i m mm mm]
Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURING
A Bibliography with Abstracts
'•X"""X"
llll;
i • • • •
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
-------
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURING-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
May 1971
For sale by the Superintendent or Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 45 cents
Stock Number 6603-0004
-------
The AP series of reports is issued by the Air Pollution Control Office to report the results
of scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest in the field of air
pollution. Information reported in this series includes coverage of APCO intramural
activities and of cooperative studies conducted in conjunction with state and local agencies,
research institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free
of charge to APCO staff members, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organ-
izations - as supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Air Pollution Control Office, Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 12055, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Others may obtain copies from the Government
Printing Office.
Air Pollution Control Office Publication AP-93
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN THIS SERIES
AP-92, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Municipal Incineration —A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-93, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Nitric Acid Manufacturing —A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-94, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing —A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-95, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Cement Manufacturing —A Bibliography with Abstracts
AP-96, Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
Electric Power Production —A Bibliography with Abstracts
III
-------
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION vii
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 3
C. Measurement Methods ....11
D. Air Quality Measurements (None)
E. Atmospheric Interaction , 14
F. Basic Science and Technology 16
G. Effects - Human Health 18
H. Effects - Plants and Livestock 20
I. Effects - Materials .21
J, Effects - Economic 22
K. Standards and Criteria ...23
L. Legal and Administrative . 24
M. Social Aspects (None)
N. General (None)
AUTHOR INDEX 25
SUBJECT INDEX 27
-------
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURING -
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
Nitric acid manufacturing contributes significantly to the overall air pollution level in
the United States. To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Infor-
mation Center (APTIC) of the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Air Pollu-
tion Control Office, has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.
Approximately 81 abstracts have been selectively screened from the contents of APTIC's
information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in the table of
contents. The compilation is intended to be representative of available literature, and no
claim is made to all-inclusiveness.
Subject and author indexes referjtothe abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession
number. Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the latest acquisitions, cover
the most recent material.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Air Pollution Control Office, Environmental Protection Agency, P. O.
,Box 12055, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Readers outside the Environ-
mental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of documents directly from libraries, pub-
lishers, or authors.
VII
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
01583
R.W. Gerstle R.F. Peterson
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM NITRIC ACID MANU-
FACTURING PROCESSES - A COMPREHENSIVE SUMMA-
RY. Preprint. (For Presentation at the American Inst. of
Chemical Engineers, Detroit, Mich., Dec. 8, 1966.)
Atmospheric emissions from nitric acid plants depend on plant
operating conditions, production rates, and the use of control
devices. Data in this article show that plants operating within
design capacities and producing 55-60% nitric acid can limit
the nitrogen oxides concentration to 0.3% in the stream leaving
the absorption tower. This is equivalent to about 50 pounds of
nitrogen oxides per ton of nitric acid (100% basis) produced.
Installation of scrubbers or catalytic reduction equipment can
reduce these emissions by 50 to 97%. Emissions during startup
or shutdown usually do not create any special problems.
(Author summary modified)
13698
Mohrnheim, Anton F.
AIR POLLUTION AND THE METAL FINISHING INDUS-
TRY. Plating, March 1969.
The role of nitrogen oxides in air pollution is discussed in
order to inform those who work with nitric acid and aqua regia
of their capacity for creating or preventing air pollution.
Nitrogen dioxide itself is toxic and, in addition, contributes to
chemical smog production through a photochemical chain reac-
tion. Even though the metal manufacturing and finishing indus-
try uses larger quantities of nitric acid than the precious metal
industry, the latter may release comparable amounts of
nitrogen dioxide. This is demonstrated by the quantititive reac-
tion of gold and nitric acid. In the precious metal industry,
closed systems should be used with only stoichiometric
amounts of aqua regia. For pickling and similar work in the
metal manufacturing and finishing industry, mist collectors or
air scrubbers should be used.
16699
British Oxygen Co. Ltd., Glasgow, Scotland
CURRENT METHODS OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
OF NITROUS OXIDE. APPENDIX 1. Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol.
39:440-442, May 1967.
Nitrous oxide is produced on a commercial scale by passing an
ammonium nitrate solution through a primary scrubbing tower
to a gas-heated reactor. As decomposition takes place, nitrous
oxide leaves the reactor, together with steam, ammonia, nitric
acid, nitrogen, and traces of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Initial cooling of the merging gases causes most of the am-
monia and nitric acid to revert to ammonium nitrate, which is
returned to the reactor. Residual ammonia and nitric acid are
removed by a water scrubber; higher oxides, by caustic/per-
managanate scrubbers; and ammonia traces, by an acid
scrubber. When free of all impurities except moisture and
nitrogen, the gas is compressed and dried in an alumina drier
battery. The dry, compressed gas is next liquefied to release
nitrogen and evaporate pure nitrous oxide. The evaporated
nitrous oxide is then compressed to cyclinder pressure and
passed through a second alumina drier battery to a cylcinder
filling line. In purity tests for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide
determination, the gas leaving each drier is passed through a
visual bubbler containing an acid potassium permanganate
solution and a Saltzman reagent. An alarm is automatically
sounded if nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations
reach 1 vpm.
17076
Belaga, M. B. and P. N. Maystruk
SANITARY PROTECTION OF AIR IN VINNITSA. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
vol. 8:241-246, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ed.) (Also: Gigiena i
Sanitariya, 26(l):73-76, 1961. CFSTI: 63-11570
Plans are presented for the purification of discharges from dif-
ferent shops and departments of a superphosphate plant which
currently emits 10.5 tons of sulfur dioxide, 6.5 tons of nitric
acid, 1.2 tons of sulfuric acid, 0.5 tons of fluorides, and one
ton of superphosphate and tricalcium dust each day. Even at a
distance of 2000 meters from the plant, the maximum fluorine
concentrations are 13 times in excess of the allowable limit.
Similarly, sulfur dioxide concentrations at 1000 meters and sul-
furic acid aerosols at 500 meters have been found to exceed
allowable limits. The maximum concentration of dust at 200 m
from the plant is 15.4 mg/cum, or thirty times in excess of the
allowable limit. Dust samples collected at 200-1000 meters
from the plant showed a fluorine content of 0.8 to 1.4%. Soil
samples at 200, 500, and 1000 meters contained 16.9, 9.61, and
8.7 mg of fluorine per 100 g of soil. Among the measures being
taken to reduce pollution are the elimination of gas leaks by
equipment hermetization, the installation of dust catching and
gas purification equipment, and the construction of high stacks
for greater dispersion of pollutants. It is further recommended
that the sulfuric acid department build a separate housing for
its exhaust fans, use filters to raise tail-gas utilization efficien-
cy, and build a warehouse to store the apatite concentration.
18305
Lindau, L.
Am POLLUTION AND THE MANUFACTURE OF INOR-
GANIC CHEMICALS. (Luftfororening vid framstalhiing av
oorganiska baskemikalier.) Text in Swedish. Statens Natur-
vardsverk, Stockholm, Publikationer No. 4, 66p., 10 refs.
The investigation deals with air pollution problems in connec-
tion with the manufacture of basic inorganic chemicals such as
sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, ammonia,
nitric acid, chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The report con-
tains a survey of present conditions, an analysis of various
technical methods to reduce the emissions, and a discussion of
the economic consequences of these methods. The purpose of
the survey is to supply information to the Swedish authorities
dealing with air pollution control. The rates of emission from
the chemical plants are described as kg/ton product. The costs
of air pollution abatement vary. In certain cases, e.g., the
recovery of sulphur in connection with the production of am-
-------
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
monia, the necessary investments can be written off. In other
cases, e.g., introduction of the double-contact process for the
manufacture of sulphuric acid, the increasing yield can only
partially motivate the investments required. There are also
cases when the costs entirely belong to the air pollution ac-
count. A comparison between Swedish and foreign plants in-
dicates that emissions are of the same magnitude. Essential
improvements are possible to obtain in new plants and the
latest Swedish production units have applied this to a great ex-
tent.
21204
Hals, Finn A.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL THROUGH
MHD POWER GENERATION. Combustion, 41(ll):27-29, May
1970.
In addition to offering advances in power technology of sig-
nificant benefit to society, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
shows promise of solving serious air and thermal pollution
problems faced by steam-electric power plants. The use of
MHD-steam power plant could significantly reduce thermal
pollution of water since, due to higher efficiencies, less than
half the amount of cooling water used by conventional fossil-
fueled steam power plants would be required. Since the sup-
plemental steam turbine can be replaced with a supplemental
gas turbine, MHD generators can be designed to reject all heat
into the atmosphere and none to water. With no cooling water
necessary, MHD generators can be located in water-poor but
fuel-rich areas, opening them to industrialization. Particulate
emission would be controlled by careful electrostatic precipita-
tion, since the economic operation of the plant requires the
recovery of an alkali seed impurity added to enhance electrical
conductivity of the combustion gases. Particulate removal in
excess of 99% is, therefore ensured. The temperatures at
which MHD generators operate make the recovery of nitrogen
oxides and sulfur oxides in the form of nitric and sulfuric acid
technically feasible and economically attractive.
22877
Stuttgart Univ. (West Germany), Inst. fuer Verfahrenstechnik
und Dampfkesselwesen
KEEPING THE AIR PURE. (Reinhaltung der Luft). 58p., 1968.
25 refs. Translated from German. Belov and Associates,
Denver, Colo., 80p., Feb. 5, 1970.
A review of technical articles relating to air pollution is
presented. Sampling techniques and statistical evaluation of
results are discussed. The effects of gaseous impurities on hu-
mans and plants are briefly mentioned. Maximum emission
values for nitric oxide, nitric acid, chlorine, hydrogen chloride,
hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide are tabulated. Measure-
ment methods, including filters, absorption bottles, and vari-
ous continuous methods are described. SO2 is generally mea-
sured by the silica gel method, the West Gaeke method, the
'Ultragas 3' method, the Pico-flex instrument, or by infrared
spectrophotometry. Isopropanol is a good absorption medium
for sulfur trioxide. Dewpoint measurement and detectors are
mentioned. NO2 can be measured by the Saltzman method,
and by photometric or colorimetric means. Measurement of
H2S and fluorine emissions may be done by the sodium
hydroxide method. Methods for carbon monoxide and dioxide
are mentioned. Organic compounds are measured by gas chro-
matography. Methods for measuring and counting dust con-
taminants, and stack sampling are discussed. Optical and elec-
trostatic methods of determining smoke shade are described.
The Konimeter, impinger, and dust fall methods are con-
sidered. A disucssion of plume behavior, including stack
height, turbulence, diffusion, and winds, is presented. Several
laws regarding emissions are mentioned.
26226
Perrine, Richard L. and Limin Hsueh
POWER AND INDUSTRY: CONTROL OF NITROGEN
OXIDE EMISSIONS. In: Project Clean Air. California Univ.,
Berkeley, Task Force 5, Vol. 1, Section 9, lip., Sept. 1, 1970.
32 refs.
When fossil fuels are burned with air some of the nitrogen
reacts with oxygen forming nitrogen oxides; the major source
of emissions of NOx in California is motor vehicles, but sta-
tionary power sources and others also contribute large quanti-
ties. The higher the peak combustion temperature the more
nitric oxide is formed. Most current efforts to deal with the
problem are centered on developing improved combustion
processes and on the design of the burner and type of firing.
Some improvement may be obtained through combustion
process modifications, but these are constrained by existing
designs, stable operating requirements, and adverse secondary
effects. Some basic approaches which have been developed
for removal of NOx emissions from nitric acid plant stack
gases include catalytic decomposition, catalytic reduction, ab-
sorption on solids, and caustic scrubbing. A number of modifi-
cations to operating conditions or burner design include low
excess air combustion, flue gas recirculation, steam and water
injection, burner configuration, and fluidized bed composition.
The complex interaction of mixing, heat transfer, fluid
mechanics, and chemical kinetics within the burner needs to
be understood. Simplified models of the combustion process
are necessary to aid in the understanding of the critical
processes controlling nitric oxide formation and to provide a
means for the systematic analysis of cause-effect relationships.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
00587
J.A. Brink, Jr., W.F. Burggrabe, L.E. Greenwell
MIST REMOVAL FROM COMPRESSED GASES. Chem. Eng.
Progr., 62(4):60-66, April 1966.
Fiber mist eliminators have been successfully used to purify
gases and solve difficult air pollution problems involving:
methanol synthesis gas, sulfonation and chlorination process
gases, nitric acid process gases, chlorine, and compressed air.
Extensive research and development work resulted in the
development of fiber mist eliminators for the collection of sub-
micron mist particles. The first plant-scale installations were
made for the control of air pollution from sulfuric and
phosphoric acid plants. After full-scale units had been proven
highly efficient on stack gases containing submicron particles,
further research was undertaken to develop fiber mist elimina-
tors which would be most economical for the collection of par-
ticles which are predominantly 1 to 20 microns in diameter.
The installation of fiber mist eliminators within various
processes to purify gases was started after several difficult air
pollution problems had been solved. The widespread applica-
tion of fiber units to chlorine plants was reported in detail, but
the applications to many other processes has not been re-
ported previously. It should be noted that mists are present in
many chemical processes at pressures ranging up to 5,500
Ib./sq. in. gauge. The temperatures at whcih mists are present
are usually moderate since many mists vaporize at higher tem-
peratures.
00959
B. B. Sundaresan, C. I. Harding, F. P. May, and E. R.
Hendrickson
A DRY PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OX-
DDES FROM WASTE GAS STREAMS IN NITRIC ACD)
MANUFACTURE. Preprint. (Presented at the 59th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco,
Calif., June 20-25, 1966, Paper 66-96.)
Experimental studies were conducted using a commercial
zeolite to remove NOx from waste gas streams in a nitric acid
plant. NOx retained in the bed was recovered as enriched
NOx and HNO3 gy regenerating the bed at elevated tempera-
tures with hot air and/or steam. Test results indicate that such
a system could be incorporated into an existing nitric acid
plant, thereby eliminating release of significant quantities of
NOx into atmosphere. The conclusions are enumerated below:
(1) A process to remove NOx from the waste gas streams of
nitric acid plants has been found; (2) Complete NOx removal
as proved by this system will eliminate release of NOx into
the atmosphere; (3) Commercial zeolite used in this process
can remove NOx along with most of the moisture present in
the tail gas; (4) NOx and H2O retained in the bed has been
recovered as enriched NOx and HNO3 for possible feedback
into the process stream; (5) It has been estimated that in a 300
ton acid plant by feeding back the recovered NOx into the
process stream, about 4 to 5 tons per day of 60% HNO3 now
being wasted could be added to production; and (6) The in-
creased production should offset the additional investment for
such a system, making the process economically feasible.
(Author summary and conclusions)
01125
D. Zanon and D. Sordelli
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS OF Am POLLUTION PROBLEMS
FROM CHEMICAL PROCESSES . (Realizzazioni nel Campo
delia Prevenzione dell' inquinamento Atmosferico di Origine
Industriale.) Translated from Italian. Chim. Ind. (Milan),
48(2):251-261, March 1966.
A strict control of pollutant to be dispersed in the atmosphere
offers technical and economic problems, both in the design
and the operation of chemical processing units. Three exam-
ples of processes for which pollution control has been
established are described: SO2 derived from contact sulfuric
acid and from hydroxylamine sulfate plants, nitrous gas from
low and high-pressure nitric acid plants, and fluorine-contain-
ing effluents from hydrogen fluoride production. The general
approach, kind of abatement process adopted, materials and
construction costs are discussed.
02051
J. Feist.
THE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROUS GASES DUR-
ING THE MANUFACTURE OF NITRIC ACID. Die Kata-
lytische Reduktion Von Nitrosen Abgasen Sei Der Erzeugung
Von Salpetersaure. Proc. (Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong.,
London, 1966. (Paper VI/15). pp. 199-202.
Discusses a catalytic reduction process for reducing nitric
oxide present in the waste gases from nitric acid for manufac-
ture to a concentration of 100 ppm. Flow sheets illustrate ther-
mal integration of the catalytic process with the overall
process. Discusses the use of metal and ceramic catalysts.
(Author abstract)
04658
R. W. Bayley
DESORPTION OW WASTE WATER GASES IN ADI (PART
1). Effluent Water Treat. J. (London) 7, (2) 78-84, Feb. 1967.
The air stripping of volatile or gaseous polluting constitutents
from industrial waste waters in desorption units is used for
pretreatment of the waste prior to descharge to a public sewer
or stream. Where an air-pollution problem exists, the desorbed
gas must be dispersed by stacks or the desorbed constituent
recovered. The design of such desorbing units based on known
chemical engineering principles is illustrated by examples of
the removal of the cyanide from the effluent of a gas plant
and ammonia from the effluent from a nitric acid plant. The
desorption unit may use either duffused air bubbles passing
through the liquid or counter-current towers packed with
Rasching rings.
051511
B. A. Kerns
CHEMICAL SUPPRESSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES.
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., Headquarters
Mfg. Lab. (1964). 6 pp.
-------
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
An approach to NO and NO2 fume control by eliminating the
fumes before their release from pickling, milling and bright
dipping solutions was investigated. Since classical chemistry
shows a reaction between most primary amines and the oxides
of nitrogen, a study of an available, inexpensive, and readily
adaptable amide, urea, was undertaken. The investigations in-
cluded a thorough study of the urea-nitric acid-nitrogen oxides
reactions for both copper and iron-68 analyses of the urea (for
purity), and of the evolved gases; and the effect of the urea
nitric acid system on the various types of stainless steels and
other metals which could be employed. A thorough study of
the possible hazards of the urea-nitric acid system was un-
dertaken also . In the case of chemical milling urea sucessfully
lowered the NO2 fumes to almost undetectable levels, but this
treatment did not suppress the HNO3 vapors which coin-
cidentally are released from these hot chemical milling solu-
tions. Thus a small water scrubbing apparatus is still required
to prevent these vapors from being released to the at-
mosphere. The use of a HN03-urea solution system produces
a satin finish in less than half of the time now required to
bright dip and release no toxic fumes to the atmosphere.
05309
E. C. Betz and H. J. Feist
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNING OF ORGANIC AIR POLLU-
TANTS. Technik (Berlin) 20 (6), 395-400 (June 1965). Ger. (Tr.)
Newly developed all-metal catalysts are discussed which are
designed on the basis of the building block assembly system;
in practice, they achieve an average running time of 25,000-
35,000 working hours. A catalyst, which speeds up a reaction
because of its presence, without itself participating in the reac-
tion, reduces the decomposition temperature during com-
bustion. A reaction temperature of 250-350 C was achieved
with all-metal catalysts developed for catalytic exhaust gas pu-
rification. The cold exhaust gases flow through a heat
exchanger and are preheated. Then they are heated by means
of oil burners, gas burners, or electrical heating elements until
they reach the catalytic reaction temperature. A fan then
moves the exhaust gases to the catalyst where the irritants are
oxidized. The heat released during catalytic combustion is lar-
gely recovered in the heat exchanger and it is used for heating
the cold exhaust gases as combustion here is exothermal. At a
reaction temperature of about 250-350 C, all combustible com-
ponents are oxidized in the exhaust gas. As a result of the
temperature increase in the exhaust gas in the catalyst, the
positive heat change of this reaction can measured which gives
a figure directly proportional to the irritant concentration. The
catalytic exhaust gas purification unit thus serves as a mea-
surement instrument for the concentration of the exhaust gas.
A measurement system used for continual surveillance is
presented in diagram. Applications of catalytic afterburning
are discussed in relation to the following: drying and hardening
processes, phthalic acid and maleic acid anhydride production,
nitric acid production, NO/NO2 reduction.
05401
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM NITRIC ACID MANU-
FACTURING PROCESSES. Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution and Manufacturing Chemists As-
sociation, Washington, B.C. 1966. 96 pp. (999-AP-27.)
Emissions to the atmosphere from the manufacture of nitric
acid were investigated jointly by the Manufacturing Chemists'
Assoc., Inc. and the U.S.P.H.S.; the study was the second in a
cooperative program for evaluation of emissions from selected
chemical manufacturing processes. The report describes the
growth and potential of the nitric acid industry, the principal
processes for production of nitric acid, process variables,
emissions from plants under normal operating conditions, and
the methods and devices used to limit and control emissions.
The sampling and analytical techniques by which emissions
were assessed are presented in detail. (Author's abstract)
06123
O. Jeitner, and K. Konig
ELIMINATION OF NITROUS GAS EMISSION BY CATA-
LYTIC REDUCTION. Beseitigung der Nitrosegasemission
durch katalytische Reduction. Chem. Tech. (Berlin) 19, (3),
166-9, Mar. 1967. Ger.
At the nitric acid plant in Piesteritz, East Germany, NO in the
waste gas was to be catalytically reduced by hydrogen. The
hydrogen was a by-product and contained 0.1% by volume of
H2S and 0.05% by volume of PH3, both toxic to the Pd
catalyst used. Therefore, the hydrogen had to be washed by
passing it through two washing towers containing 30% HNO3.
One tower also contained 15% NaOH and the other water.
Complete elimination of the NO was possible using 0.4 to 0.6%
more hydrogen than the stoichio metrically required volume. If
the flow of hydrogen through the catalyst is closely controlled,
the resulting nitrogen is virtually free of oxygen and hydrogen.
06844
H. C. Anderson, P. L. Romeo and W. J. Green
A NEW FAMILY OF CATALYSTS FOR NITRIC ACID TAIL
GASES. Engelhard Ind. Tech. Bull. 7 (3), 100-5 (Dec. 1966).
The palladium unitory ceramic catalyst remove oxides of
nitrogen from tail gases produced during the production of
nitric acid was evaluated. The new catalyst, provides excellent
abatement at 100 p.s.i.g., using space velocities of 100,000.
Even at 150,000, 94% of the NOx was removed, with ammonia
in only slight excess over the NOx. Bench-scale and field ex-
perience have shown that the unitary ceramic catalyst is well
adapted to the treatment of nitric acid stack gases.
07093
REVIEW OF RESTRICTING GAS EMISSION FROM
NITRIC-ACID PLANTS. ((VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)
Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany,))
(VDI No. 2295.) (July 1963) Ger. (Tr.) 12 pp.
The control of nitrogen oxides during the production of nitric
acid was discussed. Nitrogen oxides emissions are restricted
by absorption, suitable discharge outlets, and on the basis of
missions. Because of the particularities of nitrous gases, the
content of the waste gases cannot be completely controlled.
07535
W. Leithe
CLEAN AIR MAINTENANCE - AN IMPORTANT TASK FOR
CHEMISTRY AND ECONOMY. (Reinhaltung der Luft ein
dringendes Anliegen fur Chemie und Wirtschaft.) Text in Ger-
man. Allgem. Prakt. Chem. (Vienna), 18(8):239-241, Sept. 10-
17, 1967. 4 refs.
This article is a summary of two lectures given at meetings of
chemical societies. The problem of air pollution and some con-
trol methods are outlined. Typical examples of well-known air
pollution problems are mentioned: London's smog chiefly
caused by domestic heating, the smog of Los Angeles due to
automobiles, the sun, and temperature inversions, and the in-
dustrial air pollution of the Ruhr Valley. Some characteristic
data for all three examples are quoted. The techniques for the
control of dust emissions are farthest advanced. This is
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
verified by the fact that in Germany, emission of cement dusts
decreased to one third while the production of cement tripled
in the last 17 years. Far less satisfactory is the control of SO2
emissions. About twice as much sulfur is blown into the air
than is used for the production of sulfuric acid. Some wet and
dry processes for the elimination of SO2 from smoke are men-
tioned, but no method is known today which is both effective
and economical. The chemical industry tackled its problems
mostly by reducing the emission of air polluting substances by
increasing the efficiencies of the relevant chemical processes.
Examples are the production of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
Organic compounds can be recovered by either absorption on
activated charcoal or oxidation by catalytic afterburners.
07552
Billings, Charles E., Charles Kurker, Jr., and Leslie Silverman
SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ACID GASES, MISTS, AND
FUMES WITH MINERAL WOOL FILTERS. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 8(3):195-202, Nov. 1958. 20 refs. (Presented at
the 51st Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
Philadelphia, Pa., May 26-29, 1958.)
Investigations have indicated that two in. thick filters at four
Ib/cu. ft. packing density will remove up to 80% of acid mist
and up to 99% of acid gases and fumes. Total filter life de-
pends upon concentration of contaminant in the entering air. A
summary of filter performance is given. Estimated operating
life based upon one use of the filter material can be obtained
from the data given. With particulates such as iron oxide and
fly ash, it has been found possible to wash and reuse filters
about ten times. When iron oxide was collected simultaneously
with SO2, filters were reused about eight times. Acid gas col-
lection is significantly improved by the presence of moisture
on slag wool filters. Mineral wool filters have several features
such as, low cost (about 1 cents/lg.), small fiber diameter (4
micron and ability to withstand high temperatures (1000 deg
F.). Slag wool will simultaneously remove sub-micron particu-
late materials with 90 to 99% efficiency. Resistance to flow
through two in. slag wool filters (with an HF efficiency of
95%) is on the order of one or two in. of water, or if continu-
ously moistened, at most 6 in. of water.
09773
FAN SCRUBBER HALTS CORROSION ENDING NEED FOR
ROOF REPAIRS. Chem. Process., 31(4):67, April 1968.
The manner in which escaping acid fumes were controlled at a
particular plant is described. An existing system of water
scrubbers was supplanted by a separator based on a centrifu-
gal fan. Flow through the separator is 14,000 cfm of an ex-
haust containing 750 ppm of nitric acid and nitrogen oxides
and 350 ppm of hydrofluoric acid. Most of the fumes are
separated by centrifugal force in the fan, into which 6 gpm of
water is sprayed. The partially cleaned exhaust then passes
through a 48 x 80 x 6 in thick polypropylene filter which
removes nearly all of the remaining wetted fumes. Fumes leav-
ing the separator were reduced to trace amounts. Scrubbing
water requirements were reduced by 34 gpm. The complete
system was installed at a cost of $8100, less thatn $.70 cfm.
09981
Tikhonenko, A. D. and M. N. Nabiev
NATURAL-GAS CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITRIC
OXIDE TADL GASES FROM NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION.
Translated from Russian. Uzbesk. Khim. Zh., ll(4):6-9, 1967.
2 refs. CFSTI: PB 178106T
The catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides is the most progres-
sive means of purifying tail gas from nitric acid production.
The process of catalytic reduction of nitric oxides by methane
in the form of natural gas at atmospheric pressure with the use
of platinized nickel-chromium foil and a two-layer catalyzer is
described. In operation over 710 hrs, the nickel-chromium foil
showed sufficient thermal stability under conditions assuring
complete purification of the gas; catalyst activity significantly
decreased and was reduced with H2 at 320 deg. C. The condi-
tions for complete nitric oxide reduction were found and also
those for achieving the sanitary norm of NO+NO2 content
(0.02 percent). In a two-layer catalyst it was possible to
decrease the temperature of the gas entering the catalyzer to
450 deg. and the resulting CH4:O2 ratio was 0.8.
10017
Bloomfield, Bernard D.
CONTROL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS. Heating, Piping,
Air Condition ing, 40(1): 195-206, Jan. 1968. 26 refs.
Control technology in relation to air pollution involves the ap-
plication, singly or in combination, of tall stacks for dispersio
process changes, and control equipment. Most gaseous con-
taminants can be controlled using the techniques of absorp-
tion, adsorption, direct flame combustion, and catalytic com-
bustion. The theoretical principles of design and operation
preclude under most circumstance the use of any of the shelf
items for air pollution control purpose Good design, construc-
tion, and proper operation are the requisites of a satisfactory
system. The special characteristics of a number systems are
described. A table of selected air quality standards i given for
such pollutants as SOx, NOx, CO, H2S, and ozone.
10159
Atroshchenko, V. I., and E. G. Sedasnova
RATE OF NITROGEN OXIDES ABSORPTION BY AL-
KALINE SOLUTIONS AND NITRIC ACID. Zh. Prikl. Khim.,
25(11):! 143-1150, 1952. 13 refs. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Di- seases, Vol. 6, 299p., April 1961. CFSTI: TT
61-21982
The absorption of nitrogen oxides by alkaline solutions has be-
come economically advantageous to the nitric acid industry. In
connection with the complex processes which take place in the
for mation of nitric acid and alkaline nitrates from nitric oxide,
an experimental study was made of the relative velocity of the
total nitric oxide conversion at different ratios between acid
and alka line absorption. The results of the study demon-
strated that a functional relationship existed between the
degree of nitrogen oxides absorption and the increase in the
specific gravity of al kaline absorbers, accompanied by a cor-
responding reduction in the degree of nitric acid absorption.
The results also established that at the combined production of
nitric acid and sodium nitrate by the method of increasing the
degree of nitrogen oxides absorp tion by alkaline solution, the
reaction volume can be reduced considerably.
11058
W. Teske
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES AND OPERATION
OF PLANTS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY LEADING TO
REDUCED EMISSION. Staub (English translation), 28(3):25-
33, March 1968. CFSTI: TT 68-50448/3
The emissions from chemical plants can be reduced, in special
cases, by changing the production process or, in general, by
using a gas cleaning method. Change in the production process
-------
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
may be achieved by a basic alteration of the process itself, by
changing the mode of operation, by modifying the equipment
and by using a different raw material. For this purpose, the
doublecontact method for sulphuric acid production, the pres-
sure method for nitric acid recovery and the introduction of a
covered carbide furnace are mentioned as examples. The su-
perphosphate process, viscose process, production of
betanaphthol, production of thermal phosphoric acid and
production of calcium chloride are given as examples for
waste gas cleaning. (Author's summary)
11549
Bingham, E. C. Jr.
NITRIC ACID PLANT'S CATALYTIC BURNER PREVENTS
TAIL GAS STREAM AIR POLLUTION. Preprint, Farmers
Chemical Association, Inc., Tyner, Tenn., 3p., 1968.
Air contamination is prevented from a ton per day nitric acid
manufacturing plant by passing the tail gas through a catalytic
burner which reduces residual oxides of nitrogen into a color-
less stream. After purification in the combustion chamber,
which contain a catalyst charge, the exhaust stream can be
safety directed to a turbine expander for power recovery to
assist in driving the main compressor of the acid manufactur-
ing unit. The catalytic reaction also increases the life of the
expander because the afterburner exhaust stream has no nitric
acid carry over that could eventually strip out the turbine
blades. Tests conducted during the first six months of opera-
tion of the charge showed a cleanup of NO2 pollutants ranging
between 95 and 98 percent. The unit maintained the high rate
of reduction of fumes while operating at space velocities in the
order of 120,000 cubic feet of gas per cubic foot of catalyst
system per hour.
12637
W. Teske
EMISSIONS AND ABATEMENT OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN
IN NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE. Chem. Eng., No. 221,
CE263-266, Sept. 1968.
The emission problem in the manufacture of nitric acid results
from incomplete conversion of nitrous oxide to nitric acid.
Some of the processes for reducing the emissions which are
discussed briefly include: Alkaline absorption with milk of
lime or aqueous ammonia; oxidation with hydrogen peroxide
or ozone; absorption in an aqueous solution of magnesium ox-
ide; removal as nitrosylsulfuric acid by treatment with a sul-
furic acid, nitric acid mixture; and catalytic reduction
processes.
13202
Schmitt, Karl, Wilhelm Ester, Hans Heumann, and Harry
Pauling
NITROGEN OXIDE CONVERSION. (Hibemia Chemie GmbH,
Gelsenkirchen-Buer, Germany, and Harry Pauling, Munich,
Germany) U. S. Pat. 3,453,071. 7p., July 1, 1969. 4 refs. (Appl.
May 16, 1966, 29 claims).
In the production of nitric acid and other nitrogenous
products, exhaust gas is produced which contains significant
quantities of nitrogen oxides, particularly NO and NO2. A
process for absorbing these oxides and recovering them as am-
monium nitrite includes adjusting the mole ratio of NO to NO2
to 1 and then introducing the adjusted gas into an ammoniacal
solution of ammonium nitrate. The ammonium nitrate content
of the absorbent solution is controlled so that the solution
viscosity at any given temperature is higher than the viscosity
of water at the same temperature. When the ammonium nitrate
concentration is maintained at about 40 to 50 weight percent
and the absorption process is operated at 20 to 30 C, at least
half the ammonium nitrite formation takes place at the liquid-
vapor interface. The remainder of the ammonium nitrite is
produced in the gas phase by successive absorption of small
amounts of gaseous ammonia in the vapor space, where it is
neutralized with water vapor and nitrogen oxide to form am-
monium nitrates as well as the ammonium nitrites. These dis-
solve in the absorbent solution. By preventing the develop-
ment of easily decomposable ammonium nitrite mists, the
process minimizes efficiency losses and explosion dangers.
13205
Markvart, Miroslav and Vladimir Pour
SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES WITH
AMMONIA. (Selektivni redukce kyslicniku dusiku
amoniakem). Text in Czech. Chem. Prumysl (Prague), 19(1):8-
12, 1969. 12 refs.
In manufacturing nitrogen acids, catalytic reduction of
nitrogen oxides in fall gases is the most effective method of
neutralization. Using ammonia as a catalyst, nitrogen oxides
can be selectively eliminated. The consumption of fuel using
ammonia is approximately ten times lower than with other
reducers. Tests were conducted to gain more information
about the method. All measurements were taken under at-
mospheric pressure, and the reaction took place in the kinetic
range. Nitrogen oxides were detected by the standard titrimet-
ric method. Catalyzers were prepared by depositing active
metal on aluminium. In the absence of oxygen, the reduction
is fastest on platinum catalyzers; 95% conversion is reached
with temperatures above C. In the presence of oxygen on the
same catalyzer, the temperature may be as low as 180 C. The
increase in speed of reaction is most evident with small con-
centrations. The activity of the catalyzer is greatest when the
amount of Pt is 1%. In all of the tests, the greater the speed of
the gases, the higher the temperature must be. The only disad-
vantage of this method is that ammonia salts are generated
that may deposit on the cool parts of the reactor.
13689
Atroshchenko, V. I., A. N. Tseytlin, A. P. Zasorin, and V. S.
Zolotarev
UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES - BY-PRODUCTS OF
CERTAIN INDUSTRIES. (Utilizatsiya okislov azota otk-
hodov nekotorykh proizvodstv). Text in Russian. Khim. Prom.
(Moscow), 1(1):79- 80, 1960.
Production of nitric acid from exhaust gas with high NO con-
tent as compared with exhaust gas with low NO content plus
NO2 is discussed. A method is described which involves cool-
ing the gases to 25-30 C, introducing additional air, and carry-
ing out oxidation in a cooler-oxidizer. About 8% absorption is
achieved with 35% nitric acid absorbent. Specifications for an
operating installation which produces 2500 kg of 55% acid are
given. A modified version using oxygen rather than air is men-
tioned.
13893
Anderson, H. C., P. L. Romeo, and W. J. Green
A NEW FAMILY OF CATALYSTS FOR NITRIC ACID TAIL
GASES. Nitrogen, no. 50:33-36, Nov./Dec. 1967. 6 refs.
A unitary ceramic cartridge was designed to act as a precious
metal catalyst support. The support consists of a block of
ceramic, through which a multitude of small parallel channels
pass which are coated with the precious metal. Bench-scale
and field experience have shown that the unitary catalyst is
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
well-adapted to the treatment of nitric acid stack gases. Using
natural gas as a fuel, decolorization of stack gases is effected
using palladium as the catalyst on the ceramic support. The
ceramic structure is well designed for the two-stage catalytic
removal of NO and NO2 in gases containing more than the 3%
maximum oxygen level required for one stage removal. By ap-
plying platinum-alumina on the ceramic cartridge, excellent
abatement (94%) of the nitrogen oxides present in the gases is
achieved at 100 psi and space velocities up to 150,000.
13899
Varlamov, M. L., G. A. Manakin, Ya. I. Starosel'skiy, and L.
S. Zbrozhek
INVESTIGATION OF THE AMMONIA METHOD OF
REMOVING NITROGEN OXIDES FROM THE EXHAUST
GASES OF A NITROGEN-OXIDE NITRIC-ACID TOWER
SYSTEM. I. (Issledovaniye ammiachnogo metoda ochistki ot
okislov azota otkhodyashchikh gazov bashennoy nitroznoy
semokislotnoy sistemy). Text in Russian. Nauchn. Zap.
Odessk. Politekhn. Inst., vol. 40:24-33, 1962. 4 refs.
Data from laboratory study of the removal of low concentra-
tions of nitrogen oxides using gaseous ammonia and ammonia
water are presented. The use of gaseous ammonia, in conjunc-
tion with acoustic coagulation with an aerosol, yielded an
average degree of removal of 85% when incoming gases were
highly oxidized. Nitrogen dioxide, and an equimolecular mix-
ture of NO and NO2, reacted with 82-93% completeness with
gaseous ammonia, this value increasing slightly with increased
reaction volume. A gas lift using ammonia water yielded 63.6%
purification with a 40% content of nitrogen oxides. The degree
of oxidation of industrial exhaust gases is an important factor
determining the degree of purification by this method. The
data given correspond to an equimolecular NO and NO2 mix-
ture.
14007
Hsieh, Yu Hsioh
AN EXPERIMENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN
FROM NITRIC ACID PLANT TAIL GAS. (Ts'ung hsiao suan
wei ch'i chih ch'i fan ch'i ti shih yen). Text in Chinese. K'o
Hsueh T'ung Pao, vol. 10: 307-308, 1957. 6 refs.
By passing nitric acid tail gas first an alkali scrubbing tower to
remove CO2 and then through a catalyst reactor to reduce
NO2 and O2 in the presence of excess hydrogen, it was found
practical to recover nitrogen. Three types of catalysts were
made by depositing Cu and Ni on soil diatoms: CuO:diatoms,
NiO:diatoms, and CuO plus NiO:diatoms, all in a 1:9 ratio.
The highest absorption rate could be attained with a sodium
hydroxide concentration of 1% and a gas linear velocity of 0.2
m/sec. The concentration of CO2 could be reduced to 30 ppm.
By using CuO with a firebrick carrier at a temperature of 600-
650 C, a space velocity of 6000 reciprocal hours, and 4-6% ex-
cess hydrogen, it was possible to produce a gas with 1-5 ppm
NO, 10-20 ppm 02, and 400 ppm NH3. By using the copper-
nickel catalyst with diatoms as carriers at a temperature of
300-500 C, a space velocity of 1500 reciprocal hours, and 5%
excess hydrogen, a gas with 0.4-0.7 ppm NO, 10-20 ppm 02,
and 300-500 ppm NH3 could be produced with the content of
noxious gas within acceptable limits. The temperature of reac-
tion increases rapidly with oxygen content of the tail gas and
with space velocity. Since the reactor was of simple construc-
tion, there was no way to control the temperature, and no
tests were performed under conditions of low temperature and
high space velocity.
14382
Pozin, M. E., B. A. Kopylev, and G. V. Bel'chenko
ABSORPTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES WITH A SODA
SOLUTION IN A FOAM APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUC-
TION OF SODIUM NITRATE. (Pogloshcheniye okislov azota
sodovym rastvorom v pennom apparate dlya proizvodstva
nitrata natriya). Text in Russian. Tr. Leningr. Tekhnol. Inst.
Imen. Lensoveta, vol. 36:120-32, 1956.12 refs.
A foam apparatus proved effective for the alkaline absorption
of nitrogen oxides for the purpose of producing nitrates and
decreasing the loss of nitrogen oxides in the production of
nitric acid. The coefficient of efficiency of a single platform-
cascade apparatus was decreased from 30 to 16% on increas-
ing the linear gas flow rate from 0.5 to 3 m/sec in a cross sec-
tion of the foam apparatus. The coefficient of absorption in-
creases with increase in the linear flow rate of the gas, attain-
ing a value of 1860 kg/sq m-hr-kg/cu m, which was approxi-
mately 6-7 times larger than the value of the absorption coeffi-
cient for a packed column under laboratory conditions, and 20-
25 times greater than for factory-type scrubbers. With increase
in the rate of flow of the liquid, the efficiency of a single plat-
form of the apparatus and the coefficient of absorption in-
creased insignificantly. Thus, increase in the rate of flow of
the liquid by 3 times (from 1 to 3 cu m/hr) at a gas flow rate
of 1 m/sec leads to an increase in efficiency of 22-24%. In-
crease in the concentration of absorbent in solution from 5 to
20% Na2CO3 at a linear gas flow rate of 1 m/sec leads to a
decrease in efficiency from 26 to 16%. Correspondingly, the
coefficient of absorption is also decreased. If the initial con-
centration of nitrogen oxides in the gas is increased from 0.05
to 1.4% at a linear gas flow rate of 1 m/sec, the value of the
efficiency of a single platform of the apparatus increased from
8 to 25%. Choice of the number of platforms in the apparatus
can be based on the data for a single platform in accordance
with the required degree of absorption of nitrogen oxides.
14387
Nabiyev, M. K., A. A. Kulik, P. T. Merenkov, and A. D.
Tikhonenko
PURIFICATION OF NITROGEN OF EXHAUST GAS IN THE
PRODUCTION OF WEAK NITRIC ACID FOR THE
SYNTHESIS OF AMMONIA. (Ochistka azota vykhlopnogo
gaza pri proizvodstve slaboy azotnoy kisloty dlya sinteza am-
miaka). Text in Russian. Dokl. Akad. Nauk Uz. SSR,
20(11): 17-20, 1963. 9 refs.
The small amount of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases was
reduced by natural gas using a nickel catalyst. On a platinum-
nickel catalyst, a volume rate of 2800 cu cm was obtained.
Complete purification occurred at 500-600 deg. The resulting
gas containing 93.85% nitrogen, can be used for the synthesis
of ammonia. A method is proposed for a single-step conver-
sion to a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture using water vapor and
nitrogen obtained by catalytic purification of exhaust gas.
14481
Van Der Drift, J.
CATALYTIC REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM
WASTE GASES OF NITRIC ACID PLANTS. A METHOD
FOR THE PREVENTION OF Affi POLLUTION. (Katalytische
verwijdering van N-oxyden uit afgewerkte gassen van salpeter-
zuurfabrieken. Een methode voor de bestrijding van
luchverontreiniging). Text in Dutch. Chem. Tech. (Amster-
dam), 24(10):301-305, 1969. 11 refs.
Removal of nitrogen oxides from nitric acid plants can be
achieved by catalytic decomposition or reduction. The cata-
-------
8
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
lytic decomposition follows the reaction 2NO yields N2 plus
O2. With a copper-silica gel catalyst, the nitrogen oxide con-
tent of waste gas was reduced from 892 to 277 ppm at 510 C.
The reduction method uses hydrogen, natural gas, or ammonia
as reducing agents. Various installations for the removal of
nitrogen oxides from waste gases are described. A heat
exchanger is used to lower the temperature of waste gases
from around 515 C to 300 C after reduction. Several commer-
cial catalysts are described. In an experiment using
Honeycombgrid HCM-S-900 and ammonia, waste gas of
100,000 vol/vol catalyst/hr containing 0.3% nitrogen oxides and
3% O2 (inlet temp. 286 C) was reduced to 50 ppm NO2 and 86
ppm NO plus NO2. Using 0.3% Pt on a Torvex ceramic
honeycomb and natural gas, waste gas of 100,000 vol/vol
catalyst/hr containing 0.3% nitrogen oxides and 2.58% O2 (in-
let temp. 440 C) was reduced to 58 ppm nitrogen oxides.
14533
A METHOD FOR THE RECOVERY OF NITROGEN OXIDES.
(Werkwijze voor het winnen van stikstofoxyden). Text in
Dutch. (Universal Oil Products Co., Des Plaines, HI.) Dutch
Pat. 6,607,036. 13p., Nov. 25, 1966. (Appl. May 23, 1966, 8
claims).
The system is particularly suited to handling tail gases from a
nitric acid factory and from the lead chamber process of a sul-
furic acid factory. This method also gives a distinct improve-
ment in the output of a nitric acid plant. The waste gas is
passed over a bed of adsorbing coal particles followed by a
hot fluid desorption medium to remove the adsorbed nitrogen
oxides from the particles. The desorption medium consists of
steam at about 10 atm at a temperature greater than 157 C and
preferably more than 177 C. The nitrogen oxide-containing
steam is cooled and the mixture obtained is returned to the ad-
sorption zone of the nitric acid plant. The desorption medium
can also be hot air. The depth of the bed should not exceed
0.3m to prevent a large pressure drop. The stream waste gas
through the adsorption bed is diverted upon saturation with
nitrogen oxides to another bed of adsorbing coal. The coal in
the first bed is then desorbed until the second bed is saturated
and the cycle is repeated. Waste gas from sulfuric acid plants
is treated the same way. The advantages of this method are
better removal of nitrogen oxides with cost reduction, since no
extra fuel is required. Due to integration of the units for
preparation of acid and for recovery, higher output is ob-
tained; output of a nitric acid plant can be increased by 5% by
more complete use of NO2.
14568
Safiullin, N. Sh. and M. I. Olevinskiy
RENDERING HARMLESS THE WASTE GASES FROM SUL-
FURIC ACID TOWER SYSTEMS. (Obezvrezhivaniye otk-
hodyashchikh gazov bashennykh sernokislotnykh sistem). Text
in Russian. Khim. Prom. (Moscow), no. 3:132-136, 1955.
It is reported that a complex consisting of a precipitation sec-
tion irrigated with strong acid and a moist electrofilter will as-
sure reliable purification of waste gases from tower systems.
Such a system reduces the aerosol and vapor sulfuric acid
content to 0.04-0.10 g/cu m, a 20-fold reduction. Complete ab-
sorption of an equimolar mixture of nitrogen oxides results in
a reduction in specific consumption rate of nitric acid by 6-8
kg/ton. Absorption of nitrogen oxides and reduction of nitric
acid discharge rate may be increased significantly by supplying
the equipment with nitrogen oxides with a degree of oxidation
of 45-50%. In order to assure normal operation of the equip-
ment, the amount of original sulfuric acid circulating in it must
be not less than 88%. Joint operation of both the irrigating
system and the electrofilter is imperative for proper purifica-
tion of waste gases.
14664
Atsukawa, Masumi, Yoshihiko Nishimoto, and Naoyuki
Takahashi
STUDY ON THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM
EFFLUENT STACK GASES. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Ltd., Tech. Rev., 5(2):129-135, May 1968. 9 refs.
Pilot plant tests of the Mitsubishi process for removing
nitrogen oxides from stack gases demonstrate that nitrogen ox-
ides can be economically reduced to less than 0.02% of gas
content. By limiting threshold concentrations of nitric acid to
200 ppm or below, the method should meet the removal
requirements of the major sources of nitrogen oxide emis-
sions: metal pickling plants, nitric acid plants, chemical plants
using nitric acid, nitrate, and nitrite plants. Nitric oxide is con-
verted to NO2 by either homogeneous or catalytic oxidation,
while nitrogen compounds are recovered through absorption of
stack gases in wetted-wall towers packed with PVC sheets.
Homogeneous oxidation is a slow process and requires large
equipment. However, this equipment is easy to operate. Cata-
lytic oxidation can be performed on small-scale equipment, but
the catalyst is affected by water, dust, and mist present in the
effluent gas and regeneration is necessary. The PVC equip-
ment has a large absorption coefficient and a small pressure
drop.
15152
Schwanecke, Rudolf
WASTE GAS CLEANING THROUGH COMBUSTION OF
NITROGEN OXIDES. (Abgasreinigung durch Verbrennen von
Stickstoffoxyden). Text in German. Zentr. Arbeitsmed. Ar-
beitsschutz, 19(9):262-264, 1969. 3 refs.
Various methods for elimination of NO and NO2 from waste
gases are reviewed. Absorption of the nitrogen oxides on silica
gel has recently interested the nitric acid plants. Water vapor
is used for desorption, and the recovered nitrogen oxides are
returned to the nitric acid plant. If no recovery of the nitrogen
oxides is desired, they can be removed from waste air by
scrubbing with water or bases such as sodium hydroxide or
ammonia water. The reaction follows the equation 3NO2 +
H2O yields 2HNO3 + NO. As can be seen, only NO2 is
removed. A patented process for dissociation of NO and NO2
in the reducing part of the flame is based on the reaction of
carbon monoxide with NO2 and NO in a flame sustained in an
atmosphere of low air. The reaction follows the equation 2NO
+ 2CO yields N2 + 2CO2. It has also been discovered that the
nitrogen oxides dissociate in an atmosphere of 20% or more
excess air. The process depends on the thorough mixing of the
gases with the flame, as accomplished by atomization. In a
chemical plant, NO and NO2 are eliminated by a combination
of scrubbing and combustion. Nitric oxide escapes from the
scrubber at a rate of up to 30 cu m/hr with a temperature of 30
C. It is mixed with air and atomized with the fuel oil in a muf-
fle furnace; it serves as combustion air and as an atomizing
agent for the fuel oil. About 3 to 5 ppm of NO and NO2 were
measured in the waste gas of the furnace.
16726
Kazakova, E. A., R. Z. Khiterer, and V. E. Bomshtein
PURIFICATION OF EXHAUST GASES FROM NITRIC ACID
PLANTS. Brit. Chem. Eng., 14(5):667-668, May 1969.
The presence of unabsorbed nitrous gases in the tail gases
from nitric acid plants created a serious pollution problem and
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
efforts to deal with it have followed various lines. In this arti-
cle a pilot plant that applies the principle of adsorption of the
nitrogen oxides by a fluidized stream of silica gel particles is
described. The pilot plant consisted of an adsorption column
operating at 5.5 atm and a desorber operating at atmospheric
pressure. In the adsorption column, fluidized silica gel flows
counter-current to the gas stream. The NO is partly oxidized
to NO2 and adsorbed on the silica gel. The adsorbent satu-
rated with NO2 is withdrawn from the adsorber base and
passes to the desorption column. Here the adsorbent is heated
with steam to 180 to 190 C while a current of air desorbs the
silica gel. The desorption products, after dedusting in a
cyclone are returned to the process.
19847
Kazakova, E. A., R. Z. Khiterer, and V. E. Bomshtein
PURIFICATION OF EXHAUST GASES FROM NITRIC ACID
PLANTS. Brit. Chem. Eng., 14(5):667-668, May 1969. (Also:
Khim. Prom. (Moscow), vol. 7:517, 1968.)
A method for adsorbing the exhaust gases from a nitric acid
plant is discussed. Exhaust gases were cooled with water and
brine to O C, and after separation of condensate, entered the
500 mm diameter adsorption column. This has 22 trays spaced
at 400 mm, and fluidized silica gel flows from tray to tray,
countercurrent to the gas stream. Nitric oxide is partly ox-
idized to nitrogen dioxide and is adsorbed on the silica gel.
The adsorbent saturated with NO2, is withdrawn from the ad-
sorber and passed to the desorption column. This column is
heated with steam to 180 to 190 C, while an air current
desorbs the silica gel. The desorption products, containing 65%
acid vapor, water, NO2, nitrogen, and oxygen, after dedusting
in a cyclone, are returned to the process. It was found con-
venient to locate the adsorption column above the desorber,
and to conduct both operations at 5 atm. A gate valve controls
the flow between columns; a penumatic conveyer transfers the
adsorbent from column base to column head. By raising the
temperature in the desorber to 190 C, the nitrogen oxides con-
centration can be reduced to 0.01%.
20313
Newman, Daniel J. and Jorge M. Malta
APPARATUS FOR NITROGEN OXIDES ABSORPTION TO
PRODUCE CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID. (Chemical Con-
struction Corp., New York, N. Y.) U. S. Pat 3,499,734. 7p.,
March 10, 1970. 4 refs. (Appl. Jan. 5, 1967, 14 claims).
An apparatus is provided for the absorption of nitrogen oxides
from a gas stream into an aqueous absorbent solution to form
nitric acid, in which re-oxidation of nitric oxide also takes
place. The apparatus is provided with a lower combination
heat exchanger-absorber section in which the simultaneous ab-
sorption of nitrogen dioxide, re-oxidation of nitric oxide, and
cooling of the liquid phase takes place. Two or more heat
exchanger sections may be provided in series. A gas-liquid
contact section such as a packed section or a plurality of per-
forated trays is provided above the heat exchanger sections.
The feed gas stream containing nitrogen oxides and excess
free oxygen is passed into the apparatus below the heat
exchanger sections, while the aqueous absorbent solution is
admitted above the upper gas-liquid contact section. (Author
abstract)
20775
Ermenc, E. D.
CONTROLLING NITRIC OXIDE EMISSION. Chem. Eng.,
77(12):193-196, June 1, 1970. 1 ref.
Industries using nitric acid in their processes should now be
planning to meet the anticipated legal standards, which may
limit emissions of nitrogen oxides to about 500 ppm. Data for
controlling emissions are presented. The reaction kinetics of
nitrogen and oxygen in air are characterized at high tempera-
tures by standard second-order equations, while the reaction
becomes zero orders at temperatures below 2000 F. Because
the reverse reaction rate is many times greater than the for-
ward rate, cooling must be very rapid to retain nitric oxide,
and very slow to promote its reversion to oxygen and nitrogen.
The problem of pollution control is that most processes involv-
ing high temperatures are designed for minimum residence
time (i.e., rapid cooling) to reduce capital requirements. Below
3200 F, the rate of formation controls nitric oxide production;
above 3200 F, the reverse rate is the controlling factor. Nitric
oxide production departs from equlibrium at a maximum
around 2800 F, and then approaches equilibrium at 3200 F. As
3200 F is passed, the departure from equilibrium becomes
more pronounced with rising temperature, showing the effect
of the reverse reaction rate. Emissions could be lowered by
some of the following means: better recovery through
refrigeration, cooler circulating acid, or the compression of
nitrogen oxides after the condensing phase; a good balance of
oxygen after condensation to oxidize nitric oxide; catalytic in-
cineration of tail gases to reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen
and oxygen; and further absorption tail gases in an alkaline
tower followed by catalytic incineration. Besides being a func-
tion of temperature, the formation of nitric oxide also depends
on the amount of excess air used in a process.
21232
Hunter, J. B.
PLATINUM CATALYSTS FOR THE CONTROL OF AIR
POLLUTION. A TAIL GAS REDUCTION SYSTEM FOR
NITRIC ACID PLANTS. Platinum Metals Rev., vol. 9-12:2-6,
1965-1968. 1 ref.
Effective reduction of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and or-
ganic vapor is obtained by the use of platinum catalysts sup-
ported by a ceramic honeycomb. Use of the ceramic
honeycomb support overcomes the two principle objections to
platinum as a catalyst in pelletized form, pressure drops across
pelleted beds, and loss of fines. Other important advantages
for honeycomb catalysts are the elimination of hot spots, more
uniform gas distribution, greater structural strength, and no
channelling. From the standpoint of system design, the rigid
structure also provides greater process flexibility. Horizontal
as well as vertical reactors may be used. In nuclear power in-
stallations, intense radiation causes the decomposition of
water into a hydrogen/oxygen mixture. Platinum honeycomb
catalysts are effective as hydrogen/oxygen recombiners.
23372
Teske, W.
EMISSIONS AND ABATEMENT OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN
IN NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE. Chem. Engr. (London),
46(7):263-266, Sept. 1968.
The 12 nitric acid factories of West Germany, producing acid
mainly for use in fertilizers, emit a total of about 100 tons/day
of nitric oxide. Stack gases have a brown color, due to a visi-
bility limit of 200 ppm NO. New plant construction is of the
pressure type, in which the NO content of the stack gases is
about half that of older plants. The NO content of these gases
is due to the incomplete conversion, or the absorption yield,
of NO to nitric acid. Thus, to eliminate the NO in the waste
gases, the absorption yield must be increased or the NO
destroyed. Various absorption processes are briefly reviewed
-------
10
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
in terms of possibilities for accelerating absorption, but total
absorption in an acid system is not practical. Catalytic reduc-
tion processes reduce nitrogen oxides by means of hydrogen,
hydrocarbon gases, or ammonia, and can be carried out in two
stages: partial reduction of the NO2 to NO (decoloring the
waste gases), and total reduction of NO and NO2 to N2.
Because the price of the reducing agent is a decisive factor, an
attempt should be made to decompose the nitrogen oxides
directly, which would permit general adoption of catalytic pu-
rification by the nitric acid industry.
23880
Stankus, L.
NAPCA'S SEARCH FOR FLUE GAS DESULFURIZING
PROCESSES. Preprint, 22p., 1969 (?). (Presented at the Gor-
don Research Conference, Aug. 18-22, 1969.)
The National Air Pollution Control Administration's work on
sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides control is summarized by
briefly stating the scope of major investigations, showing prin-
cipal concepts generated, and indicating present achievements
and possible future developments. There are several methods
for desulfurizing flue gases under investigation, such as am-
monia scrubbing and aqueous scrubbing. Organic liquids, such
as olefins, carbohydrates, and amines, appear promising for
extracting sulfur dioxide from flue gas. Solid organic materials
including newsprint, sawdust, and cotton are capable of ab-
sorbing SO2. The most suitable catalyst for oxidizing SO2 to
SOS is vanadium pentoxide. Several methods for reducing SO2
to elemental sulfur were also investigated. Coal gasification
was studied as a method for eliminating the varous forms of
sulfur contained in coal. Methods for reducing nitrogen oxides
emissions include catalytic reduction, staged combustion, and
fuel combustion with oxygen. Combustion with low excess air,
steam or water injection into the fuel burning zone, and flue
gas recirculation into the fuel-air mixture were also in-
vestigated. A study on the availability and use of natural gas
as a sulfur-free fuel for power generation was conducted. The
principal chemical reactions that occur with these control
methods are included.
25714
Funk, Andrew B. and James C. Moore
CHEMICAL SUPPRESSION OF NITROGEN OXIDES. (Grace
(W. R.) and Co., New York) U. S. Pat. 3,528,797. 5p., Sept.
15, 1970. 2 refs. (Appl. Nov. 8, 1967, 6 claims).
A scrubbing apparatus containing urea is provided which sub-
stantially eliminates all nitrogen oxides that are formed as by-
products of the phosphate fertilizer manufacturing process.
Urea when dissolved in water reacts with nitrogen oxide and
nitrogen dioxide gases to produce nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
and water. The preferable range of urea is 0.1 to 0.3 weight
percent, based on the total weight of the batch size, and it
may be employed in an aqueous scrubbing tower or added to
the acidulation mass.
26071
AIR POLLUTION. Chem. Process., 16(11):11, 13, Dec. 1970. 7
refs.
Nitric acid manufacture, nitrogen processes, and dissolving
operations using nitric acid contribute the major portion of ox-
ides of nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere by non-combustion
processing. Several methods which exist for the control of
these oxides from stack gases include catalysis, adsorption,
absorption, and direct flame incineration. Palladium on a par-
ticulate alumina support and a ceramic catalyst are recom-
mended for nitric acid tail gas purification. Adsorption on
molecular sieves appears economically attractive where high
oxygen concentrations preclude non-selective catalysis. Ab-
sorption in liquids, while technically feasible, usually in-
troduces by-product disposal problems. Direct flame incinera-
tion is most effective for reduction of nitrogen dioxide to
nitric oxide. Modifications for combustion processes include
low excess air, staged combustion, flue gas recirculation,
steam and water injection, combustion with oxygen, and
fluidized bed combustion.
-------
11
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
02570
M.D. Manila V.P. Melekhina
A SPECTROPHOTOMETWC METHOD FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF NITRIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACIDS IN
THE ATMOSPHERIC ADX IN THE PRESENCE OF
NITRATES AND CHLORIDES. (Spektrofotometricheskii
metod opredeleniya azotnoi i solyanoi kislot v prisutstivii
nitratov v atmosfernom vozukhe.) Hyg. Sanit. 29, (3) 62-6,
Mar. 1964. CFSTI: TT65-50023/3
A spectrophotometric method for the determination of
hydrochloric and nitric acids in the presence of nitrates and
chlorides is described. This method is based on the determina-
tion of the optical density of colored aqueous solutions con-
taining the above acids after the addition of methyl red in
ethanol. The sensitivity of the method is 0.18 microgram of
HcL per ml and 0.31 microgram of HNO3 per ml. Other acids
and bases interfere with the assay. CO2 and SO2 always
present in atmospheric air do not interfere with the spec-
trophotometric determination of hydrochloric and nitric acids
when this is carried out under the conditions described.
04257
E. Kh. Gol'dberg
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS
OF VOLATDLE MINERAL ACIDS (HYDROCHLORIC AND
NITRIC) IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Fotometricheskoe
opredelenie malykh kolichestv letuchikh mineral'nykh kislot
(solyanoi i azotnoi) v atmosfernom vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit. 31,
(9) 440-3, Aug. 1966. Russ. (Tr.) CFSTI: TT 66-51160/7-9
A spectrophotometric method was recommended for the anal-
ysis of low concentrations of mineral acids in the atmosphere.
However, it is not always possible to use this method at the
laboratories of the district sanitary-epidemiological centers
because of the absence of a spectrophotometer. Modification
of the spectrophotometric method for purposes of photometric
determinations with a photoelectrocolorimeter required a
calibration graph for the relationship between the optical den-
sity and the concentration of hydrogen ions in micrograms per
1 ml for an FEK-56 photoelectrocolorimeter. Standard solu-
tions were prepared from fresh 0.005 N HC1 and HNO3. Solu-
tions were made containing 0.005 to 0.02 microgram/ml H+. A
zero solution (distilled water) was prepared simultaneously. In
all cases, an addition was made of 0.4 ml 0.01% alcohol solu-
tion of methyl red. The optical density of standard solutions
and of a zero solution with the methyl red reagent was deter-
mined with respect to distilled water. This photometric
technique made possible the establishment of constant optical
densities of aqueous solutions of acids in the standard scale,
independent of the pH of the distilled water used. The sen-
sitivity of the photoelectro colorimetric method and the sam-
pling procedure are the same as for the spectrophotometric
method. Studies were also made of the possibilities of visual
colorimetric determinations. It was found that in the absence
of a photoelectrocolorimeter the solutions can be determined
colorimetrically by visual means by the method of standard se-
ries with an artificial scale.
06889
Antoshechkin, A. G.
INSTRUMENT FOR DETERMINATIONS OF THE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND NITRIC ACID
FUMES IN AHi. (Pribor dlya opredeleniya kontsentratsii
okislov azota i parov azotnoi kisloty v vozdukhe.) Hyg. Sanit.
(Gigiena i Sanit), 30(2):234-236, Feb. 1965. Translated from
Russian. CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The author designed and tested an instrument for the deter-
mination of the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and nitric
acid fumes in air. The action of the instrument is based on
measurements of the electrical conductivity of a solution ob-
tained by drawing the air with nitrogen oxides through distilled
water. The instrument is portable, its design is simple and it
can be constructed under laboratory conditions. Its sensitivity
is from 0.0003 to 20 mg nitrogen oxides per 1 liter of air. One
analysis takes 1 to 2 min. Thirty ml of distilled water is in-
troduced with the syringe into the upper tube and into the ves-
sel. The water cannot leave the vessel because of the valve,
and it forms a 1 cm layer between the two electrodes, now the
pump is attached and 5 1 of air are drawn in distilled water.
Nitrogen oxide from the air combines with water to produce
nitrous acid. The higher the concentration of nitrogen oxide in
the air, the higher will be the concentration of the HNO2 solu-
tion in the vessel. Since HNO2, like HNO3, is a strong elec-
trolyte and completely dissociated to ions in dilute solutions,
the electrical conductivity of the solution is proportional to the
concentration. The electrodes are fed with a constant voltage
from a 4.5V source. In using the instrument, one must re-
member that interference is caused by gases that are readily
soluble in water and produce a strong electrolyte on solution
(the sulfuric acid fumes). After suitable graduation, the instru-
ment can also be used for the determination of sulfuric acid
fumes in air.
11130L
Saltzman, Bernard E.
METHODS OF MEASURING AND MONITORING AT-
MOSPHERIC NITROGEN OXIDES AND THEIR PRODUCTS.
(Part I.) World Health Organization, Geneva, (Switzerland),
WHO/AP/68.31,99p., 1968. (93) refs.
A working text of NOx measurement methods in common use
is presented. Sufficient details are provided so that no addi-
tional material should be needed to conduct the analysis. How-
ever, abundant references are provided. The actual texts of
methods whic have been selected by appropriate organizations
are quoted in exact form. Measuring and monitoring at-
mospheric nitrogen oxides are complex because of the fact
that many interrelated oxides and products exist. These un-
dergo chemical reactions and equilibria both in the atmosphere
and in air sampling apparatus. The effects of the various sub-
stances are different. Their interferences also differ for vari-
ous analytical procedures. Therefore to fully expoun the
problems in making these measurements, an introductory sec-
tion is presented giving chemical and physical properties, vari-
ous reaction rates, and equilibrium data. In these analyses we
-------
12
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
are seeking to measure concentrations that vary both in time
and space. Rational design of a sampling program therefore
requires a knowledg of these distribution patterns. Only then
can we clarify the effects of sampling time, numbers of sam-
pling locations, numbers of samples collected, and correlate
these with the objectives which ar sought. These topics there-
fore also are included.
18226
INVESTIGATION AND APPRAISAL OF FLU-GAS DAMAGE.
(Untersuchung und Begutachtung von Rauchschaden. Part I.),
Translated from German. Hamburg Staatsinstitut fur Ange-
wandte Botanik Jahresbericht, 5(119-120), 1938. 3 refs.
Plants exposed to flue gas showed definite damage from
fluorine (F) and acids of sulfur and nitrogen. A crystalization
method utilizing the microscopic identification of silico-sodium
fluoride proved best for qualitative fluorine analysis of the 102
samples examined through 1936. As in previous studies, the
samples tested showed that F was taken in through the branch
bark and leaves of cherries and pears. For the first time, how-
ever, the fruit itself was damaged and F detected there. Black,
hard disks had formed around the flower and in the fruit ad-
jacent to the flower. Samples examined long after damage
took place showed no F present. Twenty-one samples were ex-
amined for acid damage. Large concentrations of nitrates were
detected in the specimens by means of the diphenylamine-sul-
furic acid reaction. Different plant species showed markedly
different sensitivities to flue gases.
23560
Aleksandrov, Yu. I., V. D. Mikina, and G. A. Novikov
CORRECTION FOR OXIDATION OF NITROGEN IN THE
DETERMINATION OF HEAT OF COMBUSTION. Tr. Vses.
Nauch.-Issled. Inst. Metrol., 111(171):95-102, 1969. 11 refs.
Translated from Russian by D. P. Biddiscombe, Ministry of
Technology (England), Div. of Chemical Standardds, lip.,
March 1970. CFSTI: N70-28918
At present, the heat effect due to oxidation of nitrogen in a
calorimetric bomb is computed on the basis of determination
of the amount of nitric acid after the calorimetric experiment
by titration of the bomb liquid with a 0.1-N solution of alkali;
methyl orange is used as indicator. Results obtained during a
prolonged period of work, by titration of bomb liquid after
combustion of benzoic acid, differed one from another more
than was to be expected from the errors of the titration
method. Analysis of literature data on the formation of nitric
acid does not give a thorough explanation of this discrepancy
in titration results. To elucidate the reasons for this discrepan-
cy, a study was made of the dependence of the amount of
nitric acid formed upon the ageing time of the combustion
products in the bomb, upon the initial concentration of
nitrogen, upon the size of the flame, and upon the pressure of
oxygen in the bomb. Study of the process of oxidation of
nitrogen in the calorimetric bomb has established that, by the
end of an experiment, when the bomb is opened, the reaction
between nitrogen dioxide and water is not complete, and thus
the end-product contains not only nitric acid, but also nitrogen
dioxide. By the end of the main period, the amount of each
component depends upon the initial concentration of nitrogen
in the oxygen, the size of the flame during combustion of the
substance, and the time of flushing of the bomb with oxygen.
The amount of nitric acid formed depends upon the time of
ageing of the combustion products in the bomb. In calorimetric
practice at the present time, only the process of nitric acid for-
mation is taken into account. On the basis of the investigations
carried out, a procedure for determining the correction for ox-
idation of nitrogen, taking account of the incomplete conver-
sion of oxides of nitrogen into nitric acid, is advised. In order
to determine more precisely the make-up of the correction, the
methods of its determination must be changed. To calculate
the correction, it is necessary to determine the amount of
nitric acid formed by the end of the main period of a
calorimetric experiment and thus establish the amount of
nitrogen dioxide present at that time in the gas phase in the
bomb.
23771
Patton, W. F. and J. A. Brink, Jr.
NEW EQUD7MENT AND TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING
CHEMICAL PROCESS GASES. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 13(4): 162-166, April 1963. 7 refs (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, 55th Annual Meeting, Chicago,
May 20-24, 1962.)
When the need for improved sampling equipment and
techniques was recognized at Monsanto a number of years
ago, a cascade impactor suitable for adiabatic measurements
on process gases was developed. Simpler equipment, suitable
for routine control of air pollution, can determine accurately
the weight or chemical composition of the particles in a gas
stream, as well as separately determine the loading of particles
greater than three micron in diameter from particles smaller
than this. The dust or mist sampling device is contained in a
small case with a carrying handle and removable sides similar
to an Orsat analyzer. Gases first enter the cyclone where the
larger particles are collected, while the smaller particles are
carried over and collected by the filter. Sampling preparations
are discussed for large particles, fine particles, and isokinetic
sampling. The procedures for sampling are outlined, as well as
an example for sulfuric acid mist. Calculations of loadings
from sampling data are also indicated. Eight sets of the sam-
pling equipment have been utilized for sulfuric, phosphoric,
and nitric acid mists, mercury mist, various phosphate salt
dust, ammonium chloride fume, ammonium nitrate fume, and
several organic mists.
24725
Lesoine, L. Grant
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE DETERMINATION
OF INORGANIC SULFUR IN COAL. In: Report of Bitu-
minous Research Activities. Pennsylvan State Univ., Universi-
ty Park, Dept. of Fuel Technology, Serial No. 57, p. 1-8, 1956.
8 refs.
The effect of reducing the standard 60-mesh coal samples to
micron size was investigated to determine if the size of the
coal materially quantitatively affects the determination of inor-
ganic sulfur using the Eschka, and Powell and Parr Methods.
A significantly higher inorganic sulfur content was obtained
with micron-size coal. The pyritic iron content also increased
in the same proportion. This leads to the conclusion that finely
divided pyrite is intimately associated with the coal substance
and is made more amenable to reaction with nitric acid when
ground to micron size. Since both the sulfur and iron contents
increased proportionally, it appears doubtful that any sulfur-
bearing inorganic material other than pyrite is present in any
significant quantity in the occluded matter. The iron content
calculated to percent sulfur was greater in all cases than the
actual total inorganic sulfur. Hence, it is assumed that acid ex-
traction of the coal did not remove organic sulfur from these
coals. The difference in values leaves a question as to the de-
pendability of the usual inorganic sulfur analysis or to the
validity of the term 'inorganic' sulfur as applied to acid-ex-
tractable sulfur. (Author summary modified)
-------
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
13
24975
Grigorescu, I. and L. Bengeanu
SPECTROCOLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF HEX-
ACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(Dozarea hexaclorciclohexanului in atmosfera prin metoda spec-
trocotorimetrica). Text in Rumanian. Rev. Chim. (Bucharest),
18(9):565-566,1967. 7 rets.
This broad-spectrum insecticide is finding an increasing use,
so that accurate detection measures are necessary for its
proper control. A method has been adapted by the Central
Toxicology Laboratory of the Rumanian Ministry of Chemical
Industries, which makes use of chloride-free toluene, sodium
hydroxide dissolved in 0.1 N ethyl alcohol, a 1% solution of
ferric ammonium sulfate in 15% nitric acid, a 0.1% solution of
mercuric sulfocyanide in 96% ethyl alcohol, and a standard
solution of HCH prepared by dissolving 0.5 g of lindane in 100
cc of toluene, from which a working standard is prepared by
dilution, which contains 500 micrograms per cubic centimeter
of HCH. Air samples are collected with an impinger containing
100 cc of toluene, through which the air is caused to flow at
the rate of 10-15 cu m /minute, the total volume of the sample
being dependent on the suspected amount of atmospheric
HCH, on the average about 10 cu m. Given the extent of the
sample-collecting time, the presence of chlorine and inorganic
chlorides in the atmosphere will not create interference with
the determinations, but special care must be taken to eliminate
all chloride impurities from the reagents used. Testing of the
method indicates that the margin of error can amount to plus
or minus 10%, with an average error of 3%. The amount of
time required for determination is 20 minutes, on the average.
25381
(Inventor not given.)
DETECTION OF MISSILE FUELS IN GAS ATMOSPHERES.
(Mine Safety Appliances Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.) Brit. Pat.
1,151,594. 3p., May 7, 1969. 5 refs. (Appl. May 26, 1966, 16
claims).
A simple, rapid, and reliable method is described of detecting
the presence in a gas of a volatile nitrogen compound of the
group consisting of hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, red fuming
nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, unsymmetrical dimethyl
hydrazine, and alkyl hydrazines. A variety of volatile nitrogen
compounds are used as components of missile fuels, and vari-
ous hazards are attendant upon the fueling, handling and stor-
ing of missiles propelled by such liquids. In the presence of
the above mentioned nitrogen compounds, and also nitrogen
dioxide, a particularly effective color change is produced when
a hexavalent chromium compound and the pentavalent
phosphoric acid are present in proportions providing from
0.0145 to 2.6 grams of hexavalent chromium and from 0.022 to
24 grams of pentavalent phosphorus, per 100 ml of carrier.
25925
Cauer, H.
SOME PROBLEMS OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY. In:
Compendium of Meteorology. T. F. Malone (ed.), Boston,
American Meterological Society, 1951, p. 1126-1136. 60 refs.
Satisfactory methods for the chemical analysis of air will
evolve only when analytical chemists are also adequately
trained in physical chemistry and physical meteorology. A
second requirement is further development of methodology.
Not until the development is more or less complete will it be
possible to undertake a third major task, that of making many
parallel investigations in micrometeorological as well as world-
wide networks under the most varied atmospheric conditions
and at various heights above the ground. Of the chemical
methods available today, two methods developed in Europe
are briefly discussed: the absorption-tube method for detecting
the presence of secondary gaseous substances, and the con-
densation method for the analysis of water-soluble atmospher-
ic constituents which form condensation nuclei. Results ob-
tained by both methods are evaluated and suggestions are
made for further research. To explain condensation (cloud for-
mation), the chemist must have recourse to intermolecular
forces and, in the last analysis, to processes of atomic energy.
Four types of short-range molecular forces are discussed in
light of existing knowledge. It is anticipated that the first
chemical techniques developed for the field of dynamic
meteorology may be connected with determinations of the pH
value and the reduction power of aerosols. Such uses would
provide accurate information about the motion of air masses
and the degree of turbulence.
-------
14
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
14408
Rhine, P. E., L. D. Tubbs, and Dudley Williams
NITRIC ACID VAPOR ABOVE 19 KM IN THE EARTH'S AT-
MOSPHERE. Appl. Opt., 8(7):1500-1501, July 1969. 6 refs.
Atmospheric data obtained from balloon flights by other in-
vestigators suggested that previously unreported atmospheric
bands at approximately 30 km and a solar zenith angle of 90
deg were caused by the association of nitric acid vapor with
the ozone layer. To estimate the amount of nitric acid vapor in
the atmosphere at this altitude, atmospheric nitric acid vapor
was experimentally measured in an absorption cell in the spec-
tral regions of 1240-1380 inverse cm and 810-940 inverse cm.
Laboratory and atmospheric data were compared by integrated
spectral absorbance. Approximately 10% of the total ab-
sorbance in both laboratory and atmospheric spectra is as-
sociated with Q branches at the overlapping bands 879 and 897
inverse cm, and it is concluded that any observable nitric acid
vapor contributions to solar absorption spectra at low altitudes
would be connected with these band Q branches. Production
of nitric acid vapor in the ozone layer may proceed according
to the reactions H plus O3 yields O2 plus OH*, or OH plus
NO2 yields HNO3. The second reaction is presumed to be
enhanced by darkness.
21534
Leighton, Philip A.
REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIA OF THE OXIDES AND OXY
ACIDS OF NITROGEN. In: Photochemistry of Air Pollution.
New York, Academic Press, 1961, Chapt. 7, p. 184-200.
Certain reactions involving the oxides and oxy acids of
nitrogen occur simultaneously with the photochemical reac-
tions of these products. Both the equilibrium and the rate of
reaction of nitric oxide with molecular oxygen have been
established over a broad temperature range. Reactions involv-
ing nitrogen trioxide which are necessary to explain the major
behavior of the oxides of nitrogen are given. The reaction of
nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide with water to give nitrous
acid has been quantitatively studied. Nitrogen dioxide reacts
slowly with unsaturated hydrocarbons, even in the dark. Pure
nitric acid can be stored in contact with liquid olefins for days
without reaction, but if a trace of nitrogen dioxide is present,
reaction occurs. There is no evidence that the reactions of ox-
ides and oxy acids with aldehydes, organic acids, and other or-
ganic compounds are fast enough to be of any importance.
Rates and equations for the various reactions are discussed.
21642
Leighton, Philip A.
ABSORPTION RATES AND PRIMARY PHOTOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES. In: Photochemistry of Air Pollution. New York,
Academic Press, 1961, Chapt. 3, p. 42-99.
For any photochemical reaction, the primary chemical process
is the first chemical step following the act of absorption of
radiation. In the lower atmosphere, the absorbers will be the
species which absorb in the photochemically active region of
the solar spectrum. Ordinary oxygen absorbs very faintly in
the red end of the visible spectrum. Gaseous ozone absorbs
strongly in the region 2000-3500 A. Nitrogen dioxide absorbs
over virtually the entire visible and ultraviolet range of the
solar spectrum in the lower atmosphere. Gaseous sulfur diox-
ide shows absorption consisting of bands with sharp rotational
structure. Nitric acid and the organic nitrates show continuous
absorption which extends to some extent into the solar ul-
traviolet. Compounds containing a carbonyl group all show ab-
sorption in the solar radiation range. Acyl and peroxyacyl
nitrates and nitrites are discussed at length. Reactions follow-
ing absorption by particulate matter are discussed. Rates and
equations of the various reactions are included.
22407
Vohra, K. G. and P. V. N. Nair
RECENT THINKING ON THE CHEMICAL FORMATION OF
AEROSOLS IN THE AIR BY GAS PHASE REACTIONS.
Aerosol Sci., vol. 1:127-133, 1970. 11 ref
Possible mechanisms of formation of aerosols in the air by
chemical reactions in the gas phase are described. In the basic
reactions, formation of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and
nitric acid molecules from chlorine, sulfur dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen, in the presence of water vapor, are considered
along with the role of solar radiations, ionizing radiations,
electric discharges and ozone in the formation of these acids.
Formation of nuclei by the hydration of acid molecules and
their reaction with other organic and inorganic trace gases are
also discussed. The reactions important in the formation of
Aitken nuclei and aerosols are mainly oxidation, hydration,
acid-base reactions and addition and recombination reactions.
In these reactions, the combined role of solar and ionizing
radiations are considered. The formation of embryos and
growth of particles in the humid air are discussed on the basis
of Raoult's law. The important role of chemically formed par-
ticles in the atmospheric processes and the possible impact of
nuclear power production on the nuclei content of the at-
mosphere are suggested. (Author abstract modified)
23037
Altshuller, Aubrey P.
THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE INTERAC-
TIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND OXY-ACIDS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 6(2):97-100,
1956. 15 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, 49th Annual Meeting, Buffalo, N. Y., May 20-24, 1956.)
Equilibrium constants, calculated from recent spectroscopic
and structural measurements, are reported for some nitrogen
dioxide reactions. From these constants, estimated concentra-
tions of gaseous nitrogen oxides and oxy-acids in urban at-
mospheres were calculated. It is emphasized that the equilibri-
um conditions to which the data apply may be reached very
slowly or rapidly, or at some intermediate rate. Determination
of this rate is a problem for experimental kinetics rather than
thermodynamics. The value of thermodynamic information is
that it can tell whether a small or large amount of a given
reactant will exist at equilibrium. The present thermodynamic
-------
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
15
study indicates that among the nitrogen oxides and oxy-acids,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid are probably the
most prevalent in polluted urban air. Nitrous oxide is also
present in urban air but is of less importance because of its
lower chemical reactivity.
23604
Nicolet, M.
THE ORIGIN OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE TERRESTRIAL
ATMOSPHERE. Planetary Space Sci., 18(7):1111-1118, July
1970. 32 refs.
Recent observations in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and ther-
mosphere indicate that nitric oxide is present in significant
amounts, even though its local production seems to be very
small. Reactions which might account for an indirect way of
production are discussed. Nitric oxide in the stratosphere and
mesosphere may be due to downward transport from the ther-
mosphere. Photochemical reactions, including photodissocia-
tion, are described. Balances of reactions of formation and
removal of nitric oxide and atomic nitrogen are considered. In
the lower thermosphere, the downward current of NO
molecules depends on the value of the eddy diffusion coeffi-
cient. In the stratosphere, the final sink of NO and NO2 is the
formation of HNO2 and HNO3 by reactions with HO2 and
H202. A small eddy diffusion coefficient is required.
24015
Altshuller, Aubrey P.
THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE INTERAC-
TIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND OXY-ACIDS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Preprint, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 16p., 1956 (?). 16 refs.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constants are computed for a
number of chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides and
oxy-acids. The nitrogen oxides likely to be present in any sub-
stantial quantity in the atmosphere are nitrous oxide, nitric ox-
ide, and nitrogen dioxide. The concentrations of reactants and
products in these reactions at chemical equilibrium are given,
and the rates at which these reactions proceed towards
equilibrium are discussed. Most of the reactions considered
are 'dark' reactions, but the importance of photochemical
reactions involving ozone is pointed out and the photolysis of
nitrogen dioxide is discussed in detail. The varying importance
of the individual reactions of nitrogen oxides in air pollution
problems is emphasized. (Author abstract modified)
-------
16
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
01619
NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE (INFORMATIVE REPT. NO.
5). J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (3) 91-3, Mar. 1964. (TI-
2 Chemical Industry Committee).
Nitric acid manufacture by the ammonia oxidation process and
the concentration process are described. The control aspects
are discussed.
10160
Ganz, S. N.
EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITIONS ON RATE OF
NITROGEN OXIDES AB- SORPTION BY Ca(OH)2 SOLU-
TION, WITH THE AID OF A MECHANICAL AB- SORBER
UNDER SEMI-INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS. (COMMUNICA-
TION I.) Zh. PrikL Khim., 30(9):1311-1320, 1957. 5 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, VoL 6, 299 p.,
April 1961. CFSTI: TT 61-21982
The effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the rate of nitrogen
oxides absorption by a solution of Ca(OH)2 was studied with
the aid of a rapidly rotating mechanical absorber under semi-
industrial conditions, using industrial gas from a nitric acid
shop. The in vestigations were conducted in 2 stages: 1) a
study of the effects of the system's hydrodynamic, physical
and chemical factors on the absorption rate; during this study
the installation was operating periodically for time intervals
determined by the requirements of each test; the phases in-
vestigated were: the effect of the peri pheral speed of discs,
the volume rate of gas flow, the quantity of liquid in the ab-
sorber, the CaO and nitrite-nitrate salt concen- trations in the
solution, the degree of gas oxidation, etc.; 2) during the
second stage, the installtion operated continually under one set
of conditions, selected on the basis of results obtained during
the first stage of the investigation; results of the second stage
indicated that the process of nitrogen oxides absorption had to
be based on a rationally (empirically) developed and controlled
technological procedure. The first study stage extended over
more than 1-1/2 months, and the second stage over more than
2-1/2 months. More than 3,000 analyses of the gaseous and
liquid phases were made, which yielded sufficient experimen-
tal data for the determination of optimal technological condi-
tions.
13415
Haseba, S., T. Shimose, N. Kubo, and T. Kitagawa
NITRIC OXIDE EXPLOSION. Chem. Eng. Progr., 62(4):92-96,
April 1966. 8 refs.
A method was found to analyze low-concentration hydrocar-
bons assumed to have contributed to an explosion in the
second heat exchanger of a nitrogen wash unit. Acetylene, 1,3-
butadiene, and allene existed in the crude gas in the order of 2
to 3 ppm, 0.2 to 0.5 ppm, and 0.2 to 0.3 ppm, respectively.
Nitric oxide was detected at concentrations in the order of
0.005 to 1 ppm through oxidation with permanganate and sul-
furic acid, followed by calorimetric detection with the Griess-
Saltzman reagent. Findings showed that more than 90% of NO
entered the unit accumulated in the second heat exchanger,
most of it oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and nitrous anhydride,
which is more reactive with hydrocarbons than NO. Experi-
ments confirmed the possibility of spontaneous ignition in the
second exchanger and the composition of reaction products
between nitrogen and conjugated dienes. An adsorption
process is now used to remove NO, in which Na2CrO2 or C12
are added to the wash-water circuit.
13481
Kirk, Donald G.
NITRIC ACID BLEACHING OF HARDWOOD NEUTRAL
SULFTTE SEMICHEMICAL PULP. Tappi, 51(4): 145-151, April
1968. 26 refs. (Presented at the Fourth International Pulp
Bleaching Conference jointly sponsore by the Technical As-
sociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry and the Technical
Section, CPPA, held in Toronto, Ont., May 1-4, 1967.)
Use of nitric acid in place of chlorine as a first stage bleaching
agent for a hardwood NSSC pulp has been studied. The pur-
pose was the production of a high nitrogen effluent from
which a fertilizer material might be recovered and marketed.
Study of nitric acid stage variables showed the necessity of
keeping the temperature low and Obleaching duration short to
prevent strength loss. This required the application of high
nitric acid concentrations, which made reuse of the acid an
economic necessity. Modifications using alcoholic nitric acid
or nitric-sulfuric acid mixtures showed some potential strength
benefits, while nitrous acid appeared to cause severe degrada-
tion. Extraction stage variables within broad limits were found
to have little effect on pulp quality. Ammonia was found to
have little effect on pulp quality. Ammonia was successfully
substituted for caustic soda to increase the nitrogen content of
the effluent solids. In general, substitution of nitric acid for
chlorine in the first stage of a chlorine-extraction- hypochlorite
sequence can be made to produce a pulp at least equivalent to
the control pulp in all respects except for a slight yellowing ef-
fect. Chemical costs are high enough to render the process
economically unattractive unless a fertilizer by-product can be
marketed. (Author abstract)
13680
Atroshchenko, V. I., V. M. Kaut
KINETICS OF NITROGEN OXIDE ABSORPTION BY CON-
CENTRATED NITRIC ACID. (Kinetika pogloshcheniya
okislov azota kontsentrirovannoy azotnoy kislotoy). Text in
Russian. Zh. Prikl. Khim., vol.31: 352-360, 1958. 11 refs.
New experimental data regarding the kinetics of absorption of
nitrogen oxides by concentrated nitric acid are presented. De-
pendencies between the absorption rate coefficient and basic
physicochemical factors such as NO2 and N2O concentration
in the gas phase, content of nitrogen oxides in the gas, HNO3
concentration in the acid, N2O4 content of the solution, and
temperature are established. A dependence between absorption
rate coefficients and basic hydrodynamic factors is demon-
strated.
-------
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
17
13948
Foerster, F., T. Burchardt, and E. Fricke
PRODUCTION OF CONCENTRATED NITRIC ACID FROM
NITROUS GASES. PARTS A AND B. (Ueber die Gewinnung
konzentrierter Salpetersaeure aus nitrosen Gasen). Text in
German. Z. Angew. Chem. (Weinheim), vol. 1:113-117, May
11, 1920. PARTS C, D, AND E. Ibid., p. 129-132, May 25,
1920. 10 refs.
A detailed description and discussion is presented of two se-
ries of experiments on the formation of nitric acid from
nitrous gases. In the first series, a mixture of gaseous nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen was passed through a bell-type wash tower
filled with a nitric acid solution. In the second series, oxygen
was passed through a mixture of nitric acid and liquid nitrogen
dioxide or else known amounts of oxygen and that mixture
were thoroughly shaken together. Conclusions are as follows:
1. The notion derived from previous experiments that the
process of nitric acid formation from gaseous NO2, O2, and
water cannot proceed beyond the nitric acid solution with the
lowest vapor pressure, is erroneous. 2. The rate of this process
in the range of concentrations of nitric acid at the lowest
vapor pressure is so low that an enrichment of nitric acid
beyond this range requires a rather long reaction time. 3. For
such an enrichment, the smallest possible excess of oxygen
and a low rate of flow of the mixture are preferable. 4. With
sufficiently long test durations and with progressively decreas-
ing utilization of the NO2, even under the most favorable test
conditions, nitric acid concentration rarely goes above 80%. 5.
The reason for this is that when a steaming gas mixture is
used, the conditions favoring a good utilization of NO2, name-
ly, a small oxygen excess and low rate of flow, are highly un-
favorable for the thorough mixing of the reaction solution with
oxygen which is also required. 6. However, one can easily at-
tain even the highest nitric acid concentrations if one mixes
less concentrated solutions of it with an appropriate amount of
liquid NO2 and shakes this mixture thoroughly with oxygen. 7.
The process proceeds especially rapidly when the excess of
liquid NO2 is so great that, due to its limited solubility in nitric
acid, the liquid mixture is heterogeneous and remains so dur-
ing the reaction. 8. When nitrous gases act on water, from the
equilibrium 2NO2 yields N2O4, the latter is dissolved in water
and yields the primary reaction N2O4 plus H2O yields HN03
plus HNO2. 9. The dissociation of the nitrous acid into nitric
acid, nitric oxide, and water (3HNO2 yields HNO3 plus 2NO
plus H2O), and the rapid oxidation of the latter, effects the
transformation of the nitrous gases into nitric acid up to its
highest concentrations.
14303
Von Semel, Georg and Heinz Lehmann
METHOD OF PRODUCING CONCENTRATED MIXTURES
OF NITRIC AND PHOSPHORIC ACID. (Pintsch Bamag A.-G.,
Berlin) U. S. Pat. 2,901,340. 2p., Aug. 25, 1959. 4 refs. (Appl.
Dec. 26, 1956, 7 claims).
A method was devised for obtaining higher concentrations of
mixtures of nitric and phosphoric acids by using a phosphoric
acid solution instead of water. The method consists of passing
a nitrogen oxide gas and an oxygen-containing gas into a dilute
phosphoric acid solution with an inorganic nitrate or sulfate
salt dissolved in it in an amount between 1% by weight and
the solubility limit of the salt. The nitrogen oxide gas absorp-
tion is promoted by the inorganic salt which converts it to
nitric acid. Thus, a concentrated solution of phosphoric and
nitric acid is formed.
15087
Mucskai, Laszlo
THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN
THE PRESENCE OF EQUEMOLECULAR NO + NO2 AB-
SORPTION IN THE DILUTE TAIL GASES OF NITRIC-ACID
PLANTS. (Nitrogenoxid oxidacioja hig nitrozus gazokban ek-
vimolekularis NO + NO2 folyamatos abszorpcioja mellett).
Text in Hungarian. Magy. Kern. Folyoirat, 67(11):488-490,
1961. 1 ref.
A differential equation is derived that gives the incremental
change in the partial pressure of nitrogen dioxide as a function
of incremental change in nitric oxide concentration, oxygen
concentration, the concentration of an inert gas, and the total
pressure. The above conditions refer to the tail gas of a stack
at a plant where nitric acid is manufactured from nitric oxide,
sodium carbonate, and water; the tail gas (NO and NO2) con-
centration is 0.7-1.0 vol%. Subsequently, the equation is used
to derive another differential equation rendering the time
needed to accomplish an incremental change in NO concentra-
tion. This latter differential equation is considerably simplified
so that it can be integrated. The resulting equation is presented
in the form of a nomogram that can be used to calculate the
volume of the absorber column or the oxygen concentration or
the time needed to perform the reaction.
23882
Satterfield, Charles N. and Douglas H. Cortez
MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF WOVEN-WDJE
SCREEN CATALYSTS. Preprint, Massachusetts Inst. of
Tech., Cambridge, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 38p., 1969
(?). 19 refs.
Gauze catalysts woven from a fine platinum-rhodium wire
have long been used in the partial oxidation of ammonia for
the industrial manufacture of nitric acid. An investigation of
the possibility that the catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons in
air might under some circumstances proceed by initiation of
reaction on a catalyst surface followed by propagation of the
reaction into the surrounding gas, or so-called hetero-
homogeneous catalysis, is described. The rate of oxidation of
hexene or toluene in excess air on platinum screen catalysts
under mass transfer controlled conditions is used to calculate
'j' factors. Previous literature data on heat and mass transfer
are re-examined and re-correlated and the transport charac-
teristics of screen catalysts are shown to be very similar to
that of infinite cylinders. There is no positive evidence that
any of the hydrocarbon oxidation in these studies or that of
the oxidation of ammonia on platinum gauze under industrial
conditions occurs as a homogeneous process. (Author abstract
modified)
-------
18
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
01049
R. L. Larkin and R. E. Kupel
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLYVINYLPYR-
ROLIDONE IN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLES AND BIOLOGI-
CAL TISSUES. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. Vol. 26(6):558-61,
Dec. 1965.
A quantitative method for the analysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone
(PVP), collected in atmospheric samples or extracted from
biological tissues, is described. PVP is a component in many
aerosol hair sprays. A 0.4M citric acid solution is used to col-
lect or extract the PVP. The color is developed by using a
potassium iodide reagent, and the intensity of the color is read
on a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 432 millimicrons.
The low limit of detection for this method has been
established at 0.5 microgram of PVP per nuHiliter of final solu-
tion. (Author abstract)
06552
A. Goetz
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF
AEROSOLS BASED UPON SPECIFIC SURFACE-ACTION OF
THE AIRBORNE PARTICLES.Preprint. (1956).
Experiments to determine the survival time of test animals
(mice) exposed to toxic vapor without and with the addition of
an aerosol of defined particulate constitution were conducted.
As toxic vapor, three different substances were used, (each
for itself, i.e. not as mixtures): two aldehydes (formaldehyde
and acrolein) and evaporated nitric acid; the concentration of
these vapors was kept constant in the presence and absence of
the aerosol addition, and it was selected so that the vapor
alone caused commensurable survival periods of the animals.
None of the aerosols caused, in the absence of the toxic
vapors, any significant change in the test animals. However,
when co-existent with the toxic vapors the aerosols caused
very marked differences in the mean lifetime of the test
animals and proved that certain types of particles produce a
Substantial identification of the toxicity of the vapor (shorten-
ing of the lifetime), while others had an attenuating effect
(lengthening of the lifetime), and also that the attenuating, or
the intensifying properties of a particular aerosol, depended to
a large extent on the nature of the toxic vapor. These in-
vestigators have attempted to interpret their results qualitative-
ly (and to some extent even quantitatively) by assuming that
the vapor be absorbed by the aerosol, i.e. by the gradual incor-
poration of the vapor into the particle. In view of the fact that
the experimental data as well as the manner in which they
were obtained, appear to have an unusually significant bearing
upon the mucous irritation caused by smog, the present in-
vestigation has attempted to interpret this data in terms of
nuclear condensation of the toxic vapor, (i.e. of a surface ac-
cumulation on the airborne particles).
11378
Melekhina, V. P.
THE PROBLEM OF COMBINED ACTION OF THREE
MINERAL ACIDS. In: Biological Effect and Hygienic Sig-
nificance of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 1/9, V. A.
Ryazanov and M. S. Gol'dberg (eds.), Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 16, pp. 76-81, 1968. ((6))
refs. CFSTI: PB 179141
The following concentrations of odor perception thresholds
was established: 0.80 mg/cu m for sulfuric acid, and 0.40
mg/cu m for hydrochloric acid; corresponding H-ion
equivalents are as follows: 0.01099, 0.01203, and 0.01053 mg/cu
m. Any combination of 2 or 3 acids was clearly odor percepti-
ble if the sum of their concentration fractions in corresponding
relation to their individual threshold concentrations exceeded
unity. Perceptible concentrations expressed in H-ions exceed
the 0.01 mg/cu m level. Threshold reflex effect concentrations,
as studied by eye adaptation to darkness, were on the level of
threshold odor perception, or just above it. The reflex effect
of nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids in atmospheric air of
inhabited areas is a condition of H-ion concentration. The
sanitary-hygienic condition of atmospheric air containing
mineral acids can be reliably evaluated on the basis of H-ion
concentration for the sum of the three acids under considera-
tion as well as for each acid individually based on the H-ion
index should not exceed 0.010 mg/cu m.
16460
Podgornova, N. S.
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE INSTRUCTION OF STU-
DENTS IN A CHEMICAL TECHNICAL SCHOOL. (Gi-
gienicheskie voprosy obucheniya studentov khimicheskogo
tekhnikuma). Text in Russian. Gigiena i Sanit., no. 9:112-114,
1966.
Psychological and physical studies were made of 85 students
aged 15-18 years enrolled in three courses of study at the
Moscow Chemical-Technological school during one semester.
In Course I, students had 5 weeks of classroom work, 4 weeks
of shop work, and then returned to classrooms for the
remainder of the semester. Students in Course II had 6 hours
of laboratory work one day a week in addition to daily class-
room work. Students in Course III had classroom instruction
all semester. At the end of the semester, all groups showed a
decrease in work capability and physiological changes which
were more marked in students in Courses I and II. No
decrease in function was noted at the end of the day in stu-
dents having shop or laboratory work. More control by the in-
structor is recommended in order to decrease fumes of nitric
acid in laboratories.
16613
Prys-Roberts, C.
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF POISONING BY HIGHER
OXIDES OF NITROGEN. Brit. J. Anaesthesia, vol. 39:432-439
May 1967. 39 refs.
The main methods of treatment for patients exposed to the
noxious effects of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, or the fumes
of nitric acid are outlined. High concentrations of nitrogen ox-
ides cause reflex inhibition of breathing with laryngospasm. In-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
19
tense cyanosis develops rapidly. Therefore, severe hypoxia
may occur. There is a tendency for the ventilatory frequency
to increase, and pulmonary edema may occur in the acute
phase. Oxygen therapy is recommended which consists of ad-
ministering 100% oxygen, either by spontaneous or artificial
ventilation in order to compensate for the decreased oxygen
capacity and content of the arterial blood. Reconversion of
methemoglobin by the use of methylene blue (2mg/kg) initially
is advocated, with subsequent dosage titrated against the
methemoglobin concentration in the blood. Prevention and
treatment of chemical pneumonitis combines endobronchial
and parenteral administration of corticosteroid preparations,
together with bronchial lavage and suction. The metabolic
component of acid-base derangement is corrected by in-
travenously administering sodium bicarbonate. Artificial ven-
tilation by intermittent positive pressure ventilation may be in-
dicated in patients who demonstrate ventilatory failure
manifested by a rising arterial carbon dioxide pressure. Circu-
latory therapy is accomplished by the use of vasopressor
agents to combat severe systemic hypotension. Associated
drug therapy using dimercaprol is advocated in severe cases in
view of the protective action of this type of agent against the
higher nitrogen oxides. Bronchodilators may be indicated in
order to alleviate bronchospasm arising from the irritant ef-
fects of the inhaled gases. (Author conclusions modified)
21307
Ellis, Richard E. and Ronald M. Bishop
OXIDES OF NITROGEN ARE HEALTH HAZARDS. J. En-
viron. Health, 32(6):676-677, May/June 1970. 4 refs.
Oxides of nitrogen are extremely toxic. Nitrogen dioxide and
tetroxide are most prevalent. Both the threshold limit value
and ceiling are 5 ppm and should never be exceeded. Occupa-
tional exposure is encountered in nitric acid manufacture,
nitration of cellulose and inorganic materials, etching, pickling
of metals, certain welding operations, explosives manufacture
and use, and engine exhausts. The gas combines with water to
form nitrous and nitric acid which, in turn, react with salts in
the tissues of the respiratory tract to produce irritating nitrites
and nitrates. Exposure to high concentrations may be fatal.
Persons suspected of having been exposed should be kept
under observation at rest for 25 hours. Persons known to have
been Exposed should be hospitalized at bed rest. Administra-
tion of oxygen and corticosteroids is indicated and may be
life-saving.
23738
Gray, Edward Le B., Stanley B. Goldberg, and Francis M.
Fatten
TOXICITY OF THE OXIDES OF NITROGEN. HI. EFFECT
OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
VAPORS FROM RED FUMING NITRIC ACID. Arch. Ind.
Hyg., Occupational Med., vol. 10:423-425, 1954. 5 refs.
In contrast to animals exposed for four hours a day, five days
a week for six weeks to 9-14 ppm nitrogen dioxide, rats, mice,
and guinea pigs exposed for four hours daily, five days a week
for six months to 4 ppm vapors of red fuming nitric acid ex-
hibited no toxic effects. In fact, the lower concentration of
NO2 produced a significant prophylactic effect, since the
degree of pulmonary congestion was less in the exposed
animals than in control animals. The results lead to the conclu-
sion that the maximum allowable concentration of nitrogen ox-
ides should be set at 5 ppm.
24588
Gray, Edward LeB., James K. MacNamee, and Stanley B.
Goldberg
TOXICITY OF NO2 VAPORS AT VERY LOW LEVELS. A
PRELIMINARY REPORT. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational
Med., vol. 6:20-21, July 1952. 9 refs
Forty rats were divided into groups of 10 and exposed to red
fuming nitric acid containing 9-14 ppm nitrogen dioxide for
four hrs at a time. Total exposure for the different groups
ranged from 40-96 hrs. Animals examined shortly after the ter-
mination of exposure had inflammatory respiratory tracts and
exhibited evidence of severe rhinitis and tracheitis in the upper
portion of the tract, along with less severe pneumonitis. Pneu-
monia developed in a few of the animals. In many of the
animals sacrificed eight or more weeks after exposure, the in-
flammation had subsided, but there were localized areas of
emphysema in all lobes of the lungs. With the exception of
moderate congestion, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain showed
no pathological changes. Length of exposure had no effect on
the changes observed. In view of the fact that nitrogen dioxide
concentrations higher than 8 ppm produce damage in rats, it is
concluded that the maximum allowable concentration of 25
ppm, the value set by the American Standards Association and
others, is too high.
-------
20
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
22622
Noack, Kurt
INVESTIGATIONS OF SMOKE GAS DAMAGES TO
VEGETATION. (Untersuchunge uber die Rauchgasschaden der
Vegetation). Z. Angew. Chem. (Weinheim), vol. 42:123-126,
Jan. 3, 1929. 6 refs. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 12p., May 27, 1970.
Investigations were conducted to determine if nitrous gas,
hydrochloric acid, and ammonia cause plant damage similar to
that caused by sulfur dioxide, and to determine the participa-
tion of the iron contained in chloroplasts in this disease
process. The assimilation apparatus in the moss fontinalis was
primarily affected by nitrous gas and these effects cor-
responded to the effect of SO2; HC1 had a lesser effect, and
ammonia was not considered to be an assimilation poison.
Clover, tobacco, and spinach plants exposed to nitrous gas
became withered and bleached with inhibited assimilation after
exposure to light. Plant damage by SO2 and nitrous gas con-
sists of a fixation of iron followed by a photooxidative poison-
ing of the protoplasm by chlorophyll. Tests on corn were con-
ducted to determine if the water soluble part of iron increases
after introducing assimilation poisons. Pre treatment with fum-
ing nitric acid resulted in a water soluble iron content four
times higher than normal. The effect of smoke gases on plants
consists of a direct cancellation of the catalytic activity of the
iron in the chloroplasts. The photooxidative poisoning of the
protoplasm is considered to be a secondary effect.
25481
Clark, J. F.
ON THE TOXIC EFFECT OF DELETERIOUS AGENTS ON
THE GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN
FILAMENTOUS FUNGI. Botan. Gaz., 28(5): 289-404, Nov.
1899. 47 refs.
An experiment designed to determine the relative and absolute
toxic properties of several chemical compounds, as shown by
their influence on the spores, mycelium, and the fructification
of certain of the mold fungi, is described. The procedures used
to select the medium, the method of culture, and the experi-
mental equipment and conditions are described. Cultures were
examined at intervals of 3-6 hr for the 14 hr following their ex-
posure to the various chemical agents, until the fungus had
matured, or the spores in the cultures which had failed to ger-
minate were transferred to pure beet infusion to test their
vitality. The cultures in which the spores failed to germinate
were divided into two classes; inhibited and killed. The cul-
tures which did germinate were also divided into two groups;
those which matured a fair crop of conidia in about the normal
time and those which presented a markedly retarded mycelial
development and generally failed to fruit. The types of chemi-
cal agents tested, in various strengths, include sulfuric, hydro-
cyanic, hydrochloric, nitric, and acetic acids, several metal
sulfates, chromates, nitrates, and formaldehyde. The results
indicate that fungi are generally more resistant than higher
plants, although different species of fungi and different forms
of the same species present considerable variation in re-
sistance.
-------
21
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
13877
McLeod, W. and R. R. Rogers
CORROSION OF METALS BY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF
THE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT SULFUROUS ACID.
Electrochem. Technol., 6(7 to 8): 231-235, July to Aug. 1968. 7
refs.
The corrosion rate of a metal in an acid with a normality
between N/l and N/10,000, such as H2SO3, HNO3, H2SO4,
or HCL, was found to be related to the concentration of the
acid in accordance with the equation Corrosion rate equals a x
(Acid Normality) to the b power, where a and b are constant
for each combination of acid and metal and where temperature
is 25 C. By determining the values of a and b for a number of
acid-metal combinations, it was possible to compare the corro-
sion rates of the various metals in sulfurous acid with those of
the same metals in nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids, and
to determine the corrosion rate of the metals in sulfurous acid
of different normalities. Data obtained show that nonstainless
steel, with or without nickel, is highly susceptible to sulfurous
acid corrosion. However, when a substantial proportion of
chromium is present in an alloy which contains nickel, steel is
free from corrosion by either sulfurous acid or nitric acid.
Copper and chromium are not appreciably susceptible to sul-
furous acid corrosion in solutions lower than N/l.3. Tin cor-
rodes more rapidly than other nonferrous metals between
N/100 and N/1000, but less than cadmium and zinc at N/10.
Cadmium, Lead, and zinc corrode more rapidly in sulfurous
acid than in nitric acid. Lead corrodes less rapidly in sulfurous
acid than in nitric acid. Aluminum is rapidly corroded by
hyperchloric acid but less so by nitric or sulfurous acid. The
study concludes that sulfurous acid solutions causing the
greatest damage in urban and industrial areas have abnormali-
ties between N/l and N/10,000.
19325
Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD EVALUATION OF EXHAUST GAS FROM REFUSE
INCINERATOR RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION AND
METAL CORROSION. Trans. Soc. Heating, Air-Conditioning,
and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan), vol. 7:95-104, 1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition con-
ducted at five sites in Japan is described. The study was un-
dertaken to obtain information on odor and metal corrosion
problems. The exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen ox-
ides, ammonia, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and
hydrochloric acid. Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid
are mainly responsible for the corrosion, with sulfuric and
nitric acids only partially concerned. Percentages of exhaust
products as a function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Con-
tinuous firing rather than batch firing would limit noxious ef-
fluents. Temperature and excess air control would also help.
After-burning chambers should be installed to further reduce
contaminants.
-------
22
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
17203
Oels, Heinriche
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN WEST GERMANY AND
THE ROLE OF INDUSTRY. (Luftforurensningsproblemer i
Vest-Tyskland industriens innsats). Text in Norwegian. Tek.
Ukeblad (Oslo), 116(45): 1245-1247, Dec. 1969.
West Germany has been occupied in the last decade with
reducing emissions of dust and smoke. Effectiveness of dust
filters has increased threefold, and filtration is more economi-
cal. The dust content can now be reduced to 150 mg/cu m for
an emission rate of 100,000 cu m/hr. In 1950, the dust output
from the West German cement industry was 3.5% of the
clinker produced; in 1967, it was 0.15%. Dust output from the
manufacture of calcium carbide was reduced to 3 mg/cu m of
exhaust gases. Attention now centers on reducing sulfur diox-
ide emissions. An electric power plant in Essen absorbs it with
a new type of activated carbon, recovering the SO2 for the
manufacture of H2SO4, the cost per 1000 kWh being about 1
DM (25 cents), and this can be further reduced. Government
standards now limit the sulfur content of fuel oils to 1.8%.
About 20% of the total SO2 emission in West Germany comes
from sulfuric acid plants. A new 'double contact' process can
reduce SO2 emissions of such a plant from 17 to 3 kg per ton
of H2SO4 produced. Nitrogen oxides emitted from nitric acid
plants have been reduced by 50% with special absorption
equipment. New legislation sets a maximum average of 2
mg/cu m for fluorine emissions, or 5 mg for short intervals.
Readings as high as 2.7 mg have been recorded above the
Ruhr from January 1, 1966, to December 31, 1968. During that
period, industry in North Rhine-Westphalia invested
4,000,000,000 DM on air pollution problems related to existent
operations and about 275,000,000 DM on those related to new
ones. Exhaust purification for the 2-year period cost
3,000,000,000 DM, plus an additional 30,000,000 for research
this in comparison with a gross national product of
300,000,000,000 DM per year. The total amount spent by in-
dustry is small compared with the damage caused, which
amounts to 50 DM per capita per year, or 3,000,000,000 for
the entire republic, not including losses due to sickness or
sanitation problems.
-------
23
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
06778
(INDUSTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN GREAT
BRITAIN.) Industrie et pollution atmospherique en Grande
Bretagne. Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr. (Rept
No. CI 310.) (C J.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great
Britain in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the 'Alkali Act' are in most cases
based on 'the most practical means.' Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various materi-
als emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, and
lead. The construction of tall buildings tends to reduce the
benefits obtained by tall chimneys. A better knowledge of the
effects of pollutants should be obtained so as not to burden in-
dustry with unnecessary expense in their control. It is urged
that international standards for emission be adopted.
07197
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE CONCENTRA-
TION (1966.) Kuki Seijo (Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning As-
soc., Tokyo) 4(4):62-66, 1966. Text in Japanese.
A report is given by a committee of the Japanese Association
of Industrial Health on 'Allowable concentration'. The values
of allowable concentration are worked out for a healthy man
working 8 hr per day doing moderate work. Proper considera-
tion must be given to cases in which more than 8 hr of expo-
sure take place, more than one pollutant is involved, or the
concentration of pollutants increases suddenly during the work
schedule. Included is a discussion on dust measurement. It is
important to measure dusts having a Stokes radius of less than
5 microns, especially at a height of 1 to 1.5 m from the
ground. The relation between the source of dust and the point
of measurement is illustrated.
20121
RECOMMENDATIONS OF PERMISSIBLE CRITERIA OF
HAZARDOUS WORKING ENVIRONMENTS BY JAPAN AS-
SOCIATION OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH. 1969. Sangyo Igaku
(Jap. J. Ind. Health), 12(2):37-44, Feb. 20, 1970. 15 refs.
The Japanese Association of Industrial Health annually recom-
mends permissible concentrations of toxic gases, vapors, mist,
and fumes in the working environment. The 1969 limit values
for 86 toxic substances are shown in ppm and/or mg/cu m.
Like the Threshold Limit Values established by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGH),
the concentrations are time-weighted average concentrations
for an eight-hour working day. The table cannot be applied to
works where exposure to toxic substances is extremely irregu-
lar or short-term. The limit values for butyl acetate, buty al-
cohol, carbon monoxide, p-dichlorobenzene, ethylene glycol
dinitrate, nitrobenzene, hexane, selenium compounds, lead,
nitric acid, styrene monomor, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
and trichloroethylene differ from those of the ACGH. Factors
affecting the Japanese decision are discussed in the case of
hexane, lead, styrene monomor, and toluene. The article also
reviews permissible criteria for noise exposure, thermal stan-
dards for high-temperature work, and permissible dust concen-
trations.
-------
24
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
05407
T. Toyama
AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH IMPEDIMENT. Japan J.
Ind. Health (Tokyo) 8, (3) 45-8, Mar. 1966. Jap. (Presented at
the 39th Annual Meeting, Japan Society of Industrial
Medicine, Ube, Japan, Apr. 7-9, 1966.)
The 39th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Industrial
Medicine was held on April 7-9, 1966 in Ube, Yamaguchi-ken,
Japan. The theme of one of the symposia was planning pro-
grams for air pollution control in which air pollution and
health impairment and the engineering and practice of air pol-
lution control were discussed. The main health impairments
covered deal with effects of pollution on the respiratory
system and acute diseases resulting therefrom. Prior to World
War II there were no legal problems in pollution control but
by 1963, it was necessary to establish laws covering soot and
dust control. City planning and building restriction ordinances
have come into effect. Dust and soot fall have decreased by
one-sixth in the past sixteen years. Millions of dollars have
been paid by factories and industries for the establishment of
dust collectors and SO2 counter-measures. Waste gas disposal
in nitric and sulfuric acid plants has been brought under con-
trol since 1964. Re-use of the waste gases has played an im-
portant role in the economic feasibility of air cleaning.
07597
Heller, A.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR AIR
POLLUTION IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY.
Preprint, Federal Inst. of Hygiene for Water, Soil and Air,
Berlin, Germany, 10p., 1963. (Presented at the Inter-Regional
Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality and Methods of Mea-
surement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-12, 1963, Paper No.
WHO/AP/8.)
An advisory committee set up by the Federal Government
gives expert advice on the proposals of the Clean Air Commis-
sion of the Association of German Engineers regarding per-
missible emissions as well as on the maximum concentrations
of 'immissions' the MIK values for various air pollutants.
The task of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Commission is to
set scientific and technical bases for appropriate air pollution
control measures. The main task of the Commission is to draft
recommendations for new technical regulations as a basis for
the determination and control of air pollution, as follows:
Minimum requirements regarding the concentration and
precipitation of dusts and gases in the atmosphere, bases for
calculating the distribution of dusts and gases and for deter-
mining the required height of chimneys, limits to the emission
of dust and gas from sources of air pollution, and procedures
for measuring dusts and gases. The provisions recommended
for examining applications for licences to establish new plants
or to alter existing plants are reviewed. Enforcement of these
regulations will depend on the local situation, especially the
existing pollution load. They will also depend on the extent to
which further pollution could occur, without exceeding the
tolerance limit or the MIK-value for the most sensitive among
the reaction partners, whether human being, animal or plant,
and on the technical processes of the industrial plant in
question. In principle, all reasonable technical and economic
possibilites for purifying waste gases should be exploited in
equal fashin by similar industrial plants. Finally, industry
should be prepared to bear more far-reaching demands regard-
ing waste-gas removal, if a licence for a new industrial plant
or for the extension of an existing plant is to be issued in an
area already polluted. MIK-values have been set and are
discussed for; sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, some nitrous
gases and chlorine.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
25
ALEKSANDROV YU I C-23560
ALTSHULLER A P E-23037, *E-24015
ANDERSEN, H C B-06844
ANDERSON H C B-13893
ANTOSHECHKIN, A G C-06889
ATROSHCHENKO V I B-13689, *F-13680
ATROSHCHENKO, V I B-10159
ATSUKAWA M B-14664
B
BAYLEY, R W B-04658
BEL CHENKO G V B-14382
BELAGA M B A-17076
BENGEANU L C-24975
BETZ, E C B-05309
BILLINGS, C E B-07552
BINGHAM, E C JR B-11549
BISHOP R M G-21307
BLOOMFIELD, B D B-10017
BOMSHTEIN V E B-16726, B-19847
BRINK: A JR 0-23771
BRINK, J A JR B-00587
BURCHARDT T F-13948
BURGGRABE, W F B-00587
CAUER H C-25925
CORTEZ D H F-23882
ELLIS R E G-21307
ERMENC E D B-20775
ESTER W B-13202
FEIST, H J B-05309
FEIST, J B-02051
FOERSTER F F-13948
FRICKE E F-13948
FUNK A B B-25714
G
GANZ, S N F-10160
GERSTLE, R W A-01583
GOETZ, A G-06552
GOLDBERG S B G-23738, G-24588
GOLDBERG, E K C-04257
GRAY E L G-24588
GRAY E L B G-23738
GREEN W J B-13893
GREEN, W J B-06844
GREENWELL, L E B-00587
GRIGORESCU I C-24975
H
HALS F A A-21204
HARDING, C I B-00959
HASEBA S F-13415
HELLER, A L-07597
HENDRICKSON, E R B-00959
HEUMANN H B-13202
HONDA A 1-19325
HSIEH Y H B-14007
HSUEH L A-26226
HUNTER J B B-21232
I
ITO H 1-19325
JEITNER, O B-06123
K
KAUT V M F-13680
KAZAKOVA E A B-16726, *B-19847
KERNS, B A B-05151
KHITERER R Z B-16726, B-19847
KIRK D G F-13481
KITAGAWA T F-13415
KONDO K 1-19325
KONIG, K B-06123
KOPYLEV B A B-14382
KUBO N F-13415
KULIKAA B-14387
KUPEL, R E G-01049
KURKER, C JR B-07552
LARKIN, R L G-01049
LEHMANN H F-14303
LEIGHTON P A E-21534, 'E-21642
LEITHE, W B-07535
LESOINE L G C-24725
LINDAU L A-18305
M
MACNAMEE J K G-24588
MANAKIN G A B-13899
MANITA, M D C-02570
MARKVART M B-13205
MATTA J M B-20313
MAY, F P B-00959
MAYSTRUK P N A-17076
MCLEOD W 1-13877
MELEKHINA, V P C-02570, *G-11378
MERENKOVPT B-14387
MIKINA V D C-23560
MOHRNHEIM A F A-13698
MOORE J C B-25714
MUCSKAIL F-15087
N
NABIEV, M N B-09981
NABIYEVMK B-14387
NAffi P V N E-22407
NEWMAN DJ B-20313
NICOLET M E-23604
NISHIMOTO Y B-14664
NOACKK H-22622
NOVIKOVGA C-23560
O
OELS H J-17203
OLEVINSKIY M I B-14568
PATTON F M G-23738
PATTON W F C-23771
PAULING H B-13202
PERRINE R L A-26226
PETERSON, R F A-01583
PODGORNOVA N S G-16460
POUR V B-13205
POZIN M E B-14382
PRYS ROBERTS C G-16613
R
RADELOFFH C-18226
RHINE P E E-14408
ROGERS R R 1-13877
ROMEO P L B-13893
ROMEO, P L B-06844
SAFIULLIN N S B-14568
SALTZMAN, B E C-11130
SATTERFIELD C N F-23882
SCHMITTK B-13202
SCHWANECKE R B-15152
SEDASNOVA, E G B-10159
SHIMOSET F-13415
SILVERMAN, L B-07552
SORDELLI, D B-01125
STANKUS L B-23880
STAROSEL SKIY Y I B-13899
SUNDARESAN, B B B-00959
TAKAHASHIN B-14664
TESKE W B-23372
TESKE, W B-11058, *B-12637
TIKHONENKO A D B-14387
TIKHONENKO, A D B-09981
TOYAMA, T L-05407
TSEYTLIN A N B-13689
TUBES L D E-14408
-------
26 NITRIC ACID PLANTS
V W Z
VAN DER DRIFT J B-14481 ZANON D B-01125
VARLAMOV M L B-13899 ZJUNUIN, u B mu.3
VOHRAKG E-22407 ZASORIN A P B-13689
VON SEMEL G F-14303 WILLIAMS D E-14408 ZBROZHEK L S B-13899
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
27
ABSORPTION A-01583, A-18305, A-26226,
B-00587, B-00959, B-01125, B-07093,
B-07535, B-07552, B-10017, B-10159,
B-12637, B-13202, B-13689, B-13899,
B-14382, B-14568, B-14664, B-15152,
B-16726, B-20313, B-23372, B-25714,
B-26071, E-21642, F-10160, F-13680,
F-15087, G-01049, J-17203
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) A-22877,
B-07535, B-23880, J-17203
ACETIC ACID G-01049, H-25481
ACETONE K-07197
ACETYLENES F-13415
ACID SMUTS A-17076, B-26071
ACIDS A-01583, A-13698, A-16699,
A-17076, A-18305, A-21204, A-22877,
A-26226, B-00587, B-00959, B-01125,
B-02051, B-04658, B-05151, B-05309,
B-05401, B-06123, B-06844, B-07093,
B-07535, B-07552, B-09773, B-09981,
B-10017, B-10159, B-11058, B-11549,
B-12637, B-13202, B-13205, B-13689,
B-13893, B-13899, B-14007, B-14382,
B-14387, B-14481, B-14533, B-14568,
B-14664, B-15152, B-16726, B-19847,
B-20313, B-20775, B-21232, B-23372,
B-23880, B-25714, B-26071, C-02570,
C-04257, C-06889, C-11130, C-18226,
C-23560, C-23771, C-24725, C-24975,
C-25381, C-25925, E-14408, E-21534,
E-21642, E-22407, E-23037, E-23604,
E-24015, F-01619, F-10160, F-13415,
F-13481, F-13680, F-13948, F-14303,
F-15087, F-23882, G-01049, G-06552,
G-11378, G-16460, G-16613, G-21307,
G-23738, G-24588, H-22622, H-25481,
1-13877, 1-19325, J-17203, K-06778,
K-07197, K-20121, L-05407, L-07597
ACROLEIN G-06552
ADMINISTRATION B-23880, L-05407,
L-07597
ADSORPTION B-00959, B-01125, B-05401,
B-10017, B-13893, B-14533, B-16726,
B-19847, B-26071, F-13415
ADVISORY SERVICES L-07597
AEROSOLS A-17076, B-14568, E-22407,
G-01049, G-06552
AFTERBURNERS B-05309, B-07535,
B-10017, B-11549, B-21232, B-26071,
1-19325
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA K-07197
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-17076, A-22877, C-02570, C-04257,
F-13415, 1-19325, K-07197, L-05407
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS B-10017,
G-11378, G-21307, G-23738, G-24588,
K-06778, K-07197, K-20121, L-07597
ALCOHOLS B-05309, C-24975, K-07197,
K-20121
ALDEHYDES B-05309, G-06552, H-25481,
K-07197
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS B-02051,
B-09981, B-10017, B-16726, C-24975,
E-21534, F-13415, F-23882, G-01049,
K-07197, K-20121
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-23880
ALLENES F-13415
ALTITUDE C-25925, E-14408, E-21534,
E-21642, E-23604
ALUMINUM 1-13877
AMIDES B-05151
AMINES B-01125, K-07197
AMMONIA A-01583, A-16699, A-18305,
B-00959, B-04658, B-13205, B-13899,
B-14007, B-14387, F-01619, F-13481,
F-23882, H-22622, 1-19325, K-07197
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE C-23771
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-01583,
A-16699, A-18305, B-00959, B-04658,
B-07552, B-12637, B-13202, B-13205,
B-13899, B-14007, B-14387, C-23771,
C-24975, F-01619, F-13481, F-23882,
H-22622, 1-19325, K-07197
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-16699,
A-22877, B-05401, C-02570, C-04257,
C-11130, C-18226, C-23560, C-24725,
C-24975, C-25381, C-25925, F-13415,
G-01049, G-11378
ANIMALS G-01049, G-23738, G-24588
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS K-06778
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS B-11058,
C-24975, F-23882, K-07197, K-20121
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS K-06778,
K-07197
ARSINE K-07197
ASHES B-07535
ASIA B-14007, B-14664, E-22407, 1-19325,
K-07197, K-20121, L-05407
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-22877,
C-25925
AUTOMOBILES B-07535
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-26226
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-26226,
B-00959, B-07535, G-21307
AZO DYE C-11130
B
BAG FILTERS A-17076
BELGIUM E-23604
BENZENES K-07197, K-20121
BERYLLIOSIS B-00587, C-02570, G-01049
BERYLLIUM K-07197
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT G-11378
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
G-01049, G-11378, L-05407
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
F-01619, G-01049, G-11378
BOILERS B-00959, B-07535, K-06778
BREATHING G-01049
BROMINE K-07197
BRONCHODILATORS G-16613
BUBBLE TOWERS B-10017
BUILDINGS G-16460
BUTADIENES F-13415
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-18305,
A-21204, B-11549, B-13202, B-14387
B-14533, B-15152, B-23880, J-17203
CADMIUM 1-13877
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS K-06778,
K-07197
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS B-11058,
F-10160
CALIFORNIA B-07535
CANADA G-01049
CARBIDES B-11058
CARBON DIOXIDE A-22877, B-14007
CARBON DISULFIDE B-05309, B-10017,
K-07197
CARBON MONOXIDE A-01583, A-22877,
B-10017, K-07197, K-20121
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE K-07197
CARBONYLS K-07197
CARCINOGENS A-01583, B-01125,
C-02570, G-01049
CASCADE SAMPLERS C-23771
CATALYSIS A-01583, A-26226, B-00959,
B-01125, B-02051, B-05309, B-06123,
B-06844, B-09981, B-12637, B-13205,
B-13893, B-14007, B-14387, B-14481,
B-21232, B-23372, B-23880, B-26071,
F-23882
CATALYSTS B-02051, B-05309, B-06844,
B-09981, B-13205, B-13893, B-21232,
B-23372, F-23882
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY A-01583, A-26226,
B-09981, B-21232
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-05309,
B-07535, B-10017, B-11549, B-21232
CATALYTIC OXIDATION B-01125,
B-02051, B-05401, B-13893, B-14664,
B-21232, B-23880, F-23882
CEMENTS B-07535, J-17203
CENTRffUGAL SEPARATORS B-19847,
C-23771
CERAMICS B-02051
CHAMBER PROCESSING B-14533,
B-14568
CHARCOAL B-14533
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION C-02570,
F-13415, 1-19325
CHEMICAL METHODS C-02570, C-04257,
C-11130, C-18226, C-23560, C-24725,
C-25925, F-13415, G-01049
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-01583,
A-16699, A-17076, A-18305, A-26226,
B-00587, B-00959, B-01125, B-02051,
B-04658, B-05151, B-05309, B-05401
B-06123, B-06844, B-07093, B-07535
B-09981, B-11058, B-11549, B-12637
B-13202, B-13205, B-13689, B-13893
B-13899, B-14007, B-14382, B-14387,
B-14481, B-14533, B-14568, B-15152
B-19847, B-21232, B-23372, B-26071
C-23771, F-01619, F-10160, F-13415,
F-14303, F-15087, F-23882, G-21307
J-17203, K-06778, L-05407
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-01583,
A-13698, A-26226, B-00959, B-01125
B-02051, B-05309, B-06123, 8-06844*
B-09981, B-12637, B-13205, B-13689'
B-14007, B-14387, B-14481, B-14664
-------
28
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
B-15152, B-19847, B-23372, B-23880,
B-25714, C-11130, C-23560, E-21534,
E-21642, E-22407, E-23037, E-23604,
E-24015, F-01619, F-13415, F-15087,
H-22622
CHEMISTS C-25925
CHLORIDES C-24975
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
C-24975, K-07197, K-20121
CHLORINE A-18305, A-22877, B-01125,
B-10017, K-06778, K-07197
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS B-00587,
B-10017, C-24975, C-25925, E-22407,
L-07597
CHLOROFORM K-07197
CHLOROPLASTS H-22622
CHROMATES H-25481
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-22877
CHROMIUM B-09981, 1-13877
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS C-25381,
H-25481
CHRONIC G-23738
CLOVER H-22622
COAL B-07535, C-24725
COAL PREPARATION B-23880
CODES K-06778
COLLECTORS B-00587, B-19847, C-23771,
L-05407
COLORIMETRY A-16699, A-22877,
C-02570, C-04257, C-11130, C-24975,
C-25381, C-25925, F-13415, G-01049,
G-11378
COMBUSTION A-26226, B-11549, B-15152,
B-23880, F-13415
COMBUSTION AIR A-26226, B-23880,
B-26071, F-23882, 1-19325
COMBUSTION GASES A-21204, A-22877,
A-26226, B-01125, B-05309, B-06844,
B-11058, B-12637, B-13689, B-13893,
B-14007, B-14568, B-14664, B-16726,
B-19847, B-21232, B-23372, B-23880,
B-25714, B-26071, C-18226, F-15087,
1-19325, K-06778, L-07597
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-21204,
A-22877, A-26226, B-00959, B-01125,
B-05309, B-06844, B-07535, B-11058,
B-12637, B-13689, B-13893, B-14007,
B-14568, B-14664, B-16726, B-19847,
B-21232, B-23372, B-23880, B-25714,
B-26071, C-18226, F-15087, 1-19325,
K-06778, L-07597
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-01125
COMPRESSED GASES B-00587
COMPRESSION A-16699
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-25925
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS B-07535,
J-17203
CONTACT PROCESSING A-18305,
B-11058
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-22877,
C-06889
CONTROL AGENCIES B-23880, L-07597
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-01583,
A-16699, A-17076, A-21204, A-26226,
B-00587, B-01125, B-02051, B-04658,
B-05151, B-05309, B-06123, B-07535,
B-07552, B-09773, B-10017, B-11058,
B-11549, B-14007, B-14382, B-14568,
B-15152, B-16726, B-19847, B-20313,
B-21232, B-23880, B-25714, B-26071,
C-23771, 1-19325, J-17203, K-06778,
L-05407
CONTROL METHODS A-01583, A-16699,
A-18305, A-21204, A-22877, A-26226,
B-00587, B-00959, B-01125, B-02051,
B-05151, B-05401, B-06123, B-06844,
B-07093, B-07535, B-07552, B-09981,
B-10017, B-10159, B-11058, B-11549,
B-12637, B-13202, B-13689, B-13893,
B-13899, B-14382, B-14387, B-14481,
B-14533, B-14568, B-14664, B-15152,
B-16726, B-19847, B-20313, B-20775,
B-21232, B-23372, B-23880, B-25714,
B-26071, E-21642, F-01619, F-10160,
F-13415, F-13680, F-15087, F-23882,
G-01049, 1-19325, J-17203, L-05407
CONTROL PROGRAMS L-05407, L-07597
COPPER B-05151, 1-13877
COPPER COMPOUNDS B-14007
CORN H-22622
CORROSION 1-13877, 1-19325
COSTS A-18305, B-01125, B-02051,
B-04658, B-07552, B-09773, B-23880,
J-17203
COUGH G-16613
CRITERIA B-10017, K-07197, L-07597
CROPS H-22622
CYANATES K-07197
CYANIDES B-04658, C-24975
CZECHOSLOVAKIA B-04658, B-13205
D
DECOMPOSITION A-26226, B-14481
DESIGN CRITERIA B-05309, B-19847,
B-20313
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS B-23880
DIFFUSION A-22877, E-23604
DIOLEFINS F-13415
DISPERSION A-22877, B-01125, E-23604,
F-23882
DISSOCIATION E-23604
DISTILLATE OILS F-01619
DOMESTIC HEATING B-07535
DRUGS G-16613
DUST FALL A-22877, L-05407
DUSTS A-17076, A-22877, B-07535,
B-11058, B-19847, C-23771, J-17203,
K-06778, K-07197, K-20121, L-05407,
L-07597
ECONOMIC LOSSES J-17203
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-21204, A-26226, B-21232, B-23880,
E-22407, J-17203, K-06778
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT DEVICES
C-06889
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS C-23560
ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY ANALYZERS
C-06889
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-17076, A-21204, B-00587, B-07535,
K-06778
EMISSION STANDARDS K-06778,
L-07597
EMPHYSEMA G-24588
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES K-06778,
L-07597
ENGINE DESIGN MODIFICATION
A-26226
ENGINE EXHAUSTS B-07535, G-21307
ESTERS B-05309, K-07197, K-20121
ETHYL ALCOHOL C-24975
ETHYLENE B-10017, K-07197
EUROPE A-01583, A-16699, A-17076,
A-18305, A-22877, B-00587, B-00959,
B-02051, B-04658, B-05309, B-06123,
B-07093, B-07535, B-09981, B-10159,
B-11058, B-13202, B-13205, B-13689,
B-13899, B-14382, B-14387, B-14481,
B-14568, B-15152, B-19847, B-20313,
B-23372, C-02570, C-04257, C-06889,
C-18226, C-23560, C-24975, C-25925,
E-23604, F-01619, F-10160, F-13680,
F-13948, F-14303, F-15087, G-11378,
G-16460, G-16613, G-21307, H-22622,
J-17203, K-06778, L-07597
EXCESS AIR A-26226, B-23880, B-26071,
F-23882,1-19325
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT B-10159,
F-10160
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS B-04658,
B-10159, B-16726, F-10160
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS G-01049
EYE IRRITATION G-11378
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-23880,
L-07597
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
B-25714, C-18226
FERTILIZING B-11058, G-11378
FILTERS A-17076, B-07552, B-09773,
B-14568, C-23771, J-17203
FIRING METHODS A-26226, B-23880,
B-26071, F-23882, 1-19325
FLAME AFTERBURNERS B-10017,
B-26071
FLARES B-10017
FLOW RATES B-00587, B-09981, B-10159,
B-16726, C-24975, F-10160, F-23882
FLUID FLOW B-00587, B-06123, B-09981,
B-10159, B-16726, C-24975, F-10160,
F-23882
FLUORIDES A-17076, B-01125, B-07552,
B-11058
FLUORINE A-18305, A-22877
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-17076,
B-01125, B-07552, B-11058, C-18226
FLY ASH B-07552
FORMALDEHYDES G-06552, H-25481,
K-07197
FRUITS C-18226
FUEL GASES B-06844, B-13893, B-14387,
B-23880
FUEL OILS F-01619
FUELS B-06844, B-07535, B-13893,
B-14387, B-23880, C-24725, C-25381,
F-01619
FUMES B-01125, B-05151, B-07552,
B-09773, B-09981, B-10017, K-06778,
K-20121
FUNGI H-25481
FURNACES B-07535
G
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-22877
GAS SAMPLING A-22877, C-04257,
C-11130, C-24975
GAS TURBINES A-21204
GASES A-01583, B-00587, B-05401,
B-09981, B-10017, E-22407, F-10160
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS) B-23880
GERMANY A-22877, B-05309, B-06123,
B-07093, B-07535, B-11058, B-13202,
B-15152, B-23372, C-18226, C-25925,
F-13948, F-14303, H-22622, J-17203
L-07597
GOVERNMENTS B-10017, B-23880,
K-06778, L-07597
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
29
GREAT BRITAIN A-16699, B-04658,
B-07535, B-19847, B-20313, G-16613,
K-06778
GUINEA PIGS G-23738
H
HALOGEN GASES A-18305, A-22877,
B-01125, B-10017, K-06778, K-07197
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
C-24975, K-07197, K-20121
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT G-16460,
L-05407, L-07597
HEAT OF COMBUSTION C-23560
HEAT TRANSFER B-20313, F-23882
HEMATOLOGY G-16613
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS G-16613
HEXANES C-24975, K-07197, K-20121
HEXENES F-23882
HUMANS G-11378, G-16460, G-21307,
L-07597
HUMIDITY E-22407
HYDRAZINES C-25381
HYDROCARBONS A-22877, B-00587,
B-02051, B-09981, B-10017, B-11058,
B-16726, B-21232, C-24975, E-21534,
E-21642, F-13415, F-23882, G-01049,
K-07197, K-20121
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-18305,
A-22877, B-07552, B-10017, B-11058,
C-02570, C-04257, E-22407, G-11378,
H-22622, H-25481, 1-13877, 1-19325,
K-06778, K-07197, L-07597
HYDROCYANIC ACID H-25481, K-07197
HYDROFLUORIC ACID B-01125, B-07552,
B-09773, B-11058, K-06778, K-07197
HYDROGEN B-06123, B-06844, G-11378
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-22877, B-05309,
B-06123, B-10017, B-11058, C-25925,
K-06778, K-07197, L-07597
HYDROXIDES B-23880, C-24975, C-25925,
F-10160
HYPERVENTILATION G-16613
HYPOXIA G-16613
I
IMPINGERS A-22877, G-01049
INCINERATION B-10017, 1-19325
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-18305
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-01583, A-13698, A-16699, A-17076,
A-18305, A-21204, A-26226, B-00587,
B-00959, B-01125, B-02051, B-04658,
B-05151, B-05309, B-05401, B-06123,
B-06844, B-07093, B-07535, B-09981,
B-10017, B-11058, B-11549, B-12637,
B-13202, B-13205, B-13689, B-13893,
B-13899, B-14007, B-14382, B-14387,
B-14481, B-14533, B-14568, B-15152,
B-16726, B-19847, B-21232, B-23372,
B-23880, B-25714, B-26071, C-18226,
C-23771, E-22407, F-01619, F-10160,
F-13415, F-13481, F-14303, F-15087,
F-23882, G-11378, G-21307, 1-19325,
J-17203, K-06778, L-05407, L-07597
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY A-22877,
E-14408
INHALATION THERAPY G-16613
INORGANIC ACIDS A-01583, A-13698,
A-16699, A-17076, A-18305, A-21204,
A-22877, A-26226, B-00587, B-00959,
B-01125, B-02051, B-04658, B-05151,
B-05309, B-05401, B-06123, B-06844,
B-07093, B-07535, B-07552, B-09773,
B-09981, B-10017, B-10159, B-11058,
B-11549, B-12637, B-13202, B-13205,
B-13689, B-13893, B-13899, B-14007,
B-14382, B-14387, B-14481, B-14533,
B-14568, B-14664, B-15152, B-16726,
B-19847, B-20313, B-20775, B-21232,
B-23372, B-23880, B-25714, B-26071,
C-02570, C-04257, C-06889, C-11130,
C-18226, C-23560, C-23771, C-24725,
C-24975, C-25381, C-25925, E-14408,
E-21534, E-21642, E-22407, E-23037,
E-23604, E-24015, F-01619, F-10160,
F-13415, F-13481, F-13680, F-13948,
F-14303, F-15087, F-23882, G-01049,
G-06552, G-11378, G-16460, G-16613,
G-21307, G-23738, G-24588, H-22622,
H-25481,1-13877, 1-19325, J-17203,
K-06778, K-07197, K-20121, L-05407,
L-07597
INSTRUMENTATION C-06889, F-10160
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
B-07535
INVERSION B-07535, L-07597
IODIMETRIC METHODS G-01049
IODINE COMPOUNDS C-25925, G-01049
IONIZATION E-22407
IONS C-06889, G-11378
IRON B-05151, 1-13877
IRON COMPOUNDS C-24725, C-24975,
H-22622
IRON OXIDES B-07552
JAPAN B-14664, 1-19325, K-07197,
K-20121, L-05407
K
KETONES G-01049, K-07197
KILNS B-07535
KONIMETERS A-22877
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-01049,
G-23738, G-24588
LABORATORY FACILITIES G-16460
LEAD 1-13877, K-07197
LEAD ALLOYS 1-13877
LEAD COMPOUNDS K-06778, K-07197,
K-20121
LEGAL ASPECTS K-06778, L-05407,
L-07597
LEGISLATION K-06778, L-05407
LIGHT RADIATION B-07535, E-21642,
E-22407, H-22622
LIQUIDS B-07552, C-23560, E-22407
LONDON B-07535
LOS ANGELES B-07535
LOWER ATMOSPHERE E-14408, E-21534
E-21642
LUNGS G-01049, G-23738
M
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS B-12637
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-21204
MANGANESE K-07197
MATERIALS DETERIORATION 1-13877
1-19325
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-26226
F-15087
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-26226
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION G-11378,
G-21307, G-23738, G-24588, K-06778,
K-07197, K-20121, L-07597
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-22877,
C-04257, C-06889, C-24725
MEETINGS L-05407
MEMBRANE FILTERS A-22877
MERCURY K-07197
MERCURY COMPOUNDS C-23771,
C-24975
METABOLISM G-11378, H-22622
METAL COMPOUNDS A-18305, B-06123,
B-11058, B-12637, B-14007, B-14382,
B-23880, C-23771, C-24725, C-24975,
C-25381, F-10160, H-22622, H-25481,
K-06778, K-07197, K-20121
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-13698, B-05151, G-21307
METALS B-02051, B-05151, B-05309,
B-06844, B-09981, B-21232, F-23882,
1-13877, K-07197
METEOROLOGY A-22877, B-07535,
C-25925, E-22407
METHANES B-02051, B-09981, B-16726
MICE G-23738
MICROMETEOROLOGY C-25925
MICROORGANISMS H-25481
MICROSCOPY C-18226
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE E-23604
MINERAL PROCESSING J-17203
MINERAL PRODUCTS B-07552
MISSILES AND ROCKETS C-25381
MISSOURI A-01583, B-00587, B-00959
MISTS B-00587, B-05401, B-07552,
B-11058, C-23771, K-20121
MONITORING A-22877, C-06889
N
NAPHTHALENES B-11058
NATURAL GAS B-06844, B-13893,
B-14387, B-23880
NICKEL B-09981
NICKEL COMPOUNDS B-14007, K-07197
NITRATES B-05401, B-10159, B-14382,
C-23771, E-21642, G-21307, H-25481,
K-07197, K-20121
NITRIC ACID A-01583, A-13698, A-16699,
A-17076, A-18305, A-21204, A-22877,
A-26226, B-00587, B-00959, B-01125,
B-02051, B-04658, B-05151, B-05309,
B-05401, B-06123, B-06844, B-07093,
B-07535, B-07552, B-09773, B-09981,
B-10017, B-10159, B-11058, B-11549
B-12637, B-13202, B-13205, B-13689,
B-13893, B-13899, B-14007, B-14382
B-14387, B-14481, B-14533, B-14568,
B-14664, B-15152, B-16726, B-19847,
B-20313, B-20775, B-21232, B-23372
B-23880, B-25714, B-26071, C-0257o'
C-04257, C-06889, C-11130, C-18226
C-23560, C-23771, C-24725, C-24975
C-25381, C-25925, E-14408, £-21534*
E-21642, E-22407, E-23037, E-23604?
E-24015, F-01619, F-10160 F-13415
F-13481, F-13680, F-13948, F-14303'
F-15087, F-23882, G-01049, G-06552
G-11378, G-16460, G-16613, G-21307
G-23738, G-24588, H-22622, H-25481*
1-13877, 1-19325, J-17203, K-06778
K-07197, K-20121, L-05407, L-07597
NITRIC ANHYDRIDE (N2O5) B-07093
C-11130
-------
30
NITRIC ACID PLANTS
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-16699, A-22877,
A-26226, B-01125, B-02051, B-05151,
B-05309, B-06123, B-06844, B-07093,
B-07535, B-09981, B-10159, B-11058,
B-12637, B-13202, B-13689, B-13899,
B-14481, B-14664, B-15152, B-16726,
B-19847, B-20313, B-20775, B-21232,
B-23372, B-23880, C-11130, C-23560,
E-21534, E-23037, E-23604, E-24015,
F-01619, F-13415, F-15087, G-16613
NITRITES B-10159, B-13202, G-21307
NITROGEN B-20775, C-25381, E-23604,
F-13415
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-01583,
A-16699, B-01125, B-02051, B-05151,
B-05309, B-05401, B-06844, B-07093,
B-07552, B-09981, B-10159, B-11058,
B-13202, B-13689, B-13899, B-14007,
B-14481, B-14664, B-15152, B-16726,
B-19847, B-20313, B-21232, B-23880,
B-26071, C-11130, C-23560, C-25381,
E-21534, E-21642, E-23037, E-23604,
E-24015, F-01619, F-13415, F-13948,
F-15087, G-16613, G-21307, G-24588,
K-06778, K-07197, L-07597
NITROGEN OXIDES A-01583, A-13698,
A-16699, A-21204, A-22877, A-26226,
B-00959, B-01125, B-02051, B-05151,
B-05309, B-05401, B-06123, B-06844,
B-07093, B-07535, B-07552, B-09773,
B-09981, B-10017, B-10159, B-11058,
B-12637, B-13202, B-13205, B-13689,
B-13893, B-13899, B-14007, B-14382,
B-14387, B-14481, B-14533, B-14664,
B-15152, B-16726, B-19847, B-20313,
B-20775, B-21232, B-23372, B-23880,
B-25714, B-26071, C-06889, C-11130,
C-23560, C-25381, E-21534, E-21642,
E-22407, E-23037, E-23604, E-24015,
F-01619, F-10160, F-13415, F-13680,
F-13948, F-15087, G-16613, G-21307,
G-23738, G-24588, 1-19325, J-17203,
K-06778, K-07197, L-07597
NITROGEN TRIOXIDE (NO3) B-07093,
C-11130
NITROUS ACID B-13205, C-11130,
C-18226, C-23560, E-21534, E-24015,
F-13481, G-21307, H-22622
NITROUS ANHYDRIDE (N2O3) B-07093,
B-10159, C-11130, F-13415
NITROUS OXIDE (N20) A-16699, B-12637,
C-11130, E-24015
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-21204, B-04658, B-07535, B-11058,
C-25381, G-11378
NOSTRILS G-11378
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS B-21232,
E-22407
NUCLEATION E-22407
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH G-11378,
G-21307, G-24588, K-20121
ODOR COUNTERACTION B-07535
ODORS B-04658, B-10017, G-11378,
1-19325
OLEFINS B-10017, E-21534, F-13415,
F-23882, G-01049, K-07197
OPERATING VARIABLES A-26226,
B-05401, B-09981, 1-19325
ORGANIC ACIDS B-05309, G-01049,
H-25481, 1-19325, K-07197
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
B-01125, B-05151, B-25714, G-01049,
K-07197, K-20121
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
C-24975
OXIDANTS A-01583, B-05151, B-10017,
E-21534, E-21642
OXIDATION A-01583, B-00959, B-13689,
B-14664, B-19847, B-25714, C-23560,
E-22407, F-01619, F-13415, F-15087
OXIDES A-01583, A-13698, A-16699,
A-17076, A-18305, A-21204, A-22877,
A-26226, B-00959, B-01125, B-02051,
B-05151, B-05309, B-05401, B-06123,
B-06844, B-07093, B-07535, B-07552,
B-09773, B-09981, B-10017, B-10159,
B-11058, B-12637, B-13202, B-13205,
B-13689, B-13893, B-13899, B-14007,
B-14382, B-14387, B-14481, B-14533,
B-14664, B-15152, B-16726, B-19847,
B-20313, B-20775, B-21232, B-23372,
B-23880, B-25714, B-26071, C-06889,
C-11130, C-23560, C-25381, E-21534,
E-21642, E-22407, E-23037, E-23604,
E-24015, F-01619, F-10160, F-13415,
F-13680, F-13948, F-15087, G-16613,
G-21307, G-23738, G-24588, 1-19325,
J-17203, K-06778, K-07197, K-20121,
L-05407, L-07597
OXYGEN A-01583, B-09981, B-20775,
E-21642, F-13948
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION G-01049
OXYGEN LANCING B-07535
OZONE B-10017, C-25925, E-14408,
E-21642, E-22407, E-24015, K-07197
PACKED TOWERS B-04658, B-10017,
B-20313
PAPER MANUFACTURING F-13481
PARTICLE COUNTERS A-22877
PARTICLE GROWTH E-22407
PARTICLE SIZE B-00587, B-07552,
C-23771, C-24725, K-07197
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS B-00587,
B-07552, C-23771, C-24725, K-07197
PARTICULATE SAMPLING A-22877,
C-23771
PARTICULATES A-17076, A-21204,
A-22877, B-00587, B-01125, B-05151,
B-05401, B-07535, B-07552, B-09773,
B-09981, B-10017, B-11058, B-14568,
B-19847, C-23771, E-22407, F-01619,
G-01049, G-06552, H-22622, J-17203,
K-06778, K-07197, K-20121, L-05407,
L-07597
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS) A-18305
PEROXIDES A-01583
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE E-21642
PEROXYACYL NITRATES E-21642
PERSONNEL C-25925, L-07597
PESTICIDES C-24975
PH B-10159
PHENOLS K-07197
PHENYL COMPOUNDS K-20121
PHENYLS K-20121
PHOSPHATES A-17076, B-25714, C-23771
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-18305, B-00587,
B-07552, B-11058, C-23771, C-25381,
F-14303, K-07197
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-17076,
B-06123, B-11058, B-25714, C-23771,
K-07197
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS A-13698,
E-21534, E-21642, E-23037, E-23604,
E-24015, H-22622
PHOTOIONIZATION E-22407
PHOTOLYSIS E-24015
PHOTOMETRIC METHODS C-04257
PHOTOOXIDATION H-22622
PHOTOSYNTHESIS H-22622
PHTHALICACID B-05309
PHYSICAL STATES A-01583, B-00587,
B-05401, B-07552, B-09981, B-10017,
B-14533, B-14568, C-23560, E-14408,
E-22407, F-10160, G-23738, G-24588
PLANNING AND ZONING L-05407
PLANS AND PROGRAMS L-05407,
L-07597
PLANT DAMAGE C-18226, H-22622,
H-25481, L-07597
PLANT GROWTH H-22622, H-25481
PLANTS (BOTANY) C-18226, H-22622,
L-07597
PLATINUM B-06844, B-09981, B-21232,
F-23882
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-22877
PNEUMONIA G-24588
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS B-11058
PORTABLE C-23771
POWER CYCLES K-06778
POWER SOURCES A-21204, B-07535
PRESSURE B-00587, B-11058
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING K-06778
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-26226,
B-05151, B-10017, B-11058, B-12637,
B-23880, B-26071, F-13415, F-23882,
1-19325
PROTEINS G-01049
PULMONARY EDEMA G-16613
PYROLYSIS B-05309
R
RATS G-01049, G-23738, G-24588
REACTION KINETICS A-26226, B-04658,
B-10159, B-20775, E-21534, E-21642,
E-24015, F-10160, F-13680, F-23882
REACTION MECHANISMS A-26226,
B-25714, C-23560, E-23604, E-24015,
F-13948, F-23882, H-22622
RECOMBINATION E-22407
REDUCTION A-01583, A-26226, B-01125,
B-02051, B-06123, B-06844, B-09981,
B-12637, B-13205, B-14007, B-14387,
B-14481, B-15152, B-23372, B-23880
REGULATIONS K-06778, L-07597
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES C-25925
RESEARCH PROGRAMS B-23880
RESPIRATORY DISEASES G-16613,
G-24588, L-05407
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS G-01049,
G-16613
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-01049,
G-11378, G-21307, G-23738, L-05407
SALTZMAN METHOD A-16699, A-22877,
C-11130
SAMPLERS A-22877, C-11130, C-23771,
G-01049
SAMPLING METHODS A-22877, C-04257,
C-11130, C-23771, C-24975, G-01049
SCRUBBERS A-01583, A-16699, A-17076,
A-26226, B-00587, B-01125, B-0<«658,
B-05151, B-06123, B-07535, B-09773,
B-10017, B-11058, B-14007, B-14382,
B-14568, B-15152, B-16726, B-20313,
B-23880, B-25714
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS K-07197,
K-20121
SETTLING PARTICLES A-17076, A-22877,
B-07535, B-11058, B-19847, C-23771,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
31
J-17203, K-06778, K-07197, K-20121,
L-05407, L-07597
SILICON COMPOUNDS B-07552, B-23880
SILICON DIOXIDE B-19847, K-07197
SINTERING K-06778
SMOG B-07535, G-06552
SMOKE SHADE A-22877
SMOKES A-22877, B-07535, H-22622,
J-17203
SODIUM CARBONATE B-14382
SODIUM COMPOUNDS A-18305, B-06123,
B-14382, C-24975
SODIUM HYDROXIDE A-18305, B-06123,
C-24975
SOLAR RADIATION B-07535, E-21642,
E-22407
SOLVENTS B-05309, B-21232
SOOT L-05407
SOOT FALL L-05407
SOURCE SAMPLING A-22877
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-18305, A-21204,
A-22877, B-07535, B-11058, B-23880,
J-17203
SPECTROMETfcY A-22877, E-14408
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-22877,
C-02570, C-04257, C-11130, C-24975,
C-25925, G-01049, G-11378
SPINACH H-22622
SPORES H-25481
SPRAY TOWERS B-06123, B-10017,
B-14568
ST LOUIS A-01583, B-00587, B-00959
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) B-07535,
L-07597
STACK GASES A-21204, A-22877,
A-26226, B-01125, B-12637, B-13689,
B-13893, B-14568, B-14664, B-19847,
B-21232, B-23372, B-23880, B-25714,
B-26071, C-18226, F-15087, 1-19325,
K-06778
STACK SAMPLING A-22877
STACKS A-22877, B-07093, B-10017,
C-18226, K-06778, L-07597
STANDARDS B-10017, G-11378, G-21307,
G-23738, G-24588, K-06778, K-07197,
K-20121, L-07597
STEAM B-14533
STEAM PLANTS A-26226, K-06778
STEEL B-05151, 1-13877
STYRENES K-20121
SULFATES B-01125, C-24975, C-25925,
H-25481
SULFIDES A-22877, B-05309, B-06123,
B-10017, B-11058, B-23880, C-25925,
K-06778, K-07197, L-07597
SULFITES C-25925
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-22877, B-01125,
B-05309, B-06123, B-10017, B-11058,
B-23880, C-24725, C-24975, C-25925,
H-25481, K-06778, K-07197, L-07597
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-17076, A-22877,
B-01125, B-07535, B-07552, B-10017,
B-11058, E-21642, E-22407, K-06778,
K-07197, L-05407, L-07597
SULFUR OXIDES A-17076, A-18305,
A-21204, A-22877, B-01125, B-07535,
B-07552, B-10017, B-11058, B-14533,
E-21642, E-22407, 1-19325, K-06778,
K-07197, L-05407, L-07597
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-18305,
A-21204, A-22877, B-07535, B-11058,
B-23880, J-17203
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-22877, B-01125,
B-07535, B-07552, B-11058, K-06778
SULFURIC ACID A-17076, A-18305,
A-21204, B-00587, B-01125, B-07535,
B-07552, B-11058, B-14533, B-14568,
B-23880, C-06889, C-18226, C-23771,
C-25925, E-22407, F-01619, F-13481,
G-11378, H-25481, 1-13877, J-17203,
K-06778, K-07197, L-05407
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
B-05309
SURFACE PROPERTIES G-06552
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-22877,
B-00587, B-01125, B-05151, B-05401,
B-07535, B-07552, B-09773, B-09981,
B-10017, B-11058, C-23771, G-06552,
H-22622, J-17203, K-06778, K-20121
SWEDEN A-01583, A-18305, B-00587,
B-00959, B-02051, B-04658, F-01619
SYNERGISM G-06552, G-11378
TECHNICAL SOCIETIES K-07197,
L-05407
TEMPERATURE A-01583, A-26226,
B-00959, B-05309, B-07552, B-09981,
B-11058, B-19847, B-20775, 1-19325
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT L-07597
TESTING FACILITIES G-01049, G-16460
TETRAETHYL LEAD K-07197
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING B-11058
TEXTILES B-07552
THERMODYNAMICS E-23037, E-24015
THRESHOLDS G-11378, G-21307
TIN 1-13877
TISSUES G-01049
TOBACCO H-22622
TOLUENES C-24975, F-23882, K-07197,
K-20121
TOXIC TOLERANCES F-01619, H-25481
TOXICITY G-16613, G-21307, G-23738
TRANSPORT E-23604, F-23882
TRANSPORTATION A-21204, B-07535
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-16613,
G-23738
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-22877, C-25925
u
UNITED STATES B-05401
UPPER ATMOSPHERE E-23604
URBAN AREAS A-18305, E-23037
USSR A-17076, B-09981, B-10159, B-13689,
B-13899, B-14382, B-14387, B-14568,
B-19847, C-02570, C-04257, C-06889,
C-23560, F-10160, F-13680, G-11378,
G-16460
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-23880
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS B-10017
VAPORS B-14533, B-14568, E-14408,
G-23738, G-24588
VEGETABLES H-22622
VEHICLES B-07535
VENTILATION (PULMONARY) G-16613
VENTURI SCRUBBERS B-01125, B-10017
VOLATILITY C-25381
w
WATER B-07552, C-23560, E-22407
WATER POLLUTION A-21204, B-04658
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD A-22877
WET CYCLONES B-09773
WINDS A-22877
WOOLS B-07552
X
XYLENES K-07197
------- |