United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EMB Report 79-RBM-7
March 1980
Air
<&ERA Tire Production
Emission Test Report
Kelly-Springfield
Fayetteville,
North Carolina
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
DATE: 7/28/80 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
SUBJECT: Source Test Report
FROM: J- E- McCarley, Chief, Field Testing Section,
Emission Measurement Branch, ESED (MD-13)
TO: see Below
The enclosed final source test report is submitted for your
information. Any questions regarding the test should be directed
to the Project Officer (telephone: 8/629-5243). Additional
copies of this report are available from the ERC Library, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Industry: Tire Production
Process:
Company: Kelly-Springfield
Location: Fayetteville, North Carolina
Project Report Number: EMB Report 79-RBM-7
Project Officer: Thomas M. Bibb
Enclosure
Addressees:
John Nader, ESRL (MD-46)
:h MacQueen, MDAD (MD-14)
Rodney Midgett, EMSL (MD-77)
Mark's. Siegler, DSSE (MD-EN-341)
Director, Air & Hazardous Materials Division, Region ______
(copy enclosed for State agency)
Bob Kilgore, EPA Library Services (MD-35)
EPA FORM 1320-6 (REV. 3-76)
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TEST REPORT
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FOR
TREAD END CEMENTING AND
BEAD CEMENTING OPERATIONS
AT A TIRE MANUFACTURING PLANT,
KELLY SPRINGFIELD TIRE COMPANY,
FAYETTEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA
by
David E. Ringquist
Environmental Engineer
Contract No. 68-02-2820
Task No. 16
May 1980
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CONTENTS
Figures iv
Tables v
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3
Summary 3
Summary of Material Balance Results 3
Summary of Flash-Off Times 4
Summary of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Tests 5
Summary of VOC Mass per Cement Mass Tests . . 6
Conclusions 6
3. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 8
Tread End Cementer Process Description 8
Bead Cementing Operation 9
4. TEST METHOD 10
• Measurement of VOC Emissions from the Tread End
Cementing Operations 10
Tread End Cementer Material Balance Tests 13
Bead Cementing Material Balance Tests 14
Measurement of VOC Mass per Mass of Cement 15
VOC Mass (FID), Mass (TGNMO) Comparison Tests. ... 17
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18
Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Test Results .... 18
Definition of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission
Results 22
Presentation of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission
Results 23
Discussion of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission
Results 26
Tread End Cementer Material Balance Test Results . . 27
Bead Cementer Material Balance Results 29
VOC Mass Emitted From a Known Quantity of Bead Cement 31
APPENDICES
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sample Calculations
Field Data Sheets
Field Strip Chart Recordings, Field Strip Chart
Recording Data Sheets
TRC Laboratory Test Strip Chart Recordings,
Strip Chart Data Sheets, Raw Data Sheets
TGNMO/FID Comparison Test
111
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FIGURES
Number page
4.1 Test Equipment used at the Tread End Cementer VOC Test . 11
4.2 Test Equipment used to determine VOC Mass Per Cement
Mass and VOC (FID) Mass to VOC (TGNMO) Mass 16
5.1 Definitions of VOC (FID) Trace Integrations 21
IV
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TABLES
Number Page
5.1 Trend End Cementer VOC Emission Results 19
5.2 Tread End Cementer Material Balance Results 28
5.3 Bead Cementer Material Balance Results 30
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
VI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
TRC - Environmental Consultants, Inc., has been contracted by the
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Emission Measurement Branch, to perform direct measurements
of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from application of
solvent-based cement operations at the Kelly Springfield Tire Company in
Fayetteville, North Carolina. Kelly-Springfield is a tire manufacturing
company whose operations at Fayetteville incorporate a number of pro-
cesses that make use of solvent based cements, which are applied to
various components of the tire by manual brushing or rolling. Two of
these processes, the tread end cementer (TEC) and the bead cementing
operation, have been tested to measure their VOC emissions and cement
usage rates. These operations were of interest because:
1. They have not previously been tested.
2. Results will be compared to similar processes at another tire
plant employing different cement application techniques.
3. They presently have no VOC control systems associated with them.
The following results have been calculated based on the tests per-
formed:
-1-
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1. The ratio of the mass of VOC to the mass of cement as analyzed
by both a total hydrocarbon analyzer equipped with a flame ion-
ization detector (FID), and Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organic
(TGNMO) analysis
2. A ratio of FID to TGNMO response
3. The 'mass of "Flash Off" VOC per unit area of tread cemented
using FID analysis and converting the results to TGNMO, using
the FID/TGNMO ratio
4. The length of time required for 90, 95 and 99 percent of the
VOC emissions to "Flash Off" from the cemented treads
5. The average mass of cement used per unit area of tread or bead
cemented
This report is authorized as Work Assignment # 16 on EPA contract
68-02-2820.
-2-
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) tests were conducted at the Kelly
Springfield Tire Company in Fayetteville, North Carolina, during the
week of November 5, 1979. Testi-ng took place at one of Kelly Spring-
field's tread end cementer production lines, and at three of Kelly
Springfield's bead production lines. The following tests were performed:
1. Measurement of the cement usage (material balance tests)
correlated with the total quantity of tread area cemented over
a selected time period.
2. Measurement of the cement usage correlated with the total
quantity of bead area cemented over a selected time period.
3. Measurement of VOC Flash-Off times from the point of cement
application to a point where 99% of the volatiles have flashed
off or evaporated from the cemented surface.
4. Direct measurement of VOC emissions from freshly cemented tread
ends using an FID analyzer.
5. Measurement of the amount of VOC mass contained in a known
quantity of tread end and bead cement.
Summary of Material Balance Results
Material balance results determined from three one-day tests at the
tread end cementer resulted in an overall average of .0159 grams of
-3-
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cement used per square centimeter of tread cemented. The cement usage
results for each test day ranged from .0134 to .0185 gm/cm2 and had
a standard deviation of .0026 gm/cm2.
The material balance test at the bead cementing operation resulted
in an overall, four day average of .0034 grams of cement used per square
centimeter of bead surface area cemented. The cement daily usage re-
sults from individual lines ranged from .0014 to .0079 gm/cm2 and
had a standard deviation of .0020 gm/cm2.
Summary of Flash-Off Times
The average time required for the solvent to "flash-off" the
cemented tread is presented below. Definitions of t(
and
"90' L95
tgg are given in Section 5, "Definition of Tread End Cementer VOC
Emission Results".
Time
C90
C95
t99
Number of
Tests
47
33
6
Averaged
Time
(seconds)
108
125
113
Range
(seconds)
68 to 218
77 to 185
94 to 147
Standard
Deviation
n-1 Method
(seconds )
31
29
20
Although one would expect the tgg average time and the VOCg9
mass values to be greater than the tg5 values, these results indicate
they are not. The tng values are calculated from a much smaller data
set because reduction of the concentration to one percent of the peak
was detected fewer times (6 compared to 33 tests) due to high background
VOC concentrations.
-4-
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Summary of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Tests
VOC emission results are expressed as mass of carbon emitted (in
grams) per unit area (in square centimeters) of tread cemented. These
results are divided into, six categories, each category representing a
slightly different interpretation of the same test. Section 5.0 pre-
sents a detailed definition of the six categories.
Number of
VOC Name Tests
VOC (FID) 90
Flash Off VOC(FID)90
VOC (FID) 95
Flash Off VOC(FID)95
VOC (FID) 99
Flash Off VOC(FID)99
47
47
33
33
6
6
Averaged
Mass/Area
(gm/cm2)
.0033
.0035
.0033
.0035
.0019
.0020
Standard
Range Deviation
(gm/cm2) (gm/cm2)
.0011 to
.0011 to
.0011 to
.0011 to
.0015 to
.0016 to
.0078
.0081
.0088
.0091
.0024
.0016
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0020
.0003
.0004
VOC(FID)9Q and Flash Off VOC(FID)9() values should, by defi-
nition, be less than their corresponding "95" values, however, the above
averages do not indicate this. If the "90" data average was calculated
using only those values which match with the 33 "95" test values, the
average VOC(FID)go value would be .0031 gm/cm2 compared with .0033
gm/cm2 for VOC(FID)95, and the average Flash Off VOC(FID)g0
value would be .0032 gm/cn^ compared with .0035 gm/cn^ for Flash
Off VOC(FID)g^. From these averages the expected differences can be
seen.
-5-
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Summary of VOC Mass per Cement Mass Tests
In addition to the tests conducted at the Kelly Springfield plant,
tests were also performed at the TRC laboratory to measure the VOC mass
content in both the tread end cement and bead cement used by Kelly
Springfield. These tests were performed on November 19, 1979. Results
show that the tread end cement emits 0.84 grams of VOC as carbon per
gram of cement dried. Bead cement VOC tests resulted in 0.97 grams of
VOC as carbon emitted per gram of cement dried.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Daily cement usage measurements at the tread end cementer
showed a 30 percent variation between minimum and maximum
individual daily averages. This is considered reasonable based
on visual observations of potential process variations during
the test program, testing conditions, and assumptions made
during calculation of the results. It is concluded that the
method employed will provide an acceptable means of estimating
an average cement usage rate provided the tests are conducted
over a sufficient number of days.
2. The reported average cement usage rate of 0.0159 grams of
cement used per square centimeter of tread end cemented is
reliable to within about 40 percent at a 95 percent confidence
limit. Additional days of testing would be expected to signi-
ficantly increase the accuracy of the reported results. One
process variable which was not accounted for during the test
program is that this is a manual application operation and
differences in operator's techniques may affect these results.
This test program - was conducted primarily with the same
operator and therefore no estimate of operator difference can
be made.
3. The daily cement usage measurements at the bead cementing
operation imply that there may have been an unaccounted differ-
ence in operation of one line. However, the variations in
daily usage rates of the individual lines were large enough to
preclude statistically confirming this hypothesis. It is con-
cluded that the method employed will provide an acceptable
means of estimating an average cement usage rate provided the
tests are conducted over a sufficient number of days.
-6-
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4. The reported average cement usage rate of 0.0034 grams cement
per square centimeter of bead area cemented is reliable to
within about 100 percent at a 95% confidence limit. Additional
days of testing would be expected to significantly increase the
accuracy of the reported results.
5. The "ventilated enclosure" method for determination of the VOC
mass emitted on the tire treads is an acceptable procedure to
determine an average VOC emission. Because of the potential
variations in VOC emissions emitted from one sample to the
next, it is important to repeat the test procedure a number of
times and calculate a confidence limit on the reported average
VOC emission data to assure the desired accuracy.
6. Measurement of the VOCgg results are considered unreliable
because variations in the background VOC concentration pre-
vented an accurate determination of the time (tgg) at which
the enclosure concentration returned to one percent of the peak
concentration (above the background concentration.) Further
refinement of the test data to 99 percent of the drying periods
is therefore unwarranted. In those cases where there are very
low background VOC concentration levels, this procedure may be
applicable.
-7-
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SECTION 3
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Both tread end cementing and bead cementing operations were tested
at the Kelly Springfield Tire Plant.
TREAD END CEMENTER PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Kelly Springfield tire treads are hot extruded as one continuous
length of rubber which is coated with undertread cement and then cut
into individual tread lengths prior to application of the tread end
cement. Each tread passes a cementing station on a conveyor belt where
the cement is manually applied to both bevel cut ends of the tread. An
operator paints the cement on the tread using a sponge which he dips
into an open tray containing the cement. Each operator employs a
slightly different technique in cementing treads which results in vary-
ing amounts of cement applied to each tread. The operator refills the
cement tray approximately twice per shift using a five gallon pail which
is filled at a 55 gallon drum located near the operation, j After the
i
treads are cemented the conveyor system carries them to the bookers who
place the treads onto a series of trays arranged in a manner resembling
pages of a book. The book provides a means for temporary storage and
transportation of the treads to other locations within the plant.
-8-
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BEAD CEMENTING OPERATION
The bead line operates continuously to combine several wire strands,
a rubber compound, and bead cement into finished beads.
Kelly Springfield's bead cementing operation is actually part of the
bead manufacturing line. Cement is applied just after the bead extruder
and just prior to formation of the finished bead. The bead extruder
fuses a rubbercoating onto several continuous strands of .038" diameter
wire. The wire/rubber combination exits the extruder as a flat strip.
This flat strip then passes over a wheel which is half submerged in a
cement bath. This contact with the wheel causes it to rotate and
applies a coating of cement on one side of the passing wire/rubber
strip. Beads are formed by winding this now cemented strip onto a 13,
14 or 15" wheel for four, five, or six "turns" or overlaps. The machine
then severs the finished bead from the continuous strip so workmen can
manually remove and store them for later assembly processes. Cement is
added to the bath manually with five gallon pails filled at a 55 gallon
drum located near the bead manufacturing line.
-9-
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SECTION 4
TEST METHOD
Testing consisted of measurements of VOC emissions and cement usage
from the tread end cementing operations, and measurement of cement usage
from the bead cementing line. In addition, tests were performed to
determine the VOC mass emitted from a known quantity of cement taken
from both of the operations.
MEASUREMENT OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM THE TREAD END CEMENTING OPERATIONS
The objective of this test was to quantify the VOC mass which was
emitted by a freshly cemented tread and correlate this mass with the
tread area upon which the cement was applied. These measurements re-
sulted in an average value of VOC mass per unit area of tread cemented.
Each test was performed by taking a freshly cemented tread off the
conveyor and placing it into a ventilated enclosure as quickly as was
I
possible. The ventilated enclosure exhaust was monitored and the ex-
I
i
hausted air volume was measured so a VOC mass emitted from the tread
could be calculated. Figure 4.1 describes the testing equipment used.
Air flow through the enclosure was adjusted to a nominal 50 SCFM and
measured at a constant 53.9 and 49.3 SCFM, for November 6 and 7 respect-
ively. Flow rate was measured by an American CVMP Model 5.3M positive
-10-
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TO FLAME
IONLZATION DETECTOR
TREAD SECTION
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
VOLUME METER
FIGURE 4.1: TEST EQUIPMENT USED AT THE TREAD END CEMENTER VOC TEST
-il-
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displacement type volume meter mounted downstream of the enclosure.
Flow was supplied by a fan located downstream of the volume meter and
flow adjustments were made,using moveable dampers. The VOC concentra-
tion of the enclosure air stream was monitored by a Bendix Model 8402
flame ionization detection (FID) analyzer. Propane was used to cali-
brate the FID during the test. A Soltec Model VP-6232S chart recorder
was connected to the FID analyzer and chart speed was set at 10 centi-
meters per minute during all tests. The sample for the FID was drawn
through a heated teflon sample line which was connected to the exhaust
duct of the enclosure.
Immediately after application of cement, each tread was placed in
the enclosure for drying. An FID trace, similar to those described in
Section 5, "Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Test Results", and on Figure
5.1, was the common VOC concentration profile during each test. Each
test was considered complete when the VOC concentration had decayed to
one percent of the peak initial concentration.
During each test the following data were recorded*
1. Elapsed time from cement application to tread enclosure
2. Time of enclosure marked on the strip chart
3. Elapsed times from cement application to 90, 95, and 99 per-
cent reduction from peak VOC concentration, marked on the
strip chart
4. The tread identification number
Additional data taken at the test site include-
1. Relative humidity of the plant air
2. Ambient and enclosure temperature
-12-
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3. Barometric Pressure ^
4. Volume meter static pressure
5. Air flow rate at the volume meter by stopwatch
TREAD END CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
Tread end cementer material balance tests were conducted to deter-
mine both the quantity of cement used over a given time period, and the
total surface area of tread cemented during the same period. Each test
lasted between six and seven hours and consisted of six or seyen tread
runs. A tread run produces one hundred to several hundred treads of
common size and lasts approximately one hour.
Cement usage was measured by pre-weighing the cement tray, the
cementer's sponge, and the five gallon pail at the beginning of each
test. Final cement weights were measured at the conclusion of the last
tread run of the test. Since the open tray leaves the cement exposed
during the entire test, the cement usage measurements include solvent
evaporation from the tray in addition to the cement which is applied to
the treads.
Tread cemented surface area was determined by measuring the bevel
cut area of two or three treads from each tread run, multiplying the
average of these measurements by the total number of treads cemented for
that tread run and summing each of these products from all tread runs.
The "tread cemented surface area" measurements were made only on the
bevel cut portion of the tread, assuming that the operator applied
cement only to that area. Refer to Appendix A, sample calculations, for
the method used in determining the bevel cut area.
-13-
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BEAD CEMENTING MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
Bead cementing material balance test were conducted to determine the
quantity of cement used during bead production over a selected period of
time. This quantity was compared to the total bead surface area cement-
ed during the same time period in order to calculate an average mass of
cement used per surface area of bead cemented.
Three of Kelly Springfield's bead production lines were tested.
Each test lasted approximately seven hours and the operation stopped
only during breaks or shift changes.
Cement usage was measured by recording the cement bath liquid level
at the beginning of the test (for each of the three production lines
tested) and adding enough weighed cement at the conclusion of the test
to return the liquid height to its original level. Cement was not added
to the bath any time during the test.
The total cemented bead surface area was found by multiplying the
cemented surface area per bead by the total number of beads produced.
Bead cemented surface area was calculated based on the outside surface
area of a completed bead and a sample calculation of this is presented
in Appendix A. The actual cemented surface area for this particular
operation will differ from the outside surface area of a finished bead
because the cement is applied to the bead wire strip prior to its for-
mation into a bead. The "outside surface area" method was used here so
a comparison could be made with another bead cementing process at a
different tire plant which dips the finished bead into a cement bath.
The total number of beads produced during the test period was
measured by an automatic counter, and it was necessary only to record an
-14-
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initial and final counter reading to determine the bead quantity pro-
duced.
MEASUREMENT OF VOC MASS PER MASS OF CEMENT
"VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement" tests were performed to determine the
amount of VOC emitted from a known quantity of cement while the cement
dries. Kelly Springfield tread end cement and bead cement were both
tested for their VOC content. Each cement sample was well agitated and
then put into a hand operated spray bottle. The full bottle was weighed
prior to the start of the test. With the test enclosure closed and the
fan running, cement was sprayed into the end of the enclosure where it
impacted on the treads as shown in Figure 4.2. The test enclosure FID
analyzer, volume meter, and fan used in this test were also used in the
tread end cementer VOC tests described in Section 4, "Measurement of VOC
Emissions from the Tread End". As the cement dried on the treads the
VOC concentration in the enclosure exhaust was monitored by the FID
analyzer. The treads were positioned in such a way as to prevent any
cement mist from being carried past the FID sample probe before
evaporation of the solvent and thus go' unmeasured.
A test lasted for approximately one hour during which time cement
was sprayed into the enclosure, one spray per approximately two
minutes. Each spray produced a peak VOC concentration on the strip
chart recordings which can be seen in Appendix D of this report. As the
concentration began to decrease from the previous spray, another spray
was introduced into the test enclosure. At the conclusion of the test
the spraying was stopped and the VOC concentration was allowed to drop
-15-
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CEMENT IMPACTS ON
TREAD, VOC EMITTEP
DURING DRYING
VENTILATED BOX ENCLOSURE
VOC, AIR FLOW
PUMP - TYPE
SPRAY BOTTLE
CONTAINING
CEMENT OF
KNOWN WEIGHT
LENGTH OF TREAD
TO TGNMO
COLD TRAPS
HEATED SAMPLE
LINE TO FID
TO VOLUME
METER, FAN
FIGURE 4.2: TEST EQUIPMENT USED TO DETERMINE VOC MASS
PER CEMENT MASS AND VOC (FID) MASS TO VOC
(TGNMO) MASS
-------
to within one or two chart divisions of base line. The test enclosure
flow rate was adjusted to a nominal 100 SCFM and measured a constant 103
SCFM for the tread end cement samples and 105 SCFM for the bead cement
samples. Only one test was performed for each cement sample.
VOC MASS (FID), VOC MASS (TGNMO) COMPARISON TESTS
During the measurement of "VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement" tests des-
cribed in Section 4, ''Measurement of VOC Mass per Mass of Cement",
samples were also collected for Total Gaseous Nonmethane Organic (TGNMO)
analysis. TGNMO samples were taken simultaneously with the FID analyzer
measurements so a direct comparison of the two techniques could be
made. EPA Reference Method 25 was used as a sampling procedure. The
cold traps were sent to Pollution Control Science (PCS) for analysis
under subcontract to TRC.
-17-
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SECTION 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results from the VOC test at the tread end cementing operation, and
results from the material balance tests at both the tread end cementing and
bead cementing operations are presented in this section. Results from the
"VOC-mass-per-mass-of-cement" tests conducted at the TRC laboratory facility
are also presented in this section. Results from the TGNMD/FID comparison
tests are represented in Appendix E.
TREAD END CEMENTER VOC EMISSION TEST RESULTS
Table 5.1 summarizes the data and results from the VOC emission test per-
formed at the Kelly Springfield tread end cementer.
Each test number represents a freshly cemented tread which is taken from
the conveyor line and placed in the ventilated enclosure.
Tread size and type are indicated by a letter, since the factory tread
identification number is considered confidential information.
During each test, six "times" were measured which are illustrated in
Figure 5.1. and defined below:
1. Time tg, not listed in Table 5.1, is defined as the time of
cement application.
2. Time tj is defined as the period between application of
cement and tread enclosure.
-18-
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Table 5.1
Tread Kiul Ceinenter VOC Emission Results
Kelly Springfield Tire Coiupnny
Fayeicevj.lle. North Carolina
Cement
Weight on
Area VOC Per Unit Area Tread from
of of Tread Cemented
Trend Time (seconds) VOC Mass (Crams) Tread (gm/cm2)
Test
No. Date Let
1).
ter8 tj tp t90 t95 tg
22 11-6 A 2.4 27 -2 -2
3 A 2.0 32 93 -2
5
6
B
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20/(
I
I 2.0 50 137 170
2.8 49 -2 -2
3.0 42 -2 -
2.3 37 199 275
2.3 40 105 -2
4.0 40 111 149
3.0 47 126 158
1.8 47 137 -2
2.0 41 120 185
1.8 41 92 -2
3.0 45 106 125
, 1.5 35 99 117
1.5 36 92 111
Ceui .
A B C D E F (CM2) A » C » E 1'
2 _2 _2 _2 _2
.087 .091 -2 -2
.348 .360 .371 .383
.347 .360 -2 -2
.122 .127 -2 -2
.640 .655 .697 .713
.179 .189 -2 -2
.089 .095 .099 .106
.122 .129 .137 .144
.282 .291 -2 -2
.347 .359 .396 .407
.184 .191 -2 -2
.271 .287 .289 .305
.112 .115 .119 .122
.131 .135 .142 .146
|
2 43.68 - - -2 -2
43.68 .00200 .00208 -2 -2
44.
74 .00779 .00805 .00830 .00856
.00776 .00805 -2 -2
.00272 .00283 -2 -2
.01430 .01465 .01558 .01593
.00401 .00422 -2 -2
.00199 .00213 .00222 .00236
.00273 .00288 .00307 .00321
.00631 .00651 -2 -2
.00777 .00802 .00884 .00910
.00412 .00428 -2 -2
.00606 .00641 .00646 .00681
.00250 .00256 .00267 .00273
.00293 .00302 .00317 .00326
2
t'l for
VOC (FID) 90
(.jui/cur
Horn.
Wt.
Fin.
Tire
(Cms)
2 .00311 N.A.
.00230 N.A.
.00927
.00924
.00324
.01702
.00477
.00237
.00325
.00751
.00925
.00490
.00721
.00298
.00349
C 1.5 62 134 141 147 .082 .084 .085 .086 .085 .087 45/59 .00180 .00184 .00185 .00189 .00186 .00191 .00214
il.8 77 218 -2 -2 .334 .339 -2 -2 -2 -2 1 .OO733 .00744 -2 -2 -2 -2 .00873
3.8 54 82 90 94 .102 .111 .105 .114 .109 .118 * .00224 .1)0243 .00230 .00249 .00239 .00258 .00267
'
21 11-7 D 2.0 50 168 -2 -2 .189 .193 -2 -2 -2 -2 38.05 .00497 .00508 -2 -2 -2 -2 .00592
2^3
23
24
252
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
.8 41 73 77 80 .033 .037 .034 .037 .035 .037
.2 51 85 91 96 .056 .057 .057 .059 .058 .060
.5 51 96 111 116 .076 .078 .082 .085 .083 .085
.2 52 116 135 -2 .134 .137 .146 .148 -2 -2
.2 51 96 115 120 .053 .054 .058 .060 .059 .060
.4 166 111 160 -2 .111 .114 .127 .130 -2 -2
.3 51 81 91 10
.2 47 135 170 -
.5 44 128 -2
.4 44 113 120
.4 48 131 -2
, 2.5 48 117 -2
1.6 45 90 95
2 .061 .063 .065 .067 .01
2 .116 .118 .125 .128
.074 .076 -2 -2
.080 .08) .069 .072
.160 .164 -2 -2
.113 .118 -2 -2
.163 .170 .163 .170 '
'A .070
2 _2
(
V
.0008H .00097 .00089 .00098 .00092 .00098 .00105
.00146 .00150 .00151 .00155 .00153 .00157 .00174
.00199 .00206 .00215 .00222 .00217 .00224 .00237
.00352 .00359 .00383 .00390 -2 -2 .00419
.00139 .00142 .00153 .00157 .00154 .00158 .00165
.00293 .00300 .00335 .00342 -2 -2 .00349
.00160 .00166 .00170 .00176 .00178 .001
.00304 .00310 .00329 .00335 ~2
.00194 .00200 -2
.00200 .00205 .00201 .00206
.00419 .00430 -2 -2
.00297 .00311 -2 -2
.00428 .00447 .00429 .00448
1
J3 .00190
2 .00362
.00231
.00251
.00499
( .00354
.00510
12
'
117
12204
|
1
9888
-------
Table 5.1
(Continued)
Tread F.ml Cemcnter VOC Km 1st; Ion Results
Kelly Springfield Tire Company
Fayettevl lie, North Carol Inn
Tread Time (seconds)
VOC Mass (Grams)
Area VOC Per Unit Area
of of Tread Cemented
Tread (f;ru/cin2)
TeHt 10. Cem.
No. Dale taCtar8 t| t() t9() I95 t99 A D C U E F (CM2) A 11 C D E
16 11-7 8 1 5 33 81 99 -2 .074 .078 .075 .079 -2 -2 70.75 .00105 .00110 .00106 .00111 -2
375
38
39
40
426
43
44
47C
48
495
50s
1 51
NJ „
O -^
1 53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62'
63?
64 7
\
3.0
3.2 40 95 102 -l .163 .174 .164 .174
2.5 41 91 126 -2 .186 .195 .209 .219 ]
r
)
, 1
\
.00231 .00245 .00232 .00246 -2
.00263 .00276 .00295 .00309 -2
42.95
2.8 43 94 138 -2 .140 .150 .185 .195 -2 -2
3.9 38 91 129
2.0 37 90 -2 \
.2.6 '
.242 .265 .252 .275 .
.145 .152 -2 -2 ]
\ \
f
2.8 41 77 120 -2 .158 .168 .182 .192 -2 -2
C 2.5
2.4
,
2.4
.00327 .00350 .00432 .00455 -2
.00564 .00618 .00587 .00641 1
.00337 .00354 -2 -2 |
.00367 .00391 .00423 .00447 -2
45.59
2.9 48 124 151 -2 .127 .132 .140 .145 -2 -2
2.9 35 116 -2
2.5 42 118 161
2.5 45 74 93
2.0 38 114 96
1.8 38 68 98
2.0 43 137 164
, 2.1 32 108 121
2.5 34 101 -2
B 1.9" 35 74 99
12.6 36 69 81
.067 .070 -2 -2
.072 .075 .082 .085
.127 .137 .135 .145
.127 .133 .130 .135
.112 .118 .125 .130
.307 .317 .325 .335
.144 .150 .147 .152
•j '1
.Oli2 .085 -l -l
.067 .071 .071 .074
.065 .070 .067 .072
, 1
AVI;. "-6. H-7 108 128 113
AV|. 11 6 11-7 H Matched Teats Only
.00279 .00290 .00307 .00318 -2
.00147 .00154 -2 -2
.00158 .00165 .00179 .00186
.00279 .00300 .00296 .00318
.00279 .00291 ,00285 .00297
.00246 .00258 ,00273 .00285
.00673 .00695 .00712 .00735
f .00317 .00328 .00323 .00334
.00180 .00187 -' -£
44.74 .00151 .00158 .00158 .00166
.00145 .00156 .00150 .00161
1
!
Cement
Weight* on
Tread frou
FI for
VOC (Fill) 4,
on 1 y
F giu/em2
-2 .00125
-2 .00275
-2 .00313
-2 .00389
4.00671
.00401
-2 .00437
-2 .00332
.00175
.00188
.00332
.00332
.00293
.00801
.00377
.00214
.00180
.00173
Num.
Ut.
Fin.
Tire
(Cms)
21656
1
10556
i
12204
i
12117
.00134 .00)48 .00334 .00348 .00188 .00195
.00309 ,00323 .OO334 .00348
A VOC(KII))(J()
1) Flash Oil VOC(FU»y()
c voi:(Kin),J5
D Flash Off VOC(F1U)95
15 F()C(F1I))99
F Flash Off VOt:(FlD)i,9
Cement weight = (VOC Mass "A" column) I (VOC mass per mass of cement used)
2
Mot avallahle, FID trace never decayed to the expected pcrc.ent of the peak height
These values were not Included In the overall average
I,
Operator using solvent near enclosure, high hackground VOC concentration
Analyzer attenuation changed during measurement, curve area not measurable
6,
Tread put In cement-aide down, trace was not typical
llnceiuented treads, no VOC was detected
8Actu«l er«ad ID no*, arc in EPA confidential fila
-------
TYPICAL FID TRACE
FROM A DRYING TREAD
•TIME
VOC (FID)go
•BASELINE (ZERO CONCENTRATION)
BACKGROUND VOC
' CONCENTRATION
u
£
-TIME
FLASH OFF VOC (FID)gQ
FLASH OFF VOC (FID)gg gg
LEGEND"
tg - TIME CEMENT APPLIED tgg - TtME VOC CONCENTRATION IS IS OF PEAK
tj - TIME TREAD ENCLOSED IN BOX tp - TIME FROM CEMENT APPLICATION TO PEAK
tg
-------
3. Time tp is defined as the elapsed time from tg to the point
at which the VOC concentration in the enclosure reaches a peak
value.
4. Times tgo* £95* an<* fc99 are measured from tg to a
point where the enclosure VOC concentration has decreased to
10, 5 and 1 percent, respectively, of the peak enclosure con-
centration.
Tread area cemented was measured for each tread tested and is listed
in square centimeters.
Nominal finished tire weights are listed for each corresponding
tread size.
Definition of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results
The VOC mass emitted by each tread is expressed as grams of carbon
which has been determined from:
1. FID traces found in Appendix C
2. The test enclosure flow rate
Each FID curve area has been integrated six different ways making it
possible to calculate six different VOC mass values for each test.
Figure 5.1 illustrates four of the six integrations which are defined
below:
1. VOC(FID)9Q includes the area under the curve from initial
instrument response to time t9Q.
2. Flash Off VOC(FID)9Q is VOC(FID)90 plus the added area
from tg to tj. This added area is an estimation of the
VOC mass emitted by the cemented tread prior to its enclosure.
3. VOC(FID)95 includes the area under the curve from initial
instrument response to time
4. Flash Off VOC(FID)95 is VOC(FID)95 plus the added area
from t0 to tj.
-22-
-------
5. VOC(FID)99 and Flash Off VOC(FID)99 are similar to the
above definitions but are integrated from initial instrument
response to tgg. Time tgg was seldom measured due to
background VOC concentration and the limitations of the FID
analyzer.
i
Presentation of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results
During the tread end cementer VOC tests a total of 64 treads were
taken from the conveyor immediately after they were cemented and placed
in the ventilated enclosure. Sixteen tests were not included in the
final averaging.^ Test 1 was conducted at the wrong chart recorder
speed and did not produce a traceable curve. Tests 7 and 22 had
respectively higher and lower VOC mass values in comparison to the VOC
mass emissions measured during other tests. Test 20 was not used
because the operator used a solvent cleaner near the test enclosure air
inlet slot producing high background VOC concentrations. The FID trace
for test 25 never decayed to 10, 5 or 1 percent of the peak initial VOC
concentration due to large variations in background VOC levels. Several
other tests denoted by superscript "2" have this same problem occurring
at the 1 percent (tgg) point. Tests 37,40,41,46,48,49, and 50 were
not valid because the VOC concentration exceeded the adjusted range of
the FID analyzer, producing a curve which could not be measured. The
test 42 trace was not typical because the tread was enclosed with the
cemented side face down against the enclosure causing a slower than
normal drying time. Tests 62, 63, and 64 involved treads placed in the
1Tests 1,7,20,22,25,37,40,41,42,46,48,49,50,62,63,64
-23-
-------
enclosure with no cement applied in order to check for possible VOC
which might be emitted from the tread itself. These tests produced no
detectable VOC concentration.
VOC(FID)90 Results
A total of 47 test repetitions using various tread sizes were used
to obtain an averaged value of .0033 grams of VOC emitted per square
centimeter (cm2) of tread cemented. Individual tests ranged from
.0011 to .0078 grams VOC emitted per cm2 tread cemented and the
standard deviation was .0019 gm/cm2.
Flash Off VOC(FID)90 Results
An average of .0035 grams of VOC were emitted per square centimeter
of tread cemented based on the Flash off VOC(FID)gQ ratio. A total
of 47 test repetitions with VOC mass per area values ranging between
.0011 and .0081 grams per square centimeter, and a standard deviation of
.0019 gm/cm2, were used to calculate the average value.
VOC(FID)95 Results
An average of .0033 grams of VOC were emitted per square centimeter
of tread cemented based on the VOC(FID)g5 ratio. A total of 33 test
repetitions, with VOC mass per area values ranging between .0011 and
.0088 grams per square centimeter and a standard deviation of .0019
gm/cm2, were used to calculate the average value.
-24-
-------
Flash Off VOC(FID)95 Results
An average of .0035 grams of VOC were emitted per square centimeter
of tread cemented based on the Flash Off VOC(FID)ge ratio. A total
of 33 tests with VOC mass per area values ranging between .0011 and
.0091 grams per square centimeter and a standard deviation of .0020 were
used to calculate the average value.
VOC(FID)99 and Flash Off VOC(FID)99 Results
Only 6 of the 64 VOC tests produced measurable VOC results at
tgg. The average VOC(FID)99 and Flash off VOC(FID)99 results
are .0019 and .0020 grams VOC emitted per square centimeter of tread
cemented, respectively. The VOC(FID)gg results ranged from .0015 to
.0024 gm/cm2, with a standard deviation of .0003 gm/cm2. The
Flash Off VOC(FID)9g results ranged from .0016 to .0026 gm/cm2,
with a standard deviation of .0004 gm/cm2. VOC concentrations at
t99 were difficult to detect due to VOC background concentrations
being higher than the "one percent of peak" concentrations.
Times "t9Q, tgs and t^" Results
From the 47 tests at the tread end cementer which were used to
determine the average VOC(FID)9Q results, it took an average of 108
seconds for a 90 percent VOC concentration decay from the peak initial
VOC enclosure concentration. Individual tg0 values ranged from 68 to
218 seconds with a standard deviation of 31 seconds.
The average "time-tg^" value of 128 seconds was determined from
the 33 tests which were used to calculate the VOC(FID)gc averaged
-25-
-------
values. Individual tg5 times ranged from 77 to 185 seconds with a
standard deviation of 29 seconds.
The average "time-tog" value of 113 seconds was determined from
the 6 tests which were used to calculate the VOC(FID)gg averaged
values. Individual tgg times ranged from 94 to 147 seconds and had a
standard deviation of 20 seconds.
Discussion of Tread End Cementer VOC Emission Results
From the definitions, one would expect VOC(FID)gg and Flash Off
VOC(FID)gg values to be greater than the VOC(FID)g5 and Flash Off
VOC(FID)gg values. The average results show the opposite to be true
because the "tgg" values are calculated from 6 tests compared with
the "tg^" tests which are calculated from 33 tests. Reduction of the
VOC concentration to one percent of the peak was detected fewer times
due to the high background VOC concentrations.
In addition, the VOC(FID)g5 and Flash Off VOC(FID)g5 average
values, by definition, should be greater than their corresponding "90"
values, however they are not because of the difference in the number of
valid tests which the two values are based on (33 versus 47). If the
vo^gQ average values were calculated from the 33 tests which corres-
pond to the VOCg5 tests, the lower values of .0031 and .0032
gm/cm2 for VOC(FID)gQ and Flash Off VOC(FID)g0, respectively,
would result. These values are, as expected, less than the "95" values
of .0033 and .0035 gm/cm2 for VOC(FID)g5 and Flash Off
VOC(FID)95> respectively.
-26-
-------
An inherent inaccuracy in the calculation of "Flash Off" values for
VOC per tread area cemented is the estimation of the VOC mass emitted by
the tread prior to its enclosure (that is, the "unmeasured" VOC mass) by
extrapolation of the curve to tQ at the peak concentration as
explained in Appendix A, Sample Calculations. Since it is not possible
to cement the tread in the enclosure, the extrapolation is considered
the best approximation.
Test results at the tread end cementer for the most part reflect the
habits and techniques of one operator. Except for breaks and lunch,
etc., the same workman performed the cementing routine during the
tests. It was noted that relief operators appeared to differ with the
regular operator in the amount of cement they applied or in the area of
tread they covered with the cement. "The VOC mass per tread area" value
measured during Test 7 was four times greater than the average, and the
Test 22 value was one fourth the average, both possibly caused by a
different operator. Operator identification was not recorded so it is
not certain that this is the cause.
Kelly Springfield's tread end cementing operation had two sources of
VOC emissions in addition to the drying treads:
1. The open cement tray used by the operator.
2. Cement often drips from the sponge or cemented tread, and
approximately twice per shift the operator cleans the area with
a solvent-soaked cloth.
TREAD END CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE TEST RESULTS
Table 5.2 presents the material balance results, also called cement
usage results, at the tread end cementer during the testing data of
-27-
-------
Table 5.2
•
Truad Km] Cemi;nter Material balance Heaullu
Kelly Springfield Tire Company
Fayettevllle, North Carolina
NJ
CO
I
Tread Tread
Test Kun |(lll, i.».
Mo. Ho. Date ' L*Ct ,
7
6
D
t
H
Total 11-7
F
C
B
3 1 1178 I
2
3
4
5
6
Total 11-8
4 1 11-9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
J
K •
k
M
t
Q
1 a •
i
0
f T
a
Total 11-9 :
Average .
Cemented Area
Per Tread1,
Doth Kiuls
(CM2)
75
76
142
86
86
91
90
80
104
71
86
173
88
70
84
101
81
83
111
101
Quantity
of Trends
Cemented
482
762
396
524
675
842
440
352
531
611
447
348
513
615
533
830
595
592
610
622
Total
Cemented
Area
(CM2J
36150
57912
56232
45064
58050
76622
39600
369630
28160
55224
43381
38442
60204
45144
270555
43050
44772
83830
48195
49136
67710
62822
399515
M.IKH Of
Cement
Mass of Used Per Nominal
Cement Area of Uei|;lit of
Used During Tread a Finished
Tent Cemented Tir.s
(pins) (£m/cm2) (£<":')
11530
9888
2l6.'i6
1 2848
10556
12204
12117
6833 .0185
178K8
14437
. 8671
11713
19522
1 3302
4331 .0160
7264
1 1532
13883
10487
9888
102)8
11218
5348 .0134
Total
11-7. 11-8, 11-9
1039700
16512
.0159
^Cemented area Is area of level cut only, assumed cement wqs applied only to this portion of the tread,
2Manufacturer's ID number Is In EPA confidential file.
-------
November 7, 8 and 9, 1979. Results are expressed as mass of cement used
per area of tread cemented and are presented in the column of that
heading. A total of four tests were run, each test consisting of six of
seven tread runs with each tread run lasting approximately one hour. A
"run1! produced between 348 and 842 treads of the same size and type
during the four day test period. Test 1 was omitted from Table 5.2
because the final weight of the cement bucket was inadvertently lost.
During the tread end cementer material balance tests a total of 20
tread runs produced 11,320 cemented treads of various sizes over the
three-day test period. A total of 16,512 grams of cement were used to
cement the 1,039,700 square centimeters of tread surface area, resulting
in an overall quantity of cement used per square centimeter (cm^) of
tread cemented of .0159 grams per cm^. This value includes the cement
which is lost by minor spillage, dripping, evaporation from the open
cement tray, etc. during the normal cementing operation.
This cement usage value is a reflection of mainly one operator; it
may be possible that other operators on different shifts or different
tread end cementing lines could produce a different cement use factor
due to the difference in each cementing technique.
BEAD CEMENTER MATERIAL BALANCE RESULTS
Table 5.3 presents the bead cementer material balance results at
Kelly Springfield's bead manufacturing operation on November 6, 7, 8 and
9, 1979. A total of four tests were performed on three bead manufactur-
ing lines (twelve tests) during which 42,917 grams of cement were
applied to 12,715,000 square centimeters of bead. This produces an
-29-
-------
I
U)
o
Table 5.3
Dead Cementer Material llalanco Results
Kelly Springfield Tire Company
rayed evlllo, Nortli Carolina
Test
No.
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
I1
1
31
3
4>
/,'
it
41
•\
/,-'
Head
Ceraentliif;
Line
Number Date
1
2
3
1
2
.3
1
2
2
3
1
1
-6
-6
-6
-7
-7
-7
-8
-8
-8
-H
-9
-9
2 11-9
3 1 1-9
3 11-9
Ik.-. -ul
Nominal
Inside
Diameter
( Inches)
14
15
15
14
15
13
15
l/i
15
15
14
15
I/.
15
Turn
Quantity
Per Head
5
5
5
5
6
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Wire
Quantity
Per Bead
4
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
lleaJ
Surface
Area
fomented
(per head)
/ '* \
(cm-)
197
234
234
197
• 25«
162
234
219
234
211
197
234
219
234
Quantity
of Heads
Cemented
3093
5610
6516
3573
4239
4233
3845
3844
4620
.10492
30502
6013-
4412
1471
Total
Cemented
head
Surface
Area
(cm2)
609.300
1,313,000
1,525,000
703,900
1,094,000
685,700
899, 700 |
841, 800 j
1,081,000
643,3001
600,900 J
1,407,000
966,200)
344.200 j
Mass of
Cement
lined
During
Test
(K.n)
3,?69
3.882
3,904
5,561
3,791
4,858
2 , 4 20
3,11.0
4,154
4,744
3,223
Mass of
Cuineut Used
Per Surface
Area of
Head
Cemented
(gni/ciu2)
.0054
.0030
.0026
.0079
.0035
.0071
. 00 1 4
.0029
.0033
.0034
.0025
Average
11-6, 11-7, 11-8, 11-9
Total: 12,715,000 Total: 42,91.7
Ave: .0034
'Approximately 50% of tlie lieaila cemented were 15", 50% were 14", <|iianllty of beads ccmontcd based on this.
•M'.ml count mls»
-------
average of .0034 grams of cement for each square centimeter of bead dur-
ing the test period. Each individual bead cementing line produced the
following results:
Line
1
2
3
Area Cemented
(cm2)
3,243,100
5,555,500
3,916,400
Cement Used
(gms)
17,842
14,837
10,238
Cement Use
Per Area Cemented
(gms/cm2)
.0055
.0027
.0026
Bead line number 1 consumed roughly twice the quantity of cement per
tread area cemented compared to bead lines 2 and 3. Since there was no
obvious difference between the process or test procedure at bead line
number 1, this could not be explained.
Of the twelve material balance tests performed, six tests were run
during production of one bead size only, and the remaining six were run
during production of one bead size for a portion of the test, and a
different bead size for the remaining test period. Each test conducted
during the production of two bead sizes is denoted with a subscript "1"
or "3". The relative percentage of each bead size produced was estima-
ted by the production foreman and these values were multiplied by the
total bead quantity produced to arrive at a quantity for each bead size.
During Test 4 at bead lines #1 and #2, the end count on the auto-
matic counter was lost because it was reset by the operator prior to
being recorded. The end count was estimated by dividing the total bead
production for the day by the number of work shifts per day (3), making
the assumption that each work shift produces an equal quantity of beads.
-31-
-------
Calculation of the bead cemented area was based on the outside sur-
face area of a finished bead. This is not the actual area cemented but
was used so that a comparison could be made with another bead cementing
process at a different tire manufacturing plant. The actual cemented
surface area was not calculated.
VOC MASS EMITTED FROM A KNOWN QUANTITY OF TREAD AND BEAD CEMENT
Kelly Springfield's tread and bead cements were measured for their
VOC content by drying known quantities in the VOC test enclosure and
measuring the resulting VOC concentration and flow rate of the exhausted
air. Strip chart recordings are presented in Appendix D. A total of
68.7 grams of tread cement was sprayed into the enclosure during a one-
hour period and it produced 57.7 grams of VOC as carbon. This resulted
in an emission factor of 0.84 grams of VOC emitted per gram of cement.
A total of 71.9 grams of Kelly Springfield bead cement was sprayed
into the test enclosure producing a measured 70.0 grams of VOC as car-
bon. The VOC mass emission for this cement is therefore 0.97 grams VOC
per gram of cement. One test was run for each cement type. The possi-
bility of absorption of the cement into the tread was not taken into
account during this test and no tests were performed to prove or dis-
prove this theory.
-32-
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
-------
A .
8-12-71, 7/>j*/
x o".o •— ^.5",3
yOC.CFib\
£/.-XTC
•J
_ _.,.,,
-* ^'- •-
x (H.Is* 10"5
-> / _ r
3 'O - i
~ \J^/\jfj-^L^J^^-^ ~t?V~T-W^..*-'- ' C C~£
uo
/*
L
-------
A.
pn^S ,-rr,^> j*...-.
3.
^ 7.
C. C
off
\
X
.4,3^—1
-------
Off
c.
10
LXJ-
Off tfOt-
C-Ci
~ f
-------
?s''-'-*>•-- rv-T-
I 5
/
.-Bf/IO
" D IA M £, T £
f\-
w
- S * .033" - 0. iq
"^ L X .0.2S — c?. IJ> Z.
= w)
-------
TTi-fl-
4-
\
C -
CUT
I
•v
F
;c - t^2). el- I"
G
r
L
,1
W
-------
3ZH. d't'" TsuJ^ /Vt. P^JL^JI £*^~f2iJ£
^
'i
c- =
5
£D- 1
-------
APPENDIX B
FIELD DATA SHEETS
-------
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
TREAD END CEMENTER
VOC TEST
SHEET
DATE
TESTED BY_
TEMP. OF PFMFNT
TEST START - (/
AMBIENT TEMP..
AMBIENT PRESS.
AMBIENT %R.H.
30
TEST FINISH
PLANT
PROCESS
TEST NO
c/
r
TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE
CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)
TREAD DIMENSIONS
INCHES
W
TREAD"*
DESIGNATION
•
TEST
ENCLOSURE
FLOW
;CFM
TEMP
(OF)
TREAD OR BEAD
TEMPERATURE
TEST
NO
°F
NOTES
r
o
I?
8
$
2-O
- 3
SEE-
ft
I /
r (
It
t
B
B
6
B
srr
rr
37
*?
07
T E>r* 1
T«o Stow
xr
R.ACVA -c^f/oT orJA fe/v^)
yyo /=
-------
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
SHEET
OF
DATE
7?
TEMP. OF PFMFNT
TREAD END CEMENTER TESl
VOC TEST AMB
AMB1
AMB1
TEST NO
c
5"
i u.
f i.?
§ 14
it) IS
j? 11,
i
5 n
I) 18
| n
§*>
TIME ELAPSED
FROM
APPLICATION
TO ENCLOSE
/.J-
/.r
/- JT
f-^
7.6
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NOTES
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DATE.
-7*7
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-------
SIIFFT
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
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DATE.
AMBIENT %R.H..
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DIMENSIONS OF
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1.
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-------
SHEET.
OF.
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
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DATE.
TESTED BY.
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-------
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
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U-fl-11
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TREAD END AND BEAD CEMENTER
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TESTED BY.
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NOTES
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-------
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DATE LL
TESTED BY
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PRODUCTION DATA
QUANITY
MANUFACTURED
TRLAO/BEAO
GOOD
SCRAP
TREAD/BEAD
ID NO.
DIMENSION*
TREADS/BE/
(INCHES
W
L
S OF
MS .
DIA
CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)
CEMENT DISPENSING
BUCKET WEIGHT
INITIAL
IRS
•3S.OS
FI
M.
NAL
BS
6
NOTES
,s" s*r ALIMV
4'*c~
^^t^j«— r
7300 iofal T5
-------
TRC FIELD DATA SHEET
TREAD END AND BEAD CEMENTER
MATERIAL BALANCE TESTS
DATE.
TESTED BY.
AMBIENT TEMP..
AMBIENT PRESS..
SHEET^L
.OF.
AMBIENT %R.\\.
PROCESS *3
PLANT
TEST NO
1
TIME
START
FINISH
PRODUCTION DATA
QUANITY
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TREAD/BEAD
GOOD
-
SCRAP
TREAD/BEAD
ID NO.
DIMENSION!
TREADS/BE/
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W
i
L
5 OF
\DS .
DIA
•
CEMENT WIDTH
(INCHES)
•
CEMENT DISPENSING
BUCKET WEIGHT
INITIAL
IBS
44=3*
14. U
Fl
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NOTES
»4'*4«— »
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APPENDIX C
FIELD STRIP CHART RECORDINGS
FIELD STRIP CHART RECORDING DATA SHEETS
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APPENDIX D
TRC LABORATORY TEST
STRIP CHART RECORDINGS
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-------
APPENDIX E
VOC(FID) AND VOC(TGNMO)
COMPARISON TEST ON KELLY-SPRINGFIELD'S
TREAD END AND BEAD CEMENTS
-------
APPENDIX E
TGNMO/FID COMPARISON TEST
Section 5, "VOC Mass Emitted From a Known Quantity of Bead Cement",
of the text of this report gives results for a test which was performed
to determine the VOC mass emitted from known quantities of tread and
bead cements. The results are given as grams of carbon per grams of
cement; the grams of carbon having been measured by an FID analyzer.
During these tests, a Total Gaseous Non-Methane Organics (TGNMO) sample
train was run simultaneously with the FID analyzer train so that a
comparison of the two measurement techniques could be made. This
appendix presents the results and calculations of the comparison tests.
TGNMO/FID RESULTS
The results of the comparison tests are:
o Tread End Cement:
VOC(FID) gm as carbon emitted/gm cement =0.84
VOC(TGNMO) gm as carbon emitted/gm cement = 0.726
Ratio of the above values = 0.84/0.726 = 1.16 gm/gm (FID/TGNMO)
o Bead Cement:
VOC(FID) gm as carbon emitted/gm cement =0.97
VOC(TGNMO) gm as carbon emitted/gm cement = 0.876
Ratio of the above values = 0.97/0.876 = 1.11 gm/gm (FID/TGNMO)
The following tabulation gives the results of multiplying the
averaged VOC values in Table 5.1 by the above tread end cement ratio.
-------
VOC Name* VOC Emitted per tread area cemented (gm/cm2)
FID TGNMO
VOC90 .00309 .00358
Flash Off VOC90 .00323 .00375
VOC95 .00334 .00387
Flash Off VOC95 .00348 .00404
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR KELLY SPRINGFIELD TREAD END CEMENT
Calculate VOC(FID) Mass per VOC(TGNMO) mass
mass of cement mass of cement
The VOC(FID) Mass calculation is performed in Appendix D, =0.84
mass of cement
VOC(TGNMO) Mass .
mass of cement
VOC(TGNMO) mass = (TGNMO concentration as Carbon*) (Enclosure of Flow)
(Test Duration)
0.369**mg x 1 gm x 28.32 liters x 103ft3 x (49 min) = 52.74gm
liter 1000 gm f~t-5min
0.329** x J. x 28.32 x 103" x 49 =47.02
1000
Two TGNMO trains were run simultaneously and an average was calculated from
the above two values: 49.88gm
VOC(TGNMO) Mass = 49.88 = .726
mass of cement 68.7***
VOC(FID) Mass per VOC(TGNMO) Mass - 0.84 =1.16
mass of cement mass of cement 0.726
The same procedure was used in calculating bead cement values
*From Table 5.1 in text.
** As analyzed by Pollution Control Science, Inc.
***As measured during VOC mass/mass of cement test (Ref. Section 5).
------- |