CHARACTERISTICS
              OF
  PARTICIPATE PATTERNS
         1957-1966
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEAITH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service

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                CHARACTERISTICS
                          OF
             PARTICULATE  PATTERNS
                    1957-1966
                          by
                     Robert Spirtas
                         and
                     Howard J. Levin
          Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
U.S.  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
                   Public Health Service
               Environmental Health Service
         National Air Pollution Control Administration
                  Raleigh, North Carolina
                       March 1970
    For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing (Mice
                Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 50 cents

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The AP series of reports is issued by the National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information
of general interest in the field of air pollution.  Information reported in this series
includes coverage of NAPCA intramural activities  and of cooperative studies con-
ducted in conjunction with state and local agencies,  research institutes, and in-
dustrial  organizations.   Copies of AP reports maybe obtained upon request, as
supplies permit,  from the Office of Technical Information and  Publications, Nation-
al Air Pollution Control  Administration, U. S. Department of Health,  Education,
and Welfare,  1033 Wade Avenue, Raleigh,  North Carolina 27605.
       National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. AP-61

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                                   ABSTRACT
    The National Air Surveillance Networks (NASN) have collected samples of
suspended particulate matter since 1957.  The  resulting suspended particulate
data are graphically summarized by the application of Whittaker-Renderson Type
A curve-smoothing formulas  to 10 years of data.  Data from 60 urban stations and
ZO nonurban stations were studied by this  technique, which brings out the under-
lying  cyclical patterns and long-term trends in nationwide levels of suspended
particulate matter.  Seasonal patterns  are evident for many urban and nonurban
stations, and  the seasonal characteristics of the two types of stations contrast
sharply.  Long-term trends are downward at many center-city urban sites, but
are upward at some nonurban sites.

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                               CONTENTS






INTRODUCTION               .                  .              .          1




DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE METHOD        ...          3




DISCUSSION         .          .   .                ...               9




SUMMARY  .       	      .         . .            .   .           17




TREND IN TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES




    PART I.  Urban Sites                                       -    .     19




    PART II. Nonurban  Sites                   .    .                       79




REFERENCES                          .                  .             101

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                            CHARACTERISTICS
                    OF  PARTICULATE  PATTERNS
                               1957-1966

                                INTRODUCTION
     The National Air Surveillance Networks (NASN) have been collecting samples
 of suspended particulate matter since 1957.  Review and careful evaluation of the
 substantial amount of data accumulated in the first 10  years  of Network operation
 is now appropriate. Previous analyses have generally been  limited to comparisons
 of means and variances,  or to application of other conventional statistical tech-
 niques.  This publication presents a time-series approach to the study of the data;
 it considers particulate levels as  a. dynamic series of  events occurring over a
 10-year  interval.  This approach  brings out some of the more subtle characteris-
 tics of the data.  There were more than 350 sites for which at least 1 year's data
 had been collected  during the period  1957 through 1966. From this resource,  60
 urban and 20 nonurban sites  were selected for analysis on an individual basis
 because  of their  continuity of data over the 10-year period.

     The data are graphically summarized by  the application of Whittaker-Hender-
 son Type A curve-smoothing formulas, because the derived  curves provide a
 visual perspective  of seasonal patterns and long-term trends and offer insights
 into the nationwide behavior  of the concentrations of suspended particulate matter.
 Other techniques are available for analyzing these data, but mathematical smooth-
 ing summarizes masses of data most comprehensibly  (Figure 1).  In addition to
 mathematical smoothing,  standard statistical techniques have been used to cate-
 gorize the 80 sampling sites  with  respect to seasonal patterns and  long-term trends

    Suspended particles are  a. conspicuous  class of air contaminant because they
 are largely responsible for the most visible consequences  of air pollution — the
 dirt,  the grime,  and the soiling of materials.   The subtle health effects  of parti-
 culate matter,  however, are more ominous.  Some particles contain biologically
 active substances,  such as benzo-a-pyrene, which may be carcinogenic. ^  Parti-
 cles also absorb  and adsorb harmful gases  such as sulfur dioxide and can carry
 these gases deep into the  lungs.  Other particles may act as  catalysts  for chemi-
 cal reactions in the atmosphere that produce harmful substances.   Various  systems
 of the human body may be impaired by particles.  The suspected impact of sus-
pended particles  on health and environment necessitates an understanding of partic-
ulate  levels and their trends.

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     Objectives of the NASN include determination of the nature and extent of air
pollution and the study of trends in the levels of various atmospheric contaminants.
To accomplish these goals, a standardized sampling technique for measuring sus-
pended particles  in the air was  developed.  Suspended particulate samples are
collected by a high-volume  sampler, -which draws air  through an 8- by 10-inch
glass-fiber filter.  This instrument can extract 99. 9 percent of all particles 0.3
micron or  greater in diameter. 2  Generally, air flows through the filters at an
average rate of 1. 4  to 1. 7 cubic meters per minute.  The accumulated matter on
the filter retards  the flow of air; consequently, flow rates  are  sometimes lower at
sites with high particulate concentrations.

     Under the  current NASN procedures,  samplers are operated  for  1 randomly
selected day during  each  Z-week sampling period.  Although this procedure  should
produce 26 valid  samples each year at each site, equipment breakdowns, damaged
filters,  or skipped sampling periods often limit the number of  samples at a  site.
Those filters that survive quality control intact undergo extensive  laboratory anal-
yses, and the resulting data are statistically compiled.

     The National  Air Pollution  Control Administration already has published many
of these data.  The 1963 summary of NASN data on suspended particles   discusses
a nationwide downward trend for the period 1957 through 1963 which becomes
apparent in a comparison of annual geometric mean concentrations of suspended
particles at center-city urban stations. A subsequent publication, "The  Trend of
Suspended  Particulates in Urban Air,  1957-1964, "^ primarily  concerns the  marked
decrease in suspended particulate  levels at selected sites in 1961.  It establishes
the statistical significance of the decrease and  concisely summarizes possible
explanations for the  short-term changes.

     The present  study encompasses the data collected over the 10-year period
from 1957  through 1966 for selected urban and  nonurban sites.  Urban sites  are
located  in the downtown,  center-city area.  All downtown stations, however, are
not equivalent.  They are not uniformly situated, and they are  characterized by
environmental peculiarities.  Nonurban stations are positioned in supposedly rural
areas.  Hence the nonurban category includes a wide diversity of  site locations,
such as proximate,  intermediate,  and  remote.  ^  Because of the differences  among
sampling sites, care should be  used in drawing conclusions from  comparisons of
such data.   The inclusion of a. large number of sites in this study,  however,  per-
mits generalizations about typical  urban and nonurban characteristics.
                                      CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS

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             DEVELOPMENT AND  APPLICATION  OF  THE  METHOD


     The development of a technique for summarizing the 10 years of data accumu-
 lated at each sampling site was an initial concern in this study.  At  first, raw data
 values -were plotted on graphs,  and the adjacent raw data points were connected
 by straight lines.  Wide fluctuations  in the data, however,  prevented any substan-
 tive detection of site characteristics.  A curve-smoothing  technique was finally
 employed to transform the irregular spiked graphs to curves which  could be more
 readily interpreted and which emphasized the patterns and trends in the raw data
 graphs.

     On the average, 250 samples have been collected at each of the  80 selected
 sites.  Since it had been determined that the  resulting data can be best interpreted
 if converted to a more comprehensible form  such as smoothed curves, this con-
 version required certain assumptions.  This section explains briefly the methods
 and assumptions used in converting the data.

     At  the outset,  criteria for data subjected to analysis were necessary.   For a
 year's data to be adequate, a minimum number of samples must be  collected in
 several time periods,  distributed evenly throughout the year.   A year for which
 adequate data are available is designated a "valid year";  others  are referred to
 as "invalid years."

     The selection  of sites included in the study was based  upon a criterion of 7
 or more valid years of NASN data from 1957 through 1966. Kent County,  Delaware,
 for which only 6 years of valid data are available, is the only deviation from the
 criterion.   This nonurban site -was included to provide a picture of nonurban partic-
 ulate concentration in the proximity of the densely  populated eastern seaboard. No
 nonurban site had a valid year in 1957, because of the priority given to the estab-
 lishment of urban sites in the reorganization and development of the current NASN.

     This  study  provides in condensed, graphic form all the valid data for each of
 80 sites from 1957 through 1966.  Particulate levels have been plotted for each
 sampling  period, and graphs have been constructed by connecting the points  con-
 secutively (Figures 2-81).  Two graphs have been prepared for each site.  The top
 graph in each figure presents the raw data curve and a  superimposed smoothed
 curve approximately representative of seasonal patterns.  The lower graph depicts
 the same  raw data  curve and a superimposed curve illustrating long-term trends.
 The  analyses of particulate levels and their characteristics are based on both the
 raw data and the smoothed curves.

    In order to conserve space, the very few raw data  values exceeding 500 p.g/m3
 were plotted as 500 ng/m3 in the graphical routine.  Actual values were used,
 however,  in calculations and in construction  of the  smoothing curves.

     The irumber of valid samples -within  a valid year ranged between 20 and  26.
Since samples had  been collected on random days within the sampling periods, pin-
pointing the exact day of sampling was  impractical  on a small-scale graph.

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Consequently,  the raw data points within that year were graphically equispaced
throughout the year.

     Invalid years required special attention.   The computer was programmed to
estimate raw data values for invalid years to provide expediency in the graphical
routine and to  aid in detection of characteristic patterns.   The expected particulate
level for an invalid year was estimated and plotted as the level for the first sample
during that year.  The graphs were completed by drawing connecting lines from
this estimate to the last sample value in the preceding valid year and to the first
sample value in the next valid year.  This estimate had little effect on calculations;
any reasonable estimate would have been satisfactory.  This estimate, however,
should correspond to expected particulate  levels.

     A time-series analysis  emphasizes the trends and patterns of the data.  In
this approach, the site samplings are viewed as a sequence of events rather than
merely a mass of data. The continuity of smoothed  curves allows  a realistic
estimate of what particulate-pollution levels would be if sampled continuously
rather than once every 2 weeks.   These curves also facilitate a comparison  of
trends in particulate  concentrations at a number of sites, which is more meaningful
than a comparison of yearly averages.

     The smoothed curves, illustrating the seasonal  and long-term characteristics
of particulate levels,  were constructed for all sampling sites included in the study
and were easily  adaptable to  those sites with invalid data.  The flexibility of this
method permitted the  inclusion of a large number of sites; thus,  certain general
conclusions could be  drawn.   Another advantage of smoothing curves is  that  an
opportunity for visual analysis of the  characteristics of particulate patterns  through-
out the 10-year period is afforded.

     The mathematical concept of curve-smoothing is not an elementary one, but
the visual  results can be demonstrated easily.  Intuitive methods of drawing a
smooth curve through raw data points, such as the use of a. French curve,  are
subjective  and produce varying results.  In contrast, mathematical techniques
are objective,  treating all data on the same basis.   Since  curve smoothing is an
innovation in analysis of air pollution data, a. description of the process is given.

     The formulas used in this study  were developed in the field of actuarial  mathe-
matics,  where curve  smoothing is referred to as graduation.  Graduation is the
process of securing a. smooth series  which adequately represents basic character-
istics from an irregular series of raw data values.

     The appropriateness  of any graduation depends  upon a balance between two
interdependent criteria:  (1) Smoothness,  and (2) fit, or consistency with  raw data
values.  For ultimate smoothness, a straight line approximates all data values;
for ultimate  fit,  raw data  values are  not graduated at all.  Generally, an increase
in the smoothness of a curve is  accompanied by a reduction in the  fit, and vice
versa.  Since no graduation can provide simultaneously both the best possible fit
and the best possible smoothness, a  compromise must be  reached.  Thus, the best
graduation is  the one that  provides the best combination of these two characteris-
tics for the purpose at hand.   Applied to the NASN suspended particulate data, an
emphasis on smoothness produces the long-term trend curves in the lower graph in
each figure,  whereas  more emphasis  on fit produces the seasonal-pattern curves
in the upper graph in each figure.
                                       CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS

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     A number of different graduation methods  are available, ranging from simple
graphic methods to complicated mathematical techniques.  The choice of any one
method depends  on the extent and form of the raw data,  the purpose for which the
graduation is used, the relative emphasis to be given each of the qualities, and the
graduator's technical familiarity with the data  and the technique.  The Whittaker-
Henderson Type A Difference Equation Method used in this analysis is formulated
as the minimization of an expression combining weighted measurements of fit and
smoothness .

     The Whittaker-Renders on formula is essentially a finite-difference function
permitting variation of the blend between fit and smoothness by variation of the
parameter 'a',  a positive number fixing  the relative  weight of these qualities.
Small values  of  'a1 emphasize fit, whereas  large values emphasize smoothness.
Since a detailed  understanding of the method requires a knowledge  of numerical
analysis and finite differences, and since the formula and its derivation are not
necessary for interpreting the graphs, further details are omitted  here. *

     The graphs  in Figure 1 demonstrate the graduation effects of different values
of this parameter.   The value a=3 is used in plotting seasonal patterns because the
graduated curve retains  fluctuations characteristic of monthly variations yet
eliminates random undulations resulting from  individual measurements.   Since the
long-term curves  require emphasis  on general tendencies over the  10-year period
rather than short-term patterns  in the raw  data, the value a=20 is  used in plotting
long-term curves.

     Although the mathematical derivation of the Whittaker-Henders on method is
complicated,  the graphs produced with this  method are  straightforward illustrations
of patterns and trends in particulate pollution.
*A mathematical development of the Whittaker-Henderson Type A Formula may be
 found in references  7 and 8.  This derivation is summarized in reference 9.
Development and Application of the Method

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1957      1958      1959      1960      1961      1962      1963      1964      1965      1966
1957      1958      1959      1960      1961      1962      1963      1964      1
1957      1958      1959      1960
                                             1962      1963      1964       1965      1966
    Figure 1   Variations in curves for selected values of graduation parameter.
                                     CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS

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           1957       1958       1959      1960       1961      1962       1963       1964       1965      1966
           1957       1958       1959      1960      1961        1962       1963       1964      1965       1966
           1957       1958       1959       1960       1961      1962      1963       1964       1965      1966
           1957       1958       1959      1960       1961       1962      1963       1964      1965        1966
          Figure 1 (continued).  Variations in curves for selected values of graduation parameter.
Development and Application of the Method

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                                   DISCUSSION
     The smoothed curves  presented here adequately illustrate patterns and trends
in the data.  The reader should thoroughly examine the graphs for sites  of specific
interest to him.  A detailed analysis of all graphs is precluded in this discussion
by the lack of  sufficient knowledge of local environment and meteorology and by the
large number  of the graphs.  Rather than attempt a detailed scrutiny of each graph,
the sites have  been categorized according to some of the prominent features of the
graphs.

     Individual graphs  were used, however, to follow up the previously mentioned
1961  drop study. 4  Seasonal patterns of the urban sites included in that study show-
ed that particulate concentrations during the 1961-6Z winter were, in general, quite
low.  In contrast,  the  particulate concentrations at many urban sites during the
1960-61 winter were relatively high.  This additional information may redefine the
1961  drop in annual mean  concentrations as the result of a. drop in winter particu-
late concentrations.

     Study results are  partially summarized in Tables 1 and 2, which categorize
center-city urban and  nonurban sites according to their  seasonal  patterns and
long-term trends.  These  tables also present for each site the geometric means
and the geometric standard deviations for the two consecutive 5-year periods since
1957.  The different characteristics of each individual site in  these tables  should
be considered  together.  For example,  the mean particulate concentrations must
not be ignored in a discussion of trends, because the two are interrelated.  The
seriousness  of the particulate problem depends ultimately on concentration levels.
Thus,  long term changes may be more significant for a  site with  high mean con-
centrations than for a  site  with consistently low levels.  Frequent reference to
the graphs will illustrate the  results presented in these  tables.

     The geometric standard deviations  can provide important information about the
sampling sites.  Large geometric  standard deviations can indicate,  for example,
an irregular distribution of particulate sources. Sources maybe scattered in such
a way that particulate  levels are strongly dependent on wind direction.  If major
sources of particulate pollution are concentrated in one  area of the  city, winds from
that direction may produce high particulate levels while winds from  other directions
are likely to result in  low  levels.  The final effect of such a situation is a wide de-
viation in particulate concentrations,  such as that observed in Charleston, West
Virginia, where wide deviations are due primarily to changes in  wind direction and
wind velocity.

    In addition,  the combination of a small geometric standard deviation and  a high
mean concentration may be due to distribution.  Such a combination  may result if
the sources of pollution are distributed  about the sampling  site in such a way  that
wind direction has little effect on particulate concentrations.  Frequent high levels
can result also if the sampling site  is in line with the prevailing wind direction from
the sources.

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         Table 1. CENTER-CITY URBAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES
Site
Birmingham, Ala.
Anchorage, Alaska
Phoenix, Ariz.
Little Rock, Ark.
Los Angeles, Calif.
San Diego, Calif.
San Francisco, Calif.
Denver, Colo.
Hartford, Conn.
New Haven, Conn.
Wilmington, Del.
Washington, D. C.
Tampa, Fla.
Atlanta, Ga.
Honolulu, Hawaii
Boise, Ida.
Chicago, 111.
East Chicago, Ind.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Des Moines, Iowa
Wichita, Kan.
New Orleans, La.
Portland, Me.
Baltimore, Md.
Boston, Mass.
Detroit, Mich.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Jackson, Miss.
Kansas City, Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
Helena, Mont.
Omaha, Nebr.
Newark, N. J.
Albuquerque, N. M.
New York City, N. Y.
Charlotte, N. C.
Bismarck, N. D.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
Youngstown, Ohio
Portland, Ore.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Providence, R. I.
Columbia, S. C.
Sioux Falls, S. D.
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Nashville, Tenn.
Dallas, Tex.
Houston, Tex.
San Antonio, Tex.
Salt Lake City, Utah
Burlington, Vt.
Norfolk, Va.
Seattle, Wash.
Charleston, W. Va.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Cheyenne, Wyo.
1957-1961
Geom.
mean,
ug/m3
125.6
83.4
206.5
74.1
164.2
85.4
65.3
137.4
88.8
84.8
175.3
106.8
85.9
99.4
48.8
104.7
179.4
176.7
157.1
150.2
86.3
88.4
86.3
131.5
131.3
134.1
94.4
71.7
140.7
159.7
54.7
106.1
97.2
183.5
167.9
114.4
80.0
124.6
154.5
129.0
113.0
137.7
75.5
162.3
160.3
100.1
106.8
81.3
190.1
126.6
91.4
104.8
105.9
105.5
50.6
95.9
79.4
171.2
139.4
42.0
Geom.
std.dev.,
yg/m3
1.85
2.27
1.58
1.63
1.56
1.54
1.69
1.64
1.59
1.47
1.64
1.56
1.39
1.56
1.50
1.53
1.39
1.70
1.35
1.56
1.59
1.37
1.55
1.51
1.45
1.51
1.75
1.60
1.50
1.58
2.04
1.62
1.63
1.71
1.48
1.59
1.77
1.45
1.51
1.51
1.49
1.56
1.77
1.52
1.73
1.54
1.41
1.75
1.55
1.57
1.71
1.64
1.71
1.64
1.53
1.49
1.62
2.20
1.49
1.69
1962-1966
Geom.
mean,
Mg/m3
124.5
65.9
165.7
87.0
124.5
76.3
60.0
125.1
95.6
91.9
131.1
87.2
84.1
93.4
38.7
80.3
130.4
183.7
148.8
116.8
88.8
85.2
70.7
130.3
125.3
135.3
74.8
69.1
129.3
131.1
48.7
107.3
103.8
114.6
164.9
101.3
78.7
129.2
119.4
108.1
117.2
136.1
85.7
155.5
150.6
106.9
73.2
64.6
154.4
116.3
91.6
94.3
72.0
108.3
56.8
96.7
68.2
169.0
120.0
33.7
Geom.
std.dev.,
Mg/m3
1.68
2.31
1.73
1.74
1.60
1.53
1.60
1.54
1.58
1.52
1.41
1.45
1.44
1.49
1.37
1.53
1.47
1.51
1.41
1.58
1.56
1.44
1.57
1.49
1.46
1.63
1.50
1.46
1.48
1.44
1.73
1.49
1.54
1.70
1.56
1.62
1.94
1.50
1.53
1.48
1.64
1.56
1.93
1.41
1.55
1.48
1.50
1.64
1.50
1.57
1.56
1.47
1.52
1.63
1.61
1.52
1.51
2.07
1.63
1.72
Long-term
trend
No change
Down0
DownC
Upb
Downc
Downb
No change
No change
No change
No change
DownC
Downc
No change
No change
Downc
Downc
Downc
No change
No change
Downc
No change
No change
Downc
No change
No change
No change
Downc
No change
No change
DownC
No change
No change
No change
DownC
No change
Downb
No change
No change
DownC
Downc
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change
DownC
DownC
DownC
No change
No change
Downb
Downc
No change
Upb
No change
Downc
No change
DownC
DownC
Change in
geometric
standard
deviation
Downb
No change
No change
UpC
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change
Downc
Downb
No change
No change
No change
No change
Upb
Downb
No change
No change
No change
Upb
No change
No change
No change
Upb
Downc
Downb
No change
Downc
Down0
Downb
No change
No change
No change
No change
Upb
No change
No change
No change
Upb
No change
Upb
Downb
Downc
No change
No change
Downb
No change
No change
Downb
Downc
Downc
No change
No change
No change
Downb
No change
Upb
No change
Seasonal
patterna
Urban
Nonurban
Urban
None
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Possible urban
Unusual
Urban
None
None
None
Urban
Urban
None
None
None
Unusual
None
None
None
Urban
Urban
None
None
None
Possible urban
None
Unusual
Unusual
None
Possible urban
None
Urban
Unusual
Urban
None
Unusual
None
Unusual
Unusual
None
None
None
None
None
None
Possible urban
Possible urban
None
Urban
Urban
Nonurban
None
None
Urban
None
Nonurban
  Definitions for seasonal patterns can be found in the text.
  "Statistically significant; categories are explained in the text.
  cHighly significant statistically; categories are explained in the text.
10
                                           CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS

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          Table 2. NONURBAN CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES
Site
Grand Canyon Pk.,
Ariz.
Montezuma Co., Colo.
Kent Co., Del.
Butte Co., Idaho
Parke Co., Ind.
Delaware Co., Iowa
Acadia Nat'l Pk., Me.
Calvert Co., Md.
Glacier National Pk.,
Mont.
Thomas Co., Nebr.
White Pine Co., Nev.
Coos Co., N. H.
Cape Hatteras, N. C.
Ward Co., N. D.
Cherokee Co., Okla.
Clarion Co., Pa.
Washington Co., R. I.
Richland Co., S. C.
Orange Co., Vt.
Shenandoah Nat'l Pk.,
Va.
1957-1961
Geom.
mean,
pg/m3
16.7

11.3
58.1
18.6
54.3
36.1
24.1
37.6
11.0

22.3
10.9
16.3
31.5
20.0
38.0
38.6
30.2
31.0
38.5
29.8

Geom.
std. dev.,
|Ug/m3
2.42

2.15
1.44
2.08
1.43
2.02
1.83
1.63
2.63

1.89
2.61
1.61
1.41
2.22
1.64
1.67
2.07
1.61
1.43
1.53

1962-1966
Geom.
mean,
Ug/m3
1S.5

12.2
56.3
13.6
49.3
36.3
22.3
39.1
13.7

19.4
10.0
19.6
48.4
31.8
45.4
37.1
37.4
32.9
36.7
30.1

Geom.
std. dev.,
jug/m3
2.11

2.60
1.54
1.91
1.56
1.72
1.83
1.46
2.50

2.04
2.59
1.77
1.81
2.19
1.63
1.69
1.99
1.56
1.59
1.59

Long-term
trend
No change

No change
No change
Downc
No change
No change
No change
No change
Upb

No change
No change
Upt>
UpC
UpC
Upb
No change
Upb
No change
No change
No change

Change in
standard
geometric
deviation
Downb

Upb
No change
No change
Upb
Downc
No change
Down13
No change

No change
No change
Upb
UpC
No change
No change
No change
No change
No change
Upb
No change

Seasonal
pattern4
Nonurban

Nonurban
Nonurban
Nonurban
None
None
Possible nonurban
Possible nonurban
Nonurban

Nonurban
Possible nonurban
None
None
Nonurban
None
None
Nonurban
None
Possible nonurban
Nonurban

 Definitions for seasonal patterns can be found in the text.
 ^Statistically significant; categories are explained in the text.
 cHighly significant statistically; categories are explained in the
text.
     At a number of sites, for example, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,  and San
Antonio,  Texas,  both deviations and mean concentrations  changed significantly
from one 5-year period to the next.  This suggests that the nature  of sources has
changed.  A sustained change in the meteorology is  improbable; meteorology in an
area is considered to be a random factor  and has been accounted for by the  smooth-
ing technique.  The only factors that can be expected reasonably to change are the
emissions and the distribution of sources.  Such factors can be affected by instal-
lation  of controls,  opening or closing  of plants, and changes in sampler location.

     Certain combinations of characteristics at a few sites are puzzling.   At
Delaware  County, Iowa,  and at Helena, Montana,  the mean changed little while the
deviation changed significantly. At the present time,  no explanation can be offered
for these phenomena.
Discussion

-------
    Although standard statistical measures, such as those discussed above, are
useful in this study, data also were analyzed by less conventional methods.  Ine
graduated curves themselves yielded much information.  For example, the short-
term  graduated curves were examined for evidence of seasonal patterns over the
10-year period.  The criteria for determining seasonal patterns  were straight-
forward but subjective.  Typical patterns had to be observed in at least 6 years at
urban sites  and 5 years  at nonurban sites to be considered definite patterns.  If a
site had  only 5 years of typical patterns (4 years for nonurban sites),  it was
categorized as having a possible  seasonal pattern.  Sites  demonstrating a typical
seasonal pattern were classified  as unusual.  In Tables 1 and 2,  all sites  are
classified as to seasonal patterns on the basis of these  criteria.

     Typical patterns for urban locations  are  markedly  different  from those patterns
for nonurban locations.   Urban sites generally are characterized by higher levels
of particles in the  winter than in the summer; nonurban sites, in contrast, general-
ly are characterized by higher levels in the summer than in the -winter.  A major
factor contributing to the higher particulate levels during the winter months at
many urban sites is the use of large amounts of  fuel for space heating.  In these
cases, the urban particulate pattern masks the nonurban  or background particulate
pattern.  In those  southern cities where gas is burned rather than coal, higher
winter concentrations are  less prevalent than in coal-burning cities.

     A few urban sites were characterized by typical nonurban seasonal patterns.
The locations  of these sites in remote  sections of the country may partially explain
this phenomenon.  For  example, the pattern  at Anchorage, Alaska, which would be
expected to be influenced by space heating  in the winter,  resembles the pattern at
typical nonurban sampling stations.  This situation may be due to the facts that fuel
oil is used predominantly for space heating and  that construction declines during
the winter months.  The increased concentrations in the summer months are due
largely to the  dust raised on the  roads and to the resumption of construction.

     The relatively high levels at nonurban sites during the summer can be partial-
ly attributed to the increases in human activities, such as farming, travel,  and
vacationing.  Also, since summer months  are generally drier than other months,
more pollen and wind-blown dust (as opposed to man-made pollution)  are to be ex-
pected during  the summer  months.

     Sites have been classified on the basis of long-term  trends, as well as season-
al patterns.  To determine these trends, the geometric mean of the first 5-year
period,  1957 through 1961, was  compared  with the geometric mean of the second
5-year period, 1962 through  1966, and the difference was evaluated statistically.*
Since no nonurban sites had valid data for 1957, the long-term trend  classifications
in  Table 2 are based on comparisons of the 4-year period 1958 through 1961  to the
5-year period 1962 through 1966.

     The five  categories established for this  classification are:

     1.  Highly significant  downward trend — Statistically significant at the a   0.01
         level.
 *Since the suspended particulate data are generally assumed to be log-normally
  distributed, a two-tailed "t" test was used after a logarithmic transformation had
  been performed on the original data.  Serial correlation should not alter the
  results of the  "t" test significantly.
12                                     CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS

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     2.   Significant downward trend—Statistically significant at the a   O.I level.

     3.   No significant change — Not statistically significant at the  a   0. 1 level.
     4.   Significant upward trend — Statistically  significant at the a   0.  1 level.

     5.   Highly significant upward trend-Statistically significant at the 
-------
industry,  commerce,  and population have continued to grow, much of this expan-
sion has been occurring away from the center-city area.  Generally  suburban areas
are growing at a faster rate than center-city areas,  and industry has begun to move
to city outskirts.  Basic  changes in industrial  processes and conversion to cleaner
fuels for space heating are partially responsible for the decline.  Control devices
for industry certainly have contributed to the reduction of levels since 1957. In
some communities, the lower levels are attributable in part to increased effective-
ness  of local air pollution control programs .  Although the 1963  NASN study suggests
that anomalies in meteorological patterns  may affect particulate levels,  they do
not explain these  downward trends.  As mentioned previously in this discussion,
such peculiarities are smoothed out by the graduated curves and have little effect
on the graduated values.

     Increased traffic density may have caused the  rise in particulate levels at
some sites.  Automobiles and buses are still  chief modes of transportation within
the center-city.  Many of the larger cities,  such as Chicago,  where particulate
levels decline, probably were affected little by increased traffic density in the past
 10 years, because their center-city roadways  were already saturated by 1957.
Demolition and construction associated with urban renewal and expressway projects
also may contribute to higher levels at some  urban sites.

     Many nonurban sites display long-term trends markedly different from those
 of urban sites.  As is shown in Table  3, only  1 of the ZO nonurban sites  had  a sig-
nificant decrease in particulate levels, while  13 sites  had no significant change.
At the remaining six sites,  particulate levels  increased.  Few sizable decreases
were expected because the mean levels were  very small in 1957.  In fact, 30 per-
 cent of the nonurban  sites had significant increases in particulate concentrations.

     Again the movement of  industry to city outskirts  and to nonurban locations
partially explains the rise in particulate levels at those places.  The great amount
of roadway construction over the past 10 years may have affected particulate levels.
Improved and extended highways,  especially limited access high speed thorough-
fares,  have encouraged  such widespread traveling in recent years that practically
no nonurban site escapes the influence on particulate levels of automobile emissions.
An increase due to these emissions should  be  gradual  as the roads are used more
and more each year;  the graduated long-term  curves  for many nonurban sites do
illustrate such a gradual rise.

     If urban  sprawl results  in a decline in  particulate levels at center-city  sites,
it should produce a corresponding increase in the levels in nonurban areas,  there-
by causing a  shift in the nationwide pollution problem.  Increases in construction,
commerce, and traffic density associated with urban sprawl may cause  the  long-
term rise in particulate levels.  For  example, at Cape Hatteras,  North Carolina,
according to the comparison of 5-year means, a highly significant increase in mean
levels has occurred since 1957.   This site,  with by far the largest increase among
nonurban sites,  illustrates the effects of many contributing factors.  Cape  Hatteras
followed a typical nonurban pattern until 1963, when an upward trend began. In
1963, home construction near the sampler began to increase rapidly.  In the vicini-
ty of the site,  more business concerns have been established,  and automobile traf-
fic has risen sharply.  In addition, a  State park was opened  nearby.

     The situation at Cape Hatteras also illustrates the ambiguities of the classifi-
cations "urban"  and "nonurban. "  Cape Hatteras is no  longer a truly nonurban site.
 14                                      CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS

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As another example, the sampling site in Washington County, Rhode Island,  al-
though considered nonurban,  is surrounded by the densely populated area of the
northeastern seaboard and exhibits some  characteristics typical of urban sites.  On
the other hand,  Cheyenne,  Wyoming,  an urban site, has a lower 10-year geometric
mean, 36 ug/m ,  than many  nonurban sites and a clearly nonurban seasonal  pattern.

     In addition to general characteristics  of particulate patterns,  in rare instances,
the graphs reveal some abnormally high values.   For example, when a dust storm
swept over the Ward County, North Dakota,  site in March of 1963,  the station meas-
ured a. particulate level of 843 ug/m^ above the  mean for that station over the 10-
year period.  Anchorage, Alaska, in November of 1958,  recorded a level of  487
Hg/m^   This level,  largely due to a. volcanic eruption,  was 411 |j.g/m3 above the
site's 10-year mean.  Most of these unusually high spikes are due to stagnations,
dust storms,  nearby construction, or other unusual conditions.
Discussion

-------
                                   SUMMARY
     The Whittaker-Henderson  smoothing  curves  as  applied here are a new ap-
proach to the detection of seasonal and long-term patterns  in particulate levels.
Sites have been classified according to seasonal patterns and long-term trends.
This study has established a. typical seasonal pattern for urban sites, characterized
by high winter levels and  low summer levels.  In  contrast, relatively small geo-
metric means,  low winter levels,  and high summer levels  typify nonurban season-
al patterns.  At both urban and nonurban sites,  spring and  fall appear  to be tran-
sition  periods  for particulate levels.   Significant  decreases in particulate levels
•were detected for many center-city urban sampling sites.  The  curves generally
reveal a slight increase in particulate concentrations at nonurban sites from 1958
to 1966.
                                         17

-------
TREND IN TOTAL SUSPENDED  PARTICULATES
  USING WHITTAKER-HENDERSON TYPE A
    SMOOTHING  FORMULAS,  1957-1966

         PART I.  URBAN SITES
                 19

-------
 [SI
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                        1957
                                     1958
                                                 1959
                                                              1960
                                                                1961         1962

                                                                     YEAR
                                                                                                   1963
                                                                                                                1964
                                                                                                                             1965
                                                                Figure 2-  Birmingham, Alabama.

-------
                 500
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                                                  1959
                                                              1960
                                                                          1961         1962

                                                                               YEAR
                                                                                                  1963
                                                                                                              1964
                                                                                                                          1965
                                                                                                                                      1966
                                                                 Figure 3.  Anchorage, Alaska.

-------
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                           1958
                                        1959
                                                     1960
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          YEAR

Figure 4.  Phoenix. Arizona.
                                                                                           1963
                                                                                                        1964

-------
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                                                               SEASONAL
             1957
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                                           1960
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                                                                  1962
                                                                              1963
                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                     1965
                                                                                                                       1966
500
      400 h-
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             1957
                         1958
                                     1959
                                                 1960
                                                            1961        1962

                                                                 YEAR
                                                                                   1963
                                                                                               1964
                                                                                                           1965       1966
                                                   Figure 5.  Little Rock, Arkansas.

-------
                 500,
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                                    1958
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                                                             1960         1961         1962

                                                                              YEAR

                                                                Figure 6.  Los Angeles, California.
                                                                                        1963
                                                                                                    1964
                                                                                                                1965
                                                                                                                            1966

-------
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                                                                                                                     1966
                                                           LOIMG TERM
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                         1957
                                     1958
                                                  1959
                                                             1960
                                                                         1961        1962

                                                                             YEAR
                                                                                                 1963
                                                                                                             1964
                                                                                                                         1965
                                                                                                                                     1966
                                                                  Figure 7.  San Diego, California.

-------
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                         1957
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                                                   1959         1960
                                                                            1961         1962

                                                                                  YEAR
                                                                                                                    1964
                                                                Figure 8. San Francisco, California.

-------
3.
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                          1957         1958         1959        1960
                                                                          1961        1962       1963

                                                                              YEAR
                                                                                             1964         1965
                                                                                                                     1966
                                                                Figures.  Denver, Colorado.

-------
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                                                                             1961          1962

                                                                                   YEAR
                                                                                                       1963
                                                                                                                    1964
                                                                                                                                 1965
                                                                                                                                              1966
                                                                  Figure 10.  Hartford. Connecticut.

-------
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               400 —
300 —
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                                                                         SEASONAL
                       1957
                                   1958
                                              1959
                                                          1960
                                                                      1961
                                                                                 1962
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                               1966
                        1957
                                   1958
                                              1959
                                                          1960
                                                                      1961        1962
                                                                          YEAR
                                                                                            1963
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                                   1965
                                                                                                                              1966
                                                           Figure 11. Mew Haven, Connecticut.

-------
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                        1957
                                     1958
                                                 1959
                                                             1960
                                                                          1961        1962

                                                                               YEAR

                                                                Ficiure 12.  Wilmington, Delaware
                                                                                                  1963
                                                                                                    1964
                                                                                                                1965
                                                                                                                            1966

-------
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                                                               SEASONAL
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              1957
                          1958       1959
                                                 1960       1961       1962       1963

                                                                YEAR
                                                                                              1964
                                                                                                          1965
                                                                                                                      1966
                                                    Figure 13. Washington, D. C.

-------
                soo r
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                        1957
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LONG TERM
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             1957       1958        1959        1960        1961       1962

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                                                   Figure 14-  Tampa, Florida.
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                               1966

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                                                          Figure 15. Atlanta, Georgia.

-------
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                                                                                                                                  1966
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                                                              Figure 16. Honolulu, Hawaii.

-------
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                                               1959
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                                                                                                                    1965
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                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                                      1961        1962

                                                                           YEAR
                                                                                             1963
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                                                                Figure 17.  Boise, Idaho.

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                                                               1960
                                                                 1961        1962

                                                                      YEAR
                                                                                                    1963
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                                                                                                                                           1966
                                                                   Figure 18.  Chicago, Illinois.

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              1957       1958
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                                                                                                                          1966
                                                    Figure 19.  East Chicago, Indiana.

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                                                                               YEAR
                                                                                                  1963
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                                                               Figure 20.  Indianapolis, Indiana.

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                                                                  Figure 21.  Des Monies, Iowa.

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                                                                                                                                          1966
                                                                        Figure 22.  Wichita. Kansas.

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                        1957
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                                                           1960
                                                                       1961        1962

                                                                            YEAR
                                                                                              1963
                                                                                                           1964
                                                                                                                      1965
                                                                                                                                  1966
                                                             Figure 23.  New Orleans, Louisiana.

-------
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                                                                                                                                     1966
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                                                                                                                           1966
                                                                 Figure 24.  Portland, Maine.

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                                                                     Figure 25.  Baltimore, Maryland.

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                                                                                                                                  1966
                200
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                                    1958
                                               1959
                                                            1960
                                                                       1961        1962

                                                                           YEAR
                                                                                               1963
                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                                      1965
                                                                                                                        1966
                                                            Figure 26-  Boston, Massachusetts.

-------
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                         1957         1958
                                                  1959        1960
                                                                           1961         1962

                                                                                YEAR
                                                                                                    1963
                                                                                                                 1964
                                                                                                                             1965
                                                                                                                                         1966
                                                                  Figure 27.  Detroit, Michigan.

-------
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                300
                200
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                        1957        1958
                                                 1959
                                                             1960
                                                         1961         1962

                                                               YEAR
                                                                                                  1963
                                                               Figure 28. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

-------
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                                                                       1961
                                                                                    1962
                                                                                               1963
                                                                                                           1964
                                                                                                                       1965
                                                                                                                                   1966
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                        1957
                                    1958
                                                1959
                                                            1960        1961         1962

                                                                             YEAR
                                                                                                1963
                                                                                                           1964
                                                                                                                       1965
                                                              Figure 29.  Jackson, Mississippi.

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                                      1958
                                                  1959
                                                               1960
                                                                           1961          1962

                                                                                 YEAR
                                                                                                     1963
                                                                                                                  1964
                                                                                                                               1965
                                                                                                                                           1966
                                                                 Figure 30.  Kansas City, Missouri.

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                 500
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                         1957         1958        1959         1960         1961        1962        1963         1964
                                                                                                                            1965        1966
                                                                 Figure 31.  St. Louis, Missouri.

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                                                 1959
                                                              1960
                                                                          1961         1962

                                                                              YEAR
                                                                                                  1963
                                                                                                              1964
                                                                                                                           1965
                                                                                                                                       1966
                                                                  Figure 32.  Helena, Montana.

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      300 —
      200 —
1957        1958
              1957       1958         1959        1960        1961         1962        1963        1964        1965        1966
                                                     Figure 33.  Omaha, Nebraska.

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                         1957
                                      1958
                                                  1959
                                                               1960
                                                                           1961        1962

                                                                                YEAR

                                                                   Figure 34.  Newark, New Jersey.
                                                                                                    1963
                                                                                                                 1964
                                                                                                                             1965
                                                                                                                                          1966

-------
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              1957        1958
                                      1959
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                                                                    YEAR
                                                                                       1963        1964
                                                                                                               1965        1966
                                                   Figure 35.  Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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                          1957
                                       1958
                                                    1959
                                                                 1960
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                                                                                  YEAR


                                                                   Figure 36.  New York City, New York.
                                                                                                        1963
                                                                                                                     1964
                                                                                                                                  1965
                                                                                                                                              1966

-------
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1957        1958
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                                                   Figure 37.  Charlotte, North Carolina.

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                        1957
                                    1958
                                                 1959
                                                              1960
                                                                          1961         1962

                                                                              YEAR
                                                                                                  1963
                                                                                                              1964
                                                                                                                          1965
                                                                                                                                       1966
                                                              Figure 38.  Bismarck, North Dakota.

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                          1957        1958         1959        1960         1961         1962        1963        1964
                                                                                                                            1965        1966
                                                                  Figure 39.  Cincinnati, Ohio.

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                        1957
                                     1958
                                                  1959
                                                              1960
                                                                           1961        1962

                                                                               YEAR
                                                                                                    1963
                                                                                                                1964
                                                                                                                             1965
                                                                                                                                         1966
                                                                  Figure 40. Cleveland. Ohio.

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                          1957        1958        1959        1960         1961         1962        1963         1964        1965
                                                                                                                                        1966
                                                                  Figure 41.  Columbus, Ohio.

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                500
                                                                            SEASONAL
                        1957
                                    1958
                                                1959
                                                             1960
                                                                         1961
                                                                                     1962
                                                                                                 1963
                                                                                                            1964
                                                                                                                        1965
                                                                                                                                     1966
                                                                                                                                     1966
                                                                  Figure 42.  Dayton, Ohio.

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                           1958
                                       1959
                                                    1960
                                                               1961        1962

                                                                    YEAR
                                                                                        1963
                                                                                                    1964
                                                                                                               1965
                                                                                                                           1966
                                                      Figure 43.  Youngstown, Ohio.

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                         1957
                                      1958
                                                   1959
                                                                1960
                                                                  1961        1962

                                                                       YEAR
                                                                                                       1963
                                                                                                                   1964
                                                                                                                                1965
                                                                                                                                             1966
                                                                   Figure 44> Portland, Oregon.

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r
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                         1957         1958         1959        1960        1961         1962        1963         1964         1965        1966
                                                             Figure 45.  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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                                                               Figure 46.  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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                                                 1959
                                                             1960
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                                                                               YEAR
                                                                                                  1963
                                                                                                               1964
                                                                                                                           1965       1966
                                                              Figure 47. Providence, Rhode Island.

-------
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                                                                          SEASONAL
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 O
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                       1957
                                   1958
                                               1959
                                                           1960
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                                                                                   1962
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                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                                      1965
                                                                                                                                 1966
                       1957
                                   1958
                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                                       1961         1962

                                                                            YEAR
                                                                                               1963
                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                                      1965
                                                                                                                                  1966
                                                           Figure 48-  Columbia, South Carotin

-------
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                                                    Figure 49.  Sioux Falls, South  Dakota.

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                                                              1960
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                                                                                YEAR
                                                                                                   1963
                                                                                                                1964
                                                                                                                            1965
                                                                                                                                         1966
                                                              Figure 50.  Chattanooga, Tennessee.

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1963        1964        1965       1966
                          1958        1959        1960        1961
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                                                                                       1963        1964       1965         1966
                                                    Figure 51.  Nashville, Tennessee.

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                        1957         1958        1959        1960        1961         1962        1963          1964         1965        1966
100
                                                                   Figure 52-  Dallas. Texas.

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                          1957
                                                                   Figure 53-  Houston, Texas.

-------
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                                                                      Figure 54.  San Antonio. Texas.

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                400 h-
                300h-
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                         1957
                                    1958
                                                1959
                                                            1960
                                                                        1961         1962

                                                                             YEAR
                                                                                                1963
                                                                                                             1964
                                                                                                               1965
                                                                                                                          1966
                                                              Figure 55.  Salt Lake City, Utah.

-------
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                                                                          SEASONAL
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 33
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                                                               LONG TERM
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                       1957
                                   1958
                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                            1961         1962

                                                                 YEAR
                                                                                               1963
                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                                      1965
                                                                                                                                 1966
                                                             Figure 56. Burlington, Vermont.

-------
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                                                                  SEASONAL
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                                     1958
                                       1959
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                                                                           1962
                                                                                       1963
                                                                                                    1964
                                                                                                                1965
                 500
       400H
 2     300 r—
                1957
                                                                                                                                      1966
                                                                                                                1965        1966
                                                      Figure 57.  Norfolk, Virginia.

-------
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                                                                        SEASONAL
                400h
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                                  1958
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                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                               1966
LONG TERM
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                      1957
                                  1958
                                              1959
                                                1960
                                                           1961        1962        1963

                                                                YEAR
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                                1966
                                                            Figure 58.  Seattle, Washington.

-------
G
                SOOi
                        1957
                                    1958
                                                1959
                                                             1960
1961        1962
     YEAR
                                                                                                 1963
                                                                                                             1964
                                                                                                                         1965
                                                                                                                                     1966
                                                            Figure 59.  Charleston, West Virginia.

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                                                  1959
                                                              1960
                                                                          1961         1962

                                                                              YEAR


                                                                  Figure 60.  Milwaukee. Wisconsin.
1963        1964
                        1965
                                     1966

-------
TREND IN TOTAL SUSPENDED  PARTICULATES
  USING WHITTAKER-HENDERSON TYPE A
   SMOOTHING FORMULAS, 1957-1966

      PART II. NONURBAN SITES
                 79

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200 —




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                                                              SEASONAL
                                    1958
                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                                      1961
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                                                                                              1963
                                                                                                         1964
                                                                                                                     1965
                                                                                                                                1966
                                                              	1	
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                        1957
                                   1958
                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                            1961        1962

                                                                YEAR
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                         1964
                                                                                                                     1965
                                                                                                                                1966
                                                             Figure 61.  Cheyenne, Wyoming.

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                                                                                                 1964
                                                                                                           1965
                                                                                                                      1966
                                                        I	

                                                    LONG  TERM
               100
                                                                                      A,
                                                                                                     £A4
                      1957
                                 1958
                             1959       1960       1961        1962        1963


                                                      YEAR


                                        Figure 62. Grand Canyon Park, Arizona.
                                                                                                 1964
                                                                                                           1965
                                                                                                                      1966

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1958        1959

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                                                                       1961
                                                                                  1962
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                                                                                    1963        1964        1965       1966
                                      LONG TERM
 1963       1964

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      400
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                        1957
                                   1958
                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                                       1961        1962

                                                                           YEAR
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                            1965
                                                                                                                      1966
                                                        Figure 63. Montezuma County, Colorado.

-------
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                                                                  1962
                                                                              1963
                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                     1965
                                                                         LONG TERM!
                                                                                                                 1966
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                                                                        A
                        1957
                                   1958 i
                                               1959
                                                           1960
                                                       1961         1962


                                                           YEAR
                                                                                              1963
                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                                     1965
                                                                                                                                 1966
                                                               Figure 64.  Kent County, Delaware.

-------
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                                                                              1963
                                                                                          1964
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                                                                                                                 1966
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                                                           YEAR


                                                Figure 65.  Butte County, Idaho.
                                                                                              1963
                                                                                                          1964
                                                                                                                      1965
                                                                                                                                  1966

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                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                               1966
                                                         LONG TERM
                       1957
                                   1958
                                              1959
                                                          1960
                                                                      1961        1962

                                                                          YEAR


                                                            Figure 66.  Delaware County, Iowa.
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                               1966

-------
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             300f
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                                                         SEASOMAL
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 58
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                            19581
                                     1959
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                                                                                   1964
                                                                                            1965
                                                                                                     1966
                                                         LONG TERM
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           1957      1958      1959      1960      1961      1962

                                                  YEAR

                                         Figure 67.  Parke County, Indiana.
                                                                         1963
                                                                                   1964
                                                                                            1965
                                                                                                     1966

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                         957
                                                                          SEASONAL
                                   1958
                                                1959
                                                            1960
                                                                       1961
                                                                                   1962
                                                                                               1963
                                                                                                           1964
                                                                                                                       1965
                                                                                                                                  1966
                                                          LONG TERM
                                           A A    .  X
                                           , v VXA/VY^  r
                                                        .K A JU

                                    1958
                                                1959
                                                            1960
                                                        1961        1962

                                                            YEAR
                                                                                               1963
                                                                                                           1964
                                                                                                                       1965
                                                                                                                                  1966
 00
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                                             Figure 68. Acadia National Park, Maine.

-------
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                300-
                200-
                                                                        SEASONAL
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                        1957
                                   1958
                                               1959
                                                          1960
                                                                      1961
                                                                                  1962
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                        1964
                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                               1966
     \	
LONG TERM
                                                                    v
                       1957
                                   1958
                                              1959
                                                          1960
                                                                      1961        1962

                                                                          YEAR


                                                           Figure 69•  Calvert County, Maryland.
                                                                                             1963
                                                                                                         1964
                                                                                                                    1965
                                                                                                                      1966

-------
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                         1957
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                                     1958
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                                                                                                                         1965
                                                                                                                                     1966
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                                                             Figure 70.  Glacier National Park, Montana.

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                                               Figure 71. Thomas County, Nebraska.

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                                                Figure 72.  White Pine County, Nevada.

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                                                          Figure 74.  Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

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                                                         Figure 75. Ward County, North Dakota.

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                                                         Figure 76. Cherokee County, Oklahoma.

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                                                        Figure 77.  Clarion County,  Pennsylvania.

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                                              Figure 78.  Washington County, Rhode Island.

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                                                        Figure 79. Richland County, South Carolina.

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                                                        Figure 80.  Orange County, Vermont.

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                                           Figure 81.  Shenandoah National Park, Virginia.

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                                 REFERENCES
1.  The Effects of Air Pollution.  USD HEW, PSH Publication No. 1556, U.  S.
   Government Printing Office,  Washington, D.  C. ,  1966.  18pp.

2.  Tabor, E.  C. ,  "High-Volume Air Sampling."  Presented at the 7th Indiana Air
   Pollution Control Conference, October  15-16,  1968, Purdue  University,
   Lafayette,  Ind.

3.  Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Sampling Network,  "Analysis
   of Suspended Particulates , " USDHEW,  Public Health Service, Division of Air
   Pollution,  Robert A.  Taft Sanitary Engineering Center,  Cincinnati, Ohio, 1965.
   87pp.

4.  McMullen, T. B., and R.  Smith, The Trend of Suspended Particulates in
   Urban Air:  1957-1964, USDHEW, PHS  Publication  No. 999-AP-19, 1965.  27pp.

5.  McMullen, T. B.  Personal communication.

6.  Fair, Donald H. , George B.  Morgan, and Charles E.  Zimmer, Storage and  Re-
   trieval of Air Quality Data  (SAROAD); System Description and Data Coding
   Manual.  USDHEW,  Public  Health Service,  National Center for Air Pollution
   Control,  Cincinnati, Ohio,  APTD 68-8,  1968.  47pp.

7.  Miller,  Morton D. ,  Elements of Graduation, Actuarial Society of America and
   American Institute of Actuaries,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 1946. 76pp.

8.  Henderson, Robert,  "Method of Graduation," Actuarial Society of America,
   Vol. XXV, 1924. pp. 29-39,  292-307.

9.  Spirtas,  Robert,  and Howard J. Levin, "Patterns and  Trends in Levels of
   Suspended Particulate Matter at 78 NASN Sites from 1957 through  1966. " Pre-
   sented at 62nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, New York,
   N. Y., June 22-26,  1969.
                                       101

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                      ERRATA


AP-61 - CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE PATTERNS,
        1957-1966
Please make the following changes  in  your copy(s)
of subject report.
  Page 12,  paragraph 1,  line 9,  the next to last
  sentence  should read:

    "Sites  demonstrating atypical  seasonal
     patterns  were classified as  unusual."
  Page 80:

    The graph for Cheyenne,  Wyoming,  belongs
    in the  Urban section.
  Page 101,  reference  1:

    PSH should be PHS.

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