HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AND AIR POLLUTION:

 AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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                          950B71001

        HYDROCHLORIC ACID
        AND AIR  POLLUTION:
   AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
    Office of Technical Information and Publications
      Air Pollution Technical Information Center
     ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
            Office of Air Programs
      Research Triangle Park,  North Carolina
                 July 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
          Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 55 cents
              Stock Number 5503-0019

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 The AP Series of reports is issued by the Environmental Protection
 Agency to report the results of scientific and engineering studies,
 and information of general  interest in the field of air pollution.
 Information presented in this series includes coverage of intramural
 activities involving air pollution research and control technology
 and of cooperative programs and studies conducted in conjunction
 with state and local agencies,  research institutes, and industrial
 organizations.  Copies of AP reports are available free of charge -
 as supplies permit - from the  Office of Technical Information and
 Publications,  Office of Air  Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
           Office of Air Programs Publication No.  AP-100

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                          CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION	    1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
     General    	    3
     Emission Sources	    5
     Atmospheric Interaction	    ig
     Measurement Methods	    21
     Control Methods	    35
     Effects   Human Health	    51
     Effects   Plants and Livestock	    61
     Effects   Materials	    65
     Effects - Economics	    71
     Legal and Administrative	    73
     Standards  and Criteria  	    77
     Basic Science and Technology   	    81
AUTHOR INDEX	    93
TITLE INDEX	    97
SUBJECT INDEX	   103
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX	   107
                                in

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                HYDROCHLORIC  ACID
                AND AIR POLLUTION:
         AN  ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
                       INTRODUCTION
     This bibliography contains 164 abstracts of documents and articles
on Hydrochloric Acid.  These abstracts are numbered sequentially on
their upper right corner.  The number on the upper left corner is the
APTIC accession number.

     An author index, a title index, a subject index,  and a geographical
location index follow the abstracts.  The author index lists all authors
individually.  The first author is indicated by an asterisk (*).  The
indexes refer to the abstracts by the number on their upper right corner.

     All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center,  Office of Air Programs,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers outside the
Office of Air  Programs  (OAP) may seek duplicates of documents
directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.

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                            GENERAL
OU212

S. Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION.  Clean Air Heat
flanagement (Tokyo) 15,  (7-8) 7-18, Aug. 1966.  Jap.


The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting
contamination density, and various types of smog.  The types of
contaminants are:  1) minute particles (less than 1 micron in size)
such as found in  soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2)  coarse particles
(greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes, and
minerals; 3)  reactive substances found in mist, fog, and vapor
such as S02,  S03, H2S, C02, CO, N02, N203, O3,
aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3,
t-benzpyrene.  The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings.  Also discussed are the human factors affecjting
air pollution such as public awareness and interest, seasonal,
weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking.  Meteorological
aspects are covered such as" wind direction and velocity, turbu-
lence, temperature, rain and snow. The types of smog found in New
York, London, T,os Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Yokkaichi are
described.  Graphs and tables  list symptoms and diseases affecting
plants and humans and give the density of dust particles and
S02 in the main cities of Japan.  Data on the sulfur content
of various oils produced by Japanese refineries and on the number
of Japanese automobiles produced is included for information on
emission sources  of pollutants.»f

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                       EMISSION SOURCES
15392

Bean, Samuel L. ana Howard Wall, Jr.


ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM HYDEOCHLCEIC ACID MANOFACTURING
PROCESSES.  Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National
Sir Pollution Control Administration and Manufacturing Chemists
Association, Washington, D. C., Fub. AP-54, 59p.  Sept. 1969.
15 refs.
The basic characteristics of the manufacture of hydrochloric
acid are presented, includijig growth rate of the industry,
manufacturing processes, product uses, and the number of
producing plants in the United States.  The Mannheirc, Hargreaves,
and Laury processes are discussed with respect to their
historical interest, even though the number of plants that use
them is decreasing.  The concentration of hydrogen chloride
emitted to the atmosphere is usually less than 0.5$ of the tail
gas volume emitted to the atmosphere.  Emissions from hydrochloric
acid plants are adversely affected by high temperatures in the
absorption system, improper balance of absorption area and
contact time, faulty equipment, and inadeguate tail gas scrubbing
systems.  Nc correlation exists tetneen exit gas volumes and
plant production rates because of the diverse methods of
production.  However, smaller volumes of exit gas usually show
greater hydrogen chloride concentrations due to the varying
amounts of inert materials in this gas stream.  Thus, the amount
of hydrogen chloride emitted in pounds per ton of acid produced
gives a more accurate description o± the contaminant emissions.
The hydrogen chloride emissions are usually reduced by scrubbing
in a packed tower located behind the process tower.  Water
scrubbers can reduce the concentration to less than 0.1 pound
per ton of acid produced.  Hydrogen chloride absorption systems
include falling film and adiabatic absorbers.  Other
contaminants such as chloride, chlorinated organic compounds
and other hydrocarbons emitted to the atmosphere are mentioned.
09275                                                             *

Bchne, Helmut


IMMISSION DAMAGE CAUSED BY HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATION.   STAUE
(English translation), 27(10):28-31, Oct. 1967.  « refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 67-51408/10


The strong decclorization and whitening of plants observed in two
gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chloride.  In both
cases the sources of emission were refuse incineration plants of
hospitals in which chlorine compounds in the refuse, consisting 80-

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90 percent of paper ana packaging material,  were decomposed
during short periods at a temperature of 800 - 1,000 deg ^*
Erection of chlorine washing plants appears, therefore,
necessary.   (Author's summary)**
17015

Bcndareva, E.  N.  and V.  2.  Yas'kova


HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIB POLLUTION IN THE VICINITY
OF THE INDUSTBIAL PLANT 'KBASNYI KHIHIK'.  U-S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:115-119,
1963.   (E. .S. Levine, ed.)
   CFSTI: 63-11570


Air around a chemical plant producing hydrochloric and sulfuric
acid was analyzed for concentrations of sulfuric acid aerosol
sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid.  The sulfuric acid
concentrations of samples collected 1000 meters from the plant were
1300% times above allowable limits.  Haximum HCL concentrations
were found only 200 meters away, and were  1-12  times as great as
allowable concentrations.  At 500  and 1000 neters, HCL
concentrations were minimum but always associated  sith S02  and
sulfuric  acid.  All air samples had high sulfur dioxide
concentrations, particularly those collected in cold, cloudy
weather  and  on foggy  summer days.  Under normal conditions, S03
was  present  in concentrations from 0.0007-0.6  mg/cu  m.  Caged  rats
placed  within 300  and 500  meter radii from the  plant along  the
path of prevailing  winds showed reduced  cholinesterase activity
and  reduced  vitamin C concentrations  in  the  adrenals.  There was
a slight increase  in  vitamin C  concentration in the  liver and
kidneys.
 01416

 J. S. Carter
 CRTMNKY DISPERSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES IN THE 19TH AND 20TB
 CFNTUBIES.  Public Health Inspector  (London) Vol. 73:U05-H10,
 July 1965.


 The history of stacks for dispersal of industrial waste gases in
 Great Britain is reviewed.f#
 C98UU                                                            a

 Chatfield, Harry E.


 PESIN KETTLES.   in:  Air Pollution  Engineering  Manual.  (Air
 Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.)  John  A.
 Danielson (comp. and ed.). Public Health Service,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,
 National Center for Air Pollution Control,  PHS-Pab-999-AP-40,  p.
 681—688, 1967.
    GPO:  806-614-30
                  HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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Aspects of resin  (plastic) production such as chemical reactions,
reaction conditions, equipment, and operating procedures are
discussed for phenolic, amino, polyester, and alkyd, polyurethane,
polyvinyl, polystyrene, and petroleum and coal tar plastics.  The
principal air contaminants and sources of emission from resin
manufacturing operations  are tabulated.  The usual emission control
equipment types are cyclones and  spray toners for particulates, and
reflux condensers and water scrutbets for solvent fumes.


0223U                                                            7
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PEPOT?T  (REVISED INFORMATIVE REPORT NO. 1) .
J. Air Pollution Control  Bssoc.   (TI-2 Chemical
Committee). 13,  (1C) 496-9, Oct.  1963,


The chemical industry uses raw materials fron mine, forest, sea,
air, and farm; from oil,  brine and gas wells; and from by-product
materials of many other industries.  It converts these widely
diversified raw materials into more than 8,850 compounds, called
rtend chemicals," in more  than 12,000 plants operated by hundreds
of chemical manufacturers.  Since Horld War II the chemical
industry has become so diversified that it is difficult even
to classify it accurately.  Today, petroleum producers are now
important chemical manufacturers; paper companies, rubber
companies, even manufacturers of electrical machinery and farm
equipment are chemical producers.  This report will discuss in
general terms some of the characteristics of emissions from certain
kinds of operations and the relation of the plant operators to
the Air Pollution Control Officials.**
18027                                                            &

Cornish, Herbert H. and Ellen 1. Abar


TOXICITY OF PYPCLTSIS PECDDCTS CT VINYL ELASTICS.  Arch. Inviron.
Health, 19(1):15-21, July 1969.  12 refs.


Polyvinyl chloride polymers and formulations were pyrolyzed in a
stream of air by gradually raising the temperature from ambient
to approximately 600 C.  The pyrolysis air stream was diluted
with twice its volume of room air, and rats were exposed to it.
Exposure to an air streau containing the pyrolyzed products of 1
to 2 gm of polyvinyl chloride polymer resulted in the death of
50 percent of the animals.  Host deaths were due to carbon monoxide
(CO) , and carboxyhemoglcbin  (COHb) levels correlated well with the
ancunt of plastic pyrolyzed.  Little histological evidence of lung
damage was evident.  Hhen oxygen  (02) was added to the air stream
to prevent deaths from CO, pulmonary edema and interstitial
hemorrhage developed.  The lungs of some animals exposed to high
levels of pyrolysis products of vinyl -chloride^vinyl acetate
copolymer also showed focal edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhage.
Polyvinyl chloride formulations, containing additives and inert
materials, were in general less toxic per gran of saople pyrolyzed.
(Author's Abstract)
                           Emission Sources

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16521

Tokyo Metropolitan Government,  Japan,  Public Nuisance Control Div.


THE EMISSION SODKCES OF RC1 AST SH3 ABD THEIH STANTARD CONTROL
EQUIPMENTS.  (Enka suisc cycbi anmonia no hasseigen to sono
hyojun jogai shisetsu ni tsuite) .  Text in Japanese.  K°9£j:
Taisaku (0. Pollution Control). 2 (7) :461-466, Aug. 15, ivoo.


Hydrogen chloriae is emitted by plants which produce piguents,
dyes, industrial chemicals, medical supplies, and  treat metal
surfaces.  Ten to 50 ppm HC1 does not prohibit work, but  is
harmful to the teeth, nose, mucosa of the mouth, and fac®
after long exposure.  No one can work in air containing 50-100
ppm HC1.   Ammonia is emitted by  plants which produce pigments,
manures, and medical supplies.  Odor is noticed when the
concentration reaches  100  ppm  NH3.  Chronic exposure to UOO
ppm NH3 is harmful  to  the  mucosa.  Exposure to concentrations
of 2500-6500 ppm  NH3 for 30 minutes is dangerous,  and exposure  to
concentrations of 5000-10,000  ppm  NH3 quickly causes death.
Hydrogen chloride and  NH3  can  be removed  by  absorption,
adsorption, chemical reactions,  and oxidation.  Hydrogen
chloride and NH3  dissolve  easily in water which provides
another suitable  method for control.   The water washing  method
is divided into  a packed column, spray  column,  venturi  scrubber
and  jet  scrubber.   The washing equipment consists of an  air
blower,  a  cleaning  column, a  pump, a  water  tank,  and an  exhaust
pipe.  The parts  which come into contact with the gas must be
constructed  of  an acid-alkali proof material.   A  mist catcher
must  be  installed on top cf the packed column.   The hood  must
be carefully  designed  so the  excess air is  not inhaled.   (Author
abstract  modified)
 10748

 Feniroore,  C.  P. ,   and G.  W.  Jones


 COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF SOOT FFOH PEEMIXED HYDROCARBON FLAMES.
 Combust,  and  Flame,  12 (3) : 196-200, June 1968.


 Ethylene  and  acetylene gave  eioht tisies more soot when burnt with
 oxygen.   The  comparison was  made in flames having the sane
 temperature,  and  about the same pack concentrations of species fron
 which  the  soot is supposed to grow (hydrocarbon radicals, acetylene
 and  polyacetylene) .   We suggest that more effective oxidation of
 the  soot  aggregates,  particularly during their early stages of
 growth  occurred in oxygen  flames, and this decreased the yield.
 Hydrogen  chloride added to acetylene-oxygen flames increased the
 yield  of  soot without increasing the concentrations of
 polyacetylenes..   Here too, the yield may have been altered mainly
 by changes in the oxidation  of the early soot aggregates.
 (Authors'  abstract) #*
 1241*0

 Gortan',  G.  K.  and  V.  D.  Yablcchkin



 8                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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ON THE QUESTION OF IMPROVING  SCHE  PCLYVINYL  CH10EIDE  POIYBEES AND
S METHOD OF IMPROVING  THEIR TOXICITY.   Kosnich.  Biol. Hed.,  1(2U
47-51, Harh-April  1967.   11 refs.   Translated  from  Russian by
E. Barter, Foreign Technology Div.,  Vright-Patterson  AFB, Ohio,
Translation Div.,  8p.,  April  15,  1968.
   CFSTI.DDC:  AD 680921


Polyvinyl chloride insulation tapes  are used to  equip airtight
closed spaces  of small  dimensions  and  the  cabins of spaceships
with electronic apparatuses,   A  method  was developed  for improving
the polyvinyl  chloride  tapes  for  the purpose of  decreasing their
gas emanation.  The  overall gas  emission or  organic substances
from the improved  speciuens cf polyvinyl chloride tapes as a
result of the  treatment  with  50%  urea  solution was  reduced ty a
factor of 1.5.  The  improved  polyvinyl  chloride  tapes gave off
volatile chemical  substances  in  small  concentrations, which  with
long duration  of their  action on  the organism  cause only a weak
biological effect.   As  a result  cf the  treatment with a solution of
urea, there was an improvement in  the  electrical insulation
properties of  the  polyvinyl chlctide tapes serving  the purpose for
which the materials  were intended  without  change in their strength
characteristics.   The  following  gases  are  emitted from polyvinyl
chloride tapes: aldehyde,  carbon  dioxide,  dibutyl phthalate, fatty
acids, carbon  monoxide,  hydrocarbons,  hydrogen chloride, and
organic chlorine compounds; their  concentrations are  recorded.


09799                                                            12

Hammond, William T.  and Herbert Simon


SECONDARY ALTJMTNUM-ttElTING PPOCESSES.   In:   Air  Pollution
Engineering Manual.   (Air Pollution  Control  District, county
of Los Angeles.) John Ar Danielson  (comp.  and  ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  National Center for Air
Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-UO,  p. 28U-292, 1967.
   GPO:  806-61U-30


The secondary aluminum melting process  is  described in detail
indicating the type  of furnaces used, charging practices, pouring
practices, and fluxing.  Frequently  a large  part of the material
charged is low-arade scrap and chips.   Paint,  dirt, oil, grease,
and other contaminants from this scrap  cause large  quantities of
smoke and fumes to be discharged.  Even  if  the  scrap is clean, large
surface to volume ratios require the use of  more fluxes which can
cause serious air pollution problems. The  emissions from aluminum
fluxing nay consist  of hydrogen fluoride,  hydrogen  chloride,
chlorine in the gaseous  state, aluminum chloride, magnesium
chloride, aluminum fluoride,  magnesium  fluoride, aluminum oxide,
magnesium oxide, zinc chloride, zinc oxide,  calcium fluoride,
calcium chloride and sodium chloride in the  solid state.  Because
of the widely divergent  properties of these  air  contaminants the
problem of control is complicated.   A canopy hood is usually used
for capturing thp Emissions from the charging  well  of aluminum
reverberatory furnaces.  Calculation  of  the quantity of air required
can be accomplished  as shown  in an example.  Some type of scrubber
is required to remove the soluble  gaseous  fraction  of the effluent,
and either a baghouse or an electrical  precipitator is needed to
control the solids.  Tn  order  to maintain  adequate  collection
efficiency,  the use  of high efficiency  scrubbers with a caustic
                           Emission Sources

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solution as the scrubbing medium has been f ound .necessary:iahZ
test data on collection efficiency for both ordinary *n°  iciencies
efficiency scrubbers are outlined.  »»«ra!?_colj5^°"tfnq aluminum
obtained on various devices on emissions from 
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for the aqueous solutions.  There  are three  principal  processes
used to produce hydrogen chloride*  -O)  Reaction  of -salt  and
H2S01  (Mahnheim Process) resulting in the  production of
hydrogen chloride gas and  sodium sulfate;  (2)  Burning  chlorine in
a slight excess of hydrogen;  (3) As a Jay-product  from
chlorination of organic compounds.  Dp  until the  early thirties
more acid vas made by the  salt-acid process; by  1961 the  hydrogen-
chlorine process was nore  in  use,   Air  -pollution  aspects  of the
processes are reviewed.#*
19325                                                            JS

Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda


FIELD EVALUATION OF EXHAOST GAS FROM REFUSE INCINERATOR RELATED  TO
A1H POLLUTION AMD -HETAL CORBQSICH.  Irans. Soc. Heat-ing,
Sir-Conditioning, and Sanitary Engrs.  (Japan), vol. 7:95-101,
1969.


A study of municipal incinerator  exhaust  gas  composition conducted
at five sites-in Japan is  described.  -The study was -undertaken to
obtain information on odor and metal corrosion problems.  The
exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen  oxides, ammonia,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and hydrochloric acid.
Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid  are  mainly
responsible  for the corrcsion, with sulfuric  and  nitric acids only
partially concerned.  .Percentages of exhaust  products as -&
function of  raw refuse input  are  tabulated.   Continuous firing
rather than  batch firing would limit noxious  effluents.
Temperature  and excess air control  would  also help.  After-burning
chambers should be installed  tc further reduce contaminants.


D17H1                                                            16

E. Hastromatteo


HEALTH ASPECTS IN FIRE FIGHTING  (PART  1). Firemen  33,  (6)
20-1, Aug. 1966.


In the course of their work,  fire-fighters are-e-xposed to a
variety of toxic fire gases and other  adverse health factors.
Quite often  they are required to  enter buildings, confined spaces,
and other places where they nay be  exposed to extremes of heat,  to
smoke, to oxygen lack, and to toxic gases created by the combustion
process.  The physical exertion,  excitement and anxiety involved
in many fire situations add to the  health problems by increasing
the breathing and heart rates.  Fire fighting therefore can
place severe demands on the respiratory,  cardio-vascular and
nervous systems.  Some of  the chief health hazards encountered in
fire fight,ing are discussed.  Reference is also made to a
special study of heart and lung disease in fire fighters.   (Author
summary)tt


11H38T                                                           *'

Moegling, E.
                           Emission Source?

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 PRACTICAL  ASPFCTS  OF  TJF.FOSE  INCINERATION  ON  THE  EXAMPLE  OF
 FSSENKARNAP.    ((Praxis  der  zentralein  Mullverbrennung  am
 ^eispiel Fssen-Karnap.))   Translated  from German.
 Brennstoff-Waerrce-Kraft,  17 (R) : 383-391 ,  Aug.  1965.   2  refs.


 Various aspects  involved  in  the  planning  of  refuse  incineration
 plants  are discussed.   Detailed  data  of  the  Essen-Karnap power
 plant  which serves a  very wide area of refuse collection, are
 given.  This plant is the largest refuse incineration  plant
 existing at present.   It has a capacity  of 2000  tons of domestic
 and  industrial  refuse and 2000 tens of sludge per day.
 Performance data,  components of  the refuse power plant, supply and
 storage facilities for household refuse,  discharging of refuse,
 refuse  transportation and loading, incineration  of used oils, slag
 transportation  and treatment,  and furnace operation are described.
 Simultaneous co-incineration of  high-calorific value industrial
 refuse  is  being  attempted experimentally.  A large portion of the
 acid-forming ingredients undergoes chemical  reaction with the
 refuse  slag and  fly ash  originating from powdered coal firing,
 thereby reducing the emission of S02,  S03, HC1,  etc. into the
 flue gas.   The  aim is to establish a  ratio of industrial wastes to
 domestic refuse  which will provide the desired flue gas
 composition.   At present refuse  to be incinerated must contain
 less than  1% sulfur.**
 1S5C4                                                            18

 Mozan, C.,  A. Lacquaniti,  and  I.  Fettinati


 EVALUATION  0? THE  BISK  PRESENTEE  EY  INDUSTRIAL  POISONS.
 (Evaluation du  risque induit  par  les toxigues industriels).   Text
 in  French.   Arch.  Haladies Prcfess.  «ed.  Irav.  Securite  Sociale,
 31 (3): 141-146,  March  1970.


 The  determination  of  the  actual concentration of  a  pollutant  in
 air  leads to accurate,  reproducible  results  only  when  certain
 factors that affect it  are taken  into account.  Thus,  as in
 processing  a sairple of  polluted air, the  pollutant  must  be absorbed
 completely  by the  absorbent used  in  its determination.   It is
 essential to knew  that  the bubbling  rate  of  the air sample through
 the  absorbent liquid  has  a  significant effect on  the amount of
 pollutant absorbed in the  prccess.   A potential source of
 incorrect interpretation  of results  c± perhaps  otherwise
 accurate measurements is  the  assumption of a uniform distribution
 of  the pollutant throughout a  given  enclosed space  while its  actual
 distribution is nonunifcrm.   These two findings and those to
 follow are  illustrated  by  results of  measurements of concentrations
 in air, in  mg/cu m of hydrochloric and hydrocyanic  acids,
 ammonia, sulfur dioxide,  and  trichlorethylene.  Another  important
 factor was  discovered after a  sirall  hermetically sealed  test  rocn
 had  been constructed for experiments  in an atmosphere  with known
 pollutant contents.  Their measured  actual contents in the
 test-room air were appreciably smaller then  the theoretically
 expected ones.   Analogecus results were obtained when  air sanplers
 were taken  by .small Draeger tubes and  when the masonry walls  of
 the  test room were replaced by walls  made of aluuinum  sheets   That
some of the pollutant introduced into  the air of the room is
deposited on the walls was fully confirmed by a  test in  which an
12                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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aluminum plate of known surface area was attached to the wall and
the amount of pollutant deposited on it during the  test was
determined analytically.  When  'flushed1 with fresh air this amount
progressively decreased, as expected.  Such  'contaminated' walls
may act as secondary sources cf air pollution.


06298L                                                           19

Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Coal research Center.
(1966).  pp. BM/H1-BM/50/


POLLUTION BY CHLORTNF IN COAL COMBUSTION.   (SECTION V OF AIR
POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRf^S PEPOR^ FOB QUARTER END'D DECEMBER 31,
1966.)


The ash content in coal is undesirable.  Not only is it a
diluent of the coal substance,  but at the temperature of coal
combustion some of the more volatile components are released
to contaminate the combustion products.  The interest in the
contribution of chlorine to contamination of flue gas has been
considerably less than the sulfur compounds.  It was known
that  high-chlorine coals when carbonized cause attack on
refractories and when burned cause fouling of high-temperature
heating surfaces.  The chlorine content of American coals range
from  0.01 to ".^ percent, whereas English coals run as high
as 1 percent.  Western coals contain no chlorine; chlorine is
confined to Central and Appalachian coals—closer to our
large urban centers.  Tn burning coals containing chlorine a
serious pollution hazard exists.  Assuming that, an  800-NW power
plant is burning a 0.2 cercent  chlorine coal, 11,n°0 standard
cubic feet an hour of hydrogen  chloride are  discharged from the
stack each hour or 1,560 tons each year.  If chlorine in coal
is a possible pollutant, the nature of the chlorine compound in
the coal should be known, as well as the transformations
occurring during the coal-combustion process.  This
information is necessary if one is to consider techniques in
the removal of the chlorine content before or after combustion.
The concentration of hydrogen chloride is, however, dependent upon
the degree of volatilization of the sodium,  from the ash, as
sodium chloride.**


20564                                                            20

Reh, L.


INCINERATION TINE THERMAL CRACKING OF LICOID  AND PASTEODS REFUSE.
(Verbrennung und thermische Spaltung fluessiger und
schlammfoermiger Industrie-Abfalle) .  Chem.  Ing. Tech.
39 (1)  : 165-171, 1967.  22 refs.   (Presented at the 128th Dechema
Meeting, Frankfurt/Main, April  1, 1968.)  Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Pesearch labs.,  Philadelphia, Pa.  Science Info.
Services, 23p.


The following are the decisive  factors in selecting the method,
the furnace system, and the reaction conditions for incineration
or thermal cracking of industrial sludges:   combustibility,
volatility, and toxicity of the individual components; the
                          Emission Sources                           13

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water content; the mineral substances; and corrosive compounds.
The most common types of furnaces (such as combustion chambers,
story of fluidized bed furnaces) are surveyed, and their
design, mode of operation, and field of application are
discussed.  Post incinerator plants use both combustion and
thermal cracking.  The legal requirements of total residueless
combustion of all toxic organic components demand combustion
temperatures of at least 800 C in the actual combustion zone of
the furnaces.  With many residues, this temperature cannot be
reached without auxiliary fuel.  8 rotary burner, spray turner,
an atomizing nozzle, a stoiy furnace, and a fluidized bed furnace
are illustrated.  The fluidized bed incineration with a turbulent
layer of inert material may be also_ used for thermal cracking of
waste sulfuric acid from inorganic or organochemical plants.  The
waste acid concentrated to an acid contents of 15$  (including
solid substances, mostly sulfates) is pumped into the turbulent
layer of sand, heated by an auxiliary burner, and cracked to
water vapor, 02, and SC2.  The sulfates are converted to oxide,
and organic substances are incinerated.  The spent hydrochloric
acid and iron chloride containing pickling baths are
thermally cracked.


17161*                                                           21
REMARKABLE MEASURES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF  AIB  QUALITY.
 (Eeachtliche  Massnahrcen zur Verbesserung  der  Luft).  Text  in
German.   Hasser Luft Eetrieb,  1H (1) :33-36,  Jan. 1970.


In  1967,  a total  of U  million  tens  of  sulfur  dioxide were  emitted
from  industrial sources,  particularly  power plants.  Until 1975,
an  increase to 5  million  ton?  is  anticipated;  from then  on, the
S02 emission  will stagnate  and eventually decline, due to  the use
of  nuclear power.   Contrary to this downward  trend, fluorine,
chlorine, hydrocarbons and  numerous odorous pollutants are on an
upward  trend, due to the  expanding  chemical industry.  In  the
metallurgical industry, the sinter  capacity has been doubled; thus,
the larger units  will  emit  HC1 and  larger guantities of  gaseous
fluorine  compounds  along  with  SC2.   It is estimated that sintering
plants  presently  already  emit  as  much  fluorine  compounds as the
aluminum  plants.  No fluorine  removal  method  from  the waste gases
of  the  ore sintering plants is yet  available.   Traffic will
further increase, as well as vehicle emissions.  Emissions by
domestic  heaters  will  decrease because electric or central heating
will  take the place of old coal or  oil fired  heaters.  To  combat
the increasing pollution  of air by  an  overall increase of
emissions, the state of North-Rhine-Westphalia  plans to  establish
emission inventories.  Such inventories have been  made in  the
area  around Cologne; ether large  cities will scon  follow.
11123                                                           22

little (Arthor D.)  Inc., Cambridge, Bass.


RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL ODOES.  PART I — ODOR THRESHOLDS FOE 53
CCMMERCIAL CHEMICALS.  Manufacturing Chemists Association
Bashington, D.C., 26p. , Ccto.  1968                       '
14                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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The  odor  thresholds  in  air  of  53  industrial  chemicals were
determined  by  panel  test.   The odor  threshold  concentrations for the
chemicals studied  are tabulated in  this report as an alphabetical
listing and by  increasing threshold  concentrations.   All
concentrations  are calculated  as  parts  per  million by volume.   These
values are  reported  for 50  percent  and  100  percent (two  and  four
members)  panel  recogniticn.  Based on our experience  in odor
measurement, it  is recommended that  the concentrations given for 100
percent recognition  should  te  considered as  the recognition
threshold values.  The  spread  between 50 percent recognition may be
indicative  of  the  individuality cf  the  odor  type as  well as  the
constancy of the data obtained.  With 27 of  the samples  examined, 50
percent recognition  was equal  to  the 100 percent recognition
concentration,  while in 23  instances the 50  percent  recognition was
once concentration interval lower than  the  100 percent recognition.


11087                                                             23

Gispoli,  Jose A.


FIGHT AGAINST AIH  POLLUTION  IK  ARGENTINA  EDUCATIONAL,  LEGAL
AND  TECHNOLOGICAL  ASPECTS.   Preprint, Tecnica  de  Higiene
(Argentina), 20p., June  1968.   31 refs.


Air  pollution is an  increasing  problem  in the  Argentina  cities  of
Euenos Aires, Eosario,  La Plata and  Mar  del  Plata.   Air
pollution ccntrcl  measures  are  not keeping pace  with  the  growth  of
industries,  which  are often  Iccated  in  neighborhoods  of
populated areas.   The Municiple Director  of  Hygiene
supervisors th
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                                                                 2S
16775

Russell, «. E.


AIR POLLUTION AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.  Clean Air  (J. Clean Air SOC.
Australia Sew Zealand), 3(1):15-23, 25, March 1969.  17 refs.


Sources of air pollution from the chemical industry in New
Zealand are discussed.  Noxious or offensive gases, liquid
droplets or fumes, smokes or ^articulate matter, and dust must
be controlled.  Hethods available for dealing with waste gases are
discussed and examples are given that demonstrate  that
improvements in plant efficiency have greatly reduced air
pollution.  Recovery systems, principally  for S02, are described.
A brief summary is made of theoretical  predictions for dispersion
where other methods have failed.

C8517                                                            26

Saunders, R. S.


CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN  CLOSED-ENVIRONMENT  ATMOSPHERES.   In:
A. L. Alexander and V. B. Piatt, The Present Status of
Chemical Research in Atmosphere Purification and Control on
Nuclear-Powered Submarines  (Fifth  Annual Progress  Report),
Naval Research lab., Washington, D. C., NBL-6491,  p. 8-11,
Jan.  11, 1967.  6 refs.
     CFSTI, DDC:  AD 648505


Methyl  chloroform and  other  Icw-toxicity chlorinated solvents have
been used in closed submarine spaces in considerable quantity,
with subsequent deleterious  effect  on equipment.   Analysis of some
commercial grades of methyl  chlcrcfcrm  has shewn the presence of
appreciable quantities of other more toxic chlorinated hydro-
carbons.  The relatively high concentrations of these components
may raise the toxicity of the commercial solvent mixtures above
that of pure methyl chloroform.  It is  obvious  that the  use of
technical grade solvents in  closed  atmospheres  can add several
unsuspected and perhaps undesirable contaminants to the  atmosphere.
Exposure of a crew to  trichlorcethylene, and the symptoms shown
subsequent to decomposition  of the  trichloroethylene are described.
Since methyl chloroform is known to decompose under certain con-
ditions of passage through a submarine  CO/H2 catalytic turner,
with the formation of additional chlorinated hydrocarbons and
corrosive hydrochloric acid, and since  some of  the chlorinated
hydrocarbons so formed might possibly react to  yield more toxic
substances, the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon  solvents  should be
prohibited in closed environmental atmospheres,  where catalytic
burners and alkaline materials fern part of the air-purification
system.
08583                                                            23

Schiemann,  G.


RESULTS OF  EMISSION  MEASUREMENTS FfiCH COMMUNITY INCINERATORS
((Ergebnisse von  Emissionsmessungen an Verbrennungsanlagen fuer
Siedlungsabfaelle.))   Text  in German.   Erennstoff-Haerme-
Kraft (Berlin)  19 (9):
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The dust and gas emissions of one large and 47 sirall and medium
incinerator plants in Duesseldorf and Cologne were measured and
compared.  In 75% of the small and medium plants which employed
various control methods the smoke  plume was under the Uniting
value,, while the dust discharge exceeded the standard.  Ttsse
results showed that poor dust control rather than the incineration
itself was at fault.  After various alterations, the small and
medium- plants, were, able to meet the dust emission stnadards.  Dust-
emission in the smaller and medium plants before alterations was 4
kg./hr. for 2.5 t./hr. of refuse, while a large incinerator plant
equipped- with a roller grate and oil furnace, and electrostatic
precipitators, showed only 3.2 kg./hr. dust emission for 20 t./hr.
of refuse.  The highest S02 emission was 1.5 g./cu m, only
traces fo S03 were found, and the hydrochloric acid content of
the stack gas was 0.1-1.1 g./cu a.  It was concluded that when-
ever possible, the more economical and safer large incinerator
plants should be constructed.**

00030                                                           -28

W. S. Smith
ATMOSPRETRIC EMISSIONS FROP! ytJEt OIL COMBUSTION  (AN INVENTORY
GUIDE).  Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution,  (999-AP-2.)  Nov.  1962.  102p.


This review provides a guide for  the inventorying and control of
emissions arising from the combustion of fuel oil.  Information
was collected from the published  literature and other sources.
The report is limited to information on oil used as a source of
heat or power  (exclusive of process heaters).  The data were
abstracted, assembled, and converted to common units of
expression to facilitate understanding.  From these data, emission
factors were established that can be applied to fuel oil combustion
to determine the magnitude of air-contaminating emissions.  Also
discussed are the compositions of fuel oils; the preparation and
combustion of fuel oil; and the rates of emission, their variables,
and their control.   (Author)**


17842                                                            29~

Stahl, Quade E.


PREIIMINAFY AIP POLLUTION SUPVO  OF HYDKOCHLCEIC ACID:  A
LITEHATUBE-BEVIEW.   Litton Systems, Inc.,  Silver Spring, Md.,
Environmental Systems Div., Contract  PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub.
APTD  69-36, 6Sp., Oct. 1969.   117 refs.
   CFSTI:  PB 188067


Prolonged exposure to lew concentrations of  hydrochloric acid can
cause erosion of teeth, while  severe exposures  can result in
pulmonary edema and  laryngeal  spasm.  Recent data indicate  that
hydrochloric acid is also a stronger phytotoxicant than reported
in earlier literature.  The acid  is strongly corrosive  to most
metals.  In the United States, hydrochloric  acid  is  produced  as a
by-product of the chlorinaticn cf organic  compounds,  processes
involving the reaction cf common  salt with sulfuric  acid, and the
chlorine-hydrogen synthesis process.  However,  atmospheric
                          Emission Sources                           17

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emissions of the acid result from a large number of sources oth
than its manufacture and use.  These include heating or burning 01
chloride-containing materials in the presence of organic compounds
or other hydrogen-containing compounds.  The high solubility °
hydrogen chloride in Hater and the low vapor pressures of even 20%
hydrochloric acid solution make collection of hydrogen chloride in
water an effective and inexpensive method of control.  Packed
tower absorption systems are rapidly being replaced by cooled
absorption systems consisting of either a ccuntercurrent or
co-current flow of gas and water.  By the use of two or more towers
in a series, emissions can be reduced to 0. 1 to 0.3? by volune.
Other systems effective for the control of hydrochloric acid or
hydrogen chloride emissions are the rotary brush scrubber and the
ejector venturi scrubber.  Collection efficiencies  for these
systems can reach
09011                                                            30

wenzl, Herman F. J. ,  and 0. V. Ingruber


PRINCIPLES BTJD PRACTICES OF KPAFT BLACK LIQDOE EVAPORATION. Paper
Trade J. , Vol. 150, p. 51-56, Nov. 28,  |966.  16 refs.


The properties of black liguor are discussed in relationship to the
multiple effect, thermal compression and Bergstrorc-Trobeck
evaporation processes.  The problem of  scaling during evaporation
and the removal of  such scales is also  discussed.
18               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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                  ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
11U79

Gusev, B, I,  .and R. S. Bi I'dan&kiolid,  B, IU
and E. v. Elfimova
DETEFHIBATIONS OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN
PREDICTIONS OF ATNOSPFERTC POL1DTION.    ((Ob uchete suraaarnogo
deistviya tokischeskikh-veshchestv pri prognozirovanii
zaqryazneniya vozdushmogo basseina.))  Hyg. Sanit. (English
translation of:  Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(4-6):88-80, April-June
1968.   ((17)) refs.
   CFSTI:  TT 68-50UH9/2


Several investigations of the combined effect of several
pollutants present simultaneously in the atmosphere have been
recently made.  The results are listed.   The data provide
convincing proof that as a rule the combined effect of toxic
substances in the atmosphere at the levels of liminal and
subliminal concentrations are in accordance with the principle
of simple summation.  Data from many specialized institutes and
organizations suggest that in most cases calculations of the
expected atmospheric pollution are based on the maximum permissible
concentrations established for individual pollutants, so that the
results of mathematical determinations are compared only against
such standards.  Jthere is a definite gap between theory and
practice in the establishemnt of standards for atmospheric
pollutants and the application of its recommendations.  It is a
matter of common knowledge that the implementation of the necessary
hygienic measures at an operating enterprise is undoubtedly more
complex and difficult than the prevention of marked air pollution
at the planning stage.  All these considerations point to the
necessity for the planner to take account of the complex effects
on man of any combination of industrial  pollutants discharged into
the atmosphere.  The results cf comprehensive investigations
of the reflex effects produced by combinations of substances and
the largely uniform findings of such investigations make it
possible ta recommend, with a high degree of reliability, that for
practical predictive purposes the approved formula for calculations
of combined effects should be extended to all combinations of
substances present in discharges from a  specific industrial
enterprise or a complex of enterprises.#f
QJJ246

F. D. Krivoruchko


DETERMINATION 0? AERIAL CONCENTRATION OF DECOMPOSITION AND
OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF CERTAIN ORGANOALOMINUM COMPOHNDS /TEA,
DEAC, TIBA, AND DIBAC) .    (Opredelenie  produJctov

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ra-zlozheniya i okisleniya v vo-zdukhe nekotorykh
alyuminiiorganicheskikh soedinenii (TEA, DEAKh, TIBS i
AKh.)   Hyg. Sanit. 31, (8)  256-9, Aug.  1966.  Huss.  (Tr.)
   CFSTI:"  TT 66-51160/7-Q


In .connection with studies of working conditions in the
manufacture of triethylaluminum  (TEA),  diethylaluminun chlorine
(DEAC), triisobutvlaluminum  (TIBA) and diisobutylaluminum
chloride (DIFAC)  it was necessary to determine health hazards in
the factory air.   Determination in air of substances formed by the
decomposition and oxidation of TEA, DEAC, TIBA and piBftc
formed the purpose of the present work.  organoaluminum compounds
in sealed glass ampules were used.  Investigations were performed
in 100 1 chambers with a fan for uniform distribution of  the
decomposition products from orqanoalumimum compounds.  The
ampules with samples were broken with a special rod.  The
breaking of an ampule was followed by the formation of a  white
aerosol in the chamber (obviously, aluminum oxide)  which  persisted
for 1.5-2.5 hr and then was  slowly deposited  on the chamber  walls.
Air samples were  taken from  the  chamber at  different  time
intervals  (from ?  rain to 3.5 hr).  Aluminum oxide  aerosols  were
sampled on an ashless filter paper of "Blue Band"  grade  in  a
Plexiglas cartridge.  Samples  for  other  toxic substances  were
taken by menas of  absorbers, placing filter paper  in  front  of  the
absorber in order to  exclude aluminum oxide.   investigations
showed that the  processes  liberated  aluminum  oxide aerosol,
isobutylene,  lower and higher  alcohols,  aldehydes, carbon monoxide
and hydrogen.  Moreover,  the decomposition and oxidation  of
DIBAC yielded hydrochloric acid  aerosols while the decomposition
and oxidation of  DEAC yielded  ethyl  chloride.#t
20               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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                   MEASUREMENT METHODS
08139                                                           33

Alekseyeva, H. V.  and "E. V. Elfimova


FACTIONAL DETERMINATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID A^SOSOt, AND OF
CHLORIDES IN ATMOSPHEPTC AIR.  In:  Survey of U.S.S.R.
Literature OB Mr Pollution and Kelated Occupational
Diseases.  Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Tnst.  for
Rpplied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 31-33, May 1960.
   CFSTI:  TT 60-21475
A method for the determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol in the
presence of chlorides has been developed.  To accomplish this,
hydrochloric acid was determined by micro-titration and chloride
ions nephelometrically ; chloride gas was then calculated from the
two values.  The determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol in the
air is complicated by the presence in the air of other acid
aerosols, sulfuric acid aerosol in particular.  The procedure to
avoid the loss of HCL in the presence of H2S01 is presented
also.  The method was used in analyzing 37 samples of atmospheric
air.  Air samples were collected for U - 7 hours under different
meteorological conditions.  The results proved that aerosol of
hydrochloric acid can be present in the air.f*
                                                                34
A. Alvarez
CONTINOODS DETERMINATION CF TESCIS OF SC2 IN AIR,  USING WATER
AS THE ABSOBEING SOLUTION.    Preprint, New York State Dept.
of Health, Albany, Civ. cf Air Resources, ( (24))p.,  1968.
3 refs,   presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of  the Air
Pollution Control Association, St. Eaul, Hinn., June 23-27,
1968, Paper 68-69.)


A method for the continous determination of traces of S02  in
air, using water as the absorbing solution is  presented.  It is
based en measurement of the color yield by the reaction between
sulfur dioxide  (as sulfate) and p-rosaniline hydrochlcride-
hydrochloric acid-formaldehyde mixture.  The p-rosaniline
methyl sulfonic acid produced  in the reaction  exhibited a
maximum absorption at a wavelength of 560 millimicrons.
The color was observed to be timperature independent within the
range of 65 degrees F to 76 degrees F and stable for a period
of our hours.  Interferences from N02 and NH3  were observed
at levels beyond the concentrations existing in average urban air.
The method described in this paper exhibited a higher degree of
sensitivity than the standard Best-Gaeke method when they  were
tested in parallel.  (Author's abstract, modified)»#

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0012*

P.  L.  Planchard


RAPID  DETERMINATION OF LEAD-210 AND POLUNIUM-210 IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY DEPOSITION ON NICKEL.  Anal. Chem.
38, (2)  189-92, Feb. 1966.
A procedure for rteterroining Po-210 and Pb-210  simultaneously in
environmental samples was developed by finding the  optimum
conditions for the  spontaneous deposition of  Po-210 and  Bi-210 on
nickel from an HCI  solution.  The effects of  HCI
concentration, hydrazine concentration,  temperature,  tirao of
deposition, surface area of the planchet, and  the presence  of the
HCIO<4 used to ensure oxidation of environmental samples  were
studied.  Recoveries of Po-210, Bi-210 and  Pb-210 were
determined for various environmental samples  spiked with a
(Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210) standard.  The Po-210 concentrations
were determined by  alpha counting.  The  Pb-210 concentrations
were determined by  beta counting the Bi-210 daughter.  fin
aluminum absorber was used to eliminate  the Po-210  alpha and
Pb-210 beta particles.  (Author)ft
21629                                                            36

Euck, B.


DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING CF  A  FILTER CARTRIDGE  FOB THE ELIMINATION
CF DISTURBING  INFLUENCES  AT THE  MEASUREMENT OP SULFUE DIOXIDE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE.   (Entwicklung und  Pruefung  einer  Filterpatrone zur
Ausschaltung  von  Stoerenflussen  bei  der  Messung von Schwefeldioxid
in der  Atmosphaere).   Schriftenreihe  Landesanstalt  Inoissions- »nd
Bodennutzungsschutz Landes  Nordrbein-Westfalen (Essen),
no. 6:28-30,  1966.   4 refs.   translated  from  German.  Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo.,  10p.,  April  15,  1970.


A  filter  cartridge based  on the  suction  principle and consisting
of a  layer  of  guartz wool  prepared  with  a  solution  of Ag2S04 and
KHSOU was  developed to  absorb hydrogen  sulfide, hydrogen chloride,
and ammonia,  the  substances which  interfere most with air quality
measurements  of sulfur  dioxide.   The  cartridge absorbs the
interfering compounds during  sample  intake  almost conpletely at
air throughputs of oip to  180  liters  an  hour without also -absorbing
the S02,  and  is therefore  suitable  for  automatic  S02-measuring
devices operating on low  air  throughput  as  well as  for manual
methods.   Experiments are  reported investigating  in further detail
the suction of H2S  in  the  filter cartridge  and S02  uptake by the
cartridge.  When  conventional sampling  technigues are used  for the
Silikagel and  TCH methods  of  manual S02  aeasurements, SO2  values
are not distorted by  the  filter.   Instructions are  given for its
preparation and installation  in  the sampling  device.
07689                                                            37

Chaigneau, Harcel,   and Monique Santarromana


DETERMINATION OF  HYDROCHLORIC  ACID IN THE PRESENCE  OF STJLFOR
DIOXIDE BITH THE  USE OF SOLID REAGENTS.   ((Dosage de  1'acide
chlorhydrique en  presence d'anhydride sulfureux a 1'aide de
reactifs solides.))  Text in  French.  Mikrochim. Acta (Vienna)   No.
5-6, p. 976-987,  1965.  11 refs.                              ''
22                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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 A  method  for the  analysis of hydrochloric acid in the presence of
 sulfur  dioxide  is described.  The phosphates of cadmium, zinc,
 mercury (II) , and silver absorb gaseous hydrochloric acid in the
 presence  of  sulfur dioxide.   Silver phosphate is especially
 recommended  because of  its easy precipitation in the pure state,
 its rapid  reaction with a change of color and the accuracy of the
 determination of  the resulting chloride.   Tubing and lubricants for
 stopcocks  should  be chosen for their resistance to hydrochloric
 acid.   It  was also found that the method could he used to determine
 hydrobroraic  acid  in the presence of sulfur dioxide.
111C8
Coleman, Paul D. and Roberta Bcldan
ELECTRICS! PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS  IN THE FAR  INFRARED  REGION.
 (FINAL REPORT 1 FEBRUARY 1965 -  31  JANUARY  1967.)  ILLINOIS  UNIV.
Urbana, Electro-physics Lab., Contract AF-AFOSB-272-65,  Proj.
9767-02 AFOSR-68-OU65, 8p. ,  (22) refs.
   CFSTI: AC 669573
A vacuum monochromator for the 80 to  1000 micron  range,  under
construction for the past year, is described.  Initial data on  the
rotational spectra HC1,  HBr, N205! CH3C1 and CH3CN were taken
to test the performance  characteristics of the instrument. Perfor-
mance data indicated that the nonochrcmator characteristics are
wavelength reproduction  0.19i; wavelength calibration  0.5?t; relative
intensity measurement 5  to 104; and a  resolution  of  2% in the  300
to 700 micron range using a cartcn bolometer detecter and a scan
tine of 1 hour.   (Authors' summary, modified)


02U39                                                            39

A. V. Demidov,  L. A. Mokhcv,  and B.  S. Levine  (Tr.)


RAPID METHODS FOP THE DETERMINATION OF HARMFUL GASES  AND VAPORS
IS THE AIR.   Vol. 10 of  U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related occupational Diseases.  Medgiz, Moscow,
Russia.  (Technical Transl.  No.  TT 66-11767.)   1962.  pp.
11«.                                                    ^

Volume 10 of the survey  series "U.S.S.R. Literature on air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases" is a translation
of A. V. Demidov's and L. A. Molhov's  book "Rapid Methods
for the Determination of Harmful Gases and Vapors in  the Air"
(Yekopehhlie Metoubi Oiipeuejiehnr B  B Boeuyxe Bpeahlix  K
lopooopaehlix Bewectb),  published by  Medgiz of Moscow in 1962.
The greater part of the  outlined procedures have  been developed by
D.S.S.R. analytical chemists, while some were taken from
literature of other countries.  The collection of tests  appears to
be intended primarily for the detection of dangerous  gaseous and
vaporous air pollutants  in indoor working premises.   For each
harmful gas or vapor qualitative as well as closely approximate
quantitative procedures  are given to make possible the early
determination of dangerous harmful gas and vapor  concentration  in
the air of working premises and to forestall the  occurrence of
serious accidents.  The  volume was intended to fleet the  needs
of smaller laboratories  and of field industrial laboratory
workers.**
                         Measurement Methods                          23

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                                                                 40
00092

n.  Drexler  M.  Barchas


CHEBO-ELECTFICAL SENSING DEVIC?.  Airkem, Inc., New York
City, June 1961, 1U2p.
   CFSTI, DDC:  AD 262502


This report describes an investigation of the feasibility of
utilizing gas adsorption phenomena for the identification and
quantitative determination of various gaseous materials.  A
discussion is presented of the factors influencing the
performance of the various components of an experimental gas
analyzer based on the measurement of characteristic adsorption
energies.  Seasons are given for the attempted use of this
principle in such an instrument together with a theoretical
discussion of the basis for concluding the instrument to be
non-feasible in  practice within the limitations of the  original
specifications.  A review of material
obtained from available literature sources as  well as
informa
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A GAS ANALYSER TOR THE MEASUREMENT  OF  IMPURITIES IN  AIR.    Instr.
Heview, 15 (194):98-99, Feb.  1968  Translated  from  German,
Electrotech.  (B) , No. 2,  1966.


A gas analyzer has been introduced  which  measures  air  impurities
such as 302, HC1, NH3, NC,  N02, CO,  C12,  and  H2S.  The instrument,
called Picoflux, operates on  an electrocunductivity  principle.  The
various air contaminants are  analyzed  by  using  different electolyte
solutions in the voltiac cell; if several gases are  present,
preliminary filtration is also employed.   The instrument is suited
for measuring  low concentrations; 0 to 0.3 ppm  S02;  0  to 0.5  ppm  HC1
and 0 to 1 ppm NH3.  The range is adjustable  by a  factor of 2.5 or 5
with the flick of a switch.   An integrating recorder allows 10- or 3
minute mean measurement readings.

OU257                                                            4i

E. Kh. Gol'dberg


PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF  SMAIL  AMOUNTS  OF VOLATILE MINERAL
ACIDS (HYDROCHLORIC AND NITRIC) IN  THE  ATMOSPHERE.
(Fotoraetricheslcoe opredelenie malykh kolichestv letuchikh
mineral'nykh kislot (solyanoi i azotnoi)  v  atmosfernom vozdukhe.)
Hyg. Sanit. 31, (9) UUO-3,  Aug. 1966.   Russ.  (Tr.)
   CFSTT:  TT 66-51160/7-9


A spectrophotometric method was recommended for the  analysis  of
low concentrations of mineral acids  in  the  atmosphere.  However,
it is not always possible to  use this  method  at the  laboratories
of the district sanitary-epiderciological  centers because of the
absence of a spectrophotometer.  Modification of the
spectrophotometric method for purposes  of  photometric
determinations with a phctoelectrocolorimeter reguired a
calibration graph for the relationship  between  the optical
density and the concentration of hydrogen  ions  in  micrograms  per
1 ml for an FEK-56 photoelectrocolorimeter.   Standard  solutions
were prepared from fresh 0.005 N HC1 and  HN03.  Solutions
were made containing 0.005  to 0.02  aicrograa/nil H+.  A zero
solution (distilled water)  was prepared simultaneously.  In all
cases, an addition was made of O.t  ml  0.01% alcohol  solution  of
methyl red.  The optical density of  standard  solutions and  of a
zero solution with the methyl red reagent  was determined with
respect to distilled water.    This photometric technique made
possible the establishment  of constant  optical  densities of agueous
solutions of acids in the standard  scale,  independent  of the  pH of
the distilled water used.    The sensitivity  of the  photoelectro-
colorimetric method and the sampling procedure  are the sane
as for the spectrophotometric method.   Studies  were  also
made of the possibilities of  visual  colorimetric determinations.
It was found that in the absence of  a  photoelectrocolorimeter
the solutions can be determined colorimetrically by  visual  means by
the method of standard series with  an  artificial scale.f*

03369                                                           **-

S. Hantzsch  and K. E. Prescher


ANALYZING APIINE TRACES IN ATMOSPHERIC  AIR.  STAUB  (English
Transl.)  (Duesseldorf) 26,  (8) 28-32,  Aug.  1966.
                          Measurement Methods                         25

-------
s
A report on the concentration of ^primary all£*at^ *-*j|;!?*f /i/air
is given.  Absorption tests on low concentration of win  bottles
were carried out in diluted hydrochloric acid, using "
and impingers.  Material losses during the «^J*™ experience in
absorption solutions were also evaluated.  Pra, 35-42, 1961


 A new method for  the determination of mist size and numbers of
 mist particles is described, which is useful in air pollution
 research as well as in  industrial hygiene.   A glass slide  was
 coated with a  very thin layer of metal film; iron was the  best  of
 three metals tried.  The' slides  were placed  in an Owens type  dust
 counter or a cascade impactor for-the collection of -aist particles.
 Both acid  and alkaline  mists were tested.  As the corrosive
 particles hit the slide, metal was dissolved and the transparent
 holes which were formed could be detected under an optical
 microscope.   Methods for calculating true particle size fron  the
 holes in the  metal-coated slide  are given. ##

 10672                                                            47

 Hersch,  Paul  A.
          Ra-n-or--!     -r        	 POLLUTANTS TO AIR.  Gould-
          Batteries,  Inc.,  Minneapolis, Hinn., 2«p., 1968.  21 refs.
26                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul,Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-
153.)


Experience with, and extensions-of less known techniques «f
providing an air stream with a steady and adjustable level or a
gaseous impurity are described.  Leaving aside those means that
employ moving solid parts, the paper -discusses devices using 1-i-qttid
pistons, mikro-flow through channels, diffusion across channels and
barriers, stream splitters for attenuation, and methods based on
evaporation, electrolysis, chemical conversion, and irradiation,
(Author s abstract, modified)


05078                                                             48

E. E. Kuczynski


EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE THOMAS
SO 2 AUTOMETER.  Environ. Sci. Technol. 1,  (1) 68-73r Jan.
1967.
A study was made of the guantitative response of the Thomas
S02 autometer to gases that night coexist with S02 as air
pollutants.  These gases included N02, NO, HC1, CL2, NH3
, and HF.  The gas mixtures were prepared dynamically at the
ppm level by a flow mexing method to a high degree of accuracy.
Syringe pumps were used to add snail quantities of pare gases to a
large vol. air stream.  The effects of N02, NO, and HF on
the 502 reading were small, but HC1, NH3, and CL2 gave
significant response.  (Author abstract)##

                                                                 49
06962

H. Leithe  and G« Petschl
COMPARATIVE ABSORPTION TESTS  FOR DETEBHINATION  OF GASEOOS  AIE
CONTAMINANTS TN HASH BOTTLES.   (Vergleichende
Absorption-sversuche zur Bestimraung  gasformiger
Lnftverunreinigungen in Waschflaschen.) -Z.  Anal, Che*.
226  («) , 352-61 (1967). Ger.


Comparative gas-absorption tests are described  using air
contaminated with C02, HC1, NH3% SO2, and air samples from
production plants containing-fluorides^  Tie concentrations  were
in the range of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations and below.
Three kinds of gas washing bottles have been employed:  1)
Ifflpinger washing bottles, recently recommended  for  air  analyses;
2) ordinary Drechsel washing  bottles; 3) washing bottles with
porous glass discs containing a foam formation  agent.   The
effect of the lapinger equalled that of the Drechsel type.   With
HC1, NH3, and SO2 there was no difference between Impinger
and foam absorption bottle, but with CO2 and air samples
containing fluorides foam absorption showed up  to ten tines  higher
absorption efficiencies.  Corresponding analyses of open-air
samples containing fluorides  are being conducted.   (Author
summary)**
                           Measurement Methods                         27

-------
OS587

linch, A. 1.,  B. F. Stalzer,  and D. T. Lefferts


METHYL AND ETHYI WERCUT1Y COMPOUNDS—RECOVERY FROM AIB AND
ANALYSIS.   Am. Ind. Hyg. Asscc. J. , 29(1):79-86, Jan.-Feb.
1S68.  15 refs.  (Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting,  Ameri-
can Industrial Hygiene Association, Chicago, Ill.» Ha7  3,
1967.)


Attempts to recover dimethyl cr diethyl mercury  vapor by absorp-
tion in the reagents usually reccmmended for collection  of  mercury
from air met with failure.  The absorber design,  whether inpinger
or porous glass diffusticn type, contributed only minor differ-
ences.   However, 0.1N iodine monochlcride  in 0.5M hydrochloric
acid gave quantitative recoveries  of dimethyl  and diethyl mercury,
monomethyl and monoethyl  mercuric  chlorides, and mercury vaporized
into moving airstreams.   The reagent also  is applicable to  the
analysis of  mercurial-bearing  dusts.   Again, the absorber design
was not critical but impinger  recoveries  were  rate-dependent.   The
Teflon permeation tube for S02 calibration was adopted  success-
fully to the dynamic calibration  of  micrcimpingers  developed for
personnel monitoring.  The ACGIH  procedure for analysis was
followed after sample collection.   (Authors' abstract)##

08U55                                                            51

Ludwick, J. D.


IDENTIFICATION AND  M'EASnHF.HENT OF  HYDROGEN CHLOPTDE  GAS  IN  THE
ATMOSPHERE BY  SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC  ANE RADIOMETRTC ANALYSTS.   In:
Pacific  Northwest Laboratory Annual  Report for 1966  to  the
USAEC Division of Bioloqy and  Medicine.   Volume  TT:
Physical Sciences.  Part  1.  Atmospheric  Sciences.
Battelle-Northwost, TCichland,  Wash., Pacific Northwest  Lab.,
Contract AT (15-1)-1830,  P.HHL481-1, p.  76-78, Oct.  1967.
1  ref.
   CPSTI:


A  simple method  by  which almost any  field-collected  chloride
sample  could be  analyzed was developed.  Standardized chloride
solutions  were treated  with  suitable volumes  of silver  nitrate
solution tagged  with  Bg-110.   The solution with  the  precipitated
AqCl  was analyzed for  gamma.   If  a standard silver  solution
containing  the proper  specific activity of Ag-110 is used,
there is no  upoer limit  for  chloride determination,  and as little
2  x  10(to the  minus 7  power)  q can be  rapidly  measured.   To
sample hydrogen  chloride gas from the  atmosphere, a  scrubber-column
collector was  designed and assembled.   Two field tests  using HC1
gas were conducted  over  the  Meteorology Grid  network.   About
5  pounds of  BC1  was released over a  period of  10 minutes in each
test.  Twelve samplers were  arranged ."Hownwind  on the two innermost
arcs located 210 aT}^ fno  rceters from the  source.  A  comma .jr-lal
portable HC1 aas sampler  was evaluated for analytical
sensitivity.  The instrument was  moved along  i->-• jietev.. ology arcs
as HC1 emission  took place.  The  instrument  «as sufficiently
sensitive to detect and  measure the  HC1 at the 800  meter
distance.  Peal-time measurements  made with the  portable
instrument agreed with analytical  results  of chloride content from
28                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
 the  field  collectors by the radioraetric technique described.  The
 peak field concentration of HCl gas at 800 meters
 corresponded  to an  air concentration of about 2 x 10 ( to the minus
 7  power) ppn.Sf

 02570                                                             52

 M.D. flanita   V,p. Helekhina


 &  SPECTROPHOTOHETRIC  METHOD FOR  THE  DETERMINATION OF NITRIC  AND
 HYDROCHLORIC  ACIDS  IN  THE  ATMOSPHERIC  AIR  IN  THE  PRESENCE  OF
 NITRATES AND  CHIORIDES.    (Spektrofotometricheskii metod
 opredeleniya  azotnoi  i  solyanoi  kislot  v prisutstivii  nitratov v
 atmosfernora vozukhe.)   Hyq.  Sanit.  29,  (3)  62-6,  Mar.  1964.
   CFSTI:  TT65-S0023/3


 A  spectrophototnetric  method for  the  determination of
 hydrochloric  and nitric  acids in the presence of  nitrates  and
 chlorides  is  described.  This method is based on  the determination
 of the  optical  density  of  colored aqueous  solutions  containing the
 above acids after the  addition  of methyl red  in ethanol.   The
 sensitivity of  the  method  is 0.18 microgram of HcL per  ml  and
 0.31 microgram  of HN03  per  ml.   Other  acids and- bases
 interfere  with  the  assay.   C02  and  S02  always present  in
 ataospheric air do  not  interfere with  the  spectrophotometric
 determination of hydrochloric and nitric acids when  this is
 carried out under the conditions described.t#

 19501}                                                           51

 Mozan, C., A. lacguaniti, and 1. lettinati


 EVAIDATION OF THE RISK FBESENTEE EY  INDUSTRIAL POISONS.
 (Evaluation du  risque induit far les toxigues  industriels).  Text
 in French.   Arch. Maladies  Profess.   Med. Trav. Securite  Sociale,
 31(3):141-146,  Parch  1970.


The determination of the actual  concentration  of  a pollutant in
 air leads to  accurate, reproducible  results only  when certain
factors that  affect it are  taken into account.  Thus, as in
 processing a  sample of polluted  air, the pollutant must  be absorbed
completely by the absorbent  used in  its determination.   It is
essential to  know that the  bubbling  rate of the air  sample through
the absorbent liquid has a  significant effect  on  the amount  of
pollutant absorbed  in the process.   A  potential source  of
incorrect interpretation of  results  cf perhaps otherwise
accurate measurements is the assumption of a  uniform distribution
of the pollutant throughout a given  enclosed  space while its actual
distribution  is nonuniform.  These two findings and  those  to
follow are illustrated by results of measurements of concentrations
in air,  in mg/cu m  cf hydrochloric and hydrocyanic acids,
ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and trichlorethylene.  Another  important
factor was discovered after a snail  hermetically  sealed  test room
had been constructed for experiments in an atmosphere  with known
pollutant contents.   Their  measured  actual contents  in  the
test-room air were  appreciably smaller then the theoretically
expected ones.  Analogecus  results were obtained  when  air  samplers
were taken  by snail Draeger  tubes and  when the uasonry  walls of
the test room were  replaced by walls made of  aluminum  sheets.  That
                          Measurement Methods                          29

-------
some of the pollutant introduced into the air of the roon  is
deposited on the walls was fully confirmed by a test in  wnicn  an
aluminum plate of known surface area was attached to the wall  ana
the amount of pollutant deposited on it during the  test  was
determined analytically.  When  -flushed- with fresh air  this amount
progressively decreased, as expected.  Such  -contaminated-  walls
may act as secondary sources of air  pollution.


0832U

Nietruch, F.  and K. B. Prescher


DETERMINATION OF SUITOR DIOXIDE WITH PARAROSANILINE AND
F05HALDEHYDE.    ((Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Schwefeldioxid
mit Pararosanilin und Formaldehyd.))  Text in German.  Z.
Anal. Chen.  (Berlin), 226(3):259-266, 1967.  5 refs.


The comparative suitability of  four  commercially prepared  and  two
isomerfree pararosaniline reagents for S02 determination (West
and Gaeke method) was studied.  The  absorption spectra of  the
pararosaniline reagents in neutral and hydrochloric solutions, and
the spectra of the dyestuffs developed by formaldehyde,
dichlorosnlphitomercurate and hydrochloric pararosaniline
solution were compared.  Tn spite of differing behavior  in
hydrochloric solution, the pararosaniline reagents  studied were
deemed suitable  for  S02 determination.  A standard  for
pararosaniline reagents and sufficient dyestuff developing time
are cited as factors important  in the production of reproducible
results.#f

00492                                                            55

F. E. Ordoveza   and  P. W. Viest


MICRODETERMTNATTON OF  CAFFEINE  USING THE RING OVEN  TECHNIQOE.
Anal. Chim.  Acta  Vol.  30:227-233,  196U.


A  rapid and  highly  selective aethod  for the  microaeteroination of
caffeine of  special  interest for air pollution studies is
presented.   With the ring  oven  technique and with solutions of
acetylacetone in sodium  hydroxide  and  p-dinethylaminobenzaldehyde
in hydrochloric  acid,  as  little as  0.5  micrograra caffeine  on the
ring can be  determined  with  an  average  error of  3*.  Compounds
containing  purine bases  which would  be  likely  to give  the  sane
color reaction as caffeine  do not  interfere. Of the  organic air
pollutants which might be  collected  from the atmosphere  during the
sampling for caffeine, benzo(alpha)pyrene and  formic acid  do not
interfere.  Interferences  from  formaldehyde  and urea are easily
eliminated.   (Authors' summary)*#

05896                                                            Sfi

J. J. Phair,  R. j.  shephard,   G. c. R. Carey,  B.  L.
Thomson


THE ESTIMATION OF GASEODS ACID  IH DOMESTIC PREMISES.   Brit
J. Ind.  Med. (London) 15, 283-92 (Oct. 1958).
30               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Measurements of the concentration of gaseous acids and other
variables within the micro-environment of the home are reported
A description is given of a small sequence sampler that gives
six-hourly readings of gaseous acid concentration in domestic
premises.  Samples are returned to the laboratory for
analysis by the conductivity method.  Factors affecting the
rate of sampling and evaporation of aosorbent solution are
critically evaluated.  Evaporation is an important problem
with the original model and methods of minimizing water
loss habe been incorporated in later designs of the apparatus.
Gaseous acid measurements largely reflect the amount of S02
in a suburban atmosphere and an efficiency of 95% can be
obtained with single-stage sampling.  Ammonia and
hydrochloric acid vapour are also absorbed although these are
resent in lesser and approximately equal amounts.  Sulphur
trioxide is not absorbed to any significant extent, but this is e
minor constituent of suburban atmospheres.  The
variation between different sampling units in the sane room
is considerable in the presence of dry gaseous 303, and even
under normal room conditions the 95X confidence limits of
observations made from a single point are + or - 0.0024 p.p.m.
Differences between different parts of a large building
are even greater.  Indoor measurements show a general tendency
to follow outdoor readings with a lag of up to two hours;
however, the indoor concentrations of gaseous acid are on the
average much lower, and do not show the sharp peaks seen at
outside locations.  The relationship between gaseous acid
levels in different parts of the city is not constant since
in each area the industrial output is supplemented by a
seasonally varying domestic heating load.  The relationship
between gaseous acid and particulate contaminants also varies
in different parts of the town, perhaps on account of
differing amounts of alkaline pollutants in the atmosphere.
 (Author summary modified)##

17128                                                            57

Saltzman,  Bernard E.


PBEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF CALIBRATED LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
SIXTEEN TOXIC GASES.   Anal. Chem., 33 (8):1100-1112, 1961.  20 refs.


The development and testing of analytical methods for the accurate
determination of low concentrations of various toxic gases are
described.   All-glass flew systems were preferred for the
dilution of gases with purified air, since such systens avoid
serious errors from surface adsorption or reaction with impurities.
Several practical flow dilution systems are described and
diagrammed, as well as an asbestos plug flowmeter which was found
useful for metering flows varying from a few hundredths of a
milliliter to a few milliliters per minute; motor-driven glass
syringes caa also be used for netering gas (and liquid)  flows in
these ranges, but have the disadvantage of intermittent operation.
Eotameters are convenient for netering gas flows greater than
10 Bl/nin,  but iecuase of calibration difficulties axe considered
secondary rather than primary measuring devices.  In an evaluation
of chemical analytical methods, it was found that many of the
nethods available were based en assumptions derived from studies
conducted either at high gas concentrations or in liquid solutions;
various difficulties are encountered when such methods are
critically tested at low concentrations.  The methods finally
                          Measurement Methods                         31

-------
selected were first tested for sensitivity for samples of
reasonable size; results consistent with both sample volume ana
test gas concentration; adequate absorption efficienty witn tne
available sampling equipment; and adequate stability of reagents
and final solutions.  The role of sampling absorption
efficiency is developed mathematically, and midget sampling
equipment described.  Finally, methods are given for each of the
following gases: ammonia, arsine, brcmine, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ethylene oxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, monoethanclamine,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, and stibine.


02559                                                           S8

B.E. Seleznev  I.ft. chernichenko


SPECTFOPHOTOHFTRIC DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF
CHLOHTETRACYCLIN2 IN THE AIE.   Opredelenie kormovogo
Khlortetatsiklina v atmosfernom vozdukhe spektrofotometricheskim
raetodom.)  Hycr.  Sanit. 31,  (3) 346-8, Bar. 1966.
   CFSTI:  TT66-51160/1-3


The possibility of using spectrophotometry for the quantitative
determination of chlortetracycline in the air was studied.  Among
the solvents investigated, the most suitable was 0.1 N, HC1
solution, since this produced the highest optical density in the
ultraviolet.  The method is fairly sensitive  (0.01 micrograus/ml)
hut nonspecific, interference being encountered from other
organic compunds which absorb similar wavelenghts.lt

 14486                                                            59

 Tlhi,  K.


 THE TIETERHINATTON  OF  ACIDIC GASES  IN  WORKING ENVIRONMENTS BY
 ALKALI  JILTEE  PAPER.   (Alkali rcshi  ho ni yoru  saqyo kankyo chu
 sansei  gas  no  sokutei).   Text in Japanese.   Nippon  Eiseigaku
 Zasshi  (Japan  J.  Hyg.),  24(1):«9,  April 1969.


 The alkali  filter  paper method for determining  acid  gases ia
 working environments  entails soaking filter  paper in a 30%
 potassium carbonate solution, drying the paper  in air,  and
 puttinrr it  in  a vinyl holder having  an exposure area of 64 sq  cm.
 Absorbed gases  are  extracted with  distilled  water and  determined
 qualitatively and  quantitatively.  The required exposure  tine  is
 determined  by the  typo of acid being  measured,  the  production
 process,  and the sensitivity of  the  determination method.
 Generally,  1 to 8  hrs  are appropriate for acidic  gases like
 S02, HC1, and N02,  and 8  to 24  hrs for acid  mists of sulfuric,
 phosphoric,  and chromic  acids.   One  hour is  usually  required
 for 502  measurements  by  the  para-rosaniline  formaline  method;
 the CL-Ba method requires R  to  24  hrs.   When  the  relationship
 between  the  amount  of  S02  adsorbed on  the filter  paper and the
 average  gas  concentration  in  the working environment is plotted,
 a curve  is obtained.   Thus,  on a per  day basis, the  coefficient
of conversion depends  on  the  amount adsorbed.   However,  the
graph for an hour of exposure time is  linear, suggesting "that
shorter exposure times would  he convenient for  the calculation.
32                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
06829                                                            60.

P. W. West  and H. Coll


SPFCTHOPHOTOMETPIC D^TEBMITi! A^TON OF CHLOEIDE  IN  ATT).   Proc.
Symp. Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur Compounds,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1957.   (1959). pp. 37-U1 .


A spectrophotomptric procedure for guantitation  of chloride in air
is described.  .Air is bubbled  into a solution  of iron  perchlorate
in perchloric acid.  The  light absorption  of the iron-chloro
complex is measured at 350 millimicrons and the  estimate of
concentration obtained from a  chloride calibration curve.
Experiments to determine  efficiency, optimum concentration of
reagents, and interfering elements are discussed.  Method
provides rapid, routine analysis of chloride,  has a sensitivity
higher than conventional  procedures, and is not  restricted by
interferences.*#

20030                                                            61

Hyszynska, fialina, Konrad Kosirski, Stefan Maziarka, Zbigniew
Misiakiewicz, and Artur Strusinski


HETKODS OF S10D? OF ATMOSPHERIC AIE FHCM THE HYGIENIC POINT OF
VIEW.  (Hetody sanitarnego tadania jcwietrza atmcsferycznego).
Text in Polish.  Hydawnictwa Metodyczne Panstwowego Zakladu
Higieny (Methodologic Study Gcvt, Dept. Hyg.) . no. 10, 141p.r 1968.
82 refs.


Methods of determining pollutants, the admissible concentration
of which was limited by Polish legislation, and  determining a
number of other atmospheric pollutants which in  excessive anounts
are either hazardous to health cr cause damage by corrosion are
reviewed.  Determination of air dustiness, chemical analysis of
dust, and determination of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, carbon
disulfide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric cxide, fluorine, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, ozone, phenol, benzene, chlorbenzene, and
aniline are presented.  R description of. each  method includes
principles of the method, its  limitations, a description of the
apparatus, procedure of sample collection, and data evaluation.
The apparatus required usually are not expensive and complicated,
but they have to be precise and well calibrated  because of the
extremely low concentrations measured.  The reagents used have to
be of high purity.  Host of the methods described were verified
and tested on the laboratory scale and in  routine determination of
pollution.  Thus no difficulty should be encountered in their
application.
                           Measurement Methods                         33

-------
                       CONTROL  METHODS
OU913                                                            62

H. 1. Barnebey
REMOVAL OF EXHAUST ODORS f^OK SOIVEHT EXTRACTION OPERATION BY
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADSOEPTION.   3. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15, (9) 1422, Sept. 1965.


Tsopropyl alcohol vapor is. being exhausted in 2000 cfn of air at
120 cleg F from a process involving the extraction of lemon pulp
by the solvent.  The emission also contains trace quantities of
hydrochloric acid droplets and a varying amount of particulate
matter from fruit skins and peelings.  The emission caused a fire
hazard and was credited with a contribution to the snog problem.
The rate of emission of isopropyl alcohol was 35 gallons per
hour.  A liquid scrubber is used to remove the particulate matter
and acid fumes.  The scrubber uses a 1 S sodium carbonate
solution.  The scrubber is followed by the activated charcoal
adsorption system.  This consists of two horizontal absorbers
containing beds of activated charcoal, a condenser, and the
necessary storage tanks, piping, valves, and controls.  The
solvent is removed from the charcoal bed by steam stripping and is
condensed along with part of the steam.  This
adsorption-desorption cycle can be repeated many times per day for
a period of years until the charcoal bed becomes contaminated with
high molecular weight substances.  The condensed dilute alcohol is
concentrated in a fractionating column so that it can be reused in
the process.   The odor, hydrochloric acid fumes, and particulate
matter are reduced to the point that they are not readily
detectable.   The effluent air stream contains less than 0.05 Ib
per hour of isopropyl alcohol.  The system continuously removes
and returns for reuse in excess of 95 percent of the isopropyl
alcohol vapor coming to the unit.  The five percent loss of
solvent does not represent exhaust to the atmosphere but is mainly
caused by losses in collection and in the distillation of the
dilute solvent.  The total operating costs for the required
electrical power, cooling water, steam, maintenance, chemicals,
and supervision is about one-seventh of the market value for new
alcohol.ft


07552                                                           &

Billings, Charles £.,  Charles Kurker, Jr.,  and Leslie
Silveraan


SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ACID GASES, MISTS, AJJD FUMES WITH
MINERAL WOOL FILTERS.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
8 (3):195-202, Nov. 1958. 20 refs.  (Presented at the 51st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia,
Pa.,  Bay  26-29, 1958.)
                                35

-------
Investigations have indicated that two in. thick filters  at  four
Ib/cu.  ft. packina density  will  remove up to  80% of  acid  mist
and up  to 99* of acid  gases and  fanes.  Total  filter life depends
upon concentration .of  contaminant in the entering air.   A
summary of filter performance is given.  Estimated operating life
based upon one use of  the  filter material can  be obtained from the
data given.  With particulates such as iron oxide and fly ash, it
has been found possible  to  wash  and reuse filters about  ten  times.
Hhen iron oxide was collected simultaneously  with SO2,  filters
were reused about eight  times.   Acid gas collection  is
significantly improved by  the presence of moisture on slag wool
filters.  Mineral wool filters have several features such as, low
cost  (about 1 cents/lg.),  small  fiber diameter {H micron and
ability to withstand high  temperatures  (1000  deg F.).  Slag  wool
will simultaneously remove  sub-micron particulate naterials  with
90 to 99% efficiency.  Resistance to flow through two in. slag
wool filters  (with an  HF efficiency of 95%) is on the order  of
one or  two in. of water, or if continuously moistened,  at most 6
in. of  water.tf

10017                                                            B*

Bloomfield,  Bernard B.


CONTROL OF GRSFCUS POLLUTANTS.   Heating, Piping, Sir Condition
ing, 40(1):195-206, Jan.  1968.   26 refs.


Control technology in  relation tc air pollution involves  the
application, singly or in combination, of tall stacks for dispersion
process changes,  and control equipment.   Most  gaseous contaminants
can be  controlled using  the techniques cf absorption, adsorption,
direct  flame combustion, and catalytic combustion.   The  theoretical
principles of design and operation preclude under most circuastances
the use of any of the  shelf items for air pollution  control  purposes
 Good design, construction, and  proper operation are the  requisites
of a satisfactory system.  The special characteristics of a  number o
systems are described.   A table  of selected air quality  standards is
given for such pollutants as SOx, NCx, CO, H2S, and  ozone.

17320                                                            65

Kempner, Stanley K,, E.  N.  Seiler, and Donald  H. Bowman


PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT IN SCRUBBING
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS.  J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  20(3):
139-113, March 1970.


Six commercial fume scrubbers were tested for their  ability  to
remove  hydrogen chloride gas  from plating room exhaust  air.   The
scrubbers, which represent  different types of  equipment  available
for this application,  were  chosen on the basis of their  specified
ability to remove 9055  of the contaminant from  a 2500 scfm gas
stream  consisting of ambient air with 20 ng/cu a of  HC1  gas.
The units were connected to ductwork and piping simulating actual
producting conditions.   The contaminant was carefully metered into
an accurately measured air stream drawn through the  scrubber.   A
continuous sample of the scrobber discharge was recorded  by  a
conductivity meter.  The results are presented in a  series of
curves  plotting efficiency vs water rate.  Efficiencies  of
36                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
to 100? were obtained with  a  vertical  packed  scrubber  and  extended
surface scrubber.  A horizontal  jacked scrubber  and  a  plate
scrubber attained efficiencies of  better  that 95%.   A  fan  type
scrubber was entirely unacceptable and is not recommended  for  use
with a gaseous contaminant.   The  tests also revealed that  optimum
efficiencies can be obtained  at  water  rates much lower than  those
recommended by the manufacturers.   This makes it practical to  use
ncnrecirculated water in  production  scrubbers.   Variations in
scrubber design and effectiveness  of mist eliminators  are  also
discussed.  (Author abstract modified)

09057                                                            66

Carter, C.  Neal


EFFECTS OF pH AND OXIDIZING AGENTS ON  THE  PATE OF ABSORPTION OF
HYDROGEN SULFIDE INTO AQUEOUS MEDIA.    TAPPI, 50 (7) :329-334,
July 1967.  19 refs.


The rates of absorption of hydrogen sulfide into aqueous
solutions of hydrogen chloride, sodium  hydroxide, and  sodium
hypochlorite were measured by means of  a  laminar liquid jet.
The effects of various reactions were  determined by  analyzing the
data in terms of the penetration theory.   The various  reactions
that were found to influence  the rates  of  absorption determined
in this study were an ionization reaction, which had a  first order
forward rate constant of Q.H  per sec;  a neutralization  reaction
between hydroxide icns and hydrogen sulfide molecules,  which had
an "infinitely high" rate; and an  oxidizing reaction,  which had an
"apparent" first-order rate constant of 250 per  sec  for a  0.1N
hypochlorite solution.   The data en the absorption of  hydrogen
sulfide into basic solutions  indicate  the  possibility  that the
laminar jet and wetted-wall column dc  not  give comparable  results
for cases of absorption accompanied by  an  "infinitely  fast"
reaction.  Further analysis cf the rates  of absorption  into
oxidizing solutions indicates that hydrogen sulfide  will react
initially with the hypochlcrite icns tc form  dihydrogen sulfoxide,
which in turn will form unstable complexes with  more hydrogen
sulfide molecules by sulfur-sulfur bonds.  The data  also indicate
that for oxidizing solutions  above pH  12,  the rates  of  absorption
are influenced by the decomposition of  dihydrogen sulfoxide, which
gives hydroxide ions as a product.   (Author's abstract)**

09795                                                            67

Chatfiold,  Harrv E.   and ^ay  1. Ingels


GSS ABSORPTION "QUTP^ENT.   Tn:  Air Pollution Engineering
Hanual.  (Air Pollution Control District,  County  of Los
Angeles.)  John A.  Danielson (comp. and  ed.),  Public  Health
Service,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control,  PHS-Puh-999-AP-UO, p. 210-232, 1967.
   GPO:   806-61U-30


Gas absorption equipment is designed to provid^  thorough contact
between the gas and liquid solvent in  order to permit  interphase
diffusion of the materials.   This  contact  between gas  and  liquid
can be accomplished by dispersing  gas  in  liquid  or vice versa.
Absorbers that disperse liquid include  packed towers,  spray towers
                            Control Methods                           37

-------
 and venturi absorbers. Equipment that uses gas dispersion includes
 plate or tray towers and vessels with sparging equipment.  The
 principles of designing plate towers and packed towers are
 discussed in detail.  The following items are included in the
 discussion on packed towers:  packing materials, liquid dispersion,
 tower capacity, tower diameter, number of transfer units, height of
 a transfer unit, and pressure drop through packing.  An exanple of
 calculations involved in designing a packed tower for the removal
 of NH3 is illustrated.  Liquid flow, plate design and efficiency,
 flooding, liquid gradient on plate, plate spacing, tower diameter,
 and the number of theoretical plates are included ±n the discussion
 of plate towers with specific emphasis on bubble cap plates.  An
 example of the calculations involved in determining the number of
 plates required and estimated diameter of a plate tower is
 illustrated.  The choice of gas absorption equipment is usually
 between a packed tower and a plate tower. Both devices have
 advantages and disadvantages.  Factors which the final selection
 should be based upon are listed.  Spray-type absorbers and venturi
 absorbers are also briefly discussed.  These towers are primarily
 used for removing particulates from gas streams, though they have
 some gas absorption applications.   The gaseous air contaminants
 most commonly controlled by absorption include 502, NH3, NOx,
 and light hydrocarbons.

 14369                                                            M

 Eberhardt, H. and W. Mayer


 EXPERIENCES WITH REFUSE INCINERATORS IN EUROPE, PREVENTION OF AIR
 AHD WATER POLLUTION, OPERATION OF REFUSE IBCIBEPATION PLANTS
 COMBINED WITH STEAM BOTIEPS, DESIGN AND PLANNING.  American
 Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div., Proc.
 Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 73-86.  7 refs.
 (May *-8) .

 European steam generators with refuse firing must meet a number
of stringent legal requirements for environmental control.  In
Germany,  the dust emission of refuse incineration plants with a
 refuse throughput of more than 20  tons refuse/day may not exceed
 150 mg dust/cu Nm clean gas referred to 7% C02 at any time.
 Depending on the preload of the site environment, this value must
 still be lowered so as to remain within the emission limits of
0.12 g/sq m/day for the annual mean and 0.65  g/sq m/day for the
 monthly mean.  Flue dust collectors have over 98% efficiency.
 Difficult physical and chemical problems with the fuel and with
 boiler availability are met by attention to many engineering
details.   Hhile the analysis of residential refuse is a
relatively simple procedure, the determination of the volume and
composition of industrial refuse is especially difficult and
contributes in large part to the difficulties in planning and
design of incineration plants.  In Europe, refuse incinerators
 are combined with steam boilers, and operation of these large
 plants has shown that boilers with refuse fire chambers
 including the accessory equipment differ fundamentally from
conventional plants in design and operation.  The paper considers
 these plants in detail and compares them with plants operating
 with fossil fuels.  It is shown that corrosion of boiler and
 superheater tubes is largely prevented by maintaining oxidizing
conditions in critical areas.  It was concluded that the primary
 factor in all considerations of the special requirements for
 refuse incineration plants, compared to conventional steam
 boilers,  is the conversion of wastes into sterile end products.
3fi                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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16521                                                             69

Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan, Public  Nuisance Control  Div.


THE EMISSION SODHCES OF BCL AND  NH3  AND 1HJ3IB  STANDARD  CONTEOL
EQUIPMENTS.  (Enka suiso oyobi anmonia no hasseigen  to  sono
hyojun jogai shisetsu ni tsuite).  Text in  Japanese.  Kogai  to
Taisaku  (J. Pollution Control),  2 (7):46 1-466,  Aug.  15,  1966.


Hydrogen chloride is emitted by  plants which  produce pigments,
dyes, industrial chemicals, medical  supplies,  and  treat metal
surfaces.  Ten to 50 ppm HC1 does  net prohibit work, but is
harmful  to the teeth, nose, mucosa of the mouth, and face
after long exposure.  No one can work in air  containing 50-100
ppm HC1.  Ammonia is emitted by  plants which  produce pigments,
manures, and medical supplies.   Cdor is noticed when the
concentration reaches 100 ppm NH3.   Chronic exposure to 100
ppm NH3  is harmful to the muccsa.  Exposure to concentrations
of 250C-6500 ppm NH3 for 30 minutes  is dangerous,  and exposure to
concentrations of 5000-10,000 ppm  NH3 quickly  causes death.
Hydrogen chloride and NH3 can te removed by absorption,
adsorption, chemical reactions,  and  oxidation.  Hydrogen
chloride and NH3 dissolve easily in  water which provides
another  suitable method for control.  The water washing method
is divided into a packed column, spray column,  venturi  scrubber
and jet scrubber.  The washing equipment consists  of an air
blower,  a cleaning column, a pump, a water  tank, and an exhaust
pipe.  The parts which ccme into contact with  the  gas must be
constructed of an acid-alkali prccf  material,   A mist catcher
must be  installed on top of the  packed column.  The  hood must
be carefully designed so the excess  air is  not inhaled.  (Author
abstract modified)


13220                                                            7Q

Erman, James E.


DESULFORIZATION DSING HYDBCGEN CHIOEIEE AND HYDROGEN.   (Chevron
Research Co., San Pranciscc, Calif.) U. S.  Pat. 3,509,0«5.
1p., April 28,  1970.  5 refs.   (Appl. July  11,  1968, 6  claims).


An improved method of desulfurizing  hydrocarcon oils in the
presence of hydrogen at a temperature between  600-950 F and
partial pressure between 100-5000  psig and  in  the  presence o£
hydrogen chloride at a partial pressure above  150  psig  is
described.   Inert particles providing contact  surface area for
the reactants may i>e used but are not required.  This process
converts organic sulfur compounds contained in a heavy  oil such
as crude residuum to sulfur-free organic compounds and  hydrogen
sulfide.   This  process has advantages over catalytic
hydrodesulfurization because this  process dees not require the
presence of small catalyst compounds.  Also, it is not  necessary
that the heavy  oil be treated in the liquid state.
OU279                                                            21

S. T. Gadonski



                           Control Methods                           39

-------
DRY-PACKF.D BEDS FOE THE BEFOVAL OF STRONG-ACID GASES FROM
RECYCLED ATMOSPHEEES.   Naval Research Lab., Washington,
D.C., Chemistry Division.   (NB1 Kept. Ho.  6399.)   Aug.  30,
1966.  6 pp.
   CFSTT, DDC:  AD 6U2 27U


Under certain conditions, strong-acid gases can be formed in
recycled atmospheres by the combustion of haloqenated hydrocarbons.
One control measure involves the use of a dry absorbent filter.
Li2C03 has already been used as an absorbent in these filters as
a result of a screening test of a number of scavenger materials.
In this report the absorptive properties of some other potentially
useful materials were examined.  Baralyne and soda line were
superior to L12CO3 in air at 76 deg F and over 50% B.H.,
while the silica-alumina catalyst with monoethanolamine  (HEA)
impregnant and the silica-magnesia catalyst were almost as
effective as Ii2CO3.  However, Baralyme, soda lime, various
basic materials  (MEA, gaseous NH3, Na2C03, and quinoline)
supported on the silica-alumina catalyst, and the silica-Magnesia
catalyst were all useless at 1HO deg F. especially under  dry
conditions.  Li?C03, therefore, still remains as the most
effective absorbent throughout the range of probable conditions.
 (Author abstract)**


00588                                                            ^2

L.S. Harris


FUME SCRUBBING WITH THE EJECTOfl VFNTURI SYSTEM.   Chen. Eng.
Progr., 62 (H):55-59 , Apr. 1966.


The ejector venturi scrubber is a wet type of contractor  which
untilizes the velocity action of the contacting liquid media to
both pump, scrub and/or absorb the entrained gas.  This action
is especially beneficial when handling highly corrosive or
erosive gases.  The unit has no moving mechanical parts in
contact with the gas stream.  In addition it eliminates
the need for a costly corrosive or erosive resistant blower to
pump the gas through the system.  The device is basically
comprised of a conventional venturi section and a spiral  type
spray nozzle which imparts a combination of axial and tangential
velocities to the contacting liguid stream.  The angle of the
spiral and the size of the nozzle orifice are arranged to (1)
impart sufficient tangential velocity to fora a spray cone
which fills the venturi throat area,  (2) break up the motive liquid
into the proper drop size to permit efficient scrubbing and/or
absorption of the entrained gas and efficient separation  of the
liguid drops from the discharge gas,  (3) impart the proper
combination of axial and tangential velocity to obtain the desired
pumping characteristics, and (U) impart sufficient tangential
and axial velocity to the contacting liquid to provide the
desired relative velocity between the contacting liquid and the
entrained gas necessary for efficient scrubbing.ft
 15995                                                           -33

 Herold, Paul and Georg Markus



 40                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
RECOVERING HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM GAS
MIXTURES.  (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 2,301,779.  2p.,
Nov. 10, 1942.   (Appl. Nov. 19,  19HO, 3 claims).


A method of recovering hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide
separately from gas mixtures is described.  A gas mixture is  washed
with a medium liquid which consists cf aromatic compounds
containing oxygen in an ethereal linkage and of aromatic compounds
containing oxygen in a" phenolic linkage.  Suitable compounds
are xylenol and diphenyl ether.  The gas mixture may either be
passed through the liquid while it is stationary or led in a
counter-current to the liquid flowing down, preferably in
trickling towers charged with filter bodies.  The hydrogen chloride
leaves the washing liquid in a dry state free of sulfur dioxide.
The washing liquid is easily regenerated by expelling the absorbed
sulfur dioxide by heating, applying reduced pressure, or by
subjecting it to both measures simultaneously.  The washing
liquid can be reused after cooling.

06778                                                             74
 (INDUSTRY AND HTflOSPHEPTC POLLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherigue en Grande Bretagne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de  la
Pollution Atmospherigue, Paris, France.  (1967.)  6 pp.  Fr.
 (Rept. No. CI 310.)   (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No.  21.)


A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great  Britain
in the struggle against industrial emissions is  outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are  in most cases
based on "the most practical means."  Standards  are given  for
chimney heights.  Statutory limits are given for various
materials emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead.  The construction of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained  by tall chimneys.
A better knowledge of the effects of pollutants  should  be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary  expense in
their control.  Tt is urged that international standards
for emission be adopted.**
0055U

K.H. Knott  S. Turkolmez


KPUPP POTA"Y P?nSH SCPUBPfR "POP THK CONTROL OF GAS, VAPOUR,  HIST
AND DUST EMISSIONS.   FTupp Tech. Rev.  (Essen),  2U(1):25-28,
April 1966.


The scrubber which has been used successfully for extraction
and collection of particulates soluble in water  was tested
for effectiveness in removing gaseous pollutants from waste
gases.  The scrubber and the test procedures used are
described in detail.  Gases and particulates tested were
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
mercaptan, ammonia, ammonium chloride mist, pyridine vapor,
pigment mixture and copper phthalocyanine dust.  HC1 and 502
                            Control Methods                           41

-------
were absorbed sucessfully.   The detention period used was to
short for H2S, CH3SH, NH3 and pyridine.   Wet collection
of mists such as S03 and NHUC1 is difficult.  Good results
were obtained with pigment particles. ##

06063

P. Kotrappa  and D. P. Bhanti


SHORE PUFF GENERATOR ROOM SIR MOVEMENT STUDIES.   Am. Ind.
     Assoc. J. 28(2) : 171-17U  (Apr. 1967).
R simple portable smoke generator to produce annonium chloride
smoke has been designed.  Unit has been found to produce  smoke of
about 0.7 micron mass mean diameter with 1.12 geometric standard
deviation.  Further it has high obscuring power and  long
settling time suitable for studying room ventilation.  Unit can be
operated continuously over a  period of  three hours at  4. 5 liters
per minute before recharging.  Generator is inexpensive,  uses
common chemicals and weighs only  about  350  gm., when freshly
charged. #f


16501                                                            TL

leone, P.


RECOVERY AND USE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE SULFUR EXTRACTION
PROCESS.  (Ricupero ed utilizzazicne dell'anidride solforosa ael
processo di estrazione dello  zolfo) .  Text in Italia,n.  Ann.
Chin. (Rome), 21:238-244, 1931.   5 refs.


A procedure is proposed for converting  sulfur-bearing gases into
hydrochloric acid and chlorine gas iy passing the sulfur  dioxide
over sodium chloride heated to 450-500  deg.  The context  of
the proposal is directed toward the island of Sicily in the early
1930's, where the production  of sulfuric acid froa S02 is
considered unprofitable, and  from where the cost of  transporting
such products as calcium sulfite and calcium bisulfite is
considered prohibitive.   Two chemical reactions are  involved:
sodium chloride, sulfur dioxide, water, and oxygen react  to forn
sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid; and sodiuu chloride, sulfur
dioxide, and oxygen react to form sodium sulfate and chlorine gas.
Both reactions are strongly exothermic.  The HCl is  to be used in
dissolving limestone gangue;   the Ka2S04, to enrich minerals with
sulfur by way of increasing their sulfur yield; and  Cl gas, in
the manufacture of calcium chloride.
1781ft                                                            7

Harcheguet, Henri-Georges-Louis and Louis Gandon


PROCEDURE FOR EXTRACTING SULFUR DIOXIDE FEOB GASES CONTAINING  IT.
(Precede d'etracticn d'anhydride sulfureux a partir da gaz qui
en renferment).  Text in French.  (Societe Nobel-Bozel, Paris
(France)) French Pat. 1,224,892.  4p., June 28, 1960.   (Appl.  Feb.
2, 1959, 3 claims).
42               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
A gas mixture containing sulfur dioxide is brought in contact with
a glyoxal solution at a temperature below 50 deg, in such a way
as to retain the sulfur dioxide in the form of a glyoxal compound.
The solution is then heated to a temperature above 50 deg,
liberating the sulfur dioxide in the form of a nearly pure sulfurous
gas.  One may use an aqueous solution of glyoxal, containing 1-60S
by weight of glyoxal; the optimum concentration is in the range of
10-30* and preferably 20%.  The gas containing sulfur dioxide may
also contain one or more of the following:  air, hydrogen chloride
gas, or hydrocarbons.  The best operating temperature range for
retaining the gas is 15-30 deg.  The best regenerating temperature
range is 65-75 deg.  The regeneration process must be halted before
the glyoxal is completely deprived of S02.

OU789                                                            79

L. Mathys


A NEW SCROBBER FOR THE CONTROL OF WASTE GASES FOBBED DURING
CHLORIHIZATIOH OF ALUMINUH.    Bin neuer Abscheider fur die
bei der Aluminiumchlorierung entstehenden Abgase.   Aluminum
(Dnesseldorf)  41, (11)  688-90,  Nov.  1965.   Ger.


The reaction products formed by the  degassing process consist
chiefly of gaseous aluminum  chloride and a small amount of
hydrogen chloride.   At a temperature of 700-750  C,  this gaseous
mixture discharges from the  smelter.  If these exhaust gases enter
the atmosphere without precautions,  a white fog  is formed when the
aluminum chloride cools to approximately 180 C.   This white fog
consists of minute particles,  and the hydrogen chloride combines
with damp air to form hydrochloric acid fog.   In the interest of
keeping the air clean,  it becomes necessary to control the exhaust
from the chlorinization of aluminum.  The technigues chosen
transports the waste gases in  concentrated form  from the
chlorinization apparatus to  a  scrubber where it  is absorbed.   By
selecting a closed exhaust system, this can be accomplished.   The
scrubber installation described has  been developed,  and tested, for
the aluminum industry.tf


08162                                                            8°

Hatsak, V. G.


THE PURIFICATION OF AIB POLLHTED BY VAPORS AND GASES. In: Survey of
D. S. S. S. literature from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.  C., Inst. for Applied Tech.,
Vol. 3, 177-185, nay 1960.
   CFSTI: TT 60-21U75


Methods for the recovery and purification of noxious substances
ejected by gas exhaust and ventilating installations are reviewed.
It was found easier to purify exhaust gases than ventilating air.
The methods include: Chemical purification method, Condensation
method, Liguid absorption method, and Absorption by solid
absorbents  (adsorption).  Present methods for air and gas
purification can be rendered close to 100 percent free of most acid
and alkali gases, organic solvent vapors and some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found up to the present for
                            Control Methods                          43

-------
the recovery of carbon monoxide.   Purification of air fro*
vapors, such as gasoline, acetone, acetates,  etc. can ce
effectively only in the case of tail gases and not in
e
purification of ventilating air, even though it is e"ec"*   f
both instances; the high cost makes its use for purificati on °*
ventilation air economically prohibitive.  The possibility or using
solid absorbents, such as activated charcoal and silicagej. rot
purification of ventilation air may apply to many cases.  ine
primary obstacle lies in the high cost of adsorbent material ana in
the consumption of considerable electric energy in overcoming the
pressure drop  of recuperating installations.
18145
NEU GAS SCRUFBER BEHOVES  0.1  MICRON  DUS1.   Filtration  Separation
 (Purley) , 6(3):308,  Hay-June  1969.


Peabody Ltd.  has developed  a  high-efficiency  scrubber  which,
when  fitted  with the new  venturi  agglomerating  slot storage,
removes gas,  dust,  and fume down  to  the 0.1-micron range.   The
scrubber  recovers  99% of  all particulate matter down to  1  micron
with  minimum  pressure less.  It also provides a simple and
effective means of  gas absorption.   Such contaminants  as S02,
 HC1,  and  C12  are readily  removable.
15582

Palkot, Edward J., Jr. and C.  Judson  King


THE DESIGN OF AN  IMPROVED DEVICE FOR  ABSORPTION  WITH CHEHICAL
REACTION.  California Dniv., Berkeley, Lawrence  Radiation Lab.,
AEC Contract H-7405-eng-48,  192p., June  1969.  75 refs.
   CFSTI:  DCRL-18918


when absorption is accompanied by chemical reaction in  the liguid
phase, the nature of the gas-liguid equilibrium  data is often such
that a high degree of gas purification may be accomplished in one
or a very few equilibrium stages.  Examples of such absorption
systems that were considered are the  scrubbing of carbon dioxide
from gas streams using hot, catalyzed potassium  carbonate and the
scrubbing of hydrogen chloride frcrn gas  streams  using water.  The
scrubbing of C02 is important in the  manufacture of high purity
hydrogen for process uses such as the manufacture of ammonia, and
BC1 absorption is important in many processes, including a scheme
for the reprocessing of enriched reactor fuels.  Less commonly
used devices for carrying cut these absorption processes were
considered which had features likely  to  result in high absorption
rates and, conseguently, high efficiency.  The implementation of
devices with these characteristics might be expected to result in
considerable savings in investment and/or operating costs when
compared to eguipment currently used  to effect the desired gas
purifications.  The devices considered were the co-current packed
column, open pipe contractors with co-current flow of gas and
liguid in the froth and annular regimes, and the spray tower.
Based on information dealing with these devices in the
literature and models which were proposed to fill gaps in the
44               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
literature, device sizes  necessary  tc  scrub  gases  of  quantities
and compositions likely to  be  encountered  in"industry were
calculated.  Hierarchies  of  attractiveness of  the  devices for  each
of the systems studied were  determined  by  assigning relevant cost
variables to each contractor.   It Has  shown  that seme of the
devices could well be attractive  in  reducing the costs of
absorption in the processes  considered.   (Author abstract
modified)


05332                                                             83

A. H. Phelps


WHAT DOESN'T GO UP MUST COME DOWN.  Chen. Eng. Progr.
62 (10),  37-UO (Oct.  1966).


Tt has been the experience of  the Procter and Gamble
Engineering Division that air  and water pollution control must be
a combined effort.   Attempts to control pollution in  the one
realm can easily generate a  problem in the other.  Several short
examples of the combination  of problems are  presented.  In one of
the processes where HC1 is evolved in small  concentrations the
guantities are enough to generate a major odor or corrosion
problem in the immediate area.  The quantities are too  small to
justify any recovery, so a simple, packed water scrubber was used.
The exhaust to the atmosphere  is pure, but the discharge out
the bottom is an acid solution which to a user is a weak solution;
however,  from the viewpoint  of the sewer, it is guite  strong.
The solution to avoid a water  pollution problem in this case was
to neutralize the effluent from the scrubber.  A rock  pit filled
with coarse limestone is used, discharging from there  to the sewer.
Other caustic solutions could  be used, but in these guantities, a
truck load of rock a month is  all that is needed to take care of
the acid.   A second example  arises from control of particulates.
When spray drying detergents,  large volumes  of hot air  are
exhausted which contain some fine dust particles from  the spray
drying operation.  The concentration of particulate in  this gas
is around 3 gr./cu. ft. and  represents an economically
recoverable fraction.  Therefore, cyclones are used to  separate
the particles dry so they may  be recycled back to the  process.
The effluent from the cyclone  contains about 0.3 gr./cu. ft of
even finer particles.  While this would meet the air  pollution
code for many communities it would certainly not meet  the
stricter  laws being written  now.#t


16749                                                            84

Eolfe, 1.  J. K.


PEFUSE INCINERATION.   B.C.U.S.A.  (Erit Coal  Util. Res.  Assoc.)
Gaz., 33(2):28-31, Feb. 1969.   12 refs.


Incinerable wastes cover a wide spectrum of  gaseous,  liquid, and
solid materials.  The problems  posed by the  need to dispose of
increasing quantities of refuse by incineration have  been
discussed in a number of papers.  This is a  review of  the
incineration problem particularly as it relates to house refuse.
                            Control Methods                           45

-------
                                                                 ts
025
-------
scrubbing ligor, precentage of free space, specific surface, packed
density, and bulk density.  Performance characteristics which must
also be considered include: low gas pressure drop, high liquid
holdup, low liquid spread, and low height of one transfer unit.
Various shapes of low coast, inert naterials have been developed
providing large surface areas, low resistance to gas flow and high
absorption capacity. Among the various materials used to pack
towers are metal carbon porcelain and plastic.  The criterion for
selection is the specific chemical reaction desired.  Bing-shaped
packing materials are common.  One manufacturer uses sections cut
from PVC pipe.  Two types of packing are shown: Raschig rings, a
basic type of packing material in which the rings are as high as
they are round; and Pall rings, developed in Germany.  Sith the
advent of economical, inert plastic material, packing is now molded
into many unusual shapes.


08341                                                            87

Sheppard, Stanton V.


CONTROL OF NOTIOHS GASEOUS ENISSIONS.   ProC. SECAR Symp.,
New Developments in Air Pollution Control.
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air Resources, New York
City, p. 21-28, Oct. 23, 1967.  3 refs.


Several new developments have taken place which have helped
improve scrubber designs for controlling emission of noxious gases.
Some major new technical developments have been:  Greater use of
the crossflow scrubber design principle, availability of light
weight plastic tower packings, and wider acceptance of corrosion
resistant glass reinforced polyester plastics.  Some noxious
gases commonly encountered are oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and nercaptans.
In industrial applications, the removal of noxious gases froi
exhaust air streams is most often accomplished by bringing the air
stream into contact with a liguid stream for a certain period of
time.  The amount of time required to transfer the noxious gas to
the liguid is a function of several factors.  These are:   Gas
rate, liquid rate, solubility of gas, mechanism of contact, and
scrubber type.  The packed scrubber is used most often today for
controlling emission of noxious gases to the ataosphere.   It is
available in three basic operating designs:  Counter current,
cocurrent and crossflow.  In the counter current packed design,
the air stream containing the noxious gases is passed vertically
upward in opposite direction to the flow of the down coming
scrubbing liguid.  The cocurrent packed scrubber allows the air
stream and the scrubbing liguid stream to pass through the packed
bed in the samo direction.  In the cross-flow scrubber the air
stream moves horizontally through the packed bed while the
scrubbing liguid moves vertically downward through the packed bed
and perpendicular to the air streams.  Three relatively new tower
packing shapes are being used more frequently by engineers in
designing scrubber eguipment for removing gases.  These packing
materials are constructed of high density polyethylene or
polypropylene.  This gives them good resistance to corrosion and
light weight compared to ceramic ring and saddle packing.  Fiber
reinforced plastics  (commonly designated as FRP) are being used
more and more to replace stainless steel, rubber and PTC lined
steel and other metallic alloys Eor scrubber bodies.  FRF is a
                            Control Methods                           47

-------
material that uses a combination of polyester or epoxY    & &
thermosettinq resins and glass fiber reinforcements to y   &    fc
finished laminate that has excellent corrosion resistan
strength to weight ratio, and light weight.t*

                                                                 11
19386

Sherwood, T. K.


SOLUBILITIES OF SULFUE DIOXIDE  AND AHKONIA IN HATEH.   Ind.  Eng.
Chem., vol.  17:245-247, July  1925.  21 refs.


In connection  with studies of absorption,  a  literature search uas
conducted  for  available  data  on the equilibrium  solubilities
of the  industrially  important gases sulfur dioxide,  ammonia,
and  hydrogen chloride.   Of these,  the  data en the partial vapor
pressures  of sulfur  dioxide  and ammonia  over their aqueous
solutions  are  presented  in  plots and  tables, and the references
tabulated  for  each.

11058                                                            W

B. leske


IHPBOVEMENTS IN THE PEOCESSES AND QEEBATIOH  OP PLANTS IN THE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY LEADING TO REDUCED EMISSION.   Staub
 (English translation), 28(3): 25-33, Harch 1968.
    CFSTI:   11  68-504U8/3


The  emissions from chemical plants can  be reduced, in special
cases,  by changing the production process or, in general, by
using a gas cleaning method.   Change in the  production process
may  be achieved by a basic alteration of  the process itself, by
changing the mode of operation, by modifying the equipment and by
using a different raw material.   For this purpose, the
doublecontact method for sulphuric acid production, the pressure
method  for nitric acid recovery and the introduction of a covered
carbide furndce are mentioned  as  examples.   The superphosphate
process, viscose process, production of betanaphthol,
production of  thermal phosphoric  acid and production of
calcium chloride are given as  exatrples  for  waste gas cleaning.
 (Author's summary)**

18002                                                            30

Tcraany,  James  P.


A SYSTEM FOE CCNTEOI  OF  ALUMINUM CHLCBIDE  FUHES.  J. Air Pollution
Control  Assoc.,  19 (6):420-423,  June  1969.


Curing  primary  aluminum  processing the molten aluminum is
periodically fluxed  with  chlorine  to  separate impurities from the
metal.  The  gaseous  effluent  frcm  the  chlorination  process
contains submicron particulates and gaseous  vapors  which produce
a dense, white  plume.  The plune is acidic with  hydrogen chloride
and  chlorine vapors,  which cause a variety of corrosion  problems
                  HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Since the stack discharge temperature can range as low as  200 F —
and aluminum chloride sublimates at about 360 F, blockage  of
ductwork can also occur.  For effective removal of both the
particulates and chloride gases in the effluent, a sodium
hydroxide solution is recommenced.  Since, such a scrubbing liguor
produces a flocculent precipitate, a nonplugging type of scrubber
is required.  The solution UOP advanced was a "mobile packing"
type of scrubber, utilizing a ted cf polypropylene spheres in
random, turbulent motion.  The motion of the packing prevents
plugging.  The paper describes the design for such a system,
describing the optimum use of ductwork, scrubber placement, gas
saturation, and recirculaticn equipment.  Instrumentation
requirements, both minimum and optimum are discussed.  A case
study is detailed in which gases containing 5 gr/sef of
particulates and H gr/sef of hydrochloric acid and chlorine vapors
were passed through such a systei.  The cleaned effluent contained
only O.C09 gr/sef of particulates and O.C02 gr/sef of vapors.
(Author's Abstract)


02774                                                            91

V.B. Volkening


PERFORMING? OF COATING ON HFTSI. IN AN INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint.   (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,
1963, Paper No. 63-86.)


The reason and methods of procedure for a protective coating
testing program are discussed.  Pesults based on fifteen years
operation of such a program in a chemical plant on the
Gulf Coast are described - sorae in detail.  Atmospheric
contaminants from high humidity and moisture
condensation to chlorine and hydrochloric acid were encountered.
A method for calibrating the atmosphere is outlined.
Differences in the performance of several generic types of
coating resins are presented.  Generous references to the
literature are included.   (Author abstract)##
02562                                                            9Z

A.I. Vulikh,  Yu.A. Shivandronov,  M.K. Zagorskaya,
V.L. Bogatyrev


FILTERING GAS >!SSKS CONTAINING TOM-EXCHANGE RESINS.
(Fil'truyushchii ionitovyi protivogaz.)  Hyg. Sanit. 31,  (3)
U13-6, Mar. 1966.
   CPSTT:  TT66-51160/1-3


The absorption by ion-exchange? resins of the following gases mixed
with air was tested for a wide range of concentrations and  gas
velocities: ammonia, amines  (1-form of the cation-exchange  resin
Kn-2)   sulfur dioxide, chlorine hydrochloric acid  (hydroxyl and
carbonate forms of the? ani on-exchange resins AV-17 and
EDE-10P).##
                            Control Methods                           49

-------
                                                                 91
 075«9

 N.  Yamate


 AIR POLLUTION  BY  TOXIC  GAS  AND ITS  COUNTER  HEASUBE.  _  Text in
 Japanese.   Kuki Seijo (Clean  Air, J.  Japan  Air  Cleaning
 Assoc.,  Tokyo)  3 (2):19-25,  1965.   5  refs.


 The present status of, air pollution in Japan and its counter
 measures are described  according to the chemical composition of
 the pollutlants:   sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, halogen
 compounds,  organic compounds, and solid particles (dusts).  The
 hourly variation  of S02 concentration is graphed.  In Tokyo,
 there  is a  peak around  noon of about 15 ppha; NO2 ranges
 from 1 to  1.5 pphm with little variation.  Concentrations of
 S02, NO, NO2,  H2S, and  CO were measured in Yokkaichi,,
 Osaka  and  Ube as  well as in Tokyo.   Graphs relating amount
 of  traffic to CO  concentration show almost the same pattern.
 Concentrations of HC1 and HF in the air are quite small
 (0,35  ppa  and 0.3-O.U microqrams/cu B., respectively) near
 chemical plants  producing these gases.  Counter measures used
 against the various pollutant emissions are:  the dry method,
 wet method, activated carbon method for sulfur oxides; alkali or
 oxidation method  for nitrogen oxide; dry iron oxide and dry
 absorption methods for  H2S; and water washing method for
 HC1 and HF.  Afterburner methods by sparking and heat
 concentration are described for control of automobile exhausts.
 However, problems encountered with the afterburner methods are
 the high temperature required and nitrogen oxide increase.  The
 equipment required is also rather large.  Another method employing
 catalysts is described in which loam, molybdenun, white gold,
 nickel  or vanadium are used effectively.*t
60               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
                   EFFECTS -  HUMAN HEALTH
03821                                                            34

Back, K. C.


REVIEW OF ATP FOUCF DATA FROM LONG TERM CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE AT
AMBIENT PP.ESSUPF.   In:  Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces:  30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab.,  (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMFL-TP-65-230, p. 121-133, Nov.  1965.
   CFSTI, DDC:  »D 629622


Work which was performed under Air Force sponsorship in the area
of environmental toxicology of space cabin atmospheres over the
past 5 years is described.  This work gave the warning that
materials in trace guantities could prove toxic when presented to
animals over long continuous exposure periods.  Four exposure
chambers were constructed for this work.  This permitted use of
one for a control group of animals and three for contaminant
exposure chambers.  All animals were followed by a number of
clinical laboratory examinations before, during and following the
90-day exposure, and the animals were terminally given stress
tests and then necropsied with both gross and microscopic
examination of tissues.  Carbon tetrachloride, while not causing
death at 25 ppm, did cause serious clinical and microscopic liver
changes in all animals exposed.  The livers of the rats were so
much involved that the pathologist made a diagnosis of "cirrhosis".
Phenol caused absolutely no problems whatsoever at the 5 ppm level
Hydrogen sulfide  (20 ppm) did produce death in rats and mice,
but none in monkeys.  Methyl mercaptan  (50 ppm) caused serious
problems and death in 10* of the monkeys and  U3S of the mice.
Tests were conducted to find out whether aaimals coald perfora
strenuous tasks following the 90-day exposure and to compare the
long term, continuous toxicity of some propellants and propellant
types in which the Air Force has an interest.  Hydrazine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and
decaborane were tested as candidate materials.  The results are
discussed.*t
06048                                                            K

B. C. Battigelli,  F.  Hengstenberg,  R. J.  Mannella,  and
A. P. Thomas


MUCOCILIARY ACTIVITY.   Arch. Environ. Health  12 (U) : «60-1*66
(April 1966) .  (Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh,  Pa., Oct. 20-21,
1965.)


The mucociliary activity of respiratory epithelia, although well
known over many years, has only guite recently assumed new
                                51

-------
importance, being recognized as one of the basic functions
respiratory apparatus applies in responding to unfavorab*e,
environments.  Physical, chemical, and biological  "noxae      loBpr
been studied in their effects on the mucociliary activity or
animals, mammals, and in man as well, with techniques  that  nave
proved accurate and reproducible.  In this paper a brief review is
given of these methods and of the  results of  investigations
particularly related to the effects of air pollutants.   Results of
investigations on the effect of diluted  diesel exhaust on  the
trachea! escalator of rats are summarized.   An important finding
is that exhaust dilutions that are without measurable  effect on the
respiratory resistance of human subjects are actually  able to
induce changes in tracheal clearance  in  some of  the animals exposed
for prolonged duration.  Bith  higher  levels  of exposure tracheal
clearance  of small mammals is  affected  with  greater frequency.
The removal of animals from  the exposure invariably restores the
original level of activity within  a  few  days.  The particnlate
content of the exhaust appears  to  play  an important role in this
type of respiratory  injury.   (Authors'  summary)##

08749                                                            -86
 CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF THE TOXICITY OF PLASTIC-LCW TEHPEBATUHE
 CAHBOHIZATICN PECDOCTS.   ( (Zur Irage der Toxizitat von Kunst-
 stoff-VerschuelnngsFrodukten.))  Text in German.  Arch. Hyg.
 Bakteriol. (Munich), 150 (5):393-405, Sept. 1966.  20 refs.


 The toxicity of the gaseous emission Frod(Jcts from three different
 types of materials during lew temperature carbonization was de-
 termined.  The material was burned in a specially designed com-
 bustion chamber at 331 deg. C., 423 deg. C., and 468 fleg. C.
 The addition of air in the low temperature tube was kept constant
 at 300 1./hr., but was varied  in the mixing chamber at 0, 100, 200,
 and 300 1./hr.  Five white rats were used for each 30-nin. test,
 their behavior was closely observed, and blood tests and histolo-
 gical examinations were performed.  The results of these tests ate
 presented in three tables.  During wood carbonization, carton
 monoxide emission is the  main  danger, as determined by the COHb
 values of the rats.  The  toxic carbonization products from glass-
 reinforced polyester, which strongly irritated the lungs, will have
 to be determined by further chemical investigation; hydrochloric
 acid was the main irritant from the low temperature carbonization
 of polyvinyl chloride.

 18027                                                           97

 Cornish,  Herbert H.  and Ellen I. Abar


 TOXICITY  OF PYECLYSIS PRODUCTS OF VINYL PLASTICS.  Arch. Environ.
 Health,  19(1):15-21,  July 1969.  12 refs.


 Polyvinyl  chloride  polymers and regulations were pyrolyzed in a
 stream  of  air by  gradually raising  the  temperature  from ambient
 to  approximately  600  C.   The  pyrolysis  ai/strea.  was  dieted
 with  twice  its  volume  of  rocm  air,  and  rats  sere  exposed to it
 Exposure  to an  air stream  containing the  pyrolyzed  products «f*1
 to  2  gm of  polyvinyl chloride  polymer resulted  in the  defth   5
 50  percent of the animals.   Host deaths .Ct6 due t''
52               HYDROCHLORIC ACJD AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
(CO), and carboxyhemoglcbin  (CCHfc) levels correlated well  with  the
amount of plastic pyrclyzed.   Little histological evidence  of lung
damage was evident.  When oxygen  (02) was added to the air  stream
to prevent deaths frcm CO, pulmonary edema and interstitial
hemorrhage developed.  the lungs of some animals exposed to high
levels of pyrolysis products cf vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate
copolymer also showed focal edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhage.
Polyvinyl chloride formulations, containing additives and  inert
materials, were in general less tcxic per gram of sample pyrolyzed.
(Author's abstract)

11366                                                             a

V.K. Efimova
THE HYGIENIC EFFECT OF AVERAGE TWENTY-FCHE  ROUE  ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORIDE  AND HYDECCHLOEIDE  GASES
SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN ATMOSPHERIC  AIR.    In:  Haximum
Permissible Concentrations  of Atmospheric Pollutants,
Book 8, V. A. Ryazanov and  H. S. Gol'dberg  (eds.).
Translated fron Russian by  E. S. levine, U. S. S. F.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 15, pp.82-85, 1968.   ((16))  refs.
   CFSTI:  PB 1791UO


The health effects of simultaneously present  chlorine  and
hydrochloride gases in atmospheric air was  studied experimentally
with guinea pigs.  Chronic exposure of guinea pigs to  the
inhalation of air containing simultaneously chlorine gas in  0.1  mg/
cu m concentrations had no  substantial effect on  the general
condition, weight, blood composition,  and bone marrow  hemopoiesis
of the experimental guinea  pigs.  No changes  suggestive of
induced pathology were fcund in the organs  of any of the
experimental guinea pigs belonging either to  the  control or
experimental groups.  It is recommended that  the  previously
adopted limits of allowable 0.03 mg/cu m of chlorine gas and 0.015
mg/cu m of hydrochloride gas should be retained  without any
revision.ft
059U2                                                            99

E. V. Elfimova


DATA  FOR THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF HYDROCHLORIC  ACID  AEROSOL
(HYDROCHIORIBE GAS)  AS AN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT.   (In:
Limits of allowable concentration? of atmospheric pollutants.
Book  6.)   U.S.S.P. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. Vol.  9.  pp.  18-28.  (1962).  Russ.
(Tr.)


It was shown that 0.1 ma/cu.m.  is the concentration of threshold
hydrochloric acid aerosol odor perception,  that 0.05 mg/cu.m. is
the odor non-perceptible? concentration, that  0.6  mg/cu.re. is the
concentration of threshold reflex effect on optical chronaxy, and
0.2 mg/cu.m. th» concentration of threshold reflex effect on eye
sensitivity to light.  The concentration of threshold  effect on
digito-vascular tonicity is 0.5 mg/cu.m., and thp threshold
concentration of change in the rhythm and depth of respiratory
movement is at 0.1 mq/cu.m. of the aerosol.   On the basis of the
above results it is recommended that 0.05 mg/cu.m. he  accepted as
                         Effects - Human Health                        53

-------
the linit of allowable single concentration of hydrochlori
aerosol in atmospheric air.  Results of this investigation
indicated that 10 mg/cu.m. of the aerosol, representing "*
of allowable concentration for working premises, elicitea s>n  v
shifts in the physiological reactions.  The method used tor tne
determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol in atmospheric air can
be applied to the determination of the aerosol in the Pre?e  .;: OI
H2SOU aerosol and in the  presence of free chlorine and cnloriaes.
The present investigation indicated that atmospheric air in  the
vicinity of a magnesium plant is highly polluted with hydrochloric
acid aerosol, that such air  pollution extended over considerable
distances from the magnesium plant, and that  the sanitary
protection zones around magnesium plant discharging hydrochloric
acid aerosol, in the absence of gas purifying equipment, should be
in excess of  3,000 n.  Plans for future magnesium plants should
mandatorily include provisions for the installation of hydrochloric
acid absorbing equipment.tf
07162                                                            100

B. G.  Ferris, Jr.  and  N.  R.  Frank


AIR  POLLUTION AND  DISEASE.   Anesthesiology 25 (<») :470-H78
Aua.  196H.


Atmospheric pollution can be classified  under three headings:
general, occupational and personal.   The components are complex
and  variable so that it is difficult  to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease in one.area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions.   Significant exposures can  occur at
work and may produce impairment of respiratory function.   It is
emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking, is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease.  Much research has been  done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced  but
specific answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming.  Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution; comparison of Los Angeles and London types of
pollution; categories of airborne materials with selected  examples
that may occur  in industry and that may cause disease;  age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex;  age standardized rates (%)  of respiratory disease  by  current
cigarette smoking habits and sex.*#

11479                                                           Ml

Gosev, M, T. and F.  S. Gil'denskiol'd,  B. K.  Baikov,
and  E. V. Elfimova


DETERMINATIONS  OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES  IN
PREDICTIONS OF  ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.    ({Ob uchete sunmarnogo
deistviya tokischeskikh veshchestv pri prognozirovanii
zagryazneniya vozdushmogo basseina.))   Hyg. Sanit.  (English
translation of:   Gigiena  i Sanit.),  33 («-6) :88-80,  April-June
1968.   ((17)) refs.
   CFSTI:   TT 68-501J49/2


Several  investigations  of the combined effect of several
pollutants present simultaneously in  the  atmosphere  have been
recently made.   The results  are  listed.   The  data  provide
54                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
convincing proof that as a  rule  the  combined  effect  of  toxic
substances in the atmosphere  at  the  levels  of lirainal and
subliminal concentrations are in accordance with  the principle
of simple summation.  Data  from  many specialized  institutes and
organizations suggest that  in most cases  calculations of  the
expected atmospheric pollution are based  on the  maximum permissible
concentrations established  for individual pollutants, so  that the
results of mathematical determinations  are  compared  only  against
such standards.  There is a definite gap  between  theory and
practice in the establishemnt cf standards  for atmospheric
pollutants and the application of its recommendations.   It is a
natter of common knowledge  that  the  implementation of the necessary
hygienic measures at an operating enterprise  is  undoubtedly Bore
complex and difficult than  the prevention of  marked  air pollution
at the planning stage.  Ml these considerations  point  to the
necessity for the planner to  take account of  the  complex  effects
on man of any combination of  industrial pollutants discharged into
the atmosphere.  The results  of  comprehensive investigations
of the reflex effects produced by combinations of 'substances and
the largely uniform findings  of  such investigations  make  it
possible to recommend, with a high degree of  reliability, that for
practical predictive purposes the approved  formula for  calculations
of combined effects should  be extended  to all combinations of
substances present in discharges from a specific  industrial
enterprise or a complex of  enterprises.f#

01741                                                            I"2

E. Mastromatteo


HFALTH ASPECTS IN FIRE "FIGHTING  (PART 1).    Firemen 33,  (6)
20-1,  Aug.  1966.


In the course of their work,  fire fighters  are exposed  to a
variety of  toxic 2ire gases and  other adverse  health factors.
Quite often they are reguired to  enter  buildings, confined spaces,
and other places where they may  be exposed  to  extremes  of heat, to
smoke, to oxygen lack, and to toxic  gases created by the combustion
process.  The physical exertion,  excitement and anxiety involved
in many fire situations add to the health problems by increasing
the breathing and heart rates.   Fire fighting  therefore can
place severe demands on the respiratory,  cardio-vascular and
nervous systems.  Some of the chief  health  hazards encountered in
fire fighting are discussed.  Beference is  also made to a
special study of heart and  lung  disease in  fire fighters.   (Author
summary)ft
11378                                                            103

Melekhina, V. P.


THE PHOBLEH OF COMBINED ACTION OF THBEE HINEEAl ACICS.  In:
Biological Effect and Hygienic Significance of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 1/9, V. A. Hyazanov and H. S. Gol'dberg
(eds.), Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
0. S. S. B. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 16, pp. 76-81, 1968.  ((6)) refs.
   CFS1I:  PB 179111
                          Effects - Human Health                       55

-------
 The  following  concentrations  of  odor  perception  thresholds
 established:   0.80  mg/cu  n  for sulfuric  acid,  and  O.ttO  •g/f"llo'_.
 hydrochloric acid;  corresponding H-icn  equivalents are  as  °     '
 0.01099,  0.01203, and  0.01053 mg/cu u.   Any  combination ot
 acids was clearly odor perceptible if the sum  of their
 concentration  fractions in  corresponding relation to their
 individual threshold concentrations exceeded unity.  perceptible
 concentrations expressed in H-ions exceed the 0.01 ng/cu »
 level.  Threshold  reflex effect  concentrations, as studied ty
 eye  adaptation to  darkness, were on the level of threshold odor
 perception, or just above it.  The reflex effect of nitric,
 sulfuric, and  hydrochloric acids in atmospheric air of
 inhabited areas is a condition of H-ion concentration.   The
 sanitary-hygienic  condition of atmospheric  air  containing ainecal
 acids can be reliably evaluated en the  basis  of H-ion
 concentration for the sum of the three  acids  under consideration
 as well as for each acid individually based on  the H-ion index
 should not exceed 0.010  mg/cu m.*f

 071U2                                                         Ifl*.

 Mel'nikova, E. A.
 THE TOXICTTY OF TITftNTDH TETRACHLORIDE.   O.S.S.B.
 Literature on Air Pollution and .Belated Occupational
 Diseases, Vol. 1:122-127, Jan. 1960.   (Also published in
 Gigiena i Sanit., 23(5):27-31, 1958.)  Translated from
 Russian.
    CFSTI:  TT 60-21049
 Previous investigation indicated that the toxic effect of
 titanium tetrachloride was defined by its property to hydrolyse  to
 HC1.  With this assumption in mind, this stady was of the
 nature of a comparative investigation.  The toxicity of HC1  in
 statu nascendi and the toxicity of the aerosol formed by
 TiCT» in the process of its hydrolysis were compared.  Mice  were
 placed into a chamber of 12 liter capacity and exposed to the
 action of HC1 obtained from NaC1 heated in strong H2SOU, the
 HC1  was introduced into the exposure chamber at the moment of its
 formation throuah  a  special opening in the chamber wall.  The
 toxic effect of titanium tetracholoride was determined by its
 property to form HC1  (gas)  which under specially developing  sets
 of physico-chemical conditions  is able to  permeate into and  act
 upon the deeper lung  tissues.   Results of  the study showed that
 the  formed  Ti  aerosol possessed  acre  intensive toxic properties
 than pure HC1.   Accordingly the  limit  of allowable concentration
 of HC1  formed  as a result  of TiC1«  hydrolysis should be set  at
 a level below  the  one adopted for pure HC1.»#

 01916                                                          ^

 V. A. Pjazanov.


 CRITERIA  AND METHODS  FOR FSTARLISHIHG  MAXIHOM

 SeEvaT3^Nls^^3i^^nTION-    """• "«"


Experience in the nssR in establishing standards for air
 pollution control is described.   Tt is emphasised that health




56                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved.  Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which modify the
requirements for a limited period.  "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health.  The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects.   Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes (e.g., in higher nervous activity,  cholinesterase
activity,  and excretion of coproporphyrin)  as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions.  The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 2<*-hour period.  Tests on human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes,  as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activitv of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)**

04932                                                            106

P. P. Smith,  S. E. Gosselin,  J. A. Henderson,  and D.
M. Anderson
CCMPAEISOH OF THE JDSOEPTIVE PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AND
9LASKAN MONTMOPTLLONTTE flip SOME COMMON POISONS.   ^oxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol. 10,  (1) 95-104, Jan. 1967.   (Presented in part
at the Ninth Annual Meeting, American Association of Poison
Control Centers, Chicaao, Til., Oct. 24, 1966.)


Activated charcoal and our own preparation of  Alaskan
montmorillonite have been compared  in vitro with respect to their
adsorption isotherms at 37 degrees  for six common poisons.  When
evaluated on the basis of the  maximum adsorption capacity and
dissociation constant in 0.1 N HC1  ("artificial gastric juice"),
montmorillonite absorbs d-amphetamine, tripelennamine, ferrous
sulfate, and ethyl alcohol about as  well as activated charcoal.
With substances which are not  ionized at the  pH of gastric
juice, notably salicylic acid  and pentobarbital, a 100-fold
difference in dissociation constants and a 3-  to 13-fold
difference in absorption capacities  occur in  favor of charcoal.
Both absorbents are expected to dissociate free salicylate if
allowed to pass into the intestinal  tract.  When the pH rises
from 1 to 7.4, the dissociation constant of the
salicylate-charcoal complex increases 5-fold  and the capacity
decreases 3-fold.  Over the same rH  range, however, the
montmorillonite-salicylate complex  increases  its dissociation
constant more than  10-fold and decreases its  capacity more than
50-fold.  Despite its less acceptable appearance, activated
charcoal is judged to be superior to montmorillonite as a
gastrointestinal adsorbent for general clinical use in acute
poisonings.   (Author summary)P#
                         Effects - Human Health                        57

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                                                                 1B7
059*6

Stayzhkin, V. H.


HTGIEHIC  DETE-RHITJATION OF  LIMITS OF  ALLOWABLE  CONCENTRATIONS OF
CHLOBIHE  AND HYDHOCHLOHIDE GASES SI HULATENOOSLT  PRESENT IN
ATHOSPHEBIC  AIR.  (Tn:  Limits  of allowable concentrations ot
atmospheric  pollutants.  Book 6.)   O.S.S.R. Literature on »ir
Pollution and delated  Occupational Diseased, Vol. 9, pp. 55-61.
 (1962).   Russ.  (Tr.)


This  study was  confined  to the use of low concentrations of
chlorine  and hydrochloride gases and their effect on the
physiological  reactivity of man.  The methods of investigation
were:  determination of threshold odor perception, optical chronaxy
and adaptometry.   Results of this investigation indicated that 0.75
 mg/cu m was the concentration of threshold chlorine odor
 perception, and 0.02 mg/cu ra the concentration of threshold
hydrochloride gas odor perception.  The simultaneous presence in
 the air of chlorine and hydrochloride gases was> not odor
 perceptible when the gases co-existed in  the  following  ratio
 concentrations: 0.3 mg/cu  m of chlorine and 0.1 mg/cu a of
 hydrochloride gas, also 0.2 mg/cu m of chlorine and 0.13 ng/cu n
 hydrochloride gas.  The additive  physiological and neurological
 effects of simultaneously  present chlorine and hydrochloric gases
 in the air were in the nature of  arithmetical summation. Optical
 chronaxy  tests indicated  that threshold reflex effects  were
 produced  by chlorine and  hydrochloride gas  sinnltaneously present
 in the air in the following ratio combinations:  chlorine, 0.3 mg/
 cu D and  hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m and also chlorine, 0.3 mg/
 cu m and  hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m.  Tests  of eye  sensitivity
 to light  indicated that the combination of  0.2  mg/cu m  of chlorine
 and 0.1 sg/cu m of hydrochlorinde gas constituted a  threshold
 combination mixture of the  2 gases  which  elicited changes in eye
 sensitivity to light.  The present investigation also  indicated
 that the previously adopted limits of allowable single  chlorine
 concentration of 0.1 ng/cu m and of hydrochloride gas of 0.005 ag/
 co m simultaneously present in atmospheric air were below the
 threshold of odor perception and of effect on reflex activity.

21078                                                           10g

Styazhkin, T.  M.


FXPEFIHBNTAI BASIS  FOR THE DETERMINATION  OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS  Of CHLOBINE AND  HCL GAS  SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT 18
ATMOSPHERIC  AIR.  U.S.S.E.  literature on  Air Pollution and Related

                             8:158-164'  1963'   
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for the determination of HC1 aecosol by the titration nethod.
Sulfutic acid, which interferred  «ith analysis,  was determined
nephelometrically and subtracted  frcni the titration result.
Chlorine was determined colorimetrically in the  sample.  Results
showed that chlorine and HC1 gas  concentrations  were considerably
in excess of the allowable maxinal single concentration liait
at all collecting points.  The threshold of Cl odor preception
was 0.7 mg/cu m and of HCl gas, 0.2 mg/cu m.  Threshold odor
perceptions of Cl and HC1 gas sinultaneously  present in the air
were established in the following combinations:  0.3 sg/cu m Cl,
0.1 ag/cu m and 0.2 ng/cu a Cl, 0.13 ng/cu m  HC1.  Results of
the tests by the optical chronaxy method established the
threshold of reflex effect of Cl  and HC1 gas  sinultaneously
present in the air in the following concentration:  0.3 ag/cu m
Cl, 0.2 mg/cu m HCl and 0.2 ng/cu m Cl, 0.3 mg/cu m HC1.  The
limit of maximal single concentration for Cl  was 0.1 ng/cu D and
for HCl, 0.05 mg/cu m.  The simultaneous presence of Cl and HCl
gas in the air in corresponding concentrations had no effect on
the control curve of dark adaptation.  Results showed that the
concentrations were below the threshold of odor  perception and
reflex effect and below the allowable concentration limit.
                         Effects - Human Health                        59

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             EFFECTS - PLANTS AND  LIVESTOCK



09275                                                            109

Eobne, Helmut


IHBISSION DAMAGE CADSED BY HOSPITAL iASTE INCINERATION.   STAOB
(English translation), 27(10):28-31, Oct. 1967.  U refs.
   CPSTI:  TT 67-514C8/1C


The strong decolorizaticn and  whitening of plants observed in two
gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chloride.   In both
cases the sources of emission  were refuse incineration plants of
hospitals in which chlorine compounds in the refuse, consisting 80-
90 percent of paper and packaging material, were decomposed
during short periods at a temperature of 800 - 1,000 deg C.
Erection of chlorine washing plants appears, therefore, to be
necessary.  (Author's summary)**




06326                                                            110

S. ». Heck,  L.  S. Bird,  H. E. Bloodworth,  H. J.
Clark,  D'. P. Darling,  and M.  B. Porter


T5NVIHONHFNTAL POLLUTION EY HTSSTLF PROPELLANTS.  Texas
Agricultural and Mechanical Besearch Foundation, College
Station.  Apr.  1962, 120 pp.   (Kept. MBL-TDR-62-38.)
   CFSTI, DPC:   AD 2829R4


The effects of 21 missile fuel  components on aquatic organisms,
soil microflora, plants and soils were determined.  Goldfish and
Daphnia were subjected to 0,1,10,100 and 1000 ppai of the test
compounds for 72 hours in th<= aquatic studies.  Some or all of 10
goldfish and 13  Daphnia died,  when exposed to 100 ppm of the test
chemicals.  Counts of bacteria, actinonycetes, and fungi in the
soil microflora  studies showed no significant decrease in any of
the organisms with a 100 ppm application of test chemical to the
soil samples.  Three of the chemicals may sterilize the soil of
actinomycetes.   Plant studies  were threefold using squash,
soybean, cotton, cowpea and corn; germination studies using 1000
ppm of each test chemical produced consistent inhibition of
germination by two of the compounds and two ionic species; seedling
studies using a  soil drench of each test chemical at 100 ppm,
produced toxic symptoms with three of the ionic components;
seedling studies using three test chemicals  (gases)  at 100 ppm as
air pollutants produced severe injury to death of all species with
each of the test gases.  Soil studies  (1000 ppm) included the
leacii.-^i i i ty and runoff potential of each test chemical as well
as ti.e eff.ft:: on soil.   (Author abstract)**
                                61

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21691

Heck, Walter H. ,  Eobert H.  Daines,  and Ibrahim J.  Hindawi


OTHER PHYTOTOXIC  POLLUTANTS.  In:  Recognition of Air Pollution
Injury to Vegetation:  A Pictorial Atlas.  Jay S. Jacobson and
A.  Clyde Hill (eds.), Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 197C, p.  F1-F2<4.  51 refs.


The effects of several phytotoxic pollutants are considered.
Ethylene acts as a growth horucce; it causes a reduction in
growth, stimulates lateral growth, and decreased apical dominance.
Plant leaves may develop epinasty or show chlorosis, necrosis, or
abscission.  Injury from cxidants other than ozone, PAN, or
nitrogen dioxide may be chronic or acute.  These oxidants, none
of which have been identified, may cause necrosis, collapse of
leaf tissue, and dehydrated and bleached lesions.  Cotton leaves
affected by herbicides show a yellow-green mottling or stippling
and vein clearing may be pronounced.  Tomatoes may show epinasty
and twisting of plant parts.  Arsenic trioxide injury on
sensitive fruit and vegetable crops produces necrotic spots on
the leaves, petioles, twigs, and fruits.  Mild to severe
interveinal necrosis and chlorosis may occur on broad-leaved
plants as a result of atrazine.  Necrosis, chlorosis, and
epinasty are the common syuftcus of chlorine injury.  Acute tissue
collapse and necrotic spotting have resulted from ammonia injury.
Discoloration of peach and  apple fruits  have also been repotted.
Hydrogen chloride caused an acid-tyje necrosis.  Tipburn to fir
needles and  necrosis along  leaf  margins  have also been noted
after  HC1 exposures.   Mercury causes  chlorosis,  abscission of
older  leaves, growth reduction,  and general poor growth and
development.  The  effects of particulates, hydrogen sulfide, and
carbon monoxide are  briefly discussed.

12195                                                           112

Mukaumal, E.  I., C.  S.  Brandt, H.  Neuwirth, D. H. Pack, and
H. C.  Swinbank


AIR POILOTANTS, METEOROLOGY, AND PLANT INJUEK.   World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva,  Switzerland, Commission
for Argicultural Meteorology, HflO-TN  96, WHC-No. 23a.TP.127,
73p.,  1968.   177 refs.


The problem of air pollution injury to agriculture and the
present state of knowledge  is reviewed in order  to assist
meteorologists and others concerned in seeking means of
preventing or controlling the extent of  injury.  The source
of various contaminants and their chemical reactions in a
contaminated atmosphere are examined in  detail.  The
variations in the susceptibility of plants to air pollution
damage as related to meteorological and  other factors in the
plant environment are described.  These  factors, many of
which exert their influence through their effect of stonatal
movement, include light, nutrition, exposure,  relative
humidity, and temperature.   The recognizable symptoms of air
pollution injury are discussed and suggested for indentifying
the causative agent and recognizing similar symptoms produced
by other disorders are given.   A section on air pollution
                 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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aeteorology states that knowledge of  the atmosphere's  ability
to transport and dilute ccntaninants  cannot be  applied  to  air
pollution problems without concurrent consideration  of  pollutant
ejunissions and. the biological sensitivity and response
characteristics of certain plants.  The effects of surface
configuration on diffusion,  to  vertical and horizontal  turbulent
diffusion, atmospheric transport, research  problems, and
meteorological applications  to  air  pollution problems  are
discussed.  Present and possible future programs in  the
prediction of pollutant concentration, air  pollution potential,
and pollution damage are reviewed;  the general  principles
involved in collecting and analyzing  air samples to  determine
the nature and concentrations cf pollutants are outlined.
Control measures and the present situation  are  also  discussed.
 (Author summary modified)
025U1                                                            113
 (SCIENTIFIC METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO DECREASE THE POLLUTION OF
 THE ENVIRONMENT, THROUGH TNHAISTTCN OB INGESTION, RND OF
 ACOUSTICAL "NUISANCES.")   Moyens scientifigues et
 techniques de diminuer la pollution des milieux inhales ou ingeres
 et des "nuisances" acoustigues.   (Chapter 3:  Les pollutions
 et "nuisances" d'origine industrielle et urbaine.  Tome 1.  Leur
 prevention et les problems scientifigues et techniques qu'elle
 pose en France.)  Premier Winistre, Delegation qenerale a la
 recherche scientifique et technique,  June 1966.  pp. U7-59.


 The functioning of chlorophyll in the course of photosynthesis in
 leaves of plants serves as a method of air purification of
 sufficient importance to consider its use in control.  Vegetation,
 like men and animals, can sustain a considerable amount of damage
 to the point where the threshold limit of absorption of toxic
 substances is exceeded.  The three gases causing the most
 damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur oxides, and
 those containing fluorine.  Also to be considered are acid
 "smog", toxic "smog", ozone, and nitrogen oxides.  Other
 industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but less
 sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides, hydrochloric
 acid, etc.  Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause great damage to the
 growth hormones, particularly auxin.  The effects of S02,
 S03, and H2SOH are related to the guanity of gas emitted, the
 degree of resistance of the species, their state of development,
 and the various environmental conditions.  The sensitivity of
 vegetation to the action of sulfur gases varies essentially as a
 function of the speed of absorption of the gas by the leaves.
Through experimentation it has been found that the plant species
 which are most sensitive to 302 are chickweed, alfalfa, barley,
 oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, endive, spinich, cabbage, and
 tobacco.  Apples, apricots, peaches, grapes, corn, and heans are
 less sensitive, whereas the floral species such as gladiolus, rose,
and lilac offer considerable resistance.  Aguatic vegetation is
often used as purifying means for polluted streams.  Subsoils
purify themselvps of pollutant materials in various ways, including
uptake by vegetal-ion and dispersion in the soil with rain water,
etc.  In a section on means of decreasing the inhaled pollutants
the'following are mentioned:  dust collectors, normal methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
                       Effects - Plants and Livestock                     63

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exhaust fumes, fuel additives, iaproveaent of combustion "
engines, recycling of crankoase gases, post-combustion appj-iaut.es,,
and redesigning of motors.  Also given in this section (tnap-cer
3)  is some similar information on ingested pollutants and on
problems of noise.**

05871

K.  T. Semrau


EMISSION OF FLUORIDES FROM  CTDOSTBIAL PROCESSES  -  5  REVIEW.
J. Air  Pollution  Control  Assoc.  8,  (2)  92-108,  Aug.  1958.
 (Presented at  the 130th Meeting,  American  Chemical
Society, Atlantic City, N.J.,  Sept.  1956.)


Fluorine contaminants  may be  emitted to the  atmosphere  by  a  wade
variety of  industrial  processes in  which fluorine  compounds
are  manufactured, utilized as catalysts or fluxes, or are
present as  impurities  in  the  process materials.   Tn  some
cases,  the  possibility  of contamination is obvious,  and
control measures  are generally provided as a matter  of
course. These include  manufacture  of HF,  use- of HF  as  an
alkylation  catalyst  in  the manufacture of  motor fuels,
and  use of  elemental fluorine.  However, some of the most  serious
cases  of  pollution have arisen from processes in which
fluorine compounds are  used as fluxes or are present as
impurities.   In some instances, the fluorine has been
present in  the process material in  a concentration so low
that its  presence was  not considered to constitute a potential
 problem, or perhaps  was not even recognized.  Fluorosis  in
cattle, or  damage to vegetation, ahs occurred primarily
in the vicinity of plants manufacturing phosphate  fertilizers,
aluminum, brick,  enamel frit, and iron and steel.   Baclntire
considers that the most important sources  are probably  the
manufacture  of phosphate  fertilizers, aluminum,  and  steel.
Thermodynamic considerations  and a  review  of the literature
indicate that the principal mechanism of liberation of  fluorides
in high temperature  processes is pyrohydrolysis, which
results in  formation of HF.  The principal variables
in pyrohydrolysis in most industrial processes appear to be  the
equilibrium  of the reaction,  the water vapor concentration
in the  process atmosphere,  and the  factors determining  mass
transfer.   Reaction  rates appear to be generally high,
although little information is available.   Significant  formation
of SiFt appears to be. limited  to cases involving
thermal decomposition of  fluosilicates or  reaction of fluorides and
silica  with acids at relatively low  temperatures.   Formation of
volatile metal fluorides  nay  be a significant mechanism
of liberation  in  some cases,  but is  generally of less
importance than pyrohydrolysis.   By  analogy  to  known cases,
it should be  possible to  make  order-of-magnitude estimates
of the  probable fluorine  emissions  from a  given  process
if the  quantity of input  fluorine is known or can  be estinated.*#
64                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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                     EFFECTS - MATERIALS
16M01                                                           115

Barton,  K.  and S.  Bartonova


MECHANISM OF THF COPBOSION OF BE, ZN AND CU IN A HOBID
&TBOSPHEEE  CONTAINING HCL VAPOBS.   (Mechanisaus der Fe-, Zn-
und Cu-Korrosion in feuchter HCl-Daempfe enthaltender atmosphaere).
Text in  German.   Collection Czech. Chem. Conucu.  (Prague),
32(7):2«31-2«38, 1967.   6 refs.


Steel containing a small amount of carbon, electrolytic zinc,
and electrolytic copper in the fcrm cf thin plates 30 by 80 mm with
a thickness between 0.8 tc 1 mm were used to study the corrosion
mechanism at tenperatures of 20, 30 and 40 C; -a relative humidity
of 80S;  and an HC1 content of C.0007 to 0.002% (by volume).  The
stationary  state characterized by constant quantity and composition
of the corrosion products and a linear dependence of the corrosion
on time  was established.  After the stationary state had been
reached, the corrosion  kinetics iron were goverend by HC1
formation during the rust development.  Kith the zinc sample,
the corrosion speed decreased after the stationary state had been
reached.  This was due  to a reaction of the hydroxide and the
alkaline zinc chloride  with HC1, where soluble ZnCl2 is formed.
The speed of this process is influenced by the transport of the
gaseous  HC1 to the boundary atmosphere/corrosion product,  as well
as by the adsorption and composition of the product.  With the
copper sample, the decisive partial process of the corrosion
kinetics in the  stationary state was the destruction of the CuCl
layer covering the Cu20 layer.  The process is likewise determined
by the transport of the gaseous HC1 to the boundary atmosphere/
corrosion product, by the BC1 adsorption, and the composition
of the product.

17775                                                           H*

Binger,  H.  B., P.  H.  Wagner, and E. H. Brown


BESISTANCE  OF ALUMINUM  ALLCSS TO CHEMICALLY CONTAMINATED
ATMOSPHERES.  Corrosion, 9 (12) : 4UO-<147, 1953.  15 refs.
(Presented  at the Ninth Annual Conference, National Association of
Corrosion Engineers, Chicago, 111., March  16-20, 1953.)


Of the many factors connected with atmospheric corrosion problems
in chemical plants, refineries, and other industries, those
encountered most often are combinations of hydrogen sulfide,
carbon dioxide,  sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, moisture and
dirt.  In general, it has been found that aluminum alloys are
resistant to atmospheres containing these contaminants.  In
addition  the problem in most plants  is further aggravated oy  the
formation of dust and/or fumes.   An active laboratory as well  as

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 field  testing  program  is  continuing  to  demonstrate  that
 alloys of  the  type  used for  architectural  applications are very
 resistant  to corrosion by a  wide  variety of  organic and  inorganic
 chemicals.  The  use of aluminum-base alloys  in  the  coke, soda, ash,
 sulfur,  power, paper,  salt,  petroleum and  petrol-chemical
 industries  has reduced corrosion  losses with resultant savings in
 maintenance costs.   Some  of  the  applications where  aluminum
 alloys have proved  successful  are tank  roofs, siding,  roofing,
 windows,  duct  work, ladders, handrail,  instrument tubing, and
 tread  plate.   It is believed that through  cooperative  field
 testing  it  will  be  possible  to demonstrate many additional
 applications in  these  and other  industries where aluminum alloys
 can  be used to advantage.  A sound,  practical installation can
 best be  obtained by taking advantage of all  the information and
 experience  that  is  readily available.  (Author  abstract modified)

 15657                                                            117

 Fink,  Ferdinand


 THE  COMBOSTION OF DOMESTIC REFUSE CONTAINING A  HIGH PROPORTION OF
 SYNTHETIC MATERIALS.   (Verbrennung von  Hausuuell mit hoeheren
 Kunststoffanteilen).   Text in  German.   Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
 21 (9):472-476, Sept. 1969.  8  refs.


 The  domestic refuse in the city of Zurich  contained 1.1  to 2.7%
 by weight of synthetic material in the  years 1963 and  1961, as
 compared  with  other large cities  where  it  contained 4  to 5%.   In
 Germany,  half  of the synthetics in domestic  refuse  are composed
 of polyvinyl chloride  (PVC).  The relatively low PVC fraction in
 the  waste causes corrosion problems. Polyvinyl chloride begins
 to melt  at  120 C;  at 200  C,  it begins to separate.   It has a
 heating  value  of 6000  kcal/kg; the ignition  point is 460 C.
 Domestic  refuse  is  incinerated with  a large  amount  of  excess  air.
 The  heterogeneous waste composition  causes a fluctuating
 combustion  process. Thus, the waste gas composition varies as
 follows:  7 to 11%  by  volume CO,  10  to  16% water vapor,  6 to  10X
 oxygen,  and 0.2  to  1.0 q/cu  m  HC1.  Varying  gas composition and
 fluctuating temperatures  damage  the  oxide  layer on  the steel
 pipes.   There  are two  types  of corrosion:  sulfate corrosion and
 chlorine  corrosion. It is generally thought that sulfate
 corrosion  is due to alkali pyrosulfates which,  when superheated,
 yield  activated  S03.   The latter  substance is highly corrosive.
 Chlorine  corrosion  is  due to the  presence  of HC1.  In  oxidizing
 waste  gases, HC1 attacks  only  metal; in reducing waste gases,
 iron oxide  and dust incrustations may adsorb HC1, which  is
 liberated again  at  higher temperatures.  The chlorine  gas and the
 HC1  which develop in this manner  are both  highly corrosive after
 desorption.  To  prevent chlorine  corrosion,  large amounts of  water
 vapor  must  be  present  in  the waste gas.  Injection  of  water into
 the  combustion chamber helps to fulfill this demand.   Furthermore,
 reducing components in the waste  gas must  lie avoided.   The
 temperature at the  pipe wall should  never  exceed 400 C.

 19325                                                            U8

 Konda,  Kiyoshi,  Hisao  Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda


FIELD KVAIDATION  OF EXHAUST GAS FBOH  BEPUSE INCINERATOR RF.LATFD fn
AIR POLLUTION  AHD flETAL COBROSICN.  Trans.  Soc.   Heating,
66                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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Jir-Conaitioning, and Sanitary  Engrs.  (Japan) ,  vol.  7:95-104,
1969.


A study of municipal incinerator  exhaust  gas  composition conducted
at five sites-in Japan is described.   The study was  undertaken to
obtain information on odor and  metal corrosion  problems.  The
exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides,  nitrogen  oxides, ammonia,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids,  and  hydrochloric acid.
Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid  are mainly
responsible for the corrosion,  with sulfuric  and nitric acids  only
partially concerned.  Percentages of exhaust  products as a
function of raw refuse input are  tabulated.   Continuous firing
rather than batch firing would  limit noxious  effluents.
Temperature and excess air control  would  also help.   After-burning
chambers should be installed tc further reduce  contaminants.

16081                                                             119

laengle,  Erwin


INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COEBOSICN-CiUSING PBOFEBTIES OF VOLATILE
ACIDS AND ANHYDBOUS ACIDS.   (Ontersuchungen ueber die
metallangreifenden Eigenschaften  von fluechtigen Saeuren  und
Saeureanhydriden) .  Text in German.   Eidgenoessische  Technischen
Hochschule, Zurich,  Switzerland, Thesis (PhD)  ,  1968,  43p.   64
refs.
   CFSTIi  N69-32307


The corrosion- resistances of iron, zinc, aluminum, copper,  and
lead to chemical  attacks frcm hydrochloric acid, hydrogen  sulfide,
formic acid, acetic  acid vapors, and sulfur dioxide  atmospheres
were studied.   Emphasis  was placed en the problems of critical
vapor humidity, analytic determination of corrosion  products,  and
the reaction mechanisms.   Metal samples »ere briefly  exposed to
dry or moist acid vapors during the  introductory period  and
subsequently kept for a  longer  time  in an acid-free  atmosphere of
differing moisture levels.   Kesults  showed that the  metal  surface
«as initially attacked in by the formation of a dry  or  humid
saline crust which liquefied through atmospheric water  absorption
and attacked the  metal surface  by  deoxygenation.  Pronounced
reactions were observed  on  iron and  zinc surfaces, but  the  other
metals proved relatively corrosion resistant.    (Author  abstract)

13877                                                            120

BcLeod, W.  and  R.  P.  Rogers


COEEOSIOH OF BETALS BT AQTJEQUS  SOLUTIONS OF THE  ATHOSPHERIC
POLLUTANT StJLFUFOHS  RCTD.  i^lectrochem. Technol. , 6(7 to  8):
231-235,  July to  Auq.  1968.  7  refs.


The corrosion rate of a  m<=tal in  an acid with a  normality
between H/1 and H/10,000, such  as H2S03, HN03,  H2SOU, or
HCL,  was  found to be related to the concentration of the  acid
in accordance with the equation Corrosion rate  equals a x  (Acid
normality)  to the b power, where  a and b are  constant for  each
combination of acid and metal and where temperature  is  25  C.
By determining the values of a  and b for  a  number of acid-metal
                         Effects - Materials                            67

-------
combinations, it.  was possible  to compare  the corrosion  rate
of  the various  metals in sulfurous acid with those  of the
same metals in  nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids, ana
to  determine the  corrosion  rate of the  metals in sulfur°us
acid of different normalities.   Data obtained show  that
nonstainless steel,  with or without nickel,  is highly
susceptible to  sulfurous acid  corrosion.   However,  when
a substantial proportion of chromium is present in  an  alloy
which contains  nickel, steel is free from corrosion by  either
sulfurous acid  or nitric acid.  Copper  and chromium are not
appreciably susceptible to  salfurous acid corrosion in  solutions
lower than N/1.3.  Tin corrodes more rapidly than  other
nonferrous metals between  N/100 and  N/1000, but less than
cadmium and zinc at. N/10.   Cadmium,  lead, and  zinc corrode
more rapidly  in sulfurous  acid  than  in  nitric  acid.  Lead
corrodes less ranidlv in  sulfurous acid than in  nitric  acid.
Aluminum is rapidly corroded by hyperchloric acid  but less
so  by nitric  or sulfurous  acid.   The study concludes that
sulfurous acid  solutions causing  the greatest  damage in urban
and industrial  areas  have  abnormalities between  N/1 and
N/10,000.
 06601

 R.  C. Muffley


 INFLFJEHCK  OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS ON CORROSION - LITERATURE
 REPORT. Rock Island  Arsenal, 111.   (Rept. No.  63-20U1.)
 23  pp.   (June 13, 1963).  DDC:   AD  U20 118
     DDCI   AD «20 117


 The Influence  of atmospheric contaminant gases and particulate matter upon

 the corrosion  rates of ferrous and nonferrous metals  is investigated.

 Various means  of protection from, or elimination of,  such corrosive environ-

 ments are reviewed. Variations in the rate of corrosion coincide with the

 severity of  atmospheric pollution in different locations where average

 humidity is  approximately the same.  Because of this  interaction  of the

 various pollutants  and moisture, and the fact that  these vary independently,

 it ±a difficult to  predict the corrosion behavior of  a location.  It has been

 observed that the corrosiveness of a given atmosphere is not constant, but

 varies with  the weather conditions.  Some areas will  show a difference in

 the corrosion of specimens put out at different seasons of the year.  Data

 from the tests in both industrial and marine atmospheres,  reveal  that very

 great differences in corrosivity can exist at locations only a few miles

 apart,  or, in some  extreme cases,  only a few 100 feet apart.   The corrosion

 rates of various metals or alloys for various environmental conditions

 are given.  Corrosion of metals can be overcome 1) by eliminating the

 contaminants that cause corrosion of metal parts, 2) by preventing the

 contaminants from coming in contact with the metal surface,  and 3) by using

 a metal finish that will be resistant to the specific atmosphere.
68                 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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12055                                                            122

Nowak,  F.


CORROSION  PROBLEMS TN INCINERATORS.  Combustion,  U0(5):32-H0,
Nov. 1968.


The state  of the art of corrosion in incinerators is  reviewed.
While at first glance there seems to be no great  difference
between an incinerator whose generated heat  is being  used  for
steam generation and a boiler fired with conventional foel,  in
fact many  more problems are encountered due  to the  heavy  deposits,
more frequent outages, and gas-side corrosion of  heating  surfaces.
Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the waste materials and  the
corrosive  components in the flue gas which are steadily increasing
with the increase in plastics and other industrial  wastes  fired,
control of conditions in incinerators is difficult.   Soioe  exanples
of corrosive experience and some approaches  to control of  the
problems are discussed.ft


06038                                                            123

P. W. Sherwood
HOW ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS CAN CORRODE REFINERY EQUIPMENT.
Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg)  19(H) : 289-290  (April  1966.)  Ger.
 (Tr.)


Bttnospheric corrosion of refinery eguipment  from the effects of
humidity, dusts and electrolytes is reviewed.  Effect of humidity:
Although water  vapor contributes to the mechanists of atmospheric
corrosion, the  principal offender is water which precipitates  in
liquid form from saturated or near-saturated air.  An
oxidation-reduction potential may be built up between two
surfaces which  promotes corrosion.   Electrolytes dissolved  in  the
water will increase corrosive action.  Enclosed storage and
humidity control are two approaches which can be used to counteract
some of these situations.  Effects of dust:  These are probably
not significant unless the dust consists of  a salt or other kind
of electrolyte.  Effects of oxidants and electrolytes:  Oxidants
cause serious corrosion only in the presence of liquid water.
Acidic materials are seen to be the worst corrosive agents  in  the
atmosphere.  Salts are strong electrolytes and in the presence of
liquid water they will contribute to rusting of materials.
Alkalies are not considered a serious problem in atmospheric
corrosion; stronq alkalies deposited in the  presence of liquid
water can cause deterioration of aluminum or zinc.**
0277U                                                            124

V.B.  Volkening


PERFORMANCE OF COATING ON FETAL IN  AN INDUSTRIAL  ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint.  (Presented at the "ieth Annual  Meeting,  Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich.,  June  9-13,
1963, Paper No. 63-86.)
                          Effects - Materials                           69

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The reason and methods of procedure for a protective coating
testing program are discussed.  Results based on fifteen years
operation of such a program in a chemical plant on the
Gulf Coast are described - some in detail.  Atmospheric
contaminants from high humidity and moisture
condensation to chlorine and hydrochloric acid were encountered,
ft method for calibrating the atmosphere is outlined.
Differences in the performance of several generic types  of
coating resins are presented.  Generous references to the
literature are included.   (author abstract)t#
70               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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                     EFFECTS  - .ECONOMICS
21749                                                           125

Weidensaul,  T.  Craig and Norman I.  laCasse


S1ATEHIDE  SDRVEY  OF AIR FOIIOTICN CABAGE TO VEGETATION - 1969.
Pennsylvania State Dniv.,  University Park, Center for Air
Environment  Studies, PHS Grant AP 00002, 1970, 52p.   3 refs.


During the summer of 1969,  a statewide survey of air pollution
damage to  vegetation was conducted  to assess economic losses
incurred on  food  and fiber  crops in Pennsylvania.  Most incidents
occurred in  areas of greatest agricultural activity.  The greatest
economic losses were observed en vegetable, froit, and agronomic
crops, followed by lawns,  ornamentals, greenhouse flowers, and
forest trees.   The suspected major  pollutants, based on associated
economic losses,  appear to  be as follows:   cxidants, sulfur oxides,
lead, hydrogen  chloride, particulates, herbicides, and ethylene.
The total  amount  of direct  economic loss was estimated to be  more
than 3.5 million  dollars.   Indirect losses accounted for an
additional 8 million dollars.   These losses include  known profit
losses to  growers, costs of reforestation  of denuded land, known
greater relocation costs, and  substitution of lower  value crops for
higher value ones.  Other indirect  effects are stream silting,
erosion, farm abandonment,  and loss in aesthetic values.
(Author abstract  modified)
                                71

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                  LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00311
AIT? POLLTJTION {J S'JPVFY OF EXISTING LEGISLATION).
Intern.  Digest Health Legislation 1U, 187-229, 1<>63.


This report  contains a  comparative survey of existing
legislation  for the  control of atmospheric pollution, and
discusses  specific  laws and regulations of following countries:
Australia,  Belgium,  Canada, chile, Czechoslovakia, France,
Federal  Republic of  Germany,  Ireland, Jamaica, New Zealand,
Poland,  England and  the Inited States.**


171)72                                                           127

Duemmler,  Friedrich


THE ANTI-AIE  POLLUTION  ACTIVITIES  OF  THE TECHNISCHE
UIEIBHACBUNGS-VEREIN.   (Eie Techr.ischen  Ueberwachungs-Vereine in
Dienste  des  Imuissicnsschutzes).   Text in German.  Tech.  Deber»ach
(Duesseldorf) ,  10 (10) :339-345 ,  Oct.  1970.


One of the  most  important  tasks cf the Technische
Deberwachungs-Verein  (TUV)  is  to  measure dust  emissions by steam
plants.  By  checking  the  perfcriance  of  new  measuring units and
determining  whether  they  fulfill  the  manufacturer's specifications.
Heasurements  by the  TUV taken  in  1967  on steam boilers with
capacities  of up to  25  t/h  shewed  that plants  without dust
collectors  emitted en the  average  560  mg dust/cu  m; those with
dust collectors, 170  mg/cu  m.   For plants with more than 100
Gcal/h,  the  authorities require the  installation  of automatic
measuring  devices fcr dust  and  sulfur  dioxide. In this
connection,  TUV checks  the  available  units for suitability and
calibrates  each individual  unit.   Fcr  dust measurements,
photometric  units were  suitable;  for  S02 measurements, infrared
absorbers  and electroconductivity analyzers were  selected.  In
additicn to  these activities,  TUV is  presently engaged with
fluorine,  hydrocarbon,  hydrogen sulfide, sulfur trioxide, carbon
monoxide,  hydrogen chloride,  lead, and zinc oxide measurements.
In the years  1965-1966, TUV conducted extensive studies of CO
and CH content  of autoncbile  exhausts in the idling stage.
Infrared absorbers  were used  for the measurements.  Ten percent
of the vehicles with four-stroke engines emitted  more than 8S CO
in the idle;  but U5% of the vehicles emitted less than U.5*.
Beginning  with  October  1, 1970, newly registered  automobiles with
Otto engines  may not emit more than 25 g CO and  1,5 g CH per
100 g fuel consumption.  TUV  will check the new automobiles for
compliance with this law.   Finally, odor and noise measurements
also belong  to the  activities cf the TUV.
                                73

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                                                                12*
17188

Hashimoto, Michio


STATUS OF AIB POLLUTION E* NOXIOUS AND OFFENSIVE GASES ANB T""^
CONTROL EBOGBAMHES.   (Yugai gasu to niyoru osen no genio to
taisaku ni tsuite).   Text in Japanese.  Kogai to TaisaKU  jo.
Pollution Control) ,  2 (7) :i»«1-ai«, Aug. 15, 1966.


A procedure for the adequate control of noxious gases, seme of
which are not yet covered by legislation, is discussed.  Though
dust fall is decreasing as a ccnseguence of regulatory control,
noxious and offensive gases are increasing in  many industrial
areas.  The Labor Standard Law of  19«7 provides for the control of
working environments in the interest of worker health, but  is no
longer consistent with the present state of industrial pollution
which poses a hazard for  persons living in the vicinity of  plants.
The  1948  law regulating agricultural chemicals is concerned only
with preventing  injuries  tc people and livestock caused by  the
unrestricted use of chemicals; it  does not consider the
contribution of  the chemicals tc  air  pollution.  High pressure
gas  control, fire prevention, mining, and other laws  are  subject
to the  same  criticism.   what is  characteristic of these control
laws is  that they do not  specify total noxious gas  emission nor
the  relationship between  a  gas  and its effect.  The Snoke Dust
Control  Law  is  intended  to  ccipensate for these shortcomings; it
now  deals with  sulfurous  gas,  anhydrous  sulfuric  gas  with hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen  sulfide,  selenium oxide,  hydrogen  chloride,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen  cyanide, carbon
disulfide,  ammonia,  phosgene,  and silicon tetrafluoride.   Hore
offensive gases are  to be covered by the law.

07597                                                            1M

Heller,  A.


MAXIMUM  PERMISSIBLE  CONCENTRATIONS FOR  AIR  POLLUTION  IN THE
FEDERAL  REPUBLIC OF  GERMANY.    Preprint,  Federal  Inst.  of
Hygiene  for  Water,  Soil  and  Air, Berlin,  Germany,  10p.,  1963.
 (Presented  at the Inter-Regional Symposium  on  Criteria for
Air  Quality  and Methods  of  Measurement,  Geneva,  Switzerland,
Aug. 6-12,  1963, Paper No.  WHO/AP/8.)


An advisory  committee  set up  by  the  Federal  Government gives
expert advice on the proposals  of the Clean  Air Commission of
the  Association of German Engineers  regarding  permissible
emissions as well as on  the  maximum  concentrations  of "immissions"
- the  MIK values - for various  air pollutants.  The task  of the
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure  Commission  is to set  scientific
and  technical bases  for  appropriate  air  pollution control measures.
The  main  task of the Commission  is to draft  recommendations for
new  technical regulations as  a  basis for the determination and
control  of  air  pollution, as  follows:   Minimum requirements
regarding the concentration  and  precipitation  of  dusts and gases
in the atmosphere, bases  for  calculating  the distribution of  dusts
and  gases and for determining the reguired  height of  chimneys,
limits to the emission of dust  and gas firoa  sources of air
pollution,  and  procedures for measuring  dusts  and gases.   The
provisions  recommended  for  examining applications for licences  to
 74                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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establish new plants or to alter existing  plants  are  reviewed.
Enforcement of these regulations will  depend  on the local
situation, especially the existing  pollution  load.  They will also
depend on the extent to which further  pollution could occur,
without exceeding the tolerance limit  or the  MIK-value for the
most sensitive among the reaction partners, whether human being,
animal or plant, and on the technical  processes of the industrial
plant in question.  In principle, all  reasonable  technical and
economic possibilites for purifying waste  gases should be
exploited in egual fashin by similar industrial plants.   Finally,
industry should be prepared to bear more far-reaching demands
regarding waste-gas removal, if a licence  for a new industrial
plant or for the extension of an existing  plant is to be issued  in
an area already polluted.   MIK-values  have been set and  are
discussed for; sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,  some nitrous gases
and chlorine.**
QS687                                                            130

P. sutton


AIR POLLUTION IN PETROLEUM EEFIKING.   Chem.  Process  Eng.,
«9(1):36-38, Jan. 1968.  9 refs.


The'statute law relatint to air pollution  is  wide in  coverage but
not too onerous in its requirements.   The  author  discusses common
law as it affects the pollution of  air, and considers in detail  the
tuo statutes applicable in petroleum refining-the Alkali and  the
Clean  Air Acts.##
09285                                                            131

F. Wolozin
 F3DEPAL FISCAL POLICY IN SIP POLLUTION CONTROL.    (PREPARED
 DISCUSSION.)  "reprint, Massachusetts Univ., Boston,  Dept.
 of Economics, i»p. , 1966  (Presented at the National
 Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C.,  Dec.   12-14,
 1966.)


 Important questions to consider in determining  policies  on
 air pollution are how much is presently known  about
 polluted air, how extensive are damages and whether  the  damages are
 progressive and irreversible.  Policy recommendations would  be
 different if time were not of the essence  and  damages were
 remediable.  Measurement techniques  are confined to  direct
 effects of high levels of contamination.   It  is recommended  that
 priority be given to research on  measuring indirect  and  insidious
 effects of low level exposures of long  duration.  The air
 pollution problem poses the  need  for serious  considerations
 of alternatives to influence  management decisions.  Research
 is required to determine if  effective control will not
 ultimately demand basic modification of traditional
 government-industry  relations.   It  is recommended that air
 pollution authorities  be given the  authority  and resources
 to pay for  air pollution filtering  and control devices or
 bear  the cost 'of  modifying  existing equipment.  In return
 authorities would receive  the right through public commissions  to
 participate  in corporate  decisions  affecting  emission of
 pollutants. t#
                         Legal and Administrative                         75

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                    STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00111                                                            132

K. Horn


(THE PSOBL3N OF HYGIEHICALIY  PERMISSIBLE  LIMITING  CONCENTRATIONS
05 AIR POLLUTION.)   Zur Frage  der  Hygienisch  zulassigen
Grenzkonzentrationen fur Luftverunreinigungen.   Angew.
Meteorol.  (Berlin) 5  (Special  Issue)  :39-«3,  1965.   Text  in
Ger.
The problem of determining permissible limits of air  pollution  is
discussed.   After listing four categories of pollution  ranging
from decreased visibility and injury to sight and smell  to  acute
illness and possibly death, the aurthor states  that pollution
should be kept below the limits of the first category.   He
distinguishes between limits permissible in a factory area
and in a residential area, the first being higher.  Permissible
limits for  40 chemicals established in 1963 for single
occurrences and average 24 hour concentrations for Fast
Germany are tabulated.f#
06778                                                             133
(INDUSTRY  AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN.)
Industrie  et pollution atmospherigue en Grande  Bretagne.
Centre  Interprofessionnel Technique  d'Etudes  de la
Pollution  Atmospherigtie, Paris,  France.  (1967.)   6  pp.  Fr.
(Rept.  No. CI 310.)   (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 2U. )


A summary  of the basis of governmental  action in Great Britain
in the  struggle against industrial emissions  is outlined.
The regulations imposed by  the  "Alkali  Act" are in  most cases
based on  "the most  practical  means."  Standards are given for
chimney heights.   Statutory limits are  given  for various
materials  emitted  such as hyrjrcchloric  acid,  sulfuric
acid, nitric acid,  hydrogen sulfide, chlorine,  arsenic,
antimony,  cadmium,  and  lead.   The construction of tall
buildings  tends to reduce the benefits obtained by tall chimneys.
A better  knowledge of the effects of pollutants should be
obtained  so as  not to burden  industry with unnecessary expense in
their control.   It is urged that international standards
for emission be adopted.**

 09259                                                            134

 Katz,  Morris


 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS  IN AMEIENT AIR  QUALITY  GUIDES  IN RELATION TO
 CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EFFLUENTS.    Fulp Paper Hag.  Can.
                                 77

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(Gardenvale),  69 (4):60-66, Feb.  16, 1968.   11  refs.  (Presented
at the 3rd Paper Industry Air Stream Improvement conference,
Vancouver, B.C. , Oct. 23-26, 1S67.)


Major sources of air pollutants are discussed, as well as the need
for control of emissions using source emission standards ana
ambient air quality criteria.  Criteria for air quality reflect
the nature and magnitude cf effects of air pollutants upon  the
atmospheric environment in  general and on visibility, safety,
health of man  or animals, vegetation and property.  These criteria
state four levels of pollutant concentration  and exposure periods
according to the differing  effects on the exposed  population  or
receptors, rangin from  no direct or indirect  influence to symptoms
that  may  be merely adverse,  or serious, or of emergency
proportions.   Ambient air quality  guides and  standards adopted
by several countries are  tabulated for C02, CL2, ethylene,
BC1,  H2S, oxides of  nitrogen, ozone or oxidant,  CS2,  and
S02.  Those of the State  of California,  State of New
York, Best Germany,  Czechoslovakia, U.S.A., and  the  D.S.
S.R., are reviewed.  Air  quality  standards established in the
D.S.S.S.  are  more stringent than  those formulated  in  West
Germany,  the  U.S.A.  (California),  and elsewhere.   Maximum
allowable concentrations  for sotre  atmospheric pollutants
 (industrial)  in the  U.S.S.H. are  also tabulated, including  fis,
Cr03, Pb, Hn,  and  soot.  A  brief  summary is  given  of  Canadian
activities  and the  salient  features of  the Ontario Air Pollution
Control  Act.   The  existence of  these  standards implies that
stricter measures  will  be enforced to control emission sources  in
the  future.##
07197                                                           13S
RECOMMENDATIONS  FOR ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (1966.)   Kuki Seijo
 (Clean  Air  -  J.  Japan  Air Cleaning Assoc.,  Tokyo)
U(4):62-66,  1966.   Text  in Japanese.


A report  is given  by a committee  of the  Japanese  Association of
Industrial  Health  on "Allowable concentration".   The values of
allowable concentration  are  worked out for  a  healthy man working
8 hr per  day  doing moderate  work.  Proper consideration must be
qiven to cases in  which  more than  8 hr of exposure  take place, more
than one pollutant  is involved, or the concentration of pollutants
increases suddenly  during the  work schedule.   Included  is a
discussion  on dust  measurement.  It is important  to  measure dusts
having  a Stokes  radius of less than 5 microns, especially at a
height  of 1 to 1.5  m from the  ground.  The  relation  between the
source  of dust and  the point of measurement is illustrated.#t
01916                                                            136

V. A. Rlazanov.


CRITERIA  AND  METHODS TOR ESTABLISHIHG  MAXIMUM  PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF  AIR POLLUTION.   Bull. Horld Health Organ.
 (Geneva) 32,  38^-98, 196S.


Experience  in the  USSR in establishing standards  for air
pollution control  is floscribprt.  It is emphasised that  health
 78                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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considerations must be main criterion in deciding  permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic"  standards
ultimately to be achieved.  Economic and technological reasons  may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which  modify the
requirements for a limited period.  "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health.  The maximum  permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in  toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent  for general  use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects.  Tests  on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances  cause functional
changes (e.g., in higher nervous activity,  cholinesterase
activity,  and excretion of coproporphyrin)  as  well as a number  of
protective adaptational reactions.  The results  are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of  pollutants within
a 2*»-honr period.  Tests en human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at  a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes,  as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence  of  harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum pertaissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
 (Author abstract)ft
05940                                                            137

V. A. Byazanov


NEH DATA ON UNITS OF ALLOWABLE ATMOSPHEBIC AIT POLLUTANTS.
 (In:  Limits of allowable  concentrations of atmospheric
pollutants.  Book 6.)   U.S.S.R.  literature on Air  Pollution
and Delated Occupational  Disease?,  Vol.  9.   pp. 1-8.   (1962).
Rnss. (Tr.)


This volume contains material  discussed  by the  Committee on
Sanitary Air Protection during  its  1959  and 1960 sessions.
The material contained in  this  volume is of heterogenous
character in its methodological presentations and  completeness and
finality of the reports.   The  Committee  took the position that
the level of methodology  reached during  the last period of
investigation and the degree of reliability of results obtained did
not represent the acme of  perfection, and therefore, the proposed
limits of allowable concentrations should be regarded as mere
points of orientation for future studies, leading  to more basic,
more scientific and hence, more reliable limits of atmospheric  air
pollutants.  Tn this connection it is the aim and  purpose of this
Committee to act as the stimulator, guide and  directing agent
leading into investigational channels based on the outlined
principles.  Air pollutants studied include formaldehyde, HC1
aerosol, CS2 vapor, Hn, Hg, combined C12 and HC1 gas,
acetone, CO and Dinyl (mixture of diphenyl  and diphenyl oxide).#
21078                                                            138

Styazhkin, V.  H.


EXPERIMENTAL  BASIS  FOR THE  DETERHINATION  CF ALLOWABLE
CONCE8TEATIOHS OF  CHLOHINE  AND  HCL  GAS  SIBOLTANEOUSLX  PBESEHT  18
                         Standards and Criteria                           79

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ATMOSPHERIC SIP.  O.S.S.P.  literature on «ir Pollution ana Related
Cccupational Diseases, vcl.  8:158-164, 1963.  (B.  S. Levine, ea.)
   CFSTI:  63-1157C


An experimental basis for the determination of allowable
con'centrations for simultaneously present chlorine and RC1 gas in
the ambient air was obtained.  Studies were conducted in the
vicinity of a magnesium plant at 300, 500, 800, 1000, 2000, and
3000 m from the plant.  Sir samples were collected by the
aspiration method through an abscrber equipped with a porous
plate No. 1.  dee absorber was filled with double distilled water;
the other was filled with an acidified solution of methyl orange.
Sir samples collected through double distilled water  were used
for the determination of HC1 aerosol by  the titration method.
Sulfuric acid, which interferred with analysis, was determined
nephelometrically and subtracted frcm the  titration result.
Chlorine was determined colorimetrically in the sample.  Results
showed that chlorine and HC1 gas concentrations were  considerably
in excess of the allowable maximal single  concentration limit
at all collecting points.  The threshold of Cl odor preception
was 0.7 mg/cu m and of HC1 gas,  0.2 ng/cu  m.  Threshold odor
perceptions of Cl and HC1 gas simultaneously  present  in the air
were established in the following combinations:   0.3  mg/cu m Cl,
0.1 mg/cu m and 0.2 mg/cu IT  Cl,  0.13  mg/cu m  HC1.  Results of
the tests by the optical chrcnaxy method established  the
threshold of reflex effect of Cl and  HC1 gas  simultaneously
present in the air in the following concentration:  0.3 mg/cu m
Cl, 0.2 mg/cu m HC1 and 0.2  mg/cu m Cl,  0.3 mg/cu m HC1.  The
limit of maximal single concentration for  Cl  was  0.1  mg/cu m and
for HC1, 0.05 mg/cu m.  The  simultaneous presence of  Cl and HC1
gas in the air  in corresponding  concentrations had no effect on
the control curve of dark adaptation.  Results showed that the
concentrations  were below the threshold  of odor perception and
reflex effect and below the  allowable concentration limit.
80               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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               BASIC SCIENCE AND  TECHNOLOGY
13199                                                            139

Bagliano,  G.  and  L.  Ossiclni


THE ADSORPTION  OF KETAL IONS FHOM HF-HC104 MIXTOEES OH SOME ION
EXCHANGE  FAPEFS.   J.  Chrcmatog. , 21 (3) : 499-502 , March 1966.  2 refs.


A comparison  of ion  exchange from HF-HC1 and HF-HC104 mixtures for
icns known to adsorb  from these  solutions is made using two types
of anion  and  one  cation exchange paper.   The concentration of
RC1 or  HC104  was  maintained constant at  1N and the HF concentration
was varied from 1  to  IDS.  Experimental  results show that, while
there are  considerable  differences in adsorption from HF-HC1, very
few ions  were adsorbed  frcu HF-HC104.  Tantalum nay be adsorbed
from mixtures with  Hf,  Zr,  Ti,  Nb, Ho,  H, and I) on an anion exchange
resin paper fron  HF-HC104.
16169                                                            140

Eaune,  Georges


FREEZING  POINT  OF  GASEOUS MIXIUBES AT VERY tCH TEMPERATURES.
(Sur le point de  congelation des melanges gazeux a de tres tasses
temperatures).  Text  in French.   Compt.  fiend.  118:1322-21, 1909.
6 refs.


The gas mixtures  studied  were  (CH3) 2C-HC1, (CH3)20-S02 and
(CH3) 2C-CH3C1.  The freezing pcint curve of the first and 2
maxima, one at  -94 C, the ether  at -102, corresponding to a
mixture of one  ether  and  4  HC1.   Solid ether * S02 was obtained;
temperatures  were  not given.

                                                                14L
Bauie, Georges and Georges -P, Pamfil


QUANTITATIVE IHVFSTIGATICNS OF VOIA1I1E SYSTEMS:  FUSIBIIITY
CUBVES OF SYSTEMS FORMED BY HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND SULFUR  EIOXIDE
WITH METHYLAICOHOL; MECHANISM OF TBI FOBBATICN OF ESTEBS.
 (Pecherches quantitatives sur les systemes  volatils:   Courbes
de fusibilite des systemes formes par 1'acide chlorhydrigue
et 1'anhydride sulfureux avec 1'alcool  methyligue;  mechanisms  de
la formation desesters) .  Text in French.   J. Chin.  Phys. ,  vol.
 12:256-269, 1914.  25 refs.


The solidification of the  following  binary  systems  were determined:
CH30H-HC1-  C2H5.C02H-CH30B.  (C2H5C02H. HC1) -CH30H ;  (CH30H.HC1)-
C2H5C02H- CH30H-S02; and  S02-BC1.   The  objective of these
determinations  was to  obtain  new  confirmations  on  the mechanism
                                 81

-------
of chemical reactions.  The existence of the following,
unstable, intermediate addition compounds was established:
a) CH30IHHC1; b) CH30H+C2B5C02H+HC1; c)  CH30H+S02; and a)
2CH30H+S02.  Compounds  a  and  fc  may be considered as  the r
stages of formation of the halcgen derivatives of alcohols an
esters.  Moreover, compound  b  offers a particularly sinp-i-e
example of chemical catalysis ty inorganic acids.  In contrast
with 'physical catalysts' which raise artificially and locally
the temperature or pressure and thus create a state of affairs
which an cverall rise of temperature or pressure  would produce
without their intervention, 'chemical catalysts'  form addition
compounds with the substances  whose  mutual reaction they
fercilitate  or  provoke.  Ccnpcurds   c   and  d  solidifying
respectively at about -71 C and about -81 C form  a  part  of  a
system with  a simple  'oxcnian' phase diagram,  in  which they
alternate with  eutcctic  pcints at about -88 C  at  45  mole %  CH30H,
at about -91.5  C at 62 mole 1  CH30H  and at  about  -106  C  at
89 mole  % CR30H.   The S02-HC1  system has a  simple eutectic  point
at -133.5 C  at  80  mole %  S02.

05000                                                            142

E. E. Berkau,   G.  T. Fisher,   and H. H.  Jones


THE INFLUENCE OF AXIAL DTSPEFSTON ON THE  FIXED BED  ADSORPTION OF
THE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE-CHROMIUM OXTNATE  SYSTEM.    Preprint.
1964.  63 pp.


The results  from a study of the removal of  gaseous hydrogen
chloride by  the solid, metal  organic complex,  chromium oxinate,
in a fixed-bed  adsorption column is  presented  in  the form of
adsorption curves  or exit gas  concentration histories.   These
experimental curves are  subseguently compared  to  the solutions
of a theoretical mathematical  model  representing  the
adsorption process.  The model incorporates axial diffusion, as
described by n. T. Taylor.  A  gas phase  mass transfer
resistance and a solid phase adsorption-desorption rate  were
considered as the  mechanisms for the adsorption model.   The
solutions to the mathematical  model  were  generated by an analog
computer.  (Author abstract)##

17126                                                            14

Braunstein, J. and M. Blander


THE THERMODYNAMICS C5 DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF AGN03 AND KCL  IS HOLTEN
KKC3 FEOM ELECTROMOTIVE POECE MEASUREMENTS.  III.  TEMPERATURE
VARIATIONS OF THE  ACTIVITY CCIIFICIENTS.  J. Phys. Chem.,
64(10):10-13, Jan. 1960.   4 refs.


Activity coefficients and their temperature dependence as
calculated iron the guasi-lattice model of the molten reciprocal
salt system A (+), E(+) , C(-) , and D(-) , were tested by comparison
with measured values of the activity coefficients of the component
AgN03 in the system Ag ( + ) , K ( + ) , Cl (-) , N03 (-)  dilute in Ag(+) and
Cl (-)  ions.  Electromotive force measurements in  a molten salt
concentration cell were nade at 385, 402, and 423 deg.   KC1 in
solution lowered the activity coefficient of. AgN03; the  decrease
was directly proportional to the concentration of Cl (-)  ions and
82                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
 inversely  proportional to the concentration of Ag ( + ) ions.   Besults
 show  that  the temperature coefficients of the activity
 coefficients in the range of validity of the theory are correctly
 predicted,  lending confidence in the usefulness of the guasi-
 lattice  model.   (Author abstract modified)

2C189                                                              144

Brockmeier/ Nontax f.


CHFMICAI  BEP.CTTONS INDUCED IN A  FICECWAVE  DISCHAPGE.
Massachusetts Inst. cf Tech., Cambridge, Dept. of  Chemical
Engineering, Thesis  (Ph.D),  138p., Aug. 1966.  60  refs.


A suitable  chemical system was determined  for microwave  discharge
and the relationship was fcund between the microwave power and
the chemical parameter.  The chemical systems investigated
included  the reactions of hydrogen chloride  with solid carbon
01 with hydrocarbon gases  (methane, ethylene, or acetylene)  and
the oxidation of sulfur dioxide.  The discharges were induced
in a tubular guartz flow reactcr, with energy supplied by  a
nicrowave power generator at fixed 2450 me frequency with  a
continuous  wave magnetron capable of 1200  watts output.  The
hydrogen  chloride system did net achieve a reasonable conversion.
However,  60? of the sulfur dioxide feed was  oxidized with  air at
300 C  without using a catalyst.  The conversion of the sulfur
dioxide-oxygen feed was proportional to the  concentration  of
various third gases, such as sulfur hexafluoride,  carbon
tetrafluoride, or nitrogen added to feed.   The hypothesis  that
the termolecular collision 0 + S02 + M yields S03  + « was  the
rate-controlling step in the formation of sulfur trioxide  was
supported by experinental data.  An energy balance of the
reactor showed that the adsorbed microwave power was 50 times
the power required to dissociate the oxygen  consumed.  These
results applied over the entire range cf conditions studied:
pressure, 5 to 160 torr; power, 5C to 180  watts; and feed
rate,  from  90 to 300 cc/irin measured at one  atm and 21 C*   The
effectiveness of the third gas was directly  proportional to its
heat capacity and inversely related to the ease with which the
third  gas was excited by the discharge. (Author abstract
modified)

CS057                                                            145

Carter, C.  Heal


EFFECTS OF  pf! AND OXIDIZING AC-EKTS CN THE  BATE OF  ABSORPTION  OF
HYDROGEN  SULFIDE INTO AQUEOUS MEEIA.    TAPPI, 50 (7) :329-334,
July 1967.   19 refs.


The rates of absorption cf hydrogen sulfide  into agueous
solutions of hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide,  and sodium
hypcchlorite were measured by means of a laminar liguid jet.
The effects of various reactions were determined by analyzing the
data in terms of the penetration theory.  The various reactions
that were found to influence the rates of absorption determined
in this study were an iorizaticn reaction, which had a first order
forward rate constant of 8.4 per sec; a neutralization reaction
between hydroxide ions and hydrogen sulfide  molecules, which had
                     Basic Science and Technology                         83

-------
an "infinitely high" rate; and an oxidizing reaction, which h
"apparent" first-order rate constant of 250 per sec for a «•
hypochlorite solution.  The data on the absorption of hyd^°jf°
sulfide into basic solutions indicate the possibility that  cne
laminar jet and wetted-wall column do not give comparable results
for cases of absorption accompanied by an "infinitely fast
reaction.  Further analysis of the rates of absorption into
oxidizing solutions  indicates that hydrogen sulfide will  react
initially with the hypochlorite  ions to form  dihydrogen sulioxide,
which in turn will form unstable complexes  with more  hydrogen
sulfide molecules by sulfur-sulfur bonds.   The data also  indicate
that  for oxidizing solutions above pH  12, the rates of absorption
are influenced by the decomposition  of  dihydrogen sulfoxide,  which
gives  hydroxide  ions as a product.   (Author's abstract)**

11108                                                            1*6
Coleman, Paul D. and Poberto Rcldan


ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF  MATEBIALS IN THE FAB INFRABED REGION.
(FINAL REPOET 1  FEBRUARY  1965 -  31 JANUABY  1967.)   ILLINOIS UNIV.
Orbana, Electro-physics Lab., Contract  AF-AFOSR-272-65, Proj.
9767-02 AFOSR-68-0465, 8p. ,  (22) refs.
   CFSTI: AE 669573


A  vacuum monochromator for the  80  to 1000 .micron  range, under
construction for  the past year,  is described. Initial data on  the
rotational spectra HC1,  HBr,  N2051  CH3C1  and CH3CN were  taken
to test the  performance  characteristics of  the instrument.  Perfor-
mance  data indicated that the  tconcchrcmator characteristics are
wavelength reproduction  0.1X;  wavelength  calibration  0.5*;  relative
intensity measurement 5  to 101;  and  a  resolution  of  2%  in the 300
to 700 micron range  using a  carbcn bolometer detecter and a scan
time  of 1 hour.   (Authors'  summary,  modified)

2027U                                                            147

Collins, Conrad G.,  Jr.


A  REVIEW OF SULPHUR  FLAME TECHNOLOGY.  (PART 2).   Sulphur  Inst.
J., 6(1):18-22,  Spring 1970.  52 refs.  Part  I.   Ibid, Winter
1969-70.


The encounter and reaction cf sulfur dioxide  wdth an  oxygen
atom appears to be the predominant mechanism  for  sulfur
trioxide formation according tc nest studies  of stack gases and
the hydrogen  sulfide flame.  The mechanism can be important only
in flames  with high  temperature  (1200 C) zones for the formation
of atomic  oxygen, as at lower temperatures, the slow homogeneous
reaction between S02 and  molecular oxygen appears to be a two
body collision reaction.   Catalytic action of nitric oxide  for
oxidizing  S02 to S03  is questioned in Icwer temperature regions
where S02  would  react only with molecular oxygen, but if high
temperatures  prevail, such that the oxygen atom concentration is
appreciable,  the catalytic effect of  NO may be established.
Experimental  work with hydrogen chloride added to the flame
(nucleophilic partner) yielded  38$  SC3, and HC1 was viewed  as a
stabilizing medium for S03.  Different sulfur oxide species have
been  detected spectroscopically at  a  variety of conditions  from
low temperature  to the high temperature of shock  waves.
84               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Conway,  B.  E.,  J. O'n. Rockris,  and  Hedda  Linton


PROTON CONDUCTANCE AND THE EXISTENCE OF  THE  H30(I)  ION.   J.  Chen.
Phys., 2
-------
Essigsaeure).  Text in German.   Bee.  Trav.  Chin., vol.17:55-72,
1928.   33 refs.


The absorption isotherms in aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid at
25 C and sulfur dioxide at 20 C, have a minimum at 89 and 8f>%
H2SOH, respectively, both of which lie close to the composition of
the H2S04.H20 raonohydrate cf sulfuric acid.  To verify that the
above minimum are due to the formation cf the above monohydrate,
extensive determinations of absorption isotherms of HC1  and
S02 in aqueous solutions cf H2SC4 and CH3COOH were performed, as
well as in pure H20.  The apparatus and the  procedures used are
described.  The amounts of HC1, or S02, absorbed Mere determined
by argentometric as well as iodcmetric titration, and are given in
terms of grains of HC1, or S02, per 100 grams of the  H2S04 or
CH3COOH, aqueous solution.  The absorption  isotherms  of  HCJL gas
were determined in aqueous H2S04  at C, -15.8 and -25  C in
concentrations at  which at the  above  temperatures the hydrates
H2S00.2H20 and H2SO«.4H20 do not  precipitate; in aqueous H2S04
with between  62 and 98% H2SOO at  UO and 68  C; in 96*  H2S01 at six
temperatures  between  0 and 75 C;  in aqueous CH3COOH at 0 and 25 C;
and in pure  H20 at  C  and  25 C.  The absorption  isotherms of
S02 were determined in aqueous  CH3CCCH at  27 C;  in aqueous H2S01
at 41 and 62  C; and in pure  H20 at  27, <*1  and 62 C.   The present
results agree  with  those  qiven  in literature.   The relationship
between lowering the  absorption capacity of the absorbent solution
and the formation  of  the  H2S04  rccnohydrate  is pointed out.
10672                                                            1S1

Rersch, Paul A.


CONTROLLEE ADDITION OF EXPERIMENTAL POLLUTANTS TO SIR.  Gould-
National Batteries, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., 2tp.,  1968.  21 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul,Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-
153.)


Experience with, and extensions of less known techniques of
providing an air stream with a steady and adjustable level of a
gaseous impurity are described.   Leaving aside those means that
employ moving solifl parts, the paper discusses devices nsing liquid
pistons, mikro-flow through channels, diffusion across channels and
barriers, stream splitters for attenuation, and methods based on
evaporation, electrolysis, chemical conversion, and  irradiation.
(Author s abstract, modified)
16071

Hexter, R. tl. and 1. D. Goldfarb


INFRA-PED SPECTRA OF QtJINOI CIATHEATE COMPOUNDS.  J. Inorq
Mud. Chem., vol. 14:171-173, 1957.  21 refs.   (Presented at  the
Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, Ohio State
Dniv., Columbus, June  1956.)
86                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Inclusion complexes of  Peta-hydrcguincne  clathrates  with  hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen sulfide, carbon  dioxide,  and  sulfur  dioxide
molecules were prepared  tc study  restricted  and  translational
modes of the molecules  without  resorting  to  lew  temperatures.
Absorption and differential spectra  from  1:1-15  micron  were
obtained by suspending  samples  in KEr pellets.   The  obtained
spectra, which were investigated  with spectropbotometers  equipped
with KaCL or KBB optics, are in agreement  with a  proposed
difference in crystal structure between alpha-hydroguinone  and its
Beta alloraorph.  Spectra of HC1 and  H2S clathrates indicate that
the guest molecules, while present  in insufficiently small
quantities for detection, profoundly change  the  guincl  crystal
structure.  Examination of the  7CC,  800,  and  1200 reciprocal  cm
regions of the S02 clathrate spectrum demonstrate that  the
clathrate's crystal structure is  that of  Beta-hydrcguinone.   The
most significant results were obtained with the  C02  clathrate;  they
suggest that this clathrate has the  crystal  structure of  an
alpha-hydroquinone, or a structure  intermediate  between the alpha
and Beta forms, or that some alpha-hydroquinone  is present  as
another phase.   The observed maxima  cf the C02 spectrum band  are
interpreted as wall-cclliscn-broadened rotational lines of  the
Q branch of the parallel band of  the captured C02 molecule.   The
absence of P and E branches suggest  that  the  rotation of  the  C02
molecule in its hydroquinone clathrate is  not free.

1U313                                                            153

lederer, E.  L.
VERIFYING  ADSORPTION FORMULAS EY MEANS OF ADSORPTION MESSOREMENTS
HITH ACTIVATED  CHARCOAL.   (Pruefung von Adsorpticnsforraeln an
Hand von  Adsorptionsmessungen bei einer hochaktiven Kohle).
Text in German.   Kolloid-Z.  (Stuttgart), 61 (3) :323-328, 1932.
15 refs.
Data reported  by Remy on  the  adsorption of gases and vapors on
activated charcoal  were  used  tc verify isothermal and isobaric
adsorption laws. In  the  isothermal case, no decision can be made
between a logarithmic law and the formula of Langauir.  Tn the
isobaric case,  a logarithmic  law seems to fit the results best.
The isosteric  curve of Trouton and Poole and the relationship of
Gurwitsch fit  the data only moderately well.  The relationship
between the vapor pressure and the adsorbed volume of various
gases indicates that  equal amounts of different gases are
adsorbed, referred  to corresponding states.  Gas mixtures are
adsorbed proportionally,  provided the concentrations are modified
by the influence of the  mean molecular velocities and the shape
of the molecules.  The adsorption data for the following gases
were used:  C02, N20, HC1, H2S, HH3, C12, CH3C1, S02, CH4, and
COC12.
1U132                                                            1S4

littlewood, R. and F. J.  Srqent


    FF1,VCT OF AOnEODS CONTAMINANTS  ON  THE  REDOX POTENTIAI OF
CHLORIDE MELTS.   Electrochi*.  Acta.  vol.  «»: 111-128,  1961.  8 refs.
                      Basic Science and Technology                       87

-------
The redox potential of a chloriae melt contaminated with water is
determined by the activities of its hydrolysis and dissociation
products i.e., hydrogen ions, oxide ions, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The effects of the changes in these products were studied by
changing the partial pressures of HC1, H2, or 02 above the melt
or by adding Na20 to the melt.  Experiments were carried out in
equimolar NaCl-KCl at 700 C.  Variations in O2 partial pressure
did not change the activity of the oxide ions.  Stable redox
potentials could not be obtained under low pressures of hydrogen.
This suggested that under low pressures of hydrogen, the hydrogen-
ion activity was continually rising.  The effect of hydrogen-ion
concentration suggests that true equilibrium of the melt with  the
gas phase was not obtained, and the measured potentials are a
Kinetic compromise between the composition of the  gas  phase and
the equilibrium redox potential of the melt.  The  effect of
oxygen-ion concentration indicated that changes in redox
equilibria in the melt were occurring.  The study  indicated
that attempts to change activity of one component  of the melt
by altering the composition of the gas phase or by making
additions to  the melt have brought about  changes  in the  position
of equilibria in the  melt.  Control of oxygen  pressure would
therefore be  a definite way  of controlling  redox  potentials of
chloride melts, since the changes  in  redox  potential could be
accurately forecast.  Hydrogen under  low pressures corroded in the
same way that a metal attempts to  approach  thermodynanic
equilibrium in the  melt by contaminating it  with  metal ions and
ultimately becoming  immune.   The occurrence  of  this effect
meant that attempts  to  reduce redox potential  of  a melt  by
varying  hydrogen  pressure  would  not be as good  a  control as
varying  oxygen pressure.   The upper limit of the  range of redox
potential over which  platinum behaved as a  redox  electrode was
found to be - O.ttV  on the  standard chlorine  electrode  scale.

20932                                                            15S

Kueller, F.obert F.


ENEBGETICS OF HCL AND HP IN VCICANIC  EMANATIONS.   Preprint,
National aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Md.,
Goddard Space Flight Center,  32p., June  1969.   37  refs.
(Paper NASA-TM-X-63608.)
   CFSTI:  N6S-32034


Thermochemical data were used to calculate the fugacities of HC1
and HF in eguilibrium with halogen salts  and crystalline
silicates.  The calculated fugacities were compared with the
abundances of HC1 and HF in fumarolic gases.  Good agreement
between the calculated values and  the results of  hydrotherical
experiments were obtained.  In the case of fumaicles,  the
abundances of HC1 and HF molecules can be explained by assuming
some undersaturation of the systems in such crystalline components
as NaCl, CaSi03, and R12Si05.  Also,  the  fumarolic gases gave
evidence that hicjh temperature abundances of HC1  and HF  are
quenched to much Icwer temperatures reccrded at the fumarclic
vents.  Numerous determinations of Cl and F  in  igneous and
crystalline rocks showed that en the  whole,  F is  more  abundant
than Cl.  Igneous rocks and minerals  are  quite distinct  from
volcanic emanations in terms  of the F/C1  ratios.   The  relations
between  RC1 and HF and the structure  of  the  silicate melt were
also discussed.  Although heterogeneous equilibria may be
established at high temperatures between  the the  halogen gases and
88                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
«J *h« i ?*  Phas?s  of the "all "ck, the ultimate source of most
 LH Li*  ?e"S  1S  the sili«*e Belt.  Although the structure of
such melts is  not veil known,  it is reasonable that both the
decrease in  liguidus  temperatures and viscosity are attributable
to reactions an  which the Si-O-Si bridges are destroyed by the
reaction with  water.   (Author  abstract modified)

09031L                                                           156

F. H.  Page


S STUDY OF  THF  STABILITY OF GASF.CUS  NEGATIVE  IONS.
(FINAL TECHNICAL REP05T.)  Aston  Dniv.,  Birmingham,
England,  Dept.  of Chemistry, Contract  DA-91-591-FOC-3870,
Proj.  200H50E13B,   ((136))p., Feb.  1967.   15  refs.
   CFSTI:   AC 822511


The modes of  formation, occurrence, and  in  particular  the
stability of  gaseous negative icns  was determined by the  magnetron
technique.  Included is a description of the  apparatus used,  the
elementary  theory of the method, and a comprehensive list  of  the
stabilities of  ions  studied during  the fast three years.*#

15U96                                                             157

Prokop'yeva,  M.  F. and V.  K.  Bukina


SELECTION AND TESTING  OF SOLID  CAFRIERS IN THE CHROMATOGFAPHY
OF CORROSIVE  INORGANIC GASES.   (Podbor i ispytaniye tverdykh
nositeley v khromatografii agressivnykh neorganicheskikh gazov).
Text in Russian.   tTzbeksk.  Khim.  Zh.,  no. 4:51-53, 1967.  U refs.


Studies were  made with pumice,  quartz, zeolite, porous teflon,
Estonian  mineral  carriers K1  and K2, diatomaceons brick, and,
kieselguhr.  The  brick, kieselquhr, pumice, and quartz were
subjected to  boiling with hydrochloric acid (1:1)  for  6 hrs.
After  washing to  remove chloride ion, they were heated for 2-3
hrs at 900  C  (pumice at tOO C) .   The other carriers were not
pretreated.  The  criterion for  inertness of the carrier was the
retention time  of the  gaseous component relative to that of air.
Distortion  of the absorption isotherm was evaluated in terms
of the Kestner  coefficient of asymmetry.  Pretreated brick,
kieselguhr, and pupice revealed linear absorption isotherms for
all components  (C02, C12, NOC1, HC1, S02) with the exception  of
N02, which  is irreversibly absorbed.  Teflon,  K1, and  K2  show
linear absorption curves without preliminary  treatment and  are
recommended for the  analysis of gas mixtures  containing  N02.

11106                                                             158

Ranirez-Munoz,  J.,  M.  Foth, and Maila Ostring


HYDROCHLORIC  ACID SYSTEMS IN ATOMIC ABSORPTION FLAME PHOTOMETRY.
Flame  Notes,  Beckman,   1(«):93-101,  1966.  6 refs.


Sensitivity and linearity of Ha,  K, Ca,  Mg, Fe, Mn, and  Zn  were
investigated  as functions of element  concentration, absorption




                     Basic Science and Technology                         89

-------
profile, and acidity as applied to the preparation of acidic
sample solutions for atonic absorption determination of these
elements in samples such as cements, fertilizers, and clays.
Analytical results were compared using aqueous and 0.5 N HCl
standards.  Instruments used were a Beckroan Hodel 979 Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer with a Beckman 10 in. potentiometnc
Hecorder and Laminar Flow Burner.  In the special case of
calcium, type of flams and the use of lanthanum as a releaser were
also investigated.  Results show that preliminary removal of acid
before final dilution is not necessary as long as sample and
standard solutions have the same acid content.  The influence of
the change from aqueous to acid solutions on both percentual and
fluctuational sensitivity is demonstrated by experimental results
given in two tables.  The percentual sensitivity of Na, Ca, and
Mn did not change appreciably, while slight changes were observed
for other elements.  In general, better fluctuational  sensitivity
was achieved with water solutions, except for Mg and Fe.  The
presence of acid tended to increase noise with the  other elements.
Highest sensitivity was usually  found at heights  between 0.2 in.
and 0.5 in. over  the top of the  burner.  Height  of  the  burner was
found to be critical for each  element and should be rechecked
when switching  from aqueous to acid  solutions.   The method  is
deemed  applicable to analyses  in  which these  elements  have  to be
determined in the presence of  HCl  up  to concentrations  equal to
those tested  (0.5 N HCl).


03947                                                           159

B. G. Fussell
FtftHE-PHOTOMETRTC DETERMTNATION CF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN
MANGANESE OEES.   Analyst (Cambridge) 91, (1085) 511-9,
Aug. 1966.


Two procedures are described; in one, the sample is dissolved
in hydrochloric acid, interfering elements are precipitated
with 8-hydroxy-guinoline in aramoniacal solution, and the
precipitate then extracted into chloroform.   Sodium anfl potassium
are determined in the agueous phase by means of a filter flame
photometer.  The second procedure is sore suitable for
routine use and involves the dissolution of the sample in
hydrochloric acid, followed by the addition of sulphuric
acid and aluminium nitrate to suppress interferences, and the
direct evaluation of the sodium and ^potassium contents of the
solution by means of either a prism or a filter flame photometer.
Comparative results obrained by this alternative procedure on
instruments of these two types are given.  (Author abstract)##
09594                                                            16(

Setser, D. W.


VIERATIONALLY EXCITED 1,2-EICH10EOETHANA PRODUCED BY THE MERCURY
PHOTOSENSIT1ZATION OF DICHIOBCHETBANE.   J. Am. Cheffi.
Soc., 90(3):582 -587, Jan. 31, 1968.  31 refs.   (Presented  in  part
at the Midwestern Regional American Chemical Society Meeting,
Lawrence, Kans. , Oct. 1966.)
90                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
The mercury photosensitization  of  dichloromethane  has  been  examined
as a prototype method for  generating chemically  activated alkyl
halide Holecules.  It is shown  that if  the  chlorine  atoms are
removed from the reaction  system by a suitable scanvenger,  then the
measured nonequilbiun unimolecular rate constant for HC1
elimination from the chemically activated 1,2-dichloroethane  formed
by association of chloronethyl  radicals agrees well  with previously
determined values.   some discussion of  the  reactions between the
various chlorine-substituted alkyl radicals that may occur  in  the
propene-inhibited system is presented.  The chemically activated
1.3 -dichloro-2-methylprcpane formed by association  of chloromethyl
and 1  -chloroisopropyl radicals does not undergo unimolecular
reaction down  tc pressures of 2 on.  Calculated estimates for  the
HC1 elimination  rate constant from 1,3-dichloro-2-methylpropane
support this observation;  similar calculations were  also done  for  n
-chloropropane.  {Author's  abstract)

U879                                                             Ifil

Okshe,  Ye.  J.  and V. N.  Devyatkin


DIFFUSION  OF BYDPORTN  CHLOPIDK  IN FUSED  KCL-NACL  MIXTURES.
(Eastvoreniye  khloristogo  vodoroda  v rasplavlennykh sraesyakh
KCl-HaCl).   Text  in  Russian.  Zh. Fiz.  Khim.,  vol.  39:3074-3076,
Oct./Dec.  1965.   <» refs.


Experimental data on the solubility of  HC1 in  molten mixtures of
NaCl and KC1 are  presented, and  the calculated heat of  solution
is plotted.  Solubility  was found to increase  as  the KC1 content
of the melt  decreased.   Solubility  decreased with temperature
when the NaCl-KCl mixture  was eguimolar  but  increased with
temperature  in all other cases  (0,  25,  75, and 10056 NaCl).   The
heat of solution  of  HC1  depends  upon salt composition and
exhibited  a  minimum  for  an  eguimolar mixture.   It is proposed
that the heat  of  diffusion  varies with  mixture composition  in
connection with  a disruption of  symmetry in  the chloride lattice.
Measurement  was  based  on the displacement of HC1  by argon using
a method described in  an earlier article.

1U564                                                            162

Dkshe, Ye.  A.  and V. N.  Devyamkin


DIFFUSION  OF HYPPOGFN  CHLOPIDK  IN FUSED SALTS.   (Pastvoreniye
khloristogo vodoroda v rasplavlennykh solyakh).  Text in Russian.
2h. Fiz. Khim.,  vol. 39:2288-2291,  July-Sept.  1965.  10 refs.


The solubility of hydrogen chloride in  fused  chlorides of lithium,
sodium, potassium,  and  rubidium was examined  over  a  wide
temperature ranqe by displacement  with  argon.  Solubility curves
are satisfactorily described by an exponential equation.
Solubilities in the temperature range 800-1000 C occur in the
increasing order: LiCl, NaCl,  KC1, HbCl.  Heats  of solution were
found to be negative  for LiCl,  NaCl, and KC1, and  positive  for
RbCl   The  heat of  solution was found  to be in inverse relation
to the total  crystalline  ionic  radii of the salts.  It is
snoaested that proton-chloride  complexes with a  binding  energy
of about 53.5 Real/mole are formed in  the fused  salts.
                     Basic Science and Technology                       91

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                                                                 163
2COU1

Vasil 'eva, A. M.


PROEAEIE EUTECTTC COMPOSITIONS CF CEBTAIN HIGHLY VOLATILE
SUBSTANCES.   (0 vercyatncm scstave evtektik nekotorykh
legkoletuchikh veshchestv).   Text in Russian.  Zh. Obshch. Knim.
vol. <49:«32-«U1, 1917.  7 refs.


Theoretical and experimental data on eutectic composition and
temperatures are tabulated for the following systems:  ethane Kith
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia; methyl alcohol with sulfur dioxide,
methyl chloride, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and
water; methyl chloride with hydrogen chloride; sulfur dioxide with
hydrogen chloride; and ammonia with water.
 1736U                                                            164

 Wickert,  K.


 TESTS  ON  FOEKATTON OF FECL2 AND FECL3 BY REACTIONS BETWEEN FE,
 FE3Ct,  FE203 AND HCL-COHTAINTKG GASES.   (Versuche zur Bildung von
 FeC12  und FeC13 aus Fe, Fe30U, Fe203 und HCl-haltigen Gasen).  Text
 in German.  Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 19 <6):HU9-52, Dec.
 1969.   5  refs.


 The reaction of hydrogen chloride containing gases with pulverized
 Fe, Fe30«, and Fe203 was studied with respect to temperature.
 Moreover, the influence of water vapor and oxygen in the HC1-
 containing gases on the raction with the above mentioned substances
 was studied  with respect to temperature.  For each experiment,
 0.3 g  of  the pulverized substances were heated in the presence
 of pure nitrogen.  Each experiment lasted U hours.  The HC1-
 containing gas (100 cu en/rain) was passed with a speed of 0.44
 cm/sec  through the reaction chamber at a temperature of 22 C.  The
 reaction  products were cooled tc room temperature and the weight
 changes of the substances sere determined.  The reaction o± Fe203
 with N2 containing 5X by volume HC1 forms FeC13.  The fraction of
 solid  FeC13  decreases with increasing temperatures while the
 volatile  FeC13 increases with the temperature.  Below 320 C,
 volatile  and solid FeC13 are formed.  The reaction of Fe with the
 gas forms FeC12.   Above 670 C, no solid FeC12 is found.  Above
 580 C,  FeC12 is increasingly sublimated.  The reaction with Fe3C4
 forms  FeC12  and FeC13.  The fcrit€r develops primarily at low
 temperatures.  The maximum FeC12 formation takes place between 200
 and 25C C.  The FeC13 is sublimated at 300 C.  The reaction of
 Fe304  with N2 containing 10% H2C and 5% HC1 forms solid FeC12 up to
 550 C.   No reaction takes place between 550 and 700 C.  Above 300
 C, FeC13  and IeC12 form which are immediately converted to Fe203
 through the  influence of water vapor.  The reaction with Fe forms
 no Fe203  dnly Fe304.  Oxygen in the gas -like the water vapor
 impairs the  HC1 reaction with Fe, Fe203, and Fe30«.  The presence
 of water  vapor in addition tc HC1 form volatile and non-volatile
 chlorides but to a much lesser extend than in the presence of HC1
 alone  in  the gas.  Oxygen further reduces chloride formation.
 92                HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
                        AUTHOR  INDEX
Abar, E. L.  8, 97
Abe, S.  *1
Alekseyeva, M. V.   *33
Alvarez, A.  *34
Anderson, D. M.  106
Argent, E. J.  154
           8

 Back, K.  C.   *94
 Bagliano,  G.   *139
 Baikov,  B.  K.   31
 Barchas,  M.   40
 Barnebey,  H.  L.  *62
 Barton,  K.   *115
 Bartonova,  S.   115
 Battigelli,  M.  C.  *95
 Baume, G.   *140, *141
 Bean, S.  L.   *2
 Benson,  S.  W.   149
 Berkau,  E.  E.   *142
 Bhanti,  D.  P.   76
 Billings,  C.  E.  *63
 Binger,  W.  W.   *116
 Bird, L.  S.   110
 Blanchard,  R.  L.  *35
 Blander,  M.   143
 Bloodworth,  M.  E.  110
 Bloomfield,  B.  D.  *64
 Bockris,  J.  0.  M.  148
 Bogatyrev,  V.  L.  92
 Bonne, H.   *3,  *109
 Bondareva,  E.  N.  *4
 Bowman,  D.  H.   74
 Brandt,  C.  S.   112
 Braunstein,  J.   *143
 Brockmeier,  N.  F.  *144
 Brown, R.  H.   116
 Buck, M.   *36
 Bukina,  V.  K.   157
 Coll,  H.   60
 Collins,  C.  G. , Jr.   *147
 Conway, B.  E.   *148
 Cornish,  H.  H.  *8, *97
 Cruickshank, F.  R.  *149
 Cupr,  V.,   *150
Darling,  D.  R.   110
Davyamkin, V.  N.   162
Devyatkin, V.  N.   161
Demidov,  A.  V.   *39
Drexler,  M.   *40
Duemmler, F.   *127
Eberhardt, H.   *67
Efimova, V.  K.   *98
Elfimova, E. V.   31,  33, *99,
  101,
Engelhardt,  H.   *41,  *42
Erman, J. E.   *69
Fenimore, C. P.   *10
Ferris, B. G., Jr.   *100
Fink, F.  *117
Fisher, G. T.  142
Forissier, M.  45
Frank, N. R.  100
Gadomski,  S.  T.   *70
Gandon,  L.   78
Gil'denskiol'd,  R. S.  31,  101
Gol'dberg,  E. Kh.  *43
Goldfarb,  T.  D.   152
Gorban1, G. M.  *11
Gosselin,  R.  E.   106
Gusev,  M.  I.   *31, *101
 Carey, G. C. R.   56
 Carter, C. N.  *65,  *145
 Carter, J. S.  *5
 Chaigneau, M.  *37
 Chatfield, H.  E.   *6,  *66
 Chernichenko,  I.  A.   58
 Clark, W. J.   110
 Coleman,  P.  D.  *38, *146
             H
 Hammond, W.  F.   *12
 Hantzsch,  S.   *44
 Hashimoto, M.   *128
 Hatterer,  A.   *45
 Hayashi,  M.  *46
                                 93

-------
 Heck,  W. W.   *110
 Heller,  A.   *129
 Henderson, J. A.   106
 Hengsstenberg,  F.   95
 Herold,  P.   *72
 Hersch,  P. A.   *45,  *151
 Hexter,  R. M.   *152
 Hirayama, N.  *13
 Horn,  K.  *132
 Ingels,  R.  M.   66
 Ingruber, 0. V.   30
                Markus,  G.   72
                Mastromatteo, E.   *16,
                Mathys,  L.   *79
                Matsak,  V.  G.   *80
                Mayer, W.   67
                Maziarka,  S.  61
                Melekhina,  V. P.   52,  *103
                Moegling,  E.  *17
                Mokhov,  L.  A.   39
                Mozan,  C.   *18
                Mueller, R. F.   *155
                Muffley, H. C.   *121
                Mukammal,  E.  I.   *112

                           N
                Neuwirth,  R.   112
                Nietruch,  F.   *54
                Nowak,  F.   *122
 Jones,  G.  W.   10
 Jones,  M.  M.   142
                Ordoveza,  F.  E.   *55
                Ostring,  M.   158
 Katz,  M.   *134
 Kempner,  S.  K.   *74
 King,  J.  C.   82
 Knott,  K.  H.   *75
 Konda,  K.   *15,  *118
 Koshi,  S.   46
 Kosinski,  K.   61
 Kotrappa,  P.   *76
 Krivoruchko,  F.  D.   *32
 Kuczynski,  E.  R.   *48
 Kurker,  C.,  Jr.  63
                Pack,  D.  H.   112
                Page,  F.  M.   *156
                Palkot, E. J., Jr.  *82
                Pamfil, G. P.  141
                Petschl,  G.   49
                Pettinati, L.  18
                Phair, J. J.  *56
                Phelps, A. H.  *83
                Porter, M. B.  110
                Prescher, K. E.  44, 54
                Prokop'yeva, M. F.  *157
 LaCasse, N.  L.   125
 Lacquaniti,  A.   18
 Laengle, E.   *119
 Lederer, E.  L.   *153
 Lefferts, D.  T.  50
 Leithe, W.   *49
 Leone, P.  *77
 Levine, B. S.  39
 Linch, A. L.  *50
 Linton, H.  148
 Littlewood, R.  *154
 Ludwick, J. D.  *51
               Ramirez-Munoz, J.   *158
               Reh, L.   *20
               Rispoli,  J. A.   *23
               Rjazanov, V. A.  *105, *136
                 See:  Ryazanov
               Rogers, R. R.  120
               Roldan, R.  38, 146
               Rolfe, T. J. K.  *84
               Rose, G.   *24
               Roth, M.   158
               Russell,  B.  G.   *159
               Russell,  W.  E.   *25
               Ryazanov,  V.  A.  *136, *137
                 See:  Rjazanov
McLeod, W.  *120
Manita, M. D.   *52
Mannella, R. J.   95
Marcheguet, H. G.  L.   *78
               Sakabe, H.  46
               Santarromana, M.  37
               Saunders, R. A.  *26
               Schiemann, G.  *27
               Seiler, Ed.   *86
94
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Seller, E.  N.   74
Seleznev, B.  E.   *S8
Setzer, D.  W.   *160
Shephard, R. J.   56
Sheppard, S. V.   *87
Sherwood, P. IV.   *123
Sherwood, T. K.   *88
Shivandronov, Yu.  A.  92
Silvernman, L.  63
Simon, H.   12
Smith, R. P.  *106
Smith, W. S.  *28
Stahl, Q. R.  *29
Stalzer, R. F.  50
Stayzhkin, V. M.   *107
Styazhkin, V. M.   *108,  *138
Sutton, P.  *130
Swinbank, W. C.  112
Teske, W.  *89
Thomas, A. P.  95
Thomson, M. L.  56
Tomany, J. P.  *90
Turkolmez, S.  75

            u
Uhi,  K.  *59
Ukshe, Ye.  *161, *162
Vasil'eva, A. M.  *163
Volkening, V. B.  *91,  *124
Vulikh, A. I.  *92


           W
Wagner, R. H.  116
Wall, H., Jr.  2
Weidensaul, T. C.  *125
Wenzl, H. F.  J.  *30
West, P. W.  55, 60
Wickert, K.  *164
Wolozin, H.  *131
Wyszynska, H.  *61
Yablochkin, V. D.   11
Yamate,  N.  *93
Yas'kova, V.  Z.   4

            I

Zagorskaya, M. K.   92
                              Author Index                               95

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                          TITLE INDEX
Absorption of Hydrogen Chloride
  Gas  and Sulfur Dioxide in
  Sulfuric Acid and Acetic
  Acid.  ISO

Adsorption of Metal Ions
  From HF-HC104 Mixtures on
  Exchange Papers.  139

Air Pollutants, Meteorology,
  and  Plant Injury.  112

Air Pollution and Chemical
  Industry.  25

Air Pollution and Disease.
  100

Air Pollution in Petroleum
  Refining.  130

Air Pollution (A Survey of
  Existing Legislation).
  126

Air Pollution by Toxic Gas
  and  its Counter Measure.
  93

Analyzing Amine Traces in
  Atmospheric 
-------
Corrosion of Metals by
  Aqeous Solutions of
  the Atmospheric Pollutant
  Sulfurous Acid.  120

Corrosion Problems in In-
  cinerators.  122

Criteria and Methods for
  Establishing Maximum
  Permissible Concentrations
  of Air Pollution.  105, 136
Data for Hygienic Evaluation
  of Hydrochloric Acid Aerosol
  (Hydrochloric Gas) as an
  Atmospheric Pollutant.  99

Design for Air Pollution
  Control.  Selecting Tower
  Packing.  86

Design of an Improved Device
  for Absorption With Chemical
  Reaction.  82

Desulfurization Using Hydrogen
  Chloride and Hydrogen.  69

Determination of Acidic Gases
  in Working Environments by
  Alkali Filter Paper.  59
Determination of Aerial
  Concentration of Decomposition
  and Oxidation Products of
  Certain Organoaluminum
  Compounds.  32


Determination of Hydrochloric
  Acid in the Presence of
  Sulfur Dioxide With the Use
  of Solid Reagents.  37


Determination of Mist Size by
  Metal Coated Glass Slide.
  46
Development and Testing of a
  Filter Cartridge for the
  Elimination of Disturbing
  Influences at the Measure-
  ment of Sulfur Dioxide in the
  Atmosphere.  36

Diffusion of Hydrogen Chloride
  in Fused KCl-NaCl Mixtures.
  161

Diffusion of Hydrogen Chloride
  in Fused Salts.  162

Dry-Packed Beds for the
  Removal of Strong-Acid Gases
  From Recycled Atmospheres.
  70
Effect of Aqueous  Contaminants
  on  the Redox  Potential  of
  Chloride Melts.   154

Effects of Gaseous  Air  Pol-
  lutants on  the Response of
  the Thomas  S02 Autometer. 48

Effects of PH and  Oxidizing
  Agents on the Rate  of Ab-
  sorption of Hydrogen  Sulfide
  into Aqeous Media.  65, 145
Electrical Properties of
  Materials in  the Far
  Infrared Region.   38, 146
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide
  With Pararosaniline and
  Formaldehyde.  54
Determinations of the Combined
  Effect of Toxic Substances
  in Predictions of Atmospheric
  Pollution.  31, 101
 Emission  Sources  of HC1  and
   NHs  and Their Standard
   Control Equipment.   9,  68

 Energetics  of Hd  and  HF
   in Volcanic Emanations.
   155
 Environmental Pollution  by
   Missile Propellants.   110
 Estimation  of Gaseous  Acid
   in Domestic Premises.   56

 Evaluation  of the  Risk
   Presented by Industrial
   Poisons.  18

 Experiences With  Refuse  In-
   cinerators in Europe,
   Prevention of Air  and
   Water Pollution, Operation
   of Refuse Incineration
   Plants  Combined  With
   Steam Boilers,  Design  and
   Planning.  68
 98
                  HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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Experimental Basis for the
  Determination of Allowable
  Concentrations of Chlorine
  and HC1 Gas Simultaneously
  Present in Atmospheric Air.
  108, 138
 Federal Fiscal Policy in Air
  Pollution Control.   131

 Field Evaluation of Exhaust
  Gas From Refuse Incinerator
  Related to Air Pollution
  and Metal Corrosion.   15, 118

 Fight Against Air Pollution in
  Argentina, Educational,
  Legal and Technological
  Aspects.  23

 Filtering Gas Masks Containing
  Ion-Exchange Resins.   85

 Flame-Photometric Determination
  of Sodium and Potassium in
  Manganese Ores.  159

 Fractional Determination of
  Hydrochloric Acid Aerosol
  and of  Chlorides in Atmos-
  pheric  Air.  33

 Freezing  Point of Gaseous
  Mixtures at Very Low
  Temperatures.  140
 Gas Absorption Equipment.  66

 Gas Analyzer for the Measure-
   ment of Impurities in Air.
   42
 Health  Aspects  in  Fire  Fight-
   ing.   16,  102

 How Atmospheric Conditions
   Can Corrode Refinery Equip-
   ment.  123

 Hydrochloric Acid Manufacture,
   Report No. 3.  14

 Hydrochloric Acid System  in
   Atomic Absorption  Flame
   Photometry.
Hygienic  Determination  of
   Limits  of  Allowable  Concen-
   trations of  Chlorine  and
   Hydrochloride  Gases
   Simultaneously Present  in
   Atmospheric  Air.   107

Hygienic  Effect  of  Average
   Twenty-four  Hour  Allowable
   Concentrations  of Chlorine
   and Hydrochloric  Gases
   Simultaneously  Present  in
   the Atmospheric Air.  98

Hygienic Evaluation  of  Atmos-
  pheric Air Pollution  in
  the Vicinity of the Industrial
  Plant 'Krasnyi  Khimik'.   4
             I
Identification  and Measurement
  of Hydrogen Chloride  Gas
  in the Atmosphere by
  Spectrophotometric  and
  Radiometric Analysis.   51

Improvements in the Processes
  and Operation of Plants  in
  the Chemical  Industry Leading
  to Reduced Emission.  89

Immission Damage Caused by
  Hospital Waste Incineration.
  3, 109

Incineration and Thermal
  Cracking of Liquid  and
  Pasteous Refuse.  20

Industry and Atmospheric  Pol-
  lution in Great  Britain.   133

Influence of Atmospheric  Con-
  taminants on  Corrosion-
  Literature Report.   121

 Influence of Axial Dispersion
   on the  Fixed  Bed Adsorption
   of the  Hydrogen  Chloride-
   Chromium  Oxinate System.  142

 Infra-Red Spectra of Quinol
   Clathrate Compounds.   152

 Investigations  of the Cor-
   rosion-Causing Properties
   of Volatile Acids and
   Anhydrous Acids.  119
                               Title Index
                                                                  99

-------
Krupp Rotary Brush Scrubber
  for the Control of Gas,
  Vapour, Mist and Dust
  Emissions.  75
            M
Maximum Permissible Concentra-
  tions for Air Pollution in
  the Federal Republic of
  Germany.  129
Mechanism of the Corrosion of
  Fe, Zn.and Cu in a Humid
  Atmosphere Containing HC1
  Vapors.  115

Methods of Study of Atmospheric
  Air From the Hygienic Point
  of View.  61

Methyl and Ethyl Mercury Com-
  pounds-Recovery From Air
  and Analysis.  50

Microdeterminatlon of Caffeine
  Using the Ring Oven Technique
  55

Mucociliary Activity.  95
               Performance of Commercially
                 Available Equipment in
                 Scrubbing Hydrogen
                 Chloride Gas.   74

               Photometric Determination of
                 Small Amounts  of Volatile
                 Mineral Acids  (Hydrochloric
                 and Nitric)  in the Atmos-
                 phere.  43
               Pollution by Chlorine in
                 Coal Combustion.  19

               Practical Aspects of Refuse
                 Incineration on the Example
                 of Essenkarnap.  17
               Preliminary Air Pollution
                 Survey of Hydrochloric
                 Acid:  A Literature Review.
                 29


               Preparation and Analysis of
                 Calibrated Low Concentrations
                 of Sixteen Toxic Gases.  57

              1 Present Status of Air Pollution.
                 1

               Principles  and Practices  of
                 Kraft Black  Liquor
                 Evaporation.   30
New  Data on  Limits of Allowable  Probable  Eutectic  Composition
  Atmospheric Air Pollutants.      of Certain  Highly Volatile
  137                              Substances.   163
New  Gas Scrubber Removes 0.1
  Micron Dust.  81

New  Scrubber for the Control
  of Waste Gases Formed During
  Chlorinization of Aluminum.
  79
               Problem of Combined Action
                 of Three Mineral Acids.
                 103

               Problem of Hygienically
                 Permissible Limiting Concen-
                 trations of Air Pollution.
                 132
On  the Question of Improving
  Some Polyvinyl Chloride
  Polymers and a Method of
  Improving Their Toxicity.  11
Performance of Coating on
  Metal  in an Industrial
  Atmosphere.  91, 124
               Procedure for Extracting
                 Sulfur Dioxide From Gases
                 Containing It.  78

               Proton  Conductance and the
                 Existence of the H,0(I)
                 Ion.   148

               Pseudochromatographic Micro-
                 analysis  Utilizing Gas-
                 Solid Equilibria.   Deter-
                 mination  of N02, NOC1,  Cl?
                 HC1,  C02  and H20.   45
TOO
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

-------
Purification of Air Polluted
  by Vapors and Gases.  80
Quantitative Investigations of
  Volatile Systems:   Fusibil-
  ity Curves of Systems Formed
  by Hydrochloric Acid and
  Sulfur Dioxide With
  Methylalcohol:   Mechanism
  of the Formation of Esters.
  141
 Rapid Determination of Lead-210
  and Polonium-210  in Environ-
  mental Samples  by Deposition
  of Nickel.   35

 Rapid Method for  the Deter-
  mination of Harmful Gases  and
  Vapors in the Air.  39

 Recent Development  in Ambient
  Air Quality Guides in
  Relation to Control of
  Atmospheric Effluents.   134

 Recommendations  for Allowable
  Concentration  (1966).  135

 Recovering Hydrogen Chloride
  and Sulphur Dioxide From
  Gas Mixtures.   72

 Recovery and Use  of Sulfur
  Dioxide in the  Sulfur Ex-
  traction Process.  77
 Resin Kettles.   6

 Resistance of Aluminum Alloys
   to  Chemically Contaminated
   Atmospheres.   116

 Results  of Emission Measure-
   ments  From Community
   Incinerators.   27

 Review of  Air Force Data
   From Long  Term Continuous
   Exposure  at Ambient
   Pressure.   94

 Review of Sulphur  Flame
   Technology.   147
Scientific Methods and
  Techniques to Decrease
  the Pollution of the
  Environment Through
  Inhalation or Ingestion,
  and of Acoustical
  "Nuisances".  85

Secondary Aluminum-Melting
  Processes.  12
Refuse Incineration.   84

Remarkable Measures  for the
  Improvement  of  Air Quality.
  21

Removal of Exhaust Odors  From
  Solvent Extraction Operation
  by Activated Charcoal Ad-
  sorption.   62

Research on Chemical Odors.
  Part I --  Odor Thresholds
  for 53 Commercial Chemicals.
  22

Research on the Refuse In-
  cinerators From the Viewpoint
  of Smoke Properties.  13
Selection and Testing of Solid
  Carriers in the Chromatography
  of Corrosive Inorganic Gases.
  157

Simultaneous Removal of Acid
  Gases, Mists, and Fumes With
  Mineral Wool Filters.  63

Smoke Puff Generator Room Air
  Movement Studies.  76

Solubilities of Sulfur  Dioxide
  and Ammonia in Water.  88

Some Thermochemical Properties
  of Methyl Vinyl Ether, Alpha-
  Chloroethyl Methyl Ether,
  and lodomehyl Methyl  Ether.
  Evidence  for Nonbonded
  Electrostatic  Interactions.
  149

Spectrophotometric  Determination
  of Chloride  in  Air.   60

Spectrophotometric  Determination
  of the Concentration of
   Chlortetracycline in the
  Air.   58
                             Title Index
                                                                101

-------
Spectrophotometric Method for                tyf
  the Determination of Nitric
  and Hydrochloric Acids in the  What Doesn't Go Up Must
  Atmospheric Air in the           Come Down.  83
  Presence of Nitrates and
  Chlorides.  52                 Will Trash Removal be a
                                   Marketing Factor for
Statewide Survey of Air Pol-       the Glass Container
  lution Damage to Vegetation-     Industry and Producers
  1969.  125 '                      of Other Packaging
                                   Material?  24
Status of Air Pollution by
  Noxious and Offensive Gases
  and Their Control Programmes.
  128

Study of the Stability of
  Gaseous Negative Ions.  156

System for Control of Aluminum
  Chloride Fumes.  90
Tests on Formation of FeCl2
  and FeCl3 by Reactions
  Between Fe, Fe304, Fe203
  and HC1   Containing Gases,
  164

Thermodynamics of Dilute
  Solutions of AgNO, and
  KC1 in Molten KNO§ From
  Electromotive Force
  Measurements.  III.
  Temperature Variations
  of the Activity Coeffi-
  cients.  143

Toxicity of Pyrolysis Pro-
  ducts of Vinyl Plastics.
  8, 97
Verifying Adsorption
  Formulas by Means of
  Adsorption Measurements
  With Activated Charcoal.
  153

Vibrationally Excited 1,2-
  Dichloroethane Produced
  by the Mercury Photo-
  Sensitization of Dichloro-
  methane.  160
102               HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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                       SUBJECT INDEX
Absorbent  53
Absorbent Solution   150
Absorption  82,  88
Absorption Capacity   150
Absorption Rate   145
Absorption Spectra   54
Absorption Tests  49
Acid Gases  63
Acidic Gases  59
Activated Charcoal   153
Adsorption  106
Adsorption Curves 142
Adsorption Data   153
Air Quality Guides,  U. S.
  and International   134
Aliphatic Amines  44
Alkali Act (England)  133
Alkali Filter Paper
  Method  59
Allowable Concentrations
  99, 135
Aluminum Chlorinization  79
Aluminum Fluxing  12
Aluminum Processing   90
Analytical Methods   57
Animal Experiments   8
Animal Exposures  94
Aqueous Media  145
Aromatic Compounds   72
Atomic Absorption 158
Automatic Analyzer  41
           B

Binary  Systems  141
Black Liquor Evaporation  30
Chlorine  Compound  19
Chlorine  Gas   77
Chlorine  Vapors   90
Chlortetracycline  58
Chromatography  157
Closed-Environment   26
Coal Combustion   19
Common Poisons  106
Condensation  45
Control Equipment  9
Control Methods   93
Control Technology   64
Corrosion  61, 71,  83,  115,
  116, 117, 118,  119,  120,
  121, 122, 123
Corrosive Inorganic Gases  157
Decomposition  32
Desulfurization  69
Devices  47
Dichloroethana  160
Discolorization  109
Electroconductivity Principle
  42
Emission, Control   134
Emission Inventories   21,  28
Emission Measurements   27
tutectic Compositions   163
Exposure Chambers   94
Caffeine   55
Carbonization   96
Chemical  Industry   25
Chemical  Plants  89
Chemical  Reactions  82, 141
Chemical  System  144
Chloride  Formation  164
Chloride  Melts  154
Chlorine   91,  98, 107, 108,
  124,  138
 Far Infrared Region  146
 Federal Fiscal Policy  131
 Ferrous and Nonferrous
   Metals  121
 Filter Cartridge  36
 Filter Flame Photometer  159
 Fire Fighters  16, 102
 Fixed-Bed Adsorption Column
   142
 Foreign Legislation  126
 Freezing Point  140
                                103

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Fruit Skins and Peelings
Fused KC1   NaCl  161
Fused Salts  162
        62     Limits  of Allowable  Concen-
                 trations   107
               Literature  Review   29
               Literature  Search   88
Gas Absorption  66
Gas Adsorption Phenomena  40
Gas Analyzer  42
Gas Separation  45
Gaseous Acids  56
Gaseous Impurities  47
Gaseous Mixtures  140
Guinea Pigs  98
           H

Health Effects  61
Hydrochloric Acid  37, 52, 62,
  83, 90, 91, 96
Hydrochloric Acid Aerosol  33
Hydrochloric Acid Fog  79
Hydrochloric Acid Gas  108, 138
Hydrochloric Acid Systems  158
Hydrochloric and Nitric
  Acid  43
Hydrochloride  Gases  98, 99,
  107
Hydrogen Chloride  9, 68, 72, 78,
  90, 109, 125, 161, 162
Hydrogen Chloride Gas  51
Hydrogen Chloride, Reaction  164
               Magnesium Plant  99, 108
               Magnetron Technique  156
               Mathematical Model  142
               Maximum Allowable Concen-
                 trations  98, 105, 129,
                 136, 137, 138
               Measurement, Electromotive
                 Force  143
               Mercury Photosensitization
                 160
               Metal Coated Glass Slide
                 46
               Metal Ions  139
               Meteorology  112
               Methodology  137
               Methyl and Ethyl Compounds
               Microdetermination  55
               Micro-titration  33
               Microwave Discharge  144
               Mineral Acids  103
               Mineral Wool Filters  63
               Missile Propellants  110
               Mucociliary Activity  95
 50
                                Noxious Gases  87
            I

Impingers  44
Incineration  17,  20,  84
Incineration, Hospital Waste
  3, 109
Incinerator Exhaust Gas  15,
Incinerators  122
Incinerators, Community  27
Incinerators, Refuse  13
Industrial Plants  4,9, 27
Industrial Poisons  18
Industrial Sources  21
Industrial Waste Gases  5
Infra-Red Spectra  152
Ion-Exchange Resins   92
Ions, Gaseous Negative  156
               Odor   99
               Odor  Thresholds   22
               Organoaluminum Compounds
               Oxydizing Agents   65,  145
32
           118
               Pennsylvania  125
               Permissible Limits  132
               Photometric Determination  43
               Picoflux  42
               Plant Injury  112
104
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION

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 Plants  110
 Plastics  24, 96
 Pol/vinyl Chloride   96
 Polyvinyl Chloride Polymers
   8, il
 Polyvinyl Chloride Tapes 11
 Power Plants  21
 Prism Flame Photometer  159
 Protective Coating  91, 124
 Protone Conductance  148
 Pyrolysis Products  97
                                  Statistical  Mechanical Methods
                                    149
                                  Steam  Generators  67
                                  Strong-Acid  Gases  70
                                  Sublimation   45
                                  Sulfur  Dioxide   34,  37, 54,
                                    77,  78,  141
                                  Sulfur  Flame  Technology  147
                                  Survey, Statewide  125
Quantitative Response  48
Quinol Clathrate Compounds
                            152
Rats   96,  97
Recovery  and Purification
  Methods   80
Redox Potential   154
Refuse Firing  67
Resin Production  6
Respiratory Diseases  100
Respiratory Epithelia  95
Ring  Oven  Technique  55
Techniques  47
Thermochemical Data   155
Thermochemical Properties  149
Thermodynamics   143
Thomas  SO, Autometer
Threshold Concentrations   103
Toxic Gases  57
Toxic Substances  105
Toxic Substances, Combined
  Effect  31, 101
Toxicity  8, 26, 96
Toxicology  94
Transfer Processes  148
                                Vacuum  Monochromator  38, 146
                                Vegetation   85,  109, 125
                                Venturi System  71
                                Vinyl Plastics  8, 97
                                Volatile Substances  163
                                Volcanic Emanations  155
                         94
Scrubber Designs   87
Scrubber Packing   86
Scrubbers  62,  74,  7S,  79,  81
Scrubbing  71,  82
Sodium Chloride  77
Soils  110
Soot Aggregates  10
Space Cabin Atmospheres
Spectrophotometric
  Determination  58
Spectrophotometric Deter-
  mination  of Chloride in
  Air  60
Spectrophotometric Method
Spectrophotometric and
  Radiometric Analysis
Stacks  5
Standards § Criteria  I3o
                           52
                        51
                                            w
                                Wash Bottles   44,  49
                                West and Gaeke Method
                                                        54
                           Subject Index
                                                                105

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                GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX

                    Foreign (Countries, Cities)

Argentina  23                    Germany,  East   132
England  133                     Japan  1,  IS,  93, 118, 128,
Europe  67                         135
Germany  127, 129                  Tokyo   9, 13, 68
  Cologne  21, 27                New  Zealand  25
  DUsseldorf  27                 Poland  61
  Essen-Karnap  17               Switzerland, ZUrich 117
                                U. S. S. R.  4, 11,  99, 101,
                                 105, 136, 137
                               107

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