HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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950B71001
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
July 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 55 cents
Stock Number 5503-0019
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The AP Series of reports is issued by the Environmental Protection
Agency to report the results of scientific and engineering studies,
and information of general interest in the field of air pollution.
Information presented in this series includes coverage of intramural
activities involving air pollution research and control technology
and of cooperative programs and studies conducted in conjunction
with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial
organizations. Copies of AP reports are available free of charge -
as supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and
Publications, Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Office of Air Programs Publication No. AP-100
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
General 3
Emission Sources 5
Atmospheric Interaction ig
Measurement Methods 21
Control Methods 35
Effects Human Health 51
Effects Plants and Livestock 61
Effects Materials 65
Effects - Economics 71
Legal and Administrative 73
Standards and Criteria 77
Basic Science and Technology 81
AUTHOR INDEX 93
TITLE INDEX 97
SUBJECT INDEX 103
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX 107
in
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HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AND AIR POLLUTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
This bibliography contains 164 abstracts of documents and articles
on Hydrochloric Acid. These abstracts are numbered sequentially on
their upper right corner. The number on the upper left corner is the
APTIC accession number.
An author index, a title index, a subject index, and a geographical
location index follow the abstracts. The author index lists all authors
individually. The first author is indicated by an asterisk (*). The
indexes refer to the abstracts by the number on their upper right corner.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Office of Air Programs,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711. Readers outside the
Office of Air Programs (OAP) may seek duplicates of documents
directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.
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GENERAL
OU212
S. Abe
THE PRESENT STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION. Clean Air Heat
flanagement (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 7-18, Aug. 1966. Jap.
The present status of air pollution in Japan is given naming the
kinds of contaminants and their origin, factors affecting
contamination density, and various types of smog. The types of
contaminants are: 1) minute particles (less than 1 micron in size)
such as found in soot, carbon, ashes, dust; 2) coarse particles
(greater than 1 micron in size), as found in dust, ashes, and
minerals; 3) reactive substances found in mist, fog, and vapor
such as S02, S03, H2S, C02, CO, N02, N203, O3,
aldehydes, HC1, NH3, HF, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Be and 3,
t-benzpyrene. The contaminants originate from factories, chemical
plants, power stations, domestic heating, public baths, hotels,
laundries, dry cleaning establishments, hospitals, schools, and
public buildings. Also discussed are the human factors affecjting
air pollution such as public awareness and interest, seasonal,
weekly, and daily changes in heating and cooking. Meteorological
aspects are covered such as" wind direction and velocity, turbu-
lence, temperature, rain and snow. The types of smog found in New
York, London, T,os Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Yokkaichi are
described. Graphs and tables list symptoms and diseases affecting
plants and humans and give the density of dust particles and
S02 in the main cities of Japan. Data on the sulfur content
of various oils produced by Japanese refineries and on the number
of Japanese automobiles produced is included for information on
emission sources of pollutants.»f
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EMISSION SOURCES
15392
Bean, Samuel L. ana Howard Wall, Jr.
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM HYDEOCHLCEIC ACID MANOFACTURING
PROCESSES. Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National
Sir Pollution Control Administration and Manufacturing Chemists
Association, Washington, D. C., Fub. AP-54, 59p. Sept. 1969.
15 refs.
The basic characteristics of the manufacture of hydrochloric
acid are presented, includijig growth rate of the industry,
manufacturing processes, product uses, and the number of
producing plants in the United States. The Mannheirc, Hargreaves,
and Laury processes are discussed with respect to their
historical interest, even though the number of plants that use
them is decreasing. The concentration of hydrogen chloride
emitted to the atmosphere is usually less than 0.5$ of the tail
gas volume emitted to the atmosphere. Emissions from hydrochloric
acid plants are adversely affected by high temperatures in the
absorption system, improper balance of absorption area and
contact time, faulty equipment, and inadeguate tail gas scrubbing
systems. Nc correlation exists tetneen exit gas volumes and
plant production rates because of the diverse methods of
production. However, smaller volumes of exit gas usually show
greater hydrogen chloride concentrations due to the varying
amounts of inert materials in this gas stream. Thus, the amount
of hydrogen chloride emitted in pounds per ton of acid produced
gives a more accurate description o± the contaminant emissions.
The hydrogen chloride emissions are usually reduced by scrubbing
in a packed tower located behind the process tower. Water
scrubbers can reduce the concentration to less than 0.1 pound
per ton of acid produced. Hydrogen chloride absorption systems
include falling film and adiabatic absorbers. Other
contaminants such as chloride, chlorinated organic compounds
and other hydrocarbons emitted to the atmosphere are mentioned.
09275 *
Bchne, Helmut
IMMISSION DAMAGE CAUSED BY HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATION. STAUE
(English translation), 27(10):28-31, Oct. 1967. « refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/10
The strong decclorization and whitening of plants observed in two
gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chloride. In both
cases the sources of emission were refuse incineration plants of
hospitals in which chlorine compounds in the refuse, consisting 80-
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90 percent of paper ana packaging material, were decomposed
during short periods at a temperature of 800 - 1,000 deg ^*
Erection of chlorine washing plants appears, therefore,
necessary. (Author's summary)**
17015
Bcndareva, E. N. and V. 2. Yas'kova
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIB POLLUTION IN THE VICINITY
OF THE INDUSTBIAL PLANT 'KBASNYI KHIHIK'. U-S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Belated Occupational Diseases, vol. 8:115-119,
1963. (E. .S. Levine, ed.)
CFSTI: 63-11570
Air around a chemical plant producing hydrochloric and sulfuric
acid was analyzed for concentrations of sulfuric acid aerosol
sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. The sulfuric acid
concentrations of samples collected 1000 meters from the plant were
1300% times above allowable limits. Haximum HCL concentrations
were found only 200 meters away, and were 1-12 times as great as
allowable concentrations. At 500 and 1000 neters, HCL
concentrations were minimum but always associated sith S02 and
sulfuric acid. All air samples had high sulfur dioxide
concentrations, particularly those collected in cold, cloudy
weather and on foggy summer days. Under normal conditions, S03
was present in concentrations from 0.0007-0.6 mg/cu m. Caged rats
placed within 300 and 500 meter radii from the plant along the
path of prevailing winds showed reduced cholinesterase activity
and reduced vitamin C concentrations in the adrenals. There was
a slight increase in vitamin C concentration in the liver and
kidneys.
01416
J. S. Carter
CRTMNKY DISPERSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE GASES IN THE 19TH AND 20TB
CFNTUBIES. Public Health Inspector (London) Vol. 73:U05-H10,
July 1965.
The history of stacks for dispersal of industrial waste gases in
Great Britain is reviewed.f#
C98UU a
Chatfield, Harry E.
PESIN KETTLES. in: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air
Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.
Danielson (comp. and ed.). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pab-999-AP-40, p.
681—688, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-30
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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Aspects of resin (plastic) production such as chemical reactions,
reaction conditions, equipment, and operating procedures are
discussed for phenolic, amino, polyester, and alkyd, polyurethane,
polyvinyl, polystyrene, and petroleum and coal tar plastics. The
principal air contaminants and sources of emission from resin
manufacturing operations are tabulated. The usual emission control
equipment types are cyclones and spray toners for particulates, and
reflux condensers and water scrutbets for solvent fumes.
0223U 7
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY PEPOT?T (REVISED INFORMATIVE REPORT NO. 1) .
J. Air Pollution Control Bssoc. (TI-2 Chemical
Committee). 13, (1C) 496-9, Oct. 1963,
The chemical industry uses raw materials fron mine, forest, sea,
air, and farm; from oil, brine and gas wells; and from by-product
materials of many other industries. It converts these widely
diversified raw materials into more than 8,850 compounds, called
rtend chemicals," in more than 12,000 plants operated by hundreds
of chemical manufacturers. Since Horld War II the chemical
industry has become so diversified that it is difficult even
to classify it accurately. Today, petroleum producers are now
important chemical manufacturers; paper companies, rubber
companies, even manufacturers of electrical machinery and farm
equipment are chemical producers. This report will discuss in
general terms some of the characteristics of emissions from certain
kinds of operations and the relation of the plant operators to
the Air Pollution Control Officials.**
18027 &
Cornish, Herbert H. and Ellen 1. Abar
TOXICITY OF PYPCLTSIS PECDDCTS CT VINYL ELASTICS. Arch. Inviron.
Health, 19(1):15-21, July 1969. 12 refs.
Polyvinyl chloride polymers and formulations were pyrolyzed in a
stream of air by gradually raising the temperature from ambient
to approximately 600 C. The pyrolysis air stream was diluted
with twice its volume of room air, and rats were exposed to it.
Exposure to an air streau containing the pyrolyzed products of 1
to 2 gm of polyvinyl chloride polymer resulted in the death of
50 percent of the animals. Host deaths were due to carbon monoxide
(CO) , and carboxyhemoglcbin (COHb) levels correlated well with the
ancunt of plastic pyrolyzed. Little histological evidence of lung
damage was evident. Hhen oxygen (02) was added to the air stream
to prevent deaths from CO, pulmonary edema and interstitial
hemorrhage developed. The lungs of some animals exposed to high
levels of pyrolysis products of vinyl -chloride^vinyl acetate
copolymer also showed focal edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhage.
Polyvinyl chloride formulations, containing additives and inert
materials, were in general less toxic per gran of saople pyrolyzed.
(Author's Abstract)
Emission Sources
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16521
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan, Public Nuisance Control Div.
THE EMISSION SODKCES OF RC1 AST SH3 ABD THEIH STANTARD CONTROL
EQUIPMENTS. (Enka suisc cycbi anmonia no hasseigen to sono
hyojun jogai shisetsu ni tsuite) . Text in Japanese. K°9£j:
Taisaku (0. Pollution Control). 2 (7) :461-466, Aug. 15, ivoo.
Hydrogen chloriae is emitted by plants which produce piguents,
dyes, industrial chemicals, medical supplies, and treat metal
surfaces. Ten to 50 ppm HC1 does not prohibit work, but is
harmful to the teeth, nose, mucosa of the mouth, and fac®
after long exposure. No one can work in air containing 50-100
ppm HC1. Ammonia is emitted by plants which produce pigments,
manures, and medical supplies. Odor is noticed when the
concentration reaches 100 ppm NH3. Chronic exposure to UOO
ppm NH3 is harmful to the mucosa. Exposure to concentrations
of 2500-6500 ppm NH3 for 30 minutes is dangerous, and exposure to
concentrations of 5000-10,000 ppm NH3 quickly causes death.
Hydrogen chloride and NH3 can be removed by absorption,
adsorption, chemical reactions, and oxidation. Hydrogen
chloride and NH3 dissolve easily in water which provides
another suitable method for control. The water washing method
is divided into a packed column, spray column, venturi scrubber
and jet scrubber. The washing equipment consists of an air
blower, a cleaning column, a pump, a water tank, and an exhaust
pipe. The parts which come into contact with the gas must be
constructed of an acid-alkali proof material. A mist catcher
must be installed on top cf the packed column. The hood must
be carefully designed so the excess air is not inhaled. (Author
abstract modified)
10748
Feniroore, C. P. , and G. W. Jones
COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF SOOT FFOH PEEMIXED HYDROCARBON FLAMES.
Combust, and Flame, 12 (3) : 196-200, June 1968.
Ethylene and acetylene gave eioht tisies more soot when burnt with
oxygen. The comparison was made in flames having the sane
temperature, and about the same pack concentrations of species fron
which the soot is supposed to grow (hydrocarbon radicals, acetylene
and polyacetylene) . We suggest that more effective oxidation of
the soot aggregates, particularly during their early stages of
growth occurred in oxygen flames, and this decreased the yield.
Hydrogen chloride added to acetylene-oxygen flames increased the
yield of soot without increasing the concentrations of
polyacetylenes.. Here too, the yield may have been altered mainly
by changes in the oxidation of the early soot aggregates.
(Authors' abstract) #*
1241*0
Gortan', G. K. and V. D. Yablcchkin
8 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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ON THE QUESTION OF IMPROVING SCHE PCLYVINYL CH10EIDE POIYBEES AND
S METHOD OF IMPROVING THEIR TOXICITY. Kosnich. Biol. Hed., 1(2U
47-51, Harh-April 1967. 11 refs. Translated from Russian by
E. Barter, Foreign Technology Div., Vright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
Translation Div., 8p., April 15, 1968.
CFSTI.DDC: AD 680921
Polyvinyl chloride insulation tapes are used to equip airtight
closed spaces of small dimensions and the cabins of spaceships
with electronic apparatuses, A method was developed for improving
the polyvinyl chloride tapes for the purpose of decreasing their
gas emanation. The overall gas emission or organic substances
from the improved speciuens cf polyvinyl chloride tapes as a
result of the treatment with 50% urea solution was reduced ty a
factor of 1.5. The improved polyvinyl chloride tapes gave off
volatile chemical substances in small concentrations, which with
long duration of their action on the organism cause only a weak
biological effect. As a result cf the treatment with a solution of
urea, there was an improvement in the electrical insulation
properties of the polyvinyl chlctide tapes serving the purpose for
which the materials were intended without change in their strength
characteristics. The following gases are emitted from polyvinyl
chloride tapes: aldehyde, carbon dioxide, dibutyl phthalate, fatty
acids, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, hydrogen chloride, and
organic chlorine compounds; their concentrations are recorded.
09799 12
Hammond, William T. and Herbert Simon
SECONDARY ALTJMTNUM-ttElTING PPOCESSES. In: Air Pollution
Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, county
of Los Angeles.) John Ar Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-UO, p. 28U-292, 1967.
GPO: 806-61U-30
The secondary aluminum melting process is described in detail
indicating the type of furnaces used, charging practices, pouring
practices, and fluxing. Frequently a large part of the material
charged is low-arade scrap and chips. Paint, dirt, oil, grease,
and other contaminants from this scrap cause large quantities of
smoke and fumes to be discharged. Even if the scrap is clean, large
surface to volume ratios require the use of more fluxes which can
cause serious air pollution problems. The emissions from aluminum
fluxing nay consist of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride,
chlorine in the gaseous state, aluminum chloride, magnesium
chloride, aluminum fluoride, magnesium fluoride, aluminum oxide,
magnesium oxide, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, calcium fluoride,
calcium chloride and sodium chloride in the solid state. Because
of the widely divergent properties of these air contaminants the
problem of control is complicated. A canopy hood is usually used
for capturing thp Emissions from the charging well of aluminum
reverberatory furnaces. Calculation of the quantity of air required
can be accomplished as shown in an example. Some type of scrubber
is required to remove the soluble gaseous fraction of the effluent,
and either a baghouse or an electrical precipitator is needed to
control the solids. Tn order to maintain adequate collection
efficiency, the use of high efficiency scrubbers with a caustic
Emission Sources
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solution as the scrubbing medium has been f ound .necessary:iahZ
test data on collection efficiency for both ordinary *n° iciencies
efficiency scrubbers are outlined. »»«ra!?_colj5^°"tfnq aluminum
obtained on various devices on emissions from
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for the aqueous solutions. There are three principal processes
used to produce hydrogen chloride* -O) Reaction of -salt and
H2S01 (Mahnheim Process) resulting in the production of
hydrogen chloride gas and sodium sulfate; (2) Burning chlorine in
a slight excess of hydrogen; (3) As a Jay-product from
chlorination of organic compounds. Dp until the early thirties
more acid vas made by the salt-acid process; by 1961 the hydrogen-
chlorine process was nore in use, Air -pollution aspects of the
processes are reviewed.#*
19325 JS
Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD EVALUATION OF EXHAOST GAS FROM REFUSE INCINERATOR RELATED TO
A1H POLLUTION AMD -HETAL CORBQSICH. Irans. Soc. Heat-ing,
Sir-Conditioning, and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan), vol. 7:95-101,
1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition conducted
at five sites-in Japan is described. -The study was -undertaken to
obtain information on odor and metal corrosion problems. The
exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and hydrochloric acid.
Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid are mainly
responsible for the corrcsion, with sulfuric and nitric acids only
partially concerned. .Percentages of exhaust products as -&
function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Continuous firing
rather than batch firing would limit noxious effluents.
Temperature and excess air control would also help. After-burning
chambers should be installed tc further reduce contaminants.
D17H1 16
E. Hastromatteo
HEALTH ASPECTS IN FIRE FIGHTING (PART 1). Firemen 33, (6)
20-1, Aug. 1966.
In the course of their work, fire-fighters are-e-xposed to a
variety of toxic fire gases and other adverse health factors.
Quite often they are required to enter buildings, confined spaces,
and other places where they nay be exposed to extremes of heat, to
smoke, to oxygen lack, and to toxic gases created by the combustion
process. The physical exertion, excitement and anxiety involved
in many fire situations add to the health problems by increasing
the breathing and heart rates. Fire fighting therefore can
place severe demands on the respiratory, cardio-vascular and
nervous systems. Some of the chief health hazards encountered in
fire fight,ing are discussed. Reference is also made to a
special study of heart and lung disease in fire fighters. (Author
summary)tt
11H38T *'
Moegling, E.
Emission Source?
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PRACTICAL ASPFCTS OF TJF.FOSE INCINERATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF
FSSENKARNAP. ((Praxis der zentralein Mullverbrennung am
^eispiel Fssen-Karnap.)) Translated from German.
Brennstoff-Waerrce-Kraft, 17 (R) : 383-391 , Aug. 1965. 2 refs.
Various aspects involved in the planning of refuse incineration
plants are discussed. Detailed data of the Essen-Karnap power
plant which serves a very wide area of refuse collection, are
given. This plant is the largest refuse incineration plant
existing at present. It has a capacity of 2000 tons of domestic
and industrial refuse and 2000 tens of sludge per day.
Performance data, components of the refuse power plant, supply and
storage facilities for household refuse, discharging of refuse,
refuse transportation and loading, incineration of used oils, slag
transportation and treatment, and furnace operation are described.
Simultaneous co-incineration of high-calorific value industrial
refuse is being attempted experimentally. A large portion of the
acid-forming ingredients undergoes chemical reaction with the
refuse slag and fly ash originating from powdered coal firing,
thereby reducing the emission of S02, S03, HC1, etc. into the
flue gas. The aim is to establish a ratio of industrial wastes to
domestic refuse which will provide the desired flue gas
composition. At present refuse to be incinerated must contain
less than 1% sulfur.**
1S5C4 18
Mozan, C., A. Lacquaniti, and I. Fettinati
EVALUATION 0? THE BISK PRESENTEE EY INDUSTRIAL POISONS.
(Evaluation du risque induit par les toxigues industriels). Text
in French. Arch. Haladies Prcfess. «ed. Irav. Securite Sociale,
31 (3): 141-146, March 1970.
The determination of the actual concentration of a pollutant in
air leads to accurate, reproducible results only when certain
factors that affect it are taken into account. Thus, as in
processing a sairple of polluted air, the pollutant must be absorbed
completely by the absorbent used in its determination. It is
essential to knew that the bubbling rate of the air sample through
the absorbent liquid has a significant effect on the amount of
pollutant absorbed in the prccess. A potential source of
incorrect interpretation of results c± perhaps otherwise
accurate measurements is the assumption of a uniform distribution
of the pollutant throughout a given enclosed space while its actual
distribution is nonunifcrm. These two findings and those to
follow are illustrated by results of measurements of concentrations
in air, in mg/cu m of hydrochloric and hydrocyanic acids,
ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and trichlorethylene. Another important
factor was discovered after a sirall hermetically sealed test rocn
had been constructed for experiments in an atmosphere with known
pollutant contents. Their measured actual contents in the
test-room air were appreciably smaller then the theoretically
expected ones. Analogecus results were obtained when air sanplers
were taken by .small Draeger tubes and when the masonry walls of
the test room were replaced by walls made of aluuinum sheets That
some of the pollutant introduced into the air of the room is
deposited on the walls was fully confirmed by a test in which an
12 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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aluminum plate of known surface area was attached to the wall and
the amount of pollutant deposited on it during the test was
determined analytically. When 'flushed1 with fresh air this amount
progressively decreased, as expected. Such 'contaminated' walls
may act as secondary sources cf air pollution.
06298L 19
Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa., Coal research Center.
(1966). pp. BM/H1-BM/50/
POLLUTION BY CHLORTNF IN COAL COMBUSTION. (SECTION V OF AIR
POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRf^S PEPOR^ FOB QUARTER END'D DECEMBER 31,
1966.)
The ash content in coal is undesirable. Not only is it a
diluent of the coal substance, but at the temperature of coal
combustion some of the more volatile components are released
to contaminate the combustion products. The interest in the
contribution of chlorine to contamination of flue gas has been
considerably less than the sulfur compounds. It was known
that high-chlorine coals when carbonized cause attack on
refractories and when burned cause fouling of high-temperature
heating surfaces. The chlorine content of American coals range
from 0.01 to ".^ percent, whereas English coals run as high
as 1 percent. Western coals contain no chlorine; chlorine is
confined to Central and Appalachian coals—closer to our
large urban centers. Tn burning coals containing chlorine a
serious pollution hazard exists. Assuming that, an 800-NW power
plant is burning a 0.2 cercent chlorine coal, 11,n°0 standard
cubic feet an hour of hydrogen chloride are discharged from the
stack each hour or 1,560 tons each year. If chlorine in coal
is a possible pollutant, the nature of the chlorine compound in
the coal should be known, as well as the transformations
occurring during the coal-combustion process. This
information is necessary if one is to consider techniques in
the removal of the chlorine content before or after combustion.
The concentration of hydrogen chloride is, however, dependent upon
the degree of volatilization of the sodium, from the ash, as
sodium chloride.**
20564 20
Reh, L.
INCINERATION TINE THERMAL CRACKING OF LICOID AND PASTEODS REFUSE.
(Verbrennung und thermische Spaltung fluessiger und
schlammfoermiger Industrie-Abfalle) . Chem. Ing. Tech.
39 (1) : 165-171, 1967. 22 refs. (Presented at the 128th Dechema
Meeting, Frankfurt/Main, April 1, 1968.) Translated from German.
Franklin Inst. Pesearch labs., Philadelphia, Pa. Science Info.
Services, 23p.
The following are the decisive factors in selecting the method,
the furnace system, and the reaction conditions for incineration
or thermal cracking of industrial sludges: combustibility,
volatility, and toxicity of the individual components; the
Emission Sources 13
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water content; the mineral substances; and corrosive compounds.
The most common types of furnaces (such as combustion chambers,
story of fluidized bed furnaces) are surveyed, and their
design, mode of operation, and field of application are
discussed. Post incinerator plants use both combustion and
thermal cracking. The legal requirements of total residueless
combustion of all toxic organic components demand combustion
temperatures of at least 800 C in the actual combustion zone of
the furnaces. With many residues, this temperature cannot be
reached without auxiliary fuel. 8 rotary burner, spray turner,
an atomizing nozzle, a stoiy furnace, and a fluidized bed furnace
are illustrated. The fluidized bed incineration with a turbulent
layer of inert material may be also_ used for thermal cracking of
waste sulfuric acid from inorganic or organochemical plants. The
waste acid concentrated to an acid contents of 15$ (including
solid substances, mostly sulfates) is pumped into the turbulent
layer of sand, heated by an auxiliary burner, and cracked to
water vapor, 02, and SC2. The sulfates are converted to oxide,
and organic substances are incinerated. The spent hydrochloric
acid and iron chloride containing pickling baths are
thermally cracked.
17161* 21
REMARKABLE MEASURES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF AIB QUALITY.
(Eeachtliche Massnahrcen zur Verbesserung der Luft). Text in
German. Hasser Luft Eetrieb, 1H (1) :33-36, Jan. 1970.
In 1967, a total of U million tens of sulfur dioxide were emitted
from industrial sources, particularly power plants. Until 1975,
an increase to 5 million ton? is anticipated; from then on, the
S02 emission will stagnate and eventually decline, due to the use
of nuclear power. Contrary to this downward trend, fluorine,
chlorine, hydrocarbons and numerous odorous pollutants are on an
upward trend, due to the expanding chemical industry. In the
metallurgical industry, the sinter capacity has been doubled; thus,
the larger units will emit HC1 and larger guantities of gaseous
fluorine compounds along with SC2. It is estimated that sintering
plants presently already emit as much fluorine compounds as the
aluminum plants. No fluorine removal method from the waste gases
of the ore sintering plants is yet available. Traffic will
further increase, as well as vehicle emissions. Emissions by
domestic heaters will decrease because electric or central heating
will take the place of old coal or oil fired heaters. To combat
the increasing pollution of air by an overall increase of
emissions, the state of North-Rhine-Westphalia plans to establish
emission inventories. Such inventories have been made in the
area around Cologne; ether large cities will scon follow.
11123 22
little (Arthor D.) Inc., Cambridge, Bass.
RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL ODOES. PART I — ODOR THRESHOLDS FOE 53
CCMMERCIAL CHEMICALS. Manufacturing Chemists Association
Bashington, D.C., 26p. , Ccto. 1968 '
14 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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The odor thresholds in air of 53 industrial chemicals were
determined by panel test. The odor threshold concentrations for the
chemicals studied are tabulated in this report as an alphabetical
listing and by increasing threshold concentrations. All
concentrations are calculated as parts per million by volume. These
values are reported for 50 percent and 100 percent (two and four
members) panel recogniticn. Based on our experience in odor
measurement, it is recommended that the concentrations given for 100
percent recognition should te considered as the recognition
threshold values. The spread between 50 percent recognition may be
indicative of the individuality cf the odor type as well as the
constancy of the data obtained. With 27 of the samples examined, 50
percent recognition was equal to the 100 percent recognition
concentration, while in 23 instances the 50 percent recognition was
once concentration interval lower than the 100 percent recognition.
11087 23
Gispoli, Jose A.
FIGHT AGAINST AIH POLLUTION IK ARGENTINA EDUCATIONAL, LEGAL
AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS. Preprint, Tecnica de Higiene
(Argentina), 20p., June 1968. 31 refs.
Air pollution is an increasing problem in the Argentina cities of
Euenos Aires, Eosario, La Plata and Mar del Plata. Air
pollution ccntrcl measures are not keeping pace with the growth of
industries, which are often Iccated in neighborhoods of
populated areas. The Municiple Director of Hygiene
supervisors th
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2S
16775
Russell, «. E.
AIR POLLUTION AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Clean Air (J. Clean Air SOC.
Australia Sew Zealand), 3(1):15-23, 25, March 1969. 17 refs.
Sources of air pollution from the chemical industry in New
Zealand are discussed. Noxious or offensive gases, liquid
droplets or fumes, smokes or ^articulate matter, and dust must
be controlled. Hethods available for dealing with waste gases are
discussed and examples are given that demonstrate that
improvements in plant efficiency have greatly reduced air
pollution. Recovery systems, principally for S02, are described.
A brief summary is made of theoretical predictions for dispersion
where other methods have failed.
C8517 26
Saunders, R. S.
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN CLOSED-ENVIRONMENT ATMOSPHERES. In:
A. L. Alexander and V. B. Piatt, The Present Status of
Chemical Research in Atmosphere Purification and Control on
Nuclear-Powered Submarines (Fifth Annual Progress Report),
Naval Research lab., Washington, D. C., NBL-6491, p. 8-11,
Jan. 11, 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 648505
Methyl chloroform and other Icw-toxicity chlorinated solvents have
been used in closed submarine spaces in considerable quantity,
with subsequent deleterious effect on equipment. Analysis of some
commercial grades of methyl chlcrcfcrm has shewn the presence of
appreciable quantities of other more toxic chlorinated hydro-
carbons. The relatively high concentrations of these components
may raise the toxicity of the commercial solvent mixtures above
that of pure methyl chloroform. It is obvious that the use of
technical grade solvents in closed atmospheres can add several
unsuspected and perhaps undesirable contaminants to the atmosphere.
Exposure of a crew to trichlorcethylene, and the symptoms shown
subsequent to decomposition of the trichloroethylene are described.
Since methyl chloroform is known to decompose under certain con-
ditions of passage through a submarine CO/H2 catalytic turner,
with the formation of additional chlorinated hydrocarbons and
corrosive hydrochloric acid, and since some of the chlorinated
hydrocarbons so formed might possibly react to yield more toxic
substances, the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents should be
prohibited in closed environmental atmospheres, where catalytic
burners and alkaline materials fern part of the air-purification
system.
08583 23
Schiemann, G.
RESULTS OF EMISSION MEASUREMENTS FfiCH COMMUNITY INCINERATORS
((Ergebnisse von Emissionsmessungen an Verbrennungsanlagen fuer
Siedlungsabfaelle.)) Text in German. Erennstoff-Haerme-
Kraft (Berlin) 19 (9):
-------
The dust and gas emissions of one large and 47 sirall and medium
incinerator plants in Duesseldorf and Cologne were measured and
compared. In 75% of the small and medium plants which employed
various control methods the smoke plume was under the Uniting
value,, while the dust discharge exceeded the standard. Ttsse
results showed that poor dust control rather than the incineration
itself was at fault. After various alterations, the small and
medium- plants, were, able to meet the dust emission stnadards. Dust-
emission in the smaller and medium plants before alterations was 4
kg./hr. for 2.5 t./hr. of refuse, while a large incinerator plant
equipped- with a roller grate and oil furnace, and electrostatic
precipitators, showed only 3.2 kg./hr. dust emission for 20 t./hr.
of refuse. The highest S02 emission was 1.5 g./cu m, only
traces fo S03 were found, and the hydrochloric acid content of
the stack gas was 0.1-1.1 g./cu a. It was concluded that when-
ever possible, the more economical and safer large incinerator
plants should be constructed.**
00030 -28
W. S. Smith
ATMOSPRETRIC EMISSIONS FROP! ytJEt OIL COMBUSTION (AN INVENTORY
GUIDE). Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of
Air Pollution, (999-AP-2.) Nov. 1962. 102p.
This review provides a guide for the inventorying and control of
emissions arising from the combustion of fuel oil. Information
was collected from the published literature and other sources.
The report is limited to information on oil used as a source of
heat or power (exclusive of process heaters). The data were
abstracted, assembled, and converted to common units of
expression to facilitate understanding. From these data, emission
factors were established that can be applied to fuel oil combustion
to determine the magnitude of air-contaminating emissions. Also
discussed are the compositions of fuel oils; the preparation and
combustion of fuel oil; and the rates of emission, their variables,
and their control. (Author)**
17842 29~
Stahl, Quade E.
PREIIMINAFY AIP POLLUTION SUPVO OF HYDKOCHLCEIC ACID: A
LITEHATUBE-BEVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md.,
Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub.
APTD 69-36, 6Sp., Oct. 1969. 117 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188067
Prolonged exposure to lew concentrations of hydrochloric acid can
cause erosion of teeth, while severe exposures can result in
pulmonary edema and laryngeal spasm. Recent data indicate that
hydrochloric acid is also a stronger phytotoxicant than reported
in earlier literature. The acid is strongly corrosive to most
metals. In the United States, hydrochloric acid is produced as a
by-product of the chlorinaticn cf organic compounds, processes
involving the reaction cf common salt with sulfuric acid, and the
chlorine-hydrogen synthesis process. However, atmospheric
Emission Sources 17
-------
emissions of the acid result from a large number of sources oth
than its manufacture and use. These include heating or burning 01
chloride-containing materials in the presence of organic compounds
or other hydrogen-containing compounds. The high solubility °
hydrogen chloride in Hater and the low vapor pressures of even 20%
hydrochloric acid solution make collection of hydrogen chloride in
water an effective and inexpensive method of control. Packed
tower absorption systems are rapidly being replaced by cooled
absorption systems consisting of either a ccuntercurrent or
co-current flow of gas and water. By the use of two or more towers
in a series, emissions can be reduced to 0. 1 to 0.3? by volune.
Other systems effective for the control of hydrochloric acid or
hydrogen chloride emissions are the rotary brush scrubber and the
ejector venturi scrubber. Collection efficiencies for these
systems can reach
09011 30
wenzl, Herman F. J. , and 0. V. Ingruber
PRINCIPLES BTJD PRACTICES OF KPAFT BLACK LIQDOE EVAPORATION. Paper
Trade J. , Vol. 150, p. 51-56, Nov. 28, |966. 16 refs.
The properties of black liguor are discussed in relationship to the
multiple effect, thermal compression and Bergstrorc-Trobeck
evaporation processes. The problem of scaling during evaporation
and the removal of such scales is also discussed.
18 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
11U79
Gusev, B, I, .and R. S. Bi I'dan&kiolid, B, IU
and E. v. Elfimova
DETEFHIBATIONS OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN
PREDICTIONS OF ATNOSPFERTC POL1DTION. ((Ob uchete suraaarnogo
deistviya tokischeskikh-veshchestv pri prognozirovanii
zaqryazneniya vozdushmogo basseina.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33(4-6):88-80, April-June
1968. ((17)) refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-50UH9/2
Several investigations of the combined effect of several
pollutants present simultaneously in the atmosphere have been
recently made. The results are listed. The data provide
convincing proof that as a rule the combined effect of toxic
substances in the atmosphere at the levels of liminal and
subliminal concentrations are in accordance with the principle
of simple summation. Data from many specialized institutes and
organizations suggest that in most cases calculations of the
expected atmospheric pollution are based on the maximum permissible
concentrations established for individual pollutants, so that the
results of mathematical determinations are compared only against
such standards. Jthere is a definite gap between theory and
practice in the establishemnt of standards for atmospheric
pollutants and the application of its recommendations. It is a
matter of common knowledge that the implementation of the necessary
hygienic measures at an operating enterprise is undoubtedly more
complex and difficult than the prevention of marked air pollution
at the planning stage. All these considerations point to the
necessity for the planner to take account of the complex effects
on man of any combination of industrial pollutants discharged into
the atmosphere. The results cf comprehensive investigations
of the reflex effects produced by combinations of substances and
the largely uniform findings of such investigations make it
possible ta recommend, with a high degree of reliability, that for
practical predictive purposes the approved formula for calculations
of combined effects should be extended to all combinations of
substances present in discharges from a specific industrial
enterprise or a complex of enterprises.#f
QJJ246
F. D. Krivoruchko
DETERMINATION 0? AERIAL CONCENTRATION OF DECOMPOSITION AND
OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF CERTAIN ORGANOALOMINUM COMPOHNDS /TEA,
DEAC, TIBA, AND DIBAC) . (Opredelenie produJctov
-------
ra-zlozheniya i okisleniya v vo-zdukhe nekotorykh
alyuminiiorganicheskikh soedinenii (TEA, DEAKh, TIBS i
AKh.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (8) 256-9, Aug. 1966. Huss. (Tr.)
CFSTI:" TT 66-51160/7-Q
In .connection with studies of working conditions in the
manufacture of triethylaluminum (TEA), diethylaluminun chlorine
(DEAC), triisobutvlaluminum (TIBA) and diisobutylaluminum
chloride (DIFAC) it was necessary to determine health hazards in
the factory air. Determination in air of substances formed by the
decomposition and oxidation of TEA, DEAC, TIBA and piBftc
formed the purpose of the present work. organoaluminum compounds
in sealed glass ampules were used. Investigations were performed
in 100 1 chambers with a fan for uniform distribution of the
decomposition products from orqanoalumimum compounds. The
ampules with samples were broken with a special rod. The
breaking of an ampule was followed by the formation of a white
aerosol in the chamber (obviously, aluminum oxide) which persisted
for 1.5-2.5 hr and then was slowly deposited on the chamber walls.
Air samples were taken from the chamber at different time
intervals (from ? rain to 3.5 hr). Aluminum oxide aerosols were
sampled on an ashless filter paper of "Blue Band" grade in a
Plexiglas cartridge. Samples for other toxic substances were
taken by menas of absorbers, placing filter paper in front of the
absorber in order to exclude aluminum oxide. investigations
showed that the processes liberated aluminum oxide aerosol,
isobutylene, lower and higher alcohols, aldehydes, carbon monoxide
and hydrogen. Moreover, the decomposition and oxidation of
DIBAC yielded hydrochloric acid aerosols while the decomposition
and oxidation of DEAC yielded ethyl chloride.#t
20 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
08139 33
Alekseyeva, H. V. and "E. V. Elfimova
FACTIONAL DETERMINATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID A^SOSOt, AND OF
CHLORIDES IN ATMOSPHEPTC AIR. In: Survey of U.S.S.R.
Literature OB Mr Pollution and Kelated Occupational
Diseases. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine.
National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Tnst. for
Rpplied Tech., Vol. 3, p. 31-33, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A method for the determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol in the
presence of chlorides has been developed. To accomplish this,
hydrochloric acid was determined by micro-titration and chloride
ions nephelometrically ; chloride gas was then calculated from the
two values. The determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol in the
air is complicated by the presence in the air of other acid
aerosols, sulfuric acid aerosol in particular. The procedure to
avoid the loss of HCL in the presence of H2S01 is presented
also. The method was used in analyzing 37 samples of atmospheric
air. Air samples were collected for U - 7 hours under different
meteorological conditions. The results proved that aerosol of
hydrochloric acid can be present in the air.f*
34
A. Alvarez
CONTINOODS DETERMINATION CF TESCIS OF SC2 IN AIR, USING WATER
AS THE ABSOBEING SOLUTION. Preprint, New York State Dept.
of Health, Albany, Civ. cf Air Resources, ( (24))p., 1968.
3 refs, presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, St. Eaul, Hinn., June 23-27,
1968, Paper 68-69.)
A method for the continous determination of traces of S02 in
air, using water as the absorbing solution is presented. It is
based en measurement of the color yield by the reaction between
sulfur dioxide (as sulfate) and p-rosaniline hydrochlcride-
hydrochloric acid-formaldehyde mixture. The p-rosaniline
methyl sulfonic acid produced in the reaction exhibited a
maximum absorption at a wavelength of 560 millimicrons.
The color was observed to be timperature independent within the
range of 65 degrees F to 76 degrees F and stable for a period
of our hours. Interferences from N02 and NH3 were observed
at levels beyond the concentrations existing in average urban air.
The method described in this paper exhibited a higher degree of
sensitivity than the standard Best-Gaeke method when they were
tested in parallel. (Author's abstract, modified)»#
-------
0012*
P. L. Planchard
RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD-210 AND POLUNIUM-210 IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY DEPOSITION ON NICKEL. Anal. Chem.
38, (2) 189-92, Feb. 1966.
A procedure for rteterroining Po-210 and Pb-210 simultaneously in
environmental samples was developed by finding the optimum
conditions for the spontaneous deposition of Po-210 and Bi-210 on
nickel from an HCI solution. The effects of HCI
concentration, hydrazine concentration, temperature, tirao of
deposition, surface area of the planchet, and the presence of the
HCIO<4 used to ensure oxidation of environmental samples were
studied. Recoveries of Po-210, Bi-210 and Pb-210 were
determined for various environmental samples spiked with a
(Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210) standard. The Po-210 concentrations
were determined by alpha counting. The Pb-210 concentrations
were determined by beta counting the Bi-210 daughter. fin
aluminum absorber was used to eliminate the Po-210 alpha and
Pb-210 beta particles. (Author)ft
21629 36
Euck, B.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING CF A FILTER CARTRIDGE FOB THE ELIMINATION
CF DISTURBING INFLUENCES AT THE MEASUREMENT OP SULFUE DIOXIDE IN
THE ATMOSPHERE. (Entwicklung und Pruefung einer Filterpatrone zur
Ausschaltung von Stoerenflussen bei der Messung von Schwefeldioxid
in der Atmosphaere). Schriftenreihe Landesanstalt Inoissions- »nd
Bodennutzungsschutz Landes Nordrbein-Westfalen (Essen),
no. 6:28-30, 1966. 4 refs. translated from German. Belov and
Associates, Denver, Colo., 10p., April 15, 1970.
A filter cartridge based on the suction principle and consisting
of a layer of guartz wool prepared with a solution of Ag2S04 and
KHSOU was developed to absorb hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride,
and ammonia, the substances which interfere most with air quality
measurements of sulfur dioxide. The cartridge absorbs the
interfering compounds during sample intake almost conpletely at
air throughputs of oip to 180 liters an hour without also -absorbing
the S02, and is therefore suitable for automatic S02-measuring
devices operating on low air throughput as well as for manual
methods. Experiments are reported investigating in further detail
the suction of H2S in the filter cartridge and S02 uptake by the
cartridge. When conventional sampling technigues are used for the
Silikagel and TCH methods of manual S02 aeasurements, SO2 values
are not distorted by the filter. Instructions are given for its
preparation and installation in the sampling device.
07689 37
Chaigneau, Harcel, and Monique Santarromana
DETERMINATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF STJLFOR
DIOXIDE BITH THE USE OF SOLID REAGENTS. ((Dosage de 1'acide
chlorhydrique en presence d'anhydride sulfureux a 1'aide de
reactifs solides.)) Text in French. Mikrochim. Acta (Vienna) No.
5-6, p. 976-987, 1965. 11 refs. ''
22 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A method for the analysis of hydrochloric acid in the presence of
sulfur dioxide is described. The phosphates of cadmium, zinc,
mercury (II) , and silver absorb gaseous hydrochloric acid in the
presence of sulfur dioxide. Silver phosphate is especially
recommended because of its easy precipitation in the pure state,
its rapid reaction with a change of color and the accuracy of the
determination of the resulting chloride. Tubing and lubricants for
stopcocks should be chosen for their resistance to hydrochloric
acid. It was also found that the method could he used to determine
hydrobroraic acid in the presence of sulfur dioxide.
111C8
Coleman, Paul D. and Roberta Bcldan
ELECTRICS! PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS IN THE FAR INFRARED REGION.
(FINAL REPORT 1 FEBRUARY 1965 - 31 JANUARY 1967.) ILLINOIS UNIV.
Urbana, Electro-physics Lab., Contract AF-AFOSB-272-65, Proj.
9767-02 AFOSR-68-OU65, 8p. , (22) refs.
CFSTI: AC 669573
A vacuum monochromator for the 80 to 1000 micron range, under
construction for the past year, is described. Initial data on the
rotational spectra HC1, HBr, N205! CH3C1 and CH3CN were taken
to test the performance characteristics of the instrument. Perfor-
mance data indicated that the nonochrcmator characteristics are
wavelength reproduction 0.19i; wavelength calibration 0.5?t; relative
intensity measurement 5 to 104; and a resolution of 2% in the 300
to 700 micron range using a cartcn bolometer detecter and a scan
tine of 1 hour. (Authors' summary, modified)
02U39 39
A. V. Demidov, L. A. Mokhcv, and B. S. Levine (Tr.)
RAPID METHODS FOP THE DETERMINATION OF HARMFUL GASES AND VAPORS
IS THE AIR. Vol. 10 of U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related occupational Diseases. Medgiz, Moscow,
Russia. (Technical Transl. No. TT 66-11767.) 1962. pp.
11«. ^
Volume 10 of the survey series "U.S.S.R. Literature on air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases" is a translation
of A. V. Demidov's and L. A. Molhov's book "Rapid Methods
for the Determination of Harmful Gases and Vapors in the Air"
(Yekopehhlie Metoubi Oiipeuejiehnr B B Boeuyxe Bpeahlix K
lopooopaehlix Bewectb), published by Medgiz of Moscow in 1962.
The greater part of the outlined procedures have been developed by
D.S.S.R. analytical chemists, while some were taken from
literature of other countries. The collection of tests appears to
be intended primarily for the detection of dangerous gaseous and
vaporous air pollutants in indoor working premises. For each
harmful gas or vapor qualitative as well as closely approximate
quantitative procedures are given to make possible the early
determination of dangerous harmful gas and vapor concentration in
the air of working premises and to forestall the occurrence of
serious accidents. The volume was intended to fleet the needs
of smaller laboratories and of field industrial laboratory
workers.**
Measurement Methods 23
-------
40
00092
n. Drexler M. Barchas
CHEBO-ELECTFICAL SENSING DEVIC?. Airkem, Inc., New York
City, June 1961, 1U2p.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 262502
This report describes an investigation of the feasibility of
utilizing gas adsorption phenomena for the identification and
quantitative determination of various gaseous materials. A
discussion is presented of the factors influencing the
performance of the various components of an experimental gas
analyzer based on the measurement of characteristic adsorption
energies. Seasons are given for the attempted use of this
principle in such an instrument together with a theoretical
discussion of the basis for concluding the instrument to be
non-feasible in practice within the limitations of the original
specifications. A review of material
obtained from available literature sources as well as
informa
-------
A GAS ANALYSER TOR THE MEASUREMENT OF IMPURITIES IN AIR. Instr.
Heview, 15 (194):98-99, Feb. 1968 Translated from German,
Electrotech. (B) , No. 2, 1966.
A gas analyzer has been introduced which measures air impurities
such as 302, HC1, NH3, NC, N02, CO, C12, and H2S. The instrument,
called Picoflux, operates on an electrocunductivity principle. The
various air contaminants are analyzed by using different electolyte
solutions in the voltiac cell; if several gases are present,
preliminary filtration is also employed. The instrument is suited
for measuring low concentrations; 0 to 0.3 ppm S02; 0 to 0.5 ppm HC1
and 0 to 1 ppm NH3. The range is adjustable by a factor of 2.5 or 5
with the flick of a switch. An integrating recorder allows 10- or 3
minute mean measurement readings.
OU257 4i
E. Kh. Gol'dberg
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMAIL AMOUNTS OF VOLATILE MINERAL
ACIDS (HYDROCHLORIC AND NITRIC) IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
(Fotoraetricheslcoe opredelenie malykh kolichestv letuchikh
mineral'nykh kislot (solyanoi i azotnoi) v atmosfernom vozdukhe.)
Hyg. Sanit. 31, (9) UUO-3, Aug. 1966. Russ. (Tr.)
CFSTT: TT 66-51160/7-9
A spectrophotometric method was recommended for the analysis of
low concentrations of mineral acids in the atmosphere. However,
it is not always possible to use this method at the laboratories
of the district sanitary-epiderciological centers because of the
absence of a spectrophotometer. Modification of the
spectrophotometric method for purposes of photometric
determinations with a phctoelectrocolorimeter reguired a
calibration graph for the relationship between the optical
density and the concentration of hydrogen ions in micrograms per
1 ml for an FEK-56 photoelectrocolorimeter. Standard solutions
were prepared from fresh 0.005 N HC1 and HN03. Solutions
were made containing 0.005 to 0.02 aicrograa/nil H+. A zero
solution (distilled water) was prepared simultaneously. In all
cases, an addition was made of O.t ml 0.01% alcohol solution of
methyl red. The optical density of standard solutions and of a
zero solution with the methyl red reagent was determined with
respect to distilled water. This photometric technique made
possible the establishment of constant optical densities of agueous
solutions of acids in the standard scale, independent of the pH of
the distilled water used. The sensitivity of the photoelectro-
colorimetric method and the sampling procedure are the sane
as for the spectrophotometric method. Studies were also
made of the possibilities of visual colorimetric determinations.
It was found that in the absence of a photoelectrocolorimeter
the solutions can be determined colorimetrically by visual means by
the method of standard series with an artificial scale.f*
03369 **-
S. Hantzsch and K. E. Prescher
ANALYZING APIINE TRACES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. STAUB (English
Transl.) (Duesseldorf) 26, (8) 28-32, Aug. 1966.
Measurement Methods 25
-------
s
A report on the concentration of ^primary all£*at^ *-*j|;!?*f /i/air
is given. Absorption tests on low concentration of win bottles
were carried out in diluted hydrochloric acid, using "
and impingers. Material losses during the «^J*™ experience in
absorption solutions were also evaluated. Pra, 35-42, 1961
A new method for the determination of mist size and numbers of
mist particles is described, which is useful in air pollution
research as well as in industrial hygiene. A glass slide was
coated with a very thin layer of metal film; iron was the best of
three metals tried. The' slides were placed in an Owens type dust
counter or a cascade impactor for-the collection of -aist particles.
Both acid and alkaline mists were tested. As the corrosive
particles hit the slide, metal was dissolved and the transparent
holes which were formed could be detected under an optical
microscope. Methods for calculating true particle size fron the
holes in the metal-coated slide are given. ##
10672 47
Hersch, Paul A.
Ra-n-or--! -r POLLUTANTS TO AIR. Gould-
Batteries, Inc., Minneapolis, Hinn., 2«p., 1968. 21 refs.
26 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul,Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-
153.)
Experience with, and extensions-of less known techniques «f
providing an air stream with a steady and adjustable level or a
gaseous impurity are described. Leaving aside those means that
employ moving solid parts, the paper -discusses devices using 1-i-qttid
pistons, mikro-flow through channels, diffusion across channels and
barriers, stream splitters for attenuation, and methods based on
evaporation, electrolysis, chemical conversion, and irradiation,
(Author s abstract, modified)
05078 48
E. E. Kuczynski
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE THOMAS
SO 2 AUTOMETER. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1, (1) 68-73r Jan.
1967.
A study was made of the guantitative response of the Thomas
S02 autometer to gases that night coexist with S02 as air
pollutants. These gases included N02, NO, HC1, CL2, NH3
, and HF. The gas mixtures were prepared dynamically at the
ppm level by a flow mexing method to a high degree of accuracy.
Syringe pumps were used to add snail quantities of pare gases to a
large vol. air stream. The effects of N02, NO, and HF on
the 502 reading were small, but HC1, NH3, and CL2 gave
significant response. (Author abstract)##
49
06962
H. Leithe and G« Petschl
COMPARATIVE ABSORPTION TESTS FOR DETEBHINATION OF GASEOOS AIE
CONTAMINANTS TN HASH BOTTLES. (Vergleichende
Absorption-sversuche zur Bestimraung gasformiger
Lnftverunreinigungen in Waschflaschen.) -Z. Anal, Che*.
226 («) , 352-61 (1967). Ger.
Comparative gas-absorption tests are described using air
contaminated with C02, HC1, NH3% SO2, and air samples from
production plants containing-fluorides^ Tie concentrations were
in the range of the Maximum Allowable Concentrations and below.
Three kinds of gas washing bottles have been employed: 1)
Ifflpinger washing bottles, recently recommended for air analyses;
2) ordinary Drechsel washing bottles; 3) washing bottles with
porous glass discs containing a foam formation agent. The
effect of the lapinger equalled that of the Drechsel type. With
HC1, NH3, and SO2 there was no difference between Impinger
and foam absorption bottle, but with CO2 and air samples
containing fluorides foam absorption showed up to ten tines higher
absorption efficiencies. Corresponding analyses of open-air
samples containing fluorides are being conducted. (Author
summary)**
Measurement Methods 27
-------
OS587
linch, A. 1., B. F. Stalzer, and D. T. Lefferts
METHYL AND ETHYI WERCUT1Y COMPOUNDS—RECOVERY FROM AIB AND
ANALYSIS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Asscc. J. , 29(1):79-86, Jan.-Feb.
1S68. 15 refs. (Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting, Ameri-
can Industrial Hygiene Association, Chicago, Ill.» Ha7 3,
1967.)
Attempts to recover dimethyl cr diethyl mercury vapor by absorp-
tion in the reagents usually reccmmended for collection of mercury
from air met with failure. The absorber design, whether inpinger
or porous glass diffusticn type, contributed only minor differ-
ences. However, 0.1N iodine monochlcride in 0.5M hydrochloric
acid gave quantitative recoveries of dimethyl and diethyl mercury,
monomethyl and monoethyl mercuric chlorides, and mercury vaporized
into moving airstreams. The reagent also is applicable to the
analysis of mercurial-bearing dusts. Again, the absorber design
was not critical but impinger recoveries were rate-dependent. The
Teflon permeation tube for S02 calibration was adopted success-
fully to the dynamic calibration of micrcimpingers developed for
personnel monitoring. The ACGIH procedure for analysis was
followed after sample collection. (Authors' abstract)##
08U55 51
Ludwick, J. D.
IDENTIFICATION AND M'EASnHF.HENT OF HYDROGEN CHLOPTDE GAS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANE RADIOMETRTC ANALYSTS. In:
Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1966 to the
USAEC Division of Bioloqy and Medicine. Volume TT:
Physical Sciences. Part 1. Atmospheric Sciences.
Battelle-Northwost, TCichland, Wash., Pacific Northwest Lab.,
Contract AT (15-1)-1830, P.HHL481-1, p. 76-78, Oct. 1967.
1 ref.
CPSTI:
A simple method by which almost any field-collected chloride
sample could be analyzed was developed. Standardized chloride
solutions were treated with suitable volumes of silver nitrate
solution tagged with Bg-110. The solution with the precipitated
AqCl was analyzed for gamma. If a standard silver solution
containing the proper specific activity of Ag-110 is used,
there is no upoer limit for chloride determination, and as little
2 x 10(to the minus 7 power) q can be rapidly measured. To
sample hydrogen chloride gas from the atmosphere, a scrubber-column
collector was designed and assembled. Two field tests using HC1
gas were conducted over the Meteorology Grid network. About
5 pounds of BC1 was released over a period of 10 minutes in each
test. Twelve samplers were arranged ."Hownwind on the two innermost
arcs located 210 aT}^ fno rceters from the source. A comma .jr-lal
portable HC1 aas sampler was evaluated for analytical
sensitivity. The instrument was moved along i->-• jietev.. ology arcs
as HC1 emission took place. The instrument «as sufficiently
sensitive to detect and measure the HC1 at the 800 meter
distance. Peal-time measurements made with the portable
instrument agreed with analytical results of chloride content from
28 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
the field collectors by the radioraetric technique described. The
peak field concentration of HCl gas at 800 meters
corresponded to an air concentration of about 2 x 10 ( to the minus
7 power) ppn.Sf
02570 52
M.D. flanita V,p. Helekhina
& SPECTROPHOTOHETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITRIC AND
HYDROCHLORIC ACIDS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN THE PRESENCE OF
NITRATES AND CHIORIDES. (Spektrofotometricheskii metod
opredeleniya azotnoi i solyanoi kislot v prisutstivii nitratov v
atmosfernora vozukhe.) Hyq. Sanit. 29, (3) 62-6, Mar. 1964.
CFSTI: TT65-S0023/3
A spectrophototnetric method for the determination of
hydrochloric and nitric acids in the presence of nitrates and
chlorides is described. This method is based on the determination
of the optical density of colored aqueous solutions containing the
above acids after the addition of methyl red in ethanol. The
sensitivity of the method is 0.18 microgram of HcL per ml and
0.31 microgram of HN03 per ml. Other acids and- bases
interfere with the assay. C02 and S02 always present in
ataospheric air do not interfere with the spectrophotometric
determination of hydrochloric and nitric acids when this is
carried out under the conditions described.t#
19501} 51
Mozan, C., A. lacguaniti, and 1. lettinati
EVAIDATION OF THE RISK FBESENTEE EY INDUSTRIAL POISONS.
(Evaluation du risque induit far les toxigues industriels). Text
in French. Arch. Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite Sociale,
31(3):141-146, Parch 1970.
The determination of the actual concentration of a pollutant in
air leads to accurate, reproducible results only when certain
factors that affect it are taken into account. Thus, as in
processing a sample of polluted air, the pollutant must be absorbed
completely by the absorbent used in its determination. It is
essential to know that the bubbling rate of the air sample through
the absorbent liquid has a significant effect on the amount of
pollutant absorbed in the process. A potential source of
incorrect interpretation of results cf perhaps otherwise
accurate measurements is the assumption of a uniform distribution
of the pollutant throughout a given enclosed space while its actual
distribution is nonuniform. These two findings and those to
follow are illustrated by results of measurements of concentrations
in air, in mg/cu m cf hydrochloric and hydrocyanic acids,
ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and trichlorethylene. Another important
factor was discovered after a snail hermetically sealed test room
had been constructed for experiments in an atmosphere with known
pollutant contents. Their measured actual contents in the
test-room air were appreciably smaller then the theoretically
expected ones. Analogecus results were obtained when air samplers
were taken by snail Draeger tubes and when the uasonry walls of
the test room were replaced by walls made of aluminum sheets. That
Measurement Methods 29
-------
some of the pollutant introduced into the air of the roon is
deposited on the walls was fully confirmed by a test in wnicn an
aluminum plate of known surface area was attached to the wall ana
the amount of pollutant deposited on it during the test was
determined analytically. When -flushed- with fresh air this amount
progressively decreased, as expected. Such -contaminated- walls
may act as secondary sources of air pollution.
0832U
Nietruch, F. and K. B. Prescher
DETERMINATION OF SUITOR DIOXIDE WITH PARAROSANILINE AND
F05HALDEHYDE. ((Beitrag zur Bestimmung von Schwefeldioxid
mit Pararosanilin und Formaldehyd.)) Text in German. Z.
Anal. Chen. (Berlin), 226(3):259-266, 1967. 5 refs.
The comparative suitability of four commercially prepared and two
isomerfree pararosaniline reagents for S02 determination (West
and Gaeke method) was studied. The absorption spectra of the
pararosaniline reagents in neutral and hydrochloric solutions, and
the spectra of the dyestuffs developed by formaldehyde,
dichlorosnlphitomercurate and hydrochloric pararosaniline
solution were compared. Tn spite of differing behavior in
hydrochloric solution, the pararosaniline reagents studied were
deemed suitable for S02 determination. A standard for
pararosaniline reagents and sufficient dyestuff developing time
are cited as factors important in the production of reproducible
results.#f
00492 55
F. E. Ordoveza and P. W. Viest
MICRODETERMTNATTON OF CAFFEINE USING THE RING OVEN TECHNIQOE.
Anal. Chim. Acta Vol. 30:227-233, 196U.
A rapid and highly selective aethod for the microaeteroination of
caffeine of special interest for air pollution studies is
presented. With the ring oven technique and with solutions of
acetylacetone in sodium hydroxide and p-dinethylaminobenzaldehyde
in hydrochloric acid, as little as 0.5 micrograra caffeine on the
ring can be determined with an average error of 3*. Compounds
containing purine bases which would be likely to give the sane
color reaction as caffeine do not interfere. Of the organic air
pollutants which might be collected from the atmosphere during the
sampling for caffeine, benzo(alpha)pyrene and formic acid do not
interfere. Interferences from formaldehyde and urea are easily
eliminated. (Authors' summary)*#
05896 Sfi
J. J. Phair, R. j. shephard, G. c. R. Carey, B. L.
Thomson
THE ESTIMATION OF GASEODS ACID IH DOMESTIC PREMISES. Brit
J. Ind. Med. (London) 15, 283-92 (Oct. 1958).
30 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Measurements of the concentration of gaseous acids and other
variables within the micro-environment of the home are reported
A description is given of a small sequence sampler that gives
six-hourly readings of gaseous acid concentration in domestic
premises. Samples are returned to the laboratory for
analysis by the conductivity method. Factors affecting the
rate of sampling and evaporation of aosorbent solution are
critically evaluated. Evaporation is an important problem
with the original model and methods of minimizing water
loss habe been incorporated in later designs of the apparatus.
Gaseous acid measurements largely reflect the amount of S02
in a suburban atmosphere and an efficiency of 95% can be
obtained with single-stage sampling. Ammonia and
hydrochloric acid vapour are also absorbed although these are
resent in lesser and approximately equal amounts. Sulphur
trioxide is not absorbed to any significant extent, but this is e
minor constituent of suburban atmospheres. The
variation between different sampling units in the sane room
is considerable in the presence of dry gaseous 303, and even
under normal room conditions the 95X confidence limits of
observations made from a single point are + or - 0.0024 p.p.m.
Differences between different parts of a large building
are even greater. Indoor measurements show a general tendency
to follow outdoor readings with a lag of up to two hours;
however, the indoor concentrations of gaseous acid are on the
average much lower, and do not show the sharp peaks seen at
outside locations. The relationship between gaseous acid
levels in different parts of the city is not constant since
in each area the industrial output is supplemented by a
seasonally varying domestic heating load. The relationship
between gaseous acid and particulate contaminants also varies
in different parts of the town, perhaps on account of
differing amounts of alkaline pollutants in the atmosphere.
(Author summary modified)##
17128 57
Saltzman, Bernard E.
PBEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF CALIBRATED LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF
SIXTEEN TOXIC GASES. Anal. Chem., 33 (8):1100-1112, 1961. 20 refs.
The development and testing of analytical methods for the accurate
determination of low concentrations of various toxic gases are
described. All-glass flew systems were preferred for the
dilution of gases with purified air, since such systens avoid
serious errors from surface adsorption or reaction with impurities.
Several practical flow dilution systems are described and
diagrammed, as well as an asbestos plug flowmeter which was found
useful for metering flows varying from a few hundredths of a
milliliter to a few milliliters per minute; motor-driven glass
syringes caa also be used for netering gas (and liquid) flows in
these ranges, but have the disadvantage of intermittent operation.
Eotameters are convenient for netering gas flows greater than
10 Bl/nin, but iecuase of calibration difficulties axe considered
secondary rather than primary measuring devices. In an evaluation
of chemical analytical methods, it was found that many of the
nethods available were based en assumptions derived from studies
conducted either at high gas concentrations or in liquid solutions;
various difficulties are encountered when such methods are
critically tested at low concentrations. The methods finally
Measurement Methods 31
-------
selected were first tested for sensitivity for samples of
reasonable size; results consistent with both sample volume ana
test gas concentration; adequate absorption efficienty witn tne
available sampling equipment; and adequate stability of reagents
and final solutions. The role of sampling absorption
efficiency is developed mathematically, and midget sampling
equipment described. Finally, methods are given for each of the
following gases: ammonia, arsine, brcmine, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ethylene oxide, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen fluoride, monoethanclamine,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, and stibine.
02559 S8
B.E. Seleznev I.ft. chernichenko
SPECTFOPHOTOHFTRIC DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF
CHLOHTETRACYCLIN2 IN THE AIE. Opredelenie kormovogo
Khlortetatsiklina v atmosfernom vozdukhe spektrofotometricheskim
raetodom.) Hycr. Sanit. 31, (3) 346-8, Bar. 1966.
CFSTI: TT66-51160/1-3
The possibility of using spectrophotometry for the quantitative
determination of chlortetracycline in the air was studied. Among
the solvents investigated, the most suitable was 0.1 N, HC1
solution, since this produced the highest optical density in the
ultraviolet. The method is fairly sensitive (0.01 micrograus/ml)
hut nonspecific, interference being encountered from other
organic compunds which absorb similar wavelenghts.lt
14486 59
Tlhi, K.
THE TIETERHINATTON OF ACIDIC GASES IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS BY
ALKALI JILTEE PAPER. (Alkali rcshi ho ni yoru saqyo kankyo chu
sansei gas no sokutei). Text in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku
Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.), 24(1):«9, April 1969.
The alkali filter paper method for determining acid gases ia
working environments entails soaking filter paper in a 30%
potassium carbonate solution, drying the paper in air, and
puttinrr it in a vinyl holder having an exposure area of 64 sq cm.
Absorbed gases are extracted with distilled water and determined
qualitatively and quantitatively. The required exposure tine is
determined by the typo of acid being measured, the production
process, and the sensitivity of the determination method.
Generally, 1 to 8 hrs are appropriate for acidic gases like
S02, HC1, and N02, and 8 to 24 hrs for acid mists of sulfuric,
phosphoric, and chromic acids. One hour is usually required
for 502 measurements by the para-rosaniline formaline method;
the CL-Ba method requires R to 24 hrs. When the relationship
between the amount of S02 adsorbed on the filter paper and the
average gas concentration in the working environment is plotted,
a curve is obtained. Thus, on a per day basis, the coefficient
of conversion depends on the amount adsorbed. However, the
graph for an hour of exposure time is linear, suggesting "that
shorter exposure times would he convenient for the calculation.
32 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
06829 60.
P. W. West and H. Coll
SPFCTHOPHOTOMETPIC D^TEBMITi! A^TON OF CHLOEIDE IN ATT). Proc.
Symp. Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur Compounds,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1957. (1959). pp. 37-U1 .
A spectrophotomptric procedure for guantitation of chloride in air
is described. .Air is bubbled into a solution of iron perchlorate
in perchloric acid. The light absorption of the iron-chloro
complex is measured at 350 millimicrons and the estimate of
concentration obtained from a chloride calibration curve.
Experiments to determine efficiency, optimum concentration of
reagents, and interfering elements are discussed. Method
provides rapid, routine analysis of chloride, has a sensitivity
higher than conventional procedures, and is not restricted by
interferences.*#
20030 61
Hyszynska, fialina, Konrad Kosirski, Stefan Maziarka, Zbigniew
Misiakiewicz, and Artur Strusinski
HETKODS OF S10D? OF ATMOSPHERIC AIE FHCM THE HYGIENIC POINT OF
VIEW. (Hetody sanitarnego tadania jcwietrza atmcsferycznego).
Text in Polish. Hydawnictwa Metodyczne Panstwowego Zakladu
Higieny (Methodologic Study Gcvt, Dept. Hyg.) . no. 10, 141p.r 1968.
82 refs.
Methods of determining pollutants, the admissible concentration
of which was limited by Polish legislation, and determining a
number of other atmospheric pollutants which in excessive anounts
are either hazardous to health cr cause damage by corrosion are
reviewed. Determination of air dustiness, chemical analysis of
dust, and determination of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, carbon
disulfide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric cxide, fluorine, chlorine,
hydrogen chloride, ozone, phenol, benzene, chlorbenzene, and
aniline are presented. R description of. each method includes
principles of the method, its limitations, a description of the
apparatus, procedure of sample collection, and data evaluation.
The apparatus required usually are not expensive and complicated,
but they have to be precise and well calibrated because of the
extremely low concentrations measured. The reagents used have to
be of high purity. Host of the methods described were verified
and tested on the laboratory scale and in routine determination of
pollution. Thus no difficulty should be encountered in their
application.
Measurement Methods 33
-------
CONTROL METHODS
OU913 62
H. 1. Barnebey
REMOVAL OF EXHAUST ODORS f^OK SOIVEHT EXTRACTION OPERATION BY
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ADSOEPTION. 3. Air Pollution Control
Assoc. 15, (9) 1422, Sept. 1965.
Tsopropyl alcohol vapor is. being exhausted in 2000 cfn of air at
120 cleg F from a process involving the extraction of lemon pulp
by the solvent. The emission also contains trace quantities of
hydrochloric acid droplets and a varying amount of particulate
matter from fruit skins and peelings. The emission caused a fire
hazard and was credited with a contribution to the snog problem.
The rate of emission of isopropyl alcohol was 35 gallons per
hour. A liquid scrubber is used to remove the particulate matter
and acid fumes. The scrubber uses a 1 S sodium carbonate
solution. The scrubber is followed by the activated charcoal
adsorption system. This consists of two horizontal absorbers
containing beds of activated charcoal, a condenser, and the
necessary storage tanks, piping, valves, and controls. The
solvent is removed from the charcoal bed by steam stripping and is
condensed along with part of the steam. This
adsorption-desorption cycle can be repeated many times per day for
a period of years until the charcoal bed becomes contaminated with
high molecular weight substances. The condensed dilute alcohol is
concentrated in a fractionating column so that it can be reused in
the process. The odor, hydrochloric acid fumes, and particulate
matter are reduced to the point that they are not readily
detectable. The effluent air stream contains less than 0.05 Ib
per hour of isopropyl alcohol. The system continuously removes
and returns for reuse in excess of 95 percent of the isopropyl
alcohol vapor coming to the unit. The five percent loss of
solvent does not represent exhaust to the atmosphere but is mainly
caused by losses in collection and in the distillation of the
dilute solvent. The total operating costs for the required
electrical power, cooling water, steam, maintenance, chemicals,
and supervision is about one-seventh of the market value for new
alcohol.ft
07552 &
Billings, Charles £., Charles Kurker, Jr., and Leslie
Silveraan
SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF ACID GASES, MISTS, AJJD FUMES WITH
MINERAL WOOL FILTERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,
8 (3):195-202, Nov. 1958. 20 refs. (Presented at the 51st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Philadelphia,
Pa., Bay 26-29, 1958.)
35
-------
Investigations have indicated that two in. thick filters at four
Ib/cu. ft. packina density will remove up to 80% of acid mist
and up to 99* of acid gases and fanes. Total filter life depends
upon concentration .of contaminant in the entering air. A
summary of filter performance is given. Estimated operating life
based upon one use of the filter material can be obtained from the
data given. With particulates such as iron oxide and fly ash, it
has been found possible to wash and reuse filters about ten times.
Hhen iron oxide was collected simultaneously with SO2, filters
were reused about eight times. Acid gas collection is
significantly improved by the presence of moisture on slag wool
filters. Mineral wool filters have several features such as, low
cost (about 1 cents/lg.), small fiber diameter {H micron and
ability to withstand high temperatures (1000 deg F.). Slag wool
will simultaneously remove sub-micron particulate naterials with
90 to 99% efficiency. Resistance to flow through two in. slag
wool filters (with an HF efficiency of 95%) is on the order of
one or two in. of water, or if continuously moistened, at most 6
in. of water.tf
10017 B*
Bloomfield, Bernard B.
CONTROL OF GRSFCUS POLLUTANTS. Heating, Piping, Sir Condition
ing, 40(1):195-206, Jan. 1968. 26 refs.
Control technology in relation tc air pollution involves the
application, singly or in combination, of tall stacks for dispersion
process changes, and control equipment. Most gaseous contaminants
can be controlled using the techniques cf absorption, adsorption,
direct flame combustion, and catalytic combustion. The theoretical
principles of design and operation preclude under most circuastances
the use of any of the shelf items for air pollution control purposes
Good design, construction, and proper operation are the requisites
of a satisfactory system. The special characteristics of a number o
systems are described. A table of selected air quality standards is
given for such pollutants as SOx, NCx, CO, H2S, and ozone.
17320 65
Kempner, Stanley K,, E. N. Seiler, and Donald H. Bowman
PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT IN SCRUBBING
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(3):
139-113, March 1970.
Six commercial fume scrubbers were tested for their ability to
remove hydrogen chloride gas from plating room exhaust air. The
scrubbers, which represent different types of equipment available
for this application, were chosen on the basis of their specified
ability to remove 9055 of the contaminant from a 2500 scfm gas
stream consisting of ambient air with 20 ng/cu a of HC1 gas.
The units were connected to ductwork and piping simulating actual
producting conditions. The contaminant was carefully metered into
an accurately measured air stream drawn through the scrubber. A
continuous sample of the scrobber discharge was recorded by a
conductivity meter. The results are presented in a series of
curves plotting efficiency vs water rate. Efficiencies of
36 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
to 100? were obtained with a vertical packed scrubber and extended
surface scrubber. A horizontal jacked scrubber and a plate
scrubber attained efficiencies of better that 95%. A fan type
scrubber was entirely unacceptable and is not recommended for use
with a gaseous contaminant. The tests also revealed that optimum
efficiencies can be obtained at water rates much lower than those
recommended by the manufacturers. This makes it practical to use
ncnrecirculated water in production scrubbers. Variations in
scrubber design and effectiveness of mist eliminators are also
discussed. (Author abstract modified)
09057 66
Carter, C. Neal
EFFECTS OF pH AND OXIDIZING AGENTS ON THE PATE OF ABSORPTION OF
HYDROGEN SULFIDE INTO AQUEOUS MEDIA. TAPPI, 50 (7) :329-334,
July 1967. 19 refs.
The rates of absorption of hydrogen sulfide into aqueous
solutions of hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium
hypochlorite were measured by means of a laminar liquid jet.
The effects of various reactions were determined by analyzing the
data in terms of the penetration theory. The various reactions
that were found to influence the rates of absorption determined
in this study were an ionization reaction, which had a first order
forward rate constant of Q.H per sec; a neutralization reaction
between hydroxide icns and hydrogen sulfide molecules, which had
an "infinitely high" rate; and an oxidizing reaction, which had an
"apparent" first-order rate constant of 250 per sec for a 0.1N
hypochlorite solution. The data en the absorption of hydrogen
sulfide into basic solutions indicate the possibility that the
laminar jet and wetted-wall column dc not give comparable results
for cases of absorption accompanied by an "infinitely fast"
reaction. Further analysis cf the rates of absorption into
oxidizing solutions indicates that hydrogen sulfide will react
initially with the hypochlcrite icns tc form dihydrogen sulfoxide,
which in turn will form unstable complexes with more hydrogen
sulfide molecules by sulfur-sulfur bonds. The data also indicate
that for oxidizing solutions above pH 12, the rates of absorption
are influenced by the decomposition of dihydrogen sulfoxide, which
gives hydroxide ions as a product. (Author's abstract)**
09795 67
Chatfiold, Harrv E. and ^ay 1. Ingels
GSS ABSORPTION "QUTP^ENT. Tn: Air Pollution Engineering
Hanual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los
Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health
Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, PHS-Puh-999-AP-UO, p. 210-232, 1967.
GPO: 806-61U-30
Gas absorption equipment is designed to provid^ thorough contact
between the gas and liquid solvent in order to permit interphase
diffusion of the materials. This contact between gas and liquid
can be accomplished by dispersing gas in liquid or vice versa.
Absorbers that disperse liquid include packed towers, spray towers
Control Methods 37
-------
and venturi absorbers. Equipment that uses gas dispersion includes
plate or tray towers and vessels with sparging equipment. The
principles of designing plate towers and packed towers are
discussed in detail. The following items are included in the
discussion on packed towers: packing materials, liquid dispersion,
tower capacity, tower diameter, number of transfer units, height of
a transfer unit, and pressure drop through packing. An exanple of
calculations involved in designing a packed tower for the removal
of NH3 is illustrated. Liquid flow, plate design and efficiency,
flooding, liquid gradient on plate, plate spacing, tower diameter,
and the number of theoretical plates are included ±n the discussion
of plate towers with specific emphasis on bubble cap plates. An
example of the calculations involved in determining the number of
plates required and estimated diameter of a plate tower is
illustrated. The choice of gas absorption equipment is usually
between a packed tower and a plate tower. Both devices have
advantages and disadvantages. Factors which the final selection
should be based upon are listed. Spray-type absorbers and venturi
absorbers are also briefly discussed. These towers are primarily
used for removing particulates from gas streams, though they have
some gas absorption applications. The gaseous air contaminants
most commonly controlled by absorption include 502, NH3, NOx,
and light hydrocarbons.
14369 M
Eberhardt, H. and W. Mayer
EXPERIENCES WITH REFUSE INCINERATORS IN EUROPE, PREVENTION OF AIR
AHD WATER POLLUTION, OPERATION OF REFUSE IBCIBEPATION PLANTS
COMBINED WITH STEAM BOTIEPS, DESIGN AND PLANNING. American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Incinerator Div., Proc.
Natl. Incinerator Conf., New York, 1968, p. 73-86. 7 refs.
(May *-8) .
European steam generators with refuse firing must meet a number
of stringent legal requirements for environmental control. In
Germany, the dust emission of refuse incineration plants with a
refuse throughput of more than 20 tons refuse/day may not exceed
150 mg dust/cu Nm clean gas referred to 7% C02 at any time.
Depending on the preload of the site environment, this value must
still be lowered so as to remain within the emission limits of
0.12 g/sq m/day for the annual mean and 0.65 g/sq m/day for the
monthly mean. Flue dust collectors have over 98% efficiency.
Difficult physical and chemical problems with the fuel and with
boiler availability are met by attention to many engineering
details. Hhile the analysis of residential refuse is a
relatively simple procedure, the determination of the volume and
composition of industrial refuse is especially difficult and
contributes in large part to the difficulties in planning and
design of incineration plants. In Europe, refuse incinerators
are combined with steam boilers, and operation of these large
plants has shown that boilers with refuse fire chambers
including the accessory equipment differ fundamentally from
conventional plants in design and operation. The paper considers
these plants in detail and compares them with plants operating
with fossil fuels. It is shown that corrosion of boiler and
superheater tubes is largely prevented by maintaining oxidizing
conditions in critical areas. It was concluded that the primary
factor in all considerations of the special requirements for
refuse incineration plants, compared to conventional steam
boilers, is the conversion of wastes into sterile end products.
3fi HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
16521 69
Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan, Public Nuisance Control Div.
THE EMISSION SODHCES OF BCL AND NH3 AND 1HJ3IB STANDARD CONTEOL
EQUIPMENTS. (Enka suiso oyobi anmonia no hasseigen to sono
hyojun jogai shisetsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to
Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2 (7):46 1-466, Aug. 15, 1966.
Hydrogen chloride is emitted by plants which produce pigments,
dyes, industrial chemicals, medical supplies, and treat metal
surfaces. Ten to 50 ppm HC1 does net prohibit work, but is
harmful to the teeth, nose, mucosa of the mouth, and face
after long exposure. No one can work in air containing 50-100
ppm HC1. Ammonia is emitted by plants which produce pigments,
manures, and medical supplies. Cdor is noticed when the
concentration reaches 100 ppm NH3. Chronic exposure to 100
ppm NH3 is harmful to the muccsa. Exposure to concentrations
of 250C-6500 ppm NH3 for 30 minutes is dangerous, and exposure to
concentrations of 5000-10,000 ppm NH3 quickly causes death.
Hydrogen chloride and NH3 can te removed by absorption,
adsorption, chemical reactions, and oxidation. Hydrogen
chloride and NH3 dissolve easily in water which provides
another suitable method for control. The water washing method
is divided into a packed column, spray column, venturi scrubber
and jet scrubber. The washing equipment consists of an air
blower, a cleaning column, a pump, a water tank, and an exhaust
pipe. The parts which ccme into contact with the gas must be
constructed of an acid-alkali prccf material, A mist catcher
must be installed on top of the packed column. The hood must
be carefully designed so the excess air is not inhaled. (Author
abstract modified)
13220 7Q
Erman, James E.
DESULFORIZATION DSING HYDBCGEN CHIOEIEE AND HYDROGEN. (Chevron
Research Co., San Pranciscc, Calif.) U. S. Pat. 3,509,0«5.
1p., April 28, 1970. 5 refs. (Appl. July 11, 1968, 6 claims).
An improved method of desulfurizing hydrocarcon oils in the
presence of hydrogen at a temperature between 600-950 F and
partial pressure between 100-5000 psig and in the presence o£
hydrogen chloride at a partial pressure above 150 psig is
described. Inert particles providing contact surface area for
the reactants may i>e used but are not required. This process
converts organic sulfur compounds contained in a heavy oil such
as crude residuum to sulfur-free organic compounds and hydrogen
sulfide. This process has advantages over catalytic
hydrodesulfurization because this process dees not require the
presence of small catalyst compounds. Also, it is not necessary
that the heavy oil be treated in the liquid state.
OU279 21
S. T. Gadonski
Control Methods 39
-------
DRY-PACKF.D BEDS FOE THE BEFOVAL OF STRONG-ACID GASES FROM
RECYCLED ATMOSPHEEES. Naval Research Lab., Washington,
D.C., Chemistry Division. (NB1 Kept. Ho. 6399.) Aug. 30,
1966. 6 pp.
CFSTT, DDC: AD 6U2 27U
Under certain conditions, strong-acid gases can be formed in
recycled atmospheres by the combustion of haloqenated hydrocarbons.
One control measure involves the use of a dry absorbent filter.
Li2C03 has already been used as an absorbent in these filters as
a result of a screening test of a number of scavenger materials.
In this report the absorptive properties of some other potentially
useful materials were examined. Baralyne and soda line were
superior to L12CO3 in air at 76 deg F and over 50% B.H.,
while the silica-alumina catalyst with monoethanolamine (HEA)
impregnant and the silica-magnesia catalyst were almost as
effective as Ii2CO3. However, Baralyme, soda lime, various
basic materials (MEA, gaseous NH3, Na2C03, and quinoline)
supported on the silica-alumina catalyst, and the silica-Magnesia
catalyst were all useless at 1HO deg F. especially under dry
conditions. Li?C03, therefore, still remains as the most
effective absorbent throughout the range of probable conditions.
(Author abstract)**
00588 ^2
L.S. Harris
FUME SCRUBBING WITH THE EJECTOfl VFNTURI SYSTEM. Chen. Eng.
Progr., 62 (H):55-59 , Apr. 1966.
The ejector venturi scrubber is a wet type of contractor which
untilizes the velocity action of the contacting liquid media to
both pump, scrub and/or absorb the entrained gas. This action
is especially beneficial when handling highly corrosive or
erosive gases. The unit has no moving mechanical parts in
contact with the gas stream. In addition it eliminates
the need for a costly corrosive or erosive resistant blower to
pump the gas through the system. The device is basically
comprised of a conventional venturi section and a spiral type
spray nozzle which imparts a combination of axial and tangential
velocities to the contacting liguid stream. The angle of the
spiral and the size of the nozzle orifice are arranged to (1)
impart sufficient tangential velocity to fora a spray cone
which fills the venturi throat area, (2) break up the motive liquid
into the proper drop size to permit efficient scrubbing and/or
absorption of the entrained gas and efficient separation of the
liguid drops from the discharge gas, (3) impart the proper
combination of axial and tangential velocity to obtain the desired
pumping characteristics, and (U) impart sufficient tangential
and axial velocity to the contacting liquid to provide the
desired relative velocity between the contacting liquid and the
entrained gas necessary for efficient scrubbing.ft
15995 -33
Herold, Paul and Georg Markus
40 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
RECOVERING HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM GAS
MIXTURES. (Assignee not given.) U. S. Pat. 2,301,779. 2p.,
Nov. 10, 1942. (Appl. Nov. 19, 19HO, 3 claims).
A method of recovering hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide
separately from gas mixtures is described. A gas mixture is washed
with a medium liquid which consists cf aromatic compounds
containing oxygen in an ethereal linkage and of aromatic compounds
containing oxygen in a" phenolic linkage. Suitable compounds
are xylenol and diphenyl ether. The gas mixture may either be
passed through the liquid while it is stationary or led in a
counter-current to the liquid flowing down, preferably in
trickling towers charged with filter bodies. The hydrogen chloride
leaves the washing liquid in a dry state free of sulfur dioxide.
The washing liquid is easily regenerated by expelling the absorbed
sulfur dioxide by heating, applying reduced pressure, or by
subjecting it to both measures simultaneously. The washing
liquid can be reused after cooling.
06778 74
(INDUSTRY AND HTflOSPHEPTC POLLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherigue en Grande Bretagne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherigue, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr.
(Rept. No. CI 310.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 21.)
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great Britain
in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are in most cases
based on "the most practical means." Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various
materials emitted such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead. The construction of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained by tall chimneys.
A better knowledge of the effects of pollutants should be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary expense in
their control. Tt is urged that international standards
for emission be adopted.**
0055U
K.H. Knott S. Turkolmez
KPUPP POTA"Y P?nSH SCPUBPfR "POP THK CONTROL OF GAS, VAPOUR, HIST
AND DUST EMISSIONS. FTupp Tech. Rev. (Essen), 2U(1):25-28,
April 1966.
The scrubber which has been used successfully for extraction
and collection of particulates soluble in water was tested
for effectiveness in removing gaseous pollutants from waste
gases. The scrubber and the test procedures used are
described in detail. Gases and particulates tested were
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
mercaptan, ammonia, ammonium chloride mist, pyridine vapor,
pigment mixture and copper phthalocyanine dust. HC1 and 502
Control Methods 41
-------
were absorbed sucessfully. The detention period used was to
short for H2S, CH3SH, NH3 and pyridine. Wet collection
of mists such as S03 and NHUC1 is difficult. Good results
were obtained with pigment particles. ##
06063
P. Kotrappa and D. P. Bhanti
SHORE PUFF GENERATOR ROOM SIR MOVEMENT STUDIES. Am. Ind.
Assoc. J. 28(2) : 171-17U (Apr. 1967).
R simple portable smoke generator to produce annonium chloride
smoke has been designed. Unit has been found to produce smoke of
about 0.7 micron mass mean diameter with 1.12 geometric standard
deviation. Further it has high obscuring power and long
settling time suitable for studying room ventilation. Unit can be
operated continuously over a period of three hours at 4. 5 liters
per minute before recharging. Generator is inexpensive, uses
common chemicals and weighs only about 350 gm., when freshly
charged. #f
16501 TL
leone, P.
RECOVERY AND USE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN THE SULFUR EXTRACTION
PROCESS. (Ricupero ed utilizzazicne dell'anidride solforosa ael
processo di estrazione dello zolfo) . Text in Italia,n. Ann.
Chin. (Rome), 21:238-244, 1931. 5 refs.
A procedure is proposed for converting sulfur-bearing gases into
hydrochloric acid and chlorine gas iy passing the sulfur dioxide
over sodium chloride heated to 450-500 deg. The context of
the proposal is directed toward the island of Sicily in the early
1930's, where the production of sulfuric acid froa S02 is
considered unprofitable, and from where the cost of transporting
such products as calcium sulfite and calcium bisulfite is
considered prohibitive. Two chemical reactions are involved:
sodium chloride, sulfur dioxide, water, and oxygen react to forn
sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid; and sodiuu chloride, sulfur
dioxide, and oxygen react to form sodium sulfate and chlorine gas.
Both reactions are strongly exothermic. The HCl is to be used in
dissolving limestone gangue; the Ka2S04, to enrich minerals with
sulfur by way of increasing their sulfur yield; and Cl gas, in
the manufacture of calcium chloride.
1781ft 7
Harcheguet, Henri-Georges-Louis and Louis Gandon
PROCEDURE FOR EXTRACTING SULFUR DIOXIDE FEOB GASES CONTAINING IT.
(Precede d'etracticn d'anhydride sulfureux a partir da gaz qui
en renferment). Text in French. (Societe Nobel-Bozel, Paris
(France)) French Pat. 1,224,892. 4p., June 28, 1960. (Appl. Feb.
2, 1959, 3 claims).
42 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
A gas mixture containing sulfur dioxide is brought in contact with
a glyoxal solution at a temperature below 50 deg, in such a way
as to retain the sulfur dioxide in the form of a glyoxal compound.
The solution is then heated to a temperature above 50 deg,
liberating the sulfur dioxide in the form of a nearly pure sulfurous
gas. One may use an aqueous solution of glyoxal, containing 1-60S
by weight of glyoxal; the optimum concentration is in the range of
10-30* and preferably 20%. The gas containing sulfur dioxide may
also contain one or more of the following: air, hydrogen chloride
gas, or hydrocarbons. The best operating temperature range for
retaining the gas is 15-30 deg. The best regenerating temperature
range is 65-75 deg. The regeneration process must be halted before
the glyoxal is completely deprived of S02.
OU789 79
L. Mathys
A NEW SCROBBER FOR THE CONTROL OF WASTE GASES FOBBED DURING
CHLORIHIZATIOH OF ALUMINUH. Bin neuer Abscheider fur die
bei der Aluminiumchlorierung entstehenden Abgase. Aluminum
(Dnesseldorf) 41, (11) 688-90, Nov. 1965. Ger.
The reaction products formed by the degassing process consist
chiefly of gaseous aluminum chloride and a small amount of
hydrogen chloride. At a temperature of 700-750 C, this gaseous
mixture discharges from the smelter. If these exhaust gases enter
the atmosphere without precautions, a white fog is formed when the
aluminum chloride cools to approximately 180 C. This white fog
consists of minute particles, and the hydrogen chloride combines
with damp air to form hydrochloric acid fog. In the interest of
keeping the air clean, it becomes necessary to control the exhaust
from the chlorinization of aluminum. The technigues chosen
transports the waste gases in concentrated form from the
chlorinization apparatus to a scrubber where it is absorbed. By
selecting a closed exhaust system, this can be accomplished. The
scrubber installation described has been developed, and tested, for
the aluminum industry.tf
08162 8°
Hatsak, V. G.
THE PURIFICATION OF AIB POLLHTED BY VAPORS AND GASES. In: Survey of
D. S. S. S. literature from Russian by B. S. Levine. National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., Inst. for Applied Tech.,
Vol. 3, 177-185, nay 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21U75
Methods for the recovery and purification of noxious substances
ejected by gas exhaust and ventilating installations are reviewed.
It was found easier to purify exhaust gases than ventilating air.
The methods include: Chemical purification method, Condensation
method, Liguid absorption method, and Absorption by solid
absorbents (adsorption). Present methods for air and gas
purification can be rendered close to 100 percent free of most acid
and alkali gases, organic solvent vapors and some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found up to the present for
Control Methods 43
-------
the recovery of carbon monoxide. Purification of air fro*
vapors, such as gasoline, acetone, acetates, etc. can ce
effectively only in the case of tail gases and not in
e
purification of ventilating air, even though it is e"ec"* f
both instances; the high cost makes its use for purificati on °*
ventilation air economically prohibitive. The possibility or using
solid absorbents, such as activated charcoal and silicagej. rot
purification of ventilation air may apply to many cases. ine
primary obstacle lies in the high cost of adsorbent material ana in
the consumption of considerable electric energy in overcoming the
pressure drop of recuperating installations.
18145
NEU GAS SCRUFBER BEHOVES 0.1 MICRON DUS1. Filtration Separation
(Purley) , 6(3):308, Hay-June 1969.
Peabody Ltd. has developed a high-efficiency scrubber which,
when fitted with the new venturi agglomerating slot storage,
removes gas, dust, and fume down to the 0.1-micron range. The
scrubber recovers 99% of all particulate matter down to 1 micron
with minimum pressure less. It also provides a simple and
effective means of gas absorption. Such contaminants as S02,
HC1, and C12 are readily removable.
15582
Palkot, Edward J., Jr. and C. Judson King
THE DESIGN OF AN IMPROVED DEVICE FOR ABSORPTION WITH CHEHICAL
REACTION. California Dniv., Berkeley, Lawrence Radiation Lab.,
AEC Contract H-7405-eng-48, 192p., June 1969. 75 refs.
CFSTI: DCRL-18918
when absorption is accompanied by chemical reaction in the liguid
phase, the nature of the gas-liguid equilibrium data is often such
that a high degree of gas purification may be accomplished in one
or a very few equilibrium stages. Examples of such absorption
systems that were considered are the scrubbing of carbon dioxide
from gas streams using hot, catalyzed potassium carbonate and the
scrubbing of hydrogen chloride frcrn gas streams using water. The
scrubbing of C02 is important in the manufacture of high purity
hydrogen for process uses such as the manufacture of ammonia, and
BC1 absorption is important in many processes, including a scheme
for the reprocessing of enriched reactor fuels. Less commonly
used devices for carrying cut these absorption processes were
considered which had features likely to result in high absorption
rates and, conseguently, high efficiency. The implementation of
devices with these characteristics might be expected to result in
considerable savings in investment and/or operating costs when
compared to eguipment currently used to effect the desired gas
purifications. The devices considered were the co-current packed
column, open pipe contractors with co-current flow of gas and
liguid in the froth and annular regimes, and the spray tower.
Based on information dealing with these devices in the
literature and models which were proposed to fill gaps in the
44 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
literature, device sizes necessary tc scrub gases of quantities
and compositions likely to be encountered in"industry were
calculated. Hierarchies of attractiveness of the devices for each
of the systems studied were determined by assigning relevant cost
variables to each contractor. It Has shown that seme of the
devices could well be attractive in reducing the costs of
absorption in the processes considered. (Author abstract
modified)
05332 83
A. H. Phelps
WHAT DOESN'T GO UP MUST COME DOWN. Chen. Eng. Progr.
62 (10), 37-UO (Oct. 1966).
Tt has been the experience of the Procter and Gamble
Engineering Division that air and water pollution control must be
a combined effort. Attempts to control pollution in the one
realm can easily generate a problem in the other. Several short
examples of the combination of problems are presented. In one of
the processes where HC1 is evolved in small concentrations the
guantities are enough to generate a major odor or corrosion
problem in the immediate area. The quantities are too small to
justify any recovery, so a simple, packed water scrubber was used.
The exhaust to the atmosphere is pure, but the discharge out
the bottom is an acid solution which to a user is a weak solution;
however, from the viewpoint of the sewer, it is guite strong.
The solution to avoid a water pollution problem in this case was
to neutralize the effluent from the scrubber. A rock pit filled
with coarse limestone is used, discharging from there to the sewer.
Other caustic solutions could be used, but in these guantities, a
truck load of rock a month is all that is needed to take care of
the acid. A second example arises from control of particulates.
When spray drying detergents, large volumes of hot air are
exhausted which contain some fine dust particles from the spray
drying operation. The concentration of particulate in this gas
is around 3 gr./cu. ft. and represents an economically
recoverable fraction. Therefore, cyclones are used to separate
the particles dry so they may be recycled back to the process.
The effluent from the cyclone contains about 0.3 gr./cu. ft of
even finer particles. While this would meet the air pollution
code for many communities it would certainly not meet the
stricter laws being written now.#t
16749 84
Eolfe, 1. J. K.
PEFUSE INCINERATION. B.C.U.S.A. (Erit Coal Util. Res. Assoc.)
Gaz., 33(2):28-31, Feb. 1969. 12 refs.
Incinerable wastes cover a wide spectrum of gaseous, liquid, and
solid materials. The problems posed by the need to dispose of
increasing quantities of refuse by incineration have been
discussed in a number of papers. This is a review of the
incineration problem particularly as it relates to house refuse.
Control Methods 45
-------
ts
025
-------
scrubbing ligor, precentage of free space, specific surface, packed
density, and bulk density. Performance characteristics which must
also be considered include: low gas pressure drop, high liquid
holdup, low liquid spread, and low height of one transfer unit.
Various shapes of low coast, inert naterials have been developed
providing large surface areas, low resistance to gas flow and high
absorption capacity. Among the various materials used to pack
towers are metal carbon porcelain and plastic. The criterion for
selection is the specific chemical reaction desired. Bing-shaped
packing materials are common. One manufacturer uses sections cut
from PVC pipe. Two types of packing are shown: Raschig rings, a
basic type of packing material in which the rings are as high as
they are round; and Pall rings, developed in Germany. Sith the
advent of economical, inert plastic material, packing is now molded
into many unusual shapes.
08341 87
Sheppard, Stanton V.
CONTROL OF NOTIOHS GASEOUS ENISSIONS. ProC. SECAR Symp.,
New Developments in Air Pollution Control.
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air Resources, New York
City, p. 21-28, Oct. 23, 1967. 3 refs.
Several new developments have taken place which have helped
improve scrubber designs for controlling emission of noxious gases.
Some major new technical developments have been: Greater use of
the crossflow scrubber design principle, availability of light
weight plastic tower packings, and wider acceptance of corrosion
resistant glass reinforced polyester plastics. Some noxious
gases commonly encountered are oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and nercaptans.
In industrial applications, the removal of noxious gases froi
exhaust air streams is most often accomplished by bringing the air
stream into contact with a liguid stream for a certain period of
time. The amount of time required to transfer the noxious gas to
the liguid is a function of several factors. These are: Gas
rate, liquid rate, solubility of gas, mechanism of contact, and
scrubber type. The packed scrubber is used most often today for
controlling emission of noxious gases to the ataosphere. It is
available in three basic operating designs: Counter current,
cocurrent and crossflow. In the counter current packed design,
the air stream containing the noxious gases is passed vertically
upward in opposite direction to the flow of the down coming
scrubbing liguid. The cocurrent packed scrubber allows the air
stream and the scrubbing liguid stream to pass through the packed
bed in the samo direction. In the cross-flow scrubber the air
stream moves horizontally through the packed bed while the
scrubbing liguid moves vertically downward through the packed bed
and perpendicular to the air streams. Three relatively new tower
packing shapes are being used more frequently by engineers in
designing scrubber eguipment for removing gases. These packing
materials are constructed of high density polyethylene or
polypropylene. This gives them good resistance to corrosion and
light weight compared to ceramic ring and saddle packing. Fiber
reinforced plastics (commonly designated as FRP) are being used
more and more to replace stainless steel, rubber and PTC lined
steel and other metallic alloys Eor scrubber bodies. FRF is a
Control Methods 47
-------
material that uses a combination of polyester or epoxY & &
thermosettinq resins and glass fiber reinforcements to y & fc
finished laminate that has excellent corrosion resistan
strength to weight ratio, and light weight.t*
11
19386
Sherwood, T. K.
SOLUBILITIES OF SULFUE DIOXIDE AND AHKONIA IN HATEH. Ind. Eng.
Chem., vol. 17:245-247, July 1925. 21 refs.
In connection with studies of absorption, a literature search uas
conducted for available data on the equilibrium solubilities
of the industrially important gases sulfur dioxide, ammonia,
and hydrogen chloride. Of these, the data en the partial vapor
pressures of sulfur dioxide and ammonia over their aqueous
solutions are presented in plots and tables, and the references
tabulated for each.
11058 W
B. leske
IHPBOVEMENTS IN THE PEOCESSES AND QEEBATIOH OP PLANTS IN THE
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY LEADING TO REDUCED EMISSION. Staub
(English translation), 28(3): 25-33, Harch 1968.
CFSTI: 11 68-504U8/3
The emissions from chemical plants can be reduced, in special
cases, by changing the production process or, in general, by
using a gas cleaning method. Change in the production process
may be achieved by a basic alteration of the process itself, by
changing the mode of operation, by modifying the equipment and by
using a different raw material. For this purpose, the
doublecontact method for sulphuric acid production, the pressure
method for nitric acid recovery and the introduction of a covered
carbide furndce are mentioned as examples. The superphosphate
process, viscose process, production of betanaphthol,
production of thermal phosphoric acid and production of
calcium chloride are given as exatrples for waste gas cleaning.
(Author's summary)**
18002 30
Tcraany, James P.
A SYSTEM FOE CCNTEOI OF ALUMINUM CHLCBIDE FUHES. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 19 (6):420-423, June 1969.
Curing primary aluminum processing the molten aluminum is
periodically fluxed with chlorine to separate impurities from the
metal. The gaseous effluent frcm the chlorination process
contains submicron particulates and gaseous vapors which produce
a dense, white plume. The plune is acidic with hydrogen chloride
and chlorine vapors, which cause a variety of corrosion problems
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Since the stack discharge temperature can range as low as 200 F —
and aluminum chloride sublimates at about 360 F, blockage of
ductwork can also occur. For effective removal of both the
particulates and chloride gases in the effluent, a sodium
hydroxide solution is recommenced. Since, such a scrubbing liguor
produces a flocculent precipitate, a nonplugging type of scrubber
is required. The solution UOP advanced was a "mobile packing"
type of scrubber, utilizing a ted cf polypropylene spheres in
random, turbulent motion. The motion of the packing prevents
plugging. The paper describes the design for such a system,
describing the optimum use of ductwork, scrubber placement, gas
saturation, and recirculaticn equipment. Instrumentation
requirements, both minimum and optimum are discussed. A case
study is detailed in which gases containing 5 gr/sef of
particulates and H gr/sef of hydrochloric acid and chlorine vapors
were passed through such a systei. The cleaned effluent contained
only O.C09 gr/sef of particulates and O.C02 gr/sef of vapors.
(Author's Abstract)
02774 91
V.B. Volkening
PERFORMING? OF COATING ON HFTSI. IN AN INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,
1963, Paper No. 63-86.)
The reason and methods of procedure for a protective coating
testing program are discussed. Pesults based on fifteen years
operation of such a program in a chemical plant on the
Gulf Coast are described - sorae in detail. Atmospheric
contaminants from high humidity and moisture
condensation to chlorine and hydrochloric acid were encountered.
A method for calibrating the atmosphere is outlined.
Differences in the performance of several generic types of
coating resins are presented. Generous references to the
literature are included. (Author abstract)##
02562 9Z
A.I. Vulikh, Yu.A. Shivandronov, M.K. Zagorskaya,
V.L. Bogatyrev
FILTERING GAS >!SSKS CONTAINING TOM-EXCHANGE RESINS.
(Fil'truyushchii ionitovyi protivogaz.) Hyg. Sanit. 31, (3)
U13-6, Mar. 1966.
CPSTT: TT66-51160/1-3
The absorption by ion-exchange? resins of the following gases mixed
with air was tested for a wide range of concentrations and gas
velocities: ammonia, amines (1-form of the cation-exchange resin
Kn-2) sulfur dioxide, chlorine hydrochloric acid (hydroxyl and
carbonate forms of the? ani on-exchange resins AV-17 and
EDE-10P).##
Control Methods 49
-------
91
075«9
N. Yamate
AIR POLLUTION BY TOXIC GAS AND ITS COUNTER HEASUBE. _ Text in
Japanese. Kuki Seijo (Clean Air, J. Japan Air Cleaning
Assoc., Tokyo) 3 (2):19-25, 1965. 5 refs.
The present status of, air pollution in Japan and its counter
measures are described according to the chemical composition of
the pollutlants: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, halogen
compounds, organic compounds, and solid particles (dusts). The
hourly variation of S02 concentration is graphed. In Tokyo,
there is a peak around noon of about 15 ppha; NO2 ranges
from 1 to 1.5 pphm with little variation. Concentrations of
S02, NO, NO2, H2S, and CO were measured in Yokkaichi,,
Osaka and Ube as well as in Tokyo. Graphs relating amount
of traffic to CO concentration show almost the same pattern.
Concentrations of HC1 and HF in the air are quite small
(0,35 ppa and 0.3-O.U microqrams/cu B., respectively) near
chemical plants producing these gases. Counter measures used
against the various pollutant emissions are: the dry method,
wet method, activated carbon method for sulfur oxides; alkali or
oxidation method for nitrogen oxide; dry iron oxide and dry
absorption methods for H2S; and water washing method for
HC1 and HF. Afterburner methods by sparking and heat
concentration are described for control of automobile exhausts.
However, problems encountered with the afterburner methods are
the high temperature required and nitrogen oxide increase. The
equipment required is also rather large. Another method employing
catalysts is described in which loam, molybdenun, white gold,
nickel or vanadium are used effectively.*t
60 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
03821 34
Back, K. C.
REVIEW OF ATP FOUCF DATA FROM LONG TERM CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE AT
AMBIENT PP.ESSUPF. In: Proceedings of the Conference on
Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces: 30 March - 1
April 1965, Aerospace Medical Research Lab., (6570th),
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Contract AF 33(657)-11305,
Proj. 6302, AMFL-TP-65-230, p. 121-133, Nov. 1965.
CFSTI, DDC: »D 629622
Work which was performed under Air Force sponsorship in the area
of environmental toxicology of space cabin atmospheres over the
past 5 years is described. This work gave the warning that
materials in trace guantities could prove toxic when presented to
animals over long continuous exposure periods. Four exposure
chambers were constructed for this work. This permitted use of
one for a control group of animals and three for contaminant
exposure chambers. All animals were followed by a number of
clinical laboratory examinations before, during and following the
90-day exposure, and the animals were terminally given stress
tests and then necropsied with both gross and microscopic
examination of tissues. Carbon tetrachloride, while not causing
death at 25 ppm, did cause serious clinical and microscopic liver
changes in all animals exposed. The livers of the rats were so
much involved that the pathologist made a diagnosis of "cirrhosis".
Phenol caused absolutely no problems whatsoever at the 5 ppm level
Hydrogen sulfide (20 ppm) did produce death in rats and mice,
but none in monkeys. Methyl mercaptan (50 ppm) caused serious
problems and death in 10* of the monkeys and U3S of the mice.
Tests were conducted to find out whether aaimals coald perfora
strenuous tasks following the 90-day exposure and to compare the
long term, continuous toxicity of some propellants and propellant
types in which the Air Force has an interest. Hydrazine,
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and
decaborane were tested as candidate materials. The results are
discussed.*t
06048 K
B. C. Battigelli, F. Hengstenberg, R. J. Mannella, and
A. P. Thomas
MUCOCILIARY ACTIVITY. Arch. Environ. Health 12 (U) : «60-1*66
(April 1966) . (Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting,
Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 20-21,
1965.)
The mucociliary activity of respiratory epithelia, although well
known over many years, has only guite recently assumed new
51
-------
importance, being recognized as one of the basic functions
respiratory apparatus applies in responding to unfavorab*e,
environments. Physical, chemical, and biological "noxae loBpr
been studied in their effects on the mucociliary activity or
animals, mammals, and in man as well, with techniques that nave
proved accurate and reproducible. In this paper a brief review is
given of these methods and of the results of investigations
particularly related to the effects of air pollutants. Results of
investigations on the effect of diluted diesel exhaust on the
trachea! escalator of rats are summarized. An important finding
is that exhaust dilutions that are without measurable effect on the
respiratory resistance of human subjects are actually able to
induce changes in tracheal clearance in some of the animals exposed
for prolonged duration. Bith higher levels of exposure tracheal
clearance of small mammals is affected with greater frequency.
The removal of animals from the exposure invariably restores the
original level of activity within a few days. The particnlate
content of the exhaust appears to play an important role in this
type of respiratory injury. (Authors' summary)##
08749 -86
CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF THE TOXICITY OF PLASTIC-LCW TEHPEBATUHE
CAHBOHIZATICN PECDOCTS. ( (Zur Irage der Toxizitat von Kunst-
stoff-VerschuelnngsFrodukten.)) Text in German. Arch. Hyg.
Bakteriol. (Munich), 150 (5):393-405, Sept. 1966. 20 refs.
The toxicity of the gaseous emission Frod(Jcts from three different
types of materials during lew temperature carbonization was de-
termined. The material was burned in a specially designed com-
bustion chamber at 331 deg. C., 423 deg. C., and 468 fleg. C.
The addition of air in the low temperature tube was kept constant
at 300 1./hr., but was varied in the mixing chamber at 0, 100, 200,
and 300 1./hr. Five white rats were used for each 30-nin. test,
their behavior was closely observed, and blood tests and histolo-
gical examinations were performed. The results of these tests ate
presented in three tables. During wood carbonization, carton
monoxide emission is the main danger, as determined by the COHb
values of the rats. The toxic carbonization products from glass-
reinforced polyester, which strongly irritated the lungs, will have
to be determined by further chemical investigation; hydrochloric
acid was the main irritant from the low temperature carbonization
of polyvinyl chloride.
18027 97
Cornish, Herbert H. and Ellen I. Abar
TOXICITY OF PYECLYSIS PRODUCTS OF VINYL PLASTICS. Arch. Environ.
Health, 19(1):15-21, July 1969. 12 refs.
Polyvinyl chloride polymers and regulations were pyrolyzed in a
stream of air by gradually raising the temperature from ambient
to approximately 600 C. The pyrolysis ai/strea. was dieted
with twice its volume of rocm air, and rats sere exposed to it
Exposure to an air stream containing the pyrolyzed products «f*1
to 2 gm of polyvinyl chloride polymer resulted in the defth 5
50 percent of the animals. Host deaths .Ct6 due t''
52 HYDROCHLORIC ACJD AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
(CO), and carboxyhemoglcbin (CCHfc) levels correlated well with the
amount of plastic pyrclyzed. Little histological evidence of lung
damage was evident. When oxygen (02) was added to the air stream
to prevent deaths frcm CO, pulmonary edema and interstitial
hemorrhage developed. the lungs of some animals exposed to high
levels of pyrolysis products cf vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate
copolymer also showed focal edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhage.
Polyvinyl chloride formulations, containing additives and inert
materials, were in general less tcxic per gram of sample pyrolyzed.
(Author's abstract)
11366 a
V.K. Efimova
THE HYGIENIC EFFECT OF AVERAGE TWENTY-FCHE ROUE ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORIDE AND HYDECCHLOEIDE GASES
SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Haximum
Permissible Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants,
Book 8, V. A. Ryazanov and H. S. Gol'dberg (eds.).
Translated fron Russian by E. S. levine, U. S. S. F.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 15, pp.82-85, 1968. ((16)) refs.
CFSTI: PB 1791UO
The health effects of simultaneously present chlorine and
hydrochloride gases in atmospheric air was studied experimentally
with guinea pigs. Chronic exposure of guinea pigs to the
inhalation of air containing simultaneously chlorine gas in 0.1 mg/
cu m concentrations had no substantial effect on the general
condition, weight, blood composition, and bone marrow hemopoiesis
of the experimental guinea pigs. No changes suggestive of
induced pathology were fcund in the organs of any of the
experimental guinea pigs belonging either to the control or
experimental groups. It is recommended that the previously
adopted limits of allowable 0.03 mg/cu m of chlorine gas and 0.015
mg/cu m of hydrochloride gas should be retained without any
revision.ft
059U2 99
E. V. Elfimova
DATA FOR THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AEROSOL
(HYDROCHIORIBE GAS) AS AN ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT. (In:
Limits of allowable concentration? of atmospheric pollutants.
Book 6.) U.S.S.P. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. Vol. 9. pp. 18-28. (1962). Russ.
(Tr.)
It was shown that 0.1 ma/cu.m. is the concentration of threshold
hydrochloric acid aerosol odor perception, that 0.05 mg/cu.m. is
the odor non-perceptible? concentration, that 0.6 mg/cu.re. is the
concentration of threshold reflex effect on optical chronaxy, and
0.2 mg/cu.m. th» concentration of threshold reflex effect on eye
sensitivity to light. The concentration of threshold effect on
digito-vascular tonicity is 0.5 mg/cu.m., and thp threshold
concentration of change in the rhythm and depth of respiratory
movement is at 0.1 mq/cu.m. of the aerosol. On the basis of the
above results it is recommended that 0.05 mg/cu.m. he accepted as
Effects - Human Health 53
-------
the linit of allowable single concentration of hydrochlori
aerosol in atmospheric air. Results of this investigation
indicated that 10 mg/cu.m. of the aerosol, representing "*
of allowable concentration for working premises, elicitea s>n v
shifts in the physiological reactions. The method used tor tne
determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol in atmospheric air can
be applied to the determination of the aerosol in the Pre?e .;: OI
H2SOU aerosol and in the presence of free chlorine and cnloriaes.
The present investigation indicated that atmospheric air in the
vicinity of a magnesium plant is highly polluted with hydrochloric
acid aerosol, that such air pollution extended over considerable
distances from the magnesium plant, and that the sanitary
protection zones around magnesium plant discharging hydrochloric
acid aerosol, in the absence of gas purifying equipment, should be
in excess of 3,000 n. Plans for future magnesium plants should
mandatorily include provisions for the installation of hydrochloric
acid absorbing equipment.tf
07162 100
B. G. Ferris, Jr. and N. R. Frank
AIR POLLUTION AND DISEASE. Anesthesiology 25 (<») :470-H78
Aua. 196H.
Atmospheric pollution can be classified under three headings:
general, occupational and personal. The components are complex
and variable so that it is difficult to extrapolate the prevalence
of disease in one.area to that of another unless the two have
similar chemical compositions. Significant exposures can occur at
work and may produce impairment of respiratory function. It is
emphasized that tobacco smoking, and particularly cigarette
smoking, is a most important factor in the causation of chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease. Much research has been done to
elucidate the mechanism whereby such changes are induced but
specific answers concerning the mechanisms have not been
forthcoming. Tables are included showing types of atmospheric
pollution; comparison of Los Angeles and London types of
pollution; categories of airborne materials with selected examples
that may occur in industry and that may cause disease; age
standardized rates of respiratory diseases by tobacco usage and
sex; age standardized rates (%) of respiratory disease by current
cigarette smoking habits and sex.*#
11479 Ml
Gosev, M, T. and F. S. Gil'denskiol'd, B. K. Baikov,
and E. V. Elfimova
DETERMINATIONS OF THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN
PREDICTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. ({Ob uchete sunmarnogo
deistviya tokischeskikh veshchestv pri prognozirovanii
zagryazneniya vozdushmogo basseina.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 33 («-6) :88-80, April-June
1968. ((17)) refs.
CFSTI: TT 68-501J49/2
Several investigations of the combined effect of several
pollutants present simultaneously in the atmosphere have been
recently made. The results are listed. The data provide
54 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
convincing proof that as a rule the combined effect of toxic
substances in the atmosphere at the levels of lirainal and
subliminal concentrations are in accordance with the principle
of simple summation. Data from many specialized institutes and
organizations suggest that in most cases calculations of the
expected atmospheric pollution are based on the maximum permissible
concentrations established for individual pollutants, so that the
results of mathematical determinations are compared only against
such standards. There is a definite gap between theory and
practice in the establishemnt cf standards for atmospheric
pollutants and the application of its recommendations. It is a
natter of common knowledge that the implementation of the necessary
hygienic measures at an operating enterprise is undoubtedly Bore
complex and difficult than the prevention of marked air pollution
at the planning stage. Ml these considerations point to the
necessity for the planner to take account of the complex effects
on man of any combination of industrial pollutants discharged into
the atmosphere. The results of comprehensive investigations
of the reflex effects produced by combinations of 'substances and
the largely uniform findings of such investigations make it
possible to recommend, with a high degree of reliability, that for
practical predictive purposes the approved formula for calculations
of combined effects should be extended to all combinations of
substances present in discharges from a specific industrial
enterprise or a complex of enterprises.f#
01741 I"2
E. Mastromatteo
HFALTH ASPECTS IN FIRE "FIGHTING (PART 1). Firemen 33, (6)
20-1, Aug. 1966.
In the course of their work, fire fighters are exposed to a
variety of toxic 2ire gases and other adverse health factors.
Quite often they are reguired to enter buildings, confined spaces,
and other places where they may be exposed to extremes of heat, to
smoke, to oxygen lack, and to toxic gases created by the combustion
process. The physical exertion, excitement and anxiety involved
in many fire situations add to the health problems by increasing
the breathing and heart rates. Fire fighting therefore can
place severe demands on the respiratory, cardio-vascular and
nervous systems. Some of the chief health hazards encountered in
fire fighting are discussed. Beference is also made to a
special study of heart and lung disease in fire fighters. (Author
summary)ft
11378 103
Melekhina, V. P.
THE PHOBLEH OF COMBINED ACTION OF THBEE HINEEAl ACICS. In:
Biological Effect and Hygienic Significance of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 1/9, V. A. Hyazanov and H. S. Gol'dberg
(eds.), Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
0. S. S. B. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, Vol. 16, pp. 76-81, 1968. ((6)) refs.
CFS1I: PB 179111
Effects - Human Health 55
-------
The following concentrations of odor perception thresholds
established: 0.80 mg/cu n for sulfuric acid, and O.ttO •g/f"llo'_.
hydrochloric acid; corresponding H-icn equivalents are as ° '
0.01099, 0.01203, and 0.01053 mg/cu u. Any combination ot
acids was clearly odor perceptible if the sum of their
concentration fractions in corresponding relation to their
individual threshold concentrations exceeded unity. perceptible
concentrations expressed in H-ions exceed the 0.01 ng/cu »
level. Threshold reflex effect concentrations, as studied ty
eye adaptation to darkness, were on the level of threshold odor
perception, or just above it. The reflex effect of nitric,
sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids in atmospheric air of
inhabited areas is a condition of H-ion concentration. The
sanitary-hygienic condition of atmospheric air containing ainecal
acids can be reliably evaluated en the basis of H-ion
concentration for the sum of the three acids under consideration
as well as for each acid individually based on the H-ion index
should not exceed 0.010 mg/cu m.*f
071U2 Ifl*.
Mel'nikova, E. A.
THE TOXICTTY OF TITftNTDH TETRACHLORIDE. O.S.S.B.
Literature on Air Pollution and .Belated Occupational
Diseases, Vol. 1:122-127, Jan. 1960. (Also published in
Gigiena i Sanit., 23(5):27-31, 1958.) Translated from
Russian.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Previous investigation indicated that the toxic effect of
titanium tetrachloride was defined by its property to hydrolyse to
HC1. With this assumption in mind, this stady was of the
nature of a comparative investigation. The toxicity of HC1 in
statu nascendi and the toxicity of the aerosol formed by
TiCT» in the process of its hydrolysis were compared. Mice were
placed into a chamber of 12 liter capacity and exposed to the
action of HC1 obtained from NaC1 heated in strong H2SOU, the
HC1 was introduced into the exposure chamber at the moment of its
formation throuah a special opening in the chamber wall. The
toxic effect of titanium tetracholoride was determined by its
property to form HC1 (gas) which under specially developing sets
of physico-chemical conditions is able to permeate into and act
upon the deeper lung tissues. Results of the study showed that
the formed Ti aerosol possessed acre intensive toxic properties
than pure HC1. Accordingly the limit of allowable concentration
of HC1 formed as a result of TiC1« hydrolysis should be set at
a level below the one adopted for pure HC1.»#
01916 ^
V. A. Pjazanov.
CRITERIA AND METHODS FOR FSTARLISHIHG MAXIHOM
SeEvaT3^Nls^^3i^^nTION- """• "«"
Experience in the nssR in establishing standards for air
pollution control is described. Tt is emphasised that health
56 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved. Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which modify the
requirements for a limited period. "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health. The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects. Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes (e.g., in higher nervous activity, cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coproporphyrin) as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions. The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 2<*-hour period. Tests on human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes, as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activitv of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum permissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)**
04932 106
P. P. Smith, S. E. Gosselin, J. A. Henderson, and D.
M. Anderson
CCMPAEISOH OF THE JDSOEPTIVE PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AND
9LASKAN MONTMOPTLLONTTE flip SOME COMMON POISONS. ^oxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol. 10, (1) 95-104, Jan. 1967. (Presented in part
at the Ninth Annual Meeting, American Association of Poison
Control Centers, Chicaao, Til., Oct. 24, 1966.)
Activated charcoal and our own preparation of Alaskan
montmorillonite have been compared in vitro with respect to their
adsorption isotherms at 37 degrees for six common poisons. When
evaluated on the basis of the maximum adsorption capacity and
dissociation constant in 0.1 N HC1 ("artificial gastric juice"),
montmorillonite absorbs d-amphetamine, tripelennamine, ferrous
sulfate, and ethyl alcohol about as well as activated charcoal.
With substances which are not ionized at the pH of gastric
juice, notably salicylic acid and pentobarbital, a 100-fold
difference in dissociation constants and a 3- to 13-fold
difference in absorption capacities occur in favor of charcoal.
Both absorbents are expected to dissociate free salicylate if
allowed to pass into the intestinal tract. When the pH rises
from 1 to 7.4, the dissociation constant of the
salicylate-charcoal complex increases 5-fold and the capacity
decreases 3-fold. Over the same rH range, however, the
montmorillonite-salicylate complex increases its dissociation
constant more than 10-fold and decreases its capacity more than
50-fold. Despite its less acceptable appearance, activated
charcoal is judged to be superior to montmorillonite as a
gastrointestinal adsorbent for general clinical use in acute
poisonings. (Author summary)P#
Effects - Human Health 57
-------
1B7
059*6
Stayzhkin, V. H.
HTGIEHIC DETE-RHITJATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF
CHLOBIHE AND HYDHOCHLOHIDE GASES SI HULATENOOSLT PRESENT IN
ATHOSPHEBIC AIR. (Tn: Limits of allowable concentrations ot
atmospheric pollutants. Book 6.) O.S.S.R. Literature on »ir
Pollution and delated Occupational Diseased, Vol. 9, pp. 55-61.
(1962). Russ. (Tr.)
This study was confined to the use of low concentrations of
chlorine and hydrochloride gases and their effect on the
physiological reactivity of man. The methods of investigation
were: determination of threshold odor perception, optical chronaxy
and adaptometry. Results of this investigation indicated that 0.75
mg/cu m was the concentration of threshold chlorine odor
perception, and 0.02 mg/cu ra the concentration of threshold
hydrochloride gas odor perception. The simultaneous presence in
the air of chlorine and hydrochloride gases was> not odor
perceptible when the gases co-existed in the following ratio
concentrations: 0.3 mg/cu m of chlorine and 0.1 mg/cu a of
hydrochloride gas, also 0.2 mg/cu m of chlorine and 0.13 ng/cu n
hydrochloride gas. The additive physiological and neurological
effects of simultaneously present chlorine and hydrochloric gases
in the air were in the nature of arithmetical summation. Optical
chronaxy tests indicated that threshold reflex effects were
produced by chlorine and hydrochloride gas sinnltaneously present
in the air in the following ratio combinations: chlorine, 0.3 mg/
cu D and hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m and also chlorine, 0.3 mg/
cu m and hydrochloride gas, 0.3 mg/cu m. Tests of eye sensitivity
to light indicated that the combination of 0.2 mg/cu m of chlorine
and 0.1 sg/cu m of hydrochlorinde gas constituted a threshold
combination mixture of the 2 gases which elicited changes in eye
sensitivity to light. The present investigation also indicated
that the previously adopted limits of allowable single chlorine
concentration of 0.1 ng/cu m and of hydrochloride gas of 0.005 ag/
co m simultaneously present in atmospheric air were below the
threshold of odor perception and of effect on reflex activity.
21078 10g
Styazhkin, T. M.
FXPEFIHBNTAI BASIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS Of CHLOBINE AND HCL GAS SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT 18
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. U.S.S.E. literature on Air Pollution and Related
8:158-164' 1963'
-------
for the determination of HC1 aecosol by the titration nethod.
Sulfutic acid, which interferred «ith analysis, was determined
nephelometrically and subtracted frcni the titration result.
Chlorine was determined colorimetrically in the sample. Results
showed that chlorine and HC1 gas concentrations were considerably
in excess of the allowable maxinal single concentration liait
at all collecting points. The threshold of Cl odor preception
was 0.7 mg/cu m and of HCl gas, 0.2 mg/cu m. Threshold odor
perceptions of Cl and HC1 gas sinultaneously present in the air
were established in the following combinations: 0.3 sg/cu m Cl,
0.1 ag/cu m and 0.2 ng/cu a Cl, 0.13 ng/cu m HC1. Results of
the tests by the optical chronaxy method established the
threshold of reflex effect of Cl and HC1 gas sinultaneously
present in the air in the following concentration: 0.3 ag/cu m
Cl, 0.2 mg/cu m HCl and 0.2 ng/cu m Cl, 0.3 mg/cu m HC1. The
limit of maximal single concentration for Cl was 0.1 ng/cu D and
for HCl, 0.05 mg/cu m. The simultaneous presence of Cl and HCl
gas in the air in corresponding concentrations had no effect on
the control curve of dark adaptation. Results showed that the
concentrations were below the threshold of odor perception and
reflex effect and below the allowable concentration limit.
Effects - Human Health 59
-------
EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
09275 109
Eobne, Helmut
IHBISSION DAMAGE CADSED BY HOSPITAL iASTE INCINERATION. STAOB
(English translation), 27(10):28-31, Oct. 1967. U refs.
CPSTI: TT 67-514C8/1C
The strong decolorizaticn and whitening of plants observed in two
gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chloride. In both
cases the sources of emission were refuse incineration plants of
hospitals in which chlorine compounds in the refuse, consisting 80-
90 percent of paper and packaging material, were decomposed
during short periods at a temperature of 800 - 1,000 deg C.
Erection of chlorine washing plants appears, therefore, to be
necessary. (Author's summary)**
06326 110
S. ». Heck, L. S. Bird, H. E. Bloodworth, H. J.
Clark, D'. P. Darling, and M. B. Porter
T5NVIHONHFNTAL POLLUTION EY HTSSTLF PROPELLANTS. Texas
Agricultural and Mechanical Besearch Foundation, College
Station. Apr. 1962, 120 pp. (Kept. MBL-TDR-62-38.)
CFSTI, DPC: AD 2829R4
The effects of 21 missile fuel components on aquatic organisms,
soil microflora, plants and soils were determined. Goldfish and
Daphnia were subjected to 0,1,10,100 and 1000 ppai of the test
compounds for 72 hours in th<= aquatic studies. Some or all of 10
goldfish and 13 Daphnia died, when exposed to 100 ppm of the test
chemicals. Counts of bacteria, actinonycetes, and fungi in the
soil microflora studies showed no significant decrease in any of
the organisms with a 100 ppm application of test chemical to the
soil samples. Three of the chemicals may sterilize the soil of
actinomycetes. Plant studies were threefold using squash,
soybean, cotton, cowpea and corn; germination studies using 1000
ppm of each test chemical produced consistent inhibition of
germination by two of the compounds and two ionic species; seedling
studies using a soil drench of each test chemical at 100 ppm,
produced toxic symptoms with three of the ionic components;
seedling studies using three test chemicals (gases) at 100 ppm as
air pollutants produced severe injury to death of all species with
each of the test gases. Soil studies (1000 ppm) included the
leacii.-^i i i ty and runoff potential of each test chemical as well
as ti.e eff.ft:: on soil. (Author abstract)**
61
-------
21691
Heck, Walter H. , Eobert H. Daines, and Ibrahim J. Hindawi
OTHER PHYTOTOXIC POLLUTANTS. In: Recognition of Air Pollution
Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas. Jay S. Jacobson and
A. Clyde Hill (eds.), Pittsburgh, Pa., Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 197C, p. F1-F2<4. 51 refs.
The effects of several phytotoxic pollutants are considered.
Ethylene acts as a growth horucce; it causes a reduction in
growth, stimulates lateral growth, and decreased apical dominance.
Plant leaves may develop epinasty or show chlorosis, necrosis, or
abscission. Injury from cxidants other than ozone, PAN, or
nitrogen dioxide may be chronic or acute. These oxidants, none
of which have been identified, may cause necrosis, collapse of
leaf tissue, and dehydrated and bleached lesions. Cotton leaves
affected by herbicides show a yellow-green mottling or stippling
and vein clearing may be pronounced. Tomatoes may show epinasty
and twisting of plant parts. Arsenic trioxide injury on
sensitive fruit and vegetable crops produces necrotic spots on
the leaves, petioles, twigs, and fruits. Mild to severe
interveinal necrosis and chlorosis may occur on broad-leaved
plants as a result of atrazine. Necrosis, chlorosis, and
epinasty are the common syuftcus of chlorine injury. Acute tissue
collapse and necrotic spotting have resulted from ammonia injury.
Discoloration of peach and apple fruits have also been repotted.
Hydrogen chloride caused an acid-tyje necrosis. Tipburn to fir
needles and necrosis along leaf margins have also been noted
after HC1 exposures. Mercury causes chlorosis, abscission of
older leaves, growth reduction, and general poor growth and
development. The effects of particulates, hydrogen sulfide, and
carbon monoxide are briefly discussed.
12195 112
Mukaumal, E. I., C. S. Brandt, H. Neuwirth, D. H. Pack, and
H. C. Swinbank
AIR POILOTANTS, METEOROLOGY, AND PLANT INJUEK. World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Commission
for Argicultural Meteorology, HflO-TN 96, WHC-No. 23a.TP.127,
73p., 1968. 177 refs.
The problem of air pollution injury to agriculture and the
present state of knowledge is reviewed in order to assist
meteorologists and others concerned in seeking means of
preventing or controlling the extent of injury. The source
of various contaminants and their chemical reactions in a
contaminated atmosphere are examined in detail. The
variations in the susceptibility of plants to air pollution
damage as related to meteorological and other factors in the
plant environment are described. These factors, many of
which exert their influence through their effect of stonatal
movement, include light, nutrition, exposure, relative
humidity, and temperature. The recognizable symptoms of air
pollution injury are discussed and suggested for indentifying
the causative agent and recognizing similar symptoms produced
by other disorders are given. A section on air pollution
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
aeteorology states that knowledge of the atmosphere's ability
to transport and dilute ccntaninants cannot be applied to air
pollution problems without concurrent consideration of pollutant
ejunissions and. the biological sensitivity and response
characteristics of certain plants. The effects of surface
configuration on diffusion, to vertical and horizontal turbulent
diffusion, atmospheric transport, research problems, and
meteorological applications to air pollution problems are
discussed. Present and possible future programs in the
prediction of pollutant concentration, air pollution potential,
and pollution damage are reviewed; the general principles
involved in collecting and analyzing air samples to determine
the nature and concentrations cf pollutants are outlined.
Control measures and the present situation are also discussed.
(Author summary modified)
025U1 113
(SCIENTIFIC METHODS AND TECHNIQUES TO DECREASE THE POLLUTION OF
THE ENVIRONMENT, THROUGH TNHAISTTCN OB INGESTION, RND OF
ACOUSTICAL "NUISANCES.") Moyens scientifigues et
techniques de diminuer la pollution des milieux inhales ou ingeres
et des "nuisances" acoustigues. (Chapter 3: Les pollutions
et "nuisances" d'origine industrielle et urbaine. Tome 1. Leur
prevention et les problems scientifigues et techniques qu'elle
pose en France.) Premier Winistre, Delegation qenerale a la
recherche scientifique et technique, June 1966. pp. U7-59.
The functioning of chlorophyll in the course of photosynthesis in
leaves of plants serves as a method of air purification of
sufficient importance to consider its use in control. Vegetation,
like men and animals, can sustain a considerable amount of damage
to the point where the threshold limit of absorption of toxic
substances is exceeded. The three gases causing the most
damage to vegetation are carbon monoxide, the sulfur oxides, and
those containing fluorine. Also to be considered are acid
"smog", toxic "smog", ozone, and nitrogen oxides. Other
industrial pollutants which have a toxic influence, but less
sever and localized, are dusts, hydrogen sulfides, hydrochloric
acid, etc. Ethylene and carbon monoxide cause great damage to the
growth hormones, particularly auxin. The effects of S02,
S03, and H2SOH are related to the guanity of gas emitted, the
degree of resistance of the species, their state of development,
and the various environmental conditions. The sensitivity of
vegetation to the action of sulfur gases varies essentially as a
function of the speed of absorption of the gas by the leaves.
Through experimentation it has been found that the plant species
which are most sensitive to 302 are chickweed, alfalfa, barley,
oats, wheat, rhubarb, lettuce, endive, spinich, cabbage, and
tobacco. Apples, apricots, peaches, grapes, corn, and heans are
less sensitive, whereas the floral species such as gladiolus, rose,
and lilac offer considerable resistance. Aguatic vegetation is
often used as purifying means for polluted streams. Subsoils
purify themselvps of pollutant materials in various ways, including
uptake by vegetal-ion and dispersion in the soil with rain water,
etc. In a section on means of decreasing the inhaled pollutants
the'following are mentioned: dust collectors, normal methods of
dispersion in the atmosphere, fumes from domestic fires, auto
Effects - Plants and Livestock 63
-------
exhaust fumes, fuel additives, iaproveaent of combustion "
engines, recycling of crankoase gases, post-combustion appj-iaut.es,,
and redesigning of motors. Also given in this section (tnap-cer
3) is some similar information on ingested pollutants and on
problems of noise.**
05871
K. T. Semrau
EMISSION OF FLUORIDES FROM CTDOSTBIAL PROCESSES - 5 REVIEW.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8, (2) 92-108, Aug. 1958.
(Presented at the 130th Meeting, American Chemical
Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept. 1956.)
Fluorine contaminants may be emitted to the atmosphere by a wade
variety of industrial processes in which fluorine compounds
are manufactured, utilized as catalysts or fluxes, or are
present as impurities in the process materials. Tn some
cases, the possibility of contamination is obvious, and
control measures are generally provided as a matter of
course. These include manufacture of HF, use- of HF as an
alkylation catalyst in the manufacture of motor fuels,
and use of elemental fluorine. However, some of the most serious
cases of pollution have arisen from processes in which
fluorine compounds are used as fluxes or are present as
impurities. In some instances, the fluorine has been
present in the process material in a concentration so low
that its presence was not considered to constitute a potential
problem, or perhaps was not even recognized. Fluorosis in
cattle, or damage to vegetation, ahs occurred primarily
in the vicinity of plants manufacturing phosphate fertilizers,
aluminum, brick, enamel frit, and iron and steel. Baclntire
considers that the most important sources are probably the
manufacture of phosphate fertilizers, aluminum, and steel.
Thermodynamic considerations and a review of the literature
indicate that the principal mechanism of liberation of fluorides
in high temperature processes is pyrohydrolysis, which
results in formation of HF. The principal variables
in pyrohydrolysis in most industrial processes appear to be the
equilibrium of the reaction, the water vapor concentration
in the process atmosphere, and the factors determining mass
transfer. Reaction rates appear to be generally high,
although little information is available. Significant formation
of SiFt appears to be. limited to cases involving
thermal decomposition of fluosilicates or reaction of fluorides and
silica with acids at relatively low temperatures. Formation of
volatile metal fluorides nay be a significant mechanism
of liberation in some cases, but is generally of less
importance than pyrohydrolysis. By analogy to known cases,
it should be possible to make order-of-magnitude estimates
of the probable fluorine emissions from a given process
if the quantity of input fluorine is known or can be estinated.*#
64 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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EFFECTS - MATERIALS
16M01 115
Barton, K. and S. Bartonova
MECHANISM OF THF COPBOSION OF BE, ZN AND CU IN A HOBID
&TBOSPHEEE CONTAINING HCL VAPOBS. (Mechanisaus der Fe-, Zn-
und Cu-Korrosion in feuchter HCl-Daempfe enthaltender atmosphaere).
Text in German. Collection Czech. Chem. Conucu. (Prague),
32(7):2«31-2«38, 1967. 6 refs.
Steel containing a small amount of carbon, electrolytic zinc,
and electrolytic copper in the fcrm cf thin plates 30 by 80 mm with
a thickness between 0.8 tc 1 mm were used to study the corrosion
mechanism at tenperatures of 20, 30 and 40 C; -a relative humidity
of 80S; and an HC1 content of C.0007 to 0.002% (by volume). The
stationary state characterized by constant quantity and composition
of the corrosion products and a linear dependence of the corrosion
on time was established. After the stationary state had been
reached, the corrosion kinetics iron were goverend by HC1
formation during the rust development. Kith the zinc sample,
the corrosion speed decreased after the stationary state had been
reached. This was due to a reaction of the hydroxide and the
alkaline zinc chloride with HC1, where soluble ZnCl2 is formed.
The speed of this process is influenced by the transport of the
gaseous HC1 to the boundary atmosphere/corrosion product, as well
as by the adsorption and composition of the product. With the
copper sample, the decisive partial process of the corrosion
kinetics in the stationary state was the destruction of the CuCl
layer covering the Cu20 layer. The process is likewise determined
by the transport of the gaseous HC1 to the boundary atmosphere/
corrosion product, by the BC1 adsorption, and the composition
of the product.
17775 H*
Binger, H. B., P. H. Wagner, and E. H. Brown
BESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM ALLCSS TO CHEMICALLY CONTAMINATED
ATMOSPHERES. Corrosion, 9 (12) : 4UO-<147, 1953. 15 refs.
(Presented at the Ninth Annual Conference, National Association of
Corrosion Engineers, Chicago, 111., March 16-20, 1953.)
Of the many factors connected with atmospheric corrosion problems
in chemical plants, refineries, and other industries, those
encountered most often are combinations of hydrogen sulfide,
carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, moisture and
dirt. In general, it has been found that aluminum alloys are
resistant to atmospheres containing these contaminants. In
addition the problem in most plants is further aggravated oy the
formation of dust and/or fumes. An active laboratory as well as
-------
field testing program is continuing to demonstrate that
alloys of the type used for architectural applications are very
resistant to corrosion by a wide variety of organic and inorganic
chemicals. The use of aluminum-base alloys in the coke, soda, ash,
sulfur, power, paper, salt, petroleum and petrol-chemical
industries has reduced corrosion losses with resultant savings in
maintenance costs. Some of the applications where aluminum
alloys have proved successful are tank roofs, siding, roofing,
windows, duct work, ladders, handrail, instrument tubing, and
tread plate. It is believed that through cooperative field
testing it will be possible to demonstrate many additional
applications in these and other industries where aluminum alloys
can be used to advantage. A sound, practical installation can
best be obtained by taking advantage of all the information and
experience that is readily available. (Author abstract modified)
15657 117
Fink, Ferdinand
THE COMBOSTION OF DOMESTIC REFUSE CONTAINING A HIGH PROPORTION OF
SYNTHETIC MATERIALS. (Verbrennung von Hausuuell mit hoeheren
Kunststoffanteilen). Text in German. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
21 (9):472-476, Sept. 1969. 8 refs.
The domestic refuse in the city of Zurich contained 1.1 to 2.7%
by weight of synthetic material in the years 1963 and 1961, as
compared with other large cities where it contained 4 to 5%. In
Germany, half of the synthetics in domestic refuse are composed
of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The relatively low PVC fraction in
the waste causes corrosion problems. Polyvinyl chloride begins
to melt at 120 C; at 200 C, it begins to separate. It has a
heating value of 6000 kcal/kg; the ignition point is 460 C.
Domestic refuse is incinerated with a large amount of excess air.
The heterogeneous waste composition causes a fluctuating
combustion process. Thus, the waste gas composition varies as
follows: 7 to 11% by volume CO, 10 to 16% water vapor, 6 to 10X
oxygen, and 0.2 to 1.0 q/cu m HC1. Varying gas composition and
fluctuating temperatures damage the oxide layer on the steel
pipes. There are two types of corrosion: sulfate corrosion and
chlorine corrosion. It is generally thought that sulfate
corrosion is due to alkali pyrosulfates which, when superheated,
yield activated S03. The latter substance is highly corrosive.
Chlorine corrosion is due to the presence of HC1. In oxidizing
waste gases, HC1 attacks only metal; in reducing waste gases,
iron oxide and dust incrustations may adsorb HC1, which is
liberated again at higher temperatures. The chlorine gas and the
HC1 which develop in this manner are both highly corrosive after
desorption. To prevent chlorine corrosion, large amounts of water
vapor must be present in the waste gas. Injection of water into
the combustion chamber helps to fulfill this demand. Furthermore,
reducing components in the waste gas must lie avoided. The
temperature at the pipe wall should never exceed 400 C.
19325 U8
Konda, Kiyoshi, Hisao Ito, and Atsuhiro Honda
FIELD KVAIDATION OF EXHAUST GAS FBOH BEPUSE INCINERATOR RF.LATFD fn
AIR POLLUTION AHD flETAL COBROSICN. Trans. Soc. Heating,
66 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Jir-Conaitioning, and Sanitary Engrs. (Japan) , vol. 7:95-104,
1969.
A study of municipal incinerator exhaust gas composition conducted
at five sites-in Japan is described. The study was undertaken to
obtain information on odor and metal corrosion problems. The
exhaust consisted of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic acids, and hydrochloric acid.
Volatile organic acids and hydrochloric acid are mainly
responsible for the corrosion, with sulfuric and nitric acids only
partially concerned. Percentages of exhaust products as a
function of raw refuse input are tabulated. Continuous firing
rather than batch firing would limit noxious effluents.
Temperature and excess air control would also help. After-burning
chambers should be installed tc further reduce contaminants.
16081 119
laengle, Erwin
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COEBOSICN-CiUSING PBOFEBTIES OF VOLATILE
ACIDS AND ANHYDBOUS ACIDS. (Ontersuchungen ueber die
metallangreifenden Eigenschaften von fluechtigen Saeuren und
Saeureanhydriden) . Text in German. Eidgenoessische Technischen
Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland, Thesis (PhD) , 1968, 43p. 64
refs.
CFSTIi N69-32307
The corrosion- resistances of iron, zinc, aluminum, copper, and
lead to chemical attacks frcm hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide,
formic acid, acetic acid vapors, and sulfur dioxide atmospheres
were studied. Emphasis was placed en the problems of critical
vapor humidity, analytic determination of corrosion products, and
the reaction mechanisms. Metal samples »ere briefly exposed to
dry or moist acid vapors during the introductory period and
subsequently kept for a longer time in an acid-free atmosphere of
differing moisture levels. Kesults showed that the metal surface
«as initially attacked in by the formation of a dry or humid
saline crust which liquefied through atmospheric water absorption
and attacked the metal surface by deoxygenation. Pronounced
reactions were observed on iron and zinc surfaces, but the other
metals proved relatively corrosion resistant. (Author abstract)
13877 120
BcLeod, W. and R. P. Rogers
COEEOSIOH OF BETALS BT AQTJEQUS SOLUTIONS OF THE ATHOSPHERIC
POLLUTANT StJLFUFOHS RCTD. i^lectrochem. Technol. , 6(7 to 8):
231-235, July to Auq. 1968. 7 refs.
The corrosion rate of a m<=tal in an acid with a normality
between H/1 and H/10,000, such as H2S03, HN03, H2SOU, or
HCL, was found to be related to the concentration of the acid
in accordance with the equation Corrosion rate equals a x (Acid
normality) to the b power, where a and b are constant for each
combination of acid and metal and where temperature is 25 C.
By determining the values of a and b for a number of acid-metal
Effects - Materials 67
-------
combinations, it. was possible to compare the corrosion rate
of the various metals in sulfurous acid with those of the
same metals in nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids, ana
to determine the corrosion rate of the metals in sulfur°us
acid of different normalities. Data obtained show that
nonstainless steel, with or without nickel, is highly
susceptible to sulfurous acid corrosion. However, when
a substantial proportion of chromium is present in an alloy
which contains nickel, steel is free from corrosion by either
sulfurous acid or nitric acid. Copper and chromium are not
appreciably susceptible to salfurous acid corrosion in solutions
lower than N/1.3. Tin corrodes more rapidly than other
nonferrous metals between N/100 and N/1000, but less than
cadmium and zinc at. N/10. Cadmium, lead, and zinc corrode
more rapidly in sulfurous acid than in nitric acid. Lead
corrodes less ranidlv in sulfurous acid than in nitric acid.
Aluminum is rapidly corroded by hyperchloric acid but less
so by nitric or sulfurous acid. The study concludes that
sulfurous acid solutions causing the greatest damage in urban
and industrial areas have abnormalities between N/1 and
N/10,000.
06601
R. C. Muffley
INFLFJEHCK OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS ON CORROSION - LITERATURE
REPORT. Rock Island Arsenal, 111. (Rept. No. 63-20U1.)
23 pp. (June 13, 1963). DDC: AD U20 118
DDCI AD «20 117
The Influence of atmospheric contaminant gases and particulate matter upon
the corrosion rates of ferrous and nonferrous metals is investigated.
Various means of protection from, or elimination of, such corrosive environ-
ments are reviewed. Variations in the rate of corrosion coincide with the
severity of atmospheric pollution in different locations where average
humidity is approximately the same. Because of this interaction of the
various pollutants and moisture, and the fact that these vary independently,
it ±a difficult to predict the corrosion behavior of a location. It has been
observed that the corrosiveness of a given atmosphere is not constant, but
varies with the weather conditions. Some areas will show a difference in
the corrosion of specimens put out at different seasons of the year. Data
from the tests in both industrial and marine atmospheres, reveal that very
great differences in corrosivity can exist at locations only a few miles
apart, or, in some extreme cases, only a few 100 feet apart. The corrosion
rates of various metals or alloys for various environmental conditions
are given. Corrosion of metals can be overcome 1) by eliminating the
contaminants that cause corrosion of metal parts, 2) by preventing the
contaminants from coming in contact with the metal surface, and 3) by using
a metal finish that will be resistant to the specific atmosphere.
68 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
12055 122
Nowak, F.
CORROSION PROBLEMS TN INCINERATORS. Combustion, U0(5):32-H0,
Nov. 1968.
The state of the art of corrosion in incinerators is reviewed.
While at first glance there seems to be no great difference
between an incinerator whose generated heat is being used for
steam generation and a boiler fired with conventional foel, in
fact many more problems are encountered due to the heavy deposits,
more frequent outages, and gas-side corrosion of heating surfaces.
Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the waste materials and the
corrosive components in the flue gas which are steadily increasing
with the increase in plastics and other industrial wastes fired,
control of conditions in incinerators is difficult. Soioe exanples
of corrosive experience and some approaches to control of the
problems are discussed.ft
06038 123
P. W. Sherwood
HOW ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS CAN CORRODE REFINERY EQUIPMENT.
Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg) 19(H) : 289-290 (April 1966.) Ger.
(Tr.)
Bttnospheric corrosion of refinery eguipment from the effects of
humidity, dusts and electrolytes is reviewed. Effect of humidity:
Although water vapor contributes to the mechanists of atmospheric
corrosion, the principal offender is water which precipitates in
liquid form from saturated or near-saturated air. An
oxidation-reduction potential may be built up between two
surfaces which promotes corrosion. Electrolytes dissolved in the
water will increase corrosive action. Enclosed storage and
humidity control are two approaches which can be used to counteract
some of these situations. Effects of dust: These are probably
not significant unless the dust consists of a salt or other kind
of electrolyte. Effects of oxidants and electrolytes: Oxidants
cause serious corrosion only in the presence of liquid water.
Acidic materials are seen to be the worst corrosive agents in the
atmosphere. Salts are strong electrolytes and in the presence of
liquid water they will contribute to rusting of materials.
Alkalies are not considered a serious problem in atmospheric
corrosion; stronq alkalies deposited in the presence of liquid
water can cause deterioration of aluminum or zinc.**
0277U 124
V.B. Volkening
PERFORMANCE OF COATING ON FETAL IN AN INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERE.
Preprint. (Presented at the "ieth Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13,
1963, Paper No. 63-86.)
Effects - Materials 69
-------
The reason and methods of procedure for a protective coating
testing program are discussed. Results based on fifteen years
operation of such a program in a chemical plant on the
Gulf Coast are described - some in detail. Atmospheric
contaminants from high humidity and moisture
condensation to chlorine and hydrochloric acid were encountered,
ft method for calibrating the atmosphere is outlined.
Differences in the performance of several generic types of
coating resins are presented. Generous references to the
literature are included. (author abstract)t#
70 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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EFFECTS - .ECONOMICS
21749 125
Weidensaul, T. Craig and Norman I. laCasse
S1ATEHIDE SDRVEY OF AIR FOIIOTICN CABAGE TO VEGETATION - 1969.
Pennsylvania State Dniv., University Park, Center for Air
Environment Studies, PHS Grant AP 00002, 1970, 52p. 3 refs.
During the summer of 1969, a statewide survey of air pollution
damage to vegetation was conducted to assess economic losses
incurred on food and fiber crops in Pennsylvania. Most incidents
occurred in areas of greatest agricultural activity. The greatest
economic losses were observed en vegetable, froit, and agronomic
crops, followed by lawns, ornamentals, greenhouse flowers, and
forest trees. The suspected major pollutants, based on associated
economic losses, appear to be as follows: cxidants, sulfur oxides,
lead, hydrogen chloride, particulates, herbicides, and ethylene.
The total amount of direct economic loss was estimated to be more
than 3.5 million dollars. Indirect losses accounted for an
additional 8 million dollars. These losses include known profit
losses to growers, costs of reforestation of denuded land, known
greater relocation costs, and substitution of lower value crops for
higher value ones. Other indirect effects are stream silting,
erosion, farm abandonment, and loss in aesthetic values.
(Author abstract modified)
71
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LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
00311
AIT? POLLTJTION {J S'JPVFY OF EXISTING LEGISLATION).
Intern. Digest Health Legislation 1U, 187-229, 1<>63.
This report contains a comparative survey of existing
legislation for the control of atmospheric pollution, and
discusses specific laws and regulations of following countries:
Australia, Belgium, Canada, chile, Czechoslovakia, France,
Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Jamaica, New Zealand,
Poland, England and the Inited States.**
171)72 127
Duemmler, Friedrich
THE ANTI-AIE POLLUTION ACTIVITIES OF THE TECHNISCHE
UIEIBHACBUNGS-VEREIN. (Eie Techr.ischen Ueberwachungs-Vereine in
Dienste des Imuissicnsschutzes). Text in German. Tech. Deber»ach
(Duesseldorf) , 10 (10) :339-345 , Oct. 1970.
One of the most important tasks cf the Technische
Deberwachungs-Verein (TUV) is to measure dust emissions by steam
plants. By checking the perfcriance of new measuring units and
determining whether they fulfill the manufacturer's specifications.
Heasurements by the TUV taken in 1967 on steam boilers with
capacities of up to 25 t/h shewed that plants without dust
collectors emitted en the average 560 mg dust/cu m; those with
dust collectors, 170 mg/cu m. For plants with more than 100
Gcal/h, the authorities require the installation of automatic
measuring devices fcr dust and sulfur dioxide. In this
connection, TUV checks the available units for suitability and
calibrates each individual unit. Fcr dust measurements,
photometric units were suitable; for S02 measurements, infrared
absorbers and electroconductivity analyzers were selected. In
additicn to these activities, TUV is presently engaged with
fluorine, hydrocarbon, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur trioxide, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, lead, and zinc oxide measurements.
In the years 1965-1966, TUV conducted extensive studies of CO
and CH content of autoncbile exhausts in the idling stage.
Infrared absorbers were used for the measurements. Ten percent
of the vehicles with four-stroke engines emitted more than 8S CO
in the idle; but U5% of the vehicles emitted less than U.5*.
Beginning with October 1, 1970, newly registered automobiles with
Otto engines may not emit more than 25 g CO and 1,5 g CH per
100 g fuel consumption. TUV will check the new automobiles for
compliance with this law. Finally, odor and noise measurements
also belong to the activities cf the TUV.
73
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12*
17188
Hashimoto, Michio
STATUS OF AIB POLLUTION E* NOXIOUS AND OFFENSIVE GASES ANB T""^
CONTROL EBOGBAMHES. (Yugai gasu to niyoru osen no genio to
taisaku ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to TaisaKU jo.
Pollution Control) , 2 (7) :i»«1-ai«, Aug. 15, 1966.
A procedure for the adequate control of noxious gases, seme of
which are not yet covered by legislation, is discussed. Though
dust fall is decreasing as a ccnseguence of regulatory control,
noxious and offensive gases are increasing in many industrial
areas. The Labor Standard Law of 19«7 provides for the control of
working environments in the interest of worker health, but is no
longer consistent with the present state of industrial pollution
which poses a hazard for persons living in the vicinity of plants.
The 1948 law regulating agricultural chemicals is concerned only
with preventing injuries tc people and livestock caused by the
unrestricted use of chemicals; it does not consider the
contribution of the chemicals tc air pollution. High pressure
gas control, fire prevention, mining, and other laws are subject
to the same criticism. what is characteristic of these control
laws is that they do not specify total noxious gas emission nor
the relationship between a gas and its effect. The Snoke Dust
Control Law is intended to ccipensate for these shortcomings; it
now deals with sulfurous gas, anhydrous sulfuric gas with hydrogen
fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, selenium oxide, hydrogen chloride,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon
disulfide, ammonia, phosgene, and silicon tetrafluoride. Hore
offensive gases are to be covered by the law.
07597 1M
Heller, A.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR AIR POLLUTION IN THE
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. Preprint, Federal Inst. of
Hygiene for Water, Soil and Air, Berlin, Germany, 10p., 1963.
(Presented at the Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for
Air Quality and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland,
Aug. 6-12, 1963, Paper No. WHO/AP/8.)
An advisory committee set up by the Federal Government gives
expert advice on the proposals of the Clean Air Commission of
the Association of German Engineers regarding permissible
emissions as well as on the maximum concentrations of "immissions"
- the MIK values - for various air pollutants. The task of the
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Commission is to set scientific
and technical bases for appropriate air pollution control measures.
The main task of the Commission is to draft recommendations for
new technical regulations as a basis for the determination and
control of air pollution, as follows: Minimum requirements
regarding the concentration and precipitation of dusts and gases
in the atmosphere, bases for calculating the distribution of dusts
and gases and for determining the reguired height of chimneys,
limits to the emission of dust and gas firoa sources of air
pollution, and procedures for measuring dusts and gases. The
provisions recommended for examining applications for licences to
74 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
establish new plants or to alter existing plants are reviewed.
Enforcement of these regulations will depend on the local
situation, especially the existing pollution load. They will also
depend on the extent to which further pollution could occur,
without exceeding the tolerance limit or the MIK-value for the
most sensitive among the reaction partners, whether human being,
animal or plant, and on the technical processes of the industrial
plant in question. In principle, all reasonable technical and
economic possibilites for purifying waste gases should be
exploited in egual fashin by similar industrial plants. Finally,
industry should be prepared to bear more far-reaching demands
regarding waste-gas removal, if a licence for a new industrial
plant or for the extension of an existing plant is to be issued in
an area already polluted. MIK-values have been set and are
discussed for; sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, some nitrous gases
and chlorine.**
QS687 130
P. sutton
AIR POLLUTION IN PETROLEUM EEFIKING. Chem. Process Eng.,
«9(1):36-38, Jan. 1968. 9 refs.
The'statute law relatint to air pollution is wide in coverage but
not too onerous in its requirements. The author discusses common
law as it affects the pollution of air, and considers in detail the
tuo statutes applicable in petroleum refining-the Alkali and the
Clean Air Acts.##
09285 131
F. Wolozin
F3DEPAL FISCAL POLICY IN SIP POLLUTION CONTROL. (PREPARED
DISCUSSION.) "reprint, Massachusetts Univ., Boston, Dept.
of Economics, i»p. , 1966 (Presented at the National
Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., Dec. 12-14,
1966.)
Important questions to consider in determining policies on
air pollution are how much is presently known about
polluted air, how extensive are damages and whether the damages are
progressive and irreversible. Policy recommendations would be
different if time were not of the essence and damages were
remediable. Measurement techniques are confined to direct
effects of high levels of contamination. It is recommended that
priority be given to research on measuring indirect and insidious
effects of low level exposures of long duration. The air
pollution problem poses the need for serious considerations
of alternatives to influence management decisions. Research
is required to determine if effective control will not
ultimately demand basic modification of traditional
government-industry relations. It is recommended that air
pollution authorities be given the authority and resources
to pay for air pollution filtering and control devices or
bear the cost 'of modifying existing equipment. In return
authorities would receive the right through public commissions to
participate in corporate decisions affecting emission of
pollutants. t#
Legal and Administrative 75
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STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
00111 132
K. Horn
(THE PSOBL3N OF HYGIEHICALIY PERMISSIBLE LIMITING CONCENTRATIONS
05 AIR POLLUTION.) Zur Frage der Hygienisch zulassigen
Grenzkonzentrationen fur Luftverunreinigungen. Angew.
Meteorol. (Berlin) 5 (Special Issue) :39-«3, 1965. Text in
Ger.
The problem of determining permissible limits of air pollution is
discussed. After listing four categories of pollution ranging
from decreased visibility and injury to sight and smell to acute
illness and possibly death, the aurthor states that pollution
should be kept below the limits of the first category. He
distinguishes between limits permissible in a factory area
and in a residential area, the first being higher. Permissible
limits for 40 chemicals established in 1963 for single
occurrences and average 24 hour concentrations for Fast
Germany are tabulated.f#
06778 133
(INDUSTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN.)
Industrie et pollution atmospherigue en Grande Bretagne.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la
Pollution Atmospherigtie, Paris, France. (1967.) 6 pp. Fr.
(Rept. No. CI 310.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 2U. )
A summary of the basis of governmental action in Great Britain
in the struggle against industrial emissions is outlined.
The regulations imposed by the "Alkali Act" are in most cases
based on "the most practical means." Standards are given for
chimney heights. Statutory limits are given for various
materials emitted such as hyrjrcchloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, arsenic,
antimony, cadmium, and lead. The construction of tall
buildings tends to reduce the benefits obtained by tall chimneys.
A better knowledge of the effects of pollutants should be
obtained so as not to burden industry with unnecessary expense in
their control. It is urged that international standards
for emission be adopted.**
09259 134
Katz, Morris
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AMEIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDES IN RELATION TO
CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC EFFLUENTS. Fulp Paper Hag. Can.
77
-------
(Gardenvale), 69 (4):60-66, Feb. 16, 1968. 11 refs. (Presented
at the 3rd Paper Industry Air Stream Improvement conference,
Vancouver, B.C. , Oct. 23-26, 1S67.)
Major sources of air pollutants are discussed, as well as the need
for control of emissions using source emission standards ana
ambient air quality criteria. Criteria for air quality reflect
the nature and magnitude cf effects of air pollutants upon the
atmospheric environment in general and on visibility, safety,
health of man or animals, vegetation and property. These criteria
state four levels of pollutant concentration and exposure periods
according to the differing effects on the exposed population or
receptors, rangin from no direct or indirect influence to symptoms
that may be merely adverse, or serious, or of emergency
proportions. Ambient air quality guides and standards adopted
by several countries are tabulated for C02, CL2, ethylene,
BC1, H2S, oxides of nitrogen, ozone or oxidant, CS2, and
S02. Those of the State of California, State of New
York, Best Germany, Czechoslovakia, U.S.A., and the D.S.
S.R., are reviewed. Air quality standards established in the
D.S.S.S. are more stringent than those formulated in West
Germany, the U.S.A. (California), and elsewhere. Maximum
allowable concentrations for sotre atmospheric pollutants
(industrial) in the U.S.S.H. are also tabulated, including fis,
Cr03, Pb, Hn, and soot. A brief summary is given of Canadian
activities and the salient features of the Ontario Air Pollution
Control Act. The existence of these standards implies that
stricter measures will be enforced to control emission sources in
the future.##
07197 13S
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (1966.) Kuki Seijo
(Clean Air - J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo)
U(4):62-66, 1966. Text in Japanese.
A report is given by a committee of the Japanese Association of
Industrial Health on "Allowable concentration". The values of
allowable concentration are worked out for a healthy man working
8 hr per day doing moderate work. Proper consideration must be
qiven to cases in which more than 8 hr of exposure take place, more
than one pollutant is involved, or the concentration of pollutants
increases suddenly during the work schedule. Included is a
discussion on dust measurement. It is important to measure dusts
having a Stokes radius of less than 5 microns, especially at a
height of 1 to 1.5 m from the ground. The relation between the
source of dust and the point of measurement is illustrated.#t
01916 136
V. A. Rlazanov.
CRITERIA AND METHODS TOR ESTABLISHIHG MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTION. Bull. Horld Health Organ.
(Geneva) 32, 38^-98, 196S.
Experience in the USSR in establishing standards for air
pollution control is floscribprt. It is emphasised that health
78 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
considerations must be main criterion in deciding permissible
concentrations, which constitute the "hygienic" standards
ultimately to be achieved. Economic and technological reasons may
dictate temporary "sanitary" standards, which modify the
requirements for a limited period. "Technological" standards
relate to the economic and technological consequences of air
pollution and do not concern health. The maximum permissible
concentrations of toxic substances used in toxicology and
industrial hygiene are not sufficiently stringent for general use,
and control standards are therefore based on the results of tests
carried out on animals and human subjects. Tests on animals show
that certain concentrations of toxic substances cause functional
changes (e.g., in higher nervous activity, cholinesterase
activity, and excretion of coproporphyrin) as well as a number of
protective adaptational reactions. The results are used to
establish maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants within
a 2*»-honr period. Tests en human volunteers provide a basis for
determining the maximum average concentrations at a given time.
Reactions to odorous substances give the olfactory threshold and
the level of concentration causing respiratory and visual
reflexes, as well as subsensory effects such as changes in light
sensitivity and in the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Morbidity statistics also provide evidence of harmful pollution,
but cannot serve as a basis for establishing maximum pertaissible
concentrations, which should aim not only at preventing illness
but also at avoiding pathological and adaptational reactions.
(Author abstract)ft
05940 137
V. A. Byazanov
NEH DATA ON UNITS OF ALLOWABLE ATMOSPHEBIC AIT POLLUTANTS.
(In: Limits of allowable concentrations of atmospheric
pollutants. Book 6.) U.S.S.R. literature on Air Pollution
and Delated Occupational Disease?, Vol. 9. pp. 1-8. (1962).
Rnss. (Tr.)
This volume contains material discussed by the Committee on
Sanitary Air Protection during its 1959 and 1960 sessions.
The material contained in this volume is of heterogenous
character in its methodological presentations and completeness and
finality of the reports. The Committee took the position that
the level of methodology reached during the last period of
investigation and the degree of reliability of results obtained did
not represent the acme of perfection, and therefore, the proposed
limits of allowable concentrations should be regarded as mere
points of orientation for future studies, leading to more basic,
more scientific and hence, more reliable limits of atmospheric air
pollutants. Tn this connection it is the aim and purpose of this
Committee to act as the stimulator, guide and directing agent
leading into investigational channels based on the outlined
principles. Air pollutants studied include formaldehyde, HC1
aerosol, CS2 vapor, Hn, Hg, combined C12 and HC1 gas,
acetone, CO and Dinyl (mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide).#
21078 138
Styazhkin, V. H.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE DETERHINATION CF ALLOWABLE
CONCE8TEATIOHS OF CHLOHINE AND HCL GAS SIBOLTANEOUSLX PBESEHT 18
Standards and Criteria 79
-------
ATMOSPHERIC SIP. O.S.S.P. literature on «ir Pollution ana Related
Cccupational Diseases, vcl. 8:158-164, 1963. (B. S. Levine, ea.)
CFSTI: 63-1157C
An experimental basis for the determination of allowable
con'centrations for simultaneously present chlorine and RC1 gas in
the ambient air was obtained. Studies were conducted in the
vicinity of a magnesium plant at 300, 500, 800, 1000, 2000, and
3000 m from the plant. Sir samples were collected by the
aspiration method through an abscrber equipped with a porous
plate No. 1. dee absorber was filled with double distilled water;
the other was filled with an acidified solution of methyl orange.
Sir samples collected through double distilled water were used
for the determination of HC1 aerosol by the titration method.
Sulfuric acid, which interferred with analysis, was determined
nephelometrically and subtracted frcm the titration result.
Chlorine was determined colorimetrically in the sample. Results
showed that chlorine and HC1 gas concentrations were considerably
in excess of the allowable maximal single concentration limit
at all collecting points. The threshold of Cl odor preception
was 0.7 mg/cu m and of HC1 gas, 0.2 ng/cu m. Threshold odor
perceptions of Cl and HC1 gas simultaneously present in the air
were established in the following combinations: 0.3 mg/cu m Cl,
0.1 mg/cu m and 0.2 mg/cu IT Cl, 0.13 mg/cu m HC1. Results of
the tests by the optical chrcnaxy method established the
threshold of reflex effect of Cl and HC1 gas simultaneously
present in the air in the following concentration: 0.3 mg/cu m
Cl, 0.2 mg/cu m HC1 and 0.2 mg/cu m Cl, 0.3 mg/cu m HC1. The
limit of maximal single concentration for Cl was 0.1 mg/cu m and
for HC1, 0.05 mg/cu m. The simultaneous presence of Cl and HC1
gas in the air in corresponding concentrations had no effect on
the control curve of dark adaptation. Results showed that the
concentrations were below the threshold of odor perception and
reflex effect and below the allowable concentration limit.
80 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
13199 139
Bagliano, G. and L. Ossiclni
THE ADSORPTION OF KETAL IONS FHOM HF-HC104 MIXTOEES OH SOME ION
EXCHANGE FAPEFS. J. Chrcmatog. , 21 (3) : 499-502 , March 1966. 2 refs.
A comparison of ion exchange from HF-HC1 and HF-HC104 mixtures for
icns known to adsorb from these solutions is made using two types
of anion and one cation exchange paper. The concentration of
RC1 or HC104 was maintained constant at 1N and the HF concentration
was varied from 1 to IDS. Experimental results show that, while
there are considerable differences in adsorption from HF-HC1, very
few ions were adsorbed frcu HF-HC104. Tantalum nay be adsorbed
from mixtures with Hf, Zr, Ti, Nb, Ho, H, and I) on an anion exchange
resin paper fron HF-HC104.
16169 140
Eaune, Georges
FREEZING POINT OF GASEOUS MIXIUBES AT VERY tCH TEMPERATURES.
(Sur le point de congelation des melanges gazeux a de tres tasses
temperatures). Text in French. Compt. fiend. 118:1322-21, 1909.
6 refs.
The gas mixtures studied were (CH3) 2C-HC1, (CH3)20-S02 and
(CH3) 2C-CH3C1. The freezing pcint curve of the first and 2
maxima, one at -94 C, the ether at -102, corresponding to a
mixture of one ether and 4 HC1. Solid ether * S02 was obtained;
temperatures were not given.
14L
Bauie, Georges and Georges -P, Pamfil
QUANTITATIVE IHVFSTIGATICNS OF VOIA1I1E SYSTEMS: FUSIBIIITY
CUBVES OF SYSTEMS FORMED BY HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND SULFUR EIOXIDE
WITH METHYLAICOHOL; MECHANISM OF TBI FOBBATICN OF ESTEBS.
(Pecherches quantitatives sur les systemes volatils: Courbes
de fusibilite des systemes formes par 1'acide chlorhydrigue
et 1'anhydride sulfureux avec 1'alcool methyligue; mechanisms de
la formation desesters) . Text in French. J. Chin. Phys. , vol.
12:256-269, 1914. 25 refs.
The solidification of the following binary systems were determined:
CH30H-HC1- C2H5.C02H-CH30B. (C2H5C02H. HC1) -CH30H ; (CH30H.HC1)-
C2H5C02H- CH30H-S02; and S02-BC1. The objective of these
determinations was to obtain new confirmations on the mechanism
81
-------
of chemical reactions. The existence of the following,
unstable, intermediate addition compounds was established:
a) CH30IHHC1; b) CH30H+C2B5C02H+HC1; c) CH30H+S02; and a)
2CH30H+S02. Compounds a and fc may be considered as the r
stages of formation of the halcgen derivatives of alcohols an
esters. Moreover, compound b offers a particularly sinp-i-e
example of chemical catalysis ty inorganic acids. In contrast
with 'physical catalysts' which raise artificially and locally
the temperature or pressure and thus create a state of affairs
which an cverall rise of temperature or pressure would produce
without their intervention, 'chemical catalysts' form addition
compounds with the substances whose mutual reaction they
fercilitate or provoke. Ccnpcurds c and d solidifying
respectively at about -71 C and about -81 C form a part of a
system with a simple 'oxcnian' phase diagram, in which they
alternate with eutcctic pcints at about -88 C at 45 mole % CH30H,
at about -91.5 C at 62 mole 1 CH30H and at about -106 C at
89 mole % CR30H. The S02-HC1 system has a simple eutectic point
at -133.5 C at 80 mole % S02.
05000 142
E. E. Berkau, G. T. Fisher, and H. H. Jones
THE INFLUENCE OF AXIAL DTSPEFSTON ON THE FIXED BED ADSORPTION OF
THE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE-CHROMIUM OXTNATE SYSTEM. Preprint.
1964. 63 pp.
The results from a study of the removal of gaseous hydrogen
chloride by the solid, metal organic complex, chromium oxinate,
in a fixed-bed adsorption column is presented in the form of
adsorption curves or exit gas concentration histories. These
experimental curves are subseguently compared to the solutions
of a theoretical mathematical model representing the
adsorption process. The model incorporates axial diffusion, as
described by n. T. Taylor. A gas phase mass transfer
resistance and a solid phase adsorption-desorption rate were
considered as the mechanisms for the adsorption model. The
solutions to the mathematical model were generated by an analog
computer. (Author abstract)##
17126 14
Braunstein, J. and M. Blander
THE THERMODYNAMICS C5 DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF AGN03 AND KCL IS HOLTEN
KKC3 FEOM ELECTROMOTIVE POECE MEASUREMENTS. III. TEMPERATURE
VARIATIONS OF THE ACTIVITY CCIIFICIENTS. J. Phys. Chem.,
64(10):10-13, Jan. 1960. 4 refs.
Activity coefficients and their temperature dependence as
calculated iron the guasi-lattice model of the molten reciprocal
salt system A (+), E(+) , C(-) , and D(-) , were tested by comparison
with measured values of the activity coefficients of the component
AgN03 in the system Ag ( + ) , K ( + ) , Cl (-) , N03 (-) dilute in Ag(+) and
Cl (-) ions. Electromotive force measurements in a molten salt
concentration cell were nade at 385, 402, and 423 deg. KC1 in
solution lowered the activity coefficient of. AgN03; the decrease
was directly proportional to the concentration of Cl (-) ions and
82 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
inversely proportional to the concentration of Ag ( + ) ions. Besults
show that the temperature coefficients of the activity
coefficients in the range of validity of the theory are correctly
predicted, lending confidence in the usefulness of the guasi-
lattice model. (Author abstract modified)
2C189 144
Brockmeier/ Nontax f.
CHFMICAI BEP.CTTONS INDUCED IN A FICECWAVE DISCHAPGE.
Massachusetts Inst. cf Tech., Cambridge, Dept. of Chemical
Engineering, Thesis (Ph.D), 138p., Aug. 1966. 60 refs.
A suitable chemical system was determined for microwave discharge
and the relationship was fcund between the microwave power and
the chemical parameter. The chemical systems investigated
included the reactions of hydrogen chloride with solid carbon
01 with hydrocarbon gases (methane, ethylene, or acetylene) and
the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The discharges were induced
in a tubular guartz flow reactcr, with energy supplied by a
nicrowave power generator at fixed 2450 me frequency with a
continuous wave magnetron capable of 1200 watts output. The
hydrogen chloride system did net achieve a reasonable conversion.
However, 60? of the sulfur dioxide feed was oxidized with air at
300 C without using a catalyst. The conversion of the sulfur
dioxide-oxygen feed was proportional to the concentration of
various third gases, such as sulfur hexafluoride, carbon
tetrafluoride, or nitrogen added to feed. The hypothesis that
the termolecular collision 0 + S02 + M yields S03 + « was the
rate-controlling step in the formation of sulfur trioxide was
supported by experinental data. An energy balance of the
reactor showed that the adsorbed microwave power was 50 times
the power required to dissociate the oxygen consumed. These
results applied over the entire range cf conditions studied:
pressure, 5 to 160 torr; power, 5C to 180 watts; and feed
rate, from 90 to 300 cc/irin measured at one atm and 21 C* The
effectiveness of the third gas was directly proportional to its
heat capacity and inversely related to the ease with which the
third gas was excited by the discharge. (Author abstract
modified)
CS057 145
Carter, C. Heal
EFFECTS OF pf! AND OXIDIZING AC-EKTS CN THE BATE OF ABSORPTION OF
HYDROGEN SULFIDE INTO AQUEOUS MEEIA. TAPPI, 50 (7) :329-334,
July 1967. 19 refs.
The rates of absorption cf hydrogen sulfide into agueous
solutions of hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium
hypcchlorite were measured by means of a laminar liguid jet.
The effects of various reactions were determined by analyzing the
data in terms of the penetration theory. The various reactions
that were found to influence the rates of absorption determined
in this study were an iorizaticn reaction, which had a first order
forward rate constant of 8.4 per sec; a neutralization reaction
between hydroxide ions and hydrogen sulfide molecules, which had
Basic Science and Technology 83
-------
an "infinitely high" rate; and an oxidizing reaction, which h
"apparent" first-order rate constant of 250 per sec for a «•
hypochlorite solution. The data on the absorption of hyd^°jf°
sulfide into basic solutions indicate the possibility that cne
laminar jet and wetted-wall column do not give comparable results
for cases of absorption accompanied by an "infinitely fast
reaction. Further analysis of the rates of absorption into
oxidizing solutions indicates that hydrogen sulfide will react
initially with the hypochlorite ions to form dihydrogen sulioxide,
which in turn will form unstable complexes with more hydrogen
sulfide molecules by sulfur-sulfur bonds. The data also indicate
that for oxidizing solutions above pH 12, the rates of absorption
are influenced by the decomposition of dihydrogen sulfoxide, which
gives hydroxide ions as a product. (Author's abstract)**
11108 1*6
Coleman, Paul D. and Poberto Rcldan
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATEBIALS IN THE FAB INFRABED REGION.
(FINAL REPOET 1 FEBRUARY 1965 - 31 JANUABY 1967.) ILLINOIS UNIV.
Orbana, Electro-physics Lab., Contract AF-AFOSR-272-65, Proj.
9767-02 AFOSR-68-0465, 8p. , (22) refs.
CFSTI: AE 669573
A vacuum monochromator for the 80 to 1000 .micron range, under
construction for the past year, is described. Initial data on the
rotational spectra HC1, HBr, N2051 CH3C1 and CH3CN were taken
to test the performance characteristics of the instrument. Perfor-
mance data indicated that the tconcchrcmator characteristics are
wavelength reproduction 0.1X; wavelength calibration 0.5*; relative
intensity measurement 5 to 101; and a resolution of 2% in the 300
to 700 micron range using a carbcn bolometer detecter and a scan
time of 1 hour. (Authors' summary, modified)
2027U 147
Collins, Conrad G., Jr.
A REVIEW OF SULPHUR FLAME TECHNOLOGY. (PART 2). Sulphur Inst.
J., 6(1):18-22, Spring 1970. 52 refs. Part I. Ibid, Winter
1969-70.
The encounter and reaction cf sulfur dioxide wdth an oxygen
atom appears to be the predominant mechanism for sulfur
trioxide formation according tc nest studies of stack gases and
the hydrogen sulfide flame. The mechanism can be important only
in flames with high temperature (1200 C) zones for the formation
of atomic oxygen, as at lower temperatures, the slow homogeneous
reaction between S02 and molecular oxygen appears to be a two
body collision reaction. Catalytic action of nitric oxide for
oxidizing S02 to S03 is questioned in Icwer temperature regions
where S02 would react only with molecular oxygen, but if high
temperatures prevail, such that the oxygen atom concentration is
appreciable, the catalytic effect of NO may be established.
Experimental work with hydrogen chloride added to the flame
(nucleophilic partner) yielded 38$ SC3, and HC1 was viewed as a
stabilizing medium for S03. Different sulfur oxide species have
been detected spectroscopically at a variety of conditions from
low temperature to the high temperature of shock waves.
84 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Conway, B. E., J. O'n. Rockris, and Hedda Linton
PROTON CONDUCTANCE AND THE EXISTENCE OF THE H30(I) ION. J. Chen.
Phys., 2
-------
Essigsaeure). Text in German. Bee. Trav. Chin., vol.17:55-72,
1928. 33 refs.
The absorption isotherms in aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid at
25 C and sulfur dioxide at 20 C, have a minimum at 89 and 8f>%
H2SOH, respectively, both of which lie close to the composition of
the H2S04.H20 raonohydrate cf sulfuric acid. To verify that the
above minimum are due to the formation cf the above monohydrate,
extensive determinations of absorption isotherms of HC1 and
S02 in aqueous solutions cf H2SC4 and CH3COOH were performed, as
well as in pure H20. The apparatus and the procedures used are
described. The amounts of HC1, or S02, absorbed Mere determined
by argentometric as well as iodcmetric titration, and are given in
terms of grains of HC1, or S02, per 100 grams of the H2S04 or
CH3COOH, aqueous solution. The absorption isotherms of HCJL gas
were determined in aqueous H2S04 at C, -15.8 and -25 C in
concentrations at which at the above temperatures the hydrates
H2S00.2H20 and H2SO«.4H20 do not precipitate; in aqueous H2S04
with between 62 and 98% H2SOO at UO and 68 C; in 96* H2S01 at six
temperatures between 0 and 75 C; in aqueous CH3COOH at 0 and 25 C;
and in pure H20 at C and 25 C. The absorption isotherms of
S02 were determined in aqueous CH3CCCH at 27 C; in aqueous H2S01
at 41 and 62 C; and in pure H20 at 27, <*1 and 62 C. The present
results agree with those qiven in literature. The relationship
between lowering the absorption capacity of the absorbent solution
and the formation of the H2S04 rccnohydrate is pointed out.
10672 1S1
Rersch, Paul A.
CONTROLLEE ADDITION OF EXPERIMENTAL POLLUTANTS TO SIR. Gould-
National Batteries, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., 2tp., 1968. 21 refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul,Minn., June 1968, Paper 68-
153.)
Experience with, and extensions of less known techniques of
providing an air stream with a steady and adjustable level of a
gaseous impurity are described. Leaving aside those means that
employ moving solifl parts, the paper discusses devices nsing liquid
pistons, mikro-flow through channels, diffusion across channels and
barriers, stream splitters for attenuation, and methods based on
evaporation, electrolysis, chemical conversion, and irradiation.
(Author s abstract, modified)
16071
Hexter, R. tl. and 1. D. Goldfarb
INFRA-PED SPECTRA OF QtJINOI CIATHEATE COMPOUNDS. J. Inorq
Mud. Chem., vol. 14:171-173, 1957. 21 refs. (Presented at the
Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, Ohio State
Dniv., Columbus, June 1956.)
86 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Inclusion complexes of Peta-hydrcguincne clathrates with hydrogen
chloride, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide
molecules were prepared tc study restricted and translational
modes of the molecules without resorting to lew temperatures.
Absorption and differential spectra from 1:1-15 micron were
obtained by suspending samples in KEr pellets. The obtained
spectra, which were investigated with spectropbotometers equipped
with KaCL or KBB optics, are in agreement with a proposed
difference in crystal structure between alpha-hydroguinone and its
Beta alloraorph. Spectra of HC1 and H2S clathrates indicate that
the guest molecules, while present in insufficiently small
quantities for detection, profoundly change the guincl crystal
structure. Examination of the 7CC, 800, and 1200 reciprocal cm
regions of the S02 clathrate spectrum demonstrate that the
clathrate's crystal structure is that of Beta-hydrcguinone. The
most significant results were obtained with the C02 clathrate; they
suggest that this clathrate has the crystal structure of an
alpha-hydroquinone, or a structure intermediate between the alpha
and Beta forms, or that some alpha-hydroquinone is present as
another phase. The observed maxima cf the C02 spectrum band are
interpreted as wall-cclliscn-broadened rotational lines of the
Q branch of the parallel band of the captured C02 molecule. The
absence of P and E branches suggest that the rotation of the C02
molecule in its hydroquinone clathrate is not free.
1U313 153
lederer, E. L.
VERIFYING ADSORPTION FORMULAS EY MEANS OF ADSORPTION MESSOREMENTS
HITH ACTIVATED CHARCOAL. (Pruefung von Adsorpticnsforraeln an
Hand von Adsorptionsmessungen bei einer hochaktiven Kohle).
Text in German. Kolloid-Z. (Stuttgart), 61 (3) :323-328, 1932.
15 refs.
Data reported by Remy on the adsorption of gases and vapors on
activated charcoal were used tc verify isothermal and isobaric
adsorption laws. In the isothermal case, no decision can be made
between a logarithmic law and the formula of Langauir. Tn the
isobaric case, a logarithmic law seems to fit the results best.
The isosteric curve of Trouton and Poole and the relationship of
Gurwitsch fit the data only moderately well. The relationship
between the vapor pressure and the adsorbed volume of various
gases indicates that equal amounts of different gases are
adsorbed, referred to corresponding states. Gas mixtures are
adsorbed proportionally, provided the concentrations are modified
by the influence of the mean molecular velocities and the shape
of the molecules. The adsorption data for the following gases
were used: C02, N20, HC1, H2S, HH3, C12, CH3C1, S02, CH4, and
COC12.
1U132 1S4
littlewood, R. and F. J. Srqent
FF1,VCT OF AOnEODS CONTAMINANTS ON THE REDOX POTENTIAI OF
CHLORIDE MELTS. Electrochi*. Acta. vol. «»: 111-128, 1961. 8 refs.
Basic Science and Technology 87
-------
The redox potential of a chloriae melt contaminated with water is
determined by the activities of its hydrolysis and dissociation
products i.e., hydrogen ions, oxide ions, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The effects of the changes in these products were studied by
changing the partial pressures of HC1, H2, or 02 above the melt
or by adding Na20 to the melt. Experiments were carried out in
equimolar NaCl-KCl at 700 C. Variations in O2 partial pressure
did not change the activity of the oxide ions. Stable redox
potentials could not be obtained under low pressures of hydrogen.
This suggested that under low pressures of hydrogen, the hydrogen-
ion activity was continually rising. The effect of hydrogen-ion
concentration suggests that true equilibrium of the melt with the
gas phase was not obtained, and the measured potentials are a
Kinetic compromise between the composition of the gas phase and
the equilibrium redox potential of the melt. The effect of
oxygen-ion concentration indicated that changes in redox
equilibria in the melt were occurring. The study indicated
that attempts to change activity of one component of the melt
by altering the composition of the gas phase or by making
additions to the melt have brought about changes in the position
of equilibria in the melt. Control of oxygen pressure would
therefore be a definite way of controlling redox potentials of
chloride melts, since the changes in redox potential could be
accurately forecast. Hydrogen under low pressures corroded in the
same way that a metal attempts to approach thermodynanic
equilibrium in the melt by contaminating it with metal ions and
ultimately becoming immune. The occurrence of this effect
meant that attempts to reduce redox potential of a melt by
varying hydrogen pressure would not be as good a control as
varying oxygen pressure. The upper limit of the range of redox
potential over which platinum behaved as a redox electrode was
found to be - O.ttV on the standard chlorine electrode scale.
20932 15S
Kueller, F.obert F.
ENEBGETICS OF HCL AND HP IN VCICANIC EMANATIONS. Preprint,
National aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Md.,
Goddard Space Flight Center, 32p., June 1969. 37 refs.
(Paper NASA-TM-X-63608.)
CFSTI: N6S-32034
Thermochemical data were used to calculate the fugacities of HC1
and HF in eguilibrium with halogen salts and crystalline
silicates. The calculated fugacities were compared with the
abundances of HC1 and HF in fumarolic gases. Good agreement
between the calculated values and the results of hydrotherical
experiments were obtained. In the case of fumaicles, the
abundances of HC1 and HF molecules can be explained by assuming
some undersaturation of the systems in such crystalline components
as NaCl, CaSi03, and R12Si05. Also, the fumarolic gases gave
evidence that hicjh temperature abundances of HC1 and HF are
quenched to much Icwer temperatures reccrded at the fumarclic
vents. Numerous determinations of Cl and F in igneous and
crystalline rocks showed that en the whole, F is more abundant
than Cl. Igneous rocks and minerals are quite distinct from
volcanic emanations in terms of the F/C1 ratios. The relations
between RC1 and HF and the structure of the silicate melt were
also discussed. Although heterogeneous equilibria may be
established at high temperatures between the the halogen gases and
88 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
«J *h« i ?* Phas?s of the "all "ck, the ultimate source of most
LH Li* ?e"S 1S the sili«*e Belt. Although the structure of
such melts is not veil known, it is reasonable that both the
decrease in liguidus temperatures and viscosity are attributable
to reactions an which the Si-O-Si bridges are destroyed by the
reaction with water. (Author abstract modified)
09031L 156
F. H. Page
S STUDY OF THF STABILITY OF GASF.CUS NEGATIVE IONS.
(FINAL TECHNICAL REP05T.) Aston Dniv., Birmingham,
England, Dept. of Chemistry, Contract DA-91-591-FOC-3870,
Proj. 200H50E13B, ((136))p., Feb. 1967. 15 refs.
CFSTI: AC 822511
The modes of formation, occurrence, and in particular the
stability of gaseous negative icns was determined by the magnetron
technique. Included is a description of the apparatus used, the
elementary theory of the method, and a comprehensive list of the
stabilities of ions studied during the fast three years.*#
15U96 157
Prokop'yeva, M. F. and V. K. Bukina
SELECTION AND TESTING OF SOLID CAFRIERS IN THE CHROMATOGFAPHY
OF CORROSIVE INORGANIC GASES. (Podbor i ispytaniye tverdykh
nositeley v khromatografii agressivnykh neorganicheskikh gazov).
Text in Russian. tTzbeksk. Khim. Zh., no. 4:51-53, 1967. U refs.
Studies were made with pumice, quartz, zeolite, porous teflon,
Estonian mineral carriers K1 and K2, diatomaceons brick, and,
kieselguhr. The brick, kieselquhr, pumice, and quartz were
subjected to boiling with hydrochloric acid (1:1) for 6 hrs.
After washing to remove chloride ion, they were heated for 2-3
hrs at 900 C (pumice at tOO C) . The other carriers were not
pretreated. The criterion for inertness of the carrier was the
retention time of the gaseous component relative to that of air.
Distortion of the absorption isotherm was evaluated in terms
of the Kestner coefficient of asymmetry. Pretreated brick,
kieselguhr, and pupice revealed linear absorption isotherms for
all components (C02, C12, NOC1, HC1, S02) with the exception of
N02, which is irreversibly absorbed. Teflon, K1, and K2 show
linear absorption curves without preliminary treatment and are
recommended for the analysis of gas mixtures containing N02.
11106 158
Ranirez-Munoz, J., M. Foth, and Maila Ostring
HYDROCHLORIC ACID SYSTEMS IN ATOMIC ABSORPTION FLAME PHOTOMETRY.
Flame Notes, Beckman, 1(«):93-101, 1966. 6 refs.
Sensitivity and linearity of Ha, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn were
investigated as functions of element concentration, absorption
Basic Science and Technology 89
-------
profile, and acidity as applied to the preparation of acidic
sample solutions for atonic absorption determination of these
elements in samples such as cements, fertilizers, and clays.
Analytical results were compared using aqueous and 0.5 N HCl
standards. Instruments used were a Beckroan Hodel 979 Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer with a Beckman 10 in. potentiometnc
Hecorder and Laminar Flow Burner. In the special case of
calcium, type of flams and the use of lanthanum as a releaser were
also investigated. Results show that preliminary removal of acid
before final dilution is not necessary as long as sample and
standard solutions have the same acid content. The influence of
the change from aqueous to acid solutions on both percentual and
fluctuational sensitivity is demonstrated by experimental results
given in two tables. The percentual sensitivity of Na, Ca, and
Mn did not change appreciably, while slight changes were observed
for other elements. In general, better fluctuational sensitivity
was achieved with water solutions, except for Mg and Fe. The
presence of acid tended to increase noise with the other elements.
Highest sensitivity was usually found at heights between 0.2 in.
and 0.5 in. over the top of the burner. Height of the burner was
found to be critical for each element and should be rechecked
when switching from aqueous to acid solutions. The method is
deemed applicable to analyses in which these elements have to be
determined in the presence of HCl up to concentrations equal to
those tested (0.5 N HCl).
03947 159
B. G. Fussell
FtftHE-PHOTOMETRTC DETERMTNATION CF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN
MANGANESE OEES. Analyst (Cambridge) 91, (1085) 511-9,
Aug. 1966.
Two procedures are described; in one, the sample is dissolved
in hydrochloric acid, interfering elements are precipitated
with 8-hydroxy-guinoline in aramoniacal solution, and the
precipitate then extracted into chloroform. Sodium anfl potassium
are determined in the agueous phase by means of a filter flame
photometer. The second procedure is sore suitable for
routine use and involves the dissolution of the sample in
hydrochloric acid, followed by the addition of sulphuric
acid and aluminium nitrate to suppress interferences, and the
direct evaluation of the sodium and ^potassium contents of the
solution by means of either a prism or a filter flame photometer.
Comparative results obrained by this alternative procedure on
instruments of these two types are given. (Author abstract)##
09594 16(
Setser, D. W.
VIERATIONALLY EXCITED 1,2-EICH10EOETHANA PRODUCED BY THE MERCURY
PHOTOSENSIT1ZATION OF DICHIOBCHETBANE. J. Am. Cheffi.
Soc., 90(3):582 -587, Jan. 31, 1968. 31 refs. (Presented in part
at the Midwestern Regional American Chemical Society Meeting,
Lawrence, Kans. , Oct. 1966.)
90 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
The mercury photosensitization of dichloromethane has been examined
as a prototype method for generating chemically activated alkyl
halide Holecules. It is shown that if the chlorine atoms are
removed from the reaction system by a suitable scanvenger, then the
measured nonequilbiun unimolecular rate constant for HC1
elimination from the chemically activated 1,2-dichloroethane formed
by association of chloronethyl radicals agrees well with previously
determined values. some discussion of the reactions between the
various chlorine-substituted alkyl radicals that may occur in the
propene-inhibited system is presented. The chemically activated
1.3 -dichloro-2-methylprcpane formed by association of chloromethyl
and 1 -chloroisopropyl radicals does not undergo unimolecular
reaction down tc pressures of 2 on. Calculated estimates for the
HC1 elimination rate constant from 1,3-dichloro-2-methylpropane
support this observation; similar calculations were also done for n
-chloropropane. {Author's abstract)
U879 Ifil
Okshe, Ye. J. and V. N. Devyatkin
DIFFUSION OF BYDPORTN CHLOPIDK IN FUSED KCL-NACL MIXTURES.
(Eastvoreniye khloristogo vodoroda v rasplavlennykh sraesyakh
KCl-HaCl). Text in Russian. Zh. Fiz. Khim., vol. 39:3074-3076,
Oct./Dec. 1965. <» refs.
Experimental data on the solubility of HC1 in molten mixtures of
NaCl and KC1 are presented, and the calculated heat of solution
is plotted. Solubility was found to increase as the KC1 content
of the melt decreased. Solubility decreased with temperature
when the NaCl-KCl mixture was eguimolar but increased with
temperature in all other cases (0, 25, 75, and 10056 NaCl). The
heat of solution of HC1 depends upon salt composition and
exhibited a minimum for an eguimolar mixture. It is proposed
that the heat of diffusion varies with mixture composition in
connection with a disruption of symmetry in the chloride lattice.
Measurement was based on the displacement of HC1 by argon using
a method described in an earlier article.
1U564 162
Dkshe, Ye. A. and V. N. Devyamkin
DIFFUSION OF HYPPOGFN CHLOPIDK IN FUSED SALTS. (Pastvoreniye
khloristogo vodoroda v rasplavlennykh solyakh). Text in Russian.
2h. Fiz. Khim., vol. 39:2288-2291, July-Sept. 1965. 10 refs.
The solubility of hydrogen chloride in fused chlorides of lithium,
sodium, potassium, and rubidium was examined over a wide
temperature ranqe by displacement with argon. Solubility curves
are satisfactorily described by an exponential equation.
Solubilities in the temperature range 800-1000 C occur in the
increasing order: LiCl, NaCl, KC1, HbCl. Heats of solution were
found to be negative for LiCl, NaCl, and KC1, and positive for
RbCl The heat of solution was found to be in inverse relation
to the total crystalline ionic radii of the salts. It is
snoaested that proton-chloride complexes with a binding energy
of about 53.5 Real/mole are formed in the fused salts.
Basic Science and Technology 91
-------
163
2COU1
Vasil 'eva, A. M.
PROEAEIE EUTECTTC COMPOSITIONS CF CEBTAIN HIGHLY VOLATILE
SUBSTANCES. (0 vercyatncm scstave evtektik nekotorykh
legkoletuchikh veshchestv). Text in Russian. Zh. Obshch. Knim.
vol. <49:«32-«U1, 1917. 7 refs.
Theoretical and experimental data on eutectic composition and
temperatures are tabulated for the following systems: ethane Kith
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia; methyl alcohol with sulfur dioxide,
methyl chloride, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and
water; methyl chloride with hydrogen chloride; sulfur dioxide with
hydrogen chloride; and ammonia with water.
1736U 164
Wickert, K.
TESTS ON FOEKATTON OF FECL2 AND FECL3 BY REACTIONS BETWEEN FE,
FE3Ct, FE203 AND HCL-COHTAINTKG GASES. (Versuche zur Bildung von
FeC12 und FeC13 aus Fe, Fe30U, Fe203 und HCl-haltigen Gasen). Text
in German. Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 19 <6):HU9-52, Dec.
1969. 5 refs.
The reaction of hydrogen chloride containing gases with pulverized
Fe, Fe30«, and Fe203 was studied with respect to temperature.
Moreover, the influence of water vapor and oxygen in the HC1-
containing gases on the raction with the above mentioned substances
was studied with respect to temperature. For each experiment,
0.3 g of the pulverized substances were heated in the presence
of pure nitrogen. Each experiment lasted U hours. The HC1-
containing gas (100 cu en/rain) was passed with a speed of 0.44
cm/sec through the reaction chamber at a temperature of 22 C. The
reaction products were cooled tc room temperature and the weight
changes of the substances sere determined. The reaction o± Fe203
with N2 containing 5X by volume HC1 forms FeC13. The fraction of
solid FeC13 decreases with increasing temperatures while the
volatile FeC13 increases with the temperature. Below 320 C,
volatile and solid FeC13 are formed. The reaction of Fe with the
gas forms FeC12. Above 670 C, no solid FeC12 is found. Above
580 C, FeC12 is increasingly sublimated. The reaction with Fe3C4
forms FeC12 and FeC13. The fcrit€r develops primarily at low
temperatures. The maximum FeC12 formation takes place between 200
and 25C C. The FeC13 is sublimated at 300 C. The reaction of
Fe304 with N2 containing 10% H2C and 5% HC1 forms solid FeC12 up to
550 C. No reaction takes place between 550 and 700 C. Above 300
C, FeC13 and IeC12 form which are immediately converted to Fe203
through the influence of water vapor. The reaction with Fe forms
no Fe203 dnly Fe304. Oxygen in the gas -like the water vapor
impairs the HC1 reaction with Fe, Fe203, and Fe30«. The presence
of water vapor in addition tc HC1 form volatile and non-volatile
chlorides but to a much lesser extend than in the presence of HC1
alone in the gas. Oxygen further reduces chloride formation.
92 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Abar, E. L. 8, 97
Abe, S. *1
Alekseyeva, M. V. *33
Alvarez, A. *34
Anderson, D. M. 106
Argent, E. J. 154
8
Back, K. C. *94
Bagliano, G. *139
Baikov, B. K. 31
Barchas, M. 40
Barnebey, H. L. *62
Barton, K. *115
Bartonova, S. 115
Battigelli, M. C. *95
Baume, G. *140, *141
Bean, S. L. *2
Benson, S. W. 149
Berkau, E. E. *142
Bhanti, D. P. 76
Billings, C. E. *63
Binger, W. W. *116
Bird, L. S. 110
Blanchard, R. L. *35
Blander, M. 143
Bloodworth, M. E. 110
Bloomfield, B. D. *64
Bockris, J. 0. M. 148
Bogatyrev, V. L. 92
Bonne, H. *3, *109
Bondareva, E. N. *4
Bowman, D. H. 74
Brandt, C. S. 112
Braunstein, J. *143
Brockmeier, N. F. *144
Brown, R. H. 116
Buck, M. *36
Bukina, V. K. 157
Coll, H. 60
Collins, C. G. , Jr. *147
Conway, B. E. *148
Cornish, H. H. *8, *97
Cruickshank, F. R. *149
Cupr, V., *150
Darling, D. R. 110
Davyamkin, V. N. 162
Devyatkin, V. N. 161
Demidov, A. V. *39
Drexler, M. *40
Duemmler, F. *127
Eberhardt, H. *67
Efimova, V. K. *98
Elfimova, E. V. 31, 33, *99,
101,
Engelhardt, H. *41, *42
Erman, J. E. *69
Fenimore, C. P. *10
Ferris, B. G., Jr. *100
Fink, F. *117
Fisher, G. T. 142
Forissier, M. 45
Frank, N. R. 100
Gadomski, S. T. *70
Gandon, L. 78
Gil'denskiol'd, R. S. 31, 101
Gol'dberg, E. Kh. *43
Goldfarb, T. D. 152
Gorban1, G. M. *11
Gosselin, R. E. 106
Gusev, M. I. *31, *101
Carey, G. C. R. 56
Carter, C. N. *65, *145
Carter, J. S. *5
Chaigneau, M. *37
Chatfield, H. E. *6, *66
Chernichenko, I. A. 58
Clark, W. J. 110
Coleman, P. D. *38, *146
H
Hammond, W. F. *12
Hantzsch, S. *44
Hashimoto, M. *128
Hatterer, A. *45
Hayashi, M. *46
93
-------
Heck, W. W. *110
Heller, A. *129
Henderson, J. A. 106
Hengsstenberg, F. 95
Herold, P. *72
Hersch, P. A. *45, *151
Hexter, R. M. *152
Hirayama, N. *13
Horn, K. *132
Ingels, R. M. 66
Ingruber, 0. V. 30
Markus, G. 72
Mastromatteo, E. *16,
Mathys, L. *79
Matsak, V. G. *80
Mayer, W. 67
Maziarka, S. 61
Melekhina, V. P. 52, *103
Moegling, E. *17
Mokhov, L. A. 39
Mozan, C. *18
Mueller, R. F. *155
Muffley, H. C. *121
Mukammal, E. I. *112
N
Neuwirth, R. 112
Nietruch, F. *54
Nowak, F. *122
Jones, G. W. 10
Jones, M. M. 142
Ordoveza, F. E. *55
Ostring, M. 158
Katz, M. *134
Kempner, S. K. *74
King, J. C. 82
Knott, K. H. *75
Konda, K. *15, *118
Koshi, S. 46
Kosinski, K. 61
Kotrappa, P. *76
Krivoruchko, F. D. *32
Kuczynski, E. R. *48
Kurker, C., Jr. 63
Pack, D. H. 112
Page, F. M. *156
Palkot, E. J., Jr. *82
Pamfil, G. P. 141
Petschl, G. 49
Pettinati, L. 18
Phair, J. J. *56
Phelps, A. H. *83
Porter, M. B. 110
Prescher, K. E. 44, 54
Prokop'yeva, M. F. *157
LaCasse, N. L. 125
Lacquaniti, A. 18
Laengle, E. *119
Lederer, E. L. *153
Lefferts, D. T. 50
Leithe, W. *49
Leone, P. *77
Levine, B. S. 39
Linch, A. L. *50
Linton, H. 148
Littlewood, R. *154
Ludwick, J. D. *51
Ramirez-Munoz, J. *158
Reh, L. *20
Rispoli, J. A. *23
Rjazanov, V. A. *105, *136
See: Ryazanov
Rogers, R. R. 120
Roldan, R. 38, 146
Rolfe, T. J. K. *84
Rose, G. *24
Roth, M. 158
Russell, B. G. *159
Russell, W. E. *25
Ryazanov, V. A. *136, *137
See: Rjazanov
McLeod, W. *120
Manita, M. D. *52
Mannella, R. J. 95
Marcheguet, H. G. L. *78
Sakabe, H. 46
Santarromana, M. 37
Saunders, R. A. *26
Schiemann, G. *27
Seiler, Ed. *86
94
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Seller, E. N. 74
Seleznev, B. E. *S8
Setzer, D. W. *160
Shephard, R. J. 56
Sheppard, S. V. *87
Sherwood, P. IV. *123
Sherwood, T. K. *88
Shivandronov, Yu. A. 92
Silvernman, L. 63
Simon, H. 12
Smith, R. P. *106
Smith, W. S. *28
Stahl, Q. R. *29
Stalzer, R. F. 50
Stayzhkin, V. M. *107
Styazhkin, V. M. *108, *138
Sutton, P. *130
Swinbank, W. C. 112
Teske, W. *89
Thomas, A. P. 95
Thomson, M. L. 56
Tomany, J. P. *90
Turkolmez, S. 75
u
Uhi, K. *59
Ukshe, Ye. *161, *162
Vasil'eva, A. M. *163
Volkening, V. B. *91, *124
Vulikh, A. I. *92
W
Wagner, R. H. 116
Wall, H., Jr. 2
Weidensaul, T. C. *125
Wenzl, H. F. J. *30
West, P. W. 55, 60
Wickert, K. *164
Wolozin, H. *131
Wyszynska, H. *61
Yablochkin, V. D. 11
Yamate, N. *93
Yas'kova, V. Z. 4
I
Zagorskaya, M. K. 92
Author Index 95
-------
TITLE INDEX
Absorption of Hydrogen Chloride
Gas and Sulfur Dioxide in
Sulfuric Acid and Acetic
Acid. ISO
Adsorption of Metal Ions
From HF-HC104 Mixtures on
Exchange Papers. 139
Air Pollutants, Meteorology,
and Plant Injury. 112
Air Pollution and Chemical
Industry. 25
Air Pollution and Disease.
100
Air Pollution in Petroleum
Refining. 130
Air Pollution (A Survey of
Existing Legislation).
126
Air Pollution by Toxic Gas
and its Counter Measure.
93
Analyzing Amine Traces in
Atmospheric
-------
Corrosion of Metals by
Aqeous Solutions of
the Atmospheric Pollutant
Sulfurous Acid. 120
Corrosion Problems in In-
cinerators. 122
Criteria and Methods for
Establishing Maximum
Permissible Concentrations
of Air Pollution. 105, 136
Data for Hygienic Evaluation
of Hydrochloric Acid Aerosol
(Hydrochloric Gas) as an
Atmospheric Pollutant. 99
Design for Air Pollution
Control. Selecting Tower
Packing. 86
Design of an Improved Device
for Absorption With Chemical
Reaction. 82
Desulfurization Using Hydrogen
Chloride and Hydrogen. 69
Determination of Acidic Gases
in Working Environments by
Alkali Filter Paper. 59
Determination of Aerial
Concentration of Decomposition
and Oxidation Products of
Certain Organoaluminum
Compounds. 32
Determination of Hydrochloric
Acid in the Presence of
Sulfur Dioxide With the Use
of Solid Reagents. 37
Determination of Mist Size by
Metal Coated Glass Slide.
46
Development and Testing of a
Filter Cartridge for the
Elimination of Disturbing
Influences at the Measure-
ment of Sulfur Dioxide in the
Atmosphere. 36
Diffusion of Hydrogen Chloride
in Fused KCl-NaCl Mixtures.
161
Diffusion of Hydrogen Chloride
in Fused Salts. 162
Dry-Packed Beds for the
Removal of Strong-Acid Gases
From Recycled Atmospheres.
70
Effect of Aqueous Contaminants
on the Redox Potential of
Chloride Melts. 154
Effects of Gaseous Air Pol-
lutants on the Response of
the Thomas S02 Autometer. 48
Effects of PH and Oxidizing
Agents on the Rate of Ab-
sorption of Hydrogen Sulfide
into Aqeous Media. 65, 145
Electrical Properties of
Materials in the Far
Infrared Region. 38, 146
Determination of Sulfur Dioxide
With Pararosaniline and
Formaldehyde. 54
Determinations of the Combined
Effect of Toxic Substances
in Predictions of Atmospheric
Pollution. 31, 101
Emission Sources of HC1 and
NHs and Their Standard
Control Equipment. 9, 68
Energetics of Hd and HF
in Volcanic Emanations.
155
Environmental Pollution by
Missile Propellants. 110
Estimation of Gaseous Acid
in Domestic Premises. 56
Evaluation of the Risk
Presented by Industrial
Poisons. 18
Experiences With Refuse In-
cinerators in Europe,
Prevention of Air and
Water Pollution, Operation
of Refuse Incineration
Plants Combined With
Steam Boilers, Design and
Planning. 68
98
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Experimental Basis for the
Determination of Allowable
Concentrations of Chlorine
and HC1 Gas Simultaneously
Present in Atmospheric Air.
108, 138
Federal Fiscal Policy in Air
Pollution Control. 131
Field Evaluation of Exhaust
Gas From Refuse Incinerator
Related to Air Pollution
and Metal Corrosion. 15, 118
Fight Against Air Pollution in
Argentina, Educational,
Legal and Technological
Aspects. 23
Filtering Gas Masks Containing
Ion-Exchange Resins. 85
Flame-Photometric Determination
of Sodium and Potassium in
Manganese Ores. 159
Fractional Determination of
Hydrochloric Acid Aerosol
and of Chlorides in Atmos-
pheric Air. 33
Freezing Point of Gaseous
Mixtures at Very Low
Temperatures. 140
Gas Absorption Equipment. 66
Gas Analyzer for the Measure-
ment of Impurities in Air.
42
Health Aspects in Fire Fight-
ing. 16, 102
How Atmospheric Conditions
Can Corrode Refinery Equip-
ment. 123
Hydrochloric Acid Manufacture,
Report No. 3. 14
Hydrochloric Acid System in
Atomic Absorption Flame
Photometry.
Hygienic Determination of
Limits of Allowable Concen-
trations of Chlorine and
Hydrochloride Gases
Simultaneously Present in
Atmospheric Air. 107
Hygienic Effect of Average
Twenty-four Hour Allowable
Concentrations of Chlorine
and Hydrochloric Gases
Simultaneously Present in
the Atmospheric Air. 98
Hygienic Evaluation of Atmos-
pheric Air Pollution in
the Vicinity of the Industrial
Plant 'Krasnyi Khimik'. 4
I
Identification and Measurement
of Hydrogen Chloride Gas
in the Atmosphere by
Spectrophotometric and
Radiometric Analysis. 51
Improvements in the Processes
and Operation of Plants in
the Chemical Industry Leading
to Reduced Emission. 89
Immission Damage Caused by
Hospital Waste Incineration.
3, 109
Incineration and Thermal
Cracking of Liquid and
Pasteous Refuse. 20
Industry and Atmospheric Pol-
lution in Great Britain. 133
Influence of Atmospheric Con-
taminants on Corrosion-
Literature Report. 121
Influence of Axial Dispersion
on the Fixed Bed Adsorption
of the Hydrogen Chloride-
Chromium Oxinate System. 142
Infra-Red Spectra of Quinol
Clathrate Compounds. 152
Investigations of the Cor-
rosion-Causing Properties
of Volatile Acids and
Anhydrous Acids. 119
Title Index
99
-------
Krupp Rotary Brush Scrubber
for the Control of Gas,
Vapour, Mist and Dust
Emissions. 75
M
Maximum Permissible Concentra-
tions for Air Pollution in
the Federal Republic of
Germany. 129
Mechanism of the Corrosion of
Fe, Zn.and Cu in a Humid
Atmosphere Containing HC1
Vapors. 115
Methods of Study of Atmospheric
Air From the Hygienic Point
of View. 61
Methyl and Ethyl Mercury Com-
pounds-Recovery From Air
and Analysis. 50
Microdeterminatlon of Caffeine
Using the Ring Oven Technique
55
Mucociliary Activity. 95
Performance of Commercially
Available Equipment in
Scrubbing Hydrogen
Chloride Gas. 74
Photometric Determination of
Small Amounts of Volatile
Mineral Acids (Hydrochloric
and Nitric) in the Atmos-
phere. 43
Pollution by Chlorine in
Coal Combustion. 19
Practical Aspects of Refuse
Incineration on the Example
of Essenkarnap. 17
Preliminary Air Pollution
Survey of Hydrochloric
Acid: A Literature Review.
29
Preparation and Analysis of
Calibrated Low Concentrations
of Sixteen Toxic Gases. 57
1 Present Status of Air Pollution.
1
Principles and Practices of
Kraft Black Liquor
Evaporation. 30
New Data on Limits of Allowable Probable Eutectic Composition
Atmospheric Air Pollutants. of Certain Highly Volatile
137 Substances. 163
New Gas Scrubber Removes 0.1
Micron Dust. 81
New Scrubber for the Control
of Waste Gases Formed During
Chlorinization of Aluminum.
79
Problem of Combined Action
of Three Mineral Acids.
103
Problem of Hygienically
Permissible Limiting Concen-
trations of Air Pollution.
132
On the Question of Improving
Some Polyvinyl Chloride
Polymers and a Method of
Improving Their Toxicity. 11
Performance of Coating on
Metal in an Industrial
Atmosphere. 91, 124
Procedure for Extracting
Sulfur Dioxide From Gases
Containing It. 78
Proton Conductance and the
Existence of the H,0(I)
Ion. 148
Pseudochromatographic Micro-
analysis Utilizing Gas-
Solid Equilibria. Deter-
mination of N02, NOC1, Cl?
HC1, C02 and H20. 45
TOO
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
Purification of Air Polluted
by Vapors and Gases. 80
Quantitative Investigations of
Volatile Systems: Fusibil-
ity Curves of Systems Formed
by Hydrochloric Acid and
Sulfur Dioxide With
Methylalcohol: Mechanism
of the Formation of Esters.
141
Rapid Determination of Lead-210
and Polonium-210 in Environ-
mental Samples by Deposition
of Nickel. 35
Rapid Method for the Deter-
mination of Harmful Gases and
Vapors in the Air. 39
Recent Development in Ambient
Air Quality Guides in
Relation to Control of
Atmospheric Effluents. 134
Recommendations for Allowable
Concentration (1966). 135
Recovering Hydrogen Chloride
and Sulphur Dioxide From
Gas Mixtures. 72
Recovery and Use of Sulfur
Dioxide in the Sulfur Ex-
traction Process. 77
Resin Kettles. 6
Resistance of Aluminum Alloys
to Chemically Contaminated
Atmospheres. 116
Results of Emission Measure-
ments From Community
Incinerators. 27
Review of Air Force Data
From Long Term Continuous
Exposure at Ambient
Pressure. 94
Review of Sulphur Flame
Technology. 147
Scientific Methods and
Techniques to Decrease
the Pollution of the
Environment Through
Inhalation or Ingestion,
and of Acoustical
"Nuisances". 85
Secondary Aluminum-Melting
Processes. 12
Refuse Incineration. 84
Remarkable Measures for the
Improvement of Air Quality.
21
Removal of Exhaust Odors From
Solvent Extraction Operation
by Activated Charcoal Ad-
sorption. 62
Research on Chemical Odors.
Part I -- Odor Thresholds
for 53 Commercial Chemicals.
22
Research on the Refuse In-
cinerators From the Viewpoint
of Smoke Properties. 13
Selection and Testing of Solid
Carriers in the Chromatography
of Corrosive Inorganic Gases.
157
Simultaneous Removal of Acid
Gases, Mists, and Fumes With
Mineral Wool Filters. 63
Smoke Puff Generator Room Air
Movement Studies. 76
Solubilities of Sulfur Dioxide
and Ammonia in Water. 88
Some Thermochemical Properties
of Methyl Vinyl Ether, Alpha-
Chloroethyl Methyl Ether,
and lodomehyl Methyl Ether.
Evidence for Nonbonded
Electrostatic Interactions.
149
Spectrophotometric Determination
of Chloride in Air. 60
Spectrophotometric Determination
of the Concentration of
Chlortetracycline in the
Air. 58
Title Index
101
-------
Spectrophotometric Method for tyf
the Determination of Nitric
and Hydrochloric Acids in the What Doesn't Go Up Must
Atmospheric Air in the Come Down. 83
Presence of Nitrates and
Chlorides. 52 Will Trash Removal be a
Marketing Factor for
Statewide Survey of Air Pol- the Glass Container
lution Damage to Vegetation- Industry and Producers
1969. 125 ' of Other Packaging
Material? 24
Status of Air Pollution by
Noxious and Offensive Gases
and Their Control Programmes.
128
Study of the Stability of
Gaseous Negative Ions. 156
System for Control of Aluminum
Chloride Fumes. 90
Tests on Formation of FeCl2
and FeCl3 by Reactions
Between Fe, Fe304, Fe203
and HC1 Containing Gases,
164
Thermodynamics of Dilute
Solutions of AgNO, and
KC1 in Molten KNO§ From
Electromotive Force
Measurements. III.
Temperature Variations
of the Activity Coeffi-
cients. 143
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Pro-
ducts of Vinyl Plastics.
8, 97
Verifying Adsorption
Formulas by Means of
Adsorption Measurements
With Activated Charcoal.
153
Vibrationally Excited 1,2-
Dichloroethane Produced
by the Mercury Photo-
Sensitization of Dichloro-
methane. 160
102 HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Absorbent 53
Absorbent Solution 150
Absorption 82, 88
Absorption Capacity 150
Absorption Rate 145
Absorption Spectra 54
Absorption Tests 49
Acid Gases 63
Acidic Gases 59
Activated Charcoal 153
Adsorption 106
Adsorption Curves 142
Adsorption Data 153
Air Quality Guides, U. S.
and International 134
Aliphatic Amines 44
Alkali Act (England) 133
Alkali Filter Paper
Method 59
Allowable Concentrations
99, 135
Aluminum Chlorinization 79
Aluminum Fluxing 12
Aluminum Processing 90
Analytical Methods 57
Animal Experiments 8
Animal Exposures 94
Aqueous Media 145
Aromatic Compounds 72
Atomic Absorption 158
Automatic Analyzer 41
B
Binary Systems 141
Black Liquor Evaporation 30
Chlorine Compound 19
Chlorine Gas 77
Chlorine Vapors 90
Chlortetracycline 58
Chromatography 157
Closed-Environment 26
Coal Combustion 19
Common Poisons 106
Condensation 45
Control Equipment 9
Control Methods 93
Control Technology 64
Corrosion 61, 71, 83, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123
Corrosive Inorganic Gases 157
Decomposition 32
Desulfurization 69
Devices 47
Dichloroethana 160
Discolorization 109
Electroconductivity Principle
42
Emission, Control 134
Emission Inventories 21, 28
Emission Measurements 27
tutectic Compositions 163
Exposure Chambers 94
Caffeine 55
Carbonization 96
Chemical Industry 25
Chemical Plants 89
Chemical Reactions 82, 141
Chemical System 144
Chloride Formation 164
Chloride Melts 154
Chlorine 91, 98, 107, 108,
124, 138
Far Infrared Region 146
Federal Fiscal Policy 131
Ferrous and Nonferrous
Metals 121
Filter Cartridge 36
Filter Flame Photometer 159
Fire Fighters 16, 102
Fixed-Bed Adsorption Column
142
Foreign Legislation 126
Freezing Point 140
103
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Fruit Skins and Peelings
Fused KC1 NaCl 161
Fused Salts 162
62 Limits of Allowable Concen-
trations 107
Literature Review 29
Literature Search 88
Gas Absorption 66
Gas Adsorption Phenomena 40
Gas Analyzer 42
Gas Separation 45
Gaseous Acids 56
Gaseous Impurities 47
Gaseous Mixtures 140
Guinea Pigs 98
H
Health Effects 61
Hydrochloric Acid 37, 52, 62,
83, 90, 91, 96
Hydrochloric Acid Aerosol 33
Hydrochloric Acid Fog 79
Hydrochloric Acid Gas 108, 138
Hydrochloric Acid Systems 158
Hydrochloric and Nitric
Acid 43
Hydrochloride Gases 98, 99,
107
Hydrogen Chloride 9, 68, 72, 78,
90, 109, 125, 161, 162
Hydrogen Chloride Gas 51
Hydrogen Chloride, Reaction 164
Magnesium Plant 99, 108
Magnetron Technique 156
Mathematical Model 142
Maximum Allowable Concen-
trations 98, 105, 129,
136, 137, 138
Measurement, Electromotive
Force 143
Mercury Photosensitization
160
Metal Coated Glass Slide
46
Metal Ions 139
Meteorology 112
Methodology 137
Methyl and Ethyl Compounds
Microdetermination 55
Micro-titration 33
Microwave Discharge 144
Mineral Acids 103
Mineral Wool Filters 63
Missile Propellants 110
Mucociliary Activity 95
50
Noxious Gases 87
I
Impingers 44
Incineration 17, 20, 84
Incineration, Hospital Waste
3, 109
Incinerator Exhaust Gas 15,
Incinerators 122
Incinerators, Community 27
Incinerators, Refuse 13
Industrial Plants 4,9, 27
Industrial Poisons 18
Industrial Sources 21
Industrial Waste Gases 5
Infra-Red Spectra 152
Ion-Exchange Resins 92
Ions, Gaseous Negative 156
Odor 99
Odor Thresholds 22
Organoaluminum Compounds
Oxydizing Agents 65, 145
32
118
Pennsylvania 125
Permissible Limits 132
Photometric Determination 43
Picoflux 42
Plant Injury 112
104
HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AIR POLLUTION
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Plants 110
Plastics 24, 96
Pol/vinyl Chloride 96
Polyvinyl Chloride Polymers
8, il
Polyvinyl Chloride Tapes 11
Power Plants 21
Prism Flame Photometer 159
Protective Coating 91, 124
Protone Conductance 148
Pyrolysis Products 97
Statistical Mechanical Methods
149
Steam Generators 67
Strong-Acid Gases 70
Sublimation 45
Sulfur Dioxide 34, 37, 54,
77, 78, 141
Sulfur Flame Technology 147
Survey, Statewide 125
Quantitative Response 48
Quinol Clathrate Compounds
152
Rats 96, 97
Recovery and Purification
Methods 80
Redox Potential 154
Refuse Firing 67
Resin Production 6
Respiratory Diseases 100
Respiratory Epithelia 95
Ring Oven Technique 55
Techniques 47
Thermochemical Data 155
Thermochemical Properties 149
Thermodynamics 143
Thomas SO, Autometer
Threshold Concentrations 103
Toxic Gases 57
Toxic Substances 105
Toxic Substances, Combined
Effect 31, 101
Toxicity 8, 26, 96
Toxicology 94
Transfer Processes 148
Vacuum Monochromator 38, 146
Vegetation 85, 109, 125
Venturi System 71
Vinyl Plastics 8, 97
Volatile Substances 163
Volcanic Emanations 155
94
Scrubber Designs 87
Scrubber Packing 86
Scrubbers 62, 74, 7S, 79, 81
Scrubbing 71, 82
Sodium Chloride 77
Soils 110
Soot Aggregates 10
Space Cabin Atmospheres
Spectrophotometric
Determination 58
Spectrophotometric Deter-
mination of Chloride in
Air 60
Spectrophotometric Method
Spectrophotometric and
Radiometric Analysis
Stacks 5
Standards § Criteria I3o
52
51
w
Wash Bottles 44, 49
West and Gaeke Method
54
Subject Index
105
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GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
Foreign (Countries, Cities)
Argentina 23 Germany, East 132
England 133 Japan 1, IS, 93, 118, 128,
Europe 67 135
Germany 127, 129 Tokyo 9, 13, 68
Cologne 21, 27 New Zealand 25
DUsseldorf 27 Poland 61
Essen-Karnap 17 Switzerland, ZUrich 117
U. S. S. R. 4, 11, 99, 101,
105, 136, 137
107
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