-New Source Performance Standards-
Publication Rotogravure Printing
Public
Participation
A public hearing on
the proposed regula-
tion is scheduled for
November 25, 1980, at
3:00 a.m., in the EPA
Administration Build-
ing Auditorium, Re-
search Triangle Park,
North Carolina. Those
wishing to present oral testimony should no-
tify Ms. Deanna Tilley, Standards Develop-
ment Branch (MD-13), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711, telephone (919) 541-
5477. Written comments will be accepted on
or before December 29, 1980 and should be
addressed to Central Docket Section (A-130),
Attention: Docket Number OAQPS A-79-50,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401
M Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20460. The
docket, which contains supporting informa-
tion used by EPA in the development of the
standards, is available for inspection.
The Background Information Document
"Publication Rotogravure Printing - Back-
ground Information for Proposed Standards"
may be obtained from the EPA Library (MD-
35), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, telephone (919) 541-2777; the docu-
ment is filed under EPA-450/3-80-031 a.
Status of
Regulation
The proposed NSPS was published in the Fed-
eral Register on October 28, 1980. A public
hearing on the regulation is scheduled for No-
vember 25, 1980. The final regulation will be
promulgated around November 1981.
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
November 1980
New Source Performance Standards
Rotogravure Printing
Proposed Regulation
-------
-New Source Performance Standards-
Publication Rotogravure Printing
New Source
Performance
Standards
The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, calls
for a comprehensive national program to re-
duce air pollution and improve air quality.
The Act requires the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency to establish nationwide emis-
sion standards to prevent air pollution prob-
lems from selected new stationary industrial
sources. These New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS), in accordance with Section
111 of the Clean Air Act, apply to categories
of new, modified, or reconstructed sources
causing or contributing to pollution that
could threaten public health or welfare. The
recently proposed NSPS for publication roto-
gravure printing is discussed below.
Publication
Rotogravure
Printing Presses
Publication rotogra-
vure presses print items
such as newspaper sup-
plements, magazines,
catalogs, and adver-
tising products. The
only air pollutants
emitted from these
presses are volatile or-
ganic compounds (VOC), caused by the va-
porization of organic solvents in printing inks
and cleaning fluids used at the presses.
VOC are major or "criteria" pollutants subject
to Federal control under the Clean Air Act
Amendments. VOC react in the atmosphere
to form photochemical smog, a complex pol-
lutant that can impair breathing, irritate
eyes, and damage plant tissue.
The NSPS for publication rotogravure print-
ing presses would cover only new facilities, or
existing ones that are substantially modified
or reconstructed. Physical or operational
changes resulting in increased emission rates
may be considered modifications. If the cost
of component replacement in an existing
facility is more than 50 percent of the cost to
construct a new facility, that replacement
may be considered a reconstruction.
Publication rotogravure printing is part of the
graphic arts industry, which ranks sixth on a
priority list of 59 sources recommended for
NSPS development. EPA has determined that
the graphic arts industry is a significant source
of VOC emissions, and publication rotogravure
printing is a rapidly growing segment of that
industry. In 1977, the entire graphic arts in-
dustry was responsible for about 418,000
tons of VOC emissions. In the same year, pub-
lication rotogravure printing accounted for
five percent of all graphic arts sales, but was
the source for 15 percent of all graphic arts
VOC emissions. A 7 percent annual growth
rate is projected for publication rotogravure
printing. A total of 75 new presses affected
by the proposed standards are expected to be
installed by 1985.
Setting Standards
To Limit Emissions
The proposed NSPS apply to all new, mod-
ified, or reconstructed publication rotogra-
vure printing presses for which construction
began on or after October 28, 1980.
VOC emissions would be limited to 16 per-
cent of all organic solvents used at publication
rotogravure printing presses. Total organic
solvent is calculated by adding the measured
solvent contents of printing inks and related
coatings to the cleaning fluids and solvent ad-
ditions used at the presses. The VOC content
of solvent-borne inks
and related coatings
would be measured by
the proposed EPA Ref-
erence Method 29.
Smaller four-unit
proof presses used
only to check the
image quality of printing cylinders are exempt
from the proposed standards.
Achieving and
Maintaining the
Standards
The proposed NSPS
for publication rotogra-
vure printing presses
reflect the degree of
emission control that
can be obtained by
using the best techno-
logical system of con-
tinuous emission re-
duction. In determining the most effective
controls for publication rotogravure presses,
EPA considered economic impacts associ-
ated with various control options, as well as
health, energy, and environmental factors un-
related to air quality.
Organic solvents used at the presses are the
source of VOC emissions from publication
rotogravure printing. About 80-90 percent of
these organic solvents vaporize in dryers after
ink has been applied to the paper web. These
solvent vapor emissions are captured by dryer
enclosures.
Fugitive emission capture systems have been
designed to capture those vapors not caught
by the dryer enclosures. Captured fugitive
and dryer emissions are then treated in a car-
bon adsorption system. Carbon adsorption is
the preferred system because it allows the sol-
vent to be recovered. The most cost effective
treatment method currently available appears
to be fixed-bed carbon adsorption.
Waterborne inks low enough in organic sol-
vents to eliminate the need for control devices
may also be used to meet the standards. EPA
does not expect devices that incinerate cap-
tured vapors to be used as a method of emis-
sion control.
The proposed regulations would require con-
tinual compliance through monthly perform-
ance tests. Monthly tests would allow time
for printing operation fluctuations to average
out. Test results would be reported to EPA
only for months showing non-compliance.
The tests would compare the total amount of
organic solvent used at the press during a one-
month period with the total amount of sol-
vent recovered by the carbon adsorption sys-
tem during the same period.
Impacts
Environmental: By 1985, the proposed stand-
ards would reduce VOC emissions by 8,700
tons per year below levels required by most
State regulations. This reduces total VOC
emissions from publication rotogravure print-
ing by about 13 percent. Water and solid
waste impacts are expected to be small.
Energy: By 1985, direct energy consumption
for publication rotogravure printing under the
proposed standards would increase by about 9
percent beyond energy levels consumed under
State regulations. However, the net national
energy impact of the proposed standards is
expected to be positive when the energy value
of the recovered sol-
vent is considered.
Economic/Industrial:
In 1985, annual costs
for publication roto-
gravure presses under
the proposed standards
would be increased by
about $2.5 million beyond costs required
by State control. However, the high cost
value of recovered solvent would still provide
a net profit. No price increases for publica-
tion rotogravure products due to the stand-
ards are expected.
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