••••••I
                      I • • •
                        • •
                            Air  Pollution  Aspects of Emission  Sources
                                    MUNICIPAL INCINERATION
                                  A Bibliography with Abstracts
                                  U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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                                              AP92
       AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
         OF EMISSION SOURCES:
      MUNCIPAL INCINERATION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
        Office of Technical Information and Publications
         Air Pollution Technical Information Center
          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
               Air Pollution Control Office
           Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
                      May 1971
    For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
                   Stock Number 6603-0005

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The AP series of reports is issued by the Air Pollution Control Office to report the results
of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest in the field of air
pollution.  Information  reported in  this  series includes  coverage  of  APCO intramural
activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with  state and local agencies,
research institutes, and industrial  organizations.  Copies of AP reports are available  free
of charge to APCO staff members,  current contractors and grantees,  and  nonprofit  organ-
izations  - as supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Air Pollution Control  Office,  Environmental Protection Agency, P.O.  Box 12055, Research
Triangle  Park,  North Carolina  27709.  Others  may  obtain copies from the Government
Printing Office.
                      Air Pollution Control Office Publication AP-92

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          BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN  THIS SERIES
AP-92, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
        Municipal Incineration — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-93, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
        Nitric Acid Manufacturing —A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-94, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
        Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing —A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-95, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
        Cement Manufacturing — A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-96, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
        Electric Power Production — A Bibliography with Abstracts
                               III

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                                  CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	vii
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
      A.  Emission Sources	   1
      B.  Control Methods	31
      C.  Measurement Methods	5-6
      D.  Air Quality Measurements	61
      E.  Atmospheric Interaction (None)
      F.  Basic Science and Technology	63
      G.  Effects - Human  Health	64
      H.  Effects - Plants and Livestock	65
      I.  Effects - Materials	66
      J.  Effects - Economic	67
      K.  Standards and Criteria	68
      L.  Legal and Administrative	70
      M.  Social Aspects	76
      N.  General	78
AUTHOR INDEX	79
SUBJECT INDEX	83

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                  AIR  POLLUTION  ASPECTS


                      OF EMISSION SOURCES:


                 MUNICIPAL  INCINERATION-


          A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH  ABSTRACTS


                            INTRODUCTION

   Municipal incineration contributes significantly to the overall air pollution level in the
United States.  To aid efforts to improve air quality,  the Air Pollution Technical Informa-
tion Center (APTIC) of the Office of Technical Information and  Publications, Air Pollution
Control Office, has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its  solution.

   Approximately 320 abstracts have been selectively screened from the contents of APTIC's
information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in the table of
contents.   The compilation is intended to be representative of available literature, and no
claim is made to all-inclusiveness.

   Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession
number.  Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the  latest acquisitions, cover
the most recent material.

   All  documents abstracted herein are currently on file at  the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office,  Environmental  Protection Agency, P. O.
Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, North  Carolina  27709.  Readers outside  the Environ-
mental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of documents  directly from libraries,  pub-
lishers, or authors.
                                      vii

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                                A.  EMISSION  SOURCES
00027
A. H. Rose, Jr., M. Com, R. R. Horsley, D. R. Allen, and P.
W. Kolp
AIR POLLUTION  EFFECTS  OF  INCINERATOR FIRING
PRACTICES  AND  COMBUSTION AIR DISTRIBUTION. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8(4):297-309, Feb.1959.
The relationships  between  incinerator design  criteria and
resulting  atmospheric  contaminant   discharges  were  in-
vestigated. Tests were made by burning  a  fuel of constant
composition  in  a  prototype,  multiple-chamber incinerator
under controlled conditions. Effects of variables were mea-
sured by analyzing the flue gases for solids, hydrocarbons, ox-
ides of nitrogen,  and CO. The series of  tests reported was
made to (1) provide information on the relative importance of
such variables as stoking and amount of  fuel per charge in-
sofar as they affect the production  of atmospheric pollutants,
and (2)  evaluate the chosen levels of variables such as excess
combustion air, underfire and secondary air distribution, and
fuel charging rate. Production  of particulates was highly de-
pendent on the amount of excess combustion air and the per-
centage of this air entering under the fuel bed. At the 50% ex-
cess air level, paniculate discharge increased when underfire
air was increased from 15% to 30% of the  total combustion
air. This  did not hold true for the  150%  excess air level.
Reduction of hydrocarbons and CO appeared to be more de-
pendent on the level of excess combustion air available than
on its distribution between overfire, underfire, and secondary
air. These pollutants were produced  under  combustion with
50% excess air but not with 150% excess. Production of oxides
of nitrogen depended on the rate of fuel charging, the amount
of excess air, and the gas temperature in the ignition zone.
(Author)

00673
H.H. Hovey, A. Wisman, J.F. Cunnans
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AK CONTAMINANT EMISSION
TABLES FOR NONPROCCESS EMISSIONS J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. VoL 16(7):362-366, July 1966.  (Presented at the
58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,  Toron-
to, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-17.)
In New York State, the calculation of air contaminant emis-
sions  from a  variety of  sources is  an essential part of com-
prehensive air pollution studies. The tables used to calculate
emissions were obtained from  an extensive  literature  search
and modified to apply to New York State  conditions. For ex-
ample, sulfur dioxide emission factors for coal were selected
to reflect the average  sulfur content of the coal  sold in New
York State. Since the literature contains a wide array of emis-
sion factors,

00712
M. Wolf J.W. Jacobi
REFUSE  BURNING.  (MULLVERBRENNUNG.)  Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft (Duesseldorf) 18(4): 169-170, Apr. 1966.
This is  an annotated bibliography  on refuse burning. Fifty-
seven references  cover technical  problems  and processes,
description of plants already  built, new plants either being
built or planned and the current state of the art in other coun-
tries of  Europe  and the U.S.A.  Subjects treated  include
chlorine  corrosion in refuse fires, waste burning with  and
without heat  utilization and combinations of composting and
burning. New plants in various cities in Germany with capaci-
ties of up to  360  tons per day are planned; one in Nurnberg
will produce 27-34 tons per hour of steam.

00943
F. Z. Rohrman and I. H. Ludwig
SOURCES OF SULFUR DIOXIDE POLLUTION. Chem. Eng.
Prog., 61(9):59-63, Sept. 1965. (Presented at the 55th National
Meeting, American Inst.  of Chemical Engineers, Houston,
Tex., Feb. 7-11, 1965.)
Authors discuss the sources of sulfur pollution and depict their
results in charts (good analysis). The major areas covered are:
coal combustion;  coke;  generation of  electricity; refinery
operations; ore smelters and roasters' sulfuric  acid manufac-
ture; refuse incineration; and coal refuse banks.

00972
M. Mayer
A COMPDLATION OF AIR POLLUTANT  EMISSION FAC-
TORS   FOR   COMBUSTION  PROCESSES,  GASOLINE
EVAPORATION,     AND    SELECTED     INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  Div. of
Air Pollution, May 1965, 53 p.
The  source emission factors  presented  in this report were
compiled primarily for use in conducting an air pollutant emis-
sion inventory. The compilation is the result of an extensive
literature survey and includes emission factors  for the  prin-
cipal combustion and industrial processes. Obviously, the best
emission factor to use for any specific source of air pollution
is that resulting from source tests of the specific source.  Un-
fortunately, many urban areas are not equipped to conduct the
numerous and expensive stack testing studies needed for an
emission inventory. The purpose of this  compilation of emis-
sion factors is to provide the  best available substitute to air
pollution control agencies  unable to conduct extensive source
test programs. In certain cases, particularly in the combustion
and refuse disposal areas, a single number is presented for the
emission factor for  a specific pollutant.  It should  be  un-
derstood that the number is usually a weighted average of
several different values found in  the listed references.  The
compilation of source emission factors  presented is, in our
judgment, the most accurate currently  available. As new
technical advances are made,  however,  and additional emis-
sion data become  available in the literature, the present com-
pilation should be  revised  to reflect  the newer  data  and
developments.

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                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 01788
 R.P. Hangebrauck, D.J. Von Lehmden, I.E. Meeker
 EMISSIONS OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS AND
 POLLUTANTS   FROM   HEAT-GENERATION  AND   IN-
 CINERATION  PROCESSES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
 14, (7) 267-78, July 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meet-
 ing, Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 11,
 1963.)
 This paper presents emission data from a series of  tests, for
 which  the  sources  tested   included  typical  combustion
 processes  involving the burning of conventional  fuels (coal,
 oil, and gas) and of certain commercial and municipal solid
 wastes. In  addition to obtaining over-all emission data from
 different sizes and types of combustion units, a primary objec-
 tive of the study was to establish the relative importance of
 various    combustion    processes    as   contributors    of
 benzo(a)pyrene  (3,4  benzpyrene)   and  other  polynuclear
 hydrocarbons with demonstrated or potential carcinogenic pro-
 perties. The other  pollutants  measured included paniculate
 matter, carbon monoxide, total gaseous hydrocarbons, oxides
 of nitrogen, oxides  of sulfur, and formaldehyde. Two catego-
 ries of c/mbustion sources were tested. Those burning conven-
 tional fuels were designated as  heat-generation processes, and
 those burning waste materials  were  classed as incineration
 processes.  Design and operation data for the units studied are
 given in tables.

 02009
 N.S. Iversen
 DISTRICT HEATING AND INCINERATION IN  A  DANISH
 TOWN;  THEIR ROLE  IN REDUCING Am  POLLUTION.
 Proc. (Part  I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966.  (Paper
 HI/11), pp.  71-2.
 Between 350 and 400 Danish towns  are district heated.  The
 towns in question have a population of between 1 1/2-2 million
 people. In the district heated towns the SO2 contents in the air
 has  been  reduced by approximately 50 per cent,  and the
 amount of  soot  and ash  pumped into the air has also been
 reduced by approximately 50 per cent. This is of course com-
 pared to a town community without district heating. Beside the
 advantages  of clean  air the district heated towns are supplied
 with cheap and abundant heat. (Author abstract)

 02334
 APARTMENT  HOUSE INCINERATORS  (FLUE-FED).  Na-
 tional  Academy  of Sciences-National  Research  Council,
 Washington, D.C.,  Building  Research Advisory  Board  44,
 1965.  (Publication No.  1280) (Rept.  No. 29 to the Federal
 Housing Administration).
 This report  deals primarily with flue-fed  incinerators, how-
 ever, the performance levels and test methods  recommended
 are applicable to any  apartment house incinerator.  Detailed
 design criteria such as combustion chamber geometry, material
usage,  and   accessories were  not part of the  study. Per-
formance levels  and test methods are presented, to permit
selection of  flue-fed incinerators in a manner that takes into
account present air pollution problems.

02414
T.E. Kreichelt
Am  POLLUTION ASPECTS OF TEPEE BURNERS  USED
FOR DISPOSAL OF MUNICffAL REFUSE. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio, Div.  of Air Pollution. (999-AP-28.)
Sept. 1966. 39 pp.
 This report covers an evaluation study of air pollution emis-
 sions based upon an extensive literature search and field trips
 to 15 tepee burners in six states. Smoke as a function of com-
 position and rate of charge was observed, and the effect of
 burner   charging  methods,   construction,  and  operational
 procedures on smoke emissions recorded. None of the tepee
 incinerators observed in operation meet normal visible emis-
 sion limitations of air pollution control ordinances of most mu-
 nicipalities. Nuisance problems from fly-ash fallout can be ex-
 pected within distances of up to 1,290 feet downwind from an
 operating tepee. (Author abstract)

 02773
 E.M. Voelker
 CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM  INDUSTRIAL AND
 HOUSEHOLD INCINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollu-
 tion, 3rd, Washington, D.C., 1966. pp. 332-8.
 A properly proportioned multiple chamber incinerator can with
 reasonably good operating and maintenance care be operated
 without creating a muisance. Air pollution codes should not be
 made  so restrictive  as  to  make   'on-the-site' incineration
 uneconomical for the owner, because incineration offers much
 more to a community or area than a solution to only one phase
 of the refuse disposal problem. However, much work remains
 to be done in the control of  particulate matter (fly ash and
 dust) from incinerators and in determining how to properly
 and  accurately measure these emissions.  It is  recommended
 that the nomenclature and permissible performance criteria be
 expressed  in  uniform terms acceptable  to  all  controlling
 authorities.

 03154
 N. E. Flynn and W. R. Grouse
 REPORT ON NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE BAY AREA AIR
 POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT.  Preprint. 1964.
 Total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in the Bay Area Air
 Pollution Control  District for  1963 are  estimated  at  515
 tons/day. A summation of emissions  of oxides of nitrogen by
 general  source categories is presented. Transportation at 323
 tons/day is  the major source category of nitrogen oxides emis-
 sions and accounts for 63% of all oxides of nitrogen emissions
 for the Bay Area. Combustion operations at 150 tons/day are
 the second  largest source category and contribute 29% of the
 nitrogen oxides emissions. Emissions  from small, medium, and
 large stationary sources with incinerations, agriculture, and
 transpotation  sources  grouped   separately,  are  presented.
 (Author summary modified)

 03155
 J. I. Frankel
 INCINERATION  OF  PROCESS  WASTES.   Chem.  Eng.
 73(18):91-96, Aug. 29, 1966.
 Wastes  are disposed of in furnaces, rotary  kilns, fluidized
 beds and other types of incinerators, depending on whether
 their form is  solid, liquid, gaseous or  slurry. How these in-
 cinerators  work  is  described  and their  advantages  are
discussed. (Author abstract)

03868
 W. Fichtner, K. G. Maurer, H.  Muller
THE  STUTTGART   REFUSE   INCINERATION   PLANT-
LAYOUT   AND   OPERATION  EXPERIENCE   Preprint'
absented at the Winter Annual Meeting and Energy Systems

                              Mechanical

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
 After almost three years of construction the Stuttgart refuse
 incineration plant was placed in operation on June  2, 1965.
 This plant was incorporated into  the  existing  Power Plant
 Munster of the Technische Werke of the City of Stuttgart. The
 Plant was erected by the Technische Werke, for which the
 authors' company had been retained as Consulting Engineers.
 This firm prepared the plans in cooperation with the Planning
 Department of the Technische Werke Stuttgart. The  heat
 generated by the incineration of refuse is utilized for steam
 production by boilers having 220,000/275,000 Ib per hr capacity
 with combined oil/refuse firing system. The size of the boilers
 was governed  by the requirements of the  district heating
 system which is part of the Power Plant Munster. The purpose
 of  this  paper is  to report the operating results so far ex-
 perienced and to describe the mechanical design features of
 the plant. (Author abstract)

 03870
 C. A. Hescheles
 INDUSTRIAL  WASTE  ANALYSIS  AND  BOILER  PER-
 FORMANCE TEST BURNING WASTES. Preprint. (Presented
 at the Winter Annual Meeting and Energy Systems Exposition,
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City,
 Nov. 27-Dec. 1,1966.)
"Detailed analyses are  presented of industrical process wastes
 from the normal manufacturing process in the rubber goods in-
 dustry. Test results are presented from a boiler burning indus-
 trial process wastes,  manually batch fed to a  reciprocating
 stoker.  The boiler is  equipped with a water cooled furnace
 specially designed for high furnace temperatures. (Author ab-
 stract modified)

 05005
 R. P. Hangebrauck, D. J. von Lehmden, and J. E. Meeker
 SOURCES  OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS IN THE
 ATMOSPHERE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
 tional Center for Air Pollution Control. (PHS Publ. No. 999-
 AP-33.) 1967. 48 pp.
 Rates of emissions of polynuclear  hydrocarbons were mea-
 sured at several  sources  considered likely to produce such
 emissions.  The  sources  included heat generation  by com-
 bustion  of  coal, oil,  and  gas;  refuse  burning; industrial
 processes;  and  motor  vehicles.  The  annual  emissions  of
 benzo(a)pyrene in the United States were estimated for each
 of the sources surveyed,  to provide a rough gauge of the im-
 portance of each source. Small, inefficient residential coal-
 fired furnaces appear to be a prime source of polynuclear
 hydrocarbons; other sources may  be  of  local  importance.
 Production of polynuclear hydrocarbons was  generally  as-
 sociated with  conditions  of  incomplete combustion.  (Author
 abstract)

 05160
 J. L. Mills, K. D. Leudtke, P. F. Woolrich, and L. B. Perry
 EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONA-
 RY SOURCES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY (REPORT 3: OX-
 IDES OF NITROGEN  EMITTED BY MEDIUM AND LARGE
 SOURCES). Los aAngeles County Air Pollution  Control Dis-
 trict, Calif. (Apr. 1961). 61 pp.
 The total weight of oxides of nitrogen discharged into the at-
 mosphere each day in Los Angeles  County from stationary
 sources was determined. The sources are divided  into medium
 and large  sources. Medium  sources  includes those emitting
 five to one hundred Ibs. NOx per hr. and the large sources in-
 cludes those emitting over 100 Ibs.  per hr. The total emissions
 of NOx from all medium sources amounts to 70  tons per day
during the winter and 54 tons per day during the summer. The
total emissions of NOx from all large sources amounts to  160
tons per day during the winter and 93 tons per day during the
summer.

05465
Weintraub, M., Orning, A., and Schwartz, C.
EXPERIMENTAL  STUDIES   OF  INCINERATION  IN  A
CYLINDRICAL COMBUSTION CHAMBER.Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D.C. (Report of Investigations 6908.) 1967. 44 pp.
An incinerator utilizing the principle of tangential overfire air
in a single cylindrical combustion chamber is  effective in  the
destruction of combustible wastes with the  emission of clean
and  innocuous gases.  There was a correlation between  the
burning rate, air rate, chamber diameter, and inlet port diame-
ter. In the combustion of moist refuse, the evaporation of  the
water proceeded through the fuel bed as a wave, with an igni-
tion wave  following  the evaporation. Combustibles of high
moisture content burned in a  refractory-lined chamber with
greater excess of air than drier combustibles burned in an  un-
lined chamber of the same dimensions.

05492
E. R. Kaiser
COMPOSITION  AND  COMBUSTION  OF REFUSE.   Proc.
MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City,
1967. pp. 1-9
Three lots of 3/4 to 1 ton each of refuse from the pits  of  the
Oceanside  (Long Island, N.Y.) Refuse  Disposal Plant were
sorted by components. The findings are tabulated. Chemical
analyses, heating  values, combustion air, physical features,
and  combustion products are  covered.  Incineration of mu-
nicipal refust reduces the weight of  refuse by  75 to 80%, and
the volume of land space required by 90 to 93%. The gaseous
products of combustion are natural constituents  of the  at-
mosphere. The sulfur dioxide emission is low because  of  the
low sulfur content of refuse and the  conversion of most of  the
sulfur to sulfates by the alkaline ash. The control of particu-
late  matter to acceptable limits can be accomplished with
known means. Because  of the large tonnages available,  the
negative cost of refuse, the calorific values,  and low  sulfur
dioxide  emission,  refuse  should be considered as a suitable
fuel for power generation.

05493
H. C. Moore
REFUSE FIRED STEAM GENERATOR AT  NAVY BASE,
NORFOLK, VA.  Proc. MECAR Symp.  Incineration  of  Solid
Wastes, New York City,  1967. pp. 10-21.
The  utilization of waste  heat from municipal incinerators has
been an important consideration in the  minds of economy-
minded engineers for some years. Earlier, batch feed installa-
tions with waste heat boilers have produced  from 1 to 2 Ib. of
steam maximum per pound of refuse. Recent improvements in
furnace  design, continuous feeding  of refuse and removal of
residue have resulted in more constant  furnace temperatures
which should result in  more  efficient  steam  production. It
must be realized that not all municipal installations economi-
cally justify maximum steam production, especially smaller
plants and many larger plants not operating 24  hr a day. Many
plants have no market for steam. This design is an attempt to
obtain the maximum steam production from  waste heat by  ap-
plying to a refuse burning plant some modern design features
that are  new in this application. Calculations indicate  that it is
logical to expect at least 50% greater steam production than in

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                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 earlier installations in this country. It is reasonable to expect
 that the experience with design will lead to  still further ad-
 vances in the design and operation of refuse incinerators with
 maximum steam producing capability. Design considerations,
 economic considerations, specification details, steam produc-
 tion and the equipment and layout are considered.

 05494
 Stabenow, G.
 NEW  INCINERATOR AT MUNICH,  WEST GERMANY.Proc.
 Mecar Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City,
 1967. pp. 22-33.
 The City of  Munich utilizes the heat from burning refuse to
 generate electric power in a most modern power generating
 station. The power generation in this plant was started in 1964,
 and the  incinerator plant and the experience  gained from its
 operation during the  past  2 1/2 years,  is  described.  The
 imagination of the engineers  and designers for  the City of Mu-
 nich have shown a  lot  of foresight as well as pioneering spirit
 to embark on such a remarkable venture to solve the City's
 refuse problem.  It  sounds unbelievable, but the energy of the
 refuse picked up from your home on Friday may come back to
 light the lamps of  your home the following day. There is  no
 reason why the  same energy utilization  cannot be applied in
 this country, especially as we have considerably greater quan-
 tities of  refuse available with even higher heating values  than
 presently found  in  Europe. Paris has just embarked  on  con-
 struction of their new Ivry II power plant where 2640 tons of
 refuse per day  will be burned on two Martin grates at  an
 hourly rate of 55 tons per incinerator grate. These units will be
 the largest of their type in the world. The Martin Grate, the
 stream generator, and the plant designs  for Phases I, II, and
 HI are described. Operating  costs for Phases I and n are ap-
 pended.

 05495
 L. S. Wegman
 AN INCINERATOR WITH REFRACTORY FURNACES AND
 ADVANCED  STACK  GAS  CLEANING  SYSTEMS. Proc.
 MECAR Symp.,  Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City,
 1967. pp. 34-42.
 The Town of North Hempstead's  incinerator has more equip-
 ment in  it to remove  the polluting material  from  the stack
 gases than any other plant known, and it has space to receive
 more if the Town wishes to install it. The plant contains three
 furnaces, constructed by Morse Boulger and rated at 200  tons
 per 24 hours  each.  Two have Flynn  & Emrich Constant Flo
 stokers and one has an Illinois stoker.  The latter is particularly
good for burning large items such as sofas, for it cna  be
operated  dependably at  extremely slow speeds,  and these
items are usually fed into this furnace. But in general, all three
furnaces  burn the same material. Each of the two receiving
bins and  unloading  areas  can accommodate six trucks simul-
taneously, and the total water level bin capacity exceeds 200%
of the  plant capacity. Two P & H cranes, rated at 3 1/2  tons
and equipped with 2 1/2  yard Blaw Knox grapples, transfer
refuse  from  the  bins  to  the furnace loading chutes.  Either
crane can service both bins. Basic design data for each fur-
nace follows: Effective grate area~267 sq. ft.  or 62.4 Ibs per
hour per  sp. ft. of grate. Heat release- 306,000 Btu per sq.  ft.
per hr; Furnace volume-5,300 cu ft. measured from the grate
surface to underside of the roof refractory,  or 26.5  cu ft. per
ton of  rated  capacity;  Unit  flue  and secondary combustion
area between the furnace and settling chamber-3,200 cu ft,
and Settling and  expansion chamber with set bottom—7,200 cu
ft. After  leaving  the settling and expansion chamber the gases
pass through a spray chamber, air cooling chamber, cyclones,
induced draft fan and  a large flue before reaching the stack.
The stack extends 265 ft. into the air to help the effluent gases
pierce the prevailing meteorological ceiling for dispersion and
atmospheric dilution. For practical reasons, the control loops
were color-coded.  The first  three control furnace  operation
while the last three coordinate the functions of the various air
pollution control systems as follows: The instrumentation, fail-
safe damper,  furnace  wall construction,  and  the two water
systems are described.

05497
Hescheles, C. A.
BURNING INDUSTRIAL  WASTES.Proc.  Mecar  Symp., In-
cineration of SolidWastes, New York City, 1967. pp. 60-74.
Furnace selection  and design, the necessity  of an adequate
survey and waste analysis, waste heat recovery, and a central
facility to bum all solid and liquid  wastes are reviewed. A
summary of industrial waste analysis in the rubber industry is
tabulated.

05520
R. E. Williams
INCINERATION  PRACTICE  AND  DESIGN  STANDARDS.
Proc. Clean Air Conf., Univ. New South  Wales,  1962, Paper
27, Vol. 2, 26 p.
A discussion of the practice and  design standards required for
efficient incineration of domestic refuse  is presented. It is
agreed by combustion  engineering furnace design authorities
that multiple chamber incineration combines the best means of
disposing of combustible refuse at the source with a minimum
emission of air contaminants.  Furnace manufacturers have
found that construction of multiple  chamber incinerators of
designs  that comply with air pollution control regulations is
only slightly more  difficult or expensive "that equivalent con-
struction of industrial incinerators of earlier design.  (Author
conclusions modified)

05651
A LOW FLUE TEMPERATURE INCINERATOR.Ain. Gas As-
soc. Monthly 49 (3), 18-9 (Mar. 1967.)
Methods for achieving low flue gas temperatures with contem-
porary domestic gas-fired incinerators to provide for their in-
stallation  in  dwellings  not  equipped  with a  chimney  are
reviewed. These methods include the use of power venting, or
an added-on water spray device installed in the flue.

05718
Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Center for Air
Pollution Control
SPECnaCATIONS  FOR   INCINERATOR  TESTING  AT
FEDERAL FACDLmES.((34))p., Oct. 1967. 3 refs.
Test procedures are recommended  for  use  in  determining
whether an incinerator  meets the air pollution emission stan-
dards of the  Federal  Code  as  detailed  herein.  These test
procedures are applicable to the following types of incinera-
tors: (1) Multiple chamber incinerators burning less than 2,000
pounds per hour of general  refuse; (2) Multiple chamber in-
cinerators  burning pathological waste; and (3) Single-chamber
incinerators, except flue or chute fed incinerators,  burning
either general refuse or pathological waste. The  procedures
may be used  where scrubbers or afterburners  are employed
To  minimize the effects of type of waste, charging, and stok-
ing processes, standard procedures have  been adopted Test

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                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
 methods were incorporated in these procedures. Equivalent
 test procedures or equipment may be used for purposes of
 determining compliance, provided  that they are approved by
 the Federal Facilities Section, Abatement Program, National
 Center for Air Pollution Control, Washington, D. C.

 05815
 C. G. Segeler
 THE GAS INDUSTRY  AND ITS  CONTMBUTION TO ADI
 POLLUTION  CONTROL. Preprint. (Presented at the 54th An-
 nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, New York
 City, June 11-15, 1961.)
 Two facts are demonstrated here: first that the use of natural
 gas produced  negligible air pollution if any; and second  that
 natural gas is available under such economic conditions that its
 use will expand. Beginning with the first fact, the constituents
 of natural gas are discussed. A trace  constituent of primary
 concern  in utility delivered gas (97% natural gas) is sulfur
 which is the result of an odorant  added for the detection of
 gas. Sulfur is  present at a concentration of approximately six
 parts per million. Total sulfur in the combustion products of a
 million Ibs. of natural gas amounts to only 37 Ibs. The forma-
 tion of NO at high flame temperatures  and its subsequent ox-
 idation to NO2  at lower temperatures  is  not an intrinsic  fuel
 property but is influenced by the conditions of combustion.
 Values for residential, industrial and commercial production of
 nitrogen  oxides by combustion of natural gas are given, based
 on  utility company gas distribution.  Information on emission
 of nitrogen oxides vehicles is  given  as a frame of reference.
 Application of  laboratory investigations of emissions from
 equipment and their interpretation  are  discussed. A proposed
 plan for improving industrial safety  using group organization
 with annual inventories and reports is discussed. The following
 specialized application  of gas in air pollution control  are
 discussed: (1)  domestic incineration, (2) destroilet, (3) flue fed
 apartment  incinerators,  (4)  industrial  boiler plants, and (5)
 commercial and industrial incinerators. Application in smoke
 control by reclaiming operations, research on an appliance for
 consuming kitchen grease vapors; and catalytic fume oxidation
 systems are discussed. As for the availability of natural gas, a
 brief  survey  of its  consumption and reserve  statistics is
 presented.

 05877
 R. Goder
 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INCINERATION ON  REFUSE. J.  Air
 Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (7), 334-8 (July 1962).
 A  bibliography  on  incineration  of  refuse  presents  276
 references.

 05878
 R. Tanner
 THE NEW REFUSE INCINERATOR OF L. VON ROLL A.-G.
 J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (6), 285-90 (June 1962)
 The  first and  most important requirement is  hygiene,  the
 second is economy. Repairs and maintenance with respect to
 plant efficiency are of greater importance than in the conven-
 tional power plant. One  must realize that  in incinerator plants
 to effect pronounced waste heat  utilization, the ideal solution
 cannot simply be  taken from the design of modern steam
generating plants. It is not advisable  to use induced draft for
incineration plants as no fan can stand up for nay length of
time under the dust laden and corrosive flue gases. Natural
draft, on the ohter hand,  requires a high chimney that must be
lined for the relatively high gas  temperatures. Also, a boiler
should be used that offers the least possible resistance to the
gas flow. For this reason, economizers are not appropriate.
The entire heating surface must be located in the boiler which,
therefore, becomes very large and can only be exerted with
moderation. There is no necessity of providing a  highly effi-
cient  boiler. To the contrary, the simpliest, cheapest boiler is
the best in this case This applies also to the steam  situation as
the omission of an economizer and the comparatively low flue
gas entrance temperature are the limiting factors here. The
flue gas  temperature is limited by  the heating value of the
refuse and the melting point of the ashes and cannot be in-
creased much over 1000 C  (1832F). Therefore, it seems the
construction of a waste heat boiler for a pressure of about 40
Btu (587.84 Ib/sq in.),  and a  temperature of 400 C  (752  F)
would be the limit of an economical recommendation. Closer
examination namely shows that a further raising of pressure
and temperature of the steam does not offer any more ad-
vantages in a given case. Cleaning the flue gases  is of prime
importance. Cyclones and  electrostatic filters are provided,
therefore. A nuisance caused by dust in the neighborhood is
thereby avoided.

05969
B. Beorse, P. Kurtz, J. Mizushima, R. D. Chipman, and A. F.
Bush
INCINERATION STUDIES: A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL ASPECTS OF REFUSE INCINERATION. (In: First
report of air pollution studies.) ((California Univ., Los An-
geles, Dept. of Engineering,)) (Rept. No. 55-27.) (July 1955). 68
pp.
In the field, tests have been made on existing equipment.  In
the laboratory,  model  incinerators and fundamental  com-
bustion principles have been investigated.  In the  library and
office, reaction rates and analytical computations of design
parameters have been studied, and plans for a pilot plant test
facility have been developed. An investigation of particulate
material  discharged from incinerators  and other combustion
processes such  as automotive engines,  oil burning steam
boiler, natural gas burner, etc., have been carried on in an ef-
fort to evaluate their emissions to the  air on a particle count
and size frequency basis. The results  to  date indicate that
there are similarities between municipal, household  and labora-
tory burning operations which gives some  assurance that the
information obtained from laboratory tests will be applicable
to large scale  units, and should aid in  the  study  of possible
ways  to improve incinerators. The application of reaction rate
equations to certain chemical reactions which take place  in
burning  refuse will  aid  in  determinations  of combustion
chamber  size and in general will be a valuable aid to design. A
method of smoke measurement using an electron microscope
has been  employed.  No  direct  correlations are apparent
between these measurements and the usual measurements for
smoke opacity and weight of flyash. However, on a 'clear' day
the concentration is about 0.06 x 10 to the  9th power  parti-
cles/cu ft., while on a 'smoggy' day the concentration is about
0.70 x 10 to the 9th power particles/cu ft. From preliminary
studies of particle counts on  various  types of fuel  burning
operations it has been shown that some fuels produce greater
quantities of particulate material than  others. The calculated
numbers  of particles released from all types of fuel burned in
Los Angeles County can account for the difference in particu-
late count measured on a 'clear' day and a 'smoggy' day.

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                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 06086
 R. L. Stenburg, R. R. Horsley, R. A. Henick, A. H. Rose, Jr.
 EFFECTS  OF DESIGN AND  FUEL  MOISTURE  ON IN-
 CINERATOR EFFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10
 (2), 114u20 (Apr. 1960). (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
 Air Pollution Control Association, Los Angeles,  Calif., June
 21-26,  1959.)
 Tests  were made to determine the effects  of fuel moisture
 content on pollutant emissions from an experimental incinera-
 tor of  fixed dimensions while varying (1) the amount and dis-
 tribution of combustion air,  and (2) the burning rate as mea-
 sured by the  amount of fuel charged per hour. Overfire com-
 bustion air was  introduced  into the  front of  the  ignition
 chamber at the grate level, and swept the surface  of the burn-
 ing fuel bed. Underfire air  entered through the  ash  pit and
 passed up through the fuel bed. Secondary air was introduced
 through a duct built into the top of the bridge-wall and was
 discharged through  a series  of ports opening into the top of
 the mixing chamber. Dry components of the fuel include equal
 parts,  by weight,  of newspaper and  corrugated cardboard,
 mixed in a ratio of three to one with wood chips. Chopped
 potatoes were substituted for leafy vegetables as the wet com-
 ponent because of  their year-round availability. Five-pound
 charges were prepared with the  wet-to-dry  components ad-
 justed  to provide a fuel with an average moisture content of
 either  25 or  50%. Participate, oxides  of  nitrogen,  hydrocar-
 bons,  carbon monoxide, and smoke were measured. Because
 of  the basic physical  and  chemical  laws involved,  factors
 demonstrated  by this   study  as affecting  the  increase or
 decrease of air pollutants should be the same as those affect-
 ing production of pollutants from larger scale  incinerators.

 06370
 Richard W. Boubel, Kenneth R. Wise
 AN    EMISSION    SAMPLING   PROBE    INSTALLED,
 OPERATED,  AND RETRIEVED FROM GROUND LEVEL. J.
 Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(2):84-85,  Feb. 1968. 3 refs.
 (Presented  at the  60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution  Control
 Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-118.)
 The 'Wigwam' type wood residue incinerator, similar to many
 other sources, requires sampling at he point  where the emis-
 sions enter the  atmosphere. Because the location  of the emis-
 sion point is hazardous and unpleasant for the operation of a
 sampling probe, a  portable, tilt-up column was developed
 which  permitted installation, operation and  retrieval of the
 sampling  train  from  ground  level.  The   sampling  train
 developed permitted determination of the size distribution and
 wight of the participate emitted by this highly variable source.
 Representative  emission  collections   are  presented  and
 discussed. (Authors' abstract)

 06852
 N. B. Hume
HISTORY OF EFFORTS AT INCINERATION IN THE LOS
ANGELES AREA. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  17 (5), 308-9
(May 1967).
The history of incineration in Los Angeles from  1943 to the
present is reviewed as representative of all southern California
areas. Today,  of the more than a  dozen municipal incinerators
in operation prior to 1960, there is only one  in regular opera-
tion in  the greater Los Angeles area.
06937
Bender, R. J.
INCINERATION PLANT - PLUS. Power,  lll(l):62-64, Jan.
1967.
The world's  largest  incinerator  of  household  refuse  is
described. Located at Issy-les-Moulineaux, a suburb of Paris,
it operates 24 hours a day. Its normal capacity is 400,000 tons
a year which can be pushed to 1/2 million, nearly 57 tons an
hour. The heat is used to generate steam at a pressure of 928
psi and a temperature  of 770 F. In  winter it  is used for city
heating at a pressure of 290 psi. In summer it generates 15,000
kw of electricity in addition to the 9000 kw generated all year
round. Air pollution is practically nil because of the efficient
operation of the electrostatic precipitators. The inlet to the pri-
mary air fans is designed to draw air from above the silos to
remove any dust or odor caused by  the discharging trucks on
the platform.

07206T
Brancato, Biagio
THE INCINERATION  OF URBAN SOLID REFUSE IN THE
MILAN PLANT. ((Incenerimento dei rifiuti solidi urbani nell-
'impianto di Milano.)) Fumi Polveri  (Milan), 7(4):70-78, April
1967. 8 refs.
The plant consists of a pit where refuse is placed, a bridging
van to feed the furnace, a furnace, heaters, filters, a chimney,
water  purifiers,  a central  station for electricity,  and  heat
exchangers. The composition of solid refuse varies according
to locale. The elementary composition of the Milanese refuse
is C-56%, H2-5%, O2-36%, and N2-3%. The Milan plant burns
up  to 600 tons/day,  and the  heat produced is  harnessed to
produce electrical energy by means of a 9200  kVA generator.
The hot  vapor products could  be used for industrial heating.
The smoke particles are removed by the use of  suitable elec-
trostatic precipitators. The water is purified in a cement basin
under the cooling system, flocculation apparatus in this basin
purifies the water by means of chemical reagents. The cost of
the plant is 5.8 million Italian lire per day. The cost per ton is
between  1460 and 1340 lire which is less than the 1550 lire it
costs to operate other plants.

07561
Kaiser, E. R., J. Halitsky, M. B. Jacobs, and L. C. McCabe
PERFORMANCE  OF A FLUE-FED INCINERATOR.  J. Air
Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  9(2):85-91, Aug.  1959.  7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-28, 1958.)
A  limited survey of representative  modes  of operation and
results of one flue-fed  incinerator is reported. The tests were
conducted to serve as a basis for comparison with fruture tests
on identical  incinerators with modifications to improve com-
bustion and reduce air pollution. The incinerated refuse from a
128-apartment building was  approximately 430 Ib. a day. The
flue-fed incinerator reduced the apartment refuse to about 37%
of its original weight and to about 10% of its original volume.
The bulk density of the refuse averaged 4.1 Ib/cu ft. in the in-
cinerator. The residue had a bulk density of  15.4 Ib/cu ft. in
the ash cans. The residue averaged 64% metal and glass, 12%
ash, 16% combustible, and 8% moisture, excluding quench
water.  The air normally supplied to  the furnace was 10 to 20
times the theoretical air necessary for complete combustion.
The high excess air reduced the furnace temperatures and un-
doubtedly affected adversely the combustion of volatile matter
and emission of fly ash. The  infiltration air entering the flue
through vents on the service doors and cracks averaged 35%

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
 more than entered the furnace. Sealing the vents reduced the
 infiltration air to the flue to 45% of the furnace air during the
 period of fast burning. The peak furnace temperatures varied
 from 970 to 1200 deg F. The emissions of paniculate matter to
 the atmosphere via the flue gases ranged from 0.85 to 1.55% of
 the refuse weight. The weights of particulate matter ranged
 from 2.5 to 4.7 lb/1000 Ib of furnace gas corrected to 12%
 CO2. The  emission of eight noxious gases totaled 0.9 to 3.0
 lb/100  Ib  refuse.  The presence  of  additional unhurried
 hydrocarbons  in the flue gases was confirmed by mass-spec-
 trometer tests. The average odor concentrations ranged from
 2.5 to 100 ASTM odor units. The incinerator had inherent fea-
 tures of design and operation that caused high emissions of
 particulate matter  and unburned organic compounds. The
 charging of refuse during burning could  contribute to  the
 discharge of particulate matter.  Suggested modifications to the
 conventional incinerator include  control of the  furnace air
 supply, better  mixing  of air and volatile products from the
 burning  refuse in  a zone of high temperature, new furnace
 designs to  eliminate the necessity for hooking and raking the
 refuse and residue,  and residue  removal with minimum air
 flow.

 07659
 Balden, A. R.
 ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF  CONCENTRATED WASTE BY
 INCINERATION. In: Proceedings of the 21st Industrial Waste
 Conference May 3, 4,  and 5, 1966, Part One, Lafayette, Ind.,
 Purdue Univ., Jan. 1967, p. 581 -590. 2 refs.
 The waste materials requiring ultimate disposal which are of
 most general  concern  to an  automotive  corporation are: (1)
 oily scum  resulting  from  the  tratment of wastewater from
 machining plants; and (2) water base paints and acrylic enamel
 waste solids from  assembly plants. The procedures by which
 pollutants  are removed from liquid plant wastes are briefly
 discussed.  Experiments that were conducted to achieve ulti-
 mate disposal of these concentrated waste materials are also
 discussed.  An installation which currently disposes of an oily
 waste is described.

 07804
 Incinerator Inst. of America, New York, N. Y.
 1.1. A. INCINERATOR STANDARDS.32p., May 1966.
 A guide for satisfactory  incinerator  operation, mixtures  of
 waste waste most commonly encountered have been classified
 into types of  waste,  together with the B.T.U.  values and
 moisture contents  of the mixtures. A concentration of one
 specific  waste  in the mixture may change the B.T.U. value
 and/or the moisture content of the mixture. A concentration of
 more than 10%  by  weight of  catalogues,  magazines,  or
 packaged paper will change the density of the mixture and af-
 fect burning rates.  Similarly, incinerators have been classified,
 by their capacities  and by the type of wastes they are capable
 of incinerating. The Standard includes design and construction
 requirements and lists the procedure used for capacity, smoke
 density and fly-ash emission tests.

 07963
 Rohrman, F. A., B. J. Steigerwald, and J. H. Ludwig
POWER PLANT  AND OTHER  SULFUR  DIOXIDE EMIS-
SIONS;  1940-2000. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution, ((13))p., ((1965)). 21 refs.
Major sources, potential sources, estimated annual emissions
and the effects of probable control efforts  of Sulfur Dioxide to
the year 2000 are discussed. The major sources include power
plant operation (coal and oil); other combustion of coal; com-
bustion of petroleum products  (excluding power  plant oil;
wmelting  of  ores;  petroleum  refinery  operation;  coke
processing; sulfuric acid plants; coal refuse banks; and refuse
incineration). Annual emission of Sulfur Dioxide is 76.0 million
tons. To indicate a range of estimated future sulfur dioxide
emissions, two control schedules were selected for application
to the major sources of SO2 from the current year to the year
2000. Maximum  SO2 emissions will probably occur between
1975 and 1985 for the range of control schemes postulated.

08090
Peskin, L. C.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN PIT INCINERATORS FOR
SOLID WASTE  DISPOSAL. Preprint, Thermal Research and
Engineering   Corp.,  Conshohocken,  Pa.,   ((9))p.,   1966.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, San Fran-
cisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966.)
A discussion is presented of a newly developed incinerator for
the disposal of solid wastes. It is distinguished from conven-
tional types by its  open top, and features  a system of closely
spaced nozzles admitting a screen of high velocity air over the
burning zone. Results, with a variety of solid industrial wastes,
show high burning rates,  leading to complete combustion and
high flame temperature. (Author's abstract)

08373
Baum, Fritz and  Wolfgang Steinbach
WASTE INCINERATION IN SMALL UNITS.Staub (English
translation),  27(7):23-25, July 1967.  10 refs.  CFSTI:  TT 67-
51408/7
The incinerator  investigated has a triple jacket  combustion
chamber, and is  heated up and charged with dry paper waste.
The CO and CO2 concentration was recorded  by infrared gas
analyzers. During charging, CO concentration  rose rapidly to
0.4-0.6 vol.% then dropped gradually. CO2 concentration rose
rapidly to 1.0  1.5 vol. percent, then dropped slowly. The CO
and CO2 concentrations were as  a rule much lower  than with
medium units. Measurements to determine the  emission of
solids were performed with a Strohlein instrument at the chim-
ney end. The results yielded a solid concentration between 300
and 425  mg/ cu m. Large quantities of  hydrocarbons  were
deposited on the measuring filters apart  from solids, which
gave an impression of a deceptively high dust emission. The
stong hydrocarbon development  was confirmed  by  observa-
tions and measurements. For a  long time white-gray clouds
were emitted from the chimney, causing noxious odors in the
vicinity.

08577
Setti, Bruno and  Giuseppe Andreoni
REFUSE INCINERATORS OF MILAN AND  THE  AVAILA-
BILITY OF THEIR  HEAT FOR HEATING URBAN QUAR-
TERS.  ((L'impinto di incenerimento dei rifiuti di  Milano e la
loro disponibilita di calore per reiscaldamento di urban!.)) Text
in Italian. Fumi Polveri (Milan), 7(6-7): 135-  147,  June-July
1967. 2 refs.
The refuse incinerator plants of the city of Milan could be a-
dapted for use  as  a  source of  energy for heating.  The
economic po tential is using heat from refuxe incineration is
discussed. A table shows the various components  of refuse
(first   by    size.then    listing   paper,vegetables,organic
matter,etc.)with their percentages of the  total, their percent
water and ash  content, and the poten tial  calories they would
produce. It is estimated that the 4 incinerators described burn

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 8
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 2 million kg/day of rubbish and produce 2,000 megacalories
 which could be converted into 280 million kw hrs, sufficient
 for many public services (trains,  illumination, water), or for
 heating 35,000 buildings. Air pollution would be lessened by
 the better utilization of energy.

 08583
 Schiemann, G.
 RESULTS OF EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FROM COM-
 MUNITY INCINERATORS. ((Ergebnisse von  Emissionsmes-
 sungen an Verbrennungsanlagen fuer Siedlungsabfaelle.)) Text
 in  German. Brennstoff-Waenne- Kraft (Berlin) 19(9):440-443,
 Sept. 1968. 3 refs.
 The dust and  gas  emissions of one large and 47 small and
 medium incinerator plants  in Duesseldorf and Cologne  were
 measured and compared. In 75%  of the small and  medium
 plants which employed  various control  methods the smoke
 plume was under the limiting value, while the dust discharge
 exceeded the standard. These results showed  that poor dust
 control rather  than the incineration itself was at  fault. After
 various alterations, the small and medium plants were able to
 meet the dust emission stnadards. Dust emission in the smaller
 and medium plants before  alterations was 4  kg./hr.  for 2.5
 t./hr. of refuse, while a large incinerator plant equipped with a
 roller grate  and oil furnace,  and electrostatic precipitators,
 showed only 3.2 kg./hr. dust emission for 20 t./hr. of refuse.
 The highest SO2 emission was 1.5 g./cu m, only traces fo SOS
 were found, and the hydrochloric acid content of the stack gas
 was 0.1-1.1  g./cu m. It was  concluded that when- ever possi-
 ble, the more  economical  and safer  large incinerator plants
 should be constructed.

 08816
 Rose, Gerhard
 WILL TRASH REMOVAL BE A MARKETING FACTOR FOR
 THE GLASS CONTAINER INDUSTRY AND PRODUCERS OF
 OTHER   PACKAGING  MATERIAL?  ((Wird  die   Abfall-
 beseitigung zu einem Marktfaktor fur die  Verpackungsglas- In-
 dustrie und die HersteUer anderer Verpackungsmittel? Text  in
 German. Glastech. Ber., 40(ll):438-438, Nov. 1967.
 While the  removal of discarded glass containers presents  a
 pro- blem,  it  is not insurmountable,  particularly if refuse
 crushing plants and  techniques are developed which will refuse
 the  silicon  from  waste glass. The  substitution of  plastic
 packaging materials for glass has the disadvantage that during
 incineration of poly vinyl-chloride-containing material, corro-
 sive gases  are evolved,  which cause severe damage to the
 boiler units of the incinerator plant. Furthermore, the emission
 of  hydrochloric and hydrofluoric  acids  from  these  plastics
 causes dangerous air pollution to such an extent, that in the
 United States the incineration of plastic waste is forbidden  in
 the vicinity of large  cities.

08850
Stephenson, John W.
DISPOSAL OF COMMUNITY WASTES. Public  Health Inspec-
tor, 76(2):98-110, 113-114, 132, Nov. 1967.
Community waste disposal is a problem of increasing complex-
ity. It is a challenge to local authorities which must be met by
adequately financed research, ingenuity, and  determination to
devise and use techniques appropriate to the problem. Some of
the approaches  to  disposal of solid wastes  are controlled
tipping,  incineration,  pulverization,  and composting.  The
disposal of liquid wastes is dependent on  treatment processes
for sewage such as sedimentation, biological  filters,  humus
tanks, and activated sludge. The disposal of trade wastes can
have a profound effect on the efficiency of sewage disposal
works.  Some causes of trouble have been listed together with
the problems created.

09026
Burckle, J. O., J. A. Dorsey, and B. T. Riley
THE EFFECTS OF  THE OPERATING  VARIABLES AND
REFUSE  TYPES  ON THE  EMISSIONS FROM  A  PILOT
SCALE  TRENCH INCINERATOR. Preprint,  Public  Health
Service, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  National Center  for Air Pollution
Control, ((28))p., 1968. 19 refs. (Presented at the National In-
cinerator Conference, New York, N. Y., May 5-8, 1968.)
This work defines the air pollutant emissions from a  Trench
Incinerator burning three types  of refuse material: low ash,
moderately high heat content materials characterized by cord
wood; high ash, high heat content  material  characterized by
rubber tires; high ash, low heat content material characterized
by  municipal  refuse. Use of  a trench  incinerator for  the
disposal of the high ash content materials studied generated
paniculate emissions which, in all cases, exceeded 1 grain per
standard cubic foot at 12 per cent carbon dioxide and is there-
fore not recommended. For disposal of low ash, high heat con-
tent materials, the data indicate that, except for nitrogen  ox-
ides, emission levels from  the trench  incinerator may be ac-
ceptable if rigid operating controls are predetermined for the
specific refuse material. (Author's abstract)

09158
Deming, LeRoy R. and John M. Cornell
THE STEAM GENERATING  INCINERATOR PLANT.  In:
Proc. Power Conference 28th Ann. Meeting, Chicago, 111.,
April 26-28, 1966, Volume 28, p. 652-660. 3 refs.
A concept of plant arrangement to serve two 180-ton per day
water-cooled furnace  steam generators, requiring a minimum
investment in plant and structures, is shown. A  continuous
availability of steam for export is essential.  This dictates the
requirement for  an alternate or supplementary fuel. Economi-
cal  evaluation will determine  whether  coal  or oil  should be
used. The refuse storage facility design should contemplate the
stacking of the refuse during the interval when the crane is not
charging the chute to the furnace. Provision should be made
for  access to the storage pit by a front end loader to facilitate
cleanup of the pit as the refuse is exhausted. Extreme care
should be exercised to insure rat proofing of all drainage and
other openings. A  scale should be provided  for weighing the
refuse.  An intercommunication system, connecting the crane
operator to the truck dumping area, will permit remote super-
vision when the  rate of deliveries is inadequate to  require the
presence of a full-time man at the  truck dumping area. The
water-walled steam generating incinerator at the United States
Naval  Operating Base at Norfolk,  Virginia, is described in
detail. Total refuse production in the United States in 1965 and
projections to 1980 are given. The energy available in refuse
and its coal equivalent is given.

09663
Cohan, L. J., and J. H. Fernandes
POTENTIAL   ENERGY-CONVERSION     ASPECTS    OF
REFUSE. American So- ceity of Mechanical Engineers New
York, Paper 67-WA/PID-6, 8p., 1968. (Presented at the  Winter
Annual  Meeting and Energy Systems Exposition   Pittsburgh,
Pa., Nov. 12-17, 1967.)                                  ^
The rate at which waste is being generated in alarming-the fi-
gures for the  future  are staggering. Volume reduction  is a

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
 must. Incineration of refuse offers an excellent solution since
 this method produces energy  in a form which can be readily
 harnessed and utilized to offset the cost. The control of off-
 gases and waste water and the removal of their contaminants
 can be accomplished and managed through process engineering
 applications. Some of the prospects are: (1) regenerative feed-
 water heating, (2) district heating, (3) district air conditioning,
 (4) refrigeration,  (5) desalination, (6) separately fired  super-
 heaters, and (7) inciner ator gas turbine. But there are  many
 problems and the solutions are complex. Society has the right
 to look to the engineering community for such solutions.

 09671
 Elmer R. Kaiser
 THE NEED FOR  A TEST CODE FOR LARGE INCINERA-
 TORS.  American  Society  Mechanical  Engineers,  Paper  67-
 WA/PTC-4, 4p., 1967. (Presented at the Winter Annual Meet-
 ing and Energy Systems Exposition, Pittsburgh,  Pa., Nov. 12-
 17, 1967.
 A 16-man committee has been named by the American Society
 of Mechanical Engineers to draft a performance test code for
 incin erators that bum more than 2000 Ib. of refuse per hour.
 The paper presents the considerations which led this action,
 and out lines the scope, and the technical features that will en-
 gage the new committee's attention. (Author's abstract)

 09676
 A. Porteous
 TOWARDS A  PROFITABLE  MEANS  OF   MUNICDML
 REFUSE DISPOSAL. American Society Mechanical Engineers,
 Paper 67-WA/PID-2,  17p., 1967.  26 refs. (Presented at  the
 Winter Annual Meeting and Energy Systems Expositon, Pitt-
 sburgh, Pa., Nov. 12-17, 1967.)
 Refuse  disposal processes  which  can generate revenue from
 the sale of by-products are studied. Economic  evaluation of
 several alternatives reveals  ethanol production   from  the
 wastepaper content of the refuse to have strong profit poten-
 tial. This is studied in depth and a design proposed with  suffi-
 cient flexibility to  enable the process to function  profitably
 despite chemical kinetic uncertainties. Further work is recom-
 mended to take ethanol pro duction from refuse to the  pilot-
 plant stage with the ultimate objective of full-scale municipal
 installation for refuse pro- cessing. (Author's abstract)

 09686
 R. L. Duprey
 COMPILATION OF  AIR  POLLUTANT  EMISSION   FAC-
 TORS. Public Health Service,  Durham, N. C., National Center
 for Air Pollution Control,  Publication  No. 999-AP-42,  67p.,
 1968. 126 refs.
 Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
 and industries:  fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
 cals, food  and agriculture, metallurgical refining,  minerals,
petroleum,  pulp and paper solvent evaporation  and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).

09785
Dickinson, Janet, Robert L. Chass, and W. J. Hamming
AIR CONTAMINANTS. In:  Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control  District, County of  Los Angeles.)  John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health  Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,  PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 11-21, 1967.  GPO: 806-614-30
The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem in Los  Angeles  County;  the measures  taken to
eliminate the problem; and control measures still needed are
described.  The  air contaminants  include:  organic  gases
(hydrocarbons,  hydrocarbon  derivatives);  inorganic  gases
(NOx, SOx, CO); miscellaneous inorganic gases (NH3, H2S,
C12, F2); particulates (carbon or soot particles, metallic oxides
and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid droplets, metallic fumes).
Each is discussed indicating the sources and significance in the
air pollution problem.

10038
Dvirka, Miro and A. B. Zanft
ANOTHER LOOK AT  EUROPEAN INCINERATION PRAC-
TICES. Public works, 98(7):99-100, July 1967.
Solid waste incinerators in Dusseldorf,  Rotterdam, Paris  and
Vienna are briefly described. The  installations generally have
furnaces which are adapted for steam generation in addition to
wast  burning. Incinerator operation and refuse  quality  are
discussed. T percentage  of combustibles,  non-combustibles,
and water content as well as the heating value of the refuse
for each city is presented.

10418
K. S. Basden
INCINERATOR INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS. Clean  Air
(J. Clean Air Soc. Australia, New Zealand) 2(l):18-22, March
1968. 10 refs.
The purposes of instrumentation of a modern high temperature
municipal incinerator are discussed, together with a brief
description of some categories of instruments with which such
a  plant would be equipped. The subject of automatic control
of incinerator plants is  introduced and particular applications
which would be economically feasible on a modern incinerator
installation are mentioned. (Author's abstract modified)

10424
Graham J. Cleary
THE CONTRB3UTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES TO POL-
LUTION BY  POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.
Clean Air (J.  Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand) 2(1):13-
17, March 1968. 40 refs.
The contribution from automobile exhausts, coal  combustion
sources, products from  the combustion  of gaseous and  liquid
fuels, tire rubber, and incinerator effluents to atmospheric pol-
lution by polycyclic hydrocarbons is examined briefly. Con-
centration ratios for the  compounds   3,4 benzopyrene/1,12
benzoperylene and for 3,4 benzopyrene/coronene are used to
examine the mode of pollution is Sydney and to compare this
pattern with other cities in Great Britain and the United States
of America. (Author's abstract)

10433
Kirov, N. Y.
DISPOSAL OF  MUNICD7AL  REFUSE  BY INCINERATION.
Clean Air (J.  Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand), 2(1):5-
118 Mar. 1968.
The problem  of hygienic refuse disposal, which is  of  major
and growing concern to Municipal  authorities, is a direct con-
sequence o population growth and technical advances charac-
terising our present day industrilized civilization. For reasons
given in the paper, incineration of municipal refuse by modern
high temperature techniques has become during the past  fif-
teen years the preferred method of refuse disposal in most of

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 10
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 the large cities of the world. An outline of the objectives of
 high temperature incineration is followed by considerations of
 refuse as a fuel and of the basic requirements for its efficient
 combustion. The main part of the paper,  however, is  con-
 cerned with the advances and principal design features  of
 modern  incinerator plant and of the various  firing systems
 which have led to  the successful developments  in municipal
 refuse incineration  practice throughout the world. (Author's
 abstract)

 10675
 Feuss, James V. and Fradklid B. Flower
 THE DESIGN OF APARTMENT HOUSE INCINERATORS -
 THE STATE OF THE ART. Preprint,  36p.,  1968. 14  refs.
 (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting  of  the Air Pollution
 Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-186.)
 Information  concerning  the  design of apartment house in-
 cinerators and their emission standards was organized for the
 training of and use by local officials concerned with air pollu-
 tion control. The differences and similarities among many  state
 and local air pollution ordinances concerning apartment house
 incinerators are  graphically illustrated.  Incinerator  emission
 standards are reduced to a common base and charted against
 incinerator capacities. Grate loadings, arch  heights, retention
 times in  primary and secondary chambers, and heat releases of
 the various designs are compared graphically over a range of
 burning  rates. After reviewing the  several graphs it becomes
 obvious  that there are striking  inconsistencies  amoung the
 codes. At a burning rate of one million Btu (Britain thermal
 units) per hour,  the primary combustion chamber heat release
 rates range  from 10 to 70 thousand Btu/cu.  ft./hr. At burning
 rates of  one million Btu./hr., the theoretical  retention times in
 the primary combus tion  chambers  range from  about 1/2  to 4
 seconds,  the recommended  maximum  grate  and  hearth
 loadings  for incinerators  with burning capacities of 200 per
 hour range from 8 to 30 pounds per square foot. At a burning
 rate of 30 lbs./hr., the emission standards range from 0.11  to
 almost 1.1  grains/standard cu. ft.  corrected to  12% carbon
 dioxide.  Design formulas and criteria are evaluated and recom-
 mendations for evaluating incinerator design and operation are
 given.

 10678
 Bachl, Herbert
 DISTRICT HEATING, WASTE INCINERATION AND ELEC-
 TRIC  NIGHT-TARD7F HEATING, AND AK POLLUTION
 CONTROL IN MUNICH.  Staub (English translation), 28(2): 17-
 31, Feb.  1968. CFSTI:  TT 68-50448/2
 As a result of special meteorological conditions, inversions
 fre- quently occur in Munich.  First, the results of immission
 measurements are reported, which were  carried out in  dif-
 ferent  town regions,  and then the preventive measures in-
 troduced  are ex  plained.  The influence of different types of
 fuel and  of various  heights of chimneys on  SO2 emissions is
 discussed. The develop ment of long distance heat supply and
 of electric heating is com  bined with direct burning of natural
 gas. The  power plant which is situated in the town and com-
 prises installations for long dis  tance heat supply  and for
 refuse incineration has proved to be highly expedient. Coal is
preferably used as the additional fuel in the power plants  situ-
ated at town outskirts, whilst natural gas is used in the power
plants situated in the town centre. 10688 Bachl, Herbert DIS-
TRICT HEATING,  WASTE INCINERATION AND ELEC-
TRIC NIGHT-TARIFF HEATING, AND AIR  POLLUTION
CONTROL IN MUNICH. Staub (English translation), 28)  2-
:18-31,  Feb.  1968.   CFSTI:  TT   68-50448/2  EMISSION
                    SOURCES: Domestic heating, Power production, Incinerators
                    As  a result of special meteorological conditions, inversions
                    frequently occur in 7unich. First, the results of immission
                    measurements are  reported, which  were carried out in dif-
                    ferent  town regions, and then the  preventive  measures in-
                    troduced are  explained. The influence of different  types of
                    fuel  and of various heights of chimneys on SO2 emissions is
                    discussed. The development of long  distance heat supply and
                    of electric heating is combined with direct burning of natural
                    gas.  The power plant which is  situated in the town and com-
                    prises installations for long distance heat supply and for refuse
                    incineration  has proved to be highly  expedient.  Coal is
                    preferably used as the additional fuel in the power plants situ-
                    ated at town outskirts, whilst natural gas is used in the power
                    plants situated in the town centre.

                    1141 IT
                    M. Andritzky
                    GARBAGE  POWER   PLANT  MUNICH.   (Mullkraftwerk
                    Munchen.) Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft
                    (Duesseldorf)  14(5):232-233,  1962.
                    The  refuse power plant in Munich  is  described  and the
                    seasonal changes of the  garbage collected (composition and
                    heating value  shown in graphs) are described in comparison to
                    those in Antwerp,  Rotterdam and Vienna. The power  plant
                    burns approximately  60%  coal  dust and  40% garbage in
                    separate combustion rooms  of a common high-pressure steam
                    generator.  The first version of the plant has a capacity of 68
                    million watts  and  supplies steam for a long-distance heating
                    system. After  the second construction phase and a capacity of
                    100 million watts, all garbage collected in the city of Munich
                    can be burned in this plant.  The installation is shown  in a dia-
                    gram. Purification  of the flue gas is emphasized. An electro
                    filter providing  99.75%  dust removal is  mentioned,  and the
                    pneumatic transport of flue ash from the boiler to a collecting
                    bunker is described. The proximity of an airport limited the
                    height of the smokestack to 80 meters.

                    11412T
                    W. Engel, A. von Weihe
                    EXPERIMENTAL REFUST INCINERATION PLANT OF  THE
                    DUESSELDORF MUNICIPAL WORKS, FLINGERN  POWER
                    PLANT. (Mullverbrennungs- Versuchsanlage  der Stadtwerke
                    Duesseldorf.Kraftwerk  Flingern.)  Translated  from  German.
                    Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft (Duesseldorf) 14(5(:234-236, 1962.
                    The experimental refuse incineration plant in Duesseldorf con-
                    sists  of  a  charging facility, several consecutive  roller grates
                    and a traveling grate. These units are coupled and electrically
                    regulated. The experimental plant was put into operation on 21
                    March  1961  and by  the beginning  of February, 1962 had
                    processed  140,000  cu   m of  refuse  in  approximately  3500
                    operating hours. The comparison of the official measurements
                    for the incineration of Duesseldorf refuse on forced-feed and
                    travel grates  with  measurements  in  the  experimental plant
                    show the following advantages for the experimental plant: Its
                    firing efficiency is 83%, approximately 30 percent higher than
                    the tests on forced  feed grates. Since the firebox temperature
                    is correspondingly higher, it fulfills all hygienic requirements
                    which can be made of a  refuse incineration plant. The  accumu-
                    lation of fly dust  in the  raw gas is considerably below the
                    values drived in comparible  tests with force-feed grate. In the
                    summer months it is 1 g per cu m, in  the winter months it is 2
                    to 2.5 g per cu m. No noxious components were detected in
                    the flue gases. The operational results have confirmed that the
                    roller grate is  the suitable equipment  for a refuse incineration
                    plant.

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                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      11
 11413T
 H.F. Kammerer
 WASTE INCINERATION PLANT  WITH HEAT UTILIZA-
 TION  IN STUTTGART. (Mullverbrennungsanlage mil  Heiz-
 waermeverwertung  in  Stuttgart.) Translated from  German.
 Brennstoff-Waenne-Kraft, 14(10):476-478, 1967. 2 refs.
 The development of the waste  incineration plant with heat
 utilization in Stuttgart Germany, is  discussed briefly and the
 essential elements of the plant are  described. It incorporates
 the knowledge gained from  existing refuse power plants and
 experimental plants adapted to  local  conditions. The power
 plant burns heavy fuel oil and refuse  in separate combustion
 chambers of a common steam generator.  Electrofilters with a
 98 percent degree of separation are planned for removal of
 dust. The heat produced is fed into the city heat supply via the
 steam  collecting lines of the power  plant. The heat utilization
 system is illustrated and discussed. A steam generation of ap-
 proximately  30  tons/hr per refuse  furnace  is  expected.
 Economic  aspects,  including  capital  cost, are briefly men-
 tioned.

 11427T
 Albinus, G.
 INCINERATION OF   REFUSE:   FUNDAMENTAL   CON-
 SIDERATIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF TRASH DISPOSAL
 BY  INCINERATION.   (Muellverbrennung:  Grundsaetzliche
 Ueberlegungen zu Fragen  der Muellbeseitigung durch Ver-
 brennen.)) Translated from German Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
 14(5):215-217, May 15, 1962.
 The difficulties encountered in the  disposal  of refuse by in-
 cineration are discussed. The properties of refuse, the possi-
 bilities of influencing the heating value, and the technological
 processes of household  waste incineration are discussed, and
 the  requirements for  the  construction of  the  firebox  are
 deduced from them. The incineration process can only proceed
 satisfactorily if the following basic conditions  are fulfilled: The
 trash must have a satisfactory supply of oxygen; the trash and
 the oxygen in the air must have as close a contact as  possible,
 for example  by loosening the fuel bed; and a complete com-
 bination of the oxygen with the trash requires sufficiently high
 ignition and combustion temperatures. The types of  trash in-
 cineration,  the dust problem, and  heat  utilization  are also
 discussed.

 11428T
 Mueller, H. J.
 TRASH  INCINERATION ACCORDING TO THE VOLUND
 SYSTEM. ((Die Muellverbrennung nach dem System Volund.))
 Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 14(5):219-
 223, 1962. 13 refs.
 The installation of St. Ouen  (Paris) and its operational results
 are presented as examples  of the Volund trash  incineration
 system. The trash is piled as high as 30 meters and fed into the
 filling  funnel, which unilaterally tapers downward, by two
 orange peel buckets (one in reserve) each with 3 cu m volume
 capacity and a  load capacity of 6 tons. The trash moves
 through a shaft to the  drying  grate where it is dried by the
 radiation from the drying chamber and the convection of the
 flue  gases  rising out of the  incineration chamber. The flue
gases with a high steam content which are produced during the
 drying  process are passed through a 13.5 m long vapor channel
into the mixing and after-burning  chamber. On a second grate,
 the incineration grate, the trash is finally ignited and burned.
From  the  experience   of   this   installation  which has  a
throughput  of 323,000 tons per year of trash,  the largest of its
kind in Europe, a combination of  the rotory-drum furnace with
a waste heat boiler was developed which has favorable space
utilization through combining the drying, incinerating, and heat
transfer components into a single unit.

11429T
Zankl, W.
THE  CELL GRATE TRASH DISPOSAL INSTALLATION.
((Die   Zellenrost-Muellvemichtungsanlage.))  Translated  from
German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft 14(5):224-225,1962.
The basic construction  principles of a cell grate incinerator
trash  disposal installation system are described. Such installa-
tions (of which some 274 have been built since 1901)  are suited
for a  capacity of roughly 175 tons per 24 hours. Utilization of
the heat produced generally can be considered only in terms of
steam or hot water production, primarily for supplementing an
already established heating network. Linkage with an electrical
current generation  system is scarcely economical in this size
range. The installation is illustrated by a diagram and photo-
graphs. No reference to air pollution is made.

11430T
Kern, A.
VIEWS ON THE DESIGN OF MODERN INCINERATION IN-
STALLATIONS FOR URBAN TRASH. ((Gesichtspunkte fuer
die Auslegung neuzeitlicher Verbrennungsanlagen fuer  Stadt-
muell.)) Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waenne-Kraft,
14(5):225- 227, 1962.
Some economic considerations on refuse incineration, particu-
larly on the problem of conditions suitable to the utilization of
heat produced,  are given. The  guarantees and construction
conditions which must be considered in the evaluation of a
trash  incineration  installation are discussed.  Low  flue gas
velocities must be chosen and opportunities for the removal of
flue ashes inside the boiler must be created, in order to keep
the abrasive effect of high sand  content in the trash on the
boiler tubes  low. Flue gases from trash incineration must  be
cooled before entering the boiler to a point below the soften-
ing temperature of the trash ashes. Clogged tube arrangements
are above  all to be avoided in the connected heating surfaces,
since  deposits  which cannot be  removed  by the  ordinary
cleansing apparatus,  such as  ball-moving and  soot blowers,
will of necessity have to be removed by hand. Slag must  be
discharged without raising dust and must be tightly  air-sealed
against the firebox.  A high quality dust-removal device  must
be present. The Martin system, the Sao Paulo incineration in-
stallation,  and the trash  power plants now under construction
in Rotterdam and Munich are characterized.

11431T
Kampschulte, J.
GARBAGE INCINERATORS IN HAMBURG AND THEIR EX-
TENSION  THROUGH THE  ADDITION  OF  VON-ROLL-IN-
CINERATORS.  ((Die Muellverbrennung in Hamburg und ihre
Erweiterrung durch  von-Roll-Oefen.))  Translated from  Ger-
man. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft 14(5):228- 231, 1962. 10 refs.
The extension and modernization of the refuse furnace plant
located in  Hamburg,  Germany by the addition of two von-roll
refuse incinerators with a capacity of burning a charge of 200
tons per 24  hours, each with one auxilary waste-heat boiler
(with a boiler power of 15.5 tons per hour) is described and il-
lustrated. The experiences gained in the operation of these fu-
rances are reported.  When three more of these furnaces will
be operational, it will be possible to burn more than one mil-
lion cu m of garbage annually and to produce 60 to  80 GWH.
Further development of the system will lead from an incinera-

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 12
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 tor with a waste-heat boiler to a uniformly structured garbage
 incinerator with an initial charge of 200 tons per 24 hours,
 which will require considerably less space.

 11432T
 GARBAGE INCINERATION PLANT COMBINED WITH THE
 DRYING AND BURNING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE. ((Mullver-
 brennungsanlage kombiniert  mit Trocknung und Verbrennung
 von  Klarschlamm.)) Translated from  German. Brennstoff-
 Waerme-Kraft, 14(5):231, 1962.
 A refuse incineration  plant  combined with the drying and
 burning of sewage sludge for a town of approximately 14,000
 inhabitants is described.  Simultaneously with the burning  of
 garbage, a drier for the sewage sludge is  combined with the
 garbage combustion, with the latter furnishing the heat neces-
 sary to  dry the former. This  permits the efficient utilization  of
 the heat produced by  combustion. After drying, the sewage
 sludge is burned along with the garbage in the incinerator. The
 plant is calculated for a normal output of  3 tons per hour.  A
 diagram of the process is shown.

 11438T
 Moegling, E.
 PRACTICAL  ASPECTS  OF REFUSE INCINERATION ON
 THE EXAMPLE OF ESSENKARNAP.  ((Praxis  der  zentralen
 Mullverbrennung am Beispiel Essen-Karnap.)) Translated from
 German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,  17(8):383-391, Aug. 1965.
 2 refs.
 Various aspects involved in the planning of refuse incineration
 plants are discussed. Detailed data of the Essen-Karnap power
 plant which serves a very wide area of refuse collection, are
 given. This plant is the largest refuse incineration plant exist-
 ing at present. It has a capacity of 2000 tons of domestic and
 industrial refuse and 2000 tons of sludge per day. Performance
 data, components of  the refuse  power  plant, supply  and
 storage  facilities for household refuse, discharging of refuse,
 refuse transportation and loading, incineration  of  used  oils,
 slag transportation and treatment, and furnace  operation are
 described. Simultaneous co-incineration of  high-calorific value
 industrial refuse  is being attempted experimentally.  A large
 portion  of the acid-forming ingredients undergoes  chemical
 reaction with the refuse slag  and fly ash originating from pow-
 dered coal firing, thereby reducing the emission  of SO2, SOS,
 HC1, etc. into the flue gas.  The aim is to  establish a ratio  of
 industrial  wastes to domestic refuse which  will provide the
 desired  flue  gas composition.  At present refuse  to be in-
 cinerated must contain less than 1% sulfur.

 11439T
 ON  THE STATE OF  REFUSE INCINERATION  IN GER-
 MANY.  ((Zum Stand der Mullverbrennung in Deutschland.))
 Translated     from    German.    Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
 17(12):594-595, Dec. 1965.
 Refuse incineration plants operating in 17 different German ci-
 ties are  listed, together with  their capacities and methods  of
 incineration, steam output, main fuel used, and furnace design.
 The ranges of refuse calorific value (kcal/kg) and the method
 of flue gas cooling (chiefly by steam generation, in  one case
 air, one water, one clarifier  sludge drying) are tabulated. The
 following grate systems are used in the individual plants: mov-
 ing grate, advancing and retracting grate, rotating and tipping
grate and Volund rotating furnace. By 1970  there will be an in-
 stalled capacity of 3 million  tons per year  in West Germany.
This assumes planned and ongoing new construction in Berlin,
Frankfurt and Munich,  as well as in eight other cities. No air
pollution aspects are specifically discussed.
11440T
Knoll, H.
REFUSE  INCINERATING  PLANT  OF  THE  CITY  OF
NUERNBERG.  ((Mullverbrennungsanlage  der  Stadt  Nurn-
berg.)) Translated from  German.  Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
17(12):595, bSdec. 1965.
The  refuse  incineration  plant  in  Nurnberg  (Germany),
scheduled for operation in fall of 1968, is described. It has a
daily capacity of 300-360 tons of refuse. New types of oil fired
furnace chambers are used: the temperature of the combustion
gases is kept low by the admixture of secondary air, prevent-
ing the slag from baking together. The steam boilers generate
steam of 84 atm and 450  deg. C and have a capacity of 27-34
tons/gr each. A new autoclave process for sludge clearing is
also being designed. The sludge is sterilized by heating to  200
deg C, the colloids are broken, the sludge is filtered and  the
dry sludge is ground and used as fertilizer. 200 tons of dried
sludge (40% water content) will be produced per week. Even-
tually the plant may be enlarged to supply some 450 tons of
dried  sludge per week. It is estimated that 50% of the sludge
will be  used in agriculture and the  remainder—representing
about 10% of the entire amount of refuse-will be incinerated.
Air pollution aspects are not discussed.

11447T
Palm, R.
COMPOSITION OF REFUSE AND REFUSE INCINERATION.
((Mullzusammensetzung und  Mullverbrennung.)) Translated
from  German.  Aufbereitungs-Technik,  4(12):561-565,  Dec.
1963. 8 refs.
An attempt is made to characterize refuse by its constituents.
The refuse is differentiated according to  various mixing pro-
portions  of the lignitic constituent and the  coal component.
The kinds of mixtures within each component have been clas-
sified in  accordance with their percentage of really combusti-
ble materials and  the content  of real slag. The burning condi-
tions in these groups, i.e. the quantities of smoke gas  produced
and the burning temperature as a function of the useful heat-
ing power, can be determined provided the estimated melting
point of the slag is taken into  account. It is advisable to judge
the burning conditions on the basis of the types  of refuse,  ac-
cording to the region, the customs  and working conditions of
the population and the supply of fuel and the heating methods
practiced in the region. The composition of refuse from some
European and American cities, and its effect on combustion is
discussed. Analyses of the slag from refuse are important. The
properties of the slag influence not only the temperature and
the combustion  conditions in the different layers of  the com-
bustible,  but will determine whether the flue gases are suitable
or not for the production of energy. It is especially important
to know  the  temperatures that can be obtained in  the com-
bustion chamber,  with the different types  of refuse. The  ad-
missible temperature of the fire-bed is determined by the sup-
posed melting temperature of  the slag. The air excess will be
determined correspondingly. The melting  point  of the refuse
slag which may not be exceeded lies between  1000  and 1440
deg. C.

11448T
Peters, Wulf
METHODS OF REFUSE  INCINERATION WITH PARTICU-
LAR  CONSIDERATION  OF  THE  CONDITIONS IN  GER-
MANY.  ((Die Verfahren  der Mullverbrennung  unter  beson-
derer  Berucksichtigung der deutschen Verhaltnisse.)) Trans-
lated from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, l(8V329-339 Aue
1960. 19 refs.

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                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      13
A short historical review covering the 65 years of refuse burn-
ing in Germany is followed by a descritpion of the plants at
Hamburg that are still in action and of the reconstruction and
enlargement they are currently undergoing. The preliminary in-
vestigations that preceded the designing  of  an incineration
plant for industrial waste are described. A project that will be
constructed in an industrial area is listed as an example of the
plans under consideration  in numerous German cities. This
project provides for a large burning plant in an existing power
station. Some of the systems of refuse burning offered by Ger-
man firms are described.

11449T
Kallenbach, K.
TRASH  INCINERATION  PLANT  WITH  ROLLER  GRATE
FIRING FOR THE CITY OF HAGEN. ((Mullverbrennungsan-
lage mil Walzenrostfeuemng fur die Stadt Hagen.)) Translated
from German.  Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):406-407, Aug.
1964.
A trash incineration plant with roller grates to be constructed
in Hagen,  Germany  is briefly described. The installation in-
cludes 3  firing units with a maximum trash throughput capaci-
ty of 6  tons  per hour, each corresponding  to a total trash
throughput of more than 400 tons per day. The recovery  of
heat or the sale of the steam or hot water should be possible
at any time and on such a scale that delivery contracts could
be concluded.

11450T
TRASH PREPARATION WITH THE GORATOR. ((Mullaufbe-
reitung mil dem Gorator.)) Translated from  German. Brenn-
stoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):404-405, Aug. 1964.
The slanted runner machine ((Gorator)) is suited for the mov-
ing, pulverization, mastication, and mixing of nonhomogenous
materials of the most varied types including, fibrous, doughy,
and highly viscous materials, muds, and  solid fuels. It has
been proposed that it also be used for the homogenization  of
refuse if  necessary with  the admixture of  combustibles  in
order to  allow the transportation of a more uniform material
with a finer structure  to the refuse incineration installation.
For this purpose, the Loading-Screw Gorator is especially well
suited. The operation of the Gorator  is described and illus-
trated.

11461T
Tanner, R.
THE DEVELOPMENT  OF THE VON ROLL-INCINERATION
PLANTS. ((Die  Entwicklung der Von Roll-Mullverbrennung-
sanlagen.)) Translated from German. Schweiz. Bauztg., Vol.
83, p. 251-260, April 22, 1965. 11 refs.
The engineering history during the 20 year development of the
Von Roll  refuse incineration system is described and the
results evaluated. The experiences and observation  of the ro-
tary drum furnace in Basel led to the replacement of the drum
by  a  perpendicular shaft (slag generator)  as a burn-out ele-
ment, a development which substantially reduced the dimen-
sions of  the  furnace. In another plant in Hamburg, the  ar-
rangement  of the predrying and  main grates was changed so
that they were  one  behind the other, moving in  the  same
direction. As a result, the delicate false floor of the  Bern type
was  discarded.  The application of down-draft preheating and
flue gas recycling in another plant in Hamburg, allowed a sub-
stantial increase in capacity. Future developments and the
technical  possibilities   of   refuse  incineration  today  are
discussed. Few references  to air pollution are made, except
for incidental mention of such points as 'smoke limit-about 750
deg C, boiler cleansing, and used oil incineration. A brief con-
cluding paragraph discusses the German norm of 150 mg/Nm3
as the maximum allowable concentration of dust emitted from
smoke stacks, and mentions 80 to 120 meters as effective
stack heights. Harmful gases are mentioned but no discussed.

11475
Kuwata, M. and R. H. Essenhigh
COMBUSTION   BEHAVIOR   OF  SUSPENDED  PAPER
SPHERES. (TECHNICAL REPORT.) Pennsylvania State Univ.,
University Park, Dept of Fuel Science, TR-FS/PHS-68-1, 173P.,
1968. 21 refs.
Paper sphere combustion was studied as a part of a program
on abatement of smoke and grit emission from incinerators. Its
33(4-6): 13-17, April-June 1968. ((10)) refs. Paper was chosen as
a representative material of incinerators, and the shape of the
sample, a  sphere, was selected because  of its well defined
symmetry.  The experimental system used was that  of a single
paper sphere suspended,  in a 3 in  dia horizontal combustion
tube, from a  recording analytical balance. Simultaneous mea-
surements  of weight and diameter  were made on  the sphere
during bum-off by the balance  and  using a specially designed
camera. Radial temperatures history of  samples  were also
measured during reaction by Pt-Pt/10% Rh thermocouples im-
planted in the spheres, although these were made as additional
support experiments. The  paper spheres ranged from 0.8 to 4.5
cm in their  initial diameters. The running  condition  used
ranged from zero to 160 cm/sec in gas speeds, and from 15%
to 70% in oxygen concentration. The results of this investiga-
tion have led to the following conclusions. (1) The reaction of
the paper  spheres was governed by oxygen diffusion through
the boundary layer to the surface of the sphere, except in the
case of air velocities more than 120 cm/sec  and the initial
diameters  of  the spheres  more than 2 cm. (2) In the special
case mentioned above the reaction  of the paper spheres was
governed by the chemical kinetics of the reaction, although its
details were not  studied here. (3) The pyrolysis and the char
combustion were substantially independent, though both were
proceeding simultaneously for 80 or  90% total weight loss.

11636T
Wotschke,  J.
UNIVERSAL  WASTE REMOVAL  AND ITS  REALIZATION
WITH THE FLAME CHAMBER MELTING  PROCESS. ((U-
niversale Abfallbeseitigung und ihre  Verwirkfichung durch das
Flammenkammer-Einschmelzverfahren.))  Translated  from Ger-
man.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft,  16(8):383-391, Aug. 1964.  23
refs.
The  flame  chamber  melting process meets the requirements
for a truly universal process for refuse  disposal. It is  able to
accept and process  all waste whether it is in solid, liquid, or
gaseous form without shying away from  calorific values which
are too high or too low, or from difficult combustion or slag
behavior. The process is described and illustrated. The melting
process  eliminates the difficulties  of refuse  incineration  by
considerably  increasing  the incineration  temperature. The
refuse lining  the flame chamber is  completely dissolved into
dust-free,  hot flue gas generated by combustible matter and
into melted matter from incombustible objects. It allows for a
considerable reduction of the volume of slag and  better pro-
perties of this slag for storing and use. Theoretical aspects of
the process are considered in detail. The technical solution for
using the flame chamber  process is illustrated for  two cases,
one for 5,000 kg per hr  refuse throughput corresponding to
about 100,000 inhabitants and one for 500  kg per hr cor-

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  14
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 responding to about 10,000 inhabi tants. In both  cases  the
 same processing characteristics are pre sent.

 11637T
 Andritzky, M.
 SECOND EXTENSION OF THE REFUSE POWER PLANT IN
 MUNICH. ((Zweiter  Ausbau des Mullkraftwerks Munchen.))
 Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):403,
 Aug. 1964.
 The differences between the design of the second stage of the
 refuse power plant in Munich and the first stage are outlined.
 The refuse firing in the  first construction stage was designed
 so that  approximately 40 percent of  the steam output is  ob-
 tained from refuse, in the second stage the contribution of the
 refuse is only 20 percent. Instead of the two originally planned
 steam generators with approximately  32 tons per hour refuse
 throughput each, there will only be one with a throughput of
 40 tons  per hour. The third factor in which the second stage
 differs from the first one is that there is no separation in  the
 former between the combustion chamber for refuse and pow-
 dered coal.

 11638T
 Angenend, Franz-Josef
 THE STATE OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN THE  USA.
 ((Der Stand der Mullveraschung  in  den USA.))  Translated
 from German.  Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, 17(8):396-398,  Aug.
 1965.
 The  state  of the  refuse incineration  industry in the United
 States is discussed on the  basis of presentations made at  the
 National Incinerator  Conference held in New York,  1964.
 Covered are the planning of incineration units, storage, dump-
 ing  slag utilization,  furnace systems, cooling  and  flue gas
 utilization, purification of flue gases, e.g. by dust precipitation
 and elimination of air pollution. Settling chambers, wet scrub-
 bers, cloth filters, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators  are
 discussed.  Domestic incinerators are criticized as unsatisfacto-
 ry, causing 25% of all complaints for excessive smoke and
 odor in New York. It  is concluded that most existing refuse in-
 cineration  plants are not  substantially automated and require a
 large number of operating personnel. In most cases the purifi-
 cation of waste gases is  not satisfactory. Maximum  emission
 standards,  and their variation in different cities are discussed.
 Refuse incineration and technology is  probably functioning at
 a higher level in Germany than in the USA at the present time.
 It is emphasized that refuse incineration technology requires a
 larger amount of scientific research than it has been receiving
 in the past.  Some novel developments, including  a double
 mantle  upright  cylindrical combustion  chamber, a rotating
 drum installation and  a moving-grate firing installation (which
 is illustrated) are discussed.

 11640T
 Bachl, Herbert and Franz Maikranz
 INCINERATION  OF  REFUSE  IN   A  HIGH-PRESSURE
 STEAM PLANT. ((Erfahrungen mil der Verfeuerung von Mull
 in einem Hochdruck- Dampfkraftwerk.)) Translated from Ger-
 man. Energie, 17(8):317-326, Aug. 1965.
 Refuse is used  as  a  fuel in two  high-pressure superheated
 steam boilers at  the 'Nord' power station of the Munich mu-
 nicipal system. The boilers are designed  for burning coal or
refuse, either alone or in combination. The technical features
of  the plant are given in  detail, including the  site-map of the
station, boiler design data, construction history 1961-65, firing
mechanism, and experience  in  operation. The design and
                    operation of a refuse shed and crane are discussed, and ex-
                    perimental runs with coal and  refuse  firing are described.
                    Refuse averaged 45-50% of ash and was found to contain only
                    1.64-2.48% of scrap metal. The storage bin and loading area
                    did not attract rats or vermin. Refuse feeds of 25 tons/hr were
                    achieved with a caloric output of 1200-1300 kcal/kg. The per-
                    centage of refuse in the overall operation will be about 35%.
                    The refuse-generated power would have negative prices due to
                    the city subsidies. The financial advantages would benefit the
                    city administration  and  the government.  Refuse  combustion
                    will supply about 10% of the total  future power requirement of
                    Munich.  Air pollution is not discussed, except indirectly, in
                    terms of the high combustion efficiency of the coal burned,
                    and the presence of an electrostate precipitator in the system.

                    11647T
                    Franz Fischer
                    THE REFUSE  INCINERATING  PLANT  IN VIENNA.  ((Die
                    Wiener  Mullverbrennungsanlage.)) Translated from German.
                    Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):392-396, Aug. 1964.
                    A plant designed for the incineration of 600 tons of refuse dai-
                    ly,  and also capable of burning used oil,  is described. Three
                    steam generators produce a maximum of 15 tons of steam per
                    hour for  remote heating  and power production. The plant
                    design is illustrated and  discussed in detail,  including storage
                    of the refuse, the slag generator, an electrical current generat-
                    ing plant, and a system for utilization and disposal of used oil
                    from industrial plants. Air pollution  aspects  are mentioned
                    only incidentally, in connection with flue-gas recirculation for
                    control of combustion-chamber temperature. The gas is trans-
                    ported from an electrostatic filter through a mechanical flue
                    gas purifier. The presence  of large amounts of fly ash and the
                    advantages of an angle-tube boiler for easy cleaning of heating
                    surfaces  are mentioned. The  experiences gained during the
                    first year of operation are also discussed.

                    11649T
                    W. Gruetsky
                    HEAT TECHNOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN A REFUSE
                    INCINERATING PLANT.  ((Warmetechnische Messungen an
                    einer  Mullverbrennungsanlage.))  Translated  from  German.
                    Tech. Ueberwach., (Duesseldorf) 4(6):211-214, June 1963.
                    Measurements conducted in an experimental refuse incinerat-
                    ing plant  to establish the  heat technological parameters that
                    may serve as a basis for a  larger project are reported. The fol-
                    lowing  measurements were made: the refuse combusted and
                    the amount of ash removed was weighed;  the amount of fuel
                    oil used;  the amount of steam generated; the amount of cool-
                    ing water used; the pressure at the steam outlet and the super-
                    heater; temperature; composition  of  the gas; SO2 and  S03
                    content of the flue gases; content of acetic acid and aldehyde;
                    biological studies on the ash cooling water;  moisture content
                    of the flue  gases;  and special analysis  of the  ash including
                    specific heat and calorific  value of the ash. The efficiency of
                    the refuse incinerating plant  was 56.7 percent.  For main-
                    tenance  of purity of the atmosphere,  the  requirement is im-
                    posed on refuse incinerating plants that the flue gas after 1000
                    fold dilution as it  is  assumed  to be  at  the exit of  the
                    smokestack must show only one-tenth of the maximum work-
                    ing  site  concentrations tolerated for acetic acid and formal-
                    dehyde.  The measured corresponding values represented but
                    fractions of the maximum permissible immission values.

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                     15
 11651T
 Walter Hanstedt
 PLANNING OF REFUSE ELIMINATION AND UTILIZATION
 PLANTS IN THE RUHR AREA WITH EMPHASIS ON MAIN-
 TAINING  THE  PURITY  OF  THE  AIR.  ((Flaming  von
 beseitigungs-und Verwertungsanlagen fur Mull im Ruhrgebiet
 im Hinblick auf  die Reinhaltung der luft.))  Translated from
 German. Staub, 23(3):218-225, March 1%3. 6 refs.
 A working group comprising 22 townships was established in
 the German Ruhr area to develop and implement measures for
 refuse removal.  Four possibilities of disposal are listed: the
 deposition of refuse in alternating layers with soil, composting
 of refuse, incineration combined with heat utilization, incinera-
 tion without  heat  utilization.  The  advantages  and  disad-
 vantages of these methods are discussed in detail,  with special
 emphasis on air pollution by fly ash. Experience with a com-
 posting plant in Duisburg showed that for odor  removal air
 coolers and scrubbers had to be installed. Finally  a process
 was adopted which used chlorine dioxide for decomposing or-
 ganic compounds. It is recommended that composting plants
 be located  at least 500 m from residential areas. In  refuse in-
 cineration it is shown that there is a difficulty in finding mar-
 kets for the heat produced. An example of a large incineration
 plant  with  heat utilization in Karnap is given  and  it is
 emphasized that incinerators can be used in combination with
 peak power plants. Experience with a small incinerating plant
 without heat recovery is  also described.

 11655T
 C. Kachulle
 REFUSE INCINERATING  PLANTS  WITH OR WITHOUT
 HEAT UTILIZATION. A MAIN SUBJECT OF THE THIRD
 CONFERENCE   OF  THE  INTERNATIONAL  WORKING
 GROUP FOR REFUSE RESEARCH, TRD2NT, 1965. ((Abfall-
 verbrennungsanlagen  mit  oder  ohne  Warmenutzung.  Ein
 Hauptthema des dritten Kongresses der Intemationalen Arbeit-
 sgemeinschaft fur Mullforschung in Trient, 1965.)) Translated
 from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,  17(8):391-395, Aug.
 1965
 Several refuse research topics were discussed, including refuse
 incineration with  heat utilization for steam generation. A cost
 comparison of  a refuse  incineration  plant in Issy-les Mou-
 lineux which has four furnaces with a capacity of 17 tons/hr
 each, showed that income from the sale of electric power and
 steam exceeds the operating expense. In Glasgow, Scotland, it
 was found  that the electricity generated in refuse combustion
 cannot be sold in Great Britain on a continuous basis. Another
 topic discussed was a central refuse disposal plant installed as
 additional incineration units in existing power plants. Such an
 installation  is being  operated in  Goldenberg., near Cologne,
 Germany. The operating capacity of this unit is 1,026,000 tons/
 year. The planning and design for the Goldenberg  plant are il-
 lustrated and discussed in detail, including refuse transporta-
 tion  from a wide area on compactor trucks with removable
 bodies, rubbish and scrap processing, moving grate incinera-
 tion, and refuse storage in surrounding mines. The advantages
 of large central incineration plants are discussed. No air pollu-
 tion control details are given.

 11657T
 G. Meyer
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A MS COMBUSTION CONE
PLANT WITH REFUSE. ((Aufbau und Wirkungsweise einer
MS-Brennkegelanlage mit Mullzerkleinerung.)) Translated from
German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, No. 3, pp. 135-138,1964.
The design and operation of a MS combustion cone plant in-
cluding the crushing installation for refuse are described. The
unsorted refuse is dumped by truck into a refuse bin where it
is dried. At the bottom of this bin, a combined discharging and
crushing installation is provided which reduces the refuse to a
desired  size (pieces  whose edges are  40 cm long) and
discharges the material from the bin. By means of a steel plate
conveyor the material is fed into the combustion cone housing
and thrown on to the combustion cone grate. With plants for a
throughput of 1500 kg per hr of refuse, the combustion cone
has a maximum  diameter of approximately 3.2 m and rotates
with a speed of  30 to 40 cm per minute relative to the max-
imum circumference. The ignition of the material is effected
by a Schoppe burner operated optionally with oil or gas. The
design and control of the blowers in the system, calculated to
prevent  the  emission of  odoriferous  or harmful gases,  is
discussed and illustrated.

11666T
K. A. Wuhrmann
POSSIBILITIES  AND LIMITS OF WASTE INCINERATION.
((Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der MuUverbrennung.)) Trans-
lated  from   German.  Auf-bereitungs-Technik,  5(9):506-507,
Sept. 1964.
Several lectures  presented at the Third Waste Technological
Colloquium which considered the technological  and  practical
aspects of the process of waste incineration are summarized.
The lectures included the technical basis of waste incineration,
various incineration systems and the problems  concerning
fireproof materials,  and the  experiences in  the Stuff gait in-
cineration project.  It became apparent that the problem of
selecting a suitable incineration system is not yet solved, espe-
cially for medium  sized plants  which  still face  extensive
development and expansion. Aspects discussed include the ig-
nitability of  the refuse,  transportation  to  the  plant and
weighing, the refuse bin, handling of the fire, removal of the
slag, and selection of grates.  Legal requirements for air pollu-
tion control are mentioned and some data given e.g. a limita-
tion of 0.4mg/cum of SO2 emission.

11803
Fuller, Louis J., Ralph E. George, and John E. Williamson
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ADI POLLUTION IN  NEW
YORK CITY: A REPORT TO THE  MAYOR.  Los Angeles
County Air  Pollution Control District, Calif., 30p.,  Jan.  17,
1966.
Air pollution  in New York City has attained serious propor-
tions as a result of the incineration of rubbish  and  garbage,
combustion of fuels, motor vehicle emissions, and the growth
of industries,  both  within  the city and  in adjacent areas.
Precise information on the quantities of pollutants emitted by
each source are needed. However, incineration and fuel com-
bustion are so serious that abatement measures  cannot  await
further studies. Rapid and substantial improvements in rubbish
and fuel combustion pollution should be achieved by applying
known techniques. Rubbish disposal pollution can be relieved
by  substituting sanitary landfills for   incineration; installing
baghouse  type control  devices  on municiple  incinerators;
replacing single chamber  and flue-fed  incinerators  with gas-
fired multiple-chamber incinerators;  and permitting the use of
domestic garbage grinders. Fuel combustion pollution can be
relieved by substituting natural gas for coal and oil; prohibiting
the  use of coal  and grade No  6 residual fuel oil  by Con-
solidated Edison; requiring the installation of two-stage com-
bustion  controls  on the  power  company's fossil fuel-fired
boilers;  and  prohibiting  further installation of  fossil-fired

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  16
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 power plants in or near the city. Specific information must be
 obtained on the nature  and quantity of pollutants from all
 sources. In addition, the behavior and motion of pollutants in
 the atmosphere must be determined. To accomplish these ob-
 jectives,   emission   inventories  and  a   comprehensive
 meteorological survey should be undertaken and a comprehen-
 sive air  monitoring  program  instituted. (Author summary
 modified)

 11934
 Rasch, R.
 FURNACE   SYSTEMS  FOR   REFUSE  INCINERATION.
 (Ofensysteme   fuer  die   Muellverbrennung).   Brennstoff-
 Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):376-382, Aug. 1964. 11 refs. (Presented at
 the 3rd  Muelltechnischen Colloquium  of the TH Stuttgart,
 Feb. 21, 1964.) Translated from German. Iron and  Steel Inst.,
 London (England), British Iron and Steel Industry Translation
 Service, 25p., May 1966.
 Various furnace systems  for refuse incineration are described
 and classified in terms of size and type of combustion grating.
 Grating systems considered  are the fixed-grate,  the movable
 grate  without  agitation, and  the agitated  grate.  Grateless
 systems  are also reviewed; these include the Riepel-Scherer-
 Ridl Process with slagging,  the flame chamber process with
 slagging, and the Stauff  Process with combustion in suspen-
 sion. It is recommended that special quality liners be provided
 for combustion chambers because  of excessive wear caused
 by refuse burning as compared with coal. A limit of 100,000
 kcal/cu m  is set for the fire chamber  load.  The use of hot
 waste gases to pre-dry  refuse  and to reduce  combustion
 chamber temperature  is  mentioned.  Waste  gas temperature
 must be  reduced to 350 C to assure proper induced draft and
 to  protect  gas  purification equipment. Heat  recovery  in the
 form of steam has limited economic importance. Ash removal
 and post-sintering of  refuse  ash to produce  construction
 material are also discussed briefly.

 11939
 Nuber, K.
 GARBAGE BURNING ACCORDING TO THE DUSSELDORF
 SYSTEM. Aufbereitungs Technik, no. 5:199-202,  1962. 6 refs.
 Translated from German. 1 Ip.
 An experimental refuse incineration plant is constructed to
 permit refuse to be constantly loosened, turned, and moving
 during the incineration process. This allows the plant to handle
 various types of garbage at any one time and ensures  that
 every single piece finally reaches  ignition temperature.  The
 method utilizes a grate construction from  large, slowly rotating
 rollers that are arranged in a  series. Air for combustion  enters
 the rollers axially, thus cooling them. The air supply can be
regulated for every roller individually. A feed car pushes the
garbage in layers into a combustion chamber where it passes
from  one roller to  another.  During  the process,  refuse is
turned over several  times and loosened  again and again. To
favor drying and ignition processes, the stream of hot gases is
directed  against the flow of  the  garbage.  The  last  roller
discharges the burnt residues on a  traveling grate. The plant
has been operating for one year. During this time, it has han-
dled one-third  of all  refuse  collected  in Duesseldorf. The
required temperature for the process is 900-100 C, well  above
limits of odor perception. The ashes that remain are sterile and
contain practically no fermentable substances. When graded,
 they can be used for road construction and similar purposes.
                    11940
                    Eberhardt, H. and H. Weiand
                    EXPERIENCES WITH THE NOVEL  HLUNG-STATE-GAR.
                    BAGE  INCINERATION  METHOD IN  THE COMPOSTING
                    PLANT AT  STUTTGART-MOEHRINGEN.  Aufbereitungs-
                    Technik, no. 11:490-494, 1962. Translated from German. 13p.
                    A tilting-stage garbage incineration plant is described in detail.
                    The  tilting-stage grate consists of  12-20 turning, arc-shaped
                    rows of grate rods. By successive tilting of the different rows
                    of grate rods, the garbage is passed downward. The base of
                    the furnace is 6.5 times 2.5 m; its height is 9.9 m. According to
                    the kind of garbage to be processed, this plant can handle up
                    to  220  kg of garbage per hour, with complete  burning of the
                    garbage slag.  Lack of  homogeneity of raw refuse is often a
                    cause of difficulty in incineration.  In the plant described, a
                    coarse  chopping process  with simultaneous mixing of the raw
                    refuse  prior to  its introduction to the furnace facilitates in-
                    cineration and increases the performance of the incinerator. A
                    disintegrator is used with advantage for the chopping and mix-
                    ing. At waste gas temperatures of about 350 C, the values of
                    dust emission from the smoke stack are 0.2-0.5 g/cu m.

                    11961
                    Joachim, H.
                    THE REFUSE  INCINERATION  PLANT  OF  THE  MU-
                    NICIPALITY  OF GLUECKSTADT IN HOLSTEEV. Aufbe-
                    reitung-Technik, no. 3:126-129, 1964. Translated from German.
                    lOp.
                    The construction of a refuse incineration plant with a capacity
                    sufficient for a town of 14,000 residents is reviewed. Because
                    of  the  dimensions and peculiarities of  small-town refuse, a
                    multiple zone pushing grate  was chosen  as the  main com-
                    ponent  of the plant. The  grate has a capacity of 3.28 t/hr at a
                    volumetric weight of 463 kg/cu m. Ash  and  sludge in the
                    residue is discharged through a wet ash removal plant, while
                    scrap metal is separated by a drum magnet and compacted to
                    1:5 to 1:13. The slag and ash, free from scrap metal, can be
                    used  as fill and in general road construction. The scrap metal
                    is returned to the steel industry. Combustion temperatures are
                    between 750 and 900 C.  However, transitory increases up to
                    1200  C must be  absorbed.  These  peak temperatures occur
                    when refuse from local industries  (paper, paint) is included.
                    The bunker space in the plant has refuse storage capacity  suf-
                    ficient for one week's refuse from all sources. Plant operations
                    are controlled from a central room, so it is possible to operate
                    the plant with two persons. For utilization of waste heat, the
                    refuse incineration plant is  provided  with the  sludge-drying
                    plant.

                    11962
                    Gerhardt, R. and H. Ermer
                    MODEL INVESTIGATION OF THE OPTIMAL  LAYOUT OF
                    REFUSE INCINERATION PLANTS FOR SMALL AND MEDI-
                    UM-SIZED TOWNS ON THE BASIS OF THE EXAMPLE OF
                    THE  PLANT AT NEUSTADT IN HOLSTEIN. Aufbereitungs-
                    Technik, no. 3:110-119, 1964. 3 refs. Translated  from German.
                    29p.
                    A refuse incineration plant without heat utilization  is under
                    construction in a town of 15,000 inhabitants which has wide
                    seasonal variations in the amount of refuse to be incinerated.
                    In the summer, refuse production per day is 100 cu m or 470
                    kg per inhabitant annually. During the remainder of the year,
                    refuse production  decreases to approximately 190 kg per in-
                    habitant annually. The incineration portion of the plant  is
                    designed so that, during an 8-hr operation  per day, the plant

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                                            A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                      17
 can handle the total refuse produced in the summer months.
 The capacity per hour of the plant will be 3.75 tons of refuse.
 The furnace chosen has a nominal capacity per hr of 4.72 tons.
 The plant will have a reserve capacity for refuse from parties
 who operate their own refuse collection systems and from in-
 dustrial establishments. The plant is divided into two parts: the
 heavy supporting structure  containing  a refuse bin with a
 capacity of 320  cu m refuse (corresponding to a maximum
 refuse production of  three days) and furnace feeding  equip-
 ment. Refuse dumped into the  refuse bin is transported by a
 crane  to  the feeder  tunnel  of the furnace and  then  by a
 hydraulically activated feeder device to the incineration grate
 of  the  furnace.  A tilting  grate is used. Air for  burning is
 sucked from the refuse bin by an undergrate blast. Ash and
 slag are  mechanically removed  from  under the  grate and
 discharged through an underwater scraper. The incineration
 process can be varied according to the characteristics  of the
 refuse.  For instance,  if the refuse burned has  a low heating
 value, an oil burner  can  be used. Investment  and operating
 costs for the incineration plant, heat power plant, and  hot
 water and heat supply plant are discussed in detail.

 11963
 Block, H. and A. Duhme
 REFUSE INCINERATION ACCORDING TO THE VOLUND
 SYSTEM. Aufbereitungs-Technik,  no. 3:120-125, 1964. 2 refs.
 Translated from German. 17p.
 With the Volund continuous incineration system, the furnace
 plant is fully mechanized from the refuse feeding point to the
 slag discharge. The throughput speed  of the refuse can be ad-
 justed for individual zones. Drying the refuse  with a widely
 fluctuating moisture content and  its  ignition is effected on
 grates designed as stokers  with reciprocating grate bars. Dry-
 ing the refuse in the preheated air or hot waste-gas current, in
 combination with the reflected heat from the firing chamber, is
 intensive  and permits  the  processing of very  moist garbage
 without interfering with the smooth operation of the system.
 From the ignition grate, the garbage reaches the rotating drum,
 which is  slightly inclined  toward the longitudinal axis.  The
 drum, which as a fire-resistant lining, rotates at an infinitely
 variable speed according to the furnace speed. The combusti-
 ble components remaining in the refuse are burned  as much as
 possible by the continuous churning  and by the addition of
 high-temperature  air to the drum wall. Additional heat is  sup-
 plied by the flue gases.  At the  end of  the  drum, slag is
 removed by a wet-type installation. Volund plants are  highly
 insensitive to fluctuations of heating value and load. To help
 solve the problem of sewage sludge destruction,  a plant can be
 equipped  with  a parallel-operating sewage sludge treatment
 plant. For drying, waste gases from the refuse incineration
 plant can  be used. The mixture of waste gases and vapors is
 later recycled to the main gas current from the refuse incinera-
 tion to destroy aromatic substances. The dried sewage sludge
 can then be burned in the incineration plant.

 11968
 Bachl, Herbert and Franz Maikranz
 FIRING REFUSE IN  A HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM PLANT.
 (Erfahrungen  rait der Verfeuerung  von Muell  in  einem
Hochdruck-Dampfkraftwerk). Energie  (Munich), 17(8):317-326,
 1965. Translated from German. 26p.
The problem of refuse incineration and  refuse utilization was
 solved in a new way in the Nord power  station of the Munich
municipal  power system. Refuse is  used as a fully  equivalent
fuel  in  two high-pressure  superheated  steam  boilers.  The
boilers are designed for firing coal and refuse alone  or in com-
bination. When coal and refuse are combined, 60% of the full-
load heat is supplied by  coal and 40% by refuse. When only
refuse is fired, reduced steam pressures and steam tempera-
tures are used without generation of electricity.  The installa-
tion can also be converted to gas firing or oil firing. In the pul-
verized coal-firing boilers, refuse is burned  on Martin refuse
grates located under the  refuse flue gas pass. At full load, a
boiler efficiency 92.5% is guaranteed for all-coal firing; effi-
ciency for combined operations is 85%. The annual capacity of
the boilers is expected to be about 420,000 t/yr of refuse.  At
an average refuse  heating value  of about 1200 kcal/kg, about
500,000 Gcal/hr is supplied the  power station by refuse.  In
coming years, the plant is expected to meet about 10% of Mu-
nich's power  requirements. The boilers and auxiliary plant
equipment are described in detail.

11969
TRASH INCINERATION PLANT FOR DARMSTADT. (Muell-
verbrennungsanlage  fuer  Darmstadt).  Brennstoff-Waerme-
Kraft, 16(8):408, Aug. 1964. Translated from German. Ip.
Two steel-tube boilers, each of 25 tons/hr steam capacity at 48
excess atm and 450 C are being furnished for a trash incinera-
tion plant for the city of Darmstadt. The trash incineration
grates are designed for a trash throughput of 200 tons/day. The
trash does not require preliminary pulverization or sorting. At
about 1000 C  incineration temperature, all possible  putrefac-
tion agents are destroyed; the  ashes are therefore sterile and
odorless.  The  dust  is collected by filtering equipment  to
prevent pollution in the vicinity of the plant.

11971
Ferber, Michael
TRASH INCINERATION AND AGGLOMERATING PLANT
IN BERLIN. (Muellverbrennungs- und -sinteranlage in Berlin).
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,  16(8):409, Aug.  1964. Translated
from German. Ip.
An incineration plant for city trash and some  industrial refuse,
scheduled  for  completion in Berlin-Ruhleben  in  1968,  is
described. The refuse, together with heating slag,  fly  ash from
power plants, and sludge from a neighboring clarification plant
are processed in an agglomerating belt installation into admix-
tures for concrete. Excess heat will be used for steam at  24
excess  atm,  430 C  for  municipal  heating  purposes. When
completed, a daily maximum of 2000 tons can be processed
with a daily agglomerate  production of  about 1000 tons. This
will correspond roughly to half the total trash output of the en-
tire West Berlin metropolitan area. A population of 2.2 million,
with  an annual trash load of about 3.3 million cu m (about
870,000 tons), is projected after 1972.

11972
Palm, R.
FUNCTIONS AND COMPUTATION DATA OF REFUSE IN-
CINERATORS. Energie (Munich), 17(12):539-542,  Dec. 1965. 2
refs. Translated from German. 13p.
Design and evaluation factors for the firing chamber of refuse
incinerators are reviewed. This chamber mixes both  the com-
bustible gases developed over the  grate and the flying coke
carried  by  them with the excess of air flowing through the
grate, and burns the mixture. The  chamber  is limited by the
grate,  a short feeder vault, and a longer, vertical  recycling
vault; the flame must reflect heat back to  the grate by the
vaults. The coarse dust from refuse incinerators should at least
be trapped, and particular attention must be paid to cleaning
fly ash from the heating surfaces  of the incinerator equipment.

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18
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
Grate widths are given for small installations; small grates are
often troubled by slag, and therefore grate size should not be
less than 1.20 m., even if loads are small. On the other hand,
oversize grate widths  result in a slower grate movement and
less of a stoking effect. In a discussion of thermal stress of the
firing chamber, the method for calculating thermal efficiencies
in the presence of different types of refuse is developed, and
several examples are worked out.

12441
Construction Research and Development Corp., Los Angeles,
Conrad Engineers Div.
INCINERATORS. In: Tenement Refuse Disposal Systems and
ArtificialUlumination of  Communal  Areas.  Contract FH-940,
Section 2, 98p., March 1967. 56 refs.  CFSTI: PB 180879
Despite the advantages of incinerators in a  waste burning
system, their contribution  to air pollution, usually because of
incomplete combustion,  has led to increased legislation regu-
lating  their operation and performance. Incinerators can be
built that do not emit pollutants; to accomplish this, any given
incinerator should be designed  for  its particular application.
The  design requirements of installations for single dwelling or
small  apartment  buildings, rehabilitated tenement buildings,
and  square blocks of buildings are briefly discussed. Four ap-
pendicies  are included: the first and second present the por-
tions of New York City and Los Angeles County air pollution
control legislation pertinent to incinerators;  the third is  a
reprint of Multiple Chamber Incinerator Design Standards for
Los  Angeles County  by staff members of the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District; and the fourth  is the
text  of a study entitled 'Criteria Used for Upgrading Existing
Apartment House Incinerators in the City of New York".

13112
Beck,  Horst
ATR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AT INCINERATORS  WITH
CAPACITIES UP TO 5  TONS/HR. (Probleme  der Luftreinhal-
tung bei AbfaUverbrennungsanlagen mil Durchsatzleistungen bis
zu 5 t/h).  Text in German. Energie Tech., 21(6):207-210, June
1969.
With the  increasing use of incinerators for  waste disposal,
regulations concerning the emission have  become  stringent.
Ver. Deut. Ing. standard 2301 (Feb. 1967) calls for a reduction
of stack emission of  participate matter to 200 mg/cu  m for
moist flue gas  (with a CO2 content of 7%) from incinerators
with a capacity of less than 1.5 t/hr. Incinerators with a higher
capacity are to be equipped with the most recent dust collec-
tors. Efficient  flue  gas  cleaning depends  very much  on the
selection of a suitable cleaning facility. Many factors such as
grate construction, size of the combustion chamber, capacity,
composition of the  waste  material, heating value, excess air,
and dust concentration of the dirty gas ought to be considered.
If wet dust collectors are used, waste water purification facili-
ties must be available. Cyclones and multiclones  can be used
presently only  with incinerators whose flue gases  carry low
dust  concentrations. The advantage of  such dust collectors is
their small size. Electrostatic precipitators are  gaining increas-
ing importance, particularly when operated in connection with
a multiclone.  But the newest and most suitable dust collectors
for the present  composition of flue gases are probably bag fil-
ters.  Europe's most modern incinerator, erected in Berlin and
inaugurated in  1968 (capacity of the plant is  750 kg/hr), has
been equipped  with such  a facility after satisfactory results
had been gained with a bag filter in Switzerland. Depending on
the need,  such filters can be equipped with silicon-treated
glass fiber bags of tubular shape or  with synthetic fiber bags.
                     Periodically, the tubes are shaken to dislodge the dust and
                     cause it to fall into the collecting hopper. Such filters separate
                     dusts which are in the submicron range.

                     13622
                     Zurich, R. Tanner
                     OPERATING RESULTS  OF  THE INCINERATOR OF THE
                     CITY  OF  LAUSANNE.  (Betriebsergebnisse  der  Muellver-
                     brennungsanlage der Stadt Lausanne.) Translated from Ger-
                     man.  Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft  (Duesseldorf),  20(9):430-432,
                     01968.
                     The performance of the Von Roll incinerator in Switzerland is
                     discussed based on data compiled for the years 1959 to 1967.
                     Emphasis is placed on investment and operating costs, design
                     (flue  gases are  cleared using  electrostatic  precipitators),
                     operating results, and personnel. It is concluded that although
                     the main task of  an incinerator is the hygienic  disposal of
                     waste, such a plant should operate with  enough safety margin
                     to avoid long interruptions. The Lausanne plant owes its suc-
                     cess exclusively to the standby units and to its design, which
                     makes monitoring during operation easy for the personnel.

                     14168
                     Ishii, I.
                     INCINERATOR.   2.  PROBLEMS  ON   DESIGN.   (Gomi
                     shokyakuro ni  tsuite (2) Sekkei jo no  shomondai). Text in
                     Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat Engineering) (Tokyo), 20(5):7-12,
                     May 1968. 8 refs.
                     Design of an incinerator was based on  (1) estimation of the
                     character of household trash and garbage, (2) the burning ratio
                     between  percentages of  household  trash  and garbage,  (3)
                     amount of  air in trash, (4) furnace volume, and (5) chimney
                     pressure drop. Trash is  expressed at  the point of  a  triangle
                     coordinate whose elements are water, ash,  and coal. Burning
                     ratio is derived from  elliptical  equations whose coordinates are
                     household trash and garbage. The amount of air is assumed to
                     be 0.5 cu run/kg for household trash and 2.9 cu run/kg for gar-
                     bage.  Furnace volume is  expressed by (burning rate) x (lower
                     heat  of generation)/(heat  generation in the furnace). Pressure
                     drop is the summation of that of the chimney  and  of the trash
                     layer. Chimney height is  directly proportional to the pressure
                     drop and inversely proportional to gas temperature. Chimney
                     size is determined by Rente's  equation.

                     14367
                     Kaiser, E. R.
                     THE  INCINERATION OF BULKY  REFUSE.  D.  American
                     Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div.,
                     Proc.  Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York,  1968, p. 129-135. 5
                     refs. (May 5-8).
                     Conventional  incinerators are not designed to cope  directly
                     with  logs,  tree stumps,  branches,  truck tires,  demolition
                     lumber, furniture,  mattresses, pallets, and the like. Landfill
                     space is limited and must be conserved by reduction in the
                     volume of refuse.  Tests  are described which show the prac-
                     ticability of hearth-type furnaces for the incineration of bulky
                     refuse. The oversized waste is charged by tractor into the fur-
                     nace. Burning rates average 18 Ibs/hr/sq ft of refractory hearth
                     area. Smoke,  produced by the presence of hydrocarbons and
                     the rapid  rate  of  devolatilization of part of  the  waste,  is
                     burned out in a secondary chamber  with  excess air, turbu-
                     lence,  and time.  Fly ash  emission is kept  low  because  of
                     minimal flow  of underfire air. Tests of two primary chambers
                     of a bulk-charge furnace 20 times 10 times 12 ft high are given
                     and the findings are  coordinated with guidelines to  designers.

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                     19
 Also  shown are proposed designs for incineration of 2 to 20
 tons per hour.

 14442
 Kuhlmann, A.
 TOWNS AND  COMMUNITIES  CANNOT  IGNORE  THE
 NECESSITY  OF RUBBISH INCINERATION. (Staedte  und
 Gemeinden duerfen  sich der Notwendigkeit zur  Muellver-
 brennung  nicht entziehen.)  Text in  German.  Brennstoff-
 Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):405-408. Sept 1968.
 From the point of view of hygiene,  the use of dumps is in-
 defensible, while rubbish incineration  using modem techniques
 is both satisfactory and economically feasible. Graphs showing
 the annual total weight and volume of  rubbish produced per
 inhabitant in  the cities of Amsterdam, Stockholm, West Ber-
 lin, Dusseldorf, Hamburg, Hannover and Frankfurt am Main
 are given. As an example, a graph showing the heating values
 of rubbish in  the years 1955 to 1964 Bern, Switzerland exhibits
 a strongly  rising trend.  The  present state  of rubbish com-
 bustion is discussed. The initial and  operating costs are con-
 sidered in detail and a numerical example of the rubbish com-
 bustion plant  costs for a city of 850,000 inhabitants is given.

 14923
 Smith, Russell A., Lee L. Wikstrom, and Arrigo A. Carotti
 AIR BORNE  EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERA-
 TORS. SUMMARY REPORT  OF STATE OF KNOWLEDGE,
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR  FURTHER STUDIES AND AN
 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. New York  Univ., University
 Heights, N. Y., Chem. Eng. Dept., Contract PH 86-67-62, 35p.,
 May 1961. 56 refs.
 Studies  of  emissions  from  municipal incinerators  were
 reviewed and found to be relatively limited in number as well
 as in scope. Some are concerned  only with particulate, CO2,
 CO, H2O,  O2, and N2 emissions  while others are concerned
 with the parameters and the parameters influencing the quanti-
 ty of emission. In general, these analyses were conducted dur-
 ing normal, steady state incinerator operating conditions. More
 detailed identification  and quantitation were restricted to par-
 ticulates  and  hydrocarbons.  New York City  area  studies
 seemed particularly few in numbers. The following recommen-
 dations for future studies are made: sample and analyze stack
 discharge from municipal incinerators in the New York City
 metropolitan area; determine the rate of discharge of  specific
 chemicals over a 12-month period,  with emphasis on toxic sub-
 stances; determine the rate of discharge when the incinerator
 is operated at design capacity and/or at capacity loading that
 meets local air pollution  control requirements; and determine
 variations in general composition. A brief summary paragraph
 is given with most of the references.

 14972
 Smith, David  B. and David H. Scott
 COMPREHENSIVE  AIR   POLLUTION  CONTROL  PLANT.
 PART ONE.   DATA  SUMMARY. AIR POLLUTION AND
 METEOROLOGY.   David  B.   Smith   Engineers,   Inc.,
 Gainesville, Fla., HUD Proj.  FLA. P-65, 38p., July 1968. 23
 refs. CFSTI: PB-184678
A background  study  of air pollution in Palm Beach  County
identifies and locates the county's major emission sources. Cli-
matological and meteorological conditions which increase the
 severity of pollution are described. It  was found  that common
air pollution complaints to the county involve commercial  in-
cineration in  close proximity  to residential areas, caused  by
careless operating procedures.  Improperly operated, the 74 ap-
proved small commercial incinerators produce soot, fly ash,
and smoke. Seven sugar mills and two major fossil-fuel elec-
tric generating plants emit significant quantities of smoke and
related pollutants due to either improper operation, low grade
plant fuel, or  can field burning with uncontrolled  emissions.
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft emits atmospheric pollutants on an
occasional short-term basis. Burning of junked  automobile
hulks and production of asphalt contributes to the  emissions.
Only in the Pahokee-Belle  Glade area do  dustfall measure-
ments exceed a median residential-commercial threshold con-
centration of 14.4 tons/square mile/month under average con-
ditions. All sampling points experience greater maximum dust-
fall concentrations except Royal Palm Beach. Dustfall concen-
trations in Riviera  Beach, West Palm Beach, Palm Springs,
Delray Beach, Boca Raton and the Pahokee-Belle Glade area
exceed  the  standard  concentrations for strictly  residential
areas. Salhaven, Cross State, Boca Raton Rubbish, Lake Park,
Pahokee  North,  and Belle  Glade solid  waste disposal sites
practice open burning of wastes. Uncontrolled burning at some
of these sites greatly reduces night time visibility along major
transportation arteries including the Sunshine State Parkway.
(Author abstract modified)

16254
EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS  OF  THE  WASTE COMPOSI-
TION ON DESIGN PARAMETERS OF INCINERATORS. (Die
Auswirkungen von Schwankungen der Muellbeschaffenheit auf
einige  Konstruktionsparameter   von  Muellverbrennungsan-
lagen).  Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):428- 429, 1968. 1 ref.
Translated  from German.  Franklin Inst.  Research  Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 6p., Sept. 25, 1969.
(Presented at Winter Annual Meeting of the  American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967.)
A computer  program was developed to find the limits  within
which the waste composition may change and to find the ef-
fects of the changes on the various parameters. The program
is executed  with the  following  values:  upper heating value
from 2225-4450 kcal/kg, carbon from 24-405%, hydrogen from
3.5-7.5%, oxygen from 20-30%,  water from 11-30%, incom-
bustible material from 11-22.5%, and carbon/hydrogen ratio
from 10.8-24. It was shown that the heating  value increases
with increasing content of free hydrogen. If the waste com-
position and heating value, air surplus, and heat loss are given,
the combustion products at a capacity  of  900 kg/h  can be
found with the computer  program. The specific heats  and
enthalpies can be found and a heat equation can be established
to determine  the equilibrium gas temperature. The computer
program also helps to find the amount of water required for
cooling flue gases to 540, 400, 260, 120 C, or to saturation.  It
also determines the mass and volume flow at every important
point in the  circulation. All calculations  include a certain as-
sumed  percentage of incombustible material. An air surplus
from 40-300% and  a heat loss  from 2-60% of the entire
released heat are included in the input data. With this pro-
gram,  2310 various  cases  can be computed and 70,000  in-
dividual data for 21 different  waste compositions can be ob-
tained.  By feeding the results of analysis of  the waste com-
position and its presumable variation over a certain period into
the computer, all parameters essential for the  sizing of the in-
dividual parts  of the incinerator within  a certain  determined
range can be found.

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 20

 16514
 National Air Pollution Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C.,
 Div. of Abatement
 INTERIM GUIDE OF  GOOD PRACTICE FOR  INCINERA-
 TION AT FEDERAL FACILITIES. NAPCA Pub. AP-46, 94p.,
 Nov. 1969. 19 refs.
 This quide is to be used by Federal Agencies in  selecting in-
 cinerators for burning the following wastes: highly combustible
 mixtures, e.g.,  paper,  cardboard,  wood, floor  sweepings,
 plastic, and rubber, containing 10% moisture and 5% noncom-
 bustible  solids;  combustible  mixtures  of  paper,  cardboard,
 wood,  foliage, floor sweepings, and restaurant wastes contain-
 ing 25% moisture and  10% noncombustible  solids; approxi-
 mately even mixtures of rubbish and garbage  containing up to
 50% moisture and 7%  incombustible solids;  and human and
 animal remains containing up to 85% moisture and 5% incom-
 bustible solids. The information presented applies to incinera-
 tors with a burning capacity of 2000  pounds/hr or less of
 general refuse and up to 200 pounds/hr of pathological wastes.
 Multiple-chamber retort or multiple-chamber in-line incinera-
 tors are  specified for general refuse; multiple chamber retort
 incinerators, for pathological refuse. Any incinerator of more
 than 200 pounds/hr capacity must be equipped with specified
 scrubbers or scrubbers  of  equivalent efficiency.  Testing will
 not be required for incinerators and incinerator-scrubber com-
 binations built as recommended. Multiple-chamber incinerators
 conforming to Incinerator Institute of America Standards will
 be accepted as  alternate incinerators if their emission levels
 are determined by prescribed tests.

 16710
 POLLUTIONLESS  REFUSE INCINERATION. Brit.  Chem.
 Eng., 13(12):1653, Dec.  1968.
 A continuous  closed system, achieving complete combustion
 of refuse without atmospheric pollution, is described. In this
 system, a unique grate design ensures efficient transport of the
 burning refuse and creates maximum disturbance and aeration
 of the furnace  bed. Operation  is automatic, with  minimum
 labor requirements, and unit capacities  vary from 60 to more
 than 900 t/d.

 16869
 Kaiser, Elmer R.
 SUCCESSFUL INCINERATORS  ARE NOT CHEAP. Power,
 113(9):78-79, Sept. 1969.
 Whether incinerators only dispose of refuse or generate steam
 as well, careful design is needed to make them acceptable to
 their users and  to the  community. The sizing, location, and
 control of air jets to promote complete combustion, corrosion,
 and stack height are among the problems  that must be con-
 sidered in incinerator design. A large multipurpose incinerator
 plant constructed in Stamford, Conn, is described briefly.

 17243
 KUSUMOTI, MASAYASU
 SOME  PROBLEMS IN REFUSE DISPOSAL. (Haibutsu shobun
 no mondaiten). Text in  Japanese. Yosui to Haisui (J.  Water
 Waste), 11(8):619-621, Aug. 1, 1969.
 Disposal  of refuse,  solid or liquid, does not imply  complete
 solution of the refuse problem, although some refuse is partly
reduced to energy by incineration and partly  dispersed to  the
 atmosphere in an aerosol state. Human productive  activities
 are closely linked to the metobolic processes by which  nature
provides raw materials and other substances for consumption,
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
and as long as men remain  within the metabolic cycle the
balance between  nature and  productive activities  is  main-
tained. In highly  industrialized societies, this equilibrium is
lost. For  example, in  the process of pulp manufacturing,
nearly  4 tons of refuse  is processed per 1 ton pulp, while in
the second process of  paper production, 13% of refuse is
produced per total amount of pulp. What is finally collected as
paper is about 40%; the  remaining 60% is refuse. The concept
of refuse disposal as a transitional process in which refuse is
conveyed to the cycle of metabolism and then returned  to na-
ture may not be a reliable one. It appears more promising to
dump refuse in the ocean or to utilize it for land reclamation
by composting or fertilization even though these solutions in-
volve problems of large scale collection and transportation.
Studies bearing on technical aspects of composting and land
reclamation are sufficiently developed to suggest  that com-
posting is  the most practical  countermeasure  for  refuse
disposal.

17462
Murakami, M., T. Kawashima, and K. Kamitsu
INCINERATION PLANT AT ISOGO IN YOKOHAMA CITY.
(Yokohamashi   seisokyoku  isogo kojo  ni   tsuite).  Text  in
Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. of Heating
Air Conditioning Sanitary Engrs.), 44(2):131-138, 1970.
The design and operation of the recently constructed Isogo in-
cineration plant is presented. The plant site area covers  13141
sq m, of which buildings occupy 7330 sq m. The plant is com-
posed of three basements, five floors, a waste dumping  build-
ing, a charging building,  furnace building, central building, and
other  adjoining buildings. The  average yearly  incineration
capacity is 300 t/24 hrs;  the maximum capacity of 450 t/24 hrs
is designed to  meet seasonal increases in refuse. The plant is
characterized by a sanitary working environment and the ap-
plication of modem technology.  The quantity of smoke dust
emitted is less than 0.1 g/cu Nm due to the use of mul-
ticyclone and electric dust collectors. Effective smoke disper-
sion is  promoted by a chimney height of 85 m; emission  speed
is  more than 20  m/s. An airtight pit chamber prevents the
discharge of odors. Waste water is chemically treated to meet
water quality standards.  At night, noise is suppressed to less
than 50 phon.  Furnace  operations are  automated and, like
other proceedings, observed on television sets in a control
room.  Furnace rooms are ventilated  20 times/hr and  other
rooms  between 10 and 15 times/hr. Surplus steam from waste
heat in boilers is utilized for a sludge digestion tank and sur-
plus gas, mainly methane, as a subsidiary fuel. The first floor
of the plant is 5 m higher than  the average tide level of Tokyo
Bay.

17552
Hansen, Erwin G., P. E.  Rousseau, and Henri Rousseau
AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL
CRISIS. Combustion, 41(9):8-13, March 1970.
Conventional incineration plants in the United  States have
used a  refractory  type incinerator with a waste heat boiler in-
stalled  in the flue  outlet.  Because of problems of maintenance,
corrosion and slagging, and plugging of gas passages, this ar-
rangement has been totally abandoned in European practice.
As in the  Issy-les- Moulineaux plant southwest of Paris, the
incinerator boiler and furnace must be an integral unit. At the
French plant, refuse is,  in effect, burned in  the furnace of a
water-wall type boiler. The plant has four units, each designed
to burn 39,600 Ib of refuse an hour.  In operation, collection
vehicles discharge refuse to a pit having a two-day collection
capacity. The pit  is maintained under a negative atmospheric

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      21
 pressure with all combustion air being drawn from the pit.
 Consequently,  no dust spreads to the outside. Wastes are
 transferred by cranes from the pit to furnace charging chutes.
 Each furnace contains a Martin type stoker which provides a
 continuous tumbling of refuse through alternating movement
 of fixed and mobile bars. Ashes fall by gravity into a water
 trough from which they are discharged onto a belt conveyor.
 On leaving the boiler, combustion products pass through elec-
 trostatic precipitators with  an efficiency of 98%. As  a result,
 smoke  emissions from the  plant  are rarely  visible. Steam
 generated by the boilers is discharged to a back-pressure tur-
 bine where it is expanded to approximately 285 psi. This steam
 is sold to  the  heating company which serves the center of
 Paris.  In 1967, the plant sold 1,100,000 Ib  of steam  and
 generated 75,000,000 kw hours of electricity. The incinerated
 refuse, which contains only  0.1% putrescible  matter and 3%
 unbumed carbon (including fly ash), is also sold, generally for
 road construction. The plant was constructed in 1962 at a cost
 of $23,000,000. In 1967, operating costs were $1.46 a ton after
 the sale of steam, electricity,  and residue.

 17604
 Stahl, Quade R.
 PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF SELENIUM
 AND ITS COMPOUNDS. A  LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton
 Systems, Inc.,  Silver Spring, Md.,  Environmental  Systems
 Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-47,  76p.,
 Oct. 1969. 135 refs. CFSTI: PB 188077
 The literature  on the human and animal  effects,  sources,
 abatement, economics, and methods of analysis of selenium
 and its compounds  as air pollutants is reviewed, with an ap-
 pendix of tabular material from selected references. Selenium
 compounds in the atmosphere are known to cause irritation of
 the eyes, nose,  throat, and respiratory tract in humans, and,
 under conditions of prolonged exposure, gastrointestinal disor-
 ders. In animals, there are indications that selenium ingestion
 may cause cancer of the liver, and it is  known to  produce
 pneumonia and degeneration of liver and kidneys. Although no
 studies were  found on the effects of atmospheric selenium on
 plants,  species  which are  classed as  primary indicators or
 secondary  selenium  absorbers are discussed.  Sources of  at-
 mospheric  selenium  include combustion of industrial and re-
 sidential fuels,  refinery waste gases and fumes, and incinera-
 tion of wastes  including paper products  which contains as
 much as 6 ppm selenium. Little data is available on concentra-
 tions of selenium in the air; one report indicated an average
 value of 0.001  microgram/cu m in  the vicinity of  Boston,
 Mass.  Electrostatic  precipitators and water scrubbers are ef-
 fective in controlling emissions of selenium in industrial opera-
 tions. No information has been found on the economic costs
 of selenium air pollution, or  on the costs of its abatement.
 Methods are  available for the analysis  of  selenium in the at-
 mosphere,   including   neutron  activation   analysis   and
 colorimetry. (Author abstract modified)

 17610
 Miner, Sydney
 PRELIMINARY AIR POLLTUION SURVEY OF AMMONIA:
 A LITERATURE  REVIEW.  Litton  Systems,  Inc., Silver
 Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div.,  Contract PH 22-68-
 25,  NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-25, 39p., Oct.  1969.  79 refs. CF-
 STI: PB 188082
Ammonia is a natural constituent of the atmosphere, but exists
in concentrations below the level that is hazardous to humans,
animals, plants, or materials. High concentrations of ammonia
gas are corrosive to mucous membranes; can damage  the eye,
throat, and upper respiratory tract; and can produce residual
damage and even death in humans and animals. High concen-
trations are also toxic to most plant life and corrode metals.
Almost all of the ammonia in the atmosphere is produced by
natural biological processes, largely from the decomposition of
organic waste material. Ammonia produced by industry and as
a result of urban activities, though of lesser importance, can
be  a factor in  air pollution in localized areas. The major
sources of urban-produced ammonia are automobile exhausts,
fuel combustion, and waste incineration. Industrial sources of
ammonia are refineries, fertilizer plants, and organic chemical
process plants. Air quality standards for ammonia concentra-
tions have not yet been established in the United States. The
average levels of  environmental concentrations are approxi-
mately 20 micrograms/cu m. Methods used to abate  other pol-
lutants with which it is associated also reduce the quantity of
ammonia reaching the  atmosphere. These methods include wet
scrubbers, bag filters, and charcoal filters.  Future emissions of
ammonia are expected to be greater as a result of increases in
incineration, fuel oil usage, catalytic cracking,  and gasoline
consumption. The principle method used for  sampling  at-
mospheric  ammonia  is  the Nessler  colorimetric  method.
(Author abstract  modified)

18009
Darnay, Arsen, Jr.
THROWAWAY PACKAGES--A  MIXED BLESSING. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 3(4):328-333, April 1969.
Solid wastes pose many  problems  to  the affluent society.
Waste collection, waste processing, aesthetic blight from litter-
ing, soil and groundwater pollution from decomposition of or-
ganics,  air  pollution  from waste combustion,  and loss of
potentially valuable raw materials are aspects of the  subject
which are discussed. Each of these subject areas is considered
from the point of view of the basic problem, the contribution
of  disposable  packaging  to the problem, and  possible  ap-
proaches to solution of the problem.

18173
Kaupert, W.
RUBBISH GASIFICATION. EXPERIENCES WITH THE RUB-
BISH GAS PLANT IN THE DANISH TOWN OF KOLDBVG.
(Muellvergasung  Erfahrungen mil dem  Muellgaswerk in der
daenischen  Stadt  Kolding.)  Text  in  German.  Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):433-435, Sept. 1968.
A detailed description  and diagram are given of a rubbish gas
plant in which rubbish is broken down mechanically  to  fist-
size pieces, is fed from above into a 19 m-high vertical oil or
gas-fired retort and is gasified at a constant temperature of
1000 C. The fuel oil consumption is 0.18 tons per ton of rub-
bish. The combustion gases travel through annular channels in
the retort wall and through a heat exchanger in which they are
cooled to  170 C  and escape through a short tin flue without
noticeable smoke emission.  A patented 'heat muff  on top of
the  retort provides  a  heat-proof  seal  and  removes   the
produced gas, mixed with steam added in the required propor-
tion to a cooler in which the gas-steam mixture is cooled to 70
C. The heat content of the gas and the heat of condensation of
the steam are used for heating. The condensate is alkaline and
does  not  attack plant surfaces. The  rubbish  gas is  then
scrubbed in the  conventional manner  and  fed  into  a gas
storage tank. The ash, falling down through the bottom outlet
of the retort is absolutely steril, fine-grained and very loose
and  may safely  be used  as a fill. Other  uses  are  under in-
vestigation. The  chemical composition of rubbish gas during
the year 1967 is given. Its heating value was, on the average,

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 22
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 3290 kcal/nonnal cu m. A cost estimate of the operation of a
 rubbish gas plant in towns of different sizes is given.

 19052
 Cross, Frank L., Jr.
 CAN   ON-SITE  INCINERATION   SOLVE  A  WASTE
 DISPOSAL PROBLEM AND  NOT  CREATE AIR  POLLU-
 TION? Preprint, City of Elizabeth, N.  J. and Rutgers - The
 State Univ., New Brunswick, N. J., 10p., 1970. S refs. (Presented
 at the Air Pollution Control Meeting Elizabeth, N. J., 1970.)
 The annual production of solid waste in the United States is
 approximately 140 million tons. The  disposal of these  wastes
 each year creates large quantities of airborne pollutants, in-
 cluding one million tons each of carbon monoxide, sulfur diox-
 ide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen  oxides, and particulate  matter.
 Between the time that a community runs out of suitable land
 for sanitary landfill and the time when it can afford to con-
 struct a municipal or regional incinerator, on-site incineration
 is important in  the  community's waste disposal  operations.
 Poorly designed multiple-chamber units and poorly  operated
 units have  resulted  in  the discharge  of large quantities  of
 smoke from single-chamber incinerators. Some state and local
 control agencies are passing regulations lowering the paticulate
 emission limit to 0.1 grain/cu foot. Many units will not meet
 these  regulations  without installing some  type  of  control
 device, such as  a scrubber or auxiliary burner. Some  factors
 essential to good planning have  been suggested  by the In-
 cinerator Institute of America; collecting and method of charg-
 ing, ample space around the incinerator, adequate air supply,
 adequate draft, chimney location,  and current local codes and
 ordinances.

 19547
 Greeley, S. A. and Abraham Michaels
 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS. J.
 Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  6(3):133-143, Nov. 1956.  8 refs.
 (Presented at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 Semiannual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, June 17-19, 1956.)
 Two papers representing the  points of view of the designer
 and  the  customer respectively include only those  parts  of
 direct interest to air pollution and  its control. A description of
 the designer's problem is presented in terms of types of pollu-
 tants, degree of control  desirable, and types of control equip-
 ment which were being  tried. Cyclones, gravel filters,  water,
 and electric precipitation were all too expensive to be risked in
 their present untried state; the designer should stick  to  the
proven  subsidence  chamber  but allow  sufficient room  at
strategic points to permit incorporation of whichever  system
proves most economical in the future. From the  customer's
point of view, pollution  control-as long as it did not increase
the cost too much-was  an excellent selling point to the elec-
torate.  More concern was  expressed  over the cost of  techni-
cally competent  personnel to  operate automated faculties  as
compared to the cost of the unskilled labor required to operate
conventional manual  installations.  Both the  designer and  the
customer emphasized the  need for  equipment reliability  to
reduce expensive down-time and maintenance.

20153
Houry, E. and H. W.  Kain
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN OF SMOKELESS-ODORLESS IN-
CINERATORS FOR MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE. American
Gas Association  Labs.,  Cleveland, Ohio, Research Bull.  93,
41p., Dec. 1962. 4 refs.
A study was conducted to reduce the quantity of particulate
matter in the effluents of incinerators for domestic waste. The
content of the particulate matter was measured in the flue
between the primary chamber and the secondary chamber.
One end of a steel pipe was inserted into the desired location
while the other end extended through the  outer jacket of the
incinerator and was connected to the glass probe normally
used in extracting the effluent sample from the stack. Produc-
tion of some particulate matter in the primary  chambers of
present domestic incinerators may be attributed to inadequate
heat distribution to the charge and/or insufficient air at the
right places in the charge. The input rates  of two incinerators
were each incresed by 10,000 Btu per hour. Particulate matter
decreased as much as 87%. Uncarbonized residue remaining in
the ash after incineration was reduced as much as 55%. Two
domestic incinerators were equipped with power burners. The
incineration rate could  be greatly increased; an afterburner
was not necessary  for  a  satisfactory effluent when a more
complete reaction occurred in the primary chamber. A proto-
type domestic  gas-fire  incinerator was  designed and  con-
structed. The unit operated with a particulate matter content in
the flue gases of less than 0.05 grains per cubic foot.

20276
Rue, Phillip G. La
ELECTRIC SMOKELESS AND ODORLESS INCINERATOR.
(Calculator Corp., Bay City, Mich.) U.  S. Pat. 3,496,890. 6p.,
Feb. 24, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. Nov. 6, 1967, 9 claims).
A smokeless  and odorless  incinerator for burning garbage and
other refuse  is  described. The refuse is placed in a primary
combustion chamber where it  is ignited by mounted heating
elements. An afterburner is provided which reburns the smoke
and gases as they flow from the primary chamber. The remain-
ing unburned refuse in the primary chamber is dried up  by a
second heating  device before being burned. The heating ele-
ments may be open coil resistance wires which are protected
by a grid placed between them and the refuse. The  second
heating device is preferably placed from the bottom of the pri-
mary chamber. (Author abstract modified)

20517
Barbeito, Manuel S. and Gardner G. Gremillion
MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY EVALUATION OF AN  IN-
DUSTRIAL   REFUSE   INCINERATOR.   Appl.   Microbiol.,
16(2):291-295, Feb. 1968. 6 refs
An industrial refuse incinerator  was tested to  determine
minimal operating temperatures required to prevent release of
viable microorganisms into the  atmosphere.  A liquid suspen-
sion of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores  was disseminated
into the  firebox as an  aerosol,  and dry spores mixed  with
animal bedding were dumped into the firebox. The minimal
requirement for wet spores was 575 F for the firebox air tem-
perature  and 385 F for the firebrick refractory lining. When
dry spores were used, these temperatures were 700 and 385 F,
respectively. Although internal air temperatures of incinerators
in continuous operation generally average 1200 to 1700 F, any
one or combination of the following factors may interfere with
the necessary time-temperature exposure of airborne microor-
ganisms  required  for  sterilization:   temperature  gradients
caused by intermittent use, linear velocites  that exceed the in-
cinerator design and thereby reduce retention time, internal
conveyors,  automatic vibrating grates, charging  beyond in-
cinerator capacity, moisture content of refuse, height of stack,
and type of refractory lining. (Author abstract modified)

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                     23
20585
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION  SURVEY OF  NICKEL
AND ITS COMPOUNDS:  A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton
Systems,  Inc., Silver Spring, Md.,  Environmental Systems
Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-41, 69p.,
Oct. 1969. 113 refs. CFSTI: PB 188070
As determined by a literature search, inhalation of nickel or its
compounds can cause lung cancer, sinus cancer, other disor-
ders of the respiratory system, or dermatitis.  No information
was  found on the effects of emissions of nickel on commercial
animals, plants, or materials. The most likely sources of nickel
in urban air are metallurgical plants using nickel, engines burn-
ing fuels containing nickel additives, coal and  oil combustion,
nickel plating facilities, and incineration of nickel products. In
1964, the national average  atmospheric concentration of nickel
was  0.032 micrograms/cu m, while the national maximum con-
centration was 0.690  micrograms/cu m. Nickel air pollution
usually  occurs as particulate emissions and is  controlled with
the total particulates  by dust handling equipment such as bag
filters, precipitators,  and  scrubbers.  The only serious abate-
ment problem is with gaseous nickel carbonyl, which must be
thermally decomposed before it can be removed as particulate.
No methods for controlling nickel emissions  from  motor  ex-
haust are cited in the literature. Analytical methods are availa-
ble to measure nickel at the 0.006 microgram/cu m level and
nickel carbonyl at the 7 microgram/cu m level.

20646
Hirayama, Naomichi, Kazuo Hishida, Sadao Konno, and
Toshio Ohira
A RESEARCH ON THE  REFUSE  INCINERATORS FROM
THE VD3WPOINT OF  SMOKE PROPERTIES.  Bull. JSME
(Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs.), 11(47):902-912 1968. 4 refs.
Operating conditions, type of refuse  burned, concentrations of
noxious flue gas components, and the amount of dust and fly
ash in flue gases were determined for 15 municipal and private
incinerators in Tokyo. Integrated  test results are tabulated and
evaluated in  terms of incinerator design criteria. Concentra-
tions of hydgrogen chloride were  high where  rubbish was
burned, sometimes reaching 2000 ppm in emissions from  de-
partment  store  incinerators. This  amount renders  furnace
design almost impossible due to the metal corrosion. The con-
centration of HC1 in  the flue gas of municipal incinerators is
usually less than 200 ppm, so attention should be paid to high
temperature  incineration and stress  corrosion  of metals. The
total of sulfur oxides in flue gas from incinerators is less than
100 ppm. Ammonium is not produced by rubbish combustion,
and that produced by garbage combustion can  be  substantially
reduced by high-temperature incineration,  as  can concentra-
tions of aldehydes. Temperature has  no  effect on organic
acids, the total content of  which is usually less than 100 ppm,
but high temperatures (above 900 C) produce  increased con-
centrations of  nitrogen dioxides. The dust and  fly ash content
in the  flue  gas of continuous combustion incinerators  are
nearly equal to that of the batch combustion type. The ash
content  can  be controlled by retaining the ash on  the after-
burning grate for a sufficient period of time. With respect to
dust, dry collectors are perferable for refuse incinerators.

20737
Flowers, George H. Jr.
APPARATUS  FOR BURNING COMBUSTD3LE  PRODUCTS
IN   EXHAUST  GASES   AND   REMOVING   FLY  ASH
THEREFROM. (Waste  Combustion  Corp.,   Mechanicsville,
Va.) U. S. Pat. 3,489,109. 7p., Jan. 13, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. July
9, 1968,17 claims).
An  incinerator is described for burning in large volume  all
types  of rubbish or waste material, while  the exhaust gases
from the main combustion zone are subjected to another burn-
ing  zone to insure complete combustion and to a zone for the
removal of fly ash. It comprises a casing member defining a
main combustion chamber and a passageway through the cas-
ing  member for discharge of exhaust gases. A transition con-
duit communicates with the passageway for receiving exhaust
gases, while there is a pressure burner for effecting a burning
zone  in  the  transition conduit. A second casing  member
defines  a fly ash  collection zone,  and a baffle within the
second casing member divides it into two chambers in commu-
nication with each  other. The discharge  opening of the transi-
tion conduit is positioned in one chamber, while a stack has an
inlet opening  in the other  chamber.  Forced air for the main
combustion zone of the incinerator is supplied through holes in
the  casing member; the holes can be cleaned from the exterior
of the incinerator. (Author abstract modified)

20759
Pelletier, Eugene
INCINERATOR.  (Raymond  Lee Organization,  Inc., New
York) U.  S. Pat. 3,485,190. 2p., Dec. 23, 1969. 6 refs. (Appl.
July 15, 1968, 5 claims).
An  incinerator in which garbage and other waste is burned
consists of a vertical chimney which passes upward through a
multistory building; each floor  has  an access  door through
which waste can be thrown downward into the chimney. A
firebox with an ash pit is at the base of the chimney and has
jets of flame injected downwards The waste is caught by dam-
pers, disposed above the jets, which operate automatically or
manually to feed the waste to the flames. Fans are situated in
the  chimeny above the hightes story to create a forced upward
draft.  Electrical heating coils, above the  fans, completely burn
the  combustion products, such as flyash, drawn upward from
the  jets.  This ensures  complete  burning prior to discharge to
the  atmosphere.

20906
Essenhigh, R. H.
INCINERATION -- A PRACTICAL AND  SCffiNTOTIC AP-
PROACH. Environ. Sci.  Technol. 2(7):524-534,  July 1968.  19
refs.
A progress report is given of the following projects undertaken
at Pennsylvania  State University concerned with the basic
science and technology of incinerators: 1) study of the kinetics
of typical waste  materials during the combustion reaction; 2)
combustion study  of burning bed behavior in  a small com-
bustion pot; 3) cold-model studies of the aerodynamic patterns
in an incinerator: and 4) construction and instrumentation of a
small  test incinerator.  The  types of waste are classified  on a
six point scale. An  analysis of the types bumed in an incinera-
tor indicates that although the ratio of garbage to rubbish may
vary from time to  time,  the basic combustible ingredients in
both cases are carbohydrates, and the principle variation is in
water content. For  purposes of the study, the area of action in
the  incinerator is subdivided into two zones:  zone one consists
of a solid bed and  'underfire', zone two consists of gases and
'overfire'. Of  the above mentioned projects, project 1) makes
use  of paper spheres of varying diameter made from a rapidly
mixed pulp of shredded paper and water, which are burned in
an airstream at differing flow velocities. Project 2) makes use
of steel tubes packed  with newspaper rolls or wooden pegs,

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 24
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 the principle of which is to form a substantially planar reaction
 zone at the top of the  cylinder and to study this as it moves
 upstream against the airflow. Project 3) uses a gas tracer (CO2
 or He) to  determine the division of  the total volume into a
 stirred section and a plug flow section, with the ultimate ob-
 ject of determining the optimum arrangement for the overfire
 air to be used in a test incinerator. The test incinerator of pro-
 ject 4) is built of super-duty firebrick, 10 feet high and 2 feet
 square, equipped with an optical smoke meter and  a monitor
 gas  sampling probe, both located in the  stack.  Plans  are to
 analyze such gases  as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ox-
 ygen,  and  water vapor,  using a variety  of instruments and
 analyzers.

 21492
 Hotti, G. and R.  Tanner
 HOW EUROPEAN  ENGINEERS DESIGN  INCINERATORS.
 Am. City, 1969: 107-112, 147, June 1969.
 Current European design parameters for refuse incinerators
 are described. Heat utilization is considered in  many plants.
 Neighborhood nuisances  can be eliminated by proper design
 and operation. Early systems of refuse destruction include cell
 furnaces, rotary  kilns, and shaft furnaces. More recently, units
 with  integrated combustion chambers proved to be superior.
 Maintaining a narrow temperature range, controlling the mix
 of the refuse, and matching the boiler size to the grate capaci-
 ty all improve operating efficiency. Plant design is dependent
 upon firing efficiency,  which is a function of all other deter-
 mining factors. Due to the changing quality of refuse, redesign
 of incinerators is becoming necessary. Recent developmental
 trends are discussed.

 21882
 Franzke, H. H.
 REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS AT REFUSE INCINERATORS.
 (Emissionsverminderung bei der Abfallverbrennung). Text in
 German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Her., no. 149:313-317, 1970.
 The 'heterogeneous nature of refuse material makes any reduc-
 tion of emissions difficult. Incinerators primarily emit dust (1
 to 20 g/cu  m), sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide (500 to  2500
 mg/cu m), hydrogen chloride  (150  to  1500 mg/cu m), and
 odors. The Federal government has imposed emission limits on
 incinerators, namely 150 mg/cu m of dust for plants with a cir-
 culation of 1.5 tons/h, and 200 mg/cu m of dust  and a carbon
 dioxide-content of 7%  for plants with a  capacity below 1.5
 tons/h. Technical measures for the reduction of emissions are
 discussed  in the VDI  (Association  of  German  Engineers)
 guidelines  2114  and  2301. High stacks help to reduce  high
 emission concentrations. For flue gas cleaning, the gases must
 first be cooled to temperatures between 150 and 250 C, while
 the liberated heat can be used for power generation. If no heat
 utilization is contemplated, water or fresh air must be used for
 cooling the gases. Electrostatic precipitators are primarily used
 for dust separation in large incinerators. In storage bunkers an
 underpressure must be maintained to avoid spread of disagree-
able odors.

21952
Kaiser, Elmer R.
EVALUATION OF THE  MELT-ZIT  HIGH-TEMPERATURE
INCINERATOR.   (OPERATION   TEST   REPORT).  Public
Health Service,   Cincinnati,  Ohio Bureau of  Solid  Waste
Management, City of Brockton  Grant D01-U1-00076, 113p..,
Aug. 1968. 13 refs. CFSTI: PB 187309
                    The performance of a high-temperature incinerator was tested
                    in terms of its potential for practical application. The incinera-
                    tor is unique in that it is basically a vertical, cylindrical shaft
                    furnace with a refractory lining. The non-combustible fractions
                    of refuse are melted in a bed of high-temperature coke, and
                    drained from  the furnace  as  molten  slag and iron. Organic
                    matter in the residue is thereby automatically prevented and
                    complete sterility is achieved. The residue has a high density.
                    In the state of development and method of operation at the
                    time of testing, the pilot incinerator did not perform satisfac-
                    torily or reliably. The process has sufficient promise to war-
                    rant further design and development. The technical advantages
                    of the incinerator are a residue free  of  putrescible  matter,
                    maximum density of  landfill,  and the elimination of  ground
                    water or stream pollution from deposit of  incinerator residue.
                    The emission control system was not operative during the test
                    in order to permit stack gas sampling. Gaseous emissions were
                    comparable  to those of well designed conventional incinera-
                    tors. Particulate emission averaged approximately 13 lbs/1000
                    Ib gas. No odor was detectable.

                    21991
                    Stahl, Quade R.
                    PRELIMINARY  AIR  POLLUTION   SURVEY  OF  AL-
                    DEHYDES. A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton Systems, Inc.,
                    Silver  Spring,  Md., Environmental Systems  Div., NAPCA
                    Contract PH 22-68-25, Pub. APTD 69-24, 134p., Oct. 1969. 221
                    refs. CFSTI: PB 188081
                    The effects, sources,  abatement, and  methods of analysis of
                    aldehydes are reviewed, as  ambient air measurements indicate
                    that in 1967 the average  concentrations  for  several cities
                    ranged from 3  to 79  micrograms/cu m. Vehicle exhaust ap-
                    pears to be the major emission source, but  significant amounts
                    may be produced from incineration of wastes and burning of
                    fuels. Local sources of aldehydes may include manufacturing
                    of chemicals and other industrial processes that result in the
                    pyrolysis of organic compounds in air or oxygen. Atmospheric
                    aldehydes  can  also  result  from photochemical  reactions
                    between reactive hydrocarbons  and   nitrogen oxides, and
                    moreover, they can react to produce other  products, including
                    ozone, peroxides, and peroxyacetyl nitrate compounds.  Low
                    concentrations principally affect humans and animals by irrita-
                    tion of the mucous membranes of the  eyes, upper respiratory
                    tract, and skin;  animal  studies indicate that high concentra-
                    tions can injure  the  lungs and other organs  of the  body.
                    Although combustion control methods, such as catalytic after-
                    burners, generally decrease the amount of hydrocarbon emis-
                    sions,  they  may  actually  produce greater amounts  of al-
                    dehydes.  Common sampling  methods  employ  bubblers or
                    impingers containing a reactive reagent, while infrared spec-
                    troscopy,  and many colorimetric methods are applicable to
                    formaldehyde,  acrolein,  and   aldehydes.   (Author abstract
                    modified)

                    22130
                    Murakami, Masakata, Takashi Kawashima,  and Kamichiro
                    Kamitsu
                    ISOGO   INCINERATION   PLANT   IN   YOKOHAMA.
                    (Yokohamashi  seisokyoko  isogo kojo ni tsuite).  Text  in
                    Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. Heating,
                    Air-conditioning, Sanitary Engrs.), 44(2):131-138, 1970.
                    Equipment and  facilities  recently installed at Isogo  Waste
                    Treatment Plant are described. The site covers 13,141 sq m in-
                    cluding a 7330 sq m building site. The plant is comprised on a
                    main building, containing three basements and  five floors,  a
                    waste dumping building, a furnace wing off the main building,

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                                             A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                       25
 and adjoining structures. The nominal incinerating capacity is
 300 t/day  with  a  peak load capacity of 450 t/day to handle
 seasonal increases.  To eliminate  the  conventional image of
 waste disposal facilities and to emphasize the modern sanitary
 working environment, many  advanced concepts were incor-
 porated. The use of multi-cyclone and electric dust collectors
 keeps soot and  smoke emissions below 0.1 g/N cu m. Chim-
 neys 85 m tall with  exhaust velocities greater than 20 m/s ef-
 fectively disperse all smoke.  The pit chamber is  air tight to
 prevent the discharge of noxious odors. Waste water is treated
 to  meet the requirements of the Water Quality Standard. At
 night, noise is suppressed to less than 50 phon. The furnace is
 operated from a central control room which includes  a closed
 TV monitor system to  permit overall supervision of the site
 activities. In the furnace room, air is recirculated 20 times per
 hour and  10-15  times per hour in other operating and  staff
 areas.  Offices,  equipment  rooms,  control rooms, exhibit
 rooms, and some  others are heated and air-conditioned. Sur-
 plus  steam from  waste heat boilers  is used  in  the sludge
 digestion tanks.  Surplus gas, mostly methane, is used as a sub-
 sidiary fuel. To  prevent flooding, the first floor was built 5 m
 above the average tide level of Tokyo Bay.

 22540
 AIR POLLUTION AND AIR  CLEANER. (Taiki osen to kuki
 seijoka sochi).Text in Japanese. Kukichowa to Reito (Air Con-
 ditioning Refrig.), 10(2):52-55, Jan. 15, 1970. 3 refs.
 The filter was reviewed regarding its application to air pollu-
 tion countermeasures: elimination of pollutants  and injurious
 gases. Suspended  particles in air are less  than 10 microns in
 size and their amount increases in the order of rural district,
 city and industrial area respectively. The density of particles in
 atmosphere at an  emission  source was as  much as ten times
 the average quantity. Harmful gases occur due  to  combustion
 of  fuel and the treatment process of chemical materials.  Inter-
 nal combustion engine, melting furnace for  metals and garbage
 incinerators are considered  as  the  source of  combustion
 process type pollutants. Treatment process type of pollution
 sources are petrochemical plants and the sulfuric  acid indus-
 try. Sulfur dioxide is emitted because of sulfur in fuels; carbon
 monoxide  and nitrogen oxides are found  mainly  in  auto-ex-
 haust gas.  Air cleaning filters must be selected according to
 various objectives such as air-cleaning for people, protection
 of  apparatus, or quality control. Dust collection rate of an air
 filter is measured by different methods such  as  gravimetry
 (more than 1 micron), colorimetry (less than 1  micron),  and
 DOP method (less than 0.3 micron). The points of selecting air
 filter are required purity, air flow capacity and working period.
 High purity is  required  for clean rooms,  precision machine
 rooms and for eliminating injurious particles. Filters for these
 purposes need  a  high  gathering  rate. The HEPA  filter is
 usually used. In  its application, consideration must  be given to
 the structure of  filter chamber, air leak of installed surface of
 apparatus,  structure of duct and the location of the  fan. A pre-
 filter is desirable to  lengthen the life of the HEPA filter.  Fil-
 ters with a large flow capacity should be chosen with the eye
 on  low operation cost and a continuous use of  8-12  months.
 Auto-winding type of electrostatic self-washing type of filter is
preferred for long period use. Adsorption by active carbon is
 used for the elimination of injurious gas. The adsorption effi-
ciency for sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is 80-90% for 13
mm thickness of active carbon. Effective use of active carbon
filter requires the use of a prefilter.
22642
Niessen, Walter R. and Adel F. Sarofim
INCINERATOR EMISSION  CONTROL. Ind. Water Eng.,
7(8):26-31, Aug. 1970.
Methods of controlling both particulate and  gaseous incinera-
tor emissions are reviewed. Particulate emissions are best con-
trolled by improvement of the combustion process itself, espe-
cially elimination of underfire air. Entrainment of mineral par-
ticulate (the incombustible fraction of fly ash), however, will
not  be completely eliminated  by this  procedure since the
buoyancy of the combustion gases  will induce an air flow
producing a minimum particulate emission. Entrainment of
particulate by buoyancy-driven flows will, therefore, increase
with furnace size and flame temperature. Of the three types of
combustible particulates, char is  entrained at low velocities in
amounts depending on the make-up and degree of agitation in
the refuse bed. Soot formation may be prevented by proper
design and placement of overfire air or stream jets.  Smoke
produced by unreacted hydrocarbons can be  eliminated by af-
terburning or the adjustment of air flow  to a furnace  to pro-
vide better overhead mixing. Control of  gaseous combustible
pollutants, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, is contingent
on proper mixing between partially burned products of  pyroly-
sis and air and  fuel in an afterburner. Because of projected in-
creases in hydrogen  chloride emissions, consideration should
be given to countercurrent flow,  multiple tray plate-type
scrubbers for the recovery of noncombustible gaseous pollu-
tants.

22860
Chansky, Steven H.,  Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF Am POLLUTION  FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION. VOLUME H. (APPENDICES). Little (Arthur
D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-22-69-23,
312p., March 1970. 39 refs. CFSTI: PB 192379
Volume n of a three volume report presents,  largely in  tabular
and graphic format,  data pertinent to a  systems study of air
pollution from municipal  incineration. The scope, conclusions,
and recommendations are contained in Volume I; Volume III
consists of a comprehensive bibliography. The cost of reduc-
ing solid waste to a workable size;  processes, physics, and
costs of reducing flue gas temperatures for compatability with
air pollution control equipment; the stoichiometry of refuse in-
cineration; operating experience on  European  electrostatic
precipitators; by-product recovery, including paper, metal, and
heat; composition  of refuse; and the projected composition
and quantities through the year 2000 are presented. A detailed
description is provided of the incineration process from collec-
tion to disposition  of residue, with consideration being given
to equipment options; air pollution via odors, smoke, particu-
lates, and gases; process control; waste  water disposal;  site
requirements;  buildings;  and utilities. A specimen question-
naire is included that was used to obtain  data from the indus-
try on incinerator  inventories,  capacities,  current  design
trends, and operating practices. Data obtained through the use
of this questionnaire are  presented and analyzed. The causes
and extent of air pollution problems associated with municipal
incineration are defined,  and a data bank of  incinerator emis-
sion data is  presented. Causes and cures  for incinerator defi-
ciencies are discussed.

-------
 26

 22862
 Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
 Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
 SYSTEMS STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
 INCINERATION. VOLUME I. Little (Arthur D.) Inc., Cam-
 bridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-22-69-23,  599p., March
 1970. 75 refs. CFSTI: PB 192378
 A number of actions  are  described, both in terms of equip-
 ment modifications and operating practices, that can be taken
 to reduce air pollution emissions,  while moving to the objec-
 tive of improved techniques for the disposal of solid waste by
 incineration. The following nine recommendations are made: 1)
 Cooperation, cost  sharing, joint funding, and other collective
 means should be exploited through all levels of the public and
 private sectors to encourage and hasten the development and
 implementation  of  low-pollution incinerator  systems.   2)
 Because a mere 5  to 8% cost factor differentiates incinerator
 systems with token APC devices compared from those with a
 first-class APC system additional funding to meet the latter
 objective should be seriously considered by agencies now con-
 templating construction of new facilities. 3) Since the particu-
 late control efficiency (52% average) of the  APC systems  of
 plants  built in the 1963-1968 period will not  be  acceptable in
 the future, the APC performance  targets for new plants must
 be raised to reverse  current air  pollution trends. A control
 level of 90% would essentially curtail the  rapid increase  in
 total emission in spite of the anticipated four-fold increase in
 the quantity of refuse incinerated.  If the effluent quality of ex-
 isting plants is improved simultaneously, the  total annual par-
 ticulate emission rate could approach a minimum value by the
 year 2000. 4) Federal and state sponsorship  of programs  to
 demonstrate  the performance advantages and possibilities  of
 air pollution control based on new concepts and techniques
 should  be encouraged. 5) Better  mixing techniques must be
 adopted and incorporated in incinerator systems to  reduce  or
 eliminate  combustible pollutant emission.  6) Undergrate  air
 flow should be reduced to the lowest levels possible and con-
 trolled to  lessen paniculate liftoff  consistent with burning rate
 and grate protection considerations. 7) In view of the proven
 efficiency of filter bags as APC devices, more advanced ex-
 perimentation and  testing should be considered. 8) Advanced
 technology concepts should be given due consideration. Of the
 three described; slagging, fluidized bed, and pyrolysis, the
 latter deserves prompt attention because it can effect substan-
 tial reductions in combustible emissions and flue gas volume.
 9) In view of projected increases in hydrogen chloride emis-
 sions from incinerators, consideration should be given by both
 private  and public sectors to  seek methods to minimize  in-
 creases in the use of halogenated polymeric materials.

 22873
Davis,  (W. E.) and Associates, Leawood, Kans.
NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND  EMISSIONS.
CADMIUM, NICKEL  AND ASBESTOS. 1968. SECTION m.
ASBESTOS.  NAPCA Contract  CPA 22-69-131,  NAPCA-
APTD-70, 46p., Feb. 1970. 2 refs. CFSTI: PB 192252
The  flow  of asbestos in the U. S. is traced  and charted for
1968 in mining  and processing,  imports and exports,  and
reprocessing (e.g., friction material, asbestos cement products,
floor tile, textiles, and asbestos paper).  Apparent consumption
was 817,363 tons with  domestic production only  120,690 tons;
most imports were  from Canada. There was no recovery from
scrap. Emissions, emission factors, and brief  process descrip-
tions  are  given for  mining  and other  basic  processing,
reprocessing, consumptive  uses (road surfacing,  construction,
brake linings, steel fireproofing, motor vehicle use,  and insu-
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
lating cement), and incineration and other disposal. Emissions
to the atmosphere during the year were 6579 tons. About 85%
of the emissions  were due to mining and milling operations.
Estimates of emissions are based for the greatest part on ob-
servations made during field trips, and on the limited informa-
tion provided by mining, milling, and reprocessing companies.
Information was not available regarding the magnitude of the
emissions or the  particulate  size. There  were  no emission
records at any of the locations visited. An appendix gives the
names and locations of industrial firms involved in asbestos
processing and use.

23025
MONTREAL INCINERATOR TO  BE  CLEAN STEAMER.
Eng. News-Record, 183(6):62-63, Aug. 7, 1969.
The design features of a new 1200-ton per day incinerator now
under construction in Montreal are described. The incinerator
has a 2400-ton capacity collection pit to hold wastes dumped
by  collection trucks.  The  wastes  will  go  through  four
completely sealed  300-tpd furnace units  designed to keep the
temperature range between 1500 and  1830  F to produce a
99.7% burnout rate. Furnace gases will heat water in a com-
plex series of coils, turning it into steam which  the city will
sell, with the expectation  of reducing  solid waste disposal
costs  by half. To control emission of atmospheric pollutants,
the flue gases will pass through an electrostatic precipitator.
Ash emission level will be under 0.17 Ib per 1000 Ib of gas,
well below official city limits.  The manufacturer has given the
city a  written  guarantee of  the  installation's  maximum
downtime.

23313
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN  CAROLINE COUNTY  MARYLAND.
Maryland State  Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control and Caroline County Dept. of Health, Denton,
Md., 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs.
The present  survey emanated from the need of the Division of
Air Quality  Control  of the Maryland  State Department of
Health to have a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status  of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The survey was made in accordance with authority
granted under the  Maryland Air  Quality Control  Act  (Article
43, Annotated Code  of Maryland, 1957 Edition  and  Supple-
ment). Regulations have been adopted by the county governing
the control  and prohibition of open fires,  the  control and
prohibition of visible emissions, and the control  and prohibi-
tion of  particulate emissions  from fuel  combustion. Amend-
ments to these regulations which became effective on January
29, 1969 govern the sulfur content of all heating oils and of oil
used in very large installations  after July  1,  1970; prohibit
removing air pollution control devices from motor vehicles as
well as requiring that the devices be kept in operating condi-
tion; provide for the control of the discharge of gases, vapors
or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with control of visi-
ble and particulate emissions  from industrial and incineration
operations. Plants  at Denton and Ridgely fortunately have
been located so that those communities are upwind  of  the
prevailing west  and northwest winds. Two poultry processing
plants create the types of odors usually associated therewith
but they are rurally  located. There are no plants  for  the
rendering of inedible  portions  of chickens in the county. Five
dumps are used for the disposition of about 8500  tons of
refuse annually. The burning of material  is on  an irregular
schedule and is somewhat controlled. However,  material is not
covered frequently and the dumps are odorous. Investigations

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                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      27
are under way with the  aim of substituting sanitary landfills
for the dumps. The disposal  of  home-generated trash  and
leaves in  smaller  communities and by burning is a general
practice. The processing of clams near Ridgely produces some
odors which escape into the town and may lead to objectiona-
ble conditions.  However, some residents of the area reported
that they were not of an objectionable nature.  Smoke has been
emanating periodically from the stack of milk plant in Green-
sboro, but this is  resulting from improper operation of new
equipment  which  was  installed  to correct  previously  un-
satisfactory smoke emissions.

23314
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN TALBOT COUNTY MARYLAND. Mary-
land State Departmentof Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air Quali-
ty Control and Talbot County Dept. of Health, Easton, Md.,
19p., Jan. 1970.14 refs.
The present survey emanated from  the need of the Division of
Air Quality Control of  the  Maryland  State Department of
Health to have a county by county  statement,  based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The  survey was  made in accordance with authority
for the Secretary of Health and Mental Hygiene to adopt regu-
lations governing  the control of air pollution  in the  State.
Regulations  applicable in Talbot County have  been adopted
governing the control and prohibition of open fires, the control
and prohibition of  visible  emissions,   and  the control  and
prohibition of  particulate  emissions from fuel combustion.
Amendments to these regulations which became effective on
January 29,  1969 govern  the sulfur content of all heating oils
and of coal used in very large installations after July 1, 1970;
prohibit removing air pollution control devices from motor
vehicles as well as requiring that the devices be kept in operat-
ing conditions; provide for the control of the discharge of
gases, vapors or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with
control of visible and particulate emissions from industrial and
incineration operations. Most sources of air pollution in Talbot
County, although  relatively  small and few  in number,  are
clustered in the Easton area. Pollution  generally is associated
with the processing of vegetables,  the  shelling and drying of
corn  which  create 'beeswing'  chaff, and the processing of
seafood. Other  than in the Easton area, these  are widely scat-
tered  and objectionable levels of pollution are  localized. Al-
most  all refuse material is  disposed of in landfills. However,
burning sometimes occurs at the  Tilghman-Sherwood dump
and occasionally at the St. Michaels dump.

23584
A NEW APPROACH TO  INDUSTRIAL  AIR  POLLUTION
CONTROL.  Heating  Ventilating  Engr. J.  Air Conditioning
(London), 44(517):80-85, Aug. 1970.
The exploration and development of technology and hardware
to optimize  the standards  and pave the  way  for the most
economical  and  efficient  incinerator  design  possible  are
presented. Included in the  laboratory research facility was a
reaction chamber with probe connections for  temperature  and
velocity measurements as  well as compositions analysis for
oxidation rates at various points. Extensive studies were made
to furnish basic reaction kinetics  of many hydrocarbon air
contaminant materials, and mention is made to toluene as the
most difficult of the samples shown to oxidize. To achieve ef-
fective mixing capabilities with extremely low air stream pres-
sure loss, an incinerator burner which produces  a  'ring of
flame' was designed, and a full scale incinerator facility to ac-
commodate  this new burner  was constructed. A series of
tracer concentration measurements were performed to evalu-
ate mixing efficiency of the burner,  but the proof  of per-
formance  was  revealed  in actual incineration tests  using
toluene. A complete mock-up of the jet incinerator was next
constructed in the laboratory for aerodynamic studies previous
to construction of practical equipment for commercial  market-
ing. The purpose of the jet incinerator is not only to incinerate
hydrocarbon  process  effluent,  but also  to  be capable  of
developing a suction to entrain the fumes without requiring ex-
ternal exhausters or fans. A surface injection incinerator was
designed as a very rugged,  heavy duty type of combustion
system for high temperature operation. This unit is equipped
with a pair of burners firing tangentially at the combustion end
to form a circular 'hot track' of burner gases in a restricted
area. An injection nozzle is located axially at this point, where
the process effluent is  introduced under pressure and dis-
tributed directly into  the burner combustion track.  Typical
problems  of  air pollution abatement  to which these  direct
flame type fume incinerators find application are  indicated.

23815
Kinney, Leslie Junior
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND PURIFY-
ING  GASEOUS  PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION. (Chillum
Sheet Metal, Inc., Bladensburg, Md.) U. S. Pat. 3,522,000. 4p.,
July 28, 1970. 6 refs. (Appl. Sept.  6, 1967, 10 claims).
The invention provides a method and apparatus  for removing
fly ash, smoke, and sulfur  dioxide from incinerator gases; it
includes treating the gases  with ammonium hydroxide.  In a
known process for scrubbing gases, an ammonium hydroxide
spray is used in the initial cleaning stage. This procedure is of
little use under conditions of incineration, where the addition
of ammonium hydroxide  to the  high-temperature gases  could
cause intermediates formed by reactions between different gas
constituents to react violently. Moreover, sulfur dioxide at this
stage would combine with ammonium hydroxide to produce an
ammonia sulfite salt that would immediately revert to the gase-
ous  stage. The  invention  is based on adding ammonium
hydroxide subsequent to a series of cooling and washing  steps.
Smoke and gases are first led to  a heat exchanger comprising
an air-cooled heat sink, then passed to a chamber comprising
sprays, screens, and baffles. Here suspended particles are first
removed from the gases and the  temperature of  water-soluble
gases reduced  to  about 70 F.  When  this  temperature  is
reached,  the remaining gases  are sprayed with ammonium
hydroxide by means of which the gases form  water-soluble
compounds. The latter are moved by a terminal water spray.

24013
Sacramento Regional Area Planning Commission, Calif.
GENERAL INVENTORY OF ADI POLLUTION  SOURCES
AND  EMISSIONS. In: TheAir  Pollution  Threat.  Technical
Paper -1, 13p., Oct. 1969. 8 refs. CFSTI: PB 191382
The results of an inventory of pollution sources and emissions
within the  Sacramento region are tabulated for  three  catego-
ries: transportation (gasoline and diesel vehicles, railroads, and
aircraft): agricultural waste  burning; and  stationary  sources
(agricultural product processing, petroleum handling to service
vehicles,  solvent  use,  solid   waste  incineration,   metal
processing, mineral processing,  chemical manufacturing, and
combustion of fuels, mainly natural gas). The data were ob-
tained by  applying emission factors to information on  types
and amounts of materials processed, collected by several area
agencies, and from existing surveys and reports. The inventory
covers emissions of organic gases, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.

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 28

 24241
 ARE THESE INCINERATORS THE ANSWER TO PLASTICS
 WASTE? Mod. Plastics, 47(10:102-103, Oct. 1970.
 Three  Japanese  incinerator  manufacturers  have  developed
 models designed specifically for plastics waste and which, re-
 portedly, do not emit any polluting gases. One model has two
 main burning chambers  and  a preliminary heating chamber.
 Each of the chambers has a fan that  forces compressed air
 into the burning area, the compressed air allowing the furnace
 to be fired without a starter. Main chamber temperatures vary
 from 820 to 880 C. While a variety of plastics can be burned,
 only one type of resin can be destroyed in a single load in this
 model.  Moreover, the model cannot handle polyvinyl chloride
 without producing air pollution. In the second model, plastics
 to be burned are first pulverized in a crusher, then  baked in a
 special rotary kiln at 300 C. Hydrogen chloride produced from
 this process is reacted with ammonia and collected in the form
 of ammonium chloride. Other gases and carbon black are auto-
 matically passed to a second furnace chamber and burned at
 1000 C.  The load is subsequently  passed through a heat
 exchanger and a dust collector. The life of this furnace is esti-
 mated at 15 years in contrast to the seven years claimed for
 the other furnaces. The third model, which has four chambers,
 can burn PVC without significant air pollution. It, too, handles
 only one  type of plastic  at a  time. Chamber temperatures are
 1100 C.

 24421
 Bohne, Helmut
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE EMISSIONS FROM HOSPITAL IN-
 CINERATORS.   (Chlorwasserstoff-Emissionen  durch  Ver-
 brennungsanlagen  von Krankenhaeusern). Text in German.
 Staub, Reinhaltung Luft,  30(8):337-339, Aug. 1970. 3 refs.
 Severe  damage  to  plants of  two  nurseries  by hydrogen
 chloride emissions from hospital incinerators initiated a  study
 of such emissions. The dust from these incinerators contained
 a far higher chlorine content than was found  in other dust
 samples. The chlorine content of dust from flues and cyclones
 was higher than that of the furnace ashes. Flue gas HC1  deter-
 minations registered from 25.7 to 895 mg HC1/N cu m with the
 highest pollution level measured  10 minutes  after the last
 charging of  the furnace.  Thus, the sudden combustion of  the
 chlorine-rich components  of refuse at temperatures from 800
 to  1000 C is responsible for the HC1 formation. It is irrelevant
 for HC1 emission whether smaller charges  are added  more
 frequently or larger charges less frequently The  median  emis-
 sion level of measurements made at two minute  intervals was
 in one installation, 136 mg HC1/N cu m. In another instance,
 single measurements yielded emissions of up to 1382 HC1/N cu
 m.  Twenty to thirty m high stacks are clearly not high enough
 prevent damage to plants  from HC1 emissions.

 24582
 McCutchen,  Gary D.
 A COMPARISON OF NAPCA AND HA  SOURCE SAMPLING
 METHODS.  Preprint,  American Society of  Mechanical En-
 gineers, New York, 12p.,  1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Sep-
 tember 30, 1960 Meeting  of the American Society of Mechni-
 cal  Engineers, Incinerator Division, New York, N. Y.)
Among the most widely used  incinerator sampling techniques
are those  developed by the Incinerator  Institute of America
and the  National Air Pollution Control  Administration.  Tests
involving simultaneous measurements of particulate emissions
from a multiple-chamber  retort incinerator by the IIA-6 train
and the NAPCA train indicate that tests results vary ap-
preciably.  Sampling was conducted at the inlet and outlet of
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
the scrubber downstream of the fan, and the ratio of NAPCA
to HA results before and after the scrubber was  plotted on
log-probability paper. The  difference between  the inlet and
outlet lines indicates that inlet and outlet ratios vary; and since
the main difference between inlet and  outlet ratios was the
participate loading of the flue gas, there is a possibility of a
correlation between the ratios and paniculate loading.

24767
Rose, Andrew H., Jr. and Hoyt R. Crabaugh
RESEARCH FINDINGS IN STANDARDS OF  INCINERATOR
DESIGN. In: Problemand Control of Air Pollution.  F. S. Mal-
lette (ed.), New York, Reinhold, 1955, Chapt. 10, p. 95-106. 6
refs.
Two design parameters are developed for multiple-chamber in-
cinerators; these  parameters are emphasized  because studies
to  date  indicate that  inferior  performance and  discharge
characteristics occur when the design of the ignition chamber
or primary combustion stage is inadequate. Data are given for
combustion air distribution showing that where overfire air is
the predominant means  of supplying the required combustion
air, the total discharge of contaminants  to the atmosphere is
decreased; the degree of reduction depends on the incinerator
design.  The type of  ignition mechanism  is  independent of
equipment size.  Recent results support the  hypothesis that
discharge of 0-5 - micron particles results from chemical reac-
tion and volatilization of metallic compounds present in the
fuel bed with a condensation and chemical reaction occurring
in the oxidizing gas  stream above the fuel bed. Three relation-
ships are considered with respect  to ignition chamber propor-
tions: grate loading, arch height, and length to width ration of
the fuel  bed. It is understood that lower arch height reduces
contaminant discharge, but further data  for definitive evalua-
tion of all three factors are required.

25056
Ishii,  Kazuo, Matsuoki Okuda, Mutsuo Koizumi, Tadahiro
Machiyama, Katsuya Nagata, and Noboru Sugimoto
HIGH  PERFORMANCE  INCINERATION   OF   SEWAGE
SLUDGE. PART H. INCINERATOR WITH SLAG-TAP  FUR-
NACE. (Konoritsu no gesui  odei  shokyaku sochi  ni kansuru
kenkyu. ni. Yukaishiki odei shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan,  Tokyo), 49(521):674-
682, Sept. 20, 1970. 7 refs.
A new  type of  incinerator  with  a slag-tap  furnace for de-
watered  sludge consists of  an atomizing feeder of  sludge, a
heat exchanger, an air preheater and a cyclone dust collector.
The air-jet type sludge atomizer, referred to in  Part I of the ar-
ticle,  and a  heavy fuel oil burner are placed at the  top of the
furnace.  Refractory  materials which are packed in the furnace
are suspended by five water-cooled tubes with  refractory coat-
ing and are  heated by firing  fuel oil. Dewatered sludge is fed
in particulate form  and burned immediately when it gets in
contact with the high temperature, high speed  combustion gas
of the fuel oil. Ash in the sludge is melted into slag and  flows
down into a slag pit through the bank of refractory materials.
The incinerator system has the following merits: dustless flue
gas is emitted from the  furnace, because the ash in sludge is
melted into slag at the bank of refractory materials;  flue gas is
odorless  because of high temperature combustion; and the in-
cineration plant can be compact in size and still possesses high
performance. This type of incinerator is used more effectively
for dewatered raw sludge than for dehydrated sludge, just as
in the case of  the AST  method, since dewatered sludge con-
tains  more water and is more convenient for transportation
and dispersion. Further, since dewatered raw sludge has not

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                                            A. EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      29
gone through digestion, it  contains more  organic matter and
emits higher heat. The system is applicable to not only sewage
sludge, but also for burning sludge in factory effluents which
hardly contains any flammable  matter, or  the sludge which is
especially high in water content  The system is only  a small
test incinerator, with only  100  kg/h capacity. After more ex-
perience is gained in taking out  melted ash and in testing dura-
bility of the incinerator, more problems will be solved.

25220
Niessen, Walter R. and Adel F.  Sarofim
THE EMISSION AND  CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTANTS
FROM  THE  INCINERATION  OF  MUNICIPAL  SOLD)
WASTE. Preprint, International  Union of Air Pollution  Preven-
tion Associations, 65p.,  1970. 42 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C.,  Dec.  6-
11, 1970, Paper EN-5C.)
Information  is presented  which  is  directed to  incinerator
designers and operators and to air pollution control officials
having interest in the variables  affecting the emission rates of
pollutants from municipal (and industrial) solid waste incinera-
tors The conclusions reached regarding typical emission rates
and the causes of emissions are based on analysis of experi-
mental data from over 100 incinerators in the U. S. and Eu-
rope. It is shown that refuse composition, system design, and
operating techniques  can  affect the emission rate and thus
emissions can, in part,  be reduced by means other than air
pollution control devices. Particulate emission rate is increased
by increases in: refuse fine ash  content, underfire air rate, and
furnace size, and appears related to grate type, refuse  volatile
matter, and mixing effectiveness in the combustion chambers.
Review of  combustion  rate  correlation  suggests  inadequate
mixing as the reason for the survival of combustible pollutant
species as the average flue gas  characteristics  (well-mixed)
should foster their destruction.  Nitrogen oxides emissions are
seen related to furnace heat release rate.  Sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen chloride emissions are related t  refuse composition.
Typical air pollution control devices are seen able to  remove
incinerator paniculate but with difficulty  owing  to the small
particle size of much of the fly ash in comparison to  coal or
oil-fired boilers. The cost  to use effective control systems  is
shown as about twice the cost of the low-energy  scrubbers
often used in the U.  S. The total operating cost increment (in-
cluding debt retirement) for systems approaching  95% collec-
tion efficiency, however, is only about 5% over the costs for
the much less efficient systems (35-50% collection). Author ab-
stract)

25549
Kettner, H. and R. Langmann
OBJECTIONABLE   SOOT  EMISSIONS.   (Zur   Frage  des
Auftretens  von Belaestigungen  durch Russ).  Text in German.
Oeffentl.  Gesundheitswesen  (Stuttgart),   32(7):346-348, July
1970. 3 refs.
Soot emission sources include  household furnaces, internal
combustion  engines,  small  industries,  thermal power  plants,
coke ovens, airplanes, nonferrous metal smelting plants, rail-
roads, incinerators,  carbon  black  works,  incinerators  of
agricultural residues,  forest fires, fires from burning old tires,
from old oil and from tar.  Soot is not harmful when pure but
soot from  sulfur containing heavy oil (smut) contains con-
siderable quantities of sulfuric acid. Soot  is  also a carrier of
cancerogeni 3,4-benzpyrene in  smogs  and is a  contributory
factor  in the formation  of smog. Soot is  objectionable as a
deposit.  An objective  soot emission test filters  a  dust
precipitate  deposited in  a  month  through  a  glass wool filter
and measures the blackness of the stain by an optical electric
reflectometer.  The  thus  obtained soot pollution  index  is a
dimensionless number which calculated for 1 day lies between
0.2 and 3. This method permits the setting of norms of max-
imally permissible soot emissions which has hitherto not been
done.

25862
Truss, Heinz-Walter
EMISSION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE  DURING REFUSE
INCINERATION. (Die Emission von Chlorwasserstoff bei der
Verbrennung von Hausmuell). Text in German.  Energie (Mu-
nich), 22(10):300-305, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
Since the  combustion of  pure  polyvinylchloride produces
about 58% b weight of hydrogen chloride in the resulting com-
bustion gas, and since PVC  occurs increasingly  in refuse, its
content is a factor determining to a large extent  the hydrogen
chloride content resulting from refuse incineration. Fearing a
rise in HC1 emission from refuse incineration as a result of the
introduction of disposable PVC bottles,  a study of the  HC1
content in  waste gas from the incineration of  homogenized
refuse  and the chlorine  conten in cinders and in fly ash of
refuse of a known PVC content was commissioned by the city
of Hamburg. Gases from the combustion of 4500 kg refuse of
a median PVC content of 0.44% and of  a median calorific
value of 2000 kcal  per  kg  refuse were  analyzed. Results
revealed that most of the chlorine content in refuse escapes in
the waste gas; only small quantities remain in cinders and in
fly ash. The chlorine content in  the fly ash rises  with rising
PVC content in refuse linearly; for cinders,  just a rise with ris-
ing PVC content could be found. A waste gas flow of 35000 N
cu m/hr contained 5000 mg  HC1/N cu m.  The maximal  per-
missible ground concentration of 0.1  mg/ cu m  was reached
only by a  tenfold emissio corresponding to a 6.5  to 7% by
weight content of PVC. This  relatively high maximal permissi-
ble concentration  level  is  due  to incinerators  having  high
stacks. Hydrogen chloride emission levels in incinerator waste
gases can be reduced by 80-90% by the use of scrubbers which
require that their waste water be neutralized. The cost of this
purification is  high and comes to approximately  $2.25 per ton
of refuse for  an installation with neutralization  and  dust
removal.

26204
Faatz, Albert C.
A  CENTRALIZED INCINERATION FACILITY  FOR INDUS-
TRIAL    WASTE   DISPOSAL.Water    Sewage   Works,
116(R.N.):R-197-R199, R201-R202, Nov.  28,  1969.  1  ref.
(Presented  at the National Pollution Control Conference and
Exposition, 2nd Annual, Houston, Tex., April 22-24, 1969.)
An incineration facility to be constructed on the Houston  Ship
Channel will have a  capacity of 15,000 tons of waste per
month,  representing about 20-25% of the  quantity of waste
from the area  chemical plants  available for  treatment.  The
facility's location will make it available by barge, truck, or rail
car. Incoming  receipts will  be divided into three  categories.
Those that can be atomized or otherwise converted into small
particles will be treate in a 'liquid' furnace  that is basically an
adiabatic combustion chamber. Materials having large contents
of ash or inorganic noncondensibles will be incinerated in a ro-
tary hearth. Materials that are relatively large in size and those
that bum  slowly will be incinerated  in  a rotary kiln. Com-
bustion  gases  from the three incinerators  will be combined,
then taken to a secondary combustion  furnace where oxidation
of potential or actual gas pollutants will be completed.  This
chamber is designed to combine the three essential elements of

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30                                    MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS

combustion-time,  temperature,  and  turbulence-in such  a    of particulates, sulfur oxides, and hydrogen chloride. As pres-
manner as to complete burning of soot, hydrocarbon vapors,               ,         „  .             ,  .    .
of sulfur-containing materials, and of odor or smog-producing    sures to confoml to P°flutlon contro1 regulations become more
compounds. Before passing to the stack, the combustion gases    severe, a centralized facility such as that described may be the
will be treated in a wet scrubber for the simultaneous removal    only alternative to plant shut-down.

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                                                                                                                 31
                                B.  CONTROL  METHODS
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTROL  OF  STATIONARY  SOURCES  (TECHNICAL
PROGRESS REPT. VOLUME 1). Los Angeles County Air Pol-
lution Control District, Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result of the  intensive  source control  measures ad-
ministered  in  Los Angeles County, Virtually all  industrial
operations have been brought within the scope of the air pollu-
tion control program. From the melting of metal to the paint-
ing of manufactured  goods, specific industrial processes and
equipment have been subject to air pollution control measures.
This  volume   provides  individual   discussion  of  control
techniques applied to  the most significant stationary sources of
air contamination. Certain source emission problems, such as
those traceable to  the operation of  railroad locomotives and
ships, are not discussed in this volume in view of the current
unimportance of the  source. The  material reported in this
volume generally contains only those developments  occurring
subsequent to the publication of the Second Technical and Ad-
ministrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles
County, 1950-51. (Author)

00183
L. P. Flood
AIR POLLUTION  FROM INCINERATORS -  CAUSES  AND
CURES. Civil Eng.  44-8, Dec. 1965.
Of all the things that  civil engineers build, probably large cen-
tral incinerators cause the greatest  amount of air  pollution.
Most  large  cities must resort  to incineration to reduce the
weight and  volume of their wastes to manageable proportions,
and to change the  character of these wastes so that disposal
does not cause secondary problems of water pollution, vermin
infestation or odor emission. To attain this goal, incineration
must be so  complete that the organic matter left in the residue
is less than 5 percent of the residue by weight If an incinera-
tor is  to successfully bum the rated capacity of solid waste to
a non-putrescible residue, without creating a nuisance, certain
design principles should be followed. It is essential  to recog-
nize that: (1) the three T's of  combustion must be provided:
temperature for complete burnout,  turbulence  for  thorough
mixing of the combustibles with the air, and time so that  com-
bustion can be completed  in the furnace.  (2) Air must be used
efficiently.  (3)  The fuel  bed  should  be gently  agitated  to
promote complete burnout without increasing fly-ash emission.
(4) The most effective dust cleaning equipment should be util-
ized so that dust emission will be minimized. (5) A high stack
is an effective  mean of decreasing the amount of pollution at
ground level. (6) A continuous  type of incinerator is likely to
cause less pollution than a batch type. (7) A water-cooled fur-
nace permits higher burning temperatures and avoids many of
the costs and troubles experienced with a refractory-lined fur-
nace. (8) Three-shift operation avoids the pollution and deteri-
oration of plants concomitant with repeated starts and stops.
(9)  Not all  the air  pollution from an incinerator comes  from
the stack. Means for minimizing pollution from  all sources
must be provided.
00246
TROUBLE FREE WASTE INCINERATION.  Southern  Eng.,
84(6):54-55, June 1966.
A three-burner natural gas incinerator having a capacity of
3,000 pounds per hour is described. The patented 3-chamber,
semi- parabolic design of the incinerator affords maximum
reflection and heat concentration for  complete  combustion.
Centrifugal force traps soot and fly ash. Partially-combusted
gases and non- combustible particles from the first chamber
are drawn into a second chamber, where a continous supply of
fresh air is introduced to complete combustion of the  gases
and bum off smoke and odors. Combusted gases and particles
enter a third  chamber, in which the after-burning process is
continued and particles are removed before gases enter the
stack. Five hundred pounds of refuse are reduced to a shovel
full of ashes.

00288
H. C. Johnson, J. D. Coons, and D. M. Keagy
CAN MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS MEET TOMORROW'S
REGULATIONS? Preprint (Presented at the 59th Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control  Association,  San Francisco, Catif.,
June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-131.)
Over the last two  decades, Los Angeles, the San Francisco
Bay Area, and other West Coast areas  have gone far beyond
most other parts of the country in the nature and extent of
limitations  legally  imposed on incinerator design and per-
formance. With the increasing population of these areas, and
the problems  of other solid waste disposal methods, it seems
prudent to consider whether additional or tighter limitations
may be imposed as rapidly as the technology permits. It is the
purpose of this paper to consider briefly some of the implica-
tions of these possibilities. It is, therefore, primarily specula-
tive in  nature.  Present and future  standards for incinerator
emission control, incinerator  performance and  design  con-
siderations are discussed. (Authors' abstract)

00582
M. Stratton
EFFICIENT AND  ECONOMICAL  DISPOSAL  OF COM-
BUSTffiLE WASTE MATERIALS BY 'BURNING IN SUSPEN-
SION.' Preprint 1963
Incineration of combustible waste materials enerated by wood
processing industries  is now being accomplished in a cyclo-
tube incinerator. Combustion is so complete that mos air-pollu-
tion requirements can be met with a minimum of secondary air
cleaning or scrubbing equipment. The cyclo principle can also
be used in conjunction with disposal of any waste combustible
from sludge materials to wastes developed by industry or mu-
nicipalities. (Author's abstract)

00968
W. Jens and F. R. Rehm
MUNICIPAL INCINERATION AND AIR  POLLUTION CON-
TROL. Proc. Nat. Incinerator  Conf., New York,  1966, p. 74-

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 32
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 83, 1966.  (Presented  at the National Incinerator Conference,
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City,
 May 2-4, 1966.)
 Three new concepts in municipal incinerator air pollution con-
 trol developed jointly by City and County of Milwaukee per-
 sonnel are described in detail. These concepts consist of a new
 impingement baffle fly ash collector system, an automatically
 controlled  underfire-overfire air combustion control  system
 and a  water  recirculation,  clarification  and  neutralization
 system. A brief history of the development and evolvement of
 these three new municipal incinerator control  systems is
 presented. Comprehensive test data are presented on a mu-
 nicipal  incinerator plant's total  performance  utilizing these
 three systems. The effect of varying capacity operation on the
 particulate emission  performance  of a  municipal incinerator
 plant utilizing these control features is presented.

 00975
 M. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
 AIR   POLLUTION   CONTROL   FIELD   OPERATIONS
 MANUAL  (A  GUIDE FOR INSPECTION AND  ENFORCE-
 MENT). Public Health Service,  Washing- ton, D. C., Div. of
 Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
 Author discusses sources, control methods, training techniques
 and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an excellent
 source for specific information on equipment being used in air
 pollution  control. Pictures, diagrams, schematics and charts
 are given.

 01064
 R. L. Stenburg
 MODERN  METHODS  OF INCINERATION.  Air Eng.  Vol
 6:20-21, 34, Mar. 1964.
 Basic combustion concepts in incinerator design and in firing
 practices  are reviewed  for emission control.  Time, tempera-
 ture,  and  turbulence requirements must  be  met for  the
 complete  burning of any material. Multiple-chamber designs,
 water-spray scrubbers,  underfire  air  flow,  fuel  charging
 methods, and preheated combustion chambers are covered.

 01437
 E. R. Kaiser
 PROSPECTS FOR REDUCING  PARTICULATE  EMISSIONS
 FROM LARGE INCINERATORS . J. Air Pollution Control As-
 soc., 16(6):324, June 1966.
 Conventional types  of municipal incinerators generate enor-
 mous quantities of stack gas because of high excess air and
 high temperatures. Under these conditions the size and cost of
 equipment to clean the flue gas to low dust contents are large.
 By burning the refuse in boiler furnaces at low excess air, and
generating  steam, the volume of  flue gas to be cleaned is
reduced to a minimum. Where high efficiency of flue-dust col-
lection is required, steam generation from refuse firing permits
a major saving on the cost of dust collection. (Author abstract)

01935
E. R. Kaiser
COMBUSTION  AND HEAT  CALCULATIONS  FOR   IN-
CINERATORS.  Proc. Natl. Incinerator  Conf.,  New  York,
 1964. 81-9 pp.
The design of industrial and municipal incinerators is based on
combustion and heat considerations. The procedures are given
for calculating the quantities of air, flue  gas, water, and heat,
as  well as  the gas  temperatures.  To  assist  the  reader, a
                    hypothetical municipal incinerator is used as an example. The
                    relation between refuse analysis and  flue gas analysis is ex-
                    plained. Sections on dry and wet dust collection are included.
                    (Author abstract)

                    01936
                    H. G. Meissner
                    THE EFFECT OF FURNACE DESIGN AND OPERATION ON
                    AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERATORS. Proc.  Natl. In-
                    cinerator Conf., New York 1964. 126-7 PP.
                    Control of air pollution from incineration  begins in the fur-
                    nace.  Scientific design and careful operation will insure that
                    the generation of pollution will be  minimized. Effects of vari-
                    ous criteria  of design and operating  practices are discussed.
                    (Author abstract)

                    01937
                    A. B.  Walker
                    ELECTROSTATIC FLY  ASH PRECIPITATION FOR  MU-
                    NICIPAL  EVCINERATORS-A PILOT PLANT STUDY. Proc.
                    Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1964.
                    Pilot plant test on a 220 ton-per-day continuous feed municipal
                    incinerator demonstrates  the technical feasibility of electro-
                    static  precipitation for control of stack emission. Data on the
                    nature of the  furnace stack gases and the physical charac-
                    teristics of the dust as well as performance of pilot unit treat-
                    ing approximately 600 cfm are presented. (Author abstract)

                    01938
                    E. M.  Voelker
                    ESSENTIALS OF GOOD  PLANNING. Proc. Natl. Incinerator
                    Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 148-52.
                    The growth of urban  communities requires attention to the
                    problem of solid waste disposal. The planning of facilities for
                    incineration of the waste  is the responsibility of the architect
                    or engineer, while the manufacturer of the incinerator must
                    supply equipment to meet the requirements. As an aid to this
                    planning the Incinerator Institute of America sets forth eight
                    points to be considered. These points cover questions of loca-
                    tion, layout, air supply and draft, features of environment, and
                    attention to  local codes and ordinances. Number 7 of these
                    points is entitled The Immediate Environments to Determine
                    the Advisability of the Use of Auxiliary Equipment Such as
                    Fly Ash, Collectors or Washers, Pyrometers,  Secondary Bur-
                    ners, Draft Gauges, or Smoke Density Indicators, etc. In addi-
                    tion to these eight points, reference is also made  to types of
                    waste  and some of the problems in handling and burning such
                    wastes.

                    01939
                    G. Stabenow
                    EUROPEAN PRACTICE IN  REFUSE BURNING.  Proc. Natl.
                    Incinerator Conf., New York, 1964. 105-13 pp.
                    The practice and type of design in  some of the European mu-
                    nicipal incinerators are described. Special attention is given to
                    the design of grates. Data are given on the amount of, refuse
                    per capita, analysis of refuse, heat recovery, and some of the
                    details of European design. The rigid European dust emission
                    specifications of 0.15 to 0.25 Ib./per 1000 Ib. gas at 50% excess
                    air make the use of electrostatic precipitators mandatory.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     33
01940
S. J. Pascual and A. Pieratti
FLYASH  CONTROL EQUIPMENT  FOR MUNICIPAL IN-
CINERATORS. PROC.  Natl. Incinerator Conf.  New York,
1964.
A description is given  of  settling  chambers with  sprays,
cyclone types and electrostatic precipitators as used in mu-
nicipal incinerators.  Special emphasis  is placed on section and
duct design, especially to inlets of collectors, which affect ef-
ficiency. Importance is stressed of preventing leaks and over-
filling  of  hoppers and proper maintenance of equipment  in
order to obtain optimum efficiency. Control of air pollution is
best accomplished by  thorough burning in the  combustion
chamber thus decreasing the load to the flyash control equip-
ment. (Author abstract)

01942
R. Coder
INCINERATOR TESTING PROGRAMS. Proc. Natl. Incinera-
tor Conf.,  New York, 1964. pp. 157-60.
This paper is a discussion of the widely varied  and  uncoor-
dinated efforts  to   study and  evaluate incinerator  design
through field and laboratory tests and test programs.  The in-
cinerator industry has not been placed in its proper perspec-
tive. Air pollution, fire hazard and combustion efficiency are
all elements requiring the specialists in each field to cooperate
to produce a field standard  acceptance test and on uniform
terms  and nomenclature  for each assimilation of laboratory
test data and reports. The emergence of air pollution problems
into  widespread  public attention has directed attention upon
the incineration of refuse in a degree that seems  far more in-
tense than the problem really requires ~ at least in relation  to
other sources of air  pollution.  While  incinerator industry has
been steadily working to improve its equipment in all facts  of
performance, economy and operation many independent in-
vestigators in public and private agencies have embarked upon
a  program of study - and  in some instances  research  -
without a  background of experience. The  willingness, and
desire,  of the industry to cooperate  with  other interested
professional groups  is expressed by the author. He also calls
attention to two publications on standards, both in 1963 by the
Iniinerator Industrfp by the Incinerator Institute  of America.
In the references of this paper the Interim Report of the Per-
formance  Evaluation Subcommittee of the APCA TA-3 In-
cinerator Committee  on Test Methods for Determining Emis-
sion Characteristics, March 1963, is also noted.

01943
O. Schwartz
LEXICON OF INCINERATOR TERMINOLOGY. Proc. Natl.
Incinerator Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 20-31.
This lexicon was  compiled for the use of a very diversified
group  of  persons, including engineers, manufacturers, sup-
pliers,  builders and users, with  interests in  the  field of in-
cineration. The report was compiled from many sources in the
hope that  it would lead to a uniform  lexicon which would be
adopted by  all   interested  groups.   Types  of  refuse are
categorized into 6 different groups, and classes of incinerators
into 7. The definitions  that follow are then intended to have
general applicability for these classes of incinerators and types
of refuse. For terms not defined in this lexicon, it  is suggested
that the reader consult a  standard dictionary or engineering
handbook. For convenience the  definitions have been  divided
into categories as follows: Refuse and products  of incinera-
tion; General design; Refractories and furnace construction;
Grates - manual and mechanical; Materials handling; Burners
and instruments; and Miscellaneous.

01944
R. L. Stenburg
MODERN  INCINERATION  OF  COMMUNITY  WASTES.
Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 114-7.
Incineration is gaining as a means  of disposing of solid waste
in both municipal and smaller units. There is, however, an air
pollution  problem involved.  Knowledge of technology  of
design and operation are necessary for good results with a fuel
having such a wide range of characteristics. Helpful present
trends  in design and operation include the adopting of continu-
ous charging, use of multiple combustion chambers, maintain-
ing furnace temperature, and control of participate matter.
(Author abstract)

01945
L. S. Wegman
PLANNING A NEW INCINERAOTR. Proc.  Natl. Incinerator
Conf.,  New York City, 1964. l-7pp.
When  a  municipality  is to build  an incinerator, two  major
questions are capacity and location. The capacity is a function
of area and  population to  be served,  the  future years for
which to design, and the volume of the waste, with due regard
to the  changing character of waste material. Factors to con-
sider in selecting location include  length of  haul, topography
of a proposed site, and utilities available. Other considerations
are prevention of air and water pollution, subsoil explorations,
residue disposal, storage bin size, and costs. (Author abstract)

01946
F. J. Lynch
PROBLEMS  ENCOUNTERED IN  THE OPERATION OF A
LARGE INCINERATOR PLANT. Proc. Natl.  Incinerator Conf.
New York, City, 1964. 132-4 pp.
Problems encountered at various points in an incinerator are
described. The scale is sometimes  too small; dust and fires in
the storage bin may be a problem; and attention must be given
to maintenance of refractory in ignition and combustion cham-
bers. Instrumentation is sometimes  overdone. There may be ig-
nition  and air supply problems in furnace operation; cranes
need careful maintenance; provisions for burning  large objects
may be available;  and removal of fly ash and residue  need
further study. (Author abstract)

01947
E. R. Kaiser
REFUSE  COMPOSITION   AND   FLUE-GAS   ANALYSES
FROM MUNICD7AL INCINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf.,  New York City, 1964. pp. 35-51.
This study was undertaken to obtain more  understanding of
the refuse charged into municipal incinerators and of the com-
bustion process as revealed by analyses of combustion gases.
Analyses of refuse components were collected from numerous
sources,  from which a composite  refuse analysis was calcu-
lated. This average refuse was not presented as  a national
average but,  in the absence of better data, it  was a useful
basis for evaluating the gas analyses  and  the incineration
process. By comparison with theoretical gas analyses from the
composite refuse, a number of conclusions could be reached,
and these are given in some detail in this study. A marked dif-
ference was noted between the analyses of the stack gases and
those to  be  expected  from the combustion  of the  composite

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 34
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 refuse. Much of the differences can be accounted for by the
 carbon loss in the residue and oxidation of metallics. Appendix
 D gives the data on the flue-gas analyses of 18 municipal in-
 cinerators. Appendix E gives the data on the analyses of the
 flyash (weight per cent) produced by three different incinerat-
 ing plants.

 02027
 C. Cederholm
 COLLECTION  OF DUST FROM REFUSE INCINERATORS
 IN ELECTROSTATIC PREdPITATORS PROVIDED WITH
 MULTICYCLONE AFTER-COLLECTORS. Proc. (Part I) In-
 tern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper V/3) pp. 122-5.
 Until a few years ago electrostatic precipitators were used
 merely for collection of dust from refuse incinerators. Difficult
 problems were  encountered due to the emission of paper
 flakes,  despite maintaining guaranteed collection efficiencies.
 The  difficulty in collecting  the paper fraction in an  electro-
 static precipitator  is due to the large  area of these particles
 and their low specific gravity, which in combination with low
 resistivity increases the chance of the particles passing through
 the precipitator without adhering to the collecting electrides
 and also  of being  whirled back into the gas stream when the
 electrides are rapped. Reliable collection of the paper  fraction
 could probably  be achieved by oversizing  the  electrostatic
 precipitator or  by  greatly  reducing the gas velocity in  the
 precipitator. In view of the  wide variations in paper content,
 which will be highly increased in the future, it is very  difficult
 to determine the percentage of paper in refuse. As a result the
 oversizing must be increased to unreasonable proportions. In
 our efforts  to find an alternative solution we have combined
 electrostatic precipitators with specially designed multi-cyclone
 after-collectors,  for which purpose the precipitator casing has
 been extended by about 1.5 m and the full section utilized for
 the installation of small cyclones. Interesting trial results have
 been obtained from such installations now in operation in both
 Switzerland and Sweden.

 02153
 C. A. Rogus.
 CONTROL  OF ADI  POLLUTION AND  WASTE   HEAT
 RECOVERY FROM INCINERATION. PUBLIC WORKS  97,
 (6) 100-3,  JUNE 1966.
 Europe  has had for some time rigid government standards con-
 trolling air pollution with many large  scale air pollution control
 installations, particularly of refuse incineration facilities.  The
 nature of  air pollutants from refuse  incineration is discussed.
 The chemical analysis of  fly ash is given as  well as the  size
 distribution of stack dust emissions. Air pollution abatement
 equipment is described. The approximate characteristics  and
 costs of major collector systems  are tabulated.

 02186
 R. L. Stenburg.
 STATUS OF THE FLUE-FED INCINERATOR AS A SOURCE
 OF AIR POLLUTION. Am.  Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 24,  505-16,
 Oct. 1963.
Flue-fed incinerators are discussed as a source of air pollution.
Design and operating factors responsible for the air pollution
problems are presented with alternative modifications  for im-
provement. Recommendations are included for modification of
existing  units and improved design of new installations. Alter-
native methods of refuse disposal are considered also. (Author
abstract)
02232
R.L. Stenburg, T.P. Hangebrauck, DJ. Von Lhdmden, A.H.
Rose, Jr.
EFFECTS OF HIGH VOLATILE FUEL ON INCINERATOR
EFFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 376-83, Aug.
1961 (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution
Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,1960.)
A readily vaporizable solid fuel normally considered as being
more difficult to burn than ordinary cellulose was treated in a
multiple chamber incinerator having an 8.5 sq. ft. grate area in
a 19.5 cu. ft. primary combustion chamber, a downpass mixing
chamber and a 16,5 cu ft. final combustion chamber. One part
shredded  asphalt  saturated felt  roofing  composed of  60%
petroleum base asphalt, 37 1/2% felt,  and 2 1/2% ash with one
part 4' squares of newpaper was the fuel mixture. The effects
of combinations of excess  air (100 and 200%), fuel feed rate
(100 and  150 Ib/hr), fuel per charge,  underfire air (15 and
60%), and secondary air on the  emission of particulates, ox-
ides of nitrogen,  hydrocarbons, carbon  monoxide,  formal-
dehyde, and smoke were evaluated. Optimum conditions imply
a  temperature  range of 1800 to  2000  F in the  secondary
chamber, 15 to 20% underfire air, and small batch on continu-
ous charging.

02387
R. L. Bump.
THE USE OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION FOR IN-
CINERATOR GAS CLEANING IN EUROPE. Proc. Natl. In-
cinerator Conf., New York, 1966. 161-6, 1966.  (Presented at
the National Incinerator Conference, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,  1966.)
Electrostatic  dust precipitators of high efficiency are widely
used in Europe  to  clean the  flue gas from incinerators. The
basic principles of  design and the factors for successful appli-
cation of Lurgi units are explained. A list of installations is in-
cluded which states the efficiences attained. All  types of dust
collectors are compared, based  on U.S. costs.  (Author ab-
stract)

02388
V. J. Cerniglia.
CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION  AND  ITS APPLICATION
IN  MUNICIPAL INCINERATION.  Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf.,  New York,  1966 187-90,  1966. (Presented at the Na-
tional Incinerator Conference, American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
Closed-circuit television has been applied  to a  municipal in-
cinerator plant with two 250-ton-a-day furnaces.  Two cameras
monitor the storage pit and  crane operation, while one camera
watches the fire in each furnace. The plant supervisor, at his
monitoring control  station, has controls at his fingertips affect-
ing all critical operation of the plant,  such  as overfire air and
water spray control, as well as indicators showing the effect of
draft, temperature, and air pollution control. Available also is
a public address system which reaches throughout  the plant.
The paper discusses the features of the equipment,  the costs,
and the advantages. (Author abstract modified)

02389
J. A. Challis.
THREE INDUSTRIAL INCINERATOR  PROBLEMS. , Prog.
Natl.  Incinerator  Conf.   New   York,  1966  208-18,  1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference,  American
Society  of Mechanical  Engineers, New York City,  May 1-4,

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                                           B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                     35
 Case histories are presented for the disposal by incineration of
 three types of chemical wastes,  which required auxiliar fuel
 for their combustion. The wastes include a carbon/water slur-
 ry, a highly colored liquid waste generated during TNT manu-
 facture, and a gas containing hydrogen sulfide. These three ex-
 amples of waste disposal fall into the category of incineration.
 This means that persons engaged in formulating some guide
 lines for industrial incineration are faced  with a considerably
 wider problem than their counterparts in the  municipal or
 domestic waste incineration fields. It is reasonable to observe
 that the industrial cases are legion  and they  are all open to
 solution by the laws of heat and  mass balance. Thus, while it
 may not be possible to draw up rigid incinerator specifications,
 it should  be possible to recommend an  acceptable common
 language for describing  the composition and enthalpy  of  the
 input wastes. It would also be desirable to obtain common ac-
 ceptable  units and limits for the oxidation  products,  which
 may be gaseous, as carbon dioxide,  sulphur  dioxide, etc., or
 liquid, from leached-out  fly ash or other soluble salts. (Author
 abstract)

 02390
 H. Eberhardt.
 EUROPEAN  PRACTICE  IN  REFUSE  AND   SEWAGE
 SLUDGE  DISPOSAL BY  INCINERATION.  Proc. Natl.  In-
 cinerator  Conf.  124-43,  1966. Combustion 38, (4) 23-9, Oct.
 1966. (Presented  at the  National  Incinerator Conference,
 American Society  of Mechanical Engineers, New  York City,
 May 1-4,1966.)
 American and European incineration starts from two different
 prerequisites. In America, volume reduction  of the refuse is
 strived for; in Europe the aim is to  completely burn out  the
 refuse, to utilize the waste heat, and to minimize air pollution
 as far as possible through the use of expensive flue-gas clean-
 ing equipment. Today, values that must be attained are 3  per
 cent combustible constituents in  the residue, 0.1 0.2 per cent
 putrefying substance, and 0.04 grains of dust per std cu ft of
 flue gas.  The combination of refuse incineration  and large
 power station boilers is becoming more  and more frequent.
 This can be attributed to the favorable financing possibilities
 by the States for electric companies  with additional incinera-
 tion of household and industrial refuse. This explains develop-
 ment of large boiler plants with high steam temperatures and
 pressures  which have been combined with refuse incineration.
 Possible corrosion problems seemed formidable at first,  but
 today  means are  available to  substantially  prevent such
 damage and  to improve the availability of combined  refuse
 boiler units. (Author abstract)

 02394
 E. W. Haedike, S. Zabodny, and K. S. Mowbray.
 AUXILIARY GAS BURNERS FOR COMMERCIAL AND  IN-
 DUSTRIAL  INCINERATORS.  Proc.  Natl. Incinerator  Conf.
 235-40,  1966.  (Presented at the  National Incinerator Con-
 ference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New
 York City, May 1-4, 1966).
 The use of gas burners to supply  auxiliary heat to commercial
 and industrial incinerators is helpful in control of air pollution
 and general performance. The paper discusses the  design and
 applications  of gas burners  in this service. Burner pilots and
 safety controls are described. (Author abstract)

 023%
 E. S. Monroe.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL INCINERATION.
Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 226-30, 1966. (Presented  at  the
National  Incinerator  Conference,  American  Society  of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,1966.)
The paper is  a review of improved calculating and design
techniques, performance rating of incinerators, and a descrip-
tion of the new open-pit incinerator. Of particular interest is a
curve of nitrogen oxide formation with varying excess air and
temperature developed from thermodynamic equilibrium data
that has been verified by field tests. (Author abstract)

02397
C. A. Rogus.
AN APPRAISAL OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE.  Proc.  Natl.  Incinerator  Conf.   114-23,  1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator  Conference, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
1966.)
Europe's incineration of community refuse has reached an ad-
vanced state of the art. The author visited 13 large modern in-
cinerators in 7 countries. The three most noteworthy operating
plants are described,  with emphasis on steam generation, low
dust emission  from  the stacks, and  principal features  of
design.  Applicability  to  American practice is  evaluated.
(Author abstract)

02398
G. Stabenow.
SURVEY OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE WITH HIGH PRES-
SURE  BOILER OPERATION BURNING  WASTES  AND
FUEL. Proc. Natl.  Incinerator Conf. 144-60, 1966. (Presented
at the National Incinerator Conference, American Society  of
mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,1966.)
A number of large  incinerators in European municipal service
have stoker-fired water-walled furnaces and boilers for power
generation. The paper discusses the principles, stoker design,
burning rates, boiler design and high efficiency dust collection.
Data on nine European and two Brazilian plants  of European
design are given. Water-walled furnaces allow the use of low
excess air,  which  reduces the  volume of flue gas to be
cleaned. (Author abstract)

02399
J. W. Stephenson and A. S. Cafiero.
MUNICIPAL  INCINERATOR  DESIGN PRACTICES  AND
TRENDS.  Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 1-38, 1966. (Presented
at the National Incinerator Conference, American Society  of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
Improvements  and changes in refuse incinerator technology
during the past twenty years have  been greater than in any
other period. This  paper reports the findings of a survey  of
design practices covering plants built or designed since 1945.
Data are presented on  205 plants  for  which questionnaires
were  returned, with  notations made of indicated trends  in
design practices and  types  of equipment. Eighty-four plants,
for which questionnaires were  not returned, are listed in the
third appendix. It was noted that, since 1959, no plants were
reported  as  designed without some provision  for  fly ash
removal. A trend away from reliance on dry expansion cham-
bers for satisfactory removal is clearly evident, as is a trend to
the use of wet systems. Fifty-three of the reported 71 wet
systems included wet baffles, with primary material of baffle
construction given in a table in the text.

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 36
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 02400
 A.B. Walker F.W. Schmitz
 CHARACTERISTICS  OF  FURNACE  EMISSIONS  FROM
 LARGE  MECHANICALLYy  STOKED   MUNICIPAL   IN-
 CINERATORS.  Proc. Natl. Incinerator  Conf.  64-73,  1966.
 (Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
 Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
 1966.)
 A summary of field test and laboratory data on dust emission
 from several large, mechanically-stoked municipal incinerators
 of  different grate  configurations is presented. Data on dust
 loading, and physical and electrical characteristics of the par-
 ticulates are presented, as well as information on combustion
 conditions in the furnace. Description of field test equipment
 and techniques, and  techniques  of laboratory analysis  are
 given. (Author abstract)

 02401
 P.H. Woodruff A.W. Wene
 GENERAL  OVERALL  APPROACH TO  INDUSTRIAL  IN-
 CINERATION.  Proc.  Natl.  Incinerator  Conf. 219-25,  1966.
 (Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
 Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
 1966.)
 A detailed outline  has been  prepared to  guide and advise in-
 dustry in planning a safe and economical facility  for waste
 disposal. Among the factors  to consider are types and quanti-
 ties of gaseous, liquid, and solid waste, methods of collection,
 transportation, storage, and disposal. As a method of disposal,
 incineration is  discussed  in  detail. Among the  subjects
 discussed are site,  selection, meteorological conditions and air
 pollution  control requirements,  ash-handling  system,  and  at-
 mosphere emission control.

 02402
 G.L. Vickerson
 FLY ASH CONTROL EQUD7MENT FOR INDUSTRIAL  IN-
 CINERATORS.  Proc. Natl.  Incinerator  Conf.  241-5,  1966.
 (Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
 Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
 1966.)
 A description is given of the problem facing the engineer when
 designing  an industrial incinerator, referring especially to  the
 treatment   of  particulate  emissions  from  the   incinerator
 between 35 and 200 microns  in size, and the choice of availa-
 ble  commercial  equipment  which  can  attain the required
 results. (Author abstract)

 02488
 C. N. Stutz.
 TREATING PARATfflON  WASTES. Chem.  Eng. Progr.  62,
 (10) 82-4, Oct. 1966.
 Pilot plant tests were made of parathion wastes combined with
 domestic wastes  to assure the city that  the  wastes  can  be
treated successfully in the municipal activated sludge treat-
ment plant.  Expansion of the parathion  plant requires  the
development of design criteria for a pretreatment  plant.  In-
cineration  of residues and scrubbing and demisting of the off-
gases are  practical.  Limestone  neutralization of  the acid
 streams followed by blending  with alkaline  streams  before
biological treatment is used to control the pH.
02738
J. A. Fife
CONTROL  OF  AIR POLLUTION  FROM MUNICIPAL IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollution, 3rd, Washing-
ton, D.C., 1966. pp. 317-26.
The background and development of air pollution control as
applied to municipal incinerators is reviewed. The capabilities
and characteristics of the several types of systems currently in
use are explained, and  an indication of the variables affecting
their costs is given. The text also includes suggestions as to
areas where further research study in  the  field  would be
beneficial, and points out specific problems currently hinder-
ing progress.

02741
Golueke, C. G., and P. H. McGauhey
FUTURE ALTERNATIVES TO INCINERATION AND THEIR
Am POLLUTION POTENTIAL. Proc. Natl.  Conf.  Air Pollu-
tion, 3rd, Washington,  D.C.  1966. (Presented at the National
Conference  on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., Dec. 12-14,
1966, Paper No. D-6.) p. 296-305.
The alterantives  to incineration are  almost entirely limited to
landfill, composting, anaerobic digestion, ocean disposal, wet
oxidation, and pyrolization. All these require essentially the
same handling methods  as are associated with preparing refuse
for incineration. Hence, dust, vapors,  and odors may be a
local air pollution problem  in  the vicinity of the processing
site. Thus,  offense to the aesthetic senses rather than danger
to the  health of men and animals, or damage to vegetation,
might be considered a micro-air pollution potential common to
all methods. The alternative processes themselves, if properly
operated, make little further contribution to air pollution. Even
with poor management  their pollution potential is confined to
odors,  dust, and some vapors, with  the possible exception of
pyrolysis which could rival incineration if poorly managed. An
evaluation of alterantives to incineration as methods of refuse
disposal should be based on at least three major considera-
tions: (1)  It is no longer valid  to  judge  (evaluate) a given
method according to the rather limited standards currently fol-
lowed.  At present, the  economics of a process constitute the
major concern; other factors such as health and aesthetics are
given only grudging attention. A realization of the direct bear-
ing of man's environment upon his well being is beginning to
emerge and the willingness to expend more effort and money
in maintaining the integrity of the environment will follow. (2)
It will be impossible for the human species to continue present
rates of population increase,  present rates  of  increase per
capita consumption of goods, and simultaneously maintain an
environment in which waste products do not become ultimate-
ly totally inhibitory to life.  Consideration must  be given to
methods for total recycling of all materials consumed and sub-
sequently  discharged.  (3) Only the  land and ocean can be
looked upon as ultimate sinks into which solid wastes can be
discharged. At present,  there is no method of disposal, except
dumping at sea,  that does not return a  large  fraction of solid
wastes to the land. An  important aspect of a future method
will be the extent to which its application can reduce this ulti-
mate burden to the land.

02976
G. Albinus
REDUCING THE EMISSION OF SMALL WASTE INCINERA-
TORS  BY  STRUCTURAL  AND  CONTROL  MEASURES.
Staub (English Transl.) 25,  (11)  17-20,  Nov. 1965  CFSTI
TT66-51040/11

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      37
 The causes of defective refuse incinerations are given and a
 possibility of reaching a satisfactory emission reduction is
 shown. The importance of secondary incineration and reliable
 maintenance f incineration plants is emphasized in particular.
 The influence of combustion temperature on furnace design is
 explained for a temperature  range  of 800 degrees C 1000
 degrees C. To maintain optimum temperature ranges and to
 control air supply is much more important in refuse incinera-
 tion than is generally thought. Dust removal installations are
 discussed and successful results  achieved with wet separators
 are reported. (Author summary)

 03229
 Z. Syrovatka
 NEW INCINERATION SYSTEM FOR TOWN REFUSE. Czech
 Heavy Ind. (Prague) 11, 15-8,1966
 Boilers for the combustion of refuse have been constructed in
 Prague, Czechoslovakia. Since  varying types of refuse must be
 disposed of, and since the material must be  pre-dried, pre-
 heated, ignited at  the proper  time, and properly  burnt out,
 problems exist. Perfect combustion is important in  ensuring
 that the combustion products ultimately discharged are harm-
 less. The incinerator system is described in detail. The com-
 bustion products pass through filters and an electrostatic
 precipitator before reaching the  stack. The slag is  sterile and
 the smoke from the chimney harmless. Clean air is maintained.

 04843
 P. W. Purdom, R. J. Schoenberger, A. Michaels, and A.
 Bergsten
 INCINERATOR RESIDUE -  A  STUDY OF  ITS  CHARAC-
 TERISTICS. Preprint.  (Presented at the Public Works Con-
 gress and Equipment Show, Chicago, HI., Sept.  10-15, 1966.)
 The quality of incinerator residue does vary significantly, and
 therefore, should be recognized  as a criterion  for design and
 operation.  Preliminary  field investigations indicate  that  in-
 cinerator residue can attract flies and under proper conditions
 propagation will occur. The percent of water soluable material
 is significant enough to justify a detailed investigation of the
 effects  of this  leachable portion on the surface and  un-
 derground waters. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of an
 incineration process, chemical analyses can  be used  as  a
 means of monitoring. Although many chemical techniques are
 available for classifying incinerator residue, it appears that ef-
 fectiveness can be measured from a few simple tests. The two
 tests which are suggested are the calorific value and either the
 volatile or ash fraction of the residue. For larger installations,
 the more detailed system of analyses can be used to monitor
 the units.

 05498
 A. B. Walker
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR INCINERA-
 TORS. Proc. MECAR  Symp., Incineration of Solid  Wastes,
 New York City, 1967. pp . 75-81.
 A picture is presented of where the technology of air pollution
 control  stands with  respect to  the primary needs in incinera-
 tion  namely, the control of particulates-based upon what is
 known from  actual  operating experience,  either pilot or full
 scale, with various  types of  control  equipment. Reasonable
performance  expectations are  presented for various control
equipment based upon this actual operating experience and the
rather substantial amount of work that has been done  in the
past few years. Unless furnace operation is restricted signifi-
cantly, particularly with respect to underfire air, settling cham-
bers or wetted  baffles cannot meet  even the most  lenient
quantitative emission code (0.85) either alone or in combina-
tion. Cyclone collectors  alone can probably meet 0.85 and
probably, in combination with settling chambers and/or wetted
baffles, can meet intermediate codes. But where codes require
emissions  below 0.65, the only demonstrated alternatives are
direct impaction scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators  or bag
filters. For clear stacks, the only demonstrated alternatives are
electrostatic  precipitators  and bag  filters,  although direct
impingement scrubbers operating at pressure drops in excess
of 10*  w.g. and equipped with means for eliminating conden-
sate plume, are probably feasible, based on valid extrapolation
of actual operating experience, the choice of which depends
upon a detailed analysis of the economics and operational re-
liability of the over-all system involved in utilization of each
type. Generalizations on  the best system cannot be made  at
this time,  but, at least  for new plants, operational experience
and economics seem to favor the electrostatic precipitator.

05569
E. C. Minis
NATIONAL ANILINE'S INCINERATION PLANT. Proc. Air
Water Pollution Abatement Conf., 1957. pp. 76-82.
A description of the incinerators used in the disposal of rub-
bish resulting  from manufacturing  operations at National
Anilines's Buffalo plant were outlined. The operations, main-
tenance, and a system for disposal control are also included.

05570
R. F. Rocheleau
INCINERATION  OF ORGANIC WASTES  (SLUDGES AND
CHEMICALS).  Proc. Air  Water Pollution Abatement  Conf.,
1957. pp. 89-98.
The general features and operating problems of representative
incinerators used in du Pont are presented. Generally  speak-
ing, incineration looms  as a potential method of disposal when
solid wastes cannot be transported to a dump for burial, when
liquid wastes containing volatile compounds or an appreciable
amount of combustible  organic matter cannot be discharged  to
a water course, or when  the gases emitting from a process
cannot be released directly to the atmosphre. The variety and
multiplicity of wastes and  the needs peculiar  to each plant lo-
cation dictate that each installation must be a custom-built job.

05852
R. J. Reed and S. M. Truitt
SELECTING INCINERATOR  SMOKE  AND  ODOR BUR-
NERS. Air Repair 4 (3), 109-17 (Nov. 1954).
A method for controlling smoke and odor emission by flue-fed
incinerators is discussed. The burning process, the  differences
from industrial and municipal incinerators, a solution using an
auxiliary gas diffusion flame, the selection and location of bur-
ners, a case  history of an approved installation,  settling and
combustion chambers,  the luminous flame  burner,  starting
procedure,  and  recently  announced  installations are con-
sidered. A discussion and the authors' replies are included.

05874
M. Sterling
ADX POLLUTION  CONTROL AND THE GAS INDUSTRY.  J.
Air Pollution Control  Assoc.  11  (8), 354-61  (Aug.  1961).
(Presented  at the  American Gas  Association  Research and
Utilization Conference,  Cleveland, Ohio, Apr. 19-21, 1960.)

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 38
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
The control of emissions from gas fired domestic incinerators
in Detroit, Michigan was discussed. To insure that incinerators
perform acceptably, the sale of domestic incinerators is limited
to those models which pass performance requirements of the
Detroit Bureau of Air Pollution Control.  The discussion in-
cludes the development of regulations,  performance require-
ments,  design features of new incinerators and testing ap-
paratus and procedures.

06084
R. J. MacKnight, J. E. Williamson, J. J. Sableski, Jr., J. O.
Dealy
CONTROLLING THE FLUE-FED INCINERATOR. J. Air Pol-
lution Assoc. 10(2): 103-109; 125, (Apr. 1960) (Presented at the
52nd Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control Association, Los
Angeles, Calif., June 23-26, 1959.)
A series of tests were conducted in order to compare the burn-
ing rate, draft, velocity, and temperature in an uncontrolled in-
cinerator with those variables  in the  same incinerator equipped
with a ring-fired roof afterburner and draft control damper. A
set of three tests was made on a six story  flue  fed incinerator
under  the  following  conditions.  (1)  The incinerator  was
modified with a draft control damper (orifice area 30 sq. in.)
and ring-fired roof afterburner. (2)  The baffle in the settling
chamber of the afterburner was removed to simulate an after-
burner with no settling chamber. (3) The unit was operated as
an  uncontrolled flue fed incinerator with the draft  control
damper lowered, the baffle in the settling chamber removed,
and the roof burner not in operation. The results of the stack
analyses in pounds per ton are: Uncontrolled flue fed incinera-
tor-30; Afterburner and draft control damper-3.3; and After-
burner, draft control damper and  settling chamber-3.0. The
draft control damper  reduces  emissions  so that  a  settling
chamber is not needed. There are two satisfactory methods of
controlling the flue fed incinerator: (1) by breeching a separate
multiple chamber incinerator into the existing flue and conver-
sion of the existing combustion chamber  into a storage bin,
and (2) by installation of an afterburner  on the flue above the
roof and a draft control damper below the first floor charging
chute.  Installation of  a roof afterburner  and draft  control
damper has the advantage of permitting  the  refuse to be
burned  in the original  flue fed incinerator. Thus, the refuse
does not have to be rehandled. By  incorporating a motorized
damper and complete  electrical interlocking system  the unit
becomes very simple and convenient to operate.

06096
F. R. Rehm
INCINERATOR TESTING AND TEST RESULTS. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., 6(4):199-204, Feb. 1957. 2 refs. (Presented
at the 49th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Buf-
falo, N. Y.,  May 20-24, 1956.)
The testing  of paniculate  emissions from incinerators of any
size, from domestic to municipal units  presents some special
problems peculiar to this activity. The  short-comings  of two
dust testing guides ((ASME Test Code for Dust Separating Ap-
paratus  and Western Precipitation Corporation's Bulletin WP-
50 Gas and Dust Measurements)) for testing participates from
such units are discussed in detail. Modifications made in the
ASME guide in an incinerator testing program  in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin are also indicated.  The incinerator test program in-
dicates that  commercial and industrial incinerators that incor-
porate in their design the following  fundamental  features can
operate  below the  ASME dustloading limitations: a.  Primary
and  secondary chamber, b. Increased retention time accom-
plished  by drop curtain or baffle  construction, c.  Reduced
                     secondary chamber velocities, d. Built-in and auxiliary draft
                     regulation, e.  Proportioning of the unit to regulate capacity,
                     flow and temperature conditions. These  design features  are
                     also  encouraged for use in domestic  incinerators. A well-
                     designed  wet  scrubber flyash control system has made mu-
                     nicipal incinerator compliance with the strictest air pollution
                     ordinance possible. A municipal incinerator plant in Milwaukee
                     has  been modified to include a wet flyash scrubbing system
                     that yields an average exit dustloading of 0.692 Ib. dust/1000
                     Ib. flue gas, adjusted  to a 50% excess air basis. ASME recom-
                     mends 0.85 lb/1000 Ib flue gas adjusted to  a 50% excess air
                     basis as the limit on dust emissions.

                     06315
                     R. Dennis, L. Silverman
                     SUMMARY REPORT ON PERFORMANCE OF AIR CLEAN-
                     ING  SYSTEM FOR  U.S. BUREAU OF MINES  BOMAEC-30
                     INCINERATOR. Harvard School of  Public  Health, Boston,
                     Mass., 156p., Dec. 1964. (Rept. NYO 841-2.) (Contract AT(30-
                     D-841.)
                     Evaluation of combustion and gas cleaning equipment tests are
                     presented on  the  BOMAEC-30  institutional  type  incinerator
                     developed for low level, radio-active waste disposal. In con-
                     trast to many incinerator designs, the BOMAEC-30 unit con-
                     sisted of  a  cylindrical,  stainless  steel-lined,  chamber with all
                     combustion air admitted tangentially above the waste charge.
                     Although this  burning technique  may have  improved the ef-
                     fluent quality, results of several tests with sawdust and office
                     wastes indicated that (a)  only  dry (less  than  10 per cent
                     moisture) materials could be burned completely  without aux-
                     iliary gas  firing,  (b) the design burning rate objective of 30 Ibs.
                     per  hour could  not be attained  in most tests, and (c) the
                     operating methods were not amenable to a safe, rapid means
                     of waste  incineration. A water spray cooling tower and glass
                     fabric filtration system  did not furnish adequate  gas cleaning.
                     Aside from bag  filter rupture  caused  by soot plugging,
                     moisture and condensed volatiles passing the glass bag unit did
                     not  appear  filterable  with  final,  AEC high efficiency  stage.
                     The data presented in this report do not agree with the conclu-
                     sions and claims set forth in a report, R.I. 6083, issued by the
                     U. S. Bureau of Mines. Two appendices are included on stack
                     effluent tests on BOMAEC-30 and BOMAEC-100 incinerators.

                     06588
                     J. A. Fife
                     REFUSE  DISPOSAL  AND  THE  MECHANICAL ENGINEER
                     (COMPOUNDING  PROBLEMS PROMISE A MAJOR ROLE
                     FOR THE MECHANICAL  ENGINEER). Heating, Piping, Air
                     Conditioning 38(11):93-100, Nov. 1966.
                     Refuse disposal  methods in the United States and Europe are
                     presented, the emphasis being on incinerator design improve-
                     ments. The replacement of incinerator batch feeding with con-
                     tinuous feeding (eliminating blanketing of fire and uncontrolled
                     admissions of air,  thus keeping furnace temperature and flue
                     gas flow rates  more uniform) is reviewed. An advantage of the
                     continuous feed  furnace occurs from the relatively steady flow
                     of output flue gas, enabling rational sizing of improved fly ash
                     collectors. Under certain conditions, fly ash collection can be
                     accomplished by spray chambers  in which flooded baffles are
                     provided  to trap ash particles by direct impingement on the
                     wetted surfaces. Different economic conditions, denser settle-
                     ment of cities, and a  greater interest in heat recovery and air
                     pollution control has put European incineration state-of-the-art
                     ahead of  the United  States. As  air pollution control require-
                     ments become increasingly stringent,  more expensive fly ash
                     collecting systems will be required in the United States. The

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     39
 use of mechanical cyclone and electrostatic precipitator equip-
 ment,  in contrast to the water spray type collection systems
 will  generate a favorable  economic situation for the water-
 cooled  furnace.  Mechanical engineering services  will  be
 required during construction, inspection, and operation  of
 these future developments.

 07426
 H. Mandelbaum
 AIR-POLLUTION STUDIES AT THE NEW PLANT IN  THE
 TOWN OF NORTH HEMPSTEAD PROVE THAT INCINERA-
 TORS  CAN MEET  TOUGHER STANDARDS.  Am  City,
 82(8):97-98, Aug. 1967.
 Comprehensive tests have  confirmed that the new incinerator
 built for the town of North Hempstead, N. Y. has an air pollu-
 tion  control  train  (consisting  of  secondary combustion
 chamber, a  low-velocity expansion or cooling chamber, four
 banks  of high pressure  water sprays,   a secondary baffle
 chamber and finally the cyclone collectors) that meets existing
 and proposed air pollution  control requirements. It has  been
 designed so that further  imporvements in efficiency can  be
 made easily if the need arises.

 07769
 Howard, W. C.
 A NEW AND ECONOMIC  SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
 OF STREAM AND  AIR POLLUTION. Norsk Skogind. (Nor-
 way),  21(4):133-139, April 1967.  2 refs.  (Presented at the
 Papirindustriens Tekniske Forenings Meeting, Oslo, Norway,
 Dec. 7, 1966.)
 The  disposal of polluting solids by means of the fluid-bed
 reactor is discussed. The fluid-bed reactor is the most efficient
 combustion  system developed thus far. Material is introduced
 in finely divided form, presenting relatively large surface area
 for exposure to the reacting gases. Heat  transfer is excellent
 because of extreme  particle proximity. Liquids of low concen-
 tration bum readily because of  countercurrent evaporation
 which  takes place during the liquid particle's descent to the
 fluid bed. The fluid  bed reactor is  relatively compact, occupy-
 ing less  area than  other conventional processing units  with
 comparable  capacity. Operations  of   chemical  recovery
 systems, the kraft  overload  relief system, and incineration
 systems  utilizing  the fluid  bed  reactor  as the  primary
 processing unit are  described. In addition to  accomplishing a
 system for disposing of objectionable effluent materials  from
 plants, the fluid-bed is a practical tool for the reclamation of
 chemicals where practical. Other applications include disposal
 of pickling  wastes  from  the metals industries,  municipal
 sewage sludge disposal, food processing plant discards and ef-
 fluent  waste materials  from  the chemical and  petroleum
 processing plants.

 07921
 Benforado, David M., Pauletta, Carl E., and Hazzard, Noel D.
 ECONOMICS OF HEAT  RECOVERY IN DIRECT-FLAME
 FUME  INCINERATION.Air Eng., 9(3):29-32, March 1967.  3
 refs.
 Direct-flame fume incineration as an effective and economical
 air pollution control process is discussed.  Its advantages  over
 thermal incineration without a flame, its use in conjunction
 with heat recovery equipment are topics also covered. Direct-
flame incineration,  economy of  heat recovery equipment,
practical solution to air pollution problem, control equipment
requirements, design criteria, information required by equip-
ment manufacturer  and  measurement  of  effectiveness  of
equipment are also discussed.
07973
Davis, U. C.
THE  FOOD PROTECTION AND TOXICOLOGY CENTER.
Bionomics Briefs, 1(5):1-14, Sept. 1967.
The environmental quality, natural and man made, and how
this quality may be preserved through study, research and the
teaching of values is discussed. The San Francisco garbage
problem is reviewed; the problems of  its disposal in the
neighboring city  of Brisbane are  given. Included are reports
and recommendations from several committees established by
state  and  Federal governmental agencies to  investigate im-
proved methods  of coping with the waste  crisis.  Garbage
disposal by the use of land-fills, incineration, garbage trains,
sea dumping, and composting is  evaluated along with other
published information on the facets of urban garbage disposal.

08178
Belousov,  S. P., A. S. Dun, and 1.1. Nikberg
THE  USE  OF BATTERY COMBUSTION CHAMBERS  IN
THE  PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL  EMISSIONS  INTO
ATMOSPHERIC   ADLGigiena  i  Sanit.,   24(4):70-71,  1959.
Translated from Russian by B. S.  Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p.
54-56, Aug. 1960.  CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The gas purifying installation described is of the type used in a
Soviet coke-pitch plant. The coke was roasted in batteries of
open  flame furnaces  of the OYuzhkokremontO system;  each
battery consisted  of 10 15 open flame furnaces. Reconstruction
of the battery furnaces was carried out  which consisted in
rebuidling part of t he furnace into purification installations of
the supplemental  combustion chamber type. Thus, the exhaust
gases  coming from the furnace flues were passed through the
supplemental   combustion  chambers before  entering  the
smokestacks.  The supplemental  combustion of pitch-coke
waste products is accomplished at 1150 -  1500 deg. This high
temperature is  attained by sucking in  extra air through special
openings in the supplemental combustion chamber.

08632
Kirov, N. Y.
EMISSIONS FROM LARGE MUNICD7AL INCINERATORS
AND  CONTROL OF  ADI POLLUTION. Clean Air Air Soc.
Australia New Zealand), l(2):19-25, Sept. 1967. 7 refs.
Emission and  emission  limits  for refuse  burning incinerator
plant  are  discussed in  relation to various Clean Air Acts.
Methods of controlling these emissions and the type of equip-
ment available for cleaning combustion gases from incinerators
are outlined. USA and  European practices in controlling air
pollution from incinerators are critically  compared,  showing
that in this regard European developments are well ahead of
current American practice. The performance  of various gas-
cleaning equipment is examined and  it is concluded that for
large  municipal incinerators only fabric  gas filters,  wet gas
scrubbers,  and  electrostatic  precipitators are capable  of
achieving the high-collection efficiencies  necessary for effec-
tive control within the  requirements  of the NSW Clean Air
Act. (Authors abstract, modified)

08727
DUST  REMOVAL IN  REFUSE  INCINERATOR  PLANTS.
((Mullverbrennungs- anlagen und deren Enstaubung.)) Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb (Mainz), 8(7):426-428, July 1964.
5 refs.
In refuse  incinerator systems which utilize  the heat, dust
removal does not present  difficulties, since the flue gas tem-

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 40
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 perature be hind the boiler ranges  between 120-300 deg.  C.
 However, in smaller plants a dust removal apparatus is neces-
 sary. Both  dry  and wet  dust removal has been  used. Ex-
 perience with American air filters has shown that wet dust
 remover ROTO-CLONE and the fly dust remover AMER-
 clone as well as the DUSTBOX and AMERTTHERM dust
 removers  can be installed. An  incinerator  used for the  in
 cineration of  paper was  fitted with  an  AMER-clone  filter.
 Measurements showed that the dust  concentration before dust
 re moval was 210 mg./normal cu m, while after filtration it was
 only 36.9  mg./normal cu m. It was  concluded that crude gas
 with dust concentration of not more than  1,000 mg./normal  cu
 m can be con trolled by this method. To control larger dust
 concentrations,  experiments were conducted with  a silicon
 glass fiber bag filtering apparatus, which is  illustrated. An  air
 stream of 640 cu m/hr. was passed through the glass fiber bag
 at a temperature of 260 deg. C. Measurements shoed that the
 dust concentration  in the un filtered gas was 30.8 g./cu  m,
 while only 0.071 g./cu m  was found in the  filtered gas. The
 hose was cleaned every half-hour under reduced pressure. The
 exhaust gas plume  which  was noticeable  af ter  wet filtration
 was not observed by this method. Since it was established that
 this plume consists mainly of SO3,  further tests  showed that
 the SOS content of 97.5 mg./cu m  in the unfiltered gas was
 reduced to 5.7 mg./cu m by filtration through siliconized glass
 fabric.

 08837
 Kane, J. M.
 STATUS FORECAST FOR AIR  POLLUTION  CONTROL -
 1972. Air Eng., 9(3):33-34,  37, March 1967.
 A forecast of what will happen in  the field of  air pollution
 control  in  the next five  years is presented. The pollutants
 covered are  smoke, visible dusts, visible plumes, hydrocar-
 bons, diesel engine fumes and smokes, and oxides of sulfur.

 09784
 Danielson, John  A. (comp. and ed.)
 AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING  MANUAL. (AIR POLLU-
 TION CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.)
 Public Health Service, Cincinnati, National Center for Air Pollu-
 tion Control,  PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,  999-AP-40,  892p.,  1967.
 ((314)) refs. GPO: 806-614-30
 The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar  to
 the Los Angeles area is considered.  The practical engineering
 problems of design and operation for many sources of air pol-
 lution are emphasized. There are 11  chapters,  each by dif-
 ferent authors, and 4 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) In-
 troduction; (2) Contaminants; (3) Design of Local  Exhaust
 Systems; (4) Air Pollution Control Equipment for Paniculate
 Matter;  (5)  Control Equipment  for Gases  and  Vapors;  (6)
 Metallurgical Equipment; (7) Control Equipment;  (8) Incinera-
 tion; (9) Combustion Equipment;  (10) Petroleum Equipment;
 and  (11) Chemical  Processing Equipment.  The  introduction
 discusses the Los Angeles  Basin, rules and regulations in Los
Angeles County, and the use of the  manual. The appendixes'
titles  are:  (A)  Rules and Regulations;  (B)  Odor-Testing
Techniques;  (C)  Hypothetical Available Heats from Natural
Gas; and (D) Miscellaneous Data.

09789
Simon, Herbert
SINGLE-STAGE  ELECTRICAL  PRECIPITATORS.  In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A.  Danielson (comp.  and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 135-156, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The history of electrostatic precipitation, its advantages and
disadvantages,  diverse  applications,  and  mechanism  are
discussed. The mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation
are treated in detail providing pertinent information on the fol-
lowing:  construction;  voltage  for   successful  operation
(rectifiers,  effects of wave form, controlled sparking rate);
uniform gas distribution; theoretical analysis of performance;
theoretical  efficiency; effects of resistivity; and effects of
nonumiform gas  velocity.  Proportion, capacity, cleaning of
electrical system, accessibility for maintenance, control of gas
flow, control of erosion of dust from electrodes, and power
supply are  design factors that are critical elements in  an elec-
trostatic  precipitator.  The  fundamental  theory   of  the
mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation is only  partially
understood at present. Designs are based either upon previous
experience  with similar processes or upon the results of pilot
model precipitator studies. Data is tabulated on; dielectric con-
stants for some common materials; pioneer precipitator instal-
lations (1907-1920); summary  of U.S. precipitator installations
in major fields of application; typical precipitator applications
(flow rate,  temperature, dust  concentration, dust weight, effi-
ciency, cost); suspended participate  matter in commercial
gases in typical installations;  average diameter of particles in
various industrial operations; typical values  of drift  velocity
encountered in practice for use  with precipitators; and typical
values for  some design  variables used in commercial  electro-
static precipitator practices.

09823
MacKnigh, Robert J. and John E. Williamson
GENERAL-REFUSE INCINERATORS. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John   A. Danielson (comp.  and ed.) Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Cneter for  Air Pol-
lution  Control,  PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.  419-428, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
The general refuse incinerator is used  in residential, commer-
cial, and industrial establishments is discussed with particular
emphasis on the  design of multiple-chamber incinerators for
effective disposal of general refuse with a minimum  creation
of air pollution. Typical calculations involved in designing mul-
tiple chamber incinerators are illustrated. These calculations
fall into three general categories:  (1) Combustion calculations
based upon the refuse composition, assumed air requirements,
and estimated heat loss; (2) flow calculations based upon the
properties  of the products of combustion and assumed gas
temperatures;  and (3) dimensional calculations  based  upon
simple mensuration and empirical sizing  equations. The calcu-
lations needed to determine weights,  velocities,  and  average
temperatures of the products  of combustion are derived from
standard calculation procedures for combustion. Average gross
heating values and theoretical air quantities are used. Chemical
properties and combustion data for the major components of
general refuse are given.  General construction,  refractories,
grates  and  hearths, air  inlets, stacks, induced draft  system,
and operation of a multiple-chamber incinerator are  also in-
cluded in the discussion.

09824
Netzley, Arthur B. and John E. Williamson
MOBILE MULTIPLE-CHAMBER  INCINERATORS.  In: Air
Pollution Eng- ineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control  District,
County of  Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson  (comp. and ed.),

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                                            B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      41
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 428-435  1967
GPO: 806-614-30
Practical and economical answers that facilitate the design and
construction of successful mobile multiple-chamber incinera-
tors are discussed.  Mobile  incinerators  are designed with
parameters identical to those of multiple-cahmber incinerators,
however they must be constructed of lightweight materials and
limited in size to  comply with the State Vehicle Code. Design
configurations generally restrict the maximum capacity of the
retort style, to 500 pounds per  hour, and that of the in-line
style, 1,000 pounds per hour. Draft for mobile incincerators
may be produced in  two ways. The first and most conven-
tional way  is the  use  of a stack, while the other incorporates
an  induced-draft  system that uses air  to cool the effluent.
Stack  requirements  and   induced-draft  fan  system  are
described. Typical calculations involved in the design of an in-
duced-draft fan  system  for  a  mobile  multiple-chamber  in-
cinerator are illustrated. The mechanical design and construc-
tion of a mobile  incinerator must not only  meet the dimen-
sional and  weight requirements of the Vehicle Code but also
provide a rigid frame and refractories of  sufficient quality to
provide a satisfactory service life. Refractories, grates, air in-
lets, structure, and auxiliary burners are discussed.

09826
Sableski, Joseph J. and John E. Williamson
FLUE-FED APARTMENT INCINERATORS. In: Air Pollution
Engi- neering Manual. (Air Pollution Control  District,  County
of Los  Angeles.) John A.  Danielson (comp.  and  ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center  for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.  447-460,  1967. GPO:
806-614-30
There are three basic methods of altering a flue fed incinerator
to  prevent  discharge  of  air contaminants.  Two  of  these
methods involve the addition of  an afterburner to  the existing
incinerator, namely, a roof afterburner or a  basement after-
burner.  The third method involves  the  installation of a well
designed multiple chamber incinerator.  These three methods
are discussed providing information on  design  procedures,
standards for construction, stack emissions and operation.
Typical installations are shown schematically. The advantages
and disadvantages of each  method are indicated. Calculations
involved in designing  a barometric damper incinerator are il-
lustrated.

10009
Fife, James A.
CONTROLLED   COMBUSTION  FOR  SOLID  WASTES
DISPOSAL. Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, 40(3): 140-147,
March 1968.
The basic design and operating characteristics  of several types
of large  batch  and continuous  solid waste  incinarators are
discussed. Methods of paniculate and odor  emission  control
are considered wit emphasis on the effects of firing and han-
dling  methods  on emission rate. Economics of  incinerator
operation are presented. Water-wal steam  producing incinara-
tors are compared with refractory incinerators.

10455
Waitkus, Joseph
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY AND  AIR  POLLUTION CON-
TROL-HOW AND WHY.  Combustion,  39(12):18-26,  June
1968. (Presented at the Southern Ti Section of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Elmira Heights,  N. Y., Jan.
23, 1968.)
Thermal pollution is an air pollution problem because it effects
weather patterns. Waste heat recovery by means of recupera-
tive or regenerative heat exchange equipment is discussed. To
fully handle the pollution from industrial sources, a  combina-
tion os  waste heat recovery and participate collection equip-
ment is proposed. A brief description is given of wet scrub-
bers,  cyclones,  filter  baghouses, electrostatic precipitators,
and direct flame incineration.

10694
Kurker, Charles
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION THROUGH CONTROL
OF SOLID WASTE DIS- POSAL. Preprint, Connecticut Dept.
of Health, Environmental  Health Services Div., 12p., 1968.  4
refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollu-
tion Control  Association,  St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-159.)
The sanitary landfill method of disposal and incineration com-
bined  with  sanitary  landfill  are  satisfactory  methods of
disposal which eliminate the health  hazards normally  related
with poor disposal practices. Other methods of volume reduc-
tion  and  modifications of  present  methods  are being in-
vestigated to further reduce the emissions of air pollutants and
conserve the limited land areas available for refuse disposal.

11652T
H. Kmoch
AUTOMATIC  CONTROL OF  REFUSE  INCINERATORS.
((Automatische  Steuerung  von  Mullverbrennungsanlagen.))
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft. 16(8):402-
403, Aug.  1964.
The devices (such as  temperature controllers, control valves,
air blowers, etc.) required for control guidance, and monitor-
ing of plants for refuse incineration only and plants for refuse
incineration with heat utilization are discussed and illustrated.
In design  work, consideration must be  given to the  fact that
the plants are usually operated by relatively unskilled person-
nel, also that the very rough operation of the plant with much
fly dust and acid effluents requires  tough and corrosion-re-
sistant devices. It is also important for the control system to
be protected  against interruption in operation by blockage. In
the heat utilization design, the scheme  of the units conforms
to a great extent to that of a steam generating plant; auxiliary
oil or gas firing may  be used to provide extra steam during
peak load periods.

11658T
Hans-Joachim Ochs
THE USE OF AHt FILTERS IN REFUSE INCINERATION
PLANTS.  ((Einsatz von Luftfiltem  in Mullverbrennungsan-
lagen.))  Translated from German. Wasser  Luft und Betrieb,
8(9):535- 537, Sept. 1964.
A recirculating filter system equipped with a sludge-free fine-
filter for collecting dust in a refuse incinerating plant in Ham-
burg,  Germany  is described  and illustrated.  Much dust in-
variably rises from refuse  storage bins located underneath the
furnaces and  must be controlled. The air filter system used in-
volves spraying a wetting material under pressure through the
recirculation cells from the wetting material container from un-
derneath the recirculating filter element that is normally used
only for the  wetting  agent for contact rinsing.  The wetting
material, as  it passes through the  recirculating  filter cells,
loosens  the accumulated dust deposited on the cells, becomes
enriched with it, and forms a sludge precipitate at its bottom.
This sludge, in turn, is discharged at the bottom of the wetting
material container and passed to settling tanks whence it is

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42
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
recirculated into the system after subsequent settling and fil-
tration.

11792
Kaiser, Elmer R.
REFUSE REDUCTION PROCESSES. Public  Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health,  Proc. Surgeon General's Conf. Solid Waste Manage-
ment Metropol. Washington,  1967, p. 93-103.  2 refs. (July 19-
20).
The  following processes are considered with respect to weight
and volume reduction of refuse containing organic combustible
matter and an  important fraction of noncombustibles:  open
burning at dump sites; burning in  conical metal  chambers;
landfilling; composting,  with sale  of  compost; incineration
without heat  recovery; and incineration  with heat recovery.
Volume reduction is impressive when incinerated residue is
landfilled. After depositing, the residue from an original ton of
refuse occupies no more  than 0.194 cu yd. Attention is also
called to the demonstrated possibility of oxidizing and melting
incinerator residue and to  the use of electrostatic precipitators,
gas scrubbers, and bag filters to meet new dust emission stan-
dards.  The advanced state  of  European  incinerator  art is
reviewed. The new-type refuse reduction plants discussed con-
sists of refuse  receiving pits,  cranes with grapples to  elevate
the refuse to hoppers, stoker-fired boilers, precipitators, and
chimneys 260-  390 ft high. Because of the water-tubed fur-
naces,   the   refuse   can  be  burned  with  1.6 times  the
stoichiometric air, instead of three times  as in U. S. practice;
the weight and volume of flue gas to be cleaned is reduced
considerably.  The cooling of the gases  to 500-600 F in the
boiler-superheated-economizer  contracts   the  gas  volume
without the addition  of spray water. The generated steam is
used for the production of electric power and for district heat-
ing,  in conjunction with the local electric utility. Because it is
lower in moisture and ash, U. S. refuse should generate  more
steam per ton than European refuse.

12080
Anon.
FLUID BED INCINERATORS STUDDZD FOR SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL. Environ.  Sci.  Technol., 2(7):495-497, July 1968.
The  versatility of fluid bed waste incinerators means that cities
can use them  to dispose of sewage sludge, refuse, solid indus-
trial  wastes, and liquid and gaseous wastes. Under an HEW
demonstration  grant,  a  research  group  at  West  Virginia
University hopes to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous
combustion of a large variety of materials  in fluid beds. The
problems  encountered  and   the  system  requirements  are
discussed. Pope, Evans & Robbins envisions a fluid bed in-
cinerator, capable of burning up to  1000 tons of refuse per
day,  that could  be factory assembled and loaded on a rail car
for shipment.  Combustion intensity would be more  than five
times as great as in a conventional unit of equivalent capacity.

12651
Anon.
AK   POLLUTION   CONTROL  EQUD7MENT  BUYERS'
GUIDE. Air Eng., 10(12):27-42, Dec. 1968.
This  buyers' guide for air pollution control  equipment gives a
listing by  category and product and  an alphabetical listing of
manufacturers with complete  name and address of the suppli-
12655
PRODUCT GUIDE 1969. DDXECTORY OF AIR POLLUTION
PRODUCTS LISTS MANUFACTURERS OF EMISSION CON-
TROL EQUIPMENT AND AIR POLLUTION INSTRUMENTA-
TION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(12): 847-857, Dec.
1968.
This directory of air pollution products  lists  manufacturers
under product classifications within the two major categories
of emission control equipment and air pollution instrumenta-
tion. In  addition the  guide contains an  alphabetical listing of
manufacturers with mailing addresses.

12664
H. J. Campbell, Jr., A. L. Friedland
INCINERATORS AND THE PUBLIC. Mech. Eng., 90(12):38-
43, Dec. 1968.
Master planning for community incinerator design  involves
consideration of the  site  from  the  point  of  view  of con-
venience when erected, likely shifts in  population  density,
availability of nearby areas  requiring landfill,  and projected
other  social uses of the site  20 to 30 years later. Multiple in-
cinerator units seem  to offer an insured actual  continuous
burning  capacity, even in the event of  operational failure of
one  unit,  so that  refuse  accumulation can  be  avoided.
Economic, aesthetic,  and  community considerations are  all
discussed.

13133
Dvirka, Miro
INCINERATOR AND FLY ASH  SEPARATOR STRUCTURE
THEREFOR. (Hagan Industries,  Inc., Corona, N. Y.) U. S.
Pat. 3,448,704. 5p., June 10,  1969. 6 refs.  (Appl. July 8, 1966,
13 claims).
An incinerator having a combustion chamber,  a flue, and a
structure for separating fly ash or solid particles  from com-
bustion  gases emanating from  the combustion chamber is
described. The dust collection system is made up of a settling
chamber,  an inlet  passage  connected  to the  combustion
chamber,  and an outlet passage  connected to  the flue. The
inlet and outlet passages are situated in such a way  that the
combustion  gases  passing  through the settling  chamber
describe a curved path about a  center of curvature located
between the passages. The  intake of the outlet  passage is
located close enough to the center of curvature that the fly ash
migrates along involute paths under the influence of  centrifu-
gal forces resulting from the motion of the combustion gases.
The ash impinges on a wall of  the settling chamber and is
trapped. The cleaned air then passes out  through the flue. A
relief  passage connecting  the settling  chamber to  the flue
should have a cross-sectional area of not more than 5% of the
flue area. The cross-sectional areas of the inlet  and outlet
passages should be equal.

13363
Taylor, Herbert E. and David R. Pearl
INCINERATOR  DRAFT  CONTROL AND VENT  VALVE.
(Combustion Engineering Inc. Windsor,  Conn.)  U.  S.  Pat.
3,447,493.  4p., June 3, 1969.  3 refs. (Appl. Dec. 28, 1967, 2
claims).
A combined incinerator and  wet  scrubber are discussed.  The
hot, dust-laden gases from the incinerator are scrubbed  and
cleaned in the scrubber and flow  through a space enclosed by
a double wall arrangement of the  incinerator. A damper valve,
positioned in the  duct between  the incinerator and the  wet

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     43
 scrubber, maintains the incinerator at a predetermined partial
 vacuum during normal operations. This enables the refuse to
 be burned without smoke  escaping from  the furnace doors,
 joints, or seams. The valve also closes the duct when a max-
 imum  temperature is reached  downstream from the  wet
 scrubber.  This prevents any hot gases from the furnace from
 entering the scrubber. Cold atmospheric air flows through the
 scrubber and the double walls of the furnace, thus  preventing
 any overheating or damage. (Author abstract modified)

 13697
 Obering, E. Albrecht
 SLUDGE  INCINERATION IN THE  FLUIDIZED BED FUR-
 NACE. (Schlammverbrennung im Wirbelschichtofen). Text in
 German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(10):615-619,1969. 2 refs.
 Sewage sludge disposal becomes an ever greater problem since
 dump sites are becoming scarce and  awareness of  the danger
 of uncontrolled dumping is spreading. Disposal by incineration
 decreases the volume and leaves sterile ash and inert odorless
 gases.  Sludge incineration  must be preceded by mechanical
 dehydration to avoid emission of volatile organic sludge com-
 ponents with the waste gas and to permit autonomous com-
 bustion. To achieve the latter goal, the combustion tempera-
 ture must be high, the excess air in the reaction chamber low,
 the incineration complete, and the temperatures  of the waste
 gases and vapors  low. However, the waste gas temperature
 may not drop below 750 C if odors are to be avoided and if
 the residues  ought to be sterile. To  solve the problem, the
 fluidized bed furnace must be used. The sludge falls into a bed
 of turbulent sand particles where it is dried, degassed, and ig-
 nited. The temperature of the waste gas  at the combustion
 chamber outlet is 800 to 900 C. It is cooled in an  air preheater
 and the heat is returned to the combustion chamber. In the
 subsequent dust collector, the mineral sludge components are
 separated as dust  either by a wet or  dry  process and tapped
 off to an ash pit. The  turbulent sand particles  are slowly
 eroded and carried off with the ash. They are replaced by
 larger ash particles and  by sand brought in by the sewage
 sludge.  The  furnace  has  no  movable parts  aside from the
 charging facility and the ventilators so that wear and tear are
 low. The  city of Lausanne has operated such a fluidized bed
 furnace since 1965. The furnace burns 2600 kg of dehydrated
 sludge per hour (max. water content 60%). Part  of the waste
 gas is used to heat the combustion air and the rest goes to a
 boiler. The waste gases are cleaned in cyclone separators and
 electrostatic precipitators.

 14061
 Velzy, C. O.
 THE  ENIGMA  OF  INCINERATOR DESIGN.  New York,
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1968,
 8p. 17 refs. (Presented at the ASME  Winter Annual Meeting
 and Energy Systems Exposition,  New York, Dec.  1-5, 1968.)
 Until recently, municipal incinerators were largely empirically
 designed.  The increasing  emphasis on prevention of pollution
 of the environment, together with rapidly changing refuse con-
 stituents and characteristics, is forcing a change in these previ-
 ously accepted design approaches. To select the  air pollution
 control equipment best suited to a particular problem, concise
information as to the nature, characteristics, and magnitude of
 the problem is required. The more rigid present day air pollu-
tion codes will require the application of  more sophisticated
abatement equipment. Such  equipment includes  medium-to
high-energy wet scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. With
refractory furnaces, the gases must be cooled prior to being
discharged to the air pollution control equipment. This is ac-
complished by adding spray water to the gas stream. A portion
of the gaseous pollutants discharged from the furnace would
be removed by this cooling water. Much more data must be
collected from presently operating incinerators and properly
correlated with furnace type, furnace configuration, operating
variables, and refuse composition.

14364
Matsumoto, K., R. Asukata, and T. Kawashima
THE  PRACTICE OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN  JAPAN
BURNING OF REFUSE WITH HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT
AND   LOW  CALORIFIC  VALUE. American  Society  of
Mechanical  Engineers,  New  York, Incinerator  Div., Proc.
Natl.  Incinerator Conf.,  New York,  1968, p. 180-197. (May 5-
8).
The history and development of Japanese refuse incineration
facilities are presented. Numerous studies were conducted on
analysis of refuse, problems of public hazards and nuisances,
and theories on drying and  combustion, which resulted in the
formation of a Standard for  Incineration Facilities in 1966.
These standards have provided a stringent policy guidance for
incinerator  construction, as well as  effective  guidance  to
manufacturers of incinerator equipment. In 1967, a 5-year plan
was  undertaken to  improve sanitation faculties. Processing
capacity at the end  of 1966 was  estimated to be 27,685
tons/day. It was  estimated  that  an  additional amount to  be
processed during and after 1967 amounted to 33,965 tons/day.
The number of cities, towns, and villages requiring  refuse in-
cineration facilities  was 1273  at the beginning of the 5-year
plan.  Refuse in Japan has a far  higher moisture  content and
lower calorific value (lower heating value:  500 to 1300 kcal/kg,
40 to 70% moisture  content) than that of Europe or America
(lower heating value:  1000-2500 kcal/kg,  10 to 45% moisture
content). In the design and production of high-quality incinera-
tors which  will completely  burn  refuse with a high moisture
content and low calorific value, the  following essentials must
be considered: (1) Means should be provided for effective dry-
ing of refuse; (2) the amount  of fuel consumed  to assist in
combustion  should be held  to  a minimum; and (3)  the com-
bustion rate should  be maximized. In Japanese  incinerators,
refuse is dried, either by gas or air, and burned on a stoker,
and the performance of this mechanism  has a direct bearing
upon  that of the incinerator.  Various  types of reciprocating
and traveling grate stokers are described.  A typical  incinerat-
ing process is detailed, together with a  flow diagram of  a
mechanical incinerator such  as is used in Japan.

14365
Fernandes, J. H.
INCINERATOR  Am  POLLUTION CONTROL.  American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div.,
Proc.  Natl.  Incinerator Conf., New York,  1968, p. 101-116. 44
refs. (May 5-8).
Although an incinerator stack  may  appear reasonably clean,
the fly ash in the gas may be excessive. Large quantities of air
used in incineration often mask the real pollution potential. As
a result, stack observations  are no measure of emission from
an incinerator. An accurate determination of stack  emissions
can be obtained only by actual test based on samples taken in
the duct leaving  the  air pollution  control equipment. This
paper presents a survey of  the performance capability of  air
pollution control equipment. It is clear that more knowledge of
incinerator pollutants is required, and some research must be
performed if all classes of high-performance air pollution con-
trol equipment are to be applied to incinerators with optimum
results. Regardless of whether lax or stringent  air pollution

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 44
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 regulations are in effect, collectors of good design, properly
 installed, operated, and maintained, can be selected. The rela-
 tive cost  of  the various classes of equipment is presented.
 (Author summary modified)

 14369
 Eberhardt, H. and W. Mayer
 EXPERIENCES WITH  REFUSE INCINERATORS IN EU-
 ROPE, PREVENTION OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION,
 OPERATION  OF REFUSE INCINERATION PLANTS COM-
 BINED WITH STEAM BOILERS, DESIGN AND PLANNING.
 American Society  of Mechanical Engineers, New  York, In-
 cinerator Div., Proc.  Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968,
 p. 73-86. 7 ref s. (May 5-8).
 European steam generators  with refuse  firing  must meet a
 number of stringent legal requirements for environmental con-
 trol. In Germany, the dust emission of  refuse incineration
 plants  with  a refuse  throughput  of more  than  20  tons
 refuse/day may not exceed 150  mg dust/cu Nm  clean gas
 referred to 7% CO2  at any time. Depending on the preload of
 the site environment, this value must still be lowered so as to
 remain within the emission limits of 0.42 g/sq m/day for the
 annual mean and 0.65 g/sq m/day for the  monthly mean. Flue
 dust collectors have over 98% efficiency. Difficult physical
 and chemical problems with the fuel and with boiler availabili-
 ty are met by attention to many engineering details. While the
 analysis of residential refuse is a relatively simple procedure,
 the determination of the volume and composition of industrial
 refuse is especially difficult and contributes in large part to the
 difficulties in planning and design of incineration  plants. In
 Europe, refuse incinerators are combined with steam boilers,
 and operation of these large plants has shown that boilers with
 refuse fire chambers including the accessory equipment differ
 fundamentally from  conventional plants in design and opera-
 tion. The paper considers these plants in  detail and compares
 them with  plants operating with fossil fuels. It is shown that
 corrosion  of boiler and superheater tubes  is largely prevented
 by maintaining oxidizing conditions in critical areas.  It was
 concluded that the primary factor in all considerations of the
 special requirements for  refuse incineration plants, compared
 to conventional steam boilers, is the conversion of wastes into
 sterile end products.

 14522
 Woodruff, P. H. and  G. P. Larson
 COMBUSTION PROFILE OF A GRATE-ROTARY KILN IN-
 CINERATOR.  American Society of Mechanical  Engineers,
 New York, Incinerator  Div.,  Proc. Natl. Incinerator  Conf.,
 New York, 1968, p. 327-336. (May 5-8).
 Tests were conducted on a 300 t/per day  grate-rotary kiln in-
 cinerator to establish criteria for design modifications  and to
 determine operational procedures necessary to comply with air
 pollution regulations  and  to reduce nuisance complaints. Sam-
 ples of oxygen, carbon  monoxide, and carbon dioxide were
 collected at the end of the rotary kiln, in  the secondary com-
 bustion chamber, the area in front of the water sprays, and in
 the stack. Temperatures and velocities of the gas stream, plus
 paniculate loading  to the incinerator, were also determined.
 Organic  constituents found in  the secondary combustion
 chamber indicate that combustion is not always complete be-
fore the gas stream reaches the water sprays. Air under grates
promotes suspension of  excessive amounts of  particulates in
 the gas  stream, while outside air  drawn into the ash pit
produces turbulent  conditions preventing deposition of lighter
ash particles in the pit. In addition, the startup period is exces-
 sive. Proposals are made for operating the incinerator on a
seven-day basis, installing burners in the primary and seconda-
ry burning zones, reducing infiltrated air, and installing baffles
across the secondary combustion chamber.

14524
Stabenow, G.
PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN DATA FOR  LARGE EU-
ROPEAN    REFUSE   INCINERATORS    WITH   HEAT
RECOVERY.  American  Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New  York,  Incinerator Div.,  Proc. Natl.  Incinerator Conf.,
New York, 1968, p. 278-286. 8 refs. (May 5-8).
In Europe, where the demand for better air pollution control
and shortage of landfill areas became acute at an earlier stage,
efficient  incinerator design  is more advanced  than  in the
United States.  Now that the solid waste disposal problem
requires immediate  attention in this country also, a study of
European  design data is in order. Considering that European
furnaces  have  been successfully  subjected to  all types of
refuse, including industrial waste with exceedingly high heat-
ing values and refuse  with high  moisture and ash contents,
there  is reason to believe that similar equipment will perform
equally well in the  United States. The  apparent trend in Eu-
rope is toward large municipal incinerator stations where raw
refuse is  fed to combustion chambers with a guaranteed bur-
nout rate. Furnace walls are cooled with water and available
heat is recovered and  utilized for power or heat generation.
The residue consisting of ashes and other nonburnable materi-
als occupies only 6% of the original volume of refuse fed to
the furnace. Design improvements that have taken place in the
past   few  years  are reflected  in  the design  specification
presented  in this article. These specifications should help mu-
nicipal authorities and consulting engineers select a design that
will do better than barely meet new standards for soil, air, and
water pollution.

14612
Zinn,  Robert E. and Walter R. Niessen
COMMERCIAL INCINERATOR DESIGN CRITERIA.  Amer-
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers New York Incinerator
Div.,  Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York,  1968, p. 337-
347. 1 ref. (May 5-8).
Increasing collection and disposal unit rates, compounded by
increasing refuse generating rates, are leading many industries,
shopping centers,  and the like to attempt disposal of their own
solid  wastes. In many  cases,  resulting  savings, together with
the elimination of unhealthy accumulation of wastes, are suffi-
cient  to justify private  disposal systems. However, upgrading
the capabilities of these incinerators is necessary in view of
projected increases in the use of plastics, metal foils, and glass
as packing materials. These materials can cause failure of in-
cinerator   grates,   supporting  structures,  and  operating
mechanisms. Combustion air control with suitable  agitation of
the residue to attain good burnout is shown to be a necessary
design parameter. Thus, future designs of incinerators must
avoid the  use of grate  systems, yet provide adequate stoking
of the burning mass to obtain complete oxidation. Provisions
should also be made to install burners in both primary and
secondary chambers and  to  achieve  a continuous flow of
refuse and ash. If refuse is moved through the  system in a
plug  flow manner,  hot  combustion products from  freshly
charged materials can be used to assure  burnout of the ash.

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                                            B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      45
 14613
 Rohr, F. W.
 SUPPRESSION OF THE STEAM PLUME FROM INCINERA-
 TOR STACKS.  American  Society  of Mechanical Engineers
 New York  Incinerator Div.,  Proc.  Natl. Incinerator  Conf.,
 New York, 1968, p. 216-224. 2 refs. (May 5-8).
 The use of water scrubber systems for municipal, commercial,
 and industrial incinerators results in the generation of a super-
 saturated water vapor which leaves the stack in the form of a
 visible white plume. The plume reveals the presence of an in-
 cinerator which may be capable of inoffensive operation in an
 urban  area,  but its continuously identifiable  presence can
 become a standard by which property value is graded. Various
 methods are possible for the reduction of the moisture content
 of  gases, and  therefore, suppression of the  steam plume.
 These  methods  are: (1) electrostatic precipitation  of water
 droplets from fogged air; (2) mechanical separation of water
 droplets from fogged air; (3) absorption or adsorption of water
 vapor; (4) mixing of the moist gases with relatively dry heated
 air;  (5) condensation of the moisture by direct contact  with
 water or on cold surfaces; and (6) reheat of scrubber exhaust
 gases.  An evaluation of systems utilizing these methods in-
 dicates that cost of scrubber systems with the means for sup-
 pression is related to the lowest ambient air temperatures at
 which  the  system is  designed  to be  effective and to the
 method of dehydration of  the  flue  gases.  This preliminary
 analysis has indicated that the costs of these systems for use
 at  temperatures above  20  F  may  be  comparable  to  wet
 scrubber systems in which  no provision is made for suppres-
 sion.

 14736
 Rathgeber, Ferdinand
 DUST  REMOVAL FROM  WASTE  GASES  FROM REFUSE
 INCINERATION.  (Entstaubung  der Abgase  aus  der  Ver-
 brennung von Abfall und Muell). Text in German. Wasser Luft
 Betrieb, 13(2):46-50, Feb. 1969. 2 refs.
 The two means suitable for cleaning waste gases from refuse
 incinerators are cyclones and electrostatic precipitators. They
 must be preceded by some type of waste gas cooling  system.
 For smaller incinerators, fresh air is primarily used for this
 purpose, while in medium  size and large  incinerators, the
 selection is wider. Here, the waste gases can be cooled  with
 cold air, water, or by utilizing the waste heat. Due to stringent
 laws concerning the control of emissions,  cyclones  can be
 used only for smaller  incinerators.  Electrostatic precipitators
 with their high collection efficiencies are suitable for installa-
 tion in any  kind of incinerator.  Small,  compact electrostatic
 precipitators are available and help save on  installation costs.
 Should it be necessary, mechanical filters can be installed be-
 hind electrostatic precipitators to retain charred paper flakes.

 14940
 Tada, Mitsuru
 INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCINERATION BY  FLUTOIZING
 SYSTEM. (Sangyo haikibutsu  no ryudoshokyakuho). Text in
 Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
 July 1969.
 Fluidizing systems, which are widely applied  to petroleum and
 mineral combustion,  are highly efficient.  The outstanding
merits  of this system  are a capacity of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration; the ability to incinerate low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln  heat around 750  C; no stack smoke or odor problems;
simplicity of  structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln and
constant and stable internal heat; availability of electric power,
produced though the process in large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operation requiring no heavy or inten-
sive labor; and economical  maintenance. The system has a
wide range of applications, including waste incineration in the
chemical, food processing, and petroleum industries, and ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from paper manufacturing plants  that used to be discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing, and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic matter contained in  pulp  wastes, and chemical com-
pounds such  as Na2SO4 or Na2CO3  may be recovered and
reused in kraft pulp production. Adaptation of this  system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries has the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes and recovering ash for use as
fertilizer.  The  system  can   be adapted to  petroleum  and
petrochemical wastes and to high-temperature wastes.

14967
Hein, G. M. and R. B. Engdahl
A STUDY  OF EFFLUENTS  FROM DOMESTIC  GAS-FIRED
INCINERATORS.  (American  Gas Association,  Inc.,  New
York, Proj. DG-3M, 27p., June 1959. 24 refs.
Measurements were made of the effluents from nine domestic
gas- fired  incinerators, including two new prototype models,
five new commercial units, and two older units. Standard test
charges that typified wet domestic wastes and dry combustible
materials,  and two special refuse mixtures were burned.  A
free-standing  chimney provided natural draft for the units.
Sampling and analytical  techniques were based on recognized
methods. The concentrations  in ppm  in the flue  gas and the
emission rates in pounds per ton of refuse burned were deter-
mined for aldehydes, nitrogen oxides,  organic acids, ammonia,
and  hydrocarbons. Grain loadings and emission rates were
determined for particulate matter which included tarry organic
materials.  Odor  and  smoke  density  were  also  determined.
Results demonstrated that significant  reduction in  emissions
has been achieved through recent improvements in incinerator
design.  When wet domestic  wastes  are  incinerated in  new
units, of up to 6-fold decreases in the rate of aldehyde emis-
sions  are  achieved. Decrease in organic acids is 3-fold;
decrease in  saturated  hydrocarbons  is  8-fold.  Although
nitrogen oxides have increased 3-fold because of increased gas
in the afterburner,  their concentration is still lower  compared
to other combustion sources. Smoke,  odor,  and particulate
matter emissions decreased to acceptable levels.  Comparison
of these emission rates with those from municipal incinerators
shows  that the new improved gas-fired domestic incinerators
have lower particulate emissions, and, in general, equally low
emissions of gaseous pollutants. Emissions from improved gas-
fired units were in most cases lower than those from other in-
cinerators and large gas and oil-fired  industrial heating units;
they were  much lower than those from automobile exhaust.
The results of the study provide a basis for modification of the
present restrictions  in certain areas on the use  of  gas-fired
domestic incinerators and for confirmation of their present ac-
ceptance in other areas.

15201
Clark, William T.
DESIGN  OF A  LARGE   MUNICIPAL  INCINERATOR.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., South Atlantic Section,
lip., Nov. 19, 1969.
Design specifications for a municipal incinerator in the District
of Columbia were derived from studies of the effects of such
furnace variables as  temperature, excess air,  fuel bed agita-

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46
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
tion, and incomplete combustion in the generation of contami-
nants. To achieve necessary control of incinerator operations,
a new furnace configuration was developed. This configuration
is  directed toward obtaining  uniform gas velocity patterns,
uniform temperatures, longer gas retention time, and less en-
trainment of particulates in the flue gas stream. A combination
of cyclones and electrostatic precipitators was chosen to con-
trol flue gas temperature and avoid condensation corrosion. By
collecting large fatty acids, the cyclones will reduce fouling of
the precipitator's collector plates.  Specifications call for  a
minimum  95% precipitator efficiency. The plant will process
1500 tons  of refuse per 24 hrs. It contains shredding equipment
for large  bulky  refuse, metal separation  equipment  on the
shredder discharge, and laboratory facilities for testing dif-
ferent facets of solid waste disposal. One of the six furnaces is
fully instrumented to obtain air flow and flue gas data and to
measure  furnace  temperatures. Particulate and gaseous in-
cinerator flue gas constituents are tabulated.

153%
Naito, Jun and Satoru Fujii
AN INCINERATOR. (Shokyakuro).  Text  in  Japanese. (As-
signee not given.)  Japanese Pat. Sho 44-11707. 2p., May 28,
1969. (Appl. March 24, 1966, 1 claim).
The chimney of this incinerator consists  of  two concentric
cylinders  and is provided with a cover at the top. The cover
has several holes through which a part of the smoke escapes
to the atmosphere. The rest of the smoke is mixed with air
through the  hole and flows down the inner cylinder. This in-
duces more  fresh air to be brought in through the  hole. The
gas is heated up while  flowing down  along the inner cylinder
which is heated up by the up-flowing hot  smoke. The gas is
led to the combustion chamber to dilute the smoke and make
the combustion more  complete.

15544
Hangebrauck, Robert P. and George D. Kittredge
THE ROLE  OF COMBUSTION RESEARCH IN AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Air  Pollution  Control  Administration,  17p.,
Sept.  1969. 10 refs. (Presented  at the  Combustion  Institute,
Eastern States Section, Technical Meeting, Morgan town, W.
Va., 1969.)
Research  and development   projects  aimed at developing
technology  for   minimizing   emissions   from   combustion
processes are reviewed. The projects are discussed in relation
to specific pollutants  and sources,  which  include  electric
power  production,  industrial and  residential  combustion,
refuse combustion, and motor vehicle sources. For stationary
sources  of pollution, fluid bed combustion may provide an
economical system of heat generation for reducing  emissions
of sulfur oxides,  and  perhaps nitrogen oxides, from fossil-fuel
combustion by steam-electric  power stations. Research is in
progress  on  models  for  predicting  nitrogen  fixation; these
models would be used in design of burners and boilers for low
output  of NOx.  Another possibility  for  controlling power
generating systems involves integrating new power cycles with
fuel cleaning. Improved burner and  furnace designs  offer op-
portunities for reducing pollution from sources other than
power generators. Current development work in incineration
could  lead to both lower pollution levels  and better use of
resources by heat recovery. For motor vehicle sources of pol-
lution, the possibilities of control are diverse. Industry is con-
centrating chiefly  on  enhancing combustion in spark-ignition
engines by improving fuel atomization, air-fuel mixing,  and
distribution. Also under study are changes in fuel composition,
high-temperature exhaust  system reactors, and  exhaust gas
recirculation for NOx control. Elsewhere, alternative types of
low-emission propulsion system, in particular  Ranitine cycle
systems, are under development. Control techniques for diesel
engines  are  directed  toward  improving  fuels  and  engine
designs to eliminate smoke and odor. Finally,  projects for
reducing emissions from aircraft are underway.

16137
Hishida, Kazuo
SMOKE PROPERTIES OF  REFUSE  INCINERATORS AND
DUST  COLLECTORS FOR THE INCINERATORS.  (Gomi
shohkyaku ni tomonau haigasu to sono jojin ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.  Pollution Control), 4(10):637-
645, Oct. 15,1968. 4 refs.
Smoke from refuse incinerators  is not only a cause of air pol-
lution  but a source of complaints  from local residents.  In
Tokyo in 1967, there were 92 cases involving complaints about
incinerator smoke; these constituted 12% of the total com-
plaints concerning smoke. Refuse incineration is divided in
two classes: bath combustion methods and continuous com-
bustion methods. In batch (fixed furnace) operations, refuse is
burned intermittently;  the working environment in the furnace
is bad. The method should be replaced by that of continuous
combustion.  There are also two  classes of refuse: garbage and
miscellaneous refuse. A mixture of the two is called a mixed
refuse. Since they contain  large  amounts of water, garbage or
mixed  refuse are  difficult  to burn. The main components of
the gas produced by refuse incineration are hydrogen chloride,
sulfur oxides, ammonia, aldehydes, organic acids,  and nitrogen
oxides. Their concentrations  can reach 2000 ppm but, with the
exception of organic acids and  nitrogen oxides,  can be con-
trolled to below 500 ppm. Concentrations of organic acids and
nitrogen  oxides do not decrease at high combustion tempera-
tures. A solution for this problem must be found. More dust is
released  by  batch than by continuous combustion of refuse,
and sulfuric acid is its predominant component. Because of the
complex nature of incinerator refuse dust, the use of dust col-
lectors is advocated. A dry electric collector, used alone or in
combination with a centrifugal collector, is recommended.

16536
Kurosawa, Keiji
ENRICHED   AIR  COMBUSTION  OF   HARD-TO-BURN
REFUSE. (Toshi  jinkai shokyaku ni  taisuru  sanso riyo  ni
tsuiteno ichi kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 2(11):771- 773, Dec.  1966. 1 ref.
Enriched air combustion of  refuse has  advantage, though in-
vestment costs are high. Oxygen lowers the ignition tempera-
ture. Nitrogen decreases combustion smoke with no  loss of
heat. The higher the flame temperature, the less the odor of
combustion smoke. Reduced smoke makes it easy to remove
smoke dust.  Wet and watery refuse can be burnt  with savings
in  heavy oil. The combustion smoke remaining inside the in-
cinerator burns more refuse in the  same  incinerator in an
equivalent period of time than other combustion methods. The
oxygen content of air is only 21%, the remaining 79% consist-
ing of  nitrogen and argon. A large proportion  of combustion
heat in the air is used to heat  the nitrogen. Since refuse in
Japan is generally more watery than that in western countries,
more heavy oil is needed as a subsidiary fuel. Oxygen applica-
tion reduces the heavy oil consumption for refuse incineration.
Present equipment for separating oxygen from air by liquefac-
tion reflects great technological progress. A 10,000 cu Nm/h
capacity can be  found in  some iron and steel works, or
petroleum industry plants.  Construction expenses are esti-

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     47
 mated to be approximately 80 to 90 billion for 95% O2 at
 10,000 cu Nm/h.

 16730
 Sebastian, F. P., A. F. Ariey, and B. B. Garretson
 MODERN REFUSE INCINERATION. Mech. Eng., 91(4):27-32,
 April 1969.
 A new generation of refuse incinerators has made West Ger-
 many the leader in the technology of solid  waste disposal. A
 plant constructed  at Dusseldorf  to serve a  61.1  sq.  mi
 metropolitan area with a population of over 698,000 has been
 designed to  operate on unsegregated municipal refuse with an
 average  colorific  content  of 2600  Btu/lb. In  addition  to
 reclaiming heat energy in the form of steam from the refuse,
 the burned-out residue is processed to recover ferrous metals
 and  usable  inert materials. The German air pollution code
 requirements are met through the use of electrostatic precipita-
 tors  and a 100 m  stack. Flue gases  are carefully monitored.
 The  Dusseldorf plant will have  six incinerator/boiler units
 when completed. Total revenue  will be  about $3.40/tn  of
 refuse, an amount which would suffice to meet all operating
 costs and allow for amortization of capital costs.

 16749
 Rolfe, T. J. K.
 REFUSE INCINERATION. B.C.U.R.A. (Brit Coal  Util. Res.
 Assoc.) Gaz., 33(2):28-31, Feb. 1969. 12 refs.
 Incinerable wastes cover a wide spectrum of gaseous, liquid,
 and  solid materials. The  problems  posed by  the need  to
 dispose of increasing quantities of refuse by incineration have
 been discussed in a number of papers. This  is a review of the
 incineration  problem particularly as it relates to house refuse.

 16751
 Pottinger, J. F.
 NEW STANDARDS FOR INCINERATORS  IN NEW  SOUTH
 WALES. Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand),
 3(l):29-36, March 1969. 6 refs.
 The  New South Wales Department of Public Health set up an
 Incinerator Committee two years ago to investigate incinerator
 practices and to set standards of  design aimed at minimizing
 emissions to the atmosphere.  The standards which   are
 presented in full in the article apply to domestic (except single
 family dwellings), commercial, and industrial incinerators. The
 incinerator standards are based on up-to-date information on
 incinerator design and practice. In  the standards various types
 of waste material handled by incinerators have  been divided
 into  five groups. Multiple chamber design is  recommended for
 incinerators  to promote  the complete combustion of all solid
 and  gaseous combustibles.  Five classes  of  incinerators have
 been defined with specifications given for each class.

 17275
 LaRue, Phillip G.
 POLLUTION-CONTROLLED   GAS   INCINERATION:    A
 SOLUTION  TO THE  GROWING PROBLEM  OF  SOLID
 WASTE DISPOSAL. ASHRAE (Am. Soc. Heating, Refrig. Air-
 cond. Engrs. J.),  12(2):58-62, Feb. 1970. 4 refs.
 Incineration  of  solid waste can be most effectively  accom-
plished in a  gas-fired multiple chamber incinerator.  The  in-
cinerator is built to design criteria  which allow adequate com-
bustion chamber area, grate area, grate-to-burner design, and a
method for  remixing the off gases (from  the primary com-
bustion chamber) with additional  air supply. The mixture is
passed through a zone of flame at 1200  F or higher where
secondary combustion takes place. In the secondary chamber,
the time, temperature, and turbulence of combustion are util-
ized to complete the combustion of the off gases.  The initial
temperature and flame  length necessary  to reburn smoke,
odor, and fly ash are created by an afterburner. A modern gas
incinerator  should be capable of passing the most stringent in-
cinerator codes now in effect. On larger commercial industrial
units, a gas washer or electrostatic precipitator may be neces-
sary. In a gas  washer, the gases and fly ash are trapped  and
passed through the unit  where they are mixed with water to
trap and  settle out the participate matter from the gas steam.
With such  a device,  emissions are controlled to a  point well
below most acceptable limits.

17403
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION  RESULT OF  AN  ELECTRIC  PRECD?ITATOR  IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (K) -- TREAT-
MENT OF  EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE INCINERATOR.
(Gyohshubetsu ni mini denkishuhjin sohchi no setsubikeikaku
to untenkohka (IX) - Jinkai shohkyaku no tomonau  haigasu
shod ndao). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 3(9):543-548, Sept. 15,1967.11 refs.
Urban refuse  includes many inorganic  containers  and vinyl
bags  that present  difficulties with respect to  perfect com-
bustion. In  Japan, the choice of incineration by equipment and
incinerating schedules is left to  each municipality indepen-
dently; an  8 hr/day operation is common.  In such  cases,  im-
perfect combustion interferes with the  performance  of dust
collectors when they  start  or stop  operations, and odorous
waste gas emissions are inavoidable. Corrosion of the installa-
tions and damage  by the heat-cycle are  increased by C12,
NH3, SO2, SO3,  etc.. Consequently, a 24 hr/day operation
plan with standardized equipment is advisable. For adequate
combustion, O2-rich  air  should be used. Most recently con-
structed incinerators employ the following  types of  treatment:
flow rate is controlled by a continuous  dust-feeding method;
dry waste gas is resolved and the odor removed through high-
temperature combustion  area in incinerators; temperature of
the combustion waste gas is controlled, and dust removed by
dry methods. Because of the wide variety  of refuse in Japan,
little  progress  has been made in standardizing incinerator
operations.  It is necessary to set up pretreatment installations
and to improve dust removal installations.

18252
Andersen, Lester Hans
INCINERATOR HAVING IMPROVED SCRUBBER. (Clear Air
Waste Reduction Corp.) U.  S. Pat. 3,447,287. 17p., June 3,
1969. 8 refs. (Appl. Dec. 18, 1967,  19 claims.)
The  specification  discloses a scrubber  and dryer  apparatus
particularly useful in conjunction with municipal incinerators
for the removal of fly ash from gaseous combustion products.
The  scrubber  comprises a  chamber having surface-porous
castable refractory piers in several staggered rows. In one em-
bodiment, the  chamber  widens from front to  rear and  the
spacing  between  adjacent  piers  in each  succeeding  row
decreases. The ash is  trapped by impingement on a continuous
curtain of water disposed at the inlet of the scrubber just  up-
stream of the piers. Water to form the curtain is pumped into
a manifold  set  transverse to the chamber inlet in which there
is a  slot.  The gases carry the water downstream in relatively
large droplets  to impinge on the piers where  the  water and
trapped ash flows off. The dryer chamber comprises a deflect-

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 48
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 ing  arch with openings  that direct the gases  against the
 chamber walls and strips the water from them. The  gases,
 after passing through the scrubber and then the dryer, are ex-
 hausted as substantially clear air, having a tested dust loading
 value of 54 to 68% below the commonly accepted standard of
 0.85 Ib dust/1000 Ibs flue gas. In addition, the scrubber and
 dryer can be used for  trapping SO2 in the production of sul-
 furic acid. (Author abstract modified)

 19236
 Samples, Randall H. and Roddy K. Street
 APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING  AND ACCELERATING THE
 FLOW OF EFFLUENT  GASES  IN  A  GASEOUS  FLOW
 STREAM.  (Commercial Fabrication  and Machine Co., Inc.,
 Mount Airy, N. C.) U. S. Pat. 3,504,894. 4p., April 7, 1970. 12
 refs. (Appl. Feb. 21, 1968, 10 claims).
 The improved incinerator described is provided with means for
 accelerating the flow of effluent gases and also with means for
 cooling the incinerator during combustion. The lower portion
 of the combustion chamber includes a vertical cylindrical wall
 and the upper portion, a frusto-conical wall which is attached
 to  the cylindrical  wall and which converges upwardly to a
 hood with  a gaseous outlet opening. The  outlet communicates
 with a conduit through which the gaseous effluent flows and
 where it is cooled by  sprays of  pressurized water. The pres-
 surized liquid  is  directed downward  through venturi-shape
 rings to  accelerate the flow of  oxidizable gases passing into
 inlet openings in  the  lower portion of  the incinerator and
 through  the  combustion chamber,  thereby  facilitating  com-
 bustion.  Both  the cooling water and  the  contaminant-laden
 liquid  fall onto the babbled outer surface of the frusto-conical
 wall from which the combined liquids fall by gravity down the
 walls  of the  incinerator to effectively cool  it during  com-
 bustion.

 19550
 Ellsworth,  R. D. and R. B. Engdahl
 THE CONTROL OF EFFLUENTS  FROM MUNICIPAL IN-
 CINERATORS. J. Air  Pollution Control Assoc., 7(l):43-46,
 May 1957.  9 refs.  (Presented at the Air Pollution  Control As-
 sociation,  East Central Section Meeting,  Columbus,  Ohio.
 Sept. 1957.)
 For various reasons, it is apparent that incineration of rubbish
 is going to  be the primary method of disposal in the future. In-
 cinerator technology and emission problems are discussed.
 Various types of flue gas sampling mechanisms are described.
 Tabulated results of emissions from municipal incinerators are
 given.  The settling-chamber type of collection system usually
 incorporated into the design of larger incinerators either needs
 improvement  or  additional  collection  equipment  must  be
 added. Fly- ash emissions can be controlled by wet scrubbers,
 but high cost and  water problems can  occur.  Inertial separa-
 tors employing baffles  may be  used to  control particulates.
 Full-scale tests on existing installations are needed to supply
 necessary information.

 19597
 Stephenson, Junius W.
INCINERATION - PAST, PRESENT,  AND FUTURE. Preprint,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New  York, 20p.,
 1969. 49 refs. (Presented at the American  Society of Mechani-
cal  Engineers  Winter  Annual Meeting,  Los  Angeles, Calif.,
 1969, Paper 69-WA/Inc-l.)
The  history of  municipal incineration, its present status, and
possible future  developments are reviewed. The first such in-
cinerator was built in Nottingham, England in  1874, but in-
cinerator technology advanced most rapidly after World War
II. Major breakthroughs in the early part of this period were
the  application  of mechanical stokers  to incineration and
development of the  continuous  feed  furnace.  Plants which
reclaim waste heat from incineration processes for production
of steam power are currently receiving attention, but will
probably be economically justifiable only in a relatively small
number of large-scale centrally located installations. Air pollu-
tion  control requirements  are becoming increasingly stringent.
Gaseous pollutants in incinerator stack effluents are generally
so small in quantity that at present there are no control regula-
tions; however, cleaning efficiences as  high as 95-98% on par-
ticulate emissions are either in effect or anticipated, especially
for larger plants. At present, the only  apparent means of ap-
proaching such efficiency is through the use of medium or
high energy scrubbers,  bag filters, or electrostatic precipita-
tors. A first hand  comparison of the operating characteristics
of various cleaning systems will be available when several new
plants in U. S. and Canadian communities have been in opera-
tion  a  sufficient length of time.  Specially designed incinera-
tions are being considered for incineration of bulky refuse. For
the future,  various slagging and pyrolitic processes present in-
teresting possibilities  for application to large scale  municipal
refuse disposal.

19896
Femandes, John H.
INCINERATOR  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT.
In: Technical Economic Study of Solid Waste Disposal Needs
and Practices. Combustion Engineering, Inc., Windsor, Conn.,
Product Diversification  Dept.,  Contract PH 86-66-163, Rept.
SW-7c, Publ. 1886. 32p., Nov. 1, 1967. 3 refs.
The  performance capability of the major classes of air pollu-
tion  control equipment including  mechanical  collectors,  wet
scrubbers,  electrostatic precipitators,  fabric collectors,  and
settling chambers are  presented. The relative capital  and
operating costs,  water requirements and  pressure drops for
different air pollution  control systems  are  also  presented,
together with design charts for system  selection. Air pollution
control  equipment if  properly  designed, installed  and main-
tained can meet stringent air pollution regulations. Of first im-
portance to incinerator air pollution control is  proper com-
bustion within the burning system. Under these conditions,
high efficiency mechanical collectors, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, and fabric collectors can meet present and
projected incinerator  air pollution control regulations. How-
ever, conventional wet and dry settling chambers will usually
not be satisfactory. More  knowledge of incinerator pollutants
is required, and some application research must be conducted
if this equipment is to be applied to incinerators with optimum
results.  Visual observations  are not  an  accurate means to
determine incinerator-stack  emissions. Measurement of the
pollution control capability of the burning system by sampling
of the flue gas is recommended. Although an incinerator stack
may  appear reasonably clean because of the diluting effect
caused by  the extremely  large  quantities of air usually in-
troduced into the burning system, the fly  ash load in the gas
may  be excessive. Technology is not the limiting factor in  con-
trolling air pollution; rather it is the communities' willingness
to finance  the additional  cost  for sophisticated air pollution
control equipment. It is estimated that present and projected
emission levels can usually be obtained for a cost not exceed-
ing 15% of the total plant cost.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      49
 19941
 Eastlund, Bernard J. and William C. Cough
 THE FUSION TORCH: A NEW APPROACH TO POLLUTION
 AND  ENERGY  USAGE.  Preprint,  American  Institute  of
 Chemical Engineers, New  York, N. Y., 29p., 1969. 11 refs.
 (Presented at  the American Institute Chemical Engineers An-
 nual Meeting,  62nd, Washington D. C., Nov. 16-20,1969.)
 Disposal of future large volumes of solid wastes by the Fusion
 Torch  concept, in which ultra-high temperature plasma is used
 to reduce material to its basic elements, is discussed. The pro-
 perties of a fusion plasma, which has a temperature of approx-
 imately 50 million deg C, and of a future fusion power system
 based  on a deuterium-tritium fuel cycle are reviewed. In such
 a system, the leakage, as an exhaust, of  charged particle ener-
 gy from the magnetic bottle  would be utilized as the  fusion
 torch.  The kinetic energy of these 'leakage' charged particles
 can  be converted into electrical energy by various  methods:
 conversion efficiency  for  the charged particles  would  be
 limited to about 50% by thermal cycle considerations. An ener-
 gy and material balance for processing U. S. municipal wastes
 in the  year 2000  via this concept is developed and compared
 with such a balance for an advanced incineration system. Air
 pollution emissions  from incineration of the projected quanti-
 ties  of refuse would be acceptable on  a  world-wide scale,
 while the fusion  torch would release no pollutants to the  at-
 mosphere. Although the process has very high energy require-
 ments, if the heat produced in the fusion torch section of the
 power system is  converted to electricity at 50% efficiency,
 then no  additional heat energy would be released to the en-
 vironment. Unlike incineration, the fusion torch would be anti-
 en tropic, i.e.,  would concentrate diffused material rather than
 diffusing the concentrated, and would thus also play a major
 role in conserving the world's supplies of mineral raw materi-
 als.

 19987
 Lenehan, Joseph W.
 Affi POLLUTION  CONTROL IN MUNICIPAL INCINERA-
 TION. J. Air  Pollution Control  Assoc.,  12(9):414-417, 430,
 Sept. 1962. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air  Pollution Control As-
 sociation  Annual Meeting, 55th,  Chicago,  HI.,  May  20-24,
 1962.)
 The key to successful incinerator planning is the control of  air
 pollution with special emphasis on fly ash collections: without
 control equipment, a 550 ton per day incinerator  will produce
 10,000 Ib of fly ash per day. The various types of fly ash col-
 lectors available are discussed and a table of comparative data
 is presented for the collectors. Included in the table are the
 costs of the  collectors  in $/CFM  gas  treated,  efficiencies,
 space and water requirements, and gas treatment means. The
 lowest efficiency is indicated for settling chambers with sprays
 and  the highest efficiencies for venturi scrubbers, glass cloth
 collectors,  and electrostatic precipitators. It is noted that in-
 cinerator builders will have  to become accustomed  to the
 higher  cost and space requirements of fabric filters. The appli-
 cation  of these collectors  to incinerators  will also require
 greater control of combustion to prevent  the formation  of
 sticky  soot which binds the filter cloth. The increase of com-
 bustibles in refuse and the development of continuous high-
 temperature indicate a possible field of application for fabric
 filters  in  incineration.  In  connection  with  electrostatic
precipitation,  problems of variation in the electrical properties
of fly  ash  can be overcome by adding  moisture to gases  or
combining  a precipitator unit  with a cyclone collector. The
successful use of precipitators in incineration is anticipated.
20078
Priddy, Max H.
MODERN APPROACH TO INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION.
Ind. Gas, 50(5):9-14, May 1970. (Presented at the Midwest In-
dustrial Gas Council, Chicago, m., Oct. 17, 1969.)
Early in 1967, a joint program  was begun by Surface Com-
bustion Division and the Columbia Gas Systems Service Cor-
poration to instigate a complete research and development pro-
gram in the area of pollution control. A laboratory was built in
which the reaction kinetics of many hydrocarbon contaminants
could be studied in terms  of temperature requirements,  reac-
tion rates, and other variables. It is equipped with a blower,
preheating temperature control, equipment for rapid mixing of
a  gas  sample with an  airstream, and  a  reaction chamber
equipped with temperature and velocity measuring devices and
oxidation rate analyzers. With this equipment, the comparative
incineration rates of some common  hydrocarbons have  been
determined at 1,410 F. A practical application of the program
was the designing of commercial equipment,  such as a stack
incinerator for  use  with  an exhaust airstream  containing at
least 15%  oxygen;  a  'packaged'  stack incinerator complete
with a fan, a complete line of  controls, safety devices, and
temperature instrumentation; and  an injection incinerator  for
heavy-duty combustion systems operated at high temperatures.

20294
Celayan, Genaro G.
SMOG-CONTROL  EQUIPMENT FOR INTERNAL  COM-
BUSTION ENGINES, INCINERATORS AND BOILERS. (As-
signee  not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,499,282. 7p., March 10,  1970. 7
refs. (Appl. Oct. 13, 1967, 6 claims).
Smog control devices which eliminate volatile matter, carbon
monoxide,  and hydrocarbons from the exhausts  of internal
combustion  engines,  home  incinerators,  and  boilers  are
described. An elongated chamber  has an air  inlet  and an ex-
ahust gas inlet  at one end, with  a series of butterfly vanes
mounted for rotation along the  length of the chamber. A
spark-plug between  each adjacent pair of butterfly vanes ig-
nites the exhaust gas and air mixture as it passes along the
length of the chamber. By means of the vanes, the chamber is
divided into a number of separate blast chambers. The spark
plugs provide a repetitive spark  to give each  blast chamber a
source of heat energy to burn the volatile matter in the ex-
haust gases. As the  vanes turn under the influence of moving
gas, they permit the passage  of the gas  from one  blast
chamber  to another where the remaining  volatile matter is
reduced  and  the  CO  gases are eliminated.  Eventually, the
processed gas passes from the last blast chamber and is then
exhausted into the atmosphere.

20728
Gates, Henry J. Jr. and Tom Rosenberg
MIXING CHAMBER FOR THE  END OF AN INCINERATOR
ROTARY KILN. (Assignee not  given.)  U.  S. Pat. 3,489,527.
5p., Jan.  13, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. Oct. 19, 1966, 2 claims).
An arrangement is described for the discharge end of a rotary
kiln  employed in a continuous incineration operation. A hood
arch configuration adjacent the discharge end of a rotary kiln
extends  downwardly in  front  of the kiln   to  protect the
discharge end from the reflective heat which would be created
in the mixing chamber into which  the kiln discharges. An off-
set wall acts  as a baffle to cause turbulence of the gases as
they pass from the rotary kiln. A  bridge wall acts  as a baffle
and a deflector and directs gases  from  the end  of the rotary
kiln back towards the gas flow from the kiln. (Author abstract)

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50
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
20730
Ramires, Walter C.
INCINERATOR  FOR BURNING COMBUSTIBLE WASTE
AND METHOD. (Assignee not given.) U.  S. Pat. 3,476,062.
5p., Nov. 4, 1969. 4 refs. (Appl. Dec. 13, 1967, 10 claims).
An apparatus is provided for aqueous  scrubbing and mechani-
cal drafting in the combustion zone and for comminuting of
solid by-products to achieve essentially smokeless incineration
of waste materials such as paper products, wood, garbage, and
combustible  plastics. The incinerator  includes a combustion
chamber with a  perforated, rotating grate; a rotary impeller
chamber; and a scrubbing chamber. Rotation of the rotary im-
peller causes  the effluent from the combustion process, some
of which continues to burn as it passes through the scrubbing
chamber, to be drawn into  the eye of the impeller. A spray
nozzle in the scrubbing chamber is directed at the eye of the
impeller; it generates a full cone of water droplets which pass
through the burning product advancing to the impeller for mix-
ing with the products and for joint centrifuging of the products
and water in the impeller.  In addition to  providing positive
drafting of the combustion  chamber,  the impeller also com-
minutes the solids in the effluents  impinging on its face. Solids
and  gaseous matter are separated  in  a  settling chamber
downstream of the impeller, and the hot gases are recycled to
the combustion chamber. The recirculation not only aids in the
combustion of burning waste material but insures complete
combustion of the recirculated gases.

20773
Luge, Karlheinz E. and Wolfgang  Braun
METHOD FOR COOLING  THE  COMBUSTION GASES OF
REFUSE INCINERATORS.  (Metallgesellschaft A. G.,  Frank-
furt (W. Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,477,203. 3p., Nov. 11, 1969. 4
refs. (Appl. May 1, 1968, 7 claims).
A process is provided whereby the hot combustion gases of
refuse incinerators may be readily cooled prior to their treat-
ment in electrostatic dust separators, without unduly affecting
the dew point of such gases or unduly increasing the volume
of gases to be treated in the separators. In the  first step, a
cooling liquid is injected directly into the  hot gases while they
are still in the furnaces in the incinerator plants so as to lower
the temperature of the combustion gases to about 600 C. In
the second  step, the temperature of the gases  is further
reduced to about 300-400 C by the infiltration of atmospheric
air into the gases. The cooling liquid, usually water, is injected
into the furnace under such conditions that it becomes  and
remains completely vaporized in the furnace so as  to prevent
the formation of sludge.

21058
Ishitsu, Fumio
SMOKE AND  DUST PROCESSING EQUIPMENT.  (Baien
Shori Sochi). Text in Japanese. (Assignee not given.) Japanese
Pat. Sho 44-28069. 3p., Nov. 19, 1969. 1 ref. (Appl. March 5,
1964, claims not given).
A method  for separating soot from the smoke emitted by an
incinerator is  described. Above the smoke flue, from the side
of the incinerator, a boiling water tank, water tank, and smoke
exhaust fan  are  provided.  When  the  smoke passes the flue
under the boiling water tank, it is mixed and moistened by the
steam of the  boiling water which comes  from small holes in
the bottom plate of the tank. Secondly, passing the flue under
the water tank, the soot in the smoke absorbs the water which
drops  from holes in the bottom  of the  tank. The  smoke is
blown through the chimney by the exhaust fan.
21435
Brion, Jacques, Michel Cousin, Wulf Talejkinski, and Andre
Volk
GAS FITLERING INSTALLATION. (Commissariat a 1'Energie
Atomique, Paris (France)) U. S. Pat. 3,479,800. 10p., Nov. 25,
1969. 3 refs. (Appl. July 24, 1967, 10 claims).
An installation is described which is very suitable for filtering
hot gases including the smoke from waste incinerators, since
not only can it provide rapid and completely safe cleaning of
the filters whenever necessary, but also it can use filter ele-
ments in the form of porous tubes lined with a fibrous deposit
and is able to withstand heat very well. The installation com-
prises a casing, porous filtering tubes disposed in side-by-side
relationship, a supply  line communicating with the interior of
the tubes, and  an  exit line with the  outside of the tubes. A
number of tubular probes are located  above the filtered tubes,
rigidly interconnected and connected to a suction system, with
apparatus for moving  them from a withdrawn position above
the tubes during filtering and a position in the tubes for
sucking deposits away from the inner walls  of the tubes. A
unit for spraying a fibrous lining into  the cleaned and stripped
porous tubes is also included.

21626
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany, Unterausschuss
Abfallverbrennungskleinanlagen and VDI (Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure) Fachgruppe Haustechnik, Duesseldorf, Germany
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION WASTE INCINERATION IN
PLANTS WITH THROUGHPUT OF  UP TO  1,500 KG PER
HR.  (Auswurfbegrenzung Abfallverbrennung in Anlagen mit
Durchsatzleistungen bis zu 1500 kg/h Abfall). VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2301, Feb. 1967. 35 refs. Translated from
German by D. Ben Yaakov,  Israel Program for  Scientific
Translations, Jerusalem, 9p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/13
The formation and control of emissions from small solid-waste
incinerating plants close to the  waste  source, rather than from
large central incineration plants,  are reviewed, and emissions
limits are given. General design and construction requirements
are given for release of flue gases, auxiliary burners, seconda-
ry combustion, inspection  and measuring openings,  charging
gear,  incinerator   premises,  operation,  and  heat recovery
processes. Factors affecting dust and soot formation in the dif-
ferent parts of the incinerator are outlined,  as well as en-
gineering means of removing  particulate and gaseous  com-
ponents in  the flue gases, and the equipment, operating, and
maintenance requirements for  restricting  emission. Smoke-
plume color must be less than No. 2 on the Ringelmann scale
for running operation  with any type  of waste, and less than
No. 1 with  the waste type for which the unit is designed. Par-
ticulate  emission may  not exceed 200 mg/cu m STP for moist
flue gas (with C02 content of at least 7%) at the stack outlet,
to be determined by gravimetric measurement during a period
representative of average operation.

22156
Joffre,  R.
ELECTROSTATIC DUST REMOVAL IN URBAN INCINERA-
TORS AT THE ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE-THIU PLANT,
ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX.  (Depoussierage electrostatique de
1'installation d'incineration des residus  urbains  a  la centrale
E.d.F.-Tiru-Issy-les-Moulineaux).  Text   in   French.  Tech.
Moderne,  p. 49-50, Feb. 1970. (Presented at the University
Foundation for the Study of Air and Water Pollution Congress
on Dust Removal, Lyon, France, April 24, 1969.)

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     51
 The Issy-les-Moulineaux incinerator can handle 500,000 tons
 per year of garbage and household trash, with an average ther-
 mal  power of 1500 kcal/kg. It is divided  into 4 independent
 units, each of which is equipped with 2 Lurgi electrofilters and
 blower that draws the fumes from the  2 filters into a common
 chimney. The installation is the first of its size to be used in
 Europe. The dust separators are 98% efficient, receiving waste
 gases containing 80-360 mg/cu m and emitting gases containing
 4-18 mg/cu m.  The filters are in a horizontal position, con-
 nected in parallel, each with two electrical fields, independent
 from one another and connected in series, so that in the case
 of a failure of one field the unit will retain 75% operating effi-
 ciency. A major problem in the use of  electrostatic filters with
 incinerators is   that  fragments  of partially burned  paper,
 because of their high carbon content, do  not respond to the
 electrostatic field and escape into the air. Experimental studies
 have shown that the use of precipitation plates with irregular
 surfaces is more effective in eliminating the paper ash.

 22296
 Day and Zimmermann, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.
 SPECIAL   STUDIES   FOR   INCINERATORS  FOR   THE
 GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT  OF COLUMBIA.  PHS
 Grant D01-SW-00038-01, Kept. SW-ld, PHS  Publ. 1748,  80p.,
 1968. 84 refs.
 Six special studies, prepared as a part  of the evaluations lead-
 ing to a design for an  incinerator for the District of Columbia,
 is presented. Topics of the studies include:  incinerator effluent
 gases, control laboratory, size reduction of oversize burnable
 waste, size reduction  of bulky metal objects by  compression
 presses, heat recovery, and can-metal  recovery. The incinera-
 tor effluent stream contains  inorganic  and organic substances
 in the form  of  gases and  particulates.  Some of these con-
 stituents are  toxic  and corrosive. Electrostatic  precipitators
 preceded by  mechanical collectors are recommended for air
 pollution control. Itemized lists of instrumentation and labora-
 tory  equipment  and  their  estimated  installed costs  are
 presented. The installation of a shredder for size reduction is
 recommended. The use of compression presses to reduce the
 size of bulky metal objects is  acceptable under certain condi-
 tions;  the  alternate use of  outside  contractors for  metal
 shredding as a potentially more economical solution is recom-
 mended. The economics of the proposed plant do not justify
 the installation  of heat  recovery  equipment. Because of the
 low price obtainable for recovered can metal, it is concluded
 that facilities  of this  type  should not be  included in the
 proposed incinerator project. (Author abstract modified)

 22757
 Kaiser, E. R., J.  Halitsky, M. B. Jacobs, and L. C. McCabe
 MODD7ICATION TO REDUCE EMISSIONS  FROM A FLUE-
 FED INCINERATOR. New York Univ., N. Y., Research Div.,
 Tech. Rept. 552.2, 51p., June  1959. 8  refs. (Presented at the
 Air Pollution Control Assoc. Annu. Meet., 52nd, Los Angeles,
 Calif., June 1959.)
 A program of 38 tests  was conducted on three flue-fed, single-
 chamber,  refuse incinerators in three  16-story apartment
 buildings to determine the  amount  of atmospheric  pollution
 from the incinerator flues and the effectiveness of several ap-
pliances in reducing the emission of atmospheric contaminants
from such incinerators.  Tests  were  conducted on the use of
 overfire air jets, supplemental gas firing,  a stainless-steel
 secondary  combustion chamber, a method of high-rate com-
bustion, and a flue-gas scrubber. The  devices are illustrated,
test methods described with  resulting data, and the emissions
are reported and compared with those from the unmodified in-
cinerators. Estimated investment and operating costs for the
incinerator  modifications  are  included.  Emissions  of  at-
mospheric contaminants from the incinerator flues  can  be
reduced by each of the following methods, and that the best
results are obtained by all of them in combination: by hopper
locks to prevent the charging of loose particles of dust, paper,
lint, etc., while the velocities in the flue are high, as when
refuse is burning; by  appliances that  promote better com-
bustion in the furnace; by care taken by the incinerator opera-
tor to limit  the flow of air through the grate during burning
and through and over the residue during its removal; and  by
scrubbing the  flue gas before discharge to the atmosphere.
(Author summary modified)

22808
Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF Am POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION.  VOLUME  m.  (BIBLIOGRAPHY).  Little
(Arthur D.)  Inc., Cambridge, Mass., NAPCA  Contract CPA-
22-69-23, 64p., March 1970. 544 refs. CFSTI: PB 192380
A  bibliography  of selected  references on  incineration  is
presented as Volume HI of a three volume report on air pollu-
tion from municipal incineration. The scope of the study, con-
clusions, and  recommendations are presented in Volume I;
Volume n consists of appendices to the report. Subject areas
included  in  the bibliography include the location,  number,
capacity, and design characteristics of U. S.  and foreign in-
cinerators; refuse quantity and quality;  emission data; effect
of design and operating parameters on emissions; performance
of  air pollution control devices; economics  of incineration;
new  concepts  of  incineration; other  methods  of refuse
disposal; and a miscellaneous category which includes data on
population, rainfall,  and similar useful information. An author
index is included.

22821
Biswas, B. K. and R. H. Essenhigh
SOME  CHARACTERISTICS   OF  STABILIZED   SMOKE
FLAMES. Combust. Flame, 15(l):93-96, Aug. 1970. 4 refs.
Experiments are being carried out to provide more details on
the flames produced when an aerodynamic flameholder is util-
ized to reduce incinerator smoke. Four  types of flame are il-
lustrated, the prime variable leading to  the changes being  an
increase in the air/fuel ratio. When the incinerator is hot there
should be little risk of smoke emission so long as overbed mix-
ing is reasonably good, but when the walls are cold, which oc-
curs periodically with intermittently operated  units in apart-
ment  blocks,  the  smoke  will  not  bum  unless  there  is  a
flameholder. Smoke is experimentally generated at the bottom
of a vertical steel pipe, 3 in. in  diameter and about 3 ft long,
by  incomplete combustion of chad from computer cards. In-
jection of secondary air through eight ports near the top of the
pipe is designed to produce two vortex flows rotating in op-
posite  senses.  The eight injection ports are split in two sets
and the shear between the two flows generates intense turbu-
lence with substantial backmixing. As illustrated by the photo-
graphs, this method of stirring produces a clean-burning smoke
flame with fairly clearly defined inner and outer cones. Chemi-
cal  composition of the smoke is also mentioned.

22822
Kaiser, Elmer R. and Joseph B. McCaffery
OVERFIRE  Am JETS FOR INCINERATOR  SMOKE CON-
TROL. Combustion, 42(2):20-22, Aug. 1970. 3 refs. (Presented

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 52
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 at  the  Air  Pollution  Control  Association, Annual  Meeting,
 62nd, New York, June 26, 1969, Paper 69-225.)
 Jets of  air directed into the flames from incinerator fuel beds
 aid in completing the combustion of gases and suspended car-
 bon particles. As the location, sizing, and  pressurizing of the
 overfire air nozzles are important design considerations for air
 pollution control, tests on overfire air jets  were conducted to
 determine their performance in reducing smoke from a  large
 incinerator furnace.  The total amount of  excess air was
 satisfactory, because  the carbon dioxide content of the flue
 gas  seldom exceeded 7%,  dry volume  basis. Overfire air
 velocity measurements  in  the cold-furnace  revealed  that
 velocities declined rapidly within the first 4 feet from the noz-
 zles and then fell off more slowly with distance. The certain
 sidewall nozzles were particularly weak and would not deliver
 air  to  the  center  of  the  furnace. Typical  velocities  are
 presented graphically, as well as air flow and jet penetrations
 at 1500  fpm as  functions of nozzle diameter and pressure dif-
 ferential.  Equations  are presented for calculating the  flow
 through an overfire air nozzle and for calculating jet throw for
 a terminal velocity of 1500 fpm. The second graph is useful for
 the selection of nozzle sizes and air pressures. A method to in-
 crease  air penetration from the sidewall  air nozzles is also
 mentioned.

 23008
 Vandaveer, F. E.
 THE DOMESTIC  GAS-FIRED INCINERATOR'S ROLE IN
 ADI POLLUTION CONTROL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
 6(2):90-97, Aug. 1956.  15 refs.
 Progress in the development of a smokeless, odorless, fly ash-
 free, domestic  gas-fired incinerator is reported. Test charges
 and methods for producing and determining odor, smoke, and
 fly ash  were selected. Two-stage incineration with gas heat in
 both stages is  necessary to eliminate smoke and odor  from
 domestic incinerators, the first stage for burning the garbage
 and paper, the second stage for oxidizing the smoke and odor.
 For second stage incineration,  catalysts impregnated on por-
 celain or on chrome alloy heated to 500-700 F, ceramic balls or
 slabs heated to  1400-1500 F., stainless steel grids heated above
 1400 F, smokeless  downdraft combustion with a gas  after-
 burner,  and the flame of a gas-fired afterburner may be used.
 Drawings of two prototype models  of smokeless, odorless and
 fly ash-free incinerators, and test data on them, are presented.
 Major changes  and  additions to gas  association requirements
 for approval of domestic incinerators are reported. Drawings
 are  presented  of  two  commercially-developed  incinerators
 being field-tested, one with a gas-heated catalyst in the second
 stage and the  other with downdraft  combustion and a com-
 bined incineration burner and gas flame afterburner. Calcula-
 tions made from published data show  that an incinerator in
 every house in a large  city  should not cause an increase in
 nitrogen oxides,  sulfur  dioxide,  or aldehydes in the at-
 mosphere to anywhere near the allowable maximum level for
 health. (Author summary modified)

 23262
 Ito, Akio, Tadao Shirasawa, Tomio Ohyanagi, and Yukio
 Tamori
PACKED  COAL BED AS A DUST COLLECTOR (II). Taiki
 Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):98-100, 1967.
Translated from Japanese. 8p.
Dust collection using packed coal was studied for treatment of
the exhaust of coal-fired furnaces  and incinerators. The coal
from which smoke was collected was fed  into a combustion
chamber,  so that  no dust trapping device was needed and
operation  could be achieved with  only a eingle  collector.
Generally, in the case of filtration, collection efficiency is im-
proved due to the deposition of smoke on the filter. However,
the flow  rate of gases is reduced due to thickening of the
smoke layer, provided that the power of the suction or blower
is  maintained constant. Consequently, it  is uncertain whether
the rise of collection efficiency was due to formation of the
dust layer or to the reduction of flow rate. In this experiment,
the equipment was improved so that both effects  could  be
separately evaluated. An experimental equation of  pressure
loss and collection efficiency was derived for a nearly uniform
size of coal layer which was  produced by sieving. An experi-
ment was also conducted on  packed beds of spherical active
carbon and glass spheres in order to elucidate the feature of
the coal bed in comparison with the above two standard beds.
In this type of collector, the amount of coal employed for dust
collection   and  that  consumed  for the   combustion  was
balanced;   this  requirement   imposed  restrictions   on  the
thickness  of  packed bed, flow rate of exhaust  gas, area  of
beds, and interval for  replacement of coal. For  a given coal
consumption, the gas flow rate was roughly determined, and
the area  of  the bed was derived from the  optimum  face
velocity. Beds of 7 and 14 cm thickness were tested. On deter-
mining the optimum thickness of the beds, the interval of time
for the replacement of coal was derived. This procedure pro-
vided the standard for practical  design  of a  coal bed. The
smoke-laden gas of fixed volume  was drawn through circular
filters up  and downstream of the smoke  collector,  and the
amount  of smoke  was determined by measurement of  light
reflectivity of the  filter surface  on which the smoke was
deposited.

23482
Brandt, H. and H. Heer
PARTICULAR  DEDUSTING  PROBLEMS  IN REFUSE IN-
CINERATION PLANTS. (Besonderheiten  bei der Entstaubung
in  Muellverbrennungsanlagen).  Text in  German. Mitt.  Ver.
Grosskesselbesitzer,  48(2):118-126,  April  1968.  6   refs.
(Presented at the 'Refuse Incineration' Sessions of the VGB,
held Feb.  9, 1968 at Hamburg; Feb. 16, 1968, at Munich; and
Feb. 23, 1968, at Duesseldorf.)
The possibilities  of using various dust removal systems for the
purification  of  waste  gases from incinerator  plants  are
discussed  in the  light of standards set by governmental regula-
tions. The incineration system is affected by the  type of con-
struction,  i.e., the presence or absence of heat utilization and
whether waste gases are cooled with cold air or with a water
spray. Consideration is given  to such operational problems as
the retention of  paper  fly ash and the burning of auto tires.
Structural requirements are examined, and observations under
actual operation  are reported. Illustrative material gives some
indication  of  the appearance and size of such plants.  Exhaust
gases, as  they leave the  incinerator, are  at a temperature of
800-1200 C. Mechanical dust separators using special sensitive
materials  can withstand a temperature of 750 C, those using
insensitive materials can withstand 480 C, and electrostatic fil-
ters made  of conventional materials can resist temperatures up
to  400 C.  In  providing  the means for cooling these gases,  an
additional  safety margin of  50 degrees  should  be  allowed.
Cooling  can be achieved by cooling the surface  of the chan-
nels through which the gases pass, by the use of a water spray
which absorbs vaporization heat as it turns to steam, or  by
mixing cold  air with the gases.  Among the  types  of dust
removal equipment examined are mechanical devices, scrub-
bers, and electrostatic filters.

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                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     53
 23542
 Smauder, Ellis E.
 PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL INCINERATION. Air Pollution
 Control Assoc., Los Angeles, West Coast Section, Proc. Air
 Pollution Control Assoc. West Coast  Sect.,  1st Tech. Meet.,
 Los Angeles, Calif., 1957, p. 69-81. (March 25-26.)
 A study of 15 municipal  incinerators with rated capacities
 from 200-900 tons per hr and built within the last 10 years at a
 total cost of more than $60,000,000 revealed that none would
 meet full rated capacity without exceeding the most liberal fly
 ash and smoke abatement codes and the usual requirements of
 less than 3% of combustible organic matter  in ash residue at
 the ash pit. The results can be partly attributed to batch charg-
 ing systems which make it difficult to maintain a well-balanced
 fuel-air ratio. A well-designed municipal incinerator will incor-
 porate methods for continuous  and  automatic charging  of
 materials as received, continuous and automatic stoking, and
 continuous ash  removal.  Such  provisions eliminate  inter-
 ference with combustion  air supply  and  control  now ex-
 perienced in widely accepted designs based  on batch charging
 and stoking. Other equipment necessary for efficient incinera-
 tor operation are induced draft systems, wet fly ash collectors,
 and mechanical sludge removal systems. Results of ash residue
 and dust loading  measurements  from two well-designed mu-
 nicipal  incinerators  are presented as  evidence that   most
 troublesome incinerator problems can be overcome.

 23819
 Davies, Theodore E.
 FLAME GRID AND COMPONENT PARTS THEREOF. (North
 American Mfg. Co., Cleveland,  Ohio) U. S. Pat.  3,524,632.
 27p., Aug. 18, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. June 12, 1968, 67 claims).
 The invention relates to direct-fired, flame-grid type burners
 using substantially raw fuel to heat a gaseous stream such as
 air or gas (carrying or not carrying combustibles,  including
 fumes, to be incinerated). The burners have structures that
 make them suitable for use in a make-up  air heater, air space
 heater, oven,  dryer, evaporator, draw furnace, or fume  or
 combustible incinerator. They can  handle  temperature  rises
 from 3 to 1500 F.  Each burner has a long turn-down range and
 plate-like  portions with flow opening or edge portions for
 diverting some stream  portions into a combustion zone  on a
 flame  holder  and  subsequently  mixing   the  combustion
 products with all air stream portions for uniform heating or in-
 cineration. In addition to having minimum initial and operating
 costs,  the  burners  meet the  highest  incineration  standards.
 (Author abstract modified)

 23836
 LaRue, Phillip G.
 SMOKELESS  AND ODORLESS  DOMESTIC  INCINERA-
 TORS.  (Calcinator Corp.,  Bay  City,  Mich.)  U.  S.  Pat.
 3,527,177. 7p., Sept. 8,  1970. 7 refs. (Appl.  Jan. 4, 1968,  12
 claims).
 An incinerator  for the smokeless and odorless burning  of
 domestic rubbish  is described. The off-gases of the  primary
 combustion chamber are channeled  into the  path of a torch-
 like burner where they are heated to an elevated temperature,
 mixed with additional oxygen, and  forced to take  a definite
 time-delay path in order for recombustion  to take place before
 the gases are vented to the atmosphere. A venting mechanism
is provided which reduces the temperature of the gases from
the secondary chamber before they are  released to the at-
mosphere. The incinerator is of a compact and efficient design
and utilizes a minimum number of parts.
23856
Khan, A. A., R. V. Amalraj, and K. T. Thomas
FABRIC FILTRATION OF FLUE GASES FROM AN ACTIVE
INCINERATOR: STUDIE ON DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND
OPERATIONAL  ANALYSIS.  International Atomic  Energy
Agency, Vienna (Austria), Treat. Airborne Radioact. Wastes,
Proc. Symp., New York, 1968, p. 623-644.1 ref. (Aug. 26-30.)
The use of bag filters in the dry gas cleaning system of an in-
cinerator is a safe and economical method for treating the flue
gas  from  an incinerator burning  low-level radioactive solid
combustibles.  A  study  designed to gather operational data
which is directly applicable to the design of fabric filtration
units for  industrial  plants is described.  Various  types of
fabrics, includin cotton, terylene, wool, dacron, and glass, are
evaluated to find the filtration characteristics during the entire
cycle of operation. Data on pilot plant studies carried out to
optimize a suitable design of fabric filter for flue gas cleaning
is included. Cost comparisons  of different fabrics based on the
life of the fabric and the cost of the fabric filtration per unit of
solid waste treated are given. The physical, chemical,  and
radiochemical  nature of the  aerosols encountered in  various
parts of the incinerator system are described. (Author abstract
modified)

24089
Calaceto, Ralph R.
ADVANCES   IN  FLY  ASH  REMOVAL  WITH  GAS-
SCRUBBING DEVICES.  Filtration Eng.,  1(7):12-15,  March
1970.
The adoption of the mutiple-hearth furnace in servicing sludge
incineration has  offered  the prime advantage  over other
devices in that counter-flow  feed of wet sewage  cake to the
exhaust gases  creates a  progressive  drying  as the  sludge
descends from hearth to hearth and, finally, into the burning
or incineration zone. A very simple scrubber, which consisted
of an enlarged duct with sprays that partially cooled the gases,
was the first gas-cleaning device to follow the multiple-hearth
furnace. In  recent years, new multiple-hearth furnaces have
been designed  to include afterburners,  to assure  complete
combustion  prior to scrubber treatment of such  volatiles as
grease and  tar vapor. Within the past year, a new device, the
Mikro-Airetron venturi scrubber was installed at the  sludge in-
cinerator plant in Orangeburg, New York. The fine droplets
created  by  the carefully monitored gas acceleration combine
and coalesce with  the  fly-ash particles,  removing particles
down to sub-micron size. Operation of this venturi scrubber is
described. The Orangeburg installation is also provided with a
cooling  stage, just  following the  venturi,  which serves to
reduce the usual saturation temperature of 170 to  185 F down
tollOF.

24465
Billard,  F., J. Brion, M. Cousin, and R. Delarue
HIGH TEMPERATURE FILTER FOR THE PURIFICATION
OF INCINERATOR GASES.(Filtre  a haute  temperature pour
1'epuration  des gaz d'incinerateur). Text in French. Interna-
tional Atomic  Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Proc.  Symp.
Operating, Developmental Experience in the Treatment of Air-
borne Radioactive Wastes, New York, 1968, p. 659-665. 4 refs.
(Aug. 26-30.)
A recoverable filter for hot incinerator gases is described. This
consists of  metal foil cylinders on which asbestos fibres have
been deposited by pneumatic  spray to constitute  the filtering
medium. The special feature of its operation lies in the  fact
that partial! burnt materials  from the  incinerator, especially

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 54
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
lamp black, complete their combustion on the filter, as they
are  produced. This  greatly reduces choking of  the  filters,
which are expected to operate for several hundreds of hours
between cleanings. This filter has been tested on a reduced-
scale model followed by a long period of industrial use in a
pilot plant with a capacity of 20 kg/h. The plant is described
and  the  results  obtained are presented.  (Author abstract
modified)

24954
Combustion Power Co., Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.
COMBUSTION POWER UNIT -  400: CPU-400. Bureau  of
Solid Waste Management Contract  Ph 86-67-259, 15p., 1969.
NTIS: PB 187299
Development has begun on a turbogenerator electric plant that
will  utilize  400  tons of  municipal solid  waste per day  to
produce up to 15,000 kw of electric power. The baseline con-
figuration is a modular unit that is expected to be clean, com-
pact, and quiet Such  units could be conveniently dispersed
throughout a city to  supplement power supplied by local utili-
ties.  The major components  of  the  system  are  a  refuse
carousel,  a  mechanical shredder,  a refus  combustor using a
fluidized bed  reactor,  a two-stage  particle collector packed
with the fluid bed reactor, a 15 megawatt gas turbine,  and a
3600 rpm  generator. Using either available  energy or  by-
products from the combustion steam, add-on systems to the
basic unit provide (1) automated vacuum collection of refuse,
(2) fresh  water  produced from saline or brackish water,  (3)
centralized steam for commercial heating and air conditioning,
and  (4) incineration  of sewage sludge. Estimated capital and
operating costs of the plant are summarized, as is the expected
income from electric power, steam, and by products. Costs for
refuse disposal may be as little  as 95 cents per  ton.

25511
McClure, Elson R.
SMOG ARRESTER. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,533,608.
3p.,  Oct. 13, 1970. 5 refs. (Appl. Aug. 2, 1968, 1 claim).
A vertical tank-like structure is described which  comprises su-
perimposed  sections,  provided  with alternate  central and
peripheral baffles, of which the latter have axial openings of
smaller diameter than the  outside diameter of  the central baf-
fles  to cause products  of  combustion  to flow radially inward
and  outward as they move upward. The apparatus is adapted
to placed at the  top  of any structure from which products of
combustion flow, such  as an incinerator or stack, which might
emit  objectionable smoke, fumes, or gases.  Heat of  the
products of combustion cause them to flow upward, and water
sprays impinge against the bottoms of  the central baffles. The
weight  of  the  water  sprays  causes the   water  to flow
downward, thus  picking up solid matter from  the products of
combustion. (Author abstract)

25570
Lausmann, Jerry S.
BURNER  MEANS FOR ELIMINATING  SMOKE. (Assignee
not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,538,865. 14p.,  Nov. 10,  1970. 19 refs.
(Appl. May 26, 1969, 17 claims).
A device for eliminating the smoke arising from incomplete
combustion of wood waste products is described. The  device
consists of a tepee burner which have the ability to concen-
trate  at  the burner axis  the  paniculate  matter which  is
produced  in the combustion  process  and to collecting and
draw off the axial column of particle  bearing gases  while  al-
lowing the clean  peripheral combustion gases to be discharged
into the ambient air. Ducts return particle bearing gases to the
lower portion of the burner where fans inject the gases into
the burner through a wall of flame to incinerate much if not all
of the paniculate matter; the injection is carried out so  as to
aid the  concentration of the paniculate matter in the  axial
columnar  portion  of the rising  combustion gases. Control
means are provided for regulating  the  temperature  of the
returning combustion gases in relation to the temperature at
the tepee outlet so as to maintain  the temperature of the burn-
ing pile at or near an optimum value  thus decreasing the
amount  of paniculate matter produced in the  combustion
process. Previous burners pollute the atmosphere with smoke
because of incomplete combustion; the device described con-
trols that pollution. (Author abstract modified)

25706
Zahnan, Solomon
ANTIPOLLUTION APPARATUS.  (Assignee not given.) U. S.
Pat. 3,530,807. 7p., Sept. 29,  1970. 6 refs.  (Appl.  April 28,
1969, 9 claims).
An antipollution apparatus  for removing  the  smoke particles
from exhaust gases of an incinerator of fuel burning apparatus
is  described,  having a plurality of spiral coils with steam jets
mounted against the internal walls of the  chimney adjacent to
its opening and supplied with steam under pressure. As an in-
cinerator,  the apparatus also utilizes a gas burner for igniting
the refuse articles,  and an air  blower  having an  air jet
manifold for maintaining a  high  temperature of combustion
within the incinerator The  apparatus  also includes  a control
panel connected to a temperature dispensing device for operat-
ing the gas burner, and air blower to maintain a high tempera-
ture of combustion within its combustion chamber. Previously,
smoke precipitation devices such as  electrostatic  fields  and
steam spraying apparatus have been used; however, electri-
cally  operated devices  are costly to install, expensive to
operate, and are often unreliable. (Author abstract modified)

25977
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR  POLLUTION  CAUSED  BY  AGRICULTURE  AND
FORESTRY:  ODOR. In:  Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley,  Task Force No. 5, Section 6, 4p., Sept. 1, 1970. 20
refs.
The development of methods to control odor at the site  and
for disposal of livestock and poultry fecal matter is a major
need. One possible process, wet  oxidation, could  be of  real
significance since it would not only eliminate the fecal matter
but would produce energy  to carry out the disposal process
and possibly even convert the wastes to animal feed. Treating
the manure with chemical  deodorants  may provide a partial
solution.  A  specific  application  of the pyrolysis-combustion
process could be an alternative to  current  methods of incinera-
tion used which would eliminate or substantially alleviate the
problem of malodors. Afterburner-type devices are available
for some kinds of rendering plants to control odors. In addi-
tion to animal wastes  and odors  from meat processing  and
rendering plants, more than 28 million tons of wood pulp are
produced yearly in the United States by the sulfate or  kraft
process which produces a pollution problem.

26063
Rathgeber, Ferdinand
ELECTRIC FILTERS FOR  DRY  AND WET SEPARATION.
(Elektrofilter fuer Trocken- und Nassabscheidung). Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(1):456-460, Nov. 1970.

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                     55
Recent improvements of electric filters  deal with increasing
operating reliability, with increasing capacity, with prolonging
the life of the equipment, and with adapting the equipment to
properties of different dusts. As a result, various modifications
of sparking and of precipitation electrodes were produced. In
some areas, a combination of electric filtration with other dust
removal  methods  was  found  advantageous.  The  trend is
towards the building of  compact units. Another improvement
consists of the introduction of unbreakable electrodes. Wet
electric filters have not  found as wide application as dry fil-
ters. A  newly developed wet  filter  consists of a battery of
identical wet elements intended for the separation of aerosols,
of dust, of soot, and for the recovery of valuable waste gas
components. Examples of the application of improved dry and
wet electric filters include dust separation  of power plant flue
gases and of larger  incinerator flue gases which  sometimes
must be cooled prior to dust removal, dust separation in ce-
ment manufacture, gas purification in non ferrous metal smelt-
ing plants, the recovery of valuable materials from waste gases
from metallurgical processes, and dust removal in the iron and
steel industry.

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 56
                         C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
01612
W. L. PRTTCHARD, C. E. SCHUMANN, C. W. GRUBER
PAKTICULATE   SAMPLING   BY   ADHESIVE-COATED
MATERIALS (PROGRESS REPT. NO. 2). Cincinnati Division
of Air Pollution Control, Ohio,  Dept. of Safety. Oct. 1, 1966.
Ill pp.
For the past 12 years the Cincinnati Division of Air Pollution
Control has been using adhesive-coated paper wrapped around
circular glass jars for t*apping wind-blown particulates. The
primary objectives were: (1) determine the adhesive material(s)
best suited for the method; (2) determine the mechanism(s) of
particle collection;  (3)  determine the  environmental  and
mechanical factors  affecting  the  collection  efficiency;  (4)
devise a relatively simple and rapid means of evaluating the
samples collected; (5) if practical,  identify and classify parti-
cles  collected; (6) apply the criteria developed and the  results
obtained above, to one or more area surveys; and (7) improve
the prototype model of a source sampling device which utilizes
a  continuously moving adhesive-tape for particle collection.
When  sampling jars with Pli-A-Print R-135 are placed in open
areas for  atmospheric monitoring,  the concentration of wind
blown  particulates at two or more  separate locations are con-
sidered to be significantly different when the total concentra-
tion of particles collected varies by more than 8%. When com-
paring  the concentration of particulates at two locations, it is
important  to have both jars at the same height and in an open
area. When it is impossible to locate the adhesive cylinders in
open areas  at the  same height,  the  significant difference
becomes  20% for total particle  concentration.  The  'mean
diameter'  of  the  captured  particles  is  approximately  40
microns. The particles captured  on the roof at the  City of Cin-
cinnati Division of Air Pollution Control building  had the fol-
lowing distribution: 56% black, 16% chromatic, and 28% trans-
parent or  gray. It is possible,  by using the sampling jar and
wind instruments, to  determine local sources of  wind  blown
particulates and to observe the effect rain has in lowering the
concentration of wind blown particulates in the  atmosphere.
The collection  efficiency of Pli-A-Print R-135 varies with each
incinerator tested from  7.4% to 3.3% as indicated by the ex-
perimentation accomplished to date. In addition,  it has been
possible to repeat collection  efficiency  tests  and obtain the
same results.

02260
M. J. Salkowski
PROTOTYPE  FLY  ASH MONITOR FOR INCINERATOR
STACKS (FINAL REPT. APR. 15, 1963 - JULY 14, 1964.) DT
Research lust., Chicago, III, Technology Center. (Rept.  HTRI-
C8015-5.) July 1964. 54 pp.
This  program resulted in the  construction of  a protorype in-
strument for the analysis of fly ash emitted from municipal in-
cinerators. The instrument was  proved both in the laboratory
and in  the field. The  instrument samples a  predetermined
amount of stack effluent isokinetically,  separates  the particu-
late material in a cyclone, collects  a representative sample of
fly ash on  filter paper, and measures the amount of sample by
a gravimetric technique using a beta-gauge principle. The en-
tire concept is designed to function on a routine basis and be
operated by unskilled personnel. (Author abstract)

02369
M.J. Salkowski
PROTOTYPE  FLY ASH  MONITOR  FOR INCINERATOR
STACKS (ADDENDUM TO FINAL REPT.) HT Research Inst.
Chicago, III Jan. 1965. 23 pp.
A simple analog-digital circuit for the generation of a frequen-
cy that  is proportional to mass flow has performed satisfac-
torily. The circuit permits the temperature-sensing resistor to
be in a location remote from the computer and requires no am-
plification of the  temperature signal, since the resistor is a
purely passive circuit element. (Author summary)

02391
L. V. Edwards.
SMOKE DENSITY MEASUREMENT  IN  MUNK3PAL IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1966
183-6, 1966. (Presented at the  National Incinerator Conference,
American  Society of Mechanical  Engineers, New York City,
May 1-4, 1966.)
The  opacity or  optical density of smoke in the breeching or
stack of a municipal incinerator  is an index of combustion.
The  smoke meter  is  a  useful  operating guide, rapid  in
response. The paper describes the theory and principles of the
modern  smoke meter and types of readout. It is a guide for the
selection,  specification and installation of  smoke alarms, and
recording smoke charts. (Author abstract)

04117
F. R. Rehm
TEST   METHODS   FOR   DETERMINING    EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCINERATORS (INFORMATIVE
REPORT NO. 2). J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc.  15,  (3) 127-
35, Mar. 1965.
In considering the  problem of incinerator air pollution  emis-
sion characteristics, early attention must be given to defining
the type discharges which are of greatest concern. At this time
the following 3 categories of  incinerator effluents-visual emis-
sions (smoke), particulates, and odor are of primary interest. It
is in these 3 areas that the greatest present need exists with
respect  to air pollution performance evaluation standards or
limitations  and  standardized  test  methods.  It is  toward the
standardization of testing  of these 3 classes of incinerator ef-
fluents that this report is pointed. Visual  Emission Testing:
Until some better tool evolves, the Ringelmann Chart will un-
doubtedly serve as the most frequently used method for as-
sessing  visual  smoke emissions  from incinerators and other
combustion  equipment.  In   recent  years  refinement  of
techniques has  allowed for the  grading of colored effluents
other than black or white. Other  applications in this category
have included paper tape filters  and photoelectric  devices.
Odor Testing: A 1961 Performance Evaluation Sub-Committee
survey disclosed that only a limited amount of work has been

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                     57
 conducted on odor testing of incinerator effluents. The human
 nose has been relied upon to a great extent. The ASTM Stan-
 dard Method for Measurement of Odor in Atmospheres (Dilu-
 tion Method) D 1391-57 involves sampling the gas  for which
 the odor is to be measured and then diluting it with odor-free
 air until an observer can barely perceive the odor. Paniculate
 Testing:  This has involved various approaches to  attain  the
 following: (1) a representative sample of gas and  suspensoid
 from a main gas stream; (2) filtering the participates from  the
 sampled gas stream; (3) accurately measuring the sampled  gas
 volume;  (4) measurements to assess  total emission  charac-
 teristics  temperature,  pressure, gas  velocity, composition,
 molecular wt,  density.  In summary,  it is the Performance
 Evaluation Sub-Committee's  opinion  that  the ASME Test
 Codes PTC 21-1941, 'Dust Separating Apparatus' and PTC 27-
 1957, 'Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream,' with
 modifications and additions as discussed, could form the basis
 of an acceptable standardized test method for determining in-
 cinerator paniculate emission characteristics.

 05834
 M. Feldstein
 STUDIES ON THE ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS FROM
 INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS WITH A FLAME IONIZATION
 DETECTOR. (J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.) 12, (3) 139-41,
 Mar. 1962. (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting,  Air Pollu-
 tion Control Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
 Flame ionization units capable  of  detecting  small concentra-
 tions of hydrocarbons make use of the principle that when a
 hydrocarbon is introduced into a hydrogen  flame, electron
 concentrations  are formed and can be measured.  The ther-
 mionic work function for carbon is 4.35 electron volts which,
 apparently, is low enough for electron emission at hydrogen
 flame temperatures. The response of the instrument is propor-
 tional to  the number of carbon  atoms in the compound being
 burned; that is, hexane will give  six  times the response of
 methane. The instrument can thus  be considered as a carbon
 counter.  Apparatus and  equipment included  a Carad flame
 ionization analyzer and detector, recorder, a Carad gas sam-
 pling unit, and stainless steel collecting tanks. A 30  ml sample
 of effluent was injected and yielded a reading proportional to
 the total  hydrocarbon content of the sample. A second 30 ml
 sample was then injected with the silica tube in line. Response
 due to methane, ethane,  ethylene, and acetylene  was then
 noted on the recorder as these gases separated on the  silica
 column. The difference between the total hydrocarbon reading
 and the   methane  reading  is  proportional  to the C2-C6
 hydrocarbons present in the sample. The  same samples were
 also analyzed   by  gas chromatography.  By  converting  the
 results obtained with each method to similar units, direct com-
 parison may be made. For the series  of effluents  analyzed,
 agreement between the two methods is excellent.  The flame
 ionization method  ulk adsorption properties of particle and
 surface. Adhesion of provides a more rapid procedure for  the
 analysis and may be considered as a comparable method  for
 the analysis of C2 and higher hydrocarbons.

 06095
 C. V. Ranter, R. G. Lunche, A. P. Fudurich
 TECHNIQUES  OF  TESTING  FOR AIR  CONTAMINANTS
 FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES. J. Air Pollution Control As-
 soc. 6 (4), 191-9 (Feb. 1957). (Presented at the 49th  Annual
 Meeting,  Air Pollution Control  Association,  Buffalo, N.Y.,
May 20-24, 1956.)
The Air Pollution Control District (APCD) in the past  8 years
has made  more  than  800 test, including many on incinerators
and power plant boilers. The tecniques used in testing these
combustion sources are described. These techniques are based
on principles and procedures which have been in use for many
years and have been described in the literature. In most air
pollution control studies of  combustion sources, attention has
been  largely  focused  on the  amount of paniculate  matter
discharged. In the testing program of the APCD, methods for
measuring other contaminants in the gaseous state have been
established. These  methods  are recommended to other agen-
cies investigating air contamination from combustion sources.

07077
W. L. Pritchard, C. E. Schumann, and C. W. Gruber
PARTICULATE    SAMPLING   BY    ADHESIVE-COATED
MATERIALS (PROGRESS REPT. NO. 1). (Cincinnati Division
of Air Pollution Control, Ohio, Dept. of Safety).  Oct. 1, 1965
83pp.
Sampling from the  atmosphere and from incinerator stacks of
particles ranging in size from 20 to 100 microns was accom-
plished by using adhesive-coated paper. Of 38 adhesive-coated
materials tested, one appears to be best suited for atmospheric
and source (incinerator) sampling. No  appreciable difference
was found in the concentration of particles collected on equal
diameter cylinders  spaced several feet apart in a location iso-
lated from localized interference. A screen, around the sample
jar, will interfere with the paniculate collection efficiency. The
mean diameter of  particulates captured by  adhesive-coated
materials on 3 inch  diameter (approx.) cylinder ranged between
35 and 50 microns. The distribution of the captured particles
exhibits the pattern usually associated with comminuted dusts.
During a 30-day test period  the number of particles, by color
classification,  was  similar  for a given  location  but  varied
between locations. The collection efficiency or the best materi-
al mounted on cylinders of various diameters increased as the
diameter of the cylinder decreased. The  theoretical target
impingement efficiencies calculated for the 2-15/16 inch  (7cm)
diameter jar were rather low especially for smaller particles at
low wind speeds. The theoretical target impingement efficien-
cy would be  increased by  using a smaller diameter cylinder
(3.5cm). The adjusted particle count from the 15 sec and 30
sec incinerator tests were higher than the 60 sec particle  count
indicating that the collection efficiency will decrease with time
of exposure to the stack gases. The paniculate loadings on ad-
hesive tapes used in incinerator testing should be between 5
and 20 particles per square millimeter for microscopic counting
error.

08257
Baum, Fritz, Inge Reichardt, and Wolfgang Steinbach
SIMPLE MEASURING  ARRANGEMENT FOR RECORDING
HYDROCARBON  CONTENT.  Staub  (English  translation),
27(6):16-19,  June  1967.  11  refs.  CFSTI:  TT  67-51408/6
(HCS2.00)
A method for using a batch-sampling gas-chromatograph with
flameionization detector to  record continuously the presence
of hydrocarbons is  described. Use of this measuring device is
illustrated  by several examples. Hydrocarbons are thermally
ionized in a hydrogen  flame in the  flame-ionization detector.
Flue gases of an oil stove with vaporization burner, flue gases
of a medium-size waste incinerator, and automobile exhaust
were measured. The hydrocarbon content of the flue gas of an
oil stove only exceeded that of the air in the  laboratory above
a combustion rate of 0.5 kg of oil per hour. With decreasing
chimney draft the hydrocarbon content of the flue gases rose
sharply, being accompanied  by an increase  of the Bacharach
soot number. When the  chimney draft was throttled to 0.1 mm

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 58
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
W.G. at the maximum combustion rate, the concentration of
hydrocarbons rose to 350 times the value of normal operation.
The combustion phases in a medium size waste incinerator can
be  directly  observed  with  the  measuring  device.  Total
hydrocarbon concentration in the exhaust of an automobile at
various operating conditions is presented.  In neutral, a slight
increase in hydrocarbon concentration was  recorded.  During
acceleration in neutral the concentration dropped immediately.
The concentration varied when the position of the accelerator
was changed. On  a 14% grade,  finally,  the concentration
dropped briefly and then rose considerably.

08675
Turtle, W. N. and M. Feldstein
GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF INCINERATOR
REFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution  Control Assoc., 10(6):427-429,
467, Dec.  1960. 10 refs.  (Presented at the  53rd Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control  Assoc.,  Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-
26, 1960.)
A procedure  for the gas chromatography analysis of  low
molecular weight hydrocarbons present in incinerator effluents
has been des cribed and has been used to analyze the effluents
from a series of incinerators. Results indicate that, when the
concentration of C2 hydrocarbons is below 10 ppm, the C3 to
C6 hydrocarbons are generally present in less than  1 to 2 ppm.
When C2 hydrocarbons are present in high concentrations, the
C4 to C6 compounds are generally present in significant con-
centrations. Some specific  C4 to C6  compounds found in the
effluents from incinerators have been identified. The standard
of 50 ppm of C2 to C6 hydrocar bons  in incinerator effluents
appears to  be  a  satisfactory emission  standard since it
adequately differentiates between incinerators which are well
designed and operated and  those which  are not.

11088
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
ADDENDUM  TO  SPECIFICATIONS  FOR INCINERATOR
TESTING AT FEDERAL  FACILITIES. Preprint,  31p.,  Dec.
1967.
Material  is  supplied as a supplement to the  publication,
'Specifications for Incinerator  Testing at  Federal Facilities.'
An alternative method for determining particulate emissions,
which has the same stringency as the present method based on
carbon dioxide measurements, but permits simpler, less expen-
sive,  sampling procedures, may be  followed  if tester  so
desires. To use the alternative method, tester must determine
the pounds  per hour of  particulate  emitted. In  using the
method, it is necessary  only  to sample for particulates  and
determine  emissions in  pounds per hour. It is  necessary to
measure carbon dioxide during  test runs, or determine carbon
dioxide  emitted from   burning  auxiliary  fuel.  Whichever
method for determining compliance is used, the general testing
procedures detailed in 'Specifications for  Incinerator Testing
at Federal Facilities', and  this  Addendum will apply,  with a
specified modification.

14368
Marshalla, A., G. Crawford, and M. Nolan
CONVERSION FACTORS  FOR SOURCE EMISSION MEA-
SUREMENTS  OF INCINERATOR FLUE  GASES. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div.,
Proc. Nail. Incinerator Conf., New York,  1968,  p.  176-179. 2
refs. (May 5-8).
Tighter air pollution  codes have created a  need for stan-
dardized procedures  for expressing incinerator dustloading
values. Dustloading is usually expressed in pounds of dust per
1000 pounds of flue gas or grains of dust per standard cu ft,
where  7000 grains is equal  to one pound. In any dustloading
test, some of the variables which must be taken into con-
sideration are the type of refuse or fuel being consumed, at-
mospheric conditions, such as temperature and pressure, and
the components of the flue gas. The formulas presented in this
paper take these variables into account, and additionally, cer-
tain assumptions and simplifications  were made to make their
derivation possible. A test  method is described for measure-
ment of the source emission weight from a specified  amount
of  refuse  burned in  an  incinerator,  based  on  isokinetic
sampling.  A special slide rule was developed  by the  authors
which  greatly simplifies the use  of the various formulas
presented  in the paper. The slide rule may be used to correct
dustloading value to either a 50% excess air or 12% C02 basis.
It may also be used for converting grains/cu ft to grains/std cu
ft, as well as for converting grains/cu ft to Ibs  dust/1000 Ibs
flue gas and vice-versa, and for calculating the percentage of
excess air in terms of the Orsat analysis of the flue gas.

15533
Romanek, Walter, Mary R. Jackson, and Alvin Lieberman
PROTOTYPE  FLY ASH  MONITOR FOR INCINERATOR
STACKS.  (Final Report). HT  Research Inst.,  Chicago,  El.,
Technology Center, R-IITR-C8088-8, 145p., Sept.  25, 1968.
CFSTI: PB 187393
A prototype monitor for particulate emissions from municipal
incinerators was designed, built, and field tested. In operation,
the instrument is installed on a stack some distance above the
base to ensure the monitor's presence in a laminar flow region.
The monitor samples  a predetermined quantity  of  stack gas
either isokinetically or at a known velocity, separates the par-
ticulate from the gas by means of a cyclone, and measures the
amount of particulate  collecting using a beta gauge. For each
sample, the time of sampling and beta  attenuation is  printed
out on a paper tape at a convenient ground level location. The
design  concept  is  suitable  for unattended monitoring opera-
tions. Field tests show that the instrument measures stack dust
loading under varying  furnace operating and  atmospheric con-
ditions and that automatic isokinetic sampling, while feasible,
is not an essential requirement for adequately following stack
loading. (Author abstract modified)

17352
Levin,  Harry
NOTE  ON A  SLURRY METHOD OF  PARTICLE INDUC-
TION.  J. Air Pollution Control  Assoc., 20(3):178-179, March
1970.
As part of a program concerned with the incineration of solid
waste to produce  megawatt electric power, an alumina slurry
method of inducting  test particles  into a high-temperature,
high- pressure gaseous flow stream was  developed. The slurry
is prepared by adding alumina to gelled methanol and blending
the mixture for several hours in  a vibroenergy mill. This
processing causes an effective dispersion of alumina particles.
Comminution of  particles  is minimal  because of the high
velocity of the slurry and the comparable hardness of particles
and milling medium. On demand and at prescribed flow rate,
the slurry is delivered through metal tubing  to the  burner.
Delivery is accomplished by a controlled and metered flow of
methanol into the slurry cylinder above the piston and under
pressure of nitrogen. Within the burner, the slurry is atomized,
prior to injection, by injection  into and impingement with

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                                        C. MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                      59
methanol streams. This method of test particle induction pro-
vides improved particle statistics through stable homogeniza-
tion of particles in blending and removal of angularities from
particles of interest in particle size distribution analyses. The
method converts poor collections of particulate materials into
highly useful test dusts.

17468
SOURCES  OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR  DIOXIDES AND
MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taikichu no iousankabutsu no
hasseigen  to  sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo  Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(10):612-620, Oct. 25, 1969. 62 refs.
Atmospheric  sulfur dioxide exists  in various  chemical  and
physical forms;  under normal conditions, it is in a gaseous
state  containing some volatile sulfuric mist and sulfate.  If
gaseous sulfur dioxide were the only atmospheric pollutant, its
measurement would not be so difficult. The existence of sul-
furic mist and sulfate and other interfering  substances in the
atmosphere make analytical  procedures  intricate. Some  dif-
ficulties in analytical assessment of atmospheric SO2 are also
correlated with the limits involved in technical methods, some
of which, like the West-Gaeke or electroconductivity methods,
are subject to error due to the existence of atmaospheric inter-
fering elements at variance with the substantial characteristics
of SO2. Therefore, in evaluating measurements obtained from
applied methods and laboratory techniques, allowance must be
made for sequential and accidental errors. Atmospheric values
obtained with the different methods are apt to vary. The wide-
ly used analytical procedure for SO2 determination involves
separating mist from sulfuric mist and measuring the sulfur in
the sulfate contained in the air sample. The quantity of SO2 is
determined   simultaneously   with    the   measurement   of
suspended sulfate is an aerosol state or contained in dust fall.
In 196S, the  amount of sulfurous acid gas emitted to the at-
mosphere  was  23,400,000  t.   In  1966, the  amount was
28,600,000 t of which 58.2% came  from coal combustion  in
thermal power plants; 19.6%, from oil  combustion; 5.5%, from
petroleum refinery  processes;  12.2%, from mine  refinery
processes; 1.9%, from sulfuric  acid production; and the rest,
0.4%,  from  waste   incineration.  Various   types  of  SO2
analyzers, including currently  improved U. S. models,  are
presented.

19580
Gruber, Charles W. and Charles E. Schumann
THE USE OF ADHESIVE-COATED PAPER FOR ESTIMAT-
ING INCINERATOR PARTICULATE  EMISSIONS. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 12(8):376-378, Aug. 1962. (Presented  at
the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 55th,
Chicago, Dl., May 20-24, 1962.)
The  reliability of using  the  'number of particles per min'
caught on adhesive paper  as an indication of excessive  in-
cinerator emissions was investigated in tests of 14 incinerators
with burning  rates per hr of 25 to 1250 Ib. In this method,
strips of adhesive paper are wrapped around  a glass jar that is
then inserted  into a stack for 30 sec. A minimum of three sam-
ples is collected: one at approximately one min after start-up,
one midway through the burndown, and another toward the
end of burndown. After the  sample  is  collected,  a two-in.
square is cut from the adhesive and  mounted on a slide for
microscopic particle counting. From  the average number of
particles counted on random fields, the  number  of  particles
per sq in.  is first calculated and then  the number of particles
per min. Test data show a close relationship between the adhe-
sive-paper loadings  and excessive emissions as indicated  by
citizen complaints.
20808
Klein, Nicholas and Yeshaye Levy
SMOKE CLEANING APPARATUS. (Assignee not given) U. S.
Pat. 3,487,620. 6p., Jan 6,1970.15 refs. (Appl. Feb. 16,1968, 1
claim).
Filter screens for removing solid particles from the smoke of
incinerator stacks  tend to become quickly clogged, reducing
the draft  required to operate the incinerator effectively. If
clogging is to be avoided, the filter mesh is of such coarseness
that an excessive amount of solid particles is discharged to the
atmosphere. Apparatus is provided for washing the smoke in a
draft of steam and draining off the  condensed  steam which
contains the removed particles. The heat of combustion in the
incinerator generates  steam in a coiled, tubular heat exchanger
continuously supplied with fresh water. Steam travels up the
stack and impinges on a  water-cooled  moving screen which
travels across the stack. The screen is scrubbed continuously
and polluted water containing solid particles is drained off to a
sewer. A disinfectant-deodorant,  such as ozone,  is volatilized
in the heat exchanger and discharged with the steam into the
smoke. In a modification of  the invention, a two-stage smoke
cleaning apparatus is provided. Cold water is discharged on a
stationary conical screen which catches the solid particles in
the smoke,  while  a  field  of finely divided streams of  cold
water is maintained across the  stack. Any fine particles in the
smoke passing through  the  streams  are  caught  and carried
away to a drain.

21663
Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, N. Mex.
CONTROL  OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION.  In:  Con-
tamination Control Handbook. NASA Order H-13245A,  Sec-
tion 5, 98p.,  1969. 52 refs. CFSTI: NASA SP-5076
A detailed review of the faculties, equipment, and techniques
for control of airborne contamination within a controlled en-
vironmental  area  is  presented,  with accompanying tabular
summaries and  diagrammatic illustrations. Contaminants  are
classified into major groups of organic and inorganic gases and
aerosols, and major sources  are noted. Control techniques are
discussed in terms of devices for aerosols and gases, detection
and measurement, and sampling. Types and selection criteria
are given  for air filters  to be used in contamination control
facilities, with a section on  high-efficiency particulate filters.
Nonlaminar  airflow faculties (conventional clean rooms) are
described, and the advantages and disadvantages of laminar
airflow  facilities  outlined,  with  detailed  descriptions  of
horizontal and  vertical laminar airflow work stations.  Tem-
perature  and  humidity  control,  construction, furniture and
equipment, and personnel  garments for clean rooms are  con-
sidered. A review of  monitoring includes air sampling and col-
lection methods, analytical methods and instrumentation, and
filter bank leak testing. Specifications for laminar airflow clean
rooms are considered at length.

23437
Peterson, Folke
MEASUREMENT  OF  SOOT.  (Sottalsmatning).   Text  in
Swedish. WS(J. Assoc.  Heating, Ventilation, Sanit. Engrs.)
(Stockholm), 60(11): 597-606, Nov. 1969.
The Bacharach number is an indirect determination of the con-
tent of solids in fuel oil. For heavy fuel oils, no direct correla-
tion exists between Bacharach number and solid content. For
solid fuels or waste  incineration, the correlation  is even less
distinct, and the Bacharach  number is not useful. The errors
involved  in  a  correctly  determined  Bacharach  number are
slight. A 5% change in the  volume of flue gas  will not nor-
mally influence the number.

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 60
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 24412
 Rowe, D. R. and L. W. Canter
 AIR POLLUTION: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND RESOLUTION.
 Public Works, 101(10):86-87, Oct. 1970.
 Various modes of transportation account for 60% of the total
 pollutants, industry for 19%, generation of electricity for 12%,
 space heating for 6%, and refuse disposal for 3%. These pollu-
 tants  can be classified as primary or secondary, i.e., those
 emitted directly  into  the atmosphere and those formed by
 reactions occurring in the atmosphere,  or they can be clas-
 sified as  participate or gaseous. Settling paniculate matter can
 be easily determined with a dust fall bucket, suspended par-
 ticulates with a Hi-Vol sampler, and their soiling index with a
 paper  tape sampler.  Monitoring gases is more complicated,
 though simple detector tubes with specific color changes can
 be used  to determine whether a serious ambient air  quality
 problem exists. The sun plays a major role in the production
 of  secondary   pollutants  and  of  photochemical   smog.
 Meteorology is also of prime importance in  air pollution and
 has many applications in air pollution control such a plant-site
location,  city planning, zoning,  stack height, and allowable
 emission   rates.   Conversely,   air  pollution   can   affect
 meteorological conditions, reducing visibility and solar radia-
tion and increasing fog and precipitation. Control of air pollu-
tion requires  establishment  of air pollution  criteria and air
quality standards, followed by ambient  air quality standards
for participates,  gases, and  odors and  emission standards.
Along with these steps must go enforcement, either by polic-
ing, tax incentives or a charge for using air.

25696
Feldstein, Milton
STUDIES ON THE ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS FROM
INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS WITH A COMBUSTIBLE GAS
INDICATOR. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., vol. 22:286-291, Aug.
1961. 4 refs. (Presented  at the American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 22nd Annual Meeting, Detroit, Mich., April 1961.)
A combustible  gas indicator with a 10 to 1 sensitivity scale
was studied in  relation to the measurement of C2 and higher
hydrocarbons from  incinerator  effluents. Samples  were col-
lected in  evacuated  stainless steel  34-liter tanks over a  15-
minute period. The instrument was modified in that the drying
agent was replaced with ascarite, and a small diaphragm pump
was substituted for the rubber aspirator bulb. Response to car-
bon monoxide and hydrocarbons was differentiated by means
of a tube of activated carbon which adsorbed  hydrocarbons,
but did not adsorb carbon monoxide or methane. The instru-
ment  can  be  used  to  differentiate  between  incinerators
emitting  less than 50 ppm total  hydrocarbons,  and those
emitting higher concentrations of hydrocarbons.  Precautions to
be observed in the use of the instrument for the measurement
of C2 and higher hydrocarbons are discussed. (Author summa-
ry)

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                                                                                                                61
                    D.  AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
00149
J. F. Clarke, and R. B. Faoro
AN EVALUATION OF CO2 MEASUREMENTS AS AN  IN-
DICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION. J. Air Pollution Control  As-
soc. 16, (4) 212-8, Apr. 1966.
Measurements of ambient CO2, made at the Continuous Air a
rural location near Cincinnati are presented and evaluated to
determine the significance of CO2 data in urban air quality
monitoring programs. Through analysis of rural CO2 data  and
evaluation of  combustion  sources by means of a  diffusion
model, it is demonstrated that the variation of urban CO2 con-
centrations around the prevailing atmosphere background level
results from combustion and noncombustion (natural) sources.
The concentration from natural sources can be substantial  and
in fact override the combustion sources. Because it is not yet
practical  to  predict the contribution of natural  sources to
urban CO2  concentrations, data obtained for this  gas have
only limited  utility  as an index  of air quality.  Significant
statistical relationships between CO2  data and air quality mea-
surements for  summer  months  are shown  to result from
similar meteorological effects rather than  similar  sources. A
seasonal and spatial variation of these relationships  is postu-
lated and subsequently demonstrated by analysis of  CO2  and
air  quality measurements  from New Orleans, Louisiana,  and
St. Louis, Missouri (Author)

02395
E. R. Kaiser.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF REFUSE COMPONENTS. Proc.
Natl. Incinerator Conf. 84-8,  1966. (Presented at the National
Incinerator Conference, American Society  of Mechanical  En-
gineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
The proximate and ultimate analyses of 20 constituents of mu-
nicipal and commercial refuse are presented, together with the
calorific values. The anlyses are useful to incinerator engineers
as they are the basis for calculating air requirements, flue-gas
volumes, and  heat and  material balances. The analyses of
components  of refuse permit the calculation of composite
analyses of mixed refuse from known proportions. Future in-
vestigations are suggested to obtain more complete refuse data
and to determine the variability  of municipal refuse. (Author
abstract)

02833
AIR POLLUTION  IN ERIE COUNTY (COMPREHENSIVE
AREA  SURVEY REPORT  NUMBER TWO.) New  York State
Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. 1963. 109 pp.
The objectives of this survey were:  To determine, by means
of a contaminant emission inventory, the relative contribution
of the respective sources  of  air  contamination to the overall
loading of the community  atmosphere. To determine popula-
tion, land use, agriculture  and industrial development trends
and'the ability of the  air reservoir to idlute and disperse air
contaminant   emissions.  To  extrapolate,  from  applicable
meteorological, air sampling and  source data, the potential at-
mospheric concentrations  of  the more common air  contami-
nants. To assess the effectiveness of presently applied emis-
sion controls and the administrative  steps that have been and
can be taken by government agencies to control both existing
and potential air pollution sources.

03454
W. C. Cope, Chairman.
SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION - NEW YORK  NEW JER-
SEY. Interstate  Sanitation Commission, New York City. Feb.
1958, 95 pp.
Pollution in the metropolitan area was studied by: aerial recon-
naissances and photography; and surveys in the communities.
Significant  information was  collected on:  relationships  of
meteorology, visibility and pollution; interstate movement of
pollution as indicated by releasing tracer dust in one state and
collecting in the other; amount of vehicle exhaust fumes  and
other organic materials in the air; sulfur dioxide concentration
on Staten Island, and ozone on Staten  Island and  in Carteret,
N.J.; effects of the polluted atmosphere on health, vegetation,
materials and  transportation; and a study and evaluation was
made of existing laws in the State of New  York, New Jersey
and Connecticut, and other jurisdictions. Air pollution originat-
ing in regions of New York and New  Jersey within the New
York Metropolitan Area  is interstate in  character, affects
public health  and comfort adversely, and  damages  property.
While the control and abatement of air pollution at its sources
is the primary obligation of the states,  counties or municipali-
ties in which it originates,  the problems of interstate air pollu-
tion  cannot be solved wholly  by governmental agencies inde-
pendently of one another. The abatement of existing interstate
air pollution and the control of future interstate air pollution is
of prime importance to the persons living and industry located
in  the area affected thereby, and can  best be accomplished
through the cooperation of die states involved, by and through
a common agency or instrumentality. An interstate instrumen-
tality, employing the administrative practices followed by the
Interstate  Sanitation  Commission in  the  abatement  of in-
terstate  water pollution, should be  created to deal with the
problems of interstate air pollution. Drafts of proposed legisla-
tion  to  meet  the situation described  in this report  should
reflect fully the opinions  and needs of many agencies, local
governing  bodies, members of  the  Legislatures,  representa-
tives of industry,  and of the public. There has been insuffi-
cient time between the completion of  the study and the sub-
mission of this report to afford opportunity to interested agen-
cies  to express  their  views on the form which legislation to
abate interstate air pollution should take.

22812
Wohlers, H. C. and G. B. Bell
LITERATURE REVIEW OF METROPOLITAN AIR POLLU-
TANT  CONCENTRATIONS-  PREPARATION, SAMPLING
AND ASSAY OF SYNTHETIC ATMOSPHERES. (FINAL  RE-
PORT). Stanford Research Inst.,  Menlo Park, Calif., Contract
DA 18-064-404-CML-123, S.R.I. Proj. SU-1816,193p., Nov. 30,
1956. 82 refs.

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62
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
A literature review of metropolitan air pollutant concentrations
and of the preparation,  sampling, and assay of synthetic at-
mospheres is presented.  Measured concentrations of gaseous
and participate pollutants in the atmosphere, including sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, formal-
dehyde,  hydrocarbons,  chloride,  carbon monoxide, ozone,
fluoride,  hydrogen fluoride,  carbon dioxide, gross particulates,
and dust  fall are tabulated. Calculated emissions from centers
of  population  are  presented  for  industrial  and  public
processes, including combustion of coal,  oil, and natural gas,
incinerators, automobile exhausts, power plants, and metallur-
                    gical operations. Data on measured and calculated air pollution
                    concentrations throughout the world are given. Methods for in-
                    jecting pollution simulants into a test chamber, such as ozone
                    generators and aerosol  despensers, are mentioned. Sampling
                    and  analytical  procedures  are described for the  particular
                    problem  of testing  static atmospheres  for bacteria. Sampling
                    equipment consists  primarily of an impinger preceded  by a
                    millipore filter. Analytical procedures  include ultraviolet ab-
                    sorption,  high  volume  sampling,  glass  fiber  filters,  and
                    colorimetric,  gravimetric,   iodimetric,  spectrophotometric,
                    Saltzman, and electrochemical methods.

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                                                                                                                63
               F.   BASIC  SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY
01798
BD. Tebbens, J.F. Thomas, M. Mukai
PARTICULATE  AIR  POLLUTANTS RESULTING  FROM
COMBUSTION. Am. Soc. Testing Mater.,  Spec. Tech. Publ.
352. (Presented  at the Symposium on Air-Pollution  Measure-
ment Methods,  Los Angeles, Calif.,  Oct 5, 1962.) pp 3-31,
Dec. 1963.
An enormous variety of organic by-products result from both
oxidative degradation of  fuels  and synthesis  of  complex
molecular species occurring simultaneously when combustion
is incomplete. Synthesis  is  demonstrated  by the  fact that
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weights up
to 300 may be derived from incomplete combustion of such a
simple fuel as methane. These hydrocarbons are part of the
solid phase of combustion by-products and may be filtered
from  gaseous  components.  Among  them are the  arenes
naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)
anthracene, and others.  Additionally, there exist  relatively
non-volatile oxidation derivatives such as alpha-  and beta-
naphthol and others. Only a few of the 90 or more individual
chemical entities found in these series have been  postively
identified. Sufficient evidence exists from burning a variety of
gaseous, liquid,  and solid  fuels to state categorically that it is
the process of combustion rather than the chemical quality of
the fuel  which leads to synthesis of these arenes. Fuels studied
include  natural gas; propane; butane;  1-butene; 1,3-butadiene;
ethyne,  hexane; 2,2,4 trimethylpentane cyclohexane; 1-hexene;
benzene; toluene; and gasoline,  as well as  the miscellaneous
celluloses  involved in incineration  of  paper,  wood,  tree
trimmings, and the like. The same range of aromatic hydrocar-
bons has been separated from contaminated air in distressed
urban atmospheres. Investigation of aldehydes produced by
combustion indicated that only formaldehyde decreased with
increasing  secondary air  when  combustion was incomplete.
However, with complete combustion, use of additional secon-
dary air  was accompanied  by  an increasing quantity of formal-
dehyde.  Thus using large excesses of secondary air to control
smoke may be inadvisable for air-pollution  control. The total
amount of arenes produced depends in part on the incomplete-
ness of the burning process. While one would assume that the
smoking point of fuels would be an index of relative ease of
combustion and  of relative  desirability  of fuels for urban
usage, the possible production of combustion nuclei is also
suggested. Such a criterion may become significant in choosing
fuels suitable for use in urban environments. (Author  summary
modified)

09284
Stumbar, James P. and Robert H. Essenhigh
FLAME  SPREAD   DOWN  PAPER  CYLINDERS-Preprint,
Pennsylvania State  Univ., University Park, Dept.  of Fuel
Science,  4p., 1967. (Presented at  Eastern States Section Meet-
ing, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 27-28,1967.)
The  rate of flame spread down vertical paper cylinders has
been  measured to  provide  information on  the rates  and
mechanisms of flame spread on a material representative of
typical wastes, for prediction of transient behavior in a test in-
cinerator. The cylinder diameters ranged from  1/8 in. to about
2-1/2 in. The rates of spread were in the range 0.05 in./sec. to
0.2 in./sec., and were found to be a prime function of diame-
ter. As the diameter increased from 1/8 in., the rate initially
fell, but it soon reached a minimum (at about  1/4  in. dia.) and
then started to rise  again. After going through a  point of in-
flection it continued to rise but tending to an upper limit. This
general  behavior, expressible by  an  equation quoted,  was
found to be obeyed when the cylinder bottom was either open
or closed (plugged with a stopper), and also at two different
levels of humidity.

13618
Reh, L.
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION. (Verbrennung in der Wir-
belschicht.)  Translated  from German. Chem.  Ing.  Tech.
40(11):509-515, 1968. 12 refs.
The use of fluidized bed incineration is limited, among other
things, by the combustion temperature, the caloric  value of the
fuel and the gas velocity in the turbulent layer. By adequately
controlling the combustion process  a very narrow  temperature
range can be maintained, which is demonstrated by various ex-
amples (roasting  of  sulfide ores at various  types of cooling,
regeneration of pickling bath, incineration  of oil and waste
sludge).

14370
Satyanarayana Rao, T. R., G. Gelernter, and R. H. Essenhigh
SCALE UP OF COMBUSTION POT BEHAVIOR BY DIMEN-
SIONAL  ANALYSIS. American  Society of Mechanical  En-
gineers, New York, Incinerator  Div., Proc. Natl.  Incinerator
Conf., New York, 1968, p. 232-236.  3 refs. (May 5-8).
The nature is established of dimensionless groups  characteriz-
ing combustion behavior in an incinerator. In particular, these
groups should determine the influence of scale in transposing
results from the combustion pot to  the incinerator. The analy-
sis indicates that if F(A) is the burning rate per unit area of
grate and k is an effective reactivity coefficient, then the ratio
(F(A)/k) can be expressed as a function of a minimum of four
groups involving nine parameters.  From inspection of these
groups, it would seem that their values  may well be the same
in both systems for the same range of dimensional parameters
in the two systems.  It follows from this that the  scale factor
involved  should be  unity, i.e.,  combustion  and burning  rate
data  obtained in a combustion pot  should transpose to an in-
cinerator bed  without change.  For other  things  then being
equal, the area burning  rate can only be increased if k is in-
creased. (Author abstract modified)

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 64
                         G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN   HEALTH
01941
M. B.Jacobs
HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERA-
TORS. Proc.  Natl. Incinerator Conf., New  York,  1964. pp.
128-31.
The  public health  aspects of incinerator  exhaust gases are
discussed first in the light of the physiological response in-
duced by specific contaminants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides,  and other inorganic  gases and  aldehydes,  organic
acids, esters, polynuclear hydrocarbons,  and other  organic
compounds; second, with respect to their relation  to illness
caused by  air pollution in general such as  emphysema and
other respiratory diseases, allergenic responses,  and  cancer;
and  third  on the  character  of the effluent gases,  namely
domestic, municipal, or industrial. One aspect of domestic in-
cinerator effluents is particularly  stressed, that is, the effect
on nearby residents. The contribution that incinerator  exhaust
gases make to the  air  pollution of any given community de-
pends on the ratio of the amount of refuse and garbage burned
to the total amount of fuel used and consumed in that region.

23167
Gilluly, Richard H.
THE  HAZARDS  OF  TRACE  ELEMENTS.  Sci.   News,
97(23):560-561, June 6, 1970.
When researchers at a metal-free laboratory at  Brattleboro,
Vt., exposed rats and mice orally over their lifetimes to en-
vironmental amounts of all the elements found in the National
Air Sampling Stations,  three elements appeared of concern in
the amounts found in the  environment: lead,  nickel, and cad-
mium. In doses comparabl to amounts that might accumulate
in humans living near dense traffic, lead shortened life spans
of the experimental animals and caused nervous system deteri-
oration.  Nickel carbonyl  results  from  a  reaction between
nickel and hot carbon monoxide which probably takes place in
incinerators and in internal combustion engines. It is absorbed
by the lungs and is probably carcinogenic. Inhaled, cadmium
can cause emphysema and bronchitis. Taken into the body,
through the lungs or  otherwise,  it is associated with car-
diovascular death  rates, hypertension, and  kidney  disease.
Vanadium alone is nontoxic in laboratory animals in amounts
far larger than found in the environment, but it may facilitate
creation of enough sulfur trioxide  to cause problems. How-
ever, adequate chromium in the diets of experimental rats will
prevent the toxic effects of lead. An approach that has been
suggested to deal with trace elements in water supplies is  to
create  dual water-supply systems,  one system for industrial
uses and residentia uses and the second for drinking water.

23293
World Meteorological Organization,  Geneva, Switzerland and
International Society for Biometeorology
A  SURVEY  OF  HUMAN  BIOMETEOROLOGY.  TN-65,
WMO-160.TP.78, 113p., 1964. 220 refs.
Human biometeorology   studies   the   influences of the
meteorological elements such as temperature,  humidity, wind,
radiation, and atmospheric electricity on man  in health and  in
disease, his adaptability to changes in the environment, and
the use of weather and change of climate in the treatment  of
human disease.  Homeostatic mechanisms such as the nervous
system and endocrine system are discussed in terms of adapta-
bility. The influences of various meteorological parameters on
human functions are studied. The influences of trace elements
are considered.  Sources and  effects of various pollutants are
listed,  including fuel combustion,  incineration, and automo-
biles, producing particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozone and other oxidants. The effects of the
influences of weather on diseases are tabulated. Drug effects,
reaction speed,  working efficiency, and accidents  are all in-
fluenced by climate. The effects  of town planning on the
microclimatic  environment  of man  are  discussed.   Farm
animals and insects can be affected by climate, and in turn,
they can affect  amn. The therapeutic utilization of climate  is
described. (Author summary modified)

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                                                                                           65
            H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS AND  LIVESTOCK




09275                                            two gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chloride. In

Bohne, Helmut                                     both cases the sources of emission were refuse incineration


EMMISSION DAMAGE CAUSED BY HOSPITAL WASTE IN-   plant-S ?f h™P'™S ™ Which CrWorine comPOUn?S ^ ** "^
CINERATION. STAUB  (English  translation)  2700)28-31    consistmg 80- 90 percent of paper and packagmg material
net  iQfi? 4ref« TFSTT-TT^si4ftB/in       -"u«A^o 3i,   were decomposed duTuig short penods at a temperature of 800
Oct.  iw>/.4reis. C±^U. 1 r 67-51408/10                   lj(xx) deg c  Erection of chlorine washing plants appears,

The strong decolonization and whitening of plants observed in   therefore, to be necessary. (Author's summary)

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66
                               I.  EFFECTS-MATERIALS
12055
Nowak, F.
CORROSION PROBLEMS IN INCINERATORS. Combustion,
40(5):32-40, Nov. 1968.
The state of the art of corrosion in incinerators is reviewed.
While at first  glance there seems to be  no great difference
between an incinerator whose generated heat is being used for
steam generation and a boiler fired with conventional fuel, in
fact many more problems  are encountered  due to the heavy
deposits, more frequent outages, and  gas-side  corrosion of
heating surfaces. Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the
waste materials and the corrosive components in the flue gas
which are steadily increasing with the increase in plastics and
other industrial wastes fired, control of  conditions in incinera-
tors is difficult. Some examples of corrosive  experience and
some approaches to control of the problems are discussed.

14737
Faessler, K., H. Leib, and H. Spaehn
CORROSION IN REFUSE INCINERATION  PLANTS.  (Korro-
sionen an Muellverbrennungskesseln). Text  in German. Mitt.
Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 48(2): 126-139, April 1968. 57 refs.
The state of the boiler furnace of a refuse  incineration plant
after 42,000 hours of Ooperation is described. Despite a rather
high HC1 content in the flue gas, no extreme corrosion was
found on the boiler tubes (maximum wall  temperature 350 C).
Points of high flue gas turbulence (which prevents incrusta-
tion) showed greater corrosion, but this occurred only at the
transition from furnace to boiler.  The pipe incrustations from
various parts of the furnace were analyzed by chemical and X-
ray  fluorescence   and  X-ray  fine   structure   methods.
Microprobe  measurements  were  also  taken.  The  results
showed  that chlorides and sulfates are present in sufficient
quantities to trigger and sustain chloride  or sulfate corrosion
processes. It was determined from a review of the literature
that only at pipe wall temperatures greater than 400 C  is there
any heavy corrosion. Corrosion occurs at this point because
the pipe incrustations begin to melt at these high temperatures.

16420
Rasch, Rudolf
REFUSE  INCINERATION  AND SYNTHETIC   PACKING
MATERIAL. (Muellverbrennung und Kunststoffverpackung).
Text in German. Verpackungs Rundschau, 19(10):67-73, 1968.
(Presented at the 23rd Arbeitstagung des Instituts fuer Leben-
smitteltechnologje und Verpackung, Munich, April 3, 1968.)
The per capita  accumulation of refuse per  year is about 200 to
240 kg. The specific weight can be as high as 600 kg/cu m (at
high ash content) or as low as 200 kg/cu m (at a high  amount
of packing  material). The  annual volume per capita ranges
from 0.4 to 1.2 cu m. Common disposal methods are sanitary
landfills,  composting, and  incineration, the latter being the
safest and most hygienic method. Flue gases resulting from
this process must be cooled to 250 C for cleaning. Incineration
of synthetic packing material, such as polyvinyl chloride can
lead to corrosion due to hydrogen chloride formation. The flue
gases of the average incinerator contain 0.1 to 0.2% HC1. Cor-
rosion can be prevented by neutralizing the flue gas, using ex-
cess air, and limiting superheater  temperature. In coming
years, the PVC fraction among refuse will increase to about
2% by weight With the measures outlined, corrosion  can be
held within limits. If the polyvinyl chloride fraction, however,
exceeds 5%, the danger of corrosion will be real.

19325
Konda, Kiyoshi,  Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD EVALUATION OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE
INCINERATOR  RELATED  TO  ADX  POLLUTION  AND
METAL CORROSION. Trans. Soc. Heating,  Air-Conditioning,
and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan), vol. 7:95-104, 1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition con-
ducted at five sites in Japan is described. The study was un-
dertaken to obtain information on odor and metal corrosion
problems. The exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric  acid, organic acids, and
hydrochloric acid. Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid
are mainly  responsible for the corrosion, with sulfuric and
nitric  acids only partially concerned. Percentages of exhaust
products as a function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Con-
tinuous firing rather than batch firing would limit noxious ef-
fluents. Temperature and excess air control would also help.
After-burning chambers should be installed to  further  reduce
contaminants.

24187
MAINTENANCE OF ODOR-CONTROL SYSTEMS. Environ.
Control Safety Management, 1970:58-59, Oct. 1970.
Material failures in odor control systems can do more  than
result in costly downtime for maintenance, repair, or replace-
ment of plant equipment. While not harmful to health, odor is
annoying and  can affect community relations. To prevent odor
during fermentation from being  vented into the atmosphere,
engineers at a pharmaceutical company producing  antibiotics
devised a system for conducting the fumes of the fermentation
facilities to  the power  plant for incineration. They discovered,
however, that the system'  fans and ductwork were subjected
to moderately heavy  pitting and corrosion, which resulted
from warm moist participate  matter being picked up from the
fermenting tanks and carried in the airstream. The first step  in
controlling the old system was to  specify a more corrosion-re-
sistant material for the ductwork and fans. Type 316 stainless
steel  was specified,  containing  16-18%  chromium, 10-14%
nickel, and 2-3% molybdenum. The replacement ducts were
made from 16-gauge stainless steel sheet, and  four-foot-long
duct sections were butt-welded together into eight-foot lengths.
These longer sections were joined during installation with sim-
ple flanged joints sealed with a silicone material.

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                                                                                                                 67
                                J.  EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01294
C. A. Rogus
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS IN REFUSE INCINERATION.
Public Works 97, (5) 113-7, May 1966.
The major overall trends observed in Europe's incinerators are
the following: a) There are fewer  but larger central incinera-
tors with progressively larger furnaces, up to 500 TPD each, b)
Typical  installations use rugged grates  of designs providing
continuous, mild mixing and agitation of burning refuse, c)
Furnace chambers  are  high roofed, d) Use  of water cooled
walls and  arches is widespread, e) Many waste heat boilers
with  steam and power generation are installed. There are some
indications that this trend may not  continue should the natural
gas resources recently opened in the  Netherlands be made
economically available in Central Europe, f) Raw gas cleansing
is performed by electrostatic precipitation,  g) There is ever in-
creasing use of  automation and mechanization, and an atten-
dant  dependence on more sophisticated  instrumentation, h)
Fewer (one or two  per plant) but much higher exhaust stacks
of monolithic  reinforced concrete construction are customary.
i) Shredding of oversized wastes permits incineration  of these
articles with normal refuse. (Author summary)

02392
J. A. Fife and R. H. Boyer, Jr.
WHAT  PRICE   INCINERATION  AIR  POLLUTION CON-
TROL? Proc. NatL Incinerator Conf. 89-96, 1966. (Presented at
the  National  Incinerator  Conference,  American  Society  of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
This  paper takes an objective but statistical approach to seven-
teen  possible combinations of air pollution control equipment
for municipal incinerators. Both  refractory-lined  and water-
walled furnaces of identical  capacities  are followed  by  gas
tempering  systems,  where required, and thence to mechanical
cyclones, electrostatic  precipitators, or bag filters. Additional
alternates include the introduction of furnace gases directly to
either a refractory-lined baffled spray  chamber or to a wet
scrubbing system. Thus, each furnace unit is equipped with a
separate and independent air pollution control system. Empiri-
cal latitude applies  in certain design areas, but experience is
combined  to draw  conclusions. Thus,  assessment of capital
and operating costs of incinerator air pollution control equip-
ment indicates several entirely possible solutions to a univer-
sally  acknowledged problem. (Author abstract)

03006
MODERNIZATION OF THE CITY INCINERATOR  PLANT
(ENGINEERING  REPT.  TO  THE  CITY OF  KENOSHA,
WISCONSIN). Consoer, Townsend and  Associates, Chicago,
DL Nov. 1966. 45 pp.
This report includes a number of studies considered the most
economical and  efficient  for modernization  of the  city  in-
cinerator plant. It is recommended that the four existing in-
cinerator  units  be  remodeled  by  (1)  installing  modern
reciprocating type of multiple arm rocker grate type  stokers,
and  (2) combining the two pairs  of  existing units into two
larger units to obtain the necessary length and volume of fur-
nace and combustion chambers to incinerate  mixed refuse.
This will provide two incinerator units of approximately 15%
of present plant capacity and permit burning a mixture of gar-
bage and rubbish.  The estimated  cost of the recommended
changes is also given.

11114
Ernst and Ernst, Washington, D. C.
A COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF PARTICULATE AND
SOX   EMISSION   CONTROL  IN   THE  NEW  YORK
METROPOLITAN AREA. Preprint, ((28))p, 1968. (Presented at
the Air .pollution Abatement Conference, New York, N. Y.
Feb. 1968.)
The annual cost of alternative methods for reducing particulate
and SOx emission from power plants, stationary combustion
sources, and incinerators is estimated. The alternatives include
changing types of fuel and installation of  various pieces of
control equipment.

11857
Boubel, Richard W.
A   MODIFIED    STATISTICAL    'TRANSPORTATION
PROBLEM'  AS  APPLIED TO  AN ATMOSPHERIC WASTE
DISPOSAL EVALUATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, New York City, 10p., 1965. 12 refs.  (Presented  at
the Air Pollution Control  Association, Annual Meeting, 58th,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper 65-161.)
In Oregon, residue from lumber and plywood manufacturing is
usually  incinerated  in tepee burners.  Since the  particulate
emission for a typical burner is about 30 pounds of aerosols
per ton of fuels consumed, the burners present serious air pol-
lution problems, particularly for Bear Valley where radiation
inversions are common, resulting in a stable air condition with
poor pollution dispersal. A preliminary cost study was made of
the feasibility of alternate means of residue disposal in the val-
ley,  either  using multiple  chamber incineration facilities or
power generation. The analysis, which used a  constant cost
figure for transportation  of  the  residue from  mill sites to
disposal facilities, indicated that the  cost  of either  method
would be prohibitive. Transportation was a large item in the
cost analysis. To reduce transportation costs, it will be neces-
sary to optimize the number and location of disposal facilities.
Related  to  the transportation  problem  was  the  location
problem,  i.e.,   distributing  a  combination   of  faculties
throughout an area to minimize the costs of construction and
expenses incurred in transporting resources to these facilities
from predetermined source points. If  burners were eliminatd
by authorities, the successful solution of this problem would
enable mill owners to minimize disposal costs.

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68
                       K.  STANDARDS  AND  CRITERIA
05197
A. J. Benline, and R. A. Wolff
CRITERIA USED IN  THE EXAMINATION OF APPLICA-
TIONS FOR PERMITS TO INSTALL FLUE FED INCINERA-
TORS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK. New York City Dept.
of Air Pollution Control. Mar. 1962. 35 pp.
Since the creation of the Department of Air Pollution Control
as a separate agency of the New  York City government, the
engineers of the Department have been examining applications
and plans  for many kinds of installations of fuel and refuse
burning equipment at  a  rate of more  than  800 per  month.
Prominent among these applications are those for the installa-
tion of flue fed incinerators. The purpose of plan examination
is to make certain that well designed installations  are made.
While  these Criteria  were developed  originally for  the
guidance  of department engineers,  they  are now  being
published  for the information of architects, engineers, instal-
lers, and others who are required to file plans with this De-
partment.  These are the  Criteria the Department uses in ex-
amining applications. They are based on over ten years of in-
tensive  experience with many  installations  as well  as  the
recommendations and standards  of the Incinerator Institute of
America, National Board of Fire Underwriters, Air Pollution
Control Association, engineering  textbooks,  the  catalogues,
and brochures  of contractors and manufacturers,  the Rules
and Regulations of the New York City Department of Air Pol-
lution Control and the rules of other similar regulatory bodies.
Improvements  in the art of burning refuse efficiently, effec-
tively,  and without nuisance are under continuing develop-
ment. In order  to preclude prohibition of meritorious improve-
ments not  in compliance with these Criteria, the Commissioner
may consider alternate designs. From time to time the Criteria
will be reviewed and may be revised. These Criteria are neces-
sary for the protection of the public  in  general and  the
purchaser  of equipment in particular so that nuisances are not
created nor illegal installations made.

07595
New York City Dept. of Air Pollution Control
CRITERIA USED  FOR UPGRADING EXISTING APART-
MENT  HOUSE INCINERATORS IN THE CITY  OF NEW
YORK. 21p., Jan. 1967.
It is estimated  that there  are  more than 17,000  apartment
house incinerators  operating currently in New York City.
More than 75% of these were installed prior to the establish-
ment ofthe  Department  of Air Pollution Control in 1950.
Apartment house incinerators were then generally designed to
fit into limited space without consideration of particulate emis-
sion control. The shortcomings can in most cases be overcome
by modifications in design and a suitable particulate emission
control device.  The requirements for upgrading existing apart-
ment house incinerators are outlined.

12118
Goder, Richard
WHAT ARE STANDARDS FOR  THE INCINERATOR INDUS-
TRY? Preprint, 13p., June 1963. 9 refs.
The role of the incinerator industry in bearing responsibility
for continuous development of incinerator design is discussed.
A project is described in which  three different standard in-
cinerators,  complying with the  code specifications of the In-
cinerator Institute of America (HA), Los Angeles County, and
New York  City, respectively, were tested by procedures out-
lined  in A.S.M.E.  Test Codes.  Design  and performance
showed wide variation among the three units. There was con-
siderable latitude in incinerator design to meet a specified per-
formance, and it  was apparent from the  tests that the HA
design standards will safely meet the limitations required by
most  American cities to assure  proper performance.  Little
progress in proper design of incinerators for refuse disposal
can be  made until a universal agreement on test standards,
procedures, and instrumentation is adopted by air pollution of-
ficials and the industry.

14366
Cross, F. L., Jr. and R. W. Ross
EFFLUENT WATER  FROM  INCINERATOR FLUE-GAS
SCRUBBERS.  American  Society  of Mechanical Engineers
New  York Incinerator Div., Proc.  Natl.  Incinerator  Conf.,
New York, 1968, p. 69-72. 6 refs. (May 5-8).
Florida's new  air pollution  control standards for  incinerator
emissions has  focused attention  on the  use of dry control
methods, such as bag houses or electrostatic precipitators to
replace  the conventional wet-scrubbing systems now used in
large  municipal incinerators. Although  wet scrubbers reduce
emissions to 0.1 0.2 g/cu ft, dry control methods can reduce
these limits even further. Other problems caused by the use of
scrubbers on  incinerators involve high corrosivity of the
scrubber effluent and inability of the effluent to meet Florida's
criteria  for water pollution control. In order to meet water
quality standards,  scrubber water must be treated to neutralize
excess acidity  and to remove chemical constituents before it
can be  released  to a  receiving stream or lake. Analyses of
scrubber water at various installations showed a marked in-
crease in chemical constituents in effluent over amounts found
in raw water pumped from wells to supply the air  pollution
devices at the incinerator. Phenols and cyanide showed the lar-
gest increase in proportion  to the amount  found  in the raw
water, while aluminum, barium, chromium, copper, iron, lead,
manganese, and zinc all showed increases over the raw water
counts.  It is suggested that the cost of dry control methods
may not be as high as scrubber waste water treatment.

17201
Hishida, Kazuo
EXPLANATION  WITH GUIDES  OF  COLLECTOR FOR
REFUSE INCINERATOR  SMOKE. (Gomi  shyokyakuro no
baien  shod shisetsu  shido  hyojun no kaisetsu).  Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(6):365-372,
June 15, 1967.
It is impossible to standardize measures to control incinerator
smoke because incinerators are  so diversified. For this reason,
the Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Planning Office, Air Pol-
lution Control Section, has issued a guide to refuse incinerator

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                                      K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
                                                      69
smoke collectors, which will enable plants to select or decide
on incinerators  which are  economical but meet operating
criteria,  or to improve existing  units.  The choice of an in-
cinerator depends largely on the kinds of refuse burned and
the required capacity. In addition, there are many regulations
governing stack smoke. The property of smoke dust is deter-
mined by incinerator type, operation method, incineration con-
dition, and kinds of refuse. For instance, when refuse bulk ex-
ceeds maximum capacity, half burnt ashes contain toxic gases
or an unusual high temperature is registered  inside  the in-
cinerator. Also, the collector becomes overheated. Incineration
capacity is  generally  decided by operating conditions,  which
are as a rule subordinate to both  regulatory  acts and main-
tenance  management.  Good maintenance requires that inside
temperature be kept at 1000 C during operation and that sur-
faces of metal fittings be kept at 200  to 350 C. In the case of
batch incinerators, refuse should be introduced in spaced in-
tervals  and in small  quantities.  By preventing temperatures
from dropping, this  technique  should  improve combustion.
Refuse  incineration becomes  more important  as living stan-
dards increase.  Consequently,  advanced methods of con-
densing  wet  refuse  and sorting refuse before incineration
should be exploited.

22375
Voelker, Edward M.
INCINERATOR STANDARDS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
12(10): 487-491, Oct. 1962. (Presented at the Air Pollution Con-
trol Association, 55th Annual Meeting,  Chicago, HI., May 20-
24, 1962.)
The Incinerator Institute of America, a non-profit organization
formed in 1950, has established standards with the aim to up-
grade the services and products of their industry to meet the
demand  for efficient nuisance  free disposal  of combustible
waste. If the space  around the  incinerator is inadequate,  if
there is  insufficient air supply to the incinerator room, or  if
the stack or draft producing equipment is inadequate, then the
best designed incinerator will not operate nuisance free. As the
Incinerator Standards have purposely dealt only with basic in-
cinerator designs, the designing architect and engineer are
asked to give careful  consideration  to the following: collection
and method of changing the refuse; ample areas for charging,
stoking,  and  ash handling, as well as  general maintenance;
adequate air supply;  the effect which any air conditioning or
ventilating equipment may have  on the air supply; adequate
draft to assure safe  operation  and complete  combustion at
reasonable temperatures; location of the top of the chimney or
stack; immediate environments and the use of auxiliary equip-
ment such as fly ash collectors; and current local codes and
ordinances.  Methods  for  determining the products of  com-
bustion from the  burning of  refuse  are  described:  one
procedure is to calculate the amount of theoretical and excess
air  based  on ash and moisture free combustibles; the other
method is to figure the theoretical and excess air requirements
from the  ash  and  moisture free  combustibles,  figuring
separately the Ib of dry gas,  and to multiply  to obtain the
volume of dry gas. Water is figured separately and multiplied
by  the specific  volume of water vapor at the temperature
desired, and all  the  volumes are added together for a total
figure. Cost  considerations for incinerator design are also
discussed.
22389
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
DISCHARGE LIMITATION FOR REFUSE INCINERATORS.
(FWDP 12). APPENDIX C. Preprint, 16p., 1965. 38 refs. Trans-
lated from German.  Belov and  Associates, Denver, Colo.,
25p., Feb. 1970.
A provisional standard is provided for refuse incineration
which  includes descriptions of various types of incineration
plants. Median values and typical characteristics for incinera-
tion are given for different kinds of refuse. Heating  values,
chemical contents of refuse, loads  on grate areas, tempera-
tures,  and related  parameters are included in the  tabular
presentation. The reduction of  dusts from the combustion gas
is  treated  with  regards  to   what  types  of  operations,
mechanisms, actions,  or  abuses would  contribute  to  the
decrease or the increase in the formation of dust particles. The
subject is  examined according to fuel and fuel utilization, grate
construction, burner  space, air draft from below for pre-dry-
ing, secondary aeration, successive heating  areas, funnel for
flying dust, and cleaning installations. Various suggestions are
offered in choosing between cyclones, electrical dust removers
and other dust collectors. The construction and the efficiency
of  the burner  installation, fuel  and refuse characteristics,
amount and granulation and characteristics of coarse dust, and
available space for the dust remover must be known in order
to make the choice. Typical values  of removal efficiency are
given for different removal systems and are  tabulated accord-
ing to the  required draft pressure and location of use in the in-
cineration facility. In addition, diverse factors that contribute
to favorable  and unfavorable  degrees  of  dust  separation in
removers are listed, and some suggestions for the reduction of
emissions  are given.

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70
                    L.  LEGAL  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
00973
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION  CONTROL   REGULATIONS  AND  ORDINANCES.
(REVISED  EDITION.)  Public  Health  Service,  Washington,
D.C., National Center for Air Pollution Control 143p., 1967.
The regulations and ordinances have been arranged in sections
which include Smoke Emissions and Equivalent Opacity Regu-
lations, Regulations  Pertaining to Paniculate Emissions  from
Fuel Burning Plants,  Regulations  Pertaining to Paniculate
Emissions from Refuse-Burning Equipment, Regulations Per-
taining   to   Particulate  Emissions  from  Manufacturing
Processes, Regulations Pertaining to Sulfur Compound Emis-
sion  Control, Regulations Pertaining to  Hydrocarbon Emission
Control, Regulations Pertaining to Fluoride Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Motor Vehicle Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Odor Emission Control, and Zoning
Ordinances. The regulations and ordinances represent the dif-
ferent methods of controlling  emissions by law and varying
degrees of control. Some definitions were picked selectively to
provide   very good definitions  while others  were  picked
because of their wide use by many states and communities.

01948
J. W. Stephenson
SPECD7ICATIONS AND RESPONSD3ILITY FOR INCINERA-
TOR PLANT PERFORMANCE. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.,
New York City, 1964. pp. 8-12.
As a result of the  growing demand for nuisance-free refuse
disposal and the  increasing complexity of modern refuse in-
cinerator plants, performance-type plans and specifications for
incinerators are no  longer acceptable. In addition to basic
design, the engineer must now be responsible for demonstrat-
ing that  the  plant  operates  at the required capacity  in a
nuisance-free manner and without hazard to health or proper-
ty. In this paper, the author presents his views of the relative
responsibility of state health departments designing engineers,
and contractors for proper design and  operation of municipal
incinerators.  He  also  cites examples of performance-type
specification requirements still  in use which are not consistent
with  the best engineering practice.

02393
R. Goder and A. Marshalla.
INCINERATOR TESTING PROGRAMS 1966. Proc. Natl. In-
cinerator  Conf. 231-4,  1966. (Presented at  the  National In-
cinerator  Conference, American Society of  Mechanical En-
gineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
The  progress  on  incinerator testing programs since the  1964
ASME National Incinerator Conference is reported for several
groups. Actions of the Air Pollution Control Association and
the Incinerator Institute of America  are presented in this paper
together with  immediate objectives. The Incinerator Institute
of America's new test charges, procedures  and instrumenta-
tion are presented against a background of test results accu-
mulated and studied by the members. Field studies of large
numbers  of installations are   hampered by  complex  testing
procedures and the industry suffers from a lack of significant
data for study. A new procedure to reduce the costs of stack
emission tests is outlined. (Author abstract)

03805
REGULATION 2. Bay Area Air Pollution District, San Fran-
cisco, Calif. May 4, 1960. 51 pp.
A regulation of the Bay Area  Air Pollution Control District
regulating emissions of certain air contaminants from incinera-
tion, salvage, heat  transfer, general combustion, and general
operations enacted September 1,1960, is described.

054%
J. W. BishopL. F. Deming
ECONOMICS  OF   SOLID  WASTE  INCERATION.  Proc.
MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City
1967. pp. 51-9.
The economic factors reflected  in current and future incinera-
tion of refuse are identified. Twenty four hour per day opera-
tion for six days per week is a  possible specification. Factory
fabricated components and  automation should be utilized to
the maximum. Waste heat should be recovered. Industry may
be induced to build and operate incinerator-boilers and  utilize
the by-product energy. Comparable operations in other process
industries  should  be  studied  for  adaption  to incineration.
Economic factors affecting  future  incineration of refuse are
different at each location. A complete tabulation of plausible
alternate schemes  for each facility  should be made  and
economically evaluated prior to selection.

06741
E. S. Monroe, Jr.
RECENT COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENTS PREVENT AIR
POLLUTION - LOW EXCESS AK FIRING OF HEAVY FUEL
OILS AND NEW WASTE INCINERATOR. 90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967. pp. 2597-2601. (Presented at
the Joint Technical Conference on Clean Air, Trenton, N.J.,
Nov. 19, 1964.)
The advantages of stoichiometric combustion  or low excess air
firing of heavy fuel oils are discussed. A new incinerator for
the destruction of waste products is described which utilizes a
simplified overfire airjet  system. Both of these systems excel
in performance and economy and their rapid  adoption appears
to be to the mutual advantage of industry and the public.

06961
RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING  THE CONTROL
OF ADI POLLUTION (AMENDED). Illinois State Air Pollution
Control Board, Springfield. (Mar. 30, 1967). 33 pp.
The first part of the regulations  provides  rules for existing pol-
lution from refuse or trade waste disposal and emission stan-
dards for existing equipment. The  second portion deals with
rules for control of emissions from new  equipment.  Examples

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                                    L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     71
 of specific items covered are blast furnaces, coke plants, ce-
 ment kilns, and incinerators.

 07202
 Tada, H.
 THE REGULATIONS FOR  SMOKE ABATEMENT. Text in
 Japanese.  Kuki Seijo (Clean Air,  J. Japan.  Air Cleaning As-
 soc.) (Tokyo), 4U):l-5, 1966.
 The  law  of smoke abatement  was  first  adopted by the
 Japanese government in 1960. Prior to that time only local
 authorities  adopted  such  measures.  The  regulations are
 directed against smoke  from  factories (including  the  area,
 facilities, and materials used) and other types of exhaust. The
 facilities which fall under the regulation are boilers (electric,
 heat-producing, and those using sulfur-containing fuels), fur-
 naces (calcinating, gas exhausting, sintering, revolving, open
 hearth), and incinerators. Under the regulation,  'smoke'  in-
 cludes soot, cinders, powdery dust (such as cement dust and
 iron  dust), SO2 gases, and others. The maximum permissible
 concentration of smoke is tabulated according to facility, rang-
 ing from 0.5 to 2.0 g/cu m  at OC and 1 atmos  pressure. A
 smog signal or alert must be  issued when the concentration os
 S02 in the air is greater than 0.2 ppm for 3 hr or 0.3 ppm for 2
 hr. The system of control and direction is outlined.

 07522
 Philadelphia Dept. of Public Health, Pa., Div. of
 Environmental Health
 AIR  POLLUTION  PROBLEMS FROM REFUSE DISPOSAL
 OPERATIONS IN PHILADELPHIA AND THE DELAWARE
 VALLEY. Preprint, (8 p.), 1965.
 The  reduction of air pollution emissions from refuse disposal
 operations is an important aspect of the increased air pollution
 control efforts in the City of Philadelphia. This report provides
 current information on  the  air pollution problems resulting
 from municipal, industrial and commercial incineration, open
 burning of refuse  and  domestic  refuse burning. Suggested
 methods  for reducing  emissions  from  these activities are
 presented.

 07879
 Essenhigh, R. H. and G. Gelernter
 SYSTEMATIC APPRAISAL OF INCINERATOR RESEARCH
 REQUJREMENTS.Preprint, Pennsylvania State Univ., Univer-
 sity Park ((34))p., ((1967)) 18 refs.  (Presented at the Symposi-
 um on Air  Pollution Control  Through Applied Combustion
 Science,  16th  Annual  Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical
 Engineers, New York City, Nov. 26-30, 1967.)
 The possibilities for research operations are so wide that some
 listing and selection of priorities is necessary to avoid waste of
 time  and money. Such an analysis is presented. The analysis
 leads to the elimination  of research projects at both the en-
 gineering development level  and the basic sciences level, in
 favor of research at the intermediate technological level as  an
 initial step. For understanding behavior of even a Test In-
 cinerator,  two questions have  top priority:  (1) What are the
 conditions for  ignition and extinction? and,  (2) What are the
 reaction  mechanisms  and   optimum  conditions  for   most
 complete burn-up? Division of the  incinerator into two Zones,
 Zone 1 being the fuel bed and Zone 2 being the overfire region
of smoke  and  volatiles burn-up, provides a modifier for the
two questions, with priorities becoming: extinction for the fuel
bed,  and optimization for the flame zone.
08826
THE AMERICAN PAINT CONVENTION: Affi POLLUTION
AND RULE 66 DISCUSSED.  Paint,  Oil Colour J. (London),
152(3605):908-912, Nov. 17, 1967. 35 refs.
The discussion of the panel  on air pollution at the annual
meeting of the Federation of Societies for Paint Technology is
reported. The  panel consisted of four speakers and  a chair-
man, or moderator, drawn from various parts of industry, and
including raw material and equipment manufacturers. The his-
tory of the recent legislative proceedings, a review of other
local rules and by-laws, problems of reformation and  elimina-
tion of air-polluting products were  discussed by the panel.
Rule 66, which was implemented on July 1, 1967, was the final
result of prolonged work and followed the drafting of 65 inter-
mediate regulations, some of  which threatened the very  ex-
istence of many industries in Los Angeles.  The complicated
nature of Rule 66 was made apparent from the numerous
printed commentaries  in the form of questions and answers.
Reverting to methods of control and disposal of excessive air
pollution emission as discussed  by the panel, three major
sources of air-pollution in the manufacture of paint and ancil-
lary products and their use were considered, namely: (1) Resin
manufacture; (2) Paint application and drying; and (3) Paint
baking. The panel did  not concern itself with details of refor-
mulation, otherwise than to indicate the basic problems facing
formulations.

08976
Effenberger, Ernst 0897619430
AIR  POLLUTION  AND  CITY  PLANNING.  (Luftverun-
reinigung und  Stadtebau.) Z. Praventivmedizin, Vol.  11, pp.
601-621, Nov.- Dec. 1966. 73 refs. (Translated from German).
The causes of air pollution in the cities are industrial processes
(furnace firing), household heating, small businesses, and trans
port systems. Measures suitable to fight this pollution must at-
tack either at the source (improvement of incinerators, filters,
purification of waste gas,  etc.) or by permitting a faster distri
bution and dilution of the pollutants  in the air, which can be
pro- moted by measures related to city planning. Some possi-
bilities are: the location of industrial emitters of pollution in
that sector of a city with the least wind frequency and screen-
ing by parks, increase of the ventilation effect in a city by an
appro priate layout of the streets, the promotion  of an open
building pattern, minimum heights for the smoke stacks of in-
custrial  pro ducers of pollution, development main traffic
routes without inter- sections, and detours for through traffic,
etc. The most  impor tant causes of air pollution in the cities
are the sources of industrial energy in the form of large-scale
incinerators, the heating of households and the exhaust gases
of automotive  vehicles. Burned are coal and oil or products
made of these substances.  Incinerators using  coal dust and
outmoded incinerators are part ticularly important producers
of air pollution.

09500
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington,
D. C., Public Health Service . Executive Order 11282, dated
May 26, 1966.
CONTROL OF  AIR  POLLUTION  ORIGINATING   FROM
FEDERAL  INSTALLATIONS  AND  STANDARDS BY THE
SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,  AND  WELFARE
IMPLEMENTING THE OBJECTIVES PRESCRD3ED BY THE
ORDER. 5p. ((1966?))
The Executive Order is reprinted. It presents  regulations re-
garding emission from Federal installations. Included  are sec-

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 72
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
tions on: policy, procedures for new Federal facilities and
buildings, procedures for existing Federal facilities and build
ings, objectives for Federal facilities and buildings, and stan
dards. Performance standards and techniques of measurement
pre scribed by the Secretary are reproduced here  as p Wished
in the Federal Register, 31(107) June 3, 1966.

09514
New York State Dept. of Health,  Albany, Division of Air
Resources
RECOMMENDATIONS  FOR AREA   CLASSIFICATIONS.
(NEW YORK CITY.) Preprint, ((18))p., Sept 7, 1966.
The over-riding factor which must be considered in classifying
New York City  is the protection of the health of its inhabi
tants. The density of the population in Manhattan (76,200) in
terms of people per square mile is more than twice that of the
density of Brooklyn and Bronx (34,600 and 32,900 respective-
ly.) Based on available information, the level of air contamina-
tion in New York City is above  any standard which may be
set.  There are three primary sources  of pollution in  the
Metropolitan  area. These are:  fuel-burning sources, incinera-
tors and motor vehicles. All of New York City, with the possi-
ble exception of  Staten Island, falls within the definition of
Subregion 3;  i.e., dense ly populated, primarily  commercial,
office buildings,  department stores and light industry such as
electronics and instruments,  apparel and  finished products,
printing and publishing,  and food and kindred products. It is
expected that future growth of boroughs in the city. Inspection
of the zoning map prepared  by the New York City Department
of City Planning  indicates no proposed radical change in the
character of the city. The hub of commercial and industrial ac-
tivities will continue to be in the lower portion of Manhattan
and  the western  sections  of Queens  and  Brooklyn.  The
character of the fringes of the city; i.e., northern Bronx, east-
ern Queens and southern Brooklyn and Staten Island will con-
tinue to be primarily  single-family dwellings, with scattered
apartment houses. While New York City's meteor ology is
conducive to  rapid  dilution of dispersion of discharged  con-
taminants, the ability of the atmosphere to do this is often ex-
ceeded. It is recommended that: All of New York City be clas-
sified C-3 and that the corresponding objectives for this  clas-
sification as contained in the Ambient Air Quality  Objec tives-
Classifications System be adopted, and a target date of five
years be established for meeting  these objectives  for ambient
air quality in the entire city of New York. (Author's summary
and conslusions)

09677
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION  CONTROL  REGULATIONS  AND  ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) 142p., 1968.
This compilation contains selected sections of many emission
con- trol regulations and ordinaces. It has been  prepared to
provide state  and local air  pollution control agencies, indus-
tries, and other interested people with selected examples of
the many types of regulations and ordinances in use today. All
sections of regula tions and  ordinances included have been
copied directly from the original  text of individual state and
local laws. The regula tions  and ordinaces have been arranged
in such a manner  that each section of this report is a compial-
tion of laws pertaining to a specific type of pollutant or pollu-
tant  source. These sections  include Smoke  Emissions and
Equivalent  Opacity Regulations,  Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning  Plants, Participate Emissions from Refuse-bum-
ing equipment,  Paniculate Emissions  from  Manufacturing
Processes,   Paniculate  Emissions  from  Asphalt  Batching
Plants, Sulfur Compound Emissions, Organic Solvent Emis-
sions,  Hydrocarbon Emissions, Fluoride Emissions,  Motor
Vehicle Emissions, Odor Emissions, and Zoning Ordinances.
The  regulations  and  ordinances compiled were  selected to
represent the  different  methods of controlling emissions by
law and to represent varying degrees of control.

09916
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Commission, Planning
Committee
WHERE DOES  NEW JERSEY GO FROM  HERE IN Affi
POLLUTION CONTROL? Preprint, 44 p., July 18, 1966.
Past and present accomplishments in air pollution control from
the year 1954 to the present are discussed including the  follow-
ing subjects: population growth; motor vehicle increases  and
pollutants; consumption  of fuel and electric power; and indus-
trial growths.  Standards and  enforcement of codes on open
burning, landfill, incinerators, particulates, sulfur compounds
and motor vehicles are summarized. Twenty-six recommenda-
tions were made to the  Commission for improvement in con-
trol programs, standards, codes, enforcement and other  ad-
ministrative procedures for controlling air pollution.

10454
Vaughn, Richard D.
ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE UNDER THE  SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL ACT.Compost Sci., 9(1):15-17, 1968.
Title U of Public Law 89-272, The Solid Waste Disposal Act,
is a Federal commitment to  support and assist in a coordinated
effort to solve solid waste problems.  Some of the research  and
demonstration projects  underway are reviewed briefly. Ap-
proaches  such  as  landfil  steam  generation  and   water
desalinization incinerators, and long  distance hauling of waste
are mentioned. Specifics of the Act are considered, such as
research grants, training assistance, and suppo of various State
survey and planning projects.

10491
Sableski, J. J., J.  C. Knudson, W. A. Cote, and J. F.
Kowalczyk
DEVELOPMENT  OF INCINERATION  GUIDELINES FOR
FACILITIES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Durham, N. C.,
National  Center  for Air Pollution Control, 35p., 1968.  7 refs.
(Presented at  the  61st Annual  Meeting  of the  Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper
68-98.)
The efforts of the National Center for Air Pollution Control to
develop guidelines  for  incinerators  at Federal facilities  are
discussed. The guidelines  were developed to aid purchasing
agents a other  technical  people in Government  to  select,
operate, and mainta general refuse and pathological incinera-
tors so that they meet the  standards for paniculate emission
set forth in  the Code of Federal Regulations. The first guide
issued, the  'Interim Guide to Good  Practice for Selecting In-
cinerators for Federal  Facilities,'  is discussed. The  Guide
recommends the  Los Angeles County Air Pollutio Control Dis-
trict design of incinerators and gas washers. Other incinerator
and washer designs may be  used if standard testing procedures
outlined in the Interim Guide clearly show that they can main-
tain emissions to within the limits set by the Code. The  test
program  conducted to evaluated  existing incinerator  and
washer designs is also discussed. Preliminary results from the
PHS testin program are presented. Indications are that com-

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                                     L.  LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                      73
monly employed, uncontrolled incinerators will not meet the
Federal Standards relating to grain loadings. However, where
scrubbers having pressu drops of at least 0.5 inches of water
and water flows of 4 gallons per 1,000 scf are used, incinera-
tors may meet 2 of the 3 particulat standards. Revision of the
third  standard, relating to the emissio of particles  over 60
microns hi size, is under consideration. (Authors' abstract)

10567
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Philadelphia Med., 64(14):658,
July 20,1968.
The Air Pollution Board of Philadelphia has  adopted revised
incinerator regulations which will prohibit the issuance of per-
mits  for the construction  of new  incinerators  used in the
disposal  of  ordinary  apartment-commercial-industrial  refuse
after January  1,  1969. Within one year of that date,  all  in-
cinerators are  to be equipped with devices to meet stringent
emission standards;  all  current incinerator  owners will  be
required to certify by February 1, 1969, that their units will be
shut down, upgraded, or replaced. The new regulations call for
installation of equipment which will reduce particulates in flue
gas to 0.2 or  0.6 Ib./lOO Ib. gas, depending  on gas  charging
rate; for smoke emission density not  exceeding Ringelmann
No. 1 or its  equivalent for more than 30 sec.  in any one hour
or a total of 3 min. in any day; and for control of odors from
incinerators such that odors shall not be detectable in any area
for human use or occupancy. These regulations must be ap-
proved by the  Philadelphia Board of Health, and by the City's
Law and Records Departments, after which  a final adoptive
date will be established.

11095
Venezia, Ronald A.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM FEDERAL FACILI-
TIES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control,  15p.,  1968. (Presented
at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air  Pollution Control As-
sociation, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-28, 1968, Paper 68-176.)
It is the Federal Government's intent to be exemplary in con-
trolling air pollutant emissions from its facilities.  The basic
documents used are  the Clean  Air Act, Executive  Order
11282, and regulations pursuant to it, and BOB Circular A-78.
Most  regulations cover all Federal Facilities located in the
United States  and certain possessions,  making distinction in
some  methods of refuse disposal between  urban and rural
areas. Other regulations are specific  for certain  metropolitan
areas  with extensive air pollution problems. Each agency has
surveyed its facilities  to define the air pollution problem and
solutions have been  proposed to be implemented in a Govern-
ment-wide 5-year program. This program is subject to updating
and review each year. (Author's abstract)

12511
Stumph, Terry L. and Robert L. Duprey
TRENDS IN ADX POLLUTION CONTROL  REGULATIONS.
Preprint,  Air Pollution Control Association,  New York City,
40p., 1969. 19 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 62nd, New York, June 22-26, 1969,
Paper 69-175.)
Recent trends  in air pollution control regulations adopted  by
state and local agencies were analyzed.  Emphasis was on the
concepts  of  control  regulations rather than on specific emis-
sion limits. Trends in control regulations are towards prevent-
ing air pollution through required application of known control
techniques. Outmoded concentration emission standards are
rapidly being replaced by those that limit total mass-emission
rates. Allowable emission rates usually vary according to the
size of the source. Control of all visible emissions is being ac-
cepted as necessary to any control program. Particulate matter
from  fuel-burning equipment  is being controlled  to a  high
degree; emission  standards for sulfur oxides from fuel com-
bustion are  anticipated in the near future. Incinerator emis-
sions  standards  are relatively undeveloped, due  to  lack  of
knowledge about  the performance of high-efficiency dust col-
lectors on these sources. Control of many types of process in-
dustries presents  a  challenge in the design of equitable emis-
sion standards. The familiar process-weight-rate regulation is
rapidly becoming the standard for limiting  particulate matter
from  this  source  category. The potential emissions-rate  con-
cept shows  promise for certain  source types and pollutants.
Odor  regulations  have mainly  involved ambient air measure-
ments using the human  sense of  smell.  (Author abstract
modified)

12989
Simons, Wilhelm
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS AT SMALL  INCINERATORS.
(Emissionsmessungen an  kleinen  Mullverbrennungsanlagen).
Text  in German.  Tech. Veberwach. (Duesseldorf), 7(12):413-
415, Dec. 1966. 3 refs.
The new law of  September 8, 1964  to prevent air pollution
requires that plants with  a capacity of less than 20 tons per
day emit not more than 200 mg dust referred to 1 cu m moist
waste gas and a CO2 content  of 7%.  The smoke plume may
not exceed  the No. 2  gray shade  on Ringelmann's scale.
Moreover, the law stipulates that all incinerators be equipped
with  auxiliary burners, since  all solid components must be
burned completely.  Measurements are required to prove com-
pliance with the law. Up to now a total of 220 measurements
had been taken at 49 small incinerators of  10 various manufac-
turers. All incinerators had an afterburner and usually two
auxiliary burners  in the main combustion chamber. Domestic
wastes, paper, and  hospital wastes were ashed.  Of the 49 in-
cinerators, 38 were equipped with dust separators. Results  of
the measurements show that 75% of the  incinerators  emitted
dust concentrations below the tolerance limit. The good results
for those incinerators without dust separators can be explained
by the fact  that favorable combustion conditions were main-
tained.  Furthermore, these  furnaces  burned only domestic
wastes and  paper.  A study of the relationship between the
various types of wastes fired in the furnaces and dust emission
showed that they have but little effect on keeping the  dust
emissions  below  the tolerance limit.  The percentage of fur-
naces which do not exceed the tolerance limit increases from
72 to  86% with increasing volume of the combustion chamber.
Measurements of the  temperatures  during the combustion
process showed that all were above 800 C at the peak of the
combustion, after which they fell to 700 C. No disagreeable
odors were noticed. The CO2 concentrations measured ranged
from  1.7 to  7.0%. Thus, it can be safely concluded that these
small  incinerators pose no danger to their surroundings.

16343
CONTROL  OF  AIR POLLUTION.  Intern. Digest  Health
Legislation,   20(3):499-512,   1969.  (Original text   in  Public
General Acts and Measures of 1968,  Chapt. 62, p.  1523-1538,
1969.)
The British anti-air  pollution act is presented in its entirety in
addition to supplements, schedules, and means of  administra-
tion. Various terms are defined. Limits on  the rates of emis-
sion are prescribed. The uses of furnaces are standardized,

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 74
                                         MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 and the over-all policy of the act is provided. The emissions
 covered include dark smoke, grit, dust, and fumes.

 18108
 Luce, Charles F.
 NEW YORK CITY TAKES INVENTORY: HOW  CLEAN IS
 THE AIR. Air. Eng., 11(2):14-16, February 1969.
 New York City Local Law 14, although under  attack in the
 courts, is in effect today. The efforts of the New York City
 administration to comply with this law is discussed. Con Edis-
 on,  as one of  the contributors  to pollution, has met or will
 meet within the established deadlines, every single require-
 ment imposed on the company by Local Law 14. Their attack
 on the problem is discussed. The problems that exist in the
 city are reviewed.

 19059
 Bistowish, Joseph M.
 NASHVILLE'S  AIR   POLLUTION   PROBLEM:  PAST,
 PRESENT AND FUTURE. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.,
 School of Engineering, Tennessee Stream Pollution Control
 Board, Tennessee  Dept. of Public Health, Proc.  Conf. En-
 viron.  Water  Resources Eng.,  8th  Ann., Nashville, Tenn.,
 1969, p. 171-177. (June 5-6).
 The provisions and implementation of  an air pollution control
 ordinance prepared  by the Nashville Health Department are
 discussed. The ordinance regulates visible emissions from all
 fuel or refuse burning equipment. It is unlawful to bum any
 solid or liquid fuel containing more than 2% sulfur by weight.
 New incinerators must be multiple chamber incinerators hav-
 ing  capacities of 100  Ibs/hr with auxiliary heat  sources to
 prevent air pollution. No incinerator may emit fly ash or other
 particulates  in  excess of 0.2 grain/cu ft. Automobiles and
 trucks may not emit visible air contaminants in excess of Rin-
 gelmann No. 1. The ordinance also regulates odors, dusts, and
 emissions from laundries,  dry  cleaning  plants, and similar
 operations. The air pollution control division is divided into
 three sections:  engineering, enforcement, and laboratory. The
 progress of implementation of the ordinance is also discussed.

 20133
 Ireland, F. E. and D. H. A. Price
 INCINERATION: STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND EN-
 VmONMENTAL  ASPECTS. J.  Inst.  Fuel  (London),  vol.
 43:115-119, April 1970.
 Statutes concerned with airborne  effluents and  liquid wastes
 from incinerators are stated, and some brief notes are given on
 the more important requirements  and  their fields of applica-
 tion. Emissions of smoke from incinerators must not be as
 dark as or darker than shade 2 on the  Ringelmann  Chart; any
 practicable means must be  used to minimize the emission of
 grit  and  dust  (the Clean Air Acts  of 1956 and  1968). The
 Works Regulation Act (1906) is administered by  inspectors of
 the central authority to control emissions from works for the
 destruction by burning of wastes produced in the  course of or-
ganic chemical  reactions  and  works  in  which  metal is
recovered from scrap  cable by burning  the insulation. The
Radioactive Substances Act (1960) deals with the disposal of
radioactive  waste.  Chimney height  determination is  an ex-
 tremely important aspect of incinerator design, while the three
most important facets  to minimize  air pollutants from mu-
nicipal  incinerators  are efficient  combustion, arrestment of
particulate matter, and height of dispersion. Waste  water may
be discarded to the sewer of the Local Authority, to an inland
water course or estuary, to the sea,  or soaked away on land.
The various controlling bodies are empowered to stipulate con-
ditions regarding the volume, composition, and the charac-
teristics of the discharge. Strongly acidic or alkaline waters
may be troublesome, and upper and lower limits for pH are
usually imposed. A maximum permissible temperature is also
often stipulated.  A Local Authority  controls discharge  to
sewers, and the River Authority controls discharges to inland
and tidal waters.

20861
Henderson, J. S.
PLANNING FOR  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. PART  1-
LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT. Plant Eng.,  24(12):94-97, June
11, 1970.
The Clean Air Act of 1967 designates 91 air quality control re-
gions and makes each  state responsible for adopting regional
air quality  standards  and  for  developing  an abatement
procedure plan. The central cities of the air quality control re-
gions are  specified in this article,  and the need of control
agencies to include emission standards in their implementation
plan is discussed. Typical standards for particulate emissions
from coal-fired boilers, manufacturing processes, and incinera-
tion are summarized, as are representative ambient air stan-
dards for particulates and sulfur dioxide. Some  state and local
laws require all emission sources to meet both pollution emis-
sion and plume visibility standards. Plant engineers may also
face compliance with other types of requirements and restric-
tions. These may include industrial  source registration, includ-
ing quantities and location of pollutant discharges; registration
of plant expansions or process changes; plant  access and in-
spection by control authorities; provision  of stack  sampling
ports and  platforms,  and continuous  monitoring of stack
discharges.

22466
Ordinanz, Wilhelm
A  NEW AIR POLLUTION LAW.  Staub (English translation
from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 29(9):8-10, Sept.
1969. 7 refs.
The Air Pollution Law of Michigan (1967)  stipulates licensing
for the erection, mounting, or alteration  of combustion equip-
ment or other working processes liable to emit pollutants. An
application must be submitted with the following information:
quantity and temperature of the waste gas or air; the composi-
tion of waste  gases with or  without scrubbing; prospective
content of solids in the waste gases; point of emission; height
and location relative to adjacent buildings; other factors liable
to facilitate the  diffusion or emission in the surroundings; and
information on special effects of the pollutants. The gray value
of smoke plumes from furnaces must be brighter than No. 2
on the Ringelmann scale, but  gray value No.  2 must not
prevail for more than 3 minutes every half-hour  and gray value
No. 3 for no longer than 3  minutes in an hour, though not
more than three time in 24 hours. Permissible limits of  dust
emission  are presented  tabularly for combustion plants,  gar-
bage incinerators,  steel production, cupola furnaces for cast
iron, lime kilns, asphalt preparation, cement production, and
pelletizing of iron ore. Several prohibitions are also listed.

23126
Dept. of Interior (West Germany), Advisory Council for
Environmental Planning
WATER  BALANCE,  AIR POLLUTION   CONTROL  AND
WASTE DISPOSAL. (Wasserwirtschaft, Luftreinhaltung und
Abfallbeseitigung). Text in German.  Wasser  Luft Betrieb,
14(7):290-292, July 1970.

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                                    L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     75
Recommendations of the Advisory Council for Environmental
Planning concerning air and water pollution and waste disposal
analyze the  consequences  of pollution on the  environment,
stipulate maximum permissible levels of the various pollutants,
and estimate the quantities of industrial waste,  of household
waste, and of clearing sludge which have to be disposed of in
communities  of various sizes. The installation of an incinerator
pays only if  it services  at least 100,000 inhabitants otherwise
its capacity remains unused.  Smaller communities therefore
must dump their waste in regional dumps but the constant
operation of a bulldozer which is necessary is economical only
for  dumps servicing at least  15,000 inhabitants. To  prevent
contamination of ground water through waste deposits, an im-
permeable  layer at least  1  m thick must  separate the two
zones. Of decisive importance is the correct choice of the site
for dumps, orderly and controlled dumping, the proper utiliza-
tion of qualitatively harmless clearing sludge compost, and
suitable dumping  site  selection for  especially  objectionable
materials like used oil, chemical, and radioactive  waste. To the
degree  that waste can  be  composted this  should be done
together with the clearing sludge  because such compost is
better suited for use in agriculture. Superregional solutions
must be found for the  disposal of abandoned cars. Regional
planning must provide for the selection of dumping grounds.

23765
Sabis, William R., David H. Scott, and David B. Smith
COMPREHENSIVE WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE,  SOLID
WASTE AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PLANS. David B.
Smith Engineers, Inc., Gainesville, Fla. Proj. 6914, HUD Proj.
FLA. P-104, 139p., Feb. 1970. 11 refs. CFSTI: PB-191553
A long range comprehensive plan for Palm Beach County,
Florida  regarding   air  pollution   control,  water  supply,
sewerage, and solid wastes disposal is presented. A geographi-
cal  description of the area, including land use and  trends,
population projections,  and  transportation networks  is  pro-
vided. A report of air quality measurements in the area is in-
cluded. Sources in the  area  include  incinerators, automobile
exhausts, certain industrial discharges, dumps, and agricultural
operations. An air pollution control plan, under the auspices of
the Air Quality Act, is recommended. It includes the establish-
ment of an  air quality regio and suitable enforcement and
regulatory measures.

25480
Resources Research, Inc., Washington, D. C.
PROPOSED  IMPLEMENTATION  PLAN  FOR  THE CON-
TROL  OF PARTICULATES  AND SULFUR OXIDES FOR
THE COMMONWEALTH  OF KENTUCKY PORTION  OF
THE METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI  INTERSTATE  AHt
QUALITY CONTROL REGION. NAPCA Contract CPA 70-29,
239p., Sept. 1970. NTIS: PB 195760
The Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Re-
gion, (MCIAQCR), designated on May 2, 1969, comprises ap-
proximately 3000 square miles of land area located in the ex-
treme southwestern portion of Ohio and the adjacent states of
Kentucky and Indiana. There is a total of nine counties in the
MCIAQCR, which is primaril an industrial area. The proposed
regional particulate control strategy consists of emission stan-
dards covering three  general categories  of emission sources:
industrial process, fuel  combustion, and solid waste  disposal.
The proposed regional sulfur oxides control  strategy consists
of those emission standards on which regulations already in ef-
fect in Cincinnati are based. Emission categories considered
by these standards are industrial process and fuel combustion.
Implementation of  control  regulations  divides into  two
separate tasks. First, the new  regulations must be officially
adopted by the responsible state agency. Second, field en-
forcement and control  of  pollution sources  affected by the
regulations must be carried out.  The primary portion  of the
Kentucky enforcement  program will be  a permit and  source
surveillance system. Deficiencies in Kentucky's existing air
pollution control program are pointed out and remedies  sug-
geste to enable implementation of the new regulations, which
are cited. Also described are the projected regional air quality
monitoring network and procedures to  be  used to control
sources during emergency episodes.

25688
Resources Research, Inc., Washington, D. C.
PROPOSED  IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR  THE  CON-
TROL  OF  PARTICULATES AND SULFUR OXIDES FOR
THE STATE OF OHIO  PORTION OF THE METROPOLITAN
CINCINNATI INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL RE-
GION. NAPCA Contract CPA 70-29, 238p., Sept.  1970. NTIS:
PB 195758
The Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Re-
gion (MCIAQCR), designated in May 1969, comproses approx-
imately 3000 square miles of land area located in the extreme
southwestern portion  of Ohio and the adjacent states of Indi-
ana and Kentucky. The proposed regional control strategy for
particulates consists  of emission standards covering  three
general categories of  emissions: industrial process, fuel com-
bustion, and solid waste disposal. The proposed control strate-
gy for sulfur  oxides consists of those emission  standards al-
ready in effect in Cincinnati:  the emission categories con-
sidered by these standards are industrial process and fuel com-
bustion. When adopted and enforced, these strategies shoul
lead  to acceptable levels of  both suspended particulate and
sulfur dioxide  as defined by regional Air Quality Standards.
Legally enforceable control regulations based on the emission
standards are presented. In Ohio, the regulations will be imple-
mented primarily  through  a  permit and source  surveillance
system. Legal and administrative deficiencies hindering en-
forcement of  the control plan  in Ohio are pointed  out, and
remedial measures suggested. Als reviewed are the projected
regional air quality monitoring network and procedures to be
used to control sources during emergency episodes.

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76
                                   M.   SOCIAL  ASPECTS
06085
M. Sterling
ATTITUDES  ON  THE DESIGN OF FLUE-FED INCINERA-
TORS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10 (2), 110-3, 174 (Apr.
1960). (Presented  at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 22-26, 1959.)
An attempt has been made to ascertain present attitudes of air
pollution control officials and equipment manufacturers on the
preferred design of  new flue-fed incinerators. The  basic flue-
fed incinerator has undergone little change until a few years
ago when the effects of air pollution legislation required that
existing units be modified.  Fifty-six air pollution control agen-
cies and 14 incinerator manufacturers were contacted, and an-
swers to  the  questionnaire suitable for data abstraction were
obtained  from 33 of them. Fifty-five percent of the respon-
dents felt that there is a value in the use of flue-fed incinera-
tors. The balance felt that if incineration were the desired
disposal  technique,  it should  be  accomplished  in suitably
designed  commercial incinerators. Some distinctive  features to
be used as a basis for the design of the unit determined by the
consensus from the poll, are discussed. (Author's conclusions,
modified)

14805
Johnson, K. L.
CITIZEN   COMPLAINTS  OF   ATR   POLLUTION   IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS. Preprint. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  National Center for Air  Pollution Control,
17p., 1967.  (Presented at the 60th  Annual Meeting  of the Air
Pollution Control Association,  Cleveland, Ohio, June  11-16,
1967, Paper APCA 67-176.)
An examination was made of citizen complaints of air pollu-
tion registered with air pollution control agencies representing
the City of Chicago, outlying Cook County, and the State of
Illinois. The complaint files of the City of Chicago contained
the addresses of some 9500 air pollution  sources specified by
complainants  in complaints covering the time period from ap-
proximately 1954 to  1964. A statistical sample of these sources
showed more than 70% to  be of a non-industrial nature, with
domestic  fuel burning or incineration by neighbors  most often
specified. There were 1119  industrial process sources named in
the Chicago files, 588  nonmanufacturing and 531 manufactur-
ing. Fabricated metal  industries,  primary  metal  industries,
chemical manufacturers, and food processing plants were cited
more often than other industrial categories. Complaint sources
named in complaints filed by citizens with the state of Illinois,
and with  Cook County, differed with those  of Chicago in that
industrial sources were specified more often than nonindustrial
ones. The reason for this is believed to lie  in the reduced  re-
sidential densities  and the relatively great use of pollution free
fuels in the metrolpolitan area outside of the City of Chicago.
(Author abstract modified)
15002
Myrick, Richard and Barbara Spencer Marx
THE CONTROL OF INCINERATOR-CAUSED AIR POLLU
TION IN NEW YORK CITY:  1946-1965.  George Washingtoi
Univ.,  Washington, D. C., Paper 202, 63p., March 1968. 15'
refs. CFSTI, DDC: PB 182 874
New York City's efforts during the past  twenty years to as
sess and control undesirable  effects from  air pollution causec
by  incinerators, is documented  in case  history  form.  Thi
changing attitudes and approaches,  and interplay between dif
ferent governmental,  industrial, and civic entities are shown
Their opposing  interests and viewpoints made the  struggle t«
achieve, a solution ineffectual.  It is concluded that efforts t<
control pollution were consistently piecemeal  and narrowlj
conceived. The  task was assigned to one governmental depart
ment, yet the problem concerned a number of departments
Consequently, the  responsibility and  authority, together will
the necessary coordinating machinery, to provide  an across-
the-board  solution to air pollution did  not exist. The  cit)
stressed social,  political, and behavioral solutions instead oi
technological  ones. It was doubtful that the issue of pollutior
from apartment house  incinerators ever became part of th«
public  awareness.  The  problem  of air  pollution  abatement
started as  a  relatively insignificant problem. It temporarily
became one of  high priority, and then subsided. As soon as
the Department of Air pollution Control  was formed public
concern declined. Incidents of attempted control were viewed
as a struggle between  two factions, each composed  of  i
number of  different groups whose power  to influence events
varied  somewhat over  time. One faction  in the struggle foi
control comprised  those organizations who were  most con-
spicuously  and  effectively  fighting  pollution;  the citizens
groups, dedicated or  threatened officeholders, and  the press
The  strength of this faction was  that it has  the  ability tc
arouse  public opinion and press for action. Its weakness was
that it has no administrative power. The other faction consists
of apartment  building owners and operators, and city officials
who were responsible for the operation of municipal facilities
Their strength was  that nearly everyone in the city was depen-
dent on them  for services. Their weakness  was  that thej
lacked  both technological and behavioral  solutions  to the aii
pollution problem.

24009
Capital District  Regional Planning Commission, Albany, N. Y.
AIR POLLUTION. In: Physical Resources. Dec. 1969, p. 3.10
3.20. 4  refs. CFSTI: PB-190176
While the problems presented  by precipitation, temperature
and wind conditions must be  considered and planned for in th<
construction of  various facilities and the location of land uses
there is one  major problem  associated with climate which  if
man made  and  can therefore be  altered.  Causes, ingredients
problem areas,  and controls of air pollution  are  mentioned
Surface based  and  subsidence  temperature  inversions an
discussed, as well as  emissions from industrial processes, fue
combustion,  and incineration.  New York State ambient ai

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                                             M. SOCIAL ASPECTS                                          77

quality standards  and the land use association for the five    available organizations for the implementation of control plans
general levels of air contamination are presented. Guidelines     * .u   » »     •,    _,     --1,1      j   -ujj
are  suggested for use in  anticipation of  problems associated    at ^ state' re»ona1' wd ™™aP«l levels are described and
with climatic conditions in future regional planning. Issues and    their working  tools, from state regulations and legislation to
implications, trends,  and economic  factors are  cited. The    municipal ordinances, are considered.

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78
                                          N.   GENERAL
00164
STATISTICS ON PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS - SAN
DIEGO  COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT
(FIRST QUARTER 1966). San Diego Dept. of Public Health,
Calif. Mar. 1966. 7 pp.
First Quarter 1966 Statistics on Participate Contaminants San
Diego County Air Pollution Control District are  presented.
Data are included on weight concentrations from high volume
filter samples, soiling indexes, and hourly averages of gaseous
contaminants.

01531
G.H. Ball
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN EDMUNTON. Can. J. Public
HEALTH (TORONTO), 57(2) 83-84, FEB. 1966.
The recent industrial growth of Edmunton has resulted in air
pollution control problems. Suggestions given for improvement
include the  ban of domestic incineration,  use of  a  sanitary
landfill disposal  system, and the location of  industrial plants
that produce offensive odors in  one central industrial  area.
Despite the problems, the author concludes that the anti-pollu-
tant laws of Alberta Province are adequate.
22326
Rotterdam Soil, Water and Air Committee (Netherlands)
SOIL, WATER AND AIR COMMITTEE ROTTERDAM. RE-
PORT FOR THE YEAR 1966. (Commissie bodem, water end
lucht Rotterdam.  Verslag over  het  jaar 1966).  59p., 1967.
Translated  from  Dutch. Franklin  Inst.  Research  Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 96p., Oct. 6, 1969.
The annual report from Rotterdam's Soil, Water and Air Com-
mittee is presented. The activities of municipal  and  private
companies in terms of  pollution control are discussed. The
electric company addition will burn only natural gas; the new
waste disposal unit is designed to be essentially pollution-free;
abandoned cars are  being removed from the roads. Specific
problems in local air, water, and soil areas are discussed. The
results of a study  relating air pollution to sickness and death
are presented. Atmospheric conditions and contaminant mea-
surements made during 1966 are tabulated. Included are rain-
fall, smoke, wind  characteristics, hydrocarbons, metals, car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,  sulfur dioxide,  and  pH.
Proposals for  the formulation of rules for maximum emission
concentrations are being studied.

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                                       AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                                                            79
ALBINUS, G  A-11427, *B-02976
ALKffiE H L  A-23313, *A-23314
ALLEN, D R  A-00027
AMALRAJRV  B-23856
ANDERSEN L H B-18252
ANDREONI, G  A-08577
ANDRTTZKY, M  A-11411, *A-11637
ANGENEND,  F J A-11638
ARIEYAF B-16730
ASUKATAR  B-14364


                 B

BACHL H A-11968
BACHL, H  A-10678, *A-11640
BALDEN, A R A-07659
BALL, G H N-01531
BARBEITO M S  A-20517
BASDEN, K S A-10418
BAUM, F A-08373, *C-08257
BECKH A-13112
BELLGB  D-22812
BELOUSOV, S P B-08178
BENDER, R J A-06937
BENFORADO, D M  B-07921
BENLINE, A J  K-05197
BEORSE, B A-05969
BERGSTEN, A  B-04843
BILLARDF  B-24465
BISHOP, J W  L-05496
BISTOWISH J M  L-19059
BISWAS B K  B-22821
BLOCK H A-11963
BOHNE H A-24421
BOHNE, H H-09275
BOUBEL, R W  A-06370
BOYER, R H JR  J-02392
BRANCATO, B  A-07206
BRANDT H B-23482
BRAUN W  B-20773
BRION J B-21435, B-24465
BUMP, R L B-02387
BURCKLE, J 0  A-09026
BUSH, A F A-05969
CAFIERO, A S  B-02399
CALACETORR  B-24089
CAMPBELL, H J JR  B-12664
CANTER L W  C-24412
CAROTTIAA  A-14923
CATES H J JR  B-20728
CEDERHOLM, C  B-02027
CELAYAN G G  B-20294
CERNIGLJA, V J  B-02388
CHALLIS, J A  B-02389
CHANSKY S H  A-22860, *A-22862,
     •B-22808
CHASS, R L A-09785
CHIPMAN, R D  A-05969
CLARK W T B-15201
CLARKE, J F D-00149
CLEARY, G J  A-10424
COHAN, L J A-09663
CONNELL, J M  A-09158
COONS, J D  B-00288
COPE, W C D-03454
CORN, M  A-00027
COTE, W A L-10491
COUSIN M  B-21435, B-24465
CRABAUGH H R  A-24767
CRAWFORD G  C-14368
CROSS F L JR  A-19052, 'K-14366
CROUSE, W R  A-03I54
CUNNAN, J F  A-00673


                 D

DANIELSON, JA B-09784
DARNAYAJJR A-18009
DAVIES T E B-23819
DAVIS, U C  B-07973
DEALY, J O  B-06084
DELARUE R B-24465
DEMING, L F   A-09158, L-05496
DENNIS, R  B-06315
DICKINSON, J  A-09785
DIMITRIOU A N A-22860, A-22862,
     B-22808
DORSEY, J A  A-09026
DUHME A  A-11963
DUN, A S  B-08178
DUPREY R L  L-12511
DUPREY, R L   A-09686
DVffiKAM  B-13133
DVffiKA, M A-10038
EASTLUND B J  B-19941
EBERHARDT H  A-11940, *B-14369
EBERHARDT, H  B-02390
EDWARDS, L V  C-02391
EFFENBERGER,  E  L-08976
ELLSWORTH R D  B-19550
ENGDAHL R B   B-14%7, B-19550
ENGEL, W  A-11412
ERMERH  A-11962
ERNST AND ERNST J-l 1114
ESSENHIGH R H A-20906, B-22821,
     F-14370
ESSENHIGH, R H  A-11475, F-09284,
     •L-07879
FAATZAC  A-26204
FAESSLER K  1-14737
FAORO, R B  D-00149
FELDSTEIN M  C-25696
FELDSTEIN, M C-05834, C-08675
FERBER M  A-11969, 'A-11971
FERNANDES J H  B-14365, *B-198%
FERNANDES, JH A-09663
FEUSS, JV  A-10675
FICHTNER, W  A-03868
FIELD E L  A-22860, A-22862, B-22808
FIFE, J A B-02738, "B-06588, 'B-10009,
     •J-02392
FISCHER, F A-11647
FLOOD, L P B-00183
FLOWER, F B  A-10675
FLOWERS GHJR  A-20737
FLYNN, N E  A-03154
FRANKEL, J I  A-03155
FRANZKE H H  A-21882
FRIEDLAND, A L B-12664
FUDURICH, A P  C-06095
FUJJJ S  B-153%
FULLER LJ A-11803
GARRETSON B B  B-16730
GELERNTERG  F-14370
GELERNTER, G  L-07879
GEORGE R E A-11803
GERHARDTR  A-11962
GILLULY R H G-23167
CODER R  K-12118
CODER, R A-05877, 'B-01942, *L-02393
GOLUEKE, C G  B-02741
GOUGHWC B-19941
GREELEY S A A-19547
GREMILLIONGG  A-20517
GRISWOLD, S S  B-00107
GRUBER C W  C-19580
GRUBER, C W C-01612, C-07077
GRUETSKY, W  A-11649


                 H

HAEDIKE, E W  B-02394
HALITSKYJ B-22757
HALITSKY, J A-07561
HAMMING, W J  A-09785
HANGEBRAUCK R P  B-15544
HANGEBRAUCK, R P A-01788, 'A-05005
HANGEBRAUCK, T P B-02232
HANSEN E G  A-17552
HANSTEDT, W  A-11651
HASHIMOTO K  B-17403
HAZZARD, N D  B-07921
HEER H  B-23482
HEINGM B-14967
HENDERSON J S  L-20861
HERRICK, R A  A-06086
HESCHELES, C A  A-03870, *A-05497
HIRAYAMAN A-20646
HISHJDA K A-20646, 'B-16137, *K-17201
HONDA A 1-19325
HORSLEY, R R  A-00027, A-06086
HOTTIG  A-21492
HOURYE  A-20153
HOVEY, H H A-00673
HOWARD, W C  B-07769
HUME, N B A-06852
INCINERATOR INST OF AMERI  A-07804
IRELAND F E  L-20133

-------
 80
                                        MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 ISHD I  A-14168
 ISHD K  A-25056
 ISHTTSU F  B-21058
 ITO A B-23262
 ITO H 1-19325
 IVERSEN, N S A-02009
                  J
JACKSON M R  C-15533
JACOBI, JW  A-00712
JACOBS M B  B-22757
JACOBS, M B A-07561, *G-01941
JENS, W B-00968
JOACHIM H A-11961
JOFFRE R  B-22156
JOHNSON K L  M-14805
JOHNSON, H C  B-00288


                 K

KACHULLE, C  A-11655
KAIN H W  A-20153
KAISER E R A-14367, *A-16869, *A-21952,
     •B-11792, *B-22757, 'B-22822
KAISER, E R A-05492, *A-07561,
     •A-09671, *B-01437, *B-01935,
     *B-01947, 'D-02395
KALLENBACH,  K  A-11449
KAMITSU K A-17462, A-22130
KAMMERER, H  F  A-11413
KAMPSCHULTE, J  A-11431
KANE, J M   B-08837
KANTER, C V  C-06095
KAUPERT W  A-18173
KAWASHIMA T  A-17462, A-22130,
     B-14364
KEAGY, D M B-00288
KERN, A A-11430
KETTNER H A-25549
KHAN A A   B-23856
KINNEY L J A-23815
KIROV, N Y A-10433, *B-08632
KITTREDGE G D B-15544
KLEIN N  C-20808
KMOCH, H   B-11652
KNOLL, H  A-11440
KNUDSON, J C  L-10491
KOIZUMI M A-25056
KOLP,  P W   A-00027
KONDO K  1-19325
KONNO S A-20646
KOWALCZYK, J F  L-10491
KREICHELT, T E  A-02414
KUHLMANN A  A-14442
KURKER, C  B-10694
KUROSAWA K   B-16536
KURTZ, P A-05969
KUSUMOTO M  A-17243
KUWATA, M  A-11475
LAMANTIA C R A-22860, A-22862,
     B-22808
LANGMANN R  A-25549
LARSON G P B-14522
LARUE P G  B-17275, *B-23836
LAUSMANN J S B-25570
LEIB H  1-14737
LENEHAN J W  B-19987
LEUDTKE, K D A-05160
LEVIN H C-17352
LEVY Y  C-20808
LIEBERMAN A  C-15533
LUCE C F  L-18108
LUDWIG, J H  A-00943, A-07963
LUGE K E  B-20773
LUNCHE, R G C-06095
LYNCH, F J  B-01946


                 M

MACHIYAMAT A-25056
MACKNIGHT, R J  B-06084, 'B-09823
MAIKRANZ F  A-11968
MAIKRANZ, F A-11640
MANDELBAUM, H  B-07426
MARSHALLAA C-14368
MARSHALLA, A  L-02393
MARX B S  M-15002
MATSUMOTOK  B-14364
MAURER, K G A-03868
MAYER W  B-14369
MAYER, M  A-00972
MCCABE L C   B-22757
MCCABE, L C  A-07561
MCCAFFERY J B B-22822
MCCLURE E R  B-25511
MCCUTCHEN G D A-24582
MCGAUHEY, P H  B-02741
MEEKER, J E  A-01788, A-05005
MEISSNER, H G  B-01936
MEYER, G  A-11657
MICHAELS A  A-19547
MICHAELS, A B-04843
MILLS, J L  A-05160
MINER S A-17610
MIRUS E C  B-05569
MIZUSHIMA, J  A-05969
MOEGLING, E A-11438
MONROE, E S  B-02396
MONROE, E S JR L-06741
MOORE, H C  A-05493
MOWBRAY, K S  B-02394
MUELLER,  H J  A-11428
MUKAI, M  F-01798
MULLER, H  A-03868
MURAKAMI M  A-17462, * A-22130
MYRICK R  M-15002


                 N

NAGATA K A-25056
NATTOJ  B-15396
NETZLEY, A B  B-09824
NIESSEN W R  A-22642, 'A-25220,
     B-14612
NIKBERG, I I   B-08178
NOLAN M  C-14368
NOWAK, F  1-12055
NUBER K   A-11939


                 o

OBERING E A  B-13697
OCHS, H J  B-11658
OHIRAT A-20646
OHYANAGI T  B-23262
OKUDA M  A-25056
ORDINANZ W  L-22466
ORNING, A A-05465
OSTERLI V P  B-25977
PALM R  A-11972
PALM, R A-11447
PASCUAL, S J  B-01940
PAULETTA, C E  B-07921
PEARL D R B-13363
PELLETIER E  A-20759
PERRY, L B A-05160
PESKIN, L C  A-08090
PETERS, W A-11448
PETERSON F C-23437
PIERATTI, A  B-01940
PORTEOUS, A  A-0%76
POTITNGER J F  B-16751
PRICE D H A L-20133
PRIDDY M H  B-20078
PRTTCHARD, W L  C-01612, *C-07077
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE  L-09677
PURDOM, P W B-04843


                  R

RAMIRES W C  B-20730
RASCH R A-11934, *I-16420
RATHGEBER F  B-14736, *B-26063
REED, R D B-04838
REED, R J  B-05852
REHL  F-13618
REHM, F R B-00968,  *B-06096, *C-04117
REICHARDT, I  C-08257
RILEY, B T  A-09026
RISMAN, A A-00673
ROCHELEAU, R F  B-05570
ROGUS, C A B-02153, 'B-02397, *J-01294
ROHR F W B-14613
ROHRMAN, F A  A-00943, *A-07%3
ROLFE T J K  B-16749
ROMANEK W  C-15533
ROSE A H JR  A-24767
ROSE, A H JR  A-00027, A-06086, B-02232
ROSE, G A-08816
ROSENBERG T  B-20728
ROSS R W  K-14366
ROUSSEAU H  A-17552
ROUSSEAU P E   A-17552
ROWE D R  C-24412
RUE P G L A-20276
SABIS W R L-23765
SABLESKI, J J B-09826, *L-10491
SABLESKI, J J JR  B-06084
SALKOWSKI, M J  C-02260, *C-02369
SAMPLES R H B-19236
SAROFM A F  A-22642, A-25220
SATYANARAYANA R T R  F-14370
SCHIEMANN, G A-08583
SCHMITZ, F W  B-02400
SCHOENBERGER,  R J  B-04843
SCHUMANN C E  C-19580
SCHUMANN, C E  C-01612, C-07077
SCHWARTZ,  C A-05465
SCHWARTZ,  D  B-01943
SCOTT D H  A-14972, L-23765
SEBASTIAN F P B-16730
SEGELER, C G  A-05815
SETTI, B  A-08577
SHIRASAWA T  B-23262
SILVERMAN, L  B-06315
SIMON, H B-09789
SIMONS W L-12989
SMAUDER E E  B-23542
SMITH D B  A-14972, L-23765
SMITH R A  A-14923
SPAEHN H 1-14737
STABENOW G B-14524
STABENOW, G  A-05494,  *B-01939,
     *B-02398
STAHL Q R  A-17604, *A-21991
STEIGERWALD, B J A-07963
STEINBACH, W A-08373, C-08257

-------
                                               AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                         81
STENBURG, R L  A-06086, »B-01064,
     *B-01944, *B-02186, »B-02232
STEPHENSON J W  B-19597
STEPHENSON, J W  A-08850, *B-02399,
     *L-01948
STERLING, M B-05874, *M-06085
STRATTON, M  B-00582
STREET R K  B-19236
STUMBAR, J P  F-09284
STUMPH T L L-12511
STUTZ, C N  B-02488
SUGMOTO N A-25056
SULLIVAN R J   A-20585
SYROVATKA, Z  B-03229
TADAM  B-14940
TADA, H  L-07202
TALEJKINSKI W  B-21435
TAMORIY  B-23262
TANNER R  A-21492
TANNER, R  A-05878, *A-11461
TAYLOR H E  B-13363
TEBBENS, B D F-01798
THOMAS K T  B-23856
THOMAS, J F F-01798
TRUITT, S M  B-05852
TRUSS H W A-25862
TUTTLE, W N  C-08675
VANDAVEER F E  B-23008
VAUGHN, R D L-10454
VELZY C O  B-14061
VENEZIA, R A L-11095
VICKERSON, G L  B-02402
VOELKER E M K-22375
VOELKER, E M A-02773, *B-01938
VOLK A  B-21435
VON LEHMDEN, D J  A-01788, A-05005,
      B-02232
VON WEfflE, A A-11412


                 W

WAITKUS, J  B-10455
WALKER, A B B-01937,  *B-02400,
      *B-05498
WEGMAN, L S  A-05495, 'B-01945
WEIANDH A-11940
WEINTRAUB, M  A-05465
WEISBURD, M I  B-00975
WENE, A W  B-02401
WIKSTROMLL  A-14923
WILLIAMS, R E  A-05520
WILLIAMSON J E A-11803
WILLIAMSON, J E  B-06084, B-09823,
     B-09824, B-09826
WISE, K R  A-06370
WOHLERS H C  D-22812
WOLF, M  A-00712
WOLFF, R A  K-05197
WOODRUFF P H  B-14522
WOODRUFF, P H B-02401
WOOLRICH, P F  A-05160
WOTSCHKE, J  A-11636
WUHRMANN, K A  A-11666
ZABODNY, S  B-02394
ZALMAN S B-25706
ZANFT, A B  A-10038
ZANKL, W A-11429
ZINN R E A-22860, A-22862, *B-14612,
      B-22808

-------
                                           SUBJECT   INDEX
                                                                                                                        83
ABATEMENT  A-11803, C-24412, L-07202,
     L-07522, L-0%77, L-09916, L-11095,
     L-12511, L-16343, L-20861, L-22466,
     L-23126, L-23765, M-15002, N-22326
ABSORPTION  B-08727, B-09784, B-12655,
     B-14613, B-21058, C-02369, C-21663,
     G-23167, L-08976
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)  B-18252
ACETALDEHYDE  F-01798
ACETIC ACID  A-09676, A-11649
ACETONE  A-09676
ACETYLENES  A-10424, C-08675
ACID SMUTS  A-25S49
ACIDS   A-00673, A-00972, A-05815,
     A-07561, A-08583, A-08816, A-09026,
     A-0%76, A-09686, A-09785, A-11438,
     A-11649, A-20646, A-22642, A-22862,
     A-24421, A-25549, A-25862, A-26204,
     B-00975, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
     B-09826, B-10694, B-14369, B-14967,
     B-16749, D-02833, D-22812, G-01941,
     H-09275, 1-12055, 1-19325, L-08976,
     L-09916
ACROLEIN  F-01798
ADAPTATION  G-23293
ADHESIVES  A-05718, C-01612, C-07077
ADMINISTRATION  A-05718, A-05815,
     A-07963, A-09785, A-11803, A-14923,
     A-22862, A-23313, A-23314, B-00975,
     B-01437, B-01938, B-01945, B-02394,
     B-07973, B-09789, B-10694, B-12664,
     B-14364, B-15544, C-04117, C-07077,
     D-00149, D-02833, D-03454, J-02392,
     L-02393, L-06961, L-07522, L-07879,
     L-08976, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
     L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-19059,
     L-23765, L-25480, L-25688, M-15002,
     N-00164
ADSORPTION  A-22540, B-09784, B-12655,
     B-14613, C-21663, L-08976
ADSORPTION (GENERAL)  A-22540
ADVISORY SERVICES  L-23126
AERODYNAMICS A-11475, A-20906,
     A-23584, C-07077
AEROSOLS  A-07561, A-09785, B-00107,
     B-00975, B-09784, B-23856, B-26063,
     C-08257, C-17468, C-21663, N-00164
AFTERBURNERS A-05718, A-07804,
     A-10418, A-20276, A-20759, A-22642,
     A-23584, B-01936, B-02186, B-05852,
     B-06084, B-07769, B-09784, B-09826,
     B-10455, B-12655, B-24089, B-25570,
     B-25977, F-09284, 1-19325, L-08826,
     L-10491, L-11095, L-12989
Affi CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
     B-01938, B-12651
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES M-15002
Affi POLLUTION FORECASTING
     D-00149
Affi QUALITY CRITERIA  L-09514
Affi QUALITY MEASUREMENT
     PROGRAMS  A-23313, A-23314,
     C-04117 D-00149, D-02833, D-03454,
     L-25480, L-25688, N-00164
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
      A-00673, A-00943, A-00972, A-01788,
      A-02414, A-03154, A-03870, A-05005,
      A-05160, A-05492, A-05815, A-06086,
      A-09785, A-10418, A-10424, A-10678,
      A-16254, A-20585, A-22860, A-22873,
      A-24013, B-00288, B-00968, B-00975,
      B-01947, B-02153, B-04843, B-09784,
      B-14967, B-16730, B-198%, B-21626,
      C-02391, C-04117, C-05834, C-07077,
      C-14368, C-15533, C-24412, D-02395,
      D-02833, D-03454, D-22812, 1-19325,
      L-00973, L-03805, L-09500, L-09677,
      L-10567, L-19059, L-22466, L-25480,
      L-25688, N-00164, N-22326
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS  A-11461,
      A-11638, A-11649, A-25549, B-00288,
      B-00975, B-02153, B-02389, B-02390,
      L-00973, L-03805, L-07202, L-08826,
      L-09677, L-23126, M-24009, N-01531
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      L-09514, L-23765
AIR-FUEL RATIO  B-01935, B-06096,
      B-09823, B-20294, B-22821, B-23542
AIRCRAFT  A-00972, A-03154, A-09785,
      A-24013, A-25549, B-15544, D-03454,
      N-00164
ALCOHOLS  A-07561, A-09676, A-09785,
      B-04838, G-01941
ALDEHYDES A-00673, A-00972,  A-01788,
      A-05815, A-07561, A-09026, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-11649, A-20646, A-21991,
      B-00975, B-02153, B-02232, B-09826,
      B-10694, B-14967, B-23008, C-21663,
      D-02833, D-22812, F-01798, G-01941,
      L-08826
ALERTS  M-15002
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS  A-00027,
      A-09676, A-09785, A-10424, B-04838,
      C-08675, F-01798, L-08826
ALKALINE  ADDITIVES  A-23815
ALLERGIES A-20585, G-01941
ALTITUDE  A-06370, A-25862
ALUMINUM A-09686, B-00107, B-09784
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-05492,
      A-09785, B-01947, C-17352
ALUMINUM OXIDES  A-05492
AMMONIA  A-00673, A-00972, A-05815,
      A-07561, A-09686, A-09785, A-17610,
      A-20646, A-23815, B-07921, B-10694,
      B-14967, C-06095, D-02833, D-22812,
      G-01941, 1-19325
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS  A-00673,
      A-00972, A-05815, A-07561, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-17610, A-20646, A-23815,
      B-07921, B-10694, B-14967, C-06095,
      D-02833, D-22812, G-01941, 1-19325,
      L-09916
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-00027,
      A-01788, A-05005, A-05492, A-06086,
      A-08373, A-08583, A-08850, A-09676,
      A-10418, A-10424, A-11475, A-17604,
      A-17610, A-18009, A-21991, A-22540,
      B-00968, B-00975, B-01939, B-02027,
      B-02232, B-04843, B-05570, B-09823,
     B-09826, B-12651, B-12655, B-14967,
     B-22156, C-05834, C-08257, C-08675,
     C-17468, C-21663, C-24412, C-25696,
     D-02395, D-22812, F-01798, F-09284
ANIMALS  A-21991, G-23167, G-23293
ANNUAL B-10694, J-11114, L-25480,
     L-25688
ANTHRACENES  A-01788, A-05005,
     A-10424, F-01798
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
     L-08976, L-09677, L-23126
AREA SURVEYS  A-23313, A-23314,
     D-02833, D-03454, N-00164
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS  A-01788,
     A-07561, A-09785, A-10424, A-23584,
     B-02389, F-01798, L-08826
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS   B-00975
ARSINE  B-00975
ASBESTOS  A-22873, B-24465
ASHES  A-05492, A-05497, A-09026,
     A-11411, A-11412, A-11427, A-11428,
     A-11430, A-11447, A-18173, A-23025,
     A-24421, B-00246, B-01946, B-02401,
     B-10009, B-13133, B-13363, B-14524,
     B-15201, B-22156, B-22757, D-02395
ASIA A-14168, A-17243, A-17462, A-20646,
     A-22130, A-22540, A-24241, A-25056,
     B-14364, B-14940, B-15396, B-16137,
     B-16536, B-17403, B-21058, B-23262,
     B-23856, C-17468, 1-19325, K-17201,
     L-07202, L-22466
ASPHALT  A-00972, A-05005, A-09686,
     A-09785, B-00107, B-02232, B-09784,
     L-09677, L-22466
ASTHMA  D-03454
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS  A-09785,
     A-10678, A-23313, B-00975, D-03454,
     G-23293, L-08976, L-09514, L-25480,
     L-25688, M-24009, N-22326
AUSTRALIA  A-10424, B-08632, B-16751
AUTOMATIC METHODS  A-10418,
     A-11963, B-00975, C-02260
AUTOMOBILES  A-05005, A-09686,
     A-09785, A-11803, B-00975, B-10694,
     D-00149, D-02833, G-23293, L-08976,
     L-19059, N-00164
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
     A-23313, A-23314, B-01935, B-06096,
     B-08837, B-09823, B-15544, B-20294,
     B-22821, B-23542, L-08976
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-00673,
     A-00972, A-05005, A-09686, A-09785,
     A-10424, A-17610, A-21991, A-22540,
     B-00975, B-08837, B-15544, C-08257,
     C-24412, D-02833, D-03454, D-22812,
     F-01798, G-23293, L-00973, L-08976,
     L-09500, L-09677, L-23765, N-00164
                   B
BACTERIA  A-0%76, D-22812
BAFFLES  A-05495, A-22862, A-23815,
      B-00968, B-02153, B-02399, B-02738,
      B-05498, B-07426, B-14522, B-19550,
      B-20728, B-25511, C-21663, J-02392

-------
 84
                                          MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
BAG FILTERS  A-02334, A-08850, A-10418,
      A-13112, A-17610, A-20585, A-22862,
      B-00107, B-01940, B-02153, B-02738,
      B-05498, B-060%, B-06315, B-08632,
      B-10455, B-11792, B-14365, B-19597,
      B-19896, B-23856, J-02392, K-14366
BARIUM COMPOUNDS  A-09785
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES  A-09686,
      L-09677
BATTERY MANUFACTURING  A-09785
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
      A-05005
BENZENES A-01788, A-07561, A-10424,
      F-01798
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE  A-00972, A-01788,
      A-05005, A-10424, A-25549, F-01798,
      L-08976
BENZOPYRENES A-00972, A-01788,
      A-05005, A-10424, A-25549, F-01798,
      L-08976
BERYLLIOSIS  A-00027, A-00673, A-00943,
      A-00972, A-01788, A-02414, A-03154,
      A-03870, B-00288, B-00968, B-00975,
      B-01937, B-01942, B-01946, B-01947,
      B-02153, B-02186, B-02232, C-01612,
      C-02260, C-02369, C-02391, D-00149,
      D-02395, D-02833, D-03454, F-01798,
      L-00973, L-02393, L-03805, N-00164
BERYLLIUM  L-11095
BESSEMER CONVERTERS  A-09686,
      L-09677
BETA PARTICLES C-02369
BIOCLIMATOLOGY  G-23293
BLAST FURNACES  A-09686, L-09677
BLOWBY  N-00164
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
      A-07561
BOILERS  A-01788, A-03154, A-03155,
      A-03868, A-03870, A-05005, A-05160,
      A-05493, A-05494, A-05497, A-05878,
      A-06937, A-08577, A-08816, A-09158,
      A-11640, A-11%8, A-11969, A-17552,
      A-22130, B-00107, B-01437, B-02398,
      B-09784, B-14369, B-15544, B-20294,
      1-12055, 1-14737,  J-01294, L-054%,
      L-06741, L-07202, L-09677, L-16343,
      L-20861
BRICKS  A-07804, A-08850, B-09823,
      B-09826
BROMIDES A-09785
BROMINE COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      B-00975
BRONCHITIS  G-23167
BUDGETS  L-09916, L-11095, L-25480,
      L-25688
BUILDINGS  A-02334, A-12441, B-02186,
      B-06096, B-06315, B-09784, B-09826,
      D-03454, H-09275, K-07595, L-07522,
      L-09514, L-11095
BUSES  B-00975, D-00149, L-08976,
      N-00164
BUTADIENES  A-10424, F-01798
BUTANES  A-10424, C-08675, F-01798
BUTENES  A-10424, C-08675, F-01798
BUTYRALDEHYDES   F-01798
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY  A-08577,
     A-09663, A-17552, A-22860, A-23025,
     B-07769,  B-07921, B-10694, B-11792,
     B-12651,  B-14524, B-14940, B-16730,
     B-19597,  B-22296, B-25977, B-26063
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS  G-23167
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS  A-09676,
     A-09785, B-01947
CALIBRATION METHODS  C-08257,
      C-08675
CALIFORNIA  A-03154, A-05160, A-06852,
      A-09785, A-11638, A-12441, A-24013,
      B-00107, B-00288, B-00975, B-07973,
      B-09784, L-00973, L-03805, L-08826,
      L-0%77, N-00164
CANADA A-03154, A-03155, A-21492,
      A-23025, B-00975, B-01943, B-01946,
      B-02232, B-02388, C-02260, C-02369,
      C-02391, D-03454, L-02393
CANCER  A-17604, A-20585, G-01941
CARBIDES  D-02395
CARBON BLACK  A-05005, A-05492,
      A-09676, A-10424, A-22540, B-09789
CARBON DIOXIDE  A-01788, A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05718, A-06086, A-07561,
      A-08373, A-09026, A-09676, A-10418,
      A-10678, A-14923, A-20276, B-00975,
      B-01935, B-01947, B-02232, B-02389,
      B-06084, B-07426, B-07921, B-14522,
      B-16730, D-00149, D-22812, G-01941,
      L-09677
CARBON MONOXIDE  A-00027, A-00972,
      A-01788, A-05465, A-05718, A-05969,
      A-06086, A-07561, A-08373, A-09026,
      A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-11803,
      A-14923, A-19052, A-22540, A-22642,
      A-22862, A-24013, B-00107, B-00975,
      B-02153, B-02232, B-07426, B-09784,
      B-10694, B-14522, B-20294, C-02260,
      C-04117, C-21663, C-25696, D-22812,
      G-01941, G-23293, L-08976, L-09916,
      N-00164, N-22326
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE B-04838,
      L-09916
CARBONATES A-09676, D-02395
CARBONYLS  A-09026, G-23167, L-09677
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
      L-0%77
CARCINOGENS  A-00673, A-00943,
      A-00972, A-02414, A-10424, B-00288,
      B-00968, B-00975, B-01937, B-02153,
      B-02402, C-01612, C-02391, D-00149,
      D-02833, D-03454, L-00973, N-00164
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES  G-23167
CASCADE SAMPLERS B-00975
CATALYSIS  A-00972, A-05005, B-23008,
      1-12055
CATALYSTS  B-23008
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY  A-00972
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS   A-07804,
      B-07769, L-08826
CATALYTIC OXIDATION  A-05815,
      B-23008
CEMENTS   A-00972, A-07804, B-09784,
      B-09789, L-22466
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS  A-02334,
      A-05005, A-05495, A-05878, A-09158,
      A-09686, A-17462, A-19547, A-22130,
      A-22862, A-24421, A-25056, B-02027,
      B-02153, B-02186, B-02399, B-02402,
      B-05498, B-07426, B-07769, B-08632,
      B-08727, B-10455, B-13133, B-13697,
      B-14736, B-15201, B-19987, B-23482,
      C-21663, K-22389
CERAMICS  A-05492,  A-09686, A-11450,
      B-00107
CHAMBER PROCESSING  A-17610,
      B-18252
CHARCOAL  A-0%76
CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION  A-03870,
      A-05005, A-05492, A-05815, A-10418,
      A-16254, B-01947, B-02153, B-04843,
      D-03454, 1-19325
CHEMICAL  METHODS  A-00027, B-04843,
      B-12655, C-25696, D-02395, D-22812
CHEMICAL PROCESSING  A-00972,
      A-03154, A-05005, A-07963, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-11448, A-17604, A-17610,
      A-22540, A-24013, A-26204, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-05569, B-05570, B-07769,
      B-08178, B-09784, B-09789, B-14940,
      b-18252, B-25977, C-17468, C-21663,
      D-03454, 1-24187, L-11095, M-14805
CHEMICAL REACTIONS  A-07659,
      A-08850, A-09676, A-09785, A-11475,
      A-21991, A-22642, A-22862, A-23584,
      A-26204, B-04838, B-07921, B-25977,
      C-24412, D-03454, F-01798, 1-12055
CHICAGO  L-00973, L-09677, L-11095,
      M-14805
CHLORIDES A-09785, A-25220, 1-14737,
      1-16420
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-09785, A-25862, B-04838, L-08826,
      L-09916
CHLORINE A-00712, A-09686, A-09785,
      A-25862, B-02390, D-22812, H-09275,
      1-12055, L-09916
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      A-11438, A-11651, A-25220, B-00975,
      B-16749, H-09275, 1-14737, 1-16420
CHLOROFORM  L-09916
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01788, A-05005,
      A-05492, A-06086, A-08373, A-08850,
      A-0%76, A-10424, A-11475, A-18009,
      B-02027, B-02232, B-05570, B-09823,
      B-09826, B-12655, B-22156, C-05834,
      C-08257, C-08675, C-21663, F-01798,
      F-09284
CHROMIUM  1-24187
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785
CHROMIUM OXIDES  A-09026
CHRYSENES  F-01798
CINCINNATI  C-01612, C-07077, D-00149,
      L-00973, L-0%77, L-25480, L-25688
CINDERS  A-l 1447, A-25862, B-22757,
      L-07202
CITIZENS GROUPS  B-00975
CITY GOVERNMENTS A-06852, A-12441,
      J-03006, L-07522, L-08826, L-08976,
      L-09514, L-19059, M-15002, N-01531
CLEAN AIR ACT  B-08632, L-08826,
      L-09916, L-11095, L-20861, L-23765
COAL A-00673, A-00943, A-01788,
      A-05005, A-05494, A-07963, A-09158,
      A-09686, A-10424, A-10678, A-l 1411,
      A-l 1447, A-11803, A-l 1968, A-23314,
      B-23262, C-17468, D-00149, D-22812,
      J-11114, L-00973, L-09916, L-11095
COAL PREPARATION A-18173
COAL TARS  A-10424, A-25549
CODES  A-05718, A-07804, A-10675,
      B-01938, B-02400, L-09916, L-10491,
      L-18108
COFFEE-MAKING A-00972, A-09686,
      B-00246
COKE A-00943, A-05005, A-l 1447,
      A-25549, B-08178, L-06%1, L-0%77
COLLECTORS  A-00972, A-02334, A-05005,
      A-05495, A-05878, A-08850, A-09158,
      A-09686, A-17462, A-19547, A-20646,
      A-22130, A-22862, A-23815, A-24421,
      A-25056, B-00968, B-01437, B-01935,
      B-01938, B-01940, B-01947, B-02027,
      B-02153, B-02186, B-02387, B-02398,
      B-02399, B-02400, B-02402, B-02738,
      B-02976, B-05498, B-05852, B-06084,
      B-07426, B-07769, B-08632, B-08727,
      B-08837, B-09784, B-10009, B-10455,
      B-12651, B-12655, B-13133, B-13697,
      B-14365, B-14522, B-14736, B-15201,
      B-16137, B-19550, B-19896, B-19987,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 85
     B-20728, B-22296, B-23482, B-23542,
     B-24954, B-25511, C-02260, C-21663,
     J-02392, K-22389, L-08976
COLORIMETRY  A-00027, A-17604,
     A-17610, A-21991, A-22540, B-02232,
     C-17468, C-21663, C-24412, D-22812
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY  A-01788,
     A-05005, C-05834, F-01798
COMBUSTION  A-00027, A-01788, A-05005,
     A-05465, A-05492, A-05520, A-07206,
     A-08090, A-09663, A-09671, A-10675,
     A-11427, A-11428, A-11430, A-11447,
     A-11475, A-11939, A-17552, A-20906,
     A-21492, A-22642, A-24241, A-25056,
     A-25862, A-26204, B-00183, B-01935,
     B-01936, B-01947, B-02388, B-02389,
     B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
     B-02400, B-02401, B-02402, B-04843,
     B-05852, B-06588, B-07769, B-07921,
     B-09823, B-09826, B-10009, B-10694,
     B-12080, B-19236, B-20730, B-22757,
     B-23819, B-23836, B-24954, B-25977,
     F-01798, F-09284, F-13618, F-14370,
     J-02392, L-02393, L-03805, L-06741,
     L-07879, L-0%77, L-11095
COMBUSTION AIR  A-02334, A-05465,
     A-05492, A-05493, A-05878, A-05969,
     A-06086, A-07561, A-09026, A-09663,
     A-09671, A-10418, A-10433, A-11447,
     A-14367, A-20153, A-20737, A-22642,
     A-22862, A-24767, A-25220, B-01064,
     B-01935, B-01936, B-01938, B-01947,
     B-02232, B-02396, B-02398, B-04838,
     B-05498, B-05852, B-06096, B-06315,
     B-06588, B-07426, B-07769, B-08178,
     B-08837, B-09823, B-09826, B-10009,
     B-12080, B-14612, B-15396, B-16536,
     B-22757, B-22821, B-22822, B-23542,
     B-23836, F-01798, 1-19325
COMBUSTION GASES  A-00027, A-00673,
     A-01788, A-02414, A-05005, A-05160,
     A-05465, A-05651, A-05718, A-06086,
     A-07206, A-07561, A-07804, A-07963,
     A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-09026,
     A-09663, A-09671, A-09686, A-09785,
     A-10418, A-10424, A-10433, A-10678,
     A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
     A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
     A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11447,
     A-11461, A-11636, A-11638, A-16254,
     A-17610, A-18009, A-18173, A-20737,
     A-21952, A-22540, A-22642, A-22860,
     A-23815, A-24421, A-25549, A-25862,
     A-26204, B-00107, B-00183, B-00246,
     B-00288, B-01437, B-01935, B-01937,
     B-01947, B-02153, B-02186, B-02232,
     B-02387, B-02390, B-02398, B-03229,
     B-06084, B-06096, B-06315, B-08178,
     B-08632, B-08837, B-09784, B-09823,
     B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-13133,
     B-13363, B-14061, B-14369, B-14613,
     B-15201, B-16137, B-17403, B-19597,
     B-19896, B-20773, B-21058, B-21626,
     B-22296, B-22757, B-23262, B-23836,
     B-23856, B-24465, B-25511, B-25706,
     B-26063, C-02260, C-02391, C-04117,
     C-05834, C-06095, C-08257, C-08675,
     C-14368, C-15533, C-24412, C-256%,
     D-02395, D-22812, G-01941, H-09275,
     1-12055, 1-14737, 1-19325, J-02392,
     J-11114, K-14366, L-07522, L-09677,
     L-10491, L-10567, L-12989, L-16343,
     L-22466
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS  A-00027,
     A-00673, A-00943, A-00972, A-01788,
     A-02414, A-05005, A-05160, A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05497, A-05520, A-05651,
      A-05718, A-05815, A-05969, A-06086,
      A-07206, A-07561, A-07804, A-07963,
      A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-09026,
      A-09663, A-0%71, A-09686, A-09785,
      A-10418, A-10424, A-10433, A-10678,
      A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
      A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
      A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11447,
      A-11461, A-11636, A-11638, A-14923,
      A-16254, A-17604, A-17610, A-18009,
      A-18173, A-20737, A-20759, A-21952,
      A-22540, A-22642, A-22860, A-23025,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-23815, A-24421,
      A-25549, A-25862, A-26204, B-00107,
      B-00183, B-00246, B-00288, B-00975,
      B-01437, B-01935, B-01937, B-01943,
      B-01946, B-01947, B-02153, B-02186,
      B-02232, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
      B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
      B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
      B-03229, B-04843, B-05874, B-06084,
      B-06096, B-06315, B-07426, B-08178,
      B-08632, B-08837, B-09784, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
      B-13133, B-13363, B-14061, B-14369,
      B-14524, B-14613, B-15201, B-15544,
      B-16137, B-17403, B-18252, B-19597,
      B-19896, B-20773, B-21058, B-21626,
      B-22156, B-22296, B-22757, B-23262,
      B-23836, B-23856, B-24465, B-25511,
      B-25570, B-25706, B-26063, C-02260,
      C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-05834,
      C-06095, C-08257, C-08675, C-14368,
      C-15533, C-24412, C-256%, D-02395,
      D-22812, F-01798, G-01941, H-09275,
      1-12055, 1-14737, 1-19325, J-01294,
      J-02392, J-11114,  K-14366, K-22375,
      K-22389, L-02393, L-07202, L-07522,
      L-08976, L-09677, L-10491, L-10567,
      L-12989, L-16343, L-22466, M-24009
COMMERCIAL AREAS A-05815, A-08850,
      B-06096, B-09823, L-07522, L-08976,
      L-09514, L-09677, L-10567
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT  A-11448,
      B-00107, B-00246, B-00975, B-02153,
      B-02402, B-12651, B-14612, B-16751,
      J-01294
COMMERCIAL FIRMS  B-07973, C-04117,
      L-01948
COMPLAINTS  A-14972, B-00975, M-14805
COMPOSTING  A-00712, A-08850, A-09676,
      A-11651, A-11940, A-17243, A-18009,
      A-19052, B-02741, B-07973, B-11792,
      L-23126
COMPRESSION  B-22296
COMPUTER PROGRAMS  A-16254
CONCRETE  A-09686,  A-11971, B-00107,
      B-09784
CONDENSATION B-14613, B-19236
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-10678
CONNECTICUT  D-03454
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS  A-00972,
      A-05005, A-05492, A-07804, A-08816,
      A-08850, A-09676, A-09686, A-09785,
      A-11450, A-11971, A-18009, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-02232, B-09784, B-09789,
      B-09823, B-09824, B-09826, 1-24187,
      L-09677, L-22466
CONTACT PROCESSING  A-22540,
      B-18252
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
      PROGRAM  (CAMP)  D-00149
CONTINUOUS MONITORING  A-05005,
      B-02232, B-02388, B-08727, B-10009,
      C-08257, C-17468
CONTROL AGENCIES  A-05718, B-07973,
      D-03454, L-11095, L-19059, M-15002,
      M-24009
CONTROL EQUIPMENT  A-00972,
      A-02334, A-02773, A-03155, A-03868,
      A-05005, A-05492, A-05495, A-05651,
      A-05718, A-05878, A-06937, A-07206,
      A-07804, A-08583, A-08816, A-08850,
      A-09158, A-09663, A-09676, A-09686,
      A-10038, A-10418, A-11411, A-11413,
      A-11428, A-11431, A-11432, A-11450,
      A-11638, A-11640, A-11647, A-11651,
      A-11969, A-13112, A-13622, A-16514,
      A-17462, A-17552, A-17604, A-17610,
      A-18009, A-18173, A-19547, A-20276,
      A-20585, A-20646, A-20759, A-21882,
      A-22130, A-22540, A-22642, A-22860,
      A-22862, A-23025, A-23584, A-23815,
      A-24421, A-25056, A-25220, A-25862,
      A-26204, B-00107, B-00183, B-00288,
      B-00582, B-00968, B-00975, B-01064,
      B-01437, B-01935, B-01936, B-01937,
      B-01938, B-01939, B-01940, B-01947,
      B-02027, B-02153, B-02186, B-02387,
      B-02390, B-02398, B-02399, B-02400,
      B-02401, B-02402, B-02488, B-02738,
      B-02976, B-03229, B-05498, B-05569,
      B-05570, B-05852, B-06084, B-06096,
      B-06315, B-06588, B-07426, B-07769,
      B-07921, B-08632, B-08727, B-08837,
      B-09784, B-09789, B-09824, B-09826,
      B-10009, B-10455, B-11652, B-11658,
      B-11792, B-12651, B-12655, B-13133,
      B-13363, B-13697, B-14061, B-14364,
      B-14365, B-14369, B-14522, B-14613,
      B-14736, B-14940, B-15201, B-16137,
      B-17403, B-18252, B-19550, B-19597,
      B-19896, B-19987, B-20728, B-20730,
      B-21058, B-21435, B-22156, B-22296,
      B-22757, B-22808, B-23262, B-23482,
      B-23542, B-23856, B-24089, B-24465,
      B-24954, B-25511, B-25570, B-25706,
      B-25977, B-26063, C-02260, C-02369,
      C-04117, C-15533, C-20808, C-21663,
      D-22812, F-09284, 1-19325, 1-24187,
      J-01294, J-02392, J-03006, J-11114,
      K-14366, K-22389, L-06741, L-08826,
      L-08976, L-09916, L-10491, L-10567,
      L-11095, L-12989, L-18108
CONTROL METHODS   A-00027, A-00712,
      A-02009, A-02334, A-02414, A-02773,
      A-03155, A-03868, A-03870, A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05493, A-05494, A-05495,
      A-05520, A-05815, A-05878, A-05969,
      A-06086, A-06852, A-07206, A-07561,
      A-08577, A-08583, A-08850, A-09026,
      A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09686,
      A-10038, A-10418, A-10433, A-10675,
      A-11432, A-11447, A-11651, A-11803,
      A-11968, A-14367, A-14442, A-16710,
      A-17552, A-17610, A-18009, A-18173,
      A-20153, A-20276, A-20737, A-21492,
      A-21952, A-22540, A-22642, A-22860,
      A-22862, A-23025, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-23815, A-24421, A-24767, A-25056,
      A-25220, A-26204, B-00107, B-00183,
      B-00246, B-00288, B-00975, B-01064,
      B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01938,
      B-01940, B-01944, B-01947, B-02153,
      B-02232, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
      B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
      B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
      B-02402, B-02741, B-02976, B-03229,
      B-04838, B-05498, B-05569, B-05570,
      B-05852, B-05874, B-06084, B-06096,
      B-06315, B-06588, B-07426, B-07769,
      B-07921, B-07973, B-08178, B-08632,

-------
 86

      B-08727, B-08837, B-09784, B-09789,
      B-09823, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
      B-10694, B-11792, B-12080, B-12651,
      B-12655, B-14364, B-14365, B-14369,
      B-14522, B-14524, B-14612, B-14613,
      B-14940, B-153%, B-15544, B-16536,
      B-16730, B-16749, B-17403, B-18252,
      B-19550, B-19597, B-20294, B-20728,
      B-20773, B-21058, B-21626, B-22296,
      B-22757, B-22808, B-22821, B-22822,
      B-23008, B-23542, B-23819, B-23836,
      B-25977, B-26063, C-02260, C-02369,
      C-02391, C-21663, D-02395, F-01798,
      G-23167, 1-19325, 1-24187, J-01294,
      J-02392, J-03006, J-11114, K-07595,
      L-00973, L-02393, L-08826, L-08976,
      L-09916, L-18108
CONTROL PROGRAMS  A-05718, A-07963,
      A-09785, B-00975, B-01437, B-07973,
      B-10694, D-02833, L-06961, L-07522,
      L-09677, L-09916, L-10491, L-10567,
      L-11095, L-19059, L-23765, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-15002
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES  C-21663,
      D-22812
CONVECTION  F-14370
COOLING  A-03870, A-05495, A-05651,
      A-09663, A-10418, A-23815, B-01935,
      B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-14613,
      B-20773, B-24089, C-08675
COPPER  A-09686, B-00107
COPPER ALLOYS   B-00107
COPPER COMPOUNDS  A-09785
CORE OVENS  B-00107, B-09784
CORONA  B-09789
CORROSION  A-03868, A-08816, A-17610,
      B-14369, B-15201, 1-12055, 1-14737,
      1-16420,1-19325, 1-24187, K-14366
COSTS  A-02414, A-02773, A-03868,
      A-05493, A-05494, A-05497, A-05969,
      A-07206, A-08577, A-09158, A-09663,
      A-09676, A-10418, A-11430, A-11962,
      A-13622, A-14442, A-16869, A-17552,
      A-18009, A-19547, A-22860, A-22862,
      A-25220, A-25862, B-00183, B-00582,
      B-01437, B-01937, B-01945, B-02153,
      B-02387, B-02388, B-02390, B-02397,
      B-02738, B-07921, B-08632, B-09789,
      B-10009, B-14365, B-14613, B-16730,
      B-19896, B-19987, B-22296, B-22757,
      B-22808, B-23856, B-24954, J-01294,
      J-02392, J-03006, J-11114, J-11857,
      K-22375, L-02393, L-05496, L-07522,
      L-18108, L-25480, L-25688
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS  A-12441,
      A-23313, A-23314, B-00107, B-09784,
      L-08826, L-09677, L-23765
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS  L-09677,
      N-00164
CRITERIA  A-02334, A-10675, A-12441,
      A-16514, A-22862, B-02387, B-02388,
      B-02389, B-02390, B-02394, B-02396,
      B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
      B-02402, B-07921, B-14365, B-14524,
      B-14612, C-02391, D-02395, J-02392,
      K-05197, K-07595, K-12118, K-17201,
      L-00973, L-01948, L-02393, L-09514,
      L-09677
CROPS  A-05492, N-00164
CUPOLAS  B-00107, L-09677, L-22466
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-00027, A-01788,
      A-02334, A-03870, B-00975, B-01935,
      B-01942, B-02232, B-02396, C-02369,
      D-00149, D-03454, F-01798, L-02393
 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS

                   D

DATA ANALYSIS  A-14972, J-11114
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS  A-14972,
      A-16254, B-00975, J-11114
DECOMPOSITION B-07921
DECREASING  A-09785, B-09784
DENSITY  A-05497, A-10424, A-11475,
      B-01935, F-14370
DESIGN CRITERIA  A-02334, A-03868,
      A-05520, A-07206, A-07804, A-08850,
      A-09158, A-10675, A-11430, A-11636,
      A-11647, A-11657, A-11934, A-11939,
      A-11940, A-11961, A-11962, A-11963,
      A-11969, A-11972, A-12441, A-13622,
      A-14168, A-14367, A-16254, A-16514,
      A-16710, A-16869, A-17462, A-17552,
      A-19052, A-19547, A-20153, A-20276,
      A-20646, A-20737, A-20759, A-20906,
      A-21492, A-21952, A-22130, A-22642,
      A-22860, A-23025, A-23584, A-24767,
      A-25056, A-25220, A-26204, B-00582,
      B-00968, B-01935, B-01936, B-01938,
      B-01939, B-01942, B-01943, B-01944,
      B-01945, B-02186, B-02232, B-02387,
      B-02389, B-02390, B-02394, B-02396,
      B-02397, B-02398, B-02399, B-02400,
      B-02401, B-02402, B-04838, B-06096,
      B-06315, B-06588, B-07921, B-09784,
      B-09789, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
      B-13133, B-14364, B-14365, B-14369,
      B-14522, B-14524, B-14612, B-15201,
      B-15396, B-16751, B-17275, B-18252,
      B-19236, B-198%, B-19941, B-20078,
      B-20294, B-20728, B-20730, B-21058,
      B-21435, B-21626, B-22296, B-22808,
      B-22821, B-22822, B-23542, B-23836,
      B-23856, B-24089, B-24954, B-25511,
      B-25570, B-25706, C-02260, C-02369,
      C-08675, C-20808, C-25696, D-02395,
      1-24187, J-01294, J-02392, J-03006,
      K-05197, K-07595, K-12118, K-22375,
      K-22389, L-01948, L-06741, L-07879,
      L-10491, M-06085
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS  A-18173
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
      A-08850, B-09784
DETROIT  B-05874, L-00973, L-09677
DIESEL ENGINES  A-00673, A-03154,
      A-05005, A-09686, A-10424, A-11803,
      A-24013, B-08837, B-15544, D-00149,
      D-02833, L-08976, L-09916, N-00164
DIFFRACTION 1-14737
DIFFUSION  D-00149, L-25480, L-25688
DIFFUSION MODELS  L-25480, L-25688
DIGESTERS  A-22130
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A-17604, G-23293
DIOLEFINS  A-10424, C-08675, F-01798
DISPERSION  A-11450, A-14972, A-22130,
      B-00975, B-04838, D-00149, L-08976,
      L-25480, L-25688
DISPERSIONS  A-03155
DISTILLATE OILS  A-00673, A-09676
DIURNAL  D-00149,  L-25688, N-00164
DOMESTIC HEATING A-01788, A-02009,
      A-05005, A-07804, A-08577, A-09785,
      A-11413, A-17604, A-25549, D-03454,
      F-01798, L-07522, L-08976, L-09514,
      L-16343, L-18108, M-14805
DONORA  L-10567
DROPLETS  A-09785, A-11432
DRUGS  1-24187
DRY CLEANING  A-00972, A-09785,
      B-09784, L-09916, L-19059
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS  L-09916
DRYING  A-11428, A-11432, B-14364,
      B-18252
DUMPS  A-00673, A-01788, A-08850,
      A-14442, A-18009, A-19052, A-23313,
      A-23314, B-07973, B-10694, L-10454,
      L-23126, L-23765, N-00164, N-01531
DUST FALL B-00975, C-14368, C-24412,
      D-22812, L-25688
DUSTS  A-05005, A-07804, A-08583,
      A-09671, A-09785, A-10418, A-10433,
      A-10678, A-11429, A-11461, A-13112,
      A-13622, A-17552, A-20646, A-21882,
      A-24421, A-25056, B-00968, B-01437,
      B-01935, B-01937, B-01939, B-01940,
      B-01947, B-02027, B-02387, B-02390,
      B-02397, B-02398, B-02976, B-06096,
      B-07426, B-08727, B-08837, B-09784,
      B-09789, B-10009, B-11658, B-11792,
      B-13363, B-13697, B-14364, B-14365,
      B-14369, B-14736, B-16137, B-17403,
      B-18252, B-21626, B-22156, B-23262,
      B-23482, B-23542, B-26063, C-04117,
      C-17352, C-17468, D-03454, H-09275,
      K-14366, K-22389, L-02393, L-06961,
      L-07202, L-08976, L-09677, L-12989,
      L-16343, L-19059, L-20133, L-22466,
      N-01531
ECONOMIC LOSSES  B-00975, B-01437,
      D-03454
ELECTRIC CHARGE  B-09789
ELECTRIC FURNACES  A-09686, B-00107
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
      A-00943, A-00972, A-01788, A-03868,
      A-05005, A-05160, A-05494, A-06937,
      A-07206, A-07963, A-09663, A-09785,
      A-10038, A-10424, A-10678, A-11411,
      A-11413, A-11438, A-11448, A-11637,
      A-11640, A-11655, A-11803, A-11968,
      A-14972, A-25549, B-00107, B-00975,
      B-02397, B-02398, B-08837,  B-09784,
      B-09789, B-10009, B-10694,  B-15544,
      B-19941, B-24954, B-26063,  C-06095,
      C-17468, C-21663, C-24412,  D-02833,
      D-03454, D-22812, J-11114, J-11857,
      L-09514, L-09916, L-18108,  L-23765,
      L-25688, N-00164, N-22326
ELECTRIC PROPULSION L-09916
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
      C-02369
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES   B-09789,
      C-08257
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE  B-09789
ELECTRICITY (ATMOSPHERIC)  G-23293
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
      C-25696, D-22812
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
      C-17468
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY  A-05969
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
      A-00972, A-02334, A-03868, A-05005,
      A-05878, A-06937, A-07206, A-08583,
      A-09686, A-10038, A-11411, A-11413,
      A-11431, A-11638, A-11640, A-11647,
      A-13622, A-17462, A-17552, A-17604,
      A-19547, A-20585, A-21882, A-22130,
      A-22540, A-22860, A-22862, A-23025,
      B-00107, B-01437, B-01935, B-01937,
      B-01939, B-01940, B-02027, B-02153,
      B-02387, B-02390, B-02402, B-02738,
      B-03229, B-05498, B-08632, B-08837,
      B-09784, B-09789, B-10455, B-11792,
      B-12655, B-13697, B-14061, B-14364,

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                87
     B-14365, B-14369, B-14613, B-14736,
     B-15201, B-17403, B-19597, B-19896,
     B-19987, B-22156, B-22296, B-23482,
     B-26063, C-21663, J-02392, K-14366,
     K-22389, L-08976
EMISSION INVENTORIES  A-00673,
     A-00972, A-031S4, A-05160, A-22860,
     A-22873, A-24013, B-00968, B-00975,
     B-16730, D-02833, L-25480, L-25688
EMISSION STANDARDS  A-01788,
     A-05718, A-07804, A-08583, A-10675,
     A-19052, A-21882, A-22862, B-00288,
     B-OI939, B-02390, B-02400, B-02401,
     B-08632, B-14365, B-14369, B-21626,
     C-08675, J-01294, K-14366, L-00973,
     L-02393, L-06961, L-09500, L-09677,
     L-10491, L-10567, L-20861, L-22466,
     L-25480, L-25688
EMISSIVITY  F-01798
EMPHYSEMA G-01941, G-23167
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES  B-00975,
     C-11088, L-09916, L-23765
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
     L-08976
ENGINE EXHAUSTS  A-05005, A-09686,
     A-10424, B-15544, C-08257, D-03454,
     L-0%77, N-00164
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES A-05160,
     C-08257, N-00164
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
     B-01935, B-06096, B-09823, B-20294,
     B-22821, B-23542, L-08976
ENGINEERS  B-08837, L-20861
EQUIPMENT  CRITERIA  A-02334,
     A-12441, A-16514, B-02396, B-02398,
     B-02399, B-02401, B-02402, B-07921,
     B-14365, B-14524, B-14612, C-02391,
     D-02395, K-05197, K-07595, K-12118,
     K-17201, L-01948
EQUIPMENT  STANDARDS  A-07804,
     A-12441, A-16514, B-01942, B-02389,
     B-023%, B-02400, B-14364, B-16751,
     B-21626, D-02395, K-12118, K-17201,
     K-22375, K-22389, L-19059
ESTERS  A-07561, G-01941
ETHYL ALCOHOL  A-09676
ETHYLENE  C-08675
EUROPE  A-00027, A-00712, A-00972,
     A-01788, A-02009, A-02334, A-03155,
     A-03868, A-03870, A-05494, A-05878,
     A-06937, A-07206, A-07659, A-08373,
     A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-08850,
     A-10038, A-10418, A-10424, A-10678,
     A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
     A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
     A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11440,
     A-11447, A-11448, A-11449, A-11450,
     A-11461, A-11636, A-11637, A-11640,
     A-11647, A-11649, A-11651, A-11655,
     A-11657, A-11666, A-11934, A-11939,
     A-11940, A-11961, A-11%2, A-11963,
     A-11968, A-11969, A-11971, A-11972,
     A-13112, A-13622, A-14442, A-17552,
     A-18173, A-21492, A-21882, A-24421,
     A-25549, A-25862, B-00183, B-00975,
     B-01935, B-01936, B-01939, B-01942,
     B-01947, B-02153, B-02232, B-02387,
     B-02388, B-02389, B-02390, B-02394,
     B-02396, B-02397, B-02398, B-02400,
     B-02401, B-02402, B-02976, B-03229,
     B-06588, B-08178, B-08632, B-08727,
     B-11652, B-11658, B-13697, B-14369,
     B-14524, B-14736, B-16730, B-20773,
     B-21435, B-21626, B-22156, B-23482,
     B-24465, B-26063, C-02369, C-08257,
     C-23437, D-00149, D-03454, F-01798,
      G-23293, H-09275, 1-14737, 1-16420,
      J-01294, J-02392, K-22389, L-02393,
      L-03805, L-08976, L-12989, L-16343,
      L-20133, L-23126, N-22326
EVAPORATORS  B-07769, B-23819
EXCESS AIR  A-05465, A-05492, A-05493,
      A-05878, A-05969, A-06086, A-10433,
      A-11447, A-14367, B-01935, B-01936,
      B-01947, B-02232, B-02396, B-02398,
      B-04838, B-05498, B-05852, B-06096,
      B-07426, B-09823, B-10009, B-16536,
      B-23836, 1-19325
EXHAUST SYSTEMS  A-05651, A-10418,
      A-20759, B-07921, B-09784, B-09824,
      B-12651, B-20728, B-21058, B-23262,
      C-21663, 1-24187
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-05465,
      A-07659, A-11475, A-20906, B-00582,
      B-01935, B-01937, C-15533
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS  A-02334,
      A-05465, A-05718, A-20906, B-01942,
      B-02232, B-06096
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS   A-10424
EYE IRRITATION A-17604, A-21991
FANS (BLOWERS)  A-05651, A-10418,
     A-20759, B-09784, B-09824, B-21058,
     B-23262
FEASIBILITY STUDIES  J-11114,  J-11857
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS A-05718,
     A-16514, A-21882, B-07973, B-14364,
     C-11088, L-09500, L-10454, L-10491,
     L-11095, L-16343, L-23126
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING   A-17610
FIELD TESTS  A-01788, A-03870,  B-00975,
     B-01942, B-02396, B-07426, B-14522,
     B-22757, B-23008, L-02393, L-10491
FILTER FABRICS  A-05005, A-05492,
     A-08816, A-08850, A-09676, A-09686,
     A-10418, A-11450, A-17610, A-18009,
     B-00107, B-02153, B-02186, B-06315,
     B-08632, B-08727, B-08837, B-09784,
     B-14365, B-19987, B-23856, B-24465,
     D-22812
FILTERS  A-00972, A-02334, A-05005,
     A-05492, A-08816, A-08850, A-09676,
     A-09686, A-10418, A-11450, A-11638,
     A-11969, A-13112, A-17610, A-18009,
     A-19547, A-20585, A-22540, A-22862,
     A-23815, B-00107, B-01940, B-02153,
     B-02186, B-02402, B-02738, B-03229,
     B-05498, B-06096, B-06315, B-08632,
     B-08727, B-08837, B-09784, B-10455,
     B-11658, B-11792, B-12651, B-12655,
     B-14365, B-19597, B-19896, B-19987,
     B-21435, B-23262, B-23856, B-24465,
     B-26063, C-04117, C-20808, C-21663,
     D-22812, J-02392, K-14366, L-08976
FIRING METHODS A-02334, A-03155,
     A-03868, A-03870, A-05465, A-05492,
     A-05493, A-05494, A-05495, A-05520,
     A-05878, A-05969, A-06086, A-07561,
     A-09026, A-09663, A-09671, A-10418,
     A-10433, A-10675, A-11447, A-11968,
     A-14367, A-20153, A-20737, A-21952,
     A-22642, A-22862, A-24421, A-24767,
     A-25220, B-01064, B-01935, B-01936,
     B-01938, B-01944, B-01947, B-02232,
     B-02396, B-02398, B-02400, B-04838,
     B-05498, B-05852, B-06084, B-06096,
     B-06315, B-06588, B-07426, B-07769,
     B-07921, B-08178, B-08837, B-09823,
     B-09826, B-10009, B-12080, B-14612,
      B-15396, B-16536, B-22757, B-22821,
      B-22822, B-23542, B-23819, B-23836,
      F-01798, 1-19325
FLAME AFTERBURNERS  A-07804,
      A-20276, A-20759, A-22642, A-23584,
      B-05852, B-06084, B-09826, B-10455,
      B-25570, F-09284, L-10491
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
      A-08373, C-05834, C-08257
FLORIDA  A-14972, K-14366, L-00973,
      L-0%77, L-23765
FLOW RATES  A-05465, A-05718, A-10418,
      A-25220, B-01935, B-06084, B-09789,
      B-22757, B-22822, B-23262
FLOWMETERS  C-02260, C-02369
FLUID FLOW  A-05465, A-05718, A-10418,
      A-25220, B-01935, B-06084, B-09789,
      B-22757, B-22822, B-23262
FLUORANTHENES  A-01788, A-05005,
      A-10424, F-01798
FLUORESCENCE  F-01798, 1-14737
FLUORIDES  A-09785, D-22812, L-00973,
      L-09677
FLUORINE  D-22812
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      D-22812, L-00973, L-09677
FLY ASH A-00972, A-02009, A-02414,
      A-07561, A-07804, A-08090, A-09158,
      A-09686, A-10433, A-11411, A-11412,
      A-11413, A-11427, A-11431, A-11651,
      A-11934, A-11971, A-14367, A-19052,
      A-20153, A-20646, A-20737, A-20759,
      A-22642, A-25220, A-25862, B-00107,
      B-00183, B-00246, B-00968, B-01437,
      B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01938,
      B-01940, B-01946, B-01947, B-02153,
      B-02389, B-02399, B-02402, B-02738,
      B-04843, B-06096, B-06588, B-08632,
      B-08837, B-09789, B-09823, B-09824,
      B-09826, B-10009, B-10694, B-14364,
      B-14365, B-16730, B-18252, B-19550,
      B-19896, B-19987, B-23008, B-23542,
      C-02260, C-02369, C-15533, K-14366,
      L-00973, L-07522, L-09500, L-09677,
      L-09916, L-19059
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
      A-00972, A-09686, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-24013, B-00246, B-07769, B-09784,
      B-14940, B-25977, L-23765, M-14805
FOODS  A-05492
FORMALDEHYDES  A-01788, A-11649,
      B-02232, D-22812, F-01798
FRANCE  A-06937, A-11428, A-17552,
      B-21435, B-22156, B-24465
FREEZING  C-08675
FUEL CHARGING  A-02334, A-03155,
      A-03868, A-03870, A-05494, A-05495,
      A-05878, A-06086, A-07561, A-10433,
      A-20153, B-01064, B-01935, B-01936,
      B-01938, B-01944, B-02232, B-06588,
      B-08837, B-12080, B-22757
FUEL EVAPORATION  D-02833, L-09500,
      L-09677
FUEL GASES  A-00673, A-00972, A-01788,
      A-05005, A-05494, A-05651, A-05815,
      A-05969, A-09785, A-10424, A-10678,
      A-11803, A-24013, B-00107, B-02976,
      B-05852, B-05874, B-09784, B-23008,
      B-26063, C-17468, D-22812, F-01798,
      L-16343, L-18108
FUEL OILS  A-00673, A-00943, A-00972,
      A-01788, A-03868, A-05005, A-05160,
      A-05969, A-07963, A-09158, A-09676,
      A-09785, A-10424, A-10678, A-11412,
      A-11413, A-11440, A-11803, A-23313,
      A-23314, A-25056, B-00107, B-04843,

-------
 88
 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
      B-09784, C-08257, C-23437, D-00149,
      D-22812, J-11114, L-06741, L-09916,
      L-11095, L-18108
 FUELS  A-00673, A-00943, A-00972,
      A-01788, A-03868, A-05005, A-05160,
      A-05465, A-05494, A-05651, A-05815,
      A-05969, A-06086, A-07963, A-09158,
      A-0%76, A-09686, A-09785, A-10424,
      A-10433, A-10678, A-11411, A-11412,
      A-11413, A-11440, A-11447, A-11803,
      A-11968, A-17610, A-21991, A-23313,
      A-23314, A-24013, A-25056, A-25549,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-02232, B-02976,
      B-04838, B-04843, B-05852, B-05874,
      B-08178, B-08837, B-09784, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-23008, B-23262, B-26063,
      C-08257, C-17468, C-23437, D-00149,
      D-22812, F-01798, G-23293, J-11114,
      L-00973, L-06741, L-06961, L-08976,
      L-09514, L-09677, L-09916, L-11095,
      L-12511, L-16343, L-18108, M-14805,
      M-24009, N-00164
 FUMES  A-07561, A-09785, A-17604,
      A-22642, B-00107, B-07921, B-08837,
      B-09784, B-09789, B-25511, 1-24187,
      L-09677, L-16343, N-01531
 FUNGI  A-09676
 FURNACES  A-00972, A-01788, A-03154,
      A-03155, A-03870, A-05005, A-05160,
      A-05495, A-05497, A-05878, A-09686,
      A-10418, A-10433, A-11440, A-11934,
      A-14367, A-17552, A-22130, A-22540,
      A-24421, A-25056, A-26204, B-00107,
      B-00183, B-00975, B-01935, B-01936,
      B-01943, B-02398, B-09784, B-15201,
      B-15544, B-23262, B-23819, B-25706,
      C-08257, 1-14737, J-01294, L-06961,
      L-07202, L-08976, L-09677, L-09916,
      L-22466


                   G

 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY  A-08373,
      A-10424, C-05834, C-08257, C-08675,
      F-01798
 GAS SAMPLING A-01788, A-05005,
      A-05160, A-09026, B-09784, C-04117,
      C-06095, C-08675, C-15533, C-21663
 GAS TURBINES  B-24954
 GASES  A-01788, A-03155, A-08816,
      A-10424, A-11636, A-22642, A-22860,
      A-22862, B-00975, B-02389, B-02396,
      B-15201, B-16137, F-13618, L-08976
GASIFICATION  (SYNTHESIS)  A-18173
GASOLINES  A-00673, A-00943, A-00972,
      A-05005, A-09785, F-01798, L-09916,
      N-00164
GERMANY  A-00712, A-03868, A-05494,
      A-08373, A-08583, A-08816, A-10678,
      A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
      A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
      A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11440,
      A-11447, A-11448, A-11449, A-11450,
      A-11461, A-11636, A-11637, A-11640,
      A-11647, A-11649, A-11651, A-11655,
      A-11657, A-11666, A-11934, A-11939,
      A-11940, A-11961, A-11962, A-11963,
      A-11968, A-11969, A-11971, A-11972,
      A-13112, A-14442, A-18173, A-21882,
      A-24421, A-25549, A-25862, B-00183,
      B-02390, B-02976, B-08727, B-11652,
      B-11658, B-13697, B-14369, B-14736,
      B-16730, B-20773, B-21626, B-23482,
      B-26063, C-08257, H-09275, 1-14737,
      1-16420, J-01294, K-22389, L-08976,
      L-12989, L-23126
GLASS FABRICS  A-05005, A-05492,
      A-08816, A-08850, A-09676, A-09686,
      A-11450, A-18009, B-00107, B-06315,
      B-08632, B-08727, B-09784, B-19987,
      D-22812
GOVERNMENTS  A-02009, A-05718,
      A-06852, A-12441, A-16514, A-21882,
      A-22862, A-23313, A-23314, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-07973, B-09784, B-14364,
      C-11088, J-03006, L-01948, L-03805,
      L-06961, L-07522, L-08826, L-08976,
      L-09500, L-09514, L-09677, L-09916,
      L-10454, L-10491, L-11095, L-12511,
      L-16343, L-18108, L-19059, L-20133,
      L-23126, L-23765, L-25480, L-25688,
      M-15002, M-24009, N-01531
GRAIN PROCESSING  B-09784
GRASSES  A-05492
GRAVITY SETTLING  A-09686
GREAT BRITAIN  A-08850, A-10418,
      A-10424, A-11655, L-16343, L-20133
GROUND LEVEL  A-06370, A-25862


                   H

HALOGEN GASES A-00712, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-25862, B-02390, D-22812,
      H-09275, 1-12055, L-09916
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-09785, A-25862, B-04838, L-08826,
      L-09916
HAZE  A-10678
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT B-00975,
      B-07973, D-03454, G-01941, G-23293,
      N-22326
HEARINGS   L-06741
HEAT CAPACITY  B-01935
HEAT OF COMBUSTION   A-07804,
      A-08577, A-09663, A-09671, B-01935,
      B-06588, B-09823,  F-14370
HEAT TRANSFER  A-03870, A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05495, A-05497, A-05651,
      A-08577, A-09663, A-10418, A-23815,
      A-25220, B-01935, B-09824, B-09826,
      B-10009, B-10455,  B-14613, B-20773,
      B-24089, C-08675,  C-20808, F-13618,
      F-14370, L-03805
HEIGHT FINDING L-20133
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
      SAMPLERS  B-00975
HEXANES  A-00027, C-08675, F-01798
HEXENES  F-01798
HI-VOL SAMPLERS  A-05005, A-22540,
      C-24412, D-22812,  F-01798
HOT SOAK   L-09677
HOURLY N-00164
HUMANS  A-09785, A-21991, G-23293
HUMIDITY   A-09671, B-20773, C-07077,
      F-09284, G-23293
HYDROCARBONS  A-00027, A-00673,
      A-00972, A-01788, A-05005, A-06086,
      A-07561, A-08373, A-09026, A-0%76,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-10424, A-19052,
      A-20276, A-22642, A-23584, A-24013,
      A-25549, A-26204, B-00107, B-00288,
      B-00975, B-02153,  B-02232, B-02389,
      B-04838, B-08837,  B-09784, B-09826,
      B-10694, B-14967,  B-20078, B-20294,
      C-05834, C-08257,  C-08675, C-21663,
      C-25696, D-00149,  D-02833, D-03454,
      D-22812, F-01798,  G-01941, L-00973,
      L-08826, L-08976,  L-09677, L-09916,
      N-00164, N-22326
HYDROCHLORIC ACID  A-08583,
      A-08816, A-11438, A-20646, A-22642,
      A-22862, A-24421, A-25862, A-26204,
      B-14369, B-16749, H-09275, 1-12055,
      1-19325,L-08976, L-09916
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-08816, D-22812
HYDROGEN A-05492,  A-25220, B-01947,
      C-05834, D-02395
HYDROGEN SULFIDE  A-05815, A-09785,
      B-00975, B-02389, B-02390, B-02488,
      B-07921, D-22812, 1-12055
HYDROLYSIS  A-09676
HYDROXIDES  A-23815
                    I
ILLINOIS  L-00973, L-06961, L-09677,
      L-11095, M-14805
IMPINGERS  A-06370, A-21991, B-00975,
      B-06315, B-18252, C-01612, D-22812,
      L-10491
INCINERATION  A-00027, A-00673,
      A-00712, A-00943, A-00972, A-01788,
      A-02009, A-02334, A-02414, A-02773,
      A-03154, A-03155, A-03868, A-03870,
      A-05005, A-05160, A-05465, A-05492,
      A-05493, A-05494, A-05495, A-05497,
      A-05520, A-05651, A-05718, A-05815,
      A-05877, A-05878, A-05969, A-06086,
      A-06370, A-06852, A-06937, A-07206,
      A-07561, A-07659, A-07804, A-07963,
      A-08090, A-08373, A-08577, A-08583,
      A-08816, A-08850, A-09026, A-09158,
      A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-10038, A-10418, A-10424,
      A-10433, A-10675, A-10678, A-11411,
      A-11412, A-11413, A-11427, A-11428,
      A-11429, A-11430, A-11431, A-11432,
      A-11438, A-11439, A-11440, A-11447,
      A-11448, A-11449, A-11450, A-11461,
      A-11475, A-11636, A-11637, A-11638,
      A-11640, A-11647, A-11649, A-11651,
      A-11655, A-11657, A-11666, A-11803,
      A-11934, A-11939, A-11940, A-11961,
      A-11962, A-11963, A-11968, A-11969,
      A-11971, A-11972, A-12441, A-13112,
      A-13622, A-14168, A-14367, A-14442,
      A-14923, A-14972, A-16254, A-16514,
      A-16710, A-16869, A-17243, A-17462,
      A-17552, A-17604, A-17610, A-18009,
      A-18173, A-19052, A-19547, A-20153,
      A-20276, A-20517, A-20585, A-20646,
      A-20737, A-20759, A-20906, A-21492,
      A-21882, A-21952, A-21991, A-22130,
      A-22540, A-22642, A-22860, A-22862,
      A-22873, A-23025, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-23584, A-23815, A-24013, A-24241,
      A-24421, A-24582, A-24767, A-25056,
      A-25220, A-25549, A-25862, A-26204,
      B-00107, B-00183, B-00246, B-00288,
      B-00582, B-00968, B-00975, B-01064,
      B-01437, B-01935, B-01936, B-01937,
      B-01938, B-01939, B-01940, B-01942,
      B-01943, B-01944, B-01945, B-01946,
      B-01947, B-02027, B-02153, B-02186,
      B-02232, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
      B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
      B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
      B-02402, B-02488, B-02738, B-02741,
      B-02976, B-03229, B-04838, B-04843,
      B-05498, B-05569, B-05570, B-05852,
      B-05874, B-06084, B-06096, B-06315,
      B-06588, B-07426, B-07769, B-07921,
      B-07973, B-08178, B-08632, B-08727,
      B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
      B-10694, B-11652, B-11658, B-11792,
      B-12080, B-12651, B-12655, B-12664,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 89
     B-13133, B-13363, B-13697, B-14061,
     B-14364, B-14365, B-14369, B-14522,
     B-14524, B-14612, B-14613, B-14736,
     B-14940, B-14967, B-15201, B-153%,
     B-15S44, B-16137, B-16536, B-16730,
     B-16749, B-16751, B-17275, B-17403,
     B-18252, B-19236, B-19550, B-19597,
     B-19896, B-19941, B-19987, B-20078,
     B-20294, B-20728, B-20730, B-20773,
     B-21058, B-21435, B-21626, B-22156,
     B-222%, B-22757, B-22808, B-22821,
     B-22822, B-23008, B-23262, B-23482,
     B-23542, B-23819, B-23836, B-23856,
     B-24089, B-24465, B-24954, B-25511,
     B-25570, B-25706, B-25977, B-26063,
     C-01612, C-02260, C-02369, C-02391,
     C-04117, C-05834, C-06095, C-07077,
     C-08257, C-08675, C-11088, C-14368,
     C-15533, C-17352, C-17468, C-19580,
     C-20808, C-21663, C-23437, C-24412,
     C-25696, D-00149, D-02395, D-02833,
     D-03454, D-22812, F-01798, F-09284,
     F-13618, F-14370, G-01941, G-23167,
     G-23293, H-09275, 1-12055, 1-14737,
     1-16420, 1-19325, 1-24187, J-01294,
     J-02392, J-03006, J-11114, J-11857,
     K-05197, K-07595, K-12118, K-14366,
     K-17201, K-22375, K-22389, L-00973,
     L-01948, L-02393, L-03805, L-054%,
     L-06741, L-06961, L-07202, L-07522,
     L-07879, L-08826, L-08976, L-09500,
     L-09514, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
     L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-12511,
     L-12989, L-16343, L-18108, L-19059,
     L-20133, L-20861, L-22466, L-23126,
     L-23765, L-25480, L-25688, M-06085,
     M-14805, M-15002, M-24009, N-00164,
     N-01531, N-22326
INDIANA  L-00973, L-09677, L-25480
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-02414, A-05815,
     A-08850, A-22540, B-09823, L-07522,
     L-08976, L-09514, L-09677, L-10567
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
     A-00027, A-00673, A-00712, A-00943,
     A-00972, A-01788, A-02009, A-02334,
     A-02414, A-02773, A-03154, A-03155,
     A-03868, A-03870, A-05005, A-05160,
     A-05465, A-05492, A-05493, A-05494,
     A-05495, A-05497, A-05520, A-05651,
     A-05718, A-05815, A-05877, A-05878,
     A-05969, A-06086, A-06370, A-06852,
     A-06937, A-07206, A-07561, A-07659,
     A-07804, A-07%3, A-08090, A-08373,
     A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-08850,
     A-09026, A-09158, A-09663, A-09671,
     A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-10038,
     A-10418, A-10424, A-10433, A-10675,
     A-10678, A-11411, A-11412, A-11413,
     A-11427, A-11428, A-11429, A-11430,
     A-11431, A-11432, A-11438, A-11439,
     A-11440, A-11447, A-11448, A-11449,
     A-11450, A-11461, A-11475, A-11636,
     A-11637, A-11638, A-11640, A-11647,
     A-11649, A-11651, A-11655, A-11657,
     A-11666, A-11803, A-11934, A-11939,
     A-11940, A-11961, A-11%2, A-11963,
     A-11968, A-11969, A-11971, A-11972,
     A-12441, A-13112, A-13622, A-14168,
     A-14367, A-14442, A-14923, A-14972,
     A-16254, A-16514, A-16710, A-16869,
     A-17243, A-17462, A-17552, A-17604,
     A-17610, A-18009, A-18173, A-19052,
     A-19547, A-20153, A-20276,  A-20517,
     A-20585, A-20646, A-20737,  A-20759,
     A-20906, A-21492, A-21882,  A-21952,
     A-21991, A-22130, A-22540, A-22642,
      A-22860, A-22862, A-22873, A-23025,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-23584, A-23815,
      A-24013, A-24241, A-24421, A-24582,
      A-24767, A-25056, A-25220, A-25549,
      A-25862, A-26204, B-00107, B-00183,
      B-00246, B-00288, B-00582, B-00968,
      B-00975, B-01064, B-01437, B-01935,
      B-01936, B-01937, B-01938, B-01939,
      B-01940, B-01942, B-01943, B-01944,
      B-01945, B-01946, B-01947, B-02027,
      B-02153, B-02186, B-02232, B-02387,
      B-02388, B-02389, B-02390, B-02394,
      B-02396, B-02397, B-02398, B-02399,
      B-02400, B-02401, B-02402, B-02488,
      B-02738, B-02741, B-02976, B-03229,
      B-04838, B-04843, B-05498, B-05569,
      B-05570, B-05852, B-05874, B-06084,
      B-06096, B-06315, B-06588, B-07426,
      B-07769, B-07921, B-07973, B-08178,
      B-08632, B-08727, B-08837, B-09784,
      B-09789, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
      B-10009, B-10455, B-10694, B-11652,
      B-11658, B-11792, B-12080, B-12651,
      B-12655, B-12664, B-13133, B-13363,
      B-13697, B-14061, B-14364, B-14365,
      B-14369, B-14522, B-14524, B-14612,
      B-14613, B-14736, B-14940, B-14967,
      B-15201, B-15396, B-15544, B-16137,
      B-16536, B-16730, B-16749, B-16751,
      B-17275, B-17403, B-18252, B-19236,
      B-19550, B-19597, B-19896, B-19941,
      B-19987, B-20078, B-20294, B-20728,
      B-20730, B-20773, B-21058, B-21435,
      B-21626, B-22156, B-222%, B-22757,
      B-22808, B-22821, B-22822, B-23008,
      B-23262, B-23482, B-23542, B-23819,
      B-23836, B-23856, B-24089, B-24465,
      B-24954, B-25511, B-25570, B-25706,
      B-25977, B-26063, C-01612, C-02260,
      C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-05834,
      C-06095, C-07077, C-08257, C-08675,
      C-11088, C-14368, C-15533, C-17352,
      C-17468, C-19580, C-20808, C-21663,
      C-23437, C-24412, C-25696, D-00149,
      D-02395, D-02833, D-03454, D-22812,
      F-01798, F-09284, F-13618, F-14370,
      G-01941, G-23167, G-23293, H-09275,
      1-12055, 1-14737, 1-16420, 1-19325,
      1-24187, J-01294, J-02392, J-03006,
      J-11114, J-11857,  K-05197, K-07595,
      K-12118, K-14366, K-17201, K-22375,
      K-22389, L-00973, L-01948, L-02393,
      L-03805, L-05496, L-06741, L-06961,
      L-07202, L-07522, L-07879, L-08826,
      L-08976, L-09500, L-09514, L-09677,
      L-09916, L-10454, L-10491, L-10567,
      L-11095, L-12511, L-12989, L-16343,
      L-18108, L-19059, L-20133, L-20861,
      L-22466, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-06085, M-14805, M-15002,
      M-24009, N-00164, N-01531, N-22326
INERTIAL SEPARATION  B-19550
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY  A-00027,
      A-08373, A-21991, B-02232
INORGANIC ACIDS A-08583, A-08816,
      A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-11438,
      A-20646, A-22642, A-22862, A-24421,
      A-25549, A-25862, A-26204, B-00975,
      B-09784, B-09789, B-14369, B-16749,
      D-22812, G-01941, H-09275, 1-12055,
      1-19325, L-08976, L-09916
INSPECTION A-10675, B-21626, L-09916
INSPECTORS B-00975
INSTRUCTORS  B-00975
INSTRUMENTATION  A-03155, A-05495,
      A-10418, A-20906, B-00975, B-01943,
      B-01946, B-09789, B-12651, B-12655,
      C-02260, C-02369, C-02391, C-08675,
      L-02393
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
      A-00673, A-03154, A-05005, A-05969,
      A-09686, A-10424, A-11803, A-20585,
      A-22540, A-24013, A-25549, B-08837,
      B-15544, B-20294, D-00149, D-02833,
      G-23167, L-08976, L-09677, L-09916,
      N-00164
INVERSION  A-09785, A-10424, A-10678,
      A-14972, B-00975, L-08976, M-24009
IODIMETRIC METHODS  D-22812
IRON  A-00972, A-05005, A-09686, A-16869,
      B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-09826, 1-24187, L-00973,
      L-22466
IRON COMPOUNDS  A-05492, A-09785,
      B-01947, B-16749, 1-12055
IRON OXIDES  A-05492, 1-12055
ISOTOPES C-02369
ITALY  A-07206, A-08577
JAPAN  A-14168, A-17243, A-17462,
      A-20646, A-22130, A-22540, A-24241,
      A-25056, B-14364, B-14940, B-15396,
      B-16137, B-16536, B-17403, B-21058,
      B-23262, C-17468, 1-19325, K-17201,
      L-07202
JET AIRCRAFT  N-00164


                   K

KENTUCKY L-09677, L-25480
KEROSENE  A-00943
KETONES  A-09026, A-09676, A-09785,
      C-21663, L-08826
KIDNEYS  G-23167
KILNS  A-00972, A-03154, A-03155,
      A-05160, A-25549, A-26204, B-20728,
      B-26063, L-06961, L-09677, L-22466
KRAFT PULPING A-09686, B-07769,
      B-09789, B-14940, B-25977
LABORATORY ANIMALS  G-23167
LABORATORY FACILITIES  A-23584,
      B-20078, C-01612
LANDFILLS  A-02414, A-08850, A-09676,
      A-11651, A-18009, A-19052, A-23313,
      A-23314, B-02741, B-04843, B-07973,
      B-10694, B-11792, L-07522, L-09916,
      L-10454, L-11095, N-01531
LAUNDRIES  L-19059, L-23765
LEAD  A-09686, B-00107
LEAD COMPOUNDS  A-09785, G-23167
LEATHER  A-05492, A-08850
LEAVES  H-09275
LEGAL ASPECTS  A-05718, A-07804,
      A-10675, A-12441, A-13112, A-23313,
      A-23314, B-00107, B-00288, B-00975,
      B-01938, B-02400, B-08632, B-09784,
      B-14522, B-21626, D-03454, G-23293,
      J-11857, K-12118, L-00973, L-03805,
      L-06741, L-06961, L-07202, L-08826,
      L-08976, L-09500, L-09514, L-09677,
      L-09916, L-10454, L-10491, L-10567,
      L-11095, L-12511, L-12989, L-16343,
      L-18108, L-19059, L-20133, L-20861,
      L-22466, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-24009, N-01531

-------
 90
 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 LEGISLATION  A-12441, B-00288, B-00975,
      B-08632, D-03454, L-00973, L-07202,
      L-08826, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
      L-11095, L-16343, L-20133, L-20861,
      L-22466, L-23765, L-25480, L-25688,
      M-24009
 LIGHT RADIATION  G-23293
 LIME   L-22466
 LIQUIDS A-03155, A-05465, A-05492,
      A-05497, A-05969, A-06086, A-0%76,
      A-14923, A-20276, A-23815, B-01935,
      B-01947, B-02389, B-02396, B-05570,
      B-06096, B-19896, B-20773, C-20808,
      F-13618
 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS  A-02009,
      B-00975, B-07973, L-09677, L-12511,
      L-18108
 LOS ANGELES  A-05160, A-06852,
      A-09785, A-11638, A-12441, B-00107,
      B-00288, B-00975, B-09784, L-00973,
      L-08826, L-09677
 LOUISIANA D-00149
 LUBRICANTS  A-08850
 LUNG CANCER  A-20585


                  M

 MAGNESIUM  B-00107
 MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      B-01947
 MAINTENANCE  A-02334, A-0%76,
      B-01940, B-02976, B-05569, B-06315,
      B-07769, B-14365, B-14369, B-21626,
      1-24187, K-07595, L-09916
 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS  A-09785
 MAPPING  A-10678
 MARYLAND  A-23313, A-23314
 MASS  SPECTROMETRY  D-03454
 MATERIALS DETERIORATION  A-03868,
      A-08816, A-17610, B-00975, B-14369,
      B-15201, 1-12055, 1-14737, 1-16420,
      1-19325, 1-24187, K-14366, N-00164
 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES  A-24767,
      B-01935, C-02369, C-07077, C-14368,
      F-09284, F-14370, K-22375
 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
      CONCENTRATION  A-11461,
      A-11638, A-11649, A-25549, B-00288,
     B-00975, B-02153, B-02389, B-02390,
      L-00973, L-03805, L-07202, L-08826,
     L-09677, L-23126
 MEASUREMENT METHODS  A-05005,
     A-05718, A-08373, A-10418, A-11649,
     A-11963, A-21991, B-00975, B-01947,
     B-02232, B-02388, B-08727, B-09784,
     B-10009, B-12651, B-12655, B-14967,
     B-23008, C-02260, C-02369, C-02391,
     C-04117, C-06095, C-07077, C-08257,
     C-11088, C-15533, C-17352, C-17468,
     C-21663, C-23437, C-24412, F-01798,
     L-09500
MEETINGS   L-08826
MEMBRANE FILTERS A-06370, B-06315,
     D-22812
MERCAPTANS  B-02488, B-04838
METAL COMPOUNDS  A-05492, A-09676,
     A-0%86, A-09785, A-20585, B-01947,
     B-04838, B-09784, B-16749, C-17352,
     G-23167, 1-12055, N-22326
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
     A-03154, A-07659, A-20585, B-00975,
     B-08837, B-09784, B-26063, C-17468,
     M-14805
METAL POISONING   G-23167
METALS  A-00972, A-05005, A-05492,
      A-08850, A-09676, A-09686, A-11450,
      A-16869, A-18009, B-00107, B-08837,
      B-09784, B-09789, B-09823, B-09824,
      B-09826, 1-24187, L-00973, L-11095,
      L-22466
METEOROLOGY  A-09671, A-09785,
      A-10424, A-10675, A-10678, A-14972,
      A-23313, B-00975, B-02401, B-07973,
      B-20773, C-07077, C-24412, D-00149,
      D-02833, D-03454, F-09284, G-23293,
      L-08976, L-09514, L-09916, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-24009, N-22326
METHANES  A-09676, B-04838, C-08675,
      F-01798
MICE  G-23167
MICHIGAN   B-05874, L-00973, L-0%77,
      L-22466
MICROORGANISMS  A-09676, A-20517,
      D-22812
MICROSCOPY  C-07077
MINERAL PROCESSING   A-00943,
      A-00972, A-22873, A-24013, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-14940, B-26063, C-21663,
      L-09677, L-22466, L-23765, N-00164
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-05492, A-09785,
      A-22873, B-00975, B-09784, B-09789,
      B-24465
MINING  N-00164
MISSOURI A-03870, B-00968, B-01064,
      B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01944,
      B-02232, B-02394, B-02397, L-00973,
      L-09677
MISTS  B-09789
MOBILE  B-09824
MOLYBDENUM  1-24187
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS   A-09785
MONITORING  A-05005, A-10418, B-02232,
      B-02388, B-08727, B-10009, C-02260,
      C-02369, C-08257, C-15533, C-17468,
      C-24412
MONTHLY  A-10424
MORTALITY  G-23167, N-22326
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      A-00712, A-02334, A-02414, A-03155,
      A-05005, A-05160, A-05520, A-05718,
      A-06086, A-07804, A-08373, A-10675,
      A-10678, A-11428, A-12441, A-14367,
      A-16514, A-16710, A-20153, A-20737,
      A-20759, A-24241, A-24582, A-24767,
      B-00183, B-00246, B-01064, B-01944,
      B-02186, B-02232, B-06084, B-07426,
      B-09784, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
      B-10694, B-12664, B-14061, B-16751,
      B-17275, B-20730, B-22156, B-23008,
      B-23836, B-24089, B-26063, C-08675,
      J-11857, K-07595, L-07522, L-10491,
      M-06085


                   N

NAPHTHACENES  F-01798
NAPHTHALENES  F-01798
NASHVILLE   L-19059
NATURAL GAS  A-00972, A-01788,
      A-05494, A-05815, A-09785, A-10424,
      A-10678, A-11803, A-24013, B-00107,
      B-05874, D-22812, F-01798, L-18108
NERVOUS SYSTEM  G-23167, G-23293
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
      A-17604
NEW JERSEY  D-03454, L-00973, L-09677,
      L-09916, L-11095
NEW ORLEANS  D-00149
NEW YORK CITY  A-11638, A-11803,
      A-12441, A-14923, D-03454, J-01294,
      J-11114, K-05197, K-07595, L-00973,
      L-09514, L-09677, L-11095, L-18108,
      M-15002
NEW YORK STATE A-00673, A-05492,
      A-05495, A-11638, A-11803, A-12441,
      A-14923, B-05569, B-07426, D-02833,
      D-03454, J-01294, J-11114, K-05197,
      K-07595, L-00973, L-09514, L-09677,
      L-11095, L-18108, M-15002, M-24009
NICKEL  1-24187
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-20585,
      G-23167
NITRIC ACID  A-09686, 1-19325
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)  A-00027, A-05815,
      A-09026, A-09785, B-00107, B-00975,
      D-00149, N-00164
NITROGEN  A-05492, A-05718, A-09676,
      A-14923, B-01935, B-01947, B-07426,
      D-02395
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)  A-00027,
      A-00673, A-05815, A-06086, A-07561,
      A-09026, A-09686, A-09785, A-11803,
      B-00107, B-00975, D-00149, D-22812,
      N-00164, N-22326
NITROGEN OXIDES  A-00027, A-00673,
      A-00972, A-01788, A-03154, A-05160,
      A-05815, A-06086, A-07561, A-09026,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-11803, A-19052,
      A-20646, A-21952, A-22540, A-22862,
      A-24013, A-25220, B-00107, B-00288,
      B-00975, B-02153, B-02232, B-02390,
      B-02396, B-09784, B-09826, B-10694,
      B-14967, B-23008, C-21663, D-00149,
      D-03454, D-22812, G-01941, G-23293,
      1-19325, L-08976,  L-09677, L-09916,
      N-00164, N-22326
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-00673, A-00712, A-00943, A-00972,
      A-01788, A-02009, A-02334, A-02414,
      A-02773, A-03154, A-03155, A-03868,
      A-03870, A-05005, A-05465, A-05492,
      A-05493, A-05494, A-05495, A-05497,
      A-05651, A-05815, A-05877, A-05878,
      A-05969, A-06086, A-06852, A-06937,
      A-07206, A-07561, A-07659, A-07804,
      A-08090, A-08373, A-08577, A-08583,
      A-08816, A-08850, A-09026, A-09158,
      A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-10038, A-10418, A-10433,
      A-10675, A-10678, A-11411, A-11412,
      A-11413, A-11427, A-11428, A-11429,
      A-11430, A-11431, A-11432, A-11438,
      A-11439, A-11440, A-11447, A-11448,
      A-11449, A-11450, A-11461, A-11636,
      A-11637, A-11638, A-11640, A-11647,
      A-11649, A-11651, A-11655, A-11657,
      A-11666, A-11934, A-11939, A-11940,
      A-11961, A-11963, A-11968, A-11971,
      A-11972, A-13622, A-14367, A-14442,
      A-14923, A-17243, A-17462, A-17552,
      A-17604, A-18009, A-18173, A-19052,
      A-21492, A-22860, A-23025, A-23313,
      A-23314, A-24013, A-25056, A-25220,
      A-25549, A-25862, A-26204, B-00288,
      B-00582, B-00975, B-01437, B-01935,
      B-01937, B-01938, B-01943, B-01944,
      B-01945, B-01946, B-01947, B-02027,
      B-02153, B-02232, B-02388, B-02389,
      B-02390, B-02394, B-02397, B-02398,
      B-02399, B-02400, B-02401, B-02738,
      B-02741, B-03229, B-04843, B-05498,
      B-05569, B-05570, B-05852, B-05874,
      B-06084, B-06096, B-06315, B-06588,
      B-07769, B-07973, B-08632, B-08727,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                91
     B-09784, B-09823, B-09826, B-10009,
     B-10694, B-11652, B-11658, B-11792,
     B-12080, B-13697, B-14061, B-14364,
     B-14369, B-14522, B-14524, B-14612,
     B-14613, B-14940, B-14967, B-16536,
     B-16730, B-16749, B-16751, B-17275,
     B-17403, B-19597, B-19941, B-20730,
     B-21626, B-22808, B-23008, B-23836,
     B-24089, B-24954, B-25977, C-02391,
     C-07077, C-11088, D-00149, D-02395,
     D-02833, D-03454, F-01798, F-09284,
     G-01941, H-09275, 1-12055, J-01294,
     J-02392, J-03006, J-11857, K-07595,
     K-14366, L-00973, L-01948, L-02393,
     L-03805, L-054%, L-07522, L-07879,
     L-08976, L-09500, L-09514, L-0%77,
     L-09916, L-10454, L-10491, L-10567,
     L-11095, L-16343, L-18108, L-19059,
     L-20133, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
     L-25688, M-14805, N-00164, N-01531
NON-URBAN AREAS A-08850, A-22540,
     D-00149, L-11095
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS  L-18108

                   o

OCEANS  B-07973
ODOR COUNTERACTION  A-11651,
     A-20276, A-25056, B-07921, B-12651,
     B-12655, B-14940, B-23008, B-23836,
     B-25977, 1-24187
ODORIMETRY  C-04117
ODORS  A-02334, A-05815, A-07561,
     A-08373, A-09785, A-10418, A-11969,
     A-14972, A-17462, A-18009, A-20276,
     A-21882, A-22860, A-23313, A-23314,
     B-00183, B-00246, B-00975, B-02488,
     B-02976, B-04838, B-05852, B-05874,
     B-06096, B-06588, B-07921, B-09784,
     B-09823, B-09824, B-10009, B-13697,
     B-14364, B-14967, B-17403, B-23008,
     B-23836, B-25977, C-04117, 1-19325,
     L-00973, L-0%77, L-09916, L-10567,
     L-12511, L-19059
OHIO  C-01612, C-07077, D-00149, L-00973,
     L-09677, L-25480, L-25688
OIL BURNERS A-01788, A-05160,
     A-10418, B-25706, C-08257, L-09916
OLEFINS  A-09785, A-10424, C-08675,
     F-01798, L-08826
OPEN BURNING   A-00673, A-00712,
     A-00972, A-01788, A-05005, A-09686,
     A-23313, A-23314, A-24013, A-25549,
     B-09784, B-11792, D-03454, L-07522,
     L-09500, L-09916, L-11095, L-16343,
     L-19059, L-25480, L-25688, N-00164
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES  A-00972,
     A-05160, A-09686, A-14367, B-00107,
     L-09677
OPERATING CRITERIA  A-02334, A-12441,
     A-22862, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
     B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02398,
     B-02399, B-02400, B-02401, B-14524,
     C-02391, D-02395, J-02392, K-05197,
     K-12118, L-01948, L-02393, L-09677
OPERATING VARIABLES  A-03868,
     A-05465, A-09026, A-11972, A-12441,
     A-16254, A-16514, A-17462, A-20517,
     A-20646, A-21492, A-21952, A-22860,
     A-22862, A-24241, A-24767, A-25220,
     B-02396, B-05569, B-05570, B-06096,
     B-06315, B-07769, B-15201, B-17403,
     B-19896, B-21435, B-21626, B-22808,
     B-23482, B-23856, 1-19325, J-02392,
     K-05197, K-07595
OPINION SURVEYS   M-06085
OREGON  L-09677
ORGANIC ACIDS  A-00673, A-00972,
      A-05815, A-07561, A-09026, A-09676,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-11649, A-20646,
      B-00975, B-09826, B-10694, B-14967
      G-01941, 1-19325
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
      B-02389
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
      B-00975
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
      B-00975, B-02488, B-04838
ORGANIC WASTES  A-08577, A-09676,
      B-05570, B-11792, B-14364, B-25977
ORSAT ANALYSIS   A-05718, B-01947,
      C-04117
OVERFIRE AIR A-05465, A-05969,
      A-22642, A-22862, A-24767, B-02232,
      B-05498, B-06588, B-09823, B-09826,
      B-10009, B-22757, B-22822
OXIDANT PRECURSORS  B-00975
OXIDANTS  A-00673, A-00943, A-09785,
      B-00975, G-23293, N-00164
OXIDATION A-07659, A-08850, A-11475,
      A-23584, A-26204, B-04838, B-07921,
      1-12055
OXIDES A-00027, A-00673, A-00943,
      A-00972, A-01788, A-02009, A-03154,
      A-05160, A-05465, A-05492, A-05718,
      A-05815, A-05969, A-06086, A-07561,
      A-07963, A-08373, A-08583, A-09026,
      A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-10418,
      A-10678, A-11438, A-11649, A-11803,
      A-14923, A-19052, A-20276, A-20646,
      A-21952, A-22540, A-22642, A-22862,
      A-24013, A-25220, B-00107, B-00288,
      B-00975, B-01935, B-01947, B-02153,
      B-02232, B-02389, B-02390, B-02396,
      B-04838, B-06084, B-07426, B-07921,
      B-08727, B-08837, B-09784, B-09826,
      B-10694, B-14369, B-14522, B-14967,
      B-16730, B-16749, B-18252, B-20294,
      B-23008, C-02260, C-04117, C-06095,
      C-17468, C-21663, C-25696, D-00149,
      D-02833, D-03454, D-22812, G-01941,
      G-23293, 1-12055, 1-19325, J-11114,
      L-00973, L-07202, L-08976, L-09500,
      L-09514, L-09677, L-09916, L-11095,
      L-12511, L-18108, L-19059, L-20861,
      L-25480, L-25688, M-14805, N-00164,
      N-22326
OXYGEN  A-00027, A-01788,  A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05718, A-09026, A-11427,
      A-11475, A-14923, B-01935, B-01947,
      B-02232, B-07426, B-14522, B-16730,
      D-02395
OXYGEN LANCING  A-09686
OZONE  A-09785, A-10424, B-00975,
      D-03454, D-22812, G-23293
PAINT MANUFACTURING  A-09686,
      L-08826
PAINTS  D-03454
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY  A-05492,
      A-06086, A-08850, A-09676, A-11475,
      A-18009, B-02027, B-02232, B-05570,
      B-09823, B-09826, B-22156, F-01798,
      F-09284
PAPER MANUFACTURING  A-00972,
      A-09686, A-17243, B-09789, B-25570,
      J-11857
PARIS  A-06937, A-11428
PARTICLE COUNTERS  C-21663
PARTICLE SIZE  A-05718, A-05969,
      A-06370, A-22540, A-25220, B-00288,
      B-00968, B-01937, B-02153, B-02402,
      B-08632, B-09789, B-23262, C-01612,
      C-07077, L-09500
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS  A-05718,
      A-05969, A-06370, A-22540, A-25220,
      B-00288, B-00968, B-01937, B-02153,
      B-02402, B-08632, B-09789, B-23262,
      C-01612, C-07077, C-17352, L-09500
PARTICULATE SAMPLING  A-01788,
      A-05718, A-09026, B-02232, B-06096,
      B-07426, B-21626, C-01612, C-04117,
      C-06095, C-07077, C-11088, C-14368,
      C-19580, L-10491
PARTICULATES  A-00027, A-00673,
      A-00712, A-00972, A-01788, A-02009,
      A-02334, A-02414, A-02773, A-03155,
      A-05005, A-05465, A-05492, A-05718,
      A-05815, A-05969, A-06086, A-07206,
      A-07561, A-07804, A-08090, A-08373,
      A-08583, A-09026, A-09158, A-09671,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-10418, A-10424,
      A-10433, A-10678, A-11411, A-11412,
      A-11413, A-11427, A-11429, A-11431,
      A-11432, A-11461, A-11651, A-11803,
      A-11934, A-11971, A-13112, A-13622,
      A-14367, A-14923, A-14972, A-17462,
      A-17552, A-17604, A-19052, A-20153,
      A-20276, A-20585, A-20646, A-20737,
      A-20759, A-21882, A-21952, A-22130,
      A-22540, A-22642, A-22860, A-22862,
      A-23313, A-23314, A-24013, A-24421,
      A-24582, A-25056, A-25220, A-25549,
      A-25862, A-26204, B-00107, B-00183,
      B-00246, B-00288, B-00968, B-00975,
      B-01437, B-01935, B-01936, B-01937,
      B-01938, B-01939, B-01940, B-01944,
      B-01946, B-01947, B-02027, B-02153,
      B-02232, B-02387, B-02389, B-02390,
      B-02397, B-02398, B-02399, B-02400,
      B-02402, B-02738, B-02976, B-04838,
      B-04843, B-05498, B-05852, B-05874,
      B-06096, B-06315, B-06588, B-07426,
      B-07769, B-07921, B-08632, B-08727,
      B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
      B-10694, B-11658, B-11792, B-13363,
      B-13697, B-14061, B-14364, B-14365,
      B-14369, B-14522, B-14736, B-14967,
      B-15201, B-16137, B-16730, B-17403,
      B-18252, B-19550, B-19597, B-19896,
      B-19987, B-20294, B-20730, B-21058,
      B-21435, B-21626, B-22156, B-22296,
      B-22757, B-22821, B-22822, B-23008,
      B-23262, B-23482, B-23542, B-23836,
      B-23856, B-24954, B-25511, B-25570,
      B-25706, B-26063, C-01612, C-02260,
      C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-07077,
      C-08257, C-11088, C-15533, C-17352,
      C-17468, C-19580, C-20808, C-21663,
      C-23437, C-24412, D-02833, D-03454,
      D-22812, F-01798, G-01941, G-23293,
      H-09275, 1-24187, J-01294, J-11114,
      K-07595, K-14366, K-17201, K-22389,
      L-00973, L-02393, L-03805, L-06741,
      L-06961, L-07202, L-07522, L-08976,
      L-09500, L-09514, L-09677, L-09916,
      L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-12511,
      L-12989, L-16343, L-18108, L-19059,
      L-20133, L-20861, L-22466, L-25480,
      L-25688, N-00164, N-01531, N-22326
PENNSYLVANIA  L-00973, L-07522,
      L-0%77, L-10567, L-11095
PENTANES  C-08675, F-01798
PENTENES  C-08675

-------
 92
 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
 PERMITS  B-09784, L-06961, L-10567,
      L-22466
 PERSONNEL A-13622, B-00975, B-08837,
      L-09916, L-20861
 PERYLENES  A-01788, A-10424, F-01798
 PESTICIDES  B-02488, B-09784
 PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION  B-09784,
      L-09500, N-00164
 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION  A-00972,
      A-22540, B-00107, C-17468, C-21663
 PETROLEUM REFINING  A-03154,
      A-05005, A-07963, A-09686, A-09785,
      A-17604, A-22540, B-00107, B-00975,
      B-07769, B-09784, B-09789, B-14940,
      C-17468, C-21663, D-03454, L-11095
 PH  B-00968, N-22326
 PHENANTHRENES  A-01788, F-01798
 PHENOLS  A-07561, A-09676, G-01941
 PHILADELPHIA  L-07522, L-10567,
      L-11095
 PHOSPHORIC ACID  A-09686, B-09784,
      B-09789
 PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS  A-00972,
      B-02488
 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS  A-09785,
      A-21991, C-24412, D-03454
 PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS  D-03454
 PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-04117,
      C-21663
 PHYSICAL STATES  A-00673, A-01788,
      A-03155, A-05465, A-05492, A-05493,
      A-05497, A-05969, A-06086, A-08816,
      A-09663, A-09676, A-10424, A-11428,
      A-11636, A-14923, A-20276, A-22642,
      A-22860, A-22862, A-23025, A-23815,
      B-00975, B-01935, B-01947, B-02389,
      B-02396, B-05570, B-06096, B-14613,
      B-15201, B-16137, B-19896, B-20773,
      B-21058, B-25706, C-20808, C-23437,
      F-13618, L-08976
 PILOT PLANTS  A-05969, A-09026,
      A-11412, A-21952, A-25056, B-23856
 PLAINS  B-07973
 PLANNING AND ZONING  G-23293,
      J-11857, L-00973, L-08976, L-09514,
      L-09677, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-24009, N-01531
 PLANS AND PROGRAMS  A-05718,
      A-07963, A-09785, A-23313, A-23314,
      B-00975, B-01437, B-01938, B-01945,
      B-07973, B-10694, B-12664, B-14364,
      C-04117, C-07077, D-00149, D-02833,
      D-03454, L-02393, L-06961, L-07522,
      L-08976, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
      L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-19059,
      L-23765, L-25480, L-25688, M-15002,
      N-00164
 PLANT DAMAGE  A-24421, B-00975,
      H-09275
 PLANT INDICATORS  A-17604
 PLANTS (BOTANY)  A-05492, A-06086,
      A-08850, A-09785, B-00975, H-09275,
      N-00164
 PLASTICS  A-05492, A-08816, A-08850,
      A-11450, A-18009, A-24241, A-25862,
      B-05570, B-09826, D-00149, 1-16420
PLATING   A-09785, B-09784
PLUME BEHAVIOR  A-14972, B-00975,
      B-04838
PNEUMONIA  A-17604
POINT SOURCES L-25480, L-25688
POLLUTION PRECURSORS B-00975
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS  A-00972,
      A-01788, A-05005, A-10424, A-25549,
      B-10694, F-01798, G-01941, L-08976
 POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS  B-01947,
      B-16749
POTATOES  A-06086
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS  C-25696
POWER CYCLES  B-02397, N-00164
POWER SOURCES  A-00673, A-03154,
      A-05005, A-05969, A-09686, A-10424,
      A-11803, A-20585, A-22540, A-24013,
      A-25549, B-08837, B-15544, B-20294,
      B-24954, D-00149, D-02833, G-23167,
      L-08976, L-0%77, L-09916, N-00164
PRECIPITATION  M-24009, N-22326
PRESSURE  A-10418, B-00968, B-06084,
      B-19896, B-22822, C-08257, L-07202
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
      PROCESSING  A-05005, A-07963,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-17610, A-20585,
      A-22540, A-24013, A-25549, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-08837, B-09784, B-09789,
      B-26063, C-21663, D-22812, L-00973,
      L-06961, L-0%77, L-22466, M-14805
PROCESS MODIFICATION  A-02334,
      A-03155, A-03868, A-03870, A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05493, A-05494, A-05495,
      A-05520, A-05878, A-05969, A-06086,
      A-07561, A-09026, A-09663, A-09671,
      A-10418, A-10433, A-10675, A-11447,
      A-11968, A-14367, A-20153, A-20737,
      A-21492, A-21952, A-22642, A-22862,
      A-24421, A-24767, A-25220, B-01064,
      B-01935, B-01936, B-01938, B-01944,
      B-01947, B-02232, B-02394, B-02396,
      B-02398, B-02400, B-04838, B-05498,
      B-05852, B-06084, B-06096, B-06315,
      B-06588, B-07426, B-07769, B-07921,
      B-08178, B-08837, B-09823, B-09826,
      B-10009, B-12080, B-14364, B-14522,
      B-14612, B-15396, B-16536, B-20728,
      B-20773, B-21626, B-22757, B-22821,
      B-22822, B-23542, B-23819, B-23836,
      F-01798, 1-19325, J-01294, J-11114
PROFANES  F-01798
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT  N-00164
PROPIONALDEHYDES  F-01798
PROPOSALS  A-05815, A-11803, A-14923,
      A-22862, L-25480, L-25688
PUBLIC AFFAIRS  A-14972, B-00582,
      B-00975, B-02400, L-08826, M-06085,
      M-14805, M-15002
PUBLIC INFORMATION  B-00582
PULVERIZED FUELS  A-01788, A-05494,
      B-08837
PYRENES  A-00972, A-01788, A-05005,
      A-10424, A-25549, B-10694, F-01798,
      L-08976
PYROLYSIS  A-07659, A-11475, A-22642,
      A-22862, B-25977, F-01798
QUESTIONNAIRES  A-22860, B-02399,
     M-06085
                  R
RADIATION COUNTERS  C-02369
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
     A-10418, C-02369
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION  B-06315,
     B-23856, C-02369, 1-14737, L-11095,
     L-20133
RAGWEED  D-02833
RAIN  N-22326
RAPPING B-09789
RATS  G-23167
REACTION KINETICS  A-05465, A-05969,
     A-09676, A-11475, A-20906, A-23584,
     B-20078
REACTION MECHANISMS  F-01798,
      L-07879
RECORDING METHODS  A-10418,
      B-02232, B-02388, C-15533, D-03454
REDUCTION  A-07659, A-09676, B-07921,
      1-12055
REFRACTORIES  A-05465, A-05495,
      A-25056, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
      B-10009, 1-12055
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS  B-07973,
      L-23126
REGULATIONS  A-13112, A-23313,
      A-23314, B-00107, B-00288, B-00975,
      B-08632, B-09784, B-14522, B-21626,
      K-12118, L-00973, L-03805, L-06961,
      L-07202, L-08826, L-08976, L-09500,
      L-0%77, L-09916, L-10567, L-11095,
      L-12511, L-12989, L-19059, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-24009
RENDERING  A-09785, B-09784, B-25977,
      L-0%77, L-09916, L-19059
RESEARCH INSTITUTES  A-18009
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES B-23008,
      D-00149, L-07879
RESEARCH PROGRAMS  A-22862,
      B-07973, B-15544, L-07879, L-10454
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-05815, A-08850,
      A-10675, B-06096, B-09823, K-07595,
      L-07522, L-08976, L-09514, L-0%77,
      L-10567
RESIDUAL OILS  A-00673, A-00943,
      B-04843, J-11114
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-17604,
      A-21991, D-03454, G-01941, G-23167
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  A-17604,
      A-20585
RHODE ISLAND  L-09677
RINGELMANN CHART  A-02414, A-06086,
      B-00975, B-02153, B-09784, B-16730,
      B-21626, C-04117, L-00973, L-03805,
      L-09500, L-0%77, L-10567, L-19059,
      L-22466
RIVERS  B-10694
RUBBER  A-05492, A-08850, A-10424,
      A-11450, B-09784
RUBBER MANUFACTURING  A-03870
SAFETY EQUIPMENT  A-03155
SALTZMAN METHOD  D-22812
SAMPLERS  A-05005, A-06370, A-21991,
     A-22540, B-00975, B-06315, B-12655,
     B-18252, B-19550, C-01612, C-07077,
     C-15533, C-21663, C-24412, D-22812,
     F-01798, L-10491
SAMPLING METHODS A-00027, A-01788,
     A-05005, A-05160, A-05718, A-06370,
     A-08583, A-09026, A-21991, A-22540,
     A-24582, B-00968, B-00975, B-01947,
     B-02232, B-04843, B-05874, B-06096,
     B-06315, B-07426, B-09784, B-12655,
     B-14967, B-18252, B-19550, B-19896,
     B-21626, C-01612, C-02260, C-04117,
     C-06095, C-07077, C-08675, C-11088,
     C-14368, C-15533, C-19580, C-21663,
     C-24412, D-22812, F-01798, L-02393,
     L-03805, L-09916, L-10491
SAMPLING PROBES A-01788, A-06370,
     B-06096, F-01798
SAN FRANCISCO  A-03154, B-00288,
     B-07973, L-00973, L-0%77
SCRAP YARDS A-0%76
SCREEN FILTERS  A-23815

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                93
SCRUBBERS  A-00972, A-02334, A-02773,
     A-03155, A-OS005, A-05495, A-05718,
     A-07804, A-09686, A-11432, A-11638,
     A-11651, A-16514, A-17604, A-17610,
     A-18173, A-19547, A-20585, A-22642,
     A-22862, A-23815, A-25862, A-26204,
     B-00107, B-00968, B-00975,B-01064,
     B-01935, B-01940, B-02153, B-02186,
     B-02390, B-02399, B-02402, B-02488,
     B-02738, B-02976, B-05498, B-06096,
     B-06315, B-06588, B-07769, B-08632,
     B-08727, B-09784, B-10455, B-11792,
     B-12651, B-12655, B-13363, B-14061,
     B-14364, B-14365, B-14613, B-18252,
     B-19550, B-19597, B-19896, B-19987,
     B-20730, B-22757, B-23482, B-23542,
     B-24089, B-25511, B-25706, B-26063,
     C-21663, J-02392, K-14366, L-08976,
     L-10491
SEASONAL  A-10424, A-11411, A-11447,
     A-11647, A-11666, A-11%2, C-07077,
     D-00149, L-25480, L-25688
SECONDARY AIR A-05465, A-06086,
     B-02232, B-060%, B-06315, B-09823,
     B-22821, F-01798
SEDIMENTATION A-09686, A-11432,
     B-09784, B-19550
SETTLING CHAMBERS  A-02334,
     A-05495, A-19547, A-22862, B-01940,
     B-01947, B-02153, B-02186, B-02399,
     B-02738, B-05498, B-05852, B-06084,
     B-07426, B-08632, B-13133, B-14365,
     B-19550, B-19896, B-19987, C-21663
SETTLING PARTICLES   A-02009, A-03155,
     A-05005, A-07561, A-07804, A-08373,
     A-08583, A-09671, A-09785, A-10418,
     A-10424, A-10433, A-10678, A-11429,
     A-11461, A-13112, A-13622, A-14972,
     A-17552, A-20646, A-21882, A-22130,
     A-22642, A-22860, A-22862, A-24421,
     A-25056, A-25549, A-26204, B-00107,
     B-00968, B-00975, B-01437, B-01935,
     B-01937, B-01939, B-01940, B-01947,
     B-02027, B-02153, B-02387, B-02390,
     B-02397, B-02398, B-02400, B-02976,
     B-06096, B-06315, B-07426, B-08727,
     B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-10009,
     B-11658, B-11792, B-13363, B-13697,
     B-14364, B-14365, B-14369, B-14736,
     B-16137, B-17403, B-18252, B-21058,
     B-21626, B-22156, B-23262, B-23482,
     B-23542, B-26063, C-04117, C-17352,
     C-17468, C-23437, C-24412, D-03454,
     H-09275, K-14366, K-22389, L-02393,
     L-06741, L-06961, L-07202, L-08976,
     L-09677, L-12989, L-16343, L-19059,
     L-20133, L-22466, N-01531
SEWAGE  A-00673, A-03155, A-08850,
     A-11432, A-11961, A-11963, A-11971,
     A-17462, A-25056, B-00582, B-02389,
     B-02390, B-07769, B-12080, B-13697,
     B-14940, B-24089, L-23126, L-23765
SEWAGE TREATMENT   A-08850, A-11961,
     A-11963, B-13697, B-14940
SEWERS  A-08850
SHIPS  A-09785, N-00164
SIEVE ANALYSIS B-00968
SILICATES  A-09785, B-09784
SILICON COMPOUNDS   A-09785, B-01947,
     B-09784
SILVER COMPOUNDS  A-09785
SIMULATION  A-11475, A-20906, B-01935
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
     A-00712, A-05005, A-05465, A-05520,
     A-05718, A-05969, A-07561, A-07804,
     A-10675, A-12441, B-00968, B-01064,
      B-02186, B-09823, B-09826, B-13133,
      B-16751, B-18252, B-19550, B-22757,
      C-08675, K-07595, L-07522, M-06085,
      N-00164
SINTERING  A-00972, L-06961, L-07202
SKIN  A-21991
SLUDGE  A-03155, A-08850, A-11432,
      A-11961, A-11963, A-11971, A-17462,
      A-25056, B-02389, B-02390, B-07769,
      B-12080, B-13697, B-14940, B-24089,
      L-23126
SMOG  A-C9785, A-25549, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-20294, B-25511, C-24412
SMOKE SHADE  A-02414, A-06086,
      A-10418, B-00975, B-02153, B-09784,
      B-16730, B-19896, B-21626, C-04117,
      L-00973, L-03805, L-09500, L-09677,
      L-10567, L-19059, L-22466
SMOKEMETERS  A-05718, A-10418,
      C-02391, L-09500
SMOKES  A-00712, A-02334, A-02414,
      A-05005, A-05465, A-05718, A-05815,
      A-06086, A-07206, A-07561, A-07804,
      A-08090, A-08373, A-08583, A-09785,
      A-10424, A-14367, A-17462, A-17552,
      A-19052, A-20276, A-20646, A-22130,
      A-22642, A-22860, A-23313, B-00107,
      B-00183, B-00246, B-00288, B-00975,
      B-02153, B-02232, B-05852, B-05874,
      B-07426, B-08837, B-09789, B-09823,
      B-09826, B-14365, B-14967, B-16137,
      B-20730, B-21058, B-21435, B-21626,
      B-22821, B-22822, B-23008, B-23262,
      B-23836, B-25511, B-25570, B-25706,
      C-02391, C-04117, C-20808, D-03454,
      H-09275, K-14366, K-17201, L-00973,
      L-03805, L-06961, L-07202, L-07522,
      L-09677, L-09916, L-10567, L-16343,
      L-20133, N-01531, N-22326
SOAP MANUFACTURING B-09784
SOCIAL ATTITUDES M-06085
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS  B-12664,
      B-14613, L-23765, M-24009
SODIUM COMPOUNDS   B-01947, B-04838,
      B-16749
SOILING  N-00164
SOILING INDEX   B-00975, C-24412,
      L-25688
SOILS  A-05492
SOLAR RADIATION  G-23293
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-00673,
      A-00712, A-00972, A-01788, A-02009,
      A-02334, A-02414, A-02773, A-03155,
      A-03868, A-03870, A-05005, A-05465,
      A-05492, A-05493, A-05494, A-05495,
      A-05497, A-05651, A-05877, A-05878,
      A-05969, A-06086, A-06852, A-06937,
      A-07206, A-07561, A-07659, A-07804,
      A-08090, A-08373, A-08577, A-08583,
      A-08816, A-08850, A-09026, A-09158,
      A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09785,
      A-10038, A-10418, A-10433, A-10675,
      A-10678, A-11411, A-11412, A-11413,
      A-11427, A-11428, A-11429, A-11430,
      A-11431, A-11432, A-11438, A-11439,
      A-11440, A-11447, A-11448, A-11449,
      A-11450, A-11461, A-11636, A-11637,
      A-11638, A-11640, A-11647, A-11649,
      A-11651, A-11655, A-11657, A-11666,
      A-11934, A-11939, A-11940, A-11961,
      A-11968, A-11971, A-11972, A-13622,
      A-14367, A-14442, A-14923, A-17243,
      A-17462, A-17552, A-17604, A-18009,
      A-18173, A-19052, A-21492, A-22860,
      A-23025, A-23313, A-23314, A-24013,
      A-25220, A-25549, A-25862, A-26204,
     B-00288, B-00582, B-00975, B-01437,
     B-01935, B-01937, B-01938, B-01943,
     B-01944, B-01945, B-01946, B-01947,
     B-02027, B-02153, B-02232, B-02388,
     B-02389, B-02390, B-02394, B-02397,
     B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
     B-02738, B-02741, B-03229, B-04843,
     B-05498, B-05569, B-05570, B-05852,
     B-05874, B-06084, B-06096, B-06315,
     B-06588, B-07769, B-07973, B-08632,
     B-08727, B-09784, B-09823, B-09826,
     B-10009, B-10694, B-11652, B-11658,
     B-11792, B-12080, B-14061, B-14364,
     B-14369, B-14522, B-14524, B-14612,
     B-14613, B-16536, B-16730, B-16749,
     B-16751, B-17275, B-17403, B-19597,
     B-19941, B-20730, B-21626, B-22808,
     B-23008, B-23836, B-24954, B-25977,
     C-02391, C-11088, D-02395, D-02833,
     D-03454, F-01798, F-09284, G-01941,
     H-09275,1-12055, J-01294, J-02392,
     J-03006, J-11857, L-00973, L-01948,
     L-02393, L-03805, L-05496, L-07522,
     L-07879, L-09500, L-09677, L-09916,
     L-10454, L-10491, L-11095, L-20133,
     L-23126, L-23765, N-00164, N-01531
SOLIDS  A-00673, A-03155, C-23437,
     F-13618
SOLVENTS  A-09785, B-00107, B-09784,
     C-21663, L-08826, L-09677, L-09916
SOOT  A-02009, A-03155, A-08373,
     A-10424, A-22130, A-22642, A-22860,
     A-25549, A-26204, B-02153, B-06315,
     B-21058, B-26063, C-23437, L-06741,
     L-07202
SOOT FALL  D-03454
SOURCE SAMPLING  A-08583, A-24582,
     B-00968, B-00975, B-01947, B-02232,
     B-19550, B-19896, C-02260, C-04117,
     C-06095, C-07077, C-11088, C-15533,
     C-19580, L-02393
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
     PRODUCTS)  A-22540, A-23815,
     A-26204, B-08837, B-18252
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES  A-00673,
     A-05005, A-09686, B-15544, D-00149,
     L-08976, N-00164
SPARK TIMING  B-20294
SPECTROMETRY  A-00027, A-01788,
     A-05005, A-08373, A-21991, B-02232,
     D-03454, D-22812, F-01798
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY  A-00027,
     A-01788, B-00968, B-12655, C-21663,
     D-22812, F-01798
SPORES  A-20517
SPOT TESTS  A-08373
SPRAY TOWERS  A-05005, A-05495,
     A-23815, B-06315, B-08632, B-18252,
     B-25511, L-10491
ST LOUIS  A-03870,  B-00968, B-01064,
     B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01944,
     B-02232, B-02394, B-02397, L-09677
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC)  A-09785,
     A-10424, A-10678, A-14972, B-00975,
     L-08976, M-24009
STACK GASES  A-01788, A-05651,
     A-05718, A-06086, A-07206, A-07561,
     A-08583, A-09663, A-09671, A-09686,
     A-10418, A-10433, A-11411, A-11412,
      A-11413, A-11427, A-11428, A-11429,
      A-11430, A-11431, A-11432, A-11438,
      A-11439, A-11461, A-11636, A-11638,
      A-18173, A-21952, A-22860, A-24421,
      A-25862, A-26204, B-00183, B-01437,
      B-01935, B-01937, B-01947, B-02153,
      B-02186, B-02232, B-02387, B-02390,

-------
94

      B-02398, B-03229, B-06084, B-060%,
      B-06315, B-08632, B-08837, B-09784,
      B-09823, B-09824, B-09826, B-10009,
      B-13133, B-14369, B-14613, B-17403,
      B-19597, B-19896, B-21058, B-21626,
      B-22296, B-23836, B-23856, B-24465,
      B-26063, C-02260, C-02391, C-04117,
      C-05834, C-06095, C-08257, C-14368,
      C-15533, C-24412, D-02395, D-22812,
      H-09275, 1-19325, J-02392, K-14366,
      L-07522, L-09677, L-10567, L-16343,
      L-22466
STACK SAMPLING  A-08583, B-00968,
      B-00975, B-01947, B-02232, B-19550,
      B-19896, C-02260, C-04117, C-06095,
      C-07077, C-11088, C-15533, C-19580,
      L-02393
STACKS  A-02334, A-03868, A-07804,
      A-10678, A-11413, A-14442, A-17462,
      A-22130, A-22860, A-24421, A-25862,
      B-00183, B-00968, B-01938, B-02397,
      B-02398, B-04838, B-07426, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-09826, B-12651, B-16730,
      B-16751, B-19896, B-20078, B-25511,
      C-02260, C-02369, C-07077, C-20808,
      K-07595, K-22389, L-02393, L-08976,
      L-09500, L-11095, L-20133
STANDARDS  A-01788, A-05718, A-07804,
      A-08583, A-10675, A-11461, A-11638,
      A-11649, A-12441, A-16514, A-19052,
      A-21882, A-22862, A-25549, B-00288,
      B-00975, B-01939, B-01942, B-02153,
      B-02389, B-02390, B-02396, B-02400,
      B-02401, B-08632, B-14364, B-14365,
      B-14369, B-16751, B-21626, C-04117,
      C-08675, D-02395, J-01294, K-12118,
      K-14366, K-17201, K-22375, K-22389,
      L-00973, L-02393, L-03805, L-06961,
      L-07202, L-08826, L-09500, L-09677,
      L-09916, L-10491, L-10567, L-11095,
      L-19059, L-20861, L-22466, L-23126,
      L-25480, L-25688, M-24009, N-01531
STATE GOVERNMENTS  A-23313,
      A-23314, B-00975, B-07973, L-01948,
      L-03805, L-06961, L-09514, L-09677,
      L-09916, L-12511, L-18108, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-24009
STATISTICAL ANALYSES  J-11857
STEAM  A-01788, A-05492, A-05493,
      A-09663, A-11428, A-23025, B-01935,
      B-14613, B-21058, B-25706, C-20808
STEAM PLANTS  A-05160, A-05494,
      A-06937, A-07206, A-07963, A-09663,
      A-09785, A-10038, A-10424, A-11411,
      A-11413, A-11640, A-11655, A-11803,
      A-11968, B-02397, B-09784, B-09789,
      B-10009, B-10694, C-06095, J-11114,
      L-18108, L-23765, N-00164, N-22326
STEEL  A-00972, A-05005, A-09686,
      A-16869, B-08837, B-09789, B-09824,
      B-09826, 1-24187, L-00973, L-22466
STONE  A-05492, A-09686
STREETS  L-08976, L-09514
SUBLIMATION  F-01798
SULFATES  A-09785, 1-14737
SULFIDES  A-05815, A-09785, B-00975,
      B-02389, B-02390, B-02488, B-04838,
      B-07921, D-22812, 1-12055
SULFUR COMPOUNDS  A-05492,  A-05497,
      A-05815, A-09785, A-23313, A-23314,
      A-26204, B-00975, B-01947, B-02389,
      B-02390, B-02488, B-04838, B-07921,
      D-02395, D-22812, 1-12055, 1-14737,
      L-00973, L-09677, L-09916
SULFUR DIOXIDE  A-00673, A-00943,
      A-00972, A-02009, A-05492, A-07561,
 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS

      A-07963, A-08583, A-09026, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-10678, A-11438, A-11649,
      A-11803, A-19052, A-21952, A-24013,
      A-25220, B-00107, B-00975, B-02153,
      B-02390, B-04838, B-10694, B-14369,
      B-16730, B-18252, C-06095, C-17468,
      D-00149, D-03454, D-22812, G-23293,
      L-00973, L-07202, L-08976, L-09514,
      L-09677, L-18108, L-20861, L-25688,
      M-14805, N-22326
SULFUR OXIDES  A-00673, A-00943,
      A-00972, A-01788, A-02009, A-05492,
      A-05815, A-07561, A-07963, A-08583,
      A-09026, A-09686, A-09785, A-10678,
      A-11438, A-11649, A-11803, A-19052,
      A-20646, A-21952, A-22862, A-24013,
      A-25220, B-00107, B-00975, B-01947,
      B-02153, B-02390, B-04838, B-08727,
      B-08837, B-09784, B-10694, B-14369,
      B-16730, B-16749, B-18252, B-23008,
      C-06095, C-17468, C-21663, D-00149,
      D-02833, D-03454, D-22812, G-01941,
      G-23293,1-12055, 1-19325, J-11114,
      L-00973, L-07202, L-08976, L-09500,
      L-09514, L-09677, L-11095, L-12511,
      L-18108, L-19059, L-20861, L-25480,
      L-25688, M-14805, N-22326
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL  A-18173,
      A-22540, A-23815, A-26204, B-00107,
      B-08727, B-08837, B-18252
SULFUR TRIOXIDE  A-00972, A-08583,
      A-09026, A-09686, A-09785, A-11438,
      A-11649, B-00107, B-01947, B-04838,
      B-08727, B-16730, B-16749, G-01941,
      1-12055
SULFURIC ACID  A-09676, A-09686,
      A-25549, B-09784, B-09789, B-16749,
      G-01941
SUPERSATURATION  B-14613
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
      A-09686, A-09785, A-22873, B-09784,
      L-08826
SURFACE COATINGS  A-09686, C-07077,
      D-03454
SURVEY METHODS   C-04117
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES  A-00712,
      A-00972, A-02009, A-02334, A-02414,
      A-05005, A-05465, A-05718, A-05815,
      A-06086, A-07206, A-07561, A-07804,
      A-08090, A-08373, A-08583, A-09158,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-10424, A-10433,
      A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
      A-11431, A-11432, A-11651, A-11934,
      A-11971, A-14367, A-14972, A-17462,
      A-17552, A-17604, A-19052, A-20153,
      A-20276, A-20646, A-20737, A-20759,
      A-22130, A-22642, A-22860, A-22862,
      A-23313, A-25220, A-25549, A-25862,
      B-00107, B-00183, B-00246, B-00288,
      B-00968, B-00975, B-01437, B-01935,
      B-01936, B-01937, B-01938, B-01940,
      B-01946, B-01947, B-02153, B-02232,
      B-02389, B-02399, B-02402, B-02738,
      B-04843, B-05852, B-05874, B-060%,
      B-06588, B-07426, B-07921, B-08632,
      B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
      B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10694,
      B-14364, B-14365, B-14967, B-16137,
      B-16730, B-18252, B-19550, B-19896,
      B-19987, B-20294, B-20730, B-21058,
      B-21435, B-21626, B-22821, B-22822,
      B-23008, B-23262, B-23542, B-23836,
      B-25511, B-25570, B-25706, C-02260,
      C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-15533,
      C-20808, C-24412, D-03454, H-09275,
      1-24187, K-14366, K-17201, L-00973,
      L-03805, L-06961, L-07202, L-07522,
      L-09500, L-09514, L-09677, L-09916,
      L-10567, L-16343, L-19059, L-20133,
      L-25688, N-01531, N-22326
SWEDEN  A-00027, A-00972, A-01788,
      A-03155, A-03870, A-07659, B-00183,
      B-00975, B-01935, B-01936, B-01947,
      B-02388, B-02389, B-02390, B-02394,
      B-02396, B-02397, B-02400, B-02401,
      B-02402, C-02369, C-23437, D-03454,
      F-01798, J-02392, L-02393, L-03805
TAR  A-09676
TAXATION A-09676
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES  L-08826
TEFLON  D-00149
TEMPERATURE  A-05465, A-05651,
      A-05878, A-07561, A-07804, A-08090,
      A-09026, A-09676, A-10433, A-10675,
      A-11427, A-11447, A-20276, A-20517,
      A-20646, A-22642, A-23584, A-23815,
      A-24241, A-24421, B-00968, B-01064,
      B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01944,
      B-02232, B-02394, B-02397, B-05852,
      B-06084, B-060%, B-06588, B-07921,
      B-09789, B-09823, B-13697, B-15201,
      B-20078, B-20773, B-23482, B-24465,
      B-25570, C-11088, F-13618, F-14370,
      1-12055, 1-14737,1-19325, L-08826
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-09785, A-10424, G-23293, L-09916,
      M-24009
TEMPERATURE SENSING
      INSTRUMENTS  A-10418
TENNESSEE  L-19059
TESTING FACILITIES A-10424, A-20906,
      A-23584, B-20078, C-01612
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING  A-09686
TEXTILES  A-05492, A-08850, A-18009,
      D-03454
THERMODYNAMICS  A-11972, A-16254,
      B-01935, B-023%, F-13618
THRESHOLDS  L-09916
TIN   B-09789
TIRES  A-09026, A-10424, B-10694
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
      B-01947
TOLUENES A-23584,  B-02389, F-01798,
      L-08826
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS  A-09785,
      D-02833
TOXICITY  A-17604, A-17610, A-20585,
      A-21991
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS   K-12118
TRAINS A-03154, A-09785, A-10424,
      A-25549, B-00975, B-07973, D-02833,
      N-00164
TRANSMISSOMETERS  A-10418
TRANSPORT  A-11450
TRANSPORTATION  A-00673, A-00972,
      A-03154, A-05005, A-05815, A-05969,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-10424, A-11803,
      A-20585, A-21991, A-22540, A-24013,
      A-25549, B-00975, B-07973, B-08837,
      B-10694, B-15544, B-20294, B-24954,
      C-21663, C-24412, D-00149, D-02833,
      D-03454, G-23167, G-23293, J-11857,
      L-08976, L-09514, L-0%77, L-09916
      L-19059, L-23765, N-00164
TRAPPING (SAMPLING)   A-05005, C-08675
TREATED FABRICS  B-08727
TREATMENT AND AIDS  G-23293, 1-24187
TRUCKS  A-05005, B-00975, D-00149,
      L-08976, L-19059, N-00164

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                                                  SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                                                       95
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
     A-10675, B-01064, B-04838


                  u

ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
     A-01788, A-05005, D-22812, F-01798
UNDERFIRE AIR  A-05969, A-06086,
     A-22642, A-22862, A-25220, B-01064,
     B-02232, B-05498, B-09823, B-09826,
     B-10009
UNITED STATES  A-00712, A-10424,
     A-11447, A-11638, B-00183, B-02399,
     B-06588, B-08632
URBAN AREAS  A-02009, A-02414,
     A-05815, A-07206, A-08577, A-08850,
     A-0%76, A-09785, A-10433, A-10675,
     A-11428, A-11439, A-11447, A-11448,
     A-11803, A-12441, A-14923, A-22540,
     A-22860, A-22862, B-00183, B-01945,
     B-03229, B-060%, B-09823, B-11658,
     B-15201, B-23542, D-00149, D-03454,
     D-22812, F-01798, J-03006, K-07595,
     L-07522, L-08976, L-09500, L-09514,
     L-09677, L-10567, L-11095, L-25480,
      L-25688
 URINALYSIS B-00975, D-03454, N-00164
 USSR  A-00712, B-08178
 VALLEYS  B-00975
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      G-23167, 1-12055
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS A-09663,
      B-14613, C-21663
VAPORS  A-01788, A-05492, A-05493,
      A-09663, A-11428, A-23025, B-01935,
      B-14613, B-21058, B-25706, C-20808
VEGETABLES  A-06086, A-08850
VEHICLES  A-00972, A-03154, A-05005,
      A-05815, A-09686, A-09785, A-10424,
      A-11803, A-21991, A-24013, A-25549,
      B-00975, B-07973, B-10694, C-21663,
      D-00149, D-02833, D-03454, G-23293,
      L-08976, L-09514, L-09916, L-19059,
      L-23765, N-00164
VENTILATION  B-01938, B-08837, B-23836
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-08632, B-19987,
      B-24089
VIRGINIA  A-05493
VISIBILITY  A-09785, B-00975, D-03454
VOLATILITY B-04843
VOLTAGE  B-09789, C-08257


                   w

WASHINGTON D C  L-09677
WATER  A-05465, A-05492, A-05497,
      A-05969, A-06086, A-09676,  A-14923,
      A-20276, A-23815, B-01935,  B-01947,
      B-06096, B-19896, B-20773,  C-20808
 WATER POLLUTION  A-07659, A-08850,
      A-18009, B-07769, B-14369,  K-14366,
     L-20133, L-23126, L-23765
WEATHER MODIFICATION  B-07973
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD  C-17468
WEST VIRGINIA  L-09677
WET CYCLONES  A-02773, A-11432,
     B-01940, B-02186, B-02738, B-02976,
     B-08727, B-14364, B-14365, B-26063,
     J-02392, K-14366
WETTING  B-21058
WIND ROSE  D-03454, L-08976
WINDS  A-09785, A-10678, A-23313,
     B-00975, D-03454, G-23293, L-08976,
     L-09514, L-25480, L-25688, M-24009,
     N-22326
WISCONSIN  B-00968, B-06096, J-03006,
     L-00973
WOOD  A-05465, A-05492, A-06086,
     A-06370, A-08850, A-09026, A-09676,
     A-11450, A-18009, B-05570, B-09784,
     B-09823, B-09824, B-25570
 X-RAYS 1-14737

                   Y

 YOKOHAMA  A-22130

                   z

 ZINC  A-09686, B-00107, B-09784, B-09789

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