NERC-LV-539-10 NERC-LV-539-10 REPORT OF ANIMAL. INVESTIGATION PROGRAM ACTIVITIES FOR THE BANEBERRY EVENT by D. D. Smith, S. C. Black ^ K. R. Giles, and A. A. Moghissi Farm and Animal Investigation Branch Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Las Vegas, Novnda 89'I14 November "1.975 This research was performed as a pavi; of the Animal Investigation Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539 for the U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION **Dr. Black, Science Advisor5 Immediate Office, Director, EMSL-LV Dr. Moghissi, Visiting Professor, Of fieri of interdisciplinary Programs, Environmental Resources Center, 205 ROD-, Civil Engineering Building, Atlanta, Georgia 3033? ------- This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Energy Research and Development Administration, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, sub- contractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights. AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161 PRICE: PAPER COPY $5.45 MICROFICHE $2.25 ------- NERC-LV-539-10 NERC-LV-539-10 REPORT OF ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM ACTIVITIES FOR THE BANEBERRY EVENT D. D. Smith, S. C. Black ** K. R. Giles, and A. A. Moghissi Farm and Animal Investigation Branch Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division Environmental Monitoring and Suoport Laboratory U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 November 1975 This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539 for the U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION * **Dr. Black, Science Advisor, Immediate Office, Director, EMSL-LV Dr. Moghissi, Visiting Professor, Office of Interdisciplinary Programs, Environmental Resources Center, 205 EOD, Civil Engineering Building, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 ------- Effective June 29, 1975, the National Environmental Research Center- Las Vegas (NERC-LV) was designated the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV). This Laboratory is one of three Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratories of the Office of Monitoring and Technical Support in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development. ------- ABSTRACT On December 18, 1970, an underground nuclear test, conducted at the Nevada Test Site, released radioactive materials into the atmosphere with resultant on-site and off-site contamination. The Animal Investigation Program of the National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas developed studies to document the distribution of fission and activation products in the tissue of domestic and wild animals residing within contaminated areas on and surrounding the Nevada Test Site. A study of radioiodine secretion in milk from cows at the experimental dairy farm, including urine and fecal excretion from four of them, was started about 24 hours after the venting. A grazing intake study, which utilized fistulated steers, was also carried out. The analytical data collected from these studies are presented in this report. ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to express their appreciation to H. Hop, J. Coogan, E. Daley, and C. Feldt for their assistance in sample collection and to K. Brown for performing the botanical analysis of the rumen contents. ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS . Page ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv INTRODUCTION 1 AREA 15 DAIRY FARM STUDY 7 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 9 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12 Nevada Test Site Studies 12 Off-Site Studies 27 HISTOPATHOLOGY 33 FISTULATED STEER STUDY ON THE NEVADA TEST SITE 34 INVESTIGATIONS 41 Garrison, Utah, Sheep Investigation 41 Investigation of Alleged Radiation Sicknesses - Ursine, Nevada 41 REFERENCES 43 APPENDICES 44 DISTRIBUTION ------- LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE Page 1. Vital Statistics of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event 3 2. Dairy Cow Groups for Radioiodine Studies 7 3. Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Calves (pCi/kg) 13 4. Plutonium and Radiostrontium Data - Area 15 Calves 16 5. Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Cottontails (pCi/g) 18 6. Weighted Average Radioiodine Concentrations, Intake, and Output for Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram 20 131 7. Weighted Average I Concentrations in Milk and Hay Groups 2 and 3 - nCi/liter or kilogram 21 I 01 -3 8. Integrated 'I Concentration in Air (yCi-sec/m ) 26 9. Analytical Data - Sunnyside Rabbits (pCi/kg) 28 10. Analytical Data - Tonopah Test Range Cattle 29 11. Analytical Data - Kawich Valley Cattle 31 12. Analytical Data - Coal Valley Sheep 32 13. Tritium Levels - Fistulated Steers (pCi/ml of Free Water) 35 14. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Plutonium Levels in Rumen Contents 37 15. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents of Bovine Grazing White Rock Spring Area 39 FIGURES 1. Biological Sampling Locations - Baneberry Event 6 131 2. Weighted Average Milk Concentrations of I from the Three Groups of Cows 23 3. Weighted Average Values for Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows 24 iv ------- INTRODUCTION The Baneberry Event was an underground nuclear test conducted in Area 8 of the Nevada Test Site. Shortly after detonation at 0730 hours PST on December 18, 1970, radioactive materials escaped into the atmosphere from a fissure near ground zero. Winds carried the effluent beyond the boundaries of the Nevada Test Site. During the next several weeks, the radiological monitoring program conducted by the National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas (NERC-LV) indicated the presence of radioactivity in environmental media collected over a widespread area throughout the Western United States. Data collected indicated that the deposition pattern encompassed about 270 degrees, from southwest through north to southeast of ground zero, with the line of maximum deposition initially extending almost due north. ' Following notification of the venting, ad hoc studies were initiated to document the distribution of fission and activation products in the tissues of domestic and wild animals residing within areas on and surrounding the Nevada Test Site. This report presents the analytical data collected during these studies. The ad hoc studies were designed to provide data on the tissue distri- bution of radionuclides inhaled and/or ingested by animals at varying distances and azimuths from ground zero. These animals were sacrificed at different time intervals following their original exposure. ------- The initial portion of the study was conducted immediately following the event using animals from the Area 15 dairy farm which was located approxi- mately four miles from ground zero. For the second portion of the studies, tissue samples were collected from domestic and wild animals that lived in the fallout zone at varying distances from ground zero. These animals were sampled from 12 through 62 days following the detonation. The vital statistics and geographic location of each sampled animal are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. The third phase of the studies utilized fistulated steers that grazed contaminated range within three miles of ground zero. Rumen samples were collected from the animals during the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th months following detonation. An investigation of injury and death in grazing sheep allegedly resulting (2) from the Baneberry Event was reported previously. ' Also investigated was alleged radiation sickness in domestic animals residing on a farmstead near Ursine, Nevada. ------- Table 1. Vital Statistics of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event Species Date and No. Mo. /Day Cotton- tail-! Cotton- tail -2 Cotton- tail -3 Calf No. 1 Calf No. 2 Rabbi t- 1-L Rabbi t- 2-L Duck-l-L Bovine- 12/20 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/22 12/30 12/30 12/30 12/30 Sex F F F F F M M F F Age Yrs. Adult Adult Adult 0.25 0.20 Adult Adult Adult 1.5 Azimuth Wt. and Distance kg. (miles) from GZ Remarks 0.72 0.80 0.76 160 95 Unk Unk Unk Unk 60° 4 60° 4 60° 4 60° 4 60° 4 34° 110 37° 100 34° 110 242° 50 Live trapped near Area 15 Farm haystack, NTS. Live trapped near Area 15 Farm haystack, NTS. Live trapped near Area 15 Farm haystack, NTS. Hoi stein maintained at Area 15 Farm, NTS until day of death. Holstein maintained at Area 15 Farm, NTS until day of death. Hunter kill at Sunnyside Nevada . Hunter kill 10 miles sou of Sunnyside, Nevada. Hunter kill at Sunnyside Nevada. Ruddy duck. Animal died from malnutr 3-f Bovine-26 1/4 Bovine- 1/5 1-N Bovine- 1/5 2-N F 11 735 M 0.8 200 F 3.5 330 175° 15 326° 72 326° 72 tion, 15 miles south of Beatty, Nevada. Dairy cow maintained at Well 3, NTS until death. Purchased 1.5 miles east of main gate, Tonopah Test . Range. Purchased 1.5 miles east of main gate, Tonopah Test Range. Uterus contained a fetus. ------- Table 1. Vital Statistics of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event (contd) Azimuth and Distance (miles) from GZ Species Date Age Wt. and No. Mo./Day Sex Yrs. kg. Remarks Coyote- 1/4 M Adult 16 1-N Bovine- 1/8 M 1.5 290 1-1 Bovine- 1/8 M 2.0 290 2-L Sheep-1 1/22 Sheep 1-L 2/2 Adult Unk 5-6 69 Sheep- 2/2 F 5-6 65 2-L Chicken- 2/18 F Adult 1.5 1-L Chicken- 2/18 M Adult 2.0 2-L 326° 72 332° 20 332° 20 47° 200 30° 90 30° 90 63° 125 63° 125 Hunter kill. Animal in poor flesh. One and one-half miles west of main gate, Tonopah Test Range. Purchased from north end of dry lake bed, Kawich Valley, Originated from Del Rio, Texas and had been on range 3-6 months. Purchased from north end of dry lake bed, Kawich Valley. Originated from Del Rio, Texas and had been on range 3-6 months. Columbia ewe died from eating halogeton, 18 miles southeast of Garrison, Utah. Purchased from east side of Coal Valley, 30 miles east of Adaven, Nevada. Aged ewe in good condition. Rabouillet-Columbia cross. Purchased from east side of Coal Valley, 30 miles east of Adaven, Nevada. Aged ewe in poor condition. Rabouillet-Columbia cross. Mature chicken. Ten miles northeast of Ursine, Nevada. Mature chicken. Ten miles northeast of Ursine, Nevada. Sent to Nevada Animal Disease| Laboratory. ------- Table 1. Vital Statistics of Animals Collected Subsequent to Baneberry Event (contd) Species Date Age Wt. and No. Mo./Day Sex Yrs. kg. Azimuth and Distance (miles) from GZ Remarks Rabbit- 3-L 2/18 M Adult 5.4 63° 125 Domestic rabbit. Ten miles northeast of Ursine, Nevada. ------- GARRISON UTAH SHEEP RANGE CATTLE & COYOTE AREA IS FARM •"•""I CATTLE" SURFACE GROUND ZERO r&MARGOSA VALLEY CATTLE SCALE IN KILOMETRES SCALE IN MILES Figure 1. Biological Sampling Locations - Baneberry Event ------- AREA 15 DAIRY FARM STUDY As mentioned previously, the Environmental Protection Agency experimental dairy farm at Area 15 was located approximately four miles northeast of the ground zero. The eastern edge of the effluent cloud passed over the farm immediately after detonation. At reentry, 36 hours post-event, three-foot beta-gamma readings, taken with a portable survey instrument p (35 mg/cm window), exceeded 5 mR/h. Among the dairy animals exposed to the effluent cloud were mature lactating Hoi stein cows and replacement Hoi stein heifer calves. Ten of the lactating cows were selected for radioiodine studies. They were divided into three groups as shown in Table 2 to document the relative importance of inhalation vis-a-vis ingestion in the transfer of radioiodine to milk. Table 2. Dairy Cow Groups for Radioiodine Studies Group Cow Nos. Exposure Treatment 116, 45,InhalationPlaced in metabolism stalls.Fed con- 46, 126 plus ingestion taminated hay twice daily for 11 feed- ings. Milk, urine, and feces collected, 2 13, 87, Inhalation Kept at dairy farm. Fed hay from the 127, 134 Well 3 facility. Milk collected. 3 11, 119 Inhalation Kept at dairy farm. Fed contaminated plus ingestion hay. Milk collected. The Group 1 cows were moved to the metabolism stalls at Well 3 after the a.m. milking on December 19 and returned to individual pens at the Area 15 ------- farm after the a.m. milking on December 24. The cows of the other two groups were placed in individual pens at the farm for the duration of the study. The Group 1 cows were fed contaminated hay from the Area 15 farm twice daily. An attempt was made to feed that hay which gave the highest reading on a survey mater, but the overall contamination at the farm negated that procedure. The hay was chopped, placed in plastic feeding tubs, weighed, sampled, and fed. The residue after feeding was weighed to estimate the total amount ingested by each animal. The Group 2 cows were fed hay obtained from the Well 3 facility using the same procedure as for Group 1 cows except that the hay was not chopped. This hay was assumed to be uncontaminated, however, analytical results showed other- wise. In this report, hay fed to the Group 2 cows is referred to as "uncontaminated." The Group 3 cows were fed contaminated hay from the farm using the same procedure as for the Group 2 animals. Approximately 10 kg of hay was offered to each animal twice daily. 8 ------- SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES For the dairy farm study, milk was collected from each cow at each milking in individual milk buckets and the total volume measured. Three and one-half liters from each milking was transferred to Marinelli beakers for gamma spectroscopy. For the four metabolism cows, urine was collected in 20-liter plastic jugs by use of an indwelling bladder catheter, and feces were col- lected in plastic-lined pans appropriately placed in the metabolism stalls. The total amount of urine and feces was measured at the time of milking and formaldehyde added as a preservative. The fecal collection from each cow was mixed thoroughly and three aliquots, 400 ml each, were taken for count- ing. The urine samples were also thoroughly mixed and 400-ml aliquots taken from each sample for counting. After the Group 1 cows were returned to individual pens at the dairy farm, aliquots of freshly voided urine and feces were collected at each morning milking until January 2, 1971. Hay samples from each cow or cow group were placed in small plastic bags which were then compressed into 400-ml containers for gamma spectroscopy. These samples varied in weight from 65 to approximately 100 grams. Unless otherwise noted, each animal sampled for tissue distribution studies was sacrificed by shooting. Immediately after death each animal was necropsied and all pathological conditions were noted. The adrenals, eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, and gonads of each animal were sampled and tissue sections were prepared for pathological evaluation. ------- Tissues collected for radioanalysis included rumen contents, liver, lungs, muscle, thyroid, blood or urine, kidney, fetus, if present, and bone. The soft tissue and rumen contents were analyzed by gamma spectroscopy. Urine or blood samples were analyzed for tritium. Bone was analyzed for 89 Qn ?3Q 9^Q Sr, uSr, and Pu. Selected soft tissues were also analyzed for Pu content. The soft tissues of sufficient volume and rumen contents were prepared for gamma analysis by grinding and placing in 1000-ml polyethylene Marinelli beakers. Those of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid, kidneys, etc., were prepared for analysis by macerating in a blender and then suspended in agar in a 400-ml container. The samples were then counted either 40 or 100 minutes on a 4-inch by 4-inch Nal(Tl) crystal connected to a 400-channel pulse height analyzer calibrated at 10 keV/channel . 89 90 239 Tissues for Sr, Sr, and Pu were prepared by low temperature ashing. An aliquot of animal tissue was dissolved and the plutonium was separated by adsorbtion and selective elution from an anion exchange resin. ' The plutonium was then electroplated^ ' and counted on a solid state alpha OQC spectrometer. The recovery efficiency was determined by use of Pu as an internal standard. Other radionuclide analytical procedures used at the (5) National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas were described previously. In general, the counting errors associated with tritium analyses were approximately 10%. Three mature Hereford steers with permanent rumen fistulas were used as biological samplers for the grazing study. At three-week intervals 10 ------- between May 14 and July 27, 1971, the animals were placed on the contaminated range. Prior to placement on the range, each animal's rumen was emptied of all ingesta^ ' and a blood sample was drawn from the jugular vein for back- ground radionuclide analysis. After a 72-hour grazing period, the animals were removed from the range and rumen samples collected for radionuclide analysis and for botanical analysis. Drinking water and post-grazing blood samples were also collected for radionuclide analysis. Following collection, the botanical samples were frozen until analyzed. Samples were prepared for botanical analysis by washing and screening a random aliquot, which was then examined under a binocular microscope. Individual species of browse, forbs, and grasses were identified by proce- (7 8) dures described elsewhere. ' ' After the species in the sample were identified, a visual estimate was made of the fraction of each species in the sample. All data reported are at the 95% confidence level and are corrected to time of collection. 11 ------- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Nevada Test Site Studies Inhalation was the major route of exposure for the calves during the first 36 hours post-event. During the next 60 hours, ingestion was the major route of exposure as the calves ate contaminated hay and drank milk produced by cows that were also exposed to the cloud. Two calves were sacrificed on December 22, 1970, and sampled extensively. These samples were analyzed for short-lived fission products on December 23, and after allowing time for decay, were recounted on January 28, 1971. Analytical results are reported in Table 3. The highest levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected on the hair of the animals, indicating an exposure to direct particulate fallout. The thyroids contained significant levels of I and I. The next high- est levels were found in the intestinal contents. The activity in the lungs was relatively low, with no detectable gamma-emitting radionuclides reported on the January 28 recount. Tritium concentrations in the urine of both calves were found to be 1.9 pCi/ml. The results of plutonium and strontium analyses of lung and bone samples from these calves are shown in Table 4. It is of particular interest to compare the data of Tables 3 and 4. It can be seen that levels of short-lived fission products in the two calves are comparable. The I content in thyroids of the two animals was 0.73 and 0.78 nCi/g, respectively. Similar blood levels were also found for this 12 ------- Table 3. Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Calves (pCi/kg) Calf ,32 Tissue No. Te Rumen contents Omasal contents Abomasal contents Small intestine contents Large intestine contents Urine Parotid salivary gland Rumen tissue Omasal tissue Abomasal tissue 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 7xl04 1.7xl05 3x1 05 2.4xl05 7. IxlO4 1.4xl05 5.2xl03 2.6xl04 5x1 05 6.5xl05 5x1 03 4x1 03 2.3xl03 2.4xl03 5.6xl03 l.lxlO4 8.4xl03 8x1 03 3x1 03 7.3xl03 133j 4.8xl04 9.6xl04 2xl05 <40 7.4xl04 1.5xl05 7.2xl03 2.2xl04 2x1 05 4x1 05 l.lxlO4 6.7xl03 5.4xl03 2.4xl03 <40 6. IxlO3 6.3xl03 5.5xl03 8x1 03 l.lxlO4 131, l.SxlO4 4.3xl04 8.5xl03 l.lxlO5 3.6xl04 8.8xl04 6.9xl03 1.3xl04 IxlO5 l.SxlO5 9.5xl03 5x1 03 1.9xl03 1.6xl03 2xl03 2.9xl03 2.9xl03 3x1 03 5. IxlO3 IxlO4 103Ru 7.7xl03 2. IxlO4 2.5xl04 5.4xl04 8.8xl03 2. IxlO4 280 3. IxlO3 3.8X104 8x1 04 <40 <40 40 <40 410 660 970 670 <40 1.2xl03 140Ba 680 3.7xl03 <40 2.3xl04 6.7xl03 1.3xl04 <40 <40 4x1 04 2.7xl04 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 141Ce <200 <200 <200 1.2xl04 2.5xl03 4.3xl03 <200 <200 1.4xl04 l.lxlO4 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 3. IxlO2 13 ------- Table 3. Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Calves (pCi/kg) (contd) Calf ,32 Tissue No. Te Small intestine tissue Pancreas Large intestine tissue Kidney Liver Gall bladder with bile Lung Heart Blood Spleen Tracheo- bronchial lymph nodes 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 l.lxlO3 2.8xl03 <40 6x1 03 1.3xl04 8.3xl03 1.9xl04 1.7xl04 7.6xl03 8.3xl03 <40 <40 1.9xl03 2.4xl03 2.9xl03 2.6xl03 300 500 1.2xl03 IxlO3 1.5xl03 <40 133j 5.6xl02 2. IxlO3 <40 2.7xl03 5.6xl03 4.8xl03 2.6xl03 3.2xl03 1.5xl03 1.9xl03 <40 <40 1.6xl03 1.9xl03 500 1.2xl03 600 400 800 <40 <40 <40 131, IxlO3 1.6xl03 l.lxlO3 2.2xl03 2.5xl03 2.2xl03 1.3xl03 1.8xl03 800 IxlO3 1.4xl03 1.3xl03 1.2xl03 1.4xl03 800 800 1.4xl03 1.5xl03 800 l.lxlO3 700 <40 103Ru <40 <40 <40 <40 850 4.8xl03 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 140Ba <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 141Ce <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 14 ------- Table 3. Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Calves (pCi/kg) (contd) Tissue Thyroid Adrenal Gonads Muscle Fat Bone shaft Bone marrow Hair Skin, no hair Calf No. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 132Te <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 700 600 700 1.4xl03 900 l.lxlO3 <40 1.7xl03 2.4xl06 1.6xl06 2.6xl03 3.8xl04 133j 1.3xl06 9.6xl05 <40 <40 <40 <40 5x1 02 500 400 <40 l.lxlO3 800 <40 800 2.1xl06 1.3xl06 5.6xl03 2.6xl04 131, l.SxlO6 1.6xl06 <40 <40 <40 <40 3x1 02 300 160 <40 800 9.9xl03 800 IxlO3 8.9xl05 5.8xl05 2.6xl03 1.4xl04 103Ru S A M P L S A M P L <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 S.lxlO5 2.2xl05 <40 3.6xl03 140Ba E E <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 <40 9.7xl04 6.3xl04 <40 990 141Ce LOST LOST <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 <200 6.7xl03 4x1 03 <200 340 15 ------- Table 4. Plutonium and Radiostrontium Data - Area 15 Calves Calf No. Tissue 1 Bone Lung 2 Bone Lung Ash (*) 36 NA 28 NA Ca mg/g ash 130 NA 100 NA 90Sr pCi/kg wet pCi/g ash 2100+500 6.0±1.0 NA 560±220 2.0±0.8 NA 238Pu pCi/kg wet pCi/g ash <1.0 <0.003 <0.5 <0.003 <0.7 <0.003 0.6±0.5 0.05±0.04 23Q "yPu pCi/kg wet pCi/g ash <0.6 <0.002 <0.1 <0.01 1.9±0.7 0.007+0.003 <0.1 <0.01 NA = Not analyzed. radionuclide, i.e., 1.4 and 1.5 nCi/kg. Using the concentration data from Table 3, except for intestinal contents, and estimates of total organ weights, it is estimated that the smaller Calf-2 had a body burden of 342 nCi of I while the larger one had a burden of 293 nCi. Although occasional differences are found between these two animals, the concentra- tion of radionuclides described in Table 3 seldom deviates by more than 90 a factor of 2. The Sr content of the bone ash between these two animals 239 deviates, however, by a factor of 3. The Pu levels indicate a reverse 239 relationship. Levels of Pu in bone from Calf-1 were below the detect- 239 able limits, while measurable levels of Pu were found in Calf-2. As 239 the bone concentration of Pu is significantly higher than the lung con- 239 centration, it can be presumed that Pu in this animal originated from a long-term exposure or possibly as a result of placenta! transfer as this animal was only two months old. 16 ------- The reason for these latter anomalies remains unknown. Both animals were born and raised under presumably identical conditions. The exposure histories of their dams are similar. Their exposure to Baneberry fallout must have been similar, yet they indicate significant differences in 90 239 their Sr and Pu body burden. These facts demonstrate the necessity of multi-animal experiments if generally applicable results are to be expected. During the nights of December 19 and 20, three desert cottontail rabbits, (Sylvilagus auduboni), were live-trapped at the Area 15 dairy farm near the haystack which furnished feed for both them and the dairy calves described above. Vital statistics of the rabbits are reported in Table 1. Rabbits Nos. 1 and 2 were sacrificed on December 20, 1970, and rabbit No. 3 was sacrificed on December 21. Measurement with a portable survey 2 instrument (35 mg/cm window), set for beta-plus-gamma radiation, gave a relative reading of 0.6 mR/h for rabbit No. 3 and 1.0 mR/h for rabbits Nos. 1 and 2. The analytical data from tissues of these rabbits are presented in Table 5. Again the pelts and thyroids contained the highest burdens of fresh fission products. The tritium levels in the free water of the tissues from the three rabbits averaged 6.9±0.3 pCi/ml, 9.7±0.3 pCi/ml, and 9.3±3.0 pCi/ml, respectively. It is of interest to compare these values with the tritium concentration of 1.9 pCi/ml in the body water of the calves. The rabbits and calves were presumably in the same vicinity of the Area 15 farm during and subsequent to the venting. The four-fold difference in the tritium 17 ------- Table 5. Analytical Data - Area 15 Farm Cottontails (pCi/g) Rabbit No. 1 Tissue Stomach* 2 Intestines* Kidney Liver Lung 132Te •3 .4xlOJ 460 650 460 90 133j 0 3.0xlOJ <40 67 30 100 131, 700 10 10 10 30 1 4 1 1 1 Rabbit No. 2 To .7x10 .8x10 .6x10 .0x10 .3x10 t •3 q 3 3 3 133, •3 2.3xlOJ 0 2.3x10-* <40 <40 100 131 j 700 <40 70 <40 30 Rabbit No. 132Te 900 Q 5.2xlOJ S.lxlO3 l.lxlO3 90 133j 700 •3 1.7X1Q-3 <40 50 140 3 131, 200 <40 <40 17 <40 Thyroid <40 2.2xl06 4.OxlO5 <40 4.OxlO6 7.2xl05 <40 1.8xl06 5.3xl05 Muscle 20 20 5 30 30 7 50 20 6 Pelt l.SxlO5 2.5xl05 4.2xl04 3.2xl03 4.1xl03 800 1.3xl03 1.5xl03 300 *Includes tissue and contents. concentrations may be attributed to the calves' consumption of uncontaminated deep well water, while the rabbits' source of water was from feed that had been exposed to cloud passage. On January 3, 1971, a mature, pregnant, Holstein cow was found dead at Well 3 which is located 15 miles south of the ground zero. Cause of death was determined to be blood loss from a self-amputated teat. Tissue samples were collected from this animal for radionuclide analysis. The rumen contents 103 131 contained 200 pCi of Ru per kg, the thyroid contained 5 pCi of I per g, Qfi the lungs 1.5±0.6 pCi of Pu per kg, and the femur 1.6±0.7 pCi of Sr per g of bone ash. The short-lived radionuclides detected in this animal may have originated from a small leakage from a test conducted December 16 as hay from this facility was contaminated. 18 ------- The results of sample measurements for each of the cows involved in the dairy herd studies are displayed individually in Appendix II. Weighted average values for each group are shown in Tables 6 and 7 and are dis- played graphically in Figures 2 and 3. The weighting is based on the volume or mass produced by each animal. The effective half-lives, indicated in Figure 2, were calculated from logarithmic least-squares fits to the measured data. The results of this experiment were unexpected. Group 2, fed hay from Well 3, was expected to show the least peak activity in milk instead of the most activity. Another anomaly is evident in Figure 2. 1 ?l Starting about 60 hours after detonation, the milk secretion of I decreased with an effective half-life of about 30 hours which approxi- mates the effect observed in previous experiments when cows were given uncontaminated forage. However, as indicated in Figure 3, the hay for the Group 1 cows contained nearly 2 nCi/kg in the feed consumed at 129 hours post-detonation, enough activity to keep the milk levels higher than those measured. Water and grain samples contained negligible amounts of radioiodine. The high level of 131I in the milk of Group 2 cows represents continued exposure due to keeping them at the contaminated farm and to the levels of 131I measured in the "uncontaminated" hay from Well 3. This latter may be ascribed to a small leakage from a test conducted on December 16 3 131 as an air sampler at the farm measured 2.3 pCi-sec/m of I on that date, or to redistribution of Baneberry debris as indicated by the air sampler data for Well 3 shown in Table 8. 19 ------- Table 6. Weighted Average Radioiodine Concentrations, Intake, and Output for Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram Year Date & 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 12/24 12/25 12/26 12/27 12/28 12/29 1970 Time a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Hours from Venting Hay 24 0.8 32 5.87 47 1.38 56 6.65 72 4.09 81 3.16 96 1.82 105 3.66 120 4.16 129 1.75 145 NC 153 169 177 193 201 217 225 241 249 265 273 131 Milk 0.60 0.75 0.60 0.69 0.33 0.28 0.18 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 I Urine NC 5.7 2.1 2.0 1.16 0.85 0.60 0.5 0.43 0.31 ND NC 133j Feces Hay Milk Urine NC NC 11.5 NC 13.6 9.7 9.3 57.0 23.3 32.7 2.8 9.2 14.2 13.7 0.80 3.3 7.2 10.3 0.43 1.8 4.0 3.1 0.16 0.95 2.3 1.2 0.06 ND 1.2 ND ND ND 1.97 0.76 0.83 NC Feces NC 69.0 54.5 18.4 10.7 5.3 ND ND ND = Not detectable 20 ------- 1 31 Table 7. Weighted Average I Concentrations in Milk and Hay Groups 2 and 3 - nCi/liter or kilogram Date & 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 12/24 12/25 12/26 12/27 12/28 12/29 Time a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Hours from Venting 24 32 47 56 72 81 96 105 120 129 145 153 169 177 193 201 217 225 241 249 265 273 Group 2 Hay 0.80 4.60 0.50 0.50 9.40 1.30 ND ND 1.40 1.40 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.30 Milk 1.10 1.10 1.50 1.80 1.10 0.83 0.46 0.48 0.37 0.35 0.28 0.36 0.32 0.24 0.20 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.10 Group 3 Hay 0.80 2.10 2.50 2.50 0.80 1.40 ND ND 1.50 ND ND ND 0.93 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.30 1.30 Milk 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.66 0.50 0.37 0.32 0.20 0.21 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 21 ------- Table 7. Weighted Average I Concentrations in Milk and Hay Groups 2 and 3 - nCi/liter or kilogram (contd) Date & Time 12/30 a.m. p.m. 12/31 a.m. p.m. Hours from Venting 289 297 313 321 Group 2 Hay 0.84 ND ND ND Milk 0.22 0.15 0.11 0.11 Group 3 Hay 0.84 ND ND ND Milk 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.05 NTT= Not detectable 22 ------- CJ I 1.0 UJ CJ o o - 0.1 .01 *** GROUP 1 ... GROUP 2 GROUP 3 T, = 26.9 T2 = 61.3 T, = 33hr, T2= 69.3h T, = 33.6hr, T2= 69.3 . .* •• -. *' \ *. •• * '; *•#' *•* I I I I I I I I I I I I I 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 HOURS AFTER DETONATION 131 Figure 2. Weighted Average Milk Concentrations of I from the Three Groups of Cows 23 ------- CD o • LU O z o CJ 0.1 i] A URINE MILK HAY \ , /' X\ ~ \ \> X°' \ .-' \\ D \ P 1.0 J2 .01 A - \ ^ \ \ . \ 48 96 144 192 240 288 HOURS AFTER DETONATION Figure 3. Weighted Average Values for Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows 24 ------- The ratio of peak concentration in milk to peak concentration in feed (0.11 for Group 1, 0.19 for Group 2, and 0.48 for Group 3) was higher for this study than for previous experiments. This may have been caused by inhala- 131 tion exposure. Air sampler data for the farm showed measurable I activity for several days after Baneberry (Table 8). Unfortunately, the sampler was inoperative from 1240 hr on December 17 until 0815 hr on December 19 so the maximum inhalation exposure for all the cows cannot be determined. The inhalation exposure for the period December 20 to January 3 can be calculated by assuming a breathing rate of 100 liters/min o (0.0017 m /sec) and multiplying the integrated air concentrations in Table 8 by this amount. The exposure thus calculated is only 10.5 nCi 131 I for that period or about the amount ingested in the first hay feeding. Another factor affecting the milk secretion of the cows, and possibly affecting the results of this study, was that they were not milked for many hours (1500 hr December 17 to 0730 hr December 19) because of test activities. This depressed milk production of all cows by 40% on December 20. However, milk production returned to normal levels by December 23. 131 The I concentration in the first milking, approximately 24 hours after venting, was high in all three groups. A supply of hay was put in the feed bunkers after the afternoon milking on December 17 but was probably mostly consumed by the time of venting on December 18. Therefore, the radioiodine in the first milking was probably due to ingestion of normally ignored residue of the feed plus inhalation during cloud passage. Based on intake measurements for the Group 1 cows, they secreted 13.8% of their 25 ------- 131 3 Table 8. Integrated I Concentration in Air (yCi-sec/m ) Ai Date ON 12/16, 1000 12/19, 0815 12/20, 1045 12/21, 0945 12/23, 1300 12/24, 0940 12/25, 1000 12/26, 1220 12/27, 1045 12/28, 1450 12/30, 1200 12/31, 1500 01/02, 0830 r Sampler and Time OFF 12/17, 1240 12/20, 1045 12/21, 0945 12/23, 1300 12/24, 0940 12/25, 1000 12/26, 1220 12/27, 1045 12/28, 1450 12/30, 1200 12/31, 1500 01/02/71, 0830 01/03, 0900 Area 15 Well 3 2.31 0.69 1.04 0.23 0.04 0.77 0.76 0.44 0.22 0.88 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.04 0.50 0.12 intake into their milk. This is little higher than the 9% average of all previous experiments, the excess possibly reflecting inhalation intake, or errors in estimating the contamination of the hay. The peak concentration of 1.8 nCi/liter measured in the milk from Group 2 cows, located only 4 miles from surface ground zero, was only about twice 1 qi the peak I concentration of 0.81 nCi/liter measured in the cows at the McCurdy ranch^ ' which was more than 40 miles away. An estimate of total intake can be made using the calf thyroid data from 131 Table 3 and the thyroid weights. The average I in those thyroids was 28 nCi. An earlier study^ ' indicated calf thyroids had a peak activity 26 ------- at four days with continued intake and the total in the thyroids repre- sented 8.4 to 13.2% of intake. Dividing 28 nCi by these percentages gives an estimate of 212 to 333 nCi as the total intake. This is not inconsistent with the weighted average intake in hay of 243 nCi I for the Group 1 cows. However, the Group 2 cows secreted about three times 131 as much I in their milk as Group 1 cows so their intake must have been much greater. Off-Site Studies On December 30, 1970, a beef animal was sacrificed from a herd grazing 15 miles south of Beatty, Nevada. Samples collected included the thyroid, kidney, liver, and sternum. The thyroid was the only sample containing detectable levels of gamma-emitting radionuclides. The I content was 2.4 nCi/g. Selenium and molybdenum analyses were performed as requested by the owner and was found to be less than 10 parts per million. On December 30, 1970, two jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and one male ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), a bottom feeder, were collected in the vicinity of Sunnyside, Nevada. Table 9 presents the analytical data of the rabbit tissues that contained 131 detectable levels of radionuclides. Significant levels of I were found in the kidneys and ingesta of the rabbits, but were not found in other tissues collected. All tissues collected from the duck were below detectable limits. This might have been the result of the duck having 27 ------- Table 9. Analytical Data - Sunnyside Rabbits (pCi/kg) Rabbit No. Tissue Stomach contents Intestinal contents Ki dney Muscle 131j 3.3xl04 3.7xl04 2.5xl04 <25 103Ru <25 1.4xl04 <25 <25 1 137Cs <25 <25 <25 1.9xl02 Rabbit 131j 2.1xl04 <25 3.6xl04 <40 No. 2 137CS <25 <25 <25 1.9xl02 just migrated into the area prior to the time of sampling, whereas the rabbits were residents of the area. A cow and a steer that ranged the Tonopah Test Range were purchased in Goldfield, Nevada. They were sacrificed, necropsied, and sampled on January 5, 1971. The uterus of the cow contained a 5%-month-old fetus. The analytical data are presented in Table 10. The thyroids contained 131 239 significant levels of I. The bones of the fetus contained Pu and 131 the muscle tissue contained I, indicating placenta! transfer of these radionuclides. Tritium levels in the blood were 1 pCi/ml of free water. The botanical analysis of the rumen contents is presented in Appendix III. Also collected on this date was a young female coyote that was shot approximately 1% miles west of the main gate of the Tonopah Test Range. The thyroid was not collected as it was destroyed by the .243 caliber bullet. No detectable gamma- emit ting radionuclides were found in the muscle. The femur bone contained 0.5±0.3 pCi of Pu/kg and 4.0±0.9 pCi 90 of Sr/g of ash. 28 ------- Table 10. Analytical Data - Tonopah Test Range Cattle Bovine 131I Tissue No. pCi/kg Rumen contents Liver Lung Thyroid Muscle Bone Fetal bone Fetal muscle NA = Not 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 7.6xl03 4.4xl03 l.SxlO3 l.SxlO3 4.6xl03 2.5xl03 5.8xl07 1.7xl07 640 400 NA NA NA 550 103Ru pCi/kg 6.6xl03 3.8xl03 70 160 <25 720 <25 <25 <25 160 NA NA NA <25 140Ba pCi/kg 870 790 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 NA NA NA <25 137Cs pCi/kg <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 70 NA NA NA <25 239Pu pCi/kg wet pd'/g ash NA NA NA NA <0.1 <0.001 0.9±0.2 0.09±0.03 NA NA NA NA 0.3±0.2 0.02±0.01 4.0±0.6 0.04±0.006 0.5+0.2 0.008±0.002 NA 90Sr pCi/kg wet pCi/g ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 450±100 3.0±0.9 350±100 3.5+0.9 150+50 2.1±0.8 NA analyzed. 29 ------- On January 8, 1971, samples were collected from two beef steers of mixed breeding that had been grazing on the Kawich Valley range for several months preceding the event. One animal was suffering from a liver abscess. No other lesions were noted during the necropsies. The analytical data are presented in 131 Table 11. Again, the highest levels of I were found in the thyroids and the greatest variety of gamma-emitting nuclides were present on the skin and hair. Tritium levels in the blood of these two steers were 1.2 and 1.4 pCi/ml of free water, respectively. See Appendix III for botanical analysis of the rumen contents. During December of 1970, a band of sheep from Adaven, Nevada, was grazing in the Timber Pass area on the east side of Coal Valley. A portion of the Baneberry cloud passed over this area. ' On February 2, 1971, two aged ewe sheep were purchased from this band for sacrifice. Necropsy showed that the first sheep was pregnant and had an abscessed mammary gland. The second sheep was dying from extensive liver abscesses. Vital statistics of these sheep are presented in Table 1 and the analytical data are presented in Table 12. The thyroids, six weeks 131 after exposure, still contained significant levels of I. No other short-lived fission products were detected in the other tissues. Tungsten-181 was detected in the liver from both sheep. Tritium levels in the free water from blood were less than 0.4 pCi/ml. Gamma-emitting radionuclides were below detectable limits in the tissues of the fetus collected from the pregnant ewe. See Appendix III for botanical analysis of rumen contents. 30 ------- Table 11. Analytical Data - Kawich Valley Cattle Bovine 131I Tissue No. pCi/kg Rumen contents Kidney Liver Lung Thyroid Muscle Bone Skin 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 7.9xl04 r* 1.1x10° 4.1xl04 3.8xl04 2.7xl04 l.lxlO4 2.7xl05 3.2xl04 4.1xl08 6.4xl08 4.6xl03 4.7xl03 NA NA 8.9xl04 4.8xl04 103Ru PCi/kg 1.2xl05 P 1.5xlOb <25 <25 4.2xl04 590 9.6xl03 l.SxlO3 <25 <25 210 300 NA NA 2.6xl04 2.5xl04 140Ba PCi/kg 1.4xl03 2.0xl04 <25 <25 <25 <25 250 240 <25 <25 <25 <25 NA NA 2.2xl03 S.lxlO3 141Ce pCi/kg <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 <125 NA NA 7.0xl03 3.4xl03 239Pu pCi/kg wet pd'/q ash NA NA NA NA 0.10±0.06 0.03±0.01 NA 0.6±0.3 0.05±0.02 0.3±0.2 0.04±0.02 NA NA NA NA <0.003 <0.003 NA NA 90Sr pCi/kg wet pCi/g ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 800±300 3.0±1.1 250±200 0.9±0.7 NA NA NA = Not analyzed. 31 ------- Table 12. Analytical Data - Coal Valley Sheep Sheep131! 103RU 144Ce 137Cs 181W Tissue No. pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kq Rumen contents Kidney Liver Lung Thyroid Muscle Bone Skin and wool Fetus 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 1.3xl05 l.lxlO5 <25 <25 NA NA <25 <25 <25 <25 400 <25 <25 50 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 NA NA <25 <25 <25 <250 700 <250 <250 <250 <250 <250 <250 <250 <250 <250 <250 NA NA <250 <250 <250 <25 <25 <25 <25 40 70 <25 <25 <25 <25 <25 <30 NA NA <25 <25 <25 <300 <300 <300 <300 2.0X103 1.2xl03 <300 <300 <300 <300 <300 <300 NA NA <300 <300 <300 2^9 "yPu pCi/kg wet pCi/g ash NA NA NA NA NA 3.0+0.1 0.3±0.05 <0.001 <0.001 NA NA NA NA 1.2±0.4 0.05±0.02 <0.001 NA NA NA % pCi/kg wet pCi/q ash NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 900±200 4.3±1.0 1700±300 9.9±1.6 NA NA NA NA = Not analyzed. 32 ------- HISTOPATHOLOGY Tissue slides were prepared from tissues collected from all sacrificed animals and were submitted for interpretation by the pathologist, J. M. Ward, DVM, Ph. D., Veterinary Pathologist, Radiation Office, EPA, Rockville, Maryland. No unexpected pathological lesions were found. The individual reports on each specimen examined are on file at the National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas. 33 ------- FISTULATED STEER STUDY ON THE NEVADA TEST SITE This study was designed to determine the oral intake of fresh fission products by cattle grazing natural vegetation contaminated by fallout from the Baneberry Event. The study also provided information as to the food habits of grazing cattle. The study area was centered on White Rock Springs which is located approx - mately two miles northwest of the ground zero. The spring supplied drinking water for the three rumen-fistulated mature Hereford steers which served as the biological samplers for the study. Between April 14, 1971 and July 27, 1971, the three steers were placed on the study area every three weeks. The steers were maintained in the Area 15 corrals between sampling periods. Prior to placement on the range, the steers' rumens were emptied of all ingesta and a blood sample was collected. The steers were then transported from Area 15 to the White Rock Springs area where they were allowed to graze freely for 72 hours. They were then returned to Area 15 where the rumen contents were sampled for radionuclide and botanical analysis and a post-grazing blood sample was collected for tritium analysis. Drinking water samples from Area 15 and White Rock Springs were collected prior to grazing. Table 13 presents the data on tritium levels in rumen contents, drinking water and in blood collected prior to and subsequent to grazing the study area. In general, the tritium levels in the blood were higher following grazing and were slightly higher than that found in the rumen 34 ------- Table 13. Tritium Levels - Fistulated Steers (pCi/ml of Free Water) Animal No. 901 902 905 901 902 905 901 902 905 901 902 905 901 902 905 1 Date 4/14/71 4/14/71 4/14/71 5/12/71 5/12/71 5/12/71 6/2/71 6/2/71 6/2/71 6/30/71 6/30/71 6/30/71 7/27/71 7/27/71 7/27/71 Blood Blood Pre-grazing Post-grazing <0.4 <0.4 0.5 0.9 2.1 0.9 1.9 2.5 2.9 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.2±0.3 2.7±0.4 2.2±0.4 <0.4 1.0 0.6 3.8 3.9 2.3 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.2 1.5 1.8±0.3 2.2±0.3 1.8±0.3 Rumen Drinking Water Contents Area 15 White Rock 0.4 <0.4 0.5 <0.4 2.1 <0.4 2.4 1.0 2.9 <0.4 2.6 2.5 1.5 <0.4 1.7 1.7 1.6+0.3 0.610.3 1.810.3 1.910.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 35 ------- contents. The tritium content of the drinking water was usually below detectable levels. No gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected in the water samples. Data on the gamma-emitting radionuclides and plutonium levels detected in the rumen contents are presented in Table 14. Short-lived radio- nuclides detected included 103Ru, 95Zr, and 124Sb. The latter was not detected in any samples collected off the Nevada Test Site. Results of the botanical analysis are presented in Table 15. Grasses made up the bulk of the diet of the animals while on the range. Favored grasses were Stipa speciosa (desert needlegrass) during April and May, Qrhyzopsis hymenoides (Indian rice grass) during June and July and Elymus cinereus (giant rye grass) during late July. 36 ------- Table 14. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Plutonium Levels in Rumen Contents Animal No. Date 901 902 905 901 902 905 901 902 905 901 902 905 901 4/14/71 4/14/71 4/14/71 5/12/71 5/12/71 5/12/71 6/2/71 6/2/71 6/2/71 6/30/71 6/30/71 6/30/71 7/27/71 144Ce pCi/kq 7.8xl03 1.4xl03 1.2xl04 4.5xl03 2.1xl03 1.2xl03 500 450 l.OxlO3 300 250 400 500 103Ru PCi/kg 1 2 2 4 3 1 8 1 1 2 7 1 .IxlO5 .OxlO5 .3xl05 .4xl04 .OxlO3 .8xl03 .4x1 O3 .OxlO3 .3xl04 200 .4xl03 .SxlO3 .OxlO4 95Zr pCi/kg 2.4xl03 l.lxlO4 4.4xl03 200 300 450 400< 500 500 100 100 200 200 60Co pCi/Kg 2.3xl03 300 1.7xl03 300 700 300 200 300 600 400 150 400 l.lxlO3 124Sb PCi/kg 8.9xl03 1.4xl04 l.lxlO3 3.5xl03 1.4xl03 1.2xl03 l.lxlO3 l.OxlO3 1.4xl03 l.lxlO3 400 950 1 .4xl03 54 238p' 3^Mn pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/g 2. OxlO3 9.3xl03 <25 2.6xl03 2.4xl03 300 <25 <25 1.4xl03 900 900 1.2xl03 2.1xl03 239 j "yPu wet pCi/kg wet ash pCi/g ash 3.5±0.9 0.2±0.04 3. 0±1 0.1±0 3.0±0 0.1±0 1.1+0 0.1±0 1.7±0 0.1±0 0.7+0 0.1±0 0.9±0 0.1+0 1.5±0 0.1+0 3.0+1 0.1±0 .0 .04 .8 .04 .7 .04 .6 .04 .3 .03 .6 .03 .7 .03 .0 .03 2.1±0.8 0.05±0.06 0.9±0 0.5±0 1.7+0 0.1 ±0 4.0±1 0.1±0 .5 .03 .7 .04 .0 .04 21.0+-2.0 1.0±0.09 26.0+-2.0 1.U0.09 24.0±2.0 1.0±0.09 10.0+1.0 0.6±0.07 n.oti.o 0.7±0.08 4.5+0.6 0.4+0.06 7.0±1.0 0.3±0.05 9.0+1.0 0.4±0.05 20.0+2.0 0.6±0.07 70.0+5.0 5.0±0.4 5.0±0.8 0.3±0.05 10.0±1.0 0.6±0.07 22.0±2.0 0.9±0.09 37 ------- Table 14. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Plutonium Levels in Rumen Contents (contd) 239^ Animal 144Ce 103Ru 95Zr 60Co 124Sb 54Mn pCi/kg wet jCi/kg wet No. Date pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/kg pC1/kg pCi/kg pCi/kg pCi/g ash pCi/g ash 902 7/27/71 700 1.4xl04 300 1 .IxlO3 1 .6xl03 2.5xl03 3.0±1 .0 10.0±1.0 O.U0.05 0.4+0.06 905 7/27/71 500 8.3xl03 600 500 800 40 2.0±1.0 15.0±2.0 0.1±0.05 0.7±0.1 38 ------- Table 15. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents of Bovines Grazing White Rock Spring Area Date Collected Animal Identification Botanical Analysis 4/14/71 4/14/71 4/14/71 5/12/71 901 902 905 901 5/12/71 902 5/12/71 905 6/2/71 6/2/71 901 902 Stipa speciosa - 54% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 46% Ephedra nevadensis - Trace Stipa speaiosa - 58% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 37% Sitanion hystrix - 5% Stipa speciosa - 87% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 11% Sitanion hystrix - 2% Stipa speaiosa - 36% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 34% Sitanion hystrix - 29% Ephedra nevadensis - 1% Atriplex canesaens - Trace Orhysopsis hymenoides - 63% Stipa speaiosa - 30% Sitanion hystrix - 4% Ephedra nevadensis - 3% Forb spp. - Trace Orhysopsis hymenoides - 35% Stipa speaiosa - 33% Sitanion hystrix - 32% Ephedra nevadensis - Trace Forb spp. - Trace Stipa speaiosa - 63% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 37% Chenopodiim spp. - Trace Salsola kali - Trace Orhyzopsis hymenoides Stipa speaiosa - 34% Sitanion hystrix - 3% - 63% 39 ------- Table 15. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents of Bovines Grazing White Rock Spring Area (contd) Animal Identification Date Collected Botanical Analysis 6/2/71 6/30/71 6/30/71 905 905 902 6/30/71 7/27/71 901 901 7/27/71 902 7/27/71 905 Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 90% Stipa speciosa - 9% Eriogonum spp. - 1% Salsola kali - Trace Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 53% Si.tani.on hystrix - 7% Stipa speciosa - 39% Salsola kali - 1% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 58% Sitanion hystrix - 39% Salsola kali - 3% Elymus cine-reus - Trace Bromus spp. - Trace Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 63% Stipa speciosa - 10% Sitanion hystrix - 17% Salsola kali - 10% Elymus cinereus - 78% Stipa speciosa - 12% Hilaria jamesii - 4% Sitanion hystrix - 2% Herbaceous fragments - 4% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - Trace Elymus cinereus - 58% Orhyzopsis hymenoides - 28% Sitanion hystrix - 6% Herbaceous fragments - 4% Stipa speciosa - 4% Atriplex canescens - Trace Purshia glandulosa - Trace Orhyzopsis h'./menoides - 47% Elymus cinereus - 39% Stipa speciosa - 6% Herbaceous fragments - 4% Hilaria jamcsii - 4% Atriplex canescens - Trace Purshia glandulosa - Trace 40 ------- INVESTIGATIONS Garrison, Utah, Sheep Investigation On January 21, 1971, it was reported that more than a thousand sheep had died suddenly near the small town of Garrison which is located in Western Utah. A comprehensive investigation of the cause of the losses was initi- ated by the State of Utah. Because speculation by the press implied radiation was a possible etiological agent, the National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas was permitted to observe the incident and to con- duct an independent investigation on a non-interference basis. The final (2) reportv ' concluded that the cause of death was halogeton poisoning. A thyroid collected on January 22 from an aged Columbia ewe contained 131 (9) 350 pCi I per gram. The calculated peak concentrationv ' on January 1, 1971, would have been about 3.5 nCi/g. Tissues were not collected for tritium analysis. Investigation of Alleged Radiation Sicknesses - Ursine, Nevada On February 18, 1971, an investigation was made of sickness and deaths in domestic animals belonging to a family living near Ursine, Nevada. The family (man, wife, and three-year-old son) had previously been exam- ined for "radiation sickness" by the local physician and by public health physicians and their illnesses had been diagnosed as a viral enteritis of non-specific etiological origin. The family felt that their animals 41 ------- (chickens, rabbit, cats, dogs, cockateels, and canaries) were suffering from the same condition as themselves. One rabbit, two chickens, canary eggs, alfalfa hay, and water were col- lected for radionuclide analyses. The animals were necropsied by the Animal Investigation Program veterinarian and by the Nevada Animal Disease Laboratory. Histological specimens were examined by an independent histo- pathologist, Dr. J. W. Ward. No definite diagnosis was made on the basis of the necropsy, hematologic, or histopathologic examinations. Detectable levels of fresh fission radionuclides were not found in any of the samples. This investigation was closed on April 3, 1971. The exact etiological agent will probably remain unidentified but it was postulated that the stresses of severe cold, high winds, and heavy snows during this time, lowered the resistance of the animals and allowed a viral or bacterial agent to overcome their natural defenses and resulted in the illnesses reported. 42 ------- REFERENCES 1. Final Report of Off-Site Surveillance for the Baneberry Event, SWRHL-107r. Environmental Surveillance, Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114. (February 1972) 2. The January 1971 Sheep Death Incident Near Garrison, Utah, SWRHL-114r. Radiological Research Program, Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114. (November 1971) 3. Talvitie, N. A. Radiochemical Determination of Plutonium in Environ- mental and Biological Samples by Ion Exchange. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 43, p. 1827. (November 1971) 4. Talvitie, N. A. Electrodeposition of Actinides for Alpha Spectro- metric Determination. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 44, p. 280. (February 1972) 5. Johns, F. B. Handbook of Radiochemical Analytical Methods, SWRHL-llr. Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114. (February 1970) 6. Lesperance, A. L., V. R. Bohman, and D. W. Marble. Development of Techniques for Evaluating Grazing Forage. J. Dairy Sci., Vol. 43, p. 682. (1960) 7. Smith, T. M., A. L. Lesperance, V. R. Bohman, R. A. Brechbill, and K. W. Brown. Intake and Digestibility of Forages Grazed by Cattle on a Southern Nevada Range. Proceedings Western Section Society of Animal Science, Vol. 19. (1968) 8. Smith, D. D, K. W. Brown, R. A. Brechbill, K. R. Giles, and A. L. Lesperance. The Radionuclide Concentrations and Botanical Composition of the Diet of Cattle Grazing the Area 18 Range of the Nevada Test Site, 1966-1970, SWRHL-llOr. Western Environmental Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114. (May 1972) 9. Bustad, L. K., E. E. Elefson, E. C. Watson, D. H. Wood, and H. A. Ragan. 131i in the Thyroid of Sheep and in Food, Thyroid, and Milk of Dairy Cows. Hanford Biology Research Annual Report for 1962, HW-7600, p. 60-62, Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Richland, Washington. (1963) 10. Shimoda, W., S. C. Black. K. H. Falter, R. E. Engel, and D. S. Barth. Study of a Single Dose '311 - 126i Ratio in Dairy Cows, SWRHL-27r, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada 89114. (April 1970) 43 ------- APPENDIX I. Minimum Detectable Activities by Gamma Spectroscopy, Technical Support Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas, Environmental Protection Agency The minimum detectable activities (MDA's) in terms of total activity per sample for standard geometries and counting times are based on a combination of a number of technical experiments and operational experience. By means of experimentation the MDA has been defined as that activity which produced a ±100% deviation at the 95% confidence level. On the basis of experience the MDA is defined as that activity which can be positively identified on a net spectrum plot. These values are applicable to ideal conditions and simple complexes of nuclides. Complex spectra or spectra showing natural contamination can raise the MDA's considerably. Minimum Detectable Activities in pCi for Total Sample Isotope 54»n 65Zn 60Co 95Zr 103Ru 106Ru 124Sb 125Sb 132Te 131j 133, 137CS 140Ba 141Ce 10 Min Count Planchet 50 500 50 50 50 500 50 250 50 50 50 50 50 250 40 Planchet 25 250 25 25 25 250 25 125 25 25 25 25 25 125 Min Count 400 ml 40 400 40 40 40 400 40 200 40 40 40 40 40 200 45 3.5 1 35 350 35 35 35 350 35 175 35 35 35 35 35 175 100 400 ml 25 250 25 25 25 250 25 125 25 25 25 25 25 125 Min Count 1000 ml 25 250 25 25 25 250 25 125 25 25 25 25 25 125 3.5 1 22 220 22 22 22 220 22 no 22 22 22 22 22 110 ------- APPENDIX I. Minimum Detectable Activities in pCi for Total Sample (contd) 10 Min Count40 Min Count100 Min Count Isotope Planchet Planchet 400 ml 3.5 1 400 ml 1000 ml 3.5 1 144 Ce 500 250 400 350 250 250 220 600 300 475 425 300 300 260 3H 0.4 pCi per ml of H20 89 Sr 5.0 pCi total sample of ash 90 Sr 2.0 pCi total sample of ash 238 Pu 0.01 pCi per gram of ash 239 Pu 0.01 pCi per gram of ash K* 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.25 *Grams of stable potassium per kilogram of sample (wet weight) as deter- mined from 40|< activity. 46 ------- 131 Appendix II-l. I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram Date & Time 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 12/24* 12/25 12/26 12/27 12/28 12/29 12/30 a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Cow Hay 0 8 1 2 3 0 1 7 4 2 0 1 .80 .10 .50 .30 .10 .40 .90 .60 .40 .80 ND ND .93 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND .30 0.84 ND 16 Mil 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. k 28 34 51 42 24 24 16 09 09 10 10 09 12 13 12 12 08 09 06 06 04 03 02 03 Cow 45 Hay Mil 0.80 0. 2.80 0. 1.00 0. 8.30 0. 1.90 0. 2.40 0. 1.70 0. 1.80 0. 5.70 0. 0.90 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. <0. k 36 42 66 62 26 23 14 09 05 09 05 05 05 06 06 07 03 03 02 02 01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 Cow 46 Hay Milk 0.80 0. 6.60 0. NC 0. 9.80 0. 7.70 0. 6.50 0. 1.70 0. 2.10 0. 3.60 0. 0.99 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 56 80 38 67 37 31 22 16 14 12 07 03 04 07 08 07 05 0.05 0.04 0.05 <0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 Cow 123 Hay Milk 0.80 1. 6.00 2. 2.80 1. 4.20 1. 4.20 0. 3.20 0. 2.00 0. NS 0. 1.90 0. 2.50 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 20 00 30 20 52 34 17 13 01 07 04 06 08 07 06 06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.20 0.02 0.02 47 ------- 131 Appendix II-l. I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 1 "Metabolism" Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram (contd) Cow 16 Cow 45 Date & Time Hay Milk Hay Mil 12/31 01/01/71 01/02 a P a P a P .m. .m. .m. .m. .m. .m. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 03 04 03 03 04 04 0. 0. <0. 0. 0. 0. Cow 46 k Hay Mil 02 02 01 02 02 02 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Cow 123 k Hay Mil 04 03 02 03 04 04 0. 0. <0. 0. <0. 0. k 03 02 01 02 01 03 NC = Not collected *Moved to Area 15 after a.m. milking 12/24 and composite hay samples taken. ND = Not detectable 48 ------- Appendix 11-2. Radioiodine Concentration in Urine and Feces Samples from Group 1 Cows - nCi/liter or kilogram Date & 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 12/24 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 Time p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Cow Urine 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.47 0.4 0.34 0.35 0.16 0.26 NC 12.0 7.6 3.4 1.5 0.9 0.68 ND 16 Feces 5 8 4 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 29 31 14 8 6 3 .8 .1 .8 .7 .2 .9 .96 .8 .73 .85 .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .8 ND Cow 45 Urine Feces 3.9 1.9 1.6 0.96 0.7 0.51 0.48 0.27 0.26 NC 45.0 13.0 7.3 2.5 1.8 0.81 ND 18. 22. 15. 11. 3. 2. 0. 1. 0. 0. 90. 110 55. 20. 9. 6. 131j 0 0 0 0 5 3 99 6 73 72 133j 0 0 0 6 8 ND Cow Urine 2.8 1.9 2.1 1.2 0.99 0.81 0.51 0.57 0.33 NC 32.0 14.0 9.4 3.2 ND 1.1 ND 46 Feces 17.0 16.0 12.0 5.4 3.2 2.2 1.3 0.86 0.70 0.88 89.0 81.7 45.0 15.7 9.1 5.3 ND Cow 123 Urine Feces 15.0 4.1 3.8 2.4 1.5 0.88 0.70 0.63 0.41 NC 140 25.0 18.0 7.4 3.3 1.4 ND NC 59.0 27.0 10.6 7.2 3.0 1.8 3.9 0.91 0.90 NC 350 no 31.7 18.3 5.3 ND NC:= Not collected ND = Not detectable 49 ------- 131 Appendix II-3. I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 3 Cows - Milk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram Date & 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 12/24 12/25 12/26 12/27 12/28 12/29 12/30 Time a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Hay 0.80 2.10 2.50 2.50 0.80 1.40 ND ND 1.50 ND ND ND 0.93 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.30 0.84 ND Cow 11 Milk NC 1.10 1.00 1.20 0.66 0.52 0.40 0.35 0.22 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 Cow 119 Milk 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.89 0.64 0.43 0.32 0.24 0.15 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 50 ------- Appendix I1-3. I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 3 Cows - MiIk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram (contd) Date & Time 12/31 01/01/71 01/02 01/03 a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Hay ND ND ND ND 0.9 ND 4.70 ND Cow 11 Milk 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 Cow 119 Milk 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06 NC = Not collected ND = Not detectable 51 ------- 131 Appendix I1-4. I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 2 "Inhalation" Cows - Milk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram Date & 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 12/24 12/25 12/26 12/27 12/28 12/29 12/30 Time a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Hay 0.80 4.60 0.50 0.50 9.40 1.30 ND ND 1.40 1.40 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.84 ND Cow 13 Milk 0.39 0.38 0.55 0.52 0.35 0.26 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 Cow 87 Milk 1.60 0.66 3.40 3.20 2.00 1.20 0.75 0.77 0.57 0.40 0.36 0.41 0.43 0.32 0.25 0.25 0.16 0.12 0.17 0.16 0.10 0.11 0.50 0.31 Cow 127 Milk 1.30 2.10 1.40 1.50 1.40 1.00 0.77 0.59 0.50 0.61 0.43 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.29 0.34 0.32 0.36 0.30 0.27 0.20 0.15 0.11 0.09 Cow 134 Milk 1.10 1.70 1.30 1.40 0.72 0.50 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.14 0.17 0.23 0.14 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.10 52 ------- 131 Appendix II-4. I Concentration in Hay and Milk Samples from Group 2 "Inhalation" Cows - Milk-nCi/liter - Hay-nCi/kilogram (contd) Date & Time 12/31 01/01/71 01/02 01/03 01/04 a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. Hay ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Cow 13 Milk 0.11 0.15 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 Cow 87 Milk 0.10 0.09 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.10 Cow 127 Milk 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.06 Cow 134 Milk 0.17 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.06 ND = Not detectable 53 ------- APPENDIX III. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents from Off-Site Cattle and Sheep BOV-1-Nye Co Scientific Name Orhyzopsis hymenoides Ewpotia lanata Malacothrix Unidentified forb Herbaceous fragments Common Name Plant Parts Indian rice grass Stems-leaves Winter fat Stems-leaves Sunflower Leaves Fragments Fragments Composition 83 17 Trace Trace Trace BOV-2-Nye Co Scientific Name Common Name Orhyzopsis hymenoides Indian rice grass Euro Ha lanata Winter fat Atriplex oanescens Four-winged saltbush Hilaria Jamesii Gall eta grass Eriogonum spp. Wild buckwheat Plant Parts Stems-leaves Stems-leaves Leaves Leaves Stems Composition 89 11 Trace Trace Trace BOV-1-Lin Co Scientific Name Common Name Atriplex oanesaens Four-winged saltbush Orhyzopsis hymenoides Indian rice grass Unidentified shrub Unidentified grass Unidentified forb Hilaria jamesii Galleta grass Plant Parts Stems-leaves Stems-leaves Woody fragments Leaves Fragments Leaves Composition 76 18 3 1 1 1 54 ------- APPENDIX III. Botanical Analysis of Rumen Contents from Off-Site Cattle and Sheep (contd) BOV-2-Lin Co Scientific Name Common Name Atriplex oanesoens Four-winged saltbush Orhysopsis hymenoides Indian rice grass Hitaria jcanes'Li, Unidentified grass Salsola kal-i ETri-ogomon spp. Gall eta grass Russian thistle Wild buckwheat Plant Parts Stems-leaves Stems-leaves Stems-leaves Leaves Stems-leaves Stems Composition 69 25 3 2 1 Trace SHEEP-2-Lin Co Scientific Name Grass Forbs Shrubs Common Name Plant Parts Stems-leaves Stems-leaves Stems-leaves Composition 78 4 18 NOTE: 10% of shrub composition was Atriplex oanesoens; other species unidentified. 55 ------- DISTRIBUTION 1 - 20 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV 21 Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 22 Charles E. Williams, Deputy Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 23 Bennie G. DiBona, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 24 David G. Jackson, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 25 Arthur J. Whitman, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 26 Elwood M. Douthett, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 27 - 28 Ernest D. Campbell, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 29 - 30 Paul B. Dunaway, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 31 - 32 Mary G. White, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 33 Roger Ray, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 34 Robert W. Taft, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 35 Leon Silverstrom, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 36 Richard C. Amick, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 37 John 0. Cummings, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 38 Bruce W. Church, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 39 - 40 Technical Library, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 41 Chief, NOB/DNA, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV 42 Martin B. Biles, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 43 Tommy F. McCraw, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 44 _ 45 Major General Ernest Graves, Assistant General Manager, DMA, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 46 Gordon F. Facer, DMA, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 47 James L. Liverman, Director, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 48 Robert L. Watters, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 49 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 50 L. Joe Deal, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 51 Charles L. Osterberg, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 52 Rudolf J. Engelmann, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC 53 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV 54 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD ------- 55 Wilson K. Talley, Assistant Administrator for Research and Development, EPA, Washington, DC 56 William D. Rowe, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Radiation Programs, EPA, Washington, DC 57 William A. Mills, Director, Division of Criteria and Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC 58 - 59 Floyd L. Galpin, Director, Field Operations Division, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC 60 E. David Harward, Director, Division of Technology Assessment, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC 61 Albert C. Printz, Jr., Director, Office of Technical Analysis, EPA, Washington, DC 62 Library, EPA, Washington, DC 63 Bernd Kahn, Chief, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering, EPA, EMSL-Cincinnati, OH 64 Peter Hal pin, Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 65 Paul DeFalco, Jr., Regional Administrator, Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA 66 James K. Channel!, Regional Radiation Representative, Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA 67 Charles Porter, Director, Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery, AL 68 K. M. Oswald, Manager, Health and Safety, ILL, Mercury, NV 69 Bernard W. Shore, LLL, Livermore, CA 70 James E. Carothers, LLL, Livermore, CA 71 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA 72 Lawrence S. Germain, LLL, Livermore, CA 73 Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA 74 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA 75 Charles I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, NM 76 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 77 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM 78 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV 79 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV 80 Carter D. Broyler, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 81 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 82 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 83 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN ------- 84 Leo K. Bustad, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 85 Leonard A. Sagan, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, CA 86 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 87 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 88 Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89 Robert C. Pendleton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 90 William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 91 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 92 Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 93 Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 94 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and Game Department, Las Vegas, NV 95 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department, Las Vegas, NV 96 Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives, Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV 97 - 123 Technical Information Center, ERDA, Oak Ridge, TN (for public availability) ------- |