NERC-LV-539-10                                           NERC-LV-539-10
            REPORT OF  ANIMAL.  INVESTIGATION PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
                         FOR  THE BANEBERRY EVENT
                                   by
                       D.  D.  Smith, S. C. Black   ^
                   K.  R. Giles,  and A. A. Moghissi
                 Farm  and  Animal  Investigation Branch

         Monitoring Systems  Research and Development Division

      Environmental  Monitoring and Support Laboratory

                 U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                       Las Vegas,  Novnda  89'I14
                            November  "1.975
 This research was performed  as  a  pavi; of  the Animal Investigation Program
           under a Memorandum of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539
                                  for the
           U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH  AND  DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

**Dr. Black, Science Advisor5 Immediate Office, Director, EMSL-LV
  Dr. Moghissi, Visiting Professor,  Of fieri of interdisciplinary Programs,
  Environmental Resources Center,  205 ROD-, Civil Engineering Building,
  Atlanta, Georgia  3033?

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United States Energy Research and Development Administration,
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contractors, or their employees, makes any warranty,  express or
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its use would not infringe privately-owned rights.
      AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
                     U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                         SPRINGFIELD, VA  22161

             PRICE:   PAPER COPY  $5.45   MICROFICHE  $2.25

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NERC-LV-539-10                                           NERC-LV-539-10
            REPORT OF ANIMAL  INVESTIGATION PROGRAM ACTIVITIES
                         FOR  THE BANEBERRY EVENT
                       D.  D.  Smith, S. C. Black   **
                   K.  R. Giles, and A. A. Moghissi
                 Farm  and  Animal  Investigation Branch

         Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division

      Environmental  Monitoring and Suoport  Laboratory

                 U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                       Las Vegas, Nevada  89114
                            November 1975
 This research was  performed as a part of the Animal Investigation Program
           under a  Memorandum of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539
                                 for the
           U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
 *
**Dr. Black, Science Advisor, Immediate Office, Director, EMSL-LV
  Dr. Moghissi, Visiting  Professor, Office of Interdisciplinary Programs,
  Environmental Resources Center, 205 EOD, Civil Engineering Building,
  Atlanta, Georgia   30332

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Effective June 29, 1975, the National Environmental Research Center-
Las Vegas (NERC-LV) was designated the Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV).  This Laboratory is one of
three Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratories of the Office
of Monitoring and Technical Support in the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development.

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                                 ABSTRACT

On December 18, 1970, an underground nuclear test,  conducted at the Nevada
Test Site, released radioactive materials into the  atmosphere with  resultant
on-site and off-site contamination.  The Animal  Investigation Program of the
National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas developed studies  to
document the distribution of fission and activation products in the tissue
of domestic and wild animals residing within contaminated areas on  and
surrounding the Nevada Test Site.  A study of radioiodine secretion in milk
from cows at the experimental dairy farm, including urine and fecal
excretion from four of them, was started about 24 hours after the venting.
A grazing intake study, which utilized fistulated steers, was also  carried
out.  The analytical data collected from these studies are presented in
this report.

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                           ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to express their appreciation to H. Hop, J. Coogan,
E. Daley, and C. Feldt for their assistance in sample collection and
to K. Brown for performing the botanical analysis of the rumen contents.

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS .


                                                                   Page

ABSTRACT                                                            i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                                      ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                   iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES                                          iv

INTRODUCTION                                                         1

AREA 15 DAIRY FARM STUDY                                             7

SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES                                   9

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                              12

  Nevada Test Site Studies                                          12

  Off-Site Studies                                                  27

HISTOPATHOLOGY                                                      33

FISTULATED STEER STUDY ON THE NEVADA TEST SITE                      34

INVESTIGATIONS                                                      41

  Garrison, Utah, Sheep Investigation                               41

  Investigation of Alleged Radiation Sicknesses -
  Ursine, Nevada                                                    41

REFERENCES                                                          43

APPENDICES                                                          44

DISTRIBUTION

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                         LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
  TABLE                                                            Page
    1.   Vital  Statistics  of Animals Collected Subsequent
        to Baneberry Event                                            3
    2.   Dairy  Cow Groups  for Radioiodine Studies                      7
    3.   Analytical  Data - Area  15  Farm Calves (pCi/kg)               13
    4.   Plutonium and Radiostrontium  Data - Area 15 Calves           16
    5.   Analytical  Data - Area  15  Farm Cottontails (pCi/g)           18
    6.   Weighted  Average  Radioiodine  Concentrations, Intake,
        and Output  for Group  1  "Metabolism" Cows -
        nCi/liter or kilogram                                       20
                         131
    7.   Weighted  Average     I Concentrations in Milk and Hay
        Groups 2  and 3 -  nCi/liter or kilogram                       21
                   I 01                                 -3
    8.   Integrated    'I Concentration in Air (yCi-sec/m )            26
    9.   Analytical  Data - Sunnyside Rabbits (pCi/kg)                 28
  10.   Analytical  Data - Tonopah  Test Range Cattle                  29
  11.   Analytical  Data - Kawich Valley Cattle                       31
  12.   Analytical  Data - Coal Valley Sheep                          32
  13.   Tritium Levels -  Fistulated Steers (pCi/ml of Free Water)    35
  14.   Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Plutonium Levels
        in Rumen  Contents                                            37
  15.   Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents of Bovine
       Grazing White  Rock Spring Area                               39
FIGURES
   1.  Biological Sampling Locations - Baneberry Event               6
                                               131
   2.  Weighted Average Milk Concentrations of    I from
       the Three Groups of Cows                                     23
   3.  Weighted Average Values for Group  1  "Metabolism" Cows        24
                                    iv

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                               INTRODUCTION
The Baneberry Event was an underground nuclear test conducted in Area 8
of the Nevada Test Site.  Shortly after detonation at 0730 hours
PST on December 18, 1970, radioactive materials escaped into the atmosphere
from a fissure near ground zero.  Winds carried the effluent beyond the
boundaries of the Nevada Test Site.

During the next several weeks, the radiological monitoring program
conducted by the National  Environmental  Research Center,  Las Vegas  (NERC-LV)
indicated the presence of radioactivity in environmental  media collected over a
widespread area throughout the Western United States.  Data collected
indicated that the deposition pattern encompassed about 270 degrees,
from southwest through north to southeast of ground zero, with the line
of maximum deposition initially extending almost due north.  '
Following notification of the venting, ad hoc studies were initiated
to document the distribution of fission and activation products in the
tissues of domestic and wild animals residing within areas on and
surrounding the Nevada Test Site.  This report presents the analytical
data collected during these studies.

The ad hoc studies were designed to provide data on the tissue distri-
bution of radionuclides inhaled and/or ingested by animals at varying
distances and azimuths from ground zero.  These animals were sacrificed
at different time intervals following their original exposure.

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 The  initial  portion  of  the  study was conducted immediately following the
 event  using  animals  from  the Area 15 dairy farm which was located approxi-
 mately four  miles  from  ground  zero.
 For  the  second  portion  of the  studies, tissue samples were collected from
 domestic and wild  animals that lived in the fallout zone at varying distances
 from ground  zero.  These animals were sampled from 12 through 62 days
 following the detonation.   The vital statistics and geographic location
 of each  sampled animal  are  shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.

 The  third phase of the  studies utilized fistulated steers that grazed
 contaminated range within three miles of ground zero.  Rumen samples were
 collected from the animals  during the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th months
 following detonation.

An investigation of  injury  and death in grazing sheep allegedly resulting
                                                 (2)
 from the Baneberry Event was reported previously.  '  Also investigated was
alleged radiation sickness  in domestic animals residing on a farmstead
near Ursine,  Nevada.

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Table 1.  Vital  Statistics  of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event
Species Date
and No. Mo. /Day
Cotton-
tail-!
Cotton-
tail -2
Cotton-
tail -3
Calf
No. 1
Calf
No. 2
Rabbi t-
1-L
Rabbi t-
2-L
Duck-l-L
Bovine-
12/20
12/20
12/21
12/22
12/22
12/30
12/30
12/30
12/30
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
M
M
F
F
Age
Yrs.
Adult
Adult
Adult
0.25
0.20
Adult
Adult
Adult
1.5
Azimuth
Wt. and Distance
kg. (miles) from GZ Remarks
0.72
0.80
0.76
160
95
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
60° 4
60° 4
60° 4
60° 4
60° 4
34° 110
37° 100
34° 110
242° 50
Live trapped near Area
15 Farm haystack, NTS.
Live trapped near Area
15 Farm haystack, NTS.
Live trapped near Area
15 Farm haystack, NTS.
Hoi stein maintained at
Area 15 Farm, NTS until
day of death.
Holstein maintained at
Area 15 Farm, NTS until
day of death.
Hunter kill at Sunnyside
Nevada .
Hunter kill 10 miles sou
of Sunnyside, Nevada.
Hunter kill at Sunnyside
Nevada. Ruddy duck.
Animal died from malnutr
3-f
Bovine-26 1/4
Bovine-   1/5
1-N
Bovine-   1/5
2-N
F   11     735


M   0.8    200



F   3.5    330
175° 15
326° 72
326° 72
tion, 15 miles south of
Beatty, Nevada.

Dairy cow maintained at
Well 3, NTS until death.

Purchased 1.5 miles east of
main gate, Tonopah Test  .
Range.

Purchased 1.5 miles east of
main gate, Tonopah Test
Range.  Uterus contained a
fetus.

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 Table 1.   Vital  Statistics  of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event
           (contd)
                                         Azimuth
                                       and Distance
                                      (miles) from GZ
Species    Date         Age   Wt.
and No.  Mo./Day  Sex   Yrs.  kg.
                                        Remarks
 Coyote-    1/4      M    Adult   16
 1-N
 Bovine-    1/8      M    1.5   290
 1-1
 Bovine-    1/8      M    2.0   290
 2-L
Sheep-1   1/22
Sheep
1-L
          2/2
                       Adult Unk
5-6    69
Sheep-    2/2      F   5-6    65
2-L
Chicken-  2/18     F   Adult 1.5
1-L

Chicken-  2/18     M   Adult 2.0
2-L
                                         326°  72
                                         332°  20
                                         332°  20
                  47° 200
30° 90
                                        30° 90
                                        63° 125
                                        63° 125
Hunter kill.  Animal in
poor flesh.  One and
one-half miles west of
main gate, Tonopah Test
Range.

Purchased from north end
of dry lake bed, Kawich
Valley,  Originated from
Del Rio, Texas and had
been on range 3-6 months.

Purchased from north end
of dry lake bed, Kawich
Valley.  Originated from
Del Rio, Texas and had
been on range 3-6 months.

Columbia ewe died from
eating halogeton, 18
miles southeast of
Garrison, Utah.

Purchased from east side
of Coal Valley, 30 miles
east of Adaven, Nevada.
Aged ewe in good condition.
Rabouillet-Columbia cross.

Purchased from east side
of Coal Valley, 30 miles
east of Adaven, Nevada.
Aged ewe in poor condition.
Rabouillet-Columbia cross.

Mature chicken.  Ten miles
northeast of Ursine, Nevada.

Mature chicken.  Ten miles
northeast of Ursine, Nevada.
Sent to Nevada Animal Disease|
Laboratory.

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Table 1.  Vital Statistics of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event
          (contd)
Species    Date         Age   Wt.
and No.  Mo./Day  Sex   Yrs.  kg.
                               Azimuth
                             and Distance
                           (miles) from GZ
                                             Remarks
Rabbit-
3-L
2/18
M   Adult  5.4
63° 125
Domestic rabbit.  Ten
miles northeast of
Ursine, Nevada.

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                                                                 GARRISON
                                                                   UTAH
                                                                   SHEEP
            RANGE
       CATTLE & COYOTE
                           AREA IS FARM
                           •"•""I CATTLE"
                       SURFACE
                     GROUND  ZERO
   r&MARGOSA VALLEY
         CATTLE
    SCALE IN KILOMETRES
     SCALE IN MILES
Figure 1.  Biological Sampling Locations - Baneberry Event

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                         AREA 15 DAIRY FARM STUDY


As mentioned previously, the Environmental Protection Agency experimental

dairy farm at Area 15 was located approximately four miles northeast of

the ground zero.  The eastern edge of the effluent cloud passed over the

farm immediately after detonation.  At reentry, 36 hours post-event,

three-foot beta-gamma readings, taken with a portable survey instrument
          p
 (35 mg/cm window),  exceeded 5 mR/h.  Among the dairy animals exposed to

the effluent cloud were mature lactating  Hoi stein cows and replacement

Hoi stein  heifer calves.


Ten of the lactating cows were selected for radioiodine studies.   They were

divided into three groups as shown in Table 2 to document the relative

importance of inhalation vis-a-vis ingestion in the transfer of radioiodine

to milk.


Table 2.  Dairy Cow Groups for Radioiodine Studies
Group   Cow Nos.    Exposure	Treatment	
  116, 45,InhalationPlaced in metabolism stalls.Fed con-
         46, 126  plus ingestion    taminated hay twice daily for 11  feed-
                                    ings.  Milk, urine, and feces collected,

  2      13, 87,  Inhalation        Kept at dairy farm.  Fed hay from the
         127, 134                   Well 3 facility.  Milk collected.

  3      11, 119  Inhalation        Kept at dairy farm.  Fed contaminated
                  plus ingestion    hay.  Milk collected.
The Group 1 cows were moved to the metabolism stalls at Well 3 after the

a.m. milking on December 19 and returned to individual pens at the Area 15

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 farm  after the  a.m. milking on  December  24.  The cows of the other two
 groups were placed  in  individual pens at the farm for the duration of
 the study.

 The Group  1  cows were  fed contaminated hay from the Area 15 farm twice
 daily.  An  attempt was made to  feed that hay which gave the highest
 reading on  a survey mater, but  the overall contamination at the farm
 negated that procedure.  The hay was chopped, placed in plastic feeding
 tubs, weighed,  sampled, and fed.  The residue after feeding was weighed
 to estimate the total  amount ingested by each animal.  The Group 2 cows
were fed hay obtained  from the  Well 3 facility using the same procedure
 as for Group 1  cows except that the hay  was not chopped.  This hay was
assumed to be uncontaminated, however, analytical results showed other-
wise.   In this report, hay fed  to the Group 2 cows is referred to as
 "uncontaminated."  The Group 3 cows were fed contaminated hay from the
farm using the same procedure as for the Group 2 animals.  Approximately
10 kg  of hay was offered to each animal   twice daily.
                                      8

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                    SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
For the dairy farm study, milk was collected from each cow at each milking
in individual milk buckets and the total volume measured.   Three and one-half
liters from each milking was transferred to Marinelli beakers for gamma
spectroscopy.  For the four metabolism cows, urine was collected in 20-liter
plastic jugs by use of an indwelling bladder catheter, and feces were col-
lected in plastic-lined pans appropriately placed in the metabolism stalls.
The total amount of urine and feces was measured at the time of milking and
formaldehyde added as a preservative.  The fecal collection from each cow
was mixed thoroughly and three aliquots, 400 ml each, were taken for count-
ing.  The urine samples were also thoroughly mixed and 400-ml aliquots
taken from each sample for counting.  After the Group 1 cows were returned
to individual pens at the dairy farm, aliquots of freshly voided urine
and feces were collected at each morning milking until January 2, 1971.

Hay samples from each cow or cow group were placed in small plastic bags
which were then compressed into 400-ml containers for gamma spectroscopy.
These samples varied in weight from 65 to approximately 100 grams.

Unless otherwise noted, each animal sampled for tissue distribution studies
was sacrificed by shooting.  Immediately after death each animal was
necropsied and all pathological conditions were noted.  The adrenals, eyes,
heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, and gonads of each
animal were sampled and tissue sections were prepared for pathological
evaluation.

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 Tissues collected for radioanalysis included rumen contents,  liver,
 lungs, muscle, thyroid, blood or urine, kidney,  fetus,  if present, and
 bone.  The soft tissue and rumen contents  were analyzed by gamma  spectroscopy.
 Urine or blood samples were analyzed for tritium.   Bone was analyzed  for
 89    Qn        ?3Q                                                  9^Q
   Sr,  uSr, and    Pu.  Selected soft tissues were also analyzed  for    Pu
 content.

 The soft tissues  of sufficient volume and  rumen  contents were prepared for
 gamma analysis by grinding and placing in  1000-ml  polyethylene Marinelli
 beakers.  Those of smaller volume,  i.e., thyroid,  kidneys,  etc., were
 prepared for analysis  by macerating in a blender and then suspended in
 agar in  a 400-ml  container.   The samples were then counted  either 40  or 100
 minutes  on a 4-inch by 4-inch Nal(Tl)  crystal  connected to  a 400-channel
 pulse height analyzer  calibrated at 10 keV/channel .
             89    90        239
 Tissues  for   Sr,    Sr,  and    Pu were prepared  by  low  temperature ashing.
 An  aliquot of animal tissue  was  dissolved  and  the  plutonium was separated
by adsorbtion and selective elution from an anion exchange resin.   '  The
plutonium was then electroplated^  ' and counted on a solid state alpha
                                                                OQC
spectrometer.  The recovery efficiency was determined by use of    Pu as an
internal standard.  Other radionuclide analytical procedures used at the
                                                                           (5)
National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas were described previously.
In general, the counting errors associated with tritium analyses were
approximately 10%.

Three mature Hereford steers with permanent rumen fistulas were used
as biological samplers for the grazing study.  At three-week intervals

                                     10

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between May 14 and July 27, 1971, the animals were  placed  on  the  contaminated
range.   Prior to placement on the range, each animal's rumen  was  emptied of
all ingesta^ ' and a blood sample was drawn from the jugular  vein for back-
ground radionuclide analysis.  After a 72-hour grazing period,  the animals
were removed from the range and rumen samples collected for radionuclide
analysis and for botanical analysis.  Drinking water and post-grazing blood
samples were also collected for radionuclide analysis.

Following collection, the botanical samples were frozen until analyzed.
Samples were prepared for botanical analysis by washing and screening a
random aliquot, which was then examined under a binocular microscope.
Individual species of browse, forbs, and grasses were identified  by proce-
                          (7 8)
dures described elsewhere.  ' '  After the species  in the sample  were
identified, a visual estimate was made of the fraction of each species in
the sample.  All data reported are at the 95% confidence level  and are
corrected to time of collection.
                                     11

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                            RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 Nevada Test Site Studies
 Inhalation was the major route of exposure  for the calves during the first
 36 hours post-event.   During the next  60  hours,  ingestion was the major
 route of exposure as  the calves ate contaminated hay and drank milk produced
 by cows  that were also exposed to the  cloud.   Two calves were sacrificed on
 December 22, 1970,  and sampled extensively.  These samples were analyzed
 for short-lived fission products  on December 23, and after allowing time
 for decay,  were recounted on January 28,  1971.   Analytical results are
 reported in Table 3.

 The highest levels  of gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected on the
 hair of  the animals,  indicating an  exposure to direct particulate fallout.
 The thyroids contained significant  levels of     I and    I.  The next high-
 est levels  were found in  the intestinal contents.  The activity in the
 lungs was relatively  low, with  no detectable gamma-emitting radionuclides
 reported on  the January 28 recount.  Tritium concentrations in the urine
 of  both  calves  were found to  be 1.9  pCi/ml.

 The  results  of  plutonium and  strontium analyses of lung and bone samples
 from these calves are  shown  in  Table 4.

 It is of particular interest  to compare the data of Tables 3 and 4.  It can
be seen that levels of  short-lived fission products in the two calves are
comparable.  The    I content in thyroids of the two animals was 0.73 and
0.78 nCi/g, respectively.  Similar blood levels were also found for this
                                     12

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Table 3.  Analytical  Data - Area 15 Farm Calves  (pCi/kg)
Calf ,32
Tissue No. Te
Rumen
contents
Omasal
contents
Abomasal
contents
Small
intestine
contents
Large
intestine
contents
Urine

Parotid
salivary
gland
Rumen
tissue
Omasal
tissue
Abomasal
tissue
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
7xl04
1.7xl05
3x1 05
2.4xl05
7. IxlO4
1.4xl05
5.2xl03
2.6xl04
5x1 05
6.5xl05
5x1 03
4x1 03
2.3xl03
2.4xl03
5.6xl03
l.lxlO4
8.4xl03
8x1 03
3x1 03
7.3xl03
133j
4.8xl04
9.6xl04
2xl05
<40
7.4xl04
1.5xl05
7.2xl03
2.2xl04
2x1 05
4x1 05
l.lxlO4
6.7xl03
5.4xl03
2.4xl03
<40
6. IxlO3
6.3xl03
5.5xl03
8x1 03
l.lxlO4
131,
l.SxlO4
4.3xl04
8.5xl03
l.lxlO5
3.6xl04
8.8xl04
6.9xl03
1.3xl04
IxlO5
l.SxlO5
9.5xl03
5x1 03
1.9xl03
1.6xl03
2xl03
2.9xl03
2.9xl03
3x1 03
5. IxlO3
IxlO4
103Ru
7.7xl03
2. IxlO4
2.5xl04
5.4xl04
8.8xl03
2. IxlO4
280
3. IxlO3
3.8X104
8x1 04
<40
<40
40
<40
410
660
970
670
<40
1.2xl03
140Ba
680
3.7xl03
<40
2.3xl04
6.7xl03
1.3xl04
<40
<40
4x1 04
2.7xl04
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
141Ce
<200
<200
<200
1.2xl04
2.5xl03
4.3xl03
<200
<200
1.4xl04
l.lxlO4
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
3. IxlO2
                                   13

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Table 3.  Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Calves (pCi/kg)  (contd)
Calf ,32
Tissue No. Te
Small
intestine
tissue
Pancreas

Large
intestine
tissue
Kidney

Liver

Gall
bladder
with bile
Lung

Heart

Blood

Spleen

Tracheo-
bronchial
lymph
nodes
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
l.lxlO3
2.8xl03
<40
6x1 03
1.3xl04
8.3xl03
1.9xl04
1.7xl04
7.6xl03
8.3xl03
<40
<40
1.9xl03
2.4xl03
2.9xl03
2.6xl03
300
500
1.2xl03
IxlO3
1.5xl03
<40
133j
5.6xl02
2. IxlO3
<40
2.7xl03
5.6xl03
4.8xl03
2.6xl03
3.2xl03
1.5xl03
1.9xl03
<40
<40
1.6xl03
1.9xl03
500
1.2xl03
600
400
800
<40
<40
<40
131,
IxlO3
1.6xl03
l.lxlO3
2.2xl03
2.5xl03
2.2xl03
1.3xl03
1.8xl03
800
IxlO3
1.4xl03
1.3xl03
1.2xl03
1.4xl03
800
800
1.4xl03
1.5xl03
800
l.lxlO3
700
<40
103Ru
<40
<40
<40
<40
850
4.8xl03
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
140Ba
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
141Ce
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
                                     14

-------
Table 3.  Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Calves (pCi/kg)  (contd)
Tissue
Thyroid

Adrenal

Gonads

Muscle

Fat

Bone
shaft
Bone
marrow
Hair

Skin,
no hair
Calf
No.
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
132Te
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
700
600
700
1.4xl03
900
l.lxlO3
<40
1.7xl03
2.4xl06
1.6xl06
2.6xl03
3.8xl04
133j
1.3xl06
9.6xl05
<40
<40
<40
<40
5x1 02
500
400
<40
l.lxlO3
800
<40
800
2.1xl06
1.3xl06
5.6xl03
2.6xl04
131,
l.SxlO6
1.6xl06
<40
<40
<40
<40
3x1 02
300
160
<40
800
9.9xl03
800
IxlO3
8.9xl05
5.8xl05
2.6xl03
1.4xl04
103Ru
S A M P L
S A M P L
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
S.lxlO5
2.2xl05
<40
3.6xl03
140Ba
E
E
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
<40
9.7xl04
6.3xl04
<40
990
141Ce
LOST
LOST
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
<200
6.7xl03
4x1 03
<200
340
                                     15

-------
 Table 4.  Plutonium and Radiostrontium  Data - Area 15 Calves
Calf No. Tissue

1 Bone

Lung

2 Bone

Lung

Ash
(*)
36

NA

28

NA

Ca
mg/g ash
130

NA

100

NA

90Sr
pCi/kg wet
pCi/g ash
2100+500
6.0±1.0
NA

560±220
2.0±0.8
NA

238Pu
pCi/kg wet
pCi/g ash
<1.0
<0.003
<0.5
<0.003
<0.7
<0.003
0.6±0.5
0.05±0.04
23Q
"yPu
pCi/kg wet
pCi/g ash
<0.6
<0.002
<0.1
<0.01
1.9±0.7
0.007+0.003
<0.1
<0.01
 NA  =  Not  analyzed.





 radionuclide,  i.e.,  1.4 and 1.5 nCi/kg.  Using the concentration data from



 Table 3,  except  for  intestinal contents, and estimates of total organ



 weights,  it is estimated that the smaller Calf-2 had a body burden of



 342 nCi of     I  while the larger one had a burden of 293 nCi.  Although



 occasional differences are found between these two animals, the concentra-



 tion  of radionuclides described in Table 3 seldom deviates by more than


                     90
 a factor  of 2.   The   Sr content of the bone ash between these two animals


                                          239
 deviates, however, by a factor of 3.  The    Pu levels indicate a reverse


                         239
 relationship.  Levels of    Pu in bone from Calf-1 were below the detect-


                                        239
 able  limits, while measurable levels of    Pu were found in Calf-2.  As


                          239
 the bone concentration of    Pu is significantly higher than the lung con-


                                    239
 centration, it can be presumed that    Pu in this animal originated from a



 long-term exposure or possibly as a result of placenta! transfer as this



animal was only two months old.
                                     16

-------
The reason for these latter anomalies  remains  unknown.   Both  animals were
born and raised under presumably identical  conditions.   The exposure
histories of their dams are similar.   Their exposure to  Baneberry  fallout
must have been similar, yet they indicate significant differences  in
      90       239
their   Sr and    Pu body burden.  These facts demonstrate the  necessity
of multi-animal experiments if generally applicable results are to be
expected.

During the nights of December 19 and  20, three desert cottontail rabbits,
(Sylvilagus auduboni), were live-trapped at the Area 15  dairy farm near
the haystack which furnished feed for both them and the  dairy calves
described above.  Vital statistics of the rabbits are reported  in  Table 1.

Rabbits Nos. 1 and 2 were sacrificed  on December 20, 1970, and  rabbit
No. 3 was sacrificed on December 21.   Measurement with a portable  survey
                    2
instrument (35 mg/cm  window), set for beta-plus-gamma radiation,  gave a
relative reading of 0.6 mR/h for rabbit No. 3 and 1.0 mR/h for  rabbits
Nos. 1 and 2.

The analytical data from tissues of these rabbits are presented in Table  5.
Again the pelts and thyroids contained the highest burdens of fresh fission
products.  The tritium levels in the free water of the tissues  from the
three rabbits averaged 6.9±0.3 pCi/ml, 9.7±0.3 pCi/ml, and  9.3±3.0 pCi/ml,
respectively.  It is of interest to compare these values with the  tritium
concentration of 1.9 pCi/ml in the body water of the calves.  The  rabbits
and calves were presumably in the same vicinity of the Area  15  farm during
and subsequent to the venting.  The four-fold difference in  the tritium
                                    17

-------
 Table 5.   Analytical  Data  - Area 15 Farm Cottontails (pCi/g)
Rabbit No. 1
Tissue

Stomach* 2

Intestines*
Kidney
Liver
Lung
132Te
•3
.4xlOJ

460
650
460
90
133j
0
3.0xlOJ

<40
67
30
100
131,

700

10
10
10
30


1

4
1
1
1
Rabbit No. 2
To

.7x10

.8x10
.6x10
.0x10
.3x10
t
•3

q

3
3
3
133,
•3
2.3xlOJ
0
2.3x10-*
<40
<40
100
131 j

700

<40
70
<40
30
Rabbit No.
132Te

900
Q
5.2xlOJ
S.lxlO3
l.lxlO3
90
133j

700
•3
1.7X1Q-3
<40
50
140
3
131,

200

<40
<40
17
<40
Thyroid      <40   2.2xl06 4.OxlO5  <40    4.OxlO6 7.2xl05   <40   1.8xl06  5.3xl05
Muscle        20     20        5     30      30        7      50     20        6
Pelt       l.SxlO5 2.5xl05 4.2xl04 3.2xl03 4.1xl03   800   1.3xl03 1.5xl03   300
*Includes tissue and contents.
 concentrations may  be  attributed to the calves' consumption of uncontaminated
 deep well water, while the  rabbits' source of water was from feed that had
 been exposed  to cloud  passage.
 On January 3, 1971, a  mature, pregnant, Holstein cow was found dead at Well 3
 which is located 15 miles south of the ground zero.  Cause of death was
 determined to be blood loss from a self-amputated teat.  Tissue samples were
 collected from this animal for radionuclide analysis.  The rumen contents
                     103                                          131
 contained 200 pCi of    Ru per kg, the thyroid contained 5 pCi of    I per g,
                                                                    Qfi
the lungs 1.5±0.6 pCi of    Pu per kg, and the femur 1.6±0.7 pCi of   Sr per g
of bone ash.  The short-lived radionuclides detected in this animal may have
originated from a small leakage from a test conducted December 16 as hay from
this facility was contaminated.
                                    18

-------
The results of sample measurements for each of the cows  involved  in  the
dairy herd studies are displayed individually in Appendix  II.   Weighted
average values for each group are shown in Tables 6 and  7  and  are dis-
played graphically in Figures 2 and 3.  The weighting  is based on the
volume or mass produced by each animal.  The effective half-lives,
indicated in Figure 2, were calculated from logarithmic  least-squares
fits to the measured data.

The results of this experiment were unexpected.   Group 2,  fed  hay
from Well 3, was expected to show the least peak activity  in milk
instead of the most activity.  Another anomaly is evident  in Figure  2.
                                                               1 ?l
Starting about 60 hours after detonation, the milk secretion of    I
decreased with an effective half-life of about 30 hours  which  approxi-
mates the effect observed in previous experiments when cows were  given
uncontaminated forage.  However, as indicated in Figure  3, the hay for
the Group 1 cows contained nearly 2 nCi/kg in the feed consumed at
129 hours post-detonation, enough activity to keep the milk  levels higher
than those measured.  Water and grain samples contained  negligible amounts
of radioiodine.
The high level of 131I in the milk of Group 2 cows represents continued
exposure due  to  keeping them at  the  contaminated farm and to the levels
of 131I measured in  the "uncontaminated"  hay from Well  3.   This latter
may be ascribed  to a  small  leakage from  a  test  conducted  on December 16
                                                    3     131
as an air  sampler at  the  farm measured 2.3  pCi-sec/m  of    I on that
date, or to redistribution  of Baneberry  debris  as indicated by the  air
sampler data  for Well  3 shown in Table 8.
                                    19

-------
 Table 6.  Weighted Average Radioiodine Concentrations,  Intake,  and
           Output for Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram
Year
Date &
12/19

12/20

12/21

12/22

12/23

12/24

12/25

12/26

12/27

12/28

12/29

1970
Time
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Hours
from
Venting Hay
24 0.8
32 5.87
47 1.38
56 6.65
72 4.09
81 3.16
96 1.82
105 3.66
120 4.16
129 1.75
145 NC
153
169
177
193
201
217
225
241
249
265
273
131
Milk
0.60
0.75
0.60
0.69
0.33
0.28
0.18
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.02
I
Urine
NC
5.7
2.1
2.0
1.16
0.85
0.60
0.5
0.43
0.31
ND
NC










133j
Feces Hay Milk Urine
NC NC 11.5 NC
13.6 9.7 9.3 57.0
23.3 32.7 2.8 9.2
14.2 13.7 0.80 3.3
7.2 10.3 0.43 1.8
4.0 3.1 0.16 0.95
2.3 1.2 0.06 ND
1.2 ND ND ND
1.97
0.76
0.83
NC











Feces
NC
69.0
54.5
18.4
10.7
5.3
ND
ND














ND = Not detectable
                                    20

-------
                           1 31
Table 7.  Weighted Average    I Concentrations in Milk and Hay

          Groups 2 and 3 - nCi/liter or kilogram
Date &
12/19

12/20

12/21

12/22

12/23

12/24

12/25

12/26

12/27

12/28

12/29

Time
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Hours
from
Venting
24
32
47
56
72
81
96
105
120
129
145
153
169
177
193
201
217
225
241
249
265
273
Group 2
Hay
0.80
4.60
0.50
0.50
9.40
1.30
ND
ND
1.40
1.40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.30
Milk
1.10
1.10
1.50
1.80
1.10
0.83
0.46
0.48
0.37
0.35
0.28
0.36
0.32
0.24
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.10
0.10
Group 3
Hay
0.80
2.10
2.50
2.50
0.80
1.40
ND
ND
1.50
ND
ND
ND
0.93
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.30
1.30
Milk
1.20
1.10
1.10
1.10
0.66
0.50
0.37
0.32
0.20
0.21
0.14
0.14
0.09
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.03
                                    21

-------
Table 7.  Weighted Average    I Concentrations in Milk and Hay
          Groups 2 and 3 - nCi/liter or kilogram (contd)
Date & Time
12/30 a.m.
p.m.
12/31 a.m.
p.m.
Hours
from
Venting
289
297
313
321
Group 2
Hay
0.84
ND
ND
ND
Milk
0.22
0.15
0.11
0.11
Group 3
Hay
0.84
ND
ND
ND
Milk
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.05
NTT= Not detectable
                                    22

-------
  CJ
  I  1.0
  UJ
  CJ

  o
  o
  -  0.1
     .01
                     ***  GROUP  1
                     ...  GROUP  2
                         GROUP  3
T, =  26.9   T2 = 61.3
T, =  33hr,  T2= 69.3h
T, =  33.6hr, T2= 69.3

               .  .*  ••  -.
                *' \  *.  ••
                     * ';
                                *•#'
                                                   *•*
            I   I    I    I    I    I    I   I   I    I    I    I    I
            24 48   72  96  120  144 168  192 216 240 264 288 312
                       HOURS  AFTER DETONATION
                                                131
Figure 2.   Weighted Average Milk Concentrations  of    I from the Three
           Groups of Cows
                                   23

-------
  CD
 o
  •
 LU
 O
 z
 o
 CJ
      0.1
                 i]

               A
                 URINE
                 MILK
                 HAY
                   \
, /'   X\  ~ \

\>       X°'   \
 .-'      \\   D \
 P    1.0
J2    .01
                 A     -

                  \    ^
      \
                        \
                                         .
                                         \
               48     96     144     192     240    288

                       HOURS AFTER  DETONATION


 Figure 3.  Weighted Average Values  for  Group 1  "Metabolism" Cows
                                  24

-------
The ratio of peak concentration in milk to peak  concentration  in  feed  (0.11
for Group 1, 0.19 for Group 2, and 0.48 for Group  3) was  higher for this
study than for previous experiments.   This may have been  caused by inhala-
                                                               131
tion exposure.  Air sampler data for the farm showed measurable    I
activity for several days after Baneberry (Table 8).   Unfortunately, the
sampler was inoperative from 1240 hr on December 17 until  0815 hr on
December 19 so the maximum inhalation exposure for all  the cows cannot be
determined.  The inhalation exposure for the period December 20 to
January 3 can be calculated by assuming a breathing rate  of 100 liters/min
         o
(0.0017 m /sec) and multiplying the integrated air concentrations in
Table 8 by this amount.  The exposure thus calculated  is  only  10.5 nCi
131
   I for that period or about the amount ingested  in the  first hay feeding.

Another factor affecting the milk secretion of the cows,  and possibly
affecting the results of this study, was that they were not milked for
many hours  (1500 hr December 17 to 0730 hr December 19) because of test
activities.  This depressed milk production of all cows by 40% on
December 20.  However, milk production returned  to normal  levels  by
December 23.
    131
The    I concentration in the first milking, approximately 24  hours  after
venting, was high in all three groups.  A supply of  hay was put  in the
feed bunkers after the afternoon milking on December  17 but was  probably
mostly consumed by the time of venting on December 18. Therefore, the
radioiodine in the first milking was probably due  to  ingestion of normally
ignored residue of the feed plus inhalation during cloud  passage.  Based  on
intake measurements for the Group 1 cows, they secreted 13.8%  of their
                                   25

-------
                      131                                 3
 Table 8.  Integrated    I  Concentration  in Air  (yCi-sec/m )
Ai
Date
ON
12/16, 1000
12/19, 0815
12/20, 1045
12/21, 0945
12/23, 1300
12/24, 0940
12/25, 1000
12/26, 1220
12/27, 1045
12/28, 1450
12/30, 1200
12/31, 1500
01/02, 0830
r Sampler
and Time
OFF
12/17, 1240
12/20, 1045
12/21, 0945
12/23, 1300
12/24, 0940
12/25, 1000
12/26, 1220
12/27, 1045
12/28, 1450
12/30, 1200
12/31, 1500
01/02/71, 0830
01/03, 0900
Area 15 Well 3
2.31
0.69 1.04
0.23 0.04
0.77 0.76
0.44
0.22
0.88
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.04
0.50
0.12
 intake  into their milk.  This is little higher than the 9% average of all



 previous experiments, the excess possibly reflecting inhalation intake,



 or errors  in estimating the contamination of the hay.




 The peak concentration of 1.8 nCi/liter measured in the milk from Group 2



 cows, located only 4 miles from surface ground zero, was only about twice

         1 qi
 the peak    I concentration of 0.81 nCi/liter measured in the cows at the



McCurdy ranch^ ' which was more than 40 miles away.
An estimate of total intake can be made using the calf thyroid data from

                                              131
Table 3 and the thyroid weights.  The average    I in those thyroids was


28 nCi.  An earlier study^  ' indicated calf thyroids had a peak activity
                                    26

-------
at four days with continued intake and the total  in  the  thyroids  repre-
sented 8.4 to 13.2% of intake.   Dividing 28 nCi  by these percentages
gives an estimate of 212 to 333 nCi as the total  intake.   This  is not
inconsistent with the weighted average intake in hay of  243  nCi    I for
the Group 1 cows.  However, the Group 2 cows secreted about  three times
        131
as much    I in their milk as Group 1 cows so their  intake must  have been
much greater.

Off-Site Studies
On December 30, 1970, a beef animal was sacrificed from  a herd  grazing
15 miles south of Beatty, Nevada.   Samples collected included the
thyroid, kidney, liver, and sternum.  The thyroid was the only  sample
containing detectable levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides.  The    I
content was 2.4 nCi/g.  Selenium and molybdenum analyses were performed
as requested by the owner and was  found to be less than  10 parts per
million.

On December 30, 1970, two jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and  one male
ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), a bottom feeder, were collected in the
vicinity of Sunnyside, Nevada.
Table 9 presents the analytical data of the rabbit tissues that contained
                                                           131
detectable levels of radionuclides.  Significant levels  of    I were found
in the kidneys and ingesta of the rabbits, but were  not found in other
tissues collected.  All tissues collected from the  duck were below
detectable limits.  This might have been the result  of the duck having
                                   27

-------
 Table 9.  Analytical Data - Sunnyside Rabbits  (pCi/kg)
Rabbit No.
Tissue
Stomach contents
Intestinal contents
Ki dney
Muscle
131j
3.3xl04
3.7xl04
2.5xl04
<25
103Ru
<25
1.4xl04
<25
<25
1
137Cs
<25
<25
<25
1.9xl02
Rabbit
131j
2.1xl04
<25
3.6xl04
<40
No. 2
137CS
<25
<25
<25
1.9xl02
 just migrated into the area prior to the  time  of  sampling, whereas the
 rabbits were residents of the area.
 A cow and a steer that ranged the Tonopah Test Range were purchased in
 Goldfield, Nevada.   They were sacrificed, necropsied,  and sampled on
 January 5, 1971.   The uterus  of the  cow contained a 5%-month-old fetus.
 The analytical  data are presented in Table 10.  The thyroids contained
                       131                                     239
 significant levels  of    I.   The bones of the  fetus contained    Pu and
                             131
 the muscle tissue contained    I,  indicating placenta! transfer of these
 radionuclides.  Tritium levels  in  the blood were  1 pCi/ml of free water.
 The botanical analysis  of  the rumen  contents is presented in Appendix III.

 Also collected  on this  date was  a young female coyote  that was shot
 approximately 1%  miles  west of  the main gate of the Tonopah Test Range.
 The  thyroid was not  collected as  it was destroyed by the .243 caliber
 bullet.  No detectable  gamma- emit ting radionuclides were found in the
muscle.  The femur bone contained 0.5±0.3 pCi of    Pu/kg and 4.0±0.9 pCi
   90
of   Sr/g of ash.
                                    28

-------
Table 10. Analytical Data - Tonopah Test Range Cattle
Bovine 131I
Tissue No. pCi/kg
Rumen
contents
Liver

Lung

Thyroid

Muscle

Bone
Fetal
bone
Fetal
muscle
NA = Not
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
7.6xl03
4.4xl03
l.SxlO3
l.SxlO3
4.6xl03
2.5xl03
5.8xl07
1.7xl07
640
400
NA
NA
NA
550
103Ru
pCi/kg
6.6xl03
3.8xl03
70
160
<25
720
<25
<25
<25
160
NA
NA
NA
<25
140Ba
pCi/kg
870
790
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
NA
NA
NA
<25
137Cs
pCi/kg
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
70
NA
NA
NA
<25
239Pu
pCi/kg wet
pd'/g ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
<0.1
<0.001
0.9±0.2
0.09±0.03
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.3±0.2
0.02±0.01
4.0±0.6
0.04±0.006
0.5+0.2
0.008±0.002
NA
90Sr
pCi/kg wet
pCi/g ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
450±100
3.0±0.9
350±100
3.5+0.9
150+50
2.1±0.8
NA
analyzed.
                                     29

-------
 On January 8, 1971, samples were collected from two beef steers of mixed
 breeding that had been grazing on the Kawich Valley range for  several
 months preceding the event.

 One animal was suffering from a liver abscess.   No  other lesions were
 noted during the necropsies.  The analytical  data are  presented in
                                         131
 Table 11.  Again, the highest levels  of    I  were found  in  the thyroids
 and the greatest variety of gamma-emitting nuclides were present on the
 skin and hair.  Tritium levels in the blood  of  these two steers were
 1.2 and 1.4 pCi/ml  of free water, respectively.  See Appendix  III for
 botanical analysis  of the rumen contents.

 During December of  1970,  a band of sheep from Adaven,  Nevada,  was grazing
 in the Timber Pass  area on the east side of  Coal Valley.  A portion of
 the Baneberry cloud passed over this  area.   '

 On February 2,  1971,  two  aged ewe sheep were  purchased from this band for
 sacrifice.   Necropsy  showed that the  first sheep was pregnant  and had an
 abscessed mammary gland.   The second  sheep was  dying from extensive liver
 abscesses.  Vital statistics  of these sheep are presented in Table 1 and
 the analytical  data are presented in  Table 12.  The  thyroids,  six weeks
                                                       131
 after  exposure,  still contained significant levels  of     I.  No other
 short-lived fission products  were detected in the other  tissues.

Tungsten-181 was  detected  in  the  liver  from both sheep.  Tritium levels
 in the free water from  blood  were less  than 0.4 pCi/ml.  Gamma-emitting
radionuclides were below detectable limits in the tissues of the fetus
collected from the pregnant ewe.   See Appendix  III for botanical analysis
of rumen contents.
                                   30

-------
Table 11. Analytical Data - Kawich Valley Cattle
Bovine 131I
Tissue No. pCi/kg
Rumen
contents

Kidney

Liver


Lung



Thyroid

Muscle

Bone



Skin

1

2
1
2
1

2
1

2

1
2
1
2
1

2

1
2
7.9xl04
r*
1.1x10°
4.1xl04
3.8xl04
2.7xl04

l.lxlO4
2.7xl05

3.2xl04

4.1xl08
6.4xl08
4.6xl03
4.7xl03
NA

NA

8.9xl04
4.8xl04
103Ru
PCi/kg
1.2xl05
P
1.5xlOb
<25
<25
4.2xl04

590
9.6xl03

l.SxlO3

<25
<25
210
300
NA

NA

2.6xl04
2.5xl04
140Ba
PCi/kg
1.4xl03

2.0xl04
<25
<25
<25

<25
250

240

<25
<25
<25
<25
NA

NA

2.2xl03
S.lxlO3
141Ce
pCi/kg
<125

<125
<125
<125
<125

<125
<125

<125

<125
<125
<125
<125
NA

NA

7.0xl03
3.4xl03
239Pu
pCi/kg wet
pd'/q ash
NA

NA
NA
NA
0.10±0.06
0.03±0.01
NA
0.6±0.3
0.05±0.02
0.3±0.2
0.04±0.02
NA
NA
NA
NA
<0.003

<0.003

NA
NA
90Sr
pCi/kg wet
pCi/g ash
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA

NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
800±300
3.0±1.1
250±200
0.9±0.7
NA
NA
NA = Not analyzed.




                                     31

-------
 Table 12. Analytical Data - Coal Valley Sheep
Sheep131! 103RU 144Ce 137Cs 181W
Tissue No. pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kq
Rumen
contents
Kidney

Liver

Lung

Thyroid

Muscle

Bone

Skin and
wool
Fetus
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
1.3xl05
l.lxlO5
<25
<25
NA
NA
<25
<25
<25

<25
400
<25
<25
50
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
NA
NA
<25
<25
<25

<250
700
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
<250
NA
NA
<250
<250
<250

<25
<25
<25
<25
40
70
<25
<25
<25
<25
<25
<30
NA
NA
<25
<25
<25

<300
<300
<300
<300
2.0X103
1.2xl03
<300
<300
<300
<300
<300
<300
NA
NA
<300
<300
<300

2^9
"yPu
pCi/kg wet
pCi/g ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.0+0.1
0.3±0.05
<0.001
<0.001
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.2±0.4
0.05±0.02
<0.001
NA
NA
NA

%
pCi/kg wet
pCi/q ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
900±200
4.3±1.0
1700±300
9.9±1.6
NA
NA
NA

NA = Not analyzed.
                                     32

-------
                             HISTOPATHOLOGY

Tissue slides were prepared from tissues collected from all  sacrificed
animals and were submitted for interpretation by the pathologist,
J. M. Ward, DVM, Ph. D., Veterinary Pathologist, Radiation Office, EPA,
Rockville, Maryland.  No unexpected pathological lesions were found.
The individual reports on each specimen examined are on file at the
National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas.
                                     33

-------
              FISTULATED STEER STUDY ON THE NEVADA TEST SITE
 This study was designed to determine the oral  intake of fresh fission
 products by cattle grazing natural vegetation  contaminated by fallout
 from the Baneberry Event.  The study also provided information as  to the
 food habits of grazing cattle.
 The study area was centered on White Rock Springs which is located approx  -
 mately two miles northwest of the ground zero.   The spring supplied
 drinking water for the three rumen-fistulated  mature Hereford steers
 which served as the biological  samplers  for the  study.
 Between April  14,  1971  and July 27,  1971, the  three steers were placed
 on the study area  every three weeks.   The steers were maintained in the
 Area  15 corrals between sampling periods. Prior to placement on the
 range,  the  steers'  rumens  were emptied of all  ingesta and  a blood  sample
 was collected.   The steers were then  transported from Area 15 to the
 White Rock  Springs  area where they were  allowed  to graze freely for 72 hours.
 They were then  returned to Area 15 where the rumen contents were sampled for
 radionuclide and botanical  analysis and  a post-grazing blood sample was
 collected for tritium analysis.   Drinking water  samples from Area  15 and
 White Rock  Springs  were collected prior  to grazing.

 Table 13 presents  the data on tritium levels in  rumen contents, drinking
water and in blood  collected  prior to  and subsequent  to grazing the
study area.  In general, the  tritium  levels in the  blood were  higher
following grazing and were  slightly higher than  that  found  in  the  rumen
                                      34

-------
Table 13. Tritium Levels -  Fistulated Steers (pCi/ml  of Free Water)
Animal
No.
901
902
905
901
902
905
901
902
905
901
902
905
901
902
905
1
Date
4/14/71
4/14/71
4/14/71
5/12/71
5/12/71
5/12/71
6/2/71
6/2/71
6/2/71
6/30/71
6/30/71
6/30/71
7/27/71
7/27/71
7/27/71
Blood Blood
Pre-grazing Post-grazing
<0.4
<0.4
0.5
0.9
2.1
0.9
1.9
2.5
2.9
1.5
2.0
1.9
2.2±0.3
2.7±0.4
2.2±0.4
<0.4
1.0
0.6
3.8
3.9
2.3
3.2
3.3
2.6
2.1
2.2
1.5
1.8±0.3
2.2±0.3
1.8±0.3
Rumen Drinking Water
Contents Area 15 White Rock
0.4 <0.4
0.5
<0.4
2.1 <0.4
2.4
1.0
2.9 <0.4
2.6
2.5
1.5 <0.4
1.7
1.7
1.6+0.3 0.610.3
1.810.3
1.910.4
<0.4


<0.4


<0.4


<0.4


<0.4


                                      35

-------
 contents.   The  tritium content of the drinking water was usually below
 detectable  levels.  No gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected in the
 water  samples.
 Data on  the gamma-emitting radionuclides and plutonium levels detected
 in the rumen contents are presented in Table 14.  Short-lived radio-
 nuclides detected included 103Ru, 95Zr, and 124Sb.  The latter was not
 detected in any samples collected off the Nevada Test Site.

 Results of  the botanical analysis are presented in Table 15.  Grasses
made up the bulk of the diet of the animals while on the range.  Favored
grasses were Stipa speciosa (desert needlegrass) during April and May,
Qrhyzopsis hymenoides (Indian rice grass) during June and July and
Elymus cinereus (giant rye grass) during late July.
                                     36

-------
Table 14.  Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Plutonium Levels  in
           Rumen Contents
Animal
No. Date
901
902
905
901
902
905
901
902
905
901
902
905
901
4/14/71
4/14/71
4/14/71
5/12/71
5/12/71
5/12/71
6/2/71
6/2/71
6/2/71
6/30/71
6/30/71
6/30/71
7/27/71
144Ce
pCi/kq
7.8xl03
1.4xl03
1.2xl04
4.5xl03
2.1xl03
1.2xl03
500
450
l.OxlO3
300
250
400
500
103Ru
PCi/kg
1
2
2
4
3
1
8
1
1

2
7
1
.IxlO5
.OxlO5
.3xl05
.4xl04
.OxlO3
.8xl03
.4x1 O3
.OxlO3
.3xl04
200
.4xl03
.SxlO3
.OxlO4
95Zr
pCi/kg
2.4xl03
l.lxlO4
4.4xl03
200
300
450
400<
500
500
100
100
200
200
60Co
pCi/Kg
2.3xl03
300
1.7xl03
300
700
300
200
300
600
400
150
400
l.lxlO3
124Sb
PCi/kg
8.9xl03
1.4xl04
l.lxlO3
3.5xl03
1.4xl03
1.2xl03
l.lxlO3
l.OxlO3
1.4xl03
l.lxlO3
400
950
1 .4xl03
54 238p'
3^Mn pCi/kg
pCi/kg pCi/g
2. OxlO3
9.3xl03
<25
2.6xl03
2.4xl03
300
<25
<25
1.4xl03
900
900
1.2xl03
2.1xl03
239
j "yPu
wet pCi/kg wet
ash pCi/g ash
3.5±0.9
0.2±0.04
3. 0±1
0.1±0
3.0±0
0.1±0
1.1+0
0.1±0
1.7±0
0.1±0
0.7+0
0.1±0
0.9±0
0.1+0
1.5±0
0.1+0
3.0+1
0.1±0
.0
.04
.8
.04
.7
.04
.6
.04
.3
.03
.6
.03
.7
.03
.0
.03
2.1±0.8
0.05±0.06
0.9±0
0.5±0
1.7+0
0.1 ±0
4.0±1
0.1±0
.5
.03
.7
.04
.0
.04
21.0+-2.0
1.0±0.09
26.0+-2.0
1.U0.09
24.0±2.0
1.0±0.09
10.0+1.0
0.6±0.07
n.oti.o
0.7±0.08
4.5+0.6
0.4+0.06
7.0±1.0
0.3±0.05
9.0+1.0
0.4±0.05
20.0+2.0
0.6±0.07
70.0+5.0
5.0±0.4
5.0±0.8
0.3±0.05
10.0±1.0
0.6±0.07
22.0±2.0
0.9±0.09
                                     37

-------
Table 14.  Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Plutonium Levels  in
           Rumen Contents (contd)
                                                                        239^

Animal       144Ce   103Ru    95Zr   60Co    124Sb    54Mn    pCi/kg wet  jCi/kg wet
  No.  Date  pCi/kg  pCi/kg  pCi/kg  pC1/kg  pCi/kg   pCi/kg    pCi/g ash  pCi/g ash

902  7/27/71   700   1.4xl04   300   1 .IxlO3 1 .6xl03  2.5xl03  3.0±1 .0     10.0±1.0
                                                             O.U0.05    0.4+0.06

905  7/27/71   500   8.3xl03   600     500     800    40     2.0±1.0     15.0±2.0
                                                             0.1±0.05    0.7±0.1
                                   38

-------
Table 15.  Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents of Bovines
           Grazing White Rock Spring Area
   Date
Collected
   Animal
Identification
       Botanical Analysis
4/14/71
4/14/71
4/14/71
5/12/71
    901
    902
    905
                        901
5/12/71
    902
5/12/71
    905
6/2/71
6/2/71
    901
                        902
Stipa speciosa - 54%
Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 46%
Ephedra nevadensis - Trace

Stipa speaiosa - 58%
Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 37%
Sitanion hystrix - 5%

Stipa speciosa - 87%
Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 11%
Sitanion hystrix - 2%

Stipa speaiosa - 36%
Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 34%
Sitanion hystrix - 29%
Ephedra nevadensis - 1%
Atriplex canesaens - Trace

Orhysopsis hymenoides - 63%
Stipa speaiosa - 30%
Sitanion hystrix - 4%
Ephedra nevadensis - 3%
Forb spp. - Trace

Orhysopsis hymenoides - 35%
Stipa speaiosa - 33%
Sitanion hystrix - 32%
Ephedra nevadensis - Trace
Forb spp. - Trace

Stipa speaiosa  - 63%
Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - 37%
Chenopodiim spp. - Trace
Salsola kali  - Trace
                       Orhyzopsis hymenoides
                       Stipa speaiosa - 34%
                       Sitanion hystrix - 3%
                       - 63%
                                     39

-------
 Table 15.  Botanical  Analysis of Rumen Contents  of  Bovines
            Grazing White Rock Spring Area (contd)
                        Animal
                     Identification
   Date
Collected
         Botanical Analysis
 6/2/71
 6/30/71
 6/30/71
                         905
                         905
                         902
6/30/71
7/27/71
                         901
                         901
7/27/71
                         902
7/27/71
                        905
 Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - 90%
 Stipa speciosa  - 9%
 Eriogonum spp.  - 1%
 Salsola kali  -  Trace

 Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - 53%
 Si.tani.on hystrix - 7%
 Stipa speciosa  - 39%
 Salsola kali  -  1%

 Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - 58%
 Sitanion hystrix - 39%
 Salsola kali  -  3%
 Elymus cine-reus - Trace
 Bromus spp. - Trace

 Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - 63%
 Stipa speciosa  - 10%
 Sitanion hystrix - 17%
 Salsola kali  -  10%

 Elymus cinereus - 78%
 Stipa speciosa  - 12%
 Hilaria jamesii - 4%
 Sitanion hystrix - 2%
 Herbaceous fragments - 4%
 Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - Trace

 Elymus cinereus - 58%
 Orhyzopsis hymenoides  - 28%
 Sitanion hystrix - 6%
 Herbaceous fragments - 4%
 Stipa speciosa  - 4%
 Atriplex canescens - Trace
 Purshia glandulosa - Trace

 Orhyzopsis h'./menoides  - 47%
 Elymus cinereus - 39%
 Stipa speciosa - 6%
 Herbaceous fragments - 4%
 Hilaria jamcsii - 4%
Atriplex canescens - Trace
Purshia glandulosa - Trace
                                    40

-------
                              INVESTIGATIONS
Garrison, Utah, Sheep Investigation
On January 21, 1971, it was reported that more  than  a  thousand sheep  had
died suddenly near the small  town of Garrison which  is located in Western
Utah.  A comprehensive investigation of the cause  of the  losses was initi-
ated by the State of Utah.  Because speculation by the press  implied
radiation was a possible etiological agent, the National  Environmental
Research Center-Las Vegas was permitted to observe the incident and to  con-
duct an independent investigation on a non-interference basis.  The final
      (2)
reportv ' concluded that the cause of death was halogeton poisoning.
A thyroid collected on January 22 from an aged  Columbia ewe contained
        131                                              (9)
350 pCi    I per gram.  The calculated peak concentrationv '  on January 1,
1971, would have been about 3.5 nCi/g.  Tissues were not  collected for
tritium analysis.

Investigation of Alleged Radiation Sicknesses - Ursine, Nevada
On February 18, 1971, an investigation was made of sickness and  deaths  in
domestic animals belonging to a family living near Ursine, Nevada.

The family (man, wife, and three-year-old son)  had previously been exam-
ined for "radiation sickness" by the local physician and  by public  health
physicians and their illnesses had been diagnosed as a viral  enteritis  of
non-specific etiological origin.  The family felt that their  animals
                                   41

-------
 (chickens, rabbit,  cats,  dogs,  cockateels, and canaries) were suffering
 from the same condition as  themselves.
 One rabbit,  two  chickens, canary  eggs, alfalfa hay, and water were col-
 lected  for radionuclide analyses.  The animals were necropsied by the
 Animal  Investigation  Program veterinarian and by the Nevada Animal Disease
 Laboratory.   Histological specimens were examined by an independent histo-
 pathologist,  Dr. J. W. Ward.  No  definite diagnosis was made on the basis
 of  the  necropsy, hematologic, or  histopathologic examinations.  Detectable
 levels  of  fresh fission radionuclides were not found in any of the samples.
 This  investigation was closed on  April 3, 1971.

The exact  etiological agent will  probably remain unidentified but it was
 postulated that the stresses of severe cold, high winds, and heavy snows
 during  this time, lowered the resistance of the animals and allowed a
 viral or bacterial agent to overcome their natural defenses and resulted
 in the  illnesses reported.
                                     42

-------
                           REFERENCES

 1.  Final Report of Off-Site Surveillance for the  Baneberry  Event,
     SWRHL-107r.  Environmental  Surveillance, Western  Environmental
     Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada  89114.   (February 1972)

 2.  The January 1971 Sheep Death Incident Near Garrison,  Utah,
     SWRHL-114r.  Radiological Research Program, Western  Environmental
     Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada  89114.   (November 1971)

 3.  Talvitie, N. A.  Radiochemical  Determination of Plutonium in  Environ-
     mental and Biological Samples by Ion Exchange.  Analytical  Chemistry,
     Vol. 43, p. 1827.  (November 1971)

 4.  Talvitie, N. A.  Electrodeposition of Actinides for  Alpha Spectro-
     metric Determination.  Analytical  Chemistry, Vol. 44, p.  280.
     (February 1972)

 5.  Johns, F. B.  Handbook of Radiochemical  Analytical Methods, SWRHL-llr.
     Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada   89114.
     (February 1970)

 6.  Lesperance, A. L., V. R. Bohman, and D.  W. Marble.   Development  of
     Techniques for Evaluating Grazing Forage.  J.  Dairy  Sci., Vol. 43,
     p. 682.  (1960)

 7.  Smith, T. M., A. L. Lesperance, V. R. Bohman,  R.  A.  Brechbill, and
     K. W. Brown.  Intake and Digestibility of Forages Grazed by Cattle
     on a Southern Nevada Range.   Proceedings Western Section Society
     of Animal Science, Vol. 19.  (1968)

 8.  Smith, D. D, K. W. Brown, R. A. Brechbill, K.  R.  Giles,  and
     A. L. Lesperance.  The Radionuclide Concentrations and Botanical
     Composition of the Diet of Cattle Grazing the  Area 18 Range of the
     Nevada Test Site, 1966-1970, SWRHL-llOr.  Western Environmental
     Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada  89114.  (May 1972)

 9.  Bustad, L.  K., E. E. Elefson, E. C. Watson, D. H. Wood,  and H. A.
     Ragan.  131i in the Thyroid of Sheep and in Food, Thyroid, and Milk
     of Dairy Cows.  Hanford Biology Research Annual Report for 1962,
     HW-7600, p. 60-62, Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Richland,
     Washington.  (1963)

10.  Shimoda, W., S. C. Black. K. H. Falter,  R. E.  Engel, and D. S.  Barth.
     Study of a  Single Dose '311 - 126i Ratio in Dairy Cows,  SWRHL-27r,
     Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     89114.  (April 1970)

                                    43

-------
APPENDIX I.  Minimum Detectable Activities by Gamma Spectroscopy,
             Technical Support Laboratory, National Environmental
             Research Center-Las Vegas, Environmental  Protection Agency

The minimum detectable activities (MDA's) in terms of total activity
per sample for standard geometries and counting times are based on a
combination of a number of technical experiments and operational
experience.  By means of experimentation the MDA has been defined as
that activity which produced a ±100% deviation at the 95% confidence
level.  On the basis of experience the MDA is defined as that activity
which can be positively identified on a net spectrum plot.  These
values are applicable to ideal conditions and simple complexes of
nuclides.  Complex spectra or spectra showing natural contamination
can raise the MDA's considerably.

        Minimum Detectable Activities in pCi for Total Sample
Isotope
54»n
65Zn
60Co
95Zr
103Ru
106Ru
124Sb
125Sb
132Te
131j
133,
137CS
140Ba
141Ce

10 Min Count
Planchet
50
500
50
50
50
500
50
250
50
50
50
50
50
250

40
Planchet
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125

Min Count
400 ml
40
400
40
40
40
400
40
200
40
40
40
40
40
200
45
3.5 1
35
350
35
35
35
350
35
175
35
35
35
35
35
175

100
400 ml
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125

Min Count
1000 ml
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125

3.5 1
22
220
22
22
22
220
22
no
22
22
22
22
22
110


-------
 APPENDIX I.  Minimum Detectable Activities in pCi  for Total  Sample  (contd)




          10 Min Count40 Min Count100 Min  Count

 Isotope    Planchet    Planchet  400 ml   3.5 1     400 ml   1000 ml   3.5  1

 144
    Ce        500          250     400     350      250     250      220
              600          300     475     425       300      300      260


 3H                0.4 pCi  per ml  of H20

 89
   Sr              5.0 pCi  total  sample of ash

 90
   Sr              2.0 pCi  total  sample of ash

 238
    Pu             0.01  pCi  per gram of ash

 239
    Pu             0.01  pCi  per gram of ash


 K*             0.5          0.3      0.4    0.4      0.3     0.3      0.25
*Grams of stable potassium per  kilogram of  sample  (wet weight) as  deter-

 mined from 40|< activity.
                                   46

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                131
Appendix II-l.     I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 1

                "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram
Date & Time
12/19

12/20

12/21

12/22

12/23

12/24*

12/25

12/26

12/27

12/28

12/29

12/30

a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Cow
Hay
0
8
1
2
3
0
1
7
4
2


0








1
.80
.10
.50
.30
.10
.40
.90
.60
.40
.80
ND
ND
.93
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.30
0.84

ND
16
Mil
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
k
28
34
51
42
24
24
16
09
09
10
10
09
12
13
12
12
08
09
06
06
04
03
02
03
Cow 45
Hay Mil
0.80 0.
2.80 0.
1.00 0.
8.30 0.
1.90 0.
2.40 0.
1.70 0.
1.80 0.
5.70 0.
0.90 0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
<0.
k
36
42
66
62
26
23
14
09
05
09
05
05
05
06
06
07
03
03
02
02
01
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
Cow 46
Hay Milk
0.80 0.
6.60 0.
NC 0.
9.80 0.
7.70 0.
6.50 0.
1.70 0.
2.10 0.
3.60 0.
0.99 0.
0.
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
56
80
38
67
37
31
22
16
14
12
07
03
04
07
08
07
05
0.05
0.04
0.05
<0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
Cow 123
Hay Milk
0.80 1.
6.00 2.
2.80 1.
4.20 1.
4.20 0.
3.20 0.
2.00 0.
NS 0.
1.90 0.
2.50 0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
20
00
30
20
52
34
17
13
01
07
04
06
08
07
06
06
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.20
0.02
0.02
                                    47

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                131
Appendix II-l.     I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 1

                "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram (contd)
Cow 16 Cow 45
Date & Time Hay Milk Hay Mil
12/31

01/01/71

01/02

a
P
a
P
a
P
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
03
04
03
03
04
04
0.
0.
<0.
0.
0.
0.
Cow 46
k Hay Mil
02
02
01
02
02
02
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Cow 123
k Hay Mil
04
03
02
03
04
04
0.
0.
<0.
0.
<0.
0.
k
03
02
01
02
01
03
NC = Not collected

*Moved to Area 15 after a.m. milking 12/24 and composite hay samples taken.

ND = Not detectable
                                   48

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Appendix 11-2.  Radioiodine Concentration  in  Urine and Feces Samples
                from Group 1  Cows  -  nCi/liter or  kilogram
Date &
12/19
12/20

12/21

12/22

12/23

12/24

12/19
12/20

12/21

12/22

Time
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.

p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Cow
Urine
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.47
0.4
0.34
0.35
0.16
0.26
NC

12.0
7.6
3.4
1.5
0.9
0.68
ND
16
Feces
5
8
4
2
2
1
0
1
0
0

29
31
14
8
6
3

.8
.1
.8
.7
.2
.9
.96
.8
.73
.85

.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.8
ND
Cow 45
Urine Feces
3.9
1.9
1.6
0.96
0.7
0.51
0.48
0.27
0.26
NC

45.0
13.0
7.3
2.5
1.8
0.81
ND
18.
22.
15.
11.
3.
2.
0.
1.
0.
0.

90.
110
55.
20.
9.
6.
131j
0
0
0
0
5
3
99
6
73
72
133j
0

0
0
6
8
ND
Cow
Urine
2.8
1.9
2.1
1.2
0.99
0.81
0.51
0.57
0.33
NC

32.0
14.0
9.4
3.2
ND
1.1
ND
46
Feces
17.0
16.0
12.0
5.4
3.2
2.2
1.3
0.86
0.70
0.88

89.0
81.7
45.0
15.7
9.1
5.3
ND
Cow 123
Urine Feces
15.0
4.1
3.8
2.4
1.5
0.88
0.70
0.63
0.41
NC

140
25.0
18.0
7.4
3.3
1.4
ND
NC
59.0
27.0
10.6
7.2
3.0
1.8
3.9
0.91
0.90

NC
350
no
31.7
18.3
5.3
ND
NC:= Not collected
ND = Not detectable
                                    49

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                131
Appendix II-3.     I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 3

                Cows - Milk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram
Date &
12/19

12/20

12/21

12/22

12/23

12/24

12/25

12/26

12/27

12/28

12/29

12/30

Time
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Hay
0.80
2.10
2.50
2.50
0.80
1.40
ND
ND
1.50
ND
ND
ND
0.93
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.30
0.84
ND
Cow 11
Milk
NC
1.10
1.00
1.20
0.66
0.52
0.40
0.35
0.22
0.21
0.17
0.17
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.05
Cow 119
Milk
1.20
1.20
1.20
0.89
0.64
0.43
0.32
0.24
0.15
0.21
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
                                   50

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Appendix I1-3.     I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 3
                Cows - MiIk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram  (contd)
Date & Time
12/31

01/01/71

01/02

01/03

a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Hay
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.9
ND
4.70
ND
Cow 11
Milk
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
Cow 119
Milk
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.06
NC = Not collected
ND = Not detectable
                                    51

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                131
Appendix I1-4.     I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 2

                "Inhalation" Cows - Milk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram
Date &
12/19

12/20

12/21

12/22

12/23

12/24

12/25

12/26

12/27

12/28

12/29

12/30

Time
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Hay
0.80
4.60
0.50
0.50
9.40
1.30
ND
ND
1.40
1.40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.84
ND
Cow 13
Milk
0.39
0.38
0.55
0.52
0.35
0.26
0.15
0.20
0.19
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.14
0.14
0.06
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.02
Cow 87
Milk
1.60
0.66
3.40
3.20
2.00
1.20
0.75
0.77
0.57
0.40
0.36
0.41
0.43
0.32
0.25
0.25
0.16
0.12
0.17
0.16
0.10
0.11
0.50
0.31
Cow 127
Milk
1.30
2.10
1.40
1.50
1.40
1.00
0.77
0.59
0.50
0.61
0.43
0.45
0.39
0.32
0.29
0.34
0.32
0.36
0.30
0.27
0.20
0.15
0.11
0.09
Cow 134
Milk
1.10
1.70
1.30
1.40
0.72
0.50
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.14
0.17
0.23
0.14
0.15
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.10
                                   52

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                131
Appendix II-4.     I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples  from Group  2

                "Inhalation" Cows - Milk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram


                (contd)
Date & Time
12/31

01/01/71

01/02

01/03

01/04

a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
Hay
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Cow 13
Milk
0.11
0.15
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
Cow 87
Milk
0.10
0.09
0.15
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.10
Cow 127
Milk
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.06
Cow 134
Milk
0.17
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.06
ND = Not detectable
                                    53

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 APPENDIX III. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents from Off-Site
               Cattle and Sheep
 BOV-1-Nye Co

   Scientific Name

 Orhyzopsis hymenoides
 Ewpotia lanata
 Malacothrix
 Unidentified forb
 Herbaceous fragments
   Common Name
 Plant  Parts
Indian rice grass  Stems-leaves
Winter fat         Stems-leaves
Sunflower          Leaves
                   Fragments
                   Fragments
Composition

    83
    17
  Trace
  Trace
  Trace
 BOV-2-Nye Co

   Scientific Name
   Common Name
 Orhyzopsis  hymenoides   Indian  rice  grass
 Euro Ha  lanata          Winter  fat
 Atriplex oanescens    Four-winged  saltbush
 Hilaria  Jamesii          Gall eta grass
 Eriogonum spp.           Wild  buckwheat
Plant Parts

Stems-leaves
Stems-leaves
Leaves
Leaves
Stems
Composition

    89
    11
  Trace
  Trace
  Trace
BOV-1-Lin Co

  Scientific Name
  Common  Name
Atriplex oanesaens   Four-winged saltbush
Orhyzopsis hymenoides   Indian rice grass
Unidentified shrub
Unidentified grass
Unidentified forb
Hilaria jamesii         Galleta grass
Plant Parts

Stems-leaves
Stems-leaves
Woody fragments
Leaves
Fragments
Leaves
Composition

    76
    18
     3
     1
     1
     1
                                   54

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APPENDIX III. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents from Off-Site
              Cattle and Sheep  (contd)
BOV-2-Lin Co

  Scientific Name
  Common Name
Atriplex oanesoens   Four-winged saltbush
Orhysopsis hymenoides    Indian rice grass
Hitaria jcanes'Li,
Unidentified grass
Salsola kal-i
ETri-ogomon spp.
Gall eta grass

Russian thistle
Wild buckwheat
Plant Parts

Stems-leaves
Stems-leaves
Stems-leaves
Leaves
Stems-leaves
Stems
Composition

    69
    25
     3
     2
     1
  Trace
SHEEP-2-Lin Co

  Scientific Name

Grass
Forbs
Shrubs
  Common Name
Plant Parts

Stems-leaves
Stems-leaves
Stems-leaves
Composition

    78
     4
    18
NOTE:  10% of shrub composition was Atriplex oanesoens; other  species
       unidentified.
                                    55

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                                DISTRIBUTION

 1 - 20  Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory,  Las  Vegas,  NV
     21  Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas,  NV
     22  Charles E. Williams, Deputy Manager, ERDA/NV,  Las Vegas,  NV
     23  Bennie G. DiBona, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     24  David G. Jackson, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     25  Arthur J. Whitman, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     26  Elwood M. Douthett, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
27 - 28  Ernest D. Campbell, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
29 - 30  Paul B. Dunaway, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
31 - 32  Mary G. White, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     33  Roger Ray, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     34  Robert W. Taft, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     35  Leon Silverstrom, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     36  Richard C. Amick, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     37  John 0. Cummings, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     38  Bruce W. Church, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
39 - 40  Technical Library, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     41  Chief, NOB/DNA, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
     42  Martin B. Biles, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     43  Tommy F. McCraw, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
44 _ 45  Major General Ernest Graves, Assistant General Manager, DMA,
         ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     46  Gordon F. Facer, DMA, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     47  James L. Liverman, Director, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     48  Robert L. Watters, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington,  DC
     49  John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     50  L. Joe Deal, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     51  Charles L. Osterberg, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     52  Rudolf J. Engelmann, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
     53  Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
     54  Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD

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     55  Wilson K. Talley, Assistant Administrator for Research  and
         Development, EPA, Washington, DC
     56  William D. Rowe, Deputy Assistant Administrator  for  Radiation
         Programs, EPA, Washington, DC
     57  William A. Mills, Director, Division of Criteria and Standards,
         ORP, EPA, Washington,  DC
58 - 59  Floyd L. Galpin, Director, Field Operations  Division, ORP,
         EPA, Washington, DC
     60  E.  David Harward, Director, Division of Technology Assessment,
         ORP, EPA, Washington,  DC
     61   Albert C. Printz, Jr., Director, Office of Technical Analysis,
         EPA, Washington, DC
     62  Library, EPA,  Washington,  DC
     63  Bernd Kahn, Chief, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering,
         EPA, EMSL-Cincinnati,  OH
     64  Peter Hal pin,  Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
     65  Paul DeFalco,  Jr., Regional Administrator, Region IX, EPA,
         San Francisco, CA
     66  James K. Channel!, Regional Radiation Representative,
         Region IX, EPA,  San Francisco, CA
     67   Charles Porter,  Director,  Eastern Environmental  Radiation
         Facility, Montgomery,  AL
     68  K.  M. Oswald,  Manager,  Health and Safety,  ILL, Mercury, NV
     69   Bernard W. Shore, LLL,  Livermore, CA
     70   James E. Carothers, LLL, Livermore,  CA
     71   Howard W. Tewes, LLL,  Livermore, CA
     72   Lawrence S.  Germain, LLL,  Livermore,  CA
     73   Mortimer L.  Mendelsohn,  LLL,  Livermore,  CA
     74   Paul  L.  Phelps,  LLL, Livermore,  CA
     75   Charles I.  Browne, LASL, Los  Alamos,  NM
     76   George E.  Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque,  NM
     77   Harry S.  Jordan,  LASL,  Los  Alamos, NM
     78   Arden E.  Bicker,  REECo,  Mercury,  NV
     79   Savino W.  Cavender, REECo,  Mercury,  NV
     80   Carter D.  Broyler,  Sandia  Laboratories,  Albuquerque, NM
     81   Melvin L.  Merritt,  Sandia  Laboratories,  Albuquerque, NM
     82   Richard  S.  Davidson, Battelle Memorial  Institute, Columbus, OH
     83   Steven V.  Kaye,  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN

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      84  Leo K. Bustad, College of Veterinary Medicine,  Washington State
          University, Pullman, WA
      85  Leonard A. Sagan, Palo Alto Medical  Clinic,  Palo  Alto,  CA
      86  Vincent Schultz, Washington State University,  Pullman,  WA
      87  Arthur Wallace, University of California,  Los  Angeles,  CA
      88  Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada,  Las Vegas, NV
      89  Robert C. Pendleton, University of Utah, Salt  Lake City, UT
      90  William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey,  Denver, CO
      91  Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of
          Nevada, Reno, NV
      92  Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute, University
          of Nevada, Reno, NV
      93  Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada,  Reno, NV
      94  Manager, Desert National  Wildlife Range, U.S.  Fish and  Game
          Department, Las Vegas, NV
      95  Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
          Las Vegas, NV
      96  Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
          Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
97 - 123  Technical Information Center, ERDA,  Oak Ridge,  TN
          (for public availability)

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