse so that
the sampling location would be further downstream from the curved
section of stack. The sampling location could not be located eight
stack diameters downstream, therefore, more sampling points were
used. Inlet sampling to the baghouse was accomplished by locating
sampling ports in the existing horizontal duct. Two ports were
located 90° apart from each other. Schematic diagrams of the inlet
and outlet sampling locations are shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3
respectively.
- 7 -
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LOCATION OF SAMPLING PORT AND POINTS
AT BAGHOUSE INLET (HORIZONTAL STACK)
SOUTHEASTERN KUSAN, INC.
or
Point No. Distance from Inside Wall, In.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.75
2.41
4.25
6.36
9.00
12.8
23.2
27.0
29.8
31.8
33.6
35.25
FIGURE 1
- 8 -
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LOCATION OF SAMPLING PORT AND POINTS
AT BAGHOUSE EXHAUST
SOUTHEASTERN KUSAN, INC.
o 5
© 4-
® 3
© a
©i
0'-29"
FIGURE 2
Point No.
12345678
All Points Spaced @ 3.6"
«-e>
±
•0—
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SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
All sources were tested in such a manner as to comply
with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Proposed Reg-
ulations on National Emission Standards for Five Stationary Source
Categories, published in the Federal Register (36 F.R. 5931,
March 31, 1971). A copy of these procedures from the August 20,
1971 Environment Reporter is presented in the appendix.
. Specific testing procedures and modifications of the
prescribed EPA method are also included in the appendix.
All samples collected were sent to EPA personnel in
North Carolina for Beryllium analysis. Laboratory results are
presented in the appendix following.
-lo-
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APPENDIX
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CODE TO SAMPLE DESIGNATIONS
SK - Southeastern - Kusan,' Inc., Division of Beth. Steel, >
Gaffney, South Carolina i
' ' [i
0 - Outlet stack from baghouse !
jl
1 - Run #1 jj
2 - Run #2 .
3 - Run #3 . '
MP - Mi Hi pore AA filter
* ti
i
W - Whatman 41 filter :
WB - Whatman 41 filter (when used as a backup)
Be - Beryllium sample
IGB - Impinger and back half acetone and water and rinses, and
backup filter combined..
I - Impinger and back half acetone and water.rinses combined
P - Probe particulate and probe acetone wash combined
F - Filter
HI - Horizontal Inlet
VI - Vertical Inlet
-12-
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SOURCE TEST DATA
E.P.A. Test No.
Name of Firm Southeastern Kusan, Inc.
No. of Runs
Location of Plant Gaffney, South Carolina
Type of Plant
Beryllium Smelting Operation
Control Equipment_
Baghouse
Sampling Point Location Ba9house 1"1et and outlet
Pollutants Sampled
Beryllium
Run No.
Date
•Time Began
Time End
Barometric Pressure, "Hg. Absolute
Meter Orifice Pressure Drop, "FLO
Volume of Dry Gas Meter @ Meter Cond., ft^
Ave. Meter Temp. , °F
Volume of Gas Sampled @ Stack Cond., ft^
Volume of F^O Collected in Impingers &
Silica Gel, ml2
Volume of Water Vapor Collected & Stack
Cond., ft3 ,
Stack Gas Moisture, % Volume
Mole Fraction of Dry Stack Gas
VI-l-MP
8/25/71
0745
1257
29.9
1.812
260.477
83.9
272.65
22
1.12 .
0.41
0.9959
HI-l-MP
8/25/71
0750
1302
29.9
1.796
265.329
122.6
261.15
24.7
1.27
0.49
0.9951
0-1 -MP •' '""
8/25/71
0752
1312
29.9 ,
3.150
338.730
83.8
354.35
28.3
1.44
0.41
0.9959
-13-
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Run No.
Molecular Height of Stack Gas, @ Stack Cond.
Molecular Height of Stack Gas, Dry
Stack Gas Sp. Gravity, Ref. to Air
Ave. Sq. Root of Velocity Head, "H20
Ave. Stack Gas Temp., °F
Pi tot Corr. Factor
Stack Pressure, "Hg Absolute
Stack Gas Velocity @ Stack Cond., fpm .
Stack Area, ft2
Stack Gas Flow Rate @ Stack Cond., cfm
.Net Time of Test, min.
Sampling Nozzle Diameter, in.
Percent Isokinetic
Beryllium Catch, Probe, yg
Beryllium Catch, Filter, yg
Beryllium Catch, Total, yg
Beryllium Concentration, Probe, Stack
Cond.., yg/m3
Beryllium Concentration, Filter, Stack
Cond. , yg/nr
Beryllium Concentration, Total, Stack
Cond. , yg/iTH
28.92
28.97
1.00
0.744
109.5
0.85
29.9
2625
7.06
17976
312
0.250
97.7
23.18
36.27
62.70
3.00
4.70
8.12
(Same)
28.92
28.97
1.00
0.778
113.2
0.85
29.9
2755
7.06
17613
312
0.250
89.1
77.60
24.18
108.50
10.49
3.27
14.67
28.92
28.97
1.00 ^
0.986
111.0
0.85
29.9
3484
5.84
19664
320
0.250
93.2
1.45
0.39
3.83
0.14
0.04
0.38
-14-
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SOURCE TEST DATA
E.P.A. Test No._
Name of Firm
No. of Runs
Southeastern Kusan, Inc.
Location of Plant_
Type of Plant
Gaffney, South Carolina
Beryllium Smelting Operation
Control Equipment_
Baghouse
Sampling Point Location^
Pollutants Sampled
inlet and outlet
Beryllium
Run No.
Date
Time Began
Time End
Barometric Pressure, "Hg. Absolute
Meter Orifice Pressure Drop, "hLO
Volume of Dry Gas Meter @ Meter Cond. , ft^
Ave. Meter Temp. , °F
Volume of Gas Sampled @ Stack Cond., ft^
Volume of I-^O Collected in Impingers &
Silica Gel, ml2
Volume of Water Vapor Collected & Stack
Cond. , ft3
Stack Gas Moisture, % Volume
Mole Fraction of Dry Stack Gas
VI-2-MP
8/30/71
0720
1008
29.55
1.636
134.098
69.4
156.95
39.6
2.20
1.37
0.9863
HI-2-MP
8/30/71
1015
1303
29.55
2.215
155.587
91.4
158.89
29.0
J.48
0.93
0.9907
0-2-MP
8/30/71
0717
1237
29.55
3.716
383.625
83.3
412.45
51.1
2.71
0.66
0.9934
-15-
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Run No.
Molecular Weight of Stack Gas, @ Stack Cond.
Molecular Weight of Stack Gas, Dry
Stack Gas Sp. Gravity, Ref. to Air
Ave. Sq. Root of Velocity Head, "H20
Ave. Stack Gas Temp., °F
Pi tot Corr. Factor
Stack Pressure, "Hg Absolute
Stack Gas Velocity @ Stack Cond., fpm
Stack Area, ft2
Stack Gas Flow Rate @ Stack Cond., cfm
Net Time of Test, min.
Sampling Nozzle Diameter, in.
Percent Isokinetic
Beryllium Catch, Probe, yg
Beryllium Catch, Filter, yg
Beryllium Catch, Total, yg
Beryllium Concentration, Probe, Stack
Cond. , yg/m3
Beryllium Concentration, Filter, Stack
Cond. , yg/m3
Beryllium Concentration, Total, Stack
Cond. , yg/m3
28.76
28.91
0.99
0.723
152.4
0.85
29.5
2647
7.06
18449
168
0.250
102.1
10.52
37.30
48.29
2.37
8.39
10.86
(Same)
28.81
28.91
0.99
0.828
100.0
0.85
29.5
2898
7.06
19354
168
0.250
94.5
6.33
0.72
7.99
1.41
0.16
4.78
28.84
28.91
1.00
0.982
124.7
0.85
29.5
3514 ,
5.84
19625
320
0.250
106.2
0.77
0.43
2.79
0.07
0.04
0.24
-16-
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COMPLETE SAMPLING PROCEDURES USED FOR BERYLLIUM SAMPLING
Prior to performing the actual beryllium participate runs,
certain preliminary stack and stack gas parameters had to be determined
for each source. This preliminary data included the average temperature,
velocity head, moisture content, and the stack diameter at the point
where the tests were being performed.
The stack gas temperature was determined by using bimetallic
thermometers and mercury bulb thermometers.
Velocity head measurements were determined across the stack
diameter by using a calibrated S-type pi tot tube with an inclined mano-
meter. This data was used to select the sampling nozzle diameter.
The approximate moisture content of the stack gas was determined
by the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometer technique since the stack gas
temperature was below 212°F.
The sampling traverse points were selected so that a representative
sample could be extracted from the gas stream. The traverse points
for circular stacks were located in the center of the annular equal area
circles selected, which were dependent upon diameter and duct diameters
downstream from flow disturbances.
The basic modification of the EPA particulate sampling train for
beryllium sampling was the selection of filter media. Tests were performed
with Millipore "AA" filters backed up by a Whatman #41 filter. A
schematic diagram of the sampling train is shown in Figure A-l.
-17-
-------
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
18
Nozzle (stainless steel)
Probe (Pyrex glass tubing inside stainless steel shaft)
Filter
Ice bath
Impinger with 100 ml distilled water
(modified tip)
Impinger with 100 ml distilled water
Impinger, dry (modified tip)
Impinger with silica gel
(modified tip)
Thermometer
Flexible sample line
Vacuum gauge
Main control valve
Air tight vacuum pump
By-pass control valve
Dry test meter
Calibrated orifice
Inclined manometer
"S" type pitot tube
FIGURE A-l BERYLLIUM SAMPLING TRAIN
-------
The gases sampled were collected through the following train:
a stainless steel nozzle; a glass probe; a filter; two impingers with
100 ml of distilled water; one dry impinger; one impinger with 180 grams
of silica gel (the second impinger had a standard tip, while the first,
third, and fourth impingers had modified tips with 1/2-inch ID opening);
a flexible sample line; an air-tight pump; a dry test meter; and finally,
a calibrated orifice.
Duplicate tests were performed at both the inlet and outlet of
the baghouse. Inlet sampling consisted of using a sampling train in a
vertical position (port opening located at bottom of existing horizontal
duct) and a sampling train in a horizontal position. Both inlet trains
were run at the same time at the same inlet position during the first
test. A test run for each train consisted of traversing through o'nly one
position -- vertical or horizontal. During the second test, the vertical
sample traverse was performed with the first train and the horizontal
traverse second with the second train. An orsat analysis of the stack gas
was performed during the second test.
Outlet sampling was conducted with a third sampling train at the
fabricated plywood stack in a horizontal position. Both outlet test runs
occurred simultaneously with all inlet sampling runs.
Sample recovery for all beryllium tests was accomplished by the
following procedure:
1. Each filter was removed from its holder and placed in
Container No. 1 and sealed.
2. All sample-exposed surfaces prior to the filter were
washed with acetone and placed into Container No. 2
and sealed.
-19-
-------
3. The volume of water in the first three impingers
was measured and then placed into Container No. 3.
The water rinsings of all sample-exposed surfaces
between the back half of the filter holder and
fourth impinger were also placed into Container No.
3 prior to sealing.
4. The used silica gel from the fourth impinger was
transferred to the original tared container and
sealed.
5. All sample-exposed surfaces between the back half
of the filter holder and the fourth impinger were
rinsed with acetone and the rinsings were placed
into Container No. 5 and sealed.
-20-
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PARTICUUTS TEST CALCULATION'S
Plant
. . Stack
— //&rT/i*r/
. Date £- 23- 72
. Press. 29. 9O "Hg. Stack Press* gft. ? "He. Stack Dia. g£ in.. Stack Area 71
ft
. Stack Temp./g^.T. Ave. Meter Temp.ff5.feF. Ave. A/F A7<^"H20. Nozzle Dia. 0 - fo ^ v f-2°_±
' ^StDd X'-d/ ^ m ,
Vi = (U) x (An) x (FDA)'x (Time) x (•
Percent Isokinetic = V,t\d; x 100
. v^)
= g^g.^yg sci
x (Ts + 460) x (Vp)
ft) Percent Isokinetic by the EPA Method ="(§) x (Tirae) x (?s) K (FDA)'x (An) =-
._ (15.43) x (Y) lg) = CL2) x (Estt,)
iy; ^50 ~ i~
x (0.00857)
50
I
Particulata Lao Analy
00'
Particulate Concentrations,
Emission Rax,e, Ibs/hr
3^.27
0.00
Total
-21-
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CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
481
Subpart E—Standards of Perform-
ance for Nitric Acid Plants
§ -166.50 Applicability nnd designation
of affected facility.
(a) The provisions of this subpart are
applicable to nitric acid plants.
(b) For purposes of §-106.11(0, the
entire plant is the affected facility.
§ 466.51 Definitions.
As u.ert in this part, all terms not de-
fined herein shall have the meaning given
them in the Act:
(a) "Nitric acid plant" means any
facility producing weak nitric acid by
-either the pressure or atmospheric pres-
sure process.
(b) "Weak nitric acid" means acid
which is 50 to 70 percent in strength.
§ 466.52 Standard for nitrogen oxides.
No person subject to the provisions of
this subpart shall cause or allow the dis-
charge into the atmosphere of nitrogen
oxides in the effluent which are:
(a) In excess of 3 las. per ton of acid
produced (1.5 Kgm. per metric ton),
maximum 2-hour average, expressed as
NO.
(b) A visible emission within the
meaning of this part.
§ 466.53 Emission monitoring.
(a) There shall be installed, cali-
brated, maintained, and operated, in any
nitric acid plant subject to the provisions
of this subpart, an instrument for con-
tinuously monitoring and recording
emissions of nitrogen oxides.
(b) The instrument installed and used
pursuant to this section shall have a
confidence level of at least 95 percent and
be accurate within ±20 percent and shall
be calibrated in accordance with the
method(s) prescribed by the manufac-
turer(s) of such instrument; the instru-
ment shall be calibrated at least once
per year unless the manufacturer(s)
specifics or recommends calibration at
shorter intervals, in which case such
specifications or recommendations shall
be followed.
(c) The owner or operator of any
nitric acid plant subject to the provisions
of this subpart shall maintain a file of all
measurements required by this subpart
and shall retain the record of any such
measurement for at least 1 year follow-
ing the date of such measurement.
§ 466.5-1- Test methods and procedures.
(a) The provisions of this section are
applicable to performance tests for deter-
mining emissions of nitrogen oxides from
nitric acid [Slants.
(b) All performance tests shall be con-
ducted while the affected facility is
operating at or above the acid product
rate for which such facility was designed.
(c) Test methods set forth in the ap-
pendix to this part shall be used as
follows:
<1) For each repetition the NO. con-
centration shall be determined by using
Method 7. The sampling location shall be
selected according to Method 1 and the
sampling point shall be the ccntroid of
the stack or duct. The sampling time
shall be 2 hours and four samples shall
be taken during each 2-hoor period.
(2) The volumetric flow rate of the
total effluent shall be determined by us-
ing Method 2 and traversing according
to Method 1. Gas analysis shall be per-
formed by Method 3. and moisture con-
tent shall be determined by Method 4.
(d) Acid produced, expressed in tons
per hour of 100 percent weak nitric acid,
shall be determined during each 2-hour
testing period by suitable How meters and
shall be confirmed by a material balance
over the production system.
(e) For each repetition, nitrogen ox-
ides emissions, expressed in Ib./ton of
weak nitric acid, shall be determined by
dividing the emission rate in Ib./hr. by
the acid produced. The emission rate
shall be determined by the equation, lb./
hr.=QxC, where Q=volumetric flow
rate of the efiluent in f t.'/hr. at standard
conditions, dry basis, as determined in
accordance with § 4GG.54(d) (2), and
C=NOi concentration in lb./ft.3, as deter-
mined in accordance with § 466.54(d) (1),
corrected to standard conditions, dry
basis.
Subpart F—Standards of Perform-
ance for Sulfuric Acid Plants
§ 466.60 Applicability and designation
of affected facility.
(a) The provisions of this subpart are
applicable to sulfur acid plants.
(b),T'or purposes of § 466.11 (e) the en-
tire plant is the affected facility.
§ 466.61 Definitions.
As used in this part, all terms not
defined herein shall have the meaning
given them in the Act:
(a) "Sulfuric acid plant" means any
facility producing sulfuric acid by the
contact process by burning elemental sul-
fur, alkylation acid, hydrogen sulfide,
organic sulfides and mercaptans, or acid
sludge.
(b) "Acid mist" means sulfur acid mist,
as measured by test methods set forth
in this part.
§ 466.62 Standard for sulfur dioxide.
No person subject to the provisions of
this subpart shall cause or allow the dis-
charge into the atmosphere of sulfur di-
oxide in the efiluent in excess of 4 Ibs.
per ton of acid produced (.2 kgm. per
metric ton), maximum 2-hour average.
§ -166.63 Standard for acid mist.
No person subject to the provisions of
this subpart shall cause or allow the dis-
charge into the atmosphere of acid mist
in the eflluent which is:
(a) In excess of 0.10 lb. per ton of acid
produced (0.07D Kftm. per metric ton),
maximum 2-hour average, expressed as
H;SO,.
(b) A visible emission within the
meaning of this part.
§ 166.61 Emission monitoring.
(a) There shall be installed, calibrated,
maintained, and operated, in any sulfuric
acid plant subject to the provisions of
this subpart, an instrument for continu-
ously monitoring and recording emis-
sions of sulfur d.ioxide.
(b) The instrument installed and used
pursuant to this section shall have a con-
fidence level of at least 95 percent and be
accurate within ±20 percent ond shall
be calibrated in accordance with the
method(s) prescribed by the manufac-
turer(s) of such instrument, the instru-
ment shall be calibrated at least once per
year unless the manufacturer (s) speci-
fies or recommends calibration at shorter
intervals, in which case such specifica-
tions or recommendations shall be fol-
lowed.
(c) The owner or operator of any sul-
furic acid plant subject to the provisions
of this subpart shall maintain a file of
all measurements required by this sub-
part and shall retain the record of any
such measurement for at least 1 year
following the date of such measurement.
§ 466.65 Test methods and procedures.
(a) The provisions of this section are
applicable to performance tests for de-
termining emissions of acid mist and sul-
fur dioxide from sulfuric acid plants.
(b) All performance tests shall be con-
ducted while the affected facility is op-
erating at or above the acid production
rate for which such facility was designed.
(c) Test methods set forth in the
appendix to this part shall be used as
follows:
(1) For each repetition the acid mist
and SO- concentrations shall be deter-
mined by using Method 8 and traversing
according to Method 1. The sampling
time shall be 2 hours, and sampling vol-
ume shall be 40 ft.3 corrected to standard
conditions.
(2) The volumetric flow rate of the
total effluent shall be determined by us-
ing Method 2 and traversing according
to Method 1. Gas analysis shall be per-
formed by Method 3. Moisture content
can be considered to be zero.
(d) Acid produced, expressed in tons
per hour of 100 percent sulfuric acid
shall be determined during each 2-hour
testing period by suitable flow meters
and shall be confirmed by a material
balance over the production system.
(e) For each repetition, acid mist and
sulfur dioxide emissions, expressed in
Ib./ton of sulfuric acid shall be deter-
mined by dividing the emission rate in
Ib./hr. by the acid produced. The emis-
sion rate shall be determined by the
equation, Ib./hr.=QxC, where Q=volu-
metric flow rate of the efiluent in ft.Vhr.
at standard conditions, dry basis, as de-
termined in accordance with § 4UG.G5(d>
(2), and C—acid mist nnd SO; concen-
trations in lb./ft.= as determined in ac-
cordance with § 4GC.G5(d) (1), corrected
to standard conditions, dry basis.
APPENDIX—TEST METHODS
METHOD 1—SAMPLE AND VELOCITY TrtAVEHSES
FOR STATIONARY SOUIICES
1. Principle and ai>i>ticability.
1.1 Principle. A sampling site nnd the
number of traverse points nrc selected to
aid lu the extraction of a representative
sample.
1.2 Applicability. Tills method should bo
applied only when specified by the test pro-
cedures for determining compliance with
Copyright © 1971 by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
-------
09
ro
m
3
New Source Performance Standards. This
method Is not. Intended to apply to gas
streams other than those emitted directly to
the atmosphere without further processing.
2. Procedure.
2.1 Selection of a sampling site and mini-
mum number of traverse points.
2.1.1 Select a sampling site that Is at
least eight stuck or duct diameters down-
stream and. tv.'O diameters upstream from
any f'.ov.- disturbance such as a bend, expan-
sion, contraction, or visible flame. Fcr a
rectangular cross section, determine an
equivalent diameter from the following
equation:
. , . ,. . or(!cnsth) (wiclth)!
equivalent diarneter=2 —.— "—— —
L length + width J
equation 1-1
2.1.2 When the above sampling site cri-
teria can be met, the minimum, number of
traverse points Is twelve (12).
2.1.3 Some sampling situations render the
above sampling site criteria Impractical.
When this Is the case, choone a convenient
sampling location and use Figure 1-1 to
determine the minimum number of traverse
points.
2.1.4 To use Figure 1-1 first measure the
distance from the chosen sampling location
to the nearest \
-------
O
o
c
o
Z
o
o
0_
>
Table 1-1. Location of traverse points in circular stacks
(Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point)
Traverse
point
number
on a
diameter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 '
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
Number
6 8 10
4.4 3.3 2.5
14.7 10.5 8
29.5 19.4 14
70.5 32.3 22
85.3 67.7 34
95.$ 80.6 65
89.5 77
.2
.6
.6
.2
.8
.4
96.7 85.4
91
97
.8
.5
•
of
12
2
6
11
17
25
35
64
75
1:
7
8
7
0
5
5
0
S2.3
83
93
97
2
3
9
traverse
14
1.8
5.7
9.9
14.6
20.1 •
26.9
36.6
63.4
73.1 '
79.9
85.4
90.1
94.3
98.2
points
16
1.6
4.9
8.5
12.5
16.9
22.0
23.3
37.5
62.5
71.7
78.0
83.1
87.5
91.5
95.1
98.4 .
on a
18
1.4
4:4
7.5
10.9
14.6
18.8
23.6
29.6
33.2
61.8
70.4
76.4
81.2
85.4
89.1
92.5
95.6
98.6
diameter
20
1.3
3.9
6.7
9.7
12.9
16.5
20.4
25.0
30.6
38.8
61.2
69.4
75.0
79.6
83.5
87.1
SO. 3
93.3
96.1
93.7
22
1
3
6
8
1
5
0
7
11.6
14
18
21
26
31
33
60
68
73
78
82
85
6
0
3
1
5
3
7
5
9
2
0
4
.88.4
91
94
96
98
3
0
5
9
24
1.1
3.2
5.5
7.9
10.5
13.2
16.1
19.4
23.0
27.2
32.3
39.8
60.2
67.7
72.8
77.0
80.6
83.9
86.8
89.5
92.1
94.5
96.8
98.9
not be used In the case of nondlrectlonal
flow. ,
2. Apparatus.
2.1 Pltot tube—Type S (Figure 2-1), or
equivalent.
2.2 Dlirerentla! pressure gauge—Inclined
manometer, or equivalent, to measure ve-
locity head to within 10 percent of tho mini-
mum valve.
2.3. Temperature gauge—Thermocouples,
bimetallic thermometers, liquid llllecl sys-
tems, or equivalent, to measure stuck tem-
perature to within 1.5 percent of the mini-
mum absolute stack temperature.
2.4 Pressure gauge—Mercury-filled U-tube
manometer, or equivalent, to measure stack
pressure to within 0.1 In. Hg.
2.5 Barometer—To measure atmospheric
pressure to within 0.1 In. Hg.
2.2.2. For rectangular stacks divide the
cross section Into as many equal rectangular
areas as traverse points, such that the ratio
of the leng-.h to the width of the elemental
areas Is between one and two. Locate the tra-
verse points at the centrold of each equal
area according to Figure 1-3.
3. Rcjercr.ccs. Determining Dust Concen-
tration In a Gas Stream. ASMS Performance
Test Code zr27. New York. 1957.
Devor-:!n. Howard, el al. A!r Pollution
Sourco Testing Manual. Air Pollution Con-
trol District. Los Angeles. November 19G3.
Methods for Determination of Velocity,
Volume, Dust and Mist Content of Cases.
Western Precipitation Division of Joy Manu-
facturing Co. Los Angeles. Bulletin WP-50.
1968.
Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for
Paniculate Matter. In: 1971 Book of ASTM
Standards, Part 23. Philadelphia. 1971. ASTM
Designation D-2928-71.
METHOD 2 DETERMINATION OF STACK GAS
VELOCITY (TYPE S PITOT TUBE)
1. Principle and applicability.
1.1 Principle. Stack gas velocity is de-
termined from the gas density and from
measurement of the velocity head using a
Type S (Stauschelbe or reverse type) pilot
tube.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be
applied only when specified by the test pro-
cedures for determining compliance with
New Source Performance Standards. Being a
directional instrument, a pltot tube should
2.8 Gas analyzer—To analyze gas compo-
sition for determining molecular weight.
2.7 Pltot tube—Standard type, to cali-
brate Type S pltot tube.
3. Procedure.
3.1 Set up the apparatus as shown In Fig-
ure 2-1. Make sure all connections are tight
and leak free. Measure the velocity head at
the traverse points specified by Method 1.
3.2 Measure the temperature of the stack
gas. If the total temperature variation with
time Is less than 50' P., a poln' measurement
will suillcc. Otherwise, cond' -:t a tempera-
ture traverse.
3.3 Measure the static pressure In tho
stack.
3.4 Determine the stack gas molecular
weight by gas analysis and appropriate cal-
culation as Indicated in Method 3.
O
C
30
m
z
H
O
m
O
-o
PIPE COUPLING
TUBING ADAPTER
Figure 2-1. Pitot tube - manometer assembly.
4. Calibration.
4.1 To calibrate the pilot tube, measure
the velocity head at some point In a flowing
gas stream with both a Type S pltot tube and
a standard type pltot tube with known co-
efllclent. The velocity of the flowing gas
stream should be within the normal working
range.
03
co
-------
ENVIRONMENT REPORTER
' 4 2 Calculate the pilot tube coefficient then the other pointed downstream. Use the
•using Equation 2-1. Pilot tube only If the two coefficients differ
by no more than 0.01.
5. Calculations.
Use Equation 2-2 to calculate the stack gns
:'ic,i equation 2-1
where:
Cp,..,:=Pltot tube coefficient of Typo S
plloHube.
Cp,,j=Pilot lube coefficient of slandard
type pilot tube (if unknown, vise
0.99).
APIld=Vclocity head measured by stand-
ard type pilot, tube.
AP1<
equation 2-2
Vt = Stock gas velocity, feel per second (f.p.s.).
„ fl. / ib. N1/1 when ihosc units
Kp = S5.4S ( .. , c.. I arc used.
Cp= Pilot ttibo coi-iViciont. dinionsionlcss.
Ti= .U'solute stack i:as loiHperatinv, °]{.
Ap«=V>'locily lion.! of Flack t:as. in 1I:O (sec fip. 2-2).
lJ.s=At>>>olute slack t:as pr»\-;,.,H>.-mole.
PLANT.
DATE
RUN NO.
STACK DIAMETER, in.__
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, in. Hg._
STATIC PRESSURE IN STACK (P ), in. Hg.
OPERATORS
SCHEMATIC OF STACK
CROSS SECTION
Traverse point
number
Velocity head,
in. H20
AVERAGE:
Stack Temperature
Figure 2-2 shows a snmple recording sheet
for velocity traverse clatn. Use the averages In
the last two columns of Figure 2-2 to deter-
mine the average suck gas velocity from
Equation 2-2.
6. References.
Mark, L. S. Mechanical Engineers' Hand-
book. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,
1951.
Perry, J. H. Chemical Engineers"Handbook.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1900.
Shigchara, R. T., W. F. Todd, and W. S.
Smith. Significance of Errors in Stack Sam-
pling Measurements. Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, St. LOuls, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.
Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for
Participate Matter. In: 1971 Book of ASTM
standards, Part 23. Philadelphia, 1971. ASTM
Designation D-2928-71.
Vennard, J. K. Elementary Fluid Mechanics.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1947.
METHOD 3—CAS ANALYSIS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE,
EXCESS AIR, AND BUY MOLECULAR WEIGHT
1. Principle and applicability.
1.1 Principle. An Integrated or grab gas
sample Is extracted from a sampling point
and analyzed for Its components using an
'Orsat analyzer.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be
applied only when specified by the test pro-
cedures for determining compliance with New
Source Performance Standards.
2. Apparatus.
2.1 Grab sample (Figure 3-1).
2.1.1 Probe—Stainless steel or Pyrex'
glass, equipped with a filter to remove par-
tlculate matter.
2.1.2 Pump—One-way squeeze bulb, or
equivalent, to transport gas sample to ana-
lyser. •
2.2 Integrated sample (Figure 3-2).
2.2.1 Probe—Stainless steel or Pyrex'
glass equipped with a filter to remove par-
tlculate matter.
2.2.2 Air-cooled condenser—To remove
any excess moisture.
2.2.3 Needle valve—To adjust flow rate.
2.2.4 Piunp—Leak-free, diaphragm type,
or equivalent, to pull gas.
2.2.5 Rate meter—To measure a flow range
from 0 to 0.035 c.f.in.
2.2.6 Flexible bag—Tedlar,1 or equivalent,
with a capacity of 2 to 3 cu. ft. Leak test the
bag In the laboratory before using.
2.2.7 Pltot tube—Type S, or equivalent,
attached to the probe so that the sampling
flow rate can be regulated proportional to the
Gtack gas velocity when velocity is varying
with time or a sample traverse Is conducted.
2.3 Analysis.
2.3.1 Orsat analyzer, or equivalent.
3. Procedure.
3.1 Grab sampling.
3.1.1 Set up the equipment as shown In
Figure 3-1. Plncc the probe In the stack at a
sampling point and purge the sampling line.
Figure 2-2. Velocity traverse data.
1 Trade name.
Environment Reporter
-------
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
485
PROBE
PJV
FLEXIBLE TUBING
FILTER (GLASS WOOL)
5. References
TO ANALYZER Allsluuler, A. P., et nl. Storage of Oases
and'Vapors in Plastic Bass. Int. J. Air &
Wixtcr Pollution. 6:75-81. 1003.
Conner, William D., and J. S. Nader. Air
Sampling with Plastic Bags. Journal of the
American Industrial Hygiene Association.
25:291-297. May-June 1964.
Dcvorkin, Howard, ct al. Air Pollution
Source Testing Manual. Air pollution Con-
trol District. Los Angeles. November 10G3.
METHOD
SQUEEZE BULB
Figure 3-1. Grab-sampling train.
RATE METER
AIR-COOLED CONDENSER
PROBE
QUICK DISCONNECT
FILTER (GLASS WOOL)
RIGID CONTAINER
Figure 3-2. Integrated gas • sampling train.
3.1.2 Draw sample into the analyzer.
3.2 Integrated sampling.
3.2.1 Evacuate the flexible bag. Set up the
equipment as shown In Figure 3-2 with the
bag disconnected. Place the probe in the
stack and purge the sampling line. Connect
the bag, making sure that all connections
are tight and that there are no leaks.
3.2.2 Sample at a rate proportional to the
stack gas velocity.
3.3 Analysis.
3.3.1 Determine the CO-, O=. and CO con-
centrations as soon as possible. Make as many
passes as are necessary to give constant read-
' Ings. If more than 10 passes are necessary,
'replace the absorbing solution.
3.3.2 For Integrated sampling, repeat the
analysis until three consecutive runs vary
no more than 0.2 percent by volume for each
component being analyzed.
4. Calculations.
4.1 Carbqn dioxide. Average the three
consecutive runs and report result to the
nearest 0.1 percent CO-.
4.2 Excess air. Use Equation 3-1 to cal-
culate excess air, and average the runs. Re-
port the result to the nearest 0.1 percent
excess air.
volume, dry
volume, dry
by vol-
where:
•3-E A = Percent excess air.
%O., = Percent oxygen by
basis.
SN.,r=Pcrccnt nitrogen by
basis.
^00 = Percent carbon monoxide
ume, dry basis.
0.2G4:=Ratlo of oxygen to nitrogen in air
by volume.
4.3 Dry molecular weight. Use Equation
3-2 to calculate dry molecular weight and
average the runs. Report the result to the
nearest tenth.
0:)-o.r,(<;;, CO)
-xioo
0.20-1 (','i N:)-(Vo 0,)-|-0.5(% CO)'
equation 3-1
CO.,) -f-0.32(% O,)
H-0.28(% N.,+ % CO)
Equation 3-2
where:
Mj = Dry molecular weight, lb./lb.-
mole.
^;.CO, = Perccnt carbon dioxide by volume,
dry b:xsis.
%O,, = Pcrccnt oxygen by volume, dry
basis.
•;<'. N.,— Percent nitrogen by volume, dry
basis.
0.44 = Molecular weight of carbon dioxide
divided by 100.
0.32 = Molccular weight of oxygen
divided by 100.
0.28 = Molccular weight of nitrogen.
divided by 100.
4—DETERMINATION OF
STACK CASES
MOISTURE IN
J. Principle and applicability.
1.1 Principle. Moisture Is removed from
the gas stream, condensed, and determined
gravlmctrically.
1.2 Applicability. This method is appli-
cable for the determination of moisture in
stack gas only when specified by test proce-
dures for determining compliance with New
Source Performance Standards. This method
does not apply when liquid droplets arc pres-
ent In the gas stream."
Other methods such as Srylng tubes, wet
bulb-dry bulb techniques, and volumetric
condensation techniques may be used sub-
ject to the approval of the Administrator.
2. Apparatus.
2.1 Probe—Stainless steel or Pyrex ' glass
sxifnciently heated to prevent condensation
and equipped with a filter to remove par-
ticulate matter.
2.2 Implngers—Two midget Implngcrs,
each with 30 ml. capacity, or equivalent.
2.3 Ice bath container—To condense
moistxire in Impingers.
2.4 Silica gel tube—To protect pump and
dry gas meter.
2.5 Needle valve—To regulate gas flow
rate.
2.6 'Pump—Leak-free, diaphragm type, or
equivalent, to pull gas through train.
2.7 Dry gas meter—To measure to within
1 percent of the total sample volume.
2.8 Eotameter—To measure a flow range
from 0 to 0.1 c.f.m.
2.9 Balance—Capable of measuring to the
nearest 0.1 g.
2.10 Barometer—Sufficient to read to
within 0.1 in. Hg.
2.11 Pilot tube—Type S, or equivalent, at-
tached to probe so that the sampling flow
rate can be regulated proportional to the
stack gas velocity when velocity is varying
with time or a sample traverse is conducted.
3. Procedure. .
3.1 Place about 5 ml. distilled water in
each Implnger and weigh the implnger and
contents to the nearest 0.1 g. Assemble the
apparatus without the probe as shown in Fig-
ure 4-1. Lc.ak check by plugging the inlet to
the first linplngcr and drawing a vacuum. In-
sure that flow through the dry gas meter is
less than 1 percent of the sampling rate.
3.2 Connect the probe, and sample at a
constant rate of 0.075 c.f.m. or'at a rate pro-
portional to the stack gas velocity not to ex-
ceed 0.075 c.f.m. Continue sampling until the
dry gas meter registers 1 cu. f c. or until visible
liquid droplets are carried over from the lir.st
impingcr to the second. Record temperature,
pressure, and dry gas meter reading as re-
quired by Figure 4-2.
3.3 After collecting the sample, weigh the
impingers and their contents again to tho
nearest 0.1 g.
i Trade name.
- If liquid droplets are present In the gas
stream, assume tho stream to be saturated,
determine the average stack goi; temperature
(Method 1). and use a p;;ychromctrlc chart
to obtain an approximation of the moisture
percentage.
Copyright (5 1971 by The Bureau of Notional Affairs, Inc.
-------
48G
ENVIRONMENT REPORTER
4. Calculations.
4.1 Volume of water collected.
(W,-Wi)RT.n
W<=Final weight of Implngcrs and
contents, g.
Wi=Inltlal weight of Implngers and
contents, g.
R=Idcal gas constant, 21.83-ln. Hg—
cu. ft./lb. mole-* R.
4.2 Gas volume.
T"
/ »t s\ cu. ft./lb. mole-^R. (IT 71 "^ \ ^°"
{0.0-174— )(,i | —Wj) T.ld=Absolute temperature at standard \ ' in. Hg/ ,T,
\ B-/ conditions, 530" R. „,»,„,..
equation 4-1
where:
V»«=Volumo of water vapor collected
(standard conditions), cu. ft.
conditions, 530" R.
Pild=Pressure at standard conditions,
29.92 In. Hg.
M»=Molecular weight of water, 18
Ib./lb. mole.
equation 4-2
SILICA GEL TUBE
HEATED PROBE.
FILTER '(GLASS \VOOL)
ROTAMETER
DRY GAS METER
ICE BATH
LOCATION.
TEST
DATE
OPERATOR
Figure 4-1.. Moisture-sampling train.
. COMMENTS
BARO,"ETP,IC PRESSURE.
CLOCK TIME
GAS VOLUME THROUGH
METER. Wm).
n3
•
ROTAMETER SETTING,
Il3/nim
METER TEMPERATURE,
°F
where
V
Pild
T.ta
=Dry gas volume through meter at
standard conditions, cu. ft.
= Dry gas volume measured by meter,
cu. It.
= Baromctrlc pressure at the dry gas
meter. In. Kg.
=Pressure at standard conditions,
29.92-ln. Hg.
=:Absolute temperature at standard
conditions, 530° R.
= Absolute temperature at meter
(T.+4CO), °R.
4.3 Moisture content.
B.0=
Vwo
vwo+vmc
-+(0.025)
Figure 4-2. Field moisture determination.
equation 4-3
where:
Bw« = Proportion by volume of water
vapor In the gas stream, dimen-
elonlcss.
Vwc=Volume of water vapor collected
(standard conditions), cu. ft.
Vmc=Dry gas volume through meter
(standard conditions), cu. ft.
Bwm=Approximate volumetric proportion
of water vapor In the gas stream
leaving the Implngers, 0.025.
6. References.
Air Pollution Engineering Manual,
Danlelson, J. A. (cd.). U.S. DHEW, PUS,
National Center for Air Pollution Control.
Cincinnati, Ohio. PUS Publication No.
999-Ap-40. 1907.
Devorkln, Howard, et al. Air Pollution
Source Testing Manual. Air Pollution Con-
trol District. Los Angeles, Calif. November
19G3.
Methods for Determination of Velocity,
Volume, Dust and Mist Content of Gases.
Western Precipitation Division of Joy Manu-
facturing Co., Los Angeles, Calif. Bulletin
WP-50. 19G8.
METHOD 5. DETERMINATION OP PAUTICULATE
EMISSIONS FItOM STATIONARY SOURCES
1. Principle and applicability.
1.1 Principle. Partlculate matter Is with-
drawn isokiriettcally from the source and its
weight Is determined gravinictrlcally after
removal of uncombincd water.
1.2 Applicability. This method is applica-
ble for the determination of paniculate
omissions from stationary sources only when
specified by the test procedures for deter-
mining compliance with New Source Per-
formance Standards.
2. Apparatus.
2.1 Sampling train. The design specifica-
tions of the paniculate sampling train used
by EPA (Tlgurc 5-1) are described in ATTD-
0581. Commercial models of this train are
available.
2.1.1 NO-//-IC—Stainless steel (316) with
fituirp, tapered leading edge.
2.1.2 Probe—Pyrcx ' glass with a heating
system capable of maintaining a gas tempera-
ture of ;?50" P. at the exit end during
sampling. When temperature or length
limitations are encountered. 310 stainless
steel, or equivalent, may bo used, as approved
by the Administrator.
Environment Reporter
-------
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
487
2.1.3 PHot tube—Type S, or equivalent,
attached to probo to monitor stack gas
velocity.
2.1.4 Filter holder—Pyrex' git"-' . with
heating system capable of maintaining any
temperature to a maximum of 225' F.
2.1.5 Implngers—Four impingers con-
nected In series with glass ball Joint fittings.
The first, third, and fourth impingers are of
the Greenburg-Smlth design, modified by re-
placing the tip with a K-lnch ID glass tube
extending to '.i-lnch from the bottom of the
flask. The second Implnger Is ot the Grccn-
burg-Smith design with the standard tip.
2.1.0 Metering system—Vacuum gauge,
leak-free pump, thermometers capable of
measuring temperature to within 5° F., dry
gas meter with 2 percent accuracy, end re-
lated equipment, or equivalent, as required
to maintain an isokinetic sampling rate and
to determine sample volume.
HEATED AREA FILTER HOLDER THERMOMETER
REVERSE-TYPE
PITOT TUBE
CHECK
,VALVE
VACUUM
LINE
\VACUUM
GAUGE
MAIN VALVE
y
DRY TEST METER
AIR-TIGHT
PUMP
Figure 5-1. Particulate-sampling train.
2.1.7 Barometer—To measure atmospheric
pressure to itO.l in. Hg.
2.2 Sample recovery.
2.2.1 Probe brush—At least as long as
probe.
2.2.2 Glass wash bottles—Two.
2.2.3 Glass sample storage containers.
2.2.4 Graduated cylinder—250 ml.
2.3 Analysis.
2.3.1 Glass weighing dishes.
2.3.2 Desiccator.
2.3.3 Analytical balance—To measure to
±0.1 mg.
2.3.4 Beakers—250 ml.
* Trade name.
2.3.5 Scparatory funnels—500 ml. and
1,000 ml.
2.3.6 Trip balance—300 g. capacity, to
measure to ±0.05 g.
2.3.7 Graduated cylinder—25 ml.
3. Reagents.
3.1 Sampling
3.1.1 Filters—Glass fiber, MSA 1106 BH,
or equivalent, numbered for Identification
and preweighed.
3.1.2 Silica pel—Indicating type, 0 to 16
mesh, dried at 175° C. (300° F.) for 2 hours.
3.1.3 \Vatcr-Deionized, distilled.
3.1.4 Crushed ice. I
3.2 Sample recovery
3.2.1 \Vatcr-Dclonized, distilled.
3.2.2 Acetone—Reagent grade.
3.3 Analysis ...
3.3.1 Water—Dcionlzed. distilled.
3.3.2 Chloroform—Reagent grade.
3.3.3 Ethyl ether—Reagent grade.
3.3.4 Dcsiccant—Dricrlte,1 Indicating.
4. Procedure.
4.1 Sampling.
4.1.1 After selecting the sampling site and
the minimum number of sampling points,
determine the stack pressure, temperature,
moisture, and range of velocity head.
4.1.2 Preparation of collection train.
Weigh to the nearest gram approximately
200 g. of silica gel. Label a filler of proper
diameter, desiccate-1 for at least 24 hours
and weigh to the nearest 0.5 mg. In a room
where the relative humidity is less than
50 percent. Place 100 ml. of water in each of
the first two Implngers, leave the third 1m-
plnger empty, and place approximately 200
g. of preweighed silica gel in the fourth im-
pinger. Save a portion of the water for use
as n blank In the sample analysis. Set up the
train without the probe as in Figure 5-1.
Leak check the sampling train at the sam-
pling site by plugging the inlet to the (liter
holder and pulling a 15-in. Hg vacuum. A
leakage rate not In excess of 0.02 c.f.m. at a
vacuum of 15-ln. Hg is acceptable. Attach
the probe and adjust the heater to provide a
gas temperature of about 250° F. at the
probo outlet. Turn on the filter heating sys-
tem. Place crushed ice around the Impingers.
Add more Ice during the run to keep the tem-
perature of the gases leaving the lost 1m-
plnger at 70° F. or less.
4.1.3 Partlculate train operation. For each
run record the data required on the example
sheet shown in Figure 5-2. Take readings
at each sampling point at least every 5 min-
utes and when significant changes in stack
conditions necessitate additional adjust-
ments In flow rate. To begin sampling, po-
sition the nozzle at the first traverse point
with the tip pointing directly into the e.is
stream. Immediately start the pump and ad-
Just the flow to Isokinetic condition.-. Main-
tain Isokinetic sampling throughout the
sampling period. Nomographs are available
which aid In the rapid adjustment of the
sampling rate without other computations.
APTD-057G details the procedure for using
these nomographs. Turn off the pump at the
conclusion of each run and record the final
readings. Remove the probe and nozzle from
the stack and handle in accordance with the
sample recovery process described in section
4.2.
'Dry using Dricrlte1 at 70°±10° F.
Copyright £ 1971 by The Bureau ot Notional Affairs, Inc.
-------
488
ENVIRONMENT REPORTER
•- KANT
LOCATION
OPERATOR
DATE
RUN NO.
SA'.'.PLE BOX N0j_
MEIER BOX NO._
METER AH,
C FACTOR
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE _
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE.
ASSUMED MOISTURE, '.',_
HEATER BOX SETTING
PROBE LENGTH, in.
NOZZLE DIAMETER, in. _
PROBE HEATER SETTING.
SCHEMATIC Or STACK CROSS SECTION
TRAVERSE POINT
NUMBER
TOTAL
SAMPLING
TIME
(o). nun.
AVERAGE
STATIC
PRESSURE
(Ps). in. Hg.
STACK
TEMPERATURE
(Ts). e f
VELOCITY
HEAD
UPS>.
PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL
ACROSS
ORIFICE
METER
( a HI,
in. H20
GAS SAMPLE
VOLUME
(Vm). It3
GAS SAMPLE TEMPERATURE
AT DRY GAS METER
INLET
ITm in).°F
Avg.
OUTLET
IT-outl-'F
Avg.
Avg.
SAMPLE BOX
TEMPERATURE.
°F
-,
IMPINGER
TEMPERATURE.
°F
Figure 5-2. Participate field data.
4.2 Sample recovery. Exercise care in mov-
ing the collection train from the teat site to
the sample recovery area to minimize the loss
of collected sample or the sain of extraneous
paniculate ma'.tcr. Set aside portions of the
water and acetone used in the sample recov-
ery as blanks for analysis. Place the samples
In containers as follows:
Container No. 1. Remove the filter from its
holder, place in this container, and seal.
Container No. 2. Place loose paniculate
matter and acetone washings from all sam-
ple-exposed surfaces prior to" the filter in this
container and seal. Use a razor blade, brush,
or rubber policeman to loosen adhering par-
ticles.
Container No. 3. Measure the volume of
water from the first three Impingers and
place the water In tlris container. Place water
rinsings of all sample-exposed surfaces be-
tween the filter and fourth Impinger in this
container prior to sealing.
Container No. 4. Transfer the silica gel
from the fourth Impinger to the original
container and seal. Use a rubber policeman
as an aid in removing silica gel from the
impinger.
Container No. 5. Thoroughly rinse all sam-
ple-exposed surfaces between the niter and
fourth Impinger with acetone, place the
washings In this container, and seal.
4.3 Analysis. Record the data required on
the example sheet shown in 'Figure 5-3.
Handle each sample container as follows:
Container No. 1. Transfer the filter and any
loose partidulate matter from the sample
container to a tared glass weighing dish, des-
slcate, and dry to a constant weight. Report
results to the nearest 0.5 mg.
Container No. 2. Transfer the acetone
washLngs to a tared beaker and evaporate to
dryncss at ambient temperature and pres-
sure. Dcssicatc and dry to a constant weight.
Keport results to the nearest 0.5 mg.
Container No 3. Extract organic paniculate
from the inipinger solution with three 25 ml.
portions of chloroform. Complete the ex-
traction with three 25 ml. portions of ethyl
ether. Combine the ether and chloroform ex-
tracts, transfer to a tared beaker and evapo-
rate at 70° F. until no solvent remains. Des-
slcate, dry to a constant weight, and report
the results to the nearest 0.5 mg.
Evaporate the rc-:iu'aining
water portion at 2!2<>Fo
Dessicatc the residxis, dry
to a constant weight, and
report the resxilts to the
nearest Oo5 rngo
Container No<> 40 Weigh the
spent silica gel and report
to the nearest gram.
Environment Reporter
-------
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
489
PLANT.
DATE_
RUN NO-_
CONTAINER
NUMBER
1
2
3a'
Sb1"
5
TOTAL
WEIGHT OF PARTICULATE COLLECTED.
mg
FINAL WEIGHT
!>~— 1
where:
c'i = Concentration of parttculate matter
in stack gas (Sample Concentra-
tion Method) , gr./s.c.f.
Mn=Totul amount of particulale mat-
ter collected. mg.
V,ol,,=Tolal volume of gas sample (stand-
ard conditions) , cu. ft.
G.2 Ratio of area method.
C.2.1 Stack gas velocity. Collect the neces-
sary data as detailed In Method 2. Correct the
Copyright (£ 1971 by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
-------
pas velocity to standard conditions
(29.92 in. Kg. 530' P..) as follows:
V.
P
>ia
equation 5-5
tack gas velocity at standard, con-
ditions. It./sec.
= Stack gas velocity calculated by
Method 2. Equation 2-2. ft./sec.
-Absolute stack gas pressure. In. Hg.
=Ab:>cIute pressure c.t standard con-
tions, 29.92 in. Kg.
T,td = A'osolute temperature at standard
condition:-. 530" li.
T. = Absolute stack gas temperatura
(average), "R.
6.2.2 Concentration.
-U, A,
C' — ':
M.
~
0 A., /,._..
= -.—,- = ( -•" ' x
A,V. \
,.. .
10
J^ \
''..*'VV
-. . „
equation 5-6
m
3
o
•o
o
, = Concentration of participate matter
in the slack gas (Ratio of Area
Method), gr./s.c.f.
< = Particu!atc mass ilov,- rale through
the stack (standard conditions),
maps/ time.
. = Volumetric 'low rate of gas stream
through the stack (standard con-
dition), volume/time.
Mn=Total amount of partlculate matter
collected by train, mg.
ff = Total sampling time, mln.
Ai = Cross-sectional area of stack, sq. ft.
An=:Cross-sectlonal area of nozzle, sq. ft.
V.stll=:Stack gas velocity at standard con-
ditions, ft./sec.
' 6.3 Isoklnetlc variation.
= —,-X100 =
X100 =
„,.„„- in. Hg-cu. ft.V, V,.
0-0020' — — V"+
All
c'. = Concentration of partlculate matter
in the stack gas (Sample Concentra-
tion Method), gr./s.c.f.
7. References.
Addendum to Specifications for Incinerator
Testing at Federal Facilities. PHS, NCAPC.
Dec. G. 19G7.
Martin, Robert M. Construction Detail:; of
Isokinctlc Source Sampling Equipment. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, APTD--0501.
Rom. Jerome J. Maintenance. Calibration,
and Operation of Inokinctlc Source Sampling
Equipment. Environmental Protection
Agency, APTD-007G.
Smith, \V. S.; R. T. Shigchara, and W. F.
Todd. A Method of Interpreting Stack Sam-
pling Data. Paper presented at the C3d
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, St. Louis. Juiiu 1-1-19. 1970.
Smith, W. S.. ct al. Stack Gus Sampling Im-
proved and Simplified with New Equipment.
APCA Paper No. 07-119. 1967.
Specifications for Incinerator Testing at
Federal Facilities. PHS, NCAPC. 1007.
METHOD 0 DETERMINATION OK SULFTJH DIOXIDE
EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOUHCES
1. Principle and applicability.
1.1 Principle. A gas sample Is extracted
from the sampling point In the stack, and
the acid mist Including sulfur trioxide Is
separated from the sulfur dioxide. The sulfur
dioxide fraction Is measured by the barium-
thorlii tltratlon method.
1.2 Applicability. This method is appllca-
ev.p.A.
where :
I
C.
C I =
Percent of Isokinctlc sampling.
Concentration of paniculate matter
i:i the stack ;-as (P.atio of Area
Method) . gr./'s.c.f.
Concentration of paniculate matter
in the stack gas. (Sample Concen-
tration Method), gr./s.c.f.
Vic=Total volume of liquid collected In
iinpingers a'.id silica gel (see Fig-
ure 5-3) . ml.
on r>— -Density of \vater. 1 g./ml.
R = Idea; gas constant, 21.83 In. Hg-cu.
f l./ib. mole-' R.
'i.o = Mo!ecu!ar weight of water, 18 Ib./lb.
mole.
Vm = Volume of gas sample through the
dry gas meter (meter conditions),
cu. ft.
Tin = Absolute average dry gas meter tem-
perature (see Figure 5-2). 'R.
pi,>r — Barometric pressure at sampling
site, in Hj.
^H = Av(.-r:igc pressure drop across the ori-
fice (see Figure 5-2). In H.XX
T. = Absolute average stack ga.i tempera-
ture (see Figure 5-2), °R.
where:
c> = Average particulate concentration in
the slack gas, gr./s.c.f.
c« = Concentration of particulate matter
in the stack gas (Ratio of Area
Method), gr./s.c.f.
b!e for the determination of sulfur dioxide
emissions from stationary sources only when
spcci'icd by the test procedures for deter-
mining compliance with New Source Perform-
ance Standards.
. 2. Apparatus.
2.1 Sampling. See Figure G-l
2.1.1 Probe—Pyrcx ' glass, approximately
5-(i mm. ID. with a hi-ailn;; system to prevent
condensation and a liller to remove partlcu-
late matter Including sulfuric acid mist.
2.1.2 Midget bubbler—One. with glass
wool packf-l In top to prevent sulfuric acid
mist carryover.
2.1.3 Gla.v; wool.
2.1.4 Ml!l;v:t iinplngnrs—Three.
2.1.5 Drying tube —I'ucked with 0 to 10
mesh indicating-typo silica gel or equiva-
lent, to dry the sample.
2.1.C Pump—Leak-free, vacu1 n type.
2.1.7 Hate meter—Uotametcr/ or equiva-
lent, to measure a 0-10 s.c.f.h. flow range.
2.1.8 Dry gas meter—Sufficiently accurate
to measure the sample volume within 1
percent.
'J.1.9 Pitot tube—Type S, or equivalent,
necessary only if a sample traverse Is re-
quired or if stack gas velocity varies with
time.
2.2 Sample recovery.
2.2.1 Glass wash bottles—Two.
2.2.2 Polyethylene storage bottles—To
store linpinger samples.
2.3 Analysis.
to
1 Trade name.
equation 5-7
0 = Total sampling time, min.
Vs=r Stack gas velocity calculated by
Method 2. Equation 2-2. ft./sec.
P, = Absolute stack gas pressure, in. Hg.
An = Cross-sectional area of nozzle, sq. ft.
6.4 Acceptable results. The following
range sets the limit on acceptable Isoklnetic
sampling results:
If 82 percent
-------
RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSES FOR BERYLLIUM
Sample No. Code yg Be *Total yg Be
75 Be-SK-HI-1-MP-P 77.60~^
73 Be-SK-HI-1-MP-F 24.18 I * 1nQ ,n-
76 Be-SK-HI-1-MP-I 1.45 f IUb-bU
74 Be-SK-HI-1-MP-WB 5.27 J
80 Be-SK-VI-1-MP-P 23.18X
78 Be-SK-VI-1-MP-F . 36.27 I
81 Be-SK-VI-1-MP-I 3.25 V
79 Be-SK-VI-1-MP-WB 0.00 )
85 Be-SK-0-l-MP-P 1.45
83 Be-SK-0-l-MP-F 0.39
86 Be-SK-0-l-MP-I 1.72
84 Be-SK-0-l-MP-WB
90 Be-SK-HI-2-MP-P
88 Be-SK-HI-2-MP-F
91 Be-SK-HI-2-MP-I
89 Be-SK-HI-2-MP-WB
95 Be-SK-VI-2-MP-P
93 Be-SK-VI-2-MP-F
96 Be-SK-VI-2-MP-I
94 Be-SK-VI-2-MP-WB
100 Be-SK-O-2-MP-P
98 Be-SK-O-2-MP-F
101 Be-SK-O-2-MP-I
99 Be-SK-O-2-MP-WB
103 Be-SK-HiVol-1-W
104 Be-SK-HiVol-Acetone
105 Be-SK-HiVol-2-W
106 Be-SK-HiVol-3-W
107 Be-SK-HiVol- f * 31.81
2 & 3 Acetone 2.54
108 Be-SK-Sample 1-
Baghouse Catch 93.73 -
109 Be-SK-MP-Blank 0.00 9
110 Be-SK-W-Blank 0.00
* Total yg Be per run
** Denotes that the two particulate runs were accomplished at the same time, in
the same stack with a separate probe (two probes total) for each run.
*** Denotes that the vertical traverse was performed during the first half of the
test and that the horizontal traverse was performed during the second half of
the test. _28_
-------
PROJECT PARTICIPANTS
NAME
John Koogler, P.E., Ph.D.
John Dollar, E.I.T., M.S.
Ray Black, B.S.
Robert Durgan, Technician
George Allen, Technician
Larry Wurts, Technician
Mike Jackson, Technician
TITLE
Project Director
Project Manager
Environmental Specialist
Environmental Specialist
Environmental Specialist
Environmental Specialist
Environmental Specialist
-29-
-------
/.
SOURCE SAMPLING FIELD DATA SHEET
Plant Sf>ot/tf#S7£ft/S
Sampling Location__ I
Date &— £6-71
_f Hun No. /
Timo Start
., Time End /-3.1 6 7
Sampling Time/Point
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5"
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Sample Train
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-------
SOURCE SAMPLING FIELD DATA SHEET
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-------
SOURCE SAMPLING FIELD DATA SHEET
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-------
SOURCE SAMPLING FIELD DATA SHEET
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