United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EMB Report 79-RBM-7
March 1980
            Air
<&ERA     Tire Production
           Emission Test Report
           Kelly-Springfield
           Fayetteville,
           North Carolina

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                    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                      Office  of Air Quality Planning and Standards
   DATE: 7/28/80       Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

SUBJECT:   Source  Test  Report


   FROM:   J-  E- McCarley,  Chief,  Field Testing Section,
          Emission  Measurement Branch, ESED (MD-13)


    TO:   see Below
               The  enclosed  final  source test report is submitted for your
          information.   Any  questions regarding the test should be directed
          to  the  Project Officer  (telephone:  8/629-5243).  Additional
          copies  of this report are  available from the ERC Library, Research
          Triangle  Park,  North Carolina 27711.

                    Industry:   Tire Production

                    Process:

                    Company:    Kelly-Springfield

                    Location:   Fayetteville, North Carolina

                    Project  Report Number:   EMB Report 79-RBM-7

                    Project  Officer:   Thomas M. Bibb


          Enclosure

          Addressees:
          John  Nader,  ESRL   (MD-46)
             :h  MacQueen,  MDAD  (MD-14)
          Rodney  Midgett,  EMSL (MD-77)
          Mark's. Siegler, DSSE (MD-EN-341)
          Director, Air  & Hazardous  Materials Division, Region ______
             (copy  enclosed  for State agency)
          Bob Kilgore, EPA Library Services  (MD-35)
EPA FORM 1320-6 (REV. 3-76)

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          TEST REPORT
   VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
   EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FOR
    TREAD END CEMENTING AND
   BEAD CEMENTING OPERATIONS
AT A TIRE  MANUFACTURING PLANT,
KELLY SPRINGFIELD TIRE COMPANY,
 FAYETTEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA
              by

      David  E. Ringquist
     Environmental Engineer
    Contract No. 68-02-2820
          Task No. 16

            May  1980

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                                CONTENTS
   Figures	      iv
   Tables    	       v

1.     INTRODUCTION	     1
2.     SUMMARY AND  CONCLUSIONS   	     3
                Summary   	     3
                      Summary  of Material Balance Results	     3
                      Summary  of Flash-Off Times  	     4
                      Summary  of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
                         Tests	     5
                      Summary  of VOC Mass per Cement Mass Tests . .     6
                Conclusions   	     6
3.     PROCESS DESCRIPTION  	 	     8
                Tread End Cementer  Process Description 	     8
                Bead Cementing  Operation  	     9

4.     TEST METHOD	    10
              •  Measurement  of  VOC  Emissions from the Tread End
                  Cementing Operations  	    10
                Tread End Cementer  Material Balance Tests  	    13
                Bead Cementing  Material Balance Tests  	    14
                Measurement  of  VOC  Mass per Mass of Cement	    15
                VOC Mass (FID), Mass  (TGNMO) Comparison Tests.  ...    17
5.     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION	    18
                Tread End Cementer  VOC  Emission Test Results  ....    18
                    Definition  of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission
                      Results	    22
                    Presentation of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission
                      Results	   23
                    Discussion  of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission
                      Results	   26
                Tread End Cementer  Material Balance Test Results  . .   27
                Bead Cementer Material  Balance Results  	   29
                VOC Mass Emitted From a Known Quantity of Bead  Cement  31
APPENDICES

   A.
   B.
   C.

   D.

   E.
Sample Calculations
Field Data Sheets
Field Strip Chart  Recordings,  Field  Strip Chart
  Recording Data Sheets
TRC Laboratory Test  Strip Chart Recordings,
  Strip Chart Data Sheets, Raw Data  Sheets
TGNMO/FID Comparison Test
                                    111

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                                 FIGURES


Number                                                             page

4.1      Test Equipment used at the Tread End Cementer VOC Test  .     11

4.2      Test Equipment used to determine VOC Mass  Per Cement
           Mass and VOC (FID) Mass  to VOC (TGNMO) Mass	16

5.1      Definitions of VOC (FID) Trace Integrations	21
                                     IV

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                                 TABLES






Number                                                             Page
5.1      Trend End Cementer VOC  Emission Results	     19




5.2      Tread End Cementer Material Balance Results  	     28




5.3      Bead Cementer Material  Balance Results  	  30

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                                DISCLAIMER









This report has  been  reviewed by the office  of  Air Quality Planning and




Standards,  U.S.  Environmental  Protection   Agency,   and  approved  for




publication.   Approval  does  not  signify  that  the  contents  necessarily




reflect  the views  and  policies  of  the  U.S.   Environmental  Protection




Agency,   nor   does   mention  of  trade   names   or  commercial  products




constitute  endorsement or recommendation  for  use.
                                     VI

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                                SECTION 1

                               INTRODUCTION



    TRC -  Environmental  Consultants,  Inc.,  has been  contracted by  the

Environmental  Protection Agency,  Office  of Air  Quality  Planning  and

Standards,  Emission  Measurement Branch,  to  perform direct  measurements

of  volatile   organic  compound   (VOC)   emissions   from  application  of

solvent-based  cement operations  at  the  Kelly Springfield Tire Company in

Fayetteville,  North Carolina.  Kelly-Springfield is  a  tire manufacturing

company  whose operations  at Fayetteville incorporate a number  of pro-

cesses  that make  use of  solvent  based  cements,  which are  applied to

various  components of  the  tire by manual  brushing or  rolling.   Two of

these  processes,  the  tread end cementer (TEC)  and  the  bead cementing

operation,  have  been tested  to measure  their VOC emissions and  cement

usage  rates.   These operations were of  interest because:


     1.    They have not  previously been  tested.

     2.    Results will be  compared  to  similar processes  at   another  tire
          plant employing different  cement application  techniques.

     3.    They presently have no VOC control  systems  associated with them.



     The following results  have  been calculated based on the  tests  per-

 formed:
                                      -1-

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  1.   The  ratio  of the mass of VOC to  the  mass  of cement as  analyzed
      by both a  total hydrocarbon analyzer equipped with a flame  ion-
      ization detector (FID),  and Total Gaseous  Non-Methane  Organic
      (TGNMO) analysis

  2.   A ratio of FID  to TGNMO  response

  3.   The  'mass  of "Flash  Off"  VOC  per unit area  of tread  cemented
      using FID  analysis  and  converting the  results  to TGNMO,  using
      the  FID/TGNMO ratio

  4.   The  length  of  time  required  for 90, 95  and  99 percent  of the
      VOC  emissions to "Flash Off" from the cemented treads

  5.   The  average mass of  cement  used  per unit area  of  tread or bead
      cemented
  This report  is authorized  as  Work Assignment  # 16 on  EPA contract

68-02-2820.
                                    -2-

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                                SECTION 2

                         SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS



SUMMARY

    Volatile Organic  Compound  (VOC)  tests were  conducted at  the  Kelly

Springfield  Tire Company  in Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  during  the

week  of  November 5,  1979.   Testi-ng took  place  at one  of  Kelly Spring-

field's  tread  end  cementer  production  lines,   and  at  three   of  Kelly

Springfield's bead production lines.  The  following tests were performed:


     1.   Measurement   of  the   cement   usage   (material  balance  tests)
         correlated with  the total quantity of  tread area cemented over
         a selected time period.

     2.   Measurement   of  the  cement  usage  correlated  with  the  total
         quantity of  bead area  cemented over a selected  time  period.

     3.   Measurement  of VOC Flash-Off  times  from  the  point  of cement
         application  to a  point where  99% of  the volatiles  have flashed
         off or  evaporated from the cemented surface.

     4.   Direct  measurement  of  VOC emissions  from freshly  cemented tread
         ends using an FID analyzer.

     5.   Measurement  of  the amount  of VOC  mass  contained  in  a known
         quantity of  tread end  and bead  cement.
 Summary of Material Balance Results

     Material balance results  determined  from three one-day  tests  at  the

 tread  end  cementer resulted  in an  overall average  of  .0159 grams  of
                                      -3-

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cement used  per  square centimeter  of  tread cemented.  The  cement  usage
results  for  each  test  day ranged  from  .0134  to  .0185  gm/cm2  and  had
a standard deviation of .0026 gm/cm2.
    The  material  balance  test  at  the  bead cementing operation resulted
in an overall, four day average  of  .0034 grams  of cement  used per square
centimeter of  bead surface  area cemented.  The  cement daily  usage  re-
sults  from  individual lines  ranged  from  .0014  to  .0079 gm/cm2  and
had a standard deviation of .0020 gm/cm2.

Summary  of Flash-Off Times
    The   average   time  required for  the  solvent   to  "flash-off"  the
cemented  tread  is  presented  below.   Definitions   of   t(
                                                                       and
                                                            "90'   L95
 tgg  are  given  in  Section 5,  "Definition  of Tread  End  Cementer  VOC
 Emission  Results".

Time
C90
C95
t99

Number of
Tests
47
33
6

Averaged
Time
(seconds)
108
125
113

Range
(seconds)
68 to 218
77 to 185
94 to 147
Standard
Deviation
n-1 Method
(seconds )
31
29
20
     Although  one  would  expect   the  tgg  average  time  and  the  VOCg9
 mass values  to be  greater  than  the  tg5  values, these  results  indicate
 they are  not.  The  tng values are calculated  from a much  smaller data
 set because  reduction of the  concentration  to  one  percent of  the peak
 was detected  fewer  times  (6  compared  to  33 tests) due to high background
 VOC concentrations.
                                       -4-

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Summary of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)  Tests




    VOC emission  results  are  expressed as  mass of  carbon emitted  (in




grams) per  unit  area (in  square  centimeters)  of tread  cemented.   These




results are divided into, six categories,  each  category representing  a




slightly  different  interpretation  of  the  same  test.   Section  5.0  pre-




sents a detailed definition of the six categories.
Number of
VOC Name Tests
VOC (FID) 90
Flash Off VOC(FID)90
VOC (FID) 95
Flash Off VOC(FID)95
VOC (FID) 99
Flash Off VOC(FID)99
47
47
33
33
6
6
Averaged
Mass/Area
(gm/cm2)
.0033
.0035
.0033
.0035
.0019
.0020
Standard
Range Deviation
(gm/cm2) (gm/cm2)
.0011 to
.0011 to
.0011 to
.0011 to
.0015 to
.0016 to
.0078
.0081
.0088
.0091
.0024
.0016
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0020
.0003
.0004
     VOC(FID)9Q   and  Flash  Off   VOC(FID)9()  values  should,  by   defi-




 nition,  be less than their corresponding "95" values, however, the  above




 averages do not indicate  this.   If the "90" data  average was  calculated




 using only those  values  which match  with  the 33  "95"  test values,  the




 average   VOC(FID)go  value  would  be  .0031   gm/cm2 compared  with  .0033




 gm/cm2   for    VOC(FID)95,   and   the   average   Flash   Off   VOC(FID)g0




 value would   be  .0032   gm/cn^  compared  with  .0035  gm/cn^  for  Flash




 Off  VOC(FID)g^.   From  these  averages  the   expected  differences can  be




 seen.
                                       -5-

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Summary of VOC Mass per Cement Mass Tests

    In addition  to  the tests conducted  at  the Kelly  Springfield  plant,

tests were also  performed  at the TRC laboratory  to measure  the  VOC mass

content  in  both  the  tread  end cement  and bead cement  used  by  Kelly

Springfield.   These tests  were  performed on November  19,  1979.   Results

show that the  tread end  cement emits 0.84  grams of  VOC  as carbon  per

gram of  cement  dried.   Bead cement  VOC  tests  resulted in 0.97  grams of

VOC as carbon emitted  per gram of cement  dried.



CONCLUSIONS

    1.    Daily  cement   usage measurements   at  the  tread  end  cementer
         showed  a  30   percent  variation  between  minimum  and  maximum
         individual daily averages.  This is considered  reasonable based
         on  visual  observations of  potential  process  variations  during
         the  test  program,   testing conditions,  and  assumptions  made
         during  calculation  of  the  results.   It  is  concluded  that  the
         method  employed will provide  an acceptable means of estimating
         an  average cement  usage rate provided the  tests are  conducted
         over a sufficient number of days.

    2.    The reported   average  cement usage  rate  of  0.0159  grams  of
         cement  used  per  square  centimeter of  tread  end  cemented  is
         reliable to within  about  40 percent at  a 95  percent confidence
         limit.   Additional  days  of testing would be  expected  to  signi-
         ficantly increase  the  accuracy  of the  reported  results.   One
         process  variable  which was  not accounted for  during   the  test
         program  is  that  this   is  a manual application  operation  and
         differences in operator's  techniques  may affect  these  results.
         This  test  program - was  conducted  primarily  with   the  same
         operator and  therefore no  estimate of  operator  difference  can
         be  made.

    3.    The  daily  cement   usage  measurements   at  the  bead  cementing
         operation imply that there may have been an unaccounted  differ-
         ence  in operation  of   one line.   However,   the  variations  in
         daily  usage rates of the  individual lines  were large enough to
         preclude statistically confirming  this hypothesis.   It  is  con-
         cluded  that  the  method  employed  will  provide  an acceptable
         means  of estimating an average cement usage  rate provided  the
         tests  are conducted  over a sufficient  number of  days.
                                     -6-

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4.   The reported  average  cement usage rate  of 0.0034  grams  cement
     per  square  centimeter  of  bead area  cemented  is  reliable  to
     within about  100 percent  at  a  95%  confidence  limit.  Additional
     days of testing would be  expected  to significantly  increase the
     accuracy of the reported results.

5.   The "ventilated  enclosure"  method for determination  of  the VOC
     mass emitted  on the tire  treads is  an  acceptable  procedure to
     determine an  average VOC emission.    Because of the potential
     variations  in VOC  emissions  emitted from  one  sample   to the
     next, it  is  important  to repeat the  test  procedure a number of
     times and calculate  a  confidence limit  on the  reported  average
     VOC emission  data to assure the  desired accuracy.

6.   Measurement   of  the  VOCgg  results   are  considered  unreliable
     because  variations  in  the  background  VOC  concentration  pre-
     vented  an accurate  determination of the  time  (tgg) at  which
     the  enclosure concentration returned to  one percent of the peak
     concentration (above  the  background concentration.)   Further
     refinement of the  test  data to 99 percent of the drying  periods
     is  therefore  unwarranted.  In  those  cases where there are very
     low  background VOC concentration levels,  this  procedure may be
     applicable.
                                  -7-

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                                SECTION 3

                           PROCESS DESCRIPTION



    Both tread  end cementing and  bead cementing operations were  tested

at the Kelly Springfield Tire Plant.



TREAD END CEMENTER PROCESS DESCRIPTION

    Kelly  Springfield tire  treads  are  hot  extruded  as  one  continuous

length  of  rubber  which  is  coated with  undertread  cement and  then cut

into  individual  tread  lengths  prior to  application of  the  tread end

cement.  Each  tread passes a cementing  station  on  a conveyor belt where

the  cement  is  manually  applied to  both bevel cut ends  of  the tread.  An

operator  paints  the  cement  on  the  tread using  a  sponge which  he dips

into  an  open  tray  containing the  cement.   Each  operator   employs   a

slightly  different technique in cementing treads which results in  vary-

ing  amounts of cement applied  to  each  tread.   The  operator  refills the

cement  tray approximately twice per  shift using a five  gallon  pail  which

is  filled  at  a 55  gallon drum located  near  the operation,  j After the
                                                               i
treads  are cemented the conveyor  system carries  them to  the bookers who

place the  treads  onto a series  of trays  arranged in a manner  resembling

pages of  a book.  The  book provides a means  for  temporary storage and

transportation of the treads to other locations  within  the plant.
                                      -8-

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BEAD CEMENTING OPERATION




    The bead  line operates continuously  to  combine  several  wire strands,




a rubber compound, and bead cement into finished beads.




    Kelly Springfield's bead cementing operation  is  actually  part  of the




bead manufacturing line.  Cement  is applied just  after  the  bead extruder




and  just  prior  to  formation of  the finished  bead.   The  bead  extruder




fuses a rubbercoating  onto  several  continuous strands of .038"  diameter




wire.  The  wire/rubber combination  exits the  extruder  as  a  flat  strip.




This flat  strip then passes over a wheel which  is  half submerged  in  a




cement  bath.    This  contact  with  the   wheel  causes  it to  rotate  and




applies  a   coating  of  cement  on one  side  of  the  passing  wire/rubber




strip.  Beads  are formed by winding  this now cemented  strip onto  a 13,




14 or 15" wheel for four, five, or  six "turns"  or overlaps.   The machine




then severs  the finished bead from the  continuous  strip so  workmen can




manually remove  and  store  them for  later assembly processes.   Cement  is




added to the  bath manually with  five gallon pails filled at  a  55  gallon




drum located near the bead manufacturing  line.
                                      -9-

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                                SECTION 4


                               TEST METHOD





    Testing consisted of  measurements  of VOC emissions  and  cement  usage


from the tread end cementing operations,  and measurement of  cement  usage


from  the  bead  cementing line.   In addition,  tests  were  performed  to


determine the  VOC mass  emitted  from  a  known  quantity  of  cement  taken


from both of the operations.





MEASUREMENT OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM THE TREAD END CEMENTING OPERATIONS


    The objective of this test was  to quantify  the VOC mass  which was


emitted  by  a  freshly cemented tread  and  correlate this mass  with the


tread  area  upon  which  the cement was applied.  These  measurements re-


sulted in an average value of VOC mass per unit area of  tread cemented.


    Each  test  was performed by taking a freshly cemented tread off the


conveyor  and placing it  into a  ventilated enclosure as  quickly as was

                   I
possible.   The ventilated  enclosure  exhaust was monitored and  the ex-
                   I
                   i
hausted  air volume  was  measured  so  a VOC  mass  emitted  from  the  tread


could  be  calculated.  Figure  4.1 describes the  testing equipment  used.


Air flow through the enclosure  was  adjusted  to  a nominal  50 SCFM and


measured  at a  constant  53.9 and 49.3  SCFM, for  November  6 and  7  respect-


ively.   Flow rate was measured by an  American CVMP Model  5.3M  positive



                                     -10-

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                         TO FLAME
                   IONLZATION DETECTOR
                                   TREAD SECTION
                                                       POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
                                                           VOLUME METER
FIGURE 4.1:   TEST EQUIPMENT USED AT THE TREAD END CEMENTER VOC TEST
                              -il-

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displacement  type  volume  meter  mounted  downstream  of  the  enclosure.

Flow was  supplied by a  fan  located downstream of  the volume meter  and

flow adjustments  were made,using  moveable dampers.  The VOC  concentra-

tion of  the  enclosure air stream  was  monitored by  a Bendix Model  8402

flame  ionization  detection (FID)  analyzer.   Propane  was  used to  cali-

brate the FID  during the test.  A  Soltec  Model VP-6232S chart  recorder

was connected  to  the FID analyzer  and  chart  speed was set at 10  centi-

meters per minute during all  tests.   The  sample for  the  FID was  drawn

through a heated  teflon sample line which was connected to  the  exhaust

duct of the  enclosure.

    Immediately after application  of  cement,  each  tread  was placed  in

the enclosure  for drying.   An FID  trace,  similar  to those described  in

Section 5, "Tread End Cementer VOC  Emission Test Results",  and on Figure

5.1, was  the  common  VOC concentration profile  during each test.   Each

test was  considered complete  when  the  VOC concentration had decayed  to

one percent  of the peak initial concentration.

    During each test the following data were  recorded*


        1.  Elapsed time from cement application to tread enclosure

        2.  Time of enclosure  marked on the strip chart

        3.  Elapsed times from cement application to  90, 95, and  99  per-
            cent  reduction  from peak  VOC  concentration, marked  on  the
            strip chart

        4.  The tread identification number


    Additional data taken at the test site  include-
        1.  Relative humidity of the plant air
        2.  Ambient and enclosure temperature
                                    -12-

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        3.  Barometric Pressure    ^
        4.  Volume meter static pressure
        5.  Air flow rate at the volume meter by stopwatch
TREAD END CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS

    Tread  end  cementer material balance  tests  were conducted  to  deter-

mine both  the quantity of  cement used  over a given time period, and  the

total surface area  of  tread cemented during the  same  period.   Each test

lasted between six  and  seven hours and consisted  of  six or seyen  tread

runs.  A tread  run produces one  hundred to several  hundred   treads  of

common size and lasts approximately one hour.

    Cement  usage was  measured  by  pre-weighing  the  cement  tray,  the

cementer's  sponge,  and the  five  gallon pail at  the  beginning of  each

test.  Final cement  weights  were  measured at the  conclusion of the last

tread run  of  the test.  Since  the open tray leaves  the cement exposed

during the entire  test,  the cement usage measurements  include solvent

evaporation from the tray  in  addition  to  the cement which is  applied  to

the treads.

    Tread  cemented  surface  area  was determined  by  measuring   the  bevel

cut  area of two  or three treads  from each tread run,  multiplying  the

average  of  these measurements by the total number  of  treads  cemented  for

that tread  run and  summing each of  these  products from  all tread  runs.

The  "tread cemented surface  area" measurements  were made  only on  the

bevel  cut   portion  of  the  tread,  assuming  that  the  operator applied

cement only to that  area.  Refer to Appendix A,  sample calculations,  for

the method used in determining the  bevel cut  area.
                                      -13-

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BEAD CEMENTING MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS




    Bead cementing material balance  test were  conducted  to determine the




quantity of cement used during bead  production over  a selected period of




time.  This quantity was compared  to the total bead  surface area cement-




ed during  the  same  time  period in order to calculate  an  average mass of




cement used per surface area of bead cemented.




    Three  of  Kelly Springfield's  bead  production   lines were  tested.




Each  test  lasted  approximately  seven hours  and the operation stopped




only during breaks or shift changes.




    Cement  usage was  measured by recording the  cement bath liquid level




at  the beginning  of  the test  (for  each  of  the three  production lines




tested)  and adding enough weighed cement  at  the  conclusion of the  test




to return  the  liquid height  to its original level.  Cement was not added




to the bath any time during the test.




     The  total cemented  bead  surface  area was found  by  multiplying  the




cemented surface  area per  bead by  the total number  of  beads  produced.




Bead cemented surface area was  calculated based  on the outside  surface




 area of a  completed bead  and a sample calculation  of this is  presented




in Appendix  A.   The  actual  cemented  surface area  for  this  particular




operation will differ from the  outside surface  area  of  a finished  bead




 because  the cement is  applied to the  bead wire  strip prior to  its  for-




mation into a bead.  The "outside surface area"  method was used  here so




 a comparison  could be  made  with  another  bead  cementing  process   at  a




 different tire plant  which dips the  finished bead into a cement bath.




     The   total number  of  beads  produced  during  the  test  period  was




measured by an automatic counter, and  it  was  necessary only  to record an






                                      -14-

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initial  and  final counter  reading  to determine  the bead  quantity  pro-



duced.









MEASUREMENT OF VOC MASS PER MASS OF CEMENT




    "VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement" tests were  performed to  determine  the




amount  of  VOC emitted from  a  known quantity of cement while  the cement




dries.   Kelly Springfield  tread  end  cement  and bead  cement were  both




tested  for  their  VOC content.   Each cement sample  was  well agitated and




then put into a hand  operated  spray  bottle.   The  full  bottle was weighed




prior  to  the  start of the test.  With the  test  enclosure closed and the




fan running,  cement  was  sprayed into  the end of  the enclosure  where it




impacted on  the  treads as  shown  in Figure 4.2.  The  test  enclosure  FID




analyzer, volume meter, and  fan used  in  this  test were also used in the




tread  end cementer VOC tests described in Section 4,  "Measurement of VOC




Emissions from the Tread End".  As  the  cement dried  on  the  treads  the




VOC  concentration in  the enclosure  exhaust was  monitored  by   the  FID




analyzer.  The treads were positioned in  such  a way  as  to prevent  any




cement  mist  from  being  carried  past   the  FID  sample  probe  before




evaporation of the solvent and thus go' unmeasured.




    A  test  lasted for approximately  one hour  during  which time cement




was  sprayed  into   the   enclosure,  one  spray  per  approximately   two




minutes.  Each  spray  produced a  peak VOC  concentration  on  the  strip




chart recordings  which can be seen in  Appendix D of  this  report.   As  the




concentration began  to decrease from  the  previous  spray,  another spray




was introduced into  the  test enclosure.   At  the  conclusion of  the  test




the spraying  was  stopped and  the  VOC  concentration was  allowed  to  drop
                                   -15-

-------
              CEMENT IMPACTS ON
              TREAD,  VOC  EMITTEP
                DURING DRYING
                   VENTILATED BOX ENCLOSURE
VOC, AIR FLOW
 PUMP  - TYPE
SPRAY BOTTLE
 CONTAINING
 CEMENT OF
KNOWN WEIGHT
                         LENGTH OF TREAD
                                                          TO TGNMO
                                                         COLD TRAPS
                                                                         HEATED SAMPLE
                                                                          LINE TO FID
                                                                        TO VOLUME
                                                                        METER,  FAN
FIGURE 4.2:  TEST EQUIPMENT USED TO DETERMINE VOC MASS
             PER CEMENT MASS AND VOC (FID) MASS TO VOC
                         (TGNMO) MASS

-------
to within  one  or two chart divisions of  base line.  The  test  enclosure




flow rate  was  adjusted  to  a nominal  100 SCFM and measured a constant 103




SCFM for the  tread end cement samples  and  105  SCFM for the  bead  cement




samples.  Only one test was performed for each cement sample.









VOC MASS (FID), VOC MASS (TGNMO)  COMPARISON TESTS




    During  the measurement of  "VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement"  tests  des-




cribed  in  Section  4,   ''Measurement  of  VOC  Mass  per Mass  of  Cement",




samples were also  collected for  Total Gaseous Nonmethane  Organic (TGNMO)




analysis.  TGNMO samples were taken  simultaneously  with the FID  analyzer




measurements  so a  direct  comparison   of  the  two  techniques  could  be




made.  EPA Reference Method 25  was  used as  a sampling procedure.   The




cold traps were sent  to  Pollution  Control  Science  (PCS) for  analysis




under subcontract to TRC.
                                    -17-

-------
                                   SECTION 5

                             RESULTS  AND  DISCUSSION



    Results  from  the  VOC  test  at  the  tread  end  cementing  operation,  and

results from  the material balance tests  at both the  tread  end cementing  and

bead  cementing  operations are  presented in  this section.   Results  from  the

"VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement" tests  conducted at  the  TRC laboratory  facility

are  also  presented  in  this  section.   Results  from  the TGNMD/FID  comparison

tests are represented in Appendix E.



TREAD END CEMENTER VOC EMISSION TEST RESULTS

    Table  5.1 summarizes  the  data and results from the  VOC  emission  test per-

formed at the Kelly  Springfield tread end cementer.

    Each  test number represents a freshly  cemented  tread which is  taken from

the  conveyor line  and placed  in the ventilated enclosure.

    Tread size   and  type  are indicated  by a  letter,  since the factory tread

identification number is  considered confidential  information.

    During  each  test,  six  "times"  were  measured  which  are  illustrated  in

Figure 5.1. and  defined below:


     1.    Time  tg, not  listed in Table  5.1,   is  defined as  the  time of
          cement  application.

     2.    Time  tj   is   defined  as   the   period   between application  of
          cement  and  tread enclosure.
                                     -18-

-------
                Table 5.1
Tread Kiul Ceinenter  VOC Emission Results
    Kelly Springfield Tire Coiupnny
     Fayeicevj.lle.  North  Carolina
Cement
Weight on
Area VOC Per Unit Area Tread from
of of Tread Cemented
Trend Time (seconds) VOC Mass (Crams) Tread (gm/cm2)
Test
No. Date Let
1).
ter8 tj tp t90 t95 tg
22 11-6 A 2.4 27 -2 -2
3 A 2.0 32 93 -2
5
6
B
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20/(
I






I 2.0 50 137 170
2.8 49 -2 -2
3.0 42 -2 -
2.3 37 199 275
2.3 40 105 -2
4.0 40 111 149
3.0 47 126 158
1.8 47 137 -2
2.0 41 120 185
1.8 41 92 -2
3.0 45 106 125
, 1.5 35 99 117
1.5 36 92 111
Ceui .
A B C D E F (CM2) A » C » E 1'
2 _2 _2 _2 _2
.087 .091 -2 -2
.348 .360 .371 .383
.347 .360 -2 -2
.122 .127 -2 -2
.640 .655 .697 .713
.179 .189 -2 -2
.089 .095 .099 .106
.122 .129 .137 .144
.282 .291 -2 -2
.347 .359 .396 .407
.184 .191 -2 -2
.271 .287 .289 .305
.112 .115 .119 .122
.131 .135 .142 .146







|
2 43.68 - - -2 -2
43.68 .00200 .00208 -2 -2
44.






74 .00779 .00805 .00830 .00856
.00776 .00805 -2 -2
.00272 .00283 -2 -2
.01430 .01465 .01558 .01593
.00401 .00422 -2 -2
.00199 .00213 .00222 .00236
.00273 .00288 .00307 .00321
.00631 .00651 -2 -2
.00777 .00802 .00884 .00910
.00412 .00428 -2 -2
.00606 .00641 .00646 .00681
.00250 .00256 .00267 .00273
.00293 .00302 .00317 .00326
2







t'l for
VOC (FID) 90
(.jui/cur

Horn.
Wt.
Fin.
Tire
(Cms)
2 .00311 N.A.
.00230 N.A.
.00927
.00924
.00324
.01702
.00477
.00237
.00325
.00751
.00925
.00490
.00721
.00298
.00349
C 1.5 62 134 141 147 .082 .084 .085 .086 .085 .087 45/59 .00180 .00184 .00185 .00189 .00186 .00191 .00214
il.8 77 218 -2 -2 .334 .339 -2 -2 -2 -2 1 .OO733 .00744 -2 -2 -2 -2 .00873
3.8 54 82 90 94 .102 .111 .105 .114 .109 .118 * .00224 .1)0243 .00230 .00249 .00239 .00258 .00267
'
21 11-7 D 2.0 50 168 -2 -2 .189 .193 -2 -2 -2 -2 38.05 .00497 .00508 -2 -2 -2 -2 .00592
2^3
23
24
252
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
.8 41 73 77 80 .033 .037 .034 .037 .035 .037





.2 51 85 91 96 .056 .057 .057 .059 .058 .060
.5 51 96 111 116 .076 .078 .082 .085 .083 .085
.2 52 116 135 -2 .134 .137 .146 .148 -2 -2
.2 51 96 115 120 .053 .054 .058 .060 .059 .060
.4 166 111 160 -2 .111 .114 .127 .130 -2 -2
.3 51 81 91 10
.2 47 135 170 -
.5 44 128 -2
.4 44 113 120
.4 48 131 -2
, 2.5 48 117 -2
1.6 45 90 95
2 .061 .063 .065 .067 .01
2 .116 .118 .125 .128
.074 .076 -2 -2
.080 .08) .069 .072
.160 .164 -2 -2
.113 .118 -2 -2
.163 .170 .163 .170 '
'A .070
2 _2
(
V
.0008H .00097 .00089 .00098 .00092 .00098 .00105
.00146 .00150 .00151 .00155 .00153 .00157 .00174
.00199 .00206 .00215 .00222 .00217 .00224 .00237
.00352 .00359 .00383 .00390 -2 -2 .00419
.00139 .00142 .00153 .00157 .00154 .00158 .00165
.00293 .00300 .00335 .00342 -2 -2 .00349
.00160 .00166 .00170 .00176 .00178 .001
.00304 .00310 .00329 .00335 ~2
.00194 .00200 -2
.00200 .00205 .00201 .00206
.00419 .00430 -2 -2
.00297 .00311 -2 -2
.00428 .00447 .00429 .00448
1
J3 .00190
2 .00362
.00231
.00251
.00499
( .00354
.00510
12





'
117






12204
|
1
9888













-------
                                                                           Table 5.1
                                                                          (Continued)
                                                            Tread F.ml Cemcnter VOC Km 1st; Ion Results
                                                                Kelly Springfield Tire Company
                                                                 Fayettevl lie, North Carol Inn
Tread Time (seconds)
VOC Mass (Grams)

Area VOC Per Unit Area
of of Tread Cemented
Tread (f;ru/cin2)
TeHt 10. Cem.
No. Dale taCtar8 t| t() t9() I95 t99 A D C U E F (CM2) A 11 C D E
16 11-7 8 1 5 33 81 99 -2 .074 .078 .075 .079 -2 -2 70.75 .00105 .00110 .00106 .00111 -2
375
38
39
40
426
43
44
47C
48
495
50s
1 51
NJ „
O -^
1 53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62'
63?
64 7

\
3.0
3.2 40 95 102 -l .163 .174 .164 .174
2.5 41 91 126 -2 .186 .195 .209 .219 ]

r


)


, 1



\
.00231 .00245 .00232 .00246 -2
.00263 .00276 .00295 .00309 -2

42.95
2.8 43 94 138 -2 .140 .150 .185 .195 -2 -2
3.9 38 91 129
2.0 37 90 -2 \
.2.6 '
.242 .265 .252 .275 .
.145 .152 -2 -2 ]
\ \
f
2.8 41 77 120 -2 .158 .168 .182 .192 -2 -2
C 2.5
2.4








,

2.4






.00327 .00350 .00432 .00455 -2
.00564 .00618 .00587 .00641 1
.00337 .00354 -2 -2 |
.00367 .00391 .00423 .00447 -2
45.59


2.9 48 124 151 -2 .127 .132 .140 .145 -2 -2
2.9 35 116 -2
2.5 42 118 161
2.5 45 74 93
2.0 38 114 96
1.8 38 68 98
2.0 43 137 164
, 2.1 32 108 121
2.5 34 101 -2
B 1.9" 35 74 99
12.6 36 69 81



.067 .070 -2 -2
.072 .075 .082 .085
.127 .137 .135 .145
.127 .133 .130 .135
.112 .118 .125 .130
.307 .317 .325 .335
.144 .150 .147 .152
•j '1
.Oli2 .085 -l -l
.067 .071 .071 .074
.065 .070 .067 .072











, 1




AVI;. "-6. H-7 108 128 113
AV|. 11 6 11-7 H Matched Teats Only








.00279 .00290 .00307 .00318 -2
.00147 .00154 -2 -2
.00158 .00165 .00179 .00186
.00279 .00300 .00296 .00318
.00279 .00291 ,00285 .00297
.00246 .00258 ,00273 .00285
.00673 .00695 .00712 .00735
f .00317 .00328 .00323 .00334
.00180 .00187 -' -£
44.74 .00151 .00158 .00158 .00166
.00145 .00156 .00150 .00161

1
!
Cement
Weight* on
Tread frou
FI for
VOC (Fill) 4,
on 1 y
F giu/em2
-2 .00125
-2 .00275
-2 .00313


-2 .00389
4.00671
.00401
-2 .00437



-2 .00332
.00175
.00188
.00332
.00332
.00293
.00801
.00377
.00214
.00180
.00173



Num.
Ut.
Fin.
Tire
(Cms)
21656

1


10556


i



12204









i











12117




.00134 .00)48 .00334 .00348 .00188 .00195
.00309 ,00323 .OO334 .00348


A   VOC(KII))(J()

1)   Flash Oil VOC(FU»y()

c   voi:(Kin),J5

D   Flash Off VOC(F1U)95

15   F()C(F1I))99

F   Flash Off VOt:(FlD)i,9
 Cement weight  =  (VOC  Mass  "A"  column)  I (VOC mass per mass of cement used)
2
 Mot avallahle, FID  trace never decayed to the expected pcrc.ent of the peak  height

 These values were not  Included In the  overall average
I,
 Operator using solvent  near  enclosure, high hackground VOC concentration

 Analyzer attenuation  changed during  measurement,  curve area not measurable
6,
 Tread put In cement-aide down,  trace  was  not typical

 llnceiuented treads, no VOC was detected

8Actu«l er«ad ID no*, arc  in EPA confidential fila

-------
      TYPICAL FID TRACE
     FROM A DRYING TREAD
                         •TIME
                      VOC (FID)go
•BASELINE (ZERO CONCENTRATION)
 BACKGROUND VOC
'  CONCENTRATION
                                          u
                                          £
          -TIME
FLASH OFF VOC (FID)gQ
                                                     FLASH OFF VOC (FID)gg gg
                                         LEGEND"
     tg  - TIME CEMENT APPLIED                    tgg - TtME VOC CONCENTRATION  IS IS OF PEAK
     tj  - TIME TREAD ENCLOSED IN BOX              tp - TIME FROM CEMENT APPLICATION TO PEAK
    tg
-------
   3.   Time  tp is  defined as  the  elapsed time  from tg  to  the  point
         at  which the VOC  concentration  in the enclosure reaches a  peak
         value.

    4.    Times   tgo*   £95*   an<*   fc99  are  measured  from   tg  to   a
         point  where  the enclosure  VOC  concentration  has  decreased  to
         10, 5 and  1  percent,  respectively, of  the peak enclosure  con-
         centration.
    Tread area cemented was measured for each  tread  tested and is listed

in square centimeters.

    Nominal  finished  tire weights  are  listed  for each  corresponding

tread size.



Definition of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results

    The  VOC  mass  emitted by each tread  is  expressed as  grams  of carbon

which has been determined  from:


    1.   FID traces  found  in Appendix C
    2.   The test enclosure flow rate


    Each FID curve  area has  been integrated six different ways making it

possible to  calculate  six  different  VOC  mass  values  for  each  test.

Figure  5.1  illustrates  four  of the  six integrations  which are  defined

below:
     1.    VOC(FID)9Q   includes  the  area  under  the  curve  from  initial
          instrument  response to  time  t9Q.

     2.    Flash  Off  VOC(FID)9Q   is   VOC(FID)90  plus  the   added   area
          from  tg  to tj.   This  added  area  is  an  estimation  of  the
          VOC mass  emitted by the cemented tread prior  to its enclosure.

     3.    VOC(FID)95   includes  the  area  under  the  curve  from  initial
          instrument  response to  time
     4.    Flash  Off  VOC(FID)95   is   VOC(FID)95  plus   the   added   area
          from t0 to tj.
                                      -22-

-------
    5.    VOC(FID)99   and  Flash  Off   VOC(FID)99  are  similar  to   the
         above definitions  but are  integrated  from initial  instrument
         response  to  tgg.    Time   tgg  was  seldom  measured  due   to
         background  VOC  concentration  and the  limitations  of  the  FID
         analyzer.
                 i

Presentation of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results

    During the  tread  end cementer VOC  tests a  total of  64 treads  were

taken from the  conveyor  immediately  after they were  cemented  and  placed

in  the  ventilated  enclosure.   Sixteen  tests  were  not  included  in  the

final  averaging.^   Test  1 was  conducted  at  the  wrong chart  recorder

speed  and  did  not  produce  a traceable  curve.   Tests  7  and   22  had

respectively  higher  and lower VOC mass values  in  comparison  to  the VOC

mass  emissions  measured  during  other tests.   Test  20 was  not  used

because  the  operator  used a solvent  cleaner near  the test enclosure air

inlet  slot  producing high background VOC  concentrations.  The FID trace

for  test 25 never decayed to  10, 5  or  1 percent of the peak initial VOC

concentration due  to  large variations in background VOC levels.   Several

other  tests  denoted by superscript "2" have this  same problem occurring

at  the  1 percent  (tgg)  point.   Tests  37,40,41,46,48,49,  and  50 were

not valid because  the  VOC concentration  exceeded  the  adjusted range  of

the FID  analyzer,  producing  a curve which could  not  be measured.   The

 test 42  trace  was  not typical because the tread was  enclosed with  the

 cemented side   face  down against  the   enclosure  causing a  slower  than

 normal drying time.  Tests 62, 63,  and 64 involved treads placed in the
 1Tests 1,7,20,22,25,37,40,41,42,46,48,49,50,62,63,64
                                      -23-

-------
enclosure  with no  cement  applied  in order  to  check  for  possible  VOC




which might  be emitted from the  tread itself.   These  tests  produced no




detectable VOC concentration.








VOC(FID)90 Results




    A  total  of 47  test  repetitions using various  tread sizes were used




to  obtain an  averaged value of  .0033 grams of VOC emitted  per square




centimeter   (cm2)   of  tread cemented.    Individual  tests   ranged   from




 .0011   to  .0078  grams  VOC  emitted  per  cm2  tread  cemented  and   the




 standard deviation  was .0019 gm/cm2.








 Flash Off VOC(FID)90  Results




     An average of  .0035  grams  of VOC were emitted  per square centimeter




 of  tread cemented  based  on  the  Flash  off VOC(FID)gQ  ratio.   A  total




 of 47  test repetitions  with  VOC  mass  per  area values  ranging between




 .0011 and  .0081 grams per  square centimeter, and a standard deviation of




 .0019 gm/cm2, were used to  calculate  the average value.
 VOC(FID)95  Results




     An  average  of .0033 grams of VOC  were emitted per square centimeter




 of  tread cemented based on  the  VOC(FID)g5 ratio.   A total  of  33  test




 repetitions,  with  VOC  mass  per  area  values  ranging  between .0011  and




  .0088  grams  per  square  centimeter  and  a  standard  deviation  of  .0019




 gm/cm2,  were  used to calculate the  average value.
                                       -24-

-------
Flash Off VOC(FID)95 Results




    An average  of  .0035  grams of VOC were  emitted per square centimeter




of  tread cemented  based  on  the Flash Off VOC(FID)ge  ratio.   A total




of  33 tests  with  VOC mass per  area values  ranging between  .0011  and




.0091 grams  per  square centimeter and a standard deviation of .0020 were




used  to  calculate the average value.









VOC(FID)99 and Flash Off VOC(FID)99  Results




    Only 6  of  the 64  VOC  tests   produced  measurable  VOC  results   at




tgg.    The   average   VOC(FID)99  and   Flash   off   VOC(FID)99   results




are  .0019 and  .0020  grams VOC  emitted  per  square  centimeter  of tread




cemented,  respectively.   The VOC(FID)gg results  ranged from  .0015   to




 .0024  gm/cm2,   with  a  standard   deviation   of  .0003  gm/cm2.   The




Flash  Off  VOC(FID)9g  results  ranged  from   .0016  to   .0026   gm/cm2,




with  a  standard   deviation  of  .0004  gm/cm2.   VOC  concentrations   at




 t99   were  difficult  to   detect  due  to  VOC  background  concentrations




 being higher than  the  "one percent  of peak" concentrations.








 Times "t9Q,  tgs and t^" Results




     From  the  47  tests  at  the   tread  end  cementer  which  were  used  to




 determine the  average  VOC(FID)9Q  results,  it  took an  average of  108




 seconds for  a  90  percent VOC concentration  decay from  the  peak initial




 VOC  enclosure  concentration.   Individual  tg0  values  ranged from 68  to




 218 seconds with a standard deviation of 31 seconds.




     The  average "time-tg^"  value  of  128 seconds  was  determined  from




 the  33  tests   which  were  used  to  calculate  the  VOC(FID)gc  averaged






                                      -25-

-------
values.   Individual  tg5  times  ranged from  77 to  185  seconds  with  a




standard deviation of 29 seconds.




    The  average "time-tog"  value  of  113  seconds  was  determined  from




the  6  tests  which  were  used   to   calculate  the  VOC(FID)gg  averaged




values.   Individual  tgg times  ranged from 94  to  147  seconds and  had  a




standard deviation of 20 seconds.









Discussion of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results




    From  the  definitions,  one  would  expect  VOC(FID)gg and Flash  Off




VOC(FID)gg  values  to   be  greater  than  the  VOC(FID)g5  and Flash  Off




VOC(FID)gg  values.   The  average results  show the  opposite to  be true




because  the  "tgg"  values  are  calculated  from  6  tests  compared with




the  "tg^" tests which  are calculated  from 33 tests.   Reduction of the




VOC  concentration to one  percent of  the  peak was  detected fewer times




due  to the high background VOC concentrations.




     In  addition,   the   VOC(FID)g5  and  Flash  Off  VOC(FID)g5  average




values,  by  definition,  should  be greater  than  their  corresponding "90"




values,  however they are not  because of  the difference  in  the number  of




valid tests which the  two values  are  based on (33 versus  47).   If the




vo^gQ average  values  were  calculated from  the  33 tests  which  corres-




pond  to  the  VOCg5   tests,   the   lower  values   of   .0031  and   .0032




gm/cm2   for  VOC(FID)gQ   and   Flash  Off   VOC(FID)g0,   respectively,




would result.  These values are,  as  expected,  less than the "95"  values




of    .0033   and   .0035   gm/cm2    for    VOC(FID)g5    and   Flash  Off




VOC(FID)95>  respectively.
                                      -26-

-------
    An inherent inaccuracy  in the calculation of "Flash Off"  values for

VOC per tread area cemented is  the  estimation of the VOC mass emitted by

the tread prior to its enclosure  (that  is,  the "unmeasured" VOC mass) by

extrapolation  of  the   curve  to  tQ  at   the   peak  concentration  as

explained in  Appendix  A,  Sample Calculations.   Since  it  is not possible

to  cement  the tread  in  the  enclosure,  the  extrapolation  is considered

the best approximation.

    Test results  at the  tread end cementer for the most part reflect the

habits  and techniques  of one  operator.    Except  for breaks  and lunch,

etc.,  the  same  workman  performed  the   cementing  routine  during the

tests.   It  was  noted that  relief operators  appeared  to  differ with the

regular  operator  in the amount of  cement  they applied or in the area of

tread they  covered with  the cement.  "The VOC mass  per tread  area"  value

measured  during Test  7 was four  times  greater than the average, and the

Test  22  value  was one  fourth the average,  both  possibly  caused  by  a

different  operator.   Operator  identification was  not  recorded so  it is

not certain that  this  is  the  cause.

    Kelly Springfield's  tread end  cementing  operation had  two  sources of

VOC emissions in  addition to  the  drying treads:


     1.    The open cement  tray used by the  operator.

     2.   Cement  often  drips  from  the  sponge  or cemented  tread,  and
          approximately twice per shift the  operator cleans  the area with
          a solvent-soaked cloth.


 TREAD END CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE TEST RESULTS

     Table  5.2  presents  the material balance results,  also  called  cement

 usage  results,  at  the  tread  end  cementer during  the  testing data  of


                                      -27-

-------
                                                                                         Table 5.2
                                                                                            •
                                                                        Truad Km] Cemi;nter Material balance Heaullu
                                                                              Kelly Springfield Tire Company
                                                                               Fayettevllle, North Carolina
NJ
CO
I




Tread Tread
Test Kun |(lll, i.».
Mo. Ho. Date ' L*Ct ,
7


6
D
t
H



Total 11-7
F
C
B

3 1 1178 I





2
3
4
5
6





Total 11-8
4 1 11-9




1

2
3
4
5
6
7

J
K •
k
M


t
Q
1 a •
i
0
f T
a
Total 11-9 :


Average .
Cemented Area
Per Tread1,
Doth Kiuls
(CM2)
75
76
142
86
86
91
90

80
104
71
86
173
88

70
84
101
81
83
111
101





Quantity
of Trends
Cemented
482
762
396
524
675
842
440

352
531
611
447
348
513

615
533
830
595
592
610
622




Total
Cemented
Area
(CM2J 	
36150
57912
56232
45064
58050
76622
39600
369630
28160
55224
43381
38442
60204
45144
270555
43050
44772
83830
48195
49136
67710
62822
399515
M.IKH Of
Cement
Mass of Used Per Nominal
Cement Area of Uei|;lit of
Used During Tread a Finished
Tent Cemented Tir.s
(pins) (£m/cm2) (£<":')
11530
9888
2l6.'i6
1 2848
10556
12204
12117
6833 .0185
178K8
14437
. 8671
11713
19522
1 3302
4331 .0160
7264
1 1532
13883
10487
9888
102)8
11218
5348 .0134
                                    Total
                                                    11-7. 11-8, 11-9
                                                                                                          1039700
                                                                                                                          16512
                                                                                                                                         .0159
                                ^Cemented area Is area of level cut only, assumed cement wqs applied only to this portion of the tread,

                                2Manufacturer's ID number Is In EPA confidential file.

-------
November 7, 8 and 9, 1979.  Results are expressed  as mass  of cement used




per  area of  tread cemented  and  are  presented  in the  column of  that




heading.  A total of four tests were run,  each  test consisting of  six of




seven tread runs  with  each tread run  lasting approximately one hour.  A




"run1!  produced between  348 and  842   treads  of the same  size  and type




during  the four  day  test  period.   Test  1  was  omitted from  Table 5.2




because  the final weight  of the cement bucket was  inadvertently lost.




    During  the tread end  cementer  material  balance tests  a total of 20




tread  runs produced  11,320 cemented  treads of  various  sizes  over the




three-day  test period.   A  total  of 16,512  grams  of  cement were used to




cement  the 1,039,700  square centimeters of  tread  surface  area, resulting




in an  overall quantity  of  cement used  per square centimeter (cm^) of




 tread  cemented of  .0159  grams per cm^.   This  value includes  the  cement




which  is  lost by  minor  spillage, dripping,  evaporation  from the  open




 cement  tray,  etc. during the normal cementing operation.




     This cement usage value is  a  reflection of  mainly one  operator;  it




 may be  possible  that other operators on different  shifts  or  different




 tread end  cementing  lines could  produce a  different  cement  use  factor




 due to the difference  in each  cementing technique.









 BEAD CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS




     Table  5.3 presents  the   bead  cementer  material  balance  results  at




 Kelly Springfield's bead manufacturing operation  on November 6,  7, 8 and




 9, 1979.  A  total  of  four  tests  were  performed on three bead manufactur-




 ing  lines  (twelve  tests)  during which  42,917  grams  of  cement  were




 applied to  12,715,000   square  centimeters   of bead.   This  produces  an






                                       -29-

-------
 I
U)
o
                                                                                       Table 5.3



                                                                        Dead  Cementer  Material  llalanco Results

                                                                           Kelly  Springfield Tire Company

                                                                             rayed evlllo,  Nortli Carolina



Test
No.
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
I1
1
31
3
4>
/,'
it
41
•\
/,-'

Head
Ceraentliif;
Line
Number Date
1
2
3
1
2
.3
1
2
2
3
1
1
-6
-6
-6
-7
-7
-7
-8
-8
-8
-H
-9
-9
2 11-9
3 1 1-9
3 11-9
Ik.-. -ul
Nominal
Inside
Diameter
( Inches)
14
15
15
14
15

13
15
l/i
15
15
14
15
I/.
15


Turn
Quantity
Per Head
5
5
5
5
6

4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5


Wire
Quantity
Per Bead
4
5
5
4
5

4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
lleaJ
Surface
Area
fomented
(per head)
/ '* \
(cm-)
197
234
234
197
• 25«

162
234
219
234
211
197
234
219
234


Quantity
of Heads
Cemented
3093
5610
6516
3573
4239

4233
3845
3844
4620
.10492
30502
6013-
4412
1471
Total
Cemented
head
Surface
Area
(cm2)
609.300
1,313,000
1,525,000
703,900
1,094,000

685,700
899, 700 |
841, 800 j
1,081,000
643,3001
600,900 J
1,407,000
966,200)
344.200 j
Mass of
Cement
lined
During
Test
(K.n)
3,?69
3.882
3,904
5,561
3,791

4,858
2 , 4 20

3,11.0
4,154
4,744
3,223

Mass of
Cuineut Used
Per Surface
Area of
Head
Cemented
(gni/ciu2)
.0054
.0030
.0026
.0079
.0035

.0071
. 00 1 4

.0029
.0033
.0034
.0025

                           Average
11-6,  11-7, 11-8, 11-9
Total:  12,715,000   Total:  42,91.7
                                                                                                                                                      Ave:  .0034
                           'Approximately 50% of tlie lieaila cemented were  15",  50% were 14", <|iianllty of beads ccmontcd based on  this.



                           •M'.ml count mls»
-------
average of .0034 grams of cement for each square  centimeter  of  bead  dur-




ing the  test  period.   Each individual  bead cementing line  produced the




following results:
Line
1
2
3
Area Cemented
(cm2)
3,243,100
5,555,500
3,916,400
Cement Used
(gms)
17,842
14,837
10,238
Cement Use
Per Area Cemented
(gms/cm2)
.0055
.0027
.0026
    Bead  line number  1  consumed roughly twice the quantity of cement per




 tread  area cemented compared to bead  lines  2 and 3.  Since there was no




 obvious  difference between  the process  or  test procedure  at  bead  line




 number 1,  this  could  not  be  explained.




    Of the twelve material  balance tests performed,  six tests were run




 during production of one bead  size only, and the remaining six were run




 during production of one bead  size for  a  portion  of  the test,  and  a




 different bead size  for  the remaining test  period.  Each  test  conducted




 during the production of two bead  sizes  is  denoted with a  subscript  "1"




 or "3".   The relative  percentage  of each bead  size  produced was  estima-




 ted by the  production foreman  and these values were  multiplied by  the




 total bead quantity produced to arrive at a  quantity for each  bead size.




     During Test  4  at bead  lines  #1 and #2,  the  end count on  the  auto-




 matic  counter  was lost  because it was  reset  by  the  operator  prior  to




 being recorded.  The end count was estimated by dividing  the  total  bead




 production for  the  day by  the number  of  work shifts  per day  (3), making




 the assumption that each work shift produces an equal quantity of beads.






                                      -31-

-------
    Calculation of the bead  cemented  area was based on  the  outside sur-




face area of  a finished  bead.  This  is not  the  actual  area  cemented but




was used so that  a  comparison could be made  with  another  bead cementing




process  at  a  different  tire manufacturing  plant.  The actual  cemented




surface area was not calculated.









VOC MASS EMITTED FROM A KNOWN QUANTITY OF TREAD AND BEAD CEMENT




    Kelly Springfield's  tread and  bead  cements  were measured for their




VOC  content  by  drying known  quantities  in  the VOC test  enclosure and




measuring the  resulting VOC  concentration and flow rate of the exhausted




air.   Strip  chart  recordings  are  presented  in  Appendix D.   A total  of




68.7  grams of  tread cement was sprayed into  the enclosure  during  a  one-




hour  period  and it produced  57.7  grams  of VOC as carbon.  This resulted




in  an  emission factor  of 0.84 grams of VOC emitted per  gram  of cement.




    A  total  of  71.9  grams of Kelly  Springfield bead cement  was  sprayed




into  the test enclosure producing  a  measured 70.0 grams of VOC  as  car-




bon.   The  VOC mass emission  for  this cement is therefore 0.97 grams VOC




per gram of  cement.  One test was  run for  each  cement type.  The possi-




bility of absorption of  the  cement  into the  tread was  not taken  into




account during  this  test  and no  tests  were performed  to  prove  or  dis-




prove this theory.
                                      -32-

-------
    APPENDIX A




SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

-------
A .

                                                   8-12-71,  7/>j*/
                                         x   o".o  •—   ^.5",3
                    yOC.CFib\
                                                                     £/.-XTC
                                                                     •J
                                                           _ _.,.,,
                                                           -* ^'- •-
                                    x (H.Is* 10"5
-> /  _  r
3 'O  -  i
          ~  \J^/\jfj-^L^J^^-^  ~t?V~T-W^..*-'- '  C C~£
                             uo
                                  /*
                                  L

-------

 A.
                                                             pn^S ,-rr,^> j*...-.
3.

                                               ^  7.
C.   C
                              off
                      \
                                           X
                                                             .4,3^—1

-------
Off

c.
10
      LXJ-
                     Off tfOt-
                              C-Ci
                                                      ~ f

-------
                                                        ?s''-'-*>•--  rv-T-
       I 5
/
  .-Bf/IO
                                           "   D IA M £, T £
 f\-
                                                  w
                                                             -  S * .033"  -   0. iq




                                                             "^  L  X  .0.2S   —  c?. IJ> Z.
= w)

-------

TTi-fl-


4-
 \
                    C -
                               CUT
                     I
                     •v
                   F
    ;c -  t^2).  el- I"
           G
                      r
                      L
,1
       W

-------
3ZH. d't'" TsuJ^  /Vt.  P^JL^JI £*^~f2iJ£
                                  ^

                                 'i
                        c- =
                        5
 £D-  1
-------
   APPENDIX B




FIELD DATA SHEETS

-------
   TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
       TREAD  END CEMENTER
             VOC TEST
                                                                                         SHEET
                                   DATE
                                   TESTED BY_
                                                       TEMP. OF PFMFNT

                                                       TEST START - (/
                                   AMBIENT TEMP..
                                          AMBIENT PRESS.
                                          AMBIENT %R.H.
                                                               30
                                                       TEST FINISH

                                                       PLANT
                                                                   PROCESS
TEST NO
c/
r
TIME ELAPSED
   FROM
APPLICATION
 TO ENCLOSE
CEMENT WIDTH
  (INCHES)
                               TREAD DIMENSIONS
                                    INCHES
                                  W
   TREAD"*
DESIGNATION
    •
          TEST
        ENCLOSURE
          FLOW
                                                  ;CFM
                                            TEMP
                                            (OF)
                                                 TREAD OR BEAD
                                                 TEMPERATURE
                      TEST
                       NO
                          °F
                                                                                           NOTES
    r
   o
I?

    8
$
        2-O
   - 3
                  SEE-
                      ft
                      I  /
                     r (
                      It
                t
                                          B
B
6

B
                                                  srr
                                                  rr
                                           37
                                                       *?
                                           07
                                                                         T E>r* 1
                                                                         T«o Stow
                                                                                   xr
                                 R.ACVA -c^f/oT orJA fe/v^)
                                              yyo /=

-------
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
                            SHEET
                                                                                OF
DATE
7?
TEMP. OF PFMFNT
TREAD END CEMENTER TESl
VOC TEST AMB
AMB1
AMB1
TEST NO
c
5"
i u.
f i.?
§ 14
it) IS
j? 11,
i
5 n
I) 18
| n
§*>
TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE

/.J-
/.r
/- JT
f-^
7.6
i.^
CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)
^rf s^ j
fV>A^ GooO
t*fc U 6(-\








TREAD DIMENSIONS
INCHES
W










L
•









rrn RY s OP/ ^J)
ENT TEMP.
FNT PRF«.
ENT 5KR.H,

TREAD
DESIGNATION
1
B
B
B
B
6
B
C
C
C
c
TEST
ENCLOSURE
FLOW
CR1
.^
us
fj-
^
ss
rr
srr
si
T7
4-7
TEMP
(OF)
n
3-7
§7
*7
S7
al
87

g>8
««
TEST S
TEST F
PLANT f
PROCES
TREAD OR BEAD
TEMPERATURE
TEST
NO










°F


5(X*







TART ff °<5
INKH

<; r ec.

,. NOTES
BMO.AC. —^.~r o**-A,*
f(Ai&iArL~- C- £ Af (t/'-'T °* /*-*if fCf**id
^fftfa+r *Pi'a-ftt<>t4* At^«*'*-£tJ
AAOrc^x:<8c*^i^7; ^^^'
l^fc*t>'T5/Je »or ^*
K^O.X.-c^^ro^*^-*,
^^;K7i^ ?r^7
n^.xc-c^*-7<^teA,|
^*^-*^-r-***-
^/^O/ At — C t «*|<5. . C- t *^ 0rV/f Cff^f. ffftf
if A ^r €»O ^*-'/*4M(A>^ fto*-i»fti^S

-------
SHEFT
OF
TRC FIELD D

TEST NO
Ki
45<
l»
f*3
0
\> -*"•
1 ^
f5*7
| *8
V 7.f
V
iHtAU hNU
VOC
TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE
2.0
^t
I--2-
/.:T
f.,-
;. ^
/. z
r.
-------
TRC FIELD  DATA  SHEET
DATE  "7
             SHEET.
TEMP. OF rFMFNT"7a*W
                                                                                   .OF.
TREAD END CEMENTER TES1
VOC TEST AMB1
AMB1
AMB1
TEST NO
uJ
g 31
o)
& 31
t 33
0
O
1
r* 36
d 37
/o
? 38
$"
f 4*
TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE
/.-$-
'. f
/.4
2.5-
'.*
\5
3.0
B.Z
2..T

CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)










TREAD DIMENSIONS
INCHES
W










L










Tn RY S o *»/ />>5
ENT TEMP.
FNT PRF«. /
ENT ^R.H,

TREAD
DESIGNATION
P
D
D
D
D
E
i
' E
E
< E
TEST
ENCLOSURE
FLOW
CFM
sre/
Sa
so
ro
JO
so
ro
*»
s-o
Ira
TEMP
(OF)
H
*i
e*
e«
8f
«J~
8f
ar
^
«<•
TEST S
TEST F
PLANT t
PROCES
TREAD OR BEAD
TEMPERATURE
TEST
NO










°F










TART ?..?$&
TNKH
C.£K.V S fsz-u^i, f 1 t L-G . A/ C
s T£ c

™I;;iir-r;-
R^OM^-c*^*^t 0^« e/vp
10,/tO/Ac - te/Sfeyw , 0 *-*<//*- -c6^£A/r c*^ef_*>0
Oi*^ |^l >*-*>* l« /^ « A- ft 1 /*~*O' C- ^f** 
-------
TRC  FIELD DATA  SHEET
    TREAD  END CEMENTER
          VOC TEST
DATE
     "7
                                                                                     SHEET.
                                                   3
            V  77
TESTED RY SQ/°/
TEMP. OF CEMENT.
TEST START ° 7
AMBIENT TEMP.
                                       AHBIENT PRESS
                                       AMBIENT %R.H;
                               TEST FINISH
                               PLANT
                                                                                        **fe (C< £
                               PROCESS
TEST NO
UJ
1
£ 4|
- 4Z
2
I ^3
•it!

? H?
s
§ It
? 4T
o\ « '
~ %
f\
|»
TIMb tLAHSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE
(TI)

£.O
2.S
3-1
?..o'
^-•^
X.fc
^.r-
^H-
z-4
CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)
5t>f> £ A/O
PER PUTTIA
IAJ BOX S.T






F/JP^A
WM,
TREAD DIMENSIONS
INCHES
W
H6»,e.
IG T^E
>R.T OA;
^EfiL.
c^.
TREAD
DESIGNATION
E
F
F
F
P
P
F
( C
C
< C
TEST
ENCLOSURE
FLOW
CFM
^^
AD
it>







TEMP
(°F)
e^

ec,







TREAD OR BEAD
TEMPERATURE
TEST
NO










°F






•



NOTES
A/H0f/«,- C.fr'.trvr Qf^f £/<-£>
OFF $c/U£y c«/>/6 ro ff«3o»«
AA0MC - C£0£^ 7. oA'tO^
TflE'JP P"T »*J CC/Ukf A^ r^«D£
/>r>*v /j
t\ \i « »


OPE^HT^R. T> ID NOT APPLY
WORWML j»mwA*TrtMe*JTpi* TO
NOR T-6ST. *«P«.lEP TOO MUtH


JE: ST ^^ CrOOb
TP^T A^fl &oot*

-------
                                                                                   SHEET
TRC  FIELD  DATA  SHEET
    TREAD  END CEMENTER
          VOC TEST
DATE.
ll-l-Tl
TESTED RY  PEE-
TEMP. OF CEMENT.
TEST START	
AMBIENT TEMP..
                                      AMBIENT PRESS..
                                      AMBIENT %R.H;_
                     TEST  FINISH	
                     PLANT	K/-S
                     PROCESS-
TEST NO
s
52-
&
^1

Sfc
^11
& Z
si i
Hoti
TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE
A.I
X.I
A.f
a.r
a.o
/.ft.
2.o
2.1
a.s-
1-1
CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)
t" j>/2C- V\*f\JlJ(








i
TREAD DIMENSIONS
INCHES
W
-
T>^*Vl-








,
L

x"








	
TREAD
DESIGNATION
C
c
c
C
C
C
c
c
c
B
TEST
ENCLOSURE
FLOW
CFM










TEMP
(OF)










TREAD OR BEAD
TEMPERATURE
TEST
NO










°F



I
NOTES
TvV"!//^^"
,VK3.oo
»„ 1*0.0
1 W V 3000






ISfe^O^ luuaA,^— X"
\V TH "X-ooo
Nvi'x.'i'ooo
i w x ;?o o o
1 V/ X. iOOd
WKio^O


-------
                                                                           SHEET
                                                                               ^J
                                                 OF.
TRC FIELD  DATA SHEET
    TREAD END CEMENTER
         VOC TEST
DATE
TEMP. OF CEMENT-
TFSTFn RY PC-R. 1 PR 2
AMBIFNT TEMP.
AMRIFNT PRFSS
AMBIENT %R.H;
1 TEST START
TE^T FINISH _._

1 S3S~
PLANT K / 5
*f- r~
ppnr.F*;*; / e-
i
c_
TEST NO
Hg
&L §
t3 §







TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE

SD







TEMP
(OF)



FE






TREAD OR BEAD
TEMPERATURE
TEST
NO



: 5






°F



T






NOTES

A;O ce/^e/vr
ftpftieD
AJ o c-EMe/v/F
A f ft l£5





<


-------

TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
TREAD END AND BEAD CEMENTER
MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
TEST NO
1

/:
-
4
•f>




TIME
START
*,v~
.•-.»
/O.v*.
i> M',
1 '%
;:is




FINISH
(6.1'?

H76>
.-.tloOA
~-> : i -s





OATF U - C»-~M
TESTE
AMB1E
AMBIE
D BY DfcK.
NT TEM
NT PRE
AMBIENT %R.H.
PROCESS TPvE
P. PLANT KfcLC
SS.

PRODUCTION DATA
QUANITY
MANUFACTURED
TREAD/BEAD
GOOD
w>

WD

Mso





SCRAP
'-1 ?_

1 Z->
,,-,
in





TREAD/BEAD
ID NO.
V

F
A
B
, c

r^t
K***/ fja-
UtJLi^A^i

DIMENSION!
TREADS/BE/
(INCHES
W
^.K

•U1

TV.*


^ -
l/"V«IUl
^.. .
L
-1.^

< P CC^'C A/7 SC.
Y *PA«UftFietD



CEMENT DISPENSING
BUCKET WEIGHT
INITIAL
IRS
11.M
a ^
i v» o 2*


Zx>-;


^^
"I^Uj

FI
NAL
8S







shw1


NOTES
I^J^iJt -t/uta e fitv^J1
vcK^/^ ».*
I>^M.C«JL \^f^M-jfi^^ j~ ( fa-m^t
•fr n~L*Jl_tJ( &*£ Ctr**+>JkSt




-.
^A^^sui- ~ "
-^^

1
1
I
1
1
[
f
i
1

-------
                                                                                                          SHEET.
                         1  .OF .1
                                                   DATE
AMBIENT %R.H.

i ni» ncLu UMIM once i 	
TREAD END AND BEAD CEMENTER TESTE
AMBIE
MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS AMJJIE
TEST NO
/
2_
3>
^
S~
6
1



TIME
START
• .;;:M-,.


urr
Uo?
Wr"
ifu>



FINISH
«f
IIT3
|joo
\400
If 16
itt\r

h
"
D BY *fc*y$Pf/FR>' PROCESS TEC
NT TEM
NT PRE
P. PLANT K/J
SS.

PRODUCTION DATA
QUANITY
MANUFACTURED
TREAD/BEAD
GOOD
460
750
3U
^
(^
-til
4fO-



SCRAP
0.
It,
H.
i1/'
|7-
W
•X ^>
w ^


V_y
TREAD/BEAD
ID NO.
G
D
E
H
F
C
6

DIMENSION'
TREAnS/BH
(INCHES
U
1*
A>e








L
MA
re-i








5 OF
WS .
DIA

oo K








CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)




•








>
•

CEMENT DISPENSING
BUCKET WEIGHT
INITIAL
IRS
iNlTIKt-
1








Fl
HAL
3S
U/TS.:)
i








NOTES
Idl
T^ ^t A *• * ' 1 VI C~ *1 I *4B
lew
/ o
/ ^
p|
!£H;V?,f liw at \1
I0.t4i"vu0^'5^
"=• / 2.5^4" l^/^w**\o 5
^6f-.0 AfUta-
«^
"*"'' *""* fi>MS"S1«'rf'
                                                                                                                                       f"
k.,

-------

TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
TREAD END AND DEAD CEMENTER
MATERIAL DALANCE TESTS
TEST NO
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-------
  TRC FIELD  DATA SHEET
 TREAD END  AND  DEAD  CEMENTER
     MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
                               DATE.
                                                        -7*7
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-------
                   SHEET.
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-------
 TRC  FIELD  DATA  SHEET
TREAD  END AND  BEAD CEMENTER
    MATERIAL BALANCE  TESTS
                                                                                 SHEET.
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TESTED BY__BUL
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-------
                                                                                  SHEET.
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DATE.
TESTED BY_
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-------
SHEET.
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-------
 TRC  FIELD  DATA SHEET
TREAD  END AND BEAD CEMENTER
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                                                                                 si i
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-------
                                                                                         SIIFFT
  TRC FIELD  DATA SHEET
 TREAD END  AND  BEAD  CEMENTER
     MATERIAL  BALANCE TESTS
                        DATE.
                                      AMBIENT %R.H..
                        JESTED
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            TIME
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                                       PRODUCTION DATA
          QUANITY
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DIMENSIONS OF
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  (INCHES
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1.
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-------
                                                                                  SHEET.
                                                       OF.
 TRC  FIELD DATA  SHEET
TREAD  END AND  DEAD CEMENTER
    MATERIAL DALANCE  TESTS
DATE.
TESTED BY.
           DC. ft.
AMBIENT TEMP..
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-------
 TRC FIELD DATA  SHEET
TREAD END  AND  DEAD CEMENTER
   MATERIAL  BALANCE  TESTS
DATE.
                                           ll-fc-?1)
TESTED BY_
AMBIENT TEMP..
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-------
 TRC  FIELD  DATA  SHEET
TREAD  END AND  BEAD CEMENTER
    MATERIAL BALANCE  TESTS
DATE.
U-fl-11
TESTED BY.
           PER
AMBIENT TEMP..
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-------
 TRC FIELD DATA  SHEET
TREAD END AND  BEAD  CEMENTER
    MATERIAL BALANCE  TESTS
DATE.
TESTED BY.
DE-tL
AMBIENT TEMP..
  ,V>.          SHEET

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-------
 TRC  FIELD DATA  SHEET
TREAD  END AND  DEAD CEMENTER
    MATERIAL BALANCE  TESTS
DATE	LL
TESTED BY	
AMBIENT TEMP..
AMBIENT PRESS.
                                                                                  SHEET.
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                        .OP.
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-------
 TRC  FIELD DATA  SHEET
TREAD  END AND  BEAD CEMENTER
    MATERIAL BALANCE  TESTS
DATE.
TESTED BY.
AMBIENT TEMP..
                                    AMBIENT PRESS..
                                                                                  SHEET^L
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-------
              APPENDIX C

      FIELD  STRIP  CHART RECORDINGS
FIELD STRIP CHART RECORDING DATA SHEETS

-------

-------
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  TRC LABORATORY TEST
STRIP CHART RECORDINGS
STRIP CHART DATA SHEETS
    RAW DATA SHEETS

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              APPENDIX E

       VOC(FID) AND VOC(TGNMO)
COMPARISON TEST ON KELLY-SPRINGFIELD'S
      TREAD END AND BEAD CEMENTS

-------
                                APPENDIX E

                        TGNMO/FID COMPARISON TEST



    Section 5, "VOC Mass Emitted  From a Known Quantity of  Bead Cement",

of the text of this report  gives  results  for a test which  was  performed

to  determine  the VOC  mass  emitted  from known  quantities  of  tread  and

bead  cements.   The results  are given as  grams  of  carbon  per  grams  of

cement;  the  grams  of  carbon  having been measured  by an  FID  analyzer.

During these  tests,  a Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organics  (TGNMO) sample

train  was run  simultaneously  with  the  FID  analyzer train  so  that  a

comparison  of  the  two measurement  techniques   could  be  made.   This

appendix presents the results and calculations of  the  comparison tests.



TGNMO/FID RESULTS

    The results of  the  comparison tests are:


       o  Tread End Cement:
         VOC(FID) gm as carbon  emitted/gm cement =0.84
         VOC(TGNMO) gm  as  carbon  emitted/gm  cement = 0.726
         Ratio of  the above  values = 0.84/0.726 =  1.16 gm/gm  (FID/TGNMO)

       o   Bead Cement:
         VOC(FID) gm as carbon  emitted/gm cement =0.97
         VOC(TGNMO) gm  as  carbon  emitted/gm  cement = 0.876
         Ratio of  the above  values = 0.97/0.876 =  1.11 gm/gm  (FID/TGNMO)


    The   following  tabulation  gives  the   results  of  multiplying   the

 averaged VOC  values in  Table 5.1  by  the above  tread end cement  ratio.

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  VOC Name*	     VOC Emitted per  tread area cemented  (gm/cm2)

                                   FID                   TGNMO

    VOC90                          .00309                 .00358
    Flash  Off VOC90               .00323                 .00375
    VOC95                          .00334                 .00387
    Flash  Off VOC95               .00348                 .00404
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR KELLY SPRINGFIELD TREAD END CEMENT

    Calculate  VOC(FID) Mass    per   VOC(TGNMO) mass
               mass of cement          mass of cement
    The   VOC(FID) Mass    calculation is performed in Appendix D, =0.84
          mass of cement
         VOC(TGNMO) Mass .
         mass of cement


VOC(TGNMO) mass = (TGNMO concentration as Carbon*) (Enclosure of Flow)
(Test Duration)
  0.369**mg  x   1 gm  x  28.32 liters  x  103ft3  x  (49 min) = 52.74gm

      liter      1000 gm         f~t-5min


  0.329**  x J.	 x  28.32  x   103" x  49 =47.02
             1000
 Two  TGNMO trains were run  simultaneously  and an average was calculated  from
 the  above two  values:  49.88gm

 VOC(TGNMO) Mass    =   49.88  =  .726
  mass  of cement        68.7***

 VOC(FID) Mass    per   VOC(TGNMO)  Mass   -   0.84    =1.16
 mass of cement      mass  of cement       0.726


 The  same procedure was used in calculating bead  cement values
 *From Table 5.1 in text.
 ** As analyzed by Pollution Control Science, Inc.
 ***As measured during VOC mass/mass of cement test (Ref. Section 5).

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