United States
environinenta' Protection
Agency
Office or Air Quality
Planning a,ia Standards
Research Triangle pi.rK NC 27711
EMB Report 85-CHM-5
June 1985
Aii
Chromium Screening
Study Test Report
Sewage Sludge
incinerator No. 13
Detroit Water And
Sewer Department
Detroit, Michigan
-------
EMISSION TEST REPORT
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
FOR CHROMIUM
SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATOR NO. 13
Detroit Water and Sewer Department
Detroit, Michigan
ESED Project No. 85/2
by
PEI Associates, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
P.O. Box 46100
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246-0100
Contract No. 68-02-3849
Work Assignment Nos. 18 and 22
PN 3615-18
PN 3615-22
Task Manager
Mr. Frank Clay
Emission Standards and Engineering Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EMISSION MEASUREMENT BRANCH
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
August 1986
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Emission Measurement Branch, by PEI Associates, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, in
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-3849, Work Assignment Nos. 18 and 22. Its
contents are reproduced herein as received from PEI. The opinions, findings,
and conclusions are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the
EPA. Mention of company or product names does not constitute endorsement or
recommendations for use.
n
-------
CONTENTS
Figures iv
Tables v
Quality Assurance Element Finder vii
Acknowledgment viii
1. Introduction 1-1
2. Summary and Discussion of Test Results 2-1
2.1 Test protocol 2-1
2.2 Particulate and hexavalent chromium emissions summary 2-4
2.3 Particle size distribution test results 2-11
2.4 Process sample analytical results 2-18
2.5 Total chromium and metals analytical results 2-18
2.6 Visible emission observations 2-26
3. Project Quality Assurance 3-1
4. Sample Locations and Test Procedures 4-1
4.1 Sampling Locations 4-1
4.2 Particulate and hexavalent chromium sample.extraction
and analysis 4-4
4.3 Particle size distribution 4-8
4.4 Process samples 4-10
5. Process Operation 5-1
5.1 Process description 5-1
5.2 Process conditions during testing 5-2
5.3 Conclusions 5-13
Appendices
A. Computer Printouts A-l
B. Field Data Sheets 6-1
C. Laboratory Data C-l
D. Sampling and Analytical Procedures D-l
E. Calibration Procedures and Results E-l
F. Project Participants and Field Log F-l
G. Draft Test Method for Hexavalent Chromium Emissions
From Stationary Sources G-l
H. Draft Protocol for Determination of Total Chromium
Emissions from Stationary Sources H-l
I. Process Data 1-1
iii
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
2-1 Particle Size Distribution for Scrubber Inlet Runs PSI-1,
2, and 4 2-14
2-2 Particle Size Distribution for Scrubber Outlet Runs PSO-1
through 4 2-15
4-1 No. 13 Incinerator Inlet Sample Location 4-2
4-2 No. 13 Incinerator Scrubber Outlet Test Location 4-3
5-1 No. 13 Incinerator Exhaust Gas Flow Schematic 5-2
iv
-------
TABLES
Number Page
2-1 Sample and Analytical Parameters, Sludge Incinerator
No. 13 - Detroit Water and Sewage Department 2-2
2-2 Process Sample and Analytical Parameters 2-3
2-3 Summary of Sample and Flue Gas Data for Particulate/Cr
Tests 2-6
2-4 Summary of Particulate and Hexavalent Chromium Emission
Data 2-7
2-5 Summary of Emissions Data for Particulate, Cr , and
Semivolatile Organic Tests 2-8
2-6 Comparison of Particulate Concentrations as Measured by EPA
Method 5 Versus Particle Size Distribution Impactors 2-16
2-7 Cr+6 Results of Process Sample Analyses 2-19
2-8 Process Sample Analytical Results - Volatile, Fixed, and
Total Solids 2-20
2-9 Summary of Total Cr Emission Data 2-22
2-10 Summary of Total Chromium Data From Process Samples 2-23
2-11 Summary of Metals Analytical Data 2-24
3-1 Field Equipment Calibration 3-3
3-2 Sample Filter and Reagent Blank Analysis for Particulate 3-4
3-3 Linear Regression Data for Spectrophotometer Calibration 3-5
3-4 Results of QC Samples 3-6
3-5 QC Data for Total Chromium by NAA 3-6
5-1 Process Data From Run No. l--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 18, 1985 5-3
-------
TABLES (continued)
Number Page
5-2 Process Data From Run No. 2--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 19, 1985 5-4
5-3 Process Data From Run No. 3--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 20, 1985 5-6
5-4 Process Data From Run No. 4--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 21, 1985 5-7
5-5 Process Data From Run No. 5--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 22, 1985 5-8
5-6 Process Data From Run No. 6--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 24, 1985 5-9
5-7 Process Data From Run No. 7--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 25, 1985 5-10
5-8 Process Data From Run No. 8--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 26, 1985 5-11
5-9 Process Data From Run No. 9--Incinerator No. 13, Detroit,
Michigan, June 27, 1985 5-12
VI
-------
QUALITY ASSURANCE ELEMENT FINDER
(1) Title page
(2) Table of contents
(3) Project description
(4) QA objective for measurement of data in terms
of precision, accuracy, completeness, repre-
sentativeness, and comparability
(5) Sampling procedures
(6) Sample custody
(7) Calibration procedures and frequency
(8) Analytical procedures
(9) Data reduction, validation, and reporting
(10) Internal quality control checks and frequency
(11) Performance and system audits and frequency
(12) Preventive maintenance procedures and schedules
(13) Specific routine procedures used ot assess data
precision, accuracy, and completeness of specific
measurement parameters involved
(14) Corrective action
(15) Quality assurance reports to management
Location
Section Page
m
1 1-1
Section 3 3-1
Appendix D
Section 4
Appendix E
Section 3
Appendix D
Section 4
Appendix A
Section 3
Section 3
Section 3
Not
applicable
Section 3
Appendix E
Section 3
Appendix E
Not
applicable
D-l
4-1
Appendix C C-l
E-l
3-1
D-l
4-1
A-l
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
E-l
3-1
E-l
vn
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This test program was conducted for the Emission Standards and Engineer-
ing Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards.
Mr. Frank Clay, Emission Measurement Branch Task Manager, provided
overall project coordination and guidance and observed the test program. Mr.
Ron Myers, Industrial Studies Branch project engineer, and Mr. Dwight Atkin-
son of Midwest Research Institute (an EPA contractor) monitored process
operation throughout the test period. Mr. Charles Bruffey was the PEI Proj-
ect Manager. Principal authors were Messrs. Charles Bruffey, Daniel Scheffel,
and Thomas Wagner.
vm
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently evaluating
several potentially toxic metals and their compounds. One of these toxic
metals is chromium. Neither New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for
stationary sources nor National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollu-
tants (NESHAPS) currently include chromium emissions. Available data on the
emission of chromium and its impact on air quality are limited.
The Emission Measurement Branch (EMB) of EPA's Environmental Standards
and Engineering Division (ESED) requires contractor assistance in obtaining
representative chromium emissions data from several source categories so that
an accurate assessment of the potential problems can be made and appropriate
regulatory action can be developed.
PEI Associates, Inc. (under contract to ESED-EMB), performed a series of
atmospheric emission tests on a multiple-hearth sludge incinerator operated
by the Detroit Water and Sewer Department in Detroit, Michigan. All testing
took place June 18 through 27, 1985.
Tests were conducted simultaneously at the inlet and outlet of an im-
pingement scrubber to determine the concentration and mass emission rates of
particulate matter; chromium [hexavalent chromium (Cr ) and total chromium
(Cr)j; and other metals of interest, including cadmium, arsenic, copper,
zinc, nickel, manganese, vanadium, and selenium. The EPA performed the total
1-1
-------
chromium and other metal analyses of collected samples by neutron activation
analysis (NAA). Particle size distribution measurements were also made; and
process samples, including sludge feed, incinerator bottom ash, and scrubber
water influent and effluent water, were collected each test day.
Project objectives were met and no major problems were encountered
during the test project.
Section 2 presents a summary and discussion of the test results, Section
3 addresses quality assurance considerations specific to this project, Sec-
tion 4 describes the sampling locations and test procedures, and Section 5
describes source operation. Appendix A presents sample calculations and
computer printouts; Appendices B and C contain the field data sheets and
laboratory analytical results, respectively; Appendix D details the sampling
and analytical procedures; Appendix E summarizes equipment calibration pro-
cedures and results; Appendix F contains a list of project participants and a
sampling log; Appendix G describes the draft test method for hexavalent
chromium from stationary sources; and Appendix H presents the draft protocol
for determining total chromium emission from stationary sources.
1-2
-------
SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS
This section details the results of the sampling program. Subsections
are used to identify results from each test type (i.e., particulate/Cr ,
particle size distribution, etc.), and results are expressed in both metric
and English units where applicable.
2.1 TEST PROTOCOL
Table 2-1 presents the sampling and analytical protocol followed
throughout this project, the test identification, and the sampling times for
each specific test type. Table 2-2 summarizes the analytical protocol fol-
lowed for process samples collected during the test series.
In summary, tests were conducted to characterize uncontrolled and con-
trolled particulate, Cr , and chromium emissions from this type of source.
Procedures detailed in EPA Test Methods 1 through 5* were followed. Hexava-
lent chromium content was determined by procedures recently developed by EPA
for determination of Cr content in source emission samples. These latter
procedures entail extraction of the sample fractions (probe residue and fil-
ter particulate) with an alkaline solution, followed by the diphenylcarbazide
colorimetric method.**
Particle size distribution measurements were made at each site during
the particulate/Cr tests with an Andersen in-stack impactor. Four samples
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, EPA Reference Methods 1 through 5, July 1984.
Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. U.S. EPA SW-846, 2nd ed., July
1982.
2-1
-------
TABLE 2-1. SAMPLE AND ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS, SLUDGE
INCINERATOR NO. 13 - DETROIT WATER AND SEWAGE DEPARTMENT
Run No.
PCO-1
PCI-3
PCO-3
PCI-4
PCO-4
PCI-5
PCO-5
PCI-6
PCO-6
PCIO-1
PCOO-1
PCIO-2
PCOO-2
Sample parameters
Date (1985)
and time
(24 h)
6/18-1131-1745
6/20-0845-1533
6/20-0845-1452
6/21-0830-1517
6/21-0830-1438
6/22-0830-1515
6/22-0830-1440
6/24-0915-1904
6/24-0916-1849
6/25-0910-1210
6/25-0911-1211
6/25-1350-1650
6/25-1350-1650
Location9
No. 13
incinerator
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
EPA
Methods 1
through 5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Particle
size
distribution
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
_
Analytical parameters
Method 5
Particulate
Cr 6, total Cr, and
other metals by NAA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Particle size
Gravimetric,
Cr 6, total
Cr by NAA
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
_
ro
i
ro
All testing was performed on the No. 13 incinerator.
Nine of the 13 Method 5 tests were conducted isokinetically by using cross-sectional traverse sampling
techniques. In the remaining six tests, single-point isokinetic sampling techniques were used with an
XAD-2 resin trap behind the sample filter. The front half (probe rinse and filter) was analyzed for
particulate and CR 6.
-------
TABLE 2-2. PROCESS SAMPLE AND ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS
Sample type
1) Dewatered sludge
samples
2) Incinerator
bottom ash
3) Scrubber water
influent
4) Scrubber water
effluent
c/6
-
X
X
X
Total Cr and
other metals
by NAA
X
X
X
X
Volatile3
residue
X
-
X
X
Fixed5
residue
X
-
X
X
Total0
residue
X
-
X
X
Volatile residue: Method 160.4.
Fixed residue: Method 160.1.
c Total residue: Method 160.3.
2-3
-------
were collected at the scrubber inlet and five were collected at the scrubber
outlet. Particle size fractions were analyzed gravimetrically, and size
distribution curves were developed for each site.
As shown in Table 2-1, a total of 13 tests were conducted to determine
particulate, Cr , and total Cr content. In nine of these tests, the cross-
sectional area of the ducts was traversed by isokinetic sampling techniques.
The remaining four tests were conducted isokinetically at a point of average
velocity and temperature in the duct. These runs were designed to determine
particulate, Cr , and total Cr from the front half of the sampling train and
semivolatile organic content from the back-half of the train using a water-
cooled XAD-2 resin trap placed prior to the first impinger. These data are
not presented in this test report.
Process samples, including sludge feed, incinerator bottom ash, and
scrubber water influent and effluent, were collected over an 8-hour period
each test day and analyzed as shown in Table 2-2.
r
2.2 PARTICULATE AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM EMISSIONS SUMMARY
Simultaneous Method 5 tests were conducted at the scrubber inlet and
outlet test locations. Tests designated PCI (inlet) and PCO (outlet) were
conducted by cross-sectional traverse sampling techniques. The outlet sam-
pling train for these runs was a standard Method 5 train with five impingers.
The inlet train consisted of an in-stack glass fiber thimble and heated
stainless steel probe, followed by a backup filter heated to 121°C (250°F)
and a series of five impingers. The thimble and backup filter catch and the
probe rinse residue were used to determine particulate concentration. This
sampling configuration was used to preclude breakage of glass probe liners
and to account for the heavy particulate loading and high flue gas tempera-
tures encountered at this site. Tests PCI 1 and 2 were voided because of
2-4
-------
cracked glass liners, and outlet Test PCO 2 was voided because of an exces-
sive post-test leak rate.
Tests designated PCIO (inlet) and PCOO (outlet) were conducted simulta-
neously at a single point representing the average velocity and temperature
in the duct(s). These runs were designed to measure particulate and Cr
concentration in the front half of the sample train. An XAD-2 resin absorb-
ent trap was placed between the Method 5 filter and the first impinger to
determine back-half semivolatile organic content. As stated previously, the
organics data from these tests are not reported here; a separate test report
detailing results of the organics tests is currently being prepared.
Tables 2-3 through 2-5 summarize the sample and flue gas data for the
+fi
particulate/Cr and semivolatile organic tests and present the particulate
and Cr emissions data for these runs.
o
Volumetric flow rates are expressed in cubic meters per minute (m /min)
and actual cubic feet per minute (acfm) at stack conditions. Flow rates
corrected to standard conditions [20°C and 760 mmHg (68°F and 29.92 in.Hg)
and zero percent moisture] are expressed as dry normal cubic meters per
2
minute (dNm /min) and dry standard cubic feet per minute (dscfm).
Filterable particulate concentrations are expressed in milligrams per
dry normal cubic meter and grains per dry standard cubic foot. 0Hexavalent
chromium concentrations are expressed in micrograms per gram and micrograms
per dry normal cubic meter, where applicable. Mass emission rates are re-
ported in kilograms per hour and pounds per hour.
As reported in Tables 2-3 and 2-5, sample volumes were consistent,
depending on the sample type. Sample volumes for the traverse inlet runs
(PCI) ranged from 2.63 to 3.77 dNm , and those for the corresponding outlet
o
runs (PCO), from 5.42 to 6.15 dNm . Generally, the inlet sampling rates were
2-5
-------
TABLE 2-3. SUMMARY OF SAMPLE AND FLUE GAS DATA FOR PARTICULATE/Cr+6 TESTS
IV)
I
CT>
Run No.
PCI-ld
PCO-1
PCO-26
PCI-3
PCO-3
PC I -4
PCO-4
PCI-5
PCO-5
PC I -6
PCO-6
Date
(1985)
6/18
6/18
6/19
6/19
6/20
6/20
6/21
6/21
6/22
6/22
6/24
6/24
Sampling
duration,
mln
360
-
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
Inlet average (PCI)
Outlet average (PCO)
Sample volume
dNm3
5.87
-
2.63
6.15
3.77
5.71
3.27
5.42
3.27
6.11
3.24
5.85
dscf
207.37
-
93.06
217.25
133.20
201.72
115.52
191.55
115.38
215.83
114.29
206.74
Isokinetic
sampling
rate, %
95
-
91.6
95.4
108.5
92.6
95.2
90.9
90.4
96.1
96.4
94.0
Volumetric flow rate
Actual
m3/min
1475
-
3486
1376
3256
1339
3166
1453
2951
1337
3215
1396
acfm
52.100
-
123,100
48,600
115,000
47,300
111.800
51.300
104.200
47,200
113,500
49,300
Standard3
dNm3
1294
-
988
1205
892
1147
881
1249
926
1158
922
1211
dscfm
45,700
-
34.900
42.550
31,500
40.500
31,100
44,100
32,700
40.900
32.600
42,750
Temperature
°C
32
-
482
33
491
35
496
34
484
36
488
34
°F
89
-
900
92
916
95
925
94
903
96
911
93
Moisture
content.
4.54
-
26.40
5.27
27.52
5.81
25.64
5.55
17.98
5.38
24.39
5.30
Composi-
tion." *
°2
16.0
-
13.0
13.4
12.95
14.8
13.0
14.8
12.55
16.1
12.9
15.0
CO,
3.4
-
4.8
4.6
5.25
3.6
4.9
3.6
5.5
2.2
5.1
3.5
Gas
velocity
m/s
17.3
-
8.9
16.1
8.3
15.7
8.1
17.0
7.5
15.6
8.2
16.3
ft/s
56.7
-
29.3
52.8
27.4
51.4
26.6
55.8
24.8
51.3
27.0
53.6
Standard conditions: 20°C (68°F), 760 mm (29.94 in.Hg) and zero percent moisture.
Gas composition as determined from integrated bag samples during each test. Analysis performed with an Orsat gas analyzer.
c Measured flue gas velocity In meters per second and feet per second.
Invalid test due to cracked probe liner.
e Invalid test due to excessive leakage rate.
-------
TABLE 2-4. SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM EMISSION DATA
Run No.
PCO-1
PCI-3
PCO-3
PC I -4
PCO-4
PC I -5
PCO-5
PC I -6
PCO-6
Date
(1985)
6/18
6/20
6/20
6/21
6/21
6/22
6/22
6/24
6/24
Total
filterable
weight, mg
138.6
4242.7
114.1
6345.1
133.4
5719.2
78.1
6047.4
93.3
Filterable concentration3
Participate
mg/dNm3
23.6
1613
18.5
1683
23.3
1749
14.4
1849
15.2
gr/dscf
0.0103
0.7035
0.0081
0.7350
0.0102
0.7639
0.0063
0.8087
0.0067
Cr* (blank corrected)
ng/g
NAC
<0.1
NA
<0.1
NA
<0.1
NA
<0.1
NA
Total
Cr 6 in
sample, yg
-
<0.4
<0.6
<0.6
<0.6
Mass emission rate
Particulate
kg/h
1.8
95.5
1.4
89.9
1.6
92.4
1.1
102.9
1.0
Ib/h
4.0
210.6
3.0
198.2
3.5
203.7
2.4
226.8
2.3
Cr+6
kg/h
-
-
-
-
-
Ib/h
-
-
-
.
-
Collection.
efficiency, %
Particulate
-
98.8
98.6
99.2
99.2
Cr+6
-
-
-
-
-
aStandard conditions: 20°C (68°F), 760 mm (29.92 in.Hg) and zero percent moisture.
Collection efficiency:
concentration
x 100.
CNA = Not analyzed. A detection limit of 0.1 yg/g was established for the inlet samples based on a particulate weight of 5 grams
and a total volume of 50 ml.
-------
TABLE 2-5. SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS DATA FOR PARTICIPATE, Cr+6, AND SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC TESTS
Run No.
PCIO-10
PCOO-1C
PCIO-2":
PCOO-2C
Date
(1985)
6/25
6/25
6/25
6/25
Sampling
duration,
min
180
180
180
180
Sample
volume
dNm3
1.73
2.44
1.82
2.38
'dscf
61.17
86.03
64.25
83.92
Isoklnetic
sampling
rate, %
100.8
98.9
102.8
100.3
Volumetric flow rate8
Actual
m3/min
3226
1195
3155
1147
acfm
113.900
42,200
111,400
40,500
Standard
dNmVmln
881
1031
906
991
dscfm
31,100
36.400
32.000
35,000
Temper-
ature
°C
497
36
466
36
UY
926
96
870
96
Moisture
content.
I
27.6
5.6
26.7
5.6
Compo-.
sition.
oz
11.8
15.1
12.25
15.1
CO,
5.9
4.9
5.7!
4.8
Total
X filterable
weight, mg
3145.7
51.1
3602.5
55.3
Filterable particulate data
Particulate
concentration
mg/dNm3
1818
20.9
1979
23.2
gr/dscf
0.80
0.009
0.86
0.01
Mass emis-
sion rate
kg/h
96
1.3
108
1.4
Ib/h
212
2.9
238
3.1
Cr u
concentra-
tion, ug/g
<0.1
-
<0.1
~
ro
i
oo
Standard conditions: 20°C (68°F), 760 mmHg (29.94 1n.Hg) and zero percent moisture.
Gas composition as determined from Integrated bag samples collected during each test. Analysis performed with an Orsat gas analyzer.
Single-point, isokinetic sampling techniques were used for these runs. The front half of the sampling train (probe rinse, sample filter) was analyzed
gravimetrically for particulate matter. The back half of the sampling train (XAD-2 resin and H20) was analyzed by GC/MS for semivolatile organics.
-------
kept lower'than those at the outlet to prevent the filter from plugging
during a 6-hour test run.
Sampling times for the PCI and PCO tests were 360 minutes. Isokinetic
sampling rates ranged between 90.4 and 108.5 percent, which are within the
acceptable range of 90 to 110 percent.
Sample volumes for the particulate/Cr and semivolatile organic tests
(PCIO and PCOO, Table 2-5) were consistent with sampling times of 180 min-
utes.
For the traverse tests (PCI), volumetric gas flow rates at the scrubber
3
inlet ranged from 2951 to 3486 m /min (104,200 to 123,100 acfm) and averaged
3215 m /min (113,500 acfm). The average volumetric flow at standard condi-
o
tions was 922 dNm /min (32,600 dscfm). Flue gas temperatures ranged from
482° to 496°C (900° to 925°F) and averaged 488°C (911°F). The moisture
content of the gas stream averaged 24.4 percent, and the average oxygen (0-)
and carbon dioxide (C02) contents were 12.9 and 5.1 percent, respectively.
The inlet static pressure averaged about -1.1 in.hLO.
As shown in Table 2-4, inlet particulate concentrations ranged from 1613
to 1849 mg/dNm3 (0.7 to 0.8 gr/dscf) and averaged 1723 mg/dNm3 (0.75
gr/dscf). The average mass emission rate for the four tests was 95.2 kg/h
(210 Ib/h).
The inlet hexavalent chromium concentration was less than 0.1 yg/g,
which was determined to be the analytical detection limit for these samples.
The total quantity of Cr per sample was less than 0.6 yg.
At the scrubber outlet, volumetric gas flow rates ranged from 1337 to
3 3
1475 m /min (47,200 to 52,100 acfm) and averaged 1396 m /min (49,300 acfm)
for the five tests. The average gas flow rate at standard conditions was
1211 dNm /min (42,750 dscfm). Flue gas temperatures ranged from 32° to 36°C
(89° to 96°F) and averaged 34°C (93°F). The moisture content of the gas
2-9
-------
stream averaged 5.3 percent, and the average (L and CO,, contents were 15.0
and 3.5 percent, respectively. Because the gas stream appeared saturated,
two moisture determinations were made: the first involved calculations based
on the water collected in the sampling trains and the second involved psy-
chrometric calculations. In each case, the lower value was used as the
correct moisture content according to procedures described in EPA Reference
Method 4.* The outlet static pressure averaged about -11.8 in.H^O during the
test period.
3
Outlet particulate concentrations ranged between 14.4 and 23.6 mg/dNm
(0.006 and 0.01 gr/dscf) and averaged 19 mg/dNm (0.008 gr/dscf). The aver-
age mass emission rate for the tests was 1.4 kg/h (3.0 Ib/h). Based on the
inlet Cr analytical results, no attempt was made to analyze the outlet
samples for Cr .
The particulate removal efficiency of the scrubber averaged greater than
98 percent based on the test results.
As presented in Table 2-5, flue gas and particulate emissions data
obtained from the single-point Modified Method 5 tests compare favorably with
the average results from the traverse test trains.
Inlet flow rates averaged 3201 m3/min (113,000 acfm) and 894 dNm3
(31,600 dscfm) when corrected to standard conditions. Particulate concen-
trations for Tests PCIO-1 and PCIO-2 were 1818 and 1979 mg/dNm3 (0.8 and 0.86
gr/dscf), respectively. Outlet flow rates averaged 1154 m /min (40,800 acfm)
3
and 997 dNm (35,200 dscfm) when corrected to standard conditions. Particu-
late concentrations for Tests PCOO-1 and PCOO-2 were 20.9 and 23.2 mg/dNm
(0.009 and 0.01 gr/dscf), respectively. Hexavalent chromium content of the
inlet samples was less than 0.1 pg/g.
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Method 4, July 1984.
2-10
-------
The particulate removal efficiency of the scrubber was greater than 98
percent for these tests. The overall comparability of the traverse and
single-point test data indicates particulate stratification and/or variable
gas flow patterns were not significant; thus, test results are considered to
be representative of actual source conditions at the time of testing.
An analysis of the hexavalent chromium content of an inlet ash sample
obtained during the February 1985 pretest survey indicated Cr levels at or
below the analytical detection limit for solid samples (0.1 yg/g).
Because the concentration of hexavalent chromium in these solid samples
was extremely low, the amount of alkaline extraction solution and the final
dilution volume of this extract were kept at a minimum consistent with Method
3060 from Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste.* This proportion is 4 ml
of alkaline extraction solution per gram of solid diluted to a final volume
of 10 ml. Therefore, solid samples are desirable at these levels because the
sample filter and blank-correct do not have to be cut for background Cr
levels. Filters and/or thimbles require larger amounts of extraction solu-
tion to cover the volume of material being extracted. This physical require-
ment increases the analytical detection limit. Loose particulate collected
in the in-stack thimble and probe residue particulate were combined for the
Cr analysis of individual inlet samples.
2.3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST RESULTS
At the scrubber inlet, an Andersen HGLI with a 15-ym precutter attached
was used to measure particle size distribution during each particulate/Cr
test. This in-stack impactor consists of two single-jet impaction chambers
followed by a third-stage cyclone and a backup thimble. The impactor is
U.S. EPA SW846, 2nd ed., July 1982.
2-11
-------
designed for extracting samples from a gas stream with a heavy participate
concentration, and its use was advantageous in this case because it contains
no filter media (except the backup thimble). This eliminates the need for
filter blank corrections for Cr or other metals and permits a more accurate
quantification of size distribution. A total of four inlet samples (designated
PSI) were collected during 90- to 120-minute periods at a single point repre-
senting the average gas velocity and temperature in the duct.
At the ESP outlet, an Andersen Mark III in-stack impactor was used to
measure size distribution during the particulate/Cr tests. The Mark III
impactor consists of eight stages and a backup filter, from which eight cut-
point sizes can be determined.
Five samples (designated PSO) were collected from a single point repre-
senting the average velocity head and temperature in the duct. Sampling
times ranged from 20 to 60 minutes.
Each particle size test was conducted according to the procedures de-
scribed in the impactor operations manuals. Isokinetic sampling rates were
set initially, and constant cut-point characteristics were maintained through-
out the sampling period. Specifications state that the gas flow rate through
the impactor at stack conditions should be maintained between 0.3 and 0.7
acfm to avoid distortion of individual stage cut-points. This criterion was
met for reported results. Isokinetic sample rates ranged from 106 to 145
percent for the inlet tests and 101 to 103 percent for the outlet tests.
Tests PSI-3 and PSO-5 were not included in the plotting of size distribution
curves. Both of these samples exhibited large distortions in the amount of
particulate collected compared with the other tests.
Cumulative size distribution curves representing the total weight of
particulate matter smaller than the indicated aerodynamic particle diameter
2-12
-------
[in micrometers (ym)] were established for each test location. Data reduc-
tions for all runs were performed by computer programming with moisture,
molecular weight, and temperature data obtained from the particulate/Cr
tests. The cut-points for the HGLI tests were determined graphically from
information supplied by the manufacturer, and all particle size results are
3
based on a particle density of 1 g/cm . The HGLI data reduction and interme-
diate calculations are presented in Appendix A of this report.
Cut-points for the Mark III impactor stages were calculated by use of a
computer program contained in "A Computer-Based Cascade Impactor Data Reduc-
tion System" (CIDRS) developed for EPA by Southern Research Institute (SRI).*
3
All particle size results are based on a particle density of 1 g/cm .
Figures 2-1 and 2-2 present the best-fit nominal curves for the inlet
and outlet particle size distribution tests. Table 2-6 presents a comparison
of particulate concentrations obtained from the particle size tests with
those obtained by Method 5 tests.
For the three inlet runs (PSI-1, -2, and -4), the size distribution
curve showed that about 50 percent by weight of the particles had a nominal
diameter of 10 micrometers or less. The calculated average particulate
concentration for these runs was 394 mg/dNm (0.2 gr/dscf) compared with the
corresponding two-test Method 5 average of 1681 mg/dNm (0.75 gr/dscf). This
indicates a significant difference in average values between the two mea-
surements. The percentage difference between the methods is unacceptable
it
Southern Research Institute. A Computer-Based Cascade Impactor Data Reduc-
tion System. Prepared for U.S. EPA under Contract No. 68-022-131, March
1978.
2-13
-------
ro
i
PSI-1 •
PSI-2 A g
psi-4 • is
1111 .iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiivniiiiiiniii.iiiiniiiuiii.il
10.0
PARTICLE SIZE, micrometers
100
Figure 2-1. Particle size distribution for scrubber inlet Runs PSI-1, 2, and 4.
-------
IV)
I
1.0
10.0
PARTICLE SIZE, micrometers
Figure 2-2. Particle size distribution for scrubber outlet Runs PSO-1 through 4.
-------
TABLE 2-6. COMPARISON OF PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS AS MEASURED BY
EPA METHOD 5 VERSUS PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IMPACTORS
Run No.
PSI-1
PCI-1
PSI-2
PCI-3
PSI-4
PCI-5
PSO-1
PCO-1
PSO-2
PCO-2
PSO-3
PCO-3
PSO-4
PCO-4
Test location
Scrubber inlet
Scrubber outlet
Sample type
Particle size - HGLI
Method 5 - Parti cul ate
Particle size - HGLI
Method 5 - Parti cul ate
Particle size - HGLI
Method 5 - Particulate
Particle size - Mark III
Method 5 - Particulate
Particle size - Mark III
Method 5 - Particulate
Particle size - Mark III
Method 5 - Particulate
Particle size
Method 5 - Particulate
Particulate concentration
mg/dNm3
426
302
1613
454
1749
41.1
23.6
62.3
38.9
18.5
28.9
23.3
gr/dscf
0.2
0.13
0.7
0.2
0.8
0.018
0.010
0.027
0.017
0.008
0.013
0.01
2-16
-------
according to the applicable criterion in the Inhalable Particulate (IP)
protocol.* This protocol states that a comparison of the total mass concen-
trations between particle size and Method 5 sample runs should not differ
from the means by more than 50 percent. Thus, the representativeness of the
inlet particle size data is questionable.
The HGLI Stages 1, 2, and 3 cut-points for Test PSI-1 were 13.0, 6.8,
and 3.0 ym, respectively. Sixty-five percent of the particles were less than
13.0 ym, 51 percent were less than 6.8 ym, and 22 percent were less than
3.0 ym. The stage cut-points for Test PSI-2 were 13.0, 6.8, and 3.1 ym,
respectively. Fifty-seven percent of the particles were less than 13.0 ym,
45 percent were less than 6.8 ym, and 16 percent were less than 3.1 ym. The
stage cut-points for Test PSI-4 were 14.3 ym, 7.5 ym, and 3.3 ym, respec-
tively. Fifty-one percent of the particles were less than 14.3 ym, 34 per-
cent were less than 7.5 ym, and 18 percent less than 3.3 ym.
The size distribution curve for the four outlet tests (PSO-1 through
PSO-4) showed about 70 to 85 percent by weight of the particles had a nominal
diameter of 9 ym or less. Between 60 and 80 percent of the particles were
less than 2 ym. The average calculated mass concentration for these runs was
o
42.8 mg/dNm (0.019 gr/dscf) compared with the corresponding Method 5 average
o
of 22 mg/dNm (0.01 gr/dscf). A comparison of outlet mass load results as
measured by the impactor and Method 5 train is difficult due to the low
particulate concentration at this source. Generally, the particle size data
appear representative of source conditions at the time of testing. Based
on the nondetectable levels of Cr at this source, no attempt was made to
quantify Cr by size fraction.
*
Procedures Manual for Inhalable Particulate Samplers Operation, prepared by
Southern Research Institute for EPA, Contract No. 68-02-3118, November 1979.
2-17
-------
2.4 PROCESS SAMPLE ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Table 2-7 summarizes Cr results of analyses of incinerator bottom ash
and scrubber water samples collected during each test day. No attempt was
made to quantify Cr in the sludge feed because of the levels of organic
material present. Previous attempts to analyze this type of sample resulted
in a highly discolored extract solution, which made a colorimetric determina-
tion of Cr levels impossible.
The Cr content of the bottom ash samples was less than 0.1 yg/g, which
is the analytical detection limit of these samples. Scrubber water influent
and effluent samples showed similar levels of less than 0.004 milligram per
liter (mg/liter). These data correspond to inlet Cr emission results.
Table 2-8 summarizes additional analyses performed on process samples
collected during the test period. EPA Methods 160.1, 160.3, and 160.4 were
used to determine the volatile, fixed, and total solids content of the pro-
cess samples.* Analytical results for the solid (sludge) samples are in
percent while scrubber water results are expressed in milligrams per liter
(mg/liter).
2.5 TOTAL CHROMIUM AND METALS ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Tables 2-9 through 2-11 summarize results for neutron activation analy-
ses of select emission samples and process samples. All analytical results
are reported as received from EPA.
In summary, NAA is an analytical technique dependent on the measurement
of the number and energy of gamma and X-rays emitted by the radioactive
isotopes produced in the sample matrix by irradiation with thermal neutrons
Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA 600-4-79-020,
3rd Edition, March 1979.
2-18
-------
TABLE 2-7. Cr+6 RESULTS OF PROCESS SAMPLE ANALYSES
Sample type
and
collection date
Bottom ash-6/18
Bottom ash-6/19
Bottom ash-6/20
Bottom ash-6/21
Bottom ash-6/22
Bottom ash-6/24
Bottom ash-6/25
Bottom ash-6/26
Scrubber influent-6/18
Scrubber influent-6/19
Scrubber influent-6/20
Scrubber influent-6/21
Scrubber influent-6/22
Scrubber influent-6/24
Scrubber effluent-6/18
Scrubber effluent-6/19
Scrubber effluent-6/20
Scrubber effluent-6/21
Scrubber effluent-6/22
Scrubber effluent-6/24
Laboratory
I.D.
EQ293
EQ294
EQ295
EQ296
EQ297
EQ298
EQ299
EQ300
EQ302
EQ303
EQ304
EQ305
EQ306
EQ307
EQ310
EQ311
EQ312
EQ313
EQ314
EQ315
Particulate
weight
analyzed, g
10.1785
10.0389
10.3115
10.1121
10.1709
10.3108
10.4120
10.0008
Total Cr+6
in sample, yg
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
<0.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Cr+6
concentra-
tion
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.1 yg/g
<0.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/£
O.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/i
<0.004 mg/Jl
<0.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/l
<0.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/£
<0.004 mg/£
NA - Not Applicable
2-19
-------
TABLE 2-8. PROCESS SAMPLE ANALYTICAL RESULTS -
VOLATILE, FIXED, AND TOTAL SOLIDS
Sample
type
Sludged
Sludged
Sludged
Sludged
Sludged
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Date
(1985)
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
Volatile3
solids, %
54.1
54.5
55.9
55.4
55.9
56.3
55.6
56.5
56.7
56.6
55.6
56.0
57.6
57.6
60.0
53.2
53.6
53.1
57.0
57.6
Fixed solids,
%
45.9
45.5
44.1
44.6
44.1
43.7
44.4
43.5
43.3
43.4
44.4
44.0
42.4
42.2
40.0
46.8
46.4
46.9
43.0
42.4
Total0
solids, %
24.1
27.5
21.1
20.5
20.4
21.0
17.6
20.9
20.7
20.2
18.5
19.4
19.3
18.2
19.2
23.7
22.3
20.2
19.7
19.5
EPA Method 160.1
EPA Method 160.3
EPA Method 160.4
Three 2-hour composites were collected over a 6-hour test period.
analyzed separately.
Each was
(continued)
2-20
-------
TABLE 2-8 (continued)
Sample type
Scrubber-influent
Scrubber-influent
Scrubber-influent
Scrubber-influent
Scrubber-influent
Scrubber-influent
Scrubber-effluent
Scrubber-effluent
Scrubber-effluent
Scrubber-effluent
Scrubber-eff 1 uent
Scrubber-ef f 1 uent
Date
(1985)
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
Volatile
solids,
mg/liter
82
134
124
118
108
108
98
96
112
108
106
88
106
Fixed
solids,
mg/liter
470
500
446
480
456
408
620
630
620
760
652
644
606
Total
solids,
mg/liter
552
634
570
598
564
516
718
726
732
868
758
732
712
2-21
-------
TABLE 2-9. SUMMARY OF TOTAL Cr EMISSION DATA
(Detroit Sludge Incinerator No. 13)
ro
i
ro
t>0
Run
No.
PC I -3
PCI -4
PCt-5
PCI-6
PCO-1
PCO-3
PCO-4
PCO-5
PCO-6
PSI-2
PSI-2
PSI-2
PSI-2
PSI-2
Sample type
and location
Participate - scrubber
inlet
Parti cul ate - scrubber
inlet
Participate - scrubber
inlet
Particulate - scrubber
inlet
Particulate - scrubber
outlet
Particulate - scrubber
outlet
Particulate - scrubber
outlet
Particulate - scrubber
outlet
Particulate - scrubber
outlet
Particle size - scrub-
ber inlet
Stage 0
Particle size - inlet
Stage 1
Particle size - inlet
Stage 2
Particle size - inlet
Stage 3
Particle size - inlet
Backup thimble
Total*
Particulate
collected,
9
4.2427
6.3451
5.7192
6.0474
0.1386
0.1141
0.1334
0.0781
0.0933
0.0781
0.0075
0.0246
0.0573
0.031
Particulate
sample weight
analyzed by
NAA, g
0.3096
0.2721
0.2392
0.1571
0.1386
0.1141
0.1334
0.0781
0.0933
0.0629
0.0035
0.0141
0.0273
0.031
Total Crc
results by
NAA, vg
717
423
650
875
233.6
201.7
172.6
240.5
204.6
457
27
34
76
74
Total Crd
concen-
tration
by NAA,
V9/9
2.317
1,555
2,717
5.570
1.685
1,768
1.294
3.056
2,193
7,266
7,714
2.411
2,784
2,387
Total Cre
content of
emission
sample,
v9
9,831
9,864
15,539
33,682
233.6
201.7
172.6
240.5
204.6
567
58
59
160
74
Total Cr
concentration,
iig/dNm'
3.738
2,616
4,752
10,300
39.8
32.8
30.2
44.4
33.5
863
88
90
244
113
gr/dscf
0.0016
0.0011
0.002
0.0045
0.00002
0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00001
0.0004
0.00004
0.00004
0.0001
0.00005
Total Cr mass
emission rate,
kg/h
0.22
0.14
0.25
0.57
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.05
0.005
0.005
0.01
0.007
Ib/h
0.48
0.31
0.55
1.3
0.008
0.004
0.003
0.008
0.003
0.12
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.015
Total participate (acetone rinse residue and filter) collected during sample run.
Particulate weight analyzed by NAA.
cTotal Cr results by NAA. Run Nos. PC)4 (scrubber outlet) are blank corrected values (17 pg Cr for filter/acetone blank). Par-
ticle size thimble (backup) values have been blank corrected for 31 vg Cr.
dTota1 Cr(C) divided by particulate weight analyzed by NAA(b).
eTotal Cr concentration (119/9) multiplied by total particulate weight collected(a).
-------
TABLE 2-10. SUMMARY OF TOTAL CHROMIUM DATA FROM PROCESS SAMPLES
Sample type
Bottom ash
Sludge
Scrubber water
influent
Scrubber water
effluent
Date (1985)a
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
Total chromium by NAA
(yg/g basis except as noted)
178.0
324.6
325.9
257.9
267.7
236.1
252.7
213.6
222.4
28.9, 34.4, 31.6
51.3, 23.4, 18.9
23.4, 30.3, 23.6
29.8, 28.0, 28.6
23.4, 19.9, 17.3
21.0
20.9
19.2
26.0
1.6 yg/ml
2.4
No value reported
2.5
2.6
1.6
2.9 yg/ml
0.11
2.7
2.5
No value reported
2.8
Triplicate, 2-hour composite sludge samples were collected between June 18
and 22 during each test day. The results of the triplicate analyses are
presented as shown.
Results for solid samples are expressed in yg/g and yg/ml for liquid
samples.
2-23
-------
TABLE 2-11. SUMMARY OF METALS ANALYTICAL DATA
Suple type
and/or run No.
Inlet particu-
lite
PCI-3
PCI-4
PC 1-5
PC I -6
Bottoi ash
Sludge
Date
(1985)
6/18
6/19
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/24
6/18
6/18
6/18
6/19
6/19
6/19
6/20
6/20
6/20
6/21
6/21
6/21
6/22
6/22
6/22
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
Total
particu-
late col-
lected, g
4.2427
6.3451
5.7192
6.0474
_
.
-
-
.
-
.
-
-
-
_
.
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
•
Panic-
ulate
analyzed
by
NAA. g
0.1051
0.1176
0.1124
0.1086
0.3165
0.2669
0.2300
0.304
0.2441
0.2899
0.3579
0.3868
0.4896
0.6884
0.4371
0.3757
0.384
0.278
0.3445
0.3861
0.4615
0.5439
0.3687
0.4315
0.4577
0.4966
0.4340
0.422
0.3553
Metals concentration. 1.9/9*
At
66.4
56.4
61.9
41.1
20.6
24.0
23.7
23.7
22.8
19.4
2.8
3.4
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.5
2.7
2.7
3.0
2.4
3.3
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.9
_
3.3
2.5
Cd
928
1160
1139
594
110
116
144
111
104
118
20
20
16
16
12
17
19
12
15
18
29
13
23
19
27
23
28
28
13
Cr
3920
1970
4820
4880
1750
1740
2240
1890
1950
1580
196
186
164
153
185
129
167
175
154
134
248
201
208
125
162
141
167
154
127
Cu
1300
1300
1500
1500
1200
1100
1300
1100
1300
900
100
100
70
80
60
70
100
110
120
80
90
80
60
80
80
110
130
70
100
Nn
1130
720
843
946
748
767
778
770
764
744
61
48
46
43
55
33
62
62
64
41
42
36
39
43
39
61
S3
49
49
Nl
3150
1140
4600
3990
608
635
760
675
580
526
40
53
40
62
_
_
.
50
_
61
63
_
_
48
38
46
38
40
Se
-
12.3
39.4
33.8
17.2
13.3
.
_
13.8
1.2
3.5
3.8
2.5
2.9
3.5
_
_
4.5
_
_
1.7
2.5
_
4.0
2.3
V
77
84
83
86
82
84
82
82
80
79
9.8
7.7
7.2
6.5
8.9
5.4
8.8
8.9
9.3
6.8
5.8
6.3
6.3
5.3
7.3
9.9
9.0
7.5
9.2
Zn
8410
9590
9480
7440
5820
6390
7720
8100
8970
6520
670
716
306
665
347
542
737
261
390
509
1170
355
563
545
904
677
804
718
300
Concentration, ng/dlta3
As
0.1
0.09
0.11
0.08
Cd
1.5
1.95
2.00
1.1
Cr
6.3
3.3
8.4
9.0
Cu
2.1
2.2
2.6
2.8
Nn
1.8
1.2
1.5
1.75
Nl
5.1
1.9
8.0
7.4
Se
.
0.02
0.07
0.06
V
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
Zn
13.6
16.1
16.6
13.8
KiSS rate, kg/h
As
0.006
0.005
0.006
0.004
Cd
0.09
0.10
0.11
•0.06
Cr
0.38
0.18
0.45
0.50
Cu
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.15
Nn
0.11
0.07
0.08
0.10
N1
0.30
0.10
0.43
0.41
Se
_
0.001
0.004
0.003
V
0.007
0.008
0.008
0.009
Zn
0.80
0.86
0.88
0.76
ro
' Metals concentration in Pg/g as received fro. EPA determined by NAA.
-------
from a nuclear reactor. Typically, the sample matrix plus appropriate
standards of the element(s) of interest are irradiated for a selected time
period in the neutron flux core region of a research nuclear reactor. After
irradiation and appropriate radioactive decay, a gamma-count energy spectrum
is obtained by counting the sample on a nuclear detection system.
Two sets of samples were submitted to EPA for analysis. The first set
included inlet and outlet Method 5 samples, one inlet particle size sample,
and process samples (sludge, incinerator bottom ash, and scrubber water
influent and effluent). This set of samples, which was submitted to EPA in
September 1985, is summarized in Tables 2-9 and 2-10. Only total Cr results
are reported. The second set of samples, submitted to EPA in January 1986,
included only inlet Method 5 samples and process samples (bottom ash and
sludge). These data are summarized in Table 2-11. Total chromium and metals
emission data were calculated by using the total content of the element in
each sample, the sample volume, and volumetric flow data from each individual
test. Example calculations are presented in Appendix A.
As reported in Table 2-9, the total Cr content of the inlet emission
samples (filterable particulate) ranged between 1553 and 5567 vg/g. Total Cr
3
concentrations ranged between 2.6 and 10.3 mg/dNm , and corresponding mass
emission rates ranged between 0.14 and 0.57 kg/h. Outlet emission samples
showed total Cr concentrations ranging between 1294 and 3079 ng/g. Outlet
3
concentrations ranged between 0.03 and 0.04 mg/dNm , and corresponding mass
emission rates ranged between 0.002 and 0.003 kg/h. The total Cr data (mass
rate basis) from simultaneous Inlet Tests PCI-3 through 6 and Outlet Tests
PCO-3 through 6 indicate the scrubber system removes greater than 95 percent
of the total Cr from the gas emission stream. A single particle size sample
(PSI-2) from the scrubber inlet was submitted for analysis of total Cr by
2-25
-------
size fraction. As reported in Subsection 2.3, the inlet particle size re-
sults are considered suspect; thus, these data are presented for informa-
tional purposes only. The majority of total Cr found in this sample (863
o
yg/dNm ) was in Stage 0, which exhibited a 13.0-ym cut point. Impactor Stage
3, which exhibited a 3.1-ym cut point, showed the next highest level of total
Cr at 190 yg/dNm3.
Table 2-10 summarizes total Cr results from process samples collected
during testing. Solid sample (bottom ash and sludge) results are expressed
in micrograms per gram and liquid sample results in micrograms per milli-
liter. These data show a bottom ash Cr content ranging between 178 and 326
yg/g and sludge Cr content ranging between 19 and 51 yg/g.
Table 2-11 summarizes metals analytical data for the four scrubber inlet
samples and bottom ash and sludge samples submitted to EPA in January 1986.
The concentrations of the following metals were determined: arsenic (As),
cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), sele-
nium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). In the four scrubber inlet emission
3
samples, the metals showing concentrations greater than 1.0 mg/dNm were Cd,
Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn.
2.6 VISIBLE EMISSION OBSERVATIONS
On June 20, the EPA Task Manager conducted visible emission observations
on the No. 13 incinerator exit stack. Procedures detailed in EPA Method 9
were used.* Recorded opacities ranged from 0 to 15 percent. These data are
included in Appendix B.
40 CFR, Appendix A, Reference Method 9, July 1984.
2-26
-------
SECTION 3
PROJECT QUALITY ASSURANCE
The application of quality assurance procedures to source emission
measurements ensures accurate emission-testing results. Quality assurance
guidelines provide the detailed procedures and actions necessary for defining
and producing acceptable data. In this project, five documents were used in
the preparation of a source-specific test plan that would ensure the collec-
tion of acceptable data: 1) the EPA Quality Assurance Handbook Volume II,
EPA-600/4-77-0271; 2) the PEI Emission Test Quality Assurance Plan; 3) the
PEI Laboratory Quality Assurance Plan; 4) Determination of Hexavalent Chromium
Emissions From Stationary Sources, December 13, 1984; and 5) EPA Protocol for
Emissions Sampling for Both Hexavalent and Total Chromium, February 22, 1985.
Two of these are PEI's general guideline manuals that define the standard
operating procedures followed by the company's emission testing and labora-
tory groups.
In this specific test program, which was reviewed by EPA's Emission
Measurement Branch, the following steps were taken to ensure that the testing
and analytical procedures produced quality data:
0 A sample of bottom ash was+obtained during the February pretest
survey and analyzed for Cr 6 content. These data were used to
defjne sampling times and rates so that a quantifiable level of
Cr 6 was collected.
0 Calibration of all field sampling equipment.
0 Checks of train configuration and calculations.
3-1
-------
0 Onsite quality assurance checks, such as leak checks of the
sampling train, pitot tube, and Orsat line. Onsite quality assur-
ance checks of all test equipment prior to its use.
0 Use of designated analytical equipment and sampling reagents.
0 Internal and external audits to ensure accuracy in sampling and
analysis.
Table 3-1 lists the specific sampling equipment used to perform the
particulate/Cr , particle size distribution, and organic tests as well as
the calibration guidelines and limits. In addition to the pre- and post-test
calibrations, a field audit was performed on the metering systems and tempera-
ture-measurement devices used during sampling. These data are summarized in
Table 3-1, and copies of the field audit data sheets are presented in Appen-
dix B of this report.
The PEI project manager and EPA Task Manager performed the onsite sample
calculations, and computer programming was used to validate the data upon
return to PEI's Cincinnati laboratory. Minor discrepancies between the hand
calculations and computer printouts are due primarily to rounding off of
values. Computerized example calculations are presented in Appendix A.
The following subsections summarize the quality assurance activities
performed during the analytical phase of this project. As a check of the
gravimetric analytical procedure, a blank filter and a reagent (acetone) were
analyzed in a fashion similar to that used for the actual field samples.
Table 3-2 summarizes the blank analysis data, which indicate good gravimetric
analytical technique. As an additional check, the 3-m (10-ft) stainless
steel probe used for tests at the inlet site was rinsed with acetone after
its initial use, and this solution was analyzed for particulate matter. A
value of 34 mg was obtained, which is considered insignificant compared with
the average total train catch of over 5 grams.
3-2
-------
TABLE 3-1. FIELD EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION
Equipment
Meter box
P1tot tube
Digital
Indicator
Thermocouple
and stack
thermometer
Implnger
thermocouple
Orsat
analyzer
Trip balance
Barometer
Dry gas
Probe
ID
No.
FB 3
FB 4
FB10
FB11
247
377
403
126
220
262
147
178
257
1-7
1-1
1-9
141
3'96
406
FB 3
FB 4
FB10
FB11
4-108
3-109
8-108
5-112
6-113
Calibrated
against
Wet-test meter
Standard pi tot
tube
Millivolt
signals
ASTM-2F or 3F
ASTM-2F or 3F
Standard gas
Type S weights
NBS traceable
barometer
ASTM-2F or 3F
Caliper
Allowable
error
4H@ ±0.15
(Y ±0.05 Y post-test)
Cp ± 0.01
0.5*
1.5*
(±2* saturated)
±2*
±0.5%
±0.5 g
±0.10 in.Hg.
(0.20 post-test)
±5°F
Dn ±0.04 in.
Actual
error
Y: -0.049
Y: -0.036
Y: +0.008
Y: -0.031
0
0
0
0.2*
0.3*
0.2*
0,1*
0.1*
0.1*
0.1*
1°F
1°F
-0.4*
0*
0.1 g
0.1 g
0.1 in.Hg.
-1.3°F
-1.0°F
-2.0"F
-1.0°F
-1°F
0°F
-1°F
+2°F
0.001
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.001
Within
allow
limits
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Comments
Y « 0.990; Audit AH? = 1.89
Y = 1.018; Audit 4H0 •= 1.14
Y •= 0.947; Audit 4H@ « 1.21
Y « 1.050; Audit iH@ = 1.15
CP = 0.84 per Geometric
Specifications - Method 2
C02
0,
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
3-3
-------
TABLE 3-2. SAMPLE FILTER AND REAGENT BLANK
ANALYSIS FOR PARTICULATE
Sample type and
filter number
Outlet particulate - 8510225
Reeve Angel 934AH
Inlet particulate - No. 29
glass-fiber thimble
Modified Method 5 - 3-7/8-in.
filter - No. 5300020
Acetone3
316 Stainless steel
probe acetone rinse blank
Original tare
weight, mg
371.9
2,089.6
565.9
91,993.8
90,400.4
Blank weight
mg
372.2
2,099.1
566.4
92,006.5
90,434.6
Net weight
mg
0.3
9.5
0.5
12. 7b
(0.027 mg/g)
34. 2C
605 ml evaporated and desiccated before weighing.
Method 5 and particle size acetone blank (0.01 mg/g used in calculations).
Average blank value from inlet stainless steel probe rinse.
3-4
-------
Emission and process samples were analyzed in four separate batches.
Table 3-3 summarizes the linear regression data of the spectrophotometer
calibration for these samples. The detection limit established was less than
0.004 yg/ml for an absorbance of 0.005 above the linear regression intercept.
TABLE 3-3. LINEAR REGRESSION DATA FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETER CALIBRATION
Sample
description
Process sam-
ples
PCI 4-6
PCIO 1 and 2
Date
(1985)
7/16
Cr+6
standard
concen-
tration,
yg/ml
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Absorb-
ance
0.000
0.131
0.260
0.400
0.531
0.640
Y-Intercept
0.0027
Slope
1.2971
Correlation
coefficient
0.9995
Because the concentration of hexavalent chromium in these solid samples
was extremely low, the amount of alkaline extraction solution and the final
dilution volume of this extract were kept at a minimum consistent with Method
3060 from Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. This proportion is 4 ml
of alkaline extraction solution per gram of solid diluted to a final volume
of 10 ml.
Concentrations in all reagent blanks were less than the detection limit.
No other blanks were necessary because all analyses were performed on loose
particulate; i.e., no filter or thimbles were extracted. A duplicate anal-
ysis (extraction and colorimetric determination) was performed on bottom ash
samples. Also, the bottom ash particulate and scrubber water effluent were
checked by method of addition. The results for these samples are presented
in Table 3-4.
3-5
-------
TABLE 3-4. RESULTS OF QC SAMPLES
Sample
Bottom ash particulate
Bottom ash particulate
Scrubber water effluent
QC type
Duplicate
Spike
Spike
Results
<0.4 yg; <0.1 yg/g
51% recovery
103% recovery
Table 3-5 presents QC data relative to the total Cr analysis by NAA.
Blank, duplicate, and audit data are presented.
TABLE 3-5. QC DATA FOR TOTAL CHROMIUM BY NAA
Lab No.
EQ 232/239
EQ 212
Blank - reagent
EQ 246
EQ 208/218
EQ 133/134
EQ 295
EQ 301
EQ 325
N6S1633A
Sample type
Filter/acetone
Thimble blank
Alkaline extract
H2 blank
Duplicate - particulate acetone
Duplicate - particulate acetone
Duplicate - bottom ash
Duplicate - bottom ash
Duplicate - sludge
Audit - coal fly ash
Results total Cr,
ug (except as noted)
17.0
31.2
0.17
2.4 yg/ml
480.3, 555.7
89.4, 62.9
325.9, 276.7
222.4, 276.9
19.2, 24.8
195 yg/g (196 yg/g
accepted value)
3-6
-------
SECTION 4
SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES
This section describes the sampling sites and the test methods used to
characterize particulate and chromium emissions from this source as well as
the particle size distribution.
4.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Samples were extracted from the inlet and outlet ducts of the scrubber
at the locations shown in Figures 4-1 and 4-2.
The inlet test site has six 10-cm (4-in.) i.d. sampling ports along the
vertical axis in the horizontal duct. These ports are approximately 1.0 m
(3 ft 4 in.) downstream from the incinerator and approximately 2.9 m (9.5 ft)
upstream from a 90-degree bend in the 2.1 m x 3.1 m (7 ft x 10 ft)
rectangular duct. The inlet sampling location did not meet the minimum
ik-
specifications outlined in EPA Reference Method 1 for sampling port
location; however, this was the only available section of the ductwork
leading to the scrubber from which samples could be extracted.
The outlet test site has two 10-cm (4-in.) i.d. sampling ports located
90 degrees off-center. These ports are approximately 3.7 m (12 ft) down-
stream from a flow control damper and approximately 9 m (30 ft) upstream from
the induced-draft fan in the 1.3-m (4 ft, 5 in.) round duct. This location
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Method 1, July 1984.
4-1
-------
INSULATION =0.3 m (1 ft) THICKNESS
=3.05 m (10 ft)
U
PLAN
1
FLOW ;2 1
O*-0 ft!
0
m n
* (7 ft) ~
1^^
i
£"
t~A 11
-4 III
(13 ft)
-2.1 m
(7 ft)
1
O
^ -^
. =1.0 m
k 0 ft x
PORTS 4 in-)
GRADE
ELEVATION
TO SCRUBBER
INCINERATOR
NO. 13
INCINERATOR
NO. 13
Figure 4-1. No. 13 incinerator inlet sample location.
-no scale-
4-2
-------
(TO FAN)
I
i ,
=3.7 m
(12 ft)
TO I.D. FAN
AND ATMOSPHERE
OPACITY
MONITOR
1.1 m
(3.75 ft)
O
o
FLOW CONTROL
DAMPER
I
CROSS-SECTION
2-10 cm (4 in.)
I.D. SAMPLE PORTS
TEST PLATFORM
FLOW FROM SCRUBBER
Figure 4-2. No. 13 incinerator scrubber outlet test location,
4-3
-------
conforms with specifications detailed in EPA Reference Method 1. No site
modifications were required at either location.
Before sampling began, the velocity, static pressure, molecular weight,
moisture content, and temperature were measured to define sampling rates and
*
nozzle sizes as described in EPA Reference Methods 1 through 4. In addi-
tion, the degree of turbulent flow at each location was assessed based on
procedures described in EPA Reference Method 1. In this method, the face
openings of the Type-S pitot tube are aligned perpendicularly to the duct
cross-sectional plane designated "0-degree reference." Null (zero) pitot
readings obtained at a 0-degree reference indicate an acceptable flow condi-
tion at a given point.
If the pitot reading is not zero at 0-degree reference, the pitot is
rotated (up to 90 degrees ± yaw angle) until a null reading is obtained. The
value of the rotation angle (yaw) is recorded for each point and averaged
across the duct. Method 2 criteria stipulate that average angular rotations
greater than ilO degrees indicate turbulent (nonaxial) flow conditions in the
duct(s). This procedure was used to check several traverse points at each
location. In each case, null and/or angular rotations of less than 20-degree
pitot readings were observed at the 0-degree reference. These data, together
with the velocity and temperature profiles established for each location,
indicated generally acceptable flow patterns that would enable the extraction
of representative samples at each site.
4.2 PARTICULATE AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM SAMPLE EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS
Flue gas samples were simultaneously collected at the scrubber inlet and
outlet test locations according to procedures outlined in EPA Reference
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Methods 1 through 4, July 1984.
4-4
-------
Method 5. The 13 tests were conducted simultaneously before and after the
scrubber to determine particulate, CR , and total Cr content. In eight of
these tests (four at each location), the cross-sectional area of the ducts
was traversed by isokinetic sampling techniques. The remaining four tests
were conducted isokinetically at a point of average velocity and temperature.
These single point runs were designed to determine both particulate, Cr ,
and total Cr from the front half of the sampling train (probe residue and
filter) and semivolatile organics from the back half by placing a water-
cooled XAD-2 resin trap prior to the first impinger.
At the scrubber inlet, 30 sampling points were used to traverse the
cross-sectional area of the duct. Each point was sampled for 12 minutes,
which yielded a total test time of 360 minutes for the traverse tests. At
the scrubber outlet, 24 sample points were used to traverse the cross-
sectional area of the stack. Each point was sampled for 15 minutes, which
yielded a total test time of 360 minutes for the traverse tests. It should
be noted that for outlet tests PCO 3, 4, and 6, 3 of the 24 sample points
exhibited negative or zero flow characteristics. During actual sampling,
the test points were skipped and sampling times for the remaining test points
were adjusted to allow for a complete 360-minute test. Sampling data were
adjusted to account for this by recording zero velocity head and sample
orifice pressure drop for each point. The average stack and dry gas meter
temperatures were used to complete data input, and sample times were set at
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Method 5, July 1984.
4-5
-------
15 minutes per point for calculation purposes. Isokinetic sampling rates for
these runs were calculated separately for each traverse (Points 1-12 and
13-21), and the average was used as the isokinetic rate for a given run. See
Appendix A for calculations.
The testing and analytical procedures used are described briefly here,
and detailed procedures are presented in Appendix D.
4.2.1 Velocity and Gas Temperature
A Type-S pi tot tube and an inclined draft gauge manometer were used to
measure the gas velocity pressures at the test sites. Velocity pressures
were measured at each sampling point across the duct to determine an average
value. Measurements were taken in the manner prescribed in EPA Reference
*
Method 2. The temperature at each sampling point was measured with a thermo-
couple and digital readout.
4.2.2 Molecular Weight
Flue gas composition was determined in accordance with the basic proce-
*
dures described in EPA Reference Method 3. Grab samples were collected
prior to the start of sampling to establish baseline contents of oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Integrated bag samples were collected
during each test and were analyzed with an Orsat gas analyzer. The gas
composition at each test site remained reasonably consistent throughout the
test series.
4.2.3 Particulate/Cr+6
Particulate and Cr+ samples were collected as specified in EPA Reference
*
Method 5. All tests were conducted isokinetically by regulating the sample
flow rate relative to the gas velocity in the duct (as measured by the pi tot
tube and thermocouple attached to the sample probe). At the scrubber outlet,
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Methods 2, 3, and 5, July 1984.
4-6
-------
the sample train consisted of a heated glass-lined probe, a heated 7.6-cm
(3-in.) diameter glass-fiber filter (Whatman Reeve Angel 934 AH), and a
series of five Greenburg-Smith impingers followed by a vacuum line, vacuum
gauge, leak-free vacuum pump, dry gas meter, thermometers, and a calibrated
orifice. At the scrubber inlet, the sample train consisted of an instack
glass-fiber thimble followed by a heated stainless steel probe, a heated
Method 5 backup filter, and a series of five Greenburg-Smith impingers.
For determination of the outlet particulate concentration, the nozzle,
probe, and filter holder portions were rinsed with acetone at the end of each
applicable test. The acetone rinse and particulate caught on the filter
media were dried at room temperature, desiccated to a constant weight, and
weighed on an analytical balance. Total filterable particulate matter was
determined by adding these two values. For determination of the inlet partic-
ulate concentration, the nozzle, probe, and filter holder portion of the
backup Method 5 filter were rinsed with acetone at the end of each test. The
acetone rinse and particulate caught in the instack thimble and on the Method
5 backup filter were dried at room temperature, desiccated to a constant
weight, and weighed on an analytical balance. Total filterable particulate
matter was determined by adding these three values.
Upon completion of the gravimetric analysis, the inlet sample fractions
were prepared and analyzed for Cr according to procedures recently developed
by EPA. In summary, loose particulate samples were digested in an alkaline
*
solution and analyzed by the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method.
Test methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, SW-846, 2nd ed., July 1982.
4-7
-------
The volume of water collected in the impinger section of the sampling
train(s) was measured at the end of each sample run to determine the moisture
content of the flue gas. The contents of the impingers were transferred to a
polyethylene container. The impingers and all connecting glassware, includ-
ing the back half of the filter holder, were rinsed with distilled water and
the rinse was added to the container. These samples are being held for
further analysis.
4.3 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Samples for measuring particle size distribution were collected at the
scrubber inlet and outlet by instack cascade impactors of two different
configurations. The Andersen Mark III multistage impactor was used at the
scrubber outlet and the Andersen Heavy Grain Loading Impactor (HGLI) was used
at the scrubber inlet.
The Andersen Mark III in-stack impactor consists of eight size cut-point
stages and a backup filter. This impactor was assembled by alternating the
stage plates, collection media, flat crossbars, and Inconel spacer rings
needed to provide weight cut sizes. The collection substrates were Reeve
Angel 934 AH glass-fiber filters that had been heated in a 204°C (400°F) oven
for 1 or 2 hours, desiccated for 24 hours to a constant weight, and weighed
to the nearest 0.1 mg on an analytical balance. A total of four samples were
collected at a single point representing the average velocity and temperature
in the outlet duct. Sample times ranged from 20 to 60 minutes. Isokinetic
sampling rates were set initially and constant cut-point characteristics were
maintained throughout the sampling period.
4-8
-------
Each size fraction was subjected to a gravimetric analysis according to
EPA Method 5 procedures. For each test, size distribution curves were estab-
lished that represented the total weight percent of particulate matter smaller
than the indicated aerodynamic particle diameter in micrometers.
Cut-points for the eight Mark III impactor stages were calculated by
computer programs contained in "A Computer-Based Cascade Impactor Data Reduc-
tion System" (CIDRS). All particle size results are based on a particle
density of 1 g/cm3. Data reduction and intermediate results calculations for
both types of impactors were performed by the CIDRS program with moisture
contents obtained from the particulate tests.
The Andersen HGLI used at the scrubber inlet consists of two single-jet
impaction chambers followed by a third-stage cyclone and a backup filter.
The sampled gas stream enters the system through the Stage 1 acceleration
jet. Particles with sufficient inertia are impacted against the bottom of
the Stage 1 impaction chamber. Smaller particles flow with the gas stream
and exit the impaction chamber through three vent tubes.
Stage 2 of the HGLI is simply a scaled-down version of Stage 1 in which
the jet nozzle diameter and the distance from jet exit to the impaction
surface have been designed for the proper Stage 2 cut-point.
Stage 3 of the HGLI is a small cyclone designed by Southern Research
Institute. A high-efficiency glass-fiber filter removes all particles remain-
ing in the gas stream downstream of the cyclone.
*
Southern Research Institute. A Computer-Based Cascade Impactor Data
Reduction System. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under
Contract No. 68-022-131, March 1978.
4-9
-------
The Andersen HGLI was used at the inlet because of expected heavy par-
ticulate concentration, which would overload a standard multistage impactor.
Three samples were collected at the scrubber inlet from a single point in the
duct that was representative of the average velocity and temperature. Sample
times ranged from 90 to 120 minutes.
At the completion of each test, the impactor samples were recovered in
accordance with procedures described in the HGLI operation manuals. Each
recovered fraction was then subjected to a gravimetric analysis in accordance
with EPA Reference Method 5 criteria. Size distribution curves representing
the total weight percent of particulate matter smaller than the indicated
aerodynamic particle diameter (in micrometers) were established for each run.
The three cut-points for each Andersen HGLI test were determined graphi-
cally from information supplied by the manufacturer. All particle size
3
results are based on a particle density of 1 g/cm . Data reduction and
intermediate result calculations were performed by CIDRS programs with mois-
ture contents and gas composition data obtained from the particulate/Cr
*
tests.
4.4 PROCESS SAMPLES
During each test day, the following process samples were collected:
0 Incinerator sludge feed
0 Incinerator bottom ash
0 Scrubber water influent
0 Scrubber water effluent
Samples were collected by plant personnel every 15 to 30 minutes over an 8-
to 10-hour period. Collection of sludge samples was begun about 30 minutes
Southern Research Institute. A Computer-Based Cascade Impactor Data
Reduction System. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under
Contract No. 68-022-131. March 1978.
4-10
-------
before the start of testing and continued for about 1 hour after testing was
completed. A total of three 2-hour composite samples were collected during
the Cr /particulate tests. In the remaining tests, one composite sludge
sample was collected over the day-long period.
All sludge and scrubber water samples were subjected to a volatile,
*
fixed, and total residue analysis using EPA methods 160.1, 160.3, and 160.4.
Incinerator bottom ash and scrubber water samples were analyzed for Cr
by procedures similar to those used for the actual emission samples.
Portions of each sample type from each test day were shipped to EPA for
Neutron Activation Analysis of total chromium and other metals of interest.
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA 600-4-79-020, 3rd
Edition, March 1979.
4-11
-------
SECTION 5
PROCESS OPERATION
5.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Testing was conducted on the exhaust gases of the multiple-hearth sewage
sludge incinerators 9 and 13 in Complex 2 at the City of Detroit Municipal
Wastewater Treatment Plant. Each incinerator has 12 hearths that are used to
process 12 to 14 megagrams per hour (Mg/h) (13 to 15 tons/h) of blended pri-
mary and secondary sludge at a ratio of two parts primary to one part second-
ary sludge. Primary sludge refers to the solid material that is removed from
suspension in untreated wastewater in the initial settling basins. Secondary
sludge refers to the solid material resulting from biological treatment of
the wastewater that is removed from suspension by subsequent settling basins.
The incinerators, which were manufactured by Nichols Engineering Company and
installed in 1972, have been reworked in the last 2 years.
The incinerators have a rabble arm rotation rate of approximately one
revolution per minute. The incinerators typically use combustion air from
only the central shaft. They operate at 150 to 300 percent excess air and
use natural gas as an auxiliary fuel. Natural gas burners are located on
Hearths 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Sludge combustion takes place primarily on
Hearths 5 and 6. Each incinerator has an impingement scrubber for removal of
particulate from the exhaust gases. The impingement scrubbers operate at a
pressure drop of approximately 2.4 kilopascals (kPa) (10 in. HpO).
5-1
-------
5.2 PROCESS CONDITIONS DURING TESTING
Incinerators 9 and 13 were operating at a normal load of approximately
12 to 14 Mg/h (13 to 15 tons/h) during testing. Incinerator 13 was tested
the first 8 days (June 18 through 22 and June 24 through 26). This test
period included all chromium and arsenic runs and all hydrocarbon runs except
one inlet run for volatile organic compounds (VOC's). This VOC test run was
conducted on the last day (June 27) on Incinerator 9 rather than Incinerator
13 because a broken bearing prevented sludge feed to Incinerator 13.
The following parameters were recorded every 20 minutes during testing:
sludge flow rate; percent oxygen; use of auxiliary combustion air; scrubber
damper position, inlet pressure, outlet pressure, and outlet temperature;
shaft revolution rate; and the temperature of 10 of 12 of the hearths (one
hearth did not have a temperature monitor, and another monitor was malfunc-
tioning during the test period). Tables 5-1 through 5-9 present results of
these observations. In addition, Attachments 1 through 9 contain copies of
the operator's log, scrubber water flow rates, strip charts of the percent
oxygen and hearth temperatures, and 5-minute visible emission observation
summaries for each run. These data were compiled by plant personnel. Delays
and/or interruptions for the nine testing runs are presented below.
The start of Run 1 was delayed for approximately 2.5 hours to remove
incinerator braces that were blocking access to the outlet ports. Inlet
testing during Run 1 was stopped after 0.5 hour into the run because of a
failed leak check. During Run 2, inlet testing was halted three times be-
cause of cracked probe liners. (As a result of this problem, an in-stack
filter was used at the inlet location for the remainder of the testing.) All
testing was halted during Run 2 for approximately 1.5 hours because of a
faulty Op analyzer. No problems were encountered during Runs 3 through 5.
5-2
-------
TABLE 5-1. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 1—INCINERATOR NO. 13. DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 18, 1985
Tl«e
8:50
8:50
9:40
10:40
11:00
11:20
11:50
11:40
12:00
12:00
12:20
12:40
1:00
1:2O
1:40
2:00
2:20
2:40
1:00
5:20
5:40
4:00
4:20
4:40
5:00
5:20
5:40
5:45
Hopper
sludge
Mo.
rale,
•et
tons/h
(6 *in
avg.)
14. 1
15.5
16.2
15.9
13.5
16.5
S1AHI
14,5
INI.EI
15.1
15.1
15.5
15.5
16.2
15.0
17.1
15.8
14.9
15.0
14.1
14.4
15.5
14.4
15.2
15.5
15.?
15.6
Scrub-
ber
Aux. daoper
coobus- Scrub- posi-
tion ber gas tlon. Scrubber
air, llo* per- Inlet
Oxygen, yes/ rate, cent pressure
t
7.0
6.5
8.2
9.0
7.5
8.0
RUN NO. 1
7.5
no act* open In. t».c.
N 41,000
N 41,000
N 40,000
N 40,000
N 18.000
N 42 .COO
N 59.000
RUN (METHOD 5) STOPPED Out
(.5
8.5
.0
.7
.0
.8
.8
.8
.4
.0
7.8
7.6
.5
.5
.5
.1
.7
II. 8
N 40,000
N 18.000
N 18,000
N 18,000
N 18,000
N 14 ,OOO
N 15,000
N 36.000
N 16,000
N 16,000
N Discon-
nected
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
47
46
START
49
49
49
49
49
-1.2
-1.2
Scrubber
exhaust
pres-
sure.
In.
x.c.
9.0
9.2
Scrubber
outlet
•••P..
•F
50
50
OF TESTING DELATED DUE
-1.2
-1.1
-1.2
-1.0
-1.5
TO FAILED LEAK
49
51
51
51
51
56
55
55
55
55
58
59
60
60
60
60
60
60
-1.5
-1.4
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.4
-1.2
-1.4
-1.2
-1.1
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
-1.4
9.0
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
CHECK
9.2
9.1
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.S
9.8
9.6
9.6
50
50
48
48
50
45
46 '
48
48
48
48
48
48
50
50
50
50
50
50
55
55
55
60
Shalt,
rp»
1.0
1.0
TO NEED
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
i.o
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
I.O
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hearth temperature. *F
7
925
964
TO REMOVE
947
917
950
945
921
921
927
916
915
888
914
914
894
903
918
896
943
922
874
846
831
813
783
3
1050
1050
4
1094
1090
BRACES BLOCKING ACCESS
1100
1050
1050
1050
1090
1050
1090
1050
1050
1000
1090
1050
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1210
1220
980
990
950
900
1110
1074
1072
1091
1084
1076
1068
1077
1074
1056
1060
1097
1042
1028
1029
1025
1042
1055
1028
1000
. 997
995
964
t
1400
1400
TO INLET
1400
1400
1150
1400
1400
1420
1420
1420
1450
1420
1400
1400
1190
1150
1150
1350
1120
1150
1350
1350
1350
1150
1150
6
1497
1492
PORTS
1453
1415
1152
1476
1497
1488
1472
1506
1511
1480
1440
1471
1340
1357
1401
1396
1337
1408
1375
1116
1143
1148
1150
^
900
900
600
660
650
640
720
820
800
780
800
810
1100
860
850
920
950
900
800
750
750
880
880
800
800
8
871
882
650
618
619
601
695
810
783
775
7»5
788
1058
849
869
901
945
889
785
722
705
811
856
774
782
10
196
209
187
175
169
168
166
171
197
206
197
194
197
276
211
209
197
217
260
219
205
225
255
296
257
11 12
150 139
190 142
150 136
150 119
150 119
150 140
150 140
150 140
I5O 140
150 140
150 140
150 140
150 140
IV) 119
ISO 144
150 141
150 142
150 145
150 148
150 150
150 148
150 148
150 148
I5O 150
150 146
Fnd al 1 testing
cn
i
GO
-------
TABLE 5-2. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 2—INCINERATOR NO. 13, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 19. 1985
TIM
8:30
8:45
8:50
9:10
9:30
9:50
10:10
10:30
10:50
11:00
OH 11:10
1
-P» 11:30
11:46
11:50
12:10
12:30
12:30
12:45
12:50
Hopper
s 1 udge
Mow Aui.
rate, coBbus- Scrub-
net tlon ber gas
tons/h air, tin
(6 eln Onygen, yes/ rate.
avg.) f no act*
14.2 9 N Discon-
nected
Scrub-
ber
Hamper
posi-
tion. Scrubber
per- inlet
cent pressure,
open In. n.c.
59 -1.3
START RUN NO. 2 (PROCESS SAMPLING STARTED AT 8:
14.9 10.5 N Discon-
nected
10.6 8.5 N Discon-
nected
14.5 7.8 N Discon-
nected
11.3 8.8 N Discon-
nected
13.3 8.0 N Discon-
nected
12.7 9.0 N Discon-
nected
13.4 8.8 N Discon-
nected
INLET M5 STOPPED DUE TO CRACKED
14.3 8.2 N Discon-
nected
14.3 7.7 N Discon-
nected
BEGAN SECOND INLET M5
14.6 8.2 N Discon-
nected
15.9 8.2 N Discon-
nected
12.3 8.0 N Discon-
nected
59 -I.I
62 -1.2
62 -1.3
78 -1.3
60 -1.2
60 -1.2
59 -1.1
PROBE LINER
60 -1.2
60 -1.1
60 -1.1
52 -1.1
59 -1.2
Scrubber
exhaust
pres-
sure.
, In.
«.c.
9.0
30)
9.6
9.5
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.5
9.5
.9.5
9.5
9.5
9.2
9.0
Scrubber
outlet
teop..
•f
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Shaft,
rp"
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hearth temperature, 'f
7
899
918
914
906
875
890
902
897
882
897
877
894
880
3
1050
1050
1050
1000
1000
•
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
4
1085
1090
1091
1052
1027
IO32
1052
1048
1028
1052
1027
1048
1016
5
1380
1400
1400
1350
1350
1300
1350
1350
1280
1300
1250
1380
1400
6
1458
1467
1468
1388
1439
1455
1416
1357
1337
1362
1339
1440
1466
7
680
720
720
720
720
780
730
720
820
820
820
880
860
8
644
689
712
714
709
773
726
706
802
808
792
864
836
10
193
186
178
175
178
178
174
170
166
170
173
185
184
11
160
160
160
150
I6O
160
160
150
ICO
ISO
160
160
160
17
159
155
156
154
154
160
152
150
147
148
150
159
162
STOPPED INLET M5--LINER SEPARATED FROM NOZZLE
INLE1 M5 RESUMED
16.2 Meter N Dl scon-
50 -I.I
9.0
50
1.0
862
1000
1013
1380
1399
860
862
181
160
163
1:05
AIL TESTING HALTED DUE TO FACULTY 0,
ANALYZER
(continued)
-------
TABLE 5-2 (continued)
Tin
2:30
2:37
?:50
3:10
3:30
3:50
4:10
4:30
4:45
Hopper
s 1 udge
Hew
rolo.
•el
tons/h
(6 "In
avg.)
15.0
TESTING
14.6
14.6
13.0
10.4
10.6
10.8
Au«.
coabus- Scrub*
t ion ber gas
air, lion
Onygen,
(
8.5
RESUMED
9.5
8.2
8.5
8.5
8.8
9.0
yes/
no
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
rate.
Kim
Discon-
nected
Discon-
nected
Discon-
nected
Discon-
nected
Discon-
nected
Discon-
nected
Discon-
nected
Scrub-
ber
dacper Scrubber
posl- exhaust
lion, Scrubber pres- Scrubber
per- inlet sure. outlet
cent
open
50
SO
to
44
60
62
60
pressure.
In. ».c.
-1.2
-0.9
-0.8
-O.8
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
in.
«.c.
8.0
8.0
8.2
8.)
9.5
9.5
9.5
tea*..
•F
50
50
60
60
55
55
60
Shalt,
rp"
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hearth temperature, 'F
z
897
854
863
885
892
894
896
I
1000
95O
950
920
1000
975
1000
4
1024
994
956
965
1020
1004
1012
5
1320
1320
1200
1150
1320
1300
1300
6
1432
1356
1216
1182
1398
1352
1331
7
1000
1280
1000
980
980
900
920
8
1004
1276
987
929
928
900
887
10
420
260
278
263
230
209
209
T1
I7J
160
160
175
175
175
175
12
180
167
162
163
170
169
167
END TESTING
(INLET
TESTING
STOPPED
APPROXIMATE IT
3:30— WOKEN LINER)
on
t
tn
-------
TABLE 5-3. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 3—INCINERATOR NO. 13, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 20. 1985
in
i
CTl
Ti«e
8:20
8:40
8:4)
9:00
9:20
9:40
IO:OO
10: 2O
10:40
11:00
11:20
11:40
12:00
12:20
12:40
1:00
1:20
1:40
2:00
2:20
2:40
2:54
5:00
3:15
3:20
Hopper
sludge
llov
rate, »el
tons/n
(6 >ln
avg.l
15.7
12.8
0«ygen,
t
10
7.5
BEGIN RUN NO.
12.4
12.5
15.5
16.2
14.2
14.4
13.1
14.0
14.2
16.7
13.4
14.0
11.0
16.2
M.2
14.3
ii.8
'.8
OUtlET
13.1
INllT
14.7
9.0
9.2
9.0
10.5
9.5
6.5
8.0
7.5
8.0
9.0
7.5
9.7
6.5
9.0
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
TESTING
7.8
US! IMG
9.2
Scrub-
ber
Au». daaper
coabus- posi-
tion tion.
air, per-
yes/ cent
no open
N
N
3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
COMPUTED
N
COMPUTED
N
38
50
50
50
50
50
50
49
60
60
60
58
58
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Scrubber
inlet
pressure.
In. «.c.
-0.6
-1.0
-1.1
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-0.5
-1.0
-I.I
-1.0
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-I.I
-1.2
-0.8
-1.3
-1.1
-1.0
-1.0
-1.1
-1.0
Scrubber
eihaust
pres- Scrubber
sure, outlet
In. leap.. Shalt,
>.c.
7.J
8.0
9.0
9.0
*.o
9.0
8.0
8.7
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.0
9.5
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.2
•f rp.
60
55
55
55
50
55
55
50
50
50
55
60
50
55
50
65
60
60
65
.0
.0
.0
.0.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
65 1.0
65 1.0
65 1.0
2
816
844
879
892
917
886
871
896
907
928
938
90S
931
879
932
910
885
916
887
908
904
903
3
1000
980
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
950
1000
1020
1050
1000
1020
1020
1000
1080
1020
1050
1020
1020
1020
1020
4
1016
995
1029
1013
1041
1027
1017
992
1024
1077
1095
1066
1077
1060
1071
HIS
1051
1074
1064
1058
1082
1082
Hearth temperature, 'f
5
1400
1400
1380
1400
1400
1380
1380
1250
1380
1380
I4OO
1350
1380
1400
1300
1500
1400
1400
1420
1420
1400
1420
6
1468
1488
1478
1434
1472
1432
1410
1279
1450
1446
1474
1382
1410
1450
1374
1127
1464
1449
1464
1478
1472
1433
7
1200
1280
800
700
700
700
650
950
850
720
680
720
950
880
1250
900
880
1000
880
900
880
820
8
780
I2O5
788
655
656
635
604
1019
814
714
650
696
927
850
1154
896
851
995
856
888
875
797
10
252
260
284
248
225
209
223
304
286
260
208
189
191
233
248
266
250
224
238
234
784
232
11
150
220
175
175
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
I5O
150
150
150
HO
160
12
150
204
158
150
146
144
145
153
146
146
148
148
149
147
153
157
154
155
153
158
IS»
160
-------
TABLE 5-4. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 4—INCINERATOR NO. 13, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 21, 1985
cn
Hopper
sludge
Au«.
I lo» ccobus-
TiM
:IO
!x>
: 10
:50
:10
:30
:50
10:10
10:70
10:40
11:00
11:20
11:40
17:00
17:20
17:40
1 : 10
1:30
1:50
7:10
7:30
7:15
7:50
7:55
rate, vet
tons/h
(6 mln Oiygen.
ovg.) %
11.8 6.5
11.0 8.0
BEGIN RUN NO. 4
11.9 9.1
14.1 9.0
15.9 9.1
10.8 8.7
14.1 8.5
11.5 8.5
14.7 10.0
12.0 8.7
14.7 9.8
12.9 8.8
12.4 9.5
14.0 7.5
11. 1 8.0
11.6 8.5
15.7 8.5
11.5 8.0
11.5 9.0
14.1 8.5
OUIIEI SAMPLING
11.9 8.5
tlon
air.
yes/
no
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
'N
N
N
N
Scrub-
ber
damper
posi-
tion. Scrubber
per- Inlet
cent pressure
open in. B.C.
50 - .2
50 - .1
50 - .1
60 - .2
60 - .1
60 - .2
60 - .2
60 - .2
60 - .1
60 - .2
60 - .1
60 - .4
60 - .1
60 - .4
60 - .2
60 - .3
60 - .0
60 - .2
60 - .3
60 -1.7
Scrubber
e»haust
pres-
sure.
, In.
«.c.
9.7
9.0
9.0
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
Scrubber
outlet
leap.. Shalt,
*F rpa
15 .0
60 .0
60 .0
55 .0
60 .0
58 .0
60 .0
60 .0
60 .0
60 .0
60 .O
60 .0
60 .0
60 .0
60 .0
65 .0
60 .0
65 .0
65 .0
65 1.0
Hearth temperature, -f
Z 3
972 1050
912 1020
889 1020
917 1050
899 1050
922 1050
901 1050
903 1050
911 1050
898 1050
909 1050
915 1050
919 1050
912 1020
928 1080
906 IO80
907 1050
972 1075
91 1 1050
902 1050
4 5
1058 1180
1055 1180
1050 1150
1074 1150
1074 1180
1086 1150
1082 1180
1086 1400
1076 1180
1081 1380
1088 1400
1105 1380
1078 1400
1096 1380
1112 1400
1098 1400
1080 1380
1113 1380
1098 1380
1098 1400
6
1415
1411
1171
1407
1417
1428
1415
1441
1411
1444
1452
1452
1414
1417
1467
1414
1390
1449
1446
1456
7
850
775
775
780
725
780
720
700
720
760
880
750
870
850
750
650
675
720
620
620
8 10
842 199
751 207
728 198
745 182
697 ISO
777 178
680 185
656 185
896 184
717 186
856 189
726 190
795 190
807 198
729 202
620 191
646 190
678 191
580 189
571 189
11 17
150 152
IX) 145
150 145
150 145
150 145
150 146
150 145
150 145
150 146
150 145
150 146
150 146
150 147
160 148
150 148
150 150
150 148
150 152
150 151
150 151
FINISHED
N
60 -1.7
9.5
60 1.0
907 1050
1092 1400
1457
620
597 186
150 152
INLET SAMPLING FINISHED
-------
TABLE 5-5. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 5—INCINERATOR NO. 13. DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 22, 1985
On
I
oo
Tie*
8:7O
8:30
8:40
9:00
9:70
9:40
10:00
10:70
10:40
11:00
11:70
11:40
17:00
17:70
17:50
1:00
1:70
1:40
7:00
7:70
7:40
7:40
7:50
7:53
3:00
3:70
Hopper
sludge At
Ho. coat
rate, rat tl
tons/h a
(6 «*n Oxygen, yc
avg.) I g
11.7 10.7
BEGIN RUN NO. 5
13.5 9.5
19.1 10.0
18.5 9.7
18.3 10.5
19.7 9.5
19.0 8.4
15.9 8.0
17.6 7.5
15.8 8.7
10.7 9.5
17.4 8.5
13.7 7.5
13.4 9.7
14.8 8.8
13.5 10.5
15.2 8.5
17.7 7.0
17.4 8.5
70.7 8.5
END OUUET M5
END INLET N5
END INLET PARTICLE
70.8 8.0
73.7 9.0
!
x. <
MIS- (
on 1
<-. (
s/ c
1O C
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SIZE
N
N
>cruD-
ber
aaper
wsl-
ion.
wr-
en t
>pen
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
74
80
80
80
80
80
80
77
77
73
72
72
77
69
Scrubber
Inlet
pressure
In. «.c.
-0.4
-0.4
-0.3
-0.9
-0.9
-O.8
-O.8
-1.2
-1.0
-1.3
-1.0
-1.7
-1.2
-1.3
-1.3
-O.7
-1.1
-1.0
-0.9
-O.9
-1.2
-1.3
Scrubber
exhaust
pres- '
sure.
In.
• .c.
9.7
.2
*
*
.
,
^
.6
.7
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.5
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.8
10.0
10.0
Scrubber
outlet
tee*..
•F
60
60
55
SO
55
50
50
50
50
5O
55
55
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Shaft.
rp»
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
».o
1.0'
' 1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
7
797
846
847
940
908
880
875
867
891
915
889
885
917
907
918
894
922
957
926
970
906
918
3
900
950
980
1050
1050
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1020
1070
4
947
989
IOO5
1085
1088
1068
1038
1010
1015
1062
1050
1045
1032
1049
1057
IO42
1054
1068
1052
1050
1049
IO42
Hea
5
1350
1250
1780
1320
1350
1350
1350
1350
1280
1320
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1350
1300
1300
13)0
1310
1350
1300
rth teaper
6
1371
1251
1311
1371
1409
1431
1392
1414
1798
1416
1408
1378
1382
1367
1391
1381
1345
1356
1382
1173
1402
1122
eture, T
7
1050
800
700
650
560
620
750
770
720
700
560
650
720
550
550
520
600
650
500
500
560
550
8
1048
773
675
627
521
568
709
737
703
675
530
620
681
507
510
488
557
623
472
445
532
510
10
294
283
763
244
209
2O9
209
209
208
197
182
174
174
166
163
161
163
164
168
161
155
153
11
150
160
160
I5O
150
ISO
160
160
160
160
160
150
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
12
153
163
164
164
160
160
161
160
161
161
161
161
160
160
160
160
160
161
162
163
161
160
-------
TABLE 5-6. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 6—INCINERATOR NO. 13, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 24, 1985
cn
Tl«e
8:40
9:00
9:15
9:20
9:40
10:00
10:20
10:40
11:00
11:20
II :40
11:45
1:45
2:50
3:00
3:15
3:15
3:40
4:00
4:20
4:40
5:00
5:70
5:40
6:00
6:20
6:40
6:45
7:OO
7:05
Scrub-
Hopper ber
sludge Aui. daejper
HCM coabus- post-
rate, Mt tlon tlcxi,
tons/h air, per-
(6 eiln Oiygen, yes/ cent
avg.) ( no open
70.4 10.0 N 48
19.3 10.0 N 63
START RUN NO. 6—1 HOUR DELAY
73.1 9.5 N 63
17.9 5.7 N 77
71.0 7.0 N 80
19.0 8.8 N 85
20.7 9.5 N 74
19.7 6.0 N 86
18.5 7.2 N 100
1.7 9.5 N 85
Scrubber
CKhaust
Scrubber pres- Scrubber
Inlet sure, outlet
pressure.
In. D.C.
-0.4
-1.0
In. t
x.c.
8.5
9.5
DUE TO CALIBRATION OF
-0.9
-0.9
- .1
- .3
- .2
- .1
- .1
-0.6
TESTING HALTED DUE TO BROKEN DRIVE CHAIN
DRIVE CHAIN FIXED
NATURAL GAS LOST TO BURNERS
NATURAL GAS SUPPLY RETURNED
RESUME TESTING
13.0 9.8 N 58
12.1 5.3 N 100
13.2 10. 5 N 60
9.1 10.5 N 60
11.7 9.5 N 85
9.8 10.0 N 59
17.5 10.0 N 59
11.6 10.0 N 59
13.5 17.0 N 59
12.8 9.0 N 60
15.8 10.5 N 59
OUTLET TESTING COMPLETED
15.1 9.0 N 59
INLET TESTING COMPLETED
-0.3
-1.2
-0.9
-0.9
-0.9
-1.0
-0.9
-0.9
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
9.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.5
10.0
10.0
9.5
FOR SLUDGE
7.J
10.0
9.2
9.2
9.6
9.5
9.3
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
eap..
•F
65
60
SLUDGE
60
90
90
55
65
50
55
65
FEED
70
55
70
70
65
65
65
70
70
65
65
65
Shalt,
rp-
1.0
1.0
SCALE
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.9
Hearth teaper
2
873
856
820
912
957
961
888
912
899
802
814
971
861
868
887
904
943
951
915
944
907
907
3
920
920
900
1000
1000
1100
1070
1050 •
1050
1000
930
1080
1000
1000
1000
1050
IOOO
1000
IOOO
IOOO
1020
1010
4
940
953
934
1029
1044
1105
1055
1064
1095
1058
947
1085
1076
1014
1031
1078
1078
1032
1012
1079
1071
1080
1
IOOO
1320
1100
1360
1350
1180
1350
1350
1100
1500
1350
1650
1)00
1)90
1)80
1)10
1280
1JOO
1790
1250
1)50
1)50
6
ton
1431
1)14
1427
1412
1655
1423
1)63
1)9)
1546
1404
1698
1344
1410
14)6
1)87
1274
1)42
1244
1281
1402
1410
ature. 'F
7
771
500
570
1750
1200
850
850
950
1120
IOOO
IOOO
1200
750
710
IOOO
780
630
150
900
690
690
950
8
696
476
546
1220
1192
818
824
954
1107
970
914
1182
742
715
964
767
600
499
475
677
596
919
10
758
737
209
209
283
265
241
245
364
375
286
273
412
3)5
25)
255
26)
247
2)4
246
234
279
11
150
150
190
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
150
150
150
150
190
160
150
150
160
150
17
160
15)
157
113
155
118
161
163
16)
166
16)
161
142
147
129
117
155
159
111
156
116
116
-------
TABLE 5-7. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 7--INCINERATOR NO. 13, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, JUNE 25, 1985
en
i
o
TIM
:40
:00
:00
:20
:40
10:00
10:20
10:40
11:00
11:20
11:40
12:00
12:10
1:40
1:50
2:00
2:20
2:40
3:00
3:20
3:40
4:00
4:20
4:40
4:50
Hopper
sludge
Mm
rate, wt
tons/h
(6 ain Oxygen
avg.) t
12.4 8.5
15.6 10.0
BEGIN RUN NO.
13.9 6.0
9.0 9.0
13.? 7.0
10.2 7.5
16.0 8.5
13.6 8.0
12.4 6.5
13.9 7.5
13.9 7.5
END RUN 7A
15.8 10.5
Scrub-
ber
Au» . daaper
COMHIS- posi-
tion lloci. Scrubber
air, per- Inlet
yes/ cent pressure
no open In. «.c.
N
N
7A-- «€AVY
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
77
77
ORGANICS
77
60
72
78
78
78
79
83
78
72
-0.9
-1.2
-0.9
-0.9
-t.l
-1.2
-0.8
-0.8
-0.9
-1.2
-1.3
-1.5
Scrubber
e»haust
prei- Scrubber
sure, outlet
In. tee*..
".c.
9.6
10.0
9.8
9.3
10.0
10.0
9.6
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.0
10.0
•r
35
35
SO
60
31
JJ
60
60
n
39
SJ
63
Shift.
rp»
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hewth teeper
2
856
843
927
863
920
945
876
880
897
933
921
893
I
1000
950
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1050
4
1021
988
10S2
1019
1043
1029
1029
999
1000
1051
1027
1093
5
1400
1300
1490
1380
1450
1480
1400
1400
1430
1430
1480
1350
6
1437
1392
1944
1405
1506
1541
1410
1485
1490
1313
1964
1394
ature. T
7
1050
1000
1080
850
1150
900
820
950
1100
1000
880
780
8
1027
955
1076
828
1184
881
799
899
1075
992
837
761
10
267
230
280
287
243
263
273
243
241
319
327
242
11
160
160
150
150
160
160
160
160
160
160
150
160
17
155
152
133
133
158
138
154
160
160
160
161
163
BEGIN RUN 7B-- tCAVT ORGANICS
14.6 10.5
14.5 5.0
12.4 8.7
18.9 6.5
14.6 9.0
13.9 7.0
7.1 6.2
11.7 10.0
I2i7 9.0
END RUN 7B
N
N
N
N1
N
N
N
N
N
72
77
59
58
100
60
78
65
65
-1.6
-1.0
-0.9
-0.9
-1.4
-1.0
-1.3
-1.3
-1.2
10.0
9.8
9.2
9.4
10.0
9.5
9.6
9.6
9.6
70
30
70
60
65
63
60
70
70
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
759
936
836
863
830
898
924
872
880
1000
1020
1020
950
1000
1000
1050
1000
1060
1027
1063
1060
962
1012
1027 •
1112
1027
1093
1520
1300
1900
1180
1400
1350
1580
1390
1290
1611
1398
1566
1161
1479
1360
1633
1333
1270
1130
800
900
1400
1180
950
1020
850
800
1134
748
902
1278
1219
928
1024
816
781
228
372
478
357
317
329
263
269
244
150
ISO
160
170
160
180
170
170
160
132
162
161
178
175
170
173
172
169
-------
TABLE 5-8. -PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 8—INCINERATOR NO. 13, DETROIT. tllCHIGAN. JUNE 26, 1985
Scrub-
Hopper ber
sludge Aui. dMOer ScruMwr
Mo* coebus- posl- exhaust
rate, net tlon tion, Scrubber pres- Scrubber
tons/h air, per- Inlat sure. outlet
liee
:00
:20
:50
:40
:OO
:20
:40
10:00
10:20
10: JO
10:40
11:00
11:20
11:30
12:00
12:20
12:40
12:42
1:00
1:20
1:40
2:00
2:20
2:40
2:35
3:20
3:20
3:40
4:00
4:20
4:72
(6 «ln 0«ygen, yes/ cent pressure, in.
avg.) t no open In. «.c. «.c.
14.1 9.) N 60 -I.I .)
11.1 7.7 N 60 -1.2 .)
BEGIN RUN NO. BA--HEAVY ORGANIC*
14.4 10.0 N 60 -1.0 .)
14.8 8.0 N 60 -I.I .6
15.8 8.0 N 60 -1.0 .5
14.7 7.5 N 69 -1.0 .8
14.7 9.0 N 69 -1.2 .6
H.8 8. 5 N 69 -1.2 .8
INLEI SAMPLING COMPLETED (TESTING STOPPED AFTER
15.0 10.5 N 69 -1.2 10.0
12.6 9.3 N 70 -I.I 10.0
12.3 5.6 N 56 -1.1 9.5
COMPLETED OUTLET SAMPLING
15.8 a. 5 N 53 -1.0 9.3
12.3 4.9 N 53 -I.I 9.2
10.4 9.5 N 54 -1.2 9.2
BEGIN OUTLET VOST RUNS
U.I a. 3 N 54 -I.I 9.2
13.9 7.5 N 55 -0.9 9.2
11.3 7.5 N 55 -1.0 9.2
12.5 8.7 N 55 -1.1 9.2
12.9 7.6 N 55 -I.I 9.3
II. a 7.0 N 55 -1.0 9.2
END OUTLET VOST RUNS WITH TENAX AND CHARCOAL— 3
11.6 8.5 N 55 -1.1 9.2
BEGIN OUTLET VOST RUNS HITH CHARCOAL ONLY— 2.20
9.1 7.5 N 60 -I.I 9.5
12.7 7.5 N 60 -I.I 9.5
11.7 a. 5 N 68 -1.3 9.7
END OUTLET VOST RUNS KIIH CHARCOAL ONLY
teap
•f
60
15
))
60
60
55
60
60
2 HOURS
65
65
60
60
55
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
. Shaft.
rp»
1.0
.1.0
1.0
1.0.
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
(INSTEAD OF
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Hearth teapei
2
864
868
912
889
888
909
857
892
3) DUE
868
836
894
833
918
907
930
927
930
916
931
921
3
920
920
950
900
930
950
950
960
4
947
951
986
967
960
982
984
992
TO HIGH PRESSURE BUILDUP
980
92O
950
930
950
950
950
980
950
1000
1000
1000
996
956
980
942
1000
960
988
1009
994
1025
1093
1026
5
1400
1350
1350
1380
1350
1380
1350
1350
ACROSS
1350
1300
1350
1300
1400
1200
1280
1400
1350
1400
1400
1400
6
1426
1386
1369
1426
138)
1397
1359
1396
SAMPLING
1382
1288
1407
1298
1470
1179
1348
1443
1368
1436
1452
1467
•at ure. 'f
7
920
900
800
780
800
800
760
800
TRAIN)
750
730
900
840
1000
820
720
760
730
850
860
850
8
884
894
792
749
754
757
725
779
723
702
873
800
958
793
680
766
685
815
842
857
10
240
231
221
198
193
196
194
185
184
189
199
240
226
245
209
203
199
200
206
204
11 12
160 159
170 1)9
170 1)6
160 1)2
160 1)2
160 1)3
160 1)2
150 152
1)0 151
160 149
150 153
150 154
170 158
160 1)8
160 161
160 164
150 164
170 16)
17) 167
17) 168
.20 MINUTE RUNS
70
1.0
924
980
101)
1400
1428
1000
970
209
180 169
MINUTE RUNS
70
70
70
1.0
1.0
1.0
92)
907
894
1000
1000
950
102)
1028
9*7
1400
1400
1320
1466
1465
130)
870
850
860
8)2
826
852
204
203
194
170 169
170 169
170 169
-------
in
i
TABLE 5-9. PROCESS DATA FROM RUN NO. 9—INCINERATOR NO. 9. DETROIT, MICHIGAN. JUNE 27. 1985
i«e
:00
:20
:40
:58
:00
:20
:40
0:00
0:20
0:40
1:00
l:?0
1:40
1:45
Hopper
s 1 udgo f 1 01
rate, net
tons/h
(6 m\a
avg.)
8.4
9.0
1?.'
BEGIN VO'
17.7
12.3
14.0
13.8
IO.B
12.8
II. 8
17.8
11.4
END VOSI
t
Oxygen,
I
10.0
8.}
10.0
U INLET
H.5
10.5
9.5
8.5
8.5
9.5
8.5
9.5
8.5
INLEI Rl
Au>.
:oebus-
tlon
air.
yes/
no
N
N
Y
RUNS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
JNS
Scrub-
ber
deeper
posi-
tion.
per-
cent
open
69
69
70
61
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
<
Scrubber
Inlet
pressure.
In. «.c.
-1.0
-1.2
-1 B|
-I.I
-I.I
-1.0
-I.I
-0.9
-i.o
-0.9
-1.0
-0.9
Scrubber
inhaust
pres-
sure.
In.
K.C.
10.5
IO.J
10.7
9.2
10.8
11.0
11.0
II. 0
II .0
II .0
II .0
tl.O
Scrubbei
outlet
tee*.
•r
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
to
10
10
Shift.
rp»
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2
•
814
830
904
873
876
891
903
927
924
930
907
942
3
900
900
900
900
920
950
950
900
970
900
900
950
4
1028
1024
1050
1046
1039
990
1096
1025
1116
1055
1024
1080
H
5
1350
1350
1450
1430
1450
1400
1450
1400
1500
1400
1450
1450
earth t«
6
1336
1312
1430
1436
1439
1331
1426
1335
1534
1368
1401
1440
•peratur
7
1320
1550
1400
1170
1400
1250
1250
1300
1600
1300
1600
1450
». 'f
8
12)9
1550
1388
1158
1100
1246
1224
1289
1596
1284
1610
1412
9
300
500
600
470
380
400
350
350
350
350
4OO
400
10
__
—
—
~
—
338s
338
319
334
394
371
11
180
250
200
200
170
170
2OO
200
200
200
200
200
12
1)4
17)
170
163
1)4
1)7
167
168
166
170
168
169
'temperature probe repaired.
-------
The start of Run 6 was delayed approximately 1 hour to calibrate the sludge
feed scale. In addition, testing was halted during Run 6 for approximately
3.5 hours because of a broken sludge feed drive chain and a loss of natural
gas feed. No problems were encountered during Run 7. During Run 8, the
inlet heavy organics run was stopped after 2 hours, 1 hour short of scheduled
completion, because of high pressure buildup across the sampling train. No
problems were encountered during Run 9, which was the last run.
5.3 CONCLUSIONS
All processes operated normally during emission testing. Personnel for
the city of Detroit were very cooperative.
5-13
------- |