Report No. 77-SPP-16
AIR POLLUTI
• tmlSSION TEST
O I '
in ^m
PACIFIC POWjER & LIGHT COMPANY
/
CENTRALIA, WASHINGTON
-
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Emission Measurement Branch
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina
-------
STATIONARY SOURCE TESTING OF
AN ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
at
The Pacific Power and Light Company
Centralia No. 1 Steam Plant
Centralia, Washington
by
William H. Maxwell
Midwest Research Institute
FINAL REPORT
October 21, 1977
EPA Contract No. 68-02-1403, Task No. 35
EPA Project No. 77-SPP-16
MRI Project No. 3927-L(35)
For
Emission Measurements Branch
Field Testing Section
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Attn: Mr. Dennis P. Holzschuh
-------
PREFACE
The work reported herein was conducted by Midwest Research Institute
(MRI) under Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Contract No. 68-02-1403,
Task No. 35.
The project was under the technical supervision of Mr. Paul C. Constant,
Jr., Head, Environmental Measurements Section of the Environmental and Mate-
rials Sciences Division. Mr. William Maxwell served as crew chief, and was
assisted by Messrs. John LaShelle, Calvin Bolze, and Thurmon Oliver.
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Paul C. Constant, Jr., Head
Environmental Measurements
Section
Approved:
U.PWL*
J. Shannon, Director
Environmental and Materials
Sciences Division
ii
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CONTENTS
Figures iv
Tables iv
I Introduction 1
II Summary and Discussion of Results 2
III Process Description and Operation .. 8
IV Location of Sample Points 9
V Sampling and Analytical Procedures. ....... . 13
Particulate 13
Coal 13
Appendices
A. Computer Printout of Field Data and Reductions 15
B. Sample Calculations 23
C. Field Data 28
iii
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FIGURES
Number
Page
1 Sampling Site—Centralia Steam-Electric Plant 10
2 General Plant Lay-Out. 12
TABLES
Number Page
1 Summary of Mass Results - English ' 3
2 Summary of Mass Results - Metric 4
3 Summary of Visible Emissions - Run No. 1.. 5
4 Summary of Visible Emissions - Run No. 2 6
5 Summary of Visible Emissions - Run No. 3 7
6 Sample Point Location 11
IV
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of source testing done during the
period July 11 to 15, 1977, by MRI on Boiler No. 1 of the Centralia Steam-
Electric Plant, Centralia, Washington. This plant is jointly owned by
Pacific Power and Light Company (47.5%), The Washington Water Power Company
(15%), Seattle City Light (8%), Tacoma City Light (8%), Snohomish County
Public Utility District (8%), Puget Sound Power and Light Company (7%),
Gray's Harbor County Public Utility District (4%), and Portland General
Electric Company (2.5%), and is operated by Pacific Power and Light Company.
The boiler is a coal-fired steam generator providing steam for a 680-Mw
electric turbine. The flue gases produced are passed through two cold elec-
trostatic precipitators in series and vented to the atmosphere through a 470-
ft stack.
Testing was done for particulate emissions after the control devices
during periods of stable boiler operation. An EPA Reference Method 17 train
was used, coupled with an EPA Reference Method 5 train. Coal samples were
obtained from the feeders to the boiler. Visual opacity measurements were
made of the emissions by EPA Reference Method 9. EPA personnel collected
the boiler process data. The results of the tests are to be used in a re-
view of the emission standards for coal-fired power plants
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SECTION II
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Table Nos. 1 and 2 present a summary of the particulate results of the
three tests. These data are presented as grains per dry standard cubic foot
(GR/dscf) and pounds per hour (Ib/hr) in Table 1 and as milligrams per nor-
mal cubic meter (mg/ncm) and kilograms per hour (kg/hr) in Table 2. Computer
printouts of the field data and reductions are in Appendix A. Sample cal-
culations are found in Appendix B. Copies of the raw field data sheets may
be found in Appendix C.
The Method 17 results are believed to be correct and reflect the flue
gas emissions from the plant. Although the train was leak checked from the
probe tip back before and after each run (and passed), particulate matter
was found in the probe rinse. (The probe was washed prior to the first run. )
Based on consultations with EPA, this situation is not abnormal. Although
the probe rinse showed increasing signs of corrosion as the test progressed,
a result of the sulfur content of the coal burned, no sign of corrosion was
observed in the probe (or in a subsequent washing) upon its return to MRI.
The Method 5 filters show indications of being burned or having been wet
although they were maintained at a temperature of approximately 300°F
(149°C). The discoloration also resembles staining from the stainless steel
filter support even though these had been washed and rinsed prior to testing.
The results of the visual opacity observations are presented in Table
Nos. 3, 4, and 5. The emissions were observed to be 10% opacity for each
run.
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TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF MASS RESULTS - ENGLISH
Date
Run No.
Method 17 Probe
Filter
Total Method 17
Average
Method 5 Probe
Filter
Total Method 5 Front Halfk/
Average
Method 5 Back Half£/
Average
Total
Average
July 13,
gr/dscf -1
0.00122
0.00094
0.00216
0.00214
0.01142
0.00849
0.01991
0.01582
0.03803
0.06514
0.06010
0.08309
1977
(lb/hr)a/
16.8
12.8
29.6
28.9
156.4
116.2
272.6
214.7
520.8
881.6
822.8
1,125.2
July 14,
2
gr/dscf -a/
0.00038
0.00149
0.00187
0.00730
0.00625
0.01355
0.08622
0.10164
1977
(lb/hr)a/
5.2
20.1
25.3
98.9
84.6
183.5
1,167.7
1,376.5
July 14,
3
gr/dscf —
0.00060
0.00178
0.00238
0.01371
0.00028
0.01399
0.07117
0.08754
1977
(lb/hr)a/
8.0
23.9
31.9
184.2
3.8
188.0
956.3
1,176.2
a/ gr/dscf = grains per dry standard cubic foot
Ib/hr = pounds per hour
b/ Excludes Method 17
£/ Includes ether/chloroform extraction and impinger rinse
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TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF MASS RESULTS - METRIC
Date
Run No.
Method 17 Probe
Filter
Total Method 17
Average
Method 5 Probe
Filter
Total Method 5 Front Half5-/
Average
Method 5 Back Half^/
Average
Total
Average
July 13,
1
mg/ncm—'
2.80
2.14
4.94
4.88
26.13
19.43
45.56
36.19
87.03
149.07
137.53
190.15
1977
I \f O I Tl Y* 1
\ fi* m~ J ^^
7.60
5.82
13.42
13.12
70.94
52.71
123.65
97.38
236.14
399.86
373.21
510.36
July 14,
2
mg/ncm—'
0.87
3.41
4.28
16.70
14.30
31.00
197.31
232.59
1977
(kg/hr)£/
2.34
9.14
11.48
44.86
38.37
83.23
529.66
624.37
July 14,
3
mg/ncm—'
1.37
4.06
5.43
31.37
0.64
32.01
162.88
200.32
1977
(kg/hr)*/
3.64
10.83
14.47
83.55
1.72
85.27
433.77
533.51
aj mg/ncm = milligrams per normal cubic meter
kg/hr = kilograms per hour
b_/ Excludes Method 17
c_/ Includes ether/chloroform extraction and impinger rinse
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TABLE 3
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SUMMARY OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS
Run No. 1
Type of Plant: Steam-Electric Generation
Type of Discharge: Stack Height of Point of Discharge: 470 ft
Date: July 13, 1977
Ground
Location of Discharge: Stack exit Height of Observation Point:.
Distance from Observer to Discharge Point: 1.000 fDuration: 3.75 hr
Direction of Observer from Discharge Point: Northwest
Descript. of Background: Clouds Wind Direction: W to Ecolor of Plume: Grey
Descript. of Sky: Partly Cloudy Wind Velocity: 3-8mph Detached Plume: No
SUMMARY OF TIME AND AVERAGE OPACITY
Set No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
38
19
20
Start
1145
1151
1157
1203
1209
1215
1221
1227
1233
1239
1245
1251
1257
1303
1309
1315
1321
1327
1333
1339
End
1150
1156
1202
1208
1214
1220
1226
1232
1238
1244
1250
1256
1302
1308
1314
1320
1326
1332
1338
1344
Sum
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
Avg.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Set No.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
37
38
39
40
Start
1345
1351
1357
1403
1409
1415
1421
1427
1433
1439
1445
1451
1457
1503
1509
1515
1521
1527
End
1350
1356
1402
1408
1414
1420
1426
1432
1438
1444
1450
1456
1502
1508
1514
1520
1526
1530
Sum
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
120
Avg.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-p
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TABLE 4
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SUMMARY OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS
Run No. 2
Type of Plant:Steam-Electric Generation
Type of Discharge: Stack Height of Point of Discharge; 470 ft
Date: July 14, 1977
Location of Discharge: Stack Exit Height, of Observation Point: Ground
Distance from Observer to Discharge Point: 1,000 ftDuration: 3.75 hr
Direction of Observer from Discharge Point; Northwest
Descript. of Background: Clouds Wind Direction:W to E Color of Plume: Grey
Descript. of Sky; Cloudy. Foe Wind Velocity; Calm Detached Plume: No
SUMMARY OF TIME AND AVERAGE OPACITY
Set No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
3.4
15
16
17
16
19
20
Start
0800
0806
0812
0818
0824
0830
0836
0842
0848
0849
0855
0901
0907
0913
0919
0925
0931
0937
0943
0949
End
0805
0811
0817
0823
0829
0835
0841
0847
0848
0854
0900
0906
0912
0918
0924
0940
0936
0942
0948
0954
Sum
Not
Rea
F
< i
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
Avg.
dable
°8
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Set No.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Start
0955
1001
1007
1013
1019
1025
1031
1037
1043
1049
1055
1101
1107
1113
1119
1125 ,
1131
1137
1143
End
1000
1006
1012
1018
1024
1030
1036
1042
1048
1054
1100
1106
1112
1118
1124
1130
1136
1142
1145
Sum
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
120
Avg.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
o
CM
•P
01
O
!H
01
P-
o
at
Sketch showing how opacity varied with time:
I
0800
0900 1000
Time, hours
1100
1200
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TABLE 5
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
LM>;MARY OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS
Run No. 3
Type of Plant; Steam-Electrie Generation
Date: July 14. 1977
Type of Discharge; Stack
Height of Point of Discharge: 470 ft
Location of Discharge: Stack Exit Height, of Observation Point: Ground
Distance from Observer to Discharge Point: 1,000 ftDuration: 3.58 hr
Direction of Observer from Discharge Point: Northwest
Descript. of Background: Clouds Wind Direction:W to E Color of Plume: Grey
Descript. of Sky: Partly Cloudy Wind Velocity; Calm - Detached Plume: No
10 mph
SUMMARY OF TIME AND AVERAGE OPACITY
Set No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Start
1230
1236
1242
1248
1254
1300
1306
1312
1318
1324
1330
1336
1342
1348
1354
1400
1406
1412
1418
1424
End
1235
1241
1247
1253
1259
1305
1311
1317
1323
1329
1335
1341
1347
1353
1359
1405
1411
1417
1423
1429
Sum
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
Avg.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Set No.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Start
1430
1436
1442
1448
1454
1500
1506
1512
1518
1524
1530
1536
1542
1548
1554
1600
End
1435
1441
1447
1453
1459
1505
1511
1517
1523
1529
1535
1541
1547
1553
1559
1605
Sum
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
Avg.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
o
CM
c
0)
o
Jn
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SECTION III
PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
This section to be furnished by EPA.
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SECTION IV
LOCATION OF SAMPLE POINTS
Figure 1 presents a schematic of the sampling site, which was located in
accordance with Federal Register guidelines. Table 6 presents the sampling
point location for the stack.
Figure 2 presents an approximate plant site layout showing the location
of the opacity observer.
The coal samples were obtained from the available entry doors in the
boiler coal feeders.
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Airplane Light on
inged Steel Pane
76"
Ladder
'—AC Outlet
Transmissometer &
NOX - SO2 Analyzer
^-Sfeel Stack (3/8" Plate) with Insulation
(—2" Total Stack + Insulation Thickness)
a. Plan View
In-Situ NOX - SO2
Analyzer
Sampling
Port
Transmissomefer
28"
8-1/2" ID
Plate
^-Gratin
47
Steel Stack
with Insulation
Sampling^
)ft Platform N.
?'
1
0 ft
Inlet
Breech inc
—24' ID at— •
Sampling
Level
s
//
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TABLE 6. SAMPLE POINT LOCATION
Radius Fraction of Distance from
point duct ID (%) inside wall
3 4.4 1 ft 5/8 in.
2 14.7 3 ft 6-3/8 in.
1 29.5 7 ft 1 in.
11
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To Mine
Figure 2. General plant lay-out.
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SECTION V
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
PARTICULATE
Particulate samples were taken with Research Appliance Company (RAG)
Model 2243 "Stacksampler" equipment, modified by MRI. An EPA-provided Method
17 in-stack filter holder was attached to a standard probe4 The s-shaped
pitot was extended to allow for the in-stack filter length. A stainless steel
liner was used due to the expected buffeting of the probe by the gas stream
due to the added mass of the in-stack filter. As no openings were present
in the outer concrete shell opposite the stack ports, the sample box could
not be directly attached to the probe. A flexible teflon-lined hose was used
for this purpose.
Sample times of 2 hr were used for each test, 10 min/point. Console
readings were taken every 5 min. The Method 5 filter compartment was heated
to approximately 300°F (149^0) for the duration of each test.
Flue gas samples were obtained at each point, integrated over the length
of the run, and analyzed using Orsat apparatus.
COAL
Coal samples were taken from each of the operating feeders during the
period of a run. There are eight feeders associated with Boiler No. 1, but
only seven were in operation during this period.
The method of sampling was to open a port just prior to the feeder belt
and collect the ejected coal in a small shovel (3 in. x 4 in. x 12 in. ). This
was accomplished in less than 3 sec. The sample was immediately placed in a
plastic bag and tied to prevent moisture loss. Equipment was moved to the
next feeder which was sampled 5 min later and its sample placed in the same
bag. The combined samples from a completed circuit of feeders is a sweep and
this sample was then sealed and labeled indicating run and sweep number.
The next sweep was done in the reverse order of feeders. This routine
was continued until the run was over. Each sweep sample represents 35 min of
operation.
13
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During the course of sampling it was noticed that a wide variation of
coal size existed between the various feeders. Personnel familiar with coal
sampling at this plant said that this was normal and consistent and that ap-
parently, some segregation occurs in the overhead transport system. Some
feeders had coal particles as large as 3-in. cubes, whereas some had no par-
ticles larger than 1/4-in. cubes.
At the end of a test run, the bags from the various sweeps were combined,
and quartered down to a sample size of approximately 8 Ib (3.6 kg).
Analysis of the coal samples was done by EPA.
14
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