&EFK
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EMB Report 79-RBM-*
June 1930
Air
Rubber Products -
Tire Production
Emission Test Report
Armstrong Rubber
Company
Eastern Division
West Haven, Connecticut
EPA LIBRARY SERVICES RTF NC
EPA-EMB-79-RBM-6
TECHNICAL DOCUMENT COLLECTION
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DATE:
SUBJECT:
FROM:
7/28/80
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Source Test Report
J. E. McCarley, Chief, Field Testing Section,
Emission Measurement Branch, ESED (MD-13)
TO: See Below
The enclosed final source test report is submitted for your
information. Any questions regarding the test should be directed
to the Project Officer (telephone: 8/629-5243). Additional
copies of this report are available from the ERC Library, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Industry: Rubber Products - Tire Production
Process:
Company: Armstrong Rubber Company, Eastern Division
Location: ^est Haven, Connecticut
Project Report. Number: EMB Report 79-RBM-6
Project Officer: Thomas M. Bibb
Enclosure
Addressees:
John Nader, ESRL (MD-46)
^Afch MacQueen, MDAD (MD-14)
Rodney Midgett, EMSL (MD-77)
Mark's. Siegler, DSSE (MD-EN-341)
Director, Air & Hazardous Materials Division, Region
(copy enclosed for State agency)
Bob Kilgore, EPA Library Services (MD-35)
FPA FORM 1320-6 (REV. 3-76)
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TEST REPORT
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FOR
TREAD END CEMENTING AND
BEAD DIPPING OPERATIONS
AT A TIRE MANUFACTURING PLANT
ARMSTRONG RUBBER COMPANY
WEST HAVEN, CONNECTICUT
by
David E. Ringquist
Environmental Engineer
Contract No. 68-02-2820
Task No. 15
May 1980
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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CONTENTS
Figures iv
Tables iv
1. Introduction . . . 1
2. Summary and Conclusions 3
Summary 3
Conclusions 7
3. Process Description 9
Tread End Camenter Process Description 9
Bead Dipping Operation . 9
4.. Test Method 11
Measurement of VOC Emissions from the Tread 2nd
Cementing Operations , . 11
Tread End Cementer Material Balance Tests .... 14
Bead Dip VOC Tests 15
Bead Cementing Material Balance Tests 16
Measurement of VOC Mass per Mass of Cement .... 17
VOC Mass (FID), VOC Mass (TGUMO)
Comparison Tests 18
5. Results and Discussion 20
Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Test Results , . . 20
Definition of Tread End Cementer VOC
Emission Results 21
Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results ... 25
VOC (FID)90 Results ......... 25
Flash Off VOC (FID)go Results .... 26
VOC (FID) 95 Results 26
Flash Off VOC (FID)95 Results .... 26
Flash Off Times, t90, t95 26
Discussion of Tread End Cementer VOC
Emission Results 27
Tread End Cementer Material Balance
Test Results 27
Bead Dip VOC Emission Test Results 30
Bead Dip Flash-Off Times . . . 34
Bead Dip Material Balance Results 34
"VOC (FID) Mass per Mass of Cement"
Test Results 36
111
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APPENDICES
A. Sample Calculations
B. Field Data; Tread End Cementer VOC Tests
Field Data; Tread End Cementer Material Balance Tests
C. Strip Chart Recordings; Tread End Cementer VOC Tests
Strip Chart Recordings; Bead Dip VOC Tests
D. Strip Chart Data Sheets; Tread End Cementer VOC Tests and
Bead Dip VOC Tests
E. TRC Lab Test; Raw Data
F. Strip Charts; TRC Lab Test on Tread End Cement
Strip Charts; TRC Lab Tests on Bead Cement
G. Strip Chart Data Sheets; TRC Lab Tests
H. VOC(FID) and VOC(TGNMO) Comparison Test on Armstrong's Tread
End and Bead Cements
FIGURES
Number
4-1
4-2
4-3
5-1
Number
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Paqe
Test Equipment used at the Tread End Cementer
VOC Test 12
Test Equipment used at the Bead Dip VOC Test 12
Test Equipment used to Determine VOC Mass Per Cement
Mass and VOC (FID) Mass to VOC (TGNMO) Mass 19
Definitions of VOC (FID) Trace Integrations 22
TABLES
Paqe
Tread End Cementer VOC (FID) Emission Results 23
Tread End Cementer Material Balance Results 28
Bead Dip VOC (FID) Emission Results 31
Tread End Cementer Material Balance Results 35
IV
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Emission Measurement Branch, has contracted with TRC-Environmen-
tal Consultants, Inc. to perform direct measurements of volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions from application of solvent-based cement opera-
tions at the Armstrong Rubber Company in West Haven, Connecticut.
Armstrong is a tire manufacturing company whose operations at West Haven
incorporate a number of processes that make use of solvent-based cements
which are applied to various components of the tire by automated spraying
or manual dipping. Two of these processes, the tread end cementer (TEC)
and the bead cementing operation, have been tested to measure their VOC
emissions and cement usage rates during the cement application processes.
These particular operations were of interest because:
1. They have not previously been tested;
2. Results will be compared to similar processes at another tire
plant employing different cement application techniques;
3. They presently have no VOC control systems associated with them.
The following results have been calculated based on tests performed:
1. The average mass of cement used per unit area of tread or bead
cemented;
2. The length of time required for 90 and 95 percent of VOC emissions
to "Flash Off" from the cemented treads or beads;
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3. The mass of "Flash-Off" VOC emitted per unit area of tread
cemented using Flame lonization Detection (FID);
4. The ratio of the mass of VOC to the mass of cement as analyzed by
both a total hydrocarbon analyzer equipped with a flame ionization
detector (FID), and Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organics (TGNMO)
analysis.
This report is authorized as Work Assignment #15 on EPA contract
#68-02-2820.
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) tests were conducted at the Armstrong
Rubber Company in West Haven, Connecticut during the weeks of August 27 and
September 3, 1979. Testing took place at Armstrong's Tread End Cementer
(TEC) and Bead Cementing operations as follows:
1. Measurement of the cement usage correlated with the total quantity
of tread and bead area cemented over a selected time period
referred to in the report as Material Balance Tests.
2. Measurement of the time period required from cement application to
90% and 95% of the VOC emissions to "Flash-Off" from cemented
treads or beads. These tests are referred to in the report as
"Flash Off Times" or cement drying times.
3. Direct measurement of the VOC mass emitted by freshly cemented
treads or beads using FID analysis. Related VOC tests were
conducted at TRC's laboratory on November 16 and 19, to directly
measure the VOC mass emitted from a known quantity of tread or
bead cement using both FID and TGNMO analysis.
SUMMARY
Summary of Material Balance Results
Cement usage results, determined from 31 individual test runs over a
four day period at the tread end cementer, averaged .017 grams of cement
used per square centimeter of tread end cemented and individual test values
2 2
ranged from .004 gm/cm to .036 gm/cm . The standard deviation for
this data set is .002. Results are also divided into radial tread cement
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because of the differences in the two tread types, discussed further in
Section 5. Average radial tread cement usage for the same four day test
period was .024 gm/cm2; average bias tread cement usage was .016 gm/cm2.
During the four day test period at Armstrong's bead dipping operation,
an average of .036 grams of cement was used to coat each square centimeter
of bead surface area. Individual test results ranged from .024 gm/cm2 to
.053 gm/cm2. The standard deviation was .009 gm/cm^.
Summary of Flash-Off Times
Averaged Flash-Off times measured at the tread end cementer were:
Standard
Number of Averaged Flash-Off Range Deviation
Time Tests Time (Seconds) (Seconds) (Seconds)
t90 34 82.7 58 to 148 21.5
t95 28 112 69 to 204 33.1
Averaged Flash-Off times measured at the bead cementing operation were:
Time
Number of
Tests
37
37
Standard
Averaged Flash-Off Range Deviation
Time (Seconds) (Seconds) (Seconds)
118 83 to 149 15.1
161 111 to 213 24.3
Time t__ is defined as the length of time it takes for the VOC
concentration in the test enclosure (described in Section 4) to decay to
10% of its peak initial value, and then this time is measured from the
point at which the cement was applied to the tread or bead. Time tqe is
similar to tq0, only the time extends to a point where the VOC enclosure
concentration has decayed to 5% of the peak initial VOC concentration.
4
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Summary of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Tests
Tread and cementer VOC emission results are expressed as mass of carbon
emitted (in grams) per unit area (square centimeters) of tread cemented.
These results are divided into four categories; VOC(FID)-0, Flash-Off
VOC(FID)go, VOC(FID)g5, and Flash-Off VOC(FID)95. Section 5
presents a detailed definition of the four categories.
The tread end cementer VOC results were:
VOC Name
VOC(FID)90
Flash-Off VOC(FID)90
VOC(FID)95
Flash-Off VOC(FID)95 26
Number
of
Tests
33
33
26
26
Averaged VOC
Mass Per Area
(gm/cm2)
.0025
.0027
.0027
.0030
Standard
Range Deviation
(gm/cm2) (gm/cm2)
.0009 to .0043 .0006
.0010 to .0046 .0007
.0020 to .0048 .0007
.0022 to .0051 .0008
The bead dipping VOC results were:
VOC Name
VOC(FID)go
Flash-Off VOC(FID)90
VOC(FID)95
Flash-Off VOC(FID)95 21
Number
of
Tests
21
21
21
21
Averaged VOC
Mass/Area
(gm/cm2)
.0347
.0370
.0390
.0410
Range
(gm/cm2)
.0297 to .0413
.0318 to .0432
.0327 to .0466
.0348 to .0485
Standard
Deviation
(gm/cm2)
.003
.003
.004
.004
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The above results are based on 21 tests during which 1 bead was dipped
into the cement bath and allowed to drain for no- more than 3 seconds prior
to placing it into the vented enclosure. Since the number of beads dipped
simultaneously, and the drain time both directly affect the VOC results,
the additional bead dipping VOC results are presented in Section 5 as
follows:
1. 1 bead dipped with a greater than 3 second drain time prior to
exposure.
2. 2 beads dipped with a less than 3 second drain time.
3. 2 beads dipped with a greater than 3 second drain time.
Comparing the average cement usage per bead area cemented
(.036 gm/cm2) with the VOC emitted per bead area cemented (.0347 to
.0410 gm/cm2) shows that the VOC mass emitted is greater than the cement
mass applied. This is obviously not true. Material balance tests were
conducted on the actual bead dipping operation during which bundles of 50
beads are manually dipped and hung above the tanks to drip-dry. During the
VOC tests, however, individual beads were dipped and immediately placed in
the vented enclosure, so any drainage of excess cement was not allowed to
occur to the extent that it did during the material balance tests. The
excess cement on the beads which would normally drip back into the cement
tank, actually increased the VOC mass emission rates in the test
enclosure. Because of this, a direct comparision of results based on
cement usage and VOC mass emissions should not be made, and the VOC
emission rates, although accurate in terms of the measurement technique, do
not adequately represent the real emission from the bead dipping operation.
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Summary of VOC Mass Per Cement Mass Tests
In addition to the tests conducted at the Armstrong plant, tests were
also performed at the TRC laboratory to measure the VOC mass content in
both the tread end cement and bead cement used by Armstrong. These tests,
performed on November 16 and 19, 1979, showed that there are 0.95 grams of
VOC as Carbon per 1 gram of tread end cement and 0.77 grams of VOC as
Carbon per 1 gram of bead cement. The test procedure is described in
Section 4. VOC mass was determined by FID analysis and Total Gaseous
Non-Methane Organics (TGNMO) analysis. Appendix H presents the TGNMO
results of this test.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Daily cement usage measurements at the tread end cementer showed a
24% variation between minimum and maximum individual daily
averages. This is considered reasonable based on visual
observations of potential process variations during the test
program, testing conditions, and assumptions made during
calculation of the results. It is concluded that the method
employed will provide an acceptable means of estimating an average
cement usage rate, provided the tests are conducted over a
sufficient number of days.
2. Radial ply tread cement usage per area of tread cemented was 30%
greater than bias ply usage due to a high overspray rate for the
radial treads. Bias ply tread cement usage per each tread
cemented, however, was 50% greater than radial ply usage, due to
the greater area cemented.
3. The reported average cement usage rate of 0.017 grams of cement
used per square centimeter of tread end cemented is reliable to
within about 20% at a 95% confidence limit. Additional days of
testing would be expected to significantly increase the accuracy
of the reported results.
4. Daily cement usage measurements at the bead cementing operation
showed a 55% variation between the minimum and maximum individual
daily averages. The method employed will provide an acceptable
means of estimating an average cement usage rate, provided the
tests are conducted over a sufficient number of days.
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5. The reported average cement usage rate of 0.036 grams of cement
per square centimeter of bead area cemented is reliable to within
about 40% at a 95% confidence limit. Additional days of testing
would be expected to significantly increase the accuracy of the
reported results.
6. The "ventilated enclosure" method for determination of the VOC
mass emitted by the tire treads is an acceptable procedure.
Because of the potential variations in the factors affecting VOC
emissions, emitted from one sample to the next, it is important to
test a number of treads and calculate a confidence limit on the
reported average VOC emission rate to assure the desired accuracy.
7. The "ventilated enclosure" method for the determination of the VOC
mass emitted by the beads is not an acceptable procedure. Excess
cement on the test beads produces measured VOC emissions higher
than the cement usage rate which was determined from testing the
actual process operation. A more representative test procedure
would entail enclosing or hooding the entire process and then
measuring the emissions generated in the exhaust duct.
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SECTION 3
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Both the tread end cementing and bead dip operations were tested at
Armstrong Rubber Company.
TREAD END CEMENTER PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Armstrong tire treads are hot extruded as one continuous length of
rubber which passes through an undertread cementer, a cement drying
conveyor, a water cooler, and a bevel cutter prior to reaching the tread
end cementer. Each tread section then passes under two spray heads which
apply a Texol based cement at either one end only for radial treads, or
both ends for bias treads. The cement is delivered to the nozzles at
roughly 60 psi through an in-plant piping system which transports the
cement from a cement mixing area elsewhere in the building.
The solvent, "Texol", used in the cement, consists of 84 percent
parafins, 11 percent napthenes and 4.8 percent aromatic hydrocarbons. This
information is based on data supplied to TRC by Union Amsco in 1973.
BEAD DIPPING OPERATION
Armstrong's bead dipping process makes use of two dipping tanks, each
containing a Texol solvent based cement. Beads are manually dipped in
bundles of 50 and hung on racks over the tanks to drain and dry. Beads are
dipped on a batch basis making the cement tanks idle for approximately
9
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fifty percent of the time. During the idle time, cardboard is used to
cover the tanks to reduce the solvent evaporation rate. Two window-type
exhaust fans are mounted in the walls just behind the dip tanks in order to
keep the room air free of the solvent vapors. Cement is replenished in the
dip tanks using a five gallon pail which is filled at a 55 gallon drum also
located in the bead dip room. Cement is usually added once or twice daily.
10
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SECTION 4
TEST METHOD
Testing consisted of measurement of cement usage, flash-off times and
VOC emissions from the tread end cementing and bead dipping operations at
the Armstrong plant. Tests were also performed at the TRC laboratory to
determine the VOC mass emitted from known quantities of cement taken from
both of the above operations.
MEASUREMENT OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM THE TREAD END CEMENTING OPERATIONS
The objectives of this test were to quantify the VOC mass which was
emitted by a freshly cemented tread and to correlate this mass with the
tread area upon which the cement was applied. These measurements resulted
in an average value of VOC mass (as Carbon) per unit area of tread cemented.
Each test was performed by taking a freshly cemented tread off the
conveyor just after cement application and placing it into a ventilated
enclosure as quickly as possible. The ventilated enclosure exhaust VOC
concentration was monitored and the air volume was measured so a VOC mass
emitted from the cemented tread could be calculated. Figure 4.1 describes
the testing equipment used. Air flow through the enclosure was adjusted to
a nominal 100 SCFM and measured at constant values of 97 and 95.9 SCFM for
August 28 and 29 respectively. Flow rate was measured by an American CVMP
Model 5.3M positive displacement type volume meter mounted downstream of
the enclosure. Flow was supplied by a fan located downstream of the volume
11
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TO FLAME
IONIZATION DETECTOR
TREAD SECTION
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
VOLUME METER
ADJUSTABLE SLOT
FIGURE 4.1: TEST EQUIPMENT USED AT THE TREAD END CEMENTER VOC TEST
ADJUSTABLE
SLOT
TO FLAME
IONIZATION DETECTOR^
STD.PITOT TUBE
INCLINED MANOMETER
TIRE BEADS
FIGURE 4.2: TEST EQUIPMENT USED AT THE BEAD DIP VOC TEST
-12-
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meter and flow adjustments were made using moveable dampers. The VOC
concentration of the enclosure air stream was monitored by a Bendix Model
8402 flame ionization detection (FID) analyzer. Propane was used as a
calibration gas during all tests. A Soltec Model VP-6232S chart recorder
was connected to the FID analyzer and chart speed was set at 6 centimeters
per minute during all tests. The VOC/air sample for the FID was drawn
through a heated teflon sample line which was connected to the exhaust duct
of the test enclosure.
Immediately after the cement was sprayed onto a tread, it was placed
into the enclosure for drying. Each drying test produced an FID trace
similar to those described in Section 5, Figure 5.1. Individual tests were
considered complete when the test enclosure VOC concentration had decayed
to five percent of its peak initial concentration.
During each test the following data was recorded:
1. Elapsed time from cement application to tread enclosure;
2. Time of enclosure (marked on the strip chart);.
3. Elapsed time from cement application to 90 and 95 percent
reduction from peak VOC concentration, (marked on the strip
chart);
4. The tread identification number;
5. The cemented area dimensions;
6. The overall tread width and length.
Additional data taken at the test site included'
1. Relative humidity of the plant air;
2. Ambient and test enclosure temperatures;
3. Barometric pressure;
13
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4. Volume meter static pressure;
5. Volume flow rate at the volume meter using a stopwatch.
To enable the quickest possible transfer of the cemented tread to the
ventilated enclosure, it was necessary to locate the enclosure adjacent to
the tread end cementer. This arrangement produced a measureable background
VOC concentration in the enclosure when no treads were drying. This
problem was reduced when a large window-type fan was used to keep the area
clear of background solvent vapors produced by the tread end cementer.
TREAD END CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
During each tread end cementer material balance test, both the quantity
of cement used over a selected time period, and the total surface area of
treads cemented were measured. The cement usage was determined by pre and
post weighing a 55 gallon drum from which the cement was automatically
dispensed to the process. The total surface area of the treads cemented
was determined by multiplying an average cemented area per tread by the
total number of treads cemented. This average cemented area per tread was
based on the tread nominal width dimension for that particular tread size,
and an average tread cemented length (common for all tread sizes). An
average tread cemented length was determined from measurements made on
several treads during the tread end cementer VOC tests.
A tread end cementer material balance test started with the beginning
of a production run for treads of common size and identification number,
and ended when that particular tread size run stopped, usually one to four
hours later.
..14
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BEAD DIP VOC TESTS
The objectives of this test were to quantify the VOC mass which was
emitted by a freshly cemented bead or group of beads and to correlate this
mass with bead surface area upon which the cement was applied. These
measurements resulted in an average value of VOC mass per unit area of bead
cemented.
Each test was performed by taking one or a group of two uncemented
beads and manually dipping them into the cement bath. TRC performed the
bead dipping because during the normal dipping operation, bundles of 50
beads are dipped and this quantity would have produced enclosure VOC
concentrations in excess of the upper detectable limit of the FID
analyzer. The freshly cemented beads were placed into the ventilated
enclosure for drying in the same manner as for the tread end cementer
tests. The ventilated enclosure exhaust VOC concentration was monitored
and the exhausted air volume was measured so a VOC mass emitted by the
drying bead(s) could be calculated. Figure 4.2 describes the testing
equipment used. Air flow through the enclosure was adjusted as high as the
fan was capable of drawing in order to maximize the number of beads able to
be placed into the enclosure at one time. Air flow for August 30 and 31
was 380 SCFM, measured by a standard pitot tube located in the 4" duct
between the test enclosure and the fan. The VOC concentration of the
enclosure air stream was monitored by a Bendix Model 8402 flame ionization
detection (FID) analyzer which was calibrated with propane. A Sol tec Model
VP-6232S chart recorder was connected to the FID analyzer for continuous
recording and the chart speed was set at 10 centimeters per minute during
all tests. The VOC/air sample for the FID was drawn through a heated
15
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teflon sample line which was located at the exhaust duct of the test
enclosure.
After manually dipping the beads, they were withdrawn from the cement
bath and allowed to drain for deliberately varied time periods of between
1.1 and 11.2 seconds. The degree to which the beads were allowed to drain
prior to being placed in the test enclosure directly affected the VOC mass
emitted from them while drying.
When draining was complete, the beads were placed in the enclosure for
drying which produced an FID trace similar to those described in Section 5,
Figure 5.1. Each test was considered complete when the VOC concentration
trace had decayed to 5 percent of its peak initial VOC concentration.
Another variable which affected the VOC mass per cemented area of the
drying beads was the number of beads cemented simultaneously. In order to
measure this effect, several beads were dipped both individually and in
pairs (two beads was the maximum number which could be enclosed without
producing a VOC concentration which would exceed the upper detectable limit
of the FID analyzer).
The bead cemented surface area was determined by the nominal wire size
and the number of turns per bead. This calculation is further detailed in
Appendix A.
BEAD CEMENTING MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
Bead cementing material balance tests were conducted to determine the
quantity of cement used during bead production over a selected period of
time. This quantity was compared to the total bead surface area cemented
during the same time period in order to calculate an average mass of cement
16
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used per surface area of bead cemented. Each test lasted from between one
and six hours.
Cement usage in the dip tanks was measured by recording the cement bath
liquid level for each tank at the beginning of the test and adding enough
cement of known weight at the conclusion of the test to return the liquid
height to its original level.
The total bead surface area cemented was determined from nominal bead
dimensions obained from factory specifications multiplied by the total
quantity of beads cemented. Individual bead surface area calculations are
presented in Appendix A.
MEASUREMENT OF VOC MASS PER MASS OF CEMENT
"VOC-mass-permass-of-cement" tests were performed to determine the.
amount of VOC emitted from a known quantty of cement after the cement
dries. Armstrong bead and tread end cements were both tested for their VOC
content.
Each cement sample was well agitated and then put into a hand operated
spray bottle which was weighed prior to the start of the test. With the
test enclosure cover closed and the fan operating, cement was sprayed into
the open end of the enclosure where it impacted on the treads positioned as
shown in Figure 4.3. The test enclosure, FID analyzer, volume meter and
fan used in this test were also used in the tread end cementer VOC tests
described in Section 4, "Measurement of VOC Emissions from the Tread End
Cementing Operations".
As the cement dried on the treads, the VOC concentration in the
enclosure exhaust was monitored by the FID analyzer. The treads were
17
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positioned in such a way as to prevent any cement mist from being carried
past the FID sample probe before evaporation of the solvent, thereby
minimizing the possibility that any of the solvent would go by unmeasured.
A test lasted for approximately one hour during which cement was
sprayed into the enclosure, one spray per approximately two minutes (a
"spray" is one pump of the hand operated spray bottle). Each spray
produced a peak VOC concentration on the strip chart recordings which can
be seen in Appendix F. As the concentration began to decrease from the
previous spray, another spray was introduced into the test enclosure. At
the conclusion of the test, the spraying was stopped and the VOC
concentration was allowed to drop to within one or two chart divisions of
base line. The test enclosure flow rate was adjusted to a nominal 100 SCFM
and measured at a constant 104 SCFM for both cement samples tested. Only
one test was performed for each cement sample.
VOC MASS (FID), VOC MASS (TGNMO) COMPARISON TESTS
During the measurement of "VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement" tests described
in Section 4, samples were also collected for Total Gaseous Non-Methane
Organics (TGNMO) analysis. TGNMO samples were taken simultaneously with
the FID analyzer measurements so a direct comparison of the two measurement
techniques could be made. EPA Reference Method 25 was used as a sampling
procedure. Pollution Control Science, Inc. (PCS) was subcontracted by TRC
to perform the TGNMO analysis. Results from these tests are presented in
Appendix H of this report.
18
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CEMENT IMPACTS ON
TREAD, VOC EMITTED
DURING DRYING
VENTILATED BOX ENCLOSURE
VOC, AIR FLOW
PUMP - TYPF.
SPRAY BOTTLE
CONTAINING
CEMENT OF
KNOWN WEIGHT
LENGTH OF TREAD
TO TGNMO
COLD TRAPS
HEATED SAMPLE
LINE TO FID
TO VOLUME
METER, FAN
FIGURE 4. 3: TEST EQUIPMENT USED TO DETERMINE VOC MASS
PER CEMENT MASS- AND VOC (FID) MASS TO VOC
(TGNMO) MASS
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SECTION 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
VOC results, flash-off times and material balance results for
Armstrong's tread end cementer and bead cementing operations are presented
in detail in this section. Results from the laboratory tests conducted to
determine the VOC mass emitted from a known quantity of cement are also
presented.
TREAD END CEMENTER VOC EMISSION TEST RESULTS
Table 5.1 summarizes the data and results from the VOC emission test
performed at the Armstrong tread end cementer.
Each test number represents a freshly cemented tread which is taken
from the conveyor line and placed in the ventilated enclosure.
Tread size and type are identified by a letter, since the factory tread
identification number is considered confidential information.
During each test, five "times" were measured which are illustrated in
Figure 5.1 and are defined below:
1. Time tQ, not listed in Table 5.1, is defined as the time of
cement application.
2. Time t^ is defined as the period between application of cement
and tread enclosure.
3. Time tp is the elapsed time from to to the point at which
the VOC concentration in the enclosure reaches a peak value.
20
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4. Times tgQ and 1^95, also called flash-off times, are measured
from tQ to a point where the enclosure VOC concentration has
decreased to 10 and 5 percent of the peak enclosure concentration,
respectively.
The cemented area was determined for each tread tested, and is listed
in Table 5.1 in square centimeters.
Both bias ply and radial ply tire treads were manufactured during the
testing period and they are identified as such in the table for each tread
test.
Nominal finished tire weights are listed for each corresponding tread
size.
Definition of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results
The VOC mass emitted by each tread is expressed as grams of carbon
which has been determined from:
1. FID analyzer chart recorder traces in Appendix C;
2. The total volume of air/VOC exhausted by the test enclosure.
Each FID analyzer curve area has been integrated four different ways
making it possible to calculate four different VOC mass values for each
test. Figure 5.1 illustrates the four integrations under the VOC curves
which are defined below:
1. VOC(FID)gQ includes the area under the curve from initial
instrument response to time t
-------
TYPICAL FID TRACE
FROM A DRYING TREAD
BASELINE (ZERO CONCENTRATION)
.BACKGROUND VOC
CONCENTRATION 90
FLASH OFF VOC(FID)
90
TIME
VOC(FID)g5
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
"90
TIME
LEGEND
t = TIME CEMENT APPLIED
FLASH OFF VOC(FID)g5
TIME
go
= TIME TREAD ENCLOSED IN BOX
= TIME VOC CONCENTRATION IS 10% OF PEAK
= TIME VOC CONCENTRATION IS 5% OF PEAK
t = TIME FROM CEMENT APPLICATION TO PEAK
P
= AREA INTEGRATED
* THIS AREA IS CAUSED BY INSTRUMENT AND SAMPLE LINE
LAG TIME, NOT INTEGRATED
FIGURE 5-1: DEFINITIONS OF VOC (FID) TRACE INTEGRATIONS
22
-------
Table 5.1
Tread End Cementer VOC (FID) Emission Results
Armstrong Rubber Company
West Haven, Connecticut
Tread7
Test ID
No. Pate - Lectar ' Time (seconds)
ti >p tit «»s
1 8-28 A 2.0 44 102 -1
2 8-28 A 2.0 43 107 150
3 8-28 » 1.5 43 88 -'
4* 8-28 B
5 8-28 » 2.4 38 84 195
6 8-28 8 1.3 39 85 142
7 8-28 c 1.8 48 109 -1
8 8-28 C 1.7 39 69 102
9 8-28 C 1.7 41 148 204
10 8-28 C |.7 «2 90 130
II 8-28 D 2.8 42 76 98
12 8-28 t, 3.0 39 93 135
13 8-28 E 3.) jo 126 157
17 8-28 E 2.5 37 81 107
18 8-28 2.5 40 66 88
19 8-28 2.5 40 70 110
20 8-28 2.3 38 81 96
21 8-28 2.3 35 61 69
22 8-28 2.2 38 65 84
23 8-28 2.2 31 62 83
26 8-28 G 2.3 32 64 88
27 8-28 C 2.3 33 62 73
28 8-28 C 2.5 35 65 91
29 8-28 C 2.4 32 131 -'
30 8-28 c 2.6 37 93 117
Cement weight - VOC Hnsa Per Unit Area of
'Not available, FID trace never decayed to
Area ol
Tread
Cemented
VOC Mass (grams) (cm1)
A
0.285
0.383
0.328
0.386
0.373
0.537
0.506
0.717
.767
.015
.123
.134
.346
0.786
0.814
1.018
0.735
0.942
0.790
0.960
0.860
0.714
0.616
0.925
B
0.306
0.413
0.349
0.432
0.398
0.556
0.556
0.752
.888
.144
.254
.237
.480
0.888
0.926
1.12!
0.843
1.054
0.878
1.087
0.979
0.813
0.652
1.028
tread Cemented for
95 percent
'Area estimated from 3 previous B treada
'These values vere not Included In the overall average dufc to
C O
_t _i
0.454 0.434
_» _i
0.554 0.600
0.453 0.478
_i _i
0.572 0.622
0.799 0.8 J4
.971 2.092
.074 1.204
.305 1.435
.205 1.308
.476 1.610
0.837 0.939
0.966 1.078
1.080 1.184
0.773 0.881
1.022 1.136
0.847 0.935
1.061 1.187
0.901 1.019
0.781 0.881
_t _i
0.988 1.091
VOC (FtO)9Q only)
113
124
158
124
I501
152
140
140
129
452
508
544
472
397
364
430
397
397
397
411
411
343
291
237
(VOC
VOC Emitted Per Unit Area ol
Tread Cemented (pm/cm*)
A
.00252
.00310
.00208
.00310
.00249
.00334
.00361
.00512*
.00432
.00224
.00221
.00208
.00283
.00198
.00224
.00237
.00185
.00237
.00199
.00234
.00209
.00208
.00212
.00390
Haaa Per
B
.00271
.00330
.00221
.0033
.00266
.00366
.00397
.00537*
.00461
.00253
.00247
.00277
.00313
.00224
.00254
.00261
.00212
.00265
.00221
.00264
.00238
.00237
.00224
.00434
C
_i
.00370
_i
.00450*
.00302
_!
.00408
.00570*
.00481
.00238
.00257
.00221
.00313
.00211
.00265
.00251
.00200
.00258
.00213
.00258
.00219
.00228
_t
.00417
n
_i
.0039
:" ''-'
.00480*
.00319
_t
.00444
.00596*
.00510
.00266
.00283
.00240
.00341
.00336
.00296
.00275
.00222
.00286
.00336
.00289
.00248
.00257
_i
.00460
rlaaa Cement Uaed)
high background concentrations
Tire
Type
(Bias
or
Radial)
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Bias
Hlas
Bias
Bias
Bias
Bias
(Mas
Bias
Bias
Bias
Bias
Bias
Bias
Bias
Bias
A
B
C
D
Cement
Weight1
on
Tread
End
from Nominal
F1 Welf-ht of
gms/cm* Finished Tire
Ibs
.0026 17.88
.0032 17.88
.0022 18.99
18.99
.0032 18.99
.0026 18.99
.0037 24.29
.0038 24.29
.0054 24.29
.0045 24.29
.0023 23.28
.0023 22.26
.0022 22.26
.0030 22.26
.0021 28.26
.0023 28.26
.0025 28.26
.0019 28.26
.0025 28.26
.0021 28.36
.0025 20.58
.0022 20.58
.0022 20.58
.0022 20.58
.0041 20.58
VOC
-------
Table 5.1 (Continued)
Tread End Cementer VOC (FID) Emission Results
Armstrong Rubber Company
West Haven, Connecticut
Test
No.
32
33
31
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Date
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
Tread7
ID
Letter
a
t
I
J
. J
J
J
J
K
R
Time (seconds)
li
2.3
3.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.0
2.3
1.7
2.6
2.4
V
37
38
35
40
32
35
36
35
29
28
t».
69
69
SO
76
93
85
66
68
68
58
*)>
88
103
96
89
109
113
126
101
_i
_t
A
0.928
0.693
0.681
0.308
0.244
0.306
0.236
0.220
.0858
0.136
VOC Mass (grams)
B
1.044
0.983
1.046
6.343
0.267
0.333
0.262
0.240
.0963
0.137
C
0.998
0.806
0.740
0.327
0.232
0.323
0.276
0.243
_1
~_t
n
1.114
1.094
1.105
0.362
0.273
0.351
0.302
0.266
_!
_»
Area of
Tread
Cemented
(cm1)
442
300
275
141
126
126
II)
lol
96.8
84.7
VOC Emitted Per Unit Area of
Tread Cemented (grn/crn1)
A
.0021
.00232
.00248
.00219
.00194
.00243
.00205
.00218
.00089
.00161
D
.00236
.00328
.00276
.00243
.00212
.00264
.00227
.00238
.00100
.00186
C
.00226
.00269
.00269
.00232
.00200
.00256
.00240
.00243
_i
_
D
' .00252
.00364
.00298
.00236
.00218
.00278
.00262
.00263
_«
_
Tire
Type
(Bias
or
Radial)
Dlas
Bias
Dlas
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Cement
Weight1
on
Tread
End
Prom
r1
gins/cm *
.0022
.0024
.0026
.0023
.0020
.0025
.0021
.0023
.0009
.0017
Nominal
Weight of
Finished Tire
Ibs
19.09
19.56
19.56
16.41
16.41
16.41
16.41
26.34
26.34
26.34
gins
8667
8880
8880
7450
7450
7450
7450
1 1960
(I960
11960
AVERAGE
Standard deviation S (by n-l method)
.00250 .00270 .00270 .00300
.00060 .00070 .00070 .00080
'cenent weight: - VOC Mass Per Unit Area at Tread Cemented tor VOC (FU>)9() only) * (VOC Mass Per
2Hot available, FID trace never decayed to 95 percent
'Area estimated from 3 previous B treads
*These values were not included in the overall average due to high background concentrations
^Analyzer attenuation changed during measurement, curve area not measureable
6Unheated line, not used in average
'Manufacturing ID number is In EPA confidential file
Mass Cement Uaed)
A VOC
B Flash
C VOC
D Flash
(F1D),0
h off VOC (FID)90
(F1D)95
h off VOC (F1D)95
-------
3. VOC(FID)g5 includes the area under the curve from initial
instrument response to time
4. Flash-Off VOC(FID)95 is VOC(FID)95 plus the added area from
t0 to ti.
Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results
During the tread end cementer VOC tests a total of 41 tre'ads were taken
from the conveyor and individually enclosed in the ventilated box. Eleven
tests (Tests 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 31, 40, and 41) were not used in
the final averaging. FID analyzer attenuation changes in the middle of a
curve during tests 4, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, and 31 produced untraceable
curves for area determination. See Appendix C for the actual strip chart
recordings. Tests 40 and 41 were not used in the overall average because
the heated sample line was replaced with a shorter length of unheated
teflon tubing for these tests. VOC mass results using the unheated line
were roughly 60 percent lower than the overall average values, possibly due
to VOC condensation in the line. Test 5 VOC(FID)g5 results were not
used in the overall average because the "5 percent of peak initial
concentration" point was not reached at a time similar to other tests.
Highly varying background VOC levels prevented the measurement of the
tge point because they were larger than the 5 percent of peak
concentration. All four VOC values in Test 9 were omitted from averaging
for the same reasons as in Test 5.
VOC(FID)90 Results
A total of 30 test repetitions using various tread samples were used to
obtain an averaged value for VOC(FID)gQ. An average of .0025 grams of
VOC were emitted per square centimeter (cm2) of tread cemented. The
25
-------
standard deviation (n-1 method) for this set of data is .0006 gm/cm2.
Values used in averaging ranged from .0019 gm/cm2 to .0043 gm/cm2.
Flash-Off VOC(FID)go Results
An average of .0027 gm VOC per cm^ tread cemented were emitted based
on the Flash-Off VOC(FID)gQ ratio. The standard deviation for this data
is .0007 gm/cm^. The values used in the averaging ranged from .0021 to
.0043 gm/cm2. A total of 30 test repetitions were used to generate the
average value.
VOC(FID)95 Results
An average of .0027 gm VOC per cm2 tread cemented were emitted based
on the VOC(FID)<^ ratio. The standard deviation for this data is .0007
gm/cm^. The values used in the averaging ranged from .0020 to .0048
gm/cm2. A total of 26 test repetitions were used to generate an average
VOC(FID)95 vaiue.
Flash-Off VOC(FID)95 Results
An average of .0030 gm VOC per cm^ tread cemented was emitted based
on the Flash-Off VOC(FID)g5 ratio. The standard deviation for this
data is .0008 gm/cm2. Data used in averaging ranged from .0022 to .0051
gm/cm^. A total of 26 test repetitions were used to generate the average
value.
Flash-Off Times, t9Q> t95
From the 34 tests at the tread end cementer which were used to
- 26
-------
determine the average VOC(FID)QO results, it took an average of 82.7
seconds for a 90 percent reduction in test enclosure VOC concentration,
from the peak initial value, to occur. Flash-Off time "tqrv" is
therefore 82.7 seconds with a standard deviation of 21.5 seconds.
Flash-Off time "tqc" was 112 seconds and had a standard deviation of
33.1 seconds. This value was averaged from the 28 tests used to determine
the VOC(FID)95 results.
Discussion of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results
An inherent inaccuracy in the test program is the extrapolation of the
FID trace to t in order to estimate the VOC emitted from the cemented
tread prior to it being enclosed in the ventilated enclosure. Since it is
impossible to enclose the tread at t with a spray operation, the
extrapolation is considered the best approximation.
Although bias and radial tires do not show any large difference in the
VOC per area ratios, it should be noted that bias treads are cemented on
both ends, and radial treads are cemented on one end only. In addition,
bias treads are wider because the sidewall is part of the tread which is
cemented also. For these reasons, bias treads used more than twice the
quantity of cement and emit more than twice the quantity of VOC per tread
as shown by the VOC mass column in Table 5.1.
TREAD END CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE TEST RESULTS
Table 5.2 presents the material balance results, or cement usage, at
the tread end cementer for the test dates of August 28, 29, 30, 31.
Results are expressed as mass of cement used per area of tread cemented.
27
-------
TABLE 5.2
Tread End Cementer Material Balance Results
Armstrong Rubber Company
West Haven, Connecticut
Test
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
T.1
T.R.
T.B.3
1.*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
T-1,
T.R.2
T.B.3
1
2
3
4
5
6
17
8
9
10
T.I
T.R.2
T.B.3
1
2
3
4
T.1
T.R.2
T.B.3
T.i,
T.R.
T.B.3
Date
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
B-28
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-29
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-30
8-31
8-31
8-31
8-31
8-31
8-31
8-31
4 Day
4. Day
4 Day
Tread Run5
ID Letter
A
B
C
L
H
D
E
f
C
1!
I
J
K
H
A
0
P
Q
p
B
R
S
T
U
V
W
I
D
X
Y
B
Z
Average
Cemented
Area
Per Tread
c»2
139.
139.
152.
934.
814.
929.
843.
864.
702.
629.
128.
154.
168.
139.
823.
415.
658.
831.
139.
160.
176.
666.
757.
891.
650.
629.
814.
160.
152.
139.
864.
9
9
3
0
6
8
6
2
4
6
6
3
7
9
0
6
4
2
9
5
9
6
2
0
2
6
6
5
3
9
1
Quantity
of Treads
Cemented
Process
450
530
525
"R&D" run,
566
55.
650
758
666
257
175
333
327
453
537
532
260
690
90
Process
822
356
324
697
175
431
437
255
929
490
671
806
479
Mass of
Cement
Total Used
Cemented During
cm!"
Failure,
62960
74150
79960
Test
Ibs
No Data
3
4
4
gms
1362
1816
1816
Mass of
Cement Per
Area Tread
Cemented
(Includes
Overspray)
Rm/cm2
.022
.024
.023
Nominal
Weight
of a
Finished
Tire
(gms)
8117.5
8621.5
1027.7
Tire
Type
Bias
(B)
Radial
(R)
R
R
R
no cement used
528600
448800
604400
639500
575600
3013970
217070
2796900
180500
110200
42820
50460
76420
75130
437800
10800
454300
74810
1610540
244830
1365710
Failure,
115000
57140
57320
464600
132500
384000
284100
160500
756800
2411960
229460
2182500
78650
102200
112800
413900
707550
293650
413900
7744020
985010
6759010
18
15
22
22
20
13
2
3
5
6
4
5
21
2
No Data
5
3
2
16
4
12
9
6
27
4
6
4
18
8172
6810
9988
9988
9080
49032
4994
44038
5902
908
1362
2270
2724
1816
2270
9534
908
27694
7264
20430
2270
1362
908
7264
1816
5448
4086
2724
12258
38136
4540
33596
1816
2724
1816
8172
14528
6356
8172
129390
23154
106236
.015
.015
.017
.016
.016
.016
.023
.016
.020
.021
.027
.030
.036
.004
.021
.021
.012
.017
.030
.015
.020
.024
.016
.016
.014
.014
.014
.017
.016
.016
.020
.015
.023
.027
.016
.020
.021
.022
.020
.017
.024
.016
11187
10569
10106
12830
9343.3
8666.9
8880.2
7450. 1
11958.4
13366
8117.5
7350.3
9552.2
6501.3
9552.2
8621.5
11858
13838
10260
II 264
9153
9153
8880.2
10569
12281
10941
8603.3
11041
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
R
R
R
R
B
B
B
B
R
R
R
B
B
B
B
B
B
R
R
R
B
"T" is cocal quantity, bias and radial
.."T.R." is total radial quantities
"T.B." is total bias quantities
''Tread H and I part of same run
^Manufacturer's ID number is in EPA confidential file
-28-
-------
Each test consisted of a "tread run" which lasted approximately one hour
and cemented only treads of the same identification number.
During the TEC material balance tests 33 tread runs produced a total of
15,222 treads of both bias and radial design. Each tread run produced
between 90 and 929 treads. Run 5 on August 28 and run 1 on August 30 were
omitted from the final averaging because of no cement usage and a process
failure, respectively. The operation consumed 129,390 grams of cement and
coated 7,744,020 square centimeters of tread, resulting in an average
n
cement usage rate of .017 gm/cm . This value includes the cement which
is lost as a result of overspray.
Since bias ply and radial ply tire treads are somewhat differently
cemented, separate results are also presented for each type. Bias ply tire
tread runs made up 18 of 31 tread runs during the test period. A total of
106,236 grams of cement was applied to 8,598 bias treads during this
portion of the test program. An average of .016 grams of cement was used
per square centimeter of tread cemented.
Radial ply tire tread runs made up 13 of the 31 tread runs tested. A
total of 23,154 grams of cement was applied to 6,624 radial treads. An
average of .024 grams of cement was applied per square centimeter of tread
cemented.
Radial ply tires use roughly 3.5 times less cement per tread because
they are cemented on one end only as opposed to both ends of the bias
treads. Radials treads are narrower than bias because bias treads include
a portion on the sidewall, consequently, less cement is used on the
radial. The cement used per area, however, is greater for radial treads
because of a larger quantity of cement oversprayed, that is, cement sprayed
which never contacts the tread.
29
-------
Measurement of the cement used is accurate to the nearest 0.5 pound. A
stationary 55 gallon drum was positioned on a large scale during the test
while cement was dispensed from it. Initial and final drum-plus-cement
weights were the only measurements required to determine the weight of the
cement applied.
Tread cemented area was determined from'
1. an average cemented length determined from several measurements,
2. width dimensions for each tread size from the factory
specifications.
The tread cement lengths measured were considered representative of all
treads cemented and therefore a common averaged cemented length (8.10 cm)
was used for all tread sizes.
BEAD DIP VOC EMISSION TEST RESULTS
VOC emission results from tests conducted on August 30 and 31 are
presented in Table 5.3. The categories of results are identical in
definition to those in Table 5.1 of the tread end cementer VOC tests.
Armstrong's normal bead cementing procedure is to manually dip beads in
bundles of 50, but, it was not possible, due to the limitations of the
testing apparatus, to enclose the entire bundle. A 50-bead bundle would
have produced VOC concentrations in excess of the upper detectable limit of
the FID analyzer, so individual beads and pairs of beads were placed in the
enclosure to best simulate the actual operation and to keep generated VOC
concentrations in the detectable range. Values of VOC mass emissions per
surface area of bead cemented were dependent upon the following variables;
30
-------
Table 5.3
Mend Dip VOC (FID) emission Results
Armstrong Rubber Company
West Haven, Connecticut
Test
No. Date
1 8-30
2 8-30
3 8-30
4 8-30
5 8-30
6 8-30
7 8-30
8 8-30
9 8-30
10 8-30
II 8-30
12 8-30
13 8-30
III 8-30
15 8-30
16 8-30
17 8-30
18 8-31
19 8-31
20 8-31
21 8-31
22 8-31
23 8-31
24 8-31
Number
Bead2 of
ID Heads
Letter Hipped
ti
AA .8
AA 1.8
AA 2.3
AA 2.2
AA 2.0
AA 2.2
AA 2.0
AA .4
AA .2
AA .3
AA .4
AA .4
AA .1
AA 3.2
AA 4.2
AA 4.5
AA J.O
AA .4
AA .6
AA .7
' AA .5
AA .5
AA 5.0
AA 4.5
Time
V
33
34
37
33
36
34
36
33
31
35
34
36
32
38
38
39
53
33
35
32
33
33
39
39
(seconds)
«»o
86
83
124
116
105
124
94
129
98
122
105
123
109
121
102
134
141
121
119
115
135
113
108
130
Nominal
Surface Cement
Nominal Area Weight1
Diameter ol VOC Per Unit Area on Bead
inches Bead Bead Cemented Using P,
VOC Mass (grams) Tern) (cm2) (em/cm') (am/cm)
t,$ A B C D A B C 11
123 13.92 14.91 15.58 16.58 /U44, 368 -"378 .0405 .0423 .0450 .0491
III 11.96 I2.9J 13.11 14.08 368 .0325 .0352 .0356 .0383 .0422
213 11.06 11.95 12.66 13.55 368 .0300 .0325 .0344 .0368 .0390
172 10.92 11.71 12.16 12.94 368 .0297 .0318 .0330 .0352 .0386
137 10.92 11.70 12.04 12.82 368 .0297 .0318 .0327 .0348 .0386
163 12.10 12.96 13.36 14.22 368 .0329 .0352 .0363 .0386 .0427
131 11.09 12.01 12.18 13.10 368 .0301 .0326 .0331 .0356 .0391
187 15.19 15.88 17.15 17.85 368 .0413 .0432 .0466 .0485 .0536
135 11.74 12.27 13.17 13.71 368 .0319 .0333 .0358 .0372 .0414
192 13.95 14.51 16.34 16.89 368 .0379 .0394 .0444 .0459 .0492
145 12.86 13.46 14.51 15.12 368 .0349 .0366 .0394 .0411 .0453
180 13.53 14.15 15.50 16.12 368 .0368 .0384 .0421 .0438 .0478
140 13.36 13.86 14.46 14.96 368 .0363 .0377 .0393 .0406 .0471
159 10.19 11.28 11.23 12.32 368 .0277 .0306 .0305 .0335 .0360
130 8.98 10.44 9.69 11.14 368 .0244 .0284 .0263 .0303 .0317
173 9.15 10.72 10.02 11.59 368 .0249 .0291 .0272 .03(5 .0323
170 9.21 10.68 10.02 11.50 368 . .0250 .0290 .0272 .0312 .0325
15.13
164 12.55 13.10 13.72 14.27 ,,- hi\ ^68 .0341 .0356 .0373 .0388 .0443
168 11.72 12.29 13.36 13.93 «» "I 368 .0318 .0334 .0363 .0378 .0413
121 12.68 13.33 14.63 15.28 368 .0345 .0362 .0398 .0415 .0448
179 13.44 14.02 15.03 15.61 368 .0365 .0381 .0408 .0424 .0474
147 13.70 14.36 14.95 15.63 368 .0372 .0391 .0406 .0425 .0483
129 7.08 8.38 7.45 8.75 368 .0192 .0228 .0202 .0238 .0249
170 9.06 10.33 9.95 11.21 368 .0246 .0280 .0270 .0304 .0319
Cement weight - VOC Mass per unit area tread cemented for VOC (F1D)90 only I (VOC mass per mans cement used)
Manufacturer's ID number Is In EPA confidential file
A VOC (FID)90
B Flash off VOC (FID)9Q
C VOC (FID)95
D Flash off VOC (F1D)93
-------
Table 5.3 (Continued)
Dead Dip VOC (FID) Emission Results
Armstrong Rubber Company
West Haven, Connecticut
Test
No.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
31
35
36
37
Date
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
Standard
(n-l
Number
Bead2 of
ID Deads
Letter Dipped Time (seconds)
31844
31844
318')')
31844
31844
31844
41145
41145
41145
41145
41145
41145
41145
Average:
Deviation:
method)
,
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
ti
.6
.3
.2
.3
.3
.6
.5
.2
.2
4.4
3.5
11.2
10.9
bead tested,
bead tested.
beads tested
beads tested
bead tested,
bead tested,
beads tested
beads tested
p «.
33 125
32 110
32 107
36 116
33 121
34 125
34 121
35 110
33 119
40 143
39 128
54 144
53 149
t,< 3 sec
t,> 3 sec
, t,< 3 sec
, t,> 3 sec
t,< 3 sec
t,> 3 sec
, t,< 3 sec
, t,> 3 sec
(95
157
153
150
161
160
183
181
148
160
159
183
198
207
A
9.56
9.66
9.66
16.74
19.89
19.24
20.77
20.00
21.81
16.29
16.07
11.01
10.81
VOC Mass (grams)
15
10.02
10.09
10.02
17.45
20.66
20.18
21.67
20.80
22.61
18.33
17.69
14.48
14.11
C
10.44
10.52
10.83
18.23
21.79
21.92
23.77
21.91
23.83
16.89
17.76
12.24
12.26
Nominal
Surface
Nominal Area
Diameter of
Inches Dead
IcmT (cm')
D
10-90 (IjH, "6
10.95 UJ
11.19
18.94
22.56
22.86
256
256
256
256
256
"67 (3TP) 309
22.71 W8" 309
24.63
18.93
19.39
15.70
15.56
309
309
309
309
309
VOC Per Unit Area
Dead Cemented
(gin/cm1)
A
.0373
.0377
.0377
.0654
.0777
.0751
.0672
.0647
.0706
.0527
.052
.0356
.035
.0347
.0243
.0701
.0438
.003
.003
.005
.010
D
.0391
.0394
.0391
.0682
.0807
.0788
.07pl
.0673
.0732
.0593
.0573
.0468
.0456
.037
.028
.073
.052
.003
.003
.006
.007
C
.0408
.0411
.0423
.0712
.0851
.0856
.0769
.0709
.0771
.0546
.0575
.0396
.0397
.039
.026
.078
.048
.004
.003
.006
.010
D
.0426
. .0428
.0437
.0740
.0881
.0892
.0798
.0735
.0797
.0613
.0627
.0508
.0504
.041 -
.030
.081
.b56
.004
.003
.007
.007
Cement
Weight1
on Dead
Using Pi
(gin/cnft
.0484
.0490
.0490
.0849
.1009
.0975
.0873
.0840
.0917
.0684
.0675
.0462
.0455
'cement weight - VOC Mass per unit area tread cemented for VOC (FID)90 only » (VOC mass per mass cement used)
Manufacturer's ID number Is In EPA confidential file
A VOC (F1D)90
B Flash off VOC (FID)9Q
C VOC (FIDW
D Flash off VOC (FID)95
-------
1. The time, t^, between dipping of the beads and their placement
in the test enclosure. A high t^ would produce a lower VOC
mass per area due to drainage of excess cement after dipping.
Conversely, a low t^ would produce high VOC since a limited
amount of drainage was allowed to take place before enclosure.
2. The number of beads dipped during the test. Bead pairs would
produce a higher VOC mass per area than single beads. Again, the
drainage is reduced when two beads are tied together and more
"wet" cement is put into the enclosure.
Because of these variables, results have been divided into four
categories:
1 bead dipped, ti<_3 seconds
1 bead dipped, t^ >3 seconds
2 beads dipped, t;L_<_3 seconds
2 beads dipped, t^ >3 seconds
The 3 second cut-off time was arbitrarily chosen.
The following is a summary of the VOC results for all bead test categories:
Bead t^ sec'ds. No.
Quant. (length Of Average VOC Emitted Per Unit Area of Bead
Dipped of time Tests Cemented and Standard Deviations (gm/cm2)
beads were A B C D
allowed to VOC Std VOC Std VOC Std VOC Std
drain) Emt'd Dev Emt'd Dev Emt'd Dev Emt'd Dev
1 <3
1 >3
2 <3
2 >3
21
6
6
4
.035
.024
.070
.044
.003
.003
.005
.010
.037
.028
.073
.052
.003
.003
.006
.007
.039
.026
.078
.048
.004
.003
.006
.010
.041
.030
.081
.056
.004
.003
.007
.007
A = VOC(FID)90
B = Flash-Off VOC(FID)90
C = VOC(FID)g5
D = Flash-Off V6C(FID)95
33
-------
It can be seen from the above that by changing the drainage time and
number of beads dipped, VOC-mass-emission-per-surface-area values can vary
by nearly 300 percent.
Other possible VOC sources at the bead dipping operation are:
1. Beads are dipped in bundles of 50 and hung on racks over the
dipping tanks to drain and dry. The drained cement either flows
back into the tank or dries on a cardboard shield which, after
approximately 1 week of cement buildup is often replaced with a
clean cardboard sheet. VOC from the dried drained cement is not
measured.
2. As the beads dry, the dip tank is often left open, free to emit
VOC as the solvent evaporates' The enclosure technique does not
measure this source.
BEAD DIP FLASH-OFF TIMES
The average time required for a 90% reduction from the peak initial
value of the test enclosure VOC Concentration (flash-off time; tqn) was
118 seconds. This average was based on 37 tests, and the standard
deviation was 15 seconds.
Flash-Off time tg5" was 161 seconds and had a standard deviation of
24 seconds. This value was averaged from the same 37 VOC tests.
BEAD DIP MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS |
i
Table 5.4 presents the material balance results, or ,'cement usage, at
the bead dip operation during the test days of August 30, 31, and September
4, 5, 1979. Each test had a duration of between approximately 1 to 5
hours. A total of 7 tests were completed and during each test between 850
and 4500 beads were cemented.
3 A
-------
TABLE 5.4
Tread End CanenMr Material Balance Results
Antstrong Rubber Company
West Haven, Connecticut
Bead
Teat
Nunfaer Date
I 8-30-79
8-30-79
3-30-79
8-30-79
8-30-79
8-30-79
8-30-79
8-30-79
8-30-79
8-30-79
2 8-31-79
3-31-79
8-31-79
8-31-79
8-31-79
8-31-79
8-31-79
8-31-79
3-31-79
3 9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
4 9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
5 9-4-79
9-4-79
9-4-79
6 9-5-79
9-5-79
9^-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
7 9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9-5-79
9
Bead2
ID
Letter
DO
KK
BB
AA
CC
P7
CG
HH
II
JJ
Total
KK
CC
DO
HH
II
JJ
BB
EE
U.
Total
HH
AA
LL
II
CC
BB
CC
m
Total
KK
II
DO
PP
Total
QQ
II
MN
Total
CC
DO
II
EE
HH
SB
RR
Total
KK
II
00
CC
FT
RR
CC
UN
BB
LL
Total
Inside
Diane
ter,
Nominal1
Inches
15. U
13.13
13.18
15.13
14.11
15.26
13.13
13.11
14.13
14.15
13.15
14.U
14.11
15.11
14.15
14.15
13.13
13.13
14.13
13.13
13.13
14.15
14.13
13.15
13.18
14.11
13.14
15.15
14.15
15.11
14.13
15.11
14.13
13.14
15.15
15.11
14.15
13.18
15.11
13.18
15.13
13.15
14.15
15.11
15.15
15.26
15.13
14.11
13.14
13.18
14.15
. CM
38.38
38.48
33.48
38.43
33.84
38.76
38.48
38.38
35.94
33.94
38.48
33.84
38.38
38.38
35.94
35.94
33.48
33.48
33.94
38.48
38.43
35.94
33.94
38.48
33.48
33.84
33.38
38.48
33.94.
38.38
33.89
38.38
33.94
33.38
38.43
38.38
35.94
33.48
38.38
33.48
38.43
38.48
33.94
38.38
38.48
38.76
38.43
35.84
33.38
33.48
35.94
Quantity
Of
Beads
Cemented
Total
200
100
300
24
300
230
100
300
1630
300
800
431
330
300
150
50
400
230
200
550
400
350
400
250
500
100
50
300
1650
700
600
700
100
50
200
50
750
200
150
300
900
550
650
150
400
150
100
550
150
600
500
Bundles
4
2
16
0
16
5
2
6
33
6
16
3
7
6
3
I
3
5
4
11
a
7
3
5
to
2
1
6
33
14
12
14
2
1
i
4
' 1
'' 15
4
3
6
18
11
13
3
8
3
2
11
3
12
10
Total
Cemented
Bead
Surface-
Area
cm2
75000
37600
209053
9006
252409
94607
33827
101222
166163
105427
1084314
300396
133983
131176
101222
47456
17571
104527
73792
56035
968360
164804
150107
98061
126549
34567
130658
31551
13027
799324
112724
522016
262352
210567
1107659
262332
31637
14651
308640
67654-
18739
237280
59033
50611
78395
337740
849452
206660
205643
56218
135308
56764
37527
173531
39082
156790
140087
1207610
Haas of
Cenent
Mass of Used Per
Cement Surface
Used Area of
During Bead
Teat Cernnted
lb . KB- gn/ca
58.5 26559 .024
78.0 35412 .037
.
72.7 33005.8 .041
82.75 37369 .034
36.0 16344 .053
72.5 32915 .039
'
i
i
98.5 44719 .037
Overall Total For All Test Days
.From factory specifications
Manufacturer's ID number Is tn EPA confidential file
35
-------
During the four day period, 226,254 grams of cement were used to cement
6,325,359 square centimeters of bead surface area, yielding an average
cement usage ratio of .036 grams cement used per square centimeter of bead
cemented. The seven individual test values ranged from .024 to .053
r\
gm/cra .
Cement usage was measured at the end of each test by returning the
cement level in the dip tanks to the original level at the start of the
test with weighed cement. The original level was gauged using "L" brackets
mounted on the inside of each tank.
Bead surface area was calculated using the nominal thickness of an
individual bead wire (.06 inches) and multiplying that value by the number
of "wires" and "turns" in a particular bead size. Appendix A details the
bead surface area calculations.
"VOC(FID) MASS PER MASS OF CEMENT" TEST RESULTS
Armstrong's TEC cement was tested for its VOC content. A total of 108
sprays were directed into the end of the test enclosure (used at
Armstrong's Tread End Cementer VOC tests) while air was drawn through it at
a constant flow rate of 104 SCFM. The total cement weight sprayed during
the one hour test was 80.7 grams. Integration of the resulting VOC(FID)
i
curve multiplied by the volume flow rate (104 SCFM) resulted in a total VOC
I
mass emission of 77 grams as C^ Therefore for each gram of cement
i
sprayed, 0.95 grams of VOC was emitted.
Armstrong's bead cement was also tested for its VOC content. A total
of 84 sprays were directed into the end of the same test enclosure used in
i
i i
the TEC cement test. Volume flow rate throught the box was held constant
i
36
-------
at 103 SCFM. The total cement weight sprayed during the one hour test was
52.5 grams. Integration of the resulting VOC(FID) curve multiplied by
volume flow rate of 103 SCFM produced a total VOC mass emission of 40.5
grams as C^. Therefore for each gram of cement sprayed, 0.77 grams of
VOC was emitted.
Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organics (TGNMO) analysis was performed
simultaneously with the FID analysis in the "VOC mass per mass of cement"
test and the results are presented in Appendix H.
37
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
-------
/
-±-. L ?
/.$"/
10
(rr
no -mim
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0
-------
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'x io"y X £4* -
-------
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V 3 C £ F
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5 x
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-------
x
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VV' - W ! 'n £.
!~ ! M 'I .V* .i ' ,
, 3'x m^c.-:--
-'
~
-------
APPENDIX B
FIELD DATA
TREAD END CEMENTER
VOC TESTS
-------
m
TRE/ID e/\y»>
Voc r^sr
DIP
TESTED ay
AMDl£A/T
Etc.
A MBit A/ r
r£MP, OP
r/.
TEST
ro tut LOS L
FROM
APPLI
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r
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-------
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TESTED 6V
AMBIC.A/T
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-------
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TESTED ev
r£sr
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, OP C£M£A/7
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TO
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-------
D/P
ID/I
TESTED
AMDIHA/T
A/1BIEA/T
. OF CEM£A/~
EST
ro
APPJ.KATICA/
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fit/ID
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-------
E*
Dip
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51
T'ME
ro i A/CLOSE.
TO T£/IK
FKOM
W
TO
DlM£
1 *JC HE 3
'
w
COAXED FA/1 He*
\>\f\
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-------
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Dip
E.
TESTED ay
AM 6 IE A/ T C/V«, H.
TEMP, OF <
*-* resr P
:T_
TC5 r Loc/i r /
,9cy
TEST
T/ME.
ro
FrtOM
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TO re/jK
ENCLOSURE.
HA/IE
GL/1P5EP
FKOM
TO
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w
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OR
resr
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'.i - 6
J
K
K
(7 0
U :.; ;(
- " i -:'. i; /
as
*
-------
APPENDIX B (continued)
FIELD DATA
TREAD END CEMENTER
MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
-------
]" nT I
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APPENDIX E
TRC LAB TEST
RAW DATA
-------
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-------
APPENDIX F
STRIP CHARTS
TRC LAB TEST ON
TREAD END CEMENT
-------
tfft*
-------
-------
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-------
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-------
-------
APPENDIX F (continued)
STRIP CHARTS
TRC LAB TEST ON
BEAD CEMENT
-------
-------
-------
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70
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APPENDIX G
STRIP CHART DATA SHEETS
TRC LAB TESTS
-------
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NOTES
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-------
APPENDIX H
VOC(FID) AND VOC(TGNMO)
COMPARISON TEST ON
ARMSTRONG'S TREAD END
AND BEAD CEMENTS
-------
APPENDIX H
TGNMO/FID COMPARISON TEST
Section 5 of the text of this report gives results for a test which was
performed to determine the VOC mass emitted from known quantities of tread
and bead cements during drying. The results are given as grams of carbon
per gram of cement; the grams of carbon having been measured by an FID
analyzer using the procedure described in Sections 4. During these tests,
a Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organics (TGNMO) sample train was run
simultaneously with the FID analyzer train so that a comparison of the two
measurement techniques could be made. This Appendix presents the results
and calculations of the comparison tests.
TGNMO TEST RESULTS
Two comparison tests were run; one using Armstrong's Tread End Cement
and the other using Armstrong's Bead Cement. In both tests, the amount of
VOC(TGNMO) measured as carbon exceeded the amount of cement sprayed into
the test enclosure. This anomaly cannot be explained on the basis of any
of the test procedures or observations during the tests. The following is
a list of the TGNMO values, illustrating the anomalous results.
-------
TGNMO Sample
Train Number*
B-l
B-2
C-l
C-2
C-3
C-4
Type of
Cement Used
Tread End
Tread End
Bead
Bead
Bead
Bead
Amount of
Cement Used
(gms)
80.7
80.7
52.5
52.5
52.5
52.5
VOC (TGNMO)
Mass Measured
(gms)
130.0
92.1
103.0
80.1
52.8
49.7
*During the Tread End Cement tests, two TGNMO trains were run
simultaneously; during the Bead Cement tests, four trains were run.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR ARMSTRONG TREAD END CEMENT
VOC(FID) Mass VOC (TGNMO) Mass
calculate
Mass of Cement Mass of Cement
VOC(FID) Mass . . .
is presented in Section 5 of the text:
Mass of Cement
for Tread End Cement = 0.954 gm/gm
VOC (TGNMO) Mass
Mass of Cement
VOC (TGNMO) Mass = (TGNMO conc'n as Carbon*) (Enc flow) (Test duration)
0.671* mg 1 em 28.32 liters 104ft3 . . .
= _ x x x x (66 mm) = 130.4 gm
liter 1000 mg ft3 min
= 0.474*,x 1 x 28.32 x 104 x 66 = 92.1 gm
1000 mg
Two TGNMO trains were run simultaneously and an average was calculated from
the two values: 111.3 gm
VOC (TGNMO) Mass 111.3 , ,fl
i Jo
Mass of Cement 80.7**
This illustrates the anomaly in the results pointed out in the previous
section.
*As analyzed by Pollution Control Services, Inc.
-------
SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR ARMSTRONG BEAD CEMENT
.,« /n,««N x. 0.641*mg 1 gm 28.32 liters 103ft3 .
VOC (TGNMO) Mass = _ x 6 x ^__ x x 55 mm = 103 gm
liter lOOOgm ft3min
0.499* x ]_ x 28.32 x 103 x 55 = 80.1 gm
1000
0.329* x ]_ x 28.32 x 103 x 55 = 52.8 gm
1000
0.310* x \_ x 28.32 x 103 x 55 = 49.7 gm
1000
Four TGNMO trains were run simultaneously, producing four VOC mass values.
Three of the four exceed the mass of cement sprayed into the enclosure
(52.5 gms). Only the fourth train provided a TGNMO .value below the amount
of cement sprayed.
VOC (TGNMO) Mass , , , . . 49.7 _ ,
for the fourth train = - .947 gm/gm
Mass of Cement 52.5
VOC(FID) Mass VOC (TGNMO) Mass .77 n on
per = =0.81
Mass of Cement Mass of Cement .947
*As analyzed by Pollution Control Science, Inc.
**As measured during VOC mass/mass of Cement test
------- |