TUOLUMNE RIVER BASIN
STANISLAUS RIVER BASIN
, CALIFORNIA
SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT
CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT
WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DECEMBER 1970
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WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT
CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT
TUOLUMNE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
ABSTRACT
The proposed Sonora-Keystone Unit of the Central Valley
Project will provide an annual water supply of 30,000
acre-feet for agricultural and municipal uses. If
population growth occurs as projected, existing water
quality will be degraded. Enrichment of the project
reservoirs will support the growth of algae and other
aquatic plants which will interfere with recreational
use. Multi-level outlets will be necessary to allow
the withdrawal of the best available quality of water
for beneficial uses including protection of downstream
fisheries. With provision of such outlets, the
proposed reservoir releases will be of adequate quality
and quantity to maintain downstream beneficial uses
and storage for flow regulation will not be required.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
' DECEMBER 1970
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
AUTHORITY
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FINDINGS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
CLIMATE
PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES
V. ECONOMY
PRESENT
: FUTURE
VI. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
SURFACE WATER
GROUND WATER
QUALITY OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
Page
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TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued
Page,
VII. WATER USES ! '7
i
PRESENT ! 17
FIGURE : 17
VIM. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 2-°
i -
ix. 'WATER QUALITY CONTROL NEEDS z/
PRESENT ' T_I
FUTURE
2.1
X. PROJECTED WATER QUALITY 24
WATER QUALITY IN THE RESERVOIRS *"*
WATER QUALITY DOWNSTREAM OF THE STUDY AREA
FLOW REGULATION REQUIREMENTS
MULTI-LEVEL OUTLETS z ~?
EFFECTS OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION z ^
EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY ON RECREATION zp
XI. REFERENCES ' 3/
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LIST OF TABLES
t
Table No.
1 Average Monthly Distribution of
Precipitation at Knights Ferry,
Sonora, and Pinecrest ............. 7
2 Tuolumne County Employment, 1962? ....... 7
3 Estimated Populations - Sonora-Keystone
Unit (Including Summer Recreation
Resident Population) ............. /
Projected Resident Recreation
Population, Year 2020 ............. //
Estimated Average Annual Natural
Runoff at Selected Stations .......... 12.
Mineral Analysis of Representative
Waters of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne
River Basins ................. /£>
Water Requirements, Sonora-Keystone Unit
(Acre-Feet/Year) ............... /
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1 Location and Study Area ........... . 33
2 Average Monthly Flow, South Fork,
Stanislaus River, at Strawberry,
California ............... ... /3
3 Average Monthly Flow, North Fork,
Tuolumne River, Near Tuolumne,
California .................. / <
Water Quality and Recreational Use
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INTRODUCTION
AUTHORITY
The water quality control study of the Sonora-Keystone Unit of
the Central Valley Project which is described in this report
was made in accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.) and Executive Order 11507,
February 4, 1970.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of this report is to describe (l) the need for and
value of reservoir storage for streamflow regulation for water
quality control and (2) the potential impact of the project on
water quality. The study is limited to those tributary streams
of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers that are affected by
the project, (North Fork Tuolumne River, South Fork Stanislaus
River, and Sullivan Creek). The study period of 1970 to 2020
is considered in this report. Facilities were provided in this
study on a schedule to meet increasing needs up to a'50-year
design horizon, with necessary replacements, maintenance, and
operation of facilities projected for a 100-year economic life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following Federal, State, and local agencies have provided
valuable assistance in the preparation of this report:
California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley
Region, Sacramento, California
Tuolumne County Planning Commission
Sonora, California
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
San Francisco, California
U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Region 2
Sacramento, California
(
U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Sacramento, California
U. S. Forest Service, Stanislaus National Forest
Sonora, California
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II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FINDINGS
1. The first stage project of the Sonora-Keystone Unit would
develop runoff in the Stanislaus and Tuolumne River Basins
to provide an annual water supply of 30,000 acre-feet.
This supply would be used in a gross service area of
150,000 acres situated on a ridge between the deep canyons
of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne River systems. In addition,
20,700 acre-feet would be used annually for fishery releases.
2. Including summer residents, the present (1970) population of
the study area is estimated at approximately 21,000 persons
and is concentrated in the vicinity of Sonora, Twain Harte,
Mi-Wuk Village, and Tuolumne.
3. The area's economy depends upon recreation, agriculture,
mineral production, and lumbering. Recreation is an import-
ant activity, with the Stanislaus National Forest, Yosemite
National Park, Dodge Ridge ski area, and historic mining
towns such as Columbia providing the major attractions.
Recreation homes and cabins also bring numerous visitors
into the area.
4. The existing major source of water for the study area is the
Tuolumne Canal System. It diverts water from the South Fork
Stanislaus River at Lyons Reservoir to supply local require-
ments and to generate hydroelectric power.
5. No significant ground water basins exist within the study area,
and additional development will be limited to individual
efforts.
6. Surface waters of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne Rivers are
generally of excellent mineral quality and are well suited
for all beneficial uses.
7. Waste discharge requirements established by the California
Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region
attempt to eliminate direct surface discharges to the streams
of the area, whenever possible.
8. The population of the study area is projected to increase from
approximately 21,000 in 1970 to 54,730 by the year 2020.
Annual recreational use will exceed 1.4 million recreation days.
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9. Annual water requirements for municipal and industrial use,
irrigation, and fishery releases will increase from 31,700
acre-feet in 1970 to 50,700 acre-feet by the year 2020.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Anticipated use of the study area will result in greatly
increased waste loads that will overload the present disposal
to land systems. Additional controls such as restrictions
on land use, advanced waste treatment, and/or collection and
export of wastes will be necessary to minimize water quality
degradation.
2. Browne's Meadow and New Phoenix Reservoirs will stratify.
Multi-level outlets will be needed in order to obtain the best
available quality of water for downstream releases as well
as for diversion for municipal use.
3. Projected nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in waters of
Lyons, New Phoenix, and Browne's Meadow Reservoirs will support
undesirable algal and aquatic growths which will reduce the
quantity and the quality of recreational use at the reservoirs.
4. Assuming adequate waste treatment (85 percent BOD removal) is
provided, and multi-level outlets are installed, storage for
flow regulation for water quality control will not be required
in project reservoirs.
5. The project will affect water quality in the Sacramento-
San Joaquin Delta. It will be necessary to operate the
reservoirs in conjunction with all other units of the Central
Valley Project in a manner which will avoid violation of
Federal/State water quality standards established for the
delta. ;
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation should work with Federal,
State, and local agencies to insure that land use restrictions
and waste collection and treatment facilities required to
minimize water quality degradation will be provided.
2. Multi-level outlets should be installed in Browne's Meadow
and New Phoenix Reservoirs to permit withdrawals from various
depths in order to obtain the best quality water available for
downstream releases, as well as diversions for municipal,
industrial, and agricultural use.
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3. In accordance with Executive Order 11507, this project should
be operated in conjunction with all other units of the Central
Valley Project in a manner which will prevent violation of
Federal/State water quality standards established for the
Sacramento-San Joaquin delta.
4. Contract speci
include provi
construction.
;ifications for the various facilities should
sions necessary to protect water quality during
5. Since water quality in and downstream of the proposed
reservoirs is dependent on the operation schedule of the
reservoirs, the Federal Water Quality Administration should
be apprised of all revisions in the operation schedules of
project reservoirs so that the Bureau of Reclamation can be
advised on questions concerning water quality.
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III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Sonora-Keystone Unit of the Central Valley Project would
develop water resources of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne River
Basins for use in Tuolumne County, California. Project plans
call for construction in stages. The proposed first stage project,
which is evaluated in this report, would provide for construction
of Browne's Meadow Reservoir with a capacity of 60,000 acre-feet
on the North Fork Tuolumne River, and the enlargement of Phoenix
Reservoir to a capacity of 30,000 acre-feet on Sullivans Creek.
These project reservoirs when operated in conjunction with
existing Lyons Reservoir (capacity 5,500 acre-feet) on the South
Fork of the Stanislaus River, would provide the gross service
area of 150,000 acres in the vicinity of Sonora, California with
a total annual water supply of 30,000 acre-feet. Of this total,
16,000 acre-feet would be for agricultural purposes and 14,000
acre-feet for municipal and industrial requirements. An
additional 20,700 acre-feet would be provided annually for
fishery releases. The first stage project would also include
construction of Browne's-Lyons Conduit, Mi-Wuk Pumping Plant,
and about 40 miles of new pipelines to serve municipal, industrial
and agricultural requirements (see figure 1 at back of report).
The first stage facilities could be incorporated into an expanded
or second stage project which would provide an additional 16,000
acre-feet of water per year to meet the projected water require-
ments of the service area for the year 2020. This second-stage
would be required approximately 25 years after completion of the
first stage and as presently proposed would consist of Bell Meadows
Reservoir (capacity 12,000 acre-feet), Pine Valley Reservoir
(capacity 2,600 acre-feet) and an enlarged Lyons Reservoir. The
second stage features are not evaluated in this report.
The Sonora-Keystone Service area has been divided into three
subareas (see figure 1). Service for the Mi-Wuk Subarea will
be provided by pumping from the Browne1s-Lyons Conduit which
heads at Browne's Reservoir. The Tuolumne Ditch Subarea will
be served from the existing Tuolumne Ditch which heads at
existing Lyons Reservoir. The Sonora Subarea will be served
from conveyance and distribution facilities that will head at
New Phoenix Reservoir.
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IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
The study area is located within Tuolumne County, which is situated
on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada directly east of
San Francisco, California. Prinicipal communities within the
study area include Sonora, Twain Harte, Tuolumne, Mi-Wuk Village,
and Long Barn. The study area also includes major portions of
the Stanislaus National Forest. The area is bordered on the
north and west by the Stanislaus River and its South Fork, and on
the east and the south by the Tuolumne River and its North Fork.
Thus, the study area is situated on a ridge between the deep
canyons of the Stanislaus and Tuolumne River systems.
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Most of the 1,456,000 acres in Tuolumne County are within either
the Stanislaus National Forest or Yosemite National Park.
Elevations range from less than 400 feet in the foothills to over
13,000 feet at the crest of the Sierra Nevada. The topography
ranges from gentle and moderately rolling foothills to rugged
slopes. Vegetative cover in the rolling foothills consists of
open grasslands, brush, oak trees, and native and improved
grasses. Vegetative cover changes to extensive tracts or
merchantable timber as the elevations increase.
Geologic features of the area are characteristic of the Sierra
Nevada which has been described as an immense, tilted fault block.
The area can be divided into two major geologic provinces, (l) a
low elevation or foothill belt largely composed of metamorphic
rocks, and (2) the High Sierra, principally composed of granitic
rocks. The soils found in Tuolumne County can be divided into
two broad categories. The first is recent alluvial soils which
are suitable for croplands. The second category is the upland
soils which are limited primarily to drylands or irrigated
pasture and deciduous orchards.
CLIMATE
Because of the wide range in elevation, precipitation and
temperature vary greatly throughout the area. The average
monthly distribution of precipitation at selected points in
and near Tuolumne County is shown in table 1. The elevation
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at Knight's Ferry, Sonora, and Pi nearest is 320, 1825, and 5350
feet respectively. Practically all of the precipitation occurs
during the months of October through April, and the annual
precipitation increases as the elevation increases.
TABLE 1
AVERAGE MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION
AT KNIGHT'S FERRY, SONORA, ANBkPINECREST [l]
* Precipitation in Inches
Month \ :
! Knight's Ferry : Sonora : Pinecrest
October
November
December
January
February
March
Apr i 1
May
June
July
August
September
0.8
1.4
3.2
3.7
3,2
2.9
1.5
0.6
0.1
0.0
. 0.0
0.3
1.5
3.0
5.2
6.3
5.6
5.4
2.6
1.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2
2.9
4.3
7.9
7.5
7.6
6.1
4.6
2.2
0.9
0.1
0.0
0.6
Totals 17.7 31.3 44.7
The foothill areas typically experience hot, dry summers and mild
winters. Above 5,000 feet the winter is long, usually severe,
and accompanied by heavy snowfall. The varied climate causes a
v/ide range in the length of the growing season,, which varies from
135 days in the upper areas to 255 days in the lower elevations.
PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES
The gold rush days brought a large influx of "fortune seekers"
into the area in the early 1850's, and many of the old mining towns
that sprang up along the Mother Lode are still in existence.
Sonora, the only incorporated city and the county seat, had a
1960 population of 2,725, and the Sonora census division had a
total population of 7,913. In recent years, the population in
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the area of Twain Harte, Pinecrest, Mi-Wuk Village, Long Barn,
and Strawberry has increased rapidly due to the establishment
of summer homes and cabins in the area. The 1960 population of
the Twain Harte-Tuolumne census division was 4,910. The 1960
census showed a combined population of 1,581 in the remainder of
the countyj thus, the total population of the county was 14,404
at the time of the 1960 census [2], By 1968, the total county
population was estimated to have increased to 20,400 [3].
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V. ECONOMY
PRESENT :
The Sonora-Keystone study area is located within Tuolumne County
and includes the major economic centers of the county. Therefore,
economic conditions in the study area are similar to those of
Tuolumne County.
Total employment in Tuolumne County in 1967 was 3291 with the
breakdown by industry as shown in table 2. Employment in the
manufacturing industry is primarily in the field of lumber and
wood products. Production approached 192 million board feet in
1966. Agriculture is also of economic importance to the area
with more than a tenth of county land being in farms [3J.
Recreation constitutes an important economic aptivity of
Tuolumne County and the Sonora-Keystone study area. The
Stanislaus National Forest, Yosemite National Park, Dodge Ridge
ski area, and historic mining towns such as Columbia are major
attractions to recreationists. Development of recreation homes
and cabins in areas near Twain Harte, Mi-Wuk Village, Tuolumne,
Long Barn, Pinecrest, and Strawberry has increased rapidly in
recent years. In 1967 the Summit Ranger District of the
Stanislaus National Forest had an annual use of 1,752,000
visitor-days (12-hour aggregate use). Recreation activities
include camping, picnicking, hiking, winter sports, boating, and
swimming.
TABLE 2
TUOLUMNE COUNTY EMPLOYMENT [s]
1967
Industry : Employment
Manufactur ing
Retail and Wholesale Trade
Services
Contract Construction
Transportation & Public Utilities
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate
Other
Total 3,291
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FUTURE
Estimates of future population within the study area were made
by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. These projections are
shown in table 3.
TABLE 3
ESTIMATED POPULATIONS-SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT
(Including Summer Recreation Resident Population) \
Sub-Areas
Year : Mi-Wuk : Tuolumne Ditch : Sonora : Total
1970
1980
1990
'2000
2010
2020
2350
3080
3830
4580
5300
6040
9060
11880
14610
17530
20460
23370
9810
' 12750
15820
18990
22160
25320
21,220
27,710
34,260
41,100
47,920
54,730
The economic importance of recreation to the area is expected to
increase as development of recreation facilities attracts
additional visitors to the area. Preliminary estimates by the
U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation indicate that recreational use
at Lyons, New Phoenix, and Browne's Meadow Reservoirs will exceed
1.4 million general recreation-days during the summer recreation
season.
Development of recreation homes and cabins will play an important
part in future economic activity. Projections of summer resident
recreation populations were made by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation
and are shown in table 4.
10
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TABLE 4
PROJECTED RESIDENT RECREATION POPULATION
YEAR 2020
Mi-Wuk : Tuolumne Ditch
Subarea ' ; Subarea
October 2440 3380
November 0 0
December 0 0
January 0 0
February 0 0
March 0 0
April 0 0
May 2440 . 3380
June 4200 ' ' 7450
July 7200 ' 11800
August 6800 11300
September 4200 7100
11
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VI. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
SURFACE WATER
Runoff in the Stanislaus and Tuolumne River Basins is derived
primarily from melting snow. Therefore, peak flows generally
occur in the spring and early summer months, and low flows occur
in the late summer months. Average monthly discharges for the
South Fork of the Stanislaus River at Strawberry and the North
Fork of the Tuolumne River near Tuolumne are shown in figure 2
and figure 3, respectively.
Annual runoff also varies considerably due to large fluctuations
in annual precipitation which falls in the form of snow on the
upper mountains. Estimates of natural runoff at selected
stations in the vicinity of the study area have been made by the
California Department of Water Resources [l]. .Some of these
estimates of average annual natural runoff and drainage areas
are shown in table 5.
TABLE 5
ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL NATURAL RUNOFF
AT SELECTED STATIONS [l]
(1920-1955)
, . . _ , _ : Runoff
Station : Drainage Area in Square Miles . iQOO's AF
South Fork Stanislaus River
at Strawberry 49 85
South Fork Stanislaus River
near Long Barn 67 105
Stanislaus River near
Knight's Ferry 972 1,067
North Fork Tuolumne River
at Browne's Meadow Dam Site - 21
Tuolumne River near Hetch Hetchy 462 723
Tuolumne River above La Grange Dam 1,540 1,724
12
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30,000
0 ' N ' D
F ' M ' A ' M
MONTH
SONORA KEYSTONE STUDY
AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW
SOUTH FORK,STANISLAUS RIVER
AT STRAWBERRY,CALIF.
f-,
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10,000
.' 0
0 N D
F M: A .M
MONTH
14"
SONORA KEYSTONE STUDY
AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW
NORTH FORK, TUOLUMNE RIVER
NEAR TUOLUMNE, CALIF,
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Flow of the Stanislaus River is regulated by reservoirs, conduits,
and power facilities of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company as
well as by Melones Reservoir, operated by the Oakdale and South
San Joaquin Irrigation Districts. Melones Reservoir is presently
being enlarged by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Flow of
the Tuolumne River is regulated by major storage reservoirs
(Hetch Hetchy, Lake Eleanor, and Cherry Lake) and diversion
facilities of the City and County of San Francisco as well as
by Don Pedro Reservoir which is operated by the Modesto and Turlock
Irrigation Districts. Don Pedro Reservoir is presently being
enlarged.
GROUND-WATER
No significant ground-water basins exist within the study area.
Ground-water use is limited to individual and small local
withdrawals. The wells have a limited capacity and many provide
insufficient supplies during late fall months of water deficient
years. Additional development will be limited to individual efforts.
QUALITY OF SURFACE AND GROUND-WATER
The surface waters of the Tuolumne and Stanislaus Rivers are of
excellent mineral quality in the study area and are generally
suited for all uses. The waters are characterized by a low
content of total dissolved solids, chloride, boron, and by a
low percentage of sodium. The waters are within the limits of
a Class I irrigation water (suitable for most crops under any
condition of soil and climate) and the U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards for raw water supplies.
Ground-water in the study area is generally of satisfactory
quality for irrigation uses. However, the ground-water from some
wells has been found to exceed the U. S. Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards for arsenic, iron, and manganese [l].
Mineral analyses of surface and ground-water in the Upper
Stanislaus and Tuolumne basins are shown in table 6. Monthly
samples are taken by Department of Water Resources from the
Tuolumne River below Don Pedro Reservoir and from the Stanislaus
River at Tullock Reservoir. Records from this sampling program
indicate that both rivers consistently are of excellent quality.
15
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TABLE 6
MINERAL ANALYSIS OF REPRESENTATIVE WATERS OF THE STANISLAUS AND TUOLUMNE RIVER BASINS [l]
Sampl e
Point
Surface water in
Stanislaus River Basin
South Fork Stanislaus at
Lyons Reservoir
South Fork Stanislaus at
Italian Bar
Surface water in
^Tuolumne River Basin
Hunter Creek near Tuolumne
North Fork Tuolumne River
near Tuolumne
North Fork Tuolumne River
near Long Barn
Clavey River near Tuolumne
Tuolumne River at Lumsden
Ground-water from wells
in both river basins
: :Conduct- :Per-
i Sample : ance ;cent
: Date :at 25°6 : so-
: »(ECxlO );dium
* f
# * #
6/15/59
5/14/59
6/16/59
6/16/59
6/15/59
6/16/59
6/16/59
25
22
108
78
69
36
17
33
30
17
27
25
27
28
: Mineral constituents, in parts per million
:. i :Mag- : suaroonate : : »
:Bo- :Cal- me- :So- :and bi- sChlo-:Sul- :Ni- :
: ron :cium :sium ;dium rcarbonate : ride :fate :trate :
:(B) :(Ca) :(Mg) :(Na) :(HC05 /COS) :(C1 ) :(SO^) :(N03) :
:: : i : t : : :
.10 2.1 0.2 1.7 10 1.0 0.6 0.6
...
.17 2.6 0.1 1.7 12 0.3 1.0 0.4
.07 14 1.4 4.2 56 2.5 1.0 0.6
.07 8.2 1.3 4.6 42 1.0 0.6 0.8
.10 7.2 1.2 4.0 38 1.5 0.0 0.9
.10 3.3 017 2.1" 16 1.0 0.8 0.7
.1,0 1.9 0.4 1.2 8 1.0 0.6 .0,6
Total
dis-
solved
solids
21
21
73
65
64
29
13
AVERAGE OF TEN SAMPLES
501
14 .11 45
28
18
259
12
30
9.0
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VI I. WATER USES
PRESENT
Development of water resources within the Tuolumne and Stanislaus
River Basins has been primarily confined to projects that supply
water to areas outside of the study area. The Modesto and Turlock
Irrigation Districts constructed Don Pedro Reservoir in 1923 to
obtain a water supply for the lower Tuolumne River Basin. They
are presently constructing New Don Pedro Reservoir to enlarge this
supply and to generate hydroelectric power. The City and County
of San Francisco developed Hetch Hetchy, Lake Eleanor, and Cherry
Lake Reservoirs to supply municipal and industrial water to the
San Francisco Peninsula. Oakdale and South San Joaquin Irrigation
Districts constructed Melones Reservoir on the Stanislaus River
in 1926, and the Tri-Dam Project in 1957. New Wlelones Reservoir is
presently being constructed by the I). S. Army .Corps of Engineers.
At the present time, the greater part of the study area receives
its water supply from the Tuolumne Canal System, owned and
operated by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Water is diverted
from the South Fork Stanislaus River downstream from the existing
Lyons Reservoir and into Tuolumne Ditch. Water is withdrawn from
Tuolumne Ditch to supply local water requirements and for generation
of hydroelectric power in the Phoenix power house, from which it
is allowed to flow into a tributary of Sullivan Creek and eventually
into Phoenix Reservoir.
Present water deliveries within Tuolumne County Water District No. 2,
which includes the Sonora-Keystone study area, average about 9,000
acre-feet annually. Urban, suburban, rural, domestic, and ;
recreational developments require about 28 percent of this total;
irrigated crops require the remaining 72 percent.
FUTURE
In the future, water resources of the study area will continue to
be used extensively for irrigation, fish propagation, municipal
supplies, and recreation. Recreation will continue as an important
economic activity of the area and, therefore, non-consumptive
recreational uses of water will be particularly significant.
Projections of future water requirements for municipal and industrial
use, irrigation, and fish propagation within the Sonora-Keystone
Unit were made by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and are shown in
table 7.
17
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TABLE 7
WATER REQUIREMENTS
SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT
(Acre-Feet/Year)
Year
1970
1975
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
: M&l :
5,300
6,140
6,980
8,660
10,340
12,020
13,700
1 rr ieation
5,700
9,240
12,770
16,300
16,300
16,300
16,300
Fishery a/
: Releases :
20,700
20,700
20,700
20,700
20,700
20,700
20,700
Total
31,700
36,080
40,450
45,660
47,340
49,020
50,700
a/ Includes 5,400 acre-feet for South Fork Stanislaus River and
15,300 acre-feet to North Fork Tuolumne River.
The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has projected fishing use of
the project reservoirs, as well as the South Fork Stanislaus River
and North Fork Tuolumne River. The angler use resulting from
project conditions and proposed management and development measures
is shown in table 8. New Phoenix Reservoir would support an
expanded warm water fishery. Browne's Meadow Reservoir, Lyons
Reservoir, North Fork Tuolumne River, and South Fork Stanislaus
River would support trout fisheries.
TABLE 8
PROJECTED FISHERY USE
SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT[4]
(Angler-days)
Location : 1971 : 2020
Browne's Meadow Reservoir 50,000 150,000
Lyons Reservoir . 27,500 37,500
New Phoenix Reservoir 31,100 89,600
North Fork Tuolumne River 22,000 38,000
South Fork Stanislaus River 9,200 23,600
18
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Recreational use of the project reservoirs will constitute an
important use of water in the study area. This use, excluding
fishery use, was projected by the U. S. Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation (table 9). The projection is based upon the assumption
that domestic and recreational waste loads will receive treatment
that will remove 80 percent of the nitrogen and 90 percent of the
phosphorus.
TABLE 9
RECREATION USE
SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT [5]
(Recreation-days)
Reservoir
Pro ject Year
25
50
New Phoenix Reservoir
Browne's Meadow Reservoir
Lyons Reservoir
104,000'
275,000
88,000
420,000
676,000
178,000
500,000
768,000
200,000
19
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VIM. WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
Protection of existing and proposed beneficial uses of the
area's water resources requires the maintenance of certain levels
of water quality.
In order to protect the trout fishery, it is necessary to maintain
a dissolved oxygen concentration of 7 mg/1 and temperatures below
70 degrees Fahrenheit. Since New Phoenix Reservoir will support a
warm water fishery, an expanded fishery will be developed. Warm
water game fish are tolerant to temperatures above the mid-seventies
and dissolved oxygen levels near 5 mg/1.
Recreational use of the streams and reservoirs will require that
water quality criteria provide water conditions which are
aesthetically acceptable to the recreationist. Recreational use
of project reservoirs will be partially dependent upon the
acceptability of such physical parameters as temperature, clarity,
color, odor, and the absence of nuisance growths of algae and
other aquatic vegetation. In addition, water must be essentially
free toxic substances and pathogenic organisms which are dangerous
to public health.
Nutrient criteria are needed which when enforced, will restrict
aquatic growth to a level comparable with natural lakes of generally
pleasing character. Hutchinson has cited phosphorus levels of
0.01-0.03 mg/1 PO,-phosphorus as typical of clean lakes [6], From
a study of lakes in Wisconsin, Lackey and Sewyer have recommended
0.015 mg/1 P04~phosphorus and 0.30 mg/1 inorganic nitrogen as
maximum levels to be present at the time of spring overturn if
nuisance growths of algae are to be avoided [?]. The FWQA has
suggested a water quality of 0.02 mg/1 total phosphorus for Lake ,-;
Sebasticook, Maine [s]. The Lake Erie Enforcement Conference
Technical Committee has recommended water quality objectives of
0.015-0.025 mg/1 total PO^-phosphorus and 0.30 mg/1 total inorganic
nitrogen for Lake Erie [9j. Sylvester has suggested that
undesirable algal crops and taste and odor problems were accompanied
by combinations of nitrate plus ammonia nitrogen levels and combined
tannin and lignin levels when each rose above 0.50 mg/1 [lO].
20
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IX. WATER QUALITY CONTROL NEEDS
o [
PRESENT
To provide the protection needed to maintain water quality
compatible with beneficial uses, the California Regional Water
Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region, has established
waste discharge requirements in the area. A current objective of
the board is to eliminate direct surface discharges to streams.
At the present time, waste loads in the study area are primarily
attributable to municipal, recreational, and agricultural develop-
ment. Industrial development is limited, and the waste load from
this source is correspondingly small. The present (1967) study
area population is approximately 20,000 persons. Sonora and
Jamestown provide primary treatment and discharge to Woods Creek;
the town of Tuolumne provides primary treatment prior to discharge
to the North Fork of the Tuolumne River. Long Barn, Mi-Wuk Village,
and other communities discharge wastes to land by means of leaching
fields or hillside sprinkling after treatment by septic tanks.
Twain Harte, a favorite location for recreation homes, has an
estimated winter population of 2,000 and a summer population of
3,500. Waste water from Twain Harte receives primary treatment
and is discharged on land by means of hillside sprinklers.
Hydraulic overloading during the summer months results in a
direct discharge to Sullivan Creek. Waste loads from recreational
development upstream of the study area at Pinecrest and the Dodge
Ridge ski area are discharged to land which drains to the South
Fork Stanislaus River and North Fork Tuolumne River.
FUTURE
Anticipated development in the study area will result in greatly
increased waste loads. Municipal and industrial, agricultural and
recreational waste loads will all increase. Projected nitrogen
and phosphorus waste loads for various stream basins prior to any
treatment are shown in table 10.
21
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TABLE 10
AVERAGE ANNUAL NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS WASTE LOADS a/
(1000's Lbs.)
Basin
1970
1995
2020
S. F. Stanislaus'
N. F. Tuolumne
Sullivans Creek
Woods Creek
127
166
87
123
32
30
22
31
400
494
197
208
100
123
50
52
628
776
231
278
157
187
58
69
lit'
a/ Includes municipal, industrial, agricultural and recreational
loads without treatment
The waste treatment methods currently used in the area will not
be capable of adequately treating these projected waste loads.
A concise description of the problem is provided in a statement
by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central
Valley Region:
Topography, geology and soil conditions usually encountered
in the foothill and mountainous areas generally are not
conducive to the exclusion of any appreciable volumes
of liquid wastes. Intensive development usually leads
to the ultimate failure of the disposal system with
accompanying deterioration of surface and ground water
quality. This is especially true where raw or partially
treated wastes are involved. The shallow soils in these
areas soon become saturated and direct and indirect run-off
occurs in ever increasing volumes. Downstream water
users are generally unaware of the i'nherent dangers,
believing themselves protected by a no discharge policy
or ordinance. Of special note are discharges from winter
sports areas. When the ground is frozen, the discharges
may pass directly to surface streams. Rains and spring
melt saturate the soil so that thawed wastes are conveyed
directly into the adjacent ground waters which discharge
rapidly to surface streams. A policy of waste exclusion
is ineffectual at/best and may be unreasonable under
such conditions.- [ll]
Studies by Foster and others [12] on nutrient removals by hillside
spraying provide quantitative data on the limitations of land
disposal systems. Under favorable loading and weather conditions,
22
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phosphate removals varied from 76 percent to 93 percent and total
nitrogen removal from 54 percent to 68 percent. During unfavorable
winter weather conditions, phosphate and total nitrogen removals
were reduced to 27 and 26 percent respectively.
Waste water renovation efficiencies by spraying onto forested
land was also studied by Parizek et al. Ll3j . Results varied
with soil depth and application rates. Percentage removals ranged
from 38.0 to 86.0 for nitrate N, 25.0 to 86.0 for organic nitrogen
as N, and 60.5 to 99.2 for phosphorus, as soil depth varied from
forest floor to twelve inches, and application rate varied from one
to two inches per week.
In view of the increased waste loads projected and the limitations
of disposal systems presently in use, maintenance of water quality
at a level compatible with present and future beneficial uses will
require provision of additional controls. These controls could
take the form of restrictions on land use, advanced waste treatment,
and/or collection and export of wastes.
Due to the presence of scattered waste loads which are not
amenable to central collection, such as those associated with
recreation and recreation homes, it is estimated that even with
the above-mentioned controls or protective measures, it will be
very difficult or economically impractical to obtain a nutrient
removal efficiency greater than 80 percent nitrogen and 90 percent
phosphorus. Advanced waste treatment or a waste export system
serving the major population centers will be necessary to achieve
this overall efficiency.
23
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X. PROJECTED WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY IN THE RESERVOIRS
Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the project
reservoirs were calculated assuming various levels of treatment
efficiency. Table 11 shows the projected concentrations in the
year 2020 with the highest level of treatment assumed feasible
being provided, i.e., 30 percent nitrogen removal and 90 percent
phosphorus removal.
TABLE 11
PROJECTED NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS
YEAR 2020
(mg/1)
Lyons :
Reservoir :
N : P :
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
1.51
0.92
0.43
0.35
0.30
0.26
0.36
0.40
0.42
0.70
1.12
1.53
0.19
0.12
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.14
0.19
New Phoeni x :
Reservoir :
N : P :
1.08
1.08
1.04
0.98
0.93
0.89
0.86
0.82
0.78
0.82
0.92
1.04
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.14
Browne's Meadow
Reservoir
N : P
1.26
1.26
1.28
1.34
1.40
1.42
1.37
1.24
1.14
1.14
1.19
1.26
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16 ;,
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.16
The projections consider that a portion of the nutrients entering
the reservoirs from the various waste sources will be removed-
from solution and not be available to support the growth of algae
and other aquatic plants. Nutrients are incorporated in plant
biomass which is in turn removed from the euphotic zone by such
phenomena as sedimentation and transport associated with hydro-
mechanical mixing. The percentage of the nutrients that will be
retained in an unavailable form will depend upon such factors as
nutrient load, volumne of euphotic zone, extent of .biological
activity, reservoir detention time, and the level from which
withdrawals are made. [14]
24
-------
Nutrient retention in Lyons Reservoir will be comparatively low
due to the relatively short average detention time. Average
annual nutrient retention is estimated at 10 percent. Due to
the longer detention time and the assumption that multi-level
outlets will be provided in New Phoenix and Browne's Meadow
Reservoirs, the nutrient retention is estimated at 30 and 50
percent respectively.
Even with the retention phenomenon and the assumption of high
level of waste treatment, nutrient concentrations projected for
the year 2020 will support the growth of algae and other aquatic
plants at a level which will interfere with recreational use of
the project reservoirs. Algal blooms will result in conditions
that will be aesthetically objectionable to recreationists.
Growth of rooted aquatic plants will reduce the surface area of
the reservoirs and interfere with recreation and fishing activities.
Excessive growth of aquatic plants will increase the organic load
present in the water. Using the nutrient levels predicted for
2020, algal yield for each project reservoir was estimated assuming
stratification would occur and a dry weight algal cell nitrogen
content o.f 7 percent. This percentage was chosen as representative
of the range found by several investigators. [15, 16, 17]. Estimates
of the BOD of dead algae [15, 17, 18] used in conjunction with
predictions of algal yield indicate that oxygen levels in the lower
depths of the project reservoirs may be seriously depressed in
summer months during periods of algae die-off. Depressed oxygen
levels would affect the fishery in the reservoirs and, if provisions
for reaeration or selective withdrawal are not made, would affect
the fishery and waste assimilative capacity of the streams below
Lyons and Browne's Meadow Reservoirs.
WATER QUALITY DOWNSTREAM OF THE STUDY AREA *
Water quality in New Melones Reservoir on the Stanislaus River
and New Don Pedro Reservoir on the Tuolumne River will be
affected by the Sonora-Keystone Project. The Sonora-Keystone
Project will provide 30,000 acre-feet of water for additional
agricultural and municipal development. As a result of the
additional development, increased waste loads will be generated
within the study area. A large majority of the increased load
will be tributary to New Don Pedro Reservoir and will result in an
increase in the concentration of total dissolved solids. Nutrient
trapping in the project reservoirs will reduce the net nutrient
load to both New Melones and New Don Pedro Reservoirs. The above
mentioned water quality changes would be off-setting, and the net
benefits or detriments resulting from such changes would be
relatively small when compared with the benefits computed for the
project reservoirs.
25
-------
Ultimately any development in the Central Valley will have an
affect on the water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.
Water Quality Standards for the Delta as required by the Water
Quality Control Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-234) have been adopted by the
State and approved by the Secretary of the Interior. The U. S.
Bureau of Reclamation will therefore operate the Central Valley
Project in such a manner as to maintain these delta water quality
standards.
The maintenance of these standards will be dependent in part
upon the maintenance of an adequate outflow from the delta for
the purpose of conveying conservative wastes out of the
Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins and for repelling the incursion
of sea water. The maintenance of this delta outlfow during the
critical summer months is dependent upon the integrated operation
of all units of the Central Valley Project (CVP) and the State
Water Project.
Because the Sonora-Keystone Unit is only one of many units i.n the
CVP and since the operation of the CVP is complex, it is not yet
possible to directly relate the required delta outflow in a direct
manner to the annual yield to be developed by the Sonora-Keystone
Unit. Although the degradation resulting from consumptive use of
the water developed in the Sonora-Keystone Unit may be small and
not identifiable in the delta, the operation of the entire CVP,
including all existing and future units, should recognize and avoid
depletion of delta outflow below the level necessary to maintain
water quality at least equal to the standards which have been and
will be established by the State and Federal Governments.
FLOW REGULATION REQUIREMENTS
Minimum flow requirements immediately downstream of project reservoirs,
compatible with conservation and development of fish life, were
determined by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and appear in
table 12.
Projected waste loads to the South Fork Stanislaus River downstream
of Lyons Reservoir and the North Fork Tuolumne River downstream of
Browne's Meadow Reservoir are limited to scattered recreational use
and natural runoff. The major waste loads in the study area will
be discharged above the project reservoirs and Woods Creek.
26
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TABLE 12
FISHERY RELEASES
SONORA-KEYSTONE UNIT
Stream : April 16 to Oct. 15 : Oct. 15 to April 15
South Fork Stanislaus
River below Lyons Reservoir 10 cfs 5 cfs
North Fork of Tuolumne River
below Browne's Meadow Reservoir 28 cfs 14 cfs
Fishery releases from Browne's Meadow and Lyons Reservoir will be
sufficient to assimilate the projected waste loads and maintain
the dissolved oxygen concentration of 7 mg/1 necessary to protect
the fish resources. Therefore, storage for flow regulation for
water quality control will not be required in Browne's Meadow or
Lyons Reservoirs. This conclusion is based on the assumptions that
(1) adequate treatment providing 85 percent BOD removal will be
obtained, and (2) reservoir releases will contain a minimum dissolved
oxygen content of approximately 7 mg/1. It is important to note
that in view of projected reservoir water quality as discussed
previously, assumption (2) is most likely valid only if provisions
are made for reaeration or selective withdrawal of reservoir
releases. (
Sullivan Creek, downstream from Phoenix Reservoir, is intermittent
and has no fish resource; therefore, releases for fish maintenance ;
flows will not be made from New Phoenix Reservoir. Due to the lack
of beneficial use and the present requirement of the California
Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region prohibiting
direct discharge to surface waters, storage for flow regulation for
water quality control will not be required in New Phoenix Reservoir.
MULTI-LEVEL OUTLETS
Browne's Meadow and New Phoenix Reservoirs will have maximum water
depths of approximately 200 and 100 feet respectively. Physical
and climatic conditions will cause both reservoirs to stratify.
Algae die-off may deplete or seriously depress oxygen levels in the
hypolimnion of both reservoirs. Multi-level outlets would permit
withdrawals from various depths in order to obtain the best quality
water available for downstream fishery releases as well as diversions
for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use.
. 27
-------
An adequate multi-level outlet structure is costly, and these costs
must be related to the beneficial effects on downstream water use.
It is, however, extremely difficult to foresee and predict with a
high degree of accuracy over a long period of time the water quality
conditions which may develop at specified levels of a reservoir.
The useful life of a reservoir is normally very long and conversion
of a single level outlet after the reservoir is constructed is
quite costly. In many existing reservoirs adverse water quality
conditions have developed which were not anticipated prior to
construction. The risks and subsequent costs incurred with single-
level outlets are considered greater than the insurance cost of
including the multi-level outlet in the initial construction. For
these reasons, it is recommended that multi-level outlets be
constructed in New Phoenix and Browne's Meadow Reservoirs.
EFFECT OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION
The construction agency must take adequate measures to protect the
quality of both ground and surface waters during construction of
the project. Provisions should be included in contract specifications
so that contractors will be cognizant of requirements to protect
water quality in the work area. Silt detention basins should.be
constructed at all work areas to eliminate excessively turbid water
leaching from earth work from entering surface waters. In equipment
maintenance areas, special precautions should be taken to contain
spilled fuels, lubrication products and wash water. .Waste water disposal
systems from construction camps and all other construction activities
affecting water quality should comply with requirements of local and
state water quality control authorities. Performance specifications
should be submitted to the Federal Water Quality Administration by
the construction agency for review and comment during the preparation
of project plans and specifications in compliance with c. 0. 11507.
EFFECT OF WATER QUALITY ON RECREATION
Water quality plays an important part in the consumer behavior of
the average recreationist. As water quality varies, public acceptance
(expressed as recreation use) also varies. The variety of public
reaction to water quality suggests a relationship between certain
physical parameters, such as temperature, clarity, color, etc., and
the intensity of recreation use. Many parameters influencing the
recreationist are actually wrought by chemical and/or biological
mechanisms. The turbidity and/or slimes and odors produced by algal
populations are prime examples.
A rule curve was developed to relate recreational use intensity to
the extent of enrichment of the project reservoirs. This curve,
28
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shown on figure 4, attempts to relate conditions known to exist
in eutrophic lakes with the anticipated public reaction, assuming
alternative recreation areas exist.
The affect of water quality on the amount of recreational use may
be approximated by employing the rule curve. In addition to affecting
the amount of recreation use, the water quality of the reservoir
water will influence the value of the remaining recreation use.
The U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation has indicated that the value of
a recreation day will vary from $1.10 to $0.95 at New Phoenix
Reservoir and from $1.14 to $1.08 at Lyons Reservoir as the water
quality deteriorates from satisfactory to undesirable for recreational
use. The corresponding value at Browne's Meadow Reservoir will vary
from $1.20 to $0.95. [5]
The relationship between recreation use and the projected water
quality expressed as chlorophyll (figure 4) was used to determine
the probable recreational use that will result at the project
reservoirs when the influence of water quality, is considered; The
resulting use appears in table 13. This use is based upon the
assumption that domestic and recreational wastes will receive advanced
treatment that will remove 80 percent'of the nitrogen and 90 percent
of the phosphorus.
TABLE 13
RECREATION USE
.
Project Year :
1
25
30 : -
35
50
100
New Phoeni x :
Reservoir :
Usea/ :
104,000
420,000
500,000
500,000
500,000
500,000
Browne's Meadow :
Reservoir :
Use :
275,000
676,000
722,000
768,000
768,000
768,000
Lyons
Reservoir
Use
88,000
178,000 ',
200,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
a/ Use expressed in recreation days
Even with consideration of water"quality, it was found that eventually the
demand for recreation at the project reservoirs will exceed the
capacity determined by the U. S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. The
recreation capacities of New Phoenix, Lyons, and Browne's Meadow
Reservoirs are 500,000, 200,000 and 768,000 recreation days,
respectively. New Phoenix and Lyons reservoirs will reach capacity use
in project year 30 and Browne's Meadow in project year 35. It is
estimated that if water quality were not a consideration, capacity use
of recreational facilities at the three project reservoirs would be
reached in project year 25.
29
-------
UJ
CO
z:
o
UJ
o:
o
UJ
a:
ui
UJ
(X
NOTE:
100
90
so
70
60
50
40-
30
20-
10 .
0
Non. Water Dependent Uses
100 200 300
CHLOROPHYLL (jjg/,6)
400
Above curves compare water dependent recreational use (swimming and boating )
and non water dependent uses (camping, sight-seeing etc.) to levels of eutrophic-ation
in the pro'ject reservoirs expressed here in terms of chlorophyll. These curves are
meant to apply during the period of June through September of any year. Water quality
benefits or detriments may be estimated from adjustments of projected recreational
use using the curves.
Chlorophyll (a) concentrations refer to near surface algal crops. Ratios of chlorophyll
to biologically available nutrients in the near surface region are assumed as \',\ for
phosphorus and KIO for nitrogen by weight.
SONORA KEYSTONE PROJECT
WATER QUALITY &
RECREATIONAL USE
(- ,
-------
XI. REFERENCES
1. CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES. 1962 Bulletin No. 95,
Tuolumne County Water District - No. 2, Investigation.
2. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. United States Census of Population
1960.
3. STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 1968. California Statistical Abstract.
4. U. S. BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE. 1967. Memorandum
Report to Bureau of Reclamation on Sonora-Keystone Unit,
First Stage, Central Valley Project, California.
5. u. s. BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION. 1970. A study of the Recreation
Aspects of the Proposed Sonora-Keystone Unit, Central Valley
Project, Tuolumne County, California.
6. HUTCH!NSON, G. E. 1957. Treatise On Limnology, Vol. 1: Geography,
Physics and Chemistry. John Wiley.
7. LACKEY, J. R. AND C. N. SAWYER. 1945. Plankton Productivity of
Certain Southeastern Wisconsin Lakes as Related to Fertilization.
1. Survey. Sewage Works Journal, 17(3), 573-585 pp.
8. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION. 1966. Fertilization
and Algae in Lake Sebasticook, Maine.
9. FWPCA REPORT OF THE LAKE ERIE ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE TECHNICAL
COMMITTEE, George L. Harlow, Chairman, Approved by Conferees, .
June 1, 1967.
10. SYLVESTER, R. 0. AND R. W. SEABLOOM. 1965. Influence of Site Characteristics
on Quality of Impounded Water. Journal American Water Works
Association. Vol. 57, No. 12.
11. CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD, CENTRAL VALLEY
REGION.. _ Water. Quality Management in Mountainous Areas.
12. FOSTER, H. R. AND P. C. WARD, AND A. PRUCHA. 1965. Nutrient Removal
by Effluent Spraying. Journal of Sanitary Engineering,
December 1965. a
13. PARIZK, R. R., L. T. KAROOS, W. E. SOPPER, E. A. MYERS, D. E. DAVIS,
M. A. FARRELL, AND J. B. NESBITT. 1967. Waste Water Renovation and
Conservation.
14. MACKENTHUN, K. M. AND W. M. INGRAM. 1967. Biological Associated
Problems in Freshwater Environments.
31
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15. JEWELL, WILLIAM J. AND PERRY L. McCARTY. 1968. Aerobic Decomposition
of Algae and Nutrient Regeneration. Technical Report No. 91,
FWPCA Grant WP-1037. June 1968.
16. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION. 1968. Water Quality
Criteria. Report of the National Technical Advisary Committee
to the Secretary of the Interior, April 1, 1968.
17. VARMA, MAN M. AND FRANCIS Dl." GIANO. 1968. Kinetics of Oxygen Uptake
by Dead Algae. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
April 1968.
18. MILOJEVIC, MILOJE. 1967. Contribution of Steam Sterilized Algae
to BOD. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, July 1967.
32
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