VADOSE ZONE
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
&
MONITORING STRATEGIES
DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROPOSAL
SUBMITTED TO:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada
December, 1985
-------
Cn!3 No. 3000-0068
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
APPLICATION FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
EPA USE ONLY
EPA PROJECT CONTROL NO. DATE RECEIVED
FORMER FEDERAL HO. (I I any)
P.E. NUMBER
PART I.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. APPLICANT
a. NAME The Regents of the
University of California
b. DEPARTMENT/DIVISION
Environmental Studies
C. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
California 19th
d. ADDRESS ("Street or P.O. Box Number, Town/City, Slate
end Zip Coda)
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA 93106
e. COUNTY
Santa Barbara
2. PROJECT TITLE
Vadose Zone Edquipment Specifications & Monitoring Strategies Development
3. CATALOG NUMBER AND TITLE OF EPA PROGRAM(S) TO WHICH THIS APPLICATION IS DIRECTED
66.505 Water Pollution Control Research (EMSL-Las Vegas, Les McMillion)
«. TOTAL COST FOR PROJECT PERIOD
s 2.102.326
5. TOTAL BUDGETPERIODCOSTOF BUDGET
$ 2.102.326
6. TOTAL EPA SHARE REQUESTED FOR
BUDGET PERIOD
$2.069.153
7- PROJECT PERIOD
FROM: January . 198&0! December . 1988
8. BUDGET PERIOD
FROM: January 198JLJ Jo: December 1988"
9. TYPE OF APPLICANT (Select appropriate type from Instructions)
Public University
10. FEDERAL EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
95-6006145 W -
11. TYPE OF GRANT
a. NEW
(Was preappllcatlon
assistance received?)
,es MemI lion
C] YES l~~l NO
iHSL Las Vegas
b. CONTINUATION
(Current grant
number ____
C. REN EWAL
(Prior grant
number) _____
d. AMENDMENT
12. PROJECT
LOCA-
TION
a. STATE
California
C. MUNICIPALITY
b. COUNTY
Santa Barbara
d. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
California 19th
13. PROJECT
AREA
a. STATE
same as above
b. COUN TY
same as above
C. MUNICIPALITY
d. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT
YES
NO
14. DOES PROJECT INVOLVE HUMAN TESTING STUDIES?
15. DOES PROJECT INVOLVE ANIMAL TESTING STUDIES?
16. DOES PROJECT REQUIRE CLEARINGHOUSE NOTIFICATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND
BUDGET CIRCULAR A-9S?
17. HAS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT BEEN MADE FOR THIS PROJECT OR FOR A COMPREHENSIVE PLAN WHICH
INCLUDES THIS PROJECT?
x=
'8. HAS AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT BEEN MADE FOR THIS PROJECT OR FOR A CLASS OF PROJECTS
INCLUDING THIS PROJECT?
a. FEDERAL AGENCY
b. DATE
19. DOES THE PROJECT REQUIRE THE ACQUISITION OF LAND OR THE DISPLACEMENT OF ANY PERSON FROM HIS
HOME. BUSINESS OR FARM?
20. IS PROJECT IN A DESIGNATED FLOOD HAZARD AREA?
21.PROJECT
MANAGER
a* N AM E
Dr. Lome G. Everett
b. TITLE
Research Hydrologist
c. ADDRESS (Street, City, State and Zip Code)
University of California at Santa Barbara
Environmental Studies
Rarhara ffl
d. PHONE (Include Area
Code)
(805)961-4207
22.OFFICIAL OR
AGENCY TO WHOM
CHECKS ARE TO
BE MAILED
a. TITLE
Bill Pass, Prin. Accountant
b. ADDRESS (Street, City, State and Zip Code)
Accounting Dept., University of California,
Santa Barbara, CA 93106
EPA Form 5700-12 (Rev. 4-78)
PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
PAGE 1 OP 3
-------
Approved OMB No. 2000-0066
PART II
APPLICANT'S NAME
The Regents of the University of
SCHEDULE A-BUDGET
EPA PROJECT CONTROL NO.
California
SECTION A-BUDGET BY SOURCE
FUNDING SOURCE
FUNDS REQUIRED
BUDGET PERIOD
EPA SOURCES (Totan 66.505 Water Pollution Control Res. 2,069.153
OTHER FEDERAL SOURCES (Total)
NON FEDERAL SOURCES (Total) Uni'VCrSltV
nf California 33.173
TOTAL BUDGET 2.102.326
PROJECT PERIOD
2.069.153
33,173
2.102.326
SECTION B-BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR BALANCE OF THE PROJECT PERIOD
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT TO COMPLETE PROJECT
FUNDING
SOURCE (1)
FROM I TO
EPA SUPPORT
OTHER FEDERAL
SUPPORT
OTHER FUNDING
SOURCE
TOTALS
BUDGET PERIOD
(2) (3)
FROM 1 TO FROM 1 TO
(4)
FROM TO
SECTION C-FORECASTED CASH NEEDS BY QUARTER
FUNDS SOURCE Qu^ER
SECOND THIRD FOURTH
QUARTER QUARTER QUARTER
FEDERAL 215,750 215,750 215,750 215,750
NON-FEDERAL ; . w tC _
TOTAL
863,000
*
SECTION D-BUDGET BY COST CATEGORY OR PROGRAM ELEMENT
TABLE A.
COST CATEGORY
1. PERSONNEL
2. FRINGE BENEFITS
3. TRAVEL
4. EQUIPMENT
8. SUPPLIES
6. CONTRACTUAL
PERSONNEL SERVICES
7. CONSTRUCTION
(See Schedule B)
8. OTHER
9. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS
10. INDIRECT COSTS
11. TOTAL
12. TOTAL REQUESTED FROM EPA
TABLE B.
PROGRAM ELEMENT
TOTALS
TOTAL PROJECT COSTS
947,
120,
24,
32,
29,
242,
400
604
200
300
900
500
63,
000
54Z,4ZZ
2,102,32b
2,0by, bd
TOTAL BUDGET COSTS
947,400
120,604
24,200
32,300
29,900
242,500
b3,000
bQ2,Wd
3,102,326
2,069,153
EPA Form 5700-12 (R.v. 4-78)
PAGE 2 OF 3
-------
Approved OMB No. 2000-0066
SECTION E - DETAILED ITEMIZATION OF DIRECT COSTS (See instructions)
SECTION F - INDIRECT COSTS
INDIRECT COSTS ARE A FIXED RATE WITH M AZ.V
O PROVISIONAL RATE % OF D CARpv •rnownon 3 PFLEPE,TE^IN^D,,R^T?^24^-_ j N
BASŁ UAitr
Ull I'll Ul/ \ Unno dDDrOVeu;
If the indirect cost rate is predetermined fixed, indicate the Federal agency that approved the cost allocation plan or if the indirect cost
rate is a proposed provisional rate, indicate any Federal agency that has approved the use of such rate.
NAME OF AGENCY Dept. Of Health and Human Services (approved July '85-6/90]
DATE OF APPROVAL
4/30/85
PART III SCHEDULE B- BUDGET
(For demonstration projects involving construction, land acquisition, land development or
the relocation of individuals and businesses)
APPLICANT'S NAME EPA PROJECT CONTROL NO.
SECTION A - CALCULATION OF EPA GRANT
COST CLASSIFICATION
1. ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
2. LAND, STRUCTURES, RIGHT-OF-WAY
3. ARCHITECTURAL/ENGINEERING BASIC FEES
4. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL/ENGINEERING FEES
5. CONSTRUCTION AND PROJECT IMPROVEMENT COST
6. EQUIPMENT
7. CONTINGENCIES
8. RELOCATION PAYMENTS
9. INDIRECT COSTS
10. TOTALS
PROJECT PERIOD
COST
ELIGIBLE
BUDGET PERIOD
COST
SECTION B - INDIRECT COSTS
INDIRECT COSTS
D PROVISIONAL RATE % OF (~l fl*
BASE CAf
fp?YRFOTRWAlRD ^ PREDETERMINED
NAME OF AGENCY THAT APPROVED THE RATE
EPA USE ONLY
AMOUNT APPROVED
FOR BUDGET PERIOD
RATE
DATE OF APPROVAL
SECTION C - BUDGET BY FUNDING SOURCE
FUNDING SOURCE
.EPASOURCES(7b/a/)
OTHER FEDERAL SOURCES (Total)
STATE (State Aid) (Total)
FUND SUPPLIED BY APPLICANT (Total)
OTHER NON-FEDERAL SOURCES (Total)
TOTAL
FUNDS REQUIRED
PROJECT PERIOD
BUDGET PERIOD
DATE BUDGET
PERIOD FUNDS
AVAILABLE
-
PART III NARRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS (See Instructions)
PART IV CERTIFICATION AND AGREEMENT
The undersigned representative certifies that the information submitted herewith is true and correct to the best of his knowledge
and belief and that he is authorized to sign and submit this application.
The applicant agrees that if a grant is awarded on the basis of this application or any revision or amendment thereof, it will comply
with all applicable statutory provisions and with the applicable terms, conditions and procedures of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency grant regulations (40 CFR Chapter I. Subchapter B) and of the grant agreement.
SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
TYPED NAME AND TITLE
Marguerite Mclntyre
Contract and Grant Officer
DATE ^ PHONE NUMBER (Include Area Code)
PROPOSAL VALIDITY DATE
EPA Form 5700-12 (Rev. 4-78)
PAGE 3 OF 3
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BUDGET BY ESTIMATED TASK COSTS
Period of Performance: January, 1986 to December, 1988
THREE YEAR PROGRAM
1 . PERSONNEL
Hydrologlat: L.G. Everett
Hydrologist ( 1 ):
Geologist: E.A. Keller
Geohydrologist (1):
Geochemist: J. Boles
Environment Engr: W.Lick
Soil Physics (1):
Geologist ( 1 ):
Physical Chemist (1):
Organic Chemist ( 1 ):
Soil Scientist: J.C. Allen
Post Doctorate:
Research Associate:
Research Assistant:
Secretary/clerical
Faculty Summer Support
TOTAL PERSONNEL:
2. FRINGE BENEFITS:
3. TRAVEL:
4. EQUIPMENT:
5. SUPPLIES:
6. CONTRACTUAL SERVICES:
7 . SPEC 1 AL CONSULTANTS:
8. SUBCONTRACTS/LAB. WORK:
9. OTHER/ RENTAL:
10. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS
1 1 . UNIV. INDIRECT COSTS (2):
12. TOTAL BUDGET COSTS:
13. REQUESTED FROM EPA
14. UNIV. (X FACULTY TIME)
TASK 1
($)
18,200
3,500
4,600
9,500
4,100
3,300
11,100
8,800
8,500
7,500
1,800
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
10,400
101,950
12,978
2,400
4,500
3,200
8,400
6,500
12,000
6,300
158,228
69,178
227,406
223,776
3,630
TASK 2
($)
20,000
3,500
5,000
9,500
4,500
3,600
11,400
8,800
8,500
7,500
2,100
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
10,400
105,450
13,424
2,400
4,500
3,100
8,400
6,500
12,000
6,300
162,074
70,906
232,982
229,142
3,840
TASK 3
($)
20,600
3,500
4,200
9,500
4,900
3,900
10,100
6,700
8,500
5,600
2,600
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
10,400
101,150
12,876
4,100
4,500
3,100
8,400
6,500
12,000
6,300
158,926
69,492
228,418
224,518
3,900
TASK 4
($)
23,800
4,500
5,000
10,100
5,000
36,000
8,800
9,700
1,200
9,600
3,300
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
10,400
138,050
17,574
3,800
4,500
3,400
8,100
6,500
10,000
6,300
198,224
87,176
285,399
276,444
8,955
TASK 5
($)
9,600
3,500
1,500
8,700
1,900
1,300
9,700
3,800
6,700
6,800
1,600
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
4,100
69,850
8,892
1,700
1,000
2,300
8,200
6,500
8,000
6,300
112,742
50,284
163,026
161,466
1,560
TASK 6
($)
24,900
3,300
2,900
9,600
3,000
3,800
7,250
8,700
6,700
6,800
2,600
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
10,400
100,600
12,806
1,700
4,400
2,400
6,800
6,500
10,000
6,300
151,506
66,198
217,704
214,299
3,405
TASK 7
($)
8,100
2,500
900
9,800
900
850
8,700
5,600
4,500
9,600
1,500
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
7,000
70,600
8,987
1,500
2,300
3,100
6,800
6,500
8,000
6,300
114,087
50,304
164,392
162,719
1,673
TASKS
(S)
17,900
3,200
2,000
10,100
2,100
1,800
8,700
7,800
5,600
7,800
2,400
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
7,400
87,450
11,132
2,600
2,200
3,100
6,800
6,500
10,000
6,300
136,082
60,247
196,329
193,974
2,355
TASK 9
($)
18,600
2,800
1,700
10,500
1,800
1,600
8,700
7,800
5,600
7,800
1,500
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
6,900
85,950
10,941
2,100
2,200
3,100
6,800
6,500
10,000
6,300
133,891
59,261
193,153
191,128
2,025
TASK 10
($)
19,800
2,800
1,500
11,000
1,400
1,300
8,700
7,800
5,600
7,800
1,100
3,200
1,800
650
5,000
6,900
86,350
10,992
1,900
2,200
3,100
6,800
6,500
10,000
6,300
134,142
59,374
193,516
191,686
1,830
TOTAL
(DOLLARS)
$181,500.00
$33,100.00
$29,300.00
$98,300.00
$29,600.00
$57,450.00
$93,150.00
$75,500.00
$61,400.00
$76,800.00
$20,500.00
$32,000.00
$18,000.00
$6,500.00
$50,000.00
$84,300.00
$947,400.00
$120,604.02
$24,200.00
$32,300.00
$29,900.00
$75,500.00
$65,000.00
$102,000.00
$63,000.00
$1,459,904.02
$642,421.81
$2,102,325.83
$2,069,153.33
$33,172.50
(1) University positions given full project funding, with partial funding, some of this expertise may be acquired through subcontract.
(2) 45X of total modified direct cost is DHHS negociated predetermined rate for the period 7/1/85 - 6/30/90. The rate thereafter is provisional.
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VADOSE ZONE EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS AND
MONITORING STRATEGIES DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROPOSAL
Submitted to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Las Vegas, Nevada
December, 1985
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
Statement of Problem 1-2
Purpose of Proposal 1-5
University Research Team 1-6
2 BACKGROUND 2-1
Personnel and Research Accomplishment 2-1
Monitoring Methodology Development —
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2-2
Unsaturated Zone Monitoring --
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2-4
Vadose Zone Monitoring Concepts for Hazardous
Waste Sites — U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .. 2-5
Resource Evaluations, Water Rights, and
Regulatory Assistance 2-7
Water Resources Evaluation -- U.S. Department of
Justice and Bureau of Indian Affairs 2-7
Geographic Setting 2-8
UCSB Research Facilities 2-9
3 WORK STATEMENT 3-1
Task 1. Direct pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring
equipment assessment 3-1
Task 2. Indirect pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring
equiment assessment 3-2
Task 3. Soil core monitoring equipment assessment ... 3-2
Task 4. Compatibility of equipment with selected
groups of hazardous waste 3-3
Task 5. Develop physical models of hydrocarbon
flow in the unsaturated zone 3-3
Task 6. Develop indicator parameters compatible
with soil pore-liquid sampling 3-4
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
3 Task 7. Determine zone of influence and spacing
of pore-liquid samplers 3-4
Task 8. Develop vadose zone monitoring strategies
for landfills and impoundments 3-4
Task 9. Develop post-closure vadose zone
monitoring strategies for landfills
and impoundments 3-5
Task 10. Develop post-closure vadose zone
monitoring strategies for landfarms 3-5
4 TECHNICAL APPROACH 4-1
Task 1. Direct pore-liquid vadose zone
monitoring equipment assessment 4-1
Task 2. Indirect pore-liquid vadose zone
monitoring equipment assessment 4-2
Task 3. Soil core monitoring equipment
assessment 4-3
Task 4. Compatibility of equipment with
selected groups of hazardous wastes 4-4
Task 5. Develop physical models of hydrocarbon
f 1 ow in the unsaturated zone 4-5
Task 6. Develop indicator parameters compatible
with soil pore-liquid sampling 4-5
Task 7. Determine zone of influence and spacing
of pore liquid samplers 4-6
Task 8. Develop vadose zone monitoring strategies
for landfills and impoundments 4-6
Task 9. Develop post-closure vadose zone
monitoring strategies for landfills
and impoundments 4-7
Task 10. Develop post-closure vadose zone
monitoring strategies for land
treatment facilities 4-7
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page
5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 5-1
Organizational Structure 5-1
Organizational and Personnel Limitations 5-2
Statement of Conf1icts 5-4
Timeliness of Submittals 5-4
Quality Assurance Program 5-4
6 RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL 6-1
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3-1 Cooperative Agreement Completion Schedule 3-7
5-1 Organizational Structure and Key Personnel
for Cooperative Agreement 5-2
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Hydrogeologic Team 1-7
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of toxic substances in the environment has become a primary
concern of the public. To address these concerns, local, state and federal
agencies are developing more comprehensive environmental regulations. As this
body of law evolves, so too does the sophistication of the monitoring systems
recommended therein. The early years of this regulatory evolution focused on
groundwater monitoring. A standard groundwater monitoring well was developed
to provide representative samples in a potentially contaminated area. As
groundwater sampling techniques were disseminating through regulatory agencies,
it became clear that while groundwater monitoring wells were important in
detecting pollutant migration, it would be far better to detect pollutants
before they entered the groundwater system. From this desire to develop early
warning detection systems, federal research and development programs began
focusing on vadose zone monitoring. A wide variety of monitoring techniques
are being proposed as a result of this research. Some scientists approach the
problem through new application of equipment that is familiar to agricultural
and soil scientists, while others develop new and more exotic systems using
modern electronics and microprocessors. In general, the theme of this work is
to put reliable instrumentation as close as possible to potential pollution
sources in order to detect toxic materials before they migrate more than a few
tens of feet from the site. Unfortunately, because many of the approaches use
either new technology or a new application of old technology, it is difficult
to distinguish when a system is not performing adequately, whether it is
because the methodology is inappropriate or the equipment is being used in
conditions outside its effective operational range. Establishing guidelines so
that regulatory agencies can address these questions is a primary research need
before vadose zone monitoring can become widely and effectively utilized.
1-1
-------
Statement of the Problem
Increased surveillance of toxic materials in the environment will be
mandated by regulatory agencies in response to an increasing concern of the
public. It is equally clear to those scientists in the field that the early
warning detection systems required to protect the natural resources will be
derived through the use of vadose zone monitoring. The utility of selected
monitoring strategies has been well documented and successfully used at a small
number of sites. However, this is not to say that vadose zone monitoring will
replace groundwater monitoring nor is it a panacea for the protection of
natural resources. Some hazardous waste sites have spent large sums of money
installing vadose zone monitoring equipment that has subsequently been shown to
be inappropriate or inadequate for the site. To help insure that these mis-
takes are not repeated, state and federal regulatory agencies need information
on the detailed performance of the various categories of vadose zone monitoring
equipment. Perhaps equally important, industry needs a guideline or set of
performance specifications which can be measured by standard testing methods so
that industry can introduce new and innovative monitoring strategies into the
regulatory framework. Although research topics needed to address these con-
cerns would be almost limitless, a small list of the most pertinent questions
based on the needs and requirements of existing regulations have been isolated
for study in this proposal. These research topics are discussed in the follow-
ing paragraphs.
One area of primary importance is the development of standard testing
procedures and performance specifications for vadose zone monitoring equipment.
This is particularly true when evaluating a group of direct pore-liquid samp-
ling equipment because slight variations in the equipment design or materials
has a large effect on the types of samples that are collected. This can be
equally true of soil core collection methods where sampling techniques must be
carefully coupled to the type and concentration of constituents under investi-
gation. Variation in equipment performance is equally as great with a group of
sampling methods that use indirect, i.e., primarily geophysical, techniques for
evaluating moisture or pollutant migration in the vadose zone. With geophys-
ical or remote sensing systems, it is much more difficult for the permit writer
or regulatory agent to determine if the equipment is operating properly and
1-2
-------
producing meaningful information. Since the output of this equipment is
various presentations of numeric data, performance specifications are very
important for the regulatory agent to determine if the indirect monitoring
techniques are appropriate for the site at all and whether it should be used as
the primary or simply backup monitoring system. It is also important to have
standard testing procedures and performance specification for existing equip-
ment that can be used as a benchmark for evaluating new and innovative tech-
niques that will increasingly rely on physical properties that can only be
indirectly related to the pollutants of concern. The introduction of micropro-
cessors, transducers for detecting changes in the physical properties of the
soils, and the use of remote or automatic monitoring on a nearly continuous
basis will present new problems in data communication and handling that will
require standardized methods of evaluation.
A specific type of performance standard is always brought up when discuss-
ing unsaturated zone pore-liquid samplers. This question relates to the sphere
of influence or the geometry of the hazardous material flow path as it is drawn
to the evacuated collection chamber. A clear understanding of the sphere of
influence of a particular piece of equipment is essential in the design of an
effective vadose zone monitoring system. The sphere of influence of the
indirect vadose zone monitoring equipment is also quite important for the
layout and spacing of detection elements at the monitoring site. These
questions can only be answered through organized research programs.
The interaction of chemicals with vadose zone monitoring equipment is of
obvious importance. For the direct pore-liquid samplers, it will determine the
nature of the fluid found within the sample chamber and that fluid's relation-
ship to the materials in situ. This type of information is essential in
developing indicator parameters that can be used for specific classes of
compounds and greatly enhances the interpretation of the data collected by
field samples. The interaction with the detection probe for indirect pore-
liquid sampling equipment is also of interest. This interaction will determine
the character and amplitude of the signal generated from the monitoring equip-
ment and may provide a means for identifying groups of compounds. Hydro-
carbons, and in particular gasoline and other motor fuels, are very important
1-3
-------
as potential pollution sources and should be selected for intensive investiga-
tions.
Hydrocarbons, because of their prevalence in the environment, are a prime
candidate for causing pollution. Although there is a growing body of data on
hydrocarbon's interaction with soil and groundwater systems, much work remains
to be performed in this area. In the case of motor fuels, it is particularly
important to be able to model movement through the unsaturated soils down to
the capillary fringe and into the groundwater system. It is important to
understand which components of gasoline are immiscible and at what concen-
trations they might be expected in the pore-liquid samples collected in an
environment that is nearly saturated with gasoline. The enormous quantities of
hydrocarbons that are stored underground for distribution as automotive fuel
present a specific type of model, i.e., underground storage tank, that need to
be studied to help in the development of meaningful monitoring systems.
Performance specifications, toxic material and equipment interactions, and
sphere of influence studies are the basis for developing strategies for moni-
toring hazardous waste sites. To date, many of the facilities that handle
hazardous wastes are not well monitored. Recent studies by the U.S. House of
Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce found that an extremely high
rate of non-compliance existed for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) facilities. Of the nearly 1,250 facilities reviewed by the Subcommittee
on Oversite and Investigations, 40 percent of the sites had either inadequate
or no monitoring systems. Undoubtedly, there are several factors that have
contribute to this high rate of non-compliance, certainly one of which would be
the rapid evolution of a very complex body of laws that govern the environ-
mental monitoring process. In addition, an important factor in the high
non-compliance rate would be the industry's lack of understanding of the
purpose and methodologies used as a basis for establishing the monitoring
system. To insure that this situation does not continue to plague the regu-
latory agencies in their efforts to use vadose zone monitoring, well defined
strategies for given hazardous waste facilities are needed. This would include
basic system scenarios for modeling landfills and surface impoundments.
1-4
-------
The House of Representatives Subcommittee survey revealed that 36 percent
of the total facilities studied have closed or will close by the end of 1985.
These facilities present a potentially new application for vadose zone monitor-
ing, i.e., post-closure monitoring. Vadose zone monitoring systems designed
specifically for post-closure monitoring have not been developed. The selec-
tion of standard monitoring equipment and the process for retrofitting impound-
ments and landfills needs to be evaluated to assess the utility of vadose zone
post-closure monitoring. However, because of the relative shallow installation
depth and low cost of sampling equipment, it seems likely that early warning
cost-effective systems could be designed. It is particularly important for
closed facilities that the early detection of leachate migration be achieved.
This will help to insure and provide the time required so that the facility
operators can correct any potential pollution problem before it becomes a
serious environmental liability.
Purpose of the Proposal
The purpose of the cooperative agreement established with EPA will be to
address the pertinent research needs discussed under the Statement of the
Problem. In general, it will deal with developing monitoring methodologies and
strategies for vadose zone monitoring, and in particular, will focus on the
following items:
o Development of standard testing procedures for vadose zone
monitoring equipment,
o Develop performance standard for existing vadose zone moni-
toring equipment including direct and indirect pore-liquid
samplers and soil core monitoring methods,
o Study both mathematically and physically through field exper-
iments the zone of influence of pore-liquid sampling
equipment,
o Study the interaction of hydrocarbons with existing types of
pore-liquid sampling devices,
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o Define indicator parameters for varying classes of hydro-
carbons for pore-liquid sampling equipment,
o Study and develop flow models for hydrocarbon migration in the
vadose zone,
o Define strategies for monitoring landfill and surface impound-
ments using vadose zone monitoring equipment,
o Develop post-closure vadose zone monitoring strategies.
These study areas address the major research needs to enhance the effectiveness
of vadose zone monitoring. However, innovations or new equipment introduced
during the three-year period of performance of this cooperative agreement, or
changes in federal regulations, may alter the emphasis of the research effort.
University Research Team
The University of California at Santa Barbara has assembled a unique team
of specialists who have had extensive experience in developing vadose zone
monitoring programs at hazardous waste sites. The individuals, their areas of
expertise, degree, and years of experience, are provided in Table 1-1.
The University Research Team will be headed up by Dr. Lome Everett.
Dr. Everett is a nationally recognized expert in vadose zone monitoring and has
authored several of EPA's guidance manuals on the subject. In addition,
Dr. Everett has written several books discussing several types of monitoring
methodologies and a particularly relevant book entitled Vadose Zone Monitoring
at Hazardous Waste Sites with Dr. Gray Wilson and Mr. Edward Hoylman. Over the
past 10 years, Dr. Everett has managed a multi-million dollar monitoring
methodology development program. In addition, he established a vadose zone
monitoring training course for EPA permit writers. This training program was
taken to all 10 EPA regions and many state and local regulatory authorities
throughout the United States.
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Name
Table 1-1. Hydrogeologic Team
Expertise
Degree
Years of
Experience
L.G. Everett
L.G. Wilson
E.A. Keller
E.W. Hoylman
J.R. Boles
B.R. Keller
B.J. Berkowitz
R.H. Miller
J. Allen
R.J. Marks
W. Lick
Monitoring Systems
Monitoring Techniques
Environmental Geology
Hydrogeology
Geochemistry
Earth Physics
Physical Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Soil Scientist
Geology
Environmental Engineer
Ph.D.
Ph.D.
Ph.D.
M.S.
Ph.D.
Ph.D.
Ph.D.
Ph.D.
Ph.D.
B.S.
Ph.D.
18
33
18
14
14
10
31
21
10
8
28
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SECTION 2
BACKGROUND
The University of California at Santa Barbara is uniquely qualified for
the establishment of a cooperative agreement with EPA. Of primary importance
to any research oriented project are the personnel involved in the program.
The University Research Team headed by Dr. Lome Everett has a well established
track record of research in the environmental and hazardous waste fields. In
addition to the highly qualified technical staff that will direct research for
EPA, the setting of the UCSB campus is unique for the study of hazardous waste
monitoring programs. This uniqueness is a function of its proximity of Class I
hazardous waste disposal facilities, intensive landfarming operations, and one
of the largest suppliers and manufacturers of vadose zone monitoring equipment.
The proximity of these commercial operations coupled with the mild weather
characterizes Southern California will provide a year round opportunity to
conduct field studies. This field work consists of establishing mobile labo-
ratories and test field plots at hazardous waste facilities. In addition to
its unique geographical location, the University of California has well
equipped modern laboratory facilities for the study of hydrogeology, bio-
geology, sedimentation, geochemistry and environmental geology. Supporting
these laboratories is the University's mainframe computer with a department-
dedicated VAX 750, Micro-VAX II system, dedicated graphics computer and an
extensive network system of microcomputers.
Personnel and Research Accomplishment
Dr. Lome Everett will be the overall program manager directing the
University's professional staff and specialized studies conducted by industry.
Dr. Everett has been extremely active in hazardous waste monitoring research
supported by EPA. He has authored fundamental papers in the use of suction
sampling devices and national monitoring guideline documents endorsed by EPA
and the World Health Organization. His research has also focused on soil-gas
and soil-core monitoring methodologies. Dr. Everett has published 7 books all
relating to different aspects of vadose zone and groundwater monitoring. With
this background, he is uniquely qualified to head the University Research Team.
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Other members of the research team bring unique qualifications to the
program. For example, Dr. Edward Keller is the author of one of the most
popular environmental textbooks in the field today. This publication entitled
Environmental Geology is in its third edition and has sold over 70,000 copies.
The book covers fundamental concepts in human interaction with the environment
through the study of hydrology, waste disposal, and geological aspects of
environmental health. Dr. Wilburt Lick enhances the study team's capabilities
through his experience in near surface flow phenomena and interaction with
surface streams and lakes. Dr. Lick's international teaching and research
experience includes a seven year stay as an assistant professor of Harvard
University, a Guggenheim Fellowship at Imperial College University of London, a
Fullbright-Hays Award, and Senior Lectureship at the University of Novosibirsk,
U.S.S.R., a Senior Research Fellow at California Institute of Technology and
his present position as Professor and Past Chairman of the Department of
Mechanical and Environmental Engineering at the University of California at
Santa Barbara. Dr. Gray Wilson is a recognized expert in monitoring techniques
and has authored numerous technical papers on the subject. Drs. Berkowitz and
Miller bring more than 50 years of experience in physical and organic chemistry
to the study team. Mr. Edward Hoylman is co-author of the book entitled Vadose
Zone Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites (with Drs. Everett and Wilson), and
has extensive experience with field applications of vadose zone monitoring
equipment. Other key members of the research team, including Dr. Barry Keller,
who has expertise in earth physics, have been colleagues of Dr. Everett's for a
number of years. These individuals have made significant contributions to the
development of vadose zone monitoring methodologies and the development of
federal regulations that govern monitoring activities at hazardous waste
facilities. A brief description of the body of research developed by these
individuals while working with the study team are given in the following para-
graphs.
Monitoring Methodology Development -- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
The study team conducted a 3-year study for the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, which had as its objective the development of a recommended
philosophy and methodology for national monitoring of groundwater quality.
Several interim research on approaches for estimating the polluting effects of
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man's activities on groundwater. The approach for this task relied primarily on
available census and other statistical data, descriptions of the pollutant
processes used (e.g., unlined industrial waste lagoons, land areas used as
cattle feedlots), and hydrogeological calculations of seepage to groundwater
supplies.
Other study tasks completed included a literature search of all major pub-
lished studies on groundwater pollution, including legal, technological, phy-
sical, and other aspects; an analysis of pollution problems caused by mining
operations; specification of a groundwater monitoring management information
system; and evaluation of economic and regulatory considerations in groundwater
quality monitoring.
A key component of this effort was the development of a structured method-
ology for groundwater quality monitoring. Simply stated, the study team's
strategy is to (1) inventory potential pollution sources and characterize the
associated pollutants; (2) carefully examine and interpret background informa-
tion on groundwater flow and water quality; (3) assess the mobility of poten-
tial pollutants in the specific hydrogeologic framework of the study area;
(4) develop a priority ranking of pollution sources and causes; (5) assess gaps
in existing monitoring programs; and (6) design a monitoring program based on
the existing program deficiencies and the priority ranking of potential pollu-
tion sources.
The final five reports, which describe the developed methodology, include
the following:
Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Monitoring Methodology
(EPA-600/4-76-026)
Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Methods and Costs
(EPA-600/-4-76-023)
Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Data Management
(EPA-600/4-76-019)
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Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Economic Framework
and Principles (EPA-600/4-76-045)
Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Illustrative Examples
(EPA-600/4-76-036).
The water quality monitoring framework that results from these basic stu-
dies has application to a broad spectrum of planning, design, and management
activities. Some of these areas of application include:
o Siting and design of waste-disposal sites
o Assessment of water pollution potential
o Evaluation of alternative reprocessing and waste
disposal technologies
o Development of cleanup and restoration plans
o Design of cost-effective environmental sampling programs.
Unsaturated Zone Monitoring — U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The study team recently completed a contract for EPA to prepare a report
concerning monitoring in the unsaturated zone, or zone of aeration. Topics
covered by this report include: (1) principles of pollutant movement in the
zone of aeration, (2) basic chemical reactions of fluids in this zone, (3)
state-of-the-art monitoring techniques, and (4) relative advantages and disad-
vantages of different monitoring techniques. This contract was developed to
address increasing EPA concerns in the area of hazardous waste disposal.
Because of the need to restrict pollutant mobility, detection of the pollutant
as close to the source as possible, commonly in the unsaturated zone, is
necessary.
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Vadose Zone Monitoring Concepts for Hazardous Waste Sites--
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Due to the recent interest in hazardous waste monitoring, the study team
was awarded a contract to develop criteria for categorizing alternative vadose
zone monitoring approaches. These approaches were based on the following
criteria:
1. Applicability to field usage at hazardous waste sites
2. Depth to which each monitoring technique is applicable
3. Need for power
4. Capability of collecting water sample (versus in-situ sensor
of moisture content or water quality)
5. Applicability (limitation) to coarse media, fine media
6. Data analysis needs (e.g., directly usable output, need to
convert data, etc.).
Unsaturated Zone Monitoring Manual for Hazardous Waste Sites--
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The study team has been requested by the EPA to perform a detailed analy-
sis of advantages, limitations, and costs of unsaturated zone monitoring
methods with regard to their practical application to waste disposal opera-
tions. For methods found to have such applicability, detailed instructions for
implementation and use of the monitoring tools will be developed. These
instructions will be in the form of a user's handbook for unsaturated zone
monitoring.
The study team will categorize various waste and waste disposal methods;
for example, surface piles, landfills, ponds; sludges, dry wastes (large or
small particle sizes), liquid wastes; and thickness of deposits. In addition,
the study team will match monitoring categories (and approaches within these
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categories) with waste/disposal method categories and eliminate consideration
of monitoring techniques deemed not applicable to the disposal categories
identified. The study team will rank applicable approaches relative to ease of
implementation and operation.
The study team's field test program will:
o Determine sampling techniques that require field testing
to ensure dependability and applicability
o Select specific hazardous waste disposal sites for
testing based upon selected requirements
o Conduct a drilling and sampling program
o Evaluate effectiveness of unsaturated zone sampling
program as a viable option to drilling wells.
For the applicable monitoring approaches identified, the study team will
develop the following information:
1. Material costs
2. Labor costs (implementation and operation)
3. Data manipulation and analysis costs
4. Identification (address and phone numbers) of vendors
5. Anticipated lead time for material delivery.
As a final part of the study team's effort will:
o Develop rankings relative to cost factors
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o Identify monitoring approaches tested and concluded to be
applicable to various waste disposal categories
o Present cost analyses for monitoring techniques within
each waste disposal category
o Present detailed instructions for implementation and
operation of each monitoring technique.
Resource Evaluations, Water Rights,
and Regulatory Assistance
In addition to the capabilities outlined previously, the study team has a
strong capability in water and natural resources evaluations and regulatory
assistance as indicated below.
Water Resources Evaluation -- U.S. Department of Justice
and Bureau of Indian Affairs
The study team was selected by the U.S. Department of the Interior's
Bureau of Indian Affairs and the U.S. Department of Justice to conduct an
extensive 2-year surface and groundwater study on the Crow Indian Reservation
in Montana. The data collected ultimately will be used by the Department of
Justice to support Indian water rights litigation.
The field program which supported this study included a complete surface
water study. Daily and seasonal streamflow and precipitation data were collec-
ted. Irrigation depletion allowances were estimated. Long-term streamflow re-
cords were synthesized and baseflow determined. Water quality for all major
drainages was assessed for use as domestic, agricultural, or industrial water
sources.
Groundwater studies included an evaluation and testing program of nearly
600 wells. The field program involves the selection and testing of these wells
for water level determinations, water quality analysis, and their acceptability
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for pump tests. Aquifer characteristics such as transmissivity, storage coeffi-
cient, and specific capacity were determined. The data analysis included
existing yields, annual recharge rate, groundwater storage, groundwater dis-
charge, and development potential.
Agricultural economic studies included evaluation of existing farm opera-
tions, including water availability, cropping patterns, crop budgets, and farm
size and organizations that are relevant to the Crow Indian Reservation. Farm
organization costs and return analysis to the Indian and non-Indian farmer were
determined. Expert witness for litigation proceedings will be provided by key
personnel involved in the surface water, groundwater, and agricultural economic
studies.
Geographic Setting
The University of California at Santa Barbara has a unique geographical
setting to study hazardous waste problems. Proximity of the two Class I
hazardous waste disposal facilities in California, i.e., Kettleman Hills,
managed by Chemical Waste Management, Inc., and Casmalia Resources, that pro-
vides a prime testing ground for proposed or existing vadose zone monitoring
techniques. The study team has a close working relationship with both of these
facilities and is currently in the process conducting a verification program
for specific monitoring techniques at Kettleman Hills. The University is also
in close proximity to one of the most intensively used land treatment facil-
ities in the United States. Chevron corporate officials have indicated that
they would be willing to establish verification programs to test the effective-
ness of vadose zone monitoring at their facility. In addition to the landfarm
and two Class I hazardous waste facilities., one of the principal suppliers and
manufacturers of vadose zone monitoring equipment is located in Santa Barbara,
California. The Soilmoisture Equipment Corporation has been in operation for
over 25 years. During this period, it has contributed significantly to the
development of pore-liquid sampling equipment and other types of vadose zone
monitoring strategies. The president of the Soilmoisture Equipment Corpo-
ration, Mr. Percy Scaling, has indicated that his research and development
staff, laboratories, and manufacturing facilities could be made available for
specific vadose zone monitoring projects.
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UCSB Research Facilities
Research facilities for the proposed cooperative agreement would not be
limited to those under the direction of the Environmental Studies Program at
the University through which the cooperative agreement would be developed.
Review of the University's resources shows that useful analytical equipment can
be found within the Earth Science Department, the Chemistry Department, Marine
Science Institute, and the Soils Laboratory directed by the Geography Depart-
ment. In addition, if highly specified equipment is required, inter-campus
exchange or utilization of this equipment can be arranged if it is available
within the University of California system.
Major instrumental equipment found at the Santa Barbara campus includes
electron microprobe and scanning electron microscope, both energy dispersive
analytical systems, x-ray defraction and fluorescence, mass spectrometers, a
new gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, atomic absorption spectrometer,
spinner and cryogenic magnetometers, a La Coste-Romberg land gravity meter,
Elsec proton magnetometers, and seismic refraction equipment. Also available
are petrographic and biological optical equipment, cathodoluminescence scopes,
photomicroscopes, 12K and 32K word microcomputers, and several minicomputers
connected in network. The Preston Cloud Research Laboratory is equipped with
scanning electron microscopes, electron microprobe, and a variety of optical
equipment. There is a transmission electron microscope available within the
Department of Biological Sciences.
Support for the laboratory facilities include soil and mineral prepara-
tion, wet chemical and thin section facilities and photographic darkroom.
Specialized construction of equipment is done by personnel in the machine shop,
electronics lab, and woodworking shop. Computer facilities (ITEL ASS and POP
11/70) are available on campus. The Science and Engineering Library contains a
large and growing collection of serials, as well as a large collection of
topographical and geologic maps of the world and new collections of high
altitude aerial, ERTS and Landsat imagery.
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SECTION 3
WORK STATEMENT
RCRA regulations that have been in place for three and one-half years
mandate the use of vadose zone monitoring equipment at hazardous waste facil-
ities. EPA's growing concern over the potential health threat by leaking
underground storage tanks (LUST) will increase the widespread usage of this
equipment throughout the United States. RCRA and the LUST programs alone are
sufficient reason to support research in the area of vadose zone monitoring so
that information and guidance manuals can be developed for federal, state, and
local regulatory agencies. A significant contribution to this body of informa-
tion can be derived from the proposed cooperative agreement between the Univer-
sity of California and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Research efforts proposed herein will focus on those issues discussed
earlier in the proposal. In general, this work will address questions dealing
with direct and indirect pore-liquid sampling and monitoring systems and soil
core monitoring equipment. From the insights gained through evaluation of
individual vadose zone monitoring equipment applications, strategies for
monitoring landfills and impoundments will be developed. Unique characteris-
tics of post-closure vadose zone monitoring will be addressed, and strategies
to meet these specific long-term low intensity monitoring needs of closed
facilities will be developed. The research effort has been divided into
primary tasks. Proposed work for each task is presented in the outline given
below. In general, the structure of the outline includes review of existing
information for a given topic, selection of the type of research that is needed
to address questions of concern and the results which are deliverable for each
task.
Task 1. Direct pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring equipment assessment.
A. Review literature and current studies evaluating the perform-
ance of suction type pore-liquid sampling equipment.
B. Select a small suite of commonly used pore-liquid samplers and
obtain operational limitation for this equipment.
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C. Develop generic mechanical operational specification for
pore-liquid samplers.
D. Assess capabilities of specialty equipment designed to provide
multiple capabilities in obtaining pore-liquid information.
E. Demonstrate the effectiveness under field conditions of
selected pore-liquid sampling equipment.
F. Document operational ranges and testing procedure and field
studies for direct pore-liquid monitoring equipment.
Task 2. Indirect pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring equipment
assessment.
A. Review existing literature and current field studies evalua-
ting indirect pore-liquid monitoring equipment.
B. Compare the results of indirect and direct pore-liquid moni-
toring equipment studies run in parallel.
C. Determine operational ranges of selected electronic devices
used to indirectly monitor pore-liquid.
D. Based on A through C above, select representative types of
indirect pore-liquid monitoring equipment for field demonstra-
tions.
E. Document operational ranges of selected equipment and field
demonstration program.
Task 3. Soil core monitoring equipment assessment.
A. Review the existing literature and current field studies
evaluating soil core monitoring equipment.
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B. Assess the potential for cross-contamination using selected
types of soil core monitoring equipment.
C. Select a representative suite of different types of soil core
monitoring equipment before testing at a hazardous land
treatment or disposal facility.
D. Document testing procedures and study results.
Task 4. Compatibility of equipment with selected groups of hazardous
waste.
A. Review available literature evaluating interaction of hazard-
ous and toxic chemicals with pore liquid and soil core moni-
toring equipment selected in Tasks 1 through 3.
B. Under laboratory conditions, study the interaction of selected
industrial wastes with specific pore-liquid sampling
equipment.
C. Evaluate the viability of using selected indirect pore-liquid
monitoring systems in selected industrial wastes.
D. Document test procedures and findings.
Task 5. Develop physical models of hydrocarbon flow in the unsaturated
zone.
A. Review the existing literature and current field studies
evaluating hydrocarbon flow in the unsaturated zone.
B. Based on existing information, design and instrument a labora-
tory model and field test plot at a hazardous waste facility
to demonstration the migration of hydrocarbon from a buried
tank.
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C. Verify field data using existing unsaturated flow rate
equations.
D. Document testing procedures and results.
Task 6. Develop indicator parameters compatible with soil pore-liquid
sampling.
A. Utilize results compiled under Task 4 for direct pore-liquid
monitoring equipment to establish indicator parameters for
specific industrial wastes.
B. Recommend indicator parameters for land treatment facilities.
Task 7. Determine zone of influence and spacing of pore-liquid
samplers.
A. Review the literature and existing field studies evaluating
the sphere of influence of pore-liquid samplers.
B. Develop a model to evaluate the zone of influence of a pore-
liquid sample under varying soil texture and moisture
conditions.
C. Based on physical modeling experiments (Task 5), identify
monitoring depths and spacing for underground storage tanks.
D. Document testing procedures, computer models, and study
results.
Task 8. Develop vadose zone monitoring strategies for landfills and
impoundments.
A. Review operation and management of selected landfills and
impoundments throughout the United States.
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B. Develop and document 2 or 3 scenarios for vadose zone monitor-
ing at landfills and impoundments based on varying operational
procedures found in different parts of the country.
Task 9. Develop post-closure vadose zone monitoring strategies for
landfills and impoundments.
A. Assemble data on long-term operational characteristics of
vadose zone monitoring equipment.
B. Select a suite of vadose zone monitoring equipment applicable
to low intensity, long-term post-closure monitoring.
C. Develop and document 2 or 3 scenarios for post-closure moni-
toring for landfills and impoundments in different geographic
regions throughout the United States.
Task 10. Develop post-closure vadose zone monitoring strategies for
landfarms.
A. Review federal guidelines for operation and maintenance of
land treatment or landfarm operations.
B. Evaluate the applicability of active site vadose zone moni-
toring for use during the post-closure period.
C. Develop and document 2 or 3 strategies for post-closure
monitoring of landfarm operations found in different geograph-
ical settings.
The completion schedule for the tasks outlined above has been developed
based on the perceived needs of EPA. A critical concern for the potential
health threat posed by leaking underground storage tanks dictates that Tasks 5
and 7 and much of Tasks 1 through 3 be completed within the first year of this
three-year program. Figure 3-1 shows the completion schedule for each of the
10 tasks. Note that there are three distinct areas for each task bar graph.
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The stippled area represents a period of startup or no activity while the data
base required to performed the task is being developed. The black portion of
the bar graph represents the principal research effort for the task. The white
portion of the bar graph following the research period provides time for peer
review and interaction with EPA. For Tasks 1 through 3 where vadose zone
monitoring equipment will be evaluated, this period will be used to investigate
new vadose zone monitoring equipment introduced following the primary research
period. Not shown in Figure 3-1 are the monthly progress reports to EPA, mile-
stone professional papers, and the draft and final program report. In addi-
tion, a minimum of three professional papers will be submitted for publication
from the research conducted as a part of this program.
3-6
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Tasks
j"" T"T i i ""(-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Time since start of project (months)
Figure 3-1. Cooperative Agreement Completion Schedule.
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SECTION 4
TECHNICAL APPROACH
The work statement and completion schedule presented in Schedule 3 out-
Tines the body of work to be completed as part of the Cooperative Agreement.
In general, each task will be approached in the same manner. Review of exist-
ing literature will proceed either the selection of equipment to be tested or
models to be developed. Selected vadose zone monitoring equipment will be
thoroughly tested in the lab to determine performance limits and will subse-
quently be evaluated under field conditions. For the tasks that require
modeling, a combination of laboratory, field, and mathematical models will be
developed to verify the natural phenomena or operational characteristics being
studied. A start date on the work for Tasks 8 through 10 has been delayed
until the first quarter of the second year of the program to allow for the
development of data bases resulting from the research conducted during the
first year of the program. Documentation of each task will be included in the
draft and final program report and recommendations. In addition, several
professional papers will be developed during the research program.
Task 1. Direct pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring equipment assessment.
Laboratory Testing Programs of existing direct pore-liquid monitoring
equipment (Everett, Wilson, McMillion, 1985) have shown major operational
constraints on commercially available monitoring equipment. These laboratory
testing programs have demonstrated that specific monitoring equipment may
operate over unknown soil suction ranges, and as such, in many cases are
installed at facilities where they are totally unsuited. This task is directed
towards developing performance specifications for pore-liquid sampling devices.
Although the actual testing program will involve several different kinds of
suction, pan, barrel, etc., lysimeters, the focus will be directed towards
obtaining operational limitations for each of the devices and ultimately a
recommendations for the kinds of requirements needed for field application.
Equipment destined for testing in the program will include: teflon lysimeters
(pore size ranging from 90 microns through 7 microns), ceramic suction
lysimeters (pore size 1.8 microns through 3 microns), pan lysimeters (including
both galvanized pans and glass blocks). In addition, as new techniques become
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available such as the BAT system, developed in Sweden, the study team will
evaluate its operational range and include its design advantages into the final
recommendation.
In addition to developing specifications for the mechanical development of
the equipment, Tempo will also evaluate the chemical and procedural issues
related to operation and installation of the units. For example, procedures
will be developed for obtaining samples of water, samples with miscible fluids,
and sampling procedures for immicible fluids. These procedures will focus on
the conditions in soils under which multi-phased flow can be sampled.
Specialty equipment will be identified which can provide multiple capabil-
ity in obtaining pore-liquid information. For example, the BAT system will be
evaluated for its ability to obtain a pore-liquid sample, while at the same
time trapping all volatiles which could be released from within the sample
container.
In addition to evaluating direct pore-liquid monitoring equipment in the
laboratory, the study team will select, in cooperation with EPA, the most
advantageous pore-liquid sampling equipment and demonstrate its effectiveness
under field conditions. If the field testing is particularly applicable to
hazardous waste land treatment units, the field demonstration will be conducted
at the Chevron Landfarm located one and one-half hours from Santa Barbara. If
the techniques involved are more applicable to hazardous waste landfills and/or
impoundments, the study team will field test the instrumentation at the
Casmalia or Kettleman Hills Class I hazardous waste disposal site located one
hour from the University.
Task 2. Indirect pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring equipment assessment.
Startling evidence to date has indicated that indirect pore-liquid vadose
zone monitoring equipment has not been totally successful. For example,
tensiometer/lysimeter systems developed for Class I hazardous waste disposal
sites have been shown to be totally inoperable. In addition, thermal couple
psychrometers installed at Class I hazardous waste disposal sites have totally
contradicted the result of tensiometers installed at the same depths. Since
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these indirect monitoring techniques are particularly applicable at Class I
hazardous waste sites, a laboratory and field testing assessment is required to
determine their operational ranges and installation procedures. Equipment such
as remote sensing tensiometers will be evaluated. Combination units, including
tensiometers and lysimeters, will be tested to determine their operational
range. Transducerized tensiometers will be compared with normal tensiometer
applications under laboratory conditions.
Electrical devices used to indirectly monitor pore-liquid will also be
assessed. The application of heat dissipation sensors and thermal couple
psychrometers will be evaluated to determine their operational range. Existing
equipment such as gypsum blocks and salinity sensors will be evaluated as a
part of the testing program. More recent technology such as in situ resistiv-
ity grids and the application of neutron probes will also be assessed.
Each of the indirect pore-liquid vadose zone monitoring equipment will be
assessed in the laboratory. Based upon the application of the particular
technique, the study team, in cooperation with EPA, will select specific pieces
of equipment for demonstration at either the Chevron hazardous waste land
treatment unit or a Class I hazardous waste disposal site.
Task 3. Soil core monitoring equipment assessment.
Soil core monitoring equipment falls into less than 10 separate categor-
ies. Each of these pieces of equipment have operational constraints which
should be fully understood and quantified. For example, several different
manufacturers of augering equipment paint their augers various colors. Conse-
quently, every time a sample is obtained, part of the paint scrapes off into
the sample obtained. In addition, various kinds of metals and paints contrib-
ute artificial contamination to the samples obtained. The study team will
evaluate the contribution of the paints and metals on augering equipment so
that these values can be zeroed out of any analysis.
Existing soil-core monitoring equipment has design flaws which encourage
cross-contamination of samples. For example, all hand augers are developed
with a drainage hole located at the conjunction of the shanks on the barrel.
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Although this drainage hole allows for the long-term rust-free condition of the
handle, the drainage hole encourages cross-contamination of soil samples. This
fact has only recently been discussed by Everett & Wilson (1984). As a result,
existing soil-core monitoring equipment will be evaluated and recommendations
made to minimize artificial contamination and cross-contamination of samples.
The study team, in collaboration with EPA, will select specific soil-core
monitoring equipment for testing at the Chevron hazardous waste land treatment
units and/or at a Class I hazardous waste disposal site.
Task 4. Compatibility of equipment with selected groups of hazardous wastes.
As a part of the study team's extensive field installation program,
several major concerns have been identified related to equipment compatibility.
Evidence is available to demonstrate that certain hazardous wastes will totally
degenerate a PVC body tube. In addition, recent evidence obtained at Lebec,
California, has shown that hazardous waste contained in a storage tank caused
teflon lysimeters to become severely fractured within a one day exposure
period. Teflon lysimeters had been selected to provide an early warning system
for this sizeable hazardous waste storage tank prior to the field testing. The
compatibility of various hazardous waste with existing monitoring equipment has
not been demonstrated, and as such, is resulting in the total failure of some
early alert systems.
Between 8 and 9 different industrial sources utilize hazardous waste land
treatment as a disposal technology. The study team proposes to obtain generic
samples from each of these 8 to 9 industrial sources and to conduct laboratory
experiments to determine the compatibility of the samplers with the hazardous
waste. The laboratory testing program will concentrate primarily on looking at
the specific applications of teflon, ceramic, and PVC body tubes on lysimeters.
Those sources which are not compatible with certain parts of the lysimeter will
be identified such that this equipment will not be installed at these particu-
lar facilities.
The compatibility of other kinds of equipment with selected hazardous
wastes will also be identified. For example the compatibility of aluminum
4-4
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casing and/or stainless steel casing will be evaluated as observation holes for
neutron probe access. Since the casing will be installed in laboratory test
chambers, the compatibility of the neutron probe with various hazardous wastes
will also be identified.
Task 5. Develop physical models of hydrocarbon flow in the unsaturated zone.
Evidence to date indicates that hydrocarbon flow in the unsaturated and
saturated zone is not totally understood. Recent evidence indicates that
hydrocarbons move in the subsurface at twice the rate of groundwater flow. In
addition, speculation indicates that the hydrocarbon may move on top of the
capillary fringe. The study team proposes to develop physical models with
saturated conditions, capillary fringe, and unsaturated areas. These physical
models will be tested using water as the test fluid. Once the capillary fringe
has been demonstrated, hydrocarbon will be introduced through an infiltration
galleria at the top of the model. The model then will be photographed to
demonstrate multi-phased flow. Separate physical models will be established to
simulate flows below buried tanks. These physical models will incorporate a
point source of hydrocarbon. The spread of the hydrocarbon in the unsaturated
zone will be photographed.
Based upon the results obtained with the physical models, the study team
will instrument a test plot at a Class I hazardous waste disposal site and will
demonstrate the migration of hydrocarbon from a buried tank. The location of
specific unsaturated zone monitoring probes will be based upon the physical and
mathematical model developed in other tasks and recognized unsaturated flow
rate equations.
Task 6. Develop indicator parameters compatible with soil pore-liquid
sampling.
Historical evidence has shown that certain parameters are influenced by
the sampling equipment. It is recognized that teflon may absorb organic
material and ceramics may adsorb cations. In addition, investigations are
underway which may show that the more volatile components may be lost at higher
suction levels. Since hazardous waste land treatment units fall under RCRA
4-5
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which allows regional administrators to identify Principal Hazardous Constitu-
ents (PHC's), recommendations can be made for certain kind of indicator PHC's
which are not compatible with particular monitoring devices. The result of
this task will be a series of recommendations for the PHC's which are not
compatible with selected pieces of equipment.
Task 7. Determine zone of influence and spacing of pore liquid samplers.
The LUST program across the United States will be in full swing within two
years. California alone has registered more than 200,000 underground storage
tanks. While every one of these tanks will require a soil pore-liquid monitor-
ing program, very little guidance is available for the monitoring depths and
spacing of sampling devices.
Based upon unsaturated zone models which are in development and the
results of the physical modeling tests, Tempo will identify monitoring depths
and spacing of monitoring devices for different sizes of hazardous waste tanks.
Current guidelines consider one depth and one sampling device for every size
tank. It is clear that larger subsurface tanks will require a different soil
profile and an increased number of sampling locations.
Task 8. Develop vadose zone monitoring strategies for landfills and
impoundments.
The Office of Technology Assessment in Congress has identified that vadose
zone monitoring should be included as a part of RCRA recommendations for
monitoring landfills and impoundments. The State of California has already
enacted legislation that requires vadose zone monitoring for landfills and
impoundments. Based upon the study team's review of over 60 different vadose
zone monitoring devices (Everett, Wilson, Hoylman, 1984), the study team
proposes to develop 2 to 3 scenarios for vadose zone monitoring at landfills
and at impoundments will be developed.
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Task 9. Develop post-closure vadose zone monitoring strategies for landfills
and impoundments.
Recent hearings in Congress have uncovered that over 450 hazardous waste
sites across the United States will close by the end of 1985. The 1984 Amend-
ments to RCRA were designed to identify the large number of hazardous waste
sites which closed prior to obtaining ISO documents. The hammer clauses within
RCRA will result in hundreds more hazardous waste sites closing. The hammer
clauses with RCRA spell out the future elimination of impoundments as a dis-
posal method. States such as Louisiana have already enacted legislation which
stipulates that by 1991 hazardous waste disposal in landfills, waste piles,
impoundments, and landfarms will be eliminated. As a result, hundreds more
hazardous waste sites across the United States will be closed. To date post-
closure strategies for these particular sites has not been developed.
All closed hazardous waste sites will require monitoring. All closed
hazardous waste sites will have the same requirement that soil moisture not
enter or pass through the disposal site. As such, all closed hazardous waste
sites in the country must rely on some form of vadose zone monitoring. Vadose
zone monitoring, which is directed towards long-term, durable, low-cost moni-
toring, has not been evaluated. As a result, considerable effort is required
at this time to develop post-closure vadose zone monitoring strategies.
Following the research conducted in Tasks 1 through 8 above, the University
Study Team will be in a unique position to develop the post-closure monitoring
strategies for landfills and impoundments.
Task 10. Develop post-closure vadose zone monitoring strategies for land
treatment facilities.
RCRA regulations will result in the closure of numerous hazardous waste
sites across the United States as discussed above. As closure dates are
approached and facilities are put out of service more and companies will be
turning to landfarm operations for the on-site treatment of their hazardous
materials and yet post-closure monitoring guidelines for these facilities have
not been developed. The national EPA guideline document for unsaturated zone
monitoring at hazardous waste land treatment units was written by Drs. Everett
and Wilson. This comprehensive document details the type of vadose zone
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equipment to be used at active sites and the installation procedures. However,
it does not deal in depth with post-closure monitoring.
Developing vadose zone monitoring strategies for land treatment units has
been separated from landfills and impoundments because of the fundamental
difference of the operation of the hazardous waste facilities. In general,
landfills and impoundments are designed to contain the toxic materials using
artificial and natural lining materials, protective caps to reduce natural
infiltration and internal leachate collection systems to remove free water.
Land treatment facilities are designed to operate as open-end systems. That
is, fluids that have been detoxified either through microbrial action in the
soils or absorption of metallic constituents with the soil particles are
allowed to infiltrate downward and ultimately enter the groundwater resources
of the area. It is therefore important for the monitoring system to distin-
guish between simple fluid migration and the movement of toxic leachate plumes.
Although the goals for post-closure vadose zone monitoring for land treatment
units will be similar to that for landfills and impoundments with respect to
long-term, durable, low-cost monitoring, the working environment for the
equipment and ease of access will dictate different monitoring designs. These
designs will be developed through research proposed as part of the cooperative
agreement.
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SECTION 5
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Organizational Structure
The Cooperative Agreement University Study Team will consist of faculty
and non-faculty personnel under the direction of Dr. Lome G. Everett. Overall
goals and program performance will be monitored by the EPA Project Officer and
a Technical Review Committee. The program will be managed jointly through
Environmental Studies and the Earth Science Department at the University of
California at Santa Barbara. Within the University structure, an organized
Research Unit and Technical Review Committee will provide project input where
appropriate. Program tasks, discussed in Sections 3 and 4, can be broken down
into five basic disciplines. These include hydrology, geology, soil science,
physics, and chemistry. The principal investigators in these disciplines are
given in Figure 5-1.
As Project Manager, Dr. Everett will be the communication link between EPA
and the University Study Team. He will be responsible for the timely and
effective conduct of each task. Dr. Everett will personally review the work of
each of the Project Team members to insure that progress is being made accord-
ing to schedule and within the proposed budget.
Synthesized management controls, which will be used by Dr. Everett to
assure customer satisfaction and timely completion of the work, include:
o periodic review of all ongoing tasks by the Project Manager;
o technical reviews of all documentation to assure as fully as
possible the validity the Study Team's findings and
recommendations;
o regular reports to their managers by all professional staff
members to highlight contributions, accomplishments, problems,
and work assignments;
5-1
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University of California
at Santa Barbara
Lome G. Everett
Project Manager
UCSB
Environmental Studies/
Earth Sciences Department
Organized Research Unit
Technical Review Committee
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada
Project Officer
Technical Review Committee
Cooperative Agreement
Project Task Disciplines
Geology/
Hydrogeology
oil Science/
Physics
Chemistry
Organic
Chemistry
Physical
Hydrology
L.G.Everett
L.G.Wilson
E.W.Hoylmon
E A Keller
R Jflorks
J.C.Allen
B.R.Keller
RH.Miller
W Lick
B.J.Berkowitz
J.R.Boies
Figure 5-1. Organizational structure and key personnel
for Cooperative Agreement.
5-2
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o computerized management reports detailing weekly project costs
by category, cumulative cost by category, cumulative cost to
date by category, underrun and overrun trend, and manpower
assignments and availability.
Designated key personnel of the University Study Team are given in
Figure 5-1. Each of these scientists has been selected for specific expertise
identified in their resumes.
Organization and Personnel Limitations
As outlined in the proceeding sections of this proposal, Dr. Everett and
the University have brought together a uniquely strong team in the areas of
hydrology, geology and hydrogeology, soil science and physics, and organic and
physical chemistry. These are the expertise required to evaluate, test, and
model vadose zone monitoring equipment and develop new monitoring strategies as
proposed. The complex and potentially controversial nature of the studies to
be conducted under this program dictate the need for the level of expertise
proposed for the University Study Team. The availability of the designated key
personnel for this project is in excess of the requirements for completion of
the concurrent tasks shown in Figure 3-1. The University Technical Review
Committee members are available as required over the life of the project.
The size of the University Study Team, as indicated above, is larger in
total than is needed on any one task assignment. In addition, within the team
there is replication and overlap with regards to areas of technical expertise
of the individual team members. Together, these two characteristics provide
the capacity for:
o initiating and conducting multiple tasks during same or
overlapping time periods to meet the demanding time frame of
the project;
o ease in completing a task utilizing required expertise with
minimal interference from other project activities.
5-3
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o flexibility to address critical short term projects required
by the EPA without affecting other program research.
Statement of Conflicts
There are no known contractual or organizational conflicts of interest on
the part of the faculty and non-faculty personnel that make up the University
Study Team that would either preclude the award of the EPA project or the
performance of the work thereunder.
Timeliness of Submittals
Dr. Everett, as Manager of the Natural Resources Program, has been contin-
uously under contract to various branches of EPA since the early 1970s. He has
conducted numerous investigations running from $5,000 to $2 million awards.
His projects have all been completed on time and within the proposed budget.
Quality Assurance Program
All activities under Dr. Everett and the University Study Team leaders
will be accomplished through an established program defining responsibilities
and authority for obtaining and verifying quality. This will include technical
review committee from both UCSB and EPA. Project research will be subject to
review at all times by EPA's Project Officer. In addition, the proposed
Cooperative Agreement as a minimum will include: 1) the UCSB organization
structure, and 2) the authority and responsibility of qualified person(s)
performing activities affecting quality.
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SECTION 6
RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL
6-1
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LORNE G. EVERETT
Registered Professional Hydrologist
EDUCATION
Ph.D., Hydrology, University of Arizona, 1972
M.S., Litonology, University of Arizona, 1969
B.Sc. (Honors), Water Sciences, Lakehead University, 1968
B.Sc., Chemistry, Lakehead University, 1966
SPECIAL EDUCATION
General Electric Management Development Institute, Crotonville, New York, Exe-
cutive Manager Development Course, 1979
The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Finance and Accounting for the
Non-Financial Executive, 1978
General Electric Management Development Institute, Crotonville, New York, Man-
agement Practices Course, 1977
University of California at Davis, Groundwater Management Program, Groundwater
Law Course, 1975
Great Lakes Water Research and Development Laboratory, Ontario, Canada, 1966—
1967
Queen's University, Ontario, Canada, articled in Chartered Accounting, concen-
tration on business management, financial business evaluations, business law,
1962-1963
REGISTRATIONS
Registered Professional Hydrologist — AIPH #164
Nuclear Regulatory Commission — Isotope Experimental Work, AR12, ABC, 10-24
Certified Research Diver
Registered Laboratory Technologist — Chemistry
EXPERIENCE
Kaman Tempo (1978-present): Manager, Natural Resources Program.
TRW Inc.: Project Manager of program to develop and present groundwater
monitoring training program for hazardous waste sites at all 10 EPA
regional offices.
Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager of program to test
groundwater monitoring equipment to be used at hazardous waste sites.
Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager of program to develop
vadose zone monitoring programs for hazardous waste landfills, impound-
ments and land treatment units.
Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager of program to develop an
unsaturated zone monitoring manual
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Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager of $2.0-million contract
to develop groundwater quality monitoring guidelines for all western coal
strip mine activity and all four of the Federal oil shale tracts
Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager for a conceptualization
of unsaturated zone monitoring applicable to hazardous waste sites
United States Congress: Invited testimony at hearings on the Draft Bill
entitled, "Environmental Monitoring of Management Act of 1978," U.S. House
of Representatives, 95th Congress, 2nd Session, 1978
Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager for state-of-the-art
review of unsaturated zone monitoring techniques
Environmental Protection Agency: Project Manager of computer interactive
system study to design groundwater quality monitoring programs.
Crow Indian Tribe: Development of information system covering all coal re-
source data
Camp, Dresser & McKee: Senior advisor for development of multistate hydro-
logic study covering long-term use of the Ogallala Formation
Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Program Manager for evaluation of hydro-
logic aspects of uranium mine permit requirements.
General Electric — TEMPO (1976-1978): Manager, Water Resources Program.
Environmental Protection Agency: Program Manager for groundwater quality
monitoring guidelines for secondary impacts of western coal strip mining,
potential sources of contamination
Department of Justice: Project Manager for quantification of surface water,
groundwater, and water quality to support Indian water rights litigation.
General Electric — TEMPO (1974-1976): Hydrologist.
Environmental Protection Agency: Development of general methodology for
groundwater quality monitoring.
Consultant to:
CODECU International, Inc., Tucson, Arizona
Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Santa Barbara, California
Bell Engineering, Tucson, Arizona.
University of Arizona (1972-1974): Assistant Professor, Department of Hydrol-
ogy and Water Resources. Principal investigator to:
Environmental Protection Agency: Principal Investigator of Waste Load Al-
location Study, Parker Strip, Colorado River
Bureau of Reclamation, Arizona Water Commission: Principal Investigator of
Water Quality Intake Studies for the Central Arizona Project
Arizona Water Resources Research Center: Principal Investigator of Salin-
ity and Limnological Problems on the Lower Colorado River
National Park Service: Principal Investigator of Public Health Problems in
Grand Canyon, Arizona
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Bureau of Reclamation, Region III: Principal Investigator of Chemical and
Biological Patterns in Lake Mead.
Great Lakes Paper Co., Ltd. (1966-1967): Water quality of effluent from paper
mills.
Ontario Hydro Co., Ltd. (1963-1966): Watershed studies to predict reservoir
levels behind dams.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
Dr. Everett was responsible for hydrologic research Including both ground-
water and surface water impacts for the following Environmental Impact State-
ments:
1. City of Los Angeles, California, Total Facilities Wastewater Plan
(25-year Reclamation Plan)
2. Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station Unit 2, Missouri
3. Omaha Public Power District, Nebraska City Fossil Fuel Power Plant
4. Texarkana Wastewater Treatment Facility, Texarkana, Texas
5. Texarkana Water Treatment Facility, Texarkana, Texas
6. Commerce Wastewater Treatment Facility, Commerce, Texas
7. Sanitary Sewage Collection System, Highland Village, Texas.
MEMBERSHIPS
American Institute of Professional Hydrologists
Science and Engineering Council (President and Chairman of the Board, 1983-84)
American Medical Laboratory Association
American Society of Civil Engineers
American Society of Clinical Pathologists
American Water Resources Association
Arizona Medical Laboratory Association
Beta Beta Beta
International water Resources Association
National Association of Underwater Instructors
National Water Well Association
Sigma Xi
HONORS
Requested by U.S. Navy, California Department of Water Resources, University
of California, California Environmental Health Association, to present
training course on vadose zone monitoring at hazardous waste sites.
Elected President and Chairman of the Board of a California Corporation
representing 85 high-technology corporations.
Selected on a sole-source basis to develop and present to all 10 EPA regional
headquarters a groundwater monitoring training course for hazardous waste
sites.
Invited Chairman for Technical Session on Vadose Zone Monitoring Equipment at
First National Symposium on Groundwater Monitoring Equipment, NWWA, November
1982.
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Invited Chairman for Technical Session for First National Symposium on Vadose
Zone Monitoring, NWWA, Las Vegas, December 1983.
Invited Paper for FWPCA Annual Meeting in Reno Nevada, September 1983.
Invited member, international committee for UNESCO 1983 world meeting on Tech-
nical Advance in the Control and Detection of Groundwater Pollution
Advisor, U.S. National Center for Ground Water Research, 1982
Invited Chairman for Workshop on Monitoring in the Vadose Zone, First National
Groundwater Monitoring Symposium, Columbus, Ohio, 1981
Invited by directors of peer-reviewed journal, Groundwater Monitoring Review,
to develop charter series of papers on groundwater monitoring. March 1981
Invited moderator, "Workshop on Unsaturated Zone Monitoring," First National
Groundwater Monitoring Symposium, NWWA, Columbus, Ohio, May 1981
Invited Lecturer, University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Mech-
anical and Environmental Engineering, 1980
Charter President, California Section, American Water Resources Association,
1979
Invited panel member for American Chemical Society meetings on water pollution
regulations, Dallas, Texas, October 1979
Invited by the Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere to give tes-
timony before the U.S. House of Representatives on the draft bill titled,
"Environmental Monitoring Management Act of 1978," on July 21, 1978
Technical Program Chairman of "Establishment of Water Quality Monitoring Pro-
grams," 17th Annual AWRA Symposium, San Francisco, California, June 1978
invited chairman of "Environmental Impacts of Fossil and Nuclear Fuels," Fourth
Annual American Chemical Society Conference, New Orleans, November 1977
Invited chairman of "Water and Energy," 13th Annual American Water Resources
Association Conference, Tucson, Arizona, October 1977
Invited chapter written for the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS) Manual on "Environment Systems" to be used in all U.S.
Universities with Environmental Programs, 1974.
Who's Who in the West, 1976
Hubert D'Autreraent Award, 1971
AT&T Fellowship, 1968
Northern Engineering Award, 1968
Atkinson Foundation Award, 1967
Lakehead University President's Medal, 1966
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HONORS (Peer Comments)
Environmental Research Center, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 1984,
"—several excellent documents have been released in recent years that
provide detailed and highly useable information on vadose zone sampler types
(Everett, et al., 1982; Everett, et al. 1983). These sources are recommended
as invaluable for field studies involving soil monitoring."
Colorado School of Mines Publications Department, April 1984, "the author (Dr.
Everett) has written many of the classic manuals on monitoring methods."
Ground Water, December 1983, "Groundwater Monitoring is a 63-page contribution
in the hydrology chapter, by Lome G. Everett of Kaman Tempo in Santa Barbara,
California, one of the top groundwater monitoring experts in the U.S."
Ground Water Monitoring Review, Spring 1981, Charter Series of Invited Papers
by Dr. Everett "presented by one of the pioneers in the field of ground-water
monitoring."
Chief Research Hydrologist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October
1980, "(Dr. Everett's handbook) established the state-of-the-art used through-
out the (hazardous waste) industry today."
BOOKS PUBLISHED
Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Sites (with others), Noyes Publi-
cations, November 1984.
Sub-Surface Migration of Hazardous Waste (with others), Van Nostrand Reinhold
(in press).
Mining/Reclamation Monitoring Handbook (with others), Coal Extraction and Util-
ization Research Center, published by the U.S. Department of Energy, 1983.
Establishment of Water Quality Monitoring Programs (with K.D. Schmidt),
American Water Resources Association, January 1980.
Groundwater Monitoring, General Electric Company, August 1980.
Groundwater Monitoring of Oil Shale Development (with others), Elsevier
Publications, Amsterdam, 1985.
Groundwater Monitoring of Coal Strip Mining, Elsevier Publications, Amsterdam,
1985.
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
"Lysimeter Testing Program for Hazardous Waste Land Treatment" (with L.G.
McMillion), EPA, Las Vegas, Nevada, January 1985.
"Unsaturated Zone Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Units" (with
L.G. Wilson), National EPA Guideline Document, OSW, EPA, Washington, D.C.,
November 1984.
"Soil-Gas Monitoring Methods," EPA, Las Vegas, Nevada, October 1984.
"Constraints and Categories of Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices" (with E.W.
Hoylman, L.G. Wilson, L.G. McMillion), Ground Water Monitoring Review, Winter,
1984.
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"Unsaturated zone Monitoring Protocols for Hazardous Waste Land Treatment
Units" (with L.G. Wilson, L.G. McMillion) in Characterization, and Monitoring
of the Vadose (Unsaturated) Zone, NWWA, December 1983.
"Vadose Zone Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites," WPCP, Reno, Nevada,
September 1983.
"Groundwater Quality Monitoring Recommendations for In Situ Oil Shale Develop-
ment" (with K.E. Kelly, E.W. Hoylman), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-600/4-83-045, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 1983.
"Vadose Zone Monitoring at Hazardous Waste Sites," Annual Conference FWPCA,
Reno, Nevada, September 1983.
A Prototype Computer interactive Groundwater Monitoring Methodology, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/4-83-017, June 1983.
"Vadose Zone Monitoring Concepts at Landfills, Impoundments and Land Treatment
Disposal Areas" (with L.G. McMillion and L.G. Wilson), National Conference on
Confinement of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, Washington, D.C., December
1982.
"Groundwater Quality Monitoring Recommendations for Western Surface Coal
Mines," U.S. Protection Agency — Las Vegas, Nevada, September 1982.
"Vadose Zone Monitoring Manual" (with E.W. Hoylman and L.G. Wilson), Environ-
mental Protection Agency — Las Vegas, Nevada, August 1982.
"Sampling Techniques for Unsaturated Zone Monitoring" (with E.w. Hoylman),
invited paper Practical Groundwater Monitoring Considerations for the Mining
Industry" NWWA, July 1982.
"Evaluation of Groundwater Pumping and Bailing Methods — Application in the
Oil shale Industry" (with G.C. Slawson, Jr., K.E. Kelly), Groundwater Monitor-
ing Review, Summer, 1982.
"Vadose Zone Monitoring Applications for Hazardous Waste Sites" (with L.G.
McMillion), American Society of Civil Engineers, April 1982.
"A Computer Interactive Groundwater Monitoring Methodology: A Prototype for
Holding and Waste Disposal Ponds" (with W.o. Rasraussen), Groundwater Monitoring
Review Journal, Spring 1982.
"Vadose Zone Monitoring Concepts for Hazardous Waste Sites" (with L.G. Wilson
and L.G. McMillion), Groundwater Journal, October 1981.
"Monitoring in the Unsaturated Zone," invited paper, Groundwater Monitoring
Review Journal, June 1981.
"Monitoring in the Saturated Zone," charter paper, Groundwater Monitoring
Review Journal, March 1981.
"A structured Groundwater Quality Monitoring Methodology for Developing Coun-
tries," invited paper. World Health Organization, Collaborating Center on Sur-
face and Groundwater Quality, Water Quality Bulletin. Vol 6, No. 1, January
1981.
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"A Computer Assisted Approach for Developing Groundwater Quality Monitoring
Programs" (with R.M. Tinlin, W.O. Rasraussen, and L.G. McMillion), NWWA Annual
Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, October 1980.
"Monitoring and Management of Groundwater for Coal Strip Mines" (with L.G.
McMillion), invited paper, Mining and the Environment in the 80's. University
of Utah, Department of Mining & Fuels Engineering, September 1980.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring Designs for Municipal Pollution Sources; Pre-
liminary Designs for Coal Strip Mine Impact Assessments (with M.A. Hulburt,
editors), EPA-600/7-80-090, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1980.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining; Preliminary Des-
igns for Active Mine Sources of Pollution (with E.W. Hoylman, editors),
EPA-600/7-80-110, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining: Preliminary Des-
igns for Reclaimed Mine Sources of Pollution (with E.W. Hoylman, editors),
EPA-600/7-80-109, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
"The Expanded Role of the Chemist in Coal, Oil Shale, and Hazardous Waste Mon-
itoring," invited paper American Chemical Society Meetings, Dallas, Texas,
October 1979.
"Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mines: Monitoring Guide-
lines for Potential Sources of Pollution" (with L.G. McMillion), presented at
the American Water Resources Association Symposium, Las Vegas, Nevada,
September 1979.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining: Identification
and Priority Ranking of Potential Pollution Sources (editor), EPA-600/7-79-024,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 1979.
"Strip Mining of Coal: Water Resource Issues," Canadian Water Resources
Journal, vol 4, no. 1, ISSN 0701-1784, Winter 1979.
The Ecological Impact of Land Restoration and Cleanup (with H.A. Hawthorne,
R.S. Dobson, et al.), GE78TMP-54, prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Office of Radiation Programs, Washington, D.C., 1978.
"Testimony of Dr. Lome G. Everett at Hearings before the Subcommittee on the
Environment and the Atmosphere on the Draft Bill titled, 'Environmental Moni-
toring Management Act of 1978,' before the U.S. House of Representatives, 95th
Congress, 2nd Session, July 21, 1978," General Electric Company—TEMPO Paper
P-799, July 1978.
"Strip Mining of Coal: Water Resource Issues," invited paper presented at Can-
adian Water Resources Association Annual Convention, Winnipeg, Canada, June
28-30, 1978.
"Establishment of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Programs" (with R.M. Tinlin),
paper presented at American Water Resources Association Symposium, San Fran-
cisco, California, June 12-14, 1978.
"Management of Ground-Water Quality Data" (with N.F. Hampton), paper P-787,
Journal of Environmental Systems, vol 8, no. 4, 1978-1979.
"Groundwater Monitoring in the Powder River Basin," presented at Wyoming Water
Resources Conference, University of Wyoming, January 1978.
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Groundwater Quality Monitoring; 208 Planning Effort, prepared for EPA 208 Man-
agement and Implementation Short Course, Denver, Colorado, April 1977.
"Applications of Stochastic Methods in Eutrophication," Environmental Systems,
vol 6, no. 4, 1976-1977.
"Desalting as a Potential User of Wind Energy," appendix to Wind Energy Mission
Analysis. U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Pennsylvania,
1976.
Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Illustrative Examples (R.M. Tinlin, editor),
EPA-600/4-76-036, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, July 1976.
"Plankton Transect Analysis as an Indicator of Pollution Levels" (with R.D.
Staker and R.W. Hoshaw), The American Midland Naturalist, June 1976.
Monitoring Groundwater Quality; Monitoring Methodology (with D.K. Todd, R.M.
Tinlin, and K.D. Schmidt), EPA-600/4-76-026, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, June 1976.
Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Methods and Costs (with K.D. Schmidt, R.M.
Tinlin, and D.K. Todd), EPA-600/4-76-023, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
May 1976.
"A Groundwater Quality Monitoring Methodology," invited paper National 208
Conference on Planning and Implementation, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Denver Colorado, April 1976.
"Groundwater Quality Monitoring Strategy" (with R.M. Tinlin), Paper P-728,
Conference on Groundwater Quality — Measurement, Prediction and Protection,
Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, Reading University, England,
September 1976; Santa Barbara, California, April 1976.
"A Methodology for Monitoring Groundwater Quality Degradation from Man's Acti-
vities" (abstract, with D.K. Todd and R.M. Tinlin), presented by R.M. Tinlin
at the Spring Annua1 Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.,
April 12-15, 1976; abstract appeared in EOS, Translations, American Physical
Union, vol 57, no. 4, p. 246, April 1976.
"A Groundwater Quality Monitoring Methodology" (with K.D. Schmidt, D.K. Todd,
and R.M. Tinlin), submitted to Journal American Water Works Association, Gen-
eral Electric Company—TEMPO Paper P-722, March 1976.
"Segmented Population Model of Primary Productivity" (with G.C. Slawson, Jr.),
Journal of Environmental Engineering Division, American Society of Civil En-
gineers, vol 102, no. EE1, Proceedings Paper 11945, pp. 127-138, February 1976.
"Development of a Methodology for Monitoring Groundwater Quality" (with D.K.
Todd et al.). International Conference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment,
World Health Organization, Las Vegas, Nevada, 14-19 Septeraper 1975.
"Applications of Optimal Control to the Modeling and Management of Ecosystems
(with T.L. Vincent et al.), Simulation, vol 24, no. 3, pp. 65-72, March 1975.
"Water Quality Properties in Recreation Management" (with G.C. Slawson, Jr.),
Plateau, Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Inc., spring 1975.
"Phytoplankton Distribution and Water Quality Indices for Lake Mead (Colorado
River)" (with R.W. Hoshaw and R.D. Staker), Journal of Phycology, vol 10, pp.
323-331, 1974.
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Assessment of Biostimulation and Eutrophication of Reclaimed Waste Water (with
R.G. Gilbert and J.B. Miller), U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Phoenix, Arizona, 1974.
"Modeling and Management of Ecosystems via Optimal Control Theory" (with T.L.
Vincent), 1st International Congress of Ecology, The Hague, The Netherlands,
September 1974.
Analysis of Groundwater Recharged with Secondary Sewage Effluent, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona, June
1975.
Public Health Characterization and Waste Load Allocation for the Parker Strip
(with H.K. Qashu and s. Ince), Arizona State Department of Public Health,
Phoenix, Arizona, June 1974.
"Eutrophication—A Stochastic Theoretic Model," Journal of the American Water
Resources Association, May 1974.
"The Effect of Development on Groundwater in the Parker Strip" (with T.R.
Schultz), American Water Resources Association, March 1974.
"Applicability of Remote Sensing to River Basin Control Programs" (with L.S.
Leonhart), Third Annual Remote Sensing of Earth Resources Conference, The
University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee, March 25, 1974.
Effects on Development of "Salinity" and Limnology of the Lower Colorado River
(with D.D. Evans et al.), Office of Water Resources Research, Washington,
D.C., 1973.
"Water Quality Monitoring of Reservoirs on the Colorado River from Lake Powell
to the Gulf of California Utilizing ERTS-1 Imagery" (with K.E. Foster and L.K.
Lepley), Remote Sensing and Water Resources Management, American water Resour-
ces Association, Urbana, Illinois, 1973.
"Analysis in Eutrophication Modeling," Journal of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, sanitary Engineering Division, November 1973.
"An Evaluation of ERTS-1 Imagery in Reservoir Dynamics" (with L.S. Leonhart),
Fourth Annual Conference on Remote Sensing of Arid Lands Resources and Envir-
onment , Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, November
14-16, 1973.
"An outbreak of Shiqella sonnei on Colorado River Raft Trips" (with M.H. Merson
et al.), American Journal of Epidemiology, September 1973.
"Chemical and Biological Patterns in the Lower Colorado River System" (with
J.S. Carlson and H.K Qashu), Arizona Academy of Science, Vol 8, June 1973.
"Public Satisfaction in Water Resources Planning and Evaluation" (with R.M.
Judge), Second Annual National symposium on Societal Problems of Water Resour-
ces, American Water Resources Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 18, 1973.
"Chemical and Biological Problems in the Grand Canyon" (with G.C. Slawson,
Jr.), Arizona Academy of Science, January 1973.
A Mathematical Model of Primary Productivity and Limnological Patterns in Lake
Mead, Arizona, Natural Resource Systems Technical Report #13, University of
Arizona, Tucson, 1972.
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Public Health Problems in the Grand Canyon (with G.C. Slawson, Jr.), National
Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Grand Canyon, August 1972.
"Salinity—A Non-specific Index of Water Quality," Proceedings, Seventh
Session, On the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate Waters of the Colorado
River and Its Tributaries, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, February 1972.
A Chemical and Biological Study of the Colorado River—Grand Canyon Section,
Part II (with H.K. Qashu and R.D. Staker), U.S. Department of the interior,
National Park Service, Grand Canyon National Park, October 1971.
Micronutrients and Biological Patterns in Lake Mead (with J.S. Carlson and
H.K. Qashu), U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, September
1971.
A Chemical and Biological Study of the Colorado River—Grand Canyon Section
(with J.S. Carlson, R.D. Staker, and H.K. Qashu), U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park services, Grand canyon National Park, July 1971.
A Conceptual Draft of a Dynamic Hydrobiological Model for Lake Mead, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Region 3, Boulder City,
Nevada, April 1971.
"The Lower Colorado, A Dying River" (with J.S. Carlson and H.K. Qashu), Pro-
ceedings, Fourteenth Annual Meeting, Arizona Academy of Science, Vol 6, 1970.
The Phosphorus Controversy, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclam-
ation, Region 3, Boulder City, Nevada, November 1970.
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EDWARD V. HOYLMAN
Senior Geohydrologist
EDUCATION
M.S., Geology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1974
B.S., Geology-Hydrology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1970
Institute Cultural Peruano Norteamericano, intensive Spanish courses
REGISTRATIONS
Geologist No. 3488 in the State of California
Geologist No. G345 in the State of Oregon
EXPERIENCE
Karaan Tempo (1981-present): Senior Hydrogeologist. Mr. Hoylman's research is
directed towards the use of vadose zone monitoring equipment and surface geo-
physical methods to solve groundwater problems at hazardous waste disposal
sites. Directing RCRA Part A and B applications has provided extensive field
experience from which he has developed computer software for water quality
evaluations and geophysical data reduction. Mr. Hoylman continues to partici-
pate as a principle auther for coal and oil shale reports and has coauthored
two books, one for the oil shale industry and one on vadose zone monitoring at
hazardous waste sites.
Consulting Hydrogeologist (1980-1981). Directed geophysical and groundwater
monitoring programs at hazardous waste disposal sites. Developed site plans
for rural community septic disposal operations.
General Electric -- TEMPO (1977-1980): Hydrogeologist.
Environmental Protection Agency: Evaluation of hydrogeologic and geologic
testing procedures related to recommendation of groundwater monitoring
methods for coal strip mining and oil shale development
Yankton Sioux Indian Tribe: Analysis of water and land resources for po-
tential agricultural and industrial development
Cheyenne River Sioux Indian Tribe: Development of irrigation program des-
igns and analysis of geothermal greenhouse development
Crow Indian Tribe: Analysis of coal resources and organization of coal
exploration data base
Department of Energy: Assistance in development of regulatory compliance plan
for Rock Springs experimental oil shale site.
Santa Barbara City College (1976-1977): Instructor in earth sciences.
Great Basin Petroleum, Century City, California (1976): Geological consultant
in minerals exploration supervising field crew.
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Petrolog Geologic Well Logging service, Ventura, California (1973-1975): In
charge of two portable geological/geophysical laboratories providing service
to well operations of major petroleum and gas companies.
Drilling Fluid Specialists, Inc., Ventura, California (1974-1975): work with
lithologic-related drilling fluids problems.
Aerogeophysics Company, Los Angeles, California (1970-1973): Geologist— Geo-
physicist. Worked with various exploration problems within the geothermal,
petroleum, and mining industries, specialized in the interpretation of geology
from multilevel airborne and ground magnetic surveys. Duties included the fol-
lowing:
Programmed and implemented multilevel ground magnetic surveys for
the mining industry
Developed and supervised wildcat wells for the petroleum and private sector
Developed computer software to interpret basement topography and made depth
estimates of sedimentary layer above the basement complex for petroleum
industry
Worked in Lima, Peru on multilevel aeromagentic survey for the Peruvian
Government and thirteen major international oil companies
Worked with the correlation of surface geology and SLAR imagery.
MEMBERSHIPS
Society of Exploration Geophysicists
Pacific Coast Chapter of SEG
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
Soil Core, Vadose Zone and Groundwater Assessment Plan, General Portland
KT-84-047(R), October 1984.
Soil-Core and Groundwater Assessment Plan, TOSCO Bakersfield Refinery,
KT-84-017, April 1984.
Contamination Assessment Plan for Beacon Oil Company, KT-84-014(R), March 1984.
Contamination Assessment Plan (Ditch Area) for TOSCO Corporation,
KT-84-013(R), March 1984.
Contamination Assessment Program Plan for IMC Carbon Products, KT-84-009(R),
February 1984.
RWQCB Groundwater Protection Plan, KT-83-026(R), September 1983
Protection of Groundwater Geophysical and Hydrogeologic Information,
KT-83-020(R), July 1983
Protection of Groundwater Hydrogeologic Information, Part 164, Subpart F,
KT-83-019(R), July 1983
Agricultural Economic Analysis of the Moreau River Irrigation Site, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, in progress.
Agricultural Economic Analysis and Water Resource Study for the Yankton Sioux
Tribe, Greenwood, South Dakota, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Indian Affairs, in progress.
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Vadose Zone Monitoring Manual, Interim Report (with others), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, Contract No. 68-03-3090, in EPA review.
Infiltration and Permeability Testing at Geokinetics Oil shale Site, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, April 1982.
Agricultural Economic Analysis of Irrigated Crop Development for the Yankton
Sioux Tribe, Greenwood, South Dakota, submitted to the Yankton Sioux Tribe,
February 1982.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring Recommendations for In-Situ Oil Shale
Development (with others), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (in review),
October 1981.
Yankton Sioux Indian Tribe Resource Planning and Development Program, Infor-
mation Index (with others), GE80TMP-6, January 1980.
Yankton Sioux Indian Tribe Resource Planning and Development Program, Phase II
Reconnaissance Level Investigations (with others), GE79TMP-74, January 1980.
Preliminary Plans, Schedules, and Costs for Meeting Hydrology-Related Compli-
ance Requirements at Rock Springs In-Situ Oil Shale Test Facility, GE79TMP-75,
prepared for the Lararuie Energy Technology Center, Laramie, Wyoming, January
1980.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining: Preliminary
Designs for Reclaimed Mine Sources of Pollution (with L.G. Everett, editors),
EPA-600/7-80-109, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
Reconnaissance Water Resource study of the Moonlight Springs Area, Nome,
Alaska, GE79TMP-71, prepared for the Advanced Energy Systems Project Engineer-
ing Operations, General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York, December 1979.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining; Preliminary
Designs for Active Mine Sources of Pollution (with L.G. Everett, editors),
EPA-600/7-80-110, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1980.
Phase 3, Water Resource Studies for the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation,
GE79TMP-64, prepared for the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal Council, October 1979.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Coal Strip Mining; Identification
and Priority Ranking of Potential Pollution Sources (L.G. Everett, editor),
EPA-600/7-79-024, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 1979.
Groundwater Quality Monitoring of Western Oil Shale Development; Identification
and Priority Ranking of Potential Pollution Sources (G.C. Slawson, Jr.,
editor), EPA-600/7-79-023 (GE77TMP-51), General Electric Company--TEMPO, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EMSL—Las Vegas, Nevada, January 1979.
Technical/Economic Feasibility study for Flat Glass Production Facilities in
Egypt, Vol II, Part II, Phase II (Feasibility Stage) — Site Evaluation and
Raw Materials Investigation, GE79TMP-1, report to GOFI and USAID, January 1979.
Working Paper No. 3, Preliminary Evaluation of Vadi El Natrun Soda Deposit (as
part of Technical/Economic Feasibility Study for Flat Glass Production
Facilities in Egypt), GE79TMP-1, report to GOFI and USAID, December 1978.
Working Paper No. 2, Maadi Sands Beneficiation Program (as part of Technical/
Economic Feasibility Study for Flat Glass Production Facilities in Egypt),
GE79TMP-1, report to GOFI and USAID, September 1978.
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Organizations, Costs, and Returns for Representative Irrigated Farms in the
Crow Indian Reservation. Montana (with W.E. Martin), GE78TMP-72, report to
Department of Justice and Bureau of Indian Affairs, August 1978.
Supplemental Review of Coal Exploration Data from the Crow Indian Reservation,
GE77TMP-38, report to the Crow Tribal Council and Department of Interior, Bur-
eau of Indian Affairs, October 1977.
BOOKS PUBLISHED
Groundwater Monitoring of Oil Shale Development (with L.G. Everett, K.K.
Kelly), Noyes Publications, 1983.
Vadose Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Sites (with L.G. Everett, L.G.
Wilson), General Electric, 1983.
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BARRY KELLER
Geophysicist
EDUCATION
Ph.D, Geophysics, University of California at Santa Barbara, 1984.
M.S., Geophysics, University of Washington, 1978.
B.S., Geology, California Institute of Technology, 1969.
EXPERIENCE
Hazardous Waste Investigations
Dr. Keller is responsible for all field testing conducted by Tempo at
hazardous waste sites located throughout the country. He is responsible for
drilling, soil sampling, soil pore liquid sampling, and saturated zone
sampling at hazardous waste sites. He is currently active in developing
hazardous waste Part B permits at several sites in Southern California.
Geophysics Field Experiment
Santa Barbara Channel Seismic Experiment. Designed experiment, Chief
Scientist at sea for seismic refraction experiment using explosive sources at
sea, land, and ocean bottom recorders. Wrote environmental impact statement
and obtained permits for explosives at sea. Analyzed data using computer ray
tracing. Published results.
Regional Geologic Data Compilation and Interpretation
Geodynamics Transect. Constructed geologic and geophysical crustal cross
sections of western Transverse Ranges and Southern California Borderland for a
national publication concerning the ocean-continent transition surrounding
North America.
Earthquake Locations and Magnitudes
Personally operated Santa Barbara area seismic net for six years.
Reported to local public media.
Teaching
UCSB Teaching Assistant or Grader with excellent ratings for seismology,
field geophysics, math for geologists, oceanography, geochemistry, general
geology. O.K. Gilbert award winner for most outstanding grad student lecture.
Exploration
Participated in onshore and offshore seismic refraction and reflection
surveys with USGS and academic institutions.
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Engineering
Test engineering aide, Boeing. Designed and ran test of auxiliary power
turbine, other mechanical and acoustic jet engine tests. Twenty-four graduate
units in Mechaniccal Engineering
PUBLICATIONS
Seismic refraction, gravity anomalies, and the Peru trench. University of
Washington M.S. thesis. 39 pp.
Explosion seismology studies of active and passive continental margins (with
B.T.R. Lewis, C. Meeder, C. HeIsley, R.P. Meyer). In Watkins, J.S., L.
Montadaert, P.W. Dickerson, ed, Geological and Geophysical Investigations of
Continental Margins. AAPG Memoir 29. 443-451. 1979.
Imperial Valley earthquake swarms; Structure of the Salton trough from gravity
and seismic refraction data, in Crowell, J.C. and A.G. Sylvester, eds,
Tectonics of the Juncture Between the San Andreas Fault system and the Salton
Trough, Southeastern California. Geological Society of America guidebook,
published by UCSB Geological Sciences. 53-56; 57-64. 1979.
A model forming the Transverse Ranges of California by subduction of the
Murray Transform. Geophysical Research Letters. 8.305-308. 1981.
Ray trace model of the Santa Barbara, California, land-sea seismic refraction
experiment (with W.A. Prothero, Jr., A.M. Trehu, D.J. Stierman). Geophysical
Research Letters. 10.933-936. 1983.
Structural discontinuity within the Southern California continental margin:
seismic and gravity models of the western Transverse Ranges. Submitted to
Journal of Geophysical Research, 1984.
Santa Barbara Channel earthquake locations 1979-1982 (with W. Prothero).
Submitted to Seismological Society of America Bulletin. 1984.
Ocean - Continent Transect C-3 (with D. Howell, J. Gibson, G. Puis, J. Knapp,
G. Maxell) Geodynamics Transect Program (in press).
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JULIA COAN ALLEN
EDUCATION
B.A., Economic Development, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1977.
M.A., International Relations, Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International
Studies, Bologna, Italy and Washington, D.C., 1979.
Ph.D., Geography and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, 1983.
EXPERIENCE
University of California, Santa Barbara (1983-Present): Assistant Professor,
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies.
Teaching of soils, environmental analysis, ecodevelopment and third word,
soil plant relation, forest watershed management, environmental impact analysis.
Research on soil-vegetation relationships and renewable resource management,
especially in semi-arid tropics.
Center for Energy Policy Research, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.
(1980-1983): Research Assistant.
Research on wood fuels and the environmental aspects of forest management in
developing countries. Authorship of several discussion papers. Computer
modelling using linear programming and multivariate analysis (MPSX370, SPSS, SAS).
TPI, Inc., Beltsville, MD (1979-1980): International Economist.
Co-authorship of Recommended International Solar Energy Strategy for the U.S.
Department of Energy. Coordination of exchange of information on solar energy
research under the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Program, NATO/CCMS Solar Energy
Pilot Study and U.S. participation in bilateral agreements with Italy, Saudi
Arabia, and Israel.
Planning Research Corporation & Energy Analysis Company, McLean, Virginia
(1978-1979): Research Associate.
Management support for U.S. Department of Energy Solar Heating and Cooling
Research and Development Program.
AWARDS/MEMBERSHIPS
Fellowship, Department of Geograph and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD (1980-81).
Fellowship, Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies, Bologna,
Italy (1977-78).
Member, American Association for the Advancement of Science
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American Geophysical Union
Soil Science Society of America
American Institute of Biological Sciences (Ecological Society of America)
PUBLICATIONS
"The Causes of Deforestation in Developing Countries," Annals of the Association
of the Association of American Geographers, 75(2): 163-184, 1985.
"Soils Properties and Fast-Growing Tree Species in Tanzania," Forest Ecology and
Management, (forthcoming), 1985.
"Wood Energy and Preservation of Woodlands in Semi-Arid Developing Countries: The
case of Dodoma Region, Tanzania, Journal of Development Economics, 19:, 1985.
"Soil Response to Forest Clearing in the United States and the Tropics -
Geological and Biological Factors," Biotropica, 17(1): 15-27, 1985.
"Deforestation and Social Forestry in Developing Countries," coauthored with
Douglas F. Barnes, in Resources, Spring 1981.
"The Fiscal Crisis of the Argentine State," coauthored with Frederick Stirton
Weaver, in Latin American Perspectives, Issues 22, Studies on State and
Development, Vol. 6, no. 3, Summer, 1979.
Papers Submitted
"A Soil Catena on Granite in the Rift Valley, Tanzania: Mechanisms of Soil
Genesis and Use of the Catena Model for Soil Mapping," (submitted for
publication), 1985.
"Multiobjective Planning Using the Noninferior Set Estimation (NISE) Method in
Tanzania and the United States," (submitted for publication), 1984.
Papers Presented
"Influence of Soil Properties on the Distribution and Growth of Natural Woodland
and Exotic Plantations in Tanzania," presented to the Symposium on Fast Growing
Species for Arid Regions, Kingsville, Texas, April 30-May 3, 1985.
"Forest Management with Several Objectives - The Noninferior Set Estimation (NISE)
Algorithm," presented to the Forestry and Wildland Planning Applications Sessions
at the Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America/TIMS, Boston,
Mass., May 1-3, 1985.
"A Soil Catena on Granite in the Rift Valley, Tanzania," presented at the Soil
Science Society of America Meetings, November 25-30, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1984.
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"Soil Response to Forest Clearing in the United States and the Tropics," presented
to the Western Soil Science Society at the Pacific Division of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science meetings, June 10-15, San Francisco
State University, 1984.
"Deforestation and Soil Degradation in the United States and the Tropics,"
presented at the Ecological Society of America/Annual AIBS Meeting, Grand Forks,
North Dakota, August 7-11, 1983.
"Population and Forestry Interactions in the Sudan and Tanzania," coauthored with
Douglas Barnes, presented at the Population Association of America Annual Meeting,
Pittsburgh, PA, April 14-16, 1983.
"Case Study of Social Forestry in Tanzania: Why People Don't Plant Trees,"
coauthored with Margaret Skutsch, Douglas Barnes and William Ramsay, presented at
Panel on Fuelwood and Forestry in Asia and Africa, AAAS Annual Meeting, Capitol
Hilton, Washington, D.C., January 8, 1982.
Discussion Papers
"Impact of Forest Soils on the Bioenergy Outlook in Developing Countries,"
Discussion paper D-73 N, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C., 1982
"Social Forestry in Developing Countries," coauthored with Douglas Barnes and
William Ramsay, Discussion paper D-73 F, Resources for the Future, Washington,
D.C., 1982
Completed as part of Cooperative Agreement No. AID/DSAN-CA-0179 between Resources
for the Future and USAID:
"Forestry Management for Wood Fuels, Environmental Protection and Development in
Tanzania", 1981.
"Tropical Soils: Characteristics, Problems and Potentials", 1981.
"Charcoal Industry Location and Transport Study", 1980.
"Modeling the Environmental Effects of Forest Management in a Watershed: A
multiobjective Approach to Forest Management for Developng Countries", 1980.
"Concessional Lending for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries:
Implications for Regulation and Pricing Polvcy," 1980.
Submitted in fulfillment of contract between TPI, INc. and U.S. Department of
Energy:
"Recommended International Solar Energy Strategy for U.S. Department of Energy,"
coauthored with Sheila Blum, William Kennish, and Paul Von Ward, 1980.
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BENJAMIN J. BERKOWITZ
Physical Chemist
EDUCATION
Ph.D., Physical Chemistry, Florida State University, 1955.
M.A., Chemistry, Columbia University, 1949.
B.S., Chemistry, College of the City of New York, 1947.
EXPERIENCE
Dr. Berkowitz conducts systems analysis studies of energy-related problems with
special emphasis on solar energy technologies and on energy use in the process
industries. His current and recent responsibilities include the management or
performance of impact and penetration analyses of wind energy systems for electric
utilities, aquifer storage of hot water for district heating, and thermal energy
storage systems for electric utility applications. He has contributed to studies
of processes of at-sea utilization of electric energy generated by ocean thermal
energy conversion (OTEC), solar heating and cooling of buildings, production and
use of synthetic fuels in naval operations, and use of the gas-cooled reactors to
provide high temperature heat to the process industries.
Dr. Berkowitz is currently starting a project for EPRI examining technological
change in the electric utility industry. The objective is to modify existing
statistical models of electricity supply processes by incorporating the effects of
predictable advances in the technical areas on which those processes depend, the
models will be used to aid in forecasting energy supplies and to assist in
formulating the commercial feasibility of new technologies.
Mission Research Corporation (1973). Aeronomic chemistry; technological
forecasting methodology.
ADCON Corporation (1970-1973). Directed study of ballistic missile defense
alternatives; nuclear burst detection diagnostics; submarine detection; military
R&D programs; nuclear fireball phenomenology.
Operations Research Office/Research Analysis Corporation (1956-1962). Operations
Research Office/Research Analysis Corporation. Directed tactical and strategic
gaming projects; combat intelligence; air defense.
U.S. Army (1944-1945). 2nd Lt. Cavalry (Armor).
MEMBERSHIPS
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Sigma Xi
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BENJAMIN J. BERKOWITZ
Publications
Comparison of the Role of P-3C, P-3X, and B-S2D Aircraft for Mari-
time Missions: A Briefing (U), GE79TMP-67, with L.C. Haun, General
Electric-TEMPO, November 1979. (SECRET)
Combat System Integration Mission Analysis (V), GE79TMP-63, with
R. Boylan and L.C. Haun, General Electric-TEMPO, November 1979.
(SECRET)
HTR-Synfuel Application Assessment, COO-4057-12, contributor with
others; Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No.
EN-77-C-02-4057 for the Gas Reactor International Cooperative Pro-
gram; General Electric-Advanced Reactor Systems Department, Sunny-
vale, California, September 1979. (Draft)
HTR Market Assessments, GE79TMP-34 (0)0-4057-11), with G. Leeth;
Prepared for General Electric-Advanced Reactor Systems Department,
Sunnyvale, California for the Gas Reactor International Cooperative
Program under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. EN-77-C-02-4057;
General Electric-TEMPO, May 1979.
Conceptual Design of Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Near-Term
Electric Utility Applications; Volume One: Screening of Concepts,
Volume Two: Appendices — Screening of Concepts, GE78TMP-60 (NTIS:
DOE/NASA/0012-78/1, -78/2; NASA: CR-159411; EPRI: EM-1037), with
W. Hausz and R.C. Hare; Prepared under Contract DEN3-12 for the U.S.
Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion-Lewis Research Center, and the Electric Power Research Insti-
tute; General Electric-TEMPO, October 1978.
Requirements Assessment of Wind Power Plants in Electric Utility Sys-
tems, EPRI ER-978, with W.D. Marsh and others; Prepared for the Elec-
tric Power Research Institute under Research Project 740-1; General
Electric-Electric Utility Systems Engineering Department, Schenectady,
New York, July 1978.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Mission Analysis Study, Phase II,
GE78TMP-64 (DOE ERHQ/2421-78), with E. Tschupp and others; Prepared
for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. EX76-C-01-2421;'
General Electric-TEMPO, two volumes, March 1978,
Suggested Methodology for Assessing Applicability of Advanced Energy
Systems for Navy Shore Facilities, GE77TMP-48, with C.F. Meyer, et al;
Prepared for the Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme,
California; General Electric-TEMPO, October 1977.
Ocean Thermal Energy Mission Analysis Study: Phase I, GE76TMP-67,
with Edward J. Tschupp and others, General Electric-TEMPO, November
1976.
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BENJAMIN J. BERKOWITZ
Hydrogen Fueled Navy Faroes: Systems Analysis and Costs, GE76TMP-7,
General Electric-TEMPO, February 1976.
Alternative Synthetically Fueled Navy Systems: Force Element Missions
and Technology, GE74TMP-46 (NTIS: AD B-001-401L), with others,
General Electric-TEMPO, November 1974.
The VHTR for Process Heat: Process Requirements and Interfaces (Task
1), GEAP-14018 (UC-77), with S. Harris and G. Kerns, General Elec-
tric-Energy Systems and Technology Division, Schenectady, New York,
September 1974.
Solar Heating and Cooling of Buildings (SHACOB): Task 43 Social and
Environmental Study, GE74TMP-16, with W. Hausz and others, General
Electric-TEMPO, May 1974.
Superviolence: The Civil Threat of Mass Destruction Weapons,
A72-034-10, with others, ADCON Corporation, September 1972. (FOR
OFFICIAL USE ONLY)
The Search for Strategic Criteria, 70TMP-44, with E.J. Hajic and
H. Redisch, General Electric-TEMPO, May 1970.
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JAMES R. BOLES
Geologist
EDUCATION
B.S., Purdue University, 1966
M.S., University of Wyoming, 1968
Ph.D., University of Otago, New Zealand, 1972
EXPERIENCE
Texaco Oil Co., Lexington, Kentucky, (Summer, 1966): Assistant Geologist
Union Carbide, Inc., Casper, Wyoming (1968): Uranium Exploration Geologist
University of Wyoming (1972-1973): Postdoctoral Fellow
Zeolite Exploration, Laramie, Wyoming (Summer, 1973): Consulting Geologist
Atlantic Richfield Company, Dallas, Texas (1973-1975): Research Geologist
University of California, Santa Barbara (1975-1979): Assistant Professor
University of California, Santa Barbara (1979-1983): Associate Professor
University of California, Santa Barbara (1983-present): Professor
AREAS OF EXPERTISE
Sedimentary petrography
Basin analysis
Depositional environment interpretation
Diagenesis
Low temperature geochemistry
PUBLICATIONS
Synthesis of analcime from natural heulandite and clinoptillolite, Amer. Mineral.,
v. 56, p. 1724-1734, 1971.
Authigenesis of the Wagon Bed Formation, central Wyoming, Contrib. to Geology,
v. 10, p. 141-144 (Co-authored with R.C. Surdam), 1971.
Composition, optical properties, cell dimensions, and thermal stability of some
heulandite group zeolites, Amer. Mineral., v. 57, p. 1463-1493, 1972.
A summary of authigenic aluminosilicates in the Green River and Wind River Basins
of Wyoming, Wyoming Geol. Assoc. Guidebook, 25th Field Conf., p. 149-152
(Co-authored with R.C. Surdam), 1973.
Structure, stratigraphy and petrology of mainly Triassic rocks, Hokonui Hills,
Southland, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 17, no.
2, p. 337-374, 1974.
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Mineral reactions in Triassic tuffs from the Hokonui Hills, New Zealand,
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 163-173 (with D.S. Coombs),
1975.
Zeolites in low-grade metamorphic grades, I_n Mineralogy and Geology of Natural
Zeolites, Mumpton (ed.), Mineral. Soc. Amer., Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 4, p.
103-135, 1977.
Zeolites in deep sea sediments, hi^ Mineralogy and Geology of Natural Zeolites,
Mumpton (ed.), Mineral Soc. Amer., Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 4, p. 137-163, 1977.
Zeolite facies alteration of sandstones in the Southland Syncline, New Zealand,
Amer. Jour. Sci., v. 277, p. 982-1012 (with D.S. Coombs), 1977.
Basin analysis of the Eugenia Formation (Late Jurassic), Punta Eugenia area, Baja
California, SEPM Symposium, Vol. 2, Mosozoic Paleogeog. of the Western U.S.,
Howell and McDougall (eds.j, p. 493-498, 1978.
Nature and origin of deep-sea clinoptilolite (with W.S. Wise), I_n Natural
Zeolites, Occurrence, Properites, Use., L.B. Sand and F.A. Mumpton, (eds.),
Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 235-243, 1978.
Active ankerite cementation in the subsurface Eocene of southwest Texas, Contrib.
Mineral Petrol., v. 68, p. 13-22, 1978.
Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of southwest Texas: Implications of smectite
diagenesis on sandstone cementation, Journ. Sed. Petrol., v. 49, p. 55-70 (with
S.G. Franks), 1979.
Diagenesis of volcanic sandstones (with R.C. Surdam, senior author), Soc. Econ.
Paleon. and Mineral. Spec. Publ. No. 26, p. 227-242, 1979.
Diagenesis of volcanogenic sediments in a Tertiary saline lake: Wagon Bed
Formation, Wyoming (with R.C. Surdam), Amer. Jour. Sci., v. 279, p. 832-853, 1979.
Eugenia Formation (Jura-Cretaceous), Punta Eugenia area (with J.J. Mickey), In
Baja California Geology, Field Guide and Papers, P.L. Abbott, and R.G. GastiTT
(eds.), p. 65-72, 1979.
Principles of chemical diagenesis with applications to sandstone cementation, In
1980 Fall Education Conf., Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Short Course Notes, p. 1^8~2,
1980.
Color guide to sandstones, Amer. Assoc. of Petrol. Geol. Bull., v. 63, no. 10
(October 1979), p. 1981-1985, a book review, 1980.
Clay diagenesis and effects on sandstone cementation (case histories from the Gulf
Coast Tertiary), Jji Min. Assoc. Can. Short Course No. 7, Clays and the Resource
Geologist, F.J. Longstaffe (ed.), p. 148-168, 1981.
Principles of chemical diagenesis with applications in Gulf Coast Tertiary
sandstones, Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 1981 Clastic Diagenesis School, Monterey,
California, p. 1-68 (chapter in workshop notebook), 1981.
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Mineral reactions, ARCO Diagenesis Seminar, Santa Barbara, California, 68 p.
(chapter in workshop notebook), 1982.
Active albitization of plagioclase, Gulf Coast Tertiary, Amer. Journ. Sci., v.
282, p. 165-180, 1982.
Principles of chemical diagenesis with applications in Gulf Coast Tertiary
sandstones, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Clastic Diagenesis School, San Diego,
California, 86 p. (chapter in workshop notebook), 1982.
Influence of mica surfaces on pre-water pH (with K. Johnson), Chem. Geology, v.
43, p. 303-317, 1983.
Zeolite occurrences in Triassic-Jurassic sedimentary rocks (with D.A. Barnes and
J. Mickey), 6th Internatinal Zeolite Conference Proceedings, 1983.
Jurassic sedimentary melange and associated facies, Baja California, Mexico (with
C.A. Landis), Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v. 95, p. 513-521, 1984.
Secondary porosity reactions in the Stevens Sandstone, San Joaquin Valley,
California, In Clastic Diagenesis (eds. D.A. McDonald and R.C. Surdam), Am. Assoc.
Petrol. Geol. Mem. 37, p. 217-224, 1984.
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EDWARD A. KELLER
Geologist
EDUCATION
Ph.D., Geology, Purdue University, 1973
M.S., Geology, University of California, 1969
B.A., Geology, California State University, Fresno, 1968
B.S., Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, 1965
EXPERIENCE
University of California, Santa Barbara (1980-present): Associate Professor,
Environmental Geology.
University of California, Santa Barbara (1976-1980): Assistant Professor,
Environmental Geology.
University of North Carolina (1973-1976): Assistant Professor, Geomorphology,
Environmental Studies, Earth Science.
Purdue University (1971-1972): Instructor, Geology.
Purdue University (1971-1972): Research Assistant, Civil Engineering.
Purdue University (1971-1972): Instructor, Geology Laboratory.
California State University, Fresno (1969-1970): Assistant Professor, Physical
Geology, Geomorphology.
University of California (1968-1969): Laboratory Assistant.
HONORS, AWARDS, GRANTS
Hartley Visiting Professor Award, The University of Southampton, England,
1982-1983.
Sigma Xi National Lecturer, 1983-1985.
Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges, 1965.
Blue Key National Honor Fraternity
Recipient of University of California Dean's Grant for Research, 1969
Recipient of North Carolina, Charlotte Faculty Research Grant, 1974
North Carolina Department of Administration Office of State Planning Grant to
Evaluate Scenic Resources, 1974
Water Resources Research Grant, "Use of Fluvial Processes to Minimize Adverse
Effects of Stream Channelization," 1975-1978, North Carolina Water Resources
Research Institute and U.S. Office of Water Resources Research.
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U.S. Geological Survey Grant, "Tectonic Geomorphology and Possible Future
Seismic Activity of the Central Ventura Basin, California," 1978-1979.
Water Resources Research U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Park Service, Contracts
and Grants, "Effects of Large Organic Debris on Channel Form and Fluvial
Processes," 1978-1980.
U.S. Geological Survey, "Palemognetic Dating of Holocene Deposits Along the San
Andreas Fault in Southern California," 1979-1980.
Water Resources Research, "Large Organic Debris and Anadromous Fish Habitat in
the Coastal Redwood Environment," 1980-1982.
U.S. Geological Survey, "Soil Chronosequences as Instruments for Dating Holo-
cene and Late Pleistocene Faulting, Western Transverse Ranges," California,
1981-1982.
Water Resources Research Grant, "Cold Pools and Their Importance for Enhance-
ment of Anadromous Fish Habitat in Northern California Coastal Streams,"
1982-1983.
PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
The Society of Sigma Xi
The Geological Society of America
Phi Kappa Phi
PUBLICATIONS
See attached
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A. PUBLICATIONS - Edward A. Keller °
PAPERS
Keller, E. A., 1970, Bed-load movement experiments: Dry Creek, California.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 4_0(4): 1339-1344.
Keller, E. A., 1971. Areal sorting of bed-load material: the hypothesis of
velocity reversal. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 82; 753-756.
Keller, E. A., 1971. Pools, riffles, and meanders: discussion. Geol. Soc.
Amer. Bull. 82_: 279-280.
Keller, E. A., 1972. Development of alluvial stream channels: a five stage
model. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83_: 1531-1536.
Keller, E. A., 1972. Areal sorting of bed-load material: the hypothesis of
velocity reversal: reply. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83; 915-918.
Coffman, D. M., E. A. Keller, and W. N. Melhorn, 1972. A new topological
relationship as an indicator of drainage network evolution. Water
Resources Research jK6): 1497-1505.
Melhorn, W. N., and E. A. Keller, 1973. Landscape aesthetics numerically
determined: applications in highway corridor selection. Highway
Research Record 452; 1-9.
Keller, E. A., and W. N. Melhorn, 1973. Bedforms and fluvial processes in
alluvial stream channels: selected observations. Proceedings of the
Fourth Annual Geomorphology Symposia Series, in Fluvial Geomorphology,
Morisawa, Marie (ed.), Publications in Geomorphology, State University of
New York, Binghamton, New York, Chapter 11, pp. 253-284. (Invited
contribution).
Keller, E. A., 1974. Development of alluvial stream channels: a five stage
model: reply. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 84; 150-152.
Keller, E. A., and W. N. Melhorn, 1974. Form and fluvial processes in allu-
vial stream channels. Studies in Fluvial Geomorphology, No. 2, Purdue
University, Water Resources Research Center, T.R. 47, 124 p.
Melhorn, W. N., E. A. Keller, and R. A. McBane, 1975. Landscape aesthetics
numerically defined. Studies in Fluvial Geomorphology. No. 1, Purdue
University, Water Research Center, T.R. No. 37, 101 p.
Keller, E. A., 1975. Channelization: a search for a better way. Geology
.3(5): 246-248. .
Keller, E. A., and E. K. Hoffman, 1976. Channel restoration: a sensible
alternative to channelization. Public Works, Oct.; 70-72.
Keller, E. A., 1976. Environmental Geology. Charles E. Merrill Publishing
Co., Columbus, Ohio, 496 p. BOOK 1.
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Keller, E. A., 1976. Channelization: environmental, geomorphic and engi-
neering aspects. Geomorphology and Engineering, Chapter 7, D. R. Coates
(ed.), Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., pp. 115-140. (Invited
contribution).
Keller, E. A., 1977. Fluvial systems: selected observations. In Riparian
Forests in California; Their Ecology and Conservat'ion, Anne Sands (ed.),
University of California, Davis, Institute of Ecology, Publication No.
15, Chapter 5, pp. 39-46.
Keller, E. A., and E. K. Hoffman, 1977. Urban streams: sensual blight or
amenity. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 32_(5): 237-240.
Keller, E. A., and W. N. Melhorn, 1978. Rhythmic spacing and origin of pools
and riffles. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 89_: 723-730.
•
Keller, E. A., 1978. Pools, riffles and channelization. Environmental
Geology 2^2): 119-127.
Keller, E. A., and T. Tally, 1979. Effects of large organic debris on channel
form and process in the coastal redwood environment. In Adjustments of
the Fluvial System, D. D. Rhodes and G. P. Williams (eds.), Proceedings
of the Tenth Annual Geomorphology Symposia. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.,
Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 169-98.
Nunnally, N. R., and E. A. Keller, 1979. Use of fluvial processes to minimize
adverse effects of stream channelization. Water Resources Research
Institute Report No. 144. The University of North Carolina, 115 p.
Keller, E. A., 1979. Environmental Geology, Second Ed. Charles E. Merrill
Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio, 547 p. BOOK 2.
Keller, E. A. and F. J. Swanson, 1979. Effects of large organic material on
channel form and fluvial process. Earth Surface Processes 4^(4): 361-380.
Norris, R. M., E. A. Keller and G. L. Meyer, 1979. Geomorphology .of the
Salton Basin, California: selected observations. (In) Abbott, P. L.
(ed.), Geological Excursions in the Southern California Area. Geol.
Society of Amer., Field Guide. National Meeting, Department of Geology,
San Diego State University, pp. 19-46.
Keller, E. A., D. L. Johnson, M. N. Clark, and T. K. Rockwell, 1980. Tectonic
geomorphology and earthquake hazard, north flank central Ventura basin,
California. Final Report, U. S. Geol. Survey Contract 14-08-0001-17678.
Keller, E. A., A. MacDonald, and T. Tally, 1980. Effect of large organic
debris on channel morphology and process in the streams of Redwood
National Park. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Scientific
Research in the National Parks, Amer. Institute of Biological Sciences
and National Park Service. NPS lst-80/02-S (NTIS) U.S.P. 254-273.
Yeats, R. S., M. N. Clark, E. A. Keller and T. K. Rockwell, 1981. Active
fault hazard in southern California: Ground rupture vs. seismic shaking.
Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 92: 189-196.
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Keller, E. A., D. L. Johnson, T. K. Rockwell, M. N. Clark and G. R. Dembroff,
1981. Quaternary stratigraphy, soil geomorphology, chronology and tec-
tonics of the Ventura, Ojai, and Santa Paula areas, western Transverse
Ranges, California. Friends of the Pleistocene Guidebook, Part 1, pp.
1-125. GUIDEBOOK
Keller, E. A., A. MacDonald and T. Tally, 1981. Streams in the coastal red-
wood environment: the role of large organic debris. In Coats, R. N.
(ed.), Proceedings of symposium on watershed rehabilitation in Redwood
National Park and other Pacific coastal areas. Center for Natural
Resources Studies, Inc., pp. 161-176.
Keller, E. A., M. S. Bonkowski, R. J. Korsch, and R. J. Shlemon, 1982.
Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas fault zone in the southern
Indio Hills, Coachella Valley, California. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 93;
46-56.
p
Keller, E. A., 1982. Environmental Geology, Third Ed. Charles E. Merrill
Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio, 526 p. BOOK 3.
Burchfield, B. C., R. J. Foster, E. A. Keller, W. N. Melhorn, D. B. Brookins,
L. W. Mintz and H. U. Thurman, 1982. Physical Geology. Charles E.
Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio, 501 p. BOOK 4.
Botkin, D. B. and E. A. Keller, 1982. Environmental Studies; The Earth as a
Living Planet. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., Columbus, Ohio,
506 p. BOOK 5.
Keller, E. A., D. L. Johnson, T. K. Rockwell, M. N. Clark, and G. R. Dembroff,
1982. Tectonic geomorphology of the Ventura, Ojai and Santa Paula areas,
western Transverse Ranges, California. (In) Cooper, J. D. (ed.),
Neotectonics in Southern California. Geol. Soc. Amer., Guidebook. 78th
Annual Meeting of the Cordilleran Section, pp. 25-42.
MacDonald, A., E. Keller and T. Tally, 1982. The role of large organic debris
on stream channels draining redwood forests, northwestern California. In
Friends of the Pleistocene Guidebook, Late Cenozoic History and Forest
Geomorphology of Humboldt County, California, pp. 226-245.
Keller, E. A. and T. D. Hofstra, 1982. Summer "cold pools" in Redwood Creek
near Orick, California. In Friends of the Pleistocene guidebook, Late
Cenozoic History and Forest Geomorphology of Humboldt County, California.
pp. 205-211.
Dembroff, G. R., D. L. Johnson, E. A. Keller and T. K. Rockwell, 1982. The
Soil Geomorphology and Neotectonics of the Ventura River and Central
Ventura Basin, California; A Fieldguide. (Prepared for the Soil
Geomorph. Tour (Div. S-5), Dec. 2-3, 1982 Ann. Meetings Am. Soc. Agron.,
Crop Sci. Soc. Am., and Soil Sci. Soc. Am.) FIELD GUIDE
Keller, E. A., 1983. Bed material sorting in pools and riffles: discussion.
• Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers, Journal of Hydraulics 109; 1243-1245.
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ABSTRACTS
Keller, E. A., 1970. Pool-riffle spacing in Dry Creek, near Winters,
California. Cordilleran Section, The Geological Society of America,
Abstracts with Programs 2^(2): 106.
Keller, E. A., D. M. Coffman, and W. M. Melhorn, 1971. Interrelationship
between links, segments, and Strahler stream order. National Meeting, •
The Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 3(1): 621.
McBane, R. A., W. N. Melhorn, and E. A. Keller, 1972. Preliminary model to
evaluate landscape aesthetics of river valleys. North-Central Section,
The Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 4^5): 336-337.
Keller, E. A., and W. N. Melhorn, 1972. Tentative classification of bed forms
in alluvial stream channels. National Meeting,'The Geological Society of
America, Abstracts with Programs ^(7): 559.
Smith, N. M., and E. A. Keller, 1972. Minicourse concept in geology: an ex-
periment in teaching. National Meeting, The Geological Society of
America, Abstracts with Programs 4^7): 670.
Keller, E. A., and W. N. Melhorn, 1973. New insight into the role of bedrock
control of stream channel morphology. National Meeting, The Geological
Society of America, Abstracts with Programs ^(7): 689.
Keller, E. A., 1975. Spacing of pools in Boone Fork and Sims Creek near
Blowing Rock, North Carolina. Southeastern Section, The Geoogical
Society of America, Abstracts with Program _7_(4): 505.
Keller, E. A., W. N. Melhorn, and M. C. Gardner, 1976. Effects of auto-
diversion (logjams) on stream channel morphology. Geological Society of
America, National Meeting, Abstracts with Programs JK6): 950.
Keller, E. A., 1977. Adjustment of drainage to bedrock in regions of
contrasting tectonic framework. National Meeting, The Geological Society
of America, Abstracts with Programs JJ(7): 1046.
Keller, E. A. et al., 1979. Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas Fault
zone in the southern Indio Hills, Coachella Valley, California. National
Meeting, The Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs
JLU7): 456.
Clark, M., and E. Keller, 1979. Newly identified zone of potentially active
reverse faulting, Western Transverse Ranges, California. The Geological
Society of America, Abstracts with Programs _11_(9): 402-403.
Clark, M. and E. A. Keller, 1980. Earthquake hazard evaluation of active
faults near Ojai, California. The Geological Society of America, .
Abstracts with Programs ^2_(3): 102.
Tally, T., A. MacDonald and E. A. Keller, 1980. The effects of large organic
debris on sediment routing in redwood forest streams. The Geological
Society of America, Abstracts with Programs ^2_(3):_ 155.
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Rockwell, T. and E. A. Keller, 1980. Alluvial fan deformation along the San
Cayetano fault, western Transverse Ranges, California. The Geological
Society of America, Abstracts with Programs J^(3): 150.
Johnson, D. L., E. A. Keller, T. K. Rockwell, and G. R. Dembroff, 1982. Geo-
chronology and pedology of the Oak View terrace, western Transverse
Ranges, Ventura County, California. The Geol. Soc.- Amer., Abstracts with
Programs U_(4): 176.
Dembroff, G. R., E. A. Keller, T. K. Rockwell, and D. L. Johnson, 1982.
Uplift and deformation of Late Pleistocene to Holocene river terraces
over the Ventura Avenue anticline, Ventura County, California. The
Geol. Soc. Amer., Abstracts with P rograms J^( 4 ) : 159.
Macdonald, A., and E. A. Keller, 1983. Hydraulic geometry of a reach. Geol.
Soc. of Amer., Abstracts with Programs _ljK5): 329.
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WILBERT LICK
Environmental Engineer
EDUCATION
B.A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1955
M.A.E., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1957
Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1958
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE
Harvard University (1959-66): Assistant Professor, Engineering
Imperial College, University of London (1965): Visiting Research Scientist
California Institute of Technology (1966-1967): Senior Research Fellow, Applied
Mathematics and Engineering
Case Western Reserve University (1967-1979): Professor, Engineering and Earth
Sciences
Harvard University (1972): Research Associate in Applied Mathematics, on
sabbatical leave from Case Western Reserve University
Case Western Reserve University (1973-1976): Chairman, Earth Sciences Department
Case Western Reserve University (1977-1979): Chairman, Committee on Applied
Mathematics
University of California at Santa Barbara (1979-): Professor, Department of
Mechanical and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Santa Barbara (1982-1984): Chairman, Department of
Mechanical and Environmental Engineering
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Sylvania Electric Products (1963-1964): Consultant on radiative heat transfer
problems
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD (1963): Consultant
Terraneers, Inc. (1972-1973): Consultant on geophysical heat transfer problems
Aerodyne Research, Inc. (1973-1976): Consultant
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi (1976-1977): Consultant
University of Michigan, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(1979-1980): Consultant
Environmental Progection Agency, Water Quality Review Panel (1980-): Consultant
Scientific Applications Incorporated (1982-1984): Consultant
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International Joint Commission (1983-): Member of Modeling Task Force
Rockwell International Science Center (1984): Consultant
AWARDS
Guggenheim Fellowship, Imperial College, University of London (1965)
Fulbright-Hays Award, Senior Lectureship, Institute of Oceanography, University of
Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R. (1978)
MEMBERSHIPS
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
American Geophysical Union
International Association for Great Lakes Research
PUBLICATIONS
Inviscid Flow of a Reacting Mixture of Gases Around a Blunt Body. J. Fluid
Mechanics. Vol 7 (1), 1960.
Thermodynamic Properties of Helium (with H. Emmons), Harvard University Press
Energy Transfer by Radiation and Conduction. Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics
Institute Proceedings, 1963.
Transport Properties of Helium (with H. Emmons), Harvard University Press, 1964.
The Propagation of Small Disturbances in a Radiating Gas. J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol
18 (2), 1964.
Transient Energy Transfer by Radiation and Conduction. Int'1. Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer, Vol. 6, 1965.
The Instability of a Fluid Layer with Time Dependent Heating. J. Fluid Mechanics,
Vol 21 (3), 1965.
The Shock Expansion Method and Whitham's Rule. J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 25 (1),
1966.
Wave Propagation in Real Gases. Advances in Applied Mechanics. Vol. 10. Academic
Press, New York, NY, 1967.
Wave Interference Effects for a Forced Harmonic Oscillator, J. Chem. Physics. Vol.
47, 1967. -
Two Variable Expansions and Singular Perturbation Problems, SIAM Journal for
Applied Mathematics, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1969.
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A Numerical Investigation of the Steady-State Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Erie
(With R. Gedney), Proceedings of the 13th International Great Lakes Conference,
1970.
The Propagation of Disturbances on Glaciers, J. Geophysical Research, Vol. 75, No.
12, 1970.
Nonlinear Wave Propagation in Fluids, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 2,
1970.
Numerical Calculations of the Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Erie and Comparison
with Measurements, Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Great Lakes Research,
1971.
Heat Transfer by Condensation of Low Pressure Metal Vapors (With Y.S. Huang and
F.A. Lyman), Int'l. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer. Vol. 15, 1972.
Lake Currents Associated with the Thermal Bar., (with I. Brooks), J. Geophysical
Research, Vol. 77, No. 30, 1972.
Effect of Eddy Diffusivity on Wind-Driven Currents in a Two-Layer Stratified Lake,
(with R. Gedney and F.B. Molls), NASA Technical Note, TND-6841, 1972.
Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Erie (with R. Gedney), J. Geophysical Research, Vol.
97, No. 15, 1972.
The Effect of Bottom Topography, Eddy Diffusivity, and Wind Variation on the
Circulation in a Two-Layer Stratified Lake (with R. Gedney and F.B. Molls), NASA
Technical Note, TND-7235, 1972.
A Simplified Stratified Lake Model for Determining the Effects of Bottom
Topography, Eddy Diffusivity, and Wind Variation (with R. Gedney), Proceedings of
the 16th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 1973.
A Numerical Model for a Three-Dimensional, Variable Density Jet, (with J. Paul),
Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 1973.
The Wind-Driven Currents in a Partially Ice Covered Lake (with P. Sheng),
Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 1973.
Wave Propagation, In Handbook of Applied Mathematics: Selected Results and
Methods, C.E. Pearson, Editor, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1974.
A Numerical Model for Thermal Plumes and River Discharges, (with J. Paul),
Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Great Lakes Research, 1974.
On the Time-Dependent Flow in a Lake (with A. Haq), J. Geophysical Research,
Vol. 8, 1975.
The Dispersion of Contaminants in the Near Shore Region (with J. Paul and Y.P.
Sheng), Modeling Biochemical Processes in Aquatic Ecosystems, R.P. Canale, Editor,
Ann Arbor Science, 1976.
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Numerical Modeling of Lake Currents, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Vol. 4, Annual Reviews, Inc., 1976.
Numerical Models of Lake Currents, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report,
EPA-600/3-76-020, 1976.
Mathematical Modeling of the Hydrodynamics and Dispersion of Contaminants in the
Near Shore, American-Soviet Symposium on "Use of Mathematical Models to Optimize
Water Quality Management," edited by J.T. Davies and V.R. Lozanskiy, 1977.
The Wind-Driven Currents and Contamiant Dispersion in the Near Shore (with Y.P.
Sheng), Journal of Great Lakes Research, Vol. 3, 1977.
Mathematical Analysis of the Hydrodynamics of Lakes, Proceedings of Conference
"From Theory to Practice in Large Scale Systems Analysis," Ed. M. Mesarovic, R.
Nelson, 1978.
Numerical Computation of Three-Dimensional Circulation in Lake Erie: A Comparison
of Free-Surface and Rigid-Lid Models, J. of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 8, No. 4,
1978.
The Diffraction of Water Waves by a Wedge, American Society of Civil Engineers, J_._
of Harbors, Ports, and Coastal Waterways, 1978.
The Transport and Resuspension of Sediments in a Shallow Lake (with Y.P. Sheng),
J. Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, 1979
The Entrainment of Cohesive Sediments in Fresh Water (with M. Fukuda), >h_
Geophysical Research, Vol. 85, 1980.
The Transport of Contaminants in Lake Erie, Proceedings US-USSR Conferenece on
Mathematical Modeling of Aquatic Ecosystems, edited by W.R. Swain, V.R. Shannon,
1980.
A Two-Mode, Free Surface Numerical Model for the Three-Dimensional, Time-Dependent
Currents in Large Lakes, (with Y.P. Sheng), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Report, EPA-600/3-80-047, 1980.
Vertical Mixing of Lake Sediments by Tubificid Oligochaetes (with others), J^
Geophysical Research, Vol. 85, 3997-4006, 1980.
The Entrainment and Deposition of Fine-Grained Sediments (with D.Y. Lee, S.W.
Kang), J. Great Lakes Research, Vol. 7, 224-233, 1981.
The Temperatures and Currents in A Stratified Lake: A Two-Dimensional Analysis
(with J. Heinrich and J. Paul), J.Great Lakes Research, Vol. 7, 264-275, 1981.
The Transport of Contaminants in the Great Lakes, Annual Review of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Vol. 10, 327-353, 1982.
The Entrainment, Deposition, and Transport of Fine-Grained Sediments in Lakes,
Hydrobiologia. 91, 31-40, 1982.
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Wave Action and Bottom Shear Stresses in Lake Erie (with S.U. Kang and Y.P.
Sheng), J. Great Lakes Research. 8(3), 482-494, 1982.
Downcore Variation in Sediment Organic Nitrogen: Fluctuating Input or Diagenetic
Alternation (with J.B. Fisher and G. Matisoff), Nature, Vol. 296, 345-347, 1982.
Turbidity in the Western Basin of Lake Erie (with J. Paul, P. Kasprzyk), J^
Geophysical Research. Vol. 87, 5779-5784, 1982.
Numerical Modeling of Currents on the Continental Shelf (with others), Proceedgins
of Ocean Structural Dynamics Symposium '82, Oregon State University, 146-165,
~
Release of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Contaminated Lake Sediments: Flux and
Apparent Diffusivities of Four Individual PCB's, (with J.B. Fisher and R. L.
Petty), Environmental Pollution, Series B, 121-132, 1983.
Validity of a Two-Dimensional Model for Variable-Density Hydrodynamic Circulation
(with others), Mathematical Modeling, Vol. 4, 323-337, 1983.
A Consistent and Accurate Procedure for Obtaining Difference Equations from
Differential Equations (with T. Gaskins), Int. J. for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, Vol. 20, pp. 1433-1441, 1984.
Entrainment of Sediments and Dredged Materials in Shallow Lake Waters, (with S.W.
Kang), J. Great Lakes Research, in press, 1984.
The Transport of Sediments in Aquatic Systems, Sixth Pellston Conference, The Role
of Suspended and Settled Sediments in Regulating the Fate and Effects of Chemicals
in the Aquatic Environment, submitted for publication, 1985.
Environmental Fate and Compartmentalization, Sixth Pellston Conference, The Role
of Suspended and Settled Sediments in Regulating the Fate and Effects of Chemicals
in the Aquatic Environment, submitted for publication, 1985.
Improved Difference Approximations for the Heat Equation, Int. J. for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, in press, 1985.
Improved Difference Equations for Differential Equations, submitted for
publication, 1985.
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ROBERT H. MILLER
Organic Chemist
EDUCATION
Ph.D., Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 1965
B.S., Engineering, U.S. Military Academy, 1958
Electronic Engineering Diploma, National Technical Schools
FAA Commercial Pilot's License (SEL/MEL) with instrument rating
EXPERIENCE
Kaman Tempo (1980-Present): Manager, Albuquerque Operations
Senior chemist/engineer with research and management expertise in develop-
ing testing plans to determine geochemical interaction of soil constituents
with hazardous waste leachate for the determination of pollution mobility,
migration rates, and soil attenuation/ holding capacity and other parame-
ters required for assessing potential site health threat and required
engineering monitoring design. Extensive experience with radioactive and
non-radioactive liquid and solid wastes. Computer programming, model
development (FORTRAN, BASIC, and assembly language), system design.
Provides test planning, management, and test execution support for hazard-
ous waste projects
Condusts technical studies and analyses on survivability and vulnerability
issues for military weapon systems
Performs studies and develops models for strategic damage evaluations,
fallout analyses, fatality assessments, and damage expectancy
Computer programming, model development (FORTRAN, BASIC, and assembly lan-
guage) , system design
As a senior chemist, he has successfully completed a number of projects
for the Defense Nuclear Agency and participated in other projects as a
principal contributor. An incomplete list of his early accomplishments
with Kaman Tempo include:
Survivability in a hazardous waste environment
Data analysis and technical support to project PACHE (EMP simulation
test)
Nuclear weapon storage facility analysis
Underground nuclear tests summary, 1971-1978
Thermal simulation facilities handbook
Nuclear test personnel review histories
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MEMBERSHIPS
Wild Goose Association Old Crows Association Retired Officers Association West
Point Alumni (Life) Penn State Alumi (Life) Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
CLEARANCE
Top Secret
PUBLICATIONS
As a senior chemist, Dr. Miller has participated in the preparation of numerous
top secret documents related to hazardous environments.
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