I
I
Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
MUNICIPAL INCINERATION
A Bibliography with Abstracts
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-------
AP92
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
MUNCIPAL INCINERATION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
May 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
Stock Number 6603-0005
-------
The AP series of reports is issued by the Air Pollution Control Office to report the results
of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest in the field of air
pollution. Information reported in this series includes coverage of APCO intramural
activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local agencies,
research institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free
of charge to APCO staff members, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organ-
izations - as supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Air Pollution Control Office, Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 12055, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Others may obtain copies from the Government
Printing Office.
Air Pollution Control Office Publication AP-92
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN THIS SERIES
AP-92, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Municipal Incineration A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-93, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Nitric Acid Manufacturing A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-94, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-95, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Cement Manufacturing A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-96, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Electric Power Production A Bibliography with Abstracts
III
-------
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION vii
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 31
C. Measurement Methods 5-6
D. Air Quality Measurements 61
E. Atmospheric Interaction (None)
F. Basic Science and Technology 63
G. Effects - Human Health 64
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 65
I. Effects - Materials 66
J. Effects - Economic 67
K. Standards and Criteria 68
L. Legal and Administrative 70
M. Social Aspects 76
N. General 78
AUTHOR INDEX 79
SUBJECT INDEX 83
-------
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
MUNICIPAL INCINERATION-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
Municipal incineration contributes significantly to the overall air pollution level in the
United States. To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Informa-
tion Center (APTIC) of the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Air Pollution
Control Office, has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.
Approximately 320 abstracts have been selectively screened from the contents of APTIC's
information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in the table of
contents. The compilation is intended to be representative of available literature, and no
claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession
number. Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the latest acquisitions, cover
the most recent material.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office, Environmental Protection Agency, P. O.
Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Readers outside the Environ-
mental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of documents directly from libraries, pub-
lishers, or authors.
vii
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
00027
A. H. Rose, Jr., M. Com, R. R. Horsley, D. R. Allen, and P.
W. Kolp
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS OF INCINERATOR FIRING
PRACTICES AND COMBUSTION AIR DISTRIBUTION. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8(4):297-309, Feb.1959.
The relationships between incinerator design criteria and
resulting atmospheric contaminant discharges were in-
vestigated. Tests were made by burning a fuel of constant
composition in a prototype, multiple-chamber incinerator
under controlled conditions. Effects of variables were mea-
sured by analyzing the flue gases for solids, hydrocarbons, ox-
ides of nitrogen, and CO. The series of tests reported was
made to (1) provide information on the relative importance of
such variables as stoking and amount of fuel per charge in-
sofar as they affect the production of atmospheric pollutants,
and (2) evaluate the chosen levels of variables such as excess
combustion air, underfire and secondary air distribution, and
fuel charging rate. Production of particulates was highly de-
pendent on the amount of excess combustion air and the per-
centage of this air entering under the fuel bed. At the 50% ex-
cess air level, paniculate discharge increased when underfire
air was increased from 15% to 30% of the total combustion
air. This did not hold true for the 150% excess air level.
Reduction of hydrocarbons and CO appeared to be more de-
pendent on the level of excess combustion air available than
on its distribution between overfire, underfire, and secondary
air. These pollutants were produced under combustion with
50% excess air but not with 150% excess. Production of oxides
of nitrogen depended on the rate of fuel charging, the amount
of excess air, and the gas temperature in the ignition zone.
(Author)
00673
H.H. Hovey, A. Wisman, J.F. Cunnans
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AK CONTAMINANT EMISSION
TABLES FOR NONPROCCESS EMISSIONS J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc. VoL 16(7):362-366, July 1966. (Presented at the
58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Toron-
to, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper No. 65-17.)
In New York State, the calculation of air contaminant emis-
sions from a variety of sources is an essential part of com-
prehensive air pollution studies. The tables used to calculate
emissions were obtained from an extensive literature search
and modified to apply to New York State conditions. For ex-
ample, sulfur dioxide emission factors for coal were selected
to reflect the average sulfur content of the coal sold in New
York State. Since the literature contains a wide array of emis-
sion factors,
00712
M. Wolf J.W. Jacobi
REFUSE BURNING. (MULLVERBRENNUNG.) Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft (Duesseldorf) 18(4): 169-170, Apr. 1966.
This is an annotated bibliography on refuse burning. Fifty-
seven references cover technical problems and processes,
description of plants already built, new plants either being
built or planned and the current state of the art in other coun-
tries of Europe and the U.S.A. Subjects treated include
chlorine corrosion in refuse fires, waste burning with and
without heat utilization and combinations of composting and
burning. New plants in various cities in Germany with capaci-
ties of up to 360 tons per day are planned; one in Nurnberg
will produce 27-34 tons per hour of steam.
00943
F. Z. Rohrman and I. H. Ludwig
SOURCES OF SULFUR DIOXIDE POLLUTION. Chem. Eng.
Prog., 61(9):59-63, Sept. 1965. (Presented at the 55th National
Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical Engineers, Houston,
Tex., Feb. 7-11, 1965.)
Authors discuss the sources of sulfur pollution and depict their
results in charts (good analysis). The major areas covered are:
coal combustion; coke; generation of electricity; refinery
operations; ore smelters and roasters' sulfuric acid manufac-
ture; refuse incineration; and coal refuse banks.
00972
M. Mayer
A COMPDLATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FAC-
TORS FOR COMBUSTION PROCESSES, GASOLINE
EVAPORATION, AND SELECTED INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution, May 1965, 53 p.
The source emission factors presented in this report were
compiled primarily for use in conducting an air pollutant emis-
sion inventory. The compilation is the result of an extensive
literature survey and includes emission factors for the prin-
cipal combustion and industrial processes. Obviously, the best
emission factor to use for any specific source of air pollution
is that resulting from source tests of the specific source. Un-
fortunately, many urban areas are not equipped to conduct the
numerous and expensive stack testing studies needed for an
emission inventory. The purpose of this compilation of emis-
sion factors is to provide the best available substitute to air
pollution control agencies unable to conduct extensive source
test programs. In certain cases, particularly in the combustion
and refuse disposal areas, a single number is presented for the
emission factor for a specific pollutant. It should be un-
derstood that the number is usually a weighted average of
several different values found in the listed references. The
compilation of source emission factors presented is, in our
judgment, the most accurate currently available. As new
technical advances are made, however, and additional emis-
sion data become available in the literature, the present com-
pilation should be revised to reflect the newer data and
developments.
-------
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
01788
R.P. Hangebrauck, D.J. Von Lehmden, I.E. Meeker
EMISSIONS OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS AND
POLLUTANTS FROM HEAT-GENERATION AND IN-
CINERATION PROCESSES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.
14, (7) 267-78, July 1964. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 11,
1963.)
This paper presents emission data from a series of tests, for
which the sources tested included typical combustion
processes involving the burning of conventional fuels (coal,
oil, and gas) and of certain commercial and municipal solid
wastes. In addition to obtaining over-all emission data from
different sizes and types of combustion units, a primary objec-
tive of the study was to establish the relative importance of
various combustion processes as contributors of
benzo(a)pyrene (3,4 benzpyrene) and other polynuclear
hydrocarbons with demonstrated or potential carcinogenic pro-
perties. The other pollutants measured included paniculate
matter, carbon monoxide, total gaseous hydrocarbons, oxides
of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, and formaldehyde. Two catego-
ries of c/mbustion sources were tested. Those burning conven-
tional fuels were designated as heat-generation processes, and
those burning waste materials were classed as incineration
processes. Design and operation data for the units studied are
given in tables.
02009
N.S. Iversen
DISTRICT HEATING AND INCINERATION IN A DANISH
TOWN; THEIR ROLE IN REDUCING Am POLLUTION.
Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper
HI/11), pp. 71-2.
Between 350 and 400 Danish towns are district heated. The
towns in question have a population of between 1 1/2-2 million
people. In the district heated towns the SO2 contents in the air
has been reduced by approximately 50 per cent, and the
amount of soot and ash pumped into the air has also been
reduced by approximately 50 per cent. This is of course com-
pared to a town community without district heating. Beside the
advantages of clean air the district heated towns are supplied
with cheap and abundant heat. (Author abstract)
02334
APARTMENT HOUSE INCINERATORS (FLUE-FED). Na-
tional Academy of Sciences-National Research Council,
Washington, D.C., Building Research Advisory Board 44,
1965. (Publication No. 1280) (Rept. No. 29 to the Federal
Housing Administration).
This report deals primarily with flue-fed incinerators, how-
ever, the performance levels and test methods recommended
are applicable to any apartment house incinerator. Detailed
design criteria such as combustion chamber geometry, material
usage, and accessories were not part of the study. Per-
formance levels and test methods are presented, to permit
selection of flue-fed incinerators in a manner that takes into
account present air pollution problems.
02414
T.E. Kreichelt
Am POLLUTION ASPECTS OF TEPEE BURNERS USED
FOR DISPOSAL OF MUNICffAL REFUSE. Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. (999-AP-28.)
Sept. 1966. 39 pp.
This report covers an evaluation study of air pollution emis-
sions based upon an extensive literature search and field trips
to 15 tepee burners in six states. Smoke as a function of com-
position and rate of charge was observed, and the effect of
burner charging methods, construction, and operational
procedures on smoke emissions recorded. None of the tepee
incinerators observed in operation meet normal visible emis-
sion limitations of air pollution control ordinances of most mu-
nicipalities. Nuisance problems from fly-ash fallout can be ex-
pected within distances of up to 1,290 feet downwind from an
operating tepee. (Author abstract)
02773
E.M. Voelker
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIAL AND
HOUSEHOLD INCINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollu-
tion, 3rd, Washington, D.C., 1966. pp. 332-8.
A properly proportioned multiple chamber incinerator can with
reasonably good operating and maintenance care be operated
without creating a muisance. Air pollution codes should not be
made so restrictive as to make 'on-the-site' incineration
uneconomical for the owner, because incineration offers much
more to a community or area than a solution to only one phase
of the refuse disposal problem. However, much work remains
to be done in the control of particulate matter (fly ash and
dust) from incinerators and in determining how to properly
and accurately measure these emissions. It is recommended
that the nomenclature and permissible performance criteria be
expressed in uniform terms acceptable to all controlling
authorities.
03154
N. E. Flynn and W. R. Grouse
REPORT ON NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE BAY AREA AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT. Preprint. 1964.
Total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in the Bay Area Air
Pollution Control District for 1963 are estimated at 515
tons/day. A summation of emissions of oxides of nitrogen by
general source categories is presented. Transportation at 323
tons/day is the major source category of nitrogen oxides emis-
sions and accounts for 63% of all oxides of nitrogen emissions
for the Bay Area. Combustion operations at 150 tons/day are
the second largest source category and contribute 29% of the
nitrogen oxides emissions. Emissions from small, medium, and
large stationary sources with incinerations, agriculture, and
transpotation sources grouped separately, are presented.
(Author summary modified)
03155
J. I. Frankel
INCINERATION OF PROCESS WASTES. Chem. Eng.
73(18):91-96, Aug. 29, 1966.
Wastes are disposed of in furnaces, rotary kilns, fluidized
beds and other types of incinerators, depending on whether
their form is solid, liquid, gaseous or slurry. How these in-
cinerators work is described and their advantages are
discussed. (Author abstract)
03868
W. Fichtner, K. G. Maurer, H. Muller
THE STUTTGART REFUSE INCINERATION PLANT-
LAYOUT AND OPERATION EXPERIENCE Preprint'
absented at the Winter Annual Meeting and Energy Systems
Mechanical
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
After almost three years of construction the Stuttgart refuse
incineration plant was placed in operation on June 2, 1965.
This plant was incorporated into the existing Power Plant
Munster of the Technische Werke of the City of Stuttgart. The
Plant was erected by the Technische Werke, for which the
authors' company had been retained as Consulting Engineers.
This firm prepared the plans in cooperation with the Planning
Department of the Technische Werke Stuttgart. The heat
generated by the incineration of refuse is utilized for steam
production by boilers having 220,000/275,000 Ib per hr capacity
with combined oil/refuse firing system. The size of the boilers
was governed by the requirements of the district heating
system which is part of the Power Plant Munster. The purpose
of this paper is to report the operating results so far ex-
perienced and to describe the mechanical design features of
the plant. (Author abstract)
03870
C. A. Hescheles
INDUSTRIAL WASTE ANALYSIS AND BOILER PER-
FORMANCE TEST BURNING WASTES. Preprint. (Presented
at the Winter Annual Meeting and Energy Systems Exposition,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City,
Nov. 27-Dec. 1,1966.)
"Detailed analyses are presented of industrical process wastes
from the normal manufacturing process in the rubber goods in-
dustry. Test results are presented from a boiler burning indus-
trial process wastes, manually batch fed to a reciprocating
stoker. The boiler is equipped with a water cooled furnace
specially designed for high furnace temperatures. (Author ab-
stract modified)
05005
R. P. Hangebrauck, D. J. von Lehmden, and J. E. Meeker
SOURCES OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control. (PHS Publ. No. 999-
AP-33.) 1967. 48 pp.
Rates of emissions of polynuclear hydrocarbons were mea-
sured at several sources considered likely to produce such
emissions. The sources included heat generation by com-
bustion of coal, oil, and gas; refuse burning; industrial
processes; and motor vehicles. The annual emissions of
benzo(a)pyrene in the United States were estimated for each
of the sources surveyed, to provide a rough gauge of the im-
portance of each source. Small, inefficient residential coal-
fired furnaces appear to be a prime source of polynuclear
hydrocarbons; other sources may be of local importance.
Production of polynuclear hydrocarbons was generally as-
sociated with conditions of incomplete combustion. (Author
abstract)
05160
J. L. Mills, K. D. Leudtke, P. F. Woolrich, and L. B. Perry
EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONA-
RY SOURCES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY (REPORT 3: OX-
IDES OF NITROGEN EMITTED BY MEDIUM AND LARGE
SOURCES). Los aAngeles County Air Pollution Control Dis-
trict, Calif. (Apr. 1961). 61 pp.
The total weight of oxides of nitrogen discharged into the at-
mosphere each day in Los Angeles County from stationary
sources was determined. The sources are divided into medium
and large sources. Medium sources includes those emitting
five to one hundred Ibs. NOx per hr. and the large sources in-
cludes those emitting over 100 Ibs. per hr. The total emissions
of NOx from all medium sources amounts to 70 tons per day
during the winter and 54 tons per day during the summer. The
total emissions of NOx from all large sources amounts to 160
tons per day during the winter and 93 tons per day during the
summer.
05465
Weintraub, M., Orning, A., and Schwartz, C.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF INCINERATION IN A
CYLINDRICAL COMBUSTION CHAMBER.Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D.C. (Report of Investigations 6908.) 1967. 44 pp.
An incinerator utilizing the principle of tangential overfire air
in a single cylindrical combustion chamber is effective in the
destruction of combustible wastes with the emission of clean
and innocuous gases. There was a correlation between the
burning rate, air rate, chamber diameter, and inlet port diame-
ter. In the combustion of moist refuse, the evaporation of the
water proceeded through the fuel bed as a wave, with an igni-
tion wave following the evaporation. Combustibles of high
moisture content burned in a refractory-lined chamber with
greater excess of air than drier combustibles burned in an un-
lined chamber of the same dimensions.
05492
E. R. Kaiser
COMPOSITION AND COMBUSTION OF REFUSE. Proc.
MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City,
1967. pp. 1-9
Three lots of 3/4 to 1 ton each of refuse from the pits of the
Oceanside (Long Island, N.Y.) Refuse Disposal Plant were
sorted by components. The findings are tabulated. Chemical
analyses, heating values, combustion air, physical features,
and combustion products are covered. Incineration of mu-
nicipal refust reduces the weight of refuse by 75 to 80%, and
the volume of land space required by 90 to 93%. The gaseous
products of combustion are natural constituents of the at-
mosphere. The sulfur dioxide emission is low because of the
low sulfur content of refuse and the conversion of most of the
sulfur to sulfates by the alkaline ash. The control of particu-
late matter to acceptable limits can be accomplished with
known means. Because of the large tonnages available, the
negative cost of refuse, the calorific values, and low sulfur
dioxide emission, refuse should be considered as a suitable
fuel for power generation.
05493
H. C. Moore
REFUSE FIRED STEAM GENERATOR AT NAVY BASE,
NORFOLK, VA. Proc. MECAR Symp. Incineration of Solid
Wastes, New York City, 1967. pp. 10-21.
The utilization of waste heat from municipal incinerators has
been an important consideration in the minds of economy-
minded engineers for some years. Earlier, batch feed installa-
tions with waste heat boilers have produced from 1 to 2 Ib. of
steam maximum per pound of refuse. Recent improvements in
furnace design, continuous feeding of refuse and removal of
residue have resulted in more constant furnace temperatures
which should result in more efficient steam production. It
must be realized that not all municipal installations economi-
cally justify maximum steam production, especially smaller
plants and many larger plants not operating 24 hr a day. Many
plants have no market for steam. This design is an attempt to
obtain the maximum steam production from waste heat by ap-
plying to a refuse burning plant some modern design features
that are new in this application. Calculations indicate that it is
logical to expect at least 50% greater steam production than in
-------
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
earlier installations in this country. It is reasonable to expect
that the experience with design will lead to still further ad-
vances in the design and operation of refuse incinerators with
maximum steam producing capability. Design considerations,
economic considerations, specification details, steam produc-
tion and the equipment and layout are considered.
05494
Stabenow, G.
NEW INCINERATOR AT MUNICH, WEST GERMANY.Proc.
Mecar Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City,
1967. pp. 22-33.
The City of Munich utilizes the heat from burning refuse to
generate electric power in a most modern power generating
station. The power generation in this plant was started in 1964,
and the incinerator plant and the experience gained from its
operation during the past 2 1/2 years, is described. The
imagination of the engineers and designers for the City of Mu-
nich have shown a lot of foresight as well as pioneering spirit
to embark on such a remarkable venture to solve the City's
refuse problem. It sounds unbelievable, but the energy of the
refuse picked up from your home on Friday may come back to
light the lamps of your home the following day. There is no
reason why the same energy utilization cannot be applied in
this country, especially as we have considerably greater quan-
tities of refuse available with even higher heating values than
presently found in Europe. Paris has just embarked on con-
struction of their new Ivry II power plant where 2640 tons of
refuse per day will be burned on two Martin grates at an
hourly rate of 55 tons per incinerator grate. These units will be
the largest of their type in the world. The Martin Grate, the
stream generator, and the plant designs for Phases I, II, and
HI are described. Operating costs for Phases I and n are ap-
pended.
05495
L. S. Wegman
AN INCINERATOR WITH REFRACTORY FURNACES AND
ADVANCED STACK GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS. Proc.
MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City,
1967. pp. 34-42.
The Town of North Hempstead's incinerator has more equip-
ment in it to remove the polluting material from the stack
gases than any other plant known, and it has space to receive
more if the Town wishes to install it. The plant contains three
furnaces, constructed by Morse Boulger and rated at 200 tons
per 24 hours each. Two have Flynn & Emrich Constant Flo
stokers and one has an Illinois stoker. The latter is particularly
good for burning large items such as sofas, for it cna be
operated dependably at extremely slow speeds, and these
items are usually fed into this furnace. But in general, all three
furnaces burn the same material. Each of the two receiving
bins and unloading areas can accommodate six trucks simul-
taneously, and the total water level bin capacity exceeds 200%
of the plant capacity. Two P & H cranes, rated at 3 1/2 tons
and equipped with 2 1/2 yard Blaw Knox grapples, transfer
refuse from the bins to the furnace loading chutes. Either
crane can service both bins. Basic design data for each fur-
nace follows: Effective grate area~267 sq. ft. or 62.4 Ibs per
hour per sp. ft. of grate. Heat release- 306,000 Btu per sq. ft.
per hr; Furnace volume-5,300 cu ft. measured from the grate
surface to underside of the roof refractory, or 26.5 cu ft. per
ton of rated capacity; Unit flue and secondary combustion
area between the furnace and settling chamber-3,200 cu ft,
and Settling and expansion chamber with set bottom7,200 cu
ft. After leaving the settling and expansion chamber the gases
pass through a spray chamber, air cooling chamber, cyclones,
induced draft fan and a large flue before reaching the stack.
The stack extends 265 ft. into the air to help the effluent gases
pierce the prevailing meteorological ceiling for dispersion and
atmospheric dilution. For practical reasons, the control loops
were color-coded. The first three control furnace operation
while the last three coordinate the functions of the various air
pollution control systems as follows: The instrumentation, fail-
safe damper, furnace wall construction, and the two water
systems are described.
05497
Hescheles, C. A.
BURNING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.Proc. Mecar Symp., In-
cineration of SolidWastes, New York City, 1967. pp. 60-74.
Furnace selection and design, the necessity of an adequate
survey and waste analysis, waste heat recovery, and a central
facility to bum all solid and liquid wastes are reviewed. A
summary of industrial waste analysis in the rubber industry is
tabulated.
05520
R. E. Williams
INCINERATION PRACTICE AND DESIGN STANDARDS.
Proc. Clean Air Conf., Univ. New South Wales, 1962, Paper
27, Vol. 2, 26 p.
A discussion of the practice and design standards required for
efficient incineration of domestic refuse is presented. It is
agreed by combustion engineering furnace design authorities
that multiple chamber incineration combines the best means of
disposing of combustible refuse at the source with a minimum
emission of air contaminants. Furnace manufacturers have
found that construction of multiple chamber incinerators of
designs that comply with air pollution control regulations is
only slightly more difficult or expensive "that equivalent con-
struction of industrial incinerators of earlier design. (Author
conclusions modified)
05651
A LOW FLUE TEMPERATURE INCINERATOR.Ain. Gas As-
soc. Monthly 49 (3), 18-9 (Mar. 1967.)
Methods for achieving low flue gas temperatures with contem-
porary domestic gas-fired incinerators to provide for their in-
stallation in dwellings not equipped with a chimney are
reviewed. These methods include the use of power venting, or
an added-on water spray device installed in the flue.
05718
Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Center for Air
Pollution Control
SPECnaCATIONS FOR INCINERATOR TESTING AT
FEDERAL FACDLmES.((34))p., Oct. 1967. 3 refs.
Test procedures are recommended for use in determining
whether an incinerator meets the air pollution emission stan-
dards of the Federal Code as detailed herein. These test
procedures are applicable to the following types of incinera-
tors: (1) Multiple chamber incinerators burning less than 2,000
pounds per hour of general refuse; (2) Multiple chamber in-
cinerators burning pathological waste; and (3) Single-chamber
incinerators, except flue or chute fed incinerators, burning
either general refuse or pathological waste. The procedures
may be used where scrubbers or afterburners are employed
To minimize the effects of type of waste, charging, and stok-
ing processes, standard procedures have been adopted Test
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
methods were incorporated in these procedures. Equivalent
test procedures or equipment may be used for purposes of
determining compliance, provided that they are approved by
the Federal Facilities Section, Abatement Program, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Washington, D. C.
05815
C. G. Segeler
THE GAS INDUSTRY AND ITS CONTMBUTION TO ADI
POLLUTION CONTROL. Preprint. (Presented at the 54th An-
nual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, New York
City, June 11-15, 1961.)
Two facts are demonstrated here: first that the use of natural
gas produced negligible air pollution if any; and second that
natural gas is available under such economic conditions that its
use will expand. Beginning with the first fact, the constituents
of natural gas are discussed. A trace constituent of primary
concern in utility delivered gas (97% natural gas) is sulfur
which is the result of an odorant added for the detection of
gas. Sulfur is present at a concentration of approximately six
parts per million. Total sulfur in the combustion products of a
million Ibs. of natural gas amounts to only 37 Ibs. The forma-
tion of NO at high flame temperatures and its subsequent ox-
idation to NO2 at lower temperatures is not an intrinsic fuel
property but is influenced by the conditions of combustion.
Values for residential, industrial and commercial production of
nitrogen oxides by combustion of natural gas are given, based
on utility company gas distribution. Information on emission
of nitrogen oxides vehicles is given as a frame of reference.
Application of laboratory investigations of emissions from
equipment and their interpretation are discussed. A proposed
plan for improving industrial safety using group organization
with annual inventories and reports is discussed. The following
specialized application of gas in air pollution control are
discussed: (1) domestic incineration, (2) destroilet, (3) flue fed
apartment incinerators, (4) industrial boiler plants, and (5)
commercial and industrial incinerators. Application in smoke
control by reclaiming operations, research on an appliance for
consuming kitchen grease vapors; and catalytic fume oxidation
systems are discussed. As for the availability of natural gas, a
brief survey of its consumption and reserve statistics is
presented.
05877
R. Goder
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON INCINERATION ON REFUSE. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (7), 334-8 (July 1962).
A bibliography on incineration of refuse presents 276
references.
05878
R. Tanner
THE NEW REFUSE INCINERATOR OF L. VON ROLL A.-G.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (6), 285-90 (June 1962)
The first and most important requirement is hygiene, the
second is economy. Repairs and maintenance with respect to
plant efficiency are of greater importance than in the conven-
tional power plant. One must realize that in incinerator plants
to effect pronounced waste heat utilization, the ideal solution
cannot simply be taken from the design of modern steam
generating plants. It is not advisable to use induced draft for
incineration plants as no fan can stand up for nay length of
time under the dust laden and corrosive flue gases. Natural
draft, on the ohter hand, requires a high chimney that must be
lined for the relatively high gas temperatures. Also, a boiler
should be used that offers the least possible resistance to the
gas flow. For this reason, economizers are not appropriate.
The entire heating surface must be located in the boiler which,
therefore, becomes very large and can only be exerted with
moderation. There is no necessity of providing a highly effi-
cient boiler. To the contrary, the simpliest, cheapest boiler is
the best in this case This applies also to the steam situation as
the omission of an economizer and the comparatively low flue
gas entrance temperature are the limiting factors here. The
flue gas temperature is limited by the heating value of the
refuse and the melting point of the ashes and cannot be in-
creased much over 1000 C (1832F). Therefore, it seems the
construction of a waste heat boiler for a pressure of about 40
Btu (587.84 Ib/sq in.), and a temperature of 400 C (752 F)
would be the limit of an economical recommendation. Closer
examination namely shows that a further raising of pressure
and temperature of the steam does not offer any more ad-
vantages in a given case. Cleaning the flue gases is of prime
importance. Cyclones and electrostatic filters are provided,
therefore. A nuisance caused by dust in the neighborhood is
thereby avoided.
05969
B. Beorse, P. Kurtz, J. Mizushima, R. D. Chipman, and A. F.
Bush
INCINERATION STUDIES: A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL ASPECTS OF REFUSE INCINERATION. (In: First
report of air pollution studies.) ((California Univ., Los An-
geles, Dept. of Engineering,)) (Rept. No. 55-27.) (July 1955). 68
pp.
In the field, tests have been made on existing equipment. In
the laboratory, model incinerators and fundamental com-
bustion principles have been investigated. In the library and
office, reaction rates and analytical computations of design
parameters have been studied, and plans for a pilot plant test
facility have been developed. An investigation of particulate
material discharged from incinerators and other combustion
processes such as automotive engines, oil burning steam
boiler, natural gas burner, etc., have been carried on in an ef-
fort to evaluate their emissions to the air on a particle count
and size frequency basis. The results to date indicate that
there are similarities between municipal, household and labora-
tory burning operations which gives some assurance that the
information obtained from laboratory tests will be applicable
to large scale units, and should aid in the study of possible
ways to improve incinerators. The application of reaction rate
equations to certain chemical reactions which take place in
burning refuse will aid in determinations of combustion
chamber size and in general will be a valuable aid to design. A
method of smoke measurement using an electron microscope
has been employed. No direct correlations are apparent
between these measurements and the usual measurements for
smoke opacity and weight of flyash. However, on a 'clear' day
the concentration is about 0.06 x 10 to the 9th power parti-
cles/cu ft., while on a 'smoggy' day the concentration is about
0.70 x 10 to the 9th power particles/cu ft. From preliminary
studies of particle counts on various types of fuel burning
operations it has been shown that some fuels produce greater
quantities of particulate material than others. The calculated
numbers of particles released from all types of fuel burned in
Los Angeles County can account for the difference in particu-
late count measured on a 'clear' day and a 'smoggy' day.
-------
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
06086
R. L. Stenburg, R. R. Horsley, R. A. Henick, A. H. Rose, Jr.
EFFECTS OF DESIGN AND FUEL MOISTURE ON IN-
CINERATOR EFFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10
(2), 114u20 (Apr. 1960). (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June
21-26, 1959.)
Tests were made to determine the effects of fuel moisture
content on pollutant emissions from an experimental incinera-
tor of fixed dimensions while varying (1) the amount and dis-
tribution of combustion air, and (2) the burning rate as mea-
sured by the amount of fuel charged per hour. Overfire com-
bustion air was introduced into the front of the ignition
chamber at the grate level, and swept the surface of the burn-
ing fuel bed. Underfire air entered through the ash pit and
passed up through the fuel bed. Secondary air was introduced
through a duct built into the top of the bridge-wall and was
discharged through a series of ports opening into the top of
the mixing chamber. Dry components of the fuel include equal
parts, by weight, of newspaper and corrugated cardboard,
mixed in a ratio of three to one with wood chips. Chopped
potatoes were substituted for leafy vegetables as the wet com-
ponent because of their year-round availability. Five-pound
charges were prepared with the wet-to-dry components ad-
justed to provide a fuel with an average moisture content of
either 25 or 50%. Participate, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocar-
bons, carbon monoxide, and smoke were measured. Because
of the basic physical and chemical laws involved, factors
demonstrated by this study as affecting the increase or
decrease of air pollutants should be the same as those affect-
ing production of pollutants from larger scale incinerators.
06370
Richard W. Boubel, Kenneth R. Wise
AN EMISSION SAMPLING PROBE INSTALLED,
OPERATED, AND RETRIEVED FROM GROUND LEVEL. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(2):84-85, Feb. 1968. 3 refs.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-118.)
The 'Wigwam' type wood residue incinerator, similar to many
other sources, requires sampling at he point where the emis-
sions enter the atmosphere. Because the location of the emis-
sion point is hazardous and unpleasant for the operation of a
sampling probe, a portable, tilt-up column was developed
which permitted installation, operation and retrieval of the
sampling train from ground level. The sampling train
developed permitted determination of the size distribution and
wight of the participate emitted by this highly variable source.
Representative emission collections are presented and
discussed. (Authors' abstract)
06852
N. B. Hume
HISTORY OF EFFORTS AT INCINERATION IN THE LOS
ANGELES AREA. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 17 (5), 308-9
(May 1967).
The history of incineration in Los Angeles from 1943 to the
present is reviewed as representative of all southern California
areas. Today, of the more than a dozen municipal incinerators
in operation prior to 1960, there is only one in regular opera-
tion in the greater Los Angeles area.
06937
Bender, R. J.
INCINERATION PLANT - PLUS. Power, lll(l):62-64, Jan.
1967.
The world's largest incinerator of household refuse is
described. Located at Issy-les-Moulineaux, a suburb of Paris,
it operates 24 hours a day. Its normal capacity is 400,000 tons
a year which can be pushed to 1/2 million, nearly 57 tons an
hour. The heat is used to generate steam at a pressure of 928
psi and a temperature of 770 F. In winter it is used for city
heating at a pressure of 290 psi. In summer it generates 15,000
kw of electricity in addition to the 9000 kw generated all year
round. Air pollution is practically nil because of the efficient
operation of the electrostatic precipitators. The inlet to the pri-
mary air fans is designed to draw air from above the silos to
remove any dust or odor caused by the discharging trucks on
the platform.
07206T
Brancato, Biagio
THE INCINERATION OF URBAN SOLID REFUSE IN THE
MILAN PLANT. ((Incenerimento dei rifiuti solidi urbani nell-
'impianto di Milano.)) Fumi Polveri (Milan), 7(4):70-78, April
1967. 8 refs.
The plant consists of a pit where refuse is placed, a bridging
van to feed the furnace, a furnace, heaters, filters, a chimney,
water purifiers, a central station for electricity, and heat
exchangers. The composition of solid refuse varies according
to locale. The elementary composition of the Milanese refuse
is C-56%, H2-5%, O2-36%, and N2-3%. The Milan plant burns
up to 600 tons/day, and the heat produced is harnessed to
produce electrical energy by means of a 9200 kVA generator.
The hot vapor products could be used for industrial heating.
The smoke particles are removed by the use of suitable elec-
trostatic precipitators. The water is purified in a cement basin
under the cooling system, flocculation apparatus in this basin
purifies the water by means of chemical reagents. The cost of
the plant is 5.8 million Italian lire per day. The cost per ton is
between 1460 and 1340 lire which is less than the 1550 lire it
costs to operate other plants.
07561
Kaiser, E. R., J. Halitsky, M. B. Jacobs, and L. C. McCabe
PERFORMANCE OF A FLUE-FED INCINERATOR. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 9(2):85-91, Aug. 1959. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., May 25-28, 1958.)
A limited survey of representative modes of operation and
results of one flue-fed incinerator is reported. The tests were
conducted to serve as a basis for comparison with fruture tests
on identical incinerators with modifications to improve com-
bustion and reduce air pollution. The incinerated refuse from a
128-apartment building was approximately 430 Ib. a day. The
flue-fed incinerator reduced the apartment refuse to about 37%
of its original weight and to about 10% of its original volume.
The bulk density of the refuse averaged 4.1 Ib/cu ft. in the in-
cinerator. The residue had a bulk density of 15.4 Ib/cu ft. in
the ash cans. The residue averaged 64% metal and glass, 12%
ash, 16% combustible, and 8% moisture, excluding quench
water. The air normally supplied to the furnace was 10 to 20
times the theoretical air necessary for complete combustion.
The high excess air reduced the furnace temperatures and un-
doubtedly affected adversely the combustion of volatile matter
and emission of fly ash. The infiltration air entering the flue
through vents on the service doors and cracks averaged 35%
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
more than entered the furnace. Sealing the vents reduced the
infiltration air to the flue to 45% of the furnace air during the
period of fast burning. The peak furnace temperatures varied
from 970 to 1200 deg F. The emissions of paniculate matter to
the atmosphere via the flue gases ranged from 0.85 to 1.55% of
the refuse weight. The weights of particulate matter ranged
from 2.5 to 4.7 lb/1000 Ib of furnace gas corrected to 12%
CO2. The emission of eight noxious gases totaled 0.9 to 3.0
lb/100 Ib refuse. The presence of additional unhurried
hydrocarbons in the flue gases was confirmed by mass-spec-
trometer tests. The average odor concentrations ranged from
2.5 to 100 ASTM odor units. The incinerator had inherent fea-
tures of design and operation that caused high emissions of
particulate matter and unburned organic compounds. The
charging of refuse during burning could contribute to the
discharge of particulate matter. Suggested modifications to the
conventional incinerator include control of the furnace air
supply, better mixing of air and volatile products from the
burning refuse in a zone of high temperature, new furnace
designs to eliminate the necessity for hooking and raking the
refuse and residue, and residue removal with minimum air
flow.
07659
Balden, A. R.
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CONCENTRATED WASTE BY
INCINERATION. In: Proceedings of the 21st Industrial Waste
Conference May 3, 4, and 5, 1966, Part One, Lafayette, Ind.,
Purdue Univ., Jan. 1967, p. 581 -590. 2 refs.
The waste materials requiring ultimate disposal which are of
most general concern to an automotive corporation are: (1)
oily scum resulting from the tratment of wastewater from
machining plants; and (2) water base paints and acrylic enamel
waste solids from assembly plants. The procedures by which
pollutants are removed from liquid plant wastes are briefly
discussed. Experiments that were conducted to achieve ulti-
mate disposal of these concentrated waste materials are also
discussed. An installation which currently disposes of an oily
waste is described.
07804
Incinerator Inst. of America, New York, N. Y.
1.1. A. INCINERATOR STANDARDS.32p., May 1966.
A guide for satisfactory incinerator operation, mixtures of
waste waste most commonly encountered have been classified
into types of waste, together with the B.T.U. values and
moisture contents of the mixtures. A concentration of one
specific waste in the mixture may change the B.T.U. value
and/or the moisture content of the mixture. A concentration of
more than 10% by weight of catalogues, magazines, or
packaged paper will change the density of the mixture and af-
fect burning rates. Similarly, incinerators have been classified,
by their capacities and by the type of wastes they are capable
of incinerating. The Standard includes design and construction
requirements and lists the procedure used for capacity, smoke
density and fly-ash emission tests.
07963
Rohrman, F. A., B. J. Steigerwald, and J. H. Ludwig
POWER PLANT AND OTHER SULFUR DIOXIDE EMIS-
SIONS; 1940-2000. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Division of Air Pollution, ((13))p., ((1965)). 21 refs.
Major sources, potential sources, estimated annual emissions
and the effects of probable control efforts of Sulfur Dioxide to
the year 2000 are discussed. The major sources include power
plant operation (coal and oil); other combustion of coal; com-
bustion of petroleum products (excluding power plant oil;
wmelting of ores; petroleum refinery operation; coke
processing; sulfuric acid plants; coal refuse banks; and refuse
incineration). Annual emission of Sulfur Dioxide is 76.0 million
tons. To indicate a range of estimated future sulfur dioxide
emissions, two control schedules were selected for application
to the major sources of SO2 from the current year to the year
2000. Maximum SO2 emissions will probably occur between
1975 and 1985 for the range of control schemes postulated.
08090
Peskin, L. C.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN PIT INCINERATORS FOR
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL. Preprint, Thermal Research and
Engineering Corp., Conshohocken, Pa., ((9))p., 1966.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, San Fran-
cisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966.)
A discussion is presented of a newly developed incinerator for
the disposal of solid wastes. It is distinguished from conven-
tional types by its open top, and features a system of closely
spaced nozzles admitting a screen of high velocity air over the
burning zone. Results, with a variety of solid industrial wastes,
show high burning rates, leading to complete combustion and
high flame temperature. (Author's abstract)
08373
Baum, Fritz and Wolfgang Steinbach
WASTE INCINERATION IN SMALL UNITS.Staub (English
translation), 27(7):23-25, July 1967. 10 refs. CFSTI: TT 67-
51408/7
The incinerator investigated has a triple jacket combustion
chamber, and is heated up and charged with dry paper waste.
The CO and CO2 concentration was recorded by infrared gas
analyzers. During charging, CO concentration rose rapidly to
0.4-0.6 vol.% then dropped gradually. CO2 concentration rose
rapidly to 1.0 1.5 vol. percent, then dropped slowly. The CO
and CO2 concentrations were as a rule much lower than with
medium units. Measurements to determine the emission of
solids were performed with a Strohlein instrument at the chim-
ney end. The results yielded a solid concentration between 300
and 425 mg/ cu m. Large quantities of hydrocarbons were
deposited on the measuring filters apart from solids, which
gave an impression of a deceptively high dust emission. The
stong hydrocarbon development was confirmed by observa-
tions and measurements. For a long time white-gray clouds
were emitted from the chimney, causing noxious odors in the
vicinity.
08577
Setti, Bruno and Giuseppe Andreoni
REFUSE INCINERATORS OF MILAN AND THE AVAILA-
BILITY OF THEIR HEAT FOR HEATING URBAN QUAR-
TERS. ((L'impinto di incenerimento dei rifiuti di Milano e la
loro disponibilita di calore per reiscaldamento di urban!.)) Text
in Italian. Fumi Polveri (Milan), 7(6-7): 135- 147, June-July
1967. 2 refs.
The refuse incinerator plants of the city of Milan could be a-
dapted for use as a source of energy for heating. The
economic po tential is using heat from refuxe incineration is
discussed. A table shows the various components of refuse
(first by size.then listing paper,vegetables,organic
matter,etc.)with their percentages of the total, their percent
water and ash content, and the poten tial calories they would
produce. It is estimated that the 4 incinerators described burn
-------
8
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
2 million kg/day of rubbish and produce 2,000 megacalories
which could be converted into 280 million kw hrs, sufficient
for many public services (trains, illumination, water), or for
heating 35,000 buildings. Air pollution would be lessened by
the better utilization of energy.
08583
Schiemann, G.
RESULTS OF EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FROM COM-
MUNITY INCINERATORS. ((Ergebnisse von Emissionsmes-
sungen an Verbrennungsanlagen fuer Siedlungsabfaelle.)) Text
in German. Brennstoff-Waenne- Kraft (Berlin) 19(9):440-443,
Sept. 1968. 3 refs.
The dust and gas emissions of one large and 47 small and
medium incinerator plants in Duesseldorf and Cologne were
measured and compared. In 75% of the small and medium
plants which employed various control methods the smoke
plume was under the limiting value, while the dust discharge
exceeded the standard. These results showed that poor dust
control rather than the incineration itself was at fault. After
various alterations, the small and medium plants were able to
meet the dust emission stnadards. Dust emission in the smaller
and medium plants before alterations was 4 kg./hr. for 2.5
t./hr. of refuse, while a large incinerator plant equipped with a
roller grate and oil furnace, and electrostatic precipitators,
showed only 3.2 kg./hr. dust emission for 20 t./hr. of refuse.
The highest SO2 emission was 1.5 g./cu m, only traces fo SOS
were found, and the hydrochloric acid content of the stack gas
was 0.1-1.1 g./cu m. It was concluded that when- ever possi-
ble, the more economical and safer large incinerator plants
should be constructed.
08816
Rose, Gerhard
WILL TRASH REMOVAL BE A MARKETING FACTOR FOR
THE GLASS CONTAINER INDUSTRY AND PRODUCERS OF
OTHER PACKAGING MATERIAL? ((Wird die Abfall-
beseitigung zu einem Marktfaktor fur die Verpackungsglas- In-
dustrie und die HersteUer anderer Verpackungsmittel? Text in
German. Glastech. Ber., 40(ll):438-438, Nov. 1967.
While the removal of discarded glass containers presents a
pro- blem, it is not insurmountable, particularly if refuse
crushing plants and techniques are developed which will refuse
the silicon from waste glass. The substitution of plastic
packaging materials for glass has the disadvantage that during
incineration of poly vinyl-chloride-containing material, corro-
sive gases are evolved, which cause severe damage to the
boiler units of the incinerator plant. Furthermore, the emission
of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids from these plastics
causes dangerous air pollution to such an extent, that in the
United States the incineration of plastic waste is forbidden in
the vicinity of large cities.
08850
Stephenson, John W.
DISPOSAL OF COMMUNITY WASTES. Public Health Inspec-
tor, 76(2):98-110, 113-114, 132, Nov. 1967.
Community waste disposal is a problem of increasing complex-
ity. It is a challenge to local authorities which must be met by
adequately financed research, ingenuity, and determination to
devise and use techniques appropriate to the problem. Some of
the approaches to disposal of solid wastes are controlled
tipping, incineration, pulverization, and composting. The
disposal of liquid wastes is dependent on treatment processes
for sewage such as sedimentation, biological filters, humus
tanks, and activated sludge. The disposal of trade wastes can
have a profound effect on the efficiency of sewage disposal
works. Some causes of trouble have been listed together with
the problems created.
09026
Burckle, J. O., J. A. Dorsey, and B. T. Riley
THE EFFECTS OF THE OPERATING VARIABLES AND
REFUSE TYPES ON THE EMISSIONS FROM A PILOT
SCALE TRENCH INCINERATOR. Preprint, Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, ((28))p., 1968. 19 refs. (Presented at the National In-
cinerator Conference, New York, N. Y., May 5-8, 1968.)
This work defines the air pollutant emissions from a Trench
Incinerator burning three types of refuse material: low ash,
moderately high heat content materials characterized by cord
wood; high ash, high heat content material characterized by
rubber tires; high ash, low heat content material characterized
by municipal refuse. Use of a trench incinerator for the
disposal of the high ash content materials studied generated
paniculate emissions which, in all cases, exceeded 1 grain per
standard cubic foot at 12 per cent carbon dioxide and is there-
fore not recommended. For disposal of low ash, high heat con-
tent materials, the data indicate that, except for nitrogen ox-
ides, emission levels from the trench incinerator may be ac-
ceptable if rigid operating controls are predetermined for the
specific refuse material. (Author's abstract)
09158
Deming, LeRoy R. and John M. Cornell
THE STEAM GENERATING INCINERATOR PLANT. In:
Proc. Power Conference 28th Ann. Meeting, Chicago, 111.,
April 26-28, 1966, Volume 28, p. 652-660. 3 refs.
A concept of plant arrangement to serve two 180-ton per day
water-cooled furnace steam generators, requiring a minimum
investment in plant and structures, is shown. A continuous
availability of steam for export is essential. This dictates the
requirement for an alternate or supplementary fuel. Economi-
cal evaluation will determine whether coal or oil should be
used. The refuse storage facility design should contemplate the
stacking of the refuse during the interval when the crane is not
charging the chute to the furnace. Provision should be made
for access to the storage pit by a front end loader to facilitate
cleanup of the pit as the refuse is exhausted. Extreme care
should be exercised to insure rat proofing of all drainage and
other openings. A scale should be provided for weighing the
refuse. An intercommunication system, connecting the crane
operator to the truck dumping area, will permit remote super-
vision when the rate of deliveries is inadequate to require the
presence of a full-time man at the truck dumping area. The
water-walled steam generating incinerator at the United States
Naval Operating Base at Norfolk, Virginia, is described in
detail. Total refuse production in the United States in 1965 and
projections to 1980 are given. The energy available in refuse
and its coal equivalent is given.
09663
Cohan, L. J., and J. H. Fernandes
POTENTIAL ENERGY-CONVERSION ASPECTS OF
REFUSE. American So- ceity of Mechanical Engineers New
York, Paper 67-WA/PID-6, 8p., 1968. (Presented at the Winter
Annual Meeting and Energy Systems Exposition Pittsburgh,
Pa., Nov. 12-17, 1967.) ^
The rate at which waste is being generated in alarming-the fi-
gures for the future are staggering. Volume reduction is a
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
must. Incineration of refuse offers an excellent solution since
this method produces energy in a form which can be readily
harnessed and utilized to offset the cost. The control of off-
gases and waste water and the removal of their contaminants
can be accomplished and managed through process engineering
applications. Some of the prospects are: (1) regenerative feed-
water heating, (2) district heating, (3) district air conditioning,
(4) refrigeration, (5) desalination, (6) separately fired super-
heaters, and (7) inciner ator gas turbine. But there are many
problems and the solutions are complex. Society has the right
to look to the engineering community for such solutions.
09671
Elmer R. Kaiser
THE NEED FOR A TEST CODE FOR LARGE INCINERA-
TORS. American Society Mechanical Engineers, Paper 67-
WA/PTC-4, 4p., 1967. (Presented at the Winter Annual Meet-
ing and Energy Systems Exposition, Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 12-
17, 1967.
A 16-man committee has been named by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers to draft a performance test code for
incin erators that bum more than 2000 Ib. of refuse per hour.
The paper presents the considerations which led this action,
and out lines the scope, and the technical features that will en-
gage the new committee's attention. (Author's abstract)
09676
A. Porteous
TOWARDS A PROFITABLE MEANS OF MUNICDML
REFUSE DISPOSAL. American Society Mechanical Engineers,
Paper 67-WA/PID-2, 17p., 1967. 26 refs. (Presented at the
Winter Annual Meeting and Energy Systems Expositon, Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., Nov. 12-17, 1967.)
Refuse disposal processes which can generate revenue from
the sale of by-products are studied. Economic evaluation of
several alternatives reveals ethanol production from the
wastepaper content of the refuse to have strong profit poten-
tial. This is studied in depth and a design proposed with suffi-
cient flexibility to enable the process to function profitably
despite chemical kinetic uncertainties. Further work is recom-
mended to take ethanol pro duction from refuse to the pilot-
plant stage with the ultimate objective of full-scale municipal
installation for refuse pro- cessing. (Author's abstract)
09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FAC-
TORS. Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Center
for Air Pollution Control, Publication No. 999-AP-42, 67p.,
1968. 126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and industries: fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals, food and agriculture, metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).
09785
Dickinson, Janet, Robert L. Chass, and W. J. Hamming
AIR CONTAMINANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 11-21, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem in Los Angeles County; the measures taken to
eliminate the problem; and control measures still needed are
described. The air contaminants include: organic gases
(hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives); inorganic gases
(NOx, SOx, CO); miscellaneous inorganic gases (NH3, H2S,
C12, F2); particulates (carbon or soot particles, metallic oxides
and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid droplets, metallic fumes).
Each is discussed indicating the sources and significance in the
air pollution problem.
10038
Dvirka, Miro and A. B. Zanft
ANOTHER LOOK AT EUROPEAN INCINERATION PRAC-
TICES. Public works, 98(7):99-100, July 1967.
Solid waste incinerators in Dusseldorf, Rotterdam, Paris and
Vienna are briefly described. The installations generally have
furnaces which are adapted for steam generation in addition to
wast burning. Incinerator operation and refuse quality are
discussed. T percentage of combustibles, non-combustibles,
and water content as well as the heating value of the refuse
for each city is presented.
10418
K. S. Basden
INCINERATOR INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS. Clean Air
(J. Clean Air Soc. Australia, New Zealand) 2(l):18-22, March
1968. 10 refs.
The purposes of instrumentation of a modern high temperature
municipal incinerator are discussed, together with a brief
description of some categories of instruments with which such
a plant would be equipped. The subject of automatic control
of incinerator plants is introduced and particular applications
which would be economically feasible on a modern incinerator
installation are mentioned. (Author's abstract modified)
10424
Graham J. Cleary
THE CONTRB3UTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES TO POL-
LUTION BY POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.
Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand) 2(1):13-
17, March 1968. 40 refs.
The contribution from automobile exhausts, coal combustion
sources, products from the combustion of gaseous and liquid
fuels, tire rubber, and incinerator effluents to atmospheric pol-
lution by polycyclic hydrocarbons is examined briefly. Con-
centration ratios for the compounds 3,4 benzopyrene/1,12
benzoperylene and for 3,4 benzopyrene/coronene are used to
examine the mode of pollution is Sydney and to compare this
pattern with other cities in Great Britain and the United States
of America. (Author's abstract)
10433
Kirov, N. Y.
DISPOSAL OF MUNICD7AL REFUSE BY INCINERATION.
Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand), 2(1):5-
118 Mar. 1968.
The problem of hygienic refuse disposal, which is of major
and growing concern to Municipal authorities, is a direct con-
sequence o population growth and technical advances charac-
terising our present day industrilized civilization. For reasons
given in the paper, incineration of municipal refuse by modern
high temperature techniques has become during the past fif-
teen years the preferred method of refuse disposal in most of
-------
10
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
the large cities of the world. An outline of the objectives of
high temperature incineration is followed by considerations of
refuse as a fuel and of the basic requirements for its efficient
combustion. The main part of the paper, however, is con-
cerned with the advances and principal design features of
modern incinerator plant and of the various firing systems
which have led to the successful developments in municipal
refuse incineration practice throughout the world. (Author's
abstract)
10675
Feuss, James V. and Fradklid B. Flower
THE DESIGN OF APARTMENT HOUSE INCINERATORS -
THE STATE OF THE ART. Preprint, 36p., 1968. 14 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-186.)
Information concerning the design of apartment house in-
cinerators and their emission standards was organized for the
training of and use by local officials concerned with air pollu-
tion control. The differences and similarities among many state
and local air pollution ordinances concerning apartment house
incinerators are graphically illustrated. Incinerator emission
standards are reduced to a common base and charted against
incinerator capacities. Grate loadings, arch heights, retention
times in primary and secondary chambers, and heat releases of
the various designs are compared graphically over a range of
burning rates. After reviewing the several graphs it becomes
obvious that there are striking inconsistencies amoung the
codes. At a burning rate of one million Btu (Britain thermal
units) per hour, the primary combustion chamber heat release
rates range from 10 to 70 thousand Btu/cu. ft./hr. At burning
rates of one million Btu./hr., the theoretical retention times in
the primary combus tion chambers range from about 1/2 to 4
seconds, the recommended maximum grate and hearth
loadings for incinerators with burning capacities of 200 per
hour range from 8 to 30 pounds per square foot. At a burning
rate of 30 lbs./hr., the emission standards range from 0.11 to
almost 1.1 grains/standard cu. ft. corrected to 12% carbon
dioxide. Design formulas and criteria are evaluated and recom-
mendations for evaluating incinerator design and operation are
given.
10678
Bachl, Herbert
DISTRICT HEATING, WASTE INCINERATION AND ELEC-
TRIC NIGHT-TARD7F HEATING, AND AK POLLUTION
CONTROL IN MUNICH. Staub (English translation), 28(2): 17-
31, Feb. 1968. CFSTI: TT 68-50448/2
As a result of special meteorological conditions, inversions
fre- quently occur in Munich. First, the results of immission
measurements are reported, which were carried out in dif-
ferent town regions, and then the preventive measures in-
troduced are ex plained. The influence of different types of
fuel and of various heights of chimneys on SO2 emissions is
discussed. The develop ment of long distance heat supply and
of electric heating is com bined with direct burning of natural
gas. The power plant which is situated in the town and com-
prises installations for long dis tance heat supply and for
refuse incineration has proved to be highly expedient. Coal is
preferably used as the additional fuel in the power plants situ-
ated at town outskirts, whilst natural gas is used in the power
plants situated in the town centre. 10688 Bachl, Herbert DIS-
TRICT HEATING, WASTE INCINERATION AND ELEC-
TRIC NIGHT-TARIFF HEATING, AND AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL IN MUNICH. Staub (English translation), 28) 2-
:18-31, Feb. 1968. CFSTI: TT 68-50448/2 EMISSION
SOURCES: Domestic heating, Power production, Incinerators
As a result of special meteorological conditions, inversions
frequently occur in 7unich. First, the results of immission
measurements are reported, which were carried out in dif-
ferent town regions, and then the preventive measures in-
troduced are explained. The influence of different types of
fuel and of various heights of chimneys on SO2 emissions is
discussed. The development of long distance heat supply and
of electric heating is combined with direct burning of natural
gas. The power plant which is situated in the town and com-
prises installations for long distance heat supply and for refuse
incineration has proved to be highly expedient. Coal is
preferably used as the additional fuel in the power plants situ-
ated at town outskirts, whilst natural gas is used in the power
plants situated in the town centre.
1141 IT
M. Andritzky
GARBAGE POWER PLANT MUNICH. (Mullkraftwerk
Munchen.) Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft
(Duesseldorf) 14(5):232-233, 1962.
The refuse power plant in Munich is described and the
seasonal changes of the garbage collected (composition and
heating value shown in graphs) are described in comparison to
those in Antwerp, Rotterdam and Vienna. The power plant
burns approximately 60% coal dust and 40% garbage in
separate combustion rooms of a common high-pressure steam
generator. The first version of the plant has a capacity of 68
million watts and supplies steam for a long-distance heating
system. After the second construction phase and a capacity of
100 million watts, all garbage collected in the city of Munich
can be burned in this plant. The installation is shown in a dia-
gram. Purification of the flue gas is emphasized. An electro
filter providing 99.75% dust removal is mentioned, and the
pneumatic transport of flue ash from the boiler to a collecting
bunker is described. The proximity of an airport limited the
height of the smokestack to 80 meters.
11412T
W. Engel, A. von Weihe
EXPERIMENTAL REFUST INCINERATION PLANT OF THE
DUESSELDORF MUNICIPAL WORKS, FLINGERN POWER
PLANT. (Mullverbrennungs- Versuchsanlage der Stadtwerke
Duesseldorf.Kraftwerk Flingern.) Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft (Duesseldorf) 14(5(:234-236, 1962.
The experimental refuse incineration plant in Duesseldorf con-
sists of a charging facility, several consecutive roller grates
and a traveling grate. These units are coupled and electrically
regulated. The experimental plant was put into operation on 21
March 1961 and by the beginning of February, 1962 had
processed 140,000 cu m of refuse in approximately 3500
operating hours. The comparison of the official measurements
for the incineration of Duesseldorf refuse on forced-feed and
travel grates with measurements in the experimental plant
show the following advantages for the experimental plant: Its
firing efficiency is 83%, approximately 30 percent higher than
the tests on forced feed grates. Since the firebox temperature
is correspondingly higher, it fulfills all hygienic requirements
which can be made of a refuse incineration plant. The accumu-
lation of fly dust in the raw gas is considerably below the
values drived in comparible tests with force-feed grate. In the
summer months it is 1 g per cu m, in the winter months it is 2
to 2.5 g per cu m. No noxious components were detected in
the flue gases. The operational results have confirmed that the
roller grate is the suitable equipment for a refuse incineration
plant.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
11413T
H.F. Kammerer
WASTE INCINERATION PLANT WITH HEAT UTILIZA-
TION IN STUTTGART. (Mullverbrennungsanlage mil Heiz-
waermeverwertung in Stuttgart.) Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Waenne-Kraft, 14(10):476-478, 1967. 2 refs.
The development of the waste incineration plant with heat
utilization in Stuttgart Germany, is discussed briefly and the
essential elements of the plant are described. It incorporates
the knowledge gained from existing refuse power plants and
experimental plants adapted to local conditions. The power
plant burns heavy fuel oil and refuse in separate combustion
chambers of a common steam generator. Electrofilters with a
98 percent degree of separation are planned for removal of
dust. The heat produced is fed into the city heat supply via the
steam collecting lines of the power plant. The heat utilization
system is illustrated and discussed. A steam generation of ap-
proximately 30 tons/hr per refuse furnace is expected.
Economic aspects, including capital cost, are briefly men-
tioned.
11427T
Albinus, G.
INCINERATION OF REFUSE: FUNDAMENTAL CON-
SIDERATIONS ON THE PROBLEM OF TRASH DISPOSAL
BY INCINERATION. (Muellverbrennung: Grundsaetzliche
Ueberlegungen zu Fragen der Muellbeseitigung durch Ver-
brennen.)) Translated from German Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
14(5):215-217, May 15, 1962.
The difficulties encountered in the disposal of refuse by in-
cineration are discussed. The properties of refuse, the possi-
bilities of influencing the heating value, and the technological
processes of household waste incineration are discussed, and
the requirements for the construction of the firebox are
deduced from them. The incineration process can only proceed
satisfactorily if the following basic conditions are fulfilled: The
trash must have a satisfactory supply of oxygen; the trash and
the oxygen in the air must have as close a contact as possible,
for example by loosening the fuel bed; and a complete com-
bination of the oxygen with the trash requires sufficiently high
ignition and combustion temperatures. The types of trash in-
cineration, the dust problem, and heat utilization are also
discussed.
11428T
Mueller, H. J.
TRASH INCINERATION ACCORDING TO THE VOLUND
SYSTEM. ((Die Muellverbrennung nach dem System Volund.))
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 14(5):219-
223, 1962. 13 refs.
The installation of St. Ouen (Paris) and its operational results
are presented as examples of the Volund trash incineration
system. The trash is piled as high as 30 meters and fed into the
filling funnel, which unilaterally tapers downward, by two
orange peel buckets (one in reserve) each with 3 cu m volume
capacity and a load capacity of 6 tons. The trash moves
through a shaft to the drying grate where it is dried by the
radiation from the drying chamber and the convection of the
flue gases rising out of the incineration chamber. The flue
gases with a high steam content which are produced during the
drying process are passed through a 13.5 m long vapor channel
into the mixing and after-burning chamber. On a second grate,
the incineration grate, the trash is finally ignited and burned.
From the experience of this installation which has a
throughput of 323,000 tons per year of trash, the largest of its
kind in Europe, a combination of the rotory-drum furnace with
a waste heat boiler was developed which has favorable space
utilization through combining the drying, incinerating, and heat
transfer components into a single unit.
11429T
Zankl, W.
THE CELL GRATE TRASH DISPOSAL INSTALLATION.
((Die Zellenrost-Muellvemichtungsanlage.)) Translated from
German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft 14(5):224-225,1962.
The basic construction principles of a cell grate incinerator
trash disposal installation system are described. Such installa-
tions (of which some 274 have been built since 1901) are suited
for a capacity of roughly 175 tons per 24 hours. Utilization of
the heat produced generally can be considered only in terms of
steam or hot water production, primarily for supplementing an
already established heating network. Linkage with an electrical
current generation system is scarcely economical in this size
range. The installation is illustrated by a diagram and photo-
graphs. No reference to air pollution is made.
11430T
Kern, A.
VIEWS ON THE DESIGN OF MODERN INCINERATION IN-
STALLATIONS FOR URBAN TRASH. ((Gesichtspunkte fuer
die Auslegung neuzeitlicher Verbrennungsanlagen fuer Stadt-
muell.)) Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waenne-Kraft,
14(5):225- 227, 1962.
Some economic considerations on refuse incineration, particu-
larly on the problem of conditions suitable to the utilization of
heat produced, are given. The guarantees and construction
conditions which must be considered in the evaluation of a
trash incineration installation are discussed. Low flue gas
velocities must be chosen and opportunities for the removal of
flue ashes inside the boiler must be created, in order to keep
the abrasive effect of high sand content in the trash on the
boiler tubes low. Flue gases from trash incineration must be
cooled before entering the boiler to a point below the soften-
ing temperature of the trash ashes. Clogged tube arrangements
are above all to be avoided in the connected heating surfaces,
since deposits which cannot be removed by the ordinary
cleansing apparatus, such as ball-moving and soot blowers,
will of necessity have to be removed by hand. Slag must be
discharged without raising dust and must be tightly air-sealed
against the firebox. A high quality dust-removal device must
be present. The Martin system, the Sao Paulo incineration in-
stallation, and the trash power plants now under construction
in Rotterdam and Munich are characterized.
11431T
Kampschulte, J.
GARBAGE INCINERATORS IN HAMBURG AND THEIR EX-
TENSION THROUGH THE ADDITION OF VON-ROLL-IN-
CINERATORS. ((Die Muellverbrennung in Hamburg und ihre
Erweiterrung durch von-Roll-Oefen.)) Translated from Ger-
man. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft 14(5):228- 231, 1962. 10 refs.
The extension and modernization of the refuse furnace plant
located in Hamburg, Germany by the addition of two von-roll
refuse incinerators with a capacity of burning a charge of 200
tons per 24 hours, each with one auxilary waste-heat boiler
(with a boiler power of 15.5 tons per hour) is described and il-
lustrated. The experiences gained in the operation of these fu-
rances are reported. When three more of these furnaces will
be operational, it will be possible to burn more than one mil-
lion cu m of garbage annually and to produce 60 to 80 GWH.
Further development of the system will lead from an incinera-
-------
12
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
tor with a waste-heat boiler to a uniformly structured garbage
incinerator with an initial charge of 200 tons per 24 hours,
which will require considerably less space.
11432T
GARBAGE INCINERATION PLANT COMBINED WITH THE
DRYING AND BURNING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE. ((Mullver-
brennungsanlage kombiniert mit Trocknung und Verbrennung
von Klarschlamm.)) Translated from German. Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 14(5):231, 1962.
A refuse incineration plant combined with the drying and
burning of sewage sludge for a town of approximately 14,000
inhabitants is described. Simultaneously with the burning of
garbage, a drier for the sewage sludge is combined with the
garbage combustion, with the latter furnishing the heat neces-
sary to dry the former. This permits the efficient utilization of
the heat produced by combustion. After drying, the sewage
sludge is burned along with the garbage in the incinerator. The
plant is calculated for a normal output of 3 tons per hour. A
diagram of the process is shown.
11438T
Moegling, E.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF REFUSE INCINERATION ON
THE EXAMPLE OF ESSENKARNAP. ((Praxis der zentralen
Mullverbrennung am Beispiel Essen-Karnap.)) Translated from
German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 17(8):383-391, Aug. 1965.
2 refs.
Various aspects involved in the planning of refuse incineration
plants are discussed. Detailed data of the Essen-Karnap power
plant which serves a very wide area of refuse collection, are
given. This plant is the largest refuse incineration plant exist-
ing at present. It has a capacity of 2000 tons of domestic and
industrial refuse and 2000 tons of sludge per day. Performance
data, components of the refuse power plant, supply and
storage facilities for household refuse, discharging of refuse,
refuse transportation and loading, incineration of used oils,
slag transportation and treatment, and furnace operation are
described. Simultaneous co-incineration of high-calorific value
industrial refuse is being attempted experimentally. A large
portion of the acid-forming ingredients undergoes chemical
reaction with the refuse slag and fly ash originating from pow-
dered coal firing, thereby reducing the emission of SO2, SOS,
HC1, etc. into the flue gas. The aim is to establish a ratio of
industrial wastes to domestic refuse which will provide the
desired flue gas composition. At present refuse to be in-
cinerated must contain less than 1% sulfur.
11439T
ON THE STATE OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN GER-
MANY. ((Zum Stand der Mullverbrennung in Deutschland.))
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
17(12):594-595, Dec. 1965.
Refuse incineration plants operating in 17 different German ci-
ties are listed, together with their capacities and methods of
incineration, steam output, main fuel used, and furnace design.
The ranges of refuse calorific value (kcal/kg) and the method
of flue gas cooling (chiefly by steam generation, in one case
air, one water, one clarifier sludge drying) are tabulated. The
following grate systems are used in the individual plants: mov-
ing grate, advancing and retracting grate, rotating and tipping
grate and Volund rotating furnace. By 1970 there will be an in-
stalled capacity of 3 million tons per year in West Germany.
This assumes planned and ongoing new construction in Berlin,
Frankfurt and Munich, as well as in eight other cities. No air
pollution aspects are specifically discussed.
11440T
Knoll, H.
REFUSE INCINERATING PLANT OF THE CITY OF
NUERNBERG. ((Mullverbrennungsanlage der Stadt Nurn-
berg.)) Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
17(12):595, bSdec. 1965.
The refuse incineration plant in Nurnberg (Germany),
scheduled for operation in fall of 1968, is described. It has a
daily capacity of 300-360 tons of refuse. New types of oil fired
furnace chambers are used: the temperature of the combustion
gases is kept low by the admixture of secondary air, prevent-
ing the slag from baking together. The steam boilers generate
steam of 84 atm and 450 deg. C and have a capacity of 27-34
tons/gr each. A new autoclave process for sludge clearing is
also being designed. The sludge is sterilized by heating to 200
deg C, the colloids are broken, the sludge is filtered and the
dry sludge is ground and used as fertilizer. 200 tons of dried
sludge (40% water content) will be produced per week. Even-
tually the plant may be enlarged to supply some 450 tons of
dried sludge per week. It is estimated that 50% of the sludge
will be used in agriculture and the remainderrepresenting
about 10% of the entire amount of refuse-will be incinerated.
Air pollution aspects are not discussed.
11447T
Palm, R.
COMPOSITION OF REFUSE AND REFUSE INCINERATION.
((Mullzusammensetzung und Mullverbrennung.)) Translated
from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, 4(12):561-565, Dec.
1963. 8 refs.
An attempt is made to characterize refuse by its constituents.
The refuse is differentiated according to various mixing pro-
portions of the lignitic constituent and the coal component.
The kinds of mixtures within each component have been clas-
sified in accordance with their percentage of really combusti-
ble materials and the content of real slag. The burning condi-
tions in these groups, i.e. the quantities of smoke gas produced
and the burning temperature as a function of the useful heat-
ing power, can be determined provided the estimated melting
point of the slag is taken into account. It is advisable to judge
the burning conditions on the basis of the types of refuse, ac-
cording to the region, the customs and working conditions of
the population and the supply of fuel and the heating methods
practiced in the region. The composition of refuse from some
European and American cities, and its effect on combustion is
discussed. Analyses of the slag from refuse are important. The
properties of the slag influence not only the temperature and
the combustion conditions in the different layers of the com-
bustible, but will determine whether the flue gases are suitable
or not for the production of energy. It is especially important
to know the temperatures that can be obtained in the com-
bustion chamber, with the different types of refuse. The ad-
missible temperature of the fire-bed is determined by the sup-
posed melting temperature of the slag. The air excess will be
determined correspondingly. The melting point of the refuse
slag which may not be exceeded lies between 1000 and 1440
deg. C.
11448T
Peters, Wulf
METHODS OF REFUSE INCINERATION WITH PARTICU-
LAR CONSIDERATION OF THE CONDITIONS IN GER-
MANY. ((Die Verfahren der Mullverbrennung unter beson-
derer Berucksichtigung der deutschen Verhaltnisse.)) Trans-
lated from German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, l(8V329-339 Aue
1960. 19 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
13
A short historical review covering the 65 years of refuse burn-
ing in Germany is followed by a descritpion of the plants at
Hamburg that are still in action and of the reconstruction and
enlargement they are currently undergoing. The preliminary in-
vestigations that preceded the designing of an incineration
plant for industrial waste are described. A project that will be
constructed in an industrial area is listed as an example of the
plans under consideration in numerous German cities. This
project provides for a large burning plant in an existing power
station. Some of the systems of refuse burning offered by Ger-
man firms are described.
11449T
Kallenbach, K.
TRASH INCINERATION PLANT WITH ROLLER GRATE
FIRING FOR THE CITY OF HAGEN. ((Mullverbrennungsan-
lage mil Walzenrostfeuemng fur die Stadt Hagen.)) Translated
from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):406-407, Aug.
1964.
A trash incineration plant with roller grates to be constructed
in Hagen, Germany is briefly described. The installation in-
cludes 3 firing units with a maximum trash throughput capaci-
ty of 6 tons per hour, each corresponding to a total trash
throughput of more than 400 tons per day. The recovery of
heat or the sale of the steam or hot water should be possible
at any time and on such a scale that delivery contracts could
be concluded.
11450T
TRASH PREPARATION WITH THE GORATOR. ((Mullaufbe-
reitung mil dem Gorator.)) Translated from German. Brenn-
stoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):404-405, Aug. 1964.
The slanted runner machine ((Gorator)) is suited for the mov-
ing, pulverization, mastication, and mixing of nonhomogenous
materials of the most varied types including, fibrous, doughy,
and highly viscous materials, muds, and solid fuels. It has
been proposed that it also be used for the homogenization of
refuse if necessary with the admixture of combustibles in
order to allow the transportation of a more uniform material
with a finer structure to the refuse incineration installation.
For this purpose, the Loading-Screw Gorator is especially well
suited. The operation of the Gorator is described and illus-
trated.
11461T
Tanner, R.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VON ROLL-INCINERATION
PLANTS. ((Die Entwicklung der Von Roll-Mullverbrennung-
sanlagen.)) Translated from German. Schweiz. Bauztg., Vol.
83, p. 251-260, April 22, 1965. 11 refs.
The engineering history during the 20 year development of the
Von Roll refuse incineration system is described and the
results evaluated. The experiences and observation of the ro-
tary drum furnace in Basel led to the replacement of the drum
by a perpendicular shaft (slag generator) as a burn-out ele-
ment, a development which substantially reduced the dimen-
sions of the furnace. In another plant in Hamburg, the ar-
rangement of the predrying and main grates was changed so
that they were one behind the other, moving in the same
direction. As a result, the delicate false floor of the Bern type
was discarded. The application of down-draft preheating and
flue gas recycling in another plant in Hamburg, allowed a sub-
stantial increase in capacity. Future developments and the
technical possibilities of refuse incineration today are
discussed. Few references to air pollution are made, except
for incidental mention of such points as 'smoke limit-about 750
deg C, boiler cleansing, and used oil incineration. A brief con-
cluding paragraph discusses the German norm of 150 mg/Nm3
as the maximum allowable concentration of dust emitted from
smoke stacks, and mentions 80 to 120 meters as effective
stack heights. Harmful gases are mentioned but no discussed.
11475
Kuwata, M. and R. H. Essenhigh
COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR OF SUSPENDED PAPER
SPHERES. (TECHNICAL REPORT.) Pennsylvania State Univ.,
University Park, Dept of Fuel Science, TR-FS/PHS-68-1, 173P.,
1968. 21 refs.
Paper sphere combustion was studied as a part of a program
on abatement of smoke and grit emission from incinerators. Its
33(4-6): 13-17, April-June 1968. ((10)) refs. Paper was chosen as
a representative material of incinerators, and the shape of the
sample, a sphere, was selected because of its well defined
symmetry. The experimental system used was that of a single
paper sphere suspended, in a 3 in dia horizontal combustion
tube, from a recording analytical balance. Simultaneous mea-
surements of weight and diameter were made on the sphere
during bum-off by the balance and using a specially designed
camera. Radial temperatures history of samples were also
measured during reaction by Pt-Pt/10% Rh thermocouples im-
planted in the spheres, although these were made as additional
support experiments. The paper spheres ranged from 0.8 to 4.5
cm in their initial diameters. The running condition used
ranged from zero to 160 cm/sec in gas speeds, and from 15%
to 70% in oxygen concentration. The results of this investiga-
tion have led to the following conclusions. (1) The reaction of
the paper spheres was governed by oxygen diffusion through
the boundary layer to the surface of the sphere, except in the
case of air velocities more than 120 cm/sec and the initial
diameters of the spheres more than 2 cm. (2) In the special
case mentioned above the reaction of the paper spheres was
governed by the chemical kinetics of the reaction, although its
details were not studied here. (3) The pyrolysis and the char
combustion were substantially independent, though both were
proceeding simultaneously for 80 or 90% total weight loss.
11636T
Wotschke, J.
UNIVERSAL WASTE REMOVAL AND ITS REALIZATION
WITH THE FLAME CHAMBER MELTING PROCESS. ((U-
niversale Abfallbeseitigung und ihre Verwirkfichung durch das
Flammenkammer-Einschmelzverfahren.)) Translated from Ger-
man. Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, 16(8):383-391, Aug. 1964. 23
refs.
The flame chamber melting process meets the requirements
for a truly universal process for refuse disposal. It is able to
accept and process all waste whether it is in solid, liquid, or
gaseous form without shying away from calorific values which
are too high or too low, or from difficult combustion or slag
behavior. The process is described and illustrated. The melting
process eliminates the difficulties of refuse incineration by
considerably increasing the incineration temperature. The
refuse lining the flame chamber is completely dissolved into
dust-free, hot flue gas generated by combustible matter and
into melted matter from incombustible objects. It allows for a
considerable reduction of the volume of slag and better pro-
perties of this slag for storing and use. Theoretical aspects of
the process are considered in detail. The technical solution for
using the flame chamber process is illustrated for two cases,
one for 5,000 kg per hr refuse throughput corresponding to
about 100,000 inhabitants and one for 500 kg per hr cor-
-------
14
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
responding to about 10,000 inhabi tants. In both cases the
same processing characteristics are pre sent.
11637T
Andritzky, M.
SECOND EXTENSION OF THE REFUSE POWER PLANT IN
MUNICH. ((Zweiter Ausbau des Mullkraftwerks Munchen.))
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):403,
Aug. 1964.
The differences between the design of the second stage of the
refuse power plant in Munich and the first stage are outlined.
The refuse firing in the first construction stage was designed
so that approximately 40 percent of the steam output is ob-
tained from refuse, in the second stage the contribution of the
refuse is only 20 percent. Instead of the two originally planned
steam generators with approximately 32 tons per hour refuse
throughput each, there will only be one with a throughput of
40 tons per hour. The third factor in which the second stage
differs from the first one is that there is no separation in the
former between the combustion chamber for refuse and pow-
dered coal.
11638T
Angenend, Franz-Josef
THE STATE OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN THE USA.
((Der Stand der Mullveraschung in den USA.)) Translated
from German. Brennstoff-Warme-Kraft, 17(8):396-398, Aug.
1965.
The state of the refuse incineration industry in the United
States is discussed on the basis of presentations made at the
National Incinerator Conference held in New York, 1964.
Covered are the planning of incineration units, storage, dump-
ing slag utilization, furnace systems, cooling and flue gas
utilization, purification of flue gases, e.g. by dust precipitation
and elimination of air pollution. Settling chambers, wet scrub-
bers, cloth filters, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators are
discussed. Domestic incinerators are criticized as unsatisfacto-
ry, causing 25% of all complaints for excessive smoke and
odor in New York. It is concluded that most existing refuse in-
cineration plants are not substantially automated and require a
large number of operating personnel. In most cases the purifi-
cation of waste gases is not satisfactory. Maximum emission
standards, and their variation in different cities are discussed.
Refuse incineration and technology is probably functioning at
a higher level in Germany than in the USA at the present time.
It is emphasized that refuse incineration technology requires a
larger amount of scientific research than it has been receiving
in the past. Some novel developments, including a double
mantle upright cylindrical combustion chamber, a rotating
drum installation and a moving-grate firing installation (which
is illustrated) are discussed.
11640T
Bachl, Herbert and Franz Maikranz
INCINERATION OF REFUSE IN A HIGH-PRESSURE
STEAM PLANT. ((Erfahrungen mil der Verfeuerung von Mull
in einem Hochdruck- Dampfkraftwerk.)) Translated from Ger-
man. Energie, 17(8):317-326, Aug. 1965.
Refuse is used as a fuel in two high-pressure superheated
steam boilers at the 'Nord' power station of the Munich mu-
nicipal system. The boilers are designed for burning coal or
refuse, either alone or in combination. The technical features
of the plant are given in detail, including the site-map of the
station, boiler design data, construction history 1961-65, firing
mechanism, and experience in operation. The design and
operation of a refuse shed and crane are discussed, and ex-
perimental runs with coal and refuse firing are described.
Refuse averaged 45-50% of ash and was found to contain only
1.64-2.48% of scrap metal. The storage bin and loading area
did not attract rats or vermin. Refuse feeds of 25 tons/hr were
achieved with a caloric output of 1200-1300 kcal/kg. The per-
centage of refuse in the overall operation will be about 35%.
The refuse-generated power would have negative prices due to
the city subsidies. The financial advantages would benefit the
city administration and the government. Refuse combustion
will supply about 10% of the total future power requirement of
Munich. Air pollution is not discussed, except indirectly, in
terms of the high combustion efficiency of the coal burned,
and the presence of an electrostate precipitator in the system.
11647T
Franz Fischer
THE REFUSE INCINERATING PLANT IN VIENNA. ((Die
Wiener Mullverbrennungsanlage.)) Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):392-396, Aug. 1964.
A plant designed for the incineration of 600 tons of refuse dai-
ly, and also capable of burning used oil, is described. Three
steam generators produce a maximum of 15 tons of steam per
hour for remote heating and power production. The plant
design is illustrated and discussed in detail, including storage
of the refuse, the slag generator, an electrical current generat-
ing plant, and a system for utilization and disposal of used oil
from industrial plants. Air pollution aspects are mentioned
only incidentally, in connection with flue-gas recirculation for
control of combustion-chamber temperature. The gas is trans-
ported from an electrostatic filter through a mechanical flue
gas purifier. The presence of large amounts of fly ash and the
advantages of an angle-tube boiler for easy cleaning of heating
surfaces are mentioned. The experiences gained during the
first year of operation are also discussed.
11649T
W. Gruetsky
HEAT TECHNOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN A REFUSE
INCINERATING PLANT. ((Warmetechnische Messungen an
einer Mullverbrennungsanlage.)) Translated from German.
Tech. Ueberwach., (Duesseldorf) 4(6):211-214, June 1963.
Measurements conducted in an experimental refuse incinerat-
ing plant to establish the heat technological parameters that
may serve as a basis for a larger project are reported. The fol-
lowing measurements were made: the refuse combusted and
the amount of ash removed was weighed; the amount of fuel
oil used; the amount of steam generated; the amount of cool-
ing water used; the pressure at the steam outlet and the super-
heater; temperature; composition of the gas; SO2 and S03
content of the flue gases; content of acetic acid and aldehyde;
biological studies on the ash cooling water; moisture content
of the flue gases; and special analysis of the ash including
specific heat and calorific value of the ash. The efficiency of
the refuse incinerating plant was 56.7 percent. For main-
tenance of purity of the atmosphere, the requirement is im-
posed on refuse incinerating plants that the flue gas after 1000
fold dilution as it is assumed to be at the exit of the
smokestack must show only one-tenth of the maximum work-
ing site concentrations tolerated for acetic acid and formal-
dehyde. The measured corresponding values represented but
fractions of the maximum permissible immission values.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
15
11651T
Walter Hanstedt
PLANNING OF REFUSE ELIMINATION AND UTILIZATION
PLANTS IN THE RUHR AREA WITH EMPHASIS ON MAIN-
TAINING THE PURITY OF THE AIR. ((Flaming von
beseitigungs-und Verwertungsanlagen fur Mull im Ruhrgebiet
im Hinblick auf die Reinhaltung der luft.)) Translated from
German. Staub, 23(3):218-225, March 1%3. 6 refs.
A working group comprising 22 townships was established in
the German Ruhr area to develop and implement measures for
refuse removal. Four possibilities of disposal are listed: the
deposition of refuse in alternating layers with soil, composting
of refuse, incineration combined with heat utilization, incinera-
tion without heat utilization. The advantages and disad-
vantages of these methods are discussed in detail, with special
emphasis on air pollution by fly ash. Experience with a com-
posting plant in Duisburg showed that for odor removal air
coolers and scrubbers had to be installed. Finally a process
was adopted which used chlorine dioxide for decomposing or-
ganic compounds. It is recommended that composting plants
be located at least 500 m from residential areas. In refuse in-
cineration it is shown that there is a difficulty in finding mar-
kets for the heat produced. An example of a large incineration
plant with heat utilization in Karnap is given and it is
emphasized that incinerators can be used in combination with
peak power plants. Experience with a small incinerating plant
without heat recovery is also described.
11655T
C. Kachulle
REFUSE INCINERATING PLANTS WITH OR WITHOUT
HEAT UTILIZATION. A MAIN SUBJECT OF THE THIRD
CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING
GROUP FOR REFUSE RESEARCH, TRD2NT, 1965. ((Abfall-
verbrennungsanlagen mit oder ohne Warmenutzung. Ein
Hauptthema des dritten Kongresses der Intemationalen Arbeit-
sgemeinschaft fur Mullforschung in Trient, 1965.)) Translated
from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 17(8):391-395, Aug.
1965
Several refuse research topics were discussed, including refuse
incineration with heat utilization for steam generation. A cost
comparison of a refuse incineration plant in Issy-les Mou-
lineux which has four furnaces with a capacity of 17 tons/hr
each, showed that income from the sale of electric power and
steam exceeds the operating expense. In Glasgow, Scotland, it
was found that the electricity generated in refuse combustion
cannot be sold in Great Britain on a continuous basis. Another
topic discussed was a central refuse disposal plant installed as
additional incineration units in existing power plants. Such an
installation is being operated in Goldenberg., near Cologne,
Germany. The operating capacity of this unit is 1,026,000 tons/
year. The planning and design for the Goldenberg plant are il-
lustrated and discussed in detail, including refuse transporta-
tion from a wide area on compactor trucks with removable
bodies, rubbish and scrap processing, moving grate incinera-
tion, and refuse storage in surrounding mines. The advantages
of large central incineration plants are discussed. No air pollu-
tion control details are given.
11657T
G. Meyer
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A MS COMBUSTION CONE
PLANT WITH REFUSE. ((Aufbau und Wirkungsweise einer
MS-Brennkegelanlage mit Mullzerkleinerung.)) Translated from
German. Aufbereitungs-Technik, No. 3, pp. 135-138,1964.
The design and operation of a MS combustion cone plant in-
cluding the crushing installation for refuse are described. The
unsorted refuse is dumped by truck into a refuse bin where it
is dried. At the bottom of this bin, a combined discharging and
crushing installation is provided which reduces the refuse to a
desired size (pieces whose edges are 40 cm long) and
discharges the material from the bin. By means of a steel plate
conveyor the material is fed into the combustion cone housing
and thrown on to the combustion cone grate. With plants for a
throughput of 1500 kg per hr of refuse, the combustion cone
has a maximum diameter of approximately 3.2 m and rotates
with a speed of 30 to 40 cm per minute relative to the max-
imum circumference. The ignition of the material is effected
by a Schoppe burner operated optionally with oil or gas. The
design and control of the blowers in the system, calculated to
prevent the emission of odoriferous or harmful gases, is
discussed and illustrated.
11666T
K. A. Wuhrmann
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS OF WASTE INCINERATION.
((Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der MuUverbrennung.)) Trans-
lated from German. Auf-bereitungs-Technik, 5(9):506-507,
Sept. 1964.
Several lectures presented at the Third Waste Technological
Colloquium which considered the technological and practical
aspects of the process of waste incineration are summarized.
The lectures included the technical basis of waste incineration,
various incineration systems and the problems concerning
fireproof materials, and the experiences in the Stuff gait in-
cineration project. It became apparent that the problem of
selecting a suitable incineration system is not yet solved, espe-
cially for medium sized plants which still face extensive
development and expansion. Aspects discussed include the ig-
nitability of the refuse, transportation to the plant and
weighing, the refuse bin, handling of the fire, removal of the
slag, and selection of grates. Legal requirements for air pollu-
tion control are mentioned and some data given e.g. a limita-
tion of 0.4mg/cum of SO2 emission.
11803
Fuller, Louis J., Ralph E. George, and John E. Williamson
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ADI POLLUTION IN NEW
YORK CITY: A REPORT TO THE MAYOR. Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., 30p., Jan. 17,
1966.
Air pollution in New York City has attained serious propor-
tions as a result of the incineration of rubbish and garbage,
combustion of fuels, motor vehicle emissions, and the growth
of industries, both within the city and in adjacent areas.
Precise information on the quantities of pollutants emitted by
each source are needed. However, incineration and fuel com-
bustion are so serious that abatement measures cannot await
further studies. Rapid and substantial improvements in rubbish
and fuel combustion pollution should be achieved by applying
known techniques. Rubbish disposal pollution can be relieved
by substituting sanitary landfills for incineration; installing
baghouse type control devices on municiple incinerators;
replacing single chamber and flue-fed incinerators with gas-
fired multiple-chamber incinerators; and permitting the use of
domestic garbage grinders. Fuel combustion pollution can be
relieved by substituting natural gas for coal and oil; prohibiting
the use of coal and grade No 6 residual fuel oil by Con-
solidated Edison; requiring the installation of two-stage com-
bustion controls on the power company's fossil fuel-fired
boilers; and prohibiting further installation of fossil-fired
-------
16
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
power plants in or near the city. Specific information must be
obtained on the nature and quantity of pollutants from all
sources. In addition, the behavior and motion of pollutants in
the atmosphere must be determined. To accomplish these ob-
jectives, emission inventories and a comprehensive
meteorological survey should be undertaken and a comprehen-
sive air monitoring program instituted. (Author summary
modified)
11934
Rasch, R.
FURNACE SYSTEMS FOR REFUSE INCINERATION.
(Ofensysteme fuer die Muellverbrennung). Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):376-382, Aug. 1964. 11 refs. (Presented at
the 3rd Muelltechnischen Colloquium of the TH Stuttgart,
Feb. 21, 1964.) Translated from German. Iron and Steel Inst.,
London (England), British Iron and Steel Industry Translation
Service, 25p., May 1966.
Various furnace systems for refuse incineration are described
and classified in terms of size and type of combustion grating.
Grating systems considered are the fixed-grate, the movable
grate without agitation, and the agitated grate. Grateless
systems are also reviewed; these include the Riepel-Scherer-
Ridl Process with slagging, the flame chamber process with
slagging, and the Stauff Process with combustion in suspen-
sion. It is recommended that special quality liners be provided
for combustion chambers because of excessive wear caused
by refuse burning as compared with coal. A limit of 100,000
kcal/cu m is set for the fire chamber load. The use of hot
waste gases to pre-dry refuse and to reduce combustion
chamber temperature is mentioned. Waste gas temperature
must be reduced to 350 C to assure proper induced draft and
to protect gas purification equipment. Heat recovery in the
form of steam has limited economic importance. Ash removal
and post-sintering of refuse ash to produce construction
material are also discussed briefly.
11939
Nuber, K.
GARBAGE BURNING ACCORDING TO THE DUSSELDORF
SYSTEM. Aufbereitungs Technik, no. 5:199-202, 1962. 6 refs.
Translated from German. 1 Ip.
An experimental refuse incineration plant is constructed to
permit refuse to be constantly loosened, turned, and moving
during the incineration process. This allows the plant to handle
various types of garbage at any one time and ensures that
every single piece finally reaches ignition temperature. The
method utilizes a grate construction from large, slowly rotating
rollers that are arranged in a series. Air for combustion enters
the rollers axially, thus cooling them. The air supply can be
regulated for every roller individually. A feed car pushes the
garbage in layers into a combustion chamber where it passes
from one roller to another. During the process, refuse is
turned over several times and loosened again and again. To
favor drying and ignition processes, the stream of hot gases is
directed against the flow of the garbage. The last roller
discharges the burnt residues on a traveling grate. The plant
has been operating for one year. During this time, it has han-
dled one-third of all refuse collected in Duesseldorf. The
required temperature for the process is 900-100 C, well above
limits of odor perception. The ashes that remain are sterile and
contain practically no fermentable substances. When graded,
they can be used for road construction and similar purposes.
11940
Eberhardt, H. and H. Weiand
EXPERIENCES WITH THE NOVEL HLUNG-STATE-GAR.
BAGE INCINERATION METHOD IN THE COMPOSTING
PLANT AT STUTTGART-MOEHRINGEN. Aufbereitungs-
Technik, no. 11:490-494, 1962. Translated from German. 13p.
A tilting-stage garbage incineration plant is described in detail.
The tilting-stage grate consists of 12-20 turning, arc-shaped
rows of grate rods. By successive tilting of the different rows
of grate rods, the garbage is passed downward. The base of
the furnace is 6.5 times 2.5 m; its height is 9.9 m. According to
the kind of garbage to be processed, this plant can handle up
to 220 kg of garbage per hour, with complete burning of the
garbage slag. Lack of homogeneity of raw refuse is often a
cause of difficulty in incineration. In the plant described, a
coarse chopping process with simultaneous mixing of the raw
refuse prior to its introduction to the furnace facilitates in-
cineration and increases the performance of the incinerator. A
disintegrator is used with advantage for the chopping and mix-
ing. At waste gas temperatures of about 350 C, the values of
dust emission from the smoke stack are 0.2-0.5 g/cu m.
11961
Joachim, H.
THE REFUSE INCINERATION PLANT OF THE MU-
NICIPALITY OF GLUECKSTADT IN HOLSTEEV. Aufbe-
reitung-Technik, no. 3:126-129, 1964. Translated from German.
lOp.
The construction of a refuse incineration plant with a capacity
sufficient for a town of 14,000 residents is reviewed. Because
of the dimensions and peculiarities of small-town refuse, a
multiple zone pushing grate was chosen as the main com-
ponent of the plant. The grate has a capacity of 3.28 t/hr at a
volumetric weight of 463 kg/cu m. Ash and sludge in the
residue is discharged through a wet ash removal plant, while
scrap metal is separated by a drum magnet and compacted to
1:5 to 1:13. The slag and ash, free from scrap metal, can be
used as fill and in general road construction. The scrap metal
is returned to the steel industry. Combustion temperatures are
between 750 and 900 C. However, transitory increases up to
1200 C must be absorbed. These peak temperatures occur
when refuse from local industries (paper, paint) is included.
The bunker space in the plant has refuse storage capacity suf-
ficient for one week's refuse from all sources. Plant operations
are controlled from a central room, so it is possible to operate
the plant with two persons. For utilization of waste heat, the
refuse incineration plant is provided with the sludge-drying
plant.
11962
Gerhardt, R. and H. Ermer
MODEL INVESTIGATION OF THE OPTIMAL LAYOUT OF
REFUSE INCINERATION PLANTS FOR SMALL AND MEDI-
UM-SIZED TOWNS ON THE BASIS OF THE EXAMPLE OF
THE PLANT AT NEUSTADT IN HOLSTEIN. Aufbereitungs-
Technik, no. 3:110-119, 1964. 3 refs. Translated from German.
29p.
A refuse incineration plant without heat utilization is under
construction in a town of 15,000 inhabitants which has wide
seasonal variations in the amount of refuse to be incinerated.
In the summer, refuse production per day is 100 cu m or 470
kg per inhabitant annually. During the remainder of the year,
refuse production decreases to approximately 190 kg per in-
habitant annually. The incineration portion of the plant is
designed so that, during an 8-hr operation per day, the plant
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
17
can handle the total refuse produced in the summer months.
The capacity per hour of the plant will be 3.75 tons of refuse.
The furnace chosen has a nominal capacity per hr of 4.72 tons.
The plant will have a reserve capacity for refuse from parties
who operate their own refuse collection systems and from in-
dustrial establishments. The plant is divided into two parts: the
heavy supporting structure containing a refuse bin with a
capacity of 320 cu m refuse (corresponding to a maximum
refuse production of three days) and furnace feeding equip-
ment. Refuse dumped into the refuse bin is transported by a
crane to the feeder tunnel of the furnace and then by a
hydraulically activated feeder device to the incineration grate
of the furnace. A tilting grate is used. Air for burning is
sucked from the refuse bin by an undergrate blast. Ash and
slag are mechanically removed from under the grate and
discharged through an underwater scraper. The incineration
process can be varied according to the characteristics of the
refuse. For instance, if the refuse burned has a low heating
value, an oil burner can be used. Investment and operating
costs for the incineration plant, heat power plant, and hot
water and heat supply plant are discussed in detail.
11963
Block, H. and A. Duhme
REFUSE INCINERATION ACCORDING TO THE VOLUND
SYSTEM. Aufbereitungs-Technik, no. 3:120-125, 1964. 2 refs.
Translated from German. 17p.
With the Volund continuous incineration system, the furnace
plant is fully mechanized from the refuse feeding point to the
slag discharge. The throughput speed of the refuse can be ad-
justed for individual zones. Drying the refuse with a widely
fluctuating moisture content and its ignition is effected on
grates designed as stokers with reciprocating grate bars. Dry-
ing the refuse in the preheated air or hot waste-gas current, in
combination with the reflected heat from the firing chamber, is
intensive and permits the processing of very moist garbage
without interfering with the smooth operation of the system.
From the ignition grate, the garbage reaches the rotating drum,
which is slightly inclined toward the longitudinal axis. The
drum, which as a fire-resistant lining, rotates at an infinitely
variable speed according to the furnace speed. The combusti-
ble components remaining in the refuse are burned as much as
possible by the continuous churning and by the addition of
high-temperature air to the drum wall. Additional heat is sup-
plied by the flue gases. At the end of the drum, slag is
removed by a wet-type installation. Volund plants are highly
insensitive to fluctuations of heating value and load. To help
solve the problem of sewage sludge destruction, a plant can be
equipped with a parallel-operating sewage sludge treatment
plant. For drying, waste gases from the refuse incineration
plant can be used. The mixture of waste gases and vapors is
later recycled to the main gas current from the refuse incinera-
tion to destroy aromatic substances. The dried sewage sludge
can then be burned in the incineration plant.
11968
Bachl, Herbert and Franz Maikranz
FIRING REFUSE IN A HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM PLANT.
(Erfahrungen rait der Verfeuerung von Muell in einem
Hochdruck-Dampfkraftwerk). Energie (Munich), 17(8):317-326,
1965. Translated from German. 26p.
The problem of refuse incineration and refuse utilization was
solved in a new way in the Nord power station of the Munich
municipal power system. Refuse is used as a fully equivalent
fuel in two high-pressure superheated steam boilers. The
boilers are designed for firing coal and refuse alone or in com-
bination. When coal and refuse are combined, 60% of the full-
load heat is supplied by coal and 40% by refuse. When only
refuse is fired, reduced steam pressures and steam tempera-
tures are used without generation of electricity. The installa-
tion can also be converted to gas firing or oil firing. In the pul-
verized coal-firing boilers, refuse is burned on Martin refuse
grates located under the refuse flue gas pass. At full load, a
boiler efficiency 92.5% is guaranteed for all-coal firing; effi-
ciency for combined operations is 85%. The annual capacity of
the boilers is expected to be about 420,000 t/yr of refuse. At
an average refuse heating value of about 1200 kcal/kg, about
500,000 Gcal/hr is supplied the power station by refuse. In
coming years, the plant is expected to meet about 10% of Mu-
nich's power requirements. The boilers and auxiliary plant
equipment are described in detail.
11969
TRASH INCINERATION PLANT FOR DARMSTADT. (Muell-
verbrennungsanlage fuer Darmstadt). Brennstoff-Waerme-
Kraft, 16(8):408, Aug. 1964. Translated from German. Ip.
Two steel-tube boilers, each of 25 tons/hr steam capacity at 48
excess atm and 450 C are being furnished for a trash incinera-
tion plant for the city of Darmstadt. The trash incineration
grates are designed for a trash throughput of 200 tons/day. The
trash does not require preliminary pulverization or sorting. At
about 1000 C incineration temperature, all possible putrefac-
tion agents are destroyed; the ashes are therefore sterile and
odorless. The dust is collected by filtering equipment to
prevent pollution in the vicinity of the plant.
11971
Ferber, Michael
TRASH INCINERATION AND AGGLOMERATING PLANT
IN BERLIN. (Muellverbrennungs- und -sinteranlage in Berlin).
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 16(8):409, Aug. 1964. Translated
from German. Ip.
An incineration plant for city trash and some industrial refuse,
scheduled for completion in Berlin-Ruhleben in 1968, is
described. The refuse, together with heating slag, fly ash from
power plants, and sludge from a neighboring clarification plant
are processed in an agglomerating belt installation into admix-
tures for concrete. Excess heat will be used for steam at 24
excess atm, 430 C for municipal heating purposes. When
completed, a daily maximum of 2000 tons can be processed
with a daily agglomerate production of about 1000 tons. This
will correspond roughly to half the total trash output of the en-
tire West Berlin metropolitan area. A population of 2.2 million,
with an annual trash load of about 3.3 million cu m (about
870,000 tons), is projected after 1972.
11972
Palm, R.
FUNCTIONS AND COMPUTATION DATA OF REFUSE IN-
CINERATORS. Energie (Munich), 17(12):539-542, Dec. 1965. 2
refs. Translated from German. 13p.
Design and evaluation factors for the firing chamber of refuse
incinerators are reviewed. This chamber mixes both the com-
bustible gases developed over the grate and the flying coke
carried by them with the excess of air flowing through the
grate, and burns the mixture. The chamber is limited by the
grate, a short feeder vault, and a longer, vertical recycling
vault; the flame must reflect heat back to the grate by the
vaults. The coarse dust from refuse incinerators should at least
be trapped, and particular attention must be paid to cleaning
fly ash from the heating surfaces of the incinerator equipment.
-------
18
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
Grate widths are given for small installations; small grates are
often troubled by slag, and therefore grate size should not be
less than 1.20 m., even if loads are small. On the other hand,
oversize grate widths result in a slower grate movement and
less of a stoking effect. In a discussion of thermal stress of the
firing chamber, the method for calculating thermal efficiencies
in the presence of different types of refuse is developed, and
several examples are worked out.
12441
Construction Research and Development Corp., Los Angeles,
Conrad Engineers Div.
INCINERATORS. In: Tenement Refuse Disposal Systems and
ArtificialUlumination of Communal Areas. Contract FH-940,
Section 2, 98p., March 1967. 56 refs. CFSTI: PB 180879
Despite the advantages of incinerators in a waste burning
system, their contribution to air pollution, usually because of
incomplete combustion, has led to increased legislation regu-
lating their operation and performance. Incinerators can be
built that do not emit pollutants; to accomplish this, any given
incinerator should be designed for its particular application.
The design requirements of installations for single dwelling or
small apartment buildings, rehabilitated tenement buildings,
and square blocks of buildings are briefly discussed. Four ap-
pendicies are included: the first and second present the por-
tions of New York City and Los Angeles County air pollution
control legislation pertinent to incinerators; the third is a
reprint of Multiple Chamber Incinerator Design Standards for
Los Angeles County by staff members of the Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District; and the fourth is the
text of a study entitled 'Criteria Used for Upgrading Existing
Apartment House Incinerators in the City of New York".
13112
Beck, Horst
ATR POLLUTION PROBLEMS AT INCINERATORS WITH
CAPACITIES UP TO 5 TONS/HR. (Probleme der Luftreinhal-
tung bei AbfaUverbrennungsanlagen mil Durchsatzleistungen bis
zu 5 t/h). Text in German. Energie Tech., 21(6):207-210, June
1969.
With the increasing use of incinerators for waste disposal,
regulations concerning the emission have become stringent.
Ver. Deut. Ing. standard 2301 (Feb. 1967) calls for a reduction
of stack emission of participate matter to 200 mg/cu m for
moist flue gas (with a CO2 content of 7%) from incinerators
with a capacity of less than 1.5 t/hr. Incinerators with a higher
capacity are to be equipped with the most recent dust collec-
tors. Efficient flue gas cleaning depends very much on the
selection of a suitable cleaning facility. Many factors such as
grate construction, size of the combustion chamber, capacity,
composition of the waste material, heating value, excess air,
and dust concentration of the dirty gas ought to be considered.
If wet dust collectors are used, waste water purification facili-
ties must be available. Cyclones and multiclones can be used
presently only with incinerators whose flue gases carry low
dust concentrations. The advantage of such dust collectors is
their small size. Electrostatic precipitators are gaining increas-
ing importance, particularly when operated in connection with
a multiclone. But the newest and most suitable dust collectors
for the present composition of flue gases are probably bag fil-
ters. Europe's most modern incinerator, erected in Berlin and
inaugurated in 1968 (capacity of the plant is 750 kg/hr), has
been equipped with such a facility after satisfactory results
had been gained with a bag filter in Switzerland. Depending on
the need, such filters can be equipped with silicon-treated
glass fiber bags of tubular shape or with synthetic fiber bags.
Periodically, the tubes are shaken to dislodge the dust and
cause it to fall into the collecting hopper. Such filters separate
dusts which are in the submicron range.
13622
Zurich, R. Tanner
OPERATING RESULTS OF THE INCINERATOR OF THE
CITY OF LAUSANNE. (Betriebsergebnisse der Muellver-
brennungsanlage der Stadt Lausanne.) Translated from Ger-
man. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft (Duesseldorf), 20(9):430-432,
01968.
The performance of the Von Roll incinerator in Switzerland is
discussed based on data compiled for the years 1959 to 1967.
Emphasis is placed on investment and operating costs, design
(flue gases are cleared using electrostatic precipitators),
operating results, and personnel. It is concluded that although
the main task of an incinerator is the hygienic disposal of
waste, such a plant should operate with enough safety margin
to avoid long interruptions. The Lausanne plant owes its suc-
cess exclusively to the standby units and to its design, which
makes monitoring during operation easy for the personnel.
14168
Ishii, I.
INCINERATOR. 2. PROBLEMS ON DESIGN. (Gomi
shokyakuro ni tsuite (2) Sekkei jo no shomondai). Text in
Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat Engineering) (Tokyo), 20(5):7-12,
May 1968. 8 refs.
Design of an incinerator was based on (1) estimation of the
character of household trash and garbage, (2) the burning ratio
between percentages of household trash and garbage, (3)
amount of air in trash, (4) furnace volume, and (5) chimney
pressure drop. Trash is expressed at the point of a triangle
coordinate whose elements are water, ash, and coal. Burning
ratio is derived from elliptical equations whose coordinates are
household trash and garbage. The amount of air is assumed to
be 0.5 cu run/kg for household trash and 2.9 cu run/kg for gar-
bage. Furnace volume is expressed by (burning rate) x (lower
heat of generation)/(heat generation in the furnace). Pressure
drop is the summation of that of the chimney and of the trash
layer. Chimney height is directly proportional to the pressure
drop and inversely proportional to gas temperature. Chimney
size is determined by Rente's equation.
14367
Kaiser, E. R.
THE INCINERATION OF BULKY REFUSE. D. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div.,
Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 129-135. 5
refs. (May 5-8).
Conventional incinerators are not designed to cope directly
with logs, tree stumps, branches, truck tires, demolition
lumber, furniture, mattresses, pallets, and the like. Landfill
space is limited and must be conserved by reduction in the
volume of refuse. Tests are described which show the prac-
ticability of hearth-type furnaces for the incineration of bulky
refuse. The oversized waste is charged by tractor into the fur-
nace. Burning rates average 18 Ibs/hr/sq ft of refractory hearth
area. Smoke, produced by the presence of hydrocarbons and
the rapid rate of devolatilization of part of the waste, is
burned out in a secondary chamber with excess air, turbu-
lence, and time. Fly ash emission is kept low because of
minimal flow of underfire air. Tests of two primary chambers
of a bulk-charge furnace 20 times 10 times 12 ft high are given
and the findings are coordinated with guidelines to designers.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
19
Also shown are proposed designs for incineration of 2 to 20
tons per hour.
14442
Kuhlmann, A.
TOWNS AND COMMUNITIES CANNOT IGNORE THE
NECESSITY OF RUBBISH INCINERATION. (Staedte und
Gemeinden duerfen sich der Notwendigkeit zur Muellver-
brennung nicht entziehen.) Text in German. Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):405-408. Sept 1968.
From the point of view of hygiene, the use of dumps is in-
defensible, while rubbish incineration using modem techniques
is both satisfactory and economically feasible. Graphs showing
the annual total weight and volume of rubbish produced per
inhabitant in the cities of Amsterdam, Stockholm, West Ber-
lin, Dusseldorf, Hamburg, Hannover and Frankfurt am Main
are given. As an example, a graph showing the heating values
of rubbish in the years 1955 to 1964 Bern, Switzerland exhibits
a strongly rising trend. The present state of rubbish com-
bustion is discussed. The initial and operating costs are con-
sidered in detail and a numerical example of the rubbish com-
bustion plant costs for a city of 850,000 inhabitants is given.
14923
Smith, Russell A., Lee L. Wikstrom, and Arrigo A. Carotti
AIR BORNE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERA-
TORS. SUMMARY REPORT OF STATE OF KNOWLEDGE,
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES AND AN
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. New York Univ., University
Heights, N. Y., Chem. Eng. Dept., Contract PH 86-67-62, 35p.,
May 1961. 56 refs.
Studies of emissions from municipal incinerators were
reviewed and found to be relatively limited in number as well
as in scope. Some are concerned only with particulate, CO2,
CO, H2O, O2, and N2 emissions while others are concerned
with the parameters and the parameters influencing the quanti-
ty of emission. In general, these analyses were conducted dur-
ing normal, steady state incinerator operating conditions. More
detailed identification and quantitation were restricted to par-
ticulates and hydrocarbons. New York City area studies
seemed particularly few in numbers. The following recommen-
dations for future studies are made: sample and analyze stack
discharge from municipal incinerators in the New York City
metropolitan area; determine the rate of discharge of specific
chemicals over a 12-month period, with emphasis on toxic sub-
stances; determine the rate of discharge when the incinerator
is operated at design capacity and/or at capacity loading that
meets local air pollution control requirements; and determine
variations in general composition. A brief summary paragraph
is given with most of the references.
14972
Smith, David B. and David H. Scott
COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT.
PART ONE. DATA SUMMARY. AIR POLLUTION AND
METEOROLOGY. David B. Smith Engineers, Inc.,
Gainesville, Fla., HUD Proj. FLA. P-65, 38p., July 1968. 23
refs. CFSTI: PB-184678
A background study of air pollution in Palm Beach County
identifies and locates the county's major emission sources. Cli-
matological and meteorological conditions which increase the
severity of pollution are described. It was found that common
air pollution complaints to the county involve commercial in-
cineration in close proximity to residential areas, caused by
careless operating procedures. Improperly operated, the 74 ap-
proved small commercial incinerators produce soot, fly ash,
and smoke. Seven sugar mills and two major fossil-fuel elec-
tric generating plants emit significant quantities of smoke and
related pollutants due to either improper operation, low grade
plant fuel, or can field burning with uncontrolled emissions.
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft emits atmospheric pollutants on an
occasional short-term basis. Burning of junked automobile
hulks and production of asphalt contributes to the emissions.
Only in the Pahokee-Belle Glade area do dustfall measure-
ments exceed a median residential-commercial threshold con-
centration of 14.4 tons/square mile/month under average con-
ditions. All sampling points experience greater maximum dust-
fall concentrations except Royal Palm Beach. Dustfall concen-
trations in Riviera Beach, West Palm Beach, Palm Springs,
Delray Beach, Boca Raton and the Pahokee-Belle Glade area
exceed the standard concentrations for strictly residential
areas. Salhaven, Cross State, Boca Raton Rubbish, Lake Park,
Pahokee North, and Belle Glade solid waste disposal sites
practice open burning of wastes. Uncontrolled burning at some
of these sites greatly reduces night time visibility along major
transportation arteries including the Sunshine State Parkway.
(Author abstract modified)
16254
EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS OF THE WASTE COMPOSI-
TION ON DESIGN PARAMETERS OF INCINERATORS. (Die
Auswirkungen von Schwankungen der Muellbeschaffenheit auf
einige Konstruktionsparameter von Muellverbrennungsan-
lagen). Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):428- 429, 1968. 1 ref.
Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 6p., Sept. 25, 1969.
(Presented at Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967.)
A computer program was developed to find the limits within
which the waste composition may change and to find the ef-
fects of the changes on the various parameters. The program
is executed with the following values: upper heating value
from 2225-4450 kcal/kg, carbon from 24-405%, hydrogen from
3.5-7.5%, oxygen from 20-30%, water from 11-30%, incom-
bustible material from 11-22.5%, and carbon/hydrogen ratio
from 10.8-24. It was shown that the heating value increases
with increasing content of free hydrogen. If the waste com-
position and heating value, air surplus, and heat loss are given,
the combustion products at a capacity of 900 kg/h can be
found with the computer program. The specific heats and
enthalpies can be found and a heat equation can be established
to determine the equilibrium gas temperature. The computer
program also helps to find the amount of water required for
cooling flue gases to 540, 400, 260, 120 C, or to saturation. It
also determines the mass and volume flow at every important
point in the circulation. All calculations include a certain as-
sumed percentage of incombustible material. An air surplus
from 40-300% and a heat loss from 2-60% of the entire
released heat are included in the input data. With this pro-
gram, 2310 various cases can be computed and 70,000 in-
dividual data for 21 different waste compositions can be ob-
tained. By feeding the results of analysis of the waste com-
position and its presumable variation over a certain period into
the computer, all parameters essential for the sizing of the in-
dividual parts of the incinerator within a certain determined
range can be found.
-------
20
16514
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C.,
Div. of Abatement
INTERIM GUIDE OF GOOD PRACTICE FOR INCINERA-
TION AT FEDERAL FACILITIES. NAPCA Pub. AP-46, 94p.,
Nov. 1969. 19 refs.
This quide is to be used by Federal Agencies in selecting in-
cinerators for burning the following wastes: highly combustible
mixtures, e.g., paper, cardboard, wood, floor sweepings,
plastic, and rubber, containing 10% moisture and 5% noncom-
bustible solids; combustible mixtures of paper, cardboard,
wood, foliage, floor sweepings, and restaurant wastes contain-
ing 25% moisture and 10% noncombustible solids; approxi-
mately even mixtures of rubbish and garbage containing up to
50% moisture and 7% incombustible solids; and human and
animal remains containing up to 85% moisture and 5% incom-
bustible solids. The information presented applies to incinera-
tors with a burning capacity of 2000 pounds/hr or less of
general refuse and up to 200 pounds/hr of pathological wastes.
Multiple-chamber retort or multiple-chamber in-line incinera-
tors are specified for general refuse; multiple chamber retort
incinerators, for pathological refuse. Any incinerator of more
than 200 pounds/hr capacity must be equipped with specified
scrubbers or scrubbers of equivalent efficiency. Testing will
not be required for incinerators and incinerator-scrubber com-
binations built as recommended. Multiple-chamber incinerators
conforming to Incinerator Institute of America Standards will
be accepted as alternate incinerators if their emission levels
are determined by prescribed tests.
16710
POLLUTIONLESS REFUSE INCINERATION. Brit. Chem.
Eng., 13(12):1653, Dec. 1968.
A continuous closed system, achieving complete combustion
of refuse without atmospheric pollution, is described. In this
system, a unique grate design ensures efficient transport of the
burning refuse and creates maximum disturbance and aeration
of the furnace bed. Operation is automatic, with minimum
labor requirements, and unit capacities vary from 60 to more
than 900 t/d.
16869
Kaiser, Elmer R.
SUCCESSFUL INCINERATORS ARE NOT CHEAP. Power,
113(9):78-79, Sept. 1969.
Whether incinerators only dispose of refuse or generate steam
as well, careful design is needed to make them acceptable to
their users and to the community. The sizing, location, and
control of air jets to promote complete combustion, corrosion,
and stack height are among the problems that must be con-
sidered in incinerator design. A large multipurpose incinerator
plant constructed in Stamford, Conn, is described briefly.
17243
KUSUMOTI, MASAYASU
SOME PROBLEMS IN REFUSE DISPOSAL. (Haibutsu shobun
no mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Yosui to Haisui (J. Water
Waste), 11(8):619-621, Aug. 1, 1969.
Disposal of refuse, solid or liquid, does not imply complete
solution of the refuse problem, although some refuse is partly
reduced to energy by incineration and partly dispersed to the
atmosphere in an aerosol state. Human productive activities
are closely linked to the metobolic processes by which nature
provides raw materials and other substances for consumption,
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
and as long as men remain within the metabolic cycle the
balance between nature and productive activities is main-
tained. In highly industrialized societies, this equilibrium is
lost. For example, in the process of pulp manufacturing,
nearly 4 tons of refuse is processed per 1 ton pulp, while in
the second process of paper production, 13% of refuse is
produced per total amount of pulp. What is finally collected as
paper is about 40%; the remaining 60% is refuse. The concept
of refuse disposal as a transitional process in which refuse is
conveyed to the cycle of metabolism and then returned to na-
ture may not be a reliable one. It appears more promising to
dump refuse in the ocean or to utilize it for land reclamation
by composting or fertilization even though these solutions in-
volve problems of large scale collection and transportation.
Studies bearing on technical aspects of composting and land
reclamation are sufficiently developed to suggest that com-
posting is the most practical countermeasure for refuse
disposal.
17462
Murakami, M., T. Kawashima, and K. Kamitsu
INCINERATION PLANT AT ISOGO IN YOKOHAMA CITY.
(Yokohamashi seisokyoku isogo kojo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. of Heating
Air Conditioning Sanitary Engrs.), 44(2):131-138, 1970.
The design and operation of the recently constructed Isogo in-
cineration plant is presented. The plant site area covers 13141
sq m, of which buildings occupy 7330 sq m. The plant is com-
posed of three basements, five floors, a waste dumping build-
ing, a charging building, furnace building, central building, and
other adjoining buildings. The average yearly incineration
capacity is 300 t/24 hrs; the maximum capacity of 450 t/24 hrs
is designed to meet seasonal increases in refuse. The plant is
characterized by a sanitary working environment and the ap-
plication of modem technology. The quantity of smoke dust
emitted is less than 0.1 g/cu Nm due to the use of mul-
ticyclone and electric dust collectors. Effective smoke disper-
sion is promoted by a chimney height of 85 m; emission speed
is more than 20 m/s. An airtight pit chamber prevents the
discharge of odors. Waste water is chemically treated to meet
water quality standards. At night, noise is suppressed to less
than 50 phon. Furnace operations are automated and, like
other proceedings, observed on television sets in a control
room. Furnace rooms are ventilated 20 times/hr and other
rooms between 10 and 15 times/hr. Surplus steam from waste
heat in boilers is utilized for a sludge digestion tank and sur-
plus gas, mainly methane, as a subsidiary fuel. The first floor
of the plant is 5 m higher than the average tide level of Tokyo
Bay.
17552
Hansen, Erwin G., P. E. Rousseau, and Henri Rousseau
AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE WASTE DISPOSAL
CRISIS. Combustion, 41(9):8-13, March 1970.
Conventional incineration plants in the United States have
used a refractory type incinerator with a waste heat boiler in-
stalled in the flue outlet. Because of problems of maintenance,
corrosion and slagging, and plugging of gas passages, this ar-
rangement has been totally abandoned in European practice.
As in the Issy-les- Moulineaux plant southwest of Paris, the
incinerator boiler and furnace must be an integral unit. At the
French plant, refuse is, in effect, burned in the furnace of a
water-wall type boiler. The plant has four units, each designed
to burn 39,600 Ib of refuse an hour. In operation, collection
vehicles discharge refuse to a pit having a two-day collection
capacity. The pit is maintained under a negative atmospheric
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
21
pressure with all combustion air being drawn from the pit.
Consequently, no dust spreads to the outside. Wastes are
transferred by cranes from the pit to furnace charging chutes.
Each furnace contains a Martin type stoker which provides a
continuous tumbling of refuse through alternating movement
of fixed and mobile bars. Ashes fall by gravity into a water
trough from which they are discharged onto a belt conveyor.
On leaving the boiler, combustion products pass through elec-
trostatic precipitators with an efficiency of 98%. As a result,
smoke emissions from the plant are rarely visible. Steam
generated by the boilers is discharged to a back-pressure tur-
bine where it is expanded to approximately 285 psi. This steam
is sold to the heating company which serves the center of
Paris. In 1967, the plant sold 1,100,000 Ib of steam and
generated 75,000,000 kw hours of electricity. The incinerated
refuse, which contains only 0.1% putrescible matter and 3%
unbumed carbon (including fly ash), is also sold, generally for
road construction. The plant was constructed in 1962 at a cost
of $23,000,000. In 1967, operating costs were $1.46 a ton after
the sale of steam, electricity, and residue.
17604
Stahl, Quade R.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF SELENIUM
AND ITS COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton
Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems
Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-47, 76p.,
Oct. 1969. 135 refs. CFSTI: PB 188077
The literature on the human and animal effects, sources,
abatement, economics, and methods of analysis of selenium
and its compounds as air pollutants is reviewed, with an ap-
pendix of tabular material from selected references. Selenium
compounds in the atmosphere are known to cause irritation of
the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract in humans, and,
under conditions of prolonged exposure, gastrointestinal disor-
ders. In animals, there are indications that selenium ingestion
may cause cancer of the liver, and it is known to produce
pneumonia and degeneration of liver and kidneys. Although no
studies were found on the effects of atmospheric selenium on
plants, species which are classed as primary indicators or
secondary selenium absorbers are discussed. Sources of at-
mospheric selenium include combustion of industrial and re-
sidential fuels, refinery waste gases and fumes, and incinera-
tion of wastes including paper products which contains as
much as 6 ppm selenium. Little data is available on concentra-
tions of selenium in the air; one report indicated an average
value of 0.001 microgram/cu m in the vicinity of Boston,
Mass. Electrostatic precipitators and water scrubbers are ef-
fective in controlling emissions of selenium in industrial opera-
tions. No information has been found on the economic costs
of selenium air pollution, or on the costs of its abatement.
Methods are available for the analysis of selenium in the at-
mosphere, including neutron activation analysis and
colorimetry. (Author abstract modified)
17610
Miner, Sydney
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLTUION SURVEY OF AMMONIA:
A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc., Silver
Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH 22-68-
25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-25, 39p., Oct. 1969. 79 refs. CF-
STI: PB 188082
Ammonia is a natural constituent of the atmosphere, but exists
in concentrations below the level that is hazardous to humans,
animals, plants, or materials. High concentrations of ammonia
gas are corrosive to mucous membranes; can damage the eye,
throat, and upper respiratory tract; and can produce residual
damage and even death in humans and animals. High concen-
trations are also toxic to most plant life and corrode metals.
Almost all of the ammonia in the atmosphere is produced by
natural biological processes, largely from the decomposition of
organic waste material. Ammonia produced by industry and as
a result of urban activities, though of lesser importance, can
be a factor in air pollution in localized areas. The major
sources of urban-produced ammonia are automobile exhausts,
fuel combustion, and waste incineration. Industrial sources of
ammonia are refineries, fertilizer plants, and organic chemical
process plants. Air quality standards for ammonia concentra-
tions have not yet been established in the United States. The
average levels of environmental concentrations are approxi-
mately 20 micrograms/cu m. Methods used to abate other pol-
lutants with which it is associated also reduce the quantity of
ammonia reaching the atmosphere. These methods include wet
scrubbers, bag filters, and charcoal filters. Future emissions of
ammonia are expected to be greater as a result of increases in
incineration, fuel oil usage, catalytic cracking, and gasoline
consumption. The principle method used for sampling at-
mospheric ammonia is the Nessler colorimetric method.
(Author abstract modified)
18009
Darnay, Arsen, Jr.
THROWAWAY PACKAGES--A MIXED BLESSING. Environ.
Sci. Technol., 3(4):328-333, April 1969.
Solid wastes pose many problems to the affluent society.
Waste collection, waste processing, aesthetic blight from litter-
ing, soil and groundwater pollution from decomposition of or-
ganics, air pollution from waste combustion, and loss of
potentially valuable raw materials are aspects of the subject
which are discussed. Each of these subject areas is considered
from the point of view of the basic problem, the contribution
of disposable packaging to the problem, and possible ap-
proaches to solution of the problem.
18173
Kaupert, W.
RUBBISH GASIFICATION. EXPERIENCES WITH THE RUB-
BISH GAS PLANT IN THE DANISH TOWN OF KOLDBVG.
(Muellvergasung Erfahrungen mil dem Muellgaswerk in der
daenischen Stadt Kolding.) Text in German. Brennstoff-
Waerme-Kraft, 20(9):433-435, Sept. 1968.
A detailed description and diagram are given of a rubbish gas
plant in which rubbish is broken down mechanically to fist-
size pieces, is fed from above into a 19 m-high vertical oil or
gas-fired retort and is gasified at a constant temperature of
1000 C. The fuel oil consumption is 0.18 tons per ton of rub-
bish. The combustion gases travel through annular channels in
the retort wall and through a heat exchanger in which they are
cooled to 170 C and escape through a short tin flue without
noticeable smoke emission. A patented 'heat muff on top of
the retort provides a heat-proof seal and removes the
produced gas, mixed with steam added in the required propor-
tion to a cooler in which the gas-steam mixture is cooled to 70
C. The heat content of the gas and the heat of condensation of
the steam are used for heating. The condensate is alkaline and
does not attack plant surfaces. The rubbish gas is then
scrubbed in the conventional manner and fed into a gas
storage tank. The ash, falling down through the bottom outlet
of the retort is absolutely steril, fine-grained and very loose
and may safely be used as a fill. Other uses are under in-
vestigation. The chemical composition of rubbish gas during
the year 1967 is given. Its heating value was, on the average,
-------
22
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
3290 kcal/nonnal cu m. A cost estimate of the operation of a
rubbish gas plant in towns of different sizes is given.
19052
Cross, Frank L., Jr.
CAN ON-SITE INCINERATION SOLVE A WASTE
DISPOSAL PROBLEM AND NOT CREATE AIR POLLU-
TION? Preprint, City of Elizabeth, N. J. and Rutgers - The
State Univ., New Brunswick, N. J., 10p., 1970. S refs. (Presented
at the Air Pollution Control Meeting Elizabeth, N. J., 1970.)
The annual production of solid waste in the United States is
approximately 140 million tons. The disposal of these wastes
each year creates large quantities of airborne pollutants, in-
cluding one million tons each of carbon monoxide, sulfur diox-
ide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
Between the time that a community runs out of suitable land
for sanitary landfill and the time when it can afford to con-
struct a municipal or regional incinerator, on-site incineration
is important in the community's waste disposal operations.
Poorly designed multiple-chamber units and poorly operated
units have resulted in the discharge of large quantities of
smoke from single-chamber incinerators. Some state and local
control agencies are passing regulations lowering the paticulate
emission limit to 0.1 grain/cu foot. Many units will not meet
these regulations without installing some type of control
device, such as a scrubber or auxiliary burner. Some factors
essential to good planning have been suggested by the In-
cinerator Institute of America; collecting and method of charg-
ing, ample space around the incinerator, adequate air supply,
adequate draft, chimney location, and current local codes and
ordinances.
19547
Greeley, S. A. and Abraham Michaels
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 6(3):133-143, Nov. 1956. 8 refs.
(Presented at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Semiannual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, June 17-19, 1956.)
Two papers representing the points of view of the designer
and the customer respectively include only those parts of
direct interest to air pollution and its control. A description of
the designer's problem is presented in terms of types of pollu-
tants, degree of control desirable, and types of control equip-
ment which were being tried. Cyclones, gravel filters, water,
and electric precipitation were all too expensive to be risked in
their present untried state; the designer should stick to the
proven subsidence chamber but allow sufficient room at
strategic points to permit incorporation of whichever system
proves most economical in the future. From the customer's
point of view, pollution control-as long as it did not increase
the cost too much-was an excellent selling point to the elec-
torate. More concern was expressed over the cost of techni-
cally competent personnel to operate automated faculties as
compared to the cost of the unskilled labor required to operate
conventional manual installations. Both the designer and the
customer emphasized the need for equipment reliability to
reduce expensive down-time and maintenance.
20153
Houry, E. and H. W. Kain
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN OF SMOKELESS-ODORLESS IN-
CINERATORS FOR MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE. American
Gas Association Labs., Cleveland, Ohio, Research Bull. 93,
41p., Dec. 1962. 4 refs.
A study was conducted to reduce the quantity of particulate
matter in the effluents of incinerators for domestic waste. The
content of the particulate matter was measured in the flue
between the primary chamber and the secondary chamber.
One end of a steel pipe was inserted into the desired location
while the other end extended through the outer jacket of the
incinerator and was connected to the glass probe normally
used in extracting the effluent sample from the stack. Produc-
tion of some particulate matter in the primary chambers of
present domestic incinerators may be attributed to inadequate
heat distribution to the charge and/or insufficient air at the
right places in the charge. The input rates of two incinerators
were each incresed by 10,000 Btu per hour. Particulate matter
decreased as much as 87%. Uncarbonized residue remaining in
the ash after incineration was reduced as much as 55%. Two
domestic incinerators were equipped with power burners. The
incineration rate could be greatly increased; an afterburner
was not necessary for a satisfactory effluent when a more
complete reaction occurred in the primary chamber. A proto-
type domestic gas-fire incinerator was designed and con-
structed. The unit operated with a particulate matter content in
the flue gases of less than 0.05 grains per cubic foot.
20276
Rue, Phillip G. La
ELECTRIC SMOKELESS AND ODORLESS INCINERATOR.
(Calculator Corp., Bay City, Mich.) U. S. Pat. 3,496,890. 6p.,
Feb. 24, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. Nov. 6, 1967, 9 claims).
A smokeless and odorless incinerator for burning garbage and
other refuse is described. The refuse is placed in a primary
combustion chamber where it is ignited by mounted heating
elements. An afterburner is provided which reburns the smoke
and gases as they flow from the primary chamber. The remain-
ing unburned refuse in the primary chamber is dried up by a
second heating device before being burned. The heating ele-
ments may be open coil resistance wires which are protected
by a grid placed between them and the refuse. The second
heating device is preferably placed from the bottom of the pri-
mary chamber. (Author abstract modified)
20517
Barbeito, Manuel S. and Gardner G. Gremillion
MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY EVALUATION OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL REFUSE INCINERATOR. Appl. Microbiol.,
16(2):291-295, Feb. 1968. 6 refs
An industrial refuse incinerator was tested to determine
minimal operating temperatures required to prevent release of
viable microorganisms into the atmosphere. A liquid suspen-
sion of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores was disseminated
into the firebox as an aerosol, and dry spores mixed with
animal bedding were dumped into the firebox. The minimal
requirement for wet spores was 575 F for the firebox air tem-
perature and 385 F for the firebrick refractory lining. When
dry spores were used, these temperatures were 700 and 385 F,
respectively. Although internal air temperatures of incinerators
in continuous operation generally average 1200 to 1700 F, any
one or combination of the following factors may interfere with
the necessary time-temperature exposure of airborne microor-
ganisms required for sterilization: temperature gradients
caused by intermittent use, linear velocites that exceed the in-
cinerator design and thereby reduce retention time, internal
conveyors, automatic vibrating grates, charging beyond in-
cinerator capacity, moisture content of refuse, height of stack,
and type of refractory lining. (Author abstract modified)
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
23
20585
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF NICKEL
AND ITS COMPOUNDS: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton
Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems
Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-41, 69p.,
Oct. 1969. 113 refs. CFSTI: PB 188070
As determined by a literature search, inhalation of nickel or its
compounds can cause lung cancer, sinus cancer, other disor-
ders of the respiratory system, or dermatitis. No information
was found on the effects of emissions of nickel on commercial
animals, plants, or materials. The most likely sources of nickel
in urban air are metallurgical plants using nickel, engines burn-
ing fuels containing nickel additives, coal and oil combustion,
nickel plating facilities, and incineration of nickel products. In
1964, the national average atmospheric concentration of nickel
was 0.032 micrograms/cu m, while the national maximum con-
centration was 0.690 micrograms/cu m. Nickel air pollution
usually occurs as particulate emissions and is controlled with
the total particulates by dust handling equipment such as bag
filters, precipitators, and scrubbers. The only serious abate-
ment problem is with gaseous nickel carbonyl, which must be
thermally decomposed before it can be removed as particulate.
No methods for controlling nickel emissions from motor ex-
haust are cited in the literature. Analytical methods are availa-
ble to measure nickel at the 0.006 microgram/cu m level and
nickel carbonyl at the 7 microgram/cu m level.
20646
Hirayama, Naomichi, Kazuo Hishida, Sadao Konno, and
Toshio Ohira
A RESEARCH ON THE REFUSE INCINERATORS FROM
THE VD3WPOINT OF SMOKE PROPERTIES. Bull. JSME
(Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs.), 11(47):902-912 1968. 4 refs.
Operating conditions, type of refuse burned, concentrations of
noxious flue gas components, and the amount of dust and fly
ash in flue gases were determined for 15 municipal and private
incinerators in Tokyo. Integrated test results are tabulated and
evaluated in terms of incinerator design criteria. Concentra-
tions of hydgrogen chloride were high where rubbish was
burned, sometimes reaching 2000 ppm in emissions from de-
partment store incinerators. This amount renders furnace
design almost impossible due to the metal corrosion. The con-
centration of HC1 in the flue gas of municipal incinerators is
usually less than 200 ppm, so attention should be paid to high
temperature incineration and stress corrosion of metals. The
total of sulfur oxides in flue gas from incinerators is less than
100 ppm. Ammonium is not produced by rubbish combustion,
and that produced by garbage combustion can be substantially
reduced by high-temperature incineration, as can concentra-
tions of aldehydes. Temperature has no effect on organic
acids, the total content of which is usually less than 100 ppm,
but high temperatures (above 900 C) produce increased con-
centrations of nitrogen dioxides. The dust and fly ash content
in the flue gas of continuous combustion incinerators are
nearly equal to that of the batch combustion type. The ash
content can be controlled by retaining the ash on the after-
burning grate for a sufficient period of time. With respect to
dust, dry collectors are perferable for refuse incinerators.
20737
Flowers, George H. Jr.
APPARATUS FOR BURNING COMBUSTD3LE PRODUCTS
IN EXHAUST GASES AND REMOVING FLY ASH
THEREFROM. (Waste Combustion Corp., Mechanicsville,
Va.) U. S. Pat. 3,489,109. 7p., Jan. 13, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. July
9, 1968,17 claims).
An incinerator is described for burning in large volume all
types of rubbish or waste material, while the exhaust gases
from the main combustion zone are subjected to another burn-
ing zone to insure complete combustion and to a zone for the
removal of fly ash. It comprises a casing member defining a
main combustion chamber and a passageway through the cas-
ing member for discharge of exhaust gases. A transition con-
duit communicates with the passageway for receiving exhaust
gases, while there is a pressure burner for effecting a burning
zone in the transition conduit. A second casing member
defines a fly ash collection zone, and a baffle within the
second casing member divides it into two chambers in commu-
nication with each other. The discharge opening of the transi-
tion conduit is positioned in one chamber, while a stack has an
inlet opening in the other chamber. Forced air for the main
combustion zone of the incinerator is supplied through holes in
the casing member; the holes can be cleaned from the exterior
of the incinerator. (Author abstract modified)
20759
Pelletier, Eugene
INCINERATOR. (Raymond Lee Organization, Inc., New
York) U. S. Pat. 3,485,190. 2p., Dec. 23, 1969. 6 refs. (Appl.
July 15, 1968, 5 claims).
An incinerator in which garbage and other waste is burned
consists of a vertical chimney which passes upward through a
multistory building; each floor has an access door through
which waste can be thrown downward into the chimney. A
firebox with an ash pit is at the base of the chimney and has
jets of flame injected downwards The waste is caught by dam-
pers, disposed above the jets, which operate automatically or
manually to feed the waste to the flames. Fans are situated in
the chimeny above the hightes story to create a forced upward
draft. Electrical heating coils, above the fans, completely burn
the combustion products, such as flyash, drawn upward from
the jets. This ensures complete burning prior to discharge to
the atmosphere.
20906
Essenhigh, R. H.
INCINERATION -- A PRACTICAL AND SCffiNTOTIC AP-
PROACH. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2(7):524-534, July 1968. 19
refs.
A progress report is given of the following projects undertaken
at Pennsylvania State University concerned with the basic
science and technology of incinerators: 1) study of the kinetics
of typical waste materials during the combustion reaction; 2)
combustion study of burning bed behavior in a small com-
bustion pot; 3) cold-model studies of the aerodynamic patterns
in an incinerator: and 4) construction and instrumentation of a
small test incinerator. The types of waste are classified on a
six point scale. An analysis of the types bumed in an incinera-
tor indicates that although the ratio of garbage to rubbish may
vary from time to time, the basic combustible ingredients in
both cases are carbohydrates, and the principle variation is in
water content. For purposes of the study, the area of action in
the incinerator is subdivided into two zones: zone one consists
of a solid bed and 'underfire', zone two consists of gases and
'overfire'. Of the above mentioned projects, project 1) makes
use of paper spheres of varying diameter made from a rapidly
mixed pulp of shredded paper and water, which are burned in
an airstream at differing flow velocities. Project 2) makes use
of steel tubes packed with newspaper rolls or wooden pegs,
-------
24
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
the principle of which is to form a substantially planar reaction
zone at the top of the cylinder and to study this as it moves
upstream against the airflow. Project 3) uses a gas tracer (CO2
or He) to determine the division of the total volume into a
stirred section and a plug flow section, with the ultimate ob-
ject of determining the optimum arrangement for the overfire
air to be used in a test incinerator. The test incinerator of pro-
ject 4) is built of super-duty firebrick, 10 feet high and 2 feet
square, equipped with an optical smoke meter and a monitor
gas sampling probe, both located in the stack. Plans are to
analyze such gases as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ox-
ygen, and water vapor, using a variety of instruments and
analyzers.
21492
Hotti, G. and R. Tanner
HOW EUROPEAN ENGINEERS DESIGN INCINERATORS.
Am. City, 1969: 107-112, 147, June 1969.
Current European design parameters for refuse incinerators
are described. Heat utilization is considered in many plants.
Neighborhood nuisances can be eliminated by proper design
and operation. Early systems of refuse destruction include cell
furnaces, rotary kilns, and shaft furnaces. More recently, units
with integrated combustion chambers proved to be superior.
Maintaining a narrow temperature range, controlling the mix
of the refuse, and matching the boiler size to the grate capaci-
ty all improve operating efficiency. Plant design is dependent
upon firing efficiency, which is a function of all other deter-
mining factors. Due to the changing quality of refuse, redesign
of incinerators is becoming necessary. Recent developmental
trends are discussed.
21882
Franzke, H. H.
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS AT REFUSE INCINERATORS.
(Emissionsverminderung bei der Abfallverbrennung). Text in
German. VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Her., no. 149:313-317, 1970.
The 'heterogeneous nature of refuse material makes any reduc-
tion of emissions difficult. Incinerators primarily emit dust (1
to 20 g/cu m), sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide (500 to 2500
mg/cu m), hydrogen chloride (150 to 1500 mg/cu m), and
odors. The Federal government has imposed emission limits on
incinerators, namely 150 mg/cu m of dust for plants with a cir-
culation of 1.5 tons/h, and 200 mg/cu m of dust and a carbon
dioxide-content of 7% for plants with a capacity below 1.5
tons/h. Technical measures for the reduction of emissions are
discussed in the VDI (Association of German Engineers)
guidelines 2114 and 2301. High stacks help to reduce high
emission concentrations. For flue gas cleaning, the gases must
first be cooled to temperatures between 150 and 250 C, while
the liberated heat can be used for power generation. If no heat
utilization is contemplated, water or fresh air must be used for
cooling the gases. Electrostatic precipitators are primarily used
for dust separation in large incinerators. In storage bunkers an
underpressure must be maintained to avoid spread of disagree-
able odors.
21952
Kaiser, Elmer R.
EVALUATION OF THE MELT-ZIT HIGH-TEMPERATURE
INCINERATOR. (OPERATION TEST REPORT). Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio Bureau of Solid Waste
Management, City of Brockton Grant D01-U1-00076, 113p..,
Aug. 1968. 13 refs. CFSTI: PB 187309
The performance of a high-temperature incinerator was tested
in terms of its potential for practical application. The incinera-
tor is unique in that it is basically a vertical, cylindrical shaft
furnace with a refractory lining. The non-combustible fractions
of refuse are melted in a bed of high-temperature coke, and
drained from the furnace as molten slag and iron. Organic
matter in the residue is thereby automatically prevented and
complete sterility is achieved. The residue has a high density.
In the state of development and method of operation at the
time of testing, the pilot incinerator did not perform satisfac-
torily or reliably. The process has sufficient promise to war-
rant further design and development. The technical advantages
of the incinerator are a residue free of putrescible matter,
maximum density of landfill, and the elimination of ground
water or stream pollution from deposit of incinerator residue.
The emission control system was not operative during the test
in order to permit stack gas sampling. Gaseous emissions were
comparable to those of well designed conventional incinera-
tors. Particulate emission averaged approximately 13 lbs/1000
Ib gas. No odor was detectable.
21991
Stahl, Quade R.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF AL-
DEHYDES. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc.,
Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., NAPCA
Contract PH 22-68-25, Pub. APTD 69-24, 134p., Oct. 1969. 221
refs. CFSTI: PB 188081
The effects, sources, abatement, and methods of analysis of
aldehydes are reviewed, as ambient air measurements indicate
that in 1967 the average concentrations for several cities
ranged from 3 to 79 micrograms/cu m. Vehicle exhaust ap-
pears to be the major emission source, but significant amounts
may be produced from incineration of wastes and burning of
fuels. Local sources of aldehydes may include manufacturing
of chemicals and other industrial processes that result in the
pyrolysis of organic compounds in air or oxygen. Atmospheric
aldehydes can also result from photochemical reactions
between reactive hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, and
moreover, they can react to produce other products, including
ozone, peroxides, and peroxyacetyl nitrate compounds. Low
concentrations principally affect humans and animals by irrita-
tion of the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory
tract, and skin; animal studies indicate that high concentra-
tions can injure the lungs and other organs of the body.
Although combustion control methods, such as catalytic after-
burners, generally decrease the amount of hydrocarbon emis-
sions, they may actually produce greater amounts of al-
dehydes. Common sampling methods employ bubblers or
impingers containing a reactive reagent, while infrared spec-
troscopy, and many colorimetric methods are applicable to
formaldehyde, acrolein, and aldehydes. (Author abstract
modified)
22130
Murakami, Masakata, Takashi Kawashima, and Kamichiro
Kamitsu
ISOGO INCINERATION PLANT IN YOKOHAMA.
(Yokohamashi seisokyoko isogo kojo ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kukichowa Eisei Kogaku (J. Japan Soc. Heating,
Air-conditioning, Sanitary Engrs.), 44(2):131-138, 1970.
Equipment and facilities recently installed at Isogo Waste
Treatment Plant are described. The site covers 13,141 sq m in-
cluding a 7330 sq m building site. The plant is comprised on a
main building, containing three basements and five floors, a
waste dumping building, a furnace wing off the main building,
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
25
and adjoining structures. The nominal incinerating capacity is
300 t/day with a peak load capacity of 450 t/day to handle
seasonal increases. To eliminate the conventional image of
waste disposal facilities and to emphasize the modern sanitary
working environment, many advanced concepts were incor-
porated. The use of multi-cyclone and electric dust collectors
keeps soot and smoke emissions below 0.1 g/N cu m. Chim-
neys 85 m tall with exhaust velocities greater than 20 m/s ef-
fectively disperse all smoke. The pit chamber is air tight to
prevent the discharge of noxious odors. Waste water is treated
to meet the requirements of the Water Quality Standard. At
night, noise is suppressed to less than 50 phon. The furnace is
operated from a central control room which includes a closed
TV monitor system to permit overall supervision of the site
activities. In the furnace room, air is recirculated 20 times per
hour and 10-15 times per hour in other operating and staff
areas. Offices, equipment rooms, control rooms, exhibit
rooms, and some others are heated and air-conditioned. Sur-
plus steam from waste heat boilers is used in the sludge
digestion tanks. Surplus gas, mostly methane, is used as a sub-
sidiary fuel. To prevent flooding, the first floor was built 5 m
above the average tide level of Tokyo Bay.
22540
AIR POLLUTION AND AIR CLEANER. (Taiki osen to kuki
seijoka sochi).Text in Japanese. Kukichowa to Reito (Air Con-
ditioning Refrig.), 10(2):52-55, Jan. 15, 1970. 3 refs.
The filter was reviewed regarding its application to air pollu-
tion countermeasures: elimination of pollutants and injurious
gases. Suspended particles in air are less than 10 microns in
size and their amount increases in the order of rural district,
city and industrial area respectively. The density of particles in
atmosphere at an emission source was as much as ten times
the average quantity. Harmful gases occur due to combustion
of fuel and the treatment process of chemical materials. Inter-
nal combustion engine, melting furnace for metals and garbage
incinerators are considered as the source of combustion
process type pollutants. Treatment process type of pollution
sources are petrochemical plants and the sulfuric acid indus-
try. Sulfur dioxide is emitted because of sulfur in fuels; carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides are found mainly in auto-ex-
haust gas. Air cleaning filters must be selected according to
various objectives such as air-cleaning for people, protection
of apparatus, or quality control. Dust collection rate of an air
filter is measured by different methods such as gravimetry
(more than 1 micron), colorimetry (less than 1 micron), and
DOP method (less than 0.3 micron). The points of selecting air
filter are required purity, air flow capacity and working period.
High purity is required for clean rooms, precision machine
rooms and for eliminating injurious particles. Filters for these
purposes need a high gathering rate. The HEPA filter is
usually used. In its application, consideration must be given to
the structure of filter chamber, air leak of installed surface of
apparatus, structure of duct and the location of the fan. A pre-
filter is desirable to lengthen the life of the HEPA filter. Fil-
ters with a large flow capacity should be chosen with the eye
on low operation cost and a continuous use of 8-12 months.
Auto-winding type of electrostatic self-washing type of filter is
preferred for long period use. Adsorption by active carbon is
used for the elimination of injurious gas. The adsorption effi-
ciency for sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is 80-90% for 13
mm thickness of active carbon. Effective use of active carbon
filter requires the use of a prefilter.
22642
Niessen, Walter R. and Adel F. Sarofim
INCINERATOR EMISSION CONTROL. Ind. Water Eng.,
7(8):26-31, Aug. 1970.
Methods of controlling both particulate and gaseous incinera-
tor emissions are reviewed. Particulate emissions are best con-
trolled by improvement of the combustion process itself, espe-
cially elimination of underfire air. Entrainment of mineral par-
ticulate (the incombustible fraction of fly ash), however, will
not be completely eliminated by this procedure since the
buoyancy of the combustion gases will induce an air flow
producing a minimum particulate emission. Entrainment of
particulate by buoyancy-driven flows will, therefore, increase
with furnace size and flame temperature. Of the three types of
combustible particulates, char is entrained at low velocities in
amounts depending on the make-up and degree of agitation in
the refuse bed. Soot formation may be prevented by proper
design and placement of overfire air or stream jets. Smoke
produced by unreacted hydrocarbons can be eliminated by af-
terburning or the adjustment of air flow to a furnace to pro-
vide better overhead mixing. Control of gaseous combustible
pollutants, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, is contingent
on proper mixing between partially burned products of pyroly-
sis and air and fuel in an afterburner. Because of projected in-
creases in hydrogen chloride emissions, consideration should
be given to countercurrent flow, multiple tray plate-type
scrubbers for the recovery of noncombustible gaseous pollu-
tants.
22860
Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF Am POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION. VOLUME H. (APPENDICES). Little (Arthur
D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-22-69-23,
312p., March 1970. 39 refs. CFSTI: PB 192379
Volume n of a three volume report presents, largely in tabular
and graphic format, data pertinent to a systems study of air
pollution from municipal incineration. The scope, conclusions,
and recommendations are contained in Volume I; Volume III
consists of a comprehensive bibliography. The cost of reduc-
ing solid waste to a workable size; processes, physics, and
costs of reducing flue gas temperatures for compatability with
air pollution control equipment; the stoichiometry of refuse in-
cineration; operating experience on European electrostatic
precipitators; by-product recovery, including paper, metal, and
heat; composition of refuse; and the projected composition
and quantities through the year 2000 are presented. A detailed
description is provided of the incineration process from collec-
tion to disposition of residue, with consideration being given
to equipment options; air pollution via odors, smoke, particu-
lates, and gases; process control; waste water disposal; site
requirements; buildings; and utilities. A specimen question-
naire is included that was used to obtain data from the indus-
try on incinerator inventories, capacities, current design
trends, and operating practices. Data obtained through the use
of this questionnaire are presented and analyzed. The causes
and extent of air pollution problems associated with municipal
incineration are defined, and a data bank of incinerator emis-
sion data is presented. Causes and cures for incinerator defi-
ciencies are discussed.
-------
26
22862
Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION. VOLUME I. Little (Arthur D.) Inc., Cam-
bridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-22-69-23, 599p., March
1970. 75 refs. CFSTI: PB 192378
A number of actions are described, both in terms of equip-
ment modifications and operating practices, that can be taken
to reduce air pollution emissions, while moving to the objec-
tive of improved techniques for the disposal of solid waste by
incineration. The following nine recommendations are made: 1)
Cooperation, cost sharing, joint funding, and other collective
means should be exploited through all levels of the public and
private sectors to encourage and hasten the development and
implementation of low-pollution incinerator systems. 2)
Because a mere 5 to 8% cost factor differentiates incinerator
systems with token APC devices compared from those with a
first-class APC system additional funding to meet the latter
objective should be seriously considered by agencies now con-
templating construction of new facilities. 3) Since the particu-
late control efficiency (52% average) of the APC systems of
plants built in the 1963-1968 period will not be acceptable in
the future, the APC performance targets for new plants must
be raised to reverse current air pollution trends. A control
level of 90% would essentially curtail the rapid increase in
total emission in spite of the anticipated four-fold increase in
the quantity of refuse incinerated. If the effluent quality of ex-
isting plants is improved simultaneously, the total annual par-
ticulate emission rate could approach a minimum value by the
year 2000. 4) Federal and state sponsorship of programs to
demonstrate the performance advantages and possibilities of
air pollution control based on new concepts and techniques
should be encouraged. 5) Better mixing techniques must be
adopted and incorporated in incinerator systems to reduce or
eliminate combustible pollutant emission. 6) Undergrate air
flow should be reduced to the lowest levels possible and con-
trolled to lessen paniculate liftoff consistent with burning rate
and grate protection considerations. 7) In view of the proven
efficiency of filter bags as APC devices, more advanced ex-
perimentation and testing should be considered. 8) Advanced
technology concepts should be given due consideration. Of the
three described; slagging, fluidized bed, and pyrolysis, the
latter deserves prompt attention because it can effect substan-
tial reductions in combustible emissions and flue gas volume.
9) In view of projected increases in hydrogen chloride emis-
sions from incinerators, consideration should be given by both
private and public sectors to seek methods to minimize in-
creases in the use of halogenated polymeric materials.
22873
Davis, (W. E.) and Associates, Leawood, Kans.
NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS.
CADMIUM, NICKEL AND ASBESTOS. 1968. SECTION m.
ASBESTOS. NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-131, NAPCA-
APTD-70, 46p., Feb. 1970. 2 refs. CFSTI: PB 192252
The flow of asbestos in the U. S. is traced and charted for
1968 in mining and processing, imports and exports, and
reprocessing (e.g., friction material, asbestos cement products,
floor tile, textiles, and asbestos paper). Apparent consumption
was 817,363 tons with domestic production only 120,690 tons;
most imports were from Canada. There was no recovery from
scrap. Emissions, emission factors, and brief process descrip-
tions are given for mining and other basic processing,
reprocessing, consumptive uses (road surfacing, construction,
brake linings, steel fireproofing, motor vehicle use, and insu-
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
lating cement), and incineration and other disposal. Emissions
to the atmosphere during the year were 6579 tons. About 85%
of the emissions were due to mining and milling operations.
Estimates of emissions are based for the greatest part on ob-
servations made during field trips, and on the limited informa-
tion provided by mining, milling, and reprocessing companies.
Information was not available regarding the magnitude of the
emissions or the particulate size. There were no emission
records at any of the locations visited. An appendix gives the
names and locations of industrial firms involved in asbestos
processing and use.
23025
MONTREAL INCINERATOR TO BE CLEAN STEAMER.
Eng. News-Record, 183(6):62-63, Aug. 7, 1969.
The design features of a new 1200-ton per day incinerator now
under construction in Montreal are described. The incinerator
has a 2400-ton capacity collection pit to hold wastes dumped
by collection trucks. The wastes will go through four
completely sealed 300-tpd furnace units designed to keep the
temperature range between 1500 and 1830 F to produce a
99.7% burnout rate. Furnace gases will heat water in a com-
plex series of coils, turning it into steam which the city will
sell, with the expectation of reducing solid waste disposal
costs by half. To control emission of atmospheric pollutants,
the flue gases will pass through an electrostatic precipitator.
Ash emission level will be under 0.17 Ib per 1000 Ib of gas,
well below official city limits. The manufacturer has given the
city a written guarantee of the installation's maximum
downtime.
23313
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN CAROLINE COUNTY MARYLAND.
Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air
Quality Control and Caroline County Dept. of Health, Denton,
Md., 19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs.
The present survey emanated from the need of the Division of
Air Quality Control of the Maryland State Department of
Health to have a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The survey was made in accordance with authority
granted under the Maryland Air Quality Control Act (Article
43, Annotated Code of Maryland, 1957 Edition and Supple-
ment). Regulations have been adopted by the county governing
the control and prohibition of open fires, the control and
prohibition of visible emissions, and the control and prohibi-
tion of particulate emissions from fuel combustion. Amend-
ments to these regulations which became effective on January
29, 1969 govern the sulfur content of all heating oils and of oil
used in very large installations after July 1, 1970; prohibit
removing air pollution control devices from motor vehicles as
well as requiring that the devices be kept in operating condi-
tion; provide for the control of the discharge of gases, vapors
or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with control of visi-
ble and particulate emissions from industrial and incineration
operations. Plants at Denton and Ridgely fortunately have
been located so that those communities are upwind of the
prevailing west and northwest winds. Two poultry processing
plants create the types of odors usually associated therewith
but they are rurally located. There are no plants for the
rendering of inedible portions of chickens in the county. Five
dumps are used for the disposition of about 8500 tons of
refuse annually. The burning of material is on an irregular
schedule and is somewhat controlled. However, material is not
covered frequently and the dumps are odorous. Investigations
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
27
are under way with the aim of substituting sanitary landfills
for the dumps. The disposal of home-generated trash and
leaves in smaller communities and by burning is a general
practice. The processing of clams near Ridgely produces some
odors which escape into the town and may lead to objectiona-
ble conditions. However, some residents of the area reported
that they were not of an objectionable nature. Smoke has been
emanating periodically from the stack of milk plant in Green-
sboro, but this is resulting from improper operation of new
equipment which was installed to correct previously un-
satisfactory smoke emissions.
23314
Alkire, H. L.
AIR POLLUTION IN TALBOT COUNTY MARYLAND. Mary-
land State Departmentof Health, Baltimore, Div. of Air Quali-
ty Control and Talbot County Dept. of Health, Easton, Md.,
19p., Jan. 1970.14 refs.
The present survey emanated from the need of the Division of
Air Quality Control of the Maryland State Department of
Health to have a county by county statement, based on availa-
ble information, on the status of air contamination in the vari-
ous areas. The survey was made in accordance with authority
for the Secretary of Health and Mental Hygiene to adopt regu-
lations governing the control of air pollution in the State.
Regulations applicable in Talbot County have been adopted
governing the control and prohibition of open fires, the control
and prohibition of visible emissions, and the control and
prohibition of particulate emissions from fuel combustion.
Amendments to these regulations which became effective on
January 29, 1969 govern the sulfur content of all heating oils
and of coal used in very large installations after July 1, 1970;
prohibit removing air pollution control devices from motor
vehicles as well as requiring that the devices be kept in operat-
ing conditions; provide for the control of the discharge of
gases, vapors or odors; and, in addition, are concerned with
control of visible and particulate emissions from industrial and
incineration operations. Most sources of air pollution in Talbot
County, although relatively small and few in number, are
clustered in the Easton area. Pollution generally is associated
with the processing of vegetables, the shelling and drying of
corn which create 'beeswing' chaff, and the processing of
seafood. Other than in the Easton area, these are widely scat-
tered and objectionable levels of pollution are localized. Al-
most all refuse material is disposed of in landfills. However,
burning sometimes occurs at the Tilghman-Sherwood dump
and occasionally at the St. Michaels dump.
23584
A NEW APPROACH TO INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL. Heating Ventilating Engr. J. Air Conditioning
(London), 44(517):80-85, Aug. 1970.
The exploration and development of technology and hardware
to optimize the standards and pave the way for the most
economical and efficient incinerator design possible are
presented. Included in the laboratory research facility was a
reaction chamber with probe connections for temperature and
velocity measurements as well as compositions analysis for
oxidation rates at various points. Extensive studies were made
to furnish basic reaction kinetics of many hydrocarbon air
contaminant materials, and mention is made to toluene as the
most difficult of the samples shown to oxidize. To achieve ef-
fective mixing capabilities with extremely low air stream pres-
sure loss, an incinerator burner which produces a 'ring of
flame' was designed, and a full scale incinerator facility to ac-
commodate this new burner was constructed. A series of
tracer concentration measurements were performed to evalu-
ate mixing efficiency of the burner, but the proof of per-
formance was revealed in actual incineration tests using
toluene. A complete mock-up of the jet incinerator was next
constructed in the laboratory for aerodynamic studies previous
to construction of practical equipment for commercial market-
ing. The purpose of the jet incinerator is not only to incinerate
hydrocarbon process effluent, but also to be capable of
developing a suction to entrain the fumes without requiring ex-
ternal exhausters or fans. A surface injection incinerator was
designed as a very rugged, heavy duty type of combustion
system for high temperature operation. This unit is equipped
with a pair of burners firing tangentially at the combustion end
to form a circular 'hot track' of burner gases in a restricted
area. An injection nozzle is located axially at this point, where
the process effluent is introduced under pressure and dis-
tributed directly into the burner combustion track. Typical
problems of air pollution abatement to which these direct
flame type fume incinerators find application are indicated.
23815
Kinney, Leslie Junior
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING AND PURIFY-
ING GASEOUS PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION. (Chillum
Sheet Metal, Inc., Bladensburg, Md.) U. S. Pat. 3,522,000. 4p.,
July 28, 1970. 6 refs. (Appl. Sept. 6, 1967, 10 claims).
The invention provides a method and apparatus for removing
fly ash, smoke, and sulfur dioxide from incinerator gases; it
includes treating the gases with ammonium hydroxide. In a
known process for scrubbing gases, an ammonium hydroxide
spray is used in the initial cleaning stage. This procedure is of
little use under conditions of incineration, where the addition
of ammonium hydroxide to the high-temperature gases could
cause intermediates formed by reactions between different gas
constituents to react violently. Moreover, sulfur dioxide at this
stage would combine with ammonium hydroxide to produce an
ammonia sulfite salt that would immediately revert to the gase-
ous stage. The invention is based on adding ammonium
hydroxide subsequent to a series of cooling and washing steps.
Smoke and gases are first led to a heat exchanger comprising
an air-cooled heat sink, then passed to a chamber comprising
sprays, screens, and baffles. Here suspended particles are first
removed from the gases and the temperature of water-soluble
gases reduced to about 70 F. When this temperature is
reached, the remaining gases are sprayed with ammonium
hydroxide by means of which the gases form water-soluble
compounds. The latter are moved by a terminal water spray.
24013
Sacramento Regional Area Planning Commission, Calif.
GENERAL INVENTORY OF ADI POLLUTION SOURCES
AND EMISSIONS. In: TheAir Pollution Threat. Technical
Paper -1, 13p., Oct. 1969. 8 refs. CFSTI: PB 191382
The results of an inventory of pollution sources and emissions
within the Sacramento region are tabulated for three catego-
ries: transportation (gasoline and diesel vehicles, railroads, and
aircraft): agricultural waste burning; and stationary sources
(agricultural product processing, petroleum handling to service
vehicles, solvent use, solid waste incineration, metal
processing, mineral processing, chemical manufacturing, and
combustion of fuels, mainly natural gas). The data were ob-
tained by applying emission factors to information on types
and amounts of materials processed, collected by several area
agencies, and from existing surveys and reports. The inventory
covers emissions of organic gases, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
-------
28
24241
ARE THESE INCINERATORS THE ANSWER TO PLASTICS
WASTE? Mod. Plastics, 47(10:102-103, Oct. 1970.
Three Japanese incinerator manufacturers have developed
models designed specifically for plastics waste and which, re-
portedly, do not emit any polluting gases. One model has two
main burning chambers and a preliminary heating chamber.
Each of the chambers has a fan that forces compressed air
into the burning area, the compressed air allowing the furnace
to be fired without a starter. Main chamber temperatures vary
from 820 to 880 C. While a variety of plastics can be burned,
only one type of resin can be destroyed in a single load in this
model. Moreover, the model cannot handle polyvinyl chloride
without producing air pollution. In the second model, plastics
to be burned are first pulverized in a crusher, then baked in a
special rotary kiln at 300 C. Hydrogen chloride produced from
this process is reacted with ammonia and collected in the form
of ammonium chloride. Other gases and carbon black are auto-
matically passed to a second furnace chamber and burned at
1000 C. The load is subsequently passed through a heat
exchanger and a dust collector. The life of this furnace is esti-
mated at 15 years in contrast to the seven years claimed for
the other furnaces. The third model, which has four chambers,
can burn PVC without significant air pollution. It, too, handles
only one type of plastic at a time. Chamber temperatures are
1100 C.
24421
Bohne, Helmut
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE EMISSIONS FROM HOSPITAL IN-
CINERATORS. (Chlorwasserstoff-Emissionen durch Ver-
brennungsanlagen von Krankenhaeusern). Text in German.
Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 30(8):337-339, Aug. 1970. 3 refs.
Severe damage to plants of two nurseries by hydrogen
chloride emissions from hospital incinerators initiated a study
of such emissions. The dust from these incinerators contained
a far higher chlorine content than was found in other dust
samples. The chlorine content of dust from flues and cyclones
was higher than that of the furnace ashes. Flue gas HC1 deter-
minations registered from 25.7 to 895 mg HC1/N cu m with the
highest pollution level measured 10 minutes after the last
charging of the furnace. Thus, the sudden combustion of the
chlorine-rich components of refuse at temperatures from 800
to 1000 C is responsible for the HC1 formation. It is irrelevant
for HC1 emission whether smaller charges are added more
frequently or larger charges less frequently The median emis-
sion level of measurements made at two minute intervals was
in one installation, 136 mg HC1/N cu m. In another instance,
single measurements yielded emissions of up to 1382 HC1/N cu
m. Twenty to thirty m high stacks are clearly not high enough
prevent damage to plants from HC1 emissions.
24582
McCutchen, Gary D.
A COMPARISON OF NAPCA AND HA SOURCE SAMPLING
METHODS. Preprint, American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers, New York, 12p., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Sep-
tember 30, 1960 Meeting of the American Society of Mechni-
cal Engineers, Incinerator Division, New York, N. Y.)
Among the most widely used incinerator sampling techniques
are those developed by the Incinerator Institute of America
and the National Air Pollution Control Administration. Tests
involving simultaneous measurements of particulate emissions
from a multiple-chamber retort incinerator by the IIA-6 train
and the NAPCA train indicate that tests results vary ap-
preciably. Sampling was conducted at the inlet and outlet of
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
the scrubber downstream of the fan, and the ratio of NAPCA
to HA results before and after the scrubber was plotted on
log-probability paper. The difference between the inlet and
outlet lines indicates that inlet and outlet ratios vary; and since
the main difference between inlet and outlet ratios was the
participate loading of the flue gas, there is a possibility of a
correlation between the ratios and paniculate loading.
24767
Rose, Andrew H., Jr. and Hoyt R. Crabaugh
RESEARCH FINDINGS IN STANDARDS OF INCINERATOR
DESIGN. In: Problemand Control of Air Pollution. F. S. Mal-
lette (ed.), New York, Reinhold, 1955, Chapt. 10, p. 95-106. 6
refs.
Two design parameters are developed for multiple-chamber in-
cinerators; these parameters are emphasized because studies
to date indicate that inferior performance and discharge
characteristics occur when the design of the ignition chamber
or primary combustion stage is inadequate. Data are given for
combustion air distribution showing that where overfire air is
the predominant means of supplying the required combustion
air, the total discharge of contaminants to the atmosphere is
decreased; the degree of reduction depends on the incinerator
design. The type of ignition mechanism is independent of
equipment size. Recent results support the hypothesis that
discharge of 0-5 - micron particles results from chemical reac-
tion and volatilization of metallic compounds present in the
fuel bed with a condensation and chemical reaction occurring
in the oxidizing gas stream above the fuel bed. Three relation-
ships are considered with respect to ignition chamber propor-
tions: grate loading, arch height, and length to width ration of
the fuel bed. It is understood that lower arch height reduces
contaminant discharge, but further data for definitive evalua-
tion of all three factors are required.
25056
Ishii, Kazuo, Matsuoki Okuda, Mutsuo Koizumi, Tadahiro
Machiyama, Katsuya Nagata, and Noboru Sugimoto
HIGH PERFORMANCE INCINERATION OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE. PART H. INCINERATOR WITH SLAG-TAP FUR-
NACE. (Konoritsu no gesui odei shokyaku sochi ni kansuru
kenkyu. ni. Yukaishiki odei shokyaku sochi). Text in Japanese.
Nenryo Kyokaishi (J. Fuel Soc. Japan, Tokyo), 49(521):674-
682, Sept. 20, 1970. 7 refs.
A new type of incinerator with a slag-tap furnace for de-
watered sludge consists of an atomizing feeder of sludge, a
heat exchanger, an air preheater and a cyclone dust collector.
The air-jet type sludge atomizer, referred to in Part I of the ar-
ticle, and a heavy fuel oil burner are placed at the top of the
furnace. Refractory materials which are packed in the furnace
are suspended by five water-cooled tubes with refractory coat-
ing and are heated by firing fuel oil. Dewatered sludge is fed
in particulate form and burned immediately when it gets in
contact with the high temperature, high speed combustion gas
of the fuel oil. Ash in the sludge is melted into slag and flows
down into a slag pit through the bank of refractory materials.
The incinerator system has the following merits: dustless flue
gas is emitted from the furnace, because the ash in sludge is
melted into slag at the bank of refractory materials; flue gas is
odorless because of high temperature combustion; and the in-
cineration plant can be compact in size and still possesses high
performance. This type of incinerator is used more effectively
for dewatered raw sludge than for dehydrated sludge, just as
in the case of the AST method, since dewatered sludge con-
tains more water and is more convenient for transportation
and dispersion. Further, since dewatered raw sludge has not
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
29
gone through digestion, it contains more organic matter and
emits higher heat. The system is applicable to not only sewage
sludge, but also for burning sludge in factory effluents which
hardly contains any flammable matter, or the sludge which is
especially high in water content The system is only a small
test incinerator, with only 100 kg/h capacity. After more ex-
perience is gained in taking out melted ash and in testing dura-
bility of the incinerator, more problems will be solved.
25220
Niessen, Walter R. and Adel F. Sarofim
THE EMISSION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTANTS
FROM THE INCINERATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLD)
WASTE. Preprint, International Union of Air Pollution Preven-
tion Associations, 65p., 1970. 42 refs. (Presented at the Inter-
national Clean Air Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-
11, 1970, Paper EN-5C.)
Information is presented which is directed to incinerator
designers and operators and to air pollution control officials
having interest in the variables affecting the emission rates of
pollutants from municipal (and industrial) solid waste incinera-
tors The conclusions reached regarding typical emission rates
and the causes of emissions are based on analysis of experi-
mental data from over 100 incinerators in the U. S. and Eu-
rope. It is shown that refuse composition, system design, and
operating techniques can affect the emission rate and thus
emissions can, in part, be reduced by means other than air
pollution control devices. Particulate emission rate is increased
by increases in: refuse fine ash content, underfire air rate, and
furnace size, and appears related to grate type, refuse volatile
matter, and mixing effectiveness in the combustion chambers.
Review of combustion rate correlation suggests inadequate
mixing as the reason for the survival of combustible pollutant
species as the average flue gas characteristics (well-mixed)
should foster their destruction. Nitrogen oxides emissions are
seen related to furnace heat release rate. Sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen chloride emissions are related t refuse composition.
Typical air pollution control devices are seen able to remove
incinerator paniculate but with difficulty owing to the small
particle size of much of the fly ash in comparison to coal or
oil-fired boilers. The cost to use effective control systems is
shown as about twice the cost of the low-energy scrubbers
often used in the U. S. The total operating cost increment (in-
cluding debt retirement) for systems approaching 95% collec-
tion efficiency, however, is only about 5% over the costs for
the much less efficient systems (35-50% collection). Author ab-
stract)
25549
Kettner, H. and R. Langmann
OBJECTIONABLE SOOT EMISSIONS. (Zur Frage des
Auftretens von Belaestigungen durch Russ). Text in German.
Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart), 32(7):346-348, July
1970. 3 refs.
Soot emission sources include household furnaces, internal
combustion engines, small industries, thermal power plants,
coke ovens, airplanes, nonferrous metal smelting plants, rail-
roads, incinerators, carbon black works, incinerators of
agricultural residues, forest fires, fires from burning old tires,
from old oil and from tar. Soot is not harmful when pure but
soot from sulfur containing heavy oil (smut) contains con-
siderable quantities of sulfuric acid. Soot is also a carrier of
cancerogeni 3,4-benzpyrene in smogs and is a contributory
factor in the formation of smog. Soot is objectionable as a
deposit. An objective soot emission test filters a dust
precipitate deposited in a month through a glass wool filter
and measures the blackness of the stain by an optical electric
reflectometer. The thus obtained soot pollution index is a
dimensionless number which calculated for 1 day lies between
0.2 and 3. This method permits the setting of norms of max-
imally permissible soot emissions which has hitherto not been
done.
25862
Truss, Heinz-Walter
EMISSION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE DURING REFUSE
INCINERATION. (Die Emission von Chlorwasserstoff bei der
Verbrennung von Hausmuell). Text in German. Energie (Mu-
nich), 22(10):300-305, Oct. 1970. 5 refs.
Since the combustion of pure polyvinylchloride produces
about 58% b weight of hydrogen chloride in the resulting com-
bustion gas, and since PVC occurs increasingly in refuse, its
content is a factor determining to a large extent the hydrogen
chloride content resulting from refuse incineration. Fearing a
rise in HC1 emission from refuse incineration as a result of the
introduction of disposable PVC bottles, a study of the HC1
content in waste gas from the incineration of homogenized
refuse and the chlorine conten in cinders and in fly ash of
refuse of a known PVC content was commissioned by the city
of Hamburg. Gases from the combustion of 4500 kg refuse of
a median PVC content of 0.44% and of a median calorific
value of 2000 kcal per kg refuse were analyzed. Results
revealed that most of the chlorine content in refuse escapes in
the waste gas; only small quantities remain in cinders and in
fly ash. The chlorine content in the fly ash rises with rising
PVC content in refuse linearly; for cinders, just a rise with ris-
ing PVC content could be found. A waste gas flow of 35000 N
cu m/hr contained 5000 mg HC1/N cu m. The maximal per-
missible ground concentration of 0.1 mg/ cu m was reached
only by a tenfold emissio corresponding to a 6.5 to 7% by
weight content of PVC. This relatively high maximal permissi-
ble concentration level is due to incinerators having high
stacks. Hydrogen chloride emission levels in incinerator waste
gases can be reduced by 80-90% by the use of scrubbers which
require that their waste water be neutralized. The cost of this
purification is high and comes to approximately $2.25 per ton
of refuse for an installation with neutralization and dust
removal.
26204
Faatz, Albert C.
A CENTRALIZED INCINERATION FACILITY FOR INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL.Water Sewage Works,
116(R.N.):R-197-R199, R201-R202, Nov. 28, 1969. 1 ref.
(Presented at the National Pollution Control Conference and
Exposition, 2nd Annual, Houston, Tex., April 22-24, 1969.)
An incineration facility to be constructed on the Houston Ship
Channel will have a capacity of 15,000 tons of waste per
month, representing about 20-25% of the quantity of waste
from the area chemical plants available for treatment. The
facility's location will make it available by barge, truck, or rail
car. Incoming receipts will be divided into three categories.
Those that can be atomized or otherwise converted into small
particles will be treate in a 'liquid' furnace that is basically an
adiabatic combustion chamber. Materials having large contents
of ash or inorganic noncondensibles will be incinerated in a ro-
tary hearth. Materials that are relatively large in size and those
that bum slowly will be incinerated in a rotary kiln. Com-
bustion gases from the three incinerators will be combined,
then taken to a secondary combustion furnace where oxidation
of potential or actual gas pollutants will be completed. This
chamber is designed to combine the three essential elements of
-------
30 MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
combustion-time, temperature, and turbulence-in such a of particulates, sulfur oxides, and hydrogen chloride. As pres-
manner as to complete burning of soot, hydrocarbon vapors, , . , . .
of sulfur-containing materials, and of odor or smog-producing sures to confoml to P°flutlon contro1 regulations become more
compounds. Before passing to the stack, the combustion gases severe, a centralized facility such as that described may be the
will be treated in a wet scrubber for the simultaneous removal only alternative to plant shut-down.
-------
31
B. CONTROL METHODS
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES (TECHNICAL
PROGRESS REPT. VOLUME 1). Los Angeles County Air Pol-
lution Control District, Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result of the intensive source control measures ad-
ministered in Los Angeles County, Virtually all industrial
operations have been brought within the scope of the air pollu-
tion control program. From the melting of metal to the paint-
ing of manufactured goods, specific industrial processes and
equipment have been subject to air pollution control measures.
This volume provides individual discussion of control
techniques applied to the most significant stationary sources of
air contamination. Certain source emission problems, such as
those traceable to the operation of railroad locomotives and
ships, are not discussed in this volume in view of the current
unimportance of the source. The material reported in this
volume generally contains only those developments occurring
subsequent to the publication of the Second Technical and Ad-
ministrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles
County, 1950-51. (Author)
00183
L. P. Flood
AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERATORS - CAUSES AND
CURES. Civil Eng. 44-8, Dec. 1965.
Of all the things that civil engineers build, probably large cen-
tral incinerators cause the greatest amount of air pollution.
Most large cities must resort to incineration to reduce the
weight and volume of their wastes to manageable proportions,
and to change the character of these wastes so that disposal
does not cause secondary problems of water pollution, vermin
infestation or odor emission. To attain this goal, incineration
must be so complete that the organic matter left in the residue
is less than 5 percent of the residue by weight If an incinera-
tor is to successfully bum the rated capacity of solid waste to
a non-putrescible residue, without creating a nuisance, certain
design principles should be followed. It is essential to recog-
nize that: (1) the three T's of combustion must be provided:
temperature for complete burnout, turbulence for thorough
mixing of the combustibles with the air, and time so that com-
bustion can be completed in the furnace. (2) Air must be used
efficiently. (3) The fuel bed should be gently agitated to
promote complete burnout without increasing fly-ash emission.
(4) The most effective dust cleaning equipment should be util-
ized so that dust emission will be minimized. (5) A high stack
is an effective mean of decreasing the amount of pollution at
ground level. (6) A continuous type of incinerator is likely to
cause less pollution than a batch type. (7) A water-cooled fur-
nace permits higher burning temperatures and avoids many of
the costs and troubles experienced with a refractory-lined fur-
nace. (8) Three-shift operation avoids the pollution and deteri-
oration of plants concomitant with repeated starts and stops.
(9) Not all the air pollution from an incinerator comes from
the stack. Means for minimizing pollution from all sources
must be provided.
00246
TROUBLE FREE WASTE INCINERATION. Southern Eng.,
84(6):54-55, June 1966.
A three-burner natural gas incinerator having a capacity of
3,000 pounds per hour is described. The patented 3-chamber,
semi- parabolic design of the incinerator affords maximum
reflection and heat concentration for complete combustion.
Centrifugal force traps soot and fly ash. Partially-combusted
gases and non- combustible particles from the first chamber
are drawn into a second chamber, where a continous supply of
fresh air is introduced to complete combustion of the gases
and bum off smoke and odors. Combusted gases and particles
enter a third chamber, in which the after-burning process is
continued and particles are removed before gases enter the
stack. Five hundred pounds of refuse are reduced to a shovel
full of ashes.
00288
H. C. Johnson, J. D. Coons, and D. M. Keagy
CAN MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS MEET TOMORROW'S
REGULATIONS? Preprint (Presented at the 59th Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Catif.,
June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-131.)
Over the last two decades, Los Angeles, the San Francisco
Bay Area, and other West Coast areas have gone far beyond
most other parts of the country in the nature and extent of
limitations legally imposed on incinerator design and per-
formance. With the increasing population of these areas, and
the problems of other solid waste disposal methods, it seems
prudent to consider whether additional or tighter limitations
may be imposed as rapidly as the technology permits. It is the
purpose of this paper to consider briefly some of the implica-
tions of these possibilities. It is, therefore, primarily specula-
tive in nature. Present and future standards for incinerator
emission control, incinerator performance and design con-
siderations are discussed. (Authors' abstract)
00582
M. Stratton
EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL DISPOSAL OF COM-
BUSTffiLE WASTE MATERIALS BY 'BURNING IN SUSPEN-
SION.' Preprint 1963
Incineration of combustible waste materials enerated by wood
processing industries is now being accomplished in a cyclo-
tube incinerator. Combustion is so complete that mos air-pollu-
tion requirements can be met with a minimum of secondary air
cleaning or scrubbing equipment. The cyclo principle can also
be used in conjunction with disposal of any waste combustible
from sludge materials to wastes developed by industry or mu-
nicipalities. (Author's abstract)
00968
W. Jens and F. R. Rehm
MUNICIPAL INCINERATION AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. Proc. Nat. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1966, p. 74-
-------
32
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
83, 1966. (Presented at the National Incinerator Conference,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City,
May 2-4, 1966.)
Three new concepts in municipal incinerator air pollution con-
trol developed jointly by City and County of Milwaukee per-
sonnel are described in detail. These concepts consist of a new
impingement baffle fly ash collector system, an automatically
controlled underfire-overfire air combustion control system
and a water recirculation, clarification and neutralization
system. A brief history of the development and evolvement of
these three new municipal incinerator control systems is
presented. Comprehensive test data are presented on a mu-
nicipal incinerator plant's total performance utilizing these
three systems. The effect of varying capacity operation on the
particulate emission performance of a municipal incinerator
plant utilizing these control features is presented.
00975
M. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FIELD OPERATIONS
MANUAL (A GUIDE FOR INSPECTION AND ENFORCE-
MENT). Public Health Service, Washing- ton, D. C., Div. of
Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
Author discusses sources, control methods, training techniques
and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an excellent
source for specific information on equipment being used in air
pollution control. Pictures, diagrams, schematics and charts
are given.
01064
R. L. Stenburg
MODERN METHODS OF INCINERATION. Air Eng. Vol
6:20-21, 34, Mar. 1964.
Basic combustion concepts in incinerator design and in firing
practices are reviewed for emission control. Time, tempera-
ture, and turbulence requirements must be met for the
complete burning of any material. Multiple-chamber designs,
water-spray scrubbers, underfire air flow, fuel charging
methods, and preheated combustion chambers are covered.
01437
E. R. Kaiser
PROSPECTS FOR REDUCING PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FROM LARGE INCINERATORS . J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 16(6):324, June 1966.
Conventional types of municipal incinerators generate enor-
mous quantities of stack gas because of high excess air and
high temperatures. Under these conditions the size and cost of
equipment to clean the flue gas to low dust contents are large.
By burning the refuse in boiler furnaces at low excess air, and
generating steam, the volume of flue gas to be cleaned is
reduced to a minimum. Where high efficiency of flue-dust col-
lection is required, steam generation from refuse firing permits
a major saving on the cost of dust collection. (Author abstract)
01935
E. R. Kaiser
COMBUSTION AND HEAT CALCULATIONS FOR IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York,
1964. 81-9 pp.
The design of industrial and municipal incinerators is based on
combustion and heat considerations. The procedures are given
for calculating the quantities of air, flue gas, water, and heat,
as well as the gas temperatures. To assist the reader, a
hypothetical municipal incinerator is used as an example. The
relation between refuse analysis and flue gas analysis is ex-
plained. Sections on dry and wet dust collection are included.
(Author abstract)
01936
H. G. Meissner
THE EFFECT OF FURNACE DESIGN AND OPERATION ON
AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERATORS. Proc. Natl. In-
cinerator Conf., New York 1964. 126-7 PP.
Control of air pollution from incineration begins in the fur-
nace. Scientific design and careful operation will insure that
the generation of pollution will be minimized. Effects of vari-
ous criteria of design and operating practices are discussed.
(Author abstract)
01937
A. B. Walker
ELECTROSTATIC FLY ASH PRECIPITATION FOR MU-
NICIPAL EVCINERATORS-A PILOT PLANT STUDY. Proc.
Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1964.
Pilot plant test on a 220 ton-per-day continuous feed municipal
incinerator demonstrates the technical feasibility of electro-
static precipitation for control of stack emission. Data on the
nature of the furnace stack gases and the physical charac-
teristics of the dust as well as performance of pilot unit treat-
ing approximately 600 cfm are presented. (Author abstract)
01938
E. M. Voelker
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD PLANNING. Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 148-52.
The growth of urban communities requires attention to the
problem of solid waste disposal. The planning of facilities for
incineration of the waste is the responsibility of the architect
or engineer, while the manufacturer of the incinerator must
supply equipment to meet the requirements. As an aid to this
planning the Incinerator Institute of America sets forth eight
points to be considered. These points cover questions of loca-
tion, layout, air supply and draft, features of environment, and
attention to local codes and ordinances. Number 7 of these
points is entitled The Immediate Environments to Determine
the Advisability of the Use of Auxiliary Equipment Such as
Fly Ash, Collectors or Washers, Pyrometers, Secondary Bur-
ners, Draft Gauges, or Smoke Density Indicators, etc. In addi-
tion to these eight points, reference is also made to types of
waste and some of the problems in handling and burning such
wastes.
01939
G. Stabenow
EUROPEAN PRACTICE IN REFUSE BURNING. Proc. Natl.
Incinerator Conf., New York, 1964. 105-13 pp.
The practice and type of design in some of the European mu-
nicipal incinerators are described. Special attention is given to
the design of grates. Data are given on the amount of, refuse
per capita, analysis of refuse, heat recovery, and some of the
details of European design. The rigid European dust emission
specifications of 0.15 to 0.25 Ib./per 1000 Ib. gas at 50% excess
air make the use of electrostatic precipitators mandatory.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
33
01940
S. J. Pascual and A. Pieratti
FLYASH CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR MUNICIPAL IN-
CINERATORS. PROC. Natl. Incinerator Conf. New York,
1964.
A description is given of settling chambers with sprays,
cyclone types and electrostatic precipitators as used in mu-
nicipal incinerators. Special emphasis is placed on section and
duct design, especially to inlets of collectors, which affect ef-
ficiency. Importance is stressed of preventing leaks and over-
filling of hoppers and proper maintenance of equipment in
order to obtain optimum efficiency. Control of air pollution is
best accomplished by thorough burning in the combustion
chamber thus decreasing the load to the flyash control equip-
ment. (Author abstract)
01942
R. Coder
INCINERATOR TESTING PROGRAMS. Proc. Natl. Incinera-
tor Conf., New York, 1964. pp. 157-60.
This paper is a discussion of the widely varied and uncoor-
dinated efforts to study and evaluate incinerator design
through field and laboratory tests and test programs. The in-
cinerator industry has not been placed in its proper perspec-
tive. Air pollution, fire hazard and combustion efficiency are
all elements requiring the specialists in each field to cooperate
to produce a field standard acceptance test and on uniform
terms and nomenclature for each assimilation of laboratory
test data and reports. The emergence of air pollution problems
into widespread public attention has directed attention upon
the incineration of refuse in a degree that seems far more in-
tense than the problem really requires ~ at least in relation to
other sources of air pollution. While incinerator industry has
been steadily working to improve its equipment in all facts of
performance, economy and operation many independent in-
vestigators in public and private agencies have embarked upon
a program of study - and in some instances research -
without a background of experience. The willingness, and
desire, of the industry to cooperate with other interested
professional groups is expressed by the author. He also calls
attention to two publications on standards, both in 1963 by the
Iniinerator Industrfp by the Incinerator Institute of America.
In the references of this paper the Interim Report of the Per-
formance Evaluation Subcommittee of the APCA TA-3 In-
cinerator Committee on Test Methods for Determining Emis-
sion Characteristics, March 1963, is also noted.
01943
O. Schwartz
LEXICON OF INCINERATOR TERMINOLOGY. Proc. Natl.
Incinerator Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 20-31.
This lexicon was compiled for the use of a very diversified
group of persons, including engineers, manufacturers, sup-
pliers, builders and users, with interests in the field of in-
cineration. The report was compiled from many sources in the
hope that it would lead to a uniform lexicon which would be
adopted by all interested groups. Types of refuse are
categorized into 6 different groups, and classes of incinerators
into 7. The definitions that follow are then intended to have
general applicability for these classes of incinerators and types
of refuse. For terms not defined in this lexicon, it is suggested
that the reader consult a standard dictionary or engineering
handbook. For convenience the definitions have been divided
into categories as follows: Refuse and products of incinera-
tion; General design; Refractories and furnace construction;
Grates - manual and mechanical; Materials handling; Burners
and instruments; and Miscellaneous.
01944
R. L. Stenburg
MODERN INCINERATION OF COMMUNITY WASTES.
Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 114-7.
Incineration is gaining as a means of disposing of solid waste
in both municipal and smaller units. There is, however, an air
pollution problem involved. Knowledge of technology of
design and operation are necessary for good results with a fuel
having such a wide range of characteristics. Helpful present
trends in design and operation include the adopting of continu-
ous charging, use of multiple combustion chambers, maintain-
ing furnace temperature, and control of participate matter.
(Author abstract)
01945
L. S. Wegman
PLANNING A NEW INCINERAOTR. Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf., New York City, 1964. l-7pp.
When a municipality is to build an incinerator, two major
questions are capacity and location. The capacity is a function
of area and population to be served, the future years for
which to design, and the volume of the waste, with due regard
to the changing character of waste material. Factors to con-
sider in selecting location include length of haul, topography
of a proposed site, and utilities available. Other considerations
are prevention of air and water pollution, subsoil explorations,
residue disposal, storage bin size, and costs. (Author abstract)
01946
F. J. Lynch
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERATION OF A
LARGE INCINERATOR PLANT. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.
New York, City, 1964. 132-4 pp.
Problems encountered at various points in an incinerator are
described. The scale is sometimes too small; dust and fires in
the storage bin may be a problem; and attention must be given
to maintenance of refractory in ignition and combustion cham-
bers. Instrumentation is sometimes overdone. There may be ig-
nition and air supply problems in furnace operation; cranes
need careful maintenance; provisions for burning large objects
may be available; and removal of fly ash and residue need
further study. (Author abstract)
01947
E. R. Kaiser
REFUSE COMPOSITION AND FLUE-GAS ANALYSES
FROM MUNICD7AL INCINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf., New York City, 1964. pp. 35-51.
This study was undertaken to obtain more understanding of
the refuse charged into municipal incinerators and of the com-
bustion process as revealed by analyses of combustion gases.
Analyses of refuse components were collected from numerous
sources, from which a composite refuse analysis was calcu-
lated. This average refuse was not presented as a national
average but, in the absence of better data, it was a useful
basis for evaluating the gas analyses and the incineration
process. By comparison with theoretical gas analyses from the
composite refuse, a number of conclusions could be reached,
and these are given in some detail in this study. A marked dif-
ference was noted between the analyses of the stack gases and
those to be expected from the combustion of the composite
-------
34
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
refuse. Much of the differences can be accounted for by the
carbon loss in the residue and oxidation of metallics. Appendix
D gives the data on the flue-gas analyses of 18 municipal in-
cinerators. Appendix E gives the data on the analyses of the
flyash (weight per cent) produced by three different incinerat-
ing plants.
02027
C. Cederholm
COLLECTION OF DUST FROM REFUSE INCINERATORS
IN ELECTROSTATIC PREdPITATORS PROVIDED WITH
MULTICYCLONE AFTER-COLLECTORS. Proc. (Part I) In-
tern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966. (Paper V/3) pp. 122-5.
Until a few years ago electrostatic precipitators were used
merely for collection of dust from refuse incinerators. Difficult
problems were encountered due to the emission of paper
flakes, despite maintaining guaranteed collection efficiencies.
The difficulty in collecting the paper fraction in an electro-
static precipitator is due to the large area of these particles
and their low specific gravity, which in combination with low
resistivity increases the chance of the particles passing through
the precipitator without adhering to the collecting electrides
and also of being whirled back into the gas stream when the
electrides are rapped. Reliable collection of the paper fraction
could probably be achieved by oversizing the electrostatic
precipitator or by greatly reducing the gas velocity in the
precipitator. In view of the wide variations in paper content,
which will be highly increased in the future, it is very difficult
to determine the percentage of paper in refuse. As a result the
oversizing must be increased to unreasonable proportions. In
our efforts to find an alternative solution we have combined
electrostatic precipitators with specially designed multi-cyclone
after-collectors, for which purpose the precipitator casing has
been extended by about 1.5 m and the full section utilized for
the installation of small cyclones. Interesting trial results have
been obtained from such installations now in operation in both
Switzerland and Sweden.
02153
C. A. Rogus.
CONTROL OF ADI POLLUTION AND WASTE HEAT
RECOVERY FROM INCINERATION. PUBLIC WORKS 97,
(6) 100-3, JUNE 1966.
Europe has had for some time rigid government standards con-
trolling air pollution with many large scale air pollution control
installations, particularly of refuse incineration facilities. The
nature of air pollutants from refuse incineration is discussed.
The chemical analysis of fly ash is given as well as the size
distribution of stack dust emissions. Air pollution abatement
equipment is described. The approximate characteristics and
costs of major collector systems are tabulated.
02186
R. L. Stenburg.
STATUS OF THE FLUE-FED INCINERATOR AS A SOURCE
OF AIR POLLUTION. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 24, 505-16,
Oct. 1963.
Flue-fed incinerators are discussed as a source of air pollution.
Design and operating factors responsible for the air pollution
problems are presented with alternative modifications for im-
provement. Recommendations are included for modification of
existing units and improved design of new installations. Alter-
native methods of refuse disposal are considered also. (Author
abstract)
02232
R.L. Stenburg, T.P. Hangebrauck, DJ. Von Lhdmden, A.H.
Rose, Jr.
EFFECTS OF HIGH VOLATILE FUEL ON INCINERATOR
EFFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 376-83, Aug.
1961 (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26,1960.)
A readily vaporizable solid fuel normally considered as being
more difficult to burn than ordinary cellulose was treated in a
multiple chamber incinerator having an 8.5 sq. ft. grate area in
a 19.5 cu. ft. primary combustion chamber, a downpass mixing
chamber and a 16,5 cu ft. final combustion chamber. One part
shredded asphalt saturated felt roofing composed of 60%
petroleum base asphalt, 37 1/2% felt, and 2 1/2% ash with one
part 4' squares of newpaper was the fuel mixture. The effects
of combinations of excess air (100 and 200%), fuel feed rate
(100 and 150 Ib/hr), fuel per charge, underfire air (15 and
60%), and secondary air on the emission of particulates, ox-
ides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, formal-
dehyde, and smoke were evaluated. Optimum conditions imply
a temperature range of 1800 to 2000 F in the secondary
chamber, 15 to 20% underfire air, and small batch on continu-
ous charging.
02387
R. L. Bump.
THE USE OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATION FOR IN-
CINERATOR GAS CLEANING IN EUROPE. Proc. Natl. In-
cinerator Conf., New York, 1966. 161-6, 1966. (Presented at
the National Incinerator Conference, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
Electrostatic dust precipitators of high efficiency are widely
used in Europe to clean the flue gas from incinerators. The
basic principles of design and the factors for successful appli-
cation of Lurgi units are explained. A list of installations is in-
cluded which states the efficiences attained. All types of dust
collectors are compared, based on U.S. costs. (Author ab-
stract)
02388
V. J. Cerniglia.
CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION AND ITS APPLICATION
IN MUNICIPAL INCINERATION. Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf., New York, 1966 187-90, 1966. (Presented at the Na-
tional Incinerator Conference, American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
Closed-circuit television has been applied to a municipal in-
cinerator plant with two 250-ton-a-day furnaces. Two cameras
monitor the storage pit and crane operation, while one camera
watches the fire in each furnace. The plant supervisor, at his
monitoring control station, has controls at his fingertips affect-
ing all critical operation of the plant, such as overfire air and
water spray control, as well as indicators showing the effect of
draft, temperature, and air pollution control. Available also is
a public address system which reaches throughout the plant.
The paper discusses the features of the equipment, the costs,
and the advantages. (Author abstract modified)
02389
J. A. Challis.
THREE INDUSTRIAL INCINERATOR PROBLEMS. , Prog.
Natl. Incinerator Conf. New York, 1966 208-18, 1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
35
Case histories are presented for the disposal by incineration of
three types of chemical wastes, which required auxiliar fuel
for their combustion. The wastes include a carbon/water slur-
ry, a highly colored liquid waste generated during TNT manu-
facture, and a gas containing hydrogen sulfide. These three ex-
amples of waste disposal fall into the category of incineration.
This means that persons engaged in formulating some guide
lines for industrial incineration are faced with a considerably
wider problem than their counterparts in the municipal or
domestic waste incineration fields. It is reasonable to observe
that the industrial cases are legion and they are all open to
solution by the laws of heat and mass balance. Thus, while it
may not be possible to draw up rigid incinerator specifications,
it should be possible to recommend an acceptable common
language for describing the composition and enthalpy of the
input wastes. It would also be desirable to obtain common ac-
ceptable units and limits for the oxidation products, which
may be gaseous, as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, etc., or
liquid, from leached-out fly ash or other soluble salts. (Author
abstract)
02390
H. Eberhardt.
EUROPEAN PRACTICE IN REFUSE AND SEWAGE
SLUDGE DISPOSAL BY INCINERATION. Proc. Natl. In-
cinerator Conf. 124-43, 1966. Combustion 38, (4) 23-9, Oct.
1966. (Presented at the National Incinerator Conference,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City,
May 1-4,1966.)
American and European incineration starts from two different
prerequisites. In America, volume reduction of the refuse is
strived for; in Europe the aim is to completely burn out the
refuse, to utilize the waste heat, and to minimize air pollution
as far as possible through the use of expensive flue-gas clean-
ing equipment. Today, values that must be attained are 3 per
cent combustible constituents in the residue, 0.1 0.2 per cent
putrefying substance, and 0.04 grains of dust per std cu ft of
flue gas. The combination of refuse incineration and large
power station boilers is becoming more and more frequent.
This can be attributed to the favorable financing possibilities
by the States for electric companies with additional incinera-
tion of household and industrial refuse. This explains develop-
ment of large boiler plants with high steam temperatures and
pressures which have been combined with refuse incineration.
Possible corrosion problems seemed formidable at first, but
today means are available to substantially prevent such
damage and to improve the availability of combined refuse
boiler units. (Author abstract)
02394
E. W. Haedike, S. Zabodny, and K. S. Mowbray.
AUXILIARY GAS BURNERS FOR COMMERCIAL AND IN-
DUSTRIAL INCINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.
235-40, 1966. (Presented at the National Incinerator Con-
ference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New
York City, May 1-4, 1966).
The use of gas burners to supply auxiliary heat to commercial
and industrial incinerators is helpful in control of air pollution
and general performance. The paper discusses the design and
applications of gas burners in this service. Burner pilots and
safety controls are described. (Author abstract)
023%
E. S. Monroe.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL INCINERATION.
Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 226-30, 1966. (Presented at the
National Incinerator Conference, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,1966.)
The paper is a review of improved calculating and design
techniques, performance rating of incinerators, and a descrip-
tion of the new open-pit incinerator. Of particular interest is a
curve of nitrogen oxide formation with varying excess air and
temperature developed from thermodynamic equilibrium data
that has been verified by field tests. (Author abstract)
02397
C. A. Rogus.
AN APPRAISAL OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 114-23, 1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
1966.)
Europe's incineration of community refuse has reached an ad-
vanced state of the art. The author visited 13 large modern in-
cinerators in 7 countries. The three most noteworthy operating
plants are described, with emphasis on steam generation, low
dust emission from the stacks, and principal features of
design. Applicability to American practice is evaluated.
(Author abstract)
02398
G. Stabenow.
SURVEY OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE WITH HIGH PRES-
SURE BOILER OPERATION BURNING WASTES AND
FUEL. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 144-60, 1966. (Presented
at the National Incinerator Conference, American Society of
mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,1966.)
A number of large incinerators in European municipal service
have stoker-fired water-walled furnaces and boilers for power
generation. The paper discusses the principles, stoker design,
burning rates, boiler design and high efficiency dust collection.
Data on nine European and two Brazilian plants of European
design are given. Water-walled furnaces allow the use of low
excess air, which reduces the volume of flue gas to be
cleaned. (Author abstract)
02399
J. W. Stephenson and A. S. Cafiero.
MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR DESIGN PRACTICES AND
TRENDS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 1-38, 1966. (Presented
at the National Incinerator Conference, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
Improvements and changes in refuse incinerator technology
during the past twenty years have been greater than in any
other period. This paper reports the findings of a survey of
design practices covering plants built or designed since 1945.
Data are presented on 205 plants for which questionnaires
were returned, with notations made of indicated trends in
design practices and types of equipment. Eighty-four plants,
for which questionnaires were not returned, are listed in the
third appendix. It was noted that, since 1959, no plants were
reported as designed without some provision for fly ash
removal. A trend away from reliance on dry expansion cham-
bers for satisfactory removal is clearly evident, as is a trend to
the use of wet systems. Fifty-three of the reported 71 wet
systems included wet baffles, with primary material of baffle
construction given in a table in the text.
-------
36
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
02400
A.B. Walker F.W. Schmitz
CHARACTERISTICS OF FURNACE EMISSIONS FROM
LARGE MECHANICALLYy STOKED MUNICIPAL IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 64-73, 1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
1966.)
A summary of field test and laboratory data on dust emission
from several large, mechanically-stoked municipal incinerators
of different grate configurations is presented. Data on dust
loading, and physical and electrical characteristics of the par-
ticulates are presented, as well as information on combustion
conditions in the furnace. Description of field test equipment
and techniques, and techniques of laboratory analysis are
given. (Author abstract)
02401
P.H. Woodruff A.W. Wene
GENERAL OVERALL APPROACH TO INDUSTRIAL IN-
CINERATION. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 219-25, 1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
1966.)
A detailed outline has been prepared to guide and advise in-
dustry in planning a safe and economical facility for waste
disposal. Among the factors to consider are types and quanti-
ties of gaseous, liquid, and solid waste, methods of collection,
transportation, storage, and disposal. As a method of disposal,
incineration is discussed in detail. Among the subjects
discussed are site, selection, meteorological conditions and air
pollution control requirements, ash-handling system, and at-
mosphere emission control.
02402
G.L. Vickerson
FLY ASH CONTROL EQUD7MENT FOR INDUSTRIAL IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf. 241-5, 1966.
(Presented at the National Incinerator Conference, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4,
1966.)
A description is given of the problem facing the engineer when
designing an industrial incinerator, referring especially to the
treatment of particulate emissions from the incinerator
between 35 and 200 microns in size, and the choice of availa-
ble commercial equipment which can attain the required
results. (Author abstract)
02488
C. N. Stutz.
TREATING PARATfflON WASTES. Chem. Eng. Progr. 62,
(10) 82-4, Oct. 1966.
Pilot plant tests were made of parathion wastes combined with
domestic wastes to assure the city that the wastes can be
treated successfully in the municipal activated sludge treat-
ment plant. Expansion of the parathion plant requires the
development of design criteria for a pretreatment plant. In-
cineration of residues and scrubbing and demisting of the off-
gases are practical. Limestone neutralization of the acid
streams followed by blending with alkaline streams before
biological treatment is used to control the pH.
02738
J. A. Fife
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollution, 3rd, Washing-
ton, D.C., 1966. pp. 317-26.
The background and development of air pollution control as
applied to municipal incinerators is reviewed. The capabilities
and characteristics of the several types of systems currently in
use are explained, and an indication of the variables affecting
their costs is given. The text also includes suggestions as to
areas where further research study in the field would be
beneficial, and points out specific problems currently hinder-
ing progress.
02741
Golueke, C. G., and P. H. McGauhey
FUTURE ALTERNATIVES TO INCINERATION AND THEIR
Am POLLUTION POTENTIAL. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pollu-
tion, 3rd, Washington, D.C. 1966. (Presented at the National
Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., Dec. 12-14,
1966, Paper No. D-6.) p. 296-305.
The alterantives to incineration are almost entirely limited to
landfill, composting, anaerobic digestion, ocean disposal, wet
oxidation, and pyrolization. All these require essentially the
same handling methods as are associated with preparing refuse
for incineration. Hence, dust, vapors, and odors may be a
local air pollution problem in the vicinity of the processing
site. Thus, offense to the aesthetic senses rather than danger
to the health of men and animals, or damage to vegetation,
might be considered a micro-air pollution potential common to
all methods. The alternative processes themselves, if properly
operated, make little further contribution to air pollution. Even
with poor management their pollution potential is confined to
odors, dust, and some vapors, with the possible exception of
pyrolysis which could rival incineration if poorly managed. An
evaluation of alterantives to incineration as methods of refuse
disposal should be based on at least three major considera-
tions: (1) It is no longer valid to judge (evaluate) a given
method according to the rather limited standards currently fol-
lowed. At present, the economics of a process constitute the
major concern; other factors such as health and aesthetics are
given only grudging attention. A realization of the direct bear-
ing of man's environment upon his well being is beginning to
emerge and the willingness to expend more effort and money
in maintaining the integrity of the environment will follow. (2)
It will be impossible for the human species to continue present
rates of population increase, present rates of increase per
capita consumption of goods, and simultaneously maintain an
environment in which waste products do not become ultimate-
ly totally inhibitory to life. Consideration must be given to
methods for total recycling of all materials consumed and sub-
sequently discharged. (3) Only the land and ocean can be
looked upon as ultimate sinks into which solid wastes can be
discharged. At present, there is no method of disposal, except
dumping at sea, that does not return a large fraction of solid
wastes to the land. An important aspect of a future method
will be the extent to which its application can reduce this ulti-
mate burden to the land.
02976
G. Albinus
REDUCING THE EMISSION OF SMALL WASTE INCINERA-
TORS BY STRUCTURAL AND CONTROL MEASURES.
Staub (English Transl.) 25, (11) 17-20, Nov. 1965 CFSTI
TT66-51040/11
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
37
The causes of defective refuse incinerations are given and a
possibility of reaching a satisfactory emission reduction is
shown. The importance of secondary incineration and reliable
maintenance f incineration plants is emphasized in particular.
The influence of combustion temperature on furnace design is
explained for a temperature range of 800 degrees C 1000
degrees C. To maintain optimum temperature ranges and to
control air supply is much more important in refuse incinera-
tion than is generally thought. Dust removal installations are
discussed and successful results achieved with wet separators
are reported. (Author summary)
03229
Z. Syrovatka
NEW INCINERATION SYSTEM FOR TOWN REFUSE. Czech
Heavy Ind. (Prague) 11, 15-8,1966
Boilers for the combustion of refuse have been constructed in
Prague, Czechoslovakia. Since varying types of refuse must be
disposed of, and since the material must be pre-dried, pre-
heated, ignited at the proper time, and properly burnt out,
problems exist. Perfect combustion is important in ensuring
that the combustion products ultimately discharged are harm-
less. The incinerator system is described in detail. The com-
bustion products pass through filters and an electrostatic
precipitator before reaching the stack. The slag is sterile and
the smoke from the chimney harmless. Clean air is maintained.
04843
P. W. Purdom, R. J. Schoenberger, A. Michaels, and A.
Bergsten
INCINERATOR RESIDUE - A STUDY OF ITS CHARAC-
TERISTICS. Preprint. (Presented at the Public Works Con-
gress and Equipment Show, Chicago, HI., Sept. 10-15, 1966.)
The quality of incinerator residue does vary significantly, and
therefore, should be recognized as a criterion for design and
operation. Preliminary field investigations indicate that in-
cinerator residue can attract flies and under proper conditions
propagation will occur. The percent of water soluable material
is significant enough to justify a detailed investigation of the
effects of this leachable portion on the surface and un-
derground waters. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of an
incineration process, chemical analyses can be used as a
means of monitoring. Although many chemical techniques are
available for classifying incinerator residue, it appears that ef-
fectiveness can be measured from a few simple tests. The two
tests which are suggested are the calorific value and either the
volatile or ash fraction of the residue. For larger installations,
the more detailed system of analyses can be used to monitor
the units.
05498
A. B. Walker
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR INCINERA-
TORS. Proc. MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes,
New York City, 1967. pp . 75-81.
A picture is presented of where the technology of air pollution
control stands with respect to the primary needs in incinera-
tion namely, the control of particulates-based upon what is
known from actual operating experience, either pilot or full
scale, with various types of control equipment. Reasonable
performance expectations are presented for various control
equipment based upon this actual operating experience and the
rather substantial amount of work that has been done in the
past few years. Unless furnace operation is restricted signifi-
cantly, particularly with respect to underfire air, settling cham-
bers or wetted baffles cannot meet even the most lenient
quantitative emission code (0.85) either alone or in combina-
tion. Cyclone collectors alone can probably meet 0.85 and
probably, in combination with settling chambers and/or wetted
baffles, can meet intermediate codes. But where codes require
emissions below 0.65, the only demonstrated alternatives are
direct impaction scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators or bag
filters. For clear stacks, the only demonstrated alternatives are
electrostatic precipitators and bag filters, although direct
impingement scrubbers operating at pressure drops in excess
of 10* w.g. and equipped with means for eliminating conden-
sate plume, are probably feasible, based on valid extrapolation
of actual operating experience, the choice of which depends
upon a detailed analysis of the economics and operational re-
liability of the over-all system involved in utilization of each
type. Generalizations on the best system cannot be made at
this time, but, at least for new plants, operational experience
and economics seem to favor the electrostatic precipitator.
05569
E. C. Minis
NATIONAL ANILINE'S INCINERATION PLANT. Proc. Air
Water Pollution Abatement Conf., 1957. pp. 76-82.
A description of the incinerators used in the disposal of rub-
bish resulting from manufacturing operations at National
Anilines's Buffalo plant were outlined. The operations, main-
tenance, and a system for disposal control are also included.
05570
R. F. Rocheleau
INCINERATION OF ORGANIC WASTES (SLUDGES AND
CHEMICALS). Proc. Air Water Pollution Abatement Conf.,
1957. pp. 89-98.
The general features and operating problems of representative
incinerators used in du Pont are presented. Generally speak-
ing, incineration looms as a potential method of disposal when
solid wastes cannot be transported to a dump for burial, when
liquid wastes containing volatile compounds or an appreciable
amount of combustible organic matter cannot be discharged to
a water course, or when the gases emitting from a process
cannot be released directly to the atmosphre. The variety and
multiplicity of wastes and the needs peculiar to each plant lo-
cation dictate that each installation must be a custom-built job.
05852
R. J. Reed and S. M. Truitt
SELECTING INCINERATOR SMOKE AND ODOR BUR-
NERS. Air Repair 4 (3), 109-17 (Nov. 1954).
A method for controlling smoke and odor emission by flue-fed
incinerators is discussed. The burning process, the differences
from industrial and municipal incinerators, a solution using an
auxiliary gas diffusion flame, the selection and location of bur-
ners, a case history of an approved installation, settling and
combustion chambers, the luminous flame burner, starting
procedure, and recently announced installations are con-
sidered. A discussion and the authors' replies are included.
05874
M. Sterling
ADX POLLUTION CONTROL AND THE GAS INDUSTRY. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11 (8), 354-61 (Aug. 1961).
(Presented at the American Gas Association Research and
Utilization Conference, Cleveland, Ohio, Apr. 19-21, 1960.)
-------
38
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
The control of emissions from gas fired domestic incinerators
in Detroit, Michigan was discussed. To insure that incinerators
perform acceptably, the sale of domestic incinerators is limited
to those models which pass performance requirements of the
Detroit Bureau of Air Pollution Control. The discussion in-
cludes the development of regulations, performance require-
ments, design features of new incinerators and testing ap-
paratus and procedures.
06084
R. J. MacKnight, J. E. Williamson, J. J. Sableski, Jr., J. O.
Dealy
CONTROLLING THE FLUE-FED INCINERATOR. J. Air Pol-
lution Assoc. 10(2): 103-109; 125, (Apr. 1960) (Presented at the
52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Los
Angeles, Calif., June 23-26, 1959.)
A series of tests were conducted in order to compare the burn-
ing rate, draft, velocity, and temperature in an uncontrolled in-
cinerator with those variables in the same incinerator equipped
with a ring-fired roof afterburner and draft control damper. A
set of three tests was made on a six story flue fed incinerator
under the following conditions. (1) The incinerator was
modified with a draft control damper (orifice area 30 sq. in.)
and ring-fired roof afterburner. (2) The baffle in the settling
chamber of the afterburner was removed to simulate an after-
burner with no settling chamber. (3) The unit was operated as
an uncontrolled flue fed incinerator with the draft control
damper lowered, the baffle in the settling chamber removed,
and the roof burner not in operation. The results of the stack
analyses in pounds per ton are: Uncontrolled flue fed incinera-
tor-30; Afterburner and draft control damper-3.3; and After-
burner, draft control damper and settling chamber-3.0. The
draft control damper reduces emissions so that a settling
chamber is not needed. There are two satisfactory methods of
controlling the flue fed incinerator: (1) by breeching a separate
multiple chamber incinerator into the existing flue and conver-
sion of the existing combustion chamber into a storage bin,
and (2) by installation of an afterburner on the flue above the
roof and a draft control damper below the first floor charging
chute. Installation of a roof afterburner and draft control
damper has the advantage of permitting the refuse to be
burned in the original flue fed incinerator. Thus, the refuse
does not have to be rehandled. By incorporating a motorized
damper and complete electrical interlocking system the unit
becomes very simple and convenient to operate.
06096
F. R. Rehm
INCINERATOR TESTING AND TEST RESULTS. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc., 6(4):199-204, Feb. 1957. 2 refs. (Presented
at the 49th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Buf-
falo, N. Y., May 20-24, 1956.)
The testing of paniculate emissions from incinerators of any
size, from domestic to municipal units presents some special
problems peculiar to this activity. The short-comings of two
dust testing guides ((ASME Test Code for Dust Separating Ap-
paratus and Western Precipitation Corporation's Bulletin WP-
50 Gas and Dust Measurements)) for testing participates from
such units are discussed in detail. Modifications made in the
ASME guide in an incinerator testing program in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin are also indicated. The incinerator test program in-
dicates that commercial and industrial incinerators that incor-
porate in their design the following fundamental features can
operate below the ASME dustloading limitations: a. Primary
and secondary chamber, b. Increased retention time accom-
plished by drop curtain or baffle construction, c. Reduced
secondary chamber velocities, d. Built-in and auxiliary draft
regulation, e. Proportioning of the unit to regulate capacity,
flow and temperature conditions. These design features are
also encouraged for use in domestic incinerators. A well-
designed wet scrubber flyash control system has made mu-
nicipal incinerator compliance with the strictest air pollution
ordinance possible. A municipal incinerator plant in Milwaukee
has been modified to include a wet flyash scrubbing system
that yields an average exit dustloading of 0.692 Ib. dust/1000
Ib. flue gas, adjusted to a 50% excess air basis. ASME recom-
mends 0.85 lb/1000 Ib flue gas adjusted to a 50% excess air
basis as the limit on dust emissions.
06315
R. Dennis, L. Silverman
SUMMARY REPORT ON PERFORMANCE OF AIR CLEAN-
ING SYSTEM FOR U.S. BUREAU OF MINES BOMAEC-30
INCINERATOR. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Mass., 156p., Dec. 1964. (Rept. NYO 841-2.) (Contract AT(30-
D-841.)
Evaluation of combustion and gas cleaning equipment tests are
presented on the BOMAEC-30 institutional type incinerator
developed for low level, radio-active waste disposal. In con-
trast to many incinerator designs, the BOMAEC-30 unit con-
sisted of a cylindrical, stainless steel-lined, chamber with all
combustion air admitted tangentially above the waste charge.
Although this burning technique may have improved the ef-
fluent quality, results of several tests with sawdust and office
wastes indicated that (a) only dry (less than 10 per cent
moisture) materials could be burned completely without aux-
iliary gas firing, (b) the design burning rate objective of 30 Ibs.
per hour could not be attained in most tests, and (c) the
operating methods were not amenable to a safe, rapid means
of waste incineration. A water spray cooling tower and glass
fabric filtration system did not furnish adequate gas cleaning.
Aside from bag filter rupture caused by soot plugging,
moisture and condensed volatiles passing the glass bag unit did
not appear filterable with final, AEC high efficiency stage.
The data presented in this report do not agree with the conclu-
sions and claims set forth in a report, R.I. 6083, issued by the
U. S. Bureau of Mines. Two appendices are included on stack
effluent tests on BOMAEC-30 and BOMAEC-100 incinerators.
06588
J. A. Fife
REFUSE DISPOSAL AND THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER
(COMPOUNDING PROBLEMS PROMISE A MAJOR ROLE
FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER). Heating, Piping, Air
Conditioning 38(11):93-100, Nov. 1966.
Refuse disposal methods in the United States and Europe are
presented, the emphasis being on incinerator design improve-
ments. The replacement of incinerator batch feeding with con-
tinuous feeding (eliminating blanketing of fire and uncontrolled
admissions of air, thus keeping furnace temperature and flue
gas flow rates more uniform) is reviewed. An advantage of the
continuous feed furnace occurs from the relatively steady flow
of output flue gas, enabling rational sizing of improved fly ash
collectors. Under certain conditions, fly ash collection can be
accomplished by spray chambers in which flooded baffles are
provided to trap ash particles by direct impingement on the
wetted surfaces. Different economic conditions, denser settle-
ment of cities, and a greater interest in heat recovery and air
pollution control has put European incineration state-of-the-art
ahead of the United States. As air pollution control require-
ments become increasingly stringent, more expensive fly ash
collecting systems will be required in the United States. The
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
39
use of mechanical cyclone and electrostatic precipitator equip-
ment, in contrast to the water spray type collection systems
will generate a favorable economic situation for the water-
cooled furnace. Mechanical engineering services will be
required during construction, inspection, and operation of
these future developments.
07426
H. Mandelbaum
AIR-POLLUTION STUDIES AT THE NEW PLANT IN THE
TOWN OF NORTH HEMPSTEAD PROVE THAT INCINERA-
TORS CAN MEET TOUGHER STANDARDS. Am City,
82(8):97-98, Aug. 1967.
Comprehensive tests have confirmed that the new incinerator
built for the town of North Hempstead, N. Y. has an air pollu-
tion control train (consisting of secondary combustion
chamber, a low-velocity expansion or cooling chamber, four
banks of high pressure water sprays, a secondary baffle
chamber and finally the cyclone collectors) that meets existing
and proposed air pollution control requirements. It has been
designed so that further imporvements in efficiency can be
made easily if the need arises.
07769
Howard, W. C.
A NEW AND ECONOMIC SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
OF STREAM AND AIR POLLUTION. Norsk Skogind. (Nor-
way), 21(4):133-139, April 1967. 2 refs. (Presented at the
Papirindustriens Tekniske Forenings Meeting, Oslo, Norway,
Dec. 7, 1966.)
The disposal of polluting solids by means of the fluid-bed
reactor is discussed. The fluid-bed reactor is the most efficient
combustion system developed thus far. Material is introduced
in finely divided form, presenting relatively large surface area
for exposure to the reacting gases. Heat transfer is excellent
because of extreme particle proximity. Liquids of low concen-
tration bum readily because of countercurrent evaporation
which takes place during the liquid particle's descent to the
fluid bed. The fluid bed reactor is relatively compact, occupy-
ing less area than other conventional processing units with
comparable capacity. Operations of chemical recovery
systems, the kraft overload relief system, and incineration
systems utilizing the fluid bed reactor as the primary
processing unit are described. In addition to accomplishing a
system for disposing of objectionable effluent materials from
plants, the fluid-bed is a practical tool for the reclamation of
chemicals where practical. Other applications include disposal
of pickling wastes from the metals industries, municipal
sewage sludge disposal, food processing plant discards and ef-
fluent waste materials from the chemical and petroleum
processing plants.
07921
Benforado, David M., Pauletta, Carl E., and Hazzard, Noel D.
ECONOMICS OF HEAT RECOVERY IN DIRECT-FLAME
FUME INCINERATION.Air Eng., 9(3):29-32, March 1967. 3
refs.
Direct-flame fume incineration as an effective and economical
air pollution control process is discussed. Its advantages over
thermal incineration without a flame, its use in conjunction
with heat recovery equipment are topics also covered. Direct-
flame incineration, economy of heat recovery equipment,
practical solution to air pollution problem, control equipment
requirements, design criteria, information required by equip-
ment manufacturer and measurement of effectiveness of
equipment are also discussed.
07973
Davis, U. C.
THE FOOD PROTECTION AND TOXICOLOGY CENTER.
Bionomics Briefs, 1(5):1-14, Sept. 1967.
The environmental quality, natural and man made, and how
this quality may be preserved through study, research and the
teaching of values is discussed. The San Francisco garbage
problem is reviewed; the problems of its disposal in the
neighboring city of Brisbane are given. Included are reports
and recommendations from several committees established by
state and Federal governmental agencies to investigate im-
proved methods of coping with the waste crisis. Garbage
disposal by the use of land-fills, incineration, garbage trains,
sea dumping, and composting is evaluated along with other
published information on the facets of urban garbage disposal.
08178
Belousov, S. P., A. S. Dun, and 1.1. Nikberg
THE USE OF BATTERY COMBUSTION CHAMBERS IN
THE PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INTO
ATMOSPHERIC ADLGigiena i Sanit., 24(4):70-71, 1959.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 4, p.
54-56, Aug. 1960. CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The gas purifying installation described is of the type used in a
Soviet coke-pitch plant. The coke was roasted in batteries of
open flame furnaces of the OYuzhkokremontO system; each
battery consisted of 10 15 open flame furnaces. Reconstruction
of the battery furnaces was carried out which consisted in
rebuidling part of t he furnace into purification installations of
the supplemental combustion chamber type. Thus, the exhaust
gases coming from the furnace flues were passed through the
supplemental combustion chambers before entering the
smokestacks. The supplemental combustion of pitch-coke
waste products is accomplished at 1150 - 1500 deg. This high
temperature is attained by sucking in extra air through special
openings in the supplemental combustion chamber.
08632
Kirov, N. Y.
EMISSIONS FROM LARGE MUNICD7AL INCINERATORS
AND CONTROL OF ADI POLLUTION. Clean Air Air Soc.
Australia New Zealand), l(2):19-25, Sept. 1967. 7 refs.
Emission and emission limits for refuse burning incinerator
plant are discussed in relation to various Clean Air Acts.
Methods of controlling these emissions and the type of equip-
ment available for cleaning combustion gases from incinerators
are outlined. USA and European practices in controlling air
pollution from incinerators are critically compared, showing
that in this regard European developments are well ahead of
current American practice. The performance of various gas-
cleaning equipment is examined and it is concluded that for
large municipal incinerators only fabric gas filters, wet gas
scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators are capable of
achieving the high-collection efficiencies necessary for effec-
tive control within the requirements of the NSW Clean Air
Act. (Authors abstract, modified)
08727
DUST REMOVAL IN REFUSE INCINERATOR PLANTS.
((Mullverbrennungs- anlagen und deren Enstaubung.)) Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb (Mainz), 8(7):426-428, July 1964.
5 refs.
In refuse incinerator systems which utilize the heat, dust
removal does not present difficulties, since the flue gas tem-
-------
40
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
perature be hind the boiler ranges between 120-300 deg. C.
However, in smaller plants a dust removal apparatus is neces-
sary. Both dry and wet dust removal has been used. Ex-
perience with American air filters has shown that wet dust
remover ROTO-CLONE and the fly dust remover AMER-
clone as well as the DUSTBOX and AMERTTHERM dust
removers can be installed. An incinerator used for the in
cineration of paper was fitted with an AMER-clone filter.
Measurements showed that the dust concentration before dust
re moval was 210 mg./normal cu m, while after filtration it was
only 36.9 mg./normal cu m. It was concluded that crude gas
with dust concentration of not more than 1,000 mg./normal cu
m can be con trolled by this method. To control larger dust
concentrations, experiments were conducted with a silicon
glass fiber bag filtering apparatus, which is illustrated. An air
stream of 640 cu m/hr. was passed through the glass fiber bag
at a temperature of 260 deg. C. Measurements shoed that the
dust concentration in the un filtered gas was 30.8 g./cu m,
while only 0.071 g./cu m was found in the filtered gas. The
hose was cleaned every half-hour under reduced pressure. The
exhaust gas plume which was noticeable af ter wet filtration
was not observed by this method. Since it was established that
this plume consists mainly of SO3, further tests showed that
the SOS content of 97.5 mg./cu m in the unfiltered gas was
reduced to 5.7 mg./cu m by filtration through siliconized glass
fabric.
08837
Kane, J. M.
STATUS FORECAST FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL -
1972. Air Eng., 9(3):33-34, 37, March 1967.
A forecast of what will happen in the field of air pollution
control in the next five years is presented. The pollutants
covered are smoke, visible dusts, visible plumes, hydrocar-
bons, diesel engine fumes and smokes, and oxides of sulfur.
09784
Danielson, John A. (comp. and ed.)
AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING MANUAL. (AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.)
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, National Center for Air Pollu-
tion Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, 999-AP-40, 892p., 1967.
((314)) refs. GPO: 806-614-30
The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar to
the Los Angeles area is considered. The practical engineering
problems of design and operation for many sources of air pol-
lution are emphasized. There are 11 chapters, each by dif-
ferent authors, and 4 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) In-
troduction; (2) Contaminants; (3) Design of Local Exhaust
Systems; (4) Air Pollution Control Equipment for Paniculate
Matter; (5) Control Equipment for Gases and Vapors; (6)
Metallurgical Equipment; (7) Control Equipment; (8) Incinera-
tion; (9) Combustion Equipment; (10) Petroleum Equipment;
and (11) Chemical Processing Equipment. The introduction
discusses the Los Angeles Basin, rules and regulations in Los
Angeles County, and the use of the manual. The appendixes'
titles are: (A) Rules and Regulations; (B) Odor-Testing
Techniques; (C) Hypothetical Available Heats from Natural
Gas; and (D) Miscellaneous Data.
09789
Simon, Herbert
SINGLE-STAGE ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATORS. In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 135-156, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
The history of electrostatic precipitation, its advantages and
disadvantages, diverse applications, and mechanism are
discussed. The mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation
are treated in detail providing pertinent information on the fol-
lowing: construction; voltage for successful operation
(rectifiers, effects of wave form, controlled sparking rate);
uniform gas distribution; theoretical analysis of performance;
theoretical efficiency; effects of resistivity; and effects of
nonumiform gas velocity. Proportion, capacity, cleaning of
electrical system, accessibility for maintenance, control of gas
flow, control of erosion of dust from electrodes, and power
supply are design factors that are critical elements in an elec-
trostatic precipitator. The fundamental theory of the
mechanisms involved in electrical precipitation is only partially
understood at present. Designs are based either upon previous
experience with similar processes or upon the results of pilot
model precipitator studies. Data is tabulated on; dielectric con-
stants for some common materials; pioneer precipitator instal-
lations (1907-1920); summary of U.S. precipitator installations
in major fields of application; typical precipitator applications
(flow rate, temperature, dust concentration, dust weight, effi-
ciency, cost); suspended participate matter in commercial
gases in typical installations; average diameter of particles in
various industrial operations; typical values of drift velocity
encountered in practice for use with precipitators; and typical
values for some design variables used in commercial electro-
static precipitator practices.
09823
MacKnigh, Robert J. and John E. Williamson
GENERAL-REFUSE INCINERATORS. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.) Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Cneter for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 419-428, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
The general refuse incinerator is used in residential, commer-
cial, and industrial establishments is discussed with particular
emphasis on the design of multiple-chamber incinerators for
effective disposal of general refuse with a minimum creation
of air pollution. Typical calculations involved in designing mul-
tiple chamber incinerators are illustrated. These calculations
fall into three general categories: (1) Combustion calculations
based upon the refuse composition, assumed air requirements,
and estimated heat loss; (2) flow calculations based upon the
properties of the products of combustion and assumed gas
temperatures; and (3) dimensional calculations based upon
simple mensuration and empirical sizing equations. The calcu-
lations needed to determine weights, velocities, and average
temperatures of the products of combustion are derived from
standard calculation procedures for combustion. Average gross
heating values and theoretical air quantities are used. Chemical
properties and combustion data for the major components of
general refuse are given. General construction, refractories,
grates and hearths, air inlets, stacks, induced draft system,
and operation of a multiple-chamber incinerator are also in-
cluded in the discussion.
09824
Netzley, Arthur B. and John E. Williamson
MOBILE MULTIPLE-CHAMBER INCINERATORS. In: Air
Pollution Eng- ineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
41
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 428-435 1967
GPO: 806-614-30
Practical and economical answers that facilitate the design and
construction of successful mobile multiple-chamber incinera-
tors are discussed. Mobile incinerators are designed with
parameters identical to those of multiple-cahmber incinerators,
however they must be constructed of lightweight materials and
limited in size to comply with the State Vehicle Code. Design
configurations generally restrict the maximum capacity of the
retort style, to 500 pounds per hour, and that of the in-line
style, 1,000 pounds per hour. Draft for mobile incincerators
may be produced in two ways. The first and most conven-
tional way is the use of a stack, while the other incorporates
an induced-draft system that uses air to cool the effluent.
Stack requirements and induced-draft fan system are
described. Typical calculations involved in the design of an in-
duced-draft fan system for a mobile multiple-chamber in-
cinerator are illustrated. The mechanical design and construc-
tion of a mobile incinerator must not only meet the dimen-
sional and weight requirements of the Vehicle Code but also
provide a rigid frame and refractories of sufficient quality to
provide a satisfactory service life. Refractories, grates, air in-
lets, structure, and auxiliary burners are discussed.
09826
Sableski, Joseph J. and John E. Williamson
FLUE-FED APARTMENT INCINERATORS. In: Air Pollution
Engi- neering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County
of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 447-460, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
There are three basic methods of altering a flue fed incinerator
to prevent discharge of air contaminants. Two of these
methods involve the addition of an afterburner to the existing
incinerator, namely, a roof afterburner or a basement after-
burner. The third method involves the installation of a well
designed multiple chamber incinerator. These three methods
are discussed providing information on design procedures,
standards for construction, stack emissions and operation.
Typical installations are shown schematically. The advantages
and disadvantages of each method are indicated. Calculations
involved in designing a barometric damper incinerator are il-
lustrated.
10009
Fife, James A.
CONTROLLED COMBUSTION FOR SOLID WASTES
DISPOSAL. Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning, 40(3): 140-147,
March 1968.
The basic design and operating characteristics of several types
of large batch and continuous solid waste incinarators are
discussed. Methods of paniculate and odor emission control
are considered wit emphasis on the effects of firing and han-
dling methods on emission rate. Economics of incinerator
operation are presented. Water-wal steam producing incinara-
tors are compared with refractory incinerators.
10455
Waitkus, Joseph
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL-HOW AND WHY. Combustion, 39(12):18-26, June
1968. (Presented at the Southern Ti Section of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Elmira Heights, N. Y., Jan.
23, 1968.)
Thermal pollution is an air pollution problem because it effects
weather patterns. Waste heat recovery by means of recupera-
tive or regenerative heat exchange equipment is discussed. To
fully handle the pollution from industrial sources, a combina-
tion os waste heat recovery and participate collection equip-
ment is proposed. A brief description is given of wet scrub-
bers, cyclones, filter baghouses, electrostatic precipitators,
and direct flame incineration.
10694
Kurker, Charles
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION THROUGH CONTROL
OF SOLID WASTE DIS- POSAL. Preprint, Connecticut Dept.
of Health, Environmental Health Services Div., 12p., 1968. 4
refs. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-159.)
The sanitary landfill method of disposal and incineration com-
bined with sanitary landfill are satisfactory methods of
disposal which eliminate the health hazards normally related
with poor disposal practices. Other methods of volume reduc-
tion and modifications of present methods are being in-
vestigated to further reduce the emissions of air pollutants and
conserve the limited land areas available for refuse disposal.
11652T
H. Kmoch
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF REFUSE INCINERATORS.
((Automatische Steuerung von Mullverbrennungsanlagen.))
Translated from German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft. 16(8):402-
403, Aug. 1964.
The devices (such as temperature controllers, control valves,
air blowers, etc.) required for control guidance, and monitor-
ing of plants for refuse incineration only and plants for refuse
incineration with heat utilization are discussed and illustrated.
In design work, consideration must be given to the fact that
the plants are usually operated by relatively unskilled person-
nel, also that the very rough operation of the plant with much
fly dust and acid effluents requires tough and corrosion-re-
sistant devices. It is also important for the control system to
be protected against interruption in operation by blockage. In
the heat utilization design, the scheme of the units conforms
to a great extent to that of a steam generating plant; auxiliary
oil or gas firing may be used to provide extra steam during
peak load periods.
11658T
Hans-Joachim Ochs
THE USE OF AHt FILTERS IN REFUSE INCINERATION
PLANTS. ((Einsatz von Luftfiltem in Mullverbrennungsan-
lagen.)) Translated from German. Wasser Luft und Betrieb,
8(9):535- 537, Sept. 1964.
A recirculating filter system equipped with a sludge-free fine-
filter for collecting dust in a refuse incinerating plant in Ham-
burg, Germany is described and illustrated. Much dust in-
variably rises from refuse storage bins located underneath the
furnaces and must be controlled. The air filter system used in-
volves spraying a wetting material under pressure through the
recirculation cells from the wetting material container from un-
derneath the recirculating filter element that is normally used
only for the wetting agent for contact rinsing. The wetting
material, as it passes through the recirculating filter cells,
loosens the accumulated dust deposited on the cells, becomes
enriched with it, and forms a sludge precipitate at its bottom.
This sludge, in turn, is discharged at the bottom of the wetting
material container and passed to settling tanks whence it is
-------
42
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
recirculated into the system after subsequent settling and fil-
tration.
11792
Kaiser, Elmer R.
REFUSE REDUCTION PROCESSES. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health, Proc. Surgeon General's Conf. Solid Waste Manage-
ment Metropol. Washington, 1967, p. 93-103. 2 refs. (July 19-
20).
The following processes are considered with respect to weight
and volume reduction of refuse containing organic combustible
matter and an important fraction of noncombustibles: open
burning at dump sites; burning in conical metal chambers;
landfilling; composting, with sale of compost; incineration
without heat recovery; and incineration with heat recovery.
Volume reduction is impressive when incinerated residue is
landfilled. After depositing, the residue from an original ton of
refuse occupies no more than 0.194 cu yd. Attention is also
called to the demonstrated possibility of oxidizing and melting
incinerator residue and to the use of electrostatic precipitators,
gas scrubbers, and bag filters to meet new dust emission stan-
dards. The advanced state of European incinerator art is
reviewed. The new-type refuse reduction plants discussed con-
sists of refuse receiving pits, cranes with grapples to elevate
the refuse to hoppers, stoker-fired boilers, precipitators, and
chimneys 260- 390 ft high. Because of the water-tubed fur-
naces, the refuse can be burned with 1.6 times the
stoichiometric air, instead of three times as in U. S. practice;
the weight and volume of flue gas to be cleaned is reduced
considerably. The cooling of the gases to 500-600 F in the
boiler-superheated-economizer contracts the gas volume
without the addition of spray water. The generated steam is
used for the production of electric power and for district heat-
ing, in conjunction with the local electric utility. Because it is
lower in moisture and ash, U. S. refuse should generate more
steam per ton than European refuse.
12080
Anon.
FLUID BED INCINERATORS STUDDZD FOR SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(7):495-497, July 1968.
The versatility of fluid bed waste incinerators means that cities
can use them to dispose of sewage sludge, refuse, solid indus-
trial wastes, and liquid and gaseous wastes. Under an HEW
demonstration grant, a research group at West Virginia
University hopes to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous
combustion of a large variety of materials in fluid beds. The
problems encountered and the system requirements are
discussed. Pope, Evans & Robbins envisions a fluid bed in-
cinerator, capable of burning up to 1000 tons of refuse per
day, that could be factory assembled and loaded on a rail car
for shipment. Combustion intensity would be more than five
times as great as in a conventional unit of equivalent capacity.
12651
Anon.
AK POLLUTION CONTROL EQUD7MENT BUYERS'
GUIDE. Air Eng., 10(12):27-42, Dec. 1968.
This buyers' guide for air pollution control equipment gives a
listing by category and product and an alphabetical listing of
manufacturers with complete name and address of the suppli-
12655
PRODUCT GUIDE 1969. DDXECTORY OF AIR POLLUTION
PRODUCTS LISTS MANUFACTURERS OF EMISSION CON-
TROL EQUIPMENT AND AIR POLLUTION INSTRUMENTA-
TION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(12): 847-857, Dec.
1968.
This directory of air pollution products lists manufacturers
under product classifications within the two major categories
of emission control equipment and air pollution instrumenta-
tion. In addition the guide contains an alphabetical listing of
manufacturers with mailing addresses.
12664
H. J. Campbell, Jr., A. L. Friedland
INCINERATORS AND THE PUBLIC. Mech. Eng., 90(12):38-
43, Dec. 1968.
Master planning for community incinerator design involves
consideration of the site from the point of view of con-
venience when erected, likely shifts in population density,
availability of nearby areas requiring landfill, and projected
other social uses of the site 20 to 30 years later. Multiple in-
cinerator units seem to offer an insured actual continuous
burning capacity, even in the event of operational failure of
one unit, so that refuse accumulation can be avoided.
Economic, aesthetic, and community considerations are all
discussed.
13133
Dvirka, Miro
INCINERATOR AND FLY ASH SEPARATOR STRUCTURE
THEREFOR. (Hagan Industries, Inc., Corona, N. Y.) U. S.
Pat. 3,448,704. 5p., June 10, 1969. 6 refs. (Appl. July 8, 1966,
13 claims).
An incinerator having a combustion chamber, a flue, and a
structure for separating fly ash or solid particles from com-
bustion gases emanating from the combustion chamber is
described. The dust collection system is made up of a settling
chamber, an inlet passage connected to the combustion
chamber, and an outlet passage connected to the flue. The
inlet and outlet passages are situated in such a way that the
combustion gases passing through the settling chamber
describe a curved path about a center of curvature located
between the passages. The intake of the outlet passage is
located close enough to the center of curvature that the fly ash
migrates along involute paths under the influence of centrifu-
gal forces resulting from the motion of the combustion gases.
The ash impinges on a wall of the settling chamber and is
trapped. The cleaned air then passes out through the flue. A
relief passage connecting the settling chamber to the flue
should have a cross-sectional area of not more than 5% of the
flue area. The cross-sectional areas of the inlet and outlet
passages should be equal.
13363
Taylor, Herbert E. and David R. Pearl
INCINERATOR DRAFT CONTROL AND VENT VALVE.
(Combustion Engineering Inc. Windsor, Conn.) U. S. Pat.
3,447,493. 4p., June 3, 1969. 3 refs. (Appl. Dec. 28, 1967, 2
claims).
A combined incinerator and wet scrubber are discussed. The
hot, dust-laden gases from the incinerator are scrubbed and
cleaned in the scrubber and flow through a space enclosed by
a double wall arrangement of the incinerator. A damper valve,
positioned in the duct between the incinerator and the wet
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
43
scrubber, maintains the incinerator at a predetermined partial
vacuum during normal operations. This enables the refuse to
be burned without smoke escaping from the furnace doors,
joints, or seams. The valve also closes the duct when a max-
imum temperature is reached downstream from the wet
scrubber. This prevents any hot gases from the furnace from
entering the scrubber. Cold atmospheric air flows through the
scrubber and the double walls of the furnace, thus preventing
any overheating or damage. (Author abstract modified)
13697
Obering, E. Albrecht
SLUDGE INCINERATION IN THE FLUIDIZED BED FUR-
NACE. (Schlammverbrennung im Wirbelschichtofen). Text in
German. Chem. Ing. Tech., 41(10):615-619,1969. 2 refs.
Sewage sludge disposal becomes an ever greater problem since
dump sites are becoming scarce and awareness of the danger
of uncontrolled dumping is spreading. Disposal by incineration
decreases the volume and leaves sterile ash and inert odorless
gases. Sludge incineration must be preceded by mechanical
dehydration to avoid emission of volatile organic sludge com-
ponents with the waste gas and to permit autonomous com-
bustion. To achieve the latter goal, the combustion tempera-
ture must be high, the excess air in the reaction chamber low,
the incineration complete, and the temperatures of the waste
gases and vapors low. However, the waste gas temperature
may not drop below 750 C if odors are to be avoided and if
the residues ought to be sterile. To solve the problem, the
fluidized bed furnace must be used. The sludge falls into a bed
of turbulent sand particles where it is dried, degassed, and ig-
nited. The temperature of the waste gas at the combustion
chamber outlet is 800 to 900 C. It is cooled in an air preheater
and the heat is returned to the combustion chamber. In the
subsequent dust collector, the mineral sludge components are
separated as dust either by a wet or dry process and tapped
off to an ash pit. The turbulent sand particles are slowly
eroded and carried off with the ash. They are replaced by
larger ash particles and by sand brought in by the sewage
sludge. The furnace has no movable parts aside from the
charging facility and the ventilators so that wear and tear are
low. The city of Lausanne has operated such a fluidized bed
furnace since 1965. The furnace burns 2600 kg of dehydrated
sludge per hour (max. water content 60%). Part of the waste
gas is used to heat the combustion air and the rest goes to a
boiler. The waste gases are cleaned in cyclone separators and
electrostatic precipitators.
14061
Velzy, C. O.
THE ENIGMA OF INCINERATOR DESIGN. New York,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1968,
8p. 17 refs. (Presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting
and Energy Systems Exposition, New York, Dec. 1-5, 1968.)
Until recently, municipal incinerators were largely empirically
designed. The increasing emphasis on prevention of pollution
of the environment, together with rapidly changing refuse con-
stituents and characteristics, is forcing a change in these previ-
ously accepted design approaches. To select the air pollution
control equipment best suited to a particular problem, concise
information as to the nature, characteristics, and magnitude of
the problem is required. The more rigid present day air pollu-
tion codes will require the application of more sophisticated
abatement equipment. Such equipment includes medium-to
high-energy wet scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. With
refractory furnaces, the gases must be cooled prior to being
discharged to the air pollution control equipment. This is ac-
complished by adding spray water to the gas stream. A portion
of the gaseous pollutants discharged from the furnace would
be removed by this cooling water. Much more data must be
collected from presently operating incinerators and properly
correlated with furnace type, furnace configuration, operating
variables, and refuse composition.
14364
Matsumoto, K., R. Asukata, and T. Kawashima
THE PRACTICE OF REFUSE INCINERATION IN JAPAN
BURNING OF REFUSE WITH HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT
AND LOW CALORIFIC VALUE. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div., Proc.
Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 180-197. (May 5-
8).
The history and development of Japanese refuse incineration
facilities are presented. Numerous studies were conducted on
analysis of refuse, problems of public hazards and nuisances,
and theories on drying and combustion, which resulted in the
formation of a Standard for Incineration Facilities in 1966.
These standards have provided a stringent policy guidance for
incinerator construction, as well as effective guidance to
manufacturers of incinerator equipment. In 1967, a 5-year plan
was undertaken to improve sanitation faculties. Processing
capacity at the end of 1966 was estimated to be 27,685
tons/day. It was estimated that an additional amount to be
processed during and after 1967 amounted to 33,965 tons/day.
The number of cities, towns, and villages requiring refuse in-
cineration facilities was 1273 at the beginning of the 5-year
plan. Refuse in Japan has a far higher moisture content and
lower calorific value (lower heating value: 500 to 1300 kcal/kg,
40 to 70% moisture content) than that of Europe or America
(lower heating value: 1000-2500 kcal/kg, 10 to 45% moisture
content). In the design and production of high-quality incinera-
tors which will completely burn refuse with a high moisture
content and low calorific value, the following essentials must
be considered: (1) Means should be provided for effective dry-
ing of refuse; (2) the amount of fuel consumed to assist in
combustion should be held to a minimum; and (3) the com-
bustion rate should be maximized. In Japanese incinerators,
refuse is dried, either by gas or air, and burned on a stoker,
and the performance of this mechanism has a direct bearing
upon that of the incinerator. Various types of reciprocating
and traveling grate stokers are described. A typical incinerat-
ing process is detailed, together with a flow diagram of a
mechanical incinerator such as is used in Japan.
14365
Fernandes, J. H.
INCINERATOR Am POLLUTION CONTROL. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div.,
Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 101-116. 44
refs. (May 5-8).
Although an incinerator stack may appear reasonably clean,
the fly ash in the gas may be excessive. Large quantities of air
used in incineration often mask the real pollution potential. As
a result, stack observations are no measure of emission from
an incinerator. An accurate determination of stack emissions
can be obtained only by actual test based on samples taken in
the duct leaving the air pollution control equipment. This
paper presents a survey of the performance capability of air
pollution control equipment. It is clear that more knowledge of
incinerator pollutants is required, and some research must be
performed if all classes of high-performance air pollution con-
trol equipment are to be applied to incinerators with optimum
results. Regardless of whether lax or stringent air pollution
-------
44
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
regulations are in effect, collectors of good design, properly
installed, operated, and maintained, can be selected. The rela-
tive cost of the various classes of equipment is presented.
(Author summary modified)
14369
Eberhardt, H. and W. Mayer
EXPERIENCES WITH REFUSE INCINERATORS IN EU-
ROPE, PREVENTION OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION,
OPERATION OF REFUSE INCINERATION PLANTS COM-
BINED WITH STEAM BOILERS, DESIGN AND PLANNING.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, In-
cinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968,
p. 73-86. 7 ref s. (May 5-8).
European steam generators with refuse firing must meet a
number of stringent legal requirements for environmental con-
trol. In Germany, the dust emission of refuse incineration
plants with a refuse throughput of more than 20 tons
refuse/day may not exceed 150 mg dust/cu Nm clean gas
referred to 7% CO2 at any time. Depending on the preload of
the site environment, this value must still be lowered so as to
remain within the emission limits of 0.42 g/sq m/day for the
annual mean and 0.65 g/sq m/day for the monthly mean. Flue
dust collectors have over 98% efficiency. Difficult physical
and chemical problems with the fuel and with boiler availabili-
ty are met by attention to many engineering details. While the
analysis of residential refuse is a relatively simple procedure,
the determination of the volume and composition of industrial
refuse is especially difficult and contributes in large part to the
difficulties in planning and design of incineration plants. In
Europe, refuse incinerators are combined with steam boilers,
and operation of these large plants has shown that boilers with
refuse fire chambers including the accessory equipment differ
fundamentally from conventional plants in design and opera-
tion. The paper considers these plants in detail and compares
them with plants operating with fossil fuels. It is shown that
corrosion of boiler and superheater tubes is largely prevented
by maintaining oxidizing conditions in critical areas. It was
concluded that the primary factor in all considerations of the
special requirements for refuse incineration plants, compared
to conventional steam boilers, is the conversion of wastes into
sterile end products.
14522
Woodruff, P. H. and G. P. Larson
COMBUSTION PROFILE OF A GRATE-ROTARY KILN IN-
CINERATOR. American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.,
New York, 1968, p. 327-336. (May 5-8).
Tests were conducted on a 300 t/per day grate-rotary kiln in-
cinerator to establish criteria for design modifications and to
determine operational procedures necessary to comply with air
pollution regulations and to reduce nuisance complaints. Sam-
ples of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide were
collected at the end of the rotary kiln, in the secondary com-
bustion chamber, the area in front of the water sprays, and in
the stack. Temperatures and velocities of the gas stream, plus
paniculate loading to the incinerator, were also determined.
Organic constituents found in the secondary combustion
chamber indicate that combustion is not always complete be-
fore the gas stream reaches the water sprays. Air under grates
promotes suspension of excessive amounts of particulates in
the gas stream, while outside air drawn into the ash pit
produces turbulent conditions preventing deposition of lighter
ash particles in the pit. In addition, the startup period is exces-
sive. Proposals are made for operating the incinerator on a
seven-day basis, installing burners in the primary and seconda-
ry burning zones, reducing infiltrated air, and installing baffles
across the secondary combustion chamber.
14524
Stabenow, G.
PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN DATA FOR LARGE EU-
ROPEAN REFUSE INCINERATORS WITH HEAT
RECOVERY. American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.,
New York, 1968, p. 278-286. 8 refs. (May 5-8).
In Europe, where the demand for better air pollution control
and shortage of landfill areas became acute at an earlier stage,
efficient incinerator design is more advanced than in the
United States. Now that the solid waste disposal problem
requires immediate attention in this country also, a study of
European design data is in order. Considering that European
furnaces have been successfully subjected to all types of
refuse, including industrial waste with exceedingly high heat-
ing values and refuse with high moisture and ash contents,
there is reason to believe that similar equipment will perform
equally well in the United States. The apparent trend in Eu-
rope is toward large municipal incinerator stations where raw
refuse is fed to combustion chambers with a guaranteed bur-
nout rate. Furnace walls are cooled with water and available
heat is recovered and utilized for power or heat generation.
The residue consisting of ashes and other nonburnable materi-
als occupies only 6% of the original volume of refuse fed to
the furnace. Design improvements that have taken place in the
past few years are reflected in the design specification
presented in this article. These specifications should help mu-
nicipal authorities and consulting engineers select a design that
will do better than barely meet new standards for soil, air, and
water pollution.
14612
Zinn, Robert E. and Walter R. Niessen
COMMERCIAL INCINERATOR DESIGN CRITERIA. Amer-
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers New York Incinerator
Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 337-
347. 1 ref. (May 5-8).
Increasing collection and disposal unit rates, compounded by
increasing refuse generating rates, are leading many industries,
shopping centers, and the like to attempt disposal of their own
solid wastes. In many cases, resulting savings, together with
the elimination of unhealthy accumulation of wastes, are suffi-
cient to justify private disposal systems. However, upgrading
the capabilities of these incinerators is necessary in view of
projected increases in the use of plastics, metal foils, and glass
as packing materials. These materials can cause failure of in-
cinerator grates, supporting structures, and operating
mechanisms. Combustion air control with suitable agitation of
the residue to attain good burnout is shown to be a necessary
design parameter. Thus, future designs of incinerators must
avoid the use of grate systems, yet provide adequate stoking
of the burning mass to obtain complete oxidation. Provisions
should also be made to install burners in both primary and
secondary chambers and to achieve a continuous flow of
refuse and ash. If refuse is moved through the system in a
plug flow manner, hot combustion products from freshly
charged materials can be used to assure burnout of the ash.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
45
14613
Rohr, F. W.
SUPPRESSION OF THE STEAM PLUME FROM INCINERA-
TOR STACKS. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
New York Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.,
New York, 1968, p. 216-224. 2 refs. (May 5-8).
The use of water scrubber systems for municipal, commercial,
and industrial incinerators results in the generation of a super-
saturated water vapor which leaves the stack in the form of a
visible white plume. The plume reveals the presence of an in-
cinerator which may be capable of inoffensive operation in an
urban area, but its continuously identifiable presence can
become a standard by which property value is graded. Various
methods are possible for the reduction of the moisture content
of gases, and therefore, suppression of the steam plume.
These methods are: (1) electrostatic precipitation of water
droplets from fogged air; (2) mechanical separation of water
droplets from fogged air; (3) absorption or adsorption of water
vapor; (4) mixing of the moist gases with relatively dry heated
air; (5) condensation of the moisture by direct contact with
water or on cold surfaces; and (6) reheat of scrubber exhaust
gases. An evaluation of systems utilizing these methods in-
dicates that cost of scrubber systems with the means for sup-
pression is related to the lowest ambient air temperatures at
which the system is designed to be effective and to the
method of dehydration of the flue gases. This preliminary
analysis has indicated that the costs of these systems for use
at temperatures above 20 F may be comparable to wet
scrubber systems in which no provision is made for suppres-
sion.
14736
Rathgeber, Ferdinand
DUST REMOVAL FROM WASTE GASES FROM REFUSE
INCINERATION. (Entstaubung der Abgase aus der Ver-
brennung von Abfall und Muell). Text in German. Wasser Luft
Betrieb, 13(2):46-50, Feb. 1969. 2 refs.
The two means suitable for cleaning waste gases from refuse
incinerators are cyclones and electrostatic precipitators. They
must be preceded by some type of waste gas cooling system.
For smaller incinerators, fresh air is primarily used for this
purpose, while in medium size and large incinerators, the
selection is wider. Here, the waste gases can be cooled with
cold air, water, or by utilizing the waste heat. Due to stringent
laws concerning the control of emissions, cyclones can be
used only for smaller incinerators. Electrostatic precipitators
with their high collection efficiencies are suitable for installa-
tion in any kind of incinerator. Small, compact electrostatic
precipitators are available and help save on installation costs.
Should it be necessary, mechanical filters can be installed be-
hind electrostatic precipitators to retain charred paper flakes.
14940
Tada, Mitsuru
INDUSTRIAL WASTE INCINERATION BY FLUTOIZING
SYSTEM. (Sangyo haikibutsu no ryudoshokyakuho). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 5(7):529-533,
July 1969.
Fluidizing systems, which are widely applied to petroleum and
mineral combustion, are highly efficient. The outstanding
merits of this system are a capacity of 500 kg/cu m-hr in-
cineration; the ability to incinerate low-calorie wastes (1000/k-
cal/kg, water 70%) without catalysts; perfect combustion with
kiln heat around 750 C; no stack smoke or odor problems;
simplicity of structure, with no vibrations inside the kiln and
constant and stable internal heat; availability of electric power,
produced though the process in large-scale (400 t/day) kilns of
this system; convenient operation requiring no heavy or inten-
sive labor; and economical maintenance. The system has a
wide range of applications, including waste incineration in the
chemical, food processing, and petroleum industries, and ex-
crement and sludge treatment. For example, the liquid wastes
from paper manufacturing plants that used to be discharged
into rivers, bays, or seas and caused problems for agriculture,
fishing, and shipping may now be incinerated, removing all the
organic matter contained in pulp wastes, and chemical com-
pounds such as Na2SO4 or Na2CO3 may be recovered and
reused in kraft pulp production. Adaptation of this system to
watery wastes in the food and chemical industries has the ad-
vantages of deodorizing wastes and recovering ash for use as
fertilizer. The system can be adapted to petroleum and
petrochemical wastes and to high-temperature wastes.
14967
Hein, G. M. and R. B. Engdahl
A STUDY OF EFFLUENTS FROM DOMESTIC GAS-FIRED
INCINERATORS. (American Gas Association, Inc., New
York, Proj. DG-3M, 27p., June 1959. 24 refs.
Measurements were made of the effluents from nine domestic
gas- fired incinerators, including two new prototype models,
five new commercial units, and two older units. Standard test
charges that typified wet domestic wastes and dry combustible
materials, and two special refuse mixtures were burned. A
free-standing chimney provided natural draft for the units.
Sampling and analytical techniques were based on recognized
methods. The concentrations in ppm in the flue gas and the
emission rates in pounds per ton of refuse burned were deter-
mined for aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, organic acids, ammonia,
and hydrocarbons. Grain loadings and emission rates were
determined for particulate matter which included tarry organic
materials. Odor and smoke density were also determined.
Results demonstrated that significant reduction in emissions
has been achieved through recent improvements in incinerator
design. When wet domestic wastes are incinerated in new
units, of up to 6-fold decreases in the rate of aldehyde emis-
sions are achieved. Decrease in organic acids is 3-fold;
decrease in saturated hydrocarbons is 8-fold. Although
nitrogen oxides have increased 3-fold because of increased gas
in the afterburner, their concentration is still lower compared
to other combustion sources. Smoke, odor, and particulate
matter emissions decreased to acceptable levels. Comparison
of these emission rates with those from municipal incinerators
shows that the new improved gas-fired domestic incinerators
have lower particulate emissions, and, in general, equally low
emissions of gaseous pollutants. Emissions from improved gas-
fired units were in most cases lower than those from other in-
cinerators and large gas and oil-fired industrial heating units;
they were much lower than those from automobile exhaust.
The results of the study provide a basis for modification of the
present restrictions in certain areas on the use of gas-fired
domestic incinerators and for confirmation of their present ac-
ceptance in other areas.
15201
Clark, William T.
DESIGN OF A LARGE MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., South Atlantic Section,
lip., Nov. 19, 1969.
Design specifications for a municipal incinerator in the District
of Columbia were derived from studies of the effects of such
furnace variables as temperature, excess air, fuel bed agita-
-------
46
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
tion, and incomplete combustion in the generation of contami-
nants. To achieve necessary control of incinerator operations,
a new furnace configuration was developed. This configuration
is directed toward obtaining uniform gas velocity patterns,
uniform temperatures, longer gas retention time, and less en-
trainment of particulates in the flue gas stream. A combination
of cyclones and electrostatic precipitators was chosen to con-
trol flue gas temperature and avoid condensation corrosion. By
collecting large fatty acids, the cyclones will reduce fouling of
the precipitator's collector plates. Specifications call for a
minimum 95% precipitator efficiency. The plant will process
1500 tons of refuse per 24 hrs. It contains shredding equipment
for large bulky refuse, metal separation equipment on the
shredder discharge, and laboratory facilities for testing dif-
ferent facets of solid waste disposal. One of the six furnaces is
fully instrumented to obtain air flow and flue gas data and to
measure furnace temperatures. Particulate and gaseous in-
cinerator flue gas constituents are tabulated.
153%
Naito, Jun and Satoru Fujii
AN INCINERATOR. (Shokyakuro). Text in Japanese. (As-
signee not given.) Japanese Pat. Sho 44-11707. 2p., May 28,
1969. (Appl. March 24, 1966, 1 claim).
The chimney of this incinerator consists of two concentric
cylinders and is provided with a cover at the top. The cover
has several holes through which a part of the smoke escapes
to the atmosphere. The rest of the smoke is mixed with air
through the hole and flows down the inner cylinder. This in-
duces more fresh air to be brought in through the hole. The
gas is heated up while flowing down along the inner cylinder
which is heated up by the up-flowing hot smoke. The gas is
led to the combustion chamber to dilute the smoke and make
the combustion more complete.
15544
Hangebrauck, Robert P. and George D. Kittredge
THE ROLE OF COMBUSTION RESEARCH IN AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Air Pollution Control Administration, 17p.,
Sept. 1969. 10 refs. (Presented at the Combustion Institute,
Eastern States Section, Technical Meeting, Morgan town, W.
Va., 1969.)
Research and development projects aimed at developing
technology for minimizing emissions from combustion
processes are reviewed. The projects are discussed in relation
to specific pollutants and sources, which include electric
power production, industrial and residential combustion,
refuse combustion, and motor vehicle sources. For stationary
sources of pollution, fluid bed combustion may provide an
economical system of heat generation for reducing emissions
of sulfur oxides, and perhaps nitrogen oxides, from fossil-fuel
combustion by steam-electric power stations. Research is in
progress on models for predicting nitrogen fixation; these
models would be used in design of burners and boilers for low
output of NOx. Another possibility for controlling power
generating systems involves integrating new power cycles with
fuel cleaning. Improved burner and furnace designs offer op-
portunities for reducing pollution from sources other than
power generators. Current development work in incineration
could lead to both lower pollution levels and better use of
resources by heat recovery. For motor vehicle sources of pol-
lution, the possibilities of control are diverse. Industry is con-
centrating chiefly on enhancing combustion in spark-ignition
engines by improving fuel atomization, air-fuel mixing, and
distribution. Also under study are changes in fuel composition,
high-temperature exhaust system reactors, and exhaust gas
recirculation for NOx control. Elsewhere, alternative types of
low-emission propulsion system, in particular Ranitine cycle
systems, are under development. Control techniques for diesel
engines are directed toward improving fuels and engine
designs to eliminate smoke and odor. Finally, projects for
reducing emissions from aircraft are underway.
16137
Hishida, Kazuo
SMOKE PROPERTIES OF REFUSE INCINERATORS AND
DUST COLLECTORS FOR THE INCINERATORS. (Gomi
shohkyaku ni tomonau haigasu to sono jojin ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(10):637-
645, Oct. 15,1968. 4 refs.
Smoke from refuse incinerators is not only a cause of air pol-
lution but a source of complaints from local residents. In
Tokyo in 1967, there were 92 cases involving complaints about
incinerator smoke; these constituted 12% of the total com-
plaints concerning smoke. Refuse incineration is divided in
two classes: bath combustion methods and continuous com-
bustion methods. In batch (fixed furnace) operations, refuse is
burned intermittently; the working environment in the furnace
is bad. The method should be replaced by that of continuous
combustion. There are also two classes of refuse: garbage and
miscellaneous refuse. A mixture of the two is called a mixed
refuse. Since they contain large amounts of water, garbage or
mixed refuse are difficult to burn. The main components of
the gas produced by refuse incineration are hydrogen chloride,
sulfur oxides, ammonia, aldehydes, organic acids, and nitrogen
oxides. Their concentrations can reach 2000 ppm but, with the
exception of organic acids and nitrogen oxides, can be con-
trolled to below 500 ppm. Concentrations of organic acids and
nitrogen oxides do not decrease at high combustion tempera-
tures. A solution for this problem must be found. More dust is
released by batch than by continuous combustion of refuse,
and sulfuric acid is its predominant component. Because of the
complex nature of incinerator refuse dust, the use of dust col-
lectors is advocated. A dry electric collector, used alone or in
combination with a centrifugal collector, is recommended.
16536
Kurosawa, Keiji
ENRICHED AIR COMBUSTION OF HARD-TO-BURN
REFUSE. (Toshi jinkai shokyaku ni taisuru sanso riyo ni
tsuiteno ichi kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 2(11):771- 773, Dec. 1966. 1 ref.
Enriched air combustion of refuse has advantage, though in-
vestment costs are high. Oxygen lowers the ignition tempera-
ture. Nitrogen decreases combustion smoke with no loss of
heat. The higher the flame temperature, the less the odor of
combustion smoke. Reduced smoke makes it easy to remove
smoke dust. Wet and watery refuse can be burnt with savings
in heavy oil. The combustion smoke remaining inside the in-
cinerator burns more refuse in the same incinerator in an
equivalent period of time than other combustion methods. The
oxygen content of air is only 21%, the remaining 79% consist-
ing of nitrogen and argon. A large proportion of combustion
heat in the air is used to heat the nitrogen. Since refuse in
Japan is generally more watery than that in western countries,
more heavy oil is needed as a subsidiary fuel. Oxygen applica-
tion reduces the heavy oil consumption for refuse incineration.
Present equipment for separating oxygen from air by liquefac-
tion reflects great technological progress. A 10,000 cu Nm/h
capacity can be found in some iron and steel works, or
petroleum industry plants. Construction expenses are esti-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
47
mated to be approximately 80 to 90 billion for 95% O2 at
10,000 cu Nm/h.
16730
Sebastian, F. P., A. F. Ariey, and B. B. Garretson
MODERN REFUSE INCINERATION. Mech. Eng., 91(4):27-32,
April 1969.
A new generation of refuse incinerators has made West Ger-
many the leader in the technology of solid waste disposal. A
plant constructed at Dusseldorf to serve a 61.1 sq. mi
metropolitan area with a population of over 698,000 has been
designed to operate on unsegregated municipal refuse with an
average colorific content of 2600 Btu/lb. In addition to
reclaiming heat energy in the form of steam from the refuse,
the burned-out residue is processed to recover ferrous metals
and usable inert materials. The German air pollution code
requirements are met through the use of electrostatic precipita-
tors and a 100 m stack. Flue gases are carefully monitored.
The Dusseldorf plant will have six incinerator/boiler units
when completed. Total revenue will be about $3.40/tn of
refuse, an amount which would suffice to meet all operating
costs and allow for amortization of capital costs.
16749
Rolfe, T. J. K.
REFUSE INCINERATION. B.C.U.R.A. (Brit Coal Util. Res.
Assoc.) Gaz., 33(2):28-31, Feb. 1969. 12 refs.
Incinerable wastes cover a wide spectrum of gaseous, liquid,
and solid materials. The problems posed by the need to
dispose of increasing quantities of refuse by incineration have
been discussed in a number of papers. This is a review of the
incineration problem particularly as it relates to house refuse.
16751
Pottinger, J. F.
NEW STANDARDS FOR INCINERATORS IN NEW SOUTH
WALES. Clean Air (J. Clean Air Soc. Australia New Zealand),
3(l):29-36, March 1969. 6 refs.
The New South Wales Department of Public Health set up an
Incinerator Committee two years ago to investigate incinerator
practices and to set standards of design aimed at minimizing
emissions to the atmosphere. The standards which are
presented in full in the article apply to domestic (except single
family dwellings), commercial, and industrial incinerators. The
incinerator standards are based on up-to-date information on
incinerator design and practice. In the standards various types
of waste material handled by incinerators have been divided
into five groups. Multiple chamber design is recommended for
incinerators to promote the complete combustion of all solid
and gaseous combustibles. Five classes of incinerators have
been defined with specifications given for each class.
17275
LaRue, Phillip G.
POLLUTION-CONTROLLED GAS INCINERATION: A
SOLUTION TO THE GROWING PROBLEM OF SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL. ASHRAE (Am. Soc. Heating, Refrig. Air-
cond. Engrs. J.), 12(2):58-62, Feb. 1970. 4 refs.
Incineration of solid waste can be most effectively accom-
plished in a gas-fired multiple chamber incinerator. The in-
cinerator is built to design criteria which allow adequate com-
bustion chamber area, grate area, grate-to-burner design, and a
method for remixing the off gases (from the primary com-
bustion chamber) with additional air supply. The mixture is
passed through a zone of flame at 1200 F or higher where
secondary combustion takes place. In the secondary chamber,
the time, temperature, and turbulence of combustion are util-
ized to complete the combustion of the off gases. The initial
temperature and flame length necessary to reburn smoke,
odor, and fly ash are created by an afterburner. A modern gas
incinerator should be capable of passing the most stringent in-
cinerator codes now in effect. On larger commercial industrial
units, a gas washer or electrostatic precipitator may be neces-
sary. In a gas washer, the gases and fly ash are trapped and
passed through the unit where they are mixed with water to
trap and settle out the participate matter from the gas steam.
With such a device, emissions are controlled to a point well
below most acceptable limits.
17403
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION RESULT OF AN ELECTRIC PRECD?ITATOR IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (K) -- TREAT-
MENT OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE INCINERATOR.
(Gyohshubetsu ni mini denkishuhjin sohchi no setsubikeikaku
to untenkohka (IX) - Jinkai shohkyaku no tomonau haigasu
shod ndao). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 3(9):543-548, Sept. 15,1967.11 refs.
Urban refuse includes many inorganic containers and vinyl
bags that present difficulties with respect to perfect com-
bustion. In Japan, the choice of incineration by equipment and
incinerating schedules is left to each municipality indepen-
dently; an 8 hr/day operation is common. In such cases, im-
perfect combustion interferes with the performance of dust
collectors when they start or stop operations, and odorous
waste gas emissions are inavoidable. Corrosion of the installa-
tions and damage by the heat-cycle are increased by C12,
NH3, SO2, SO3, etc.. Consequently, a 24 hr/day operation
plan with standardized equipment is advisable. For adequate
combustion, O2-rich air should be used. Most recently con-
structed incinerators employ the following types of treatment:
flow rate is controlled by a continuous dust-feeding method;
dry waste gas is resolved and the odor removed through high-
temperature combustion area in incinerators; temperature of
the combustion waste gas is controlled, and dust removed by
dry methods. Because of the wide variety of refuse in Japan,
little progress has been made in standardizing incinerator
operations. It is necessary to set up pretreatment installations
and to improve dust removal installations.
18252
Andersen, Lester Hans
INCINERATOR HAVING IMPROVED SCRUBBER. (Clear Air
Waste Reduction Corp.) U. S. Pat. 3,447,287. 17p., June 3,
1969. 8 refs. (Appl. Dec. 18, 1967, 19 claims.)
The specification discloses a scrubber and dryer apparatus
particularly useful in conjunction with municipal incinerators
for the removal of fly ash from gaseous combustion products.
The scrubber comprises a chamber having surface-porous
castable refractory piers in several staggered rows. In one em-
bodiment, the chamber widens from front to rear and the
spacing between adjacent piers in each succeeding row
decreases. The ash is trapped by impingement on a continuous
curtain of water disposed at the inlet of the scrubber just up-
stream of the piers. Water to form the curtain is pumped into
a manifold set transverse to the chamber inlet in which there
is a slot. The gases carry the water downstream in relatively
large droplets to impinge on the piers where the water and
trapped ash flows off. The dryer chamber comprises a deflect-
-------
48
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
ing arch with openings that direct the gases against the
chamber walls and strips the water from them. The gases,
after passing through the scrubber and then the dryer, are ex-
hausted as substantially clear air, having a tested dust loading
value of 54 to 68% below the commonly accepted standard of
0.85 Ib dust/1000 Ibs flue gas. In addition, the scrubber and
dryer can be used for trapping SO2 in the production of sul-
furic acid. (Author abstract modified)
19236
Samples, Randall H. and Roddy K. Street
APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING AND ACCELERATING THE
FLOW OF EFFLUENT GASES IN A GASEOUS FLOW
STREAM. (Commercial Fabrication and Machine Co., Inc.,
Mount Airy, N. C.) U. S. Pat. 3,504,894. 4p., April 7, 1970. 12
refs. (Appl. Feb. 21, 1968, 10 claims).
The improved incinerator described is provided with means for
accelerating the flow of effluent gases and also with means for
cooling the incinerator during combustion. The lower portion
of the combustion chamber includes a vertical cylindrical wall
and the upper portion, a frusto-conical wall which is attached
to the cylindrical wall and which converges upwardly to a
hood with a gaseous outlet opening. The outlet communicates
with a conduit through which the gaseous effluent flows and
where it is cooled by sprays of pressurized water. The pres-
surized liquid is directed downward through venturi-shape
rings to accelerate the flow of oxidizable gases passing into
inlet openings in the lower portion of the incinerator and
through the combustion chamber, thereby facilitating com-
bustion. Both the cooling water and the contaminant-laden
liquid fall onto the babbled outer surface of the frusto-conical
wall from which the combined liquids fall by gravity down the
walls of the incinerator to effectively cool it during com-
bustion.
19550
Ellsworth, R. D. and R. B. Engdahl
THE CONTROL OF EFFLUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL IN-
CINERATORS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 7(l):43-46,
May 1957. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, East Central Section Meeting, Columbus, Ohio.
Sept. 1957.)
For various reasons, it is apparent that incineration of rubbish
is going to be the primary method of disposal in the future. In-
cinerator technology and emission problems are discussed.
Various types of flue gas sampling mechanisms are described.
Tabulated results of emissions from municipal incinerators are
given. The settling-chamber type of collection system usually
incorporated into the design of larger incinerators either needs
improvement or additional collection equipment must be
added. Fly- ash emissions can be controlled by wet scrubbers,
but high cost and water problems can occur. Inertial separa-
tors employing baffles may be used to control particulates.
Full-scale tests on existing installations are needed to supply
necessary information.
19597
Stephenson, Junius W.
INCINERATION - PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. Preprint,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 20p.,
1969. 49 refs. (Presented at the American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers Winter Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif.,
1969, Paper 69-WA/Inc-l.)
The history of municipal incineration, its present status, and
possible future developments are reviewed. The first such in-
cinerator was built in Nottingham, England in 1874, but in-
cinerator technology advanced most rapidly after World War
II. Major breakthroughs in the early part of this period were
the application of mechanical stokers to incineration and
development of the continuous feed furnace. Plants which
reclaim waste heat from incineration processes for production
of steam power are currently receiving attention, but will
probably be economically justifiable only in a relatively small
number of large-scale centrally located installations. Air pollu-
tion control requirements are becoming increasingly stringent.
Gaseous pollutants in incinerator stack effluents are generally
so small in quantity that at present there are no control regula-
tions; however, cleaning efficiences as high as 95-98% on par-
ticulate emissions are either in effect or anticipated, especially
for larger plants. At present, the only apparent means of ap-
proaching such efficiency is through the use of medium or
high energy scrubbers, bag filters, or electrostatic precipita-
tors. A first hand comparison of the operating characteristics
of various cleaning systems will be available when several new
plants in U. S. and Canadian communities have been in opera-
tion a sufficient length of time. Specially designed incinera-
tions are being considered for incineration of bulky refuse. For
the future, various slagging and pyrolitic processes present in-
teresting possibilities for application to large scale municipal
refuse disposal.
19896
Femandes, John H.
INCINERATOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT.
In: Technical Economic Study of Solid Waste Disposal Needs
and Practices. Combustion Engineering, Inc., Windsor, Conn.,
Product Diversification Dept., Contract PH 86-66-163, Rept.
SW-7c, Publ. 1886. 32p., Nov. 1, 1967. 3 refs.
The performance capability of the major classes of air pollu-
tion control equipment including mechanical collectors, wet
scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, fabric collectors, and
settling chambers are presented. The relative capital and
operating costs, water requirements and pressure drops for
different air pollution control systems are also presented,
together with design charts for system selection. Air pollution
control equipment if properly designed, installed and main-
tained can meet stringent air pollution regulations. Of first im-
portance to incinerator air pollution control is proper com-
bustion within the burning system. Under these conditions,
high efficiency mechanical collectors, wet scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators, and fabric collectors can meet present and
projected incinerator air pollution control regulations. How-
ever, conventional wet and dry settling chambers will usually
not be satisfactory. More knowledge of incinerator pollutants
is required, and some application research must be conducted
if this equipment is to be applied to incinerators with optimum
results. Visual observations are not an accurate means to
determine incinerator-stack emissions. Measurement of the
pollution control capability of the burning system by sampling
of the flue gas is recommended. Although an incinerator stack
may appear reasonably clean because of the diluting effect
caused by the extremely large quantities of air usually in-
troduced into the burning system, the fly ash load in the gas
may be excessive. Technology is not the limiting factor in con-
trolling air pollution; rather it is the communities' willingness
to finance the additional cost for sophisticated air pollution
control equipment. It is estimated that present and projected
emission levels can usually be obtained for a cost not exceed-
ing 15% of the total plant cost.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
49
19941
Eastlund, Bernard J. and William C. Cough
THE FUSION TORCH: A NEW APPROACH TO POLLUTION
AND ENERGY USAGE. Preprint, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, New York, N. Y., 29p., 1969. 11 refs.
(Presented at the American Institute Chemical Engineers An-
nual Meeting, 62nd, Washington D. C., Nov. 16-20,1969.)
Disposal of future large volumes of solid wastes by the Fusion
Torch concept, in which ultra-high temperature plasma is used
to reduce material to its basic elements, is discussed. The pro-
perties of a fusion plasma, which has a temperature of approx-
imately 50 million deg C, and of a future fusion power system
based on a deuterium-tritium fuel cycle are reviewed. In such
a system, the leakage, as an exhaust, of charged particle ener-
gy from the magnetic bottle would be utilized as the fusion
torch. The kinetic energy of these 'leakage' charged particles
can be converted into electrical energy by various methods:
conversion efficiency for the charged particles would be
limited to about 50% by thermal cycle considerations. An ener-
gy and material balance for processing U. S. municipal wastes
in the year 2000 via this concept is developed and compared
with such a balance for an advanced incineration system. Air
pollution emissions from incineration of the projected quanti-
ties of refuse would be acceptable on a world-wide scale,
while the fusion torch would release no pollutants to the at-
mosphere. Although the process has very high energy require-
ments, if the heat produced in the fusion torch section of the
power system is converted to electricity at 50% efficiency,
then no additional heat energy would be released to the en-
vironment. Unlike incineration, the fusion torch would be anti-
en tropic, i.e., would concentrate diffused material rather than
diffusing the concentrated, and would thus also play a major
role in conserving the world's supplies of mineral raw materi-
als.
19987
Lenehan, Joseph W.
Affi POLLUTION CONTROL IN MUNICIPAL INCINERA-
TION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 12(9):414-417, 430,
Sept. 1962. 9 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation Annual Meeting, 55th, Chicago, HI., May 20-24,
1962.)
The key to successful incinerator planning is the control of air
pollution with special emphasis on fly ash collections: without
control equipment, a 550 ton per day incinerator will produce
10,000 Ib of fly ash per day. The various types of fly ash col-
lectors available are discussed and a table of comparative data
is presented for the collectors. Included in the table are the
costs of the collectors in $/CFM gas treated, efficiencies,
space and water requirements, and gas treatment means. The
lowest efficiency is indicated for settling chambers with sprays
and the highest efficiencies for venturi scrubbers, glass cloth
collectors, and electrostatic precipitators. It is noted that in-
cinerator builders will have to become accustomed to the
higher cost and space requirements of fabric filters. The appli-
cation of these collectors to incinerators will also require
greater control of combustion to prevent the formation of
sticky soot which binds the filter cloth. The increase of com-
bustibles in refuse and the development of continuous high-
temperature indicate a possible field of application for fabric
filters in incineration. In connection with electrostatic
precipitation, problems of variation in the electrical properties
of fly ash can be overcome by adding moisture to gases or
combining a precipitator unit with a cyclone collector. The
successful use of precipitators in incineration is anticipated.
20078
Priddy, Max H.
MODERN APPROACH TO INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION.
Ind. Gas, 50(5):9-14, May 1970. (Presented at the Midwest In-
dustrial Gas Council, Chicago, m., Oct. 17, 1969.)
Early in 1967, a joint program was begun by Surface Com-
bustion Division and the Columbia Gas Systems Service Cor-
poration to instigate a complete research and development pro-
gram in the area of pollution control. A laboratory was built in
which the reaction kinetics of many hydrocarbon contaminants
could be studied in terms of temperature requirements, reac-
tion rates, and other variables. It is equipped with a blower,
preheating temperature control, equipment for rapid mixing of
a gas sample with an airstream, and a reaction chamber
equipped with temperature and velocity measuring devices and
oxidation rate analyzers. With this equipment, the comparative
incineration rates of some common hydrocarbons have been
determined at 1,410 F. A practical application of the program
was the designing of commercial equipment, such as a stack
incinerator for use with an exhaust airstream containing at
least 15% oxygen; a 'packaged' stack incinerator complete
with a fan, a complete line of controls, safety devices, and
temperature instrumentation; and an injection incinerator for
heavy-duty combustion systems operated at high temperatures.
20294
Celayan, Genaro G.
SMOG-CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR INTERNAL COM-
BUSTION ENGINES, INCINERATORS AND BOILERS. (As-
signee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,499,282. 7p., March 10, 1970. 7
refs. (Appl. Oct. 13, 1967, 6 claims).
Smog control devices which eliminate volatile matter, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons from the exhausts of internal
combustion engines, home incinerators, and boilers are
described. An elongated chamber has an air inlet and an ex-
ahust gas inlet at one end, with a series of butterfly vanes
mounted for rotation along the length of the chamber. A
spark-plug between each adjacent pair of butterfly vanes ig-
nites the exhaust gas and air mixture as it passes along the
length of the chamber. By means of the vanes, the chamber is
divided into a number of separate blast chambers. The spark
plugs provide a repetitive spark to give each blast chamber a
source of heat energy to burn the volatile matter in the ex-
haust gases. As the vanes turn under the influence of moving
gas, they permit the passage of the gas from one blast
chamber to another where the remaining volatile matter is
reduced and the CO gases are eliminated. Eventually, the
processed gas passes from the last blast chamber and is then
exhausted into the atmosphere.
20728
Gates, Henry J. Jr. and Tom Rosenberg
MIXING CHAMBER FOR THE END OF AN INCINERATOR
ROTARY KILN. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,489,527.
5p., Jan. 13, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. Oct. 19, 1966, 2 claims).
An arrangement is described for the discharge end of a rotary
kiln employed in a continuous incineration operation. A hood
arch configuration adjacent the discharge end of a rotary kiln
extends downwardly in front of the kiln to protect the
discharge end from the reflective heat which would be created
in the mixing chamber into which the kiln discharges. An off-
set wall acts as a baffle to cause turbulence of the gases as
they pass from the rotary kiln. A bridge wall acts as a baffle
and a deflector and directs gases from the end of the rotary
kiln back towards the gas flow from the kiln. (Author abstract)
-------
50
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
20730
Ramires, Walter C.
INCINERATOR FOR BURNING COMBUSTIBLE WASTE
AND METHOD. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,476,062.
5p., Nov. 4, 1969. 4 refs. (Appl. Dec. 13, 1967, 10 claims).
An apparatus is provided for aqueous scrubbing and mechani-
cal drafting in the combustion zone and for comminuting of
solid by-products to achieve essentially smokeless incineration
of waste materials such as paper products, wood, garbage, and
combustible plastics. The incinerator includes a combustion
chamber with a perforated, rotating grate; a rotary impeller
chamber; and a scrubbing chamber. Rotation of the rotary im-
peller causes the effluent from the combustion process, some
of which continues to burn as it passes through the scrubbing
chamber, to be drawn into the eye of the impeller. A spray
nozzle in the scrubbing chamber is directed at the eye of the
impeller; it generates a full cone of water droplets which pass
through the burning product advancing to the impeller for mix-
ing with the products and for joint centrifuging of the products
and water in the impeller. In addition to providing positive
drafting of the combustion chamber, the impeller also com-
minutes the solids in the effluents impinging on its face. Solids
and gaseous matter are separated in a settling chamber
downstream of the impeller, and the hot gases are recycled to
the combustion chamber. The recirculation not only aids in the
combustion of burning waste material but insures complete
combustion of the recirculated gases.
20773
Luge, Karlheinz E. and Wolfgang Braun
METHOD FOR COOLING THE COMBUSTION GASES OF
REFUSE INCINERATORS. (Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frank-
furt (W. Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,477,203. 3p., Nov. 11, 1969. 4
refs. (Appl. May 1, 1968, 7 claims).
A process is provided whereby the hot combustion gases of
refuse incinerators may be readily cooled prior to their treat-
ment in electrostatic dust separators, without unduly affecting
the dew point of such gases or unduly increasing the volume
of gases to be treated in the separators. In the first step, a
cooling liquid is injected directly into the hot gases while they
are still in the furnaces in the incinerator plants so as to lower
the temperature of the combustion gases to about 600 C. In
the second step, the temperature of the gases is further
reduced to about 300-400 C by the infiltration of atmospheric
air into the gases. The cooling liquid, usually water, is injected
into the furnace under such conditions that it becomes and
remains completely vaporized in the furnace so as to prevent
the formation of sludge.
21058
Ishitsu, Fumio
SMOKE AND DUST PROCESSING EQUIPMENT. (Baien
Shori Sochi). Text in Japanese. (Assignee not given.) Japanese
Pat. Sho 44-28069. 3p., Nov. 19, 1969. 1 ref. (Appl. March 5,
1964, claims not given).
A method for separating soot from the smoke emitted by an
incinerator is described. Above the smoke flue, from the side
of the incinerator, a boiling water tank, water tank, and smoke
exhaust fan are provided. When the smoke passes the flue
under the boiling water tank, it is mixed and moistened by the
steam of the boiling water which comes from small holes in
the bottom plate of the tank. Secondly, passing the flue under
the water tank, the soot in the smoke absorbs the water which
drops from holes in the bottom of the tank. The smoke is
blown through the chimney by the exhaust fan.
21435
Brion, Jacques, Michel Cousin, Wulf Talejkinski, and Andre
Volk
GAS FITLERING INSTALLATION. (Commissariat a 1'Energie
Atomique, Paris (France)) U. S. Pat. 3,479,800. 10p., Nov. 25,
1969. 3 refs. (Appl. July 24, 1967, 10 claims).
An installation is described which is very suitable for filtering
hot gases including the smoke from waste incinerators, since
not only can it provide rapid and completely safe cleaning of
the filters whenever necessary, but also it can use filter ele-
ments in the form of porous tubes lined with a fibrous deposit
and is able to withstand heat very well. The installation com-
prises a casing, porous filtering tubes disposed in side-by-side
relationship, a supply line communicating with the interior of
the tubes, and an exit line with the outside of the tubes. A
number of tubular probes are located above the filtered tubes,
rigidly interconnected and connected to a suction system, with
apparatus for moving them from a withdrawn position above
the tubes during filtering and a position in the tubes for
sucking deposits away from the inner walls of the tubes. A
unit for spraying a fibrous lining into the cleaned and stripped
porous tubes is also included.
21626
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany, Unterausschuss
Abfallverbrennungskleinanlagen and VDI (Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure) Fachgruppe Haustechnik, Duesseldorf, Germany
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION WASTE INCINERATION IN
PLANTS WITH THROUGHPUT OF UP TO 1,500 KG PER
HR. (Auswurfbegrenzung Abfallverbrennung in Anlagen mit
Durchsatzleistungen bis zu 1500 kg/h Abfall). VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2301, Feb. 1967. 35 refs. Translated from
German by D. Ben Yaakov, Israel Program for Scientific
Translations, Jerusalem, 9p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/13
The formation and control of emissions from small solid-waste
incinerating plants close to the waste source, rather than from
large central incineration plants, are reviewed, and emissions
limits are given. General design and construction requirements
are given for release of flue gases, auxiliary burners, seconda-
ry combustion, inspection and measuring openings, charging
gear, incinerator premises, operation, and heat recovery
processes. Factors affecting dust and soot formation in the dif-
ferent parts of the incinerator are outlined, as well as en-
gineering means of removing particulate and gaseous com-
ponents in the flue gases, and the equipment, operating, and
maintenance requirements for restricting emission. Smoke-
plume color must be less than No. 2 on the Ringelmann scale
for running operation with any type of waste, and less than
No. 1 with the waste type for which the unit is designed. Par-
ticulate emission may not exceed 200 mg/cu m STP for moist
flue gas (with C02 content of at least 7%) at the stack outlet,
to be determined by gravimetric measurement during a period
representative of average operation.
22156
Joffre, R.
ELECTROSTATIC DUST REMOVAL IN URBAN INCINERA-
TORS AT THE ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE-THIU PLANT,
ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX. (Depoussierage electrostatique de
1'installation d'incineration des residus urbains a la centrale
E.d.F.-Tiru-Issy-les-Moulineaux). Text in French. Tech.
Moderne, p. 49-50, Feb. 1970. (Presented at the University
Foundation for the Study of Air and Water Pollution Congress
on Dust Removal, Lyon, France, April 24, 1969.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
51
The Issy-les-Moulineaux incinerator can handle 500,000 tons
per year of garbage and household trash, with an average ther-
mal power of 1500 kcal/kg. It is divided into 4 independent
units, each of which is equipped with 2 Lurgi electrofilters and
blower that draws the fumes from the 2 filters into a common
chimney. The installation is the first of its size to be used in
Europe. The dust separators are 98% efficient, receiving waste
gases containing 80-360 mg/cu m and emitting gases containing
4-18 mg/cu m. The filters are in a horizontal position, con-
nected in parallel, each with two electrical fields, independent
from one another and connected in series, so that in the case
of a failure of one field the unit will retain 75% operating effi-
ciency. A major problem in the use of electrostatic filters with
incinerators is that fragments of partially burned paper,
because of their high carbon content, do not respond to the
electrostatic field and escape into the air. Experimental studies
have shown that the use of precipitation plates with irregular
surfaces is more effective in eliminating the paper ash.
22296
Day and Zimmermann, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.
SPECIAL STUDIES FOR INCINERATORS FOR THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. PHS
Grant D01-SW-00038-01, Kept. SW-ld, PHS Publ. 1748, 80p.,
1968. 84 refs.
Six special studies, prepared as a part of the evaluations lead-
ing to a design for an incinerator for the District of Columbia,
is presented. Topics of the studies include: incinerator effluent
gases, control laboratory, size reduction of oversize burnable
waste, size reduction of bulky metal objects by compression
presses, heat recovery, and can-metal recovery. The incinera-
tor effluent stream contains inorganic and organic substances
in the form of gases and particulates. Some of these con-
stituents are toxic and corrosive. Electrostatic precipitators
preceded by mechanical collectors are recommended for air
pollution control. Itemized lists of instrumentation and labora-
tory equipment and their estimated installed costs are
presented. The installation of a shredder for size reduction is
recommended. The use of compression presses to reduce the
size of bulky metal objects is acceptable under certain condi-
tions; the alternate use of outside contractors for metal
shredding as a potentially more economical solution is recom-
mended. The economics of the proposed plant do not justify
the installation of heat recovery equipment. Because of the
low price obtainable for recovered can metal, it is concluded
that facilities of this type should not be included in the
proposed incinerator project. (Author abstract modified)
22757
Kaiser, E. R., J. Halitsky, M. B. Jacobs, and L. C. McCabe
MODD7ICATION TO REDUCE EMISSIONS FROM A FLUE-
FED INCINERATOR. New York Univ., N. Y., Research Div.,
Tech. Rept. 552.2, 51p., June 1959. 8 refs. (Presented at the
Air Pollution Control Assoc. Annu. Meet., 52nd, Los Angeles,
Calif., June 1959.)
A program of 38 tests was conducted on three flue-fed, single-
chamber, refuse incinerators in three 16-story apartment
buildings to determine the amount of atmospheric pollution
from the incinerator flues and the effectiveness of several ap-
pliances in reducing the emission of atmospheric contaminants
from such incinerators. Tests were conducted on the use of
overfire air jets, supplemental gas firing, a stainless-steel
secondary combustion chamber, a method of high-rate com-
bustion, and a flue-gas scrubber. The devices are illustrated,
test methods described with resulting data, and the emissions
are reported and compared with those from the unmodified in-
cinerators. Estimated investment and operating costs for the
incinerator modifications are included. Emissions of at-
mospheric contaminants from the incinerator flues can be
reduced by each of the following methods, and that the best
results are obtained by all of them in combination: by hopper
locks to prevent the charging of loose particles of dust, paper,
lint, etc., while the velocities in the flue are high, as when
refuse is burning; by appliances that promote better com-
bustion in the furnace; by care taken by the incinerator opera-
tor to limit the flow of air through the grate during burning
and through and over the residue during its removal; and by
scrubbing the flue gas before discharge to the atmosphere.
(Author summary modified)
22808
Chansky, Steven H., Anne N. Dimitriou, Edwin L. Field,
Charles R. LaMantia, and Robert E. Zinn
SYSTEMS STUDY OF Am POLLUTION FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATION. VOLUME m. (BIBLIOGRAPHY). Little
(Arthur D.) Inc., Cambridge, Mass., NAPCA Contract CPA-
22-69-23, 64p., March 1970. 544 refs. CFSTI: PB 192380
A bibliography of selected references on incineration is
presented as Volume HI of a three volume report on air pollu-
tion from municipal incineration. The scope of the study, con-
clusions, and recommendations are presented in Volume I;
Volume n consists of appendices to the report. Subject areas
included in the bibliography include the location, number,
capacity, and design characteristics of U. S. and foreign in-
cinerators; refuse quantity and quality; emission data; effect
of design and operating parameters on emissions; performance
of air pollution control devices; economics of incineration;
new concepts of incineration; other methods of refuse
disposal; and a miscellaneous category which includes data on
population, rainfall, and similar useful information. An author
index is included.
22821
Biswas, B. K. and R. H. Essenhigh
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF STABILIZED SMOKE
FLAMES. Combust. Flame, 15(l):93-96, Aug. 1970. 4 refs.
Experiments are being carried out to provide more details on
the flames produced when an aerodynamic flameholder is util-
ized to reduce incinerator smoke. Four types of flame are il-
lustrated, the prime variable leading to the changes being an
increase in the air/fuel ratio. When the incinerator is hot there
should be little risk of smoke emission so long as overbed mix-
ing is reasonably good, but when the walls are cold, which oc-
curs periodically with intermittently operated units in apart-
ment blocks, the smoke will not bum unless there is a
flameholder. Smoke is experimentally generated at the bottom
of a vertical steel pipe, 3 in. in diameter and about 3 ft long,
by incomplete combustion of chad from computer cards. In-
jection of secondary air through eight ports near the top of the
pipe is designed to produce two vortex flows rotating in op-
posite senses. The eight injection ports are split in two sets
and the shear between the two flows generates intense turbu-
lence with substantial backmixing. As illustrated by the photo-
graphs, this method of stirring produces a clean-burning smoke
flame with fairly clearly defined inner and outer cones. Chemi-
cal composition of the smoke is also mentioned.
22822
Kaiser, Elmer R. and Joseph B. McCaffery
OVERFIRE Am JETS FOR INCINERATOR SMOKE CON-
TROL. Combustion, 42(2):20-22, Aug. 1970. 3 refs. (Presented
-------
52
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
at the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting,
62nd, New York, June 26, 1969, Paper 69-225.)
Jets of air directed into the flames from incinerator fuel beds
aid in completing the combustion of gases and suspended car-
bon particles. As the location, sizing, and pressurizing of the
overfire air nozzles are important design considerations for air
pollution control, tests on overfire air jets were conducted to
determine their performance in reducing smoke from a large
incinerator furnace. The total amount of excess air was
satisfactory, because the carbon dioxide content of the flue
gas seldom exceeded 7%, dry volume basis. Overfire air
velocity measurements in the cold-furnace revealed that
velocities declined rapidly within the first 4 feet from the noz-
zles and then fell off more slowly with distance. The certain
sidewall nozzles were particularly weak and would not deliver
air to the center of the furnace. Typical velocities are
presented graphically, as well as air flow and jet penetrations
at 1500 fpm as functions of nozzle diameter and pressure dif-
ferential. Equations are presented for calculating the flow
through an overfire air nozzle and for calculating jet throw for
a terminal velocity of 1500 fpm. The second graph is useful for
the selection of nozzle sizes and air pressures. A method to in-
crease air penetration from the sidewall air nozzles is also
mentioned.
23008
Vandaveer, F. E.
THE DOMESTIC GAS-FIRED INCINERATOR'S ROLE IN
ADI POLLUTION CONTROL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
6(2):90-97, Aug. 1956. 15 refs.
Progress in the development of a smokeless, odorless, fly ash-
free, domestic gas-fired incinerator is reported. Test charges
and methods for producing and determining odor, smoke, and
fly ash were selected. Two-stage incineration with gas heat in
both stages is necessary to eliminate smoke and odor from
domestic incinerators, the first stage for burning the garbage
and paper, the second stage for oxidizing the smoke and odor.
For second stage incineration, catalysts impregnated on por-
celain or on chrome alloy heated to 500-700 F, ceramic balls or
slabs heated to 1400-1500 F., stainless steel grids heated above
1400 F, smokeless downdraft combustion with a gas after-
burner, and the flame of a gas-fired afterburner may be used.
Drawings of two prototype models of smokeless, odorless and
fly ash-free incinerators, and test data on them, are presented.
Major changes and additions to gas association requirements
for approval of domestic incinerators are reported. Drawings
are presented of two commercially-developed incinerators
being field-tested, one with a gas-heated catalyst in the second
stage and the other with downdraft combustion and a com-
bined incineration burner and gas flame afterburner. Calcula-
tions made from published data show that an incinerator in
every house in a large city should not cause an increase in
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, or aldehydes in the at-
mosphere to anywhere near the allowable maximum level for
health. (Author summary modified)
23262
Ito, Akio, Tadao Shirasawa, Tomio Ohyanagi, and Yukio
Tamori
PACKED COAL BED AS A DUST COLLECTOR (II). Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(1):98-100, 1967.
Translated from Japanese. 8p.
Dust collection using packed coal was studied for treatment of
the exhaust of coal-fired furnaces and incinerators. The coal
from which smoke was collected was fed into a combustion
chamber, so that no dust trapping device was needed and
operation could be achieved with only a eingle collector.
Generally, in the case of filtration, collection efficiency is im-
proved due to the deposition of smoke on the filter. However,
the flow rate of gases is reduced due to thickening of the
smoke layer, provided that the power of the suction or blower
is maintained constant. Consequently, it is uncertain whether
the rise of collection efficiency was due to formation of the
dust layer or to the reduction of flow rate. In this experiment,
the equipment was improved so that both effects could be
separately evaluated. An experimental equation of pressure
loss and collection efficiency was derived for a nearly uniform
size of coal layer which was produced by sieving. An experi-
ment was also conducted on packed beds of spherical active
carbon and glass spheres in order to elucidate the feature of
the coal bed in comparison with the above two standard beds.
In this type of collector, the amount of coal employed for dust
collection and that consumed for the combustion was
balanced; this requirement imposed restrictions on the
thickness of packed bed, flow rate of exhaust gas, area of
beds, and interval for replacement of coal. For a given coal
consumption, the gas flow rate was roughly determined, and
the area of the bed was derived from the optimum face
velocity. Beds of 7 and 14 cm thickness were tested. On deter-
mining the optimum thickness of the beds, the interval of time
for the replacement of coal was derived. This procedure pro-
vided the standard for practical design of a coal bed. The
smoke-laden gas of fixed volume was drawn through circular
filters up and downstream of the smoke collector, and the
amount of smoke was determined by measurement of light
reflectivity of the filter surface on which the smoke was
deposited.
23482
Brandt, H. and H. Heer
PARTICULAR DEDUSTING PROBLEMS IN REFUSE IN-
CINERATION PLANTS. (Besonderheiten bei der Entstaubung
in Muellverbrennungsanlagen). Text in German. Mitt. Ver.
Grosskesselbesitzer, 48(2):118-126, April 1968. 6 refs.
(Presented at the 'Refuse Incineration' Sessions of the VGB,
held Feb. 9, 1968 at Hamburg; Feb. 16, 1968, at Munich; and
Feb. 23, 1968, at Duesseldorf.)
The possibilities of using various dust removal systems for the
purification of waste gases from incinerator plants are
discussed in the light of standards set by governmental regula-
tions. The incineration system is affected by the type of con-
struction, i.e., the presence or absence of heat utilization and
whether waste gases are cooled with cold air or with a water
spray. Consideration is given to such operational problems as
the retention of paper fly ash and the burning of auto tires.
Structural requirements are examined, and observations under
actual operation are reported. Illustrative material gives some
indication of the appearance and size of such plants. Exhaust
gases, as they leave the incinerator, are at a temperature of
800-1200 C. Mechanical dust separators using special sensitive
materials can withstand a temperature of 750 C, those using
insensitive materials can withstand 480 C, and electrostatic fil-
ters made of conventional materials can resist temperatures up
to 400 C. In providing the means for cooling these gases, an
additional safety margin of 50 degrees should be allowed.
Cooling can be achieved by cooling the surface of the chan-
nels through which the gases pass, by the use of a water spray
which absorbs vaporization heat as it turns to steam, or by
mixing cold air with the gases. Among the types of dust
removal equipment examined are mechanical devices, scrub-
bers, and electrostatic filters.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
53
23542
Smauder, Ellis E.
PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL INCINERATION. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., Los Angeles, West Coast Section, Proc. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. West Coast Sect., 1st Tech. Meet.,
Los Angeles, Calif., 1957, p. 69-81. (March 25-26.)
A study of 15 municipal incinerators with rated capacities
from 200-900 tons per hr and built within the last 10 years at a
total cost of more than $60,000,000 revealed that none would
meet full rated capacity without exceeding the most liberal fly
ash and smoke abatement codes and the usual requirements of
less than 3% of combustible organic matter in ash residue at
the ash pit. The results can be partly attributed to batch charg-
ing systems which make it difficult to maintain a well-balanced
fuel-air ratio. A well-designed municipal incinerator will incor-
porate methods for continuous and automatic charging of
materials as received, continuous and automatic stoking, and
continuous ash removal. Such provisions eliminate inter-
ference with combustion air supply and control now ex-
perienced in widely accepted designs based on batch charging
and stoking. Other equipment necessary for efficient incinera-
tor operation are induced draft systems, wet fly ash collectors,
and mechanical sludge removal systems. Results of ash residue
and dust loading measurements from two well-designed mu-
nicipal incinerators are presented as evidence that most
troublesome incinerator problems can be overcome.
23819
Davies, Theodore E.
FLAME GRID AND COMPONENT PARTS THEREOF. (North
American Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio) U. S. Pat. 3,524,632.
27p., Aug. 18, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. June 12, 1968, 67 claims).
The invention relates to direct-fired, flame-grid type burners
using substantially raw fuel to heat a gaseous stream such as
air or gas (carrying or not carrying combustibles, including
fumes, to be incinerated). The burners have structures that
make them suitable for use in a make-up air heater, air space
heater, oven, dryer, evaporator, draw furnace, or fume or
combustible incinerator. They can handle temperature rises
from 3 to 1500 F. Each burner has a long turn-down range and
plate-like portions with flow opening or edge portions for
diverting some stream portions into a combustion zone on a
flame holder and subsequently mixing the combustion
products with all air stream portions for uniform heating or in-
cineration. In addition to having minimum initial and operating
costs, the burners meet the highest incineration standards.
(Author abstract modified)
23836
LaRue, Phillip G.
SMOKELESS AND ODORLESS DOMESTIC INCINERA-
TORS. (Calcinator Corp., Bay City, Mich.) U. S. Pat.
3,527,177. 7p., Sept. 8, 1970. 7 refs. (Appl. Jan. 4, 1968, 12
claims).
An incinerator for the smokeless and odorless burning of
domestic rubbish is described. The off-gases of the primary
combustion chamber are channeled into the path of a torch-
like burner where they are heated to an elevated temperature,
mixed with additional oxygen, and forced to take a definite
time-delay path in order for recombustion to take place before
the gases are vented to the atmosphere. A venting mechanism
is provided which reduces the temperature of the gases from
the secondary chamber before they are released to the at-
mosphere. The incinerator is of a compact and efficient design
and utilizes a minimum number of parts.
23856
Khan, A. A., R. V. Amalraj, and K. T. Thomas
FABRIC FILTRATION OF FLUE GASES FROM AN ACTIVE
INCINERATOR: STUDIE ON DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND
OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS. International Atomic Energy
Agency, Vienna (Austria), Treat. Airborne Radioact. Wastes,
Proc. Symp., New York, 1968, p. 623-644.1 ref. (Aug. 26-30.)
The use of bag filters in the dry gas cleaning system of an in-
cinerator is a safe and economical method for treating the flue
gas from an incinerator burning low-level radioactive solid
combustibles. A study designed to gather operational data
which is directly applicable to the design of fabric filtration
units for industrial plants is described. Various types of
fabrics, includin cotton, terylene, wool, dacron, and glass, are
evaluated to find the filtration characteristics during the entire
cycle of operation. Data on pilot plant studies carried out to
optimize a suitable design of fabric filter for flue gas cleaning
is included. Cost comparisons of different fabrics based on the
life of the fabric and the cost of the fabric filtration per unit of
solid waste treated are given. The physical, chemical, and
radiochemical nature of the aerosols encountered in various
parts of the incinerator system are described. (Author abstract
modified)
24089
Calaceto, Ralph R.
ADVANCES IN FLY ASH REMOVAL WITH GAS-
SCRUBBING DEVICES. Filtration Eng., 1(7):12-15, March
1970.
The adoption of the mutiple-hearth furnace in servicing sludge
incineration has offered the prime advantage over other
devices in that counter-flow feed of wet sewage cake to the
exhaust gases creates a progressive drying as the sludge
descends from hearth to hearth and, finally, into the burning
or incineration zone. A very simple scrubber, which consisted
of an enlarged duct with sprays that partially cooled the gases,
was the first gas-cleaning device to follow the multiple-hearth
furnace. In recent years, new multiple-hearth furnaces have
been designed to include afterburners, to assure complete
combustion prior to scrubber treatment of such volatiles as
grease and tar vapor. Within the past year, a new device, the
Mikro-Airetron venturi scrubber was installed at the sludge in-
cinerator plant in Orangeburg, New York. The fine droplets
created by the carefully monitored gas acceleration combine
and coalesce with the fly-ash particles, removing particles
down to sub-micron size. Operation of this venturi scrubber is
described. The Orangeburg installation is also provided with a
cooling stage, just following the venturi, which serves to
reduce the usual saturation temperature of 170 to 185 F down
tollOF.
24465
Billard, F., J. Brion, M. Cousin, and R. Delarue
HIGH TEMPERATURE FILTER FOR THE PURIFICATION
OF INCINERATOR GASES.(Filtre a haute temperature pour
1'epuration des gaz d'incinerateur). Text in French. Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Proc. Symp.
Operating, Developmental Experience in the Treatment of Air-
borne Radioactive Wastes, New York, 1968, p. 659-665. 4 refs.
(Aug. 26-30.)
A recoverable filter for hot incinerator gases is described. This
consists of metal foil cylinders on which asbestos fibres have
been deposited by pneumatic spray to constitute the filtering
medium. The special feature of its operation lies in the fact
that partial! burnt materials from the incinerator, especially
-------
54
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
lamp black, complete their combustion on the filter, as they
are produced. This greatly reduces choking of the filters,
which are expected to operate for several hundreds of hours
between cleanings. This filter has been tested on a reduced-
scale model followed by a long period of industrial use in a
pilot plant with a capacity of 20 kg/h. The plant is described
and the results obtained are presented. (Author abstract
modified)
24954
Combustion Power Co., Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.
COMBUSTION POWER UNIT - 400: CPU-400. Bureau of
Solid Waste Management Contract Ph 86-67-259, 15p., 1969.
NTIS: PB 187299
Development has begun on a turbogenerator electric plant that
will utilize 400 tons of municipal solid waste per day to
produce up to 15,000 kw of electric power. The baseline con-
figuration is a modular unit that is expected to be clean, com-
pact, and quiet Such units could be conveniently dispersed
throughout a city to supplement power supplied by local utili-
ties. The major components of the system are a refuse
carousel, a mechanical shredder, a refus combustor using a
fluidized bed reactor, a two-stage particle collector packed
with the fluid bed reactor, a 15 megawatt gas turbine, and a
3600 rpm generator. Using either available energy or by-
products from the combustion steam, add-on systems to the
basic unit provide (1) automated vacuum collection of refuse,
(2) fresh water produced from saline or brackish water, (3)
centralized steam for commercial heating and air conditioning,
and (4) incineration of sewage sludge. Estimated capital and
operating costs of the plant are summarized, as is the expected
income from electric power, steam, and by products. Costs for
refuse disposal may be as little as 95 cents per ton.
25511
McClure, Elson R.
SMOG ARRESTER. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,533,608.
3p., Oct. 13, 1970. 5 refs. (Appl. Aug. 2, 1968, 1 claim).
A vertical tank-like structure is described which comprises su-
perimposed sections, provided with alternate central and
peripheral baffles, of which the latter have axial openings of
smaller diameter than the outside diameter of the central baf-
fles to cause products of combustion to flow radially inward
and outward as they move upward. The apparatus is adapted
to placed at the top of any structure from which products of
combustion flow, such as an incinerator or stack, which might
emit objectionable smoke, fumes, or gases. Heat of the
products of combustion cause them to flow upward, and water
sprays impinge against the bottoms of the central baffles. The
weight of the water sprays causes the water to flow
downward, thus picking up solid matter from the products of
combustion. (Author abstract)
25570
Lausmann, Jerry S.
BURNER MEANS FOR ELIMINATING SMOKE. (Assignee
not given.) U. S. Pat. 3,538,865. 14p., Nov. 10, 1970. 19 refs.
(Appl. May 26, 1969, 17 claims).
A device for eliminating the smoke arising from incomplete
combustion of wood waste products is described. The device
consists of a tepee burner which have the ability to concen-
trate at the burner axis the paniculate matter which is
produced in the combustion process and to collecting and
draw off the axial column of particle bearing gases while al-
lowing the clean peripheral combustion gases to be discharged
into the ambient air. Ducts return particle bearing gases to the
lower portion of the burner where fans inject the gases into
the burner through a wall of flame to incinerate much if not all
of the paniculate matter; the injection is carried out so as to
aid the concentration of the paniculate matter in the axial
columnar portion of the rising combustion gases. Control
means are provided for regulating the temperature of the
returning combustion gases in relation to the temperature at
the tepee outlet so as to maintain the temperature of the burn-
ing pile at or near an optimum value thus decreasing the
amount of paniculate matter produced in the combustion
process. Previous burners pollute the atmosphere with smoke
because of incomplete combustion; the device described con-
trols that pollution. (Author abstract modified)
25706
Zahnan, Solomon
ANTIPOLLUTION APPARATUS. (Assignee not given.) U. S.
Pat. 3,530,807. 7p., Sept. 29, 1970. 6 refs. (Appl. April 28,
1969, 9 claims).
An antipollution apparatus for removing the smoke particles
from exhaust gases of an incinerator of fuel burning apparatus
is described, having a plurality of spiral coils with steam jets
mounted against the internal walls of the chimney adjacent to
its opening and supplied with steam under pressure. As an in-
cinerator, the apparatus also utilizes a gas burner for igniting
the refuse articles, and an air blower having an air jet
manifold for maintaining a high temperature of combustion
within the incinerator The apparatus also includes a control
panel connected to a temperature dispensing device for operat-
ing the gas burner, and air blower to maintain a high tempera-
ture of combustion within its combustion chamber. Previously,
smoke precipitation devices such as electrostatic fields and
steam spraying apparatus have been used; however, electri-
cally operated devices are costly to install, expensive to
operate, and are often unreliable. (Author abstract modified)
25977
Osterli, Victor P.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY AGRICULTURE AND
FORESTRY: ODOR. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Task Force No. 5, Section 6, 4p., Sept. 1, 1970. 20
refs.
The development of methods to control odor at the site and
for disposal of livestock and poultry fecal matter is a major
need. One possible process, wet oxidation, could be of real
significance since it would not only eliminate the fecal matter
but would produce energy to carry out the disposal process
and possibly even convert the wastes to animal feed. Treating
the manure with chemical deodorants may provide a partial
solution. A specific application of the pyrolysis-combustion
process could be an alternative to current methods of incinera-
tion used which would eliminate or substantially alleviate the
problem of malodors. Afterburner-type devices are available
for some kinds of rendering plants to control odors. In addi-
tion to animal wastes and odors from meat processing and
rendering plants, more than 28 million tons of wood pulp are
produced yearly in the United States by the sulfate or kraft
process which produces a pollution problem.
26063
Rathgeber, Ferdinand
ELECTRIC FILTERS FOR DRY AND WET SEPARATION.
(Elektrofilter fuer Trocken- und Nassabscheidung). Text in
German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 14(1):456-460, Nov. 1970.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
55
Recent improvements of electric filters deal with increasing
operating reliability, with increasing capacity, with prolonging
the life of the equipment, and with adapting the equipment to
properties of different dusts. As a result, various modifications
of sparking and of precipitation electrodes were produced. In
some areas, a combination of electric filtration with other dust
removal methods was found advantageous. The trend is
towards the building of compact units. Another improvement
consists of the introduction of unbreakable electrodes. Wet
electric filters have not found as wide application as dry fil-
ters. A newly developed wet filter consists of a battery of
identical wet elements intended for the separation of aerosols,
of dust, of soot, and for the recovery of valuable waste gas
components. Examples of the application of improved dry and
wet electric filters include dust separation of power plant flue
gases and of larger incinerator flue gases which sometimes
must be cooled prior to dust removal, dust separation in ce-
ment manufacture, gas purification in non ferrous metal smelt-
ing plants, the recovery of valuable materials from waste gases
from metallurgical processes, and dust removal in the iron and
steel industry.
-------
56
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
01612
W. L. PRTTCHARD, C. E. SCHUMANN, C. W. GRUBER
PAKTICULATE SAMPLING BY ADHESIVE-COATED
MATERIALS (PROGRESS REPT. NO. 2). Cincinnati Division
of Air Pollution Control, Ohio, Dept. of Safety. Oct. 1, 1966.
Ill pp.
For the past 12 years the Cincinnati Division of Air Pollution
Control has been using adhesive-coated paper wrapped around
circular glass jars for t*apping wind-blown particulates. The
primary objectives were: (1) determine the adhesive material(s)
best suited for the method; (2) determine the mechanism(s) of
particle collection; (3) determine the environmental and
mechanical factors affecting the collection efficiency; (4)
devise a relatively simple and rapid means of evaluating the
samples collected; (5) if practical, identify and classify parti-
cles collected; (6) apply the criteria developed and the results
obtained above, to one or more area surveys; and (7) improve
the prototype model of a source sampling device which utilizes
a continuously moving adhesive-tape for particle collection.
When sampling jars with Pli-A-Print R-135 are placed in open
areas for atmospheric monitoring, the concentration of wind
blown particulates at two or more separate locations are con-
sidered to be significantly different when the total concentra-
tion of particles collected varies by more than 8%. When com-
paring the concentration of particulates at two locations, it is
important to have both jars at the same height and in an open
area. When it is impossible to locate the adhesive cylinders in
open areas at the same height, the significant difference
becomes 20% for total particle concentration. The 'mean
diameter' of the captured particles is approximately 40
microns. The particles captured on the roof at the City of Cin-
cinnati Division of Air Pollution Control building had the fol-
lowing distribution: 56% black, 16% chromatic, and 28% trans-
parent or gray. It is possible, by using the sampling jar and
wind instruments, to determine local sources of wind blown
particulates and to observe the effect rain has in lowering the
concentration of wind blown particulates in the atmosphere.
The collection efficiency of Pli-A-Print R-135 varies with each
incinerator tested from 7.4% to 3.3% as indicated by the ex-
perimentation accomplished to date. In addition, it has been
possible to repeat collection efficiency tests and obtain the
same results.
02260
M. J. Salkowski
PROTOTYPE FLY ASH MONITOR FOR INCINERATOR
STACKS (FINAL REPT. APR. 15, 1963 - JULY 14, 1964.) DT
Research lust., Chicago, III, Technology Center. (Rept. HTRI-
C8015-5.) July 1964. 54 pp.
This program resulted in the construction of a protorype in-
strument for the analysis of fly ash emitted from municipal in-
cinerators. The instrument was proved both in the laboratory
and in the field. The instrument samples a predetermined
amount of stack effluent isokinetically, separates the particu-
late material in a cyclone, collects a representative sample of
fly ash on filter paper, and measures the amount of sample by
a gravimetric technique using a beta-gauge principle. The en-
tire concept is designed to function on a routine basis and be
operated by unskilled personnel. (Author abstract)
02369
M.J. Salkowski
PROTOTYPE FLY ASH MONITOR FOR INCINERATOR
STACKS (ADDENDUM TO FINAL REPT.) HT Research Inst.
Chicago, III Jan. 1965. 23 pp.
A simple analog-digital circuit for the generation of a frequen-
cy that is proportional to mass flow has performed satisfac-
torily. The circuit permits the temperature-sensing resistor to
be in a location remote from the computer and requires no am-
plification of the temperature signal, since the resistor is a
purely passive circuit element. (Author summary)
02391
L. V. Edwards.
SMOKE DENSITY MEASUREMENT IN MUNK3PAL IN-
CINERATORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1966
183-6, 1966. (Presented at the National Incinerator Conference,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City,
May 1-4, 1966.)
The opacity or optical density of smoke in the breeching or
stack of a municipal incinerator is an index of combustion.
The smoke meter is a useful operating guide, rapid in
response. The paper describes the theory and principles of the
modern smoke meter and types of readout. It is a guide for the
selection, specification and installation of smoke alarms, and
recording smoke charts. (Author abstract)
04117
F. R. Rehm
TEST METHODS FOR DETERMINING EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF INCINERATORS (INFORMATIVE
REPORT NO. 2). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (3) 127-
35, Mar. 1965.
In considering the problem of incinerator air pollution emis-
sion characteristics, early attention must be given to defining
the type discharges which are of greatest concern. At this time
the following 3 categories of incinerator effluents-visual emis-
sions (smoke), particulates, and odor are of primary interest. It
is in these 3 areas that the greatest present need exists with
respect to air pollution performance evaluation standards or
limitations and standardized test methods. It is toward the
standardization of testing of these 3 classes of incinerator ef-
fluents that this report is pointed. Visual Emission Testing:
Until some better tool evolves, the Ringelmann Chart will un-
doubtedly serve as the most frequently used method for as-
sessing visual smoke emissions from incinerators and other
combustion equipment. In recent years refinement of
techniques has allowed for the grading of colored effluents
other than black or white. Other applications in this category
have included paper tape filters and photoelectric devices.
Odor Testing: A 1961 Performance Evaluation Sub-Committee
survey disclosed that only a limited amount of work has been
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
57
conducted on odor testing of incinerator effluents. The human
nose has been relied upon to a great extent. The ASTM Stan-
dard Method for Measurement of Odor in Atmospheres (Dilu-
tion Method) D 1391-57 involves sampling the gas for which
the odor is to be measured and then diluting it with odor-free
air until an observer can barely perceive the odor. Paniculate
Testing: This has involved various approaches to attain the
following: (1) a representative sample of gas and suspensoid
from a main gas stream; (2) filtering the participates from the
sampled gas stream; (3) accurately measuring the sampled gas
volume; (4) measurements to assess total emission charac-
teristics temperature, pressure, gas velocity, composition,
molecular wt, density. In summary, it is the Performance
Evaluation Sub-Committee's opinion that the ASME Test
Codes PTC 21-1941, 'Dust Separating Apparatus' and PTC 27-
1957, 'Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream,' with
modifications and additions as discussed, could form the basis
of an acceptable standardized test method for determining in-
cinerator paniculate emission characteristics.
05834
M. Feldstein
STUDIES ON THE ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS FROM
INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS WITH A FLAME IONIZATION
DETECTOR. (J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.) 12, (3) 139-41,
Mar. 1962. (Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, New York City, June 11-15, 1961.)
Flame ionization units capable of detecting small concentra-
tions of hydrocarbons make use of the principle that when a
hydrocarbon is introduced into a hydrogen flame, electron
concentrations are formed and can be measured. The ther-
mionic work function for carbon is 4.35 electron volts which,
apparently, is low enough for electron emission at hydrogen
flame temperatures. The response of the instrument is propor-
tional to the number of carbon atoms in the compound being
burned; that is, hexane will give six times the response of
methane. The instrument can thus be considered as a carbon
counter. Apparatus and equipment included a Carad flame
ionization analyzer and detector, recorder, a Carad gas sam-
pling unit, and stainless steel collecting tanks. A 30 ml sample
of effluent was injected and yielded a reading proportional to
the total hydrocarbon content of the sample. A second 30 ml
sample was then injected with the silica tube in line. Response
due to methane, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene was then
noted on the recorder as these gases separated on the silica
column. The difference between the total hydrocarbon reading
and the methane reading is proportional to the C2-C6
hydrocarbons present in the sample. The same samples were
also analyzed by gas chromatography. By converting the
results obtained with each method to similar units, direct com-
parison may be made. For the series of effluents analyzed,
agreement between the two methods is excellent. The flame
ionization method ulk adsorption properties of particle and
surface. Adhesion of provides a more rapid procedure for the
analysis and may be considered as a comparable method for
the analysis of C2 and higher hydrocarbons.
06095
C. V. Ranter, R. G. Lunche, A. P. Fudurich
TECHNIQUES OF TESTING FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 6 (4), 191-9 (Feb. 1957). (Presented at the 49th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Buffalo, N.Y.,
May 20-24, 1956.)
The Air Pollution Control District (APCD) in the past 8 years
has made more than 800 test, including many on incinerators
and power plant boilers. The tecniques used in testing these
combustion sources are described. These techniques are based
on principles and procedures which have been in use for many
years and have been described in the literature. In most air
pollution control studies of combustion sources, attention has
been largely focused on the amount of paniculate matter
discharged. In the testing program of the APCD, methods for
measuring other contaminants in the gaseous state have been
established. These methods are recommended to other agen-
cies investigating air contamination from combustion sources.
07077
W. L. Pritchard, C. E. Schumann, and C. W. Gruber
PARTICULATE SAMPLING BY ADHESIVE-COATED
MATERIALS (PROGRESS REPT. NO. 1). (Cincinnati Division
of Air Pollution Control, Ohio, Dept. of Safety). Oct. 1, 1965
83pp.
Sampling from the atmosphere and from incinerator stacks of
particles ranging in size from 20 to 100 microns was accom-
plished by using adhesive-coated paper. Of 38 adhesive-coated
materials tested, one appears to be best suited for atmospheric
and source (incinerator) sampling. No appreciable difference
was found in the concentration of particles collected on equal
diameter cylinders spaced several feet apart in a location iso-
lated from localized interference. A screen, around the sample
jar, will interfere with the paniculate collection efficiency. The
mean diameter of particulates captured by adhesive-coated
materials on 3 inch diameter (approx.) cylinder ranged between
35 and 50 microns. The distribution of the captured particles
exhibits the pattern usually associated with comminuted dusts.
During a 30-day test period the number of particles, by color
classification, was similar for a given location but varied
between locations. The collection efficiency or the best materi-
al mounted on cylinders of various diameters increased as the
diameter of the cylinder decreased. The theoretical target
impingement efficiencies calculated for the 2-15/16 inch (7cm)
diameter jar were rather low especially for smaller particles at
low wind speeds. The theoretical target impingement efficien-
cy would be increased by using a smaller diameter cylinder
(3.5cm). The adjusted particle count from the 15 sec and 30
sec incinerator tests were higher than the 60 sec particle count
indicating that the collection efficiency will decrease with time
of exposure to the stack gases. The paniculate loadings on ad-
hesive tapes used in incinerator testing should be between 5
and 20 particles per square millimeter for microscopic counting
error.
08257
Baum, Fritz, Inge Reichardt, and Wolfgang Steinbach
SIMPLE MEASURING ARRANGEMENT FOR RECORDING
HYDROCARBON CONTENT. Staub (English translation),
27(6):16-19, June 1967. 11 refs. CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6
(HCS2.00)
A method for using a batch-sampling gas-chromatograph with
flameionization detector to record continuously the presence
of hydrocarbons is described. Use of this measuring device is
illustrated by several examples. Hydrocarbons are thermally
ionized in a hydrogen flame in the flame-ionization detector.
Flue gases of an oil stove with vaporization burner, flue gases
of a medium-size waste incinerator, and automobile exhaust
were measured. The hydrocarbon content of the flue gas of an
oil stove only exceeded that of the air in the laboratory above
a combustion rate of 0.5 kg of oil per hour. With decreasing
chimney draft the hydrocarbon content of the flue gases rose
sharply, being accompanied by an increase of the Bacharach
soot number. When the chimney draft was throttled to 0.1 mm
-------
58
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
W.G. at the maximum combustion rate, the concentration of
hydrocarbons rose to 350 times the value of normal operation.
The combustion phases in a medium size waste incinerator can
be directly observed with the measuring device. Total
hydrocarbon concentration in the exhaust of an automobile at
various operating conditions is presented. In neutral, a slight
increase in hydrocarbon concentration was recorded. During
acceleration in neutral the concentration dropped immediately.
The concentration varied when the position of the accelerator
was changed. On a 14% grade, finally, the concentration
dropped briefly and then rose considerably.
08675
Turtle, W. N. and M. Feldstein
GAS CHROMATOGRAPfflC ANALYSIS OF INCINERATOR
REFLUENTS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10(6):427-429,
467, Dec. 1960. 10 refs. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meet-
ing, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-
26, 1960.)
A procedure for the gas chromatography analysis of low
molecular weight hydrocarbons present in incinerator effluents
has been des cribed and has been used to analyze the effluents
from a series of incinerators. Results indicate that, when the
concentration of C2 hydrocarbons is below 10 ppm, the C3 to
C6 hydrocarbons are generally present in less than 1 to 2 ppm.
When C2 hydrocarbons are present in high concentrations, the
C4 to C6 compounds are generally present in significant con-
centrations. Some specific C4 to C6 compounds found in the
effluents from incinerators have been identified. The standard
of 50 ppm of C2 to C6 hydrocar bons in incinerator effluents
appears to be a satisfactory emission standard since it
adequately differentiates between incinerators which are well
designed and operated and those which are not.
11088
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
ADDENDUM TO SPECIFICATIONS FOR INCINERATOR
TESTING AT FEDERAL FACILITIES. Preprint, 31p., Dec.
1967.
Material is supplied as a supplement to the publication,
'Specifications for Incinerator Testing at Federal Facilities.'
An alternative method for determining particulate emissions,
which has the same stringency as the present method based on
carbon dioxide measurements, but permits simpler, less expen-
sive, sampling procedures, may be followed if tester so
desires. To use the alternative method, tester must determine
the pounds per hour of particulate emitted. In using the
method, it is necessary only to sample for particulates and
determine emissions in pounds per hour. It is necessary to
measure carbon dioxide during test runs, or determine carbon
dioxide emitted from burning auxiliary fuel. Whichever
method for determining compliance is used, the general testing
procedures detailed in 'Specifications for Incinerator Testing
at Federal Facilities', and this Addendum will apply, with a
specified modification.
14368
Marshalla, A., G. Crawford, and M. Nolan
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SOURCE EMISSION MEA-
SUREMENTS OF INCINERATOR FLUE GASES. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div.,
Proc. Nail. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 176-179. 2
refs. (May 5-8).
Tighter air pollution codes have created a need for stan-
dardized procedures for expressing incinerator dustloading
values. Dustloading is usually expressed in pounds of dust per
1000 pounds of flue gas or grains of dust per standard cu ft,
where 7000 grains is equal to one pound. In any dustloading
test, some of the variables which must be taken into con-
sideration are the type of refuse or fuel being consumed, at-
mospheric conditions, such as temperature and pressure, and
the components of the flue gas. The formulas presented in this
paper take these variables into account, and additionally, cer-
tain assumptions and simplifications were made to make their
derivation possible. A test method is described for measure-
ment of the source emission weight from a specified amount
of refuse burned in an incinerator, based on isokinetic
sampling. A special slide rule was developed by the authors
which greatly simplifies the use of the various formulas
presented in the paper. The slide rule may be used to correct
dustloading value to either a 50% excess air or 12% C02 basis.
It may also be used for converting grains/cu ft to grains/std cu
ft, as well as for converting grains/cu ft to Ibs dust/1000 Ibs
flue gas and vice-versa, and for calculating the percentage of
excess air in terms of the Orsat analysis of the flue gas.
15533
Romanek, Walter, Mary R. Jackson, and Alvin Lieberman
PROTOTYPE FLY ASH MONITOR FOR INCINERATOR
STACKS. (Final Report). HT Research Inst., Chicago, El.,
Technology Center, R-IITR-C8088-8, 145p., Sept. 25, 1968.
CFSTI: PB 187393
A prototype monitor for particulate emissions from municipal
incinerators was designed, built, and field tested. In operation,
the instrument is installed on a stack some distance above the
base to ensure the monitor's presence in a laminar flow region.
The monitor samples a predetermined quantity of stack gas
either isokinetically or at a known velocity, separates the par-
ticulate from the gas by means of a cyclone, and measures the
amount of particulate collecting using a beta gauge. For each
sample, the time of sampling and beta attenuation is printed
out on a paper tape at a convenient ground level location. The
design concept is suitable for unattended monitoring opera-
tions. Field tests show that the instrument measures stack dust
loading under varying furnace operating and atmospheric con-
ditions and that automatic isokinetic sampling, while feasible,
is not an essential requirement for adequately following stack
loading. (Author abstract modified)
17352
Levin, Harry
NOTE ON A SLURRY METHOD OF PARTICLE INDUC-
TION. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(3):178-179, March
1970.
As part of a program concerned with the incineration of solid
waste to produce megawatt electric power, an alumina slurry
method of inducting test particles into a high-temperature,
high- pressure gaseous flow stream was developed. The slurry
is prepared by adding alumina to gelled methanol and blending
the mixture for several hours in a vibroenergy mill. This
processing causes an effective dispersion of alumina particles.
Comminution of particles is minimal because of the high
velocity of the slurry and the comparable hardness of particles
and milling medium. On demand and at prescribed flow rate,
the slurry is delivered through metal tubing to the burner.
Delivery is accomplished by a controlled and metered flow of
methanol into the slurry cylinder above the piston and under
pressure of nitrogen. Within the burner, the slurry is atomized,
prior to injection, by injection into and impingement with
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
59
methanol streams. This method of test particle induction pro-
vides improved particle statistics through stable homogeniza-
tion of particles in blending and removal of angularities from
particles of interest in particle size distribution analyses. The
method converts poor collections of particulate materials into
highly useful test dusts.
17468
SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDES AND
MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taikichu no iousankabutsu no
hasseigen to sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(10):612-620, Oct. 25, 1969. 62 refs.
Atmospheric sulfur dioxide exists in various chemical and
physical forms; under normal conditions, it is in a gaseous
state containing some volatile sulfuric mist and sulfate. If
gaseous sulfur dioxide were the only atmospheric pollutant, its
measurement would not be so difficult. The existence of sul-
furic mist and sulfate and other interfering substances in the
atmosphere make analytical procedures intricate. Some dif-
ficulties in analytical assessment of atmospheric SO2 are also
correlated with the limits involved in technical methods, some
of which, like the West-Gaeke or electroconductivity methods,
are subject to error due to the existence of atmaospheric inter-
fering elements at variance with the substantial characteristics
of SO2. Therefore, in evaluating measurements obtained from
applied methods and laboratory techniques, allowance must be
made for sequential and accidental errors. Atmospheric values
obtained with the different methods are apt to vary. The wide-
ly used analytical procedure for SO2 determination involves
separating mist from sulfuric mist and measuring the sulfur in
the sulfate contained in the air sample. The quantity of SO2 is
determined simultaneously with the measurement of
suspended sulfate is an aerosol state or contained in dust fall.
In 196S, the amount of sulfurous acid gas emitted to the at-
mosphere was 23,400,000 t. In 1966, the amount was
28,600,000 t of which 58.2% came from coal combustion in
thermal power plants; 19.6%, from oil combustion; 5.5%, from
petroleum refinery processes; 12.2%, from mine refinery
processes; 1.9%, from sulfuric acid production; and the rest,
0.4%, from waste incineration. Various types of SO2
analyzers, including currently improved U. S. models, are
presented.
19580
Gruber, Charles W. and Charles E. Schumann
THE USE OF ADHESIVE-COATED PAPER FOR ESTIMAT-
ING INCINERATOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS. J. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 12(8):376-378, Aug. 1962. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting, 55th,
Chicago, Dl., May 20-24, 1962.)
The reliability of using the 'number of particles per min'
caught on adhesive paper as an indication of excessive in-
cinerator emissions was investigated in tests of 14 incinerators
with burning rates per hr of 25 to 1250 Ib. In this method,
strips of adhesive paper are wrapped around a glass jar that is
then inserted into a stack for 30 sec. A minimum of three sam-
ples is collected: one at approximately one min after start-up,
one midway through the burndown, and another toward the
end of burndown. After the sample is collected, a two-in.
square is cut from the adhesive and mounted on a slide for
microscopic particle counting. From the average number of
particles counted on random fields, the number of particles
per sq in. is first calculated and then the number of particles
per min. Test data show a close relationship between the adhe-
sive-paper loadings and excessive emissions as indicated by
citizen complaints.
20808
Klein, Nicholas and Yeshaye Levy
SMOKE CLEANING APPARATUS. (Assignee not given) U. S.
Pat. 3,487,620. 6p., Jan 6,1970.15 refs. (Appl. Feb. 16,1968, 1
claim).
Filter screens for removing solid particles from the smoke of
incinerator stacks tend to become quickly clogged, reducing
the draft required to operate the incinerator effectively. If
clogging is to be avoided, the filter mesh is of such coarseness
that an excessive amount of solid particles is discharged to the
atmosphere. Apparatus is provided for washing the smoke in a
draft of steam and draining off the condensed steam which
contains the removed particles. The heat of combustion in the
incinerator generates steam in a coiled, tubular heat exchanger
continuously supplied with fresh water. Steam travels up the
stack and impinges on a water-cooled moving screen which
travels across the stack. The screen is scrubbed continuously
and polluted water containing solid particles is drained off to a
sewer. A disinfectant-deodorant, such as ozone, is volatilized
in the heat exchanger and discharged with the steam into the
smoke. In a modification of the invention, a two-stage smoke
cleaning apparatus is provided. Cold water is discharged on a
stationary conical screen which catches the solid particles in
the smoke, while a field of finely divided streams of cold
water is maintained across the stack. Any fine particles in the
smoke passing through the streams are caught and carried
away to a drain.
21663
Sandia Lab., Albuquerque, N. Mex.
CONTROL OF AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION. In: Con-
tamination Control Handbook. NASA Order H-13245A, Sec-
tion 5, 98p., 1969. 52 refs. CFSTI: NASA SP-5076
A detailed review of the faculties, equipment, and techniques
for control of airborne contamination within a controlled en-
vironmental area is presented, with accompanying tabular
summaries and diagrammatic illustrations. Contaminants are
classified into major groups of organic and inorganic gases and
aerosols, and major sources are noted. Control techniques are
discussed in terms of devices for aerosols and gases, detection
and measurement, and sampling. Types and selection criteria
are given for air filters to be used in contamination control
facilities, with a section on high-efficiency particulate filters.
Nonlaminar airflow faculties (conventional clean rooms) are
described, and the advantages and disadvantages of laminar
airflow facilities outlined, with detailed descriptions of
horizontal and vertical laminar airflow work stations. Tem-
perature and humidity control, construction, furniture and
equipment, and personnel garments for clean rooms are con-
sidered. A review of monitoring includes air sampling and col-
lection methods, analytical methods and instrumentation, and
filter bank leak testing. Specifications for laminar airflow clean
rooms are considered at length.
23437
Peterson, Folke
MEASUREMENT OF SOOT. (Sottalsmatning). Text in
Swedish. WS(J. Assoc. Heating, Ventilation, Sanit. Engrs.)
(Stockholm), 60(11): 597-606, Nov. 1969.
The Bacharach number is an indirect determination of the con-
tent of solids in fuel oil. For heavy fuel oils, no direct correla-
tion exists between Bacharach number and solid content. For
solid fuels or waste incineration, the correlation is even less
distinct, and the Bacharach number is not useful. The errors
involved in a correctly determined Bacharach number are
slight. A 5% change in the volume of flue gas will not nor-
mally influence the number.
-------
60
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
24412
Rowe, D. R. and L. W. Canter
AIR POLLUTION: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND RESOLUTION.
Public Works, 101(10):86-87, Oct. 1970.
Various modes of transportation account for 60% of the total
pollutants, industry for 19%, generation of electricity for 12%,
space heating for 6%, and refuse disposal for 3%. These pollu-
tants can be classified as primary or secondary, i.e., those
emitted directly into the atmosphere and those formed by
reactions occurring in the atmosphere, or they can be clas-
sified as participate or gaseous. Settling paniculate matter can
be easily determined with a dust fall bucket, suspended par-
ticulates with a Hi-Vol sampler, and their soiling index with a
paper tape sampler. Monitoring gases is more complicated,
though simple detector tubes with specific color changes can
be used to determine whether a serious ambient air quality
problem exists. The sun plays a major role in the production
of secondary pollutants and of photochemical smog.
Meteorology is also of prime importance in air pollution and
has many applications in air pollution control such a plant-site
location, city planning, zoning, stack height, and allowable
emission rates. Conversely, air pollution can affect
meteorological conditions, reducing visibility and solar radia-
tion and increasing fog and precipitation. Control of air pollu-
tion requires establishment of air pollution criteria and air
quality standards, followed by ambient air quality standards
for participates, gases, and odors and emission standards.
Along with these steps must go enforcement, either by polic-
ing, tax incentives or a charge for using air.
25696
Feldstein, Milton
STUDIES ON THE ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS FROM
INCINERATOR EFFLUENTS WITH A COMBUSTIBLE GAS
INDICATOR. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., vol. 22:286-291, Aug.
1961. 4 refs. (Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 22nd Annual Meeting, Detroit, Mich., April 1961.)
A combustible gas indicator with a 10 to 1 sensitivity scale
was studied in relation to the measurement of C2 and higher
hydrocarbons from incinerator effluents. Samples were col-
lected in evacuated stainless steel 34-liter tanks over a 15-
minute period. The instrument was modified in that the drying
agent was replaced with ascarite, and a small diaphragm pump
was substituted for the rubber aspirator bulb. Response to car-
bon monoxide and hydrocarbons was differentiated by means
of a tube of activated carbon which adsorbed hydrocarbons,
but did not adsorb carbon monoxide or methane. The instru-
ment can be used to differentiate between incinerators
emitting less than 50 ppm total hydrocarbons, and those
emitting higher concentrations of hydrocarbons. Precautions to
be observed in the use of the instrument for the measurement
of C2 and higher hydrocarbons are discussed. (Author summa-
ry)
-------
61
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00149
J. F. Clarke, and R. B. Faoro
AN EVALUATION OF CO2 MEASUREMENTS AS AN IN-
DICATOR OF AIR POLLUTION. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc. 16, (4) 212-8, Apr. 1966.
Measurements of ambient CO2, made at the Continuous Air a
rural location near Cincinnati are presented and evaluated to
determine the significance of CO2 data in urban air quality
monitoring programs. Through analysis of rural CO2 data and
evaluation of combustion sources by means of a diffusion
model, it is demonstrated that the variation of urban CO2 con-
centrations around the prevailing atmosphere background level
results from combustion and noncombustion (natural) sources.
The concentration from natural sources can be substantial and
in fact override the combustion sources. Because it is not yet
practical to predict the contribution of natural sources to
urban CO2 concentrations, data obtained for this gas have
only limited utility as an index of air quality. Significant
statistical relationships between CO2 data and air quality mea-
surements for summer months are shown to result from
similar meteorological effects rather than similar sources. A
seasonal and spatial variation of these relationships is postu-
lated and subsequently demonstrated by analysis of CO2 and
air quality measurements from New Orleans, Louisiana, and
St. Louis, Missouri (Author)
02395
E. R. Kaiser.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF REFUSE COMPONENTS. Proc.
Natl. Incinerator Conf. 84-8, 1966. (Presented at the National
Incinerator Conference, American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
The proximate and ultimate analyses of 20 constituents of mu-
nicipal and commercial refuse are presented, together with the
calorific values. The anlyses are useful to incinerator engineers
as they are the basis for calculating air requirements, flue-gas
volumes, and heat and material balances. The analyses of
components of refuse permit the calculation of composite
analyses of mixed refuse from known proportions. Future in-
vestigations are suggested to obtain more complete refuse data
and to determine the variability of municipal refuse. (Author
abstract)
02833
AIR POLLUTION IN ERIE COUNTY (COMPREHENSIVE
AREA SURVEY REPORT NUMBER TWO.) New York State
Air Pollution Control Board, Albany. 1963. 109 pp.
The objectives of this survey were: To determine, by means
of a contaminant emission inventory, the relative contribution
of the respective sources of air contamination to the overall
loading of the community atmosphere. To determine popula-
tion, land use, agriculture and industrial development trends
and'the ability of the air reservoir to idlute and disperse air
contaminant emissions. To extrapolate, from applicable
meteorological, air sampling and source data, the potential at-
mospheric concentrations of the more common air contami-
nants. To assess the effectiveness of presently applied emis-
sion controls and the administrative steps that have been and
can be taken by government agencies to control both existing
and potential air pollution sources.
03454
W. C. Cope, Chairman.
SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION - NEW YORK NEW JER-
SEY. Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York City. Feb.
1958, 95 pp.
Pollution in the metropolitan area was studied by: aerial recon-
naissances and photography; and surveys in the communities.
Significant information was collected on: relationships of
meteorology, visibility and pollution; interstate movement of
pollution as indicated by releasing tracer dust in one state and
collecting in the other; amount of vehicle exhaust fumes and
other organic materials in the air; sulfur dioxide concentration
on Staten Island, and ozone on Staten Island and in Carteret,
N.J.; effects of the polluted atmosphere on health, vegetation,
materials and transportation; and a study and evaluation was
made of existing laws in the State of New York, New Jersey
and Connecticut, and other jurisdictions. Air pollution originat-
ing in regions of New York and New Jersey within the New
York Metropolitan Area is interstate in character, affects
public health and comfort adversely, and damages property.
While the control and abatement of air pollution at its sources
is the primary obligation of the states, counties or municipali-
ties in which it originates, the problems of interstate air pollu-
tion cannot be solved wholly by governmental agencies inde-
pendently of one another. The abatement of existing interstate
air pollution and the control of future interstate air pollution is
of prime importance to the persons living and industry located
in the area affected thereby, and can best be accomplished
through the cooperation of die states involved, by and through
a common agency or instrumentality. An interstate instrumen-
tality, employing the administrative practices followed by the
Interstate Sanitation Commission in the abatement of in-
terstate water pollution, should be created to deal with the
problems of interstate air pollution. Drafts of proposed legisla-
tion to meet the situation described in this report should
reflect fully the opinions and needs of many agencies, local
governing bodies, members of the Legislatures, representa-
tives of industry, and of the public. There has been insuffi-
cient time between the completion of the study and the sub-
mission of this report to afford opportunity to interested agen-
cies to express their views on the form which legislation to
abate interstate air pollution should take.
22812
Wohlers, H. C. and G. B. Bell
LITERATURE REVIEW OF METROPOLITAN AIR POLLU-
TANT CONCENTRATIONS- PREPARATION, SAMPLING
AND ASSAY OF SYNTHETIC ATMOSPHERES. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., Contract
DA 18-064-404-CML-123, S.R.I. Proj. SU-1816,193p., Nov. 30,
1956. 82 refs.
-------
62
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
A literature review of metropolitan air pollutant concentrations
and of the preparation, sampling, and assay of synthetic at-
mospheres is presented. Measured concentrations of gaseous
and participate pollutants in the atmosphere, including sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, formal-
dehyde, hydrocarbons, chloride, carbon monoxide, ozone,
fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, carbon dioxide, gross particulates,
and dust fall are tabulated. Calculated emissions from centers
of population are presented for industrial and public
processes, including combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas,
incinerators, automobile exhausts, power plants, and metallur-
gical operations. Data on measured and calculated air pollution
concentrations throughout the world are given. Methods for in-
jecting pollution simulants into a test chamber, such as ozone
generators and aerosol despensers, are mentioned. Sampling
and analytical procedures are described for the particular
problem of testing static atmospheres for bacteria. Sampling
equipment consists primarily of an impinger preceded by a
millipore filter. Analytical procedures include ultraviolet ab-
sorption, high volume sampling, glass fiber filters, and
colorimetric, gravimetric, iodimetric, spectrophotometric,
Saltzman, and electrochemical methods.
-------
63
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
01798
BD. Tebbens, J.F. Thomas, M. Mukai
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTANTS RESULTING FROM
COMBUSTION. Am. Soc. Testing Mater., Spec. Tech. Publ.
352. (Presented at the Symposium on Air-Pollution Measure-
ment Methods, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct 5, 1962.) pp 3-31,
Dec. 1963.
An enormous variety of organic by-products result from both
oxidative degradation of fuels and synthesis of complex
molecular species occurring simultaneously when combustion
is incomplete. Synthesis is demonstrated by the fact that
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weights up
to 300 may be derived from incomplete combustion of such a
simple fuel as methane. These hydrocarbons are part of the
solid phase of combustion by-products and may be filtered
from gaseous components. Among them are the arenes
naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)
anthracene, and others. Additionally, there exist relatively
non-volatile oxidation derivatives such as alpha- and beta-
naphthol and others. Only a few of the 90 or more individual
chemical entities found in these series have been postively
identified. Sufficient evidence exists from burning a variety of
gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels to state categorically that it is
the process of combustion rather than the chemical quality of
the fuel which leads to synthesis of these arenes. Fuels studied
include natural gas; propane; butane; 1-butene; 1,3-butadiene;
ethyne, hexane; 2,2,4 trimethylpentane cyclohexane; 1-hexene;
benzene; toluene; and gasoline, as well as the miscellaneous
celluloses involved in incineration of paper, wood, tree
trimmings, and the like. The same range of aromatic hydrocar-
bons has been separated from contaminated air in distressed
urban atmospheres. Investigation of aldehydes produced by
combustion indicated that only formaldehyde decreased with
increasing secondary air when combustion was incomplete.
However, with complete combustion, use of additional secon-
dary air was accompanied by an increasing quantity of formal-
dehyde. Thus using large excesses of secondary air to control
smoke may be inadvisable for air-pollution control. The total
amount of arenes produced depends in part on the incomplete-
ness of the burning process. While one would assume that the
smoking point of fuels would be an index of relative ease of
combustion and of relative desirability of fuels for urban
usage, the possible production of combustion nuclei is also
suggested. Such a criterion may become significant in choosing
fuels suitable for use in urban environments. (Author summary
modified)
09284
Stumbar, James P. and Robert H. Essenhigh
FLAME SPREAD DOWN PAPER CYLINDERS-Preprint,
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Dept. of Fuel
Science, 4p., 1967. (Presented at Eastern States Section Meet-
ing, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa., Nov. 27-28,1967.)
The rate of flame spread down vertical paper cylinders has
been measured to provide information on the rates and
mechanisms of flame spread on a material representative of
typical wastes, for prediction of transient behavior in a test in-
cinerator. The cylinder diameters ranged from 1/8 in. to about
2-1/2 in. The rates of spread were in the range 0.05 in./sec. to
0.2 in./sec., and were found to be a prime function of diame-
ter. As the diameter increased from 1/8 in., the rate initially
fell, but it soon reached a minimum (at about 1/4 in. dia.) and
then started to rise again. After going through a point of in-
flection it continued to rise but tending to an upper limit. This
general behavior, expressible by an equation quoted, was
found to be obeyed when the cylinder bottom was either open
or closed (plugged with a stopper), and also at two different
levels of humidity.
13618
Reh, L.
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION. (Verbrennung in der Wir-
belschicht.) Translated from German. Chem. Ing. Tech.
40(11):509-515, 1968. 12 refs.
The use of fluidized bed incineration is limited, among other
things, by the combustion temperature, the caloric value of the
fuel and the gas velocity in the turbulent layer. By adequately
controlling the combustion process a very narrow temperature
range can be maintained, which is demonstrated by various ex-
amples (roasting of sulfide ores at various types of cooling,
regeneration of pickling bath, incineration of oil and waste
sludge).
14370
Satyanarayana Rao, T. R., G. Gelernter, and R. H. Essenhigh
SCALE UP OF COMBUSTION POT BEHAVIOR BY DIMEN-
SIONAL ANALYSIS. American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers, New York, Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator
Conf., New York, 1968, p. 232-236. 3 refs. (May 5-8).
The nature is established of dimensionless groups characteriz-
ing combustion behavior in an incinerator. In particular, these
groups should determine the influence of scale in transposing
results from the combustion pot to the incinerator. The analy-
sis indicates that if F(A) is the burning rate per unit area of
grate and k is an effective reactivity coefficient, then the ratio
(F(A)/k) can be expressed as a function of a minimum of four
groups involving nine parameters. From inspection of these
groups, it would seem that their values may well be the same
in both systems for the same range of dimensional parameters
in the two systems. It follows from this that the scale factor
involved should be unity, i.e., combustion and burning rate
data obtained in a combustion pot should transpose to an in-
cinerator bed without change. For other things then being
equal, the area burning rate can only be increased if k is in-
creased. (Author abstract modified)
-------
64
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
01941
M. B.Jacobs
HEALTH ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION FROM INCINERA-
TORS. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1964. pp.
128-31.
The public health aspects of incinerator exhaust gases are
discussed first in the light of the physiological response in-
duced by specific contaminants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and other inorganic gases and aldehydes, organic
acids, esters, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and other organic
compounds; second, with respect to their relation to illness
caused by air pollution in general such as emphysema and
other respiratory diseases, allergenic responses, and cancer;
and third on the character of the effluent gases, namely
domestic, municipal, or industrial. One aspect of domestic in-
cinerator effluents is particularly stressed, that is, the effect
on nearby residents. The contribution that incinerator exhaust
gases make to the air pollution of any given community de-
pends on the ratio of the amount of refuse and garbage burned
to the total amount of fuel used and consumed in that region.
23167
Gilluly, Richard H.
THE HAZARDS OF TRACE ELEMENTS. Sci. News,
97(23):560-561, June 6, 1970.
When researchers at a metal-free laboratory at Brattleboro,
Vt., exposed rats and mice orally over their lifetimes to en-
vironmental amounts of all the elements found in the National
Air Sampling Stations, three elements appeared of concern in
the amounts found in the environment: lead, nickel, and cad-
mium. In doses comparabl to amounts that might accumulate
in humans living near dense traffic, lead shortened life spans
of the experimental animals and caused nervous system deteri-
oration. Nickel carbonyl results from a reaction between
nickel and hot carbon monoxide which probably takes place in
incinerators and in internal combustion engines. It is absorbed
by the lungs and is probably carcinogenic. Inhaled, cadmium
can cause emphysema and bronchitis. Taken into the body,
through the lungs or otherwise, it is associated with car-
diovascular death rates, hypertension, and kidney disease.
Vanadium alone is nontoxic in laboratory animals in amounts
far larger than found in the environment, but it may facilitate
creation of enough sulfur trioxide to cause problems. How-
ever, adequate chromium in the diets of experimental rats will
prevent the toxic effects of lead. An approach that has been
suggested to deal with trace elements in water supplies is to
create dual water-supply systems, one system for industrial
uses and residentia uses and the second for drinking water.
23293
World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and
International Society for Biometeorology
A SURVEY OF HUMAN BIOMETEOROLOGY. TN-65,
WMO-160.TP.78, 113p., 1964. 220 refs.
Human biometeorology studies the influences of the
meteorological elements such as temperature, humidity, wind,
radiation, and atmospheric electricity on man in health and in
disease, his adaptability to changes in the environment, and
the use of weather and change of climate in the treatment of
human disease. Homeostatic mechanisms such as the nervous
system and endocrine system are discussed in terms of adapta-
bility. The influences of various meteorological parameters on
human functions are studied. The influences of trace elements
are considered. Sources and effects of various pollutants are
listed, including fuel combustion, incineration, and automo-
biles, producing particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozone and other oxidants. The effects of the
influences of weather on diseases are tabulated. Drug effects,
reaction speed, working efficiency, and accidents are all in-
fluenced by climate. The effects of town planning on the
microclimatic environment of man are discussed. Farm
animals and insects can be affected by climate, and in turn,
they can affect amn. The therapeutic utilization of climate is
described. (Author summary modified)
-------
65
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
09275 two gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chloride. In
Bohne, Helmut both cases the sources of emission were refuse incineration
EMMISSION DAMAGE CAUSED BY HOSPITAL WASTE IN- plant-S ?f hP'S Which CrWorine comPOUn?S ^ ** "^
CINERATION. STAUB (English translation) 2700)28-31 consistmg 80- 90 percent of paper and packagmg material
net iQfi? 4ref« TFSTT-TT^si4ftB/in -"u«A^o 3i, were decomposed duTuig short penods at a temperature of 800
Oct. iw>/.4reis. C±^U. 1 r 67-51408/10 lj(xx) deg c Erection of chlorine washing plants appears,
The strong decolonization and whitening of plants observed in therefore, to be necessary. (Author's summary)
-------
66
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
12055
Nowak, F.
CORROSION PROBLEMS IN INCINERATORS. Combustion,
40(5):32-40, Nov. 1968.
The state of the art of corrosion in incinerators is reviewed.
While at first glance there seems to be no great difference
between an incinerator whose generated heat is being used for
steam generation and a boiler fired with conventional fuel, in
fact many more problems are encountered due to the heavy
deposits, more frequent outages, and gas-side corrosion of
heating surfaces. Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the
waste materials and the corrosive components in the flue gas
which are steadily increasing with the increase in plastics and
other industrial wastes fired, control of conditions in incinera-
tors is difficult. Some examples of corrosive experience and
some approaches to control of the problems are discussed.
14737
Faessler, K., H. Leib, and H. Spaehn
CORROSION IN REFUSE INCINERATION PLANTS. (Korro-
sionen an Muellverbrennungskesseln). Text in German. Mitt.
Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 48(2): 126-139, April 1968. 57 refs.
The state of the boiler furnace of a refuse incineration plant
after 42,000 hours of Ooperation is described. Despite a rather
high HC1 content in the flue gas, no extreme corrosion was
found on the boiler tubes (maximum wall temperature 350 C).
Points of high flue gas turbulence (which prevents incrusta-
tion) showed greater corrosion, but this occurred only at the
transition from furnace to boiler. The pipe incrustations from
various parts of the furnace were analyzed by chemical and X-
ray fluorescence and X-ray fine structure methods.
Microprobe measurements were also taken. The results
showed that chlorides and sulfates are present in sufficient
quantities to trigger and sustain chloride or sulfate corrosion
processes. It was determined from a review of the literature
that only at pipe wall temperatures greater than 400 C is there
any heavy corrosion. Corrosion occurs at this point because
the pipe incrustations begin to melt at these high temperatures.
16420
Rasch, Rudolf
REFUSE INCINERATION AND SYNTHETIC PACKING
MATERIAL. (Muellverbrennung und Kunststoffverpackung).
Text in German. Verpackungs Rundschau, 19(10):67-73, 1968.
(Presented at the 23rd Arbeitstagung des Instituts fuer Leben-
smitteltechnologje und Verpackung, Munich, April 3, 1968.)
The per capita accumulation of refuse per year is about 200 to
240 kg. The specific weight can be as high as 600 kg/cu m (at
high ash content) or as low as 200 kg/cu m (at a high amount
of packing material). The annual volume per capita ranges
from 0.4 to 1.2 cu m. Common disposal methods are sanitary
landfills, composting, and incineration, the latter being the
safest and most hygienic method. Flue gases resulting from
this process must be cooled to 250 C for cleaning. Incineration
of synthetic packing material, such as polyvinyl chloride can
lead to corrosion due to hydrogen chloride formation. The flue
gases of the average incinerator contain 0.1 to 0.2% HC1. Cor-
rosion can be prevented by neutralizing the flue gas, using ex-
cess air, and limiting superheater temperature. In coming
years, the PVC fraction among refuse will increase to about
2% by weight With the measures outlined, corrosion can be
held within limits. If the polyvinyl chloride fraction, however,
exceeds 5%, the danger of corrosion will be real.
19325
Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD EVALUATION OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE
INCINERATOR RELATED TO ADX POLLUTION AND
METAL CORROSION. Trans. Soc. Heating, Air-Conditioning,
and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan), vol. 7:95-104, 1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition con-
ducted at five sites in Japan is described. The study was un-
dertaken to obtain information on odor and metal corrosion
problems. The exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and
hydrochloric acid. Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid
are mainly responsible for the corrosion, with sulfuric and
nitric acids only partially concerned. Percentages of exhaust
products as a function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Con-
tinuous firing rather than batch firing would limit noxious ef-
fluents. Temperature and excess air control would also help.
After-burning chambers should be installed to further reduce
contaminants.
24187
MAINTENANCE OF ODOR-CONTROL SYSTEMS. Environ.
Control Safety Management, 1970:58-59, Oct. 1970.
Material failures in odor control systems can do more than
result in costly downtime for maintenance, repair, or replace-
ment of plant equipment. While not harmful to health, odor is
annoying and can affect community relations. To prevent odor
during fermentation from being vented into the atmosphere,
engineers at a pharmaceutical company producing antibiotics
devised a system for conducting the fumes of the fermentation
facilities to the power plant for incineration. They discovered,
however, that the system' fans and ductwork were subjected
to moderately heavy pitting and corrosion, which resulted
from warm moist participate matter being picked up from the
fermenting tanks and carried in the airstream. The first step in
controlling the old system was to specify a more corrosion-re-
sistant material for the ductwork and fans. Type 316 stainless
steel was specified, containing 16-18% chromium, 10-14%
nickel, and 2-3% molybdenum. The replacement ducts were
made from 16-gauge stainless steel sheet, and four-foot-long
duct sections were butt-welded together into eight-foot lengths.
These longer sections were joined during installation with sim-
ple flanged joints sealed with a silicone material.
-------
67
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01294
C. A. Rogus
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS IN REFUSE INCINERATION.
Public Works 97, (5) 113-7, May 1966.
The major overall trends observed in Europe's incinerators are
the following: a) There are fewer but larger central incinera-
tors with progressively larger furnaces, up to 500 TPD each, b)
Typical installations use rugged grates of designs providing
continuous, mild mixing and agitation of burning refuse, c)
Furnace chambers are high roofed, d) Use of water cooled
walls and arches is widespread, e) Many waste heat boilers
with steam and power generation are installed. There are some
indications that this trend may not continue should the natural
gas resources recently opened in the Netherlands be made
economically available in Central Europe, f) Raw gas cleansing
is performed by electrostatic precipitation, g) There is ever in-
creasing use of automation and mechanization, and an atten-
dant dependence on more sophisticated instrumentation, h)
Fewer (one or two per plant) but much higher exhaust stacks
of monolithic reinforced concrete construction are customary.
i) Shredding of oversized wastes permits incineration of these
articles with normal refuse. (Author summary)
02392
J. A. Fife and R. H. Boyer, Jr.
WHAT PRICE INCINERATION AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL? Proc. NatL Incinerator Conf. 89-96, 1966. (Presented at
the National Incinerator Conference, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
This paper takes an objective but statistical approach to seven-
teen possible combinations of air pollution control equipment
for municipal incinerators. Both refractory-lined and water-
walled furnaces of identical capacities are followed by gas
tempering systems, where required, and thence to mechanical
cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, or bag filters. Additional
alternates include the introduction of furnace gases directly to
either a refractory-lined baffled spray chamber or to a wet
scrubbing system. Thus, each furnace unit is equipped with a
separate and independent air pollution control system. Empiri-
cal latitude applies in certain design areas, but experience is
combined to draw conclusions. Thus, assessment of capital
and operating costs of incinerator air pollution control equip-
ment indicates several entirely possible solutions to a univer-
sally acknowledged problem. (Author abstract)
03006
MODERNIZATION OF THE CITY INCINERATOR PLANT
(ENGINEERING REPT. TO THE CITY OF KENOSHA,
WISCONSIN). Consoer, Townsend and Associates, Chicago,
DL Nov. 1966. 45 pp.
This report includes a number of studies considered the most
economical and efficient for modernization of the city in-
cinerator plant. It is recommended that the four existing in-
cinerator units be remodeled by (1) installing modern
reciprocating type of multiple arm rocker grate type stokers,
and (2) combining the two pairs of existing units into two
larger units to obtain the necessary length and volume of fur-
nace and combustion chambers to incinerate mixed refuse.
This will provide two incinerator units of approximately 15%
of present plant capacity and permit burning a mixture of gar-
bage and rubbish. The estimated cost of the recommended
changes is also given.
11114
Ernst and Ernst, Washington, D. C.
A COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF PARTICULATE AND
SOX EMISSION CONTROL IN THE NEW YORK
METROPOLITAN AREA. Preprint, ((28))p, 1968. (Presented at
the Air .pollution Abatement Conference, New York, N. Y.
Feb. 1968.)
The annual cost of alternative methods for reducing particulate
and SOx emission from power plants, stationary combustion
sources, and incinerators is estimated. The alternatives include
changing types of fuel and installation of various pieces of
control equipment.
11857
Boubel, Richard W.
A MODIFIED STATISTICAL 'TRANSPORTATION
PROBLEM' AS APPLIED TO AN ATMOSPHERIC WASTE
DISPOSAL EVALUATION. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, New York City, 10p., 1965. 12 refs. (Presented at
the Air Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 58th,
Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965, Paper 65-161.)
In Oregon, residue from lumber and plywood manufacturing is
usually incinerated in tepee burners. Since the particulate
emission for a typical burner is about 30 pounds of aerosols
per ton of fuels consumed, the burners present serious air pol-
lution problems, particularly for Bear Valley where radiation
inversions are common, resulting in a stable air condition with
poor pollution dispersal. A preliminary cost study was made of
the feasibility of alternate means of residue disposal in the val-
ley, either using multiple chamber incineration facilities or
power generation. The analysis, which used a constant cost
figure for transportation of the residue from mill sites to
disposal facilities, indicated that the cost of either method
would be prohibitive. Transportation was a large item in the
cost analysis. To reduce transportation costs, it will be neces-
sary to optimize the number and location of disposal facilities.
Related to the transportation problem was the location
problem, i.e., distributing a combination of faculties
throughout an area to minimize the costs of construction and
expenses incurred in transporting resources to these facilities
from predetermined source points. If burners were eliminatd
by authorities, the successful solution of this problem would
enable mill owners to minimize disposal costs.
-------
68
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
05197
A. J. Benline, and R. A. Wolff
CRITERIA USED IN THE EXAMINATION OF APPLICA-
TIONS FOR PERMITS TO INSTALL FLUE FED INCINERA-
TORS IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK. New York City Dept.
of Air Pollution Control. Mar. 1962. 35 pp.
Since the creation of the Department of Air Pollution Control
as a separate agency of the New York City government, the
engineers of the Department have been examining applications
and plans for many kinds of installations of fuel and refuse
burning equipment at a rate of more than 800 per month.
Prominent among these applications are those for the installa-
tion of flue fed incinerators. The purpose of plan examination
is to make certain that well designed installations are made.
While these Criteria were developed originally for the
guidance of department engineers, they are now being
published for the information of architects, engineers, instal-
lers, and others who are required to file plans with this De-
partment. These are the Criteria the Department uses in ex-
amining applications. They are based on over ten years of in-
tensive experience with many installations as well as the
recommendations and standards of the Incinerator Institute of
America, National Board of Fire Underwriters, Air Pollution
Control Association, engineering textbooks, the catalogues,
and brochures of contractors and manufacturers, the Rules
and Regulations of the New York City Department of Air Pol-
lution Control and the rules of other similar regulatory bodies.
Improvements in the art of burning refuse efficiently, effec-
tively, and without nuisance are under continuing develop-
ment. In order to preclude prohibition of meritorious improve-
ments not in compliance with these Criteria, the Commissioner
may consider alternate designs. From time to time the Criteria
will be reviewed and may be revised. These Criteria are neces-
sary for the protection of the public in general and the
purchaser of equipment in particular so that nuisances are not
created nor illegal installations made.
07595
New York City Dept. of Air Pollution Control
CRITERIA USED FOR UPGRADING EXISTING APART-
MENT HOUSE INCINERATORS IN THE CITY OF NEW
YORK. 21p., Jan. 1967.
It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 apartment
house incinerators operating currently in New York City.
More than 75% of these were installed prior to the establish-
ment ofthe Department of Air Pollution Control in 1950.
Apartment house incinerators were then generally designed to
fit into limited space without consideration of particulate emis-
sion control. The shortcomings can in most cases be overcome
by modifications in design and a suitable particulate emission
control device. The requirements for upgrading existing apart-
ment house incinerators are outlined.
12118
Goder, Richard
WHAT ARE STANDARDS FOR THE INCINERATOR INDUS-
TRY? Preprint, 13p., June 1963. 9 refs.
The role of the incinerator industry in bearing responsibility
for continuous development of incinerator design is discussed.
A project is described in which three different standard in-
cinerators, complying with the code specifications of the In-
cinerator Institute of America (HA), Los Angeles County, and
New York City, respectively, were tested by procedures out-
lined in A.S.M.E. Test Codes. Design and performance
showed wide variation among the three units. There was con-
siderable latitude in incinerator design to meet a specified per-
formance, and it was apparent from the tests that the HA
design standards will safely meet the limitations required by
most American cities to assure proper performance. Little
progress in proper design of incinerators for refuse disposal
can be made until a universal agreement on test standards,
procedures, and instrumentation is adopted by air pollution of-
ficials and the industry.
14366
Cross, F. L., Jr. and R. W. Ross
EFFLUENT WATER FROM INCINERATOR FLUE-GAS
SCRUBBERS. American Society of Mechanical Engineers
New York Incinerator Div., Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.,
New York, 1968, p. 69-72. 6 refs. (May 5-8).
Florida's new air pollution control standards for incinerator
emissions has focused attention on the use of dry control
methods, such as bag houses or electrostatic precipitators to
replace the conventional wet-scrubbing systems now used in
large municipal incinerators. Although wet scrubbers reduce
emissions to 0.1 0.2 g/cu ft, dry control methods can reduce
these limits even further. Other problems caused by the use of
scrubbers on incinerators involve high corrosivity of the
scrubber effluent and inability of the effluent to meet Florida's
criteria for water pollution control. In order to meet water
quality standards, scrubber water must be treated to neutralize
excess acidity and to remove chemical constituents before it
can be released to a receiving stream or lake. Analyses of
scrubber water at various installations showed a marked in-
crease in chemical constituents in effluent over amounts found
in raw water pumped from wells to supply the air pollution
devices at the incinerator. Phenols and cyanide showed the lar-
gest increase in proportion to the amount found in the raw
water, while aluminum, barium, chromium, copper, iron, lead,
manganese, and zinc all showed increases over the raw water
counts. It is suggested that the cost of dry control methods
may not be as high as scrubber waste water treatment.
17201
Hishida, Kazuo
EXPLANATION WITH GUIDES OF COLLECTOR FOR
REFUSE INCINERATOR SMOKE. (Gomi shyokyakuro no
baien shod shisetsu shido hyojun no kaisetsu). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(6):365-372,
June 15, 1967.
It is impossible to standardize measures to control incinerator
smoke because incinerators are so diversified. For this reason,
the Tokyo Metropolitan Environment Planning Office, Air Pol-
lution Control Section, has issued a guide to refuse incinerator
-------
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
69
smoke collectors, which will enable plants to select or decide
on incinerators which are economical but meet operating
criteria, or to improve existing units. The choice of an in-
cinerator depends largely on the kinds of refuse burned and
the required capacity. In addition, there are many regulations
governing stack smoke. The property of smoke dust is deter-
mined by incinerator type, operation method, incineration con-
dition, and kinds of refuse. For instance, when refuse bulk ex-
ceeds maximum capacity, half burnt ashes contain toxic gases
or an unusual high temperature is registered inside the in-
cinerator. Also, the collector becomes overheated. Incineration
capacity is generally decided by operating conditions, which
are as a rule subordinate to both regulatory acts and main-
tenance management. Good maintenance requires that inside
temperature be kept at 1000 C during operation and that sur-
faces of metal fittings be kept at 200 to 350 C. In the case of
batch incinerators, refuse should be introduced in spaced in-
tervals and in small quantities. By preventing temperatures
from dropping, this technique should improve combustion.
Refuse incineration becomes more important as living stan-
dards increase. Consequently, advanced methods of con-
densing wet refuse and sorting refuse before incineration
should be exploited.
22375
Voelker, Edward M.
INCINERATOR STANDARDS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
12(10): 487-491, Oct. 1962. (Presented at the Air Pollution Con-
trol Association, 55th Annual Meeting, Chicago, HI., May 20-
24, 1962.)
The Incinerator Institute of America, a non-profit organization
formed in 1950, has established standards with the aim to up-
grade the services and products of their industry to meet the
demand for efficient nuisance free disposal of combustible
waste. If the space around the incinerator is inadequate, if
there is insufficient air supply to the incinerator room, or if
the stack or draft producing equipment is inadequate, then the
best designed incinerator will not operate nuisance free. As the
Incinerator Standards have purposely dealt only with basic in-
cinerator designs, the designing architect and engineer are
asked to give careful consideration to the following: collection
and method of changing the refuse; ample areas for charging,
stoking, and ash handling, as well as general maintenance;
adequate air supply; the effect which any air conditioning or
ventilating equipment may have on the air supply; adequate
draft to assure safe operation and complete combustion at
reasonable temperatures; location of the top of the chimney or
stack; immediate environments and the use of auxiliary equip-
ment such as fly ash collectors; and current local codes and
ordinances. Methods for determining the products of com-
bustion from the burning of refuse are described: one
procedure is to calculate the amount of theoretical and excess
air based on ash and moisture free combustibles; the other
method is to figure the theoretical and excess air requirements
from the ash and moisture free combustibles, figuring
separately the Ib of dry gas, and to multiply to obtain the
volume of dry gas. Water is figured separately and multiplied
by the specific volume of water vapor at the temperature
desired, and all the volumes are added together for a total
figure. Cost considerations for incinerator design are also
discussed.
22389
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
DISCHARGE LIMITATION FOR REFUSE INCINERATORS.
(FWDP 12). APPENDIX C. Preprint, 16p., 1965. 38 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Belov and Associates, Denver, Colo.,
25p., Feb. 1970.
A provisional standard is provided for refuse incineration
which includes descriptions of various types of incineration
plants. Median values and typical characteristics for incinera-
tion are given for different kinds of refuse. Heating values,
chemical contents of refuse, loads on grate areas, tempera-
tures, and related parameters are included in the tabular
presentation. The reduction of dusts from the combustion gas
is treated with regards to what types of operations,
mechanisms, actions, or abuses would contribute to the
decrease or the increase in the formation of dust particles. The
subject is examined according to fuel and fuel utilization, grate
construction, burner space, air draft from below for pre-dry-
ing, secondary aeration, successive heating areas, funnel for
flying dust, and cleaning installations. Various suggestions are
offered in choosing between cyclones, electrical dust removers
and other dust collectors. The construction and the efficiency
of the burner installation, fuel and refuse characteristics,
amount and granulation and characteristics of coarse dust, and
available space for the dust remover must be known in order
to make the choice. Typical values of removal efficiency are
given for different removal systems and are tabulated accord-
ing to the required draft pressure and location of use in the in-
cineration facility. In addition, diverse factors that contribute
to favorable and unfavorable degrees of dust separation in
removers are listed, and some suggestions for the reduction of
emissions are given.
-------
70
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00973
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION CONTROL REGULATIONS AND ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) Public Health Service, Washington,
D.C., National Center for Air Pollution Control 143p., 1967.
The regulations and ordinances have been arranged in sections
which include Smoke Emissions and Equivalent Opacity Regu-
lations, Regulations Pertaining to Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Regulations Pertaining to Paniculate
Emissions from Refuse-Burning Equipment, Regulations Per-
taining to Particulate Emissions from Manufacturing
Processes, Regulations Pertaining to Sulfur Compound Emis-
sion Control, Regulations Pertaining to Hydrocarbon Emission
Control, Regulations Pertaining to Fluoride Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Motor Vehicle Emission Control,
Regulations Pertaining to Odor Emission Control, and Zoning
Ordinances. The regulations and ordinances represent the dif-
ferent methods of controlling emissions by law and varying
degrees of control. Some definitions were picked selectively to
provide very good definitions while others were picked
because of their wide use by many states and communities.
01948
J. W. Stephenson
SPECD7ICATIONS AND RESPONSD3ILITY FOR INCINERA-
TOR PLANT PERFORMANCE. Proc. Natl. Incinerator Conf.,
New York City, 1964. pp. 8-12.
As a result of the growing demand for nuisance-free refuse
disposal and the increasing complexity of modern refuse in-
cinerator plants, performance-type plans and specifications for
incinerators are no longer acceptable. In addition to basic
design, the engineer must now be responsible for demonstrat-
ing that the plant operates at the required capacity in a
nuisance-free manner and without hazard to health or proper-
ty. In this paper, the author presents his views of the relative
responsibility of state health departments designing engineers,
and contractors for proper design and operation of municipal
incinerators. He also cites examples of performance-type
specification requirements still in use which are not consistent
with the best engineering practice.
02393
R. Goder and A. Marshalla.
INCINERATOR TESTING PROGRAMS 1966. Proc. Natl. In-
cinerator Conf. 231-4, 1966. (Presented at the National In-
cinerator Conference, American Society of Mechanical En-
gineers, New York City, May 1-4, 1966.)
The progress on incinerator testing programs since the 1964
ASME National Incinerator Conference is reported for several
groups. Actions of the Air Pollution Control Association and
the Incinerator Institute of America are presented in this paper
together with immediate objectives. The Incinerator Institute
of America's new test charges, procedures and instrumenta-
tion are presented against a background of test results accu-
mulated and studied by the members. Field studies of large
numbers of installations are hampered by complex testing
procedures and the industry suffers from a lack of significant
data for study. A new procedure to reduce the costs of stack
emission tests is outlined. (Author abstract)
03805
REGULATION 2. Bay Area Air Pollution District, San Fran-
cisco, Calif. May 4, 1960. 51 pp.
A regulation of the Bay Area Air Pollution Control District
regulating emissions of certain air contaminants from incinera-
tion, salvage, heat transfer, general combustion, and general
operations enacted September 1,1960, is described.
054%
J. W. BishopL. F. Deming
ECONOMICS OF SOLID WASTE INCERATION. Proc.
MECAR Symp., Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York City
1967. pp. 51-9.
The economic factors reflected in current and future incinera-
tion of refuse are identified. Twenty four hour per day opera-
tion for six days per week is a possible specification. Factory
fabricated components and automation should be utilized to
the maximum. Waste heat should be recovered. Industry may
be induced to build and operate incinerator-boilers and utilize
the by-product energy. Comparable operations in other process
industries should be studied for adaption to incineration.
Economic factors affecting future incineration of refuse are
different at each location. A complete tabulation of plausible
alternate schemes for each facility should be made and
economically evaluated prior to selection.
06741
E. S. Monroe, Jr.
RECENT COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENTS PREVENT AIR
POLLUTION - LOW EXCESS AK FIRING OF HEAVY FUEL
OILS AND NEW WASTE INCINERATOR. 90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967. pp. 2597-2601. (Presented at
the Joint Technical Conference on Clean Air, Trenton, N.J.,
Nov. 19, 1964.)
The advantages of stoichiometric combustion or low excess air
firing of heavy fuel oils are discussed. A new incinerator for
the destruction of waste products is described which utilizes a
simplified overfire airjet system. Both of these systems excel
in performance and economy and their rapid adoption appears
to be to the mutual advantage of industry and the public.
06961
RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CONTROL
OF ADI POLLUTION (AMENDED). Illinois State Air Pollution
Control Board, Springfield. (Mar. 30, 1967). 33 pp.
The first part of the regulations provides rules for existing pol-
lution from refuse or trade waste disposal and emission stan-
dards for existing equipment. The second portion deals with
rules for control of emissions from new equipment. Examples
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
71
of specific items covered are blast furnaces, coke plants, ce-
ment kilns, and incinerators.
07202
Tada, H.
THE REGULATIONS FOR SMOKE ABATEMENT. Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air, J. Japan. Air Cleaning As-
soc.) (Tokyo), 4U):l-5, 1966.
The law of smoke abatement was first adopted by the
Japanese government in 1960. Prior to that time only local
authorities adopted such measures. The regulations are
directed against smoke from factories (including the area,
facilities, and materials used) and other types of exhaust. The
facilities which fall under the regulation are boilers (electric,
heat-producing, and those using sulfur-containing fuels), fur-
naces (calcinating, gas exhausting, sintering, revolving, open
hearth), and incinerators. Under the regulation, 'smoke' in-
cludes soot, cinders, powdery dust (such as cement dust and
iron dust), SO2 gases, and others. The maximum permissible
concentration of smoke is tabulated according to facility, rang-
ing from 0.5 to 2.0 g/cu m at OC and 1 atmos pressure. A
smog signal or alert must be issued when the concentration os
S02 in the air is greater than 0.2 ppm for 3 hr or 0.3 ppm for 2
hr. The system of control and direction is outlined.
07522
Philadelphia Dept. of Public Health, Pa., Div. of
Environmental Health
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS FROM REFUSE DISPOSAL
OPERATIONS IN PHILADELPHIA AND THE DELAWARE
VALLEY. Preprint, (8 p.), 1965.
The reduction of air pollution emissions from refuse disposal
operations is an important aspect of the increased air pollution
control efforts in the City of Philadelphia. This report provides
current information on the air pollution problems resulting
from municipal, industrial and commercial incineration, open
burning of refuse and domestic refuse burning. Suggested
methods for reducing emissions from these activities are
presented.
07879
Essenhigh, R. H. and G. Gelernter
SYSTEMATIC APPRAISAL OF INCINERATOR RESEARCH
REQUJREMENTS.Preprint, Pennsylvania State Univ., Univer-
sity Park ((34))p., ((1967)) 18 refs. (Presented at the Symposi-
um on Air Pollution Control Through Applied Combustion
Science, 16th Annual Meeting, American Inst. of Chemical
Engineers, New York City, Nov. 26-30, 1967.)
The possibilities for research operations are so wide that some
listing and selection of priorities is necessary to avoid waste of
time and money. Such an analysis is presented. The analysis
leads to the elimination of research projects at both the en-
gineering development level and the basic sciences level, in
favor of research at the intermediate technological level as an
initial step. For understanding behavior of even a Test In-
cinerator, two questions have top priority: (1) What are the
conditions for ignition and extinction? and, (2) What are the
reaction mechanisms and optimum conditions for most
complete burn-up? Division of the incinerator into two Zones,
Zone 1 being the fuel bed and Zone 2 being the overfire region
of smoke and volatiles burn-up, provides a modifier for the
two questions, with priorities becoming: extinction for the fuel
bed, and optimization for the flame zone.
08826
THE AMERICAN PAINT CONVENTION: Affi POLLUTION
AND RULE 66 DISCUSSED. Paint, Oil Colour J. (London),
152(3605):908-912, Nov. 17, 1967. 35 refs.
The discussion of the panel on air pollution at the annual
meeting of the Federation of Societies for Paint Technology is
reported. The panel consisted of four speakers and a chair-
man, or moderator, drawn from various parts of industry, and
including raw material and equipment manufacturers. The his-
tory of the recent legislative proceedings, a review of other
local rules and by-laws, problems of reformation and elimina-
tion of air-polluting products were discussed by the panel.
Rule 66, which was implemented on July 1, 1967, was the final
result of prolonged work and followed the drafting of 65 inter-
mediate regulations, some of which threatened the very ex-
istence of many industries in Los Angeles. The complicated
nature of Rule 66 was made apparent from the numerous
printed commentaries in the form of questions and answers.
Reverting to methods of control and disposal of excessive air
pollution emission as discussed by the panel, three major
sources of air-pollution in the manufacture of paint and ancil-
lary products and their use were considered, namely: (1) Resin
manufacture; (2) Paint application and drying; and (3) Paint
baking. The panel did not concern itself with details of refor-
mulation, otherwise than to indicate the basic problems facing
formulations.
08976
Effenberger, Ernst 0897619430
AIR POLLUTION AND CITY PLANNING. (Luftverun-
reinigung und Stadtebau.) Z. Praventivmedizin, Vol. 11, pp.
601-621, Nov.- Dec. 1966. 73 refs. (Translated from German).
The causes of air pollution in the cities are industrial processes
(furnace firing), household heating, small businesses, and trans
port systems. Measures suitable to fight this pollution must at-
tack either at the source (improvement of incinerators, filters,
purification of waste gas, etc.) or by permitting a faster distri
bution and dilution of the pollutants in the air, which can be
pro- moted by measures related to city planning. Some possi-
bilities are: the location of industrial emitters of pollution in
that sector of a city with the least wind frequency and screen-
ing by parks, increase of the ventilation effect in a city by an
appro priate layout of the streets, the promotion of an open
building pattern, minimum heights for the smoke stacks of in-
custrial pro ducers of pollution, development main traffic
routes without inter- sections, and detours for through traffic,
etc. The most impor tant causes of air pollution in the cities
are the sources of industrial energy in the form of large-scale
incinerators, the heating of households and the exhaust gases
of automotive vehicles. Burned are coal and oil or products
made of these substances. Incinerators using coal dust and
outmoded incinerators are part ticularly important producers
of air pollution.
09500
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington,
D. C., Public Health Service . Executive Order 11282, dated
May 26, 1966.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION ORIGINATING FROM
FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS AND STANDARDS BY THE
SECRETARY OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
IMPLEMENTING THE OBJECTIVES PRESCRD3ED BY THE
ORDER. 5p. ((1966?))
The Executive Order is reprinted. It presents regulations re-
garding emission from Federal installations. Included are sec-
-------
72
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
tions on: policy, procedures for new Federal facilities and
buildings, procedures for existing Federal facilities and build
ings, objectives for Federal facilities and buildings, and stan
dards. Performance standards and techniques of measurement
pre scribed by the Secretary are reproduced here as p Wished
in the Federal Register, 31(107) June 3, 1966.
09514
New York State Dept. of Health, Albany, Division of Air
Resources
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AREA CLASSIFICATIONS.
(NEW YORK CITY.) Preprint, ((18))p., Sept 7, 1966.
The over-riding factor which must be considered in classifying
New York City is the protection of the health of its inhabi
tants. The density of the population in Manhattan (76,200) in
terms of people per square mile is more than twice that of the
density of Brooklyn and Bronx (34,600 and 32,900 respective-
ly.) Based on available information, the level of air contamina-
tion in New York City is above any standard which may be
set. There are three primary sources of pollution in the
Metropolitan area. These are: fuel-burning sources, incinera-
tors and motor vehicles. All of New York City, with the possi-
ble exception of Staten Island, falls within the definition of
Subregion 3; i.e., dense ly populated, primarily commercial,
office buildings, department stores and light industry such as
electronics and instruments, apparel and finished products,
printing and publishing, and food and kindred products. It is
expected that future growth of boroughs in the city. Inspection
of the zoning map prepared by the New York City Department
of City Planning indicates no proposed radical change in the
character of the city. The hub of commercial and industrial ac-
tivities will continue to be in the lower portion of Manhattan
and the western sections of Queens and Brooklyn. The
character of the fringes of the city; i.e., northern Bronx, east-
ern Queens and southern Brooklyn and Staten Island will con-
tinue to be primarily single-family dwellings, with scattered
apartment houses. While New York City's meteor ology is
conducive to rapid dilution of dispersion of discharged con-
taminants, the ability of the atmosphere to do this is often ex-
ceeded. It is recommended that: All of New York City be clas-
sified C-3 and that the corresponding objectives for this clas-
sification as contained in the Ambient Air Quality Objec tives-
Classifications System be adopted, and a target date of five
years be established for meeting these objectives for ambient
air quality in the entire city of New York. (Author's summary
and conslusions)
09677
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., National Center for
Air Pollution Control
A COMPILATION OF SELECTED AIR POLLUTION EMIS-
SION CONTROL REGULATIONS AND ORDINANCES.
(REVISED EDITION.) 142p., 1968.
This compilation contains selected sections of many emission
con- trol regulations and ordinaces. It has been prepared to
provide state and local air pollution control agencies, indus-
tries, and other interested people with selected examples of
the many types of regulations and ordinances in use today. All
sections of regula tions and ordinances included have been
copied directly from the original text of individual state and
local laws. The regula tions and ordinaces have been arranged
in such a manner that each section of this report is a compial-
tion of laws pertaining to a specific type of pollutant or pollu-
tant source. These sections include Smoke Emissions and
Equivalent Opacity Regulations, Paniculate Emissions from
Fuel Burning Plants, Participate Emissions from Refuse-bum-
ing equipment, Paniculate Emissions from Manufacturing
Processes, Paniculate Emissions from Asphalt Batching
Plants, Sulfur Compound Emissions, Organic Solvent Emis-
sions, Hydrocarbon Emissions, Fluoride Emissions, Motor
Vehicle Emissions, Odor Emissions, and Zoning Ordinances.
The regulations and ordinances compiled were selected to
represent the different methods of controlling emissions by
law and to represent varying degrees of control.
09916
New Jersey Air Pollution Control Commission, Planning
Committee
WHERE DOES NEW JERSEY GO FROM HERE IN Affi
POLLUTION CONTROL? Preprint, 44 p., July 18, 1966.
Past and present accomplishments in air pollution control from
the year 1954 to the present are discussed including the follow-
ing subjects: population growth; motor vehicle increases and
pollutants; consumption of fuel and electric power; and indus-
trial growths. Standards and enforcement of codes on open
burning, landfill, incinerators, particulates, sulfur compounds
and motor vehicles are summarized. Twenty-six recommenda-
tions were made to the Commission for improvement in con-
trol programs, standards, codes, enforcement and other ad-
ministrative procedures for controlling air pollution.
10454
Vaughn, Richard D.
ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE UNDER THE SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL ACT.Compost Sci., 9(1):15-17, 1968.
Title U of Public Law 89-272, The Solid Waste Disposal Act,
is a Federal commitment to support and assist in a coordinated
effort to solve solid waste problems. Some of the research and
demonstration projects underway are reviewed briefly. Ap-
proaches such as landfil steam generation and water
desalinization incinerators, and long distance hauling of waste
are mentioned. Specifics of the Act are considered, such as
research grants, training assistance, and suppo of various State
survey and planning projects.
10491
Sableski, J. J., J. C. Knudson, W. A. Cote, and J. F.
Kowalczyk
DEVELOPMENT OF INCINERATION GUIDELINES FOR
FACILITIES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Durham, N. C.,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, 35p., 1968. 7 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper
68-98.)
The efforts of the National Center for Air Pollution Control to
develop guidelines for incinerators at Federal facilities are
discussed. The guidelines were developed to aid purchasing
agents a other technical people in Government to select,
operate, and mainta general refuse and pathological incinera-
tors so that they meet the standards for paniculate emission
set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations. The first guide
issued, the 'Interim Guide to Good Practice for Selecting In-
cinerators for Federal Facilities,' is discussed. The Guide
recommends the Los Angeles County Air Pollutio Control Dis-
trict design of incinerators and gas washers. Other incinerator
and washer designs may be used if standard testing procedures
outlined in the Interim Guide clearly show that they can main-
tain emissions to within the limits set by the Code. The test
program conducted to evaluated existing incinerator and
washer designs is also discussed. Preliminary results from the
PHS testin program are presented. Indications are that com-
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
73
monly employed, uncontrolled incinerators will not meet the
Federal Standards relating to grain loadings. However, where
scrubbers having pressu drops of at least 0.5 inches of water
and water flows of 4 gallons per 1,000 scf are used, incinera-
tors may meet 2 of the 3 particulat standards. Revision of the
third standard, relating to the emissio of particles over 60
microns hi size, is under consideration. (Authors' abstract)
10567
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Philadelphia Med., 64(14):658,
July 20,1968.
The Air Pollution Board of Philadelphia has adopted revised
incinerator regulations which will prohibit the issuance of per-
mits for the construction of new incinerators used in the
disposal of ordinary apartment-commercial-industrial refuse
after January 1, 1969. Within one year of that date, all in-
cinerators are to be equipped with devices to meet stringent
emission standards; all current incinerator owners will be
required to certify by February 1, 1969, that their units will be
shut down, upgraded, or replaced. The new regulations call for
installation of equipment which will reduce particulates in flue
gas to 0.2 or 0.6 Ib./lOO Ib. gas, depending on gas charging
rate; for smoke emission density not exceeding Ringelmann
No. 1 or its equivalent for more than 30 sec. in any one hour
or a total of 3 min. in any day; and for control of odors from
incinerators such that odors shall not be detectable in any area
for human use or occupancy. These regulations must be ap-
proved by the Philadelphia Board of Health, and by the City's
Law and Records Departments, after which a final adoptive
date will be established.
11095
Venezia, Ronald A.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM FEDERAL FACILI-
TIES. Preprint, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control, 15p., 1968. (Presented
at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-28, 1968, Paper 68-176.)
It is the Federal Government's intent to be exemplary in con-
trolling air pollutant emissions from its facilities. The basic
documents used are the Clean Air Act, Executive Order
11282, and regulations pursuant to it, and BOB Circular A-78.
Most regulations cover all Federal Facilities located in the
United States and certain possessions, making distinction in
some methods of refuse disposal between urban and rural
areas. Other regulations are specific for certain metropolitan
areas with extensive air pollution problems. Each agency has
surveyed its facilities to define the air pollution problem and
solutions have been proposed to be implemented in a Govern-
ment-wide 5-year program. This program is subject to updating
and review each year. (Author's abstract)
12511
Stumph, Terry L. and Robert L. Duprey
TRENDS IN ADX POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Association, New York City,
40p., 1969. 19 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 62nd, New York, June 22-26, 1969,
Paper 69-175.)
Recent trends in air pollution control regulations adopted by
state and local agencies were analyzed. Emphasis was on the
concepts of control regulations rather than on specific emis-
sion limits. Trends in control regulations are towards prevent-
ing air pollution through required application of known control
techniques. Outmoded concentration emission standards are
rapidly being replaced by those that limit total mass-emission
rates. Allowable emission rates usually vary according to the
size of the source. Control of all visible emissions is being ac-
cepted as necessary to any control program. Particulate matter
from fuel-burning equipment is being controlled to a high
degree; emission standards for sulfur oxides from fuel com-
bustion are anticipated in the near future. Incinerator emis-
sions standards are relatively undeveloped, due to lack of
knowledge about the performance of high-efficiency dust col-
lectors on these sources. Control of many types of process in-
dustries presents a challenge in the design of equitable emis-
sion standards. The familiar process-weight-rate regulation is
rapidly becoming the standard for limiting particulate matter
from this source category. The potential emissions-rate con-
cept shows promise for certain source types and pollutants.
Odor regulations have mainly involved ambient air measure-
ments using the human sense of smell. (Author abstract
modified)
12989
Simons, Wilhelm
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS AT SMALL INCINERATORS.
(Emissionsmessungen an kleinen Mullverbrennungsanlagen).
Text in German. Tech. Veberwach. (Duesseldorf), 7(12):413-
415, Dec. 1966. 3 refs.
The new law of September 8, 1964 to prevent air pollution
requires that plants with a capacity of less than 20 tons per
day emit not more than 200 mg dust referred to 1 cu m moist
waste gas and a CO2 content of 7%. The smoke plume may
not exceed the No. 2 gray shade on Ringelmann's scale.
Moreover, the law stipulates that all incinerators be equipped
with auxiliary burners, since all solid components must be
burned completely. Measurements are required to prove com-
pliance with the law. Up to now a total of 220 measurements
had been taken at 49 small incinerators of 10 various manufac-
turers. All incinerators had an afterburner and usually two
auxiliary burners in the main combustion chamber. Domestic
wastes, paper, and hospital wastes were ashed. Of the 49 in-
cinerators, 38 were equipped with dust separators. Results of
the measurements show that 75% of the incinerators emitted
dust concentrations below the tolerance limit. The good results
for those incinerators without dust separators can be explained
by the fact that favorable combustion conditions were main-
tained. Furthermore, these furnaces burned only domestic
wastes and paper. A study of the relationship between the
various types of wastes fired in the furnaces and dust emission
showed that they have but little effect on keeping the dust
emissions below the tolerance limit. The percentage of fur-
naces which do not exceed the tolerance limit increases from
72 to 86% with increasing volume of the combustion chamber.
Measurements of the temperatures during the combustion
process showed that all were above 800 C at the peak of the
combustion, after which they fell to 700 C. No disagreeable
odors were noticed. The CO2 concentrations measured ranged
from 1.7 to 7.0%. Thus, it can be safely concluded that these
small incinerators pose no danger to their surroundings.
16343
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. Intern. Digest Health
Legislation, 20(3):499-512, 1969. (Original text in Public
General Acts and Measures of 1968, Chapt. 62, p. 1523-1538,
1969.)
The British anti-air pollution act is presented in its entirety in
addition to supplements, schedules, and means of administra-
tion. Various terms are defined. Limits on the rates of emis-
sion are prescribed. The uses of furnaces are standardized,
-------
74
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
and the over-all policy of the act is provided. The emissions
covered include dark smoke, grit, dust, and fumes.
18108
Luce, Charles F.
NEW YORK CITY TAKES INVENTORY: HOW CLEAN IS
THE AIR. Air. Eng., 11(2):14-16, February 1969.
New York City Local Law 14, although under attack in the
courts, is in effect today. The efforts of the New York City
administration to comply with this law is discussed. Con Edis-
on, as one of the contributors to pollution, has met or will
meet within the established deadlines, every single require-
ment imposed on the company by Local Law 14. Their attack
on the problem is discussed. The problems that exist in the
city are reviewed.
19059
Bistowish, Joseph M.
NASHVILLE'S AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM: PAST,
PRESENT AND FUTURE. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn.,
School of Engineering, Tennessee Stream Pollution Control
Board, Tennessee Dept. of Public Health, Proc. Conf. En-
viron. Water Resources Eng., 8th Ann., Nashville, Tenn.,
1969, p. 171-177. (June 5-6).
The provisions and implementation of an air pollution control
ordinance prepared by the Nashville Health Department are
discussed. The ordinance regulates visible emissions from all
fuel or refuse burning equipment. It is unlawful to bum any
solid or liquid fuel containing more than 2% sulfur by weight.
New incinerators must be multiple chamber incinerators hav-
ing capacities of 100 Ibs/hr with auxiliary heat sources to
prevent air pollution. No incinerator may emit fly ash or other
particulates in excess of 0.2 grain/cu ft. Automobiles and
trucks may not emit visible air contaminants in excess of Rin-
gelmann No. 1. The ordinance also regulates odors, dusts, and
emissions from laundries, dry cleaning plants, and similar
operations. The air pollution control division is divided into
three sections: engineering, enforcement, and laboratory. The
progress of implementation of the ordinance is also discussed.
20133
Ireland, F. E. and D. H. A. Price
INCINERATION: STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND EN-
VmONMENTAL ASPECTS. J. Inst. Fuel (London), vol.
43:115-119, April 1970.
Statutes concerned with airborne effluents and liquid wastes
from incinerators are stated, and some brief notes are given on
the more important requirements and their fields of applica-
tion. Emissions of smoke from incinerators must not be as
dark as or darker than shade 2 on the Ringelmann Chart; any
practicable means must be used to minimize the emission of
grit and dust (the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968). The
Works Regulation Act (1906) is administered by inspectors of
the central authority to control emissions from works for the
destruction by burning of wastes produced in the course of or-
ganic chemical reactions and works in which metal is
recovered from scrap cable by burning the insulation. The
Radioactive Substances Act (1960) deals with the disposal of
radioactive waste. Chimney height determination is an ex-
tremely important aspect of incinerator design, while the three
most important facets to minimize air pollutants from mu-
nicipal incinerators are efficient combustion, arrestment of
particulate matter, and height of dispersion. Waste water may
be discarded to the sewer of the Local Authority, to an inland
water course or estuary, to the sea, or soaked away on land.
The various controlling bodies are empowered to stipulate con-
ditions regarding the volume, composition, and the charac-
teristics of the discharge. Strongly acidic or alkaline waters
may be troublesome, and upper and lower limits for pH are
usually imposed. A maximum permissible temperature is also
often stipulated. A Local Authority controls discharge to
sewers, and the River Authority controls discharges to inland
and tidal waters.
20861
Henderson, J. S.
PLANNING FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. PART 1-
LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT. Plant Eng., 24(12):94-97, June
11, 1970.
The Clean Air Act of 1967 designates 91 air quality control re-
gions and makes each state responsible for adopting regional
air quality standards and for developing an abatement
procedure plan. The central cities of the air quality control re-
gions are specified in this article, and the need of control
agencies to include emission standards in their implementation
plan is discussed. Typical standards for particulate emissions
from coal-fired boilers, manufacturing processes, and incinera-
tion are summarized, as are representative ambient air stan-
dards for particulates and sulfur dioxide. Some state and local
laws require all emission sources to meet both pollution emis-
sion and plume visibility standards. Plant engineers may also
face compliance with other types of requirements and restric-
tions. These may include industrial source registration, includ-
ing quantities and location of pollutant discharges; registration
of plant expansions or process changes; plant access and in-
spection by control authorities; provision of stack sampling
ports and platforms, and continuous monitoring of stack
discharges.
22466
Ordinanz, Wilhelm
A NEW AIR POLLUTION LAW. Staub (English translation
from German of: Staub, Reinhaltung Luft), 29(9):8-10, Sept.
1969. 7 refs.
The Air Pollution Law of Michigan (1967) stipulates licensing
for the erection, mounting, or alteration of combustion equip-
ment or other working processes liable to emit pollutants. An
application must be submitted with the following information:
quantity and temperature of the waste gas or air; the composi-
tion of waste gases with or without scrubbing; prospective
content of solids in the waste gases; point of emission; height
and location relative to adjacent buildings; other factors liable
to facilitate the diffusion or emission in the surroundings; and
information on special effects of the pollutants. The gray value
of smoke plumes from furnaces must be brighter than No. 2
on the Ringelmann scale, but gray value No. 2 must not
prevail for more than 3 minutes every half-hour and gray value
No. 3 for no longer than 3 minutes in an hour, though not
more than three time in 24 hours. Permissible limits of dust
emission are presented tabularly for combustion plants, gar-
bage incinerators, steel production, cupola furnaces for cast
iron, lime kilns, asphalt preparation, cement production, and
pelletizing of iron ore. Several prohibitions are also listed.
23126
Dept. of Interior (West Germany), Advisory Council for
Environmental Planning
WATER BALANCE, AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND
WASTE DISPOSAL. (Wasserwirtschaft, Luftreinhaltung und
Abfallbeseitigung). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(7):290-292, July 1970.
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
75
Recommendations of the Advisory Council for Environmental
Planning concerning air and water pollution and waste disposal
analyze the consequences of pollution on the environment,
stipulate maximum permissible levels of the various pollutants,
and estimate the quantities of industrial waste, of household
waste, and of clearing sludge which have to be disposed of in
communities of various sizes. The installation of an incinerator
pays only if it services at least 100,000 inhabitants otherwise
its capacity remains unused. Smaller communities therefore
must dump their waste in regional dumps but the constant
operation of a bulldozer which is necessary is economical only
for dumps servicing at least 15,000 inhabitants. To prevent
contamination of ground water through waste deposits, an im-
permeable layer at least 1 m thick must separate the two
zones. Of decisive importance is the correct choice of the site
for dumps, orderly and controlled dumping, the proper utiliza-
tion of qualitatively harmless clearing sludge compost, and
suitable dumping site selection for especially objectionable
materials like used oil, chemical, and radioactive waste. To the
degree that waste can be composted this should be done
together with the clearing sludge because such compost is
better suited for use in agriculture. Superregional solutions
must be found for the disposal of abandoned cars. Regional
planning must provide for the selection of dumping grounds.
23765
Sabis, William R., David H. Scott, and David B. Smith
COMPREHENSIVE WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE, SOLID
WASTE AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PLANS. David B.
Smith Engineers, Inc., Gainesville, Fla. Proj. 6914, HUD Proj.
FLA. P-104, 139p., Feb. 1970. 11 refs. CFSTI: PB-191553
A long range comprehensive plan for Palm Beach County,
Florida regarding air pollution control, water supply,
sewerage, and solid wastes disposal is presented. A geographi-
cal description of the area, including land use and trends,
population projections, and transportation networks is pro-
vided. A report of air quality measurements in the area is in-
cluded. Sources in the area include incinerators, automobile
exhausts, certain industrial discharges, dumps, and agricultural
operations. An air pollution control plan, under the auspices of
the Air Quality Act, is recommended. It includes the establish-
ment of an air quality regio and suitable enforcement and
regulatory measures.
25480
Resources Research, Inc., Washington, D. C.
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE CON-
TROL OF PARTICULATES AND SULFUR OXIDES FOR
THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY PORTION OF
THE METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI INTERSTATE AHt
QUALITY CONTROL REGION. NAPCA Contract CPA 70-29,
239p., Sept. 1970. NTIS: PB 195760
The Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Re-
gion, (MCIAQCR), designated on May 2, 1969, comprises ap-
proximately 3000 square miles of land area located in the ex-
treme southwestern portion of Ohio and the adjacent states of
Kentucky and Indiana. There is a total of nine counties in the
MCIAQCR, which is primaril an industrial area. The proposed
regional particulate control strategy consists of emission stan-
dards covering three general categories of emission sources:
industrial process, fuel combustion, and solid waste disposal.
The proposed regional sulfur oxides control strategy consists
of those emission standards on which regulations already in ef-
fect in Cincinnati are based. Emission categories considered
by these standards are industrial process and fuel combustion.
Implementation of control regulations divides into two
separate tasks. First, the new regulations must be officially
adopted by the responsible state agency. Second, field en-
forcement and control of pollution sources affected by the
regulations must be carried out. The primary portion of the
Kentucky enforcement program will be a permit and source
surveillance system. Deficiencies in Kentucky's existing air
pollution control program are pointed out and remedies sug-
geste to enable implementation of the new regulations, which
are cited. Also described are the projected regional air quality
monitoring network and procedures to be used to control
sources during emergency episodes.
25688
Resources Research, Inc., Washington, D. C.
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE CON-
TROL OF PARTICULATES AND SULFUR OXIDES FOR
THE STATE OF OHIO PORTION OF THE METROPOLITAN
CINCINNATI INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL RE-
GION. NAPCA Contract CPA 70-29, 238p., Sept. 1970. NTIS:
PB 195758
The Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Re-
gion (MCIAQCR), designated in May 1969, comproses approx-
imately 3000 square miles of land area located in the extreme
southwestern portion of Ohio and the adjacent states of Indi-
ana and Kentucky. The proposed regional control strategy for
particulates consists of emission standards covering three
general categories of emissions: industrial process, fuel com-
bustion, and solid waste disposal. The proposed control strate-
gy for sulfur oxides consists of those emission standards al-
ready in effect in Cincinnati: the emission categories con-
sidered by these standards are industrial process and fuel com-
bustion. When adopted and enforced, these strategies shoul
lead to acceptable levels of both suspended particulate and
sulfur dioxide as defined by regional Air Quality Standards.
Legally enforceable control regulations based on the emission
standards are presented. In Ohio, the regulations will be imple-
mented primarily through a permit and source surveillance
system. Legal and administrative deficiencies hindering en-
forcement of the control plan in Ohio are pointed out, and
remedial measures suggested. Als reviewed are the projected
regional air quality monitoring network and procedures to be
used to control sources during emergency episodes.
-------
76
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
06085
M. Sterling
ATTITUDES ON THE DESIGN OF FLUE-FED INCINERA-
TORS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 10 (2), 110-3, 174 (Apr.
1960). (Presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Los Angeles, Calif., June 22-26, 1959.)
An attempt has been made to ascertain present attitudes of air
pollution control officials and equipment manufacturers on the
preferred design of new flue-fed incinerators. The basic flue-
fed incinerator has undergone little change until a few years
ago when the effects of air pollution legislation required that
existing units be modified. Fifty-six air pollution control agen-
cies and 14 incinerator manufacturers were contacted, and an-
swers to the questionnaire suitable for data abstraction were
obtained from 33 of them. Fifty-five percent of the respon-
dents felt that there is a value in the use of flue-fed incinera-
tors. The balance felt that if incineration were the desired
disposal technique, it should be accomplished in suitably
designed commercial incinerators. Some distinctive features to
be used as a basis for the design of the unit determined by the
consensus from the poll, are discussed. (Author's conclusions,
modified)
14805
Johnson, K. L.
CITIZEN COMPLAINTS OF ATR POLLUTION IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS. Preprint. Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control,
17p., 1967. (Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16,
1967, Paper APCA 67-176.)
An examination was made of citizen complaints of air pollu-
tion registered with air pollution control agencies representing
the City of Chicago, outlying Cook County, and the State of
Illinois. The complaint files of the City of Chicago contained
the addresses of some 9500 air pollution sources specified by
complainants in complaints covering the time period from ap-
proximately 1954 to 1964. A statistical sample of these sources
showed more than 70% to be of a non-industrial nature, with
domestic fuel burning or incineration by neighbors most often
specified. There were 1119 industrial process sources named in
the Chicago files, 588 nonmanufacturing and 531 manufactur-
ing. Fabricated metal industries, primary metal industries,
chemical manufacturers, and food processing plants were cited
more often than other industrial categories. Complaint sources
named in complaints filed by citizens with the state of Illinois,
and with Cook County, differed with those of Chicago in that
industrial sources were specified more often than nonindustrial
ones. The reason for this is believed to lie in the reduced re-
sidential densities and the relatively great use of pollution free
fuels in the metrolpolitan area outside of the City of Chicago.
(Author abstract modified)
15002
Myrick, Richard and Barbara Spencer Marx
THE CONTROL OF INCINERATOR-CAUSED AIR POLLU
TION IN NEW YORK CITY: 1946-1965. George Washingtoi
Univ., Washington, D. C., Paper 202, 63p., March 1968. 15'
refs. CFSTI, DDC: PB 182 874
New York City's efforts during the past twenty years to as
sess and control undesirable effects from air pollution causec
by incinerators, is documented in case history form. Thi
changing attitudes and approaches, and interplay between dif
ferent governmental, industrial, and civic entities are shown
Their opposing interests and viewpoints made the struggle t«
achieve, a solution ineffectual. It is concluded that efforts t<
control pollution were consistently piecemeal and narrowlj
conceived. The task was assigned to one governmental depart
ment, yet the problem concerned a number of departments
Consequently, the responsibility and authority, together will
the necessary coordinating machinery, to provide an across-
the-board solution to air pollution did not exist. The cit)
stressed social, political, and behavioral solutions instead oi
technological ones. It was doubtful that the issue of pollutior
from apartment house incinerators ever became part of th«
public awareness. The problem of air pollution abatement
started as a relatively insignificant problem. It temporarily
became one of high priority, and then subsided. As soon as
the Department of Air pollution Control was formed public
concern declined. Incidents of attempted control were viewed
as a struggle between two factions, each composed of i
number of different groups whose power to influence events
varied somewhat over time. One faction in the struggle foi
control comprised those organizations who were most con-
spicuously and effectively fighting pollution; the citizens
groups, dedicated or threatened officeholders, and the press
The strength of this faction was that it has the ability tc
arouse public opinion and press for action. Its weakness was
that it has no administrative power. The other faction consists
of apartment building owners and operators, and city officials
who were responsible for the operation of municipal facilities
Their strength was that nearly everyone in the city was depen-
dent on them for services. Their weakness was that thej
lacked both technological and behavioral solutions to the aii
pollution problem.
24009
Capital District Regional Planning Commission, Albany, N. Y.
AIR POLLUTION. In: Physical Resources. Dec. 1969, p. 3.10
3.20. 4 refs. CFSTI: PB-190176
While the problems presented by precipitation, temperature
and wind conditions must be considered and planned for in th<
construction of various facilities and the location of land uses
there is one major problem associated with climate which if
man made and can therefore be altered. Causes, ingredients
problem areas, and controls of air pollution are mentioned
Surface based and subsidence temperature inversions an
discussed, as well as emissions from industrial processes, fue
combustion, and incineration. New York State ambient ai
-------
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS 77
quality standards and the land use association for the five available organizations for the implementation of control plans
general levels of air contamination are presented. Guidelines * .u » » , _, --1,1 j -ujj
are suggested for use in anticipation of problems associated at ^ state' re»ona1' wd aP«l levels are described and
with climatic conditions in future regional planning. Issues and their working tools, from state regulations and legislation to
implications, trends, and economic factors are cited. The municipal ordinances, are considered.
-------
78
N. GENERAL
00164
STATISTICS ON PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS - SAN
DIEGO COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT
(FIRST QUARTER 1966). San Diego Dept. of Public Health,
Calif. Mar. 1966. 7 pp.
First Quarter 1966 Statistics on Participate Contaminants San
Diego County Air Pollution Control District are presented.
Data are included on weight concentrations from high volume
filter samples, soiling indexes, and hourly averages of gaseous
contaminants.
01531
G.H. Ball
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN EDMUNTON. Can. J. Public
HEALTH (TORONTO), 57(2) 83-84, FEB. 1966.
The recent industrial growth of Edmunton has resulted in air
pollution control problems. Suggestions given for improvement
include the ban of domestic incineration, use of a sanitary
landfill disposal system, and the location of industrial plants
that produce offensive odors in one central industrial area.
Despite the problems, the author concludes that the anti-pollu-
tant laws of Alberta Province are adequate.
22326
Rotterdam Soil, Water and Air Committee (Netherlands)
SOIL, WATER AND AIR COMMITTEE ROTTERDAM. RE-
PORT FOR THE YEAR 1966. (Commissie bodem, water end
lucht Rotterdam. Verslag over het jaar 1966). 59p., 1967.
Translated from Dutch. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 96p., Oct. 6, 1969.
The annual report from Rotterdam's Soil, Water and Air Com-
mittee is presented. The activities of municipal and private
companies in terms of pollution control are discussed. The
electric company addition will burn only natural gas; the new
waste disposal unit is designed to be essentially pollution-free;
abandoned cars are being removed from the roads. Specific
problems in local air, water, and soil areas are discussed. The
results of a study relating air pollution to sickness and death
are presented. Atmospheric conditions and contaminant mea-
surements made during 1966 are tabulated. Included are rain-
fall, smoke, wind characteristics, hydrocarbons, metals, car-
bon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and pH.
Proposals for the formulation of rules for maximum emission
concentrations are being studied.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
79
ALBINUS, G A-11427, *B-02976
ALKffiE H L A-23313, *A-23314
ALLEN, D R A-00027
AMALRAJRV B-23856
ANDERSEN L H B-18252
ANDREONI, G A-08577
ANDRTTZKY, M A-11411, *A-11637
ANGENEND, F J A-11638
ARIEYAF B-16730
ASUKATAR B-14364
B
BACHL H A-11968
BACHL, H A-10678, *A-11640
BALDEN, A R A-07659
BALL, G H N-01531
BARBEITO M S A-20517
BASDEN, K S A-10418
BAUM, F A-08373, *C-08257
BECKH A-13112
BELLGB D-22812
BELOUSOV, S P B-08178
BENDER, R J A-06937
BENFORADO, D M B-07921
BENLINE, A J K-05197
BEORSE, B A-05969
BERGSTEN, A B-04843
BILLARDF B-24465
BISHOP, J W L-05496
BISTOWISH J M L-19059
BISWAS B K B-22821
BLOCK H A-11963
BOHNE H A-24421
BOHNE, H H-09275
BOUBEL, R W A-06370
BOYER, R H JR J-02392
BRANCATO, B A-07206
BRANDT H B-23482
BRAUN W B-20773
BRION J B-21435, B-24465
BUMP, R L B-02387
BURCKLE, J 0 A-09026
BUSH, A F A-05969
CAFIERO, A S B-02399
CALACETORR B-24089
CAMPBELL, H J JR B-12664
CANTER L W C-24412
CAROTTIAA A-14923
CATES H J JR B-20728
CEDERHOLM, C B-02027
CELAYAN G G B-20294
CERNIGLJA, V J B-02388
CHALLIS, J A B-02389
CHANSKY S H A-22860, *A-22862,
B-22808
CHASS, R L A-09785
CHIPMAN, R D A-05969
CLARK W T B-15201
CLARKE, J F D-00149
CLEARY, G J A-10424
COHAN, L J A-09663
CONNELL, J M A-09158
COONS, J D B-00288
COPE, W C D-03454
CORN, M A-00027
COTE, W A L-10491
COUSIN M B-21435, B-24465
CRABAUGH H R A-24767
CRAWFORD G C-14368
CROSS F L JR A-19052, 'K-14366
CROUSE, W R A-03I54
CUNNAN, J F A-00673
D
DANIELSON, JA B-09784
DARNAYAJJR A-18009
DAVIES T E B-23819
DAVIS, U C B-07973
DEALY, J O B-06084
DELARUE R B-24465
DEMING, L F A-09158, L-05496
DENNIS, R B-06315
DICKINSON, J A-09785
DIMITRIOU A N A-22860, A-22862,
B-22808
DORSEY, J A A-09026
DUHME A A-11963
DUN, A S B-08178
DUPREY R L L-12511
DUPREY, R L A-09686
DVffiKAM B-13133
DVffiKA, M A-10038
EASTLUND B J B-19941
EBERHARDT H A-11940, *B-14369
EBERHARDT, H B-02390
EDWARDS, L V C-02391
EFFENBERGER, E L-08976
ELLSWORTH R D B-19550
ENGDAHL R B B-14%7, B-19550
ENGEL, W A-11412
ERMERH A-11962
ERNST AND ERNST J-l 1114
ESSENHIGH R H A-20906, B-22821,
F-14370
ESSENHIGH, R H A-11475, F-09284,
L-07879
FAATZAC A-26204
FAESSLER K 1-14737
FAORO, R B D-00149
FELDSTEIN M C-25696
FELDSTEIN, M C-05834, C-08675
FERBER M A-11969, 'A-11971
FERNANDES J H B-14365, *B-198%
FERNANDES, JH A-09663
FEUSS, JV A-10675
FICHTNER, W A-03868
FIELD E L A-22860, A-22862, B-22808
FIFE, J A B-02738, "B-06588, 'B-10009,
J-02392
FISCHER, F A-11647
FLOOD, L P B-00183
FLOWER, F B A-10675
FLOWERS GHJR A-20737
FLYNN, N E A-03154
FRANKEL, J I A-03155
FRANZKE H H A-21882
FRIEDLAND, A L B-12664
FUDURICH, A P C-06095
FUJJJ S B-153%
FULLER LJ A-11803
GARRETSON B B B-16730
GELERNTERG F-14370
GELERNTER, G L-07879
GEORGE R E A-11803
GERHARDTR A-11962
GILLULY R H G-23167
CODER R K-12118
CODER, R A-05877, 'B-01942, *L-02393
GOLUEKE, C G B-02741
GOUGHWC B-19941
GREELEY S A A-19547
GREMILLIONGG A-20517
GRISWOLD, S S B-00107
GRUBER C W C-19580
GRUBER, C W C-01612, C-07077
GRUETSKY, W A-11649
H
HAEDIKE, E W B-02394
HALITSKYJ B-22757
HALITSKY, J A-07561
HAMMING, W J A-09785
HANGEBRAUCK R P B-15544
HANGEBRAUCK, R P A-01788, 'A-05005
HANGEBRAUCK, T P B-02232
HANSEN E G A-17552
HANSTEDT, W A-11651
HASHIMOTO K B-17403
HAZZARD, N D B-07921
HEER H B-23482
HEINGM B-14967
HENDERSON J S L-20861
HERRICK, R A A-06086
HESCHELES, C A A-03870, *A-05497
HIRAYAMAN A-20646
HISHJDA K A-20646, 'B-16137, *K-17201
HONDA A 1-19325
HORSLEY, R R A-00027, A-06086
HOTTIG A-21492
HOURYE A-20153
HOVEY, H H A-00673
HOWARD, W C B-07769
HUME, N B A-06852
INCINERATOR INST OF AMERI A-07804
IRELAND F E L-20133
-------
80
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
ISHD I A-14168
ISHD K A-25056
ISHTTSU F B-21058
ITO A B-23262
ITO H 1-19325
IVERSEN, N S A-02009
J
JACKSON M R C-15533
JACOBI, JW A-00712
JACOBS M B B-22757
JACOBS, M B A-07561, *G-01941
JENS, W B-00968
JOACHIM H A-11961
JOFFRE R B-22156
JOHNSON K L M-14805
JOHNSON, H C B-00288
K
KACHULLE, C A-11655
KAIN H W A-20153
KAISER E R A-14367, *A-16869, *A-21952,
B-11792, *B-22757, 'B-22822
KAISER, E R A-05492, *A-07561,
A-09671, *B-01437, *B-01935,
*B-01947, 'D-02395
KALLENBACH, K A-11449
KAMITSU K A-17462, A-22130
KAMMERER, H F A-11413
KAMPSCHULTE, J A-11431
KANE, J M B-08837
KANTER, C V C-06095
KAUPERT W A-18173
KAWASHIMA T A-17462, A-22130,
B-14364
KEAGY, D M B-00288
KERN, A A-11430
KETTNER H A-25549
KHAN A A B-23856
KINNEY L J A-23815
KIROV, N Y A-10433, *B-08632
KITTREDGE G D B-15544
KLEIN N C-20808
KMOCH, H B-11652
KNOLL, H A-11440
KNUDSON, J C L-10491
KOIZUMI M A-25056
KOLP, P W A-00027
KONDO K 1-19325
KONNO S A-20646
KOWALCZYK, J F L-10491
KREICHELT, T E A-02414
KUHLMANN A A-14442
KURKER, C B-10694
KUROSAWA K B-16536
KURTZ, P A-05969
KUSUMOTO M A-17243
KUWATA, M A-11475
LAMANTIA C R A-22860, A-22862,
B-22808
LANGMANN R A-25549
LARSON G P B-14522
LARUE P G B-17275, *B-23836
LAUSMANN J S B-25570
LEIB H 1-14737
LENEHAN J W B-19987
LEUDTKE, K D A-05160
LEVIN H C-17352
LEVY Y C-20808
LIEBERMAN A C-15533
LUCE C F L-18108
LUDWIG, J H A-00943, A-07963
LUGE K E B-20773
LUNCHE, R G C-06095
LYNCH, F J B-01946
M
MACHIYAMAT A-25056
MACKNIGHT, R J B-06084, 'B-09823
MAIKRANZ F A-11968
MAIKRANZ, F A-11640
MANDELBAUM, H B-07426
MARSHALLAA C-14368
MARSHALLA, A L-02393
MARX B S M-15002
MATSUMOTOK B-14364
MAURER, K G A-03868
MAYER W B-14369
MAYER, M A-00972
MCCABE L C B-22757
MCCABE, L C A-07561
MCCAFFERY J B B-22822
MCCLURE E R B-25511
MCCUTCHEN G D A-24582
MCGAUHEY, P H B-02741
MEEKER, J E A-01788, A-05005
MEISSNER, H G B-01936
MEYER, G A-11657
MICHAELS A A-19547
MICHAELS, A B-04843
MILLS, J L A-05160
MINER S A-17610
MIRUS E C B-05569
MIZUSHIMA, J A-05969
MOEGLING, E A-11438
MONROE, E S B-02396
MONROE, E S JR L-06741
MOORE, H C A-05493
MOWBRAY, K S B-02394
MUELLER, H J A-11428
MUKAI, M F-01798
MULLER, H A-03868
MURAKAMI M A-17462, * A-22130
MYRICK R M-15002
N
NAGATA K A-25056
NATTOJ B-15396
NETZLEY, A B B-09824
NIESSEN W R A-22642, 'A-25220,
B-14612
NIKBERG, I I B-08178
NOLAN M C-14368
NOWAK, F 1-12055
NUBER K A-11939
o
OBERING E A B-13697
OCHS, H J B-11658
OHIRAT A-20646
OHYANAGI T B-23262
OKUDA M A-25056
ORDINANZ W L-22466
ORNING, A A-05465
OSTERLI V P B-25977
PALM R A-11972
PALM, R A-11447
PASCUAL, S J B-01940
PAULETTA, C E B-07921
PEARL D R B-13363
PELLETIER E A-20759
PERRY, L B A-05160
PESKIN, L C A-08090
PETERS, W A-11448
PETERSON F C-23437
PIERATTI, A B-01940
PORTEOUS, A A-0%76
POTITNGER J F B-16751
PRICE D H A L-20133
PRIDDY M H B-20078
PRTTCHARD, W L C-01612, *C-07077
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE L-09677
PURDOM, P W B-04843
R
RAMIRES W C B-20730
RASCH R A-11934, *I-16420
RATHGEBER F B-14736, *B-26063
REED, R D B-04838
REED, R J B-05852
REHL F-13618
REHM, F R B-00968, *B-06096, *C-04117
REICHARDT, I C-08257
RILEY, B T A-09026
RISMAN, A A-00673
ROCHELEAU, R F B-05570
ROGUS, C A B-02153, 'B-02397, *J-01294
ROHR F W B-14613
ROHRMAN, F A A-00943, *A-07%3
ROLFE T J K B-16749
ROMANEK W C-15533
ROSE A H JR A-24767
ROSE, A H JR A-00027, A-06086, B-02232
ROSE, G A-08816
ROSENBERG T B-20728
ROSS R W K-14366
ROUSSEAU H A-17552
ROUSSEAU P E A-17552
ROWE D R C-24412
RUE P G L A-20276
SABIS W R L-23765
SABLESKI, J J B-09826, *L-10491
SABLESKI, J J JR B-06084
SALKOWSKI, M J C-02260, *C-02369
SAMPLES R H B-19236
SAROFM A F A-22642, A-25220
SATYANARAYANA R T R F-14370
SCHIEMANN, G A-08583
SCHMITZ, F W B-02400
SCHOENBERGER, R J B-04843
SCHUMANN C E C-19580
SCHUMANN, C E C-01612, C-07077
SCHWARTZ, C A-05465
SCHWARTZ, D B-01943
SCOTT D H A-14972, L-23765
SEBASTIAN F P B-16730
SEGELER, C G A-05815
SETTI, B A-08577
SHIRASAWA T B-23262
SILVERMAN, L B-06315
SIMON, H B-09789
SIMONS W L-12989
SMAUDER E E B-23542
SMITH D B A-14972, L-23765
SMITH R A A-14923
SPAEHN H 1-14737
STABENOW G B-14524
STABENOW, G A-05494, *B-01939,
*B-02398
STAHL Q R A-17604, *A-21991
STEIGERWALD, B J A-07963
STEINBACH, W A-08373, C-08257
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
81
STENBURG, R L A-06086, »B-01064,
*B-01944, *B-02186, »B-02232
STEPHENSON J W B-19597
STEPHENSON, J W A-08850, *B-02399,
*L-01948
STERLING, M B-05874, *M-06085
STRATTON, M B-00582
STREET R K B-19236
STUMBAR, J P F-09284
STUMPH T L L-12511
STUTZ, C N B-02488
SUGMOTO N A-25056
SULLIVAN R J A-20585
SYROVATKA, Z B-03229
TADAM B-14940
TADA, H L-07202
TALEJKINSKI W B-21435
TAMORIY B-23262
TANNER R A-21492
TANNER, R A-05878, *A-11461
TAYLOR H E B-13363
TEBBENS, B D F-01798
THOMAS K T B-23856
THOMAS, J F F-01798
TRUITT, S M B-05852
TRUSS H W A-25862
TUTTLE, W N C-08675
VANDAVEER F E B-23008
VAUGHN, R D L-10454
VELZY C O B-14061
VENEZIA, R A L-11095
VICKERSON, G L B-02402
VOELKER E M K-22375
VOELKER, E M A-02773, *B-01938
VOLK A B-21435
VON LEHMDEN, D J A-01788, A-05005,
B-02232
VON WEfflE, A A-11412
W
WAITKUS, J B-10455
WALKER, A B B-01937, *B-02400,
*B-05498
WEGMAN, L S A-05495, 'B-01945
WEIANDH A-11940
WEINTRAUB, M A-05465
WEISBURD, M I B-00975
WENE, A W B-02401
WIKSTROMLL A-14923
WILLIAMS, R E A-05520
WILLIAMSON J E A-11803
WILLIAMSON, J E B-06084, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826
WISE, K R A-06370
WOHLERS H C D-22812
WOLF, M A-00712
WOLFF, R A K-05197
WOODRUFF P H B-14522
WOODRUFF, P H B-02401
WOOLRICH, P F A-05160
WOTSCHKE, J A-11636
WUHRMANN, K A A-11666
ZABODNY, S B-02394
ZALMAN S B-25706
ZANFT, A B A-10038
ZANKL, W A-11429
ZINN R E A-22860, A-22862, *B-14612,
B-22808
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
83
ABATEMENT A-11803, C-24412, L-07202,
L-07522, L-0%77, L-09916, L-11095,
L-12511, L-16343, L-20861, L-22466,
L-23126, L-23765, M-15002, N-22326
ABSORPTION B-08727, B-09784, B-12655,
B-14613, B-21058, C-02369, C-21663,
G-23167, L-08976
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-18252
ACETALDEHYDE F-01798
ACETIC ACID A-09676, A-11649
ACETONE A-09676
ACETYLENES A-10424, C-08675
ACID SMUTS A-25S49
ACIDS A-00673, A-00972, A-05815,
A-07561, A-08583, A-08816, A-09026,
A-0%76, A-09686, A-09785, A-11438,
A-11649, A-20646, A-22642, A-22862,
A-24421, A-25549, A-25862, A-26204,
B-00975, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
B-09826, B-10694, B-14369, B-14967,
B-16749, D-02833, D-22812, G-01941,
H-09275, 1-12055, 1-19325, L-08976,
L-09916
ACROLEIN F-01798
ADAPTATION G-23293
ADHESIVES A-05718, C-01612, C-07077
ADMINISTRATION A-05718, A-05815,
A-07963, A-09785, A-11803, A-14923,
A-22862, A-23313, A-23314, B-00975,
B-01437, B-01938, B-01945, B-02394,
B-07973, B-09789, B-10694, B-12664,
B-14364, B-15544, C-04117, C-07077,
D-00149, D-02833, D-03454, J-02392,
L-02393, L-06961, L-07522, L-07879,
L-08976, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-19059,
L-23765, L-25480, L-25688, M-15002,
N-00164
ADSORPTION A-22540, B-09784, B-12655,
B-14613, C-21663, L-08976
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) A-22540
ADVISORY SERVICES L-23126
AERODYNAMICS A-11475, A-20906,
A-23584, C-07077
AEROSOLS A-07561, A-09785, B-00107,
B-00975, B-09784, B-23856, B-26063,
C-08257, C-17468, C-21663, N-00164
AFTERBURNERS A-05718, A-07804,
A-10418, A-20276, A-20759, A-22642,
A-23584, B-01936, B-02186, B-05852,
B-06084, B-07769, B-09784, B-09826,
B-10455, B-12655, B-24089, B-25570,
B-25977, F-09284, 1-19325, L-08826,
L-10491, L-11095, L-12989
Affi CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
B-01938, B-12651
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES M-15002
Affi POLLUTION FORECASTING
D-00149
Affi QUALITY CRITERIA L-09514
Affi QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-23313, A-23314,
C-04117 D-00149, D-02833, D-03454,
L-25480, L-25688, N-00164
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-00673, A-00943, A-00972, A-01788,
A-02414, A-03154, A-03870, A-05005,
A-05160, A-05492, A-05815, A-06086,
A-09785, A-10418, A-10424, A-10678,
A-16254, A-20585, A-22860, A-22873,
A-24013, B-00288, B-00968, B-00975,
B-01947, B-02153, B-04843, B-09784,
B-14967, B-16730, B-198%, B-21626,
C-02391, C-04117, C-05834, C-07077,
C-14368, C-15533, C-24412, D-02395,
D-02833, D-03454, D-22812, 1-19325,
L-00973, L-03805, L-09500, L-09677,
L-10567, L-19059, L-22466, L-25480,
L-25688, N-00164, N-22326
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-11461,
A-11638, A-11649, A-25549, B-00288,
B-00975, B-02153, B-02389, B-02390,
L-00973, L-03805, L-07202, L-08826,
L-09677, L-23126, M-24009, N-01531
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
L-09514, L-23765
AIR-FUEL RATIO B-01935, B-06096,
B-09823, B-20294, B-22821, B-23542
AIRCRAFT A-00972, A-03154, A-09785,
A-24013, A-25549, B-15544, D-03454,
N-00164
ALCOHOLS A-07561, A-09676, A-09785,
B-04838, G-01941
ALDEHYDES A-00673, A-00972, A-01788,
A-05815, A-07561, A-09026, A-09686,
A-09785, A-11649, A-20646, A-21991,
B-00975, B-02153, B-02232, B-09826,
B-10694, B-14967, B-23008, C-21663,
D-02833, D-22812, F-01798, G-01941,
L-08826
ALERTS M-15002
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-00027,
A-09676, A-09785, A-10424, B-04838,
C-08675, F-01798, L-08826
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-23815
ALLERGIES A-20585, G-01941
ALTITUDE A-06370, A-25862
ALUMINUM A-09686, B-00107, B-09784
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-05492,
A-09785, B-01947, C-17352
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-05492
AMMONIA A-00673, A-00972, A-05815,
A-07561, A-09686, A-09785, A-17610,
A-20646, A-23815, B-07921, B-10694,
B-14967, C-06095, D-02833, D-22812,
G-01941, 1-19325
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-00673,
A-00972, A-05815, A-07561, A-09686,
A-09785, A-17610, A-20646, A-23815,
B-07921, B-10694, B-14967, C-06095,
D-02833, D-22812, G-01941, 1-19325,
L-09916
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-00027,
A-01788, A-05005, A-05492, A-06086,
A-08373, A-08583, A-08850, A-09676,
A-10418, A-10424, A-11475, A-17604,
A-17610, A-18009, A-21991, A-22540,
B-00968, B-00975, B-01939, B-02027,
B-02232, B-04843, B-05570, B-09823,
B-09826, B-12651, B-12655, B-14967,
B-22156, C-05834, C-08257, C-08675,
C-17468, C-21663, C-24412, C-25696,
D-02395, D-22812, F-01798, F-09284
ANIMALS A-21991, G-23167, G-23293
ANNUAL B-10694, J-11114, L-25480,
L-25688
ANTHRACENES A-01788, A-05005,
A-10424, F-01798
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
L-08976, L-09677, L-23126
AREA SURVEYS A-23313, A-23314,
D-02833, D-03454, N-00164
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-01788,
A-07561, A-09785, A-10424, A-23584,
B-02389, F-01798, L-08826
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS B-00975
ARSINE B-00975
ASBESTOS A-22873, B-24465
ASHES A-05492, A-05497, A-09026,
A-11411, A-11412, A-11427, A-11428,
A-11430, A-11447, A-18173, A-23025,
A-24421, B-00246, B-01946, B-02401,
B-10009, B-13133, B-13363, B-14524,
B-15201, B-22156, B-22757, D-02395
ASIA A-14168, A-17243, A-17462, A-20646,
A-22130, A-22540, A-24241, A-25056,
B-14364, B-14940, B-15396, B-16137,
B-16536, B-17403, B-21058, B-23262,
B-23856, C-17468, 1-19325, K-17201,
L-07202, L-22466
ASPHALT A-00972, A-05005, A-09686,
A-09785, B-00107, B-02232, B-09784,
L-09677, L-22466
ASTHMA D-03454
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-09785,
A-10678, A-23313, B-00975, D-03454,
G-23293, L-08976, L-09514, L-25480,
L-25688, M-24009, N-22326
AUSTRALIA A-10424, B-08632, B-16751
AUTOMATIC METHODS A-10418,
A-11963, B-00975, C-02260
AUTOMOBILES A-05005, A-09686,
A-09785, A-11803, B-00975, B-10694,
D-00149, D-02833, G-23293, L-08976,
L-19059, N-00164
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-23313, A-23314, B-01935, B-06096,
B-08837, B-09823, B-15544, B-20294,
B-22821, B-23542, L-08976
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-00673,
A-00972, A-05005, A-09686, A-09785,
A-10424, A-17610, A-21991, A-22540,
B-00975, B-08837, B-15544, C-08257,
C-24412, D-02833, D-03454, D-22812,
F-01798, G-23293, L-00973, L-08976,
L-09500, L-09677, L-23765, N-00164
B
BACTERIA A-0%76, D-22812
BAFFLES A-05495, A-22862, A-23815,
B-00968, B-02153, B-02399, B-02738,
B-05498, B-07426, B-14522, B-19550,
B-20728, B-25511, C-21663, J-02392
-------
84
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
BAG FILTERS A-02334, A-08850, A-10418,
A-13112, A-17610, A-20585, A-22862,
B-00107, B-01940, B-02153, B-02738,
B-05498, B-060%, B-06315, B-08632,
B-10455, B-11792, B-14365, B-19597,
B-19896, B-23856, J-02392, K-14366
BARIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-09686,
L-09677
BATTERY MANUFACTURING A-09785
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
A-05005
BENZENES A-01788, A-07561, A-10424,
F-01798
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-00972, A-01788,
A-05005, A-10424, A-25549, F-01798,
L-08976
BENZOPYRENES A-00972, A-01788,
A-05005, A-10424, A-25549, F-01798,
L-08976
BERYLLIOSIS A-00027, A-00673, A-00943,
A-00972, A-01788, A-02414, A-03154,
A-03870, B-00288, B-00968, B-00975,
B-01937, B-01942, B-01946, B-01947,
B-02153, B-02186, B-02232, C-01612,
C-02260, C-02369, C-02391, D-00149,
D-02395, D-02833, D-03454, F-01798,
L-00973, L-02393, L-03805, N-00164
BERYLLIUM L-11095
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-09686,
L-09677
BETA PARTICLES C-02369
BIOCLIMATOLOGY G-23293
BLAST FURNACES A-09686, L-09677
BLOWBY N-00164
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
A-07561
BOILERS A-01788, A-03154, A-03155,
A-03868, A-03870, A-05005, A-05160,
A-05493, A-05494, A-05497, A-05878,
A-06937, A-08577, A-08816, A-09158,
A-11640, A-11%8, A-11969, A-17552,
A-22130, B-00107, B-01437, B-02398,
B-09784, B-14369, B-15544, B-20294,
1-12055, 1-14737, J-01294, L-054%,
L-06741, L-07202, L-09677, L-16343,
L-20861
BRICKS A-07804, A-08850, B-09823,
B-09826
BROMIDES A-09785
BROMINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-00975
BRONCHITIS G-23167
BUDGETS L-09916, L-11095, L-25480,
L-25688
BUILDINGS A-02334, A-12441, B-02186,
B-06096, B-06315, B-09784, B-09826,
D-03454, H-09275, K-07595, L-07522,
L-09514, L-11095
BUSES B-00975, D-00149, L-08976,
N-00164
BUTADIENES A-10424, F-01798
BUTANES A-10424, C-08675, F-01798
BUTENES A-10424, C-08675, F-01798
BUTYRALDEHYDES F-01798
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-08577,
A-09663, A-17552, A-22860, A-23025,
B-07769, B-07921, B-10694, B-11792,
B-12651, B-14524, B-14940, B-16730,
B-19597, B-22296, B-25977, B-26063
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS G-23167
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-09676,
A-09785, B-01947
CALIBRATION METHODS C-08257,
C-08675
CALIFORNIA A-03154, A-05160, A-06852,
A-09785, A-11638, A-12441, A-24013,
B-00107, B-00288, B-00975, B-07973,
B-09784, L-00973, L-03805, L-08826,
L-0%77, N-00164
CANADA A-03154, A-03155, A-21492,
A-23025, B-00975, B-01943, B-01946,
B-02232, B-02388, C-02260, C-02369,
C-02391, D-03454, L-02393
CANCER A-17604, A-20585, G-01941
CARBIDES D-02395
CARBON BLACK A-05005, A-05492,
A-09676, A-10424, A-22540, B-09789
CARBON DIOXIDE A-01788, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05718, A-06086, A-07561,
A-08373, A-09026, A-09676, A-10418,
A-10678, A-14923, A-20276, B-00975,
B-01935, B-01947, B-02232, B-02389,
B-06084, B-07426, B-07921, B-14522,
B-16730, D-00149, D-22812, G-01941,
L-09677
CARBON MONOXIDE A-00027, A-00972,
A-01788, A-05465, A-05718, A-05969,
A-06086, A-07561, A-08373, A-09026,
A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-11803,
A-14923, A-19052, A-22540, A-22642,
A-22862, A-24013, B-00107, B-00975,
B-02153, B-02232, B-07426, B-09784,
B-10694, B-14522, B-20294, C-02260,
C-04117, C-21663, C-25696, D-22812,
G-01941, G-23293, L-08976, L-09916,
N-00164, N-22326
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE B-04838,
L-09916
CARBONATES A-09676, D-02395
CARBONYLS A-09026, G-23167, L-09677
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
L-0%77
CARCINOGENS A-00673, A-00943,
A-00972, A-02414, A-10424, B-00288,
B-00968, B-00975, B-01937, B-02153,
B-02402, C-01612, C-02391, D-00149,
D-02833, D-03454, L-00973, N-00164
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-23167
CASCADE SAMPLERS B-00975
CATALYSIS A-00972, A-05005, B-23008,
1-12055
CATALYSTS B-23008
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY A-00972
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-07804,
B-07769, L-08826
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-05815,
B-23008
CEMENTS A-00972, A-07804, B-09784,
B-09789, L-22466
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-02334,
A-05005, A-05495, A-05878, A-09158,
A-09686, A-17462, A-19547, A-22130,
A-22862, A-24421, A-25056, B-02027,
B-02153, B-02186, B-02399, B-02402,
B-05498, B-07426, B-07769, B-08632,
B-08727, B-10455, B-13133, B-13697,
B-14736, B-15201, B-19987, B-23482,
C-21663, K-22389
CERAMICS A-05492, A-09686, A-11450,
B-00107
CHAMBER PROCESSING A-17610,
B-18252
CHARCOAL A-0%76
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-03870,
A-05005, A-05492, A-05815, A-10418,
A-16254, B-01947, B-02153, B-04843,
D-03454, 1-19325
CHEMICAL METHODS A-00027, B-04843,
B-12655, C-25696, D-02395, D-22812
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-00972,
A-03154, A-05005, A-07963, A-09686,
A-09785, A-11448, A-17604, A-17610,
A-22540, A-24013, A-26204, B-00107,
B-00975, B-05569, B-05570, B-07769,
B-08178, B-09784, B-09789, B-14940,
b-18252, B-25977, C-17468, C-21663,
D-03454, 1-24187, L-11095, M-14805
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-07659,
A-08850, A-09676, A-09785, A-11475,
A-21991, A-22642, A-22862, A-23584,
A-26204, B-04838, B-07921, B-25977,
C-24412, D-03454, F-01798, 1-12055
CHICAGO L-00973, L-09677, L-11095,
M-14805
CHLORIDES A-09785, A-25220, 1-14737,
1-16420
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-09785, A-25862, B-04838, L-08826,
L-09916
CHLORINE A-00712, A-09686, A-09785,
A-25862, B-02390, D-22812, H-09275,
1-12055, L-09916
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-11438, A-11651, A-25220, B-00975,
B-16749, H-09275, 1-14737, 1-16420
CHLOROFORM L-09916
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01788, A-05005,
A-05492, A-06086, A-08373, A-08850,
A-0%76, A-10424, A-11475, A-18009,
B-02027, B-02232, B-05570, B-09823,
B-09826, B-12655, B-22156, C-05834,
C-08257, C-08675, C-21663, F-01798,
F-09284
CHROMIUM 1-24187
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785
CHROMIUM OXIDES A-09026
CHRYSENES F-01798
CINCINNATI C-01612, C-07077, D-00149,
L-00973, L-0%77, L-25480, L-25688
CINDERS A-l 1447, A-25862, B-22757,
L-07202
CITIZENS GROUPS B-00975
CITY GOVERNMENTS A-06852, A-12441,
J-03006, L-07522, L-08826, L-08976,
L-09514, L-19059, M-15002, N-01531
CLEAN AIR ACT B-08632, L-08826,
L-09916, L-11095, L-20861, L-23765
COAL A-00673, A-00943, A-01788,
A-05005, A-05494, A-07963, A-09158,
A-09686, A-10424, A-10678, A-l 1411,
A-l 1447, A-11803, A-l 1968, A-23314,
B-23262, C-17468, D-00149, D-22812,
J-11114, L-00973, L-09916, L-11095
COAL PREPARATION A-18173
COAL TARS A-10424, A-25549
CODES A-05718, A-07804, A-10675,
B-01938, B-02400, L-09916, L-10491,
L-18108
COFFEE-MAKING A-00972, A-09686,
B-00246
COKE A-00943, A-05005, A-l 1447,
A-25549, B-08178, L-06%1, L-0%77
COLLECTORS A-00972, A-02334, A-05005,
A-05495, A-05878, A-08850, A-09158,
A-09686, A-17462, A-19547, A-20646,
A-22130, A-22862, A-23815, A-24421,
A-25056, B-00968, B-01437, B-01935,
B-01938, B-01940, B-01947, B-02027,
B-02153, B-02186, B-02387, B-02398,
B-02399, B-02400, B-02402, B-02738,
B-02976, B-05498, B-05852, B-06084,
B-07426, B-07769, B-08632, B-08727,
B-08837, B-09784, B-10009, B-10455,
B-12651, B-12655, B-13133, B-13697,
B-14365, B-14522, B-14736, B-15201,
B-16137, B-19550, B-19896, B-19987,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
85
B-20728, B-22296, B-23482, B-23542,
B-24954, B-25511, C-02260, C-21663,
J-02392, K-22389, L-08976
COLORIMETRY A-00027, A-17604,
A-17610, A-21991, A-22540, B-02232,
C-17468, C-21663, C-24412, D-22812
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY A-01788,
A-05005, C-05834, F-01798
COMBUSTION A-00027, A-01788, A-05005,
A-05465, A-05492, A-05520, A-07206,
A-08090, A-09663, A-09671, A-10675,
A-11427, A-11428, A-11430, A-11447,
A-11475, A-11939, A-17552, A-20906,
A-21492, A-22642, A-24241, A-25056,
A-25862, A-26204, B-00183, B-01935,
B-01936, B-01947, B-02388, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
B-02400, B-02401, B-02402, B-04843,
B-05852, B-06588, B-07769, B-07921,
B-09823, B-09826, B-10009, B-10694,
B-12080, B-19236, B-20730, B-22757,
B-23819, B-23836, B-24954, B-25977,
F-01798, F-09284, F-13618, F-14370,
J-02392, L-02393, L-03805, L-06741,
L-07879, L-0%77, L-11095
COMBUSTION AIR A-02334, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05493, A-05878, A-05969,
A-06086, A-07561, A-09026, A-09663,
A-09671, A-10418, A-10433, A-11447,
A-14367, A-20153, A-20737, A-22642,
A-22862, A-24767, A-25220, B-01064,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01938, B-01947,
B-02232, B-02396, B-02398, B-04838,
B-05498, B-05852, B-06096, B-06315,
B-06588, B-07426, B-07769, B-08178,
B-08837, B-09823, B-09826, B-10009,
B-12080, B-14612, B-15396, B-16536,
B-22757, B-22821, B-22822, B-23542,
B-23836, F-01798, 1-19325
COMBUSTION GASES A-00027, A-00673,
A-01788, A-02414, A-05005, A-05160,
A-05465, A-05651, A-05718, A-06086,
A-07206, A-07561, A-07804, A-07963,
A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-09026,
A-09663, A-09671, A-09686, A-09785,
A-10418, A-10424, A-10433, A-10678,
A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11447,
A-11461, A-11636, A-11638, A-16254,
A-17610, A-18009, A-18173, A-20737,
A-21952, A-22540, A-22642, A-22860,
A-23815, A-24421, A-25549, A-25862,
A-26204, B-00107, B-00183, B-00246,
B-00288, B-01437, B-01935, B-01937,
B-01947, B-02153, B-02186, B-02232,
B-02387, B-02390, B-02398, B-03229,
B-06084, B-06096, B-06315, B-08178,
B-08632, B-08837, B-09784, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-13133,
B-13363, B-14061, B-14369, B-14613,
B-15201, B-16137, B-17403, B-19597,
B-19896, B-20773, B-21058, B-21626,
B-22296, B-22757, B-23262, B-23836,
B-23856, B-24465, B-25511, B-25706,
B-26063, C-02260, C-02391, C-04117,
C-05834, C-06095, C-08257, C-08675,
C-14368, C-15533, C-24412, C-256%,
D-02395, D-22812, G-01941, H-09275,
1-12055, 1-14737, 1-19325, J-02392,
J-11114, K-14366, L-07522, L-09677,
L-10491, L-10567, L-12989, L-16343,
L-22466
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-00027,
A-00673, A-00943, A-00972, A-01788,
A-02414, A-05005, A-05160, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05497, A-05520, A-05651,
A-05718, A-05815, A-05969, A-06086,
A-07206, A-07561, A-07804, A-07963,
A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-09026,
A-09663, A-0%71, A-09686, A-09785,
A-10418, A-10424, A-10433, A-10678,
A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11447,
A-11461, A-11636, A-11638, A-14923,
A-16254, A-17604, A-17610, A-18009,
A-18173, A-20737, A-20759, A-21952,
A-22540, A-22642, A-22860, A-23025,
A-23313, A-23314, A-23815, A-24421,
A-25549, A-25862, A-26204, B-00107,
B-00183, B-00246, B-00288, B-00975,
B-01437, B-01935, B-01937, B-01943,
B-01946, B-01947, B-02153, B-02186,
B-02232, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
B-03229, B-04843, B-05874, B-06084,
B-06096, B-06315, B-07426, B-08178,
B-08632, B-08837, B-09784, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
B-13133, B-13363, B-14061, B-14369,
B-14524, B-14613, B-15201, B-15544,
B-16137, B-17403, B-18252, B-19597,
B-19896, B-20773, B-21058, B-21626,
B-22156, B-22296, B-22757, B-23262,
B-23836, B-23856, B-24465, B-25511,
B-25570, B-25706, B-26063, C-02260,
C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-05834,
C-06095, C-08257, C-08675, C-14368,
C-15533, C-24412, C-256%, D-02395,
D-22812, F-01798, G-01941, H-09275,
1-12055, 1-14737, 1-19325, J-01294,
J-02392, J-11114, K-14366, K-22375,
K-22389, L-02393, L-07202, L-07522,
L-08976, L-09677, L-10491, L-10567,
L-12989, L-16343, L-22466, M-24009
COMMERCIAL AREAS A-05815, A-08850,
B-06096, B-09823, L-07522, L-08976,
L-09514, L-09677, L-10567
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT A-11448,
B-00107, B-00246, B-00975, B-02153,
B-02402, B-12651, B-14612, B-16751,
J-01294
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-07973, C-04117,
L-01948
COMPLAINTS A-14972, B-00975, M-14805
COMPOSTING A-00712, A-08850, A-09676,
A-11651, A-11940, A-17243, A-18009,
A-19052, B-02741, B-07973, B-11792,
L-23126
COMPRESSION B-22296
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-16254
CONCRETE A-09686, A-11971, B-00107,
B-09784
CONDENSATION B-14613, B-19236
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-10678
CONNECTICUT D-03454
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-00972,
A-05005, A-05492, A-07804, A-08816,
A-08850, A-09676, A-09686, A-09785,
A-11450, A-11971, A-18009, B-00107,
B-00975, B-02232, B-09784, B-09789,
B-09823, B-09824, B-09826, 1-24187,
L-09677, L-22466
CONTACT PROCESSING A-22540,
B-18252
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
PROGRAM (CAMP) D-00149
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-05005,
B-02232, B-02388, B-08727, B-10009,
C-08257, C-17468
CONTROL AGENCIES A-05718, B-07973,
D-03454, L-11095, L-19059, M-15002,
M-24009
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-00972,
A-02334, A-02773, A-03155, A-03868,
A-05005, A-05492, A-05495, A-05651,
A-05718, A-05878, A-06937, A-07206,
A-07804, A-08583, A-08816, A-08850,
A-09158, A-09663, A-09676, A-09686,
A-10038, A-10418, A-11411, A-11413,
A-11428, A-11431, A-11432, A-11450,
A-11638, A-11640, A-11647, A-11651,
A-11969, A-13112, A-13622, A-16514,
A-17462, A-17552, A-17604, A-17610,
A-18009, A-18173, A-19547, A-20276,
A-20585, A-20646, A-20759, A-21882,
A-22130, A-22540, A-22642, A-22860,
A-22862, A-23025, A-23584, A-23815,
A-24421, A-25056, A-25220, A-25862,
A-26204, B-00107, B-00183, B-00288,
B-00582, B-00968, B-00975, B-01064,
B-01437, B-01935, B-01936, B-01937,
B-01938, B-01939, B-01940, B-01947,
B-02027, B-02153, B-02186, B-02387,
B-02390, B-02398, B-02399, B-02400,
B-02401, B-02402, B-02488, B-02738,
B-02976, B-03229, B-05498, B-05569,
B-05570, B-05852, B-06084, B-06096,
B-06315, B-06588, B-07426, B-07769,
B-07921, B-08632, B-08727, B-08837,
B-09784, B-09789, B-09824, B-09826,
B-10009, B-10455, B-11652, B-11658,
B-11792, B-12651, B-12655, B-13133,
B-13363, B-13697, B-14061, B-14364,
B-14365, B-14369, B-14522, B-14613,
B-14736, B-14940, B-15201, B-16137,
B-17403, B-18252, B-19550, B-19597,
B-19896, B-19987, B-20728, B-20730,
B-21058, B-21435, B-22156, B-22296,
B-22757, B-22808, B-23262, B-23482,
B-23542, B-23856, B-24089, B-24465,
B-24954, B-25511, B-25570, B-25706,
B-25977, B-26063, C-02260, C-02369,
C-04117, C-15533, C-20808, C-21663,
D-22812, F-09284, 1-19325, 1-24187,
J-01294, J-02392, J-03006, J-11114,
K-14366, K-22389, L-06741, L-08826,
L-08976, L-09916, L-10491, L-10567,
L-11095, L-12989, L-18108
CONTROL METHODS A-00027, A-00712,
A-02009, A-02334, A-02414, A-02773,
A-03155, A-03868, A-03870, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05493, A-05494, A-05495,
A-05520, A-05815, A-05878, A-05969,
A-06086, A-06852, A-07206, A-07561,
A-08577, A-08583, A-08850, A-09026,
A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09686,
A-10038, A-10418, A-10433, A-10675,
A-11432, A-11447, A-11651, A-11803,
A-11968, A-14367, A-14442, A-16710,
A-17552, A-17610, A-18009, A-18173,
A-20153, A-20276, A-20737, A-21492,
A-21952, A-22540, A-22642, A-22860,
A-22862, A-23025, A-23313, A-23314,
A-23815, A-24421, A-24767, A-25056,
A-25220, A-26204, B-00107, B-00183,
B-00246, B-00288, B-00975, B-01064,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01938,
B-01940, B-01944, B-01947, B-02153,
B-02232, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
B-02402, B-02741, B-02976, B-03229,
B-04838, B-05498, B-05569, B-05570,
B-05852, B-05874, B-06084, B-06096,
B-06315, B-06588, B-07426, B-07769,
B-07921, B-07973, B-08178, B-08632,
-------
86
B-08727, B-08837, B-09784, B-09789,
B-09823, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
B-10694, B-11792, B-12080, B-12651,
B-12655, B-14364, B-14365, B-14369,
B-14522, B-14524, B-14612, B-14613,
B-14940, B-153%, B-15544, B-16536,
B-16730, B-16749, B-17403, B-18252,
B-19550, B-19597, B-20294, B-20728,
B-20773, B-21058, B-21626, B-22296,
B-22757, B-22808, B-22821, B-22822,
B-23008, B-23542, B-23819, B-23836,
B-25977, B-26063, C-02260, C-02369,
C-02391, C-21663, D-02395, F-01798,
G-23167, 1-19325, 1-24187, J-01294,
J-02392, J-03006, J-11114, K-07595,
L-00973, L-02393, L-08826, L-08976,
L-09916, L-18108
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-05718, A-07963,
A-09785, B-00975, B-01437, B-07973,
B-10694, D-02833, L-06961, L-07522,
L-09677, L-09916, L-10491, L-10567,
L-11095, L-19059, L-23765, L-25480,
L-25688, M-15002
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES C-21663,
D-22812
CONVECTION F-14370
COOLING A-03870, A-05495, A-05651,
A-09663, A-10418, A-23815, B-01935,
B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-14613,
B-20773, B-24089, C-08675
COPPER A-09686, B-00107
COPPER ALLOYS B-00107
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-09785
CORE OVENS B-00107, B-09784
CORONA B-09789
CORROSION A-03868, A-08816, A-17610,
B-14369, B-15201, 1-12055, 1-14737,
1-16420,1-19325, 1-24187, K-14366
COSTS A-02414, A-02773, A-03868,
A-05493, A-05494, A-05497, A-05969,
A-07206, A-08577, A-09158, A-09663,
A-09676, A-10418, A-11430, A-11962,
A-13622, A-14442, A-16869, A-17552,
A-18009, A-19547, A-22860, A-22862,
A-25220, A-25862, B-00183, B-00582,
B-01437, B-01937, B-01945, B-02153,
B-02387, B-02388, B-02390, B-02397,
B-02738, B-07921, B-08632, B-09789,
B-10009, B-14365, B-14613, B-16730,
B-19896, B-19987, B-22296, B-22757,
B-22808, B-23856, B-24954, J-01294,
J-02392, J-03006, J-11114, J-11857,
K-22375, L-02393, L-05496, L-07522,
L-18108, L-25480, L-25688
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS A-12441,
A-23313, A-23314, B-00107, B-09784,
L-08826, L-09677, L-23765
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS L-09677,
N-00164
CRITERIA A-02334, A-10675, A-12441,
A-16514, A-22862, B-02387, B-02388,
B-02389, B-02390, B-02394, B-02396,
B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
B-02402, B-07921, B-14365, B-14524,
B-14612, C-02391, D-02395, J-02392,
K-05197, K-07595, K-12118, K-17201,
L-00973, L-01948, L-02393, L-09514,
L-09677
CROPS A-05492, N-00164
CUPOLAS B-00107, L-09677, L-22466
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-00027, A-01788,
A-02334, A-03870, B-00975, B-01935,
B-01942, B-02232, B-02396, C-02369,
D-00149, D-03454, F-01798, L-02393
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
D
DATA ANALYSIS A-14972, J-11114
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-14972,
A-16254, B-00975, J-11114
DECOMPOSITION B-07921
DECREASING A-09785, B-09784
DENSITY A-05497, A-10424, A-11475,
B-01935, F-14370
DESIGN CRITERIA A-02334, A-03868,
A-05520, A-07206, A-07804, A-08850,
A-09158, A-10675, A-11430, A-11636,
A-11647, A-11657, A-11934, A-11939,
A-11940, A-11961, A-11962, A-11963,
A-11969, A-11972, A-12441, A-13622,
A-14168, A-14367, A-16254, A-16514,
A-16710, A-16869, A-17462, A-17552,
A-19052, A-19547, A-20153, A-20276,
A-20646, A-20737, A-20759, A-20906,
A-21492, A-21952, A-22130, A-22642,
A-22860, A-23025, A-23584, A-24767,
A-25056, A-25220, A-26204, B-00582,
B-00968, B-01935, B-01936, B-01938,
B-01939, B-01942, B-01943, B-01944,
B-01945, B-02186, B-02232, B-02387,
B-02389, B-02390, B-02394, B-02396,
B-02397, B-02398, B-02399, B-02400,
B-02401, B-02402, B-04838, B-06096,
B-06315, B-06588, B-07921, B-09784,
B-09789, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
B-13133, B-14364, B-14365, B-14369,
B-14522, B-14524, B-14612, B-15201,
B-15396, B-16751, B-17275, B-18252,
B-19236, B-198%, B-19941, B-20078,
B-20294, B-20728, B-20730, B-21058,
B-21435, B-21626, B-22296, B-22808,
B-22821, B-22822, B-23542, B-23836,
B-23856, B-24089, B-24954, B-25511,
B-25570, B-25706, C-02260, C-02369,
C-08675, C-20808, C-25696, D-02395,
1-24187, J-01294, J-02392, J-03006,
K-05197, K-07595, K-12118, K-22375,
K-22389, L-01948, L-06741, L-07879,
L-10491, M-06085
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS A-18173
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
A-08850, B-09784
DETROIT B-05874, L-00973, L-09677
DIESEL ENGINES A-00673, A-03154,
A-05005, A-09686, A-10424, A-11803,
A-24013, B-08837, B-15544, D-00149,
D-02833, L-08976, L-09916, N-00164
DIFFRACTION 1-14737
DIFFUSION D-00149, L-25480, L-25688
DIFFUSION MODELS L-25480, L-25688
DIGESTERS A-22130
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A-17604, G-23293
DIOLEFINS A-10424, C-08675, F-01798
DISPERSION A-11450, A-14972, A-22130,
B-00975, B-04838, D-00149, L-08976,
L-25480, L-25688
DISPERSIONS A-03155
DISTILLATE OILS A-00673, A-09676
DIURNAL D-00149, L-25688, N-00164
DOMESTIC HEATING A-01788, A-02009,
A-05005, A-07804, A-08577, A-09785,
A-11413, A-17604, A-25549, D-03454,
F-01798, L-07522, L-08976, L-09514,
L-16343, L-18108, M-14805
DONORA L-10567
DROPLETS A-09785, A-11432
DRUGS 1-24187
DRY CLEANING A-00972, A-09785,
B-09784, L-09916, L-19059
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS L-09916
DRYING A-11428, A-11432, B-14364,
B-18252
DUMPS A-00673, A-01788, A-08850,
A-14442, A-18009, A-19052, A-23313,
A-23314, B-07973, B-10694, L-10454,
L-23126, L-23765, N-00164, N-01531
DUST FALL B-00975, C-14368, C-24412,
D-22812, L-25688
DUSTS A-05005, A-07804, A-08583,
A-09671, A-09785, A-10418, A-10433,
A-10678, A-11429, A-11461, A-13112,
A-13622, A-17552, A-20646, A-21882,
A-24421, A-25056, B-00968, B-01437,
B-01935, B-01937, B-01939, B-01940,
B-01947, B-02027, B-02387, B-02390,
B-02397, B-02398, B-02976, B-06096,
B-07426, B-08727, B-08837, B-09784,
B-09789, B-10009, B-11658, B-11792,
B-13363, B-13697, B-14364, B-14365,
B-14369, B-14736, B-16137, B-17403,
B-18252, B-21626, B-22156, B-23262,
B-23482, B-23542, B-26063, C-04117,
C-17352, C-17468, D-03454, H-09275,
K-14366, K-22389, L-02393, L-06961,
L-07202, L-08976, L-09677, L-12989,
L-16343, L-19059, L-20133, L-22466,
N-01531
ECONOMIC LOSSES B-00975, B-01437,
D-03454
ELECTRIC CHARGE B-09789
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-09686, B-00107
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-00943, A-00972, A-01788, A-03868,
A-05005, A-05160, A-05494, A-06937,
A-07206, A-07963, A-09663, A-09785,
A-10038, A-10424, A-10678, A-11411,
A-11413, A-11438, A-11448, A-11637,
A-11640, A-11655, A-11803, A-11968,
A-14972, A-25549, B-00107, B-00975,
B-02397, B-02398, B-08837, B-09784,
B-09789, B-10009, B-10694, B-15544,
B-19941, B-24954, B-26063, C-06095,
C-17468, C-21663, C-24412, D-02833,
D-03454, D-22812, J-11114, J-11857,
L-09514, L-09916, L-18108, L-23765,
L-25688, N-00164, N-22326
ELECTRIC PROPULSION L-09916
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-02369
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-09789,
C-08257
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-09789
ELECTRICITY (ATMOSPHERIC) G-23293
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
C-25696, D-22812
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
C-17468
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY A-05969
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-00972, A-02334, A-03868, A-05005,
A-05878, A-06937, A-07206, A-08583,
A-09686, A-10038, A-11411, A-11413,
A-11431, A-11638, A-11640, A-11647,
A-13622, A-17462, A-17552, A-17604,
A-19547, A-20585, A-21882, A-22130,
A-22540, A-22860, A-22862, A-23025,
B-00107, B-01437, B-01935, B-01937,
B-01939, B-01940, B-02027, B-02153,
B-02387, B-02390, B-02402, B-02738,
B-03229, B-05498, B-08632, B-08837,
B-09784, B-09789, B-10455, B-11792,
B-12655, B-13697, B-14061, B-14364,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
87
B-14365, B-14369, B-14613, B-14736,
B-15201, B-17403, B-19597, B-19896,
B-19987, B-22156, B-22296, B-23482,
B-26063, C-21663, J-02392, K-14366,
K-22389, L-08976
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-00673,
A-00972, A-031S4, A-05160, A-22860,
A-22873, A-24013, B-00968, B-00975,
B-16730, D-02833, L-25480, L-25688
EMISSION STANDARDS A-01788,
A-05718, A-07804, A-08583, A-10675,
A-19052, A-21882, A-22862, B-00288,
B-OI939, B-02390, B-02400, B-02401,
B-08632, B-14365, B-14369, B-21626,
C-08675, J-01294, K-14366, L-00973,
L-02393, L-06961, L-09500, L-09677,
L-10491, L-10567, L-20861, L-22466,
L-25480, L-25688
EMISSIVITY F-01798
EMPHYSEMA G-01941, G-23167
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES B-00975,
C-11088, L-09916, L-23765
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
L-08976
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-05005, A-09686,
A-10424, B-15544, C-08257, D-03454,
L-0%77, N-00164
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES A-05160,
C-08257, N-00164
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
B-01935, B-06096, B-09823, B-20294,
B-22821, B-23542, L-08976
ENGINEERS B-08837, L-20861
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA A-02334,
A-12441, A-16514, B-02396, B-02398,
B-02399, B-02401, B-02402, B-07921,
B-14365, B-14524, B-14612, C-02391,
D-02395, K-05197, K-07595, K-12118,
K-17201, L-01948
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS A-07804,
A-12441, A-16514, B-01942, B-02389,
B-023%, B-02400, B-14364, B-16751,
B-21626, D-02395, K-12118, K-17201,
K-22375, K-22389, L-19059
ESTERS A-07561, G-01941
ETHYL ALCOHOL A-09676
ETHYLENE C-08675
EUROPE A-00027, A-00712, A-00972,
A-01788, A-02009, A-02334, A-03155,
A-03868, A-03870, A-05494, A-05878,
A-06937, A-07206, A-07659, A-08373,
A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-08850,
A-10038, A-10418, A-10424, A-10678,
A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11440,
A-11447, A-11448, A-11449, A-11450,
A-11461, A-11636, A-11637, A-11640,
A-11647, A-11649, A-11651, A-11655,
A-11657, A-11666, A-11934, A-11939,
A-11940, A-11961, A-11%2, A-11963,
A-11968, A-11969, A-11971, A-11972,
A-13112, A-13622, A-14442, A-17552,
A-18173, A-21492, A-21882, A-24421,
A-25549, A-25862, B-00183, B-00975,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01939, B-01942,
B-01947, B-02153, B-02232, B-02387,
B-02388, B-02389, B-02390, B-02394,
B-02396, B-02397, B-02398, B-02400,
B-02401, B-02402, B-02976, B-03229,
B-06588, B-08178, B-08632, B-08727,
B-11652, B-11658, B-13697, B-14369,
B-14524, B-14736, B-16730, B-20773,
B-21435, B-21626, B-22156, B-23482,
B-24465, B-26063, C-02369, C-08257,
C-23437, D-00149, D-03454, F-01798,
G-23293, H-09275, 1-14737, 1-16420,
J-01294, J-02392, K-22389, L-02393,
L-03805, L-08976, L-12989, L-16343,
L-20133, L-23126, N-22326
EVAPORATORS B-07769, B-23819
EXCESS AIR A-05465, A-05492, A-05493,
A-05878, A-05969, A-06086, A-10433,
A-11447, A-14367, B-01935, B-01936,
B-01947, B-02232, B-02396, B-02398,
B-04838, B-05498, B-05852, B-06096,
B-07426, B-09823, B-10009, B-16536,
B-23836, 1-19325
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-05651, A-10418,
A-20759, B-07921, B-09784, B-09824,
B-12651, B-20728, B-21058, B-23262,
C-21663, 1-24187
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-05465,
A-07659, A-11475, A-20906, B-00582,
B-01935, B-01937, C-15533
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-02334,
A-05465, A-05718, A-20906, B-01942,
B-02232, B-06096
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS A-10424
EYE IRRITATION A-17604, A-21991
FANS (BLOWERS) A-05651, A-10418,
A-20759, B-09784, B-09824, B-21058,
B-23262
FEASIBILITY STUDIES J-11114, J-11857
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS A-05718,
A-16514, A-21882, B-07973, B-14364,
C-11088, L-09500, L-10454, L-10491,
L-11095, L-16343, L-23126
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING A-17610
FIELD TESTS A-01788, A-03870, B-00975,
B-01942, B-02396, B-07426, B-14522,
B-22757, B-23008, L-02393, L-10491
FILTER FABRICS A-05005, A-05492,
A-08816, A-08850, A-09676, A-09686,
A-10418, A-11450, A-17610, A-18009,
B-00107, B-02153, B-02186, B-06315,
B-08632, B-08727, B-08837, B-09784,
B-14365, B-19987, B-23856, B-24465,
D-22812
FILTERS A-00972, A-02334, A-05005,
A-05492, A-08816, A-08850, A-09676,
A-09686, A-10418, A-11450, A-11638,
A-11969, A-13112, A-17610, A-18009,
A-19547, A-20585, A-22540, A-22862,
A-23815, B-00107, B-01940, B-02153,
B-02186, B-02402, B-02738, B-03229,
B-05498, B-06096, B-06315, B-08632,
B-08727, B-08837, B-09784, B-10455,
B-11658, B-11792, B-12651, B-12655,
B-14365, B-19597, B-19896, B-19987,
B-21435, B-23262, B-23856, B-24465,
B-26063, C-04117, C-20808, C-21663,
D-22812, J-02392, K-14366, L-08976
FIRING METHODS A-02334, A-03155,
A-03868, A-03870, A-05465, A-05492,
A-05493, A-05494, A-05495, A-05520,
A-05878, A-05969, A-06086, A-07561,
A-09026, A-09663, A-09671, A-10418,
A-10433, A-10675, A-11447, A-11968,
A-14367, A-20153, A-20737, A-21952,
A-22642, A-22862, A-24421, A-24767,
A-25220, B-01064, B-01935, B-01936,
B-01938, B-01944, B-01947, B-02232,
B-02396, B-02398, B-02400, B-04838,
B-05498, B-05852, B-06084, B-06096,
B-06315, B-06588, B-07426, B-07769,
B-07921, B-08178, B-08837, B-09823,
B-09826, B-10009, B-12080, B-14612,
B-15396, B-16536, B-22757, B-22821,
B-22822, B-23542, B-23819, B-23836,
F-01798, 1-19325
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-07804,
A-20276, A-20759, A-22642, A-23584,
B-05852, B-06084, B-09826, B-10455,
B-25570, F-09284, L-10491
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
A-08373, C-05834, C-08257
FLORIDA A-14972, K-14366, L-00973,
L-0%77, L-23765
FLOW RATES A-05465, A-05718, A-10418,
A-25220, B-01935, B-06084, B-09789,
B-22757, B-22822, B-23262
FLOWMETERS C-02260, C-02369
FLUID FLOW A-05465, A-05718, A-10418,
A-25220, B-01935, B-06084, B-09789,
B-22757, B-22822, B-23262
FLUORANTHENES A-01788, A-05005,
A-10424, F-01798
FLUORESCENCE F-01798, 1-14737
FLUORIDES A-09785, D-22812, L-00973,
L-09677
FLUORINE D-22812
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
D-22812, L-00973, L-09677
FLY ASH A-00972, A-02009, A-02414,
A-07561, A-07804, A-08090, A-09158,
A-09686, A-10433, A-11411, A-11412,
A-11413, A-11427, A-11431, A-11651,
A-11934, A-11971, A-14367, A-19052,
A-20153, A-20646, A-20737, A-20759,
A-22642, A-25220, A-25862, B-00107,
B-00183, B-00246, B-00968, B-01437,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01938,
B-01940, B-01946, B-01947, B-02153,
B-02389, B-02399, B-02402, B-02738,
B-04843, B-06096, B-06588, B-08632,
B-08837, B-09789, B-09823, B-09824,
B-09826, B-10009, B-10694, B-14364,
B-14365, B-16730, B-18252, B-19550,
B-19896, B-19987, B-23008, B-23542,
C-02260, C-02369, C-15533, K-14366,
L-00973, L-07522, L-09500, L-09677,
L-09916, L-19059
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-00972, A-09686, A-23313, A-23314,
A-24013, B-00246, B-07769, B-09784,
B-14940, B-25977, L-23765, M-14805
FOODS A-05492
FORMALDEHYDES A-01788, A-11649,
B-02232, D-22812, F-01798
FRANCE A-06937, A-11428, A-17552,
B-21435, B-22156, B-24465
FREEZING C-08675
FUEL CHARGING A-02334, A-03155,
A-03868, A-03870, A-05494, A-05495,
A-05878, A-06086, A-07561, A-10433,
A-20153, B-01064, B-01935, B-01936,
B-01938, B-01944, B-02232, B-06588,
B-08837, B-12080, B-22757
FUEL EVAPORATION D-02833, L-09500,
L-09677
FUEL GASES A-00673, A-00972, A-01788,
A-05005, A-05494, A-05651, A-05815,
A-05969, A-09785, A-10424, A-10678,
A-11803, A-24013, B-00107, B-02976,
B-05852, B-05874, B-09784, B-23008,
B-26063, C-17468, D-22812, F-01798,
L-16343, L-18108
FUEL OILS A-00673, A-00943, A-00972,
A-01788, A-03868, A-05005, A-05160,
A-05969, A-07963, A-09158, A-09676,
A-09785, A-10424, A-10678, A-11412,
A-11413, A-11440, A-11803, A-23313,
A-23314, A-25056, B-00107, B-04843,
-------
88
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
B-09784, C-08257, C-23437, D-00149,
D-22812, J-11114, L-06741, L-09916,
L-11095, L-18108
FUELS A-00673, A-00943, A-00972,
A-01788, A-03868, A-05005, A-05160,
A-05465, A-05494, A-05651, A-05815,
A-05969, A-06086, A-07963, A-09158,
A-0%76, A-09686, A-09785, A-10424,
A-10433, A-10678, A-11411, A-11412,
A-11413, A-11440, A-11447, A-11803,
A-11968, A-17610, A-21991, A-23313,
A-23314, A-24013, A-25056, A-25549,
B-00107, B-00975, B-02232, B-02976,
B-04838, B-04843, B-05852, B-05874,
B-08178, B-08837, B-09784, B-09823,
B-09824, B-23008, B-23262, B-26063,
C-08257, C-17468, C-23437, D-00149,
D-22812, F-01798, G-23293, J-11114,
L-00973, L-06741, L-06961, L-08976,
L-09514, L-09677, L-09916, L-11095,
L-12511, L-16343, L-18108, M-14805,
M-24009, N-00164
FUMES A-07561, A-09785, A-17604,
A-22642, B-00107, B-07921, B-08837,
B-09784, B-09789, B-25511, 1-24187,
L-09677, L-16343, N-01531
FUNGI A-09676
FURNACES A-00972, A-01788, A-03154,
A-03155, A-03870, A-05005, A-05160,
A-05495, A-05497, A-05878, A-09686,
A-10418, A-10433, A-11440, A-11934,
A-14367, A-17552, A-22130, A-22540,
A-24421, A-25056, A-26204, B-00107,
B-00183, B-00975, B-01935, B-01936,
B-01943, B-02398, B-09784, B-15201,
B-15544, B-23262, B-23819, B-25706,
C-08257, 1-14737, J-01294, L-06961,
L-07202, L-08976, L-09677, L-09916,
L-22466
G
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-08373,
A-10424, C-05834, C-08257, C-08675,
F-01798
GAS SAMPLING A-01788, A-05005,
A-05160, A-09026, B-09784, C-04117,
C-06095, C-08675, C-15533, C-21663
GAS TURBINES B-24954
GASES A-01788, A-03155, A-08816,
A-10424, A-11636, A-22642, A-22860,
A-22862, B-00975, B-02389, B-02396,
B-15201, B-16137, F-13618, L-08976
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS) A-18173
GASOLINES A-00673, A-00943, A-00972,
A-05005, A-09785, F-01798, L-09916,
N-00164
GERMANY A-00712, A-03868, A-05494,
A-08373, A-08583, A-08816, A-10678,
A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
A-11428, A-11429, A-11430, A-11431,
A-11432, A-11438, A-11439, A-11440,
A-11447, A-11448, A-11449, A-11450,
A-11461, A-11636, A-11637, A-11640,
A-11647, A-11649, A-11651, A-11655,
A-11657, A-11666, A-11934, A-11939,
A-11940, A-11961, A-11962, A-11963,
A-11968, A-11969, A-11971, A-11972,
A-13112, A-14442, A-18173, A-21882,
A-24421, A-25549, A-25862, B-00183,
B-02390, B-02976, B-08727, B-11652,
B-11658, B-13697, B-14369, B-14736,
B-16730, B-20773, B-21626, B-23482,
B-26063, C-08257, H-09275, 1-14737,
1-16420, J-01294, K-22389, L-08976,
L-12989, L-23126
GLASS FABRICS A-05005, A-05492,
A-08816, A-08850, A-09676, A-09686,
A-11450, A-18009, B-00107, B-06315,
B-08632, B-08727, B-09784, B-19987,
D-22812
GOVERNMENTS A-02009, A-05718,
A-06852, A-12441, A-16514, A-21882,
A-22862, A-23313, A-23314, B-00107,
B-00975, B-07973, B-09784, B-14364,
C-11088, J-03006, L-01948, L-03805,
L-06961, L-07522, L-08826, L-08976,
L-09500, L-09514, L-09677, L-09916,
L-10454, L-10491, L-11095, L-12511,
L-16343, L-18108, L-19059, L-20133,
L-23126, L-23765, L-25480, L-25688,
M-15002, M-24009, N-01531
GRAIN PROCESSING B-09784
GRASSES A-05492
GRAVITY SETTLING A-09686
GREAT BRITAIN A-08850, A-10418,
A-10424, A-11655, L-16343, L-20133
GROUND LEVEL A-06370, A-25862
H
HALOGEN GASES A-00712, A-09686,
A-09785, A-25862, B-02390, D-22812,
H-09275, 1-12055, L-09916
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-09785, A-25862, B-04838, L-08826,
L-09916
HAZE A-10678
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT B-00975,
B-07973, D-03454, G-01941, G-23293,
N-22326
HEARINGS L-06741
HEAT CAPACITY B-01935
HEAT OF COMBUSTION A-07804,
A-08577, A-09663, A-09671, B-01935,
B-06588, B-09823, F-14370
HEAT TRANSFER A-03870, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05495, A-05497, A-05651,
A-08577, A-09663, A-10418, A-23815,
A-25220, B-01935, B-09824, B-09826,
B-10009, B-10455, B-14613, B-20773,
B-24089, C-08675, C-20808, F-13618,
F-14370, L-03805
HEIGHT FINDING L-20133
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
SAMPLERS B-00975
HEXANES A-00027, C-08675, F-01798
HEXENES F-01798
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-05005, A-22540,
C-24412, D-22812, F-01798
HOT SOAK L-09677
HOURLY N-00164
HUMANS A-09785, A-21991, G-23293
HUMIDITY A-09671, B-20773, C-07077,
F-09284, G-23293
HYDROCARBONS A-00027, A-00673,
A-00972, A-01788, A-05005, A-06086,
A-07561, A-08373, A-09026, A-0%76,
A-09686, A-09785, A-10424, A-19052,
A-20276, A-22642, A-23584, A-24013,
A-25549, A-26204, B-00107, B-00288,
B-00975, B-02153, B-02232, B-02389,
B-04838, B-08837, B-09784, B-09826,
B-10694, B-14967, B-20078, B-20294,
C-05834, C-08257, C-08675, C-21663,
C-25696, D-00149, D-02833, D-03454,
D-22812, F-01798, G-01941, L-00973,
L-08826, L-08976, L-09677, L-09916,
N-00164, N-22326
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-08583,
A-08816, A-11438, A-20646, A-22642,
A-22862, A-24421, A-25862, A-26204,
B-14369, B-16749, H-09275, 1-12055,
1-19325,L-08976, L-09916
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-08816, D-22812
HYDROGEN A-05492, A-25220, B-01947,
C-05834, D-02395
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-05815, A-09785,
B-00975, B-02389, B-02390, B-02488,
B-07921, D-22812, 1-12055
HYDROLYSIS A-09676
HYDROXIDES A-23815
I
ILLINOIS L-00973, L-06961, L-09677,
L-11095, M-14805
IMPINGERS A-06370, A-21991, B-00975,
B-06315, B-18252, C-01612, D-22812,
L-10491
INCINERATION A-00027, A-00673,
A-00712, A-00943, A-00972, A-01788,
A-02009, A-02334, A-02414, A-02773,
A-03154, A-03155, A-03868, A-03870,
A-05005, A-05160, A-05465, A-05492,
A-05493, A-05494, A-05495, A-05497,
A-05520, A-05651, A-05718, A-05815,
A-05877, A-05878, A-05969, A-06086,
A-06370, A-06852, A-06937, A-07206,
A-07561, A-07659, A-07804, A-07963,
A-08090, A-08373, A-08577, A-08583,
A-08816, A-08850, A-09026, A-09158,
A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09686,
A-09785, A-10038, A-10418, A-10424,
A-10433, A-10675, A-10678, A-11411,
A-11412, A-11413, A-11427, A-11428,
A-11429, A-11430, A-11431, A-11432,
A-11438, A-11439, A-11440, A-11447,
A-11448, A-11449, A-11450, A-11461,
A-11475, A-11636, A-11637, A-11638,
A-11640, A-11647, A-11649, A-11651,
A-11655, A-11657, A-11666, A-11803,
A-11934, A-11939, A-11940, A-11961,
A-11962, A-11963, A-11968, A-11969,
A-11971, A-11972, A-12441, A-13112,
A-13622, A-14168, A-14367, A-14442,
A-14923, A-14972, A-16254, A-16514,
A-16710, A-16869, A-17243, A-17462,
A-17552, A-17604, A-17610, A-18009,
A-18173, A-19052, A-19547, A-20153,
A-20276, A-20517, A-20585, A-20646,
A-20737, A-20759, A-20906, A-21492,
A-21882, A-21952, A-21991, A-22130,
A-22540, A-22642, A-22860, A-22862,
A-22873, A-23025, A-23313, A-23314,
A-23584, A-23815, A-24013, A-24241,
A-24421, A-24582, A-24767, A-25056,
A-25220, A-25549, A-25862, A-26204,
B-00107, B-00183, B-00246, B-00288,
B-00582, B-00968, B-00975, B-01064,
B-01437, B-01935, B-01936, B-01937,
B-01938, B-01939, B-01940, B-01942,
B-01943, B-01944, B-01945, B-01946,
B-01947, B-02027, B-02153, B-02186,
B-02232, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02397,
B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
B-02402, B-02488, B-02738, B-02741,
B-02976, B-03229, B-04838, B-04843,
B-05498, B-05569, B-05570, B-05852,
B-05874, B-06084, B-06096, B-06315,
B-06588, B-07426, B-07769, B-07921,
B-07973, B-08178, B-08632, B-08727,
B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
B-10694, B-11652, B-11658, B-11792,
B-12080, B-12651, B-12655, B-12664,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
89
B-13133, B-13363, B-13697, B-14061,
B-14364, B-14365, B-14369, B-14522,
B-14524, B-14612, B-14613, B-14736,
B-14940, B-14967, B-15201, B-153%,
B-15S44, B-16137, B-16536, B-16730,
B-16749, B-16751, B-17275, B-17403,
B-18252, B-19236, B-19550, B-19597,
B-19896, B-19941, B-19987, B-20078,
B-20294, B-20728, B-20730, B-20773,
B-21058, B-21435, B-21626, B-22156,
B-222%, B-22757, B-22808, B-22821,
B-22822, B-23008, B-23262, B-23482,
B-23542, B-23819, B-23836, B-23856,
B-24089, B-24465, B-24954, B-25511,
B-25570, B-25706, B-25977, B-26063,
C-01612, C-02260, C-02369, C-02391,
C-04117, C-05834, C-06095, C-07077,
C-08257, C-08675, C-11088, C-14368,
C-15533, C-17352, C-17468, C-19580,
C-20808, C-21663, C-23437, C-24412,
C-25696, D-00149, D-02395, D-02833,
D-03454, D-22812, F-01798, F-09284,
F-13618, F-14370, G-01941, G-23167,
G-23293, H-09275, 1-12055, 1-14737,
1-16420, 1-19325, 1-24187, J-01294,
J-02392, J-03006, J-11114, J-11857,
K-05197, K-07595, K-12118, K-14366,
K-17201, K-22375, K-22389, L-00973,
L-01948, L-02393, L-03805, L-054%,
L-06741, L-06961, L-07202, L-07522,
L-07879, L-08826, L-08976, L-09500,
L-09514, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-12511,
L-12989, L-16343, L-18108, L-19059,
L-20133, L-20861, L-22466, L-23126,
L-23765, L-25480, L-25688, M-06085,
M-14805, M-15002, M-24009, N-00164,
N-01531, N-22326
INDIANA L-00973, L-09677, L-25480
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-02414, A-05815,
A-08850, A-22540, B-09823, L-07522,
L-08976, L-09514, L-09677, L-10567
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-00027, A-00673, A-00712, A-00943,
A-00972, A-01788, A-02009, A-02334,
A-02414, A-02773, A-03154, A-03155,
A-03868, A-03870, A-05005, A-05160,
A-05465, A-05492, A-05493, A-05494,
A-05495, A-05497, A-05520, A-05651,
A-05718, A-05815, A-05877, A-05878,
A-05969, A-06086, A-06370, A-06852,
A-06937, A-07206, A-07561, A-07659,
A-07804, A-07%3, A-08090, A-08373,
A-08577, A-08583, A-08816, A-08850,
A-09026, A-09158, A-09663, A-09671,
A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-10038,
A-10418, A-10424, A-10433, A-10675,
A-10678, A-11411, A-11412, A-11413,
A-11427, A-11428, A-11429, A-11430,
A-11431, A-11432, A-11438, A-11439,
A-11440, A-11447, A-11448, A-11449,
A-11450, A-11461, A-11475, A-11636,
A-11637, A-11638, A-11640, A-11647,
A-11649, A-11651, A-11655, A-11657,
A-11666, A-11803, A-11934, A-11939,
A-11940, A-11961, A-11%2, A-11963,
A-11968, A-11969, A-11971, A-11972,
A-12441, A-13112, A-13622, A-14168,
A-14367, A-14442, A-14923, A-14972,
A-16254, A-16514, A-16710, A-16869,
A-17243, A-17462, A-17552, A-17604,
A-17610, A-18009, A-18173, A-19052,
A-19547, A-20153, A-20276, A-20517,
A-20585, A-20646, A-20737, A-20759,
A-20906, A-21492, A-21882, A-21952,
A-21991, A-22130, A-22540, A-22642,
A-22860, A-22862, A-22873, A-23025,
A-23313, A-23314, A-23584, A-23815,
A-24013, A-24241, A-24421, A-24582,
A-24767, A-25056, A-25220, A-25549,
A-25862, A-26204, B-00107, B-00183,
B-00246, B-00288, B-00582, B-00968,
B-00975, B-01064, B-01437, B-01935,
B-01936, B-01937, B-01938, B-01939,
B-01940, B-01942, B-01943, B-01944,
B-01945, B-01946, B-01947, B-02027,
B-02153, B-02186, B-02232, B-02387,
B-02388, B-02389, B-02390, B-02394,
B-02396, B-02397, B-02398, B-02399,
B-02400, B-02401, B-02402, B-02488,
B-02738, B-02741, B-02976, B-03229,
B-04838, B-04843, B-05498, B-05569,
B-05570, B-05852, B-05874, B-06084,
B-06096, B-06315, B-06588, B-07426,
B-07769, B-07921, B-07973, B-08178,
B-08632, B-08727, B-08837, B-09784,
B-09789, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
B-10009, B-10455, B-10694, B-11652,
B-11658, B-11792, B-12080, B-12651,
B-12655, B-12664, B-13133, B-13363,
B-13697, B-14061, B-14364, B-14365,
B-14369, B-14522, B-14524, B-14612,
B-14613, B-14736, B-14940, B-14967,
B-15201, B-15396, B-15544, B-16137,
B-16536, B-16730, B-16749, B-16751,
B-17275, B-17403, B-18252, B-19236,
B-19550, B-19597, B-19896, B-19941,
B-19987, B-20078, B-20294, B-20728,
B-20730, B-20773, B-21058, B-21435,
B-21626, B-22156, B-222%, B-22757,
B-22808, B-22821, B-22822, B-23008,
B-23262, B-23482, B-23542, B-23819,
B-23836, B-23856, B-24089, B-24465,
B-24954, B-25511, B-25570, B-25706,
B-25977, B-26063, C-01612, C-02260,
C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-05834,
C-06095, C-07077, C-08257, C-08675,
C-11088, C-14368, C-15533, C-17352,
C-17468, C-19580, C-20808, C-21663,
C-23437, C-24412, C-25696, D-00149,
D-02395, D-02833, D-03454, D-22812,
F-01798, F-09284, F-13618, F-14370,
G-01941, G-23167, G-23293, H-09275,
1-12055, 1-14737, 1-16420, 1-19325,
1-24187, J-01294, J-02392, J-03006,
J-11114, J-11857, K-05197, K-07595,
K-12118, K-14366, K-17201, K-22375,
K-22389, L-00973, L-01948, L-02393,
L-03805, L-05496, L-06741, L-06961,
L-07202, L-07522, L-07879, L-08826,
L-08976, L-09500, L-09514, L-09677,
L-09916, L-10454, L-10491, L-10567,
L-11095, L-12511, L-12989, L-16343,
L-18108, L-19059, L-20133, L-20861,
L-22466, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
L-25688, M-06085, M-14805, M-15002,
M-24009, N-00164, N-01531, N-22326
INERTIAL SEPARATION B-19550
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY A-00027,
A-08373, A-21991, B-02232
INORGANIC ACIDS A-08583, A-08816,
A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-11438,
A-20646, A-22642, A-22862, A-24421,
A-25549, A-25862, A-26204, B-00975,
B-09784, B-09789, B-14369, B-16749,
D-22812, G-01941, H-09275, 1-12055,
1-19325, L-08976, L-09916
INSPECTION A-10675, B-21626, L-09916
INSPECTORS B-00975
INSTRUCTORS B-00975
INSTRUMENTATION A-03155, A-05495,
A-10418, A-20906, B-00975, B-01943,
B-01946, B-09789, B-12651, B-12655,
C-02260, C-02369, C-02391, C-08675,
L-02393
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-00673, A-03154, A-05005, A-05969,
A-09686, A-10424, A-11803, A-20585,
A-22540, A-24013, A-25549, B-08837,
B-15544, B-20294, D-00149, D-02833,
G-23167, L-08976, L-09677, L-09916,
N-00164
INVERSION A-09785, A-10424, A-10678,
A-14972, B-00975, L-08976, M-24009
IODIMETRIC METHODS D-22812
IRON A-00972, A-05005, A-09686, A-16869,
B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, 1-24187, L-00973,
L-22466
IRON COMPOUNDS A-05492, A-09785,
B-01947, B-16749, 1-12055
IRON OXIDES A-05492, 1-12055
ISOTOPES C-02369
ITALY A-07206, A-08577
JAPAN A-14168, A-17243, A-17462,
A-20646, A-22130, A-22540, A-24241,
A-25056, B-14364, B-14940, B-15396,
B-16137, B-16536, B-17403, B-21058,
B-23262, C-17468, 1-19325, K-17201,
L-07202
JET AIRCRAFT N-00164
K
KENTUCKY L-09677, L-25480
KEROSENE A-00943
KETONES A-09026, A-09676, A-09785,
C-21663, L-08826
KIDNEYS G-23167
KILNS A-00972, A-03154, A-03155,
A-05160, A-25549, A-26204, B-20728,
B-26063, L-06961, L-09677, L-22466
KRAFT PULPING A-09686, B-07769,
B-09789, B-14940, B-25977
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-23167
LABORATORY FACILITIES A-23584,
B-20078, C-01612
LANDFILLS A-02414, A-08850, A-09676,
A-11651, A-18009, A-19052, A-23313,
A-23314, B-02741, B-04843, B-07973,
B-10694, B-11792, L-07522, L-09916,
L-10454, L-11095, N-01531
LAUNDRIES L-19059, L-23765
LEAD A-09686, B-00107
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-09785, G-23167
LEATHER A-05492, A-08850
LEAVES H-09275
LEGAL ASPECTS A-05718, A-07804,
A-10675, A-12441, A-13112, A-23313,
A-23314, B-00107, B-00288, B-00975,
B-01938, B-02400, B-08632, B-09784,
B-14522, B-21626, D-03454, G-23293,
J-11857, K-12118, L-00973, L-03805,
L-06741, L-06961, L-07202, L-08826,
L-08976, L-09500, L-09514, L-09677,
L-09916, L-10454, L-10491, L-10567,
L-11095, L-12511, L-12989, L-16343,
L-18108, L-19059, L-20133, L-20861,
L-22466, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
L-25688, M-24009, N-01531
-------
90
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
LEGISLATION A-12441, B-00288, B-00975,
B-08632, D-03454, L-00973, L-07202,
L-08826, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
L-11095, L-16343, L-20133, L-20861,
L-22466, L-23765, L-25480, L-25688,
M-24009
LIGHT RADIATION G-23293
LIME L-22466
LIQUIDS A-03155, A-05465, A-05492,
A-05497, A-05969, A-06086, A-0%76,
A-14923, A-20276, A-23815, B-01935,
B-01947, B-02389, B-02396, B-05570,
B-06096, B-19896, B-20773, C-20808,
F-13618
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A-02009,
B-00975, B-07973, L-09677, L-12511,
L-18108
LOS ANGELES A-05160, A-06852,
A-09785, A-11638, A-12441, B-00107,
B-00288, B-00975, B-09784, L-00973,
L-08826, L-09677
LOUISIANA D-00149
LUBRICANTS A-08850
LUNG CANCER A-20585
M
MAGNESIUM B-00107
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-01947
MAINTENANCE A-02334, A-0%76,
B-01940, B-02976, B-05569, B-06315,
B-07769, B-14365, B-14369, B-21626,
1-24187, K-07595, L-09916
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-09785
MAPPING A-10678
MARYLAND A-23313, A-23314
MASS SPECTROMETRY D-03454
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-03868,
A-08816, A-17610, B-00975, B-14369,
B-15201, 1-12055, 1-14737, 1-16420,
1-19325, 1-24187, K-14366, N-00164
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-24767,
B-01935, C-02369, C-07077, C-14368,
F-09284, F-14370, K-22375
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-11461,
A-11638, A-11649, A-25549, B-00288,
B-00975, B-02153, B-02389, B-02390,
L-00973, L-03805, L-07202, L-08826,
L-09677, L-23126
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-05005,
A-05718, A-08373, A-10418, A-11649,
A-11963, A-21991, B-00975, B-01947,
B-02232, B-02388, B-08727, B-09784,
B-10009, B-12651, B-12655, B-14967,
B-23008, C-02260, C-02369, C-02391,
C-04117, C-06095, C-07077, C-08257,
C-11088, C-15533, C-17352, C-17468,
C-21663, C-23437, C-24412, F-01798,
L-09500
MEETINGS L-08826
MEMBRANE FILTERS A-06370, B-06315,
D-22812
MERCAPTANS B-02488, B-04838
METAL COMPOUNDS A-05492, A-09676,
A-0%86, A-09785, A-20585, B-01947,
B-04838, B-09784, B-16749, C-17352,
G-23167, 1-12055, N-22326
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-03154, A-07659, A-20585, B-00975,
B-08837, B-09784, B-26063, C-17468,
M-14805
METAL POISONING G-23167
METALS A-00972, A-05005, A-05492,
A-08850, A-09676, A-09686, A-11450,
A-16869, A-18009, B-00107, B-08837,
B-09784, B-09789, B-09823, B-09824,
B-09826, 1-24187, L-00973, L-11095,
L-22466
METEOROLOGY A-09671, A-09785,
A-10424, A-10675, A-10678, A-14972,
A-23313, B-00975, B-02401, B-07973,
B-20773, C-07077, C-24412, D-00149,
D-02833, D-03454, F-09284, G-23293,
L-08976, L-09514, L-09916, L-25480,
L-25688, M-24009, N-22326
METHANES A-09676, B-04838, C-08675,
F-01798
MICE G-23167
MICHIGAN B-05874, L-00973, L-0%77,
L-22466
MICROORGANISMS A-09676, A-20517,
D-22812
MICROSCOPY C-07077
MINERAL PROCESSING A-00943,
A-00972, A-22873, A-24013, B-00107,
B-00975, B-14940, B-26063, C-21663,
L-09677, L-22466, L-23765, N-00164
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-05492, A-09785,
A-22873, B-00975, B-09784, B-09789,
B-24465
MINING N-00164
MISSOURI A-03870, B-00968, B-01064,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01944,
B-02232, B-02394, B-02397, L-00973,
L-09677
MISTS B-09789
MOBILE B-09824
MOLYBDENUM 1-24187
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS A-09785
MONITORING A-05005, A-10418, B-02232,
B-02388, B-08727, B-10009, C-02260,
C-02369, C-08257, C-15533, C-17468,
C-24412
MONTHLY A-10424
MORTALITY G-23167, N-22326
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-00712, A-02334, A-02414, A-03155,
A-05005, A-05160, A-05520, A-05718,
A-06086, A-07804, A-08373, A-10675,
A-10678, A-11428, A-12441, A-14367,
A-16514, A-16710, A-20153, A-20737,
A-20759, A-24241, A-24582, A-24767,
B-00183, B-00246, B-01064, B-01944,
B-02186, B-02232, B-06084, B-07426,
B-09784, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
B-10694, B-12664, B-14061, B-16751,
B-17275, B-20730, B-22156, B-23008,
B-23836, B-24089, B-26063, C-08675,
J-11857, K-07595, L-07522, L-10491,
M-06085
N
NAPHTHACENES F-01798
NAPHTHALENES F-01798
NASHVILLE L-19059
NATURAL GAS A-00972, A-01788,
A-05494, A-05815, A-09785, A-10424,
A-10678, A-11803, A-24013, B-00107,
B-05874, D-22812, F-01798, L-18108
NERVOUS SYSTEM G-23167, G-23293
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
A-17604
NEW JERSEY D-03454, L-00973, L-09677,
L-09916, L-11095
NEW ORLEANS D-00149
NEW YORK CITY A-11638, A-11803,
A-12441, A-14923, D-03454, J-01294,
J-11114, K-05197, K-07595, L-00973,
L-09514, L-09677, L-11095, L-18108,
M-15002
NEW YORK STATE A-00673, A-05492,
A-05495, A-11638, A-11803, A-12441,
A-14923, B-05569, B-07426, D-02833,
D-03454, J-01294, J-11114, K-05197,
K-07595, L-00973, L-09514, L-09677,
L-11095, L-18108, M-15002, M-24009
NICKEL 1-24187
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-20585,
G-23167
NITRIC ACID A-09686, 1-19325
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-00027, A-05815,
A-09026, A-09785, B-00107, B-00975,
D-00149, N-00164
NITROGEN A-05492, A-05718, A-09676,
A-14923, B-01935, B-01947, B-07426,
D-02395
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-00027,
A-00673, A-05815, A-06086, A-07561,
A-09026, A-09686, A-09785, A-11803,
B-00107, B-00975, D-00149, D-22812,
N-00164, N-22326
NITROGEN OXIDES A-00027, A-00673,
A-00972, A-01788, A-03154, A-05160,
A-05815, A-06086, A-07561, A-09026,
A-09686, A-09785, A-11803, A-19052,
A-20646, A-21952, A-22540, A-22862,
A-24013, A-25220, B-00107, B-00288,
B-00975, B-02153, B-02232, B-02390,
B-02396, B-09784, B-09826, B-10694,
B-14967, B-23008, C-21663, D-00149,
D-03454, D-22812, G-01941, G-23293,
1-19325, L-08976, L-09677, L-09916,
N-00164, N-22326
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-00673, A-00712, A-00943, A-00972,
A-01788, A-02009, A-02334, A-02414,
A-02773, A-03154, A-03155, A-03868,
A-03870, A-05005, A-05465, A-05492,
A-05493, A-05494, A-05495, A-05497,
A-05651, A-05815, A-05877, A-05878,
A-05969, A-06086, A-06852, A-06937,
A-07206, A-07561, A-07659, A-07804,
A-08090, A-08373, A-08577, A-08583,
A-08816, A-08850, A-09026, A-09158,
A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09686,
A-09785, A-10038, A-10418, A-10433,
A-10675, A-10678, A-11411, A-11412,
A-11413, A-11427, A-11428, A-11429,
A-11430, A-11431, A-11432, A-11438,
A-11439, A-11440, A-11447, A-11448,
A-11449, A-11450, A-11461, A-11636,
A-11637, A-11638, A-11640, A-11647,
A-11649, A-11651, A-11655, A-11657,
A-11666, A-11934, A-11939, A-11940,
A-11961, A-11963, A-11968, A-11971,
A-11972, A-13622, A-14367, A-14442,
A-14923, A-17243, A-17462, A-17552,
A-17604, A-18009, A-18173, A-19052,
A-21492, A-22860, A-23025, A-23313,
A-23314, A-24013, A-25056, A-25220,
A-25549, A-25862, A-26204, B-00288,
B-00582, B-00975, B-01437, B-01935,
B-01937, B-01938, B-01943, B-01944,
B-01945, B-01946, B-01947, B-02027,
B-02153, B-02232, B-02388, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02394, B-02397, B-02398,
B-02399, B-02400, B-02401, B-02738,
B-02741, B-03229, B-04843, B-05498,
B-05569, B-05570, B-05852, B-05874,
B-06084, B-06096, B-06315, B-06588,
B-07769, B-07973, B-08632, B-08727,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
91
B-09784, B-09823, B-09826, B-10009,
B-10694, B-11652, B-11658, B-11792,
B-12080, B-13697, B-14061, B-14364,
B-14369, B-14522, B-14524, B-14612,
B-14613, B-14940, B-14967, B-16536,
B-16730, B-16749, B-16751, B-17275,
B-17403, B-19597, B-19941, B-20730,
B-21626, B-22808, B-23008, B-23836,
B-24089, B-24954, B-25977, C-02391,
C-07077, C-11088, D-00149, D-02395,
D-02833, D-03454, F-01798, F-09284,
G-01941, H-09275, 1-12055, J-01294,
J-02392, J-03006, J-11857, K-07595,
K-14366, L-00973, L-01948, L-02393,
L-03805, L-054%, L-07522, L-07879,
L-08976, L-09500, L-09514, L-0%77,
L-09916, L-10454, L-10491, L-10567,
L-11095, L-16343, L-18108, L-19059,
L-20133, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
L-25688, M-14805, N-00164, N-01531
NON-URBAN AREAS A-08850, A-22540,
D-00149, L-11095
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS L-18108
o
OCEANS B-07973
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-11651,
A-20276, A-25056, B-07921, B-12651,
B-12655, B-14940, B-23008, B-23836,
B-25977, 1-24187
ODORIMETRY C-04117
ODORS A-02334, A-05815, A-07561,
A-08373, A-09785, A-10418, A-11969,
A-14972, A-17462, A-18009, A-20276,
A-21882, A-22860, A-23313, A-23314,
B-00183, B-00246, B-00975, B-02488,
B-02976, B-04838, B-05852, B-05874,
B-06096, B-06588, B-07921, B-09784,
B-09823, B-09824, B-10009, B-13697,
B-14364, B-14967, B-17403, B-23008,
B-23836, B-25977, C-04117, 1-19325,
L-00973, L-0%77, L-09916, L-10567,
L-12511, L-19059
OHIO C-01612, C-07077, D-00149, L-00973,
L-09677, L-25480, L-25688
OIL BURNERS A-01788, A-05160,
A-10418, B-25706, C-08257, L-09916
OLEFINS A-09785, A-10424, C-08675,
F-01798, L-08826
OPEN BURNING A-00673, A-00712,
A-00972, A-01788, A-05005, A-09686,
A-23313, A-23314, A-24013, A-25549,
B-09784, B-11792, D-03454, L-07522,
L-09500, L-09916, L-11095, L-16343,
L-19059, L-25480, L-25688, N-00164
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-00972,
A-05160, A-09686, A-14367, B-00107,
L-09677
OPERATING CRITERIA A-02334, A-12441,
A-22862, B-02387, B-02388, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02394, B-02396, B-02398,
B-02399, B-02400, B-02401, B-14524,
C-02391, D-02395, J-02392, K-05197,
K-12118, L-01948, L-02393, L-09677
OPERATING VARIABLES A-03868,
A-05465, A-09026, A-11972, A-12441,
A-16254, A-16514, A-17462, A-20517,
A-20646, A-21492, A-21952, A-22860,
A-22862, A-24241, A-24767, A-25220,
B-02396, B-05569, B-05570, B-06096,
B-06315, B-07769, B-15201, B-17403,
B-19896, B-21435, B-21626, B-22808,
B-23482, B-23856, 1-19325, J-02392,
K-05197, K-07595
OPINION SURVEYS M-06085
OREGON L-09677
ORGANIC ACIDS A-00673, A-00972,
A-05815, A-07561, A-09026, A-09676,
A-09686, A-09785, A-11649, A-20646,
B-00975, B-09826, B-10694, B-14967
G-01941, 1-19325
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
B-02389
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
B-00975
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
B-00975, B-02488, B-04838
ORGANIC WASTES A-08577, A-09676,
B-05570, B-11792, B-14364, B-25977
ORSAT ANALYSIS A-05718, B-01947,
C-04117
OVERFIRE AIR A-05465, A-05969,
A-22642, A-22862, A-24767, B-02232,
B-05498, B-06588, B-09823, B-09826,
B-10009, B-22757, B-22822
OXIDANT PRECURSORS B-00975
OXIDANTS A-00673, A-00943, A-09785,
B-00975, G-23293, N-00164
OXIDATION A-07659, A-08850, A-11475,
A-23584, A-26204, B-04838, B-07921,
1-12055
OXIDES A-00027, A-00673, A-00943,
A-00972, A-01788, A-02009, A-03154,
A-05160, A-05465, A-05492, A-05718,
A-05815, A-05969, A-06086, A-07561,
A-07963, A-08373, A-08583, A-09026,
A-09676, A-09686, A-09785, A-10418,
A-10678, A-11438, A-11649, A-11803,
A-14923, A-19052, A-20276, A-20646,
A-21952, A-22540, A-22642, A-22862,
A-24013, A-25220, B-00107, B-00288,
B-00975, B-01935, B-01947, B-02153,
B-02232, B-02389, B-02390, B-02396,
B-04838, B-06084, B-07426, B-07921,
B-08727, B-08837, B-09784, B-09826,
B-10694, B-14369, B-14522, B-14967,
B-16730, B-16749, B-18252, B-20294,
B-23008, C-02260, C-04117, C-06095,
C-17468, C-21663, C-25696, D-00149,
D-02833, D-03454, D-22812, G-01941,
G-23293, 1-12055, 1-19325, J-11114,
L-00973, L-07202, L-08976, L-09500,
L-09514, L-09677, L-09916, L-11095,
L-12511, L-18108, L-19059, L-20861,
L-25480, L-25688, M-14805, N-00164,
N-22326
OXYGEN A-00027, A-01788, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05718, A-09026, A-11427,
A-11475, A-14923, B-01935, B-01947,
B-02232, B-07426, B-14522, B-16730,
D-02395
OXYGEN LANCING A-09686
OZONE A-09785, A-10424, B-00975,
D-03454, D-22812, G-23293
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-09686,
L-08826
PAINTS D-03454
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05492,
A-06086, A-08850, A-09676, A-11475,
A-18009, B-02027, B-02232, B-05570,
B-09823, B-09826, B-22156, F-01798,
F-09284
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-00972,
A-09686, A-17243, B-09789, B-25570,
J-11857
PARIS A-06937, A-11428
PARTICLE COUNTERS C-21663
PARTICLE SIZE A-05718, A-05969,
A-06370, A-22540, A-25220, B-00288,
B-00968, B-01937, B-02153, B-02402,
B-08632, B-09789, B-23262, C-01612,
C-07077, L-09500
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-05718,
A-05969, A-06370, A-22540, A-25220,
B-00288, B-00968, B-01937, B-02153,
B-02402, B-08632, B-09789, B-23262,
C-01612, C-07077, C-17352, L-09500
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-01788,
A-05718, A-09026, B-02232, B-06096,
B-07426, B-21626, C-01612, C-04117,
C-06095, C-07077, C-11088, C-14368,
C-19580, L-10491
PARTICULATES A-00027, A-00673,
A-00712, A-00972, A-01788, A-02009,
A-02334, A-02414, A-02773, A-03155,
A-05005, A-05465, A-05492, A-05718,
A-05815, A-05969, A-06086, A-07206,
A-07561, A-07804, A-08090, A-08373,
A-08583, A-09026, A-09158, A-09671,
A-09686, A-09785, A-10418, A-10424,
A-10433, A-10678, A-11411, A-11412,
A-11413, A-11427, A-11429, A-11431,
A-11432, A-11461, A-11651, A-11803,
A-11934, A-11971, A-13112, A-13622,
A-14367, A-14923, A-14972, A-17462,
A-17552, A-17604, A-19052, A-20153,
A-20276, A-20585, A-20646, A-20737,
A-20759, A-21882, A-21952, A-22130,
A-22540, A-22642, A-22860, A-22862,
A-23313, A-23314, A-24013, A-24421,
A-24582, A-25056, A-25220, A-25549,
A-25862, A-26204, B-00107, B-00183,
B-00246, B-00288, B-00968, B-00975,
B-01437, B-01935, B-01936, B-01937,
B-01938, B-01939, B-01940, B-01944,
B-01946, B-01947, B-02027, B-02153,
B-02232, B-02387, B-02389, B-02390,
B-02397, B-02398, B-02399, B-02400,
B-02402, B-02738, B-02976, B-04838,
B-04843, B-05498, B-05852, B-05874,
B-06096, B-06315, B-06588, B-07426,
B-07769, B-07921, B-08632, B-08727,
B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10455,
B-10694, B-11658, B-11792, B-13363,
B-13697, B-14061, B-14364, B-14365,
B-14369, B-14522, B-14736, B-14967,
B-15201, B-16137, B-16730, B-17403,
B-18252, B-19550, B-19597, B-19896,
B-19987, B-20294, B-20730, B-21058,
B-21435, B-21626, B-22156, B-22296,
B-22757, B-22821, B-22822, B-23008,
B-23262, B-23482, B-23542, B-23836,
B-23856, B-24954, B-25511, B-25570,
B-25706, B-26063, C-01612, C-02260,
C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-07077,
C-08257, C-11088, C-15533, C-17352,
C-17468, C-19580, C-20808, C-21663,
C-23437, C-24412, D-02833, D-03454,
D-22812, F-01798, G-01941, G-23293,
H-09275, 1-24187, J-01294, J-11114,
K-07595, K-14366, K-17201, K-22389,
L-00973, L-02393, L-03805, L-06741,
L-06961, L-07202, L-07522, L-08976,
L-09500, L-09514, L-09677, L-09916,
L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-12511,
L-12989, L-16343, L-18108, L-19059,
L-20133, L-20861, L-22466, L-25480,
L-25688, N-00164, N-01531, N-22326
PENNSYLVANIA L-00973, L-07522,
L-0%77, L-10567, L-11095
PENTANES C-08675, F-01798
PENTENES C-08675
-------
92
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
PERMITS B-09784, L-06961, L-10567,
L-22466
PERSONNEL A-13622, B-00975, B-08837,
L-09916, L-20861
PERYLENES A-01788, A-10424, F-01798
PESTICIDES B-02488, B-09784
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION B-09784,
L-09500, N-00164
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-00972,
A-22540, B-00107, C-17468, C-21663
PETROLEUM REFINING A-03154,
A-05005, A-07963, A-09686, A-09785,
A-17604, A-22540, B-00107, B-00975,
B-07769, B-09784, B-09789, B-14940,
C-17468, C-21663, D-03454, L-11095
PH B-00968, N-22326
PHENANTHRENES A-01788, F-01798
PHENOLS A-07561, A-09676, G-01941
PHILADELPHIA L-07522, L-10567,
L-11095
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-09686, B-09784,
B-09789
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-00972,
B-02488
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS A-09785,
A-21991, C-24412, D-03454
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS D-03454
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-04117,
C-21663
PHYSICAL STATES A-00673, A-01788,
A-03155, A-05465, A-05492, A-05493,
A-05497, A-05969, A-06086, A-08816,
A-09663, A-09676, A-10424, A-11428,
A-11636, A-14923, A-20276, A-22642,
A-22860, A-22862, A-23025, A-23815,
B-00975, B-01935, B-01947, B-02389,
B-02396, B-05570, B-06096, B-14613,
B-15201, B-16137, B-19896, B-20773,
B-21058, B-25706, C-20808, C-23437,
F-13618, L-08976
PILOT PLANTS A-05969, A-09026,
A-11412, A-21952, A-25056, B-23856
PLAINS B-07973
PLANNING AND ZONING G-23293,
J-11857, L-00973, L-08976, L-09514,
L-09677, L-23126, L-23765, L-25480,
L-25688, M-24009, N-01531
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-05718,
A-07963, A-09785, A-23313, A-23314,
B-00975, B-01437, B-01938, B-01945,
B-07973, B-10694, B-12664, B-14364,
C-04117, C-07077, D-00149, D-02833,
D-03454, L-02393, L-06961, L-07522,
L-08976, L-09677, L-09916, L-10454,
L-10491, L-10567, L-11095, L-19059,
L-23765, L-25480, L-25688, M-15002,
N-00164
PLANT DAMAGE A-24421, B-00975,
H-09275
PLANT INDICATORS A-17604
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-05492, A-06086,
A-08850, A-09785, B-00975, H-09275,
N-00164
PLASTICS A-05492, A-08816, A-08850,
A-11450, A-18009, A-24241, A-25862,
B-05570, B-09826, D-00149, 1-16420
PLATING A-09785, B-09784
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-14972, B-00975,
B-04838
PNEUMONIA A-17604
POINT SOURCES L-25480, L-25688
POLLUTION PRECURSORS B-00975
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-00972,
A-01788, A-05005, A-10424, A-25549,
B-10694, F-01798, G-01941, L-08976
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-01947,
B-16749
POTATOES A-06086
POTENTIOMETRIC METHODS C-25696
POWER CYCLES B-02397, N-00164
POWER SOURCES A-00673, A-03154,
A-05005, A-05969, A-09686, A-10424,
A-11803, A-20585, A-22540, A-24013,
A-25549, B-08837, B-15544, B-20294,
B-24954, D-00149, D-02833, G-23167,
L-08976, L-0%77, L-09916, N-00164
PRECIPITATION M-24009, N-22326
PRESSURE A-10418, B-00968, B-06084,
B-19896, B-22822, C-08257, L-07202
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-05005, A-07963,
A-09686, A-09785, A-17610, A-20585,
A-22540, A-24013, A-25549, B-00107,
B-00975, B-08837, B-09784, B-09789,
B-26063, C-21663, D-22812, L-00973,
L-06961, L-0%77, L-22466, M-14805
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-02334,
A-03155, A-03868, A-03870, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05493, A-05494, A-05495,
A-05520, A-05878, A-05969, A-06086,
A-07561, A-09026, A-09663, A-09671,
A-10418, A-10433, A-10675, A-11447,
A-11968, A-14367, A-20153, A-20737,
A-21492, A-21952, A-22642, A-22862,
A-24421, A-24767, A-25220, B-01064,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01938, B-01944,
B-01947, B-02232, B-02394, B-02396,
B-02398, B-02400, B-04838, B-05498,
B-05852, B-06084, B-06096, B-06315,
B-06588, B-07426, B-07769, B-07921,
B-08178, B-08837, B-09823, B-09826,
B-10009, B-12080, B-14364, B-14522,
B-14612, B-15396, B-16536, B-20728,
B-20773, B-21626, B-22757, B-22821,
B-22822, B-23542, B-23819, B-23836,
F-01798, 1-19325, J-01294, J-11114
PROFANES F-01798
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT N-00164
PROPIONALDEHYDES F-01798
PROPOSALS A-05815, A-11803, A-14923,
A-22862, L-25480, L-25688
PUBLIC AFFAIRS A-14972, B-00582,
B-00975, B-02400, L-08826, M-06085,
M-14805, M-15002
PUBLIC INFORMATION B-00582
PULVERIZED FUELS A-01788, A-05494,
B-08837
PYRENES A-00972, A-01788, A-05005,
A-10424, A-25549, B-10694, F-01798,
L-08976
PYROLYSIS A-07659, A-11475, A-22642,
A-22862, B-25977, F-01798
QUESTIONNAIRES A-22860, B-02399,
M-06085
R
RADIATION COUNTERS C-02369
RADIATION MEASURING SYSTEMS
A-10418, C-02369
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION B-06315,
B-23856, C-02369, 1-14737, L-11095,
L-20133
RAGWEED D-02833
RAIN N-22326
RAPPING B-09789
RATS G-23167
REACTION KINETICS A-05465, A-05969,
A-09676, A-11475, A-20906, A-23584,
B-20078
REACTION MECHANISMS F-01798,
L-07879
RECORDING METHODS A-10418,
B-02232, B-02388, C-15533, D-03454
REDUCTION A-07659, A-09676, B-07921,
1-12055
REFRACTORIES A-05465, A-05495,
A-25056, B-09823, B-09824, B-09826,
B-10009, 1-12055
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS B-07973,
L-23126
REGULATIONS A-13112, A-23313,
A-23314, B-00107, B-00288, B-00975,
B-08632, B-09784, B-14522, B-21626,
K-12118, L-00973, L-03805, L-06961,
L-07202, L-08826, L-08976, L-09500,
L-0%77, L-09916, L-10567, L-11095,
L-12511, L-12989, L-19059, L-25480,
L-25688, M-24009
RENDERING A-09785, B-09784, B-25977,
L-0%77, L-09916, L-19059
RESEARCH INSTITUTES A-18009
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES B-23008,
D-00149, L-07879
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-22862,
B-07973, B-15544, L-07879, L-10454
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-05815, A-08850,
A-10675, B-06096, B-09823, K-07595,
L-07522, L-08976, L-09514, L-0%77,
L-10567
RESIDUAL OILS A-00673, A-00943,
B-04843, J-11114
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-17604,
A-21991, D-03454, G-01941, G-23167
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-17604,
A-20585
RHODE ISLAND L-09677
RINGELMANN CHART A-02414, A-06086,
B-00975, B-02153, B-09784, B-16730,
B-21626, C-04117, L-00973, L-03805,
L-09500, L-0%77, L-10567, L-19059,
L-22466
RIVERS B-10694
RUBBER A-05492, A-08850, A-10424,
A-11450, B-09784
RUBBER MANUFACTURING A-03870
SAFETY EQUIPMENT A-03155
SALTZMAN METHOD D-22812
SAMPLERS A-05005, A-06370, A-21991,
A-22540, B-00975, B-06315, B-12655,
B-18252, B-19550, C-01612, C-07077,
C-15533, C-21663, C-24412, D-22812,
F-01798, L-10491
SAMPLING METHODS A-00027, A-01788,
A-05005, A-05160, A-05718, A-06370,
A-08583, A-09026, A-21991, A-22540,
A-24582, B-00968, B-00975, B-01947,
B-02232, B-04843, B-05874, B-06096,
B-06315, B-07426, B-09784, B-12655,
B-14967, B-18252, B-19550, B-19896,
B-21626, C-01612, C-02260, C-04117,
C-06095, C-07077, C-08675, C-11088,
C-14368, C-15533, C-19580, C-21663,
C-24412, D-22812, F-01798, L-02393,
L-03805, L-09916, L-10491
SAMPLING PROBES A-01788, A-06370,
B-06096, F-01798
SAN FRANCISCO A-03154, B-00288,
B-07973, L-00973, L-0%77
SCRAP YARDS A-0%76
SCREEN FILTERS A-23815
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
93
SCRUBBERS A-00972, A-02334, A-02773,
A-03155, A-OS005, A-05495, A-05718,
A-07804, A-09686, A-11432, A-11638,
A-11651, A-16514, A-17604, A-17610,
A-18173, A-19547, A-20585, A-22642,
A-22862, A-23815, A-25862, A-26204,
B-00107, B-00968, B-00975,B-01064,
B-01935, B-01940, B-02153, B-02186,
B-02390, B-02399, B-02402, B-02488,
B-02738, B-02976, B-05498, B-06096,
B-06315, B-06588, B-07769, B-08632,
B-08727, B-09784, B-10455, B-11792,
B-12651, B-12655, B-13363, B-14061,
B-14364, B-14365, B-14613, B-18252,
B-19550, B-19597, B-19896, B-19987,
B-20730, B-22757, B-23482, B-23542,
B-24089, B-25511, B-25706, B-26063,
C-21663, J-02392, K-14366, L-08976,
L-10491
SEASONAL A-10424, A-11411, A-11447,
A-11647, A-11666, A-11%2, C-07077,
D-00149, L-25480, L-25688
SECONDARY AIR A-05465, A-06086,
B-02232, B-060%, B-06315, B-09823,
B-22821, F-01798
SEDIMENTATION A-09686, A-11432,
B-09784, B-19550
SETTLING CHAMBERS A-02334,
A-05495, A-19547, A-22862, B-01940,
B-01947, B-02153, B-02186, B-02399,
B-02738, B-05498, B-05852, B-06084,
B-07426, B-08632, B-13133, B-14365,
B-19550, B-19896, B-19987, C-21663
SETTLING PARTICLES A-02009, A-03155,
A-05005, A-07561, A-07804, A-08373,
A-08583, A-09671, A-09785, A-10418,
A-10424, A-10433, A-10678, A-11429,
A-11461, A-13112, A-13622, A-14972,
A-17552, A-20646, A-21882, A-22130,
A-22642, A-22860, A-22862, A-24421,
A-25056, A-25549, A-26204, B-00107,
B-00968, B-00975, B-01437, B-01935,
B-01937, B-01939, B-01940, B-01947,
B-02027, B-02153, B-02387, B-02390,
B-02397, B-02398, B-02400, B-02976,
B-06096, B-06315, B-07426, B-08727,
B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-10009,
B-11658, B-11792, B-13363, B-13697,
B-14364, B-14365, B-14369, B-14736,
B-16137, B-17403, B-18252, B-21058,
B-21626, B-22156, B-23262, B-23482,
B-23542, B-26063, C-04117, C-17352,
C-17468, C-23437, C-24412, D-03454,
H-09275, K-14366, K-22389, L-02393,
L-06741, L-06961, L-07202, L-08976,
L-09677, L-12989, L-16343, L-19059,
L-20133, L-22466, N-01531
SEWAGE A-00673, A-03155, A-08850,
A-11432, A-11961, A-11963, A-11971,
A-17462, A-25056, B-00582, B-02389,
B-02390, B-07769, B-12080, B-13697,
B-14940, B-24089, L-23126, L-23765
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-08850, A-11961,
A-11963, B-13697, B-14940
SEWERS A-08850
SHIPS A-09785, N-00164
SIEVE ANALYSIS B-00968
SILICATES A-09785, B-09784
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-09785, B-01947,
B-09784
SILVER COMPOUNDS A-09785
SIMULATION A-11475, A-20906, B-01935
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-00712, A-05005, A-05465, A-05520,
A-05718, A-05969, A-07561, A-07804,
A-10675, A-12441, B-00968, B-01064,
B-02186, B-09823, B-09826, B-13133,
B-16751, B-18252, B-19550, B-22757,
C-08675, K-07595, L-07522, M-06085,
N-00164
SINTERING A-00972, L-06961, L-07202
SKIN A-21991
SLUDGE A-03155, A-08850, A-11432,
A-11961, A-11963, A-11971, A-17462,
A-25056, B-02389, B-02390, B-07769,
B-12080, B-13697, B-14940, B-24089,
L-23126
SMOG A-C9785, A-25549, B-00107,
B-00975, B-20294, B-25511, C-24412
SMOKE SHADE A-02414, A-06086,
A-10418, B-00975, B-02153, B-09784,
B-16730, B-19896, B-21626, C-04117,
L-00973, L-03805, L-09500, L-09677,
L-10567, L-19059, L-22466
SMOKEMETERS A-05718, A-10418,
C-02391, L-09500
SMOKES A-00712, A-02334, A-02414,
A-05005, A-05465, A-05718, A-05815,
A-06086, A-07206, A-07561, A-07804,
A-08090, A-08373, A-08583, A-09785,
A-10424, A-14367, A-17462, A-17552,
A-19052, A-20276, A-20646, A-22130,
A-22642, A-22860, A-23313, B-00107,
B-00183, B-00246, B-00288, B-00975,
B-02153, B-02232, B-05852, B-05874,
B-07426, B-08837, B-09789, B-09823,
B-09826, B-14365, B-14967, B-16137,
B-20730, B-21058, B-21435, B-21626,
B-22821, B-22822, B-23008, B-23262,
B-23836, B-25511, B-25570, B-25706,
C-02391, C-04117, C-20808, D-03454,
H-09275, K-14366, K-17201, L-00973,
L-03805, L-06961, L-07202, L-07522,
L-09677, L-09916, L-10567, L-16343,
L-20133, N-01531, N-22326
SOAP MANUFACTURING B-09784
SOCIAL ATTITUDES M-06085
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS B-12664,
B-14613, L-23765, M-24009
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-01947, B-04838,
B-16749
SOILING N-00164
SOILING INDEX B-00975, C-24412,
L-25688
SOILS A-05492
SOLAR RADIATION G-23293
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-00673,
A-00712, A-00972, A-01788, A-02009,
A-02334, A-02414, A-02773, A-03155,
A-03868, A-03870, A-05005, A-05465,
A-05492, A-05493, A-05494, A-05495,
A-05497, A-05651, A-05877, A-05878,
A-05969, A-06086, A-06852, A-06937,
A-07206, A-07561, A-07659, A-07804,
A-08090, A-08373, A-08577, A-08583,
A-08816, A-08850, A-09026, A-09158,
A-09663, A-09671, A-09676, A-09785,
A-10038, A-10418, A-10433, A-10675,
A-10678, A-11411, A-11412, A-11413,
A-11427, A-11428, A-11429, A-11430,
A-11431, A-11432, A-11438, A-11439,
A-11440, A-11447, A-11448, A-11449,
A-11450, A-11461, A-11636, A-11637,
A-11638, A-11640, A-11647, A-11649,
A-11651, A-11655, A-11657, A-11666,
A-11934, A-11939, A-11940, A-11961,
A-11968, A-11971, A-11972, A-13622,
A-14367, A-14442, A-14923, A-17243,
A-17462, A-17552, A-17604, A-18009,
A-18173, A-19052, A-21492, A-22860,
A-23025, A-23313, A-23314, A-24013,
A-25220, A-25549, A-25862, A-26204,
B-00288, B-00582, B-00975, B-01437,
B-01935, B-01937, B-01938, B-01943,
B-01944, B-01945, B-01946, B-01947,
B-02027, B-02153, B-02232, B-02388,
B-02389, B-02390, B-02394, B-02397,
B-02398, B-02399, B-02400, B-02401,
B-02738, B-02741, B-03229, B-04843,
B-05498, B-05569, B-05570, B-05852,
B-05874, B-06084, B-06096, B-06315,
B-06588, B-07769, B-07973, B-08632,
B-08727, B-09784, B-09823, B-09826,
B-10009, B-10694, B-11652, B-11658,
B-11792, B-12080, B-14061, B-14364,
B-14369, B-14522, B-14524, B-14612,
B-14613, B-16536, B-16730, B-16749,
B-16751, B-17275, B-17403, B-19597,
B-19941, B-20730, B-21626, B-22808,
B-23008, B-23836, B-24954, B-25977,
C-02391, C-11088, D-02395, D-02833,
D-03454, F-01798, F-09284, G-01941,
H-09275,1-12055, J-01294, J-02392,
J-03006, J-11857, L-00973, L-01948,
L-02393, L-03805, L-05496, L-07522,
L-07879, L-09500, L-09677, L-09916,
L-10454, L-10491, L-11095, L-20133,
L-23126, L-23765, N-00164, N-01531
SOLIDS A-00673, A-03155, C-23437,
F-13618
SOLVENTS A-09785, B-00107, B-09784,
C-21663, L-08826, L-09677, L-09916
SOOT A-02009, A-03155, A-08373,
A-10424, A-22130, A-22642, A-22860,
A-25549, A-26204, B-02153, B-06315,
B-21058, B-26063, C-23437, L-06741,
L-07202
SOOT FALL D-03454
SOURCE SAMPLING A-08583, A-24582,
B-00968, B-00975, B-01947, B-02232,
B-19550, B-19896, C-02260, C-04117,
C-06095, C-07077, C-11088, C-15533,
C-19580, L-02393
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-22540, A-23815,
A-26204, B-08837, B-18252
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-00673,
A-05005, A-09686, B-15544, D-00149,
L-08976, N-00164
SPARK TIMING B-20294
SPECTROMETRY A-00027, A-01788,
A-05005, A-08373, A-21991, B-02232,
D-03454, D-22812, F-01798
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-00027,
A-01788, B-00968, B-12655, C-21663,
D-22812, F-01798
SPORES A-20517
SPOT TESTS A-08373
SPRAY TOWERS A-05005, A-05495,
A-23815, B-06315, B-08632, B-18252,
B-25511, L-10491
ST LOUIS A-03870, B-00968, B-01064,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01944,
B-02232, B-02394, B-02397, L-09677
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-09785,
A-10424, A-10678, A-14972, B-00975,
L-08976, M-24009
STACK GASES A-01788, A-05651,
A-05718, A-06086, A-07206, A-07561,
A-08583, A-09663, A-09671, A-09686,
A-10418, A-10433, A-11411, A-11412,
A-11413, A-11427, A-11428, A-11429,
A-11430, A-11431, A-11432, A-11438,
A-11439, A-11461, A-11636, A-11638,
A-18173, A-21952, A-22860, A-24421,
A-25862, A-26204, B-00183, B-01437,
B-01935, B-01937, B-01947, B-02153,
B-02186, B-02232, B-02387, B-02390,
-------
94
B-02398, B-03229, B-06084, B-060%,
B-06315, B-08632, B-08837, B-09784,
B-09823, B-09824, B-09826, B-10009,
B-13133, B-14369, B-14613, B-17403,
B-19597, B-19896, B-21058, B-21626,
B-22296, B-23836, B-23856, B-24465,
B-26063, C-02260, C-02391, C-04117,
C-05834, C-06095, C-08257, C-14368,
C-15533, C-24412, D-02395, D-22812,
H-09275, 1-19325, J-02392, K-14366,
L-07522, L-09677, L-10567, L-16343,
L-22466
STACK SAMPLING A-08583, B-00968,
B-00975, B-01947, B-02232, B-19550,
B-19896, C-02260, C-04117, C-06095,
C-07077, C-11088, C-15533, C-19580,
L-02393
STACKS A-02334, A-03868, A-07804,
A-10678, A-11413, A-14442, A-17462,
A-22130, A-22860, A-24421, A-25862,
B-00183, B-00968, B-01938, B-02397,
B-02398, B-04838, B-07426, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, B-12651, B-16730,
B-16751, B-19896, B-20078, B-25511,
C-02260, C-02369, C-07077, C-20808,
K-07595, K-22389, L-02393, L-08976,
L-09500, L-11095, L-20133
STANDARDS A-01788, A-05718, A-07804,
A-08583, A-10675, A-11461, A-11638,
A-11649, A-12441, A-16514, A-19052,
A-21882, A-22862, A-25549, B-00288,
B-00975, B-01939, B-01942, B-02153,
B-02389, B-02390, B-02396, B-02400,
B-02401, B-08632, B-14364, B-14365,
B-14369, B-16751, B-21626, C-04117,
C-08675, D-02395, J-01294, K-12118,
K-14366, K-17201, K-22375, K-22389,
L-00973, L-02393, L-03805, L-06961,
L-07202, L-08826, L-09500, L-09677,
L-09916, L-10491, L-10567, L-11095,
L-19059, L-20861, L-22466, L-23126,
L-25480, L-25688, M-24009, N-01531
STATE GOVERNMENTS A-23313,
A-23314, B-00975, B-07973, L-01948,
L-03805, L-06961, L-09514, L-09677,
L-09916, L-12511, L-18108, L-25480,
L-25688, M-24009
STATISTICAL ANALYSES J-11857
STEAM A-01788, A-05492, A-05493,
A-09663, A-11428, A-23025, B-01935,
B-14613, B-21058, B-25706, C-20808
STEAM PLANTS A-05160, A-05494,
A-06937, A-07206, A-07963, A-09663,
A-09785, A-10038, A-10424, A-11411,
A-11413, A-11640, A-11655, A-11803,
A-11968, B-02397, B-09784, B-09789,
B-10009, B-10694, C-06095, J-11114,
L-18108, L-23765, N-00164, N-22326
STEEL A-00972, A-05005, A-09686,
A-16869, B-08837, B-09789, B-09824,
B-09826, 1-24187, L-00973, L-22466
STONE A-05492, A-09686
STREETS L-08976, L-09514
SUBLIMATION F-01798
SULFATES A-09785, 1-14737
SULFIDES A-05815, A-09785, B-00975,
B-02389, B-02390, B-02488, B-04838,
B-07921, D-22812, 1-12055
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-05492, A-05497,
A-05815, A-09785, A-23313, A-23314,
A-26204, B-00975, B-01947, B-02389,
B-02390, B-02488, B-04838, B-07921,
D-02395, D-22812, 1-12055, 1-14737,
L-00973, L-09677, L-09916
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-00673, A-00943,
A-00972, A-02009, A-05492, A-07561,
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
A-07963, A-08583, A-09026, A-09686,
A-09785, A-10678, A-11438, A-11649,
A-11803, A-19052, A-21952, A-24013,
A-25220, B-00107, B-00975, B-02153,
B-02390, B-04838, B-10694, B-14369,
B-16730, B-18252, C-06095, C-17468,
D-00149, D-03454, D-22812, G-23293,
L-00973, L-07202, L-08976, L-09514,
L-09677, L-18108, L-20861, L-25688,
M-14805, N-22326
SULFUR OXIDES A-00673, A-00943,
A-00972, A-01788, A-02009, A-05492,
A-05815, A-07561, A-07963, A-08583,
A-09026, A-09686, A-09785, A-10678,
A-11438, A-11649, A-11803, A-19052,
A-20646, A-21952, A-22862, A-24013,
A-25220, B-00107, B-00975, B-01947,
B-02153, B-02390, B-04838, B-08727,
B-08837, B-09784, B-10694, B-14369,
B-16730, B-16749, B-18252, B-23008,
C-06095, C-17468, C-21663, D-00149,
D-02833, D-03454, D-22812, G-01941,
G-23293,1-12055, 1-19325, J-11114,
L-00973, L-07202, L-08976, L-09500,
L-09514, L-09677, L-11095, L-12511,
L-18108, L-19059, L-20861, L-25480,
L-25688, M-14805, N-22326
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-18173,
A-22540, A-23815, A-26204, B-00107,
B-08727, B-08837, B-18252
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-00972, A-08583,
A-09026, A-09686, A-09785, A-11438,
A-11649, B-00107, B-01947, B-04838,
B-08727, B-16730, B-16749, G-01941,
1-12055
SULFURIC ACID A-09676, A-09686,
A-25549, B-09784, B-09789, B-16749,
G-01941
SUPERSATURATION B-14613
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-09686, A-09785, A-22873, B-09784,
L-08826
SURFACE COATINGS A-09686, C-07077,
D-03454
SURVEY METHODS C-04117
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-00712,
A-00972, A-02009, A-02334, A-02414,
A-05005, A-05465, A-05718, A-05815,
A-06086, A-07206, A-07561, A-07804,
A-08090, A-08373, A-08583, A-09158,
A-09686, A-09785, A-10424, A-10433,
A-11411, A-11412, A-11413, A-11427,
A-11431, A-11432, A-11651, A-11934,
A-11971, A-14367, A-14972, A-17462,
A-17552, A-17604, A-19052, A-20153,
A-20276, A-20646, A-20737, A-20759,
A-22130, A-22642, A-22860, A-22862,
A-23313, A-25220, A-25549, A-25862,
B-00107, B-00183, B-00246, B-00288,
B-00968, B-00975, B-01437, B-01935,
B-01936, B-01937, B-01938, B-01940,
B-01946, B-01947, B-02153, B-02232,
B-02389, B-02399, B-02402, B-02738,
B-04843, B-05852, B-05874, B-060%,
B-06588, B-07426, B-07921, B-08632,
B-08837, B-09784, B-09789, B-09823,
B-09824, B-09826, B-10009, B-10694,
B-14364, B-14365, B-14967, B-16137,
B-16730, B-18252, B-19550, B-19896,
B-19987, B-20294, B-20730, B-21058,
B-21435, B-21626, B-22821, B-22822,
B-23008, B-23262, B-23542, B-23836,
B-25511, B-25570, B-25706, C-02260,
C-02369, C-02391, C-04117, C-15533,
C-20808, C-24412, D-03454, H-09275,
1-24187, K-14366, K-17201, L-00973,
L-03805, L-06961, L-07202, L-07522,
L-09500, L-09514, L-09677, L-09916,
L-10567, L-16343, L-19059, L-20133,
L-25688, N-01531, N-22326
SWEDEN A-00027, A-00972, A-01788,
A-03155, A-03870, A-07659, B-00183,
B-00975, B-01935, B-01936, B-01947,
B-02388, B-02389, B-02390, B-02394,
B-02396, B-02397, B-02400, B-02401,
B-02402, C-02369, C-23437, D-03454,
F-01798, J-02392, L-02393, L-03805
TAR A-09676
TAXATION A-09676
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES L-08826
TEFLON D-00149
TEMPERATURE A-05465, A-05651,
A-05878, A-07561, A-07804, A-08090,
A-09026, A-09676, A-10433, A-10675,
A-11427, A-11447, A-20276, A-20517,
A-20646, A-22642, A-23584, A-23815,
A-24241, A-24421, B-00968, B-01064,
B-01935, B-01936, B-01937, B-01944,
B-02232, B-02394, B-02397, B-05852,
B-06084, B-060%, B-06588, B-07921,
B-09789, B-09823, B-13697, B-15201,
B-20078, B-20773, B-23482, B-24465,
B-25570, C-11088, F-13618, F-14370,
1-12055, 1-14737,1-19325, L-08826
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-09785, A-10424, G-23293, L-09916,
M-24009
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS A-10418
TENNESSEE L-19059
TESTING FACILITIES A-10424, A-20906,
A-23584, B-20078, C-01612
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-09686
TEXTILES A-05492, A-08850, A-18009,
D-03454
THERMODYNAMICS A-11972, A-16254,
B-01935, B-023%, F-13618
THRESHOLDS L-09916
TIN B-09789
TIRES A-09026, A-10424, B-10694
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-01947
TOLUENES A-23584, B-02389, F-01798,
L-08826
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS A-09785,
D-02833
TOXICITY A-17604, A-17610, A-20585,
A-21991
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS K-12118
TRAINS A-03154, A-09785, A-10424,
A-25549, B-00975, B-07973, D-02833,
N-00164
TRANSMISSOMETERS A-10418
TRANSPORT A-11450
TRANSPORTATION A-00673, A-00972,
A-03154, A-05005, A-05815, A-05969,
A-09686, A-09785, A-10424, A-11803,
A-20585, A-21991, A-22540, A-24013,
A-25549, B-00975, B-07973, B-08837,
B-10694, B-15544, B-20294, B-24954,
C-21663, C-24412, D-00149, D-02833,
D-03454, G-23167, G-23293, J-11857,
L-08976, L-09514, L-0%77, L-09916
L-19059, L-23765, N-00164
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) A-05005, C-08675
TREATED FABRICS B-08727
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-23293, 1-24187
TRUCKS A-05005, B-00975, D-00149,
L-08976, L-19059, N-00164
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
95
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-10675, B-01064, B-04838
u
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
A-01788, A-05005, D-22812, F-01798
UNDERFIRE AIR A-05969, A-06086,
A-22642, A-22862, A-25220, B-01064,
B-02232, B-05498, B-09823, B-09826,
B-10009
UNITED STATES A-00712, A-10424,
A-11447, A-11638, B-00183, B-02399,
B-06588, B-08632
URBAN AREAS A-02009, A-02414,
A-05815, A-07206, A-08577, A-08850,
A-0%76, A-09785, A-10433, A-10675,
A-11428, A-11439, A-11447, A-11448,
A-11803, A-12441, A-14923, A-22540,
A-22860, A-22862, B-00183, B-01945,
B-03229, B-060%, B-09823, B-11658,
B-15201, B-23542, D-00149, D-03454,
D-22812, F-01798, J-03006, K-07595,
L-07522, L-08976, L-09500, L-09514,
L-09677, L-10567, L-11095, L-25480,
L-25688
URINALYSIS B-00975, D-03454, N-00164
USSR A-00712, B-08178
VALLEYS B-00975
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
G-23167, 1-12055
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS A-09663,
B-14613, C-21663
VAPORS A-01788, A-05492, A-05493,
A-09663, A-11428, A-23025, B-01935,
B-14613, B-21058, B-25706, C-20808
VEGETABLES A-06086, A-08850
VEHICLES A-00972, A-03154, A-05005,
A-05815, A-09686, A-09785, A-10424,
A-11803, A-21991, A-24013, A-25549,
B-00975, B-07973, B-10694, C-21663,
D-00149, D-02833, D-03454, G-23293,
L-08976, L-09514, L-09916, L-19059,
L-23765, N-00164
VENTILATION B-01938, B-08837, B-23836
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-08632, B-19987,
B-24089
VIRGINIA A-05493
VISIBILITY A-09785, B-00975, D-03454
VOLATILITY B-04843
VOLTAGE B-09789, C-08257
w
WASHINGTON D C L-09677
WATER A-05465, A-05492, A-05497,
A-05969, A-06086, A-09676, A-14923,
A-20276, A-23815, B-01935, B-01947,
B-06096, B-19896, B-20773, C-20808
WATER POLLUTION A-07659, A-08850,
A-18009, B-07769, B-14369, K-14366,
L-20133, L-23126, L-23765
WEATHER MODIFICATION B-07973
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD C-17468
WEST VIRGINIA L-09677
WET CYCLONES A-02773, A-11432,
B-01940, B-02186, B-02738, B-02976,
B-08727, B-14364, B-14365, B-26063,
J-02392, K-14366
WETTING B-21058
WIND ROSE D-03454, L-08976
WINDS A-09785, A-10678, A-23313,
B-00975, D-03454, G-23293, L-08976,
L-09514, L-25480, L-25688, M-24009,
N-22326
WISCONSIN B-00968, B-06096, J-03006,
L-00973
WOOD A-05465, A-05492, A-06086,
A-06370, A-08850, A-09026, A-09676,
A-11450, A-18009, B-05570, B-09784,
B-09823, B-09824, B-25570
X-RAYS 1-14737
Y
YOKOHAMA A-22130
z
ZINC A-09686, B-00107, B-09784, B-09789
------- |