NERC-LV-539-35 NERC-LV-539-35
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1972 ANNUAL REPORT
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published May 1976
This study performed under a Memorandum
of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
-------
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PRICE: PAPER COPY $5.45 MICROFICHE $2.25
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NERC-LV-539-35 NERC-LV-539-35
ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM 1972 ANNUAL REPORT
by
D. D. Smith, K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, NV 89114
Published May 1976
This study performed under a Memorandum
of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Mr. Bernhardt is Chief, Artificial Radioactivity Section, Office
of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas Facility.
-------
ABSTRACT
This report presents the data obtained from the radioanalyses of tis-
sues collected from cattle, deer, desert bighorn sheep, and other wildlife
that reside on or near the Nevada Test Site. Also discussed are special
actinide studies with cattle from the Tonopah Test Range and Searchlight,
Nevada, special sampling of an Arizona buffalo herd, and bioenvironmental
sampling of the Gnome site in New Mexico and the Tatum Dome Test Site
in Mississippi.
The thyroids of cattle sampled during May and deer sampled in March
and May contained detectable levels of ^1. The possible source of
this radionuclide was an atmospheric nuclear detonation in the People's
Republic of China during March.
95
Cesium-137 and Zr were the only gamma-emitting radionuclides that
were regularly detected in the soft tissues. Cesium-137 was found in
ten beef muscle and two beef liver samples. The median values were
30 and 28 pCi/kg, respectively. One Nevada Test Site deer muscle sample
had a level of 24 pCi/kg while muscle samples from Mississippi deer
contained 2300 and 3100 pCi/kg.
Elevated tritium levels were found in three cattle, one deer, and
a coyote. Postulated sources of these levels are discussed. The Sr
levels in bones of ruminants continued the downward trend of recent
years. Cattle bones average 3.9 pCi/g ash, deer 3.1 pCi/g ash, and
desert bighorn sheep 4.9 pCi/g ash.
The analysis of tissues for actinides was emphasized during 1972.
Levels of 2^9pu detected in muscle of beef cows ranged from 0.5% to 4%
of the levels found in the ingesta. These levels in the bones tended
to increase with age of the animal.
Hypothetical dose estimates resulting from the daily consumption of
liver or muscle containing peak activity levels were calculated using the
-------
minimum guide of 0.5 rem per year for the whole body. These estimates
expressed as a percent of 0.5 rem were: H, 0.12%; Cs, 0.11%; Hg,
1.8%; U natural, 0.04%; 238Pu, 0.007%; and 239Pu, 0.15%.
Gross and microscopic lesions found in sampled animals are discussed.
The most significant lesions reported were anthracotic-like pigments in
a coyote's lung and a bile duct carcinoma in a horse.
Food habits of desert bighorn sheep were determined through the
botanical analysis of rumen contents. The average composition of the
ingesta was 65% grasses, 34% shrubs, and 1% forbs.
Other activities of the Animal Investigation Program are described.
These include special studies, investigation surveys, and public
information activities.
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Mr. Kenneth W. Brown, Botanist, Pollutant
Pathways Branch, Monitoring Systems Research and Development Laboratory,
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, who performed the desert bighorn sheep food habit
analyses that are presented in this report.
m
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 111
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES v
INTRODUCTION 1
SAMPLE COLLECTION 2
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS 11
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 13
NTS Cattle 13
Mule Deer 14
Desert Bighorn Sheep 17
Buffalo 17
Horse 19
NTS Predators 19
Goldfish 22
Water 22
Necropsy and Histopathological 22
Examinations
Food Habits of Desert Bighorn Sheep 24
Hypothetical Dose Estimates 26
SPECIAL STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS 30
Tatum Dome Test Site, Mississippi 30
Roller Coaster Cattle Study 30
Gnome Site Bioenvironmental Sampling 31
NTS Spring Survey 32
Other Activities 32
REFERENCES 33
APPENDICES • 36
DISTRIBUTION
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Page
FIGURES
1. Location of sampling sites and facilities on the
Nevada Test Site 5
2. Locations of collection sites of desert bighorn sheep 10
3. Comparison of Sr in bone of bighorn sheep, deer, and
cattle ' 15
TABLES
1. Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Cattle Sampled
During 1972 . 3
2. Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Mule Deer Sampled
During 1972 7
3. Vital Statistics of Desert Bighorn Sheep Sampled
During 1972 8
4. Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1972 NTS Beef Tissues -
fCi/kg wet weight 16
5. Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1972 NTS Deer Tissues -
fCi/kg wet weight 18
6. Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Tissues
from a Domestic Horse - 1972 20
7. Summary of Analytical Data from Tissues Collected
from NTS Predators - 1972 21
8. Analytical Data of Waters from the NTS 23
9. Food Habits of 14 Desert Bighorn Sheep in Nevada
During November and December 1972 25
10. Summary of Peak Radionuclide Concentrations in Edible
Tissues from NTS Cattle and Deer (pCi/kg) 27
11. Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected
Tissues for One Year 28
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INTRODUCTION
Since 1964, the Animal Investigation Program (AIP) has been the opera-
tion responsibility of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA),
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas (NERC-LV). The basic
objectives of the AIP during 1972 were:
1. the determination of tissue concentrations of fresh and/or aged
fission and activation products in biological samples obtained
from cattle grazing on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and from
those grazing off-site areas, when indicated,
2. the development and conduction of wildlife studies on and near
the NTS in cooperation with state and federal wildlife agencies
in order to assess the radionuclide burden in tissues collected
from various edible wildlife species,
3. the gross and microscopic examination of tissues collected from
these domestic and wild animals for the detection of pathological
changes, possibly due to the tissue concentrations of the
radionuclides,
4. the maintenance of veterinary relations with the off-site
population, and
5. the investigation of alleged damage to domestic animals resulting
from the activities of the Nevada Operations Office (NV) of
the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).
The progress in achieving these objectives and summaries of the data
collected during 1972 are presented in this report. The history,
evolution, and accomplishments of the AIP from its inception in 1957
H 234)
through 1971 were reported previously. ' ' * '
*
Effective January 19, 1975, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission was desig-
nated the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. Effective
June 29, 1975, the National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas
(NERC-LV) was designated the Environmental Monitoring and Support Labora-
tory, Las Vegas. i
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SAMPLE COLLECTION
Nevada Test Site animals sampled during 1972 included beef cattle,
dairy cattle, a domestic horse, mule deer, coyote, a bobcat, and a goldfish.
Samples were collected from desert bighorn sheep that inhabited the
mountains adjacent to the NTS and from buffalo that lived on a refuge near
Flagstaff, Arizona. In addition to these routine sampling activities,
special studies required the sampling of beef animals from the Roller
Coaster sites of the Tonopah Test Range and from Searchlight, Nevada; the
collection of vegetation and wildlife samples from the Gnome site near
Carlsbad, New Mexico; and the sampling of domestic animals, wildlife, and
vegetation from and adjacent to the Tatum Salt Dome in Lamar County,
Mississippi. (See "Special Studies and Investigations" page 30.)
After death each animal was necropsied and gross pathological conditions
noted. If advanced post mortem changes had not occurred, the adrenals,
eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and
lesions were sampled and prepared for histopathological evaluation. Tis-
sues collected for radioanalysis included rumen or stomach contents,
liver, lung, tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, muscle, thyroid, blood or
urine, kidney, fetus (if present), and bone. Rumen contents from desert
bighorn sheep were collected for botanical analysis.
Twelve animals from the NTS beef herd were sampled during the year.
Eleven of these were sacrificed and one died of natural causes. Also
sampled were two dairy cows from the Area 15 farm, one of which died from
natural causes. The vital statistics of all NTS cattle sampled during
1972 are presented in Table 1. Unless otherwise noted, each animal spent
its entire life grazing on the Area 18 range of the NTS or was maintained
in the Area 15 dairy corrals. Figure 1 shows the locations of the herds
and facilities. The management of the beef herd and soil and range
surveys of the Area 18 grazing area have been published previously. ' ' '
(8 9
Also published are reports on the management of the dairy herd. ' '
-------
Table 1. Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Cattle Sampled During 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sex
M
F
M
M
M
F
Estimated
Age (yrs) Breed
1 Hereford
8
4
1
1
14 Hoi stein
Estimated
Wt. (kg)
245
446
509
261
250
670
Date
Sampled
5/10/72
5/10/72
5/10/72
5/10/72
5/10/72
5/10/72
Remarks
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS.
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS.
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS, except
for 3 months at Area 15
when on a tritium study.
Spent entire life in
'Area 18, NTS.
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS.
Since 1964 in Area 15
8
M
11.5
630
corrals. Numerous
radioiodine experi-
ments included Palan-
quin. Uterus con-
tained a 3-month fetus.
Died from tympanites.
5/10/72 Since 1964, in Area 15
corrals. Cystic ovaries,
not responsive to treat-
ment.
0.5 Hereford
160
10/26/72
9
10
M
M
1.5
1.5
295
364
10/27/72
10/27/72
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS. Sacri-
ficed in Area 18 as an
extremely wild animal.
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS.
Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS.
-------
Table 1. Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Cattle Sampled During 1972 (cont'd)
Animal Estimated
No. Sex Age (yrs) Breed
Estimated Date
Wt. (kg) Sampled
Remarks
11
12
13
14
7 Hereford 441 10/27/72 Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS. Pre-
cancerous lesion left
eye. Uterus contained
a 30-day fetus.
4.5 " 493 10/27/72 Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS. Uterus
contained a 75-day
fetus.
6.5 " 314 10/27/72 Spent entire life in
'Area 18, NTS. Uterus
contained a 45-day
fetus.
0.5 " 153 11/10/72 Spent entire life in
Area 18, NTS, until
transferred to Area 15
on October 26 for wean-
ing. Died of tympa-
ites. Not necropsied,
selected samples col-
lected by farm workers.
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EXPERIMENTAL FARM
\NTS/Beef Herd
.Srazing Area
BUFFER ZONE
Nuclear Rocket Development
Station
MERCURY
Figure 1. Location of Sampling Sites and Facilities on the Nevada Test Site.
5
-------
Tissue samples were collected from four NTS mule deer during 1972.
(See Table 2 for vital statistics.) Three of the deer were collected
by hunting and one was collected after being struck by a motor vehicle.
Collection locations are noted on Figure 1.
Other NTS animals sampled included a saddle horse from the Area 15
experimental farm that died of natural causes, a coyote shot at the farm,
a bobcat that died of natural causes in Area 3, and goldfish that lived
in the UE-5-C well reservoir. See Figure 1 for these locations.
Through the cooperation of state and federal wildlife officials,
bone and/or tissue samples were collected from desert bighorn sheep
(Ovis canadensis nelsoni). Most of the animals sampled were collected
during the hunt held each winter in the mountains of the Desert
National Wildlife Range (DNWR) which lies immediately'southeast of the
NTS. Sixteen mature animals were collected during the 1972 hunt.
One animal that died from natural causes was also sampled. The vital
statistics of these animals are presented in Table 3 and the collection
sites are shown in Figure 2.
Also sampled were seven buffalo (Bison bison) from the Raymond Ranch
Refuge near Flagstaff» Arizona. These samples were collected through
the cooperation of hunters participating in the annual controlled
harvest of the herd that is supervised by the Arizona Fish and Game
Department.
-------
Table 2. Vital Statistics of Nevada Test Site Mule Deer Sampled During 1972
Animal
No.
Sex
Estimated
Age (yrs)
Estimated
Wt. (kg)
Date
Sampled
Remarks
1
2.5
3
4
M
M
1.5
55 3/16/72 Collected in Area 18
5 miles north and west
of Gate 30-1 in Cat
Canyon. Was pregnant--
2 feti.
62 5/14/72 Motor vehicular acci-
dent victim in U19e
compound of Area 19.
Was pregnant—fetus
not sampled as grossly
contaminated with soil,
40 8/23/72 Collected Ranier Mesa
in Area 12.
60 12/12/72 Collected south side
of Shoshone Mountain
in Area 16.
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Table 3. Vital Statistics of Desert Bighorn Sheep Sampled During 1972
00
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age
(yrs)
7
7
Unk
7
7
Unk
5
Est. wt.
(kg)
Unk
36
Unk
76
86
Unk
Unk
Date
Collected
11/18/72
11/19/72
11/20/72
11/20/72
11/21/72
11/23/72
11/25/72
Samples
Collected
Kidney
Lung
Bone
Kidney
Rumen content
Rumen content
Bone
Ki dney
Rumen content
Ki dney
Rumen content
Rumen content
Kidney
Hunter kill
Hunter kill
Range (DNWR)
Hunter kill
Hunter kill
Clark County
Hunter kill
Hunter kill
Hunter kill
Remarks
- Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada
- Bridge Canyon, Desert National Wildli
- DNWR
east of Mormon Peak, Mormon Mountain,
, Nevada
- DNWR, Unit 27B2
- Meadow Valley Range
fe
2 miles N NE of McCul lough Pass, Unit 27C1
8
M
M
Unk
Unk
11/26/72
11/26/72
Rumen content
Bone
Ki dney
Rumen content
Bone
Kidney
Rumen content
Hunter kill 2 miles south of Elbow Canyon, Unit 27B3
Hunter kill - Muddy Mountains, Clark County, Nevada
-------
Table 3. Vital Statistics of Desert Bighorn Sheep Sampled During 1972 (Cont'd)
Animal
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
Age
(yrs)
8
11
5-6
4
10
7
Est. wt.
(kg)
Unk
68
50
dressed
76
Unk
84
Date
Collected
11/26/72
11/27/72
11/29/72
12/05/72
12/12/72
12/17/72
Samples
Collected
Bone
Ki dney
Rumen content
Bone
Kidney
Rumen content
Bone
Rumen content
Bone
Kidney
Rumen content
Rumen content
Bone
Hunter kill -
County, Nevada
Hunter kill -
Hunter kill -
Hunter kill -
Hunter kill -
Hunter kill -
Remarks
Lone Mountain, Eldorado Range
Meadow Valley Ridge
Mule Deer Ridge, Unit 27B1
Dead Horse Trail, DNWR, Unit
Muddy Mountains, Clark County
low hill east of Wamp Spring,
, Clark
27B1
, Nevada
DNWR,
16
17
M
M
76 12/18/72
Kidney
Rumen content
Bone
Ki dney
Rument content
42 12/31/72 Bone
Unit 27B3.
Hunter kill - Indian Canyon Reservoir, Unit 27A1
Died from natural causes in pens at Corn Creek
Field Station of the DNWR
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GOLDFIELD
TEMPIU.TE,
* -
COYOTE SMT.
I
HANCOCK SM
I
SCOTTY'S JCT.
N ELLIS
AIR^FORCE
RANGE
2
DESERT
(NAT'L
(WILDLIFE
SPRINGDALE
LATHROP WELLS
CACTUS SPRINGS
FURNACE
CREEK
DEATH
VALLEY JCT.
PAHRUMP
LAS VEGAS
SHOSHONE
RIDGECREST
SEARCHLIGHT \
BARSTOW
Figure 2. Locations of Collection Sites of Desert Bighorn Sheep.
10
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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND METHODS
Samples of soft tissue and rumen contents were quantitatively analyzed
by gamma spectroscopy. Urine, blood and/or tissue were analyzed for
tritium. Bone was analyzed for 89Sr, 90Sr, 234U, 235U, 238U, 238Pu and 239Pu.
Selected soft tissues were also analyzed for plutonium and uranium content.
The soft tissues of sufficient volume and rumen contents were prepared
for gamma analysis by grinding and placing in 1000-ml polyethylene
Marinelli beakers. Those of smaller volume, i.e., thyroid, kidneys, etc.,
were prepared for analysis by macerating in a blender and were placed in
an agar suspension in a 400-ml container. The samples were counted for
100 minutes on a 4-inch by 4-inch Nal(Tl) crystal connected to a 400-channel
pulse-height analyzer calibrated at 10 keV/channel.
Tissues for strontium, plutonium, and uranium analysis were prepared
by dry ashing. Plutonium and uranium were analyzed by alpha spectro-
scopy. * ' Other radionuclide analytical procedures used at the
National Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas (NERC-LV) were
described previously. '
All data are reported at the 95% confidence level and are corrected
to time of collection. The minimum detectable activities (MDA) for
each radionuclide are listed in Appendix I and are expressed in the
data tables of this report as less than a certain level of activity
present in the total sample.
Tissue and lesion samples collected for histopathologic examination
were first fixed in a 10% formalin solution. They were then dehydrated
with alcohol and embedded in paraffin prior to sectioning with a
microtome. A five-micrometer section was placed on a glass slide and
stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The slides were then delivered
to a pathologist for interpretation.
11
-------
Rumen contents, 200- to 300-g samples, were collected from each desert
bighorn sheep for botanical analysis. These samples were frozen until
analyzed. Samples were prepared for botanical analysis by washing and
screening a random aliquot, which was then examined under a binocular
microscope. Individual species of browse, forbs, and grasses were
identified; a visual estimate was made of the fraction of each species
in the sample.' 4'
12
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
NTS Cattle
The analytical results from tissues collected from NTS cattle during
May of 1972 are presented in the tables of Appendix II. These data were
(15)
also published in another report/ ' The data from tissues collected
during October are presented in the tables of Appendix III.
As in the past, the rumen contents of the grazing animals contained
the greatest variety of gamna-emi tti ng radionuclides, with Zr, Ru,
Cs, Ba, and Ce frequently detected. Of these radionuclides
1 37 95
only Cs and Zr were detected in soft tissues. Cesium-137 was found
in ten muscle samples and two liver samples with medians of 30 pCi/kg
and 28 pCi/kg, respectively.
Mercury-203 was detected in the liver of a six-month-old Hereford
calf that died of tympanites two weeks after being transferred from
Area 18 to the Area 15 farm. This radionuclide probably originated as
a contaminant from the mercury study conducted in the mi crop! ot area of
203 l~\f\\
the experimental farm which used Hg as a tracer/10'
With three exceptions, tritium levels found in all the cattle were
at background levels. The blood of a Hereford steer, #3, contained
2100 ± 240 pCi/1. This animal had received an intravenous injection of
fifty mCi of tritium during March 1971 as part of an experiment designed
to determine the biological half-life of tritium in lactating and
non-lactating cattle. The blood of the two aged Holstein cows,
#6 and #7, from Area 15 contained levels of 4600 and 1000 pCi/1, respect-
ively. These levels are similar to those reported previously from this
The thyroids of all seven NTS cattle sampled during May contained
detectable levels of I (range of 2 - 21 pCi/g). These levels are
attributed to a nuclear detonation conducted on March 8, 1972, by the
/10\
People's Republic of China. '
13
-------
90
The Sr levels in femurs from the grazing animals averaged 3.9 pd'/g
of ash as shown in Figure 3. This level is consistent with the downward
trend observed in recent years. The older animals, #2, #13, and #11 (8-,
6.5-, and 7-year-old cows) had the highest levels; 8 pCi/g of ash,
5.3 pCi/g of ash, and 4.5 pCi/g of ash, respectively.
The analysis of the tissues for actinides was emphasized during 1972.
These data are summarized in Table 4. The individual data are presented
in the tables of Appendices II and III. It is interesting to note that
239
levels of Pu detected in the wet muscle tissue of each of these beef
animals ranged from 0.5% to 4% of the levels reported for the wet
ingesta (rumen contents).
239
The Pu levels in the femurs tended to increase with age. The
levels reported for five animals, 4 years of age or older, averaged
4.2 pCi/g of ash and compared to 1.8 pCi/g detected in seven animals
1.5 years or younger.
Mule Deer
The analytical results from tissues of NTS mule deer are presented in
Appendix IV. In general, the same gamma-emitting radionuclides of
similar magnitudes were detected in the deer tissues as were reported for
the NTS beef tissues. The thyroids of deer collected in March and May
I O1
contained 33 and 34 pCi/g of I. The source also is thought to be the
atmospheric nuclear detonation conducted by the People's Republic of
China on March 8, 1972.^18^
90
The average Sr level in bone from the four NTS deer was 3.2 pCi/g
ash which is almost identical to that observed in 1971 (see Figure 3).
As is explained in the Special Studies section of this report, two
whitetail deer were collected in Mississippi during January and February.
90
It is interesting to note that the levels of Sr in the bones from the
Mississippi deer were one order of magnitude higher than in the NTS deer,
i.e., 31 and 37 pCi/g ash.^19'20^ However, the 137Cs levels in muscle
and liver tissue of the NTS deer were considerably lower than those
(19 20)
reported from tissues of the Mississippi deer. ' ' Only one NTS deer
muscle sample contained a detectable level (24 pCi/kg) while the samples
14
-------
FROM 1964 ON, THE NUMBER OF BONE SAMPLES FROM EACH SPECIES IS LISTED AT THE TOP OF EACH COLUMN.
30-
Z25-
co
UJ
o20-
OQ
e>
U
UJ
2; 10-
CO
S 5-
0
I E """""" BIGHORN SHEEP
— —
•" ™
E
_ _
-
E
» ^ ^ — "™
--.i lA til III
-
E
E
i
^
i ^
I
E
6 -
M
j;
~ m ^
I^E
o
E
E
;fi
= s _
= 5 i
II
Jl
~ 8 ~
in
r^wvw
£
I.I
= 4 -
= |{ -
1
"Uteri
• CAHLE
*
23
~ o
i^E « s o w "
II 1!) lii ii
13
i s45
lilli
tn
B56 O57 B5>
BGO OH «2 B63 B84
BID B7I H72
90
Figure 3. Comparison of Sr in Bone of Bighorn Sheep, Deer, and Cattle.
-------
Table 4. Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1972 NTS Beef Tissues - fCi/kg wet weight
Tissue
Lungs
Tracheo-
Bronchial
Lymph Nodes
Muscle
Kidneys
Liver
Rumen
Contents
Reticulum
Sediment
Femur
238Pu
May
180
<720
<100
NA
<230
640
NA
<82
Oct
<140
<800
61
NA
<140
875
17000
<320
239Pu
May
1400
2700
71
NA
390
3600
NA
340
Oct
540
<400
80
NA
450
8000
68000
880
234U
May
240
NA
NA
630
120
1800
NA
400
Oct
260
2400
42
150
88.5
2400
220,000
490
235,
May
19
NA
NA
22
<30
44
NA
20
Oct
<10
<200
16
<20
<8
130
13000
.<60
238U
May
210
NA
NA
610
110
1700
NA
360
Oct
240
2100
34
140
64.5
2300
200,000
470
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
muscle, lungs, kidneys, liver, and femur. With the exception of the
40
naturally occurring K, gamma-emitting radionuclides were not detected.
All but two tritium levels were below the MDA. The positive values
were 480 ± 250 pCi/1 of tissue water and 510 ± 240 pCi/1 of tissue
water, respectively. Strontium-90 levels in the femurs averaged
2.9 pCi/g of ash.
Actinide analyses were performed on lung and femur tissues. The
data are presented in the tables of Appendix VI. Plutonium-238 levels
in both the lung and bone samples were below detectable limits. Three
239
of five lung samples contained detectable levels of Pu, with a range
of 280 - 810 fCi/kg of wet tissue. Two of five bone samples had
positive values, 670 ± 630 and 450 ± 230 fCi/kg of wet tissue,
respectively. These levels are slightly lowe'r than those reported
for NTS cattle sampled during October.
Horse
On May 31, a domestic horse, that had been maintained in the corrals
of Area 15 since 1964, died of malignant bile duct carcinoma (see
Appendix VII). The only gamma-emitting radionuclides found in its
tissues were naturally occurring K and 20 pCi/kg of Cs in the
muscle. The tritium content of the blood was 1800 ± 230. Strontium
and actinide levels of the various tissues are reported in Table 6.
239
The Pu levels in the liver and lungs were about ten times higher
than that reported for the grazing cattle.
NTS Predators
Two predators were collected from the NTS during 1972. A coyote
was shot on the Area 15 farm during November and a bobcat from Area 3
that died of natural causes during December. The analytical data for
the animals tissues are summarized in Table 7.
239
The Pu content of the bones from both animals was from one to
two orders of magnitude greater than detected in the bones of grazing
animals.
19
-------
Table 6. Actinide and Strontium Concentrations in Tissues from a Domestic Horse - 1972
Tissue
Bone
Liver
Lung
Muscle
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kq
<0.48
<100
<6
<100
<7.3
<80
<3
<20
239
^JyPu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
1.4 ± 0.48
300 ± 100
310 ± 32
5800 ± 600
310 ± 27
3400 ± 300
5 ± 2
40 ± 20
234(J
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
1.1 ± 0.33
230 ± 70
3.7 ± 2.0
71 ± 38
45 ± 8.2
500 ± 90
NA
235
"Du
fCi/g ash
fCi/kcL
<0.048
<10
<1.1
<20
6.6 ± 0.36
73 ± 4
NA
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
0.81 ± 0.33
170 ± 70
2.8 ± 1.7
54 ± 33
35 ± 6.4
390 ± 70
NA
89Sr
pCi/g ash
fCi/kg
<5.7
<1200
NA
NA
NA
90Sr
pCi/g ash
fCi/kg
3.3 ± 1.1
700 ± 230
NA
NA
NA
ro
o
NA = Not analyzed.
-------
from the Mississippi deer contained 2300 and 3100 pCi/kg, respectively.
Tissue concentrations similar to those found in the Mississippi deer
have been reported for whitetail deer in other areas of southeastern
United States.^21^
The median values of actinide levels in NTS mule deer are shown in
Table 5. Tissues from the Mississippi deer did not contain detectable
levels of 238Pu and 239Pu.
The blood of one of the deer (#3) contained 34 nCi/1 of 3H. This
deer was collected on Ram'er Mesa approximately 1.5-3 miles from
ponds that collect the drainage waters from E, T, and N tunnels in
Area 12. Water samples collected and analyzed in March by the
REECo, AEC prime support contractor, contained, respectively, 7500 nCi/1,
4400 nCi/1, and 100 nCi/1 of H. A water sample collected from the
N tunnel pond in November contained 120 nCi/1. Although the terrain
between the collection point and these ponds is rough, the ponds must be
considered as the probable source of the deer levels.
Desert Bighorn Sheep
Samples from seventeen desert bighorn sheep were collected during
1972. The analytical data are presented in Appendix V. Gamma-emitting
radionuclides in the rumen contents, lungs, and kidneys were at near
background levels. This was also true of the tritium levels.
One lung sample was collected and analyzed for plutonium content.
The data reported were <5.4 fCi/g ash (<150 fCi/kg wet weight) of
238Pu and 18 ± 8.2 fCi/g ash (500 ± 230 fCi/kg wet weight) of 239Pu.
238
Eleven bone samples were collected. The Pu levels were below
239
the MDA in all of these samples. The Pu content of eight of the
bone samples exceeded the MDA with a range of 1.5 - 17 fCi/g ash
(470 - 3800 fCi/kg wet weight) and a median of 4.6 fCi/g ash
90
(965 fCi/kg wet weight). As shown in Figure 3, the Sr content of
the bones averaged 4.9 pCi/g of ash. This compares with an average
of 5.8 pCi/g ash reported during 1971.
Buffalo
During October, tissue samples were collected from seven buffalo
from a refuge near Flagstaff, Arizona. Tissues collected include
17
-------
Table 5. Median Values of Actinide Levels in 1972 NTS Deer Tissues - fCi/kg wet weight
Tissue
Lungs
Muscle
Ki dney
Liver
Rumen Contents
Bone
238Pu
<90
<150
NA
<220
190
<495
239Pu
210
<85
NA
165
1450
500
234U
250
172.5
380
92
1200 '
350
235U
22
<12.5
80
<20
70
<30
238U
215
156
380
71
1100
330
00
-------
Table 7. Summary of Analytical Data from Tissues Collected from NTS Predators - 1972
Tissue
Bone
Coyote
Bone
Bobcat
Liver
Coyote
Liver
Bobcat
Lung
Covote
Lung
Bobcat
Muscle
Covote
Muscle
Bobcat
Urine
Coyote
Stomach
Contents
Coyote
Stomach
Contents
Bobcat
89Sr
pCi/g ash
. pC.i/kg
<5.2
-------
The coyote's urine contained 120 nCi/1 of H. During the summer
and fall of 1972, alfalfa was grown in the glass house of the Area 15
3
farm in hydroponic solution that contained 100 nCi H per ml of
solution. Perhaps the coyote drank some of this solution or devoured
rodents that had eaten the alfalfa while it was being air-dried
following harvest.
Goldfish
Goldfish were collected from the reservoir of Well UE-5-C during
July. Gamma-emitting radionuclides did not exceed the MDA's. The
H level in their tissues was near background; i.e., 600 ± 230 pCi/1.
Water
Certain natural springs and well reservoirs that might serve as
sources of water for wildlife were sampled during 1972. As shown in
Table 8 detectable levels of tritium were found in the waters of two
well reservoirs, 720 pCi/1 at UE-5-C and 250 pCi/1 at the Yucca Lake
well reservoir. As mentioned previously, the tritium level in the
drainage pond that collects runoff waters from N tunnel in Area 12
exceeded 120 nanocuries per liter. The only gamma-emitting radio-
nuclide detected was 190 pCi/1 of Ru in water from Oak Spring.
Necropsy and Histopathological Examinations
All sacrificed animals were necropsied and selected tissue and
lesion samples were collected for histopathological evaluation.
Animals that died from natural causes were also necropsied if a
prosector was available and histopathological specimens collected
if unaffected by post-mortem changes. The gross and microscopic
pathologies observed are summarized in Appendix VII. Also included
are the results of blood chemistry tests when performed.
The following comments were received from the pathologist that
examined the tissue collected from the NTS beef and deer herds.
22
-------
Table 8. Analytical Data of Waters from the NTS
Water
Source
Well UE-5-C Reservoir— Area 5
Cane Spring— Area 27
Tippipah Spring— Area 16
White Rock Spring— Area 12
Tubb Spring—Area 15
Oak Spring— Area 15
Capt. Jack Spring—Area 12
Green Spring— Area 7
Well 8 Reservoir— Area 18
Pahute C.P. Reservoir— Area 17
Yucca Lake Reservoir— Area 6
U-12-N Drainage Pond— Area 12
Gamma
Results
pCi/1
-------
"I do not believe any of the lesions found in this group of animals
are significantly different from what one would expect to find in a
normal population of the same age group." Some general comments follow:
Heart - Sarcocysts were seen frequently. A lymphocytic infiltrate
was seen in a few hearts and may be related to sarcocysts.
Ovary - Most of the ovaries appeared normal and active. A few
cystic lesions were seen.
Kidney - The mononuclear infiltrates seen frequently in these
kidneys are also commonly seen in other animals with the
same frequency. The significance of their presence is
unknown.
The anthracotic-like pigments reported in the coyotes lung were also
noted in the lungs of a coyote collected during 1971-.'' The reason for
this condition is unexplained but deserves further investigation.
The adenocarcinoma of the liver and kidney of a domestic horse was
the first adenocarcinoma reported from animals residing on the NTS.
Indeed, the incidence of bile duct carcinoma in horses has been described
as rare. '
Food Habits of Desert Bighorn Sheep
During the 1972 hunt, rumen samples from fourteen desert bighorn
sheep were obtained and the botanical composition determined. The species
composition of each animal's ingesta is listed in Appendix VIII and the
food habits are summarized in Table 9. The average composition of the
ingesta was 65% grasses, 34% shrubs, and 1% forbs.
Most of the grass species were unidentified as during the winter
months the foliage was desiccated and few fruiting structures remain.
The favored shrubs appeared to be Ephedra nevadensis (Nevada joint-fir)
and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush).
24
-------
Table 9. Food Habits of 14 Desert Bighorn Sheep in Nevada During
November and December 1972
Species
Grasses:
Unidentified grass
Poa sp.
HiTaria jamesii
Stipa sp.
Festuca sp.
Or.yzopsis hymenoides
Hordeum sp.
Bromus tectorum
Grass Subtotal
Forbs :
Eriogonum sp.
Unidentified forbs
Helianthus sp.
Sphaeralcea sp.
Phacelia sp.
Chaenactis sp.
Forb Subtotal
Shrubs:
Ephedra viridis
Cowania mexicana
Ephedra nevadensis
Unidentified shrubs
Artemisia tridentata
Ceanothus greggii
Ceanothus sp.
Cercocarpus intricatus
Yucca sp.
Coleogyne ramosissima
Pinus monophylla
Encelia sp.
Atriplex canescens
Shrub Subtotal
Volume %
60.2
1.4
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.4
0.1
Trace
64.9
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
Trace
Trace
1.0
11.1
7.3
6.7
3.8
3.5
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
Trace
Trace
Trace
34.1
Freq. %
100.0
28.6
50.0
21.4
21.4
21.4
7.1
7.1
85.7
35.7
14.2
7.1
7.1
14.2
21.4
57.1
64.2
64.2
64.2
21.4
21.4
28.5
7.1
14.2
7.1
7.1
14.2
No. of
Animals
14
4
7
3
3
3
1
1
12
5
2
1
1
2
3
8
9
9
9
3
3
4
1
2
1
1.
2
25
-------
Hypothetical Dose Estimates
Although meat from animals living on the NTS is not available for
consumption by the general public, the dose to a standard man based on
postulated consumption of the meat can be calculated. The dose esti-
mates are not presented as an implication of potential doses, but rather
to place the reported radionuclide concentrations in perspective. The
dose estimates are based on the techniques and parameters of the Inter-
national Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), • 3>24) tne maximum
observed concentrations of the radionuclides in edible tissues of the
cattle and deer sampled (summarized in Table 10), and the postulated
consumption of 500 grams (about one pound) of the meat each day for a
year. Table 11 indicates the doses resulting from these hypotheses.
The doses are the total dose based on an intake of one year.
The ICRP^23' and the AEC^25' present different dose criteria for
various parts of the body, based on estimates of relative radiosensi-
tivity. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement
( ?fi)
(NCRP)V ' recognizes this philosophy, but for the general population
recommends simplifying the guides, and uses the minimum guide (0.5 rem
per year for the whole body) for all body organs. The NCRP emphasizes
that this is a simplifying administrative decision, rather than a
reduction of the guides based on new technical information.
Table 10 presents a summary of the maximum observed concentrations
in edible tissues of the animals. The indicated error terms are the
two sigma counting error. The total analytical error or uncertainty
(2 sigma) for the plutonium and uranium results is estimated to be about
200 fCi/kg for results of several hundred femtocuries per kilogram, or
several times the indicated counting errors. Thus, values under several
hundred femtocuries have limited statistical significance. This may
239
explain what appears to be an anomaly in the low ratios between the Pu
OOQ
and Pu results. Plutonium-238 is present in the environment primarily
as a result of the burnup of the SNAP-9A power source. ' The
expected ratio is roughly 25, which is reflected by the numerous "less
(28 )
than" values in the data tables in the Appendices/ ;
26
-------
Table 10. Summary of Peak Radionuclide Concentrations in
Edible Tissues from NTS Cattle and Deer (pCi/kg)
V
137Cs
203Hg
238Pu
239Pu
234U
235U
238U
NTS Cattle May 1972
Liver Muscle
NA 4600 ± 280
ND 40
ND ND
<0.49 0.14 ± 0.14
0.93 ± 0.4 0.1 ± 0.07
0.39 ± 0.11 NA
0.036 ± 0.022 NA
0.31 ± 0.19 NA
NTS Cattle Oct 1972
Liver Muscle
NA 360 ± 240
32 50
590 ND
0.26 ± 0.088 0.20 ± 0.04
5.0 ± 1.9 0.38 ± 0.054
1.10 ± 0.22 0.09 ± 0.029
0.074 ± 0.054 0.048 ± 0.018
1.10 ± 0.20 0.084 ± 0.027
NTS Mule Deer 1972
Liver Muscle
NA 34,000 ± 540
40 24
ND ND
<1.0 <0.3
<0.4 0.1
0.29 ± 0.17 0.30 ± 0.10
<0.02 <0.02
0.27 ± 0.16 0.27 ± 0.10
ro
Tritium concentration was actually measured in blood.
NA = Not analyzed.
ND = Not detected.
-------
Table 11. Postulated Dose to Man Following Ingestion of Selected Tissues for One Year
Human organ for which Animal tissue contain- pCi/kg of
dose was calculated ing Maximum concentration tissue
3H
n
137Cs
203Hg
234U
238p|j
239
"yPu
Body water
Whole body tissue
Kidney
Bone
Bone
Bone
Deer blood13 assumed
tissue had equal
concentration
NTS cattle, muscle
NTS cattle, liver
NTS cattle, liver
NTS cattle, liver
NTS cattle, liver
34,000 ± 540
50
590
1.10 ± 0.22
0.26 ± 0.088
5.0 ± 1.9
uCi/year
ingested
6.2
0.0091
0.11
0.0002
4.7 X 10"5
-4
9.1 X 10 4
Rem/yCi
ingested
9.8 X
6.1 X
8.2 X
1.0
0.75
0.85
10"5 6.
10~2 5.
9c
10"^ 8.
2.
3.
7.
1
6
8
0
6
8
Rem
X
X
X
X
X
X
io-4
io-4
io-3
io-4
10"5
-4.
10 4
Percent
of 0.5 rem3
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
12
11
8
04 d
007
15
a 238 239 137
The doses from uranium and Pu, Pu, and to a lesser extent Cs, are not delivered with the 1-year
ingestion period. But, for simplification, the doses have been related to the guide for 1 year. The
doses for uranium and plutonium are actually for a 50-year period. The dose the first year after inges-
tion would only be about 1/50 of the indicated values.
The tritium concentration was for blood. It is assumed the muscle concentration (water plus organic)
per kilogram was equal to the blood concentration per liter.
cBased on effective energy of 0.12 MeV from Dillman,'29^ versus ICRP 2'23' value of 0.15 MeV.
The dose calculation for uranium was based on the observed concentration of U and the natural ratios
between the 234u, 235u, and 238y isotopes.
-------
The highest fraction of the postulated dose (Table 11) is due to
203 203
Hg. But it is speculated that the Hg value resulted from con-
203
tamination of the samples as a result of residual Hg from previous
experiments using the same facilities as those used for sacrificing
203
and sampling the animals. The Hg dose estimate is less than 2% of
0.5 rem/year. The next highest estimates are about 0.1% each for
tritium and Cs.
29
-------
SPECIAL STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS
Tatum Dome Test Site, Mississippi
In early January, the AIP was notified that the Tatum Dome Test Site
(TDTS) in Lamar County, Mississippi, was being returned to its original
owners. The AEC/NV requested that the AIP initiate an extensive
biological sampling of plants and animals of the area to document levels
1 pc
of radionuclides (especially Sb) that might directly or indirectly
enter the food web of man. Samples were collected in January and
February and consisted of both terrestrial and aquatic biota including
animals used by man for food in the local area: fish, rabbit, squirrel,
125
raccoon.» turtle, and quail. Analyses indicated the presence of Sb
in five species of vegetation; however, the levels reported are less than
that for the cleanup criteria for soil (no criteria exist for vegetation)
and in all probability the activity measured was surface contamina-
tion.'19'20^ Additional samples of garden produce (turnips, radishes,
rutabaga, mustard greens, onions), chicken eggs, pecans, and white-tailed
deer from areas on the periphery of the site were collected and analyzed.
No movement of Sb from the site area was revealed by these analyses.
Other radioisotopic levels reported in these samples are commensurate
with worldwide fallout data. These analytical data were published pre-
(19 20)
viously.v ' It was concluded that future authorized use of the TDTS
would result in no significant dose to man through the food web from
radionuclides produced by the tests conducted at the TDTS.
Roller Coaster Cattle Study
In February of 1972, three beef animals that grazed over the Roller
Coaster site of the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) were purchased, sacrificed,
necropsied, and sampled as part of the routine surveillance activities
of the AIP. Analysis of selected tissues from two of these animals
indicated the presence of elevated levels of plutonium when compared
to the baseline data collected from cattle from the Reno area during
1971. ' Additional studies were initiated to develop more complete
30
-------
data concerning actinide levels in cattle grazing on and near the Roller
Coaster site. The cattle sampled were from (1) a control herd from
Searchlight, Nevada; (2) the May sacrifice of the NTS herd; and (3) a
herd grazing in the Roller Coaster area of the TTR.
The analytical data and findings of this study were reported/ '
In general the uranium content of the tissues sampled was relatively
239
consistent among the three herds; however, the Pu was about 20 times
higher in femurs from the Roller Coaster cattle than in femurs from
the Searchlight cattle. On the other hand, this ratio was much lower
in edible tissues. The hypothetical maximum bone dose for a man
ingesting 250 g/day for 50 years was calculated to be 9,7 mrem from
beef muscle and 36.4 mrem from beef liver. The only other isotopes
detected in tissues were 90Sr, 131I, and 3H; although', 95Zr, 103Ru,
Ba, and Ce were frequently found in rumen contents.
Gnome Site Bioenvironmental Sampling
During October a bioenvironmental sampling program was conducted at
the Gnome site, Carlsbad, New Mexico, for the documentation of radio-
nuclide concentrations in plant and animal tissues. These concentrations
might have resulted either from radioactivity released during the Gnome
detonation of 1961 or from contaminated debris brought to the surface
during subsequent reentry activities. The data collected from this
study have been published/3*^ The levels of gamma-emitting radio-
nuclides resulting from detonation and reentry did not exceed the MDA
in the tissues of birds and animals sampled. Detectable levels of
tritium were found in the flesh of all animals sampled. Zirconium-95
and Ru were detected in certain grass samples but were thought to be
the result of worldwide fallout. Strontium-90 levels in the bones and
plant samples were also attributed to worldwide fallout. These data
indicated no radiological hazard to man through the ingestion of tissues
of wildlife that reside in the area of the Gnome site.
31
-------
NTS Spring Survey
During August 1972, eight natural springs located on the NTS were
surveyed to determine the wildlife use and water flow at each spring.
(o-l \
The details of the survey are reported elsewhere.v '
Other Activities
There were no livestock damage claims during 1972.
Aerial photography and infrared scanning were used in an attempt
to locate NTS deer during the winter months. One deer was identified
but ground search failed to verify. The lack of success was attributed
to the 2000-foot altitude of flight required because of safety considera-
tions and the wide temperature gradients between bare ground and snow
patches.
The off-site public relations program continued by direct contact
with ranchers, by lectures to civic organizations, and to groups touring
the Las Vegas or NTS facilities. During 1972, the objectives and
findings of the AIP were described to approximately 400 NTS visitors
who were part of 23 different tour groups.
32
-------
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Fountain, Edmund L. "Off-Site Animal Investigation Project. Fourth
Annual Report." Nevada Operations Office, U. S. Atomic Energy
Commission. Las Vegas, Nevada. (1961)
Smith, Donald D. and Kenneth R. Giles. "Animal Investigation Program
1969 Annual Report." SWRHL-102r. Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory. Las Vegas, Nevada. (1970)
Smith, Donald D. and Kenneth R. Giles.
1970 Annual Report." NERC-LV-539-16.
Center-Las Vegas, Nevada. (1974)
Smith, Donald D. and Kenneth R. Giles.
1971 Annual Report." NERC-LV-539-20.
Center-Las Vegas, Nevada. (1975)
"Animal Investigation Program
National Environmental Research
"Animal Investigation Program
National Environmental Research
Smith, Donald D. "Management History of the AEC Beef Herd -
1 June 1964 - 1 June 1969." SWRHL-80r. Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. (1970)
Leavitt, Verr D. "Soil Survey of Area 18, Nevada Test Site."
SWRHL-74r. Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas,
Nevada. (1970)
Brown, Kenneth W. and Benjamin J. Mason. "Range Survey, Area 18,
Nevada Test Site." SWRHL-52r. Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. (1968)
Smith, Donald D. and Ronald E. Engel. "Progress Report for the
Bioenvironmental Research May 22, 1964 through July 1, 1966, Part I.
Experimental Dairy Herd." SWRHL-55r. Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. (1969)
Smith, Donald D. "Status of the Bioenvironmental Research Experimental
Dairy Herd - July 1, 1966 through December 31, 1968." SWRHL-67r.
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. (1970)
Smith, Donald D. "Status of the Environmental Protection Agency's
Nevada Test Site Experimental Dairy Herd - January 1, 1969 -
December 31, 1970." NERC-LV-539-22. National Environmental Research
Center-Las Vegas, Nevada. (1973)
33
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11. Talvitie, N. A. "Radiochemical Determination of Plutonium in Environ-
mental and Biological Samples by Ion Exchange." Western Environmental
Research Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. Anal. Chem. 413,1827-1830.
(November 1971)
12. Talvitie, N. A. "Electrodeposition of Actinides for Alpha Spectro-
metric Determination." Western Environmental Research Laboratory,
Las Vegas, Nevada. Anal. Chem. 44, 280-283. (February 1972)
13. Johns, Frederick B. "Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Handbook of Radiochemical Analytical Methods." SWRHL-11. Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. (1970)
14. Smith, T. M., A. L. Lesperance, V. R. Bohman, R. A. Brechbill, and
K. W. Brown. "Intake and Digestibility of Forages Grazed by Cattle
on a Southern Nevada Range." Proceedings Western Section of
Animal Science. Vol. 19. (1968)
15. Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, S. C. Black, D. E. Bernhardt, and
R. R. Kinnison. "Tissue Burdens of Selected Actinides in Beef
Cattle On and Around the Nevada Test Site." NERC-LV-539-29.
National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada.
(1976)
16. Brown, K. W., 0. C. McFarlane, and W. F. Beckert. "The Behavior of
Mercury in Sandy Loam Soils." Presented at the 1974 Annual Meeting
of the Ecological Society of America, Tempe, Arizona, June 1974.
17. Moghissi, A. A., R. E. Stanley, A. L. Mullen, J. C. Wawerna, and
E. W. Bretthauer. "Metabolism of Tritium by Cattle." (to be
published)
18. "Radiation Alert Network, March 1972." Rad. Data & Reports 13.7
p. 407. (July 1972)
19. "Cleanup Summary Report - Tatum Dome Test Site Mississippi."
NVO-129. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Nevada Operations Office,
Las Vegas, Nevada. (June 1972)
20. "Final Clearance Report - Tatum Dome Test Site." NVO-410-20.
Environmental Sciences Department, REECo, Las Vegas, Nevada, (to
be published)
21. Cummings, S. L., J. H. Jenkins, T. T. Fendley, L. Bankert, P. H.
Bedrosian, and C. R. Porter. "Cesium-137 in White-Tailed Deer as
Related to Vegetation and Soils of the Southeastern United States."
Third National Symposium on Radioecology. Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
(May 10-12, 1971)
34
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22. Moulton, J. E. "Tumors in Domestic Animals." University of
California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. (1961)
23. International Council for Radiation Protection. "Permissible Dose
for Internal Radiation." ICRP Report 2. (1959)
24. International Council for Radiation Protection. "Evaluation of Radia-
tion Doses to Body Tissues from Internal Contamination Due to Occupa-
tional Exposure." ICRP Report 10. (1968)
25. "Standards for Radiation Protection." U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
Manual. Chapter 0524. (1968)
26. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. "Basic
Radiation Protection Criteria." (1971)
27. Hardy, E., P. Kreg, and H. Volchok. "Global Inventory and Distri-
bution of 238pu from SNAP-9A." USAEC Report. HASL-250. (March!,
1972)
28. Kreg, P. W. and B. T. Krajewski. "Plutonium Isotopic Ratios at
Rocky Flats." USAEC Report. HASL-249. (April 1, 1972)
29. Dillman, L. T. "Radionuclide Decay Schemes and Nuclear Parameters
for Use in Radiation-Dose Estimation." Medical Internal Radiation
Dose Committee. J. of Nucl. Med. Supplement No. 2. (March 1969)
30. Smith, Donald D. and Kenneth R. Giles. "Report of Bioenvironmental
Sampling at the Gnome Site, Carlsbad, New Mexico - October 1972."
NERC-LV-539-25. National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. (1973)
31. Giles, Kenneth R. "The Natural Springs on the Nevada Test Site."
NERC-LV-539-26. National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas,
Nevada. (1976)
35
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
APPENDIX
I. Minimum Detectable Activities for Radionuclide
Analyses, Technical Support Laboratory, National
Environmental Research Center-Las Vegas, Nevada 33
II-I. Lungs - NTS Cattle - May 1972 40
II-2. Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes - NTS Cattle -
May 1972 41
11-3. Muscle - NTS Cattle - May 1972 42
II-4. Kidneys - NTS Cattle - May 1972 ~ 43
II-5. Liver - NTS Cattle - May 1972 44
I1-6. Rumen Contents - NTS Cattle - May 1972 45
II-7. Bone (Femur) - NTS Cattle - May 1972 46
II-8. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - NTS Cattle - May 1972 47
III-l. Lungs - NTS Cattle - October 1972 49
III-2. Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes - NTS Cattle -
October 1972 50
III-3. Muscle - NTS Cattle - October 1972 51
III-4. Kidneys - NTS Cattle - October 1972 52
III-5. Liver - NTS Cattle - October 1972 53
II1-6. Rumen Contents - NTS Cattle - October 1972 54
111-7. Sediment in Reticulum - NTS Cattle - October 1972 55
III-8. Bone (Femur) - NTS Cattle - October 1972 56
III-9. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - NTS Cattle - October 1972 57
36
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES (cont'd)
Page
APPENDIX
IV-1. Lungs - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 59
IV-2. Muscle - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 60
IV-3. Kidneys - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 61
IV-4. Liver - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 62
IV-5. Rumen Contents - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 63
IV-6. Bone (Hock) - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 64
IV-7. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - NTS Mule Deer - 1972 , 65
V-l. Bone (Hock) - Desert Bighorn Sheep'- 1972 66
V-2. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1972 68
VI-1. Lungs - Buffalo - Flagstaff, Arizona - October 1972 71
VI-2. Bone - Buffalo - Flagstaff, Arizona - October 1972 72
VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied 73
Animals
VIII. Botanical Analysis of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen
Contents 1972 78
37
-------
APPENDIX I. Minimum Detectable Activities for Radionuclide Analyses,
Technical Support Laboratory, National Environmental Research
Center-Las Vegas, Nevada
The minimum detectable activities (MDA's) in terms of total activity per sample
for standard geometries and counting times are based on a combination of a
number of technical experiments and operational experience. By means of experi-
mentation the MDA has been defined as that activity which produced a
±100% deviation at the 95% confidence level. These values are applicable to
ideal conditions and simple complexes of nuclides. Complex spectra or spectra
showing naturally occurring radionuclides can raise the MDA's considerably.
Minimum Detectable Activities in pCi for Total Sample
Isotope
54Mn
65Zn
60CO
95Zr
103Ru
106Ru
124Sb
125Sb
132Te
131j
133j
137CS
140Ba
141Ce
144Ce
10-Min Count
Planchet
50
500
50
50
50
500
50
250
50
50
50
50
50
250
500
Planchet
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125
250
40-Min Count
400 ml 3.
40
400
40
40
40
400
40
200
40
40
40
40
40
200
400
5 liter
35
350
35
35
35
350
35
175
35
35
35
35
35
175
350
400 ml
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125
250
100-Min Count
1000 ml 3.
25
250
25
25
25
250
25
125
25
25
25
25
25
125
250
5 liter
22
220
22
22
22
220
22
no
22
22
22
22
22
110
220
38
-------
APPENDIX I. Minimum Detectable Activities for Radionuclide Analyses (cont'd)
10-Min Count 40-Min Count 100-Min Count
Isotope Planchet PTanchet 400ml 3.5 liter 400ml 1000ml 3. 5 liter
600 300 475 425 300 300 260
K* _ (L5 _ 0.3 0.4 0.4 _ 0.3 0.3 0.25
3H 0.2 pCi per ml of H90
89
Sr 5.0 pCi per sample
QO
Sr 2.0 pCi per sample
ooo
Pu 0.02 pCi per sample
OOQ
Pu 0.02 pCi per sample
39
-------
APPENDIX II-l. Lungs - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
iMEDIAN
RA'IOF
Da i ry
'Cow #6
Dairy
Cow #7
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
11 ± 6
370 ± 200
12 ± 8
180 ± 120
16 + 7
240 t 100
<4
<120
5 ± 3
97 ± 60
11
180
<4-16
97-370
4 ± 4
250 ± 250
<3
<240
fCi/g ash
fCi/kq*
42 ± 9
1400 ± 300
230 ± 30
3400 ± 450
160 ± 20
2400 ± 300
22 ± 8
660 ± 240
18 ± 4
350 ± 80
42
1400
18-230
350-3400
22 ± 5
1400 ± 300
9 ± 3
710 ± 240.
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
16 ± 4
530 i 130
38 ± 6
570 ± 90
16 ± 3
240 ± 45
8 ± 2
240 ± 60
4.7 ± 1.7
92 ± 30
16
240
4.7-38
92-570
6.7 ± 1.9
420 ± 120
4.7 ± 1.6
370 ± 120
fCi/g ash
fCi/kcf
<0.7
<23
1.3 ± 1.3
19 ± 19
0.76 ± 0.69
11 ± 10
1 ± 1
30 ± 30
<0.5
<9,7
0.76
19
<0.5-1.3
<9.7-30
<0.6
<37
<0.5
<39
fd/g ash
fCi/kg*
16 ± 3
530 ± 100
33 ± 5 .
490 ± 75
14 ± 3
200 ± 44
7 ± 2
210 ± 60
4.4 ± 1.6
86 ± 30
14
210
4.4-33
86-530
6.2 ± 1
390 ± 62
3.9 ± 1.5
310 ± 120
% ash
3.33
1.49
1.47
3.0
1.96
1.96
1.47-
3.33
6.24
7.94
Wet wt.
(kg)
1.02
1.54
1.36
1.00
0.97
2.42
3.01
Ash wt
(g)
34
23
20
30
19
151
239
Wet weight
40
-------
APPENDIX 11-2. Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
MEDIAN
RANGE
Dairy
Cow #6
Dairy
Cow #7
238Pu
fCi/g ash
<80
90 ± 80
200 ± 100
<80
<80
<80
<80-200
90 ± 80
<40
238Pu .
fCi/kg
<720
920 ± 800
1300 ± 60C
<580
<660
<720
< 580- 1300
850 ± 800
<420
239Pu
fCi/g ash
300 ± 100
4100 ± 400
6900 ± 600
130 ± 60
40 ± 40
300
40-6900
2300 ± 200
900 ± 100
239Pu
fCi/kg*
2700 ± 800
42000 ± 4000
44000 ± 4000
950 ± 400
300 ± 300
2700
300-44000
22000 ± 2000
9500 ± 1000
% Ash
0.90
.1.02
0.64
0.73
0.83
0.83
0.64-J
1.02
0.95
1.05
Wet wt
(kg)
0.041
0.036
0.033
0.041
0.042
0.038
0.058
Ash wt
(9)
0.37
0.37
0.21
0.30
0.35
0.36
0.61
Wet weight.
41
-------
APPENDIX 11-3. Muscle - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
MEDIAN
RANGE
Dairy
Cow #6
6Fetus
Dairy
Cow #7
238pu
fCI/g ash
3 ± 3
<3
<3
<3
<2
<3
<2-3
<4
<4
<20
fCi/kg*
140 ± 140
<100
-------
APPENDIX I1-4. Kidneys - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
MEDIAN
RANGE
)airy
Cow #6
)airy
:ow #7
23tJ
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
24 ± 9
110 ± 44
42 ± 17
490 ± 200
66 ± 10
720 ± 120 •
89 ± 13
870 ± 130
62 ± 11
630 ± 110
62
630
24-89
110-870
TOO ± 10
1000 ± 100
150 ± 10
1600 ± 100
"bll
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<4
<17
<3
<35
2 ± 1.9
22 ± 21
2 ±2
20 ± 20
<2
<20
2
22
<2-<4
<17-?35
4.6 ± 2.4
48 ± 25
6 ± 2.6
63 ± 27
2JB(J
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg *
20 ± 9
88 i 42
42 ± 17
490 ± 200
56 ± 10
610 ± 110
81 ± 13
790 ± 120
60 ± 11
610 ± no
56
610
20-81
88-790
80 ± 10
840 ± 100
150 ± 10
1600 ± 100
% Ash
0.44
1.16
1.09
0.98
1.01
1.01
0.44-
1.16
1.05
1.05
Wet wt
(kg)
0.45
0.43
0.46
•
0.46
0.42
0.42
0.47
Ash wt
(g)
2
5
5
4.5
4.26
4.4
4.95
Wet weight
43
-------
APPENDIX II-5. Liver - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
MEDIAN
RANGE
Dairy
Cow #6
Dairy
Cow #7
"8Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<9.6
<490
5 ± 5
260 ± 260
<4
<230
<2
<48
<3
<91
<4
<230
<2-<9.6
<48-<490
9 ± 4
240 ± 100
<4
<94
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
7.6 ± 4.5
390 ± 230
13 ± 7
930 ± 400
12 ± 5
700 ± 300
8 ± 3
190 ± 70
10 ± 3
300 ± 80
10
390
7.6-18
190-93
22 ± 5
590 ± 140
31 ± 6
730 ± 100
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
7.6 ± 2.2
390 ± 110
6.5 ± 2.3
340 ± 120
2.1 ± 1.1
120 ± 60
4 ± 1.5
95 ± 35
3.9 ± 1.3
120 ± 40
4
120
2.1-7.6
95-390
7.8 ± 2.1
210 ± 60
3.5 ± 1.5
82 ± 34
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.5
<30
<0.7
<36
<0.3
<17
1.5 ± 0.9
36 ± 22
<0.4
<12
<0.5
<30
<0.3-1.5
<12-36
<0.5
<13
0.59 ± 0.59
14 ± 14
Z38U •
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
6 ± 3.8
310 ± 190
5.4 ± 2.T
280 ± 110
1.5 ± 0.9
88 ± 55
2.3 ± 1.1
55 ± 27
3.6 ± 1.3
110 ± 40
3.6
110
1.5-6
55-310
6.3 ± 1.9
170 ± 50
2.6 ± 1.2
61 ± 28
% Ash
5.1
5.16
5.86
2.38
3.04
5.1
2.38-
5.86
2.70
2.36
Wet wt
(kq)
1.92
3.18
3.14
2,02
2.17
3.70
5.30
Ash wt
(g)
98
164
184
48
66
100
125
Wet weight.
44
-------
APPENDIX II-6. Rumen Contents - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
MEDIAN
RANGE
Dairy
Cow #6
Dairy
Cow #7
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
200 ± 100
3600 ± 2000
30 ± 10
640 ± 200
40 + 10
1000 ± 200
<5
<72
12 ± 8
170 ± 100
30
640
<5-200
< 72- 3600
120 ± 7
280 ± 200
<4
<55
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
800 ± 300
14000 ± 6000
170 ± 20
3600 ± 500
220 ± 20
5500 ± 600
140 ± 20
2000 ± 300
180 ± 20
2600 ± 300
180
3600
140-800
2000-14000
510 ± 50
12000 ± 1000
37 ± 9
510 ± 100
234U
fCi/g |sh
fCi/kg
190 ± 10
3400 ± 200
100 ± 9
2100 ± 200
74 ± 6.5
1800 ± 200
73 ± 9.6
1100 ± 100
70 ± 9.3
1000 ± 100
74
1800
70-190
1000-3400
1100 ± 36
26000 ± 90C
360 ± 25
5000 ± 400
. 235u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
8.5 ± 2.5
150 ± 50
2.1 ± 1.3
44 ± 27
1.4 ± 0.81
35 ± 20
5.3 ± 2.5
77 ± 36
4.6 ± 2.5
66 ± 36
4.6
44 '
1.4-8.5
35 ± 150
37 ± 6.4
870 ± 150
13 ± 4.3
180 ± 100
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
150 ± 10
2700 ± 200
95 ± 9
2000 ± 200
70 ± 6.1
1700 ± 200
70 ± 9.6
1000 ± 100
63 ± 8.7
910 ± 100
70
1700
63-150
910-2700
910 ± 33
21000 ± 800
340 ± 24
4700 ± 300
% Ash
1.79
2.12
2.12
2.49
1.46
1.44
1.79
1.44-
2.49
2.35
1.38
Wet wt
(kg)
3.13
4.86
3.21
3.50
4.50
3.27
3.90
Ash wt
(9)
56
103
80
51
65
77
54
Wet weight
45
-------
APPENDIX II-7. Bone (Femur) - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
MEDIAN
RANGE
Dairy
Cow #6
Dairy
Cow 47
24«pu
fC1/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.3
<59 •
<0.3
<85
<0.3
<82
0.5 ± 0.4
130 ± 90
<0.3
<75
<0.3
<82
<0.3-0.5
<59-130
<0.3
<75
0.5 ± 0.4
160 ± TOO
Zi»pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
1.7 ± 0.4
340 ± 80
3.3 ± 0.5
940 ± 200
2.2 ± 0.5
600 ± 100
1.1 ± 0.4
280 ± 90
0.9 ± 0.3
220 ± 80
1.7
340 •
0.9-3.3
220-940
1.2 ± 0.4
300 ± 100
0.8 ± 0.3
250 ± 100
z^mj
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
2 ± 0.3
400 ± 60
0.89 ± 0.23
250 ± 70
1.4 ± 0.3
380 ± 80
1.8 ± 0.3
460 ± 80
1.8 ± 0.3
450 ± 80
1.8
400
0.89-2
250-460
"
3.2'± 0.4
790 ± 100
5.2 ± 0.5
1600 ± 150
iiJbU
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
0.1 ± 0.07
20 ± 15
<0.05
<14
<0.04
-------
APPENDIX II-8. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations in
Tissues - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Rumen Contents
95 K g/kg
I52r pCi/kg
J^Ru pCi/kg
J°Ba pCi/kg
I41Ce pCi/kg
1.2
150
110
-------
APPENDIX II-8.
Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations in
Tissues - NTS Cattle - May 1972
Animal
No.
7
MEDIAN
RANGE
Rumen Contents
*\Zr pCi/kg
lu Ru pCi/kg
]2°Ba pCi/kg
mCe pCi/kg
2
-------
APPENDIX III-l. Lungs - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Unimal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<9.4
<160
<4.2
<68
<6.5
<170
<5.5
<99
<7.4
<140
<6.5
<140
<4.2-<9.4
<68-<170
239pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
31 ± 13
540 ± 220
13 ± 5.4
210 ± 87
35 ± 12
910 ± 300
46 ± 8.9
830 ± 160
11 ± 5.1
200 ± 97
31
540
11-46
200-910
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
SAMP
9.4 ± 4.0
160 ± 68
8.7 ± 3.8
140 ± 61
10 ± 3.8
260 ± 100
23 ± 7.2
420 ± 130
15 ± 5.2
290 ± 98
SAMP
10
260
8.7-23
140-420
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
LE NOT COLLECTED
<0.47
<8
<0.44
<7
<0.38
<10
<2.2
<40
<1.1
<20
.E NOT COLLECT
<0.47
<0.38-<2.2
<7-<40
9.4 ± 4.0
160 ± 68
8.1 ± 3.6
130 ± 58
9.2 ± 3.8
240 ± 98
22 ± 6.7
400 ± 120
14 ± 4.8
270 ± 92
ED
9.4
240
8.1-22
130-400
% Ash
1.7
1.6
2.6
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.6-2.6
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.644
1.207
0.965
1.028
0.779
Ash wt,
(g)
10.9
19.3
25.1
18.5
14.8
Wet weight
49
-------
APPENDIX III-2. Tracheo-Bronchial Lymph Nodes - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1EDIAN
RANGE
i
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
<20
<800
NA
<800
<120
<800
<80
<800
<95
<800
<20-<120
<800-<800
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
<20
<800
NA
<53
<400
<62
<400
<40
<400
<57.5
<400
<20-<62
<400-<800
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
SAMPLE
<400
33 ± 24
280 ± 200
750 ± 190
5600 ± 1400
370 ± 150
2400 ± 1000
270 ± 90
2700 ± 900
SAMPLE
270
2400
<11-750
280-5600
235u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NOT COLLECTED
<40
<100
93 ± 69
700 ± 520
<62
<400
<20
<200
NOT COLLECTEC
<200
<40-700
<400
24 ± 19
200 ± 160
670 + 170
5000 ± 1300
320 ± 150
2100 ± 1000
260 ± 90
2600 ± 900
260
2100
<11-670
<400-5000
% Ash
3.8
0.84
0.75
0.65
1.0
(J.84
0.65-3.8
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.03
0.04
0.018
0.017
0.025
Ash wt.
(g)
1.14
0.34
0.14
0.11
0.25
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
50
-------
APPENDIX III-3. Muscle - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
Fetus
#12
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<3.1
<24
10 ± 5.3
54 ± 28
<4.9
<31
8.3 ± 3.5
63 ± 29
23 ± 4.5
200 ± 40
12 ± 8
120 ± 80
9.1
61
<3.1-23
<24-200
<4.2
<88
239Pu
fCi'/g ash
fCi/kg*
13 ± 3.2
99 ± 26
5.5 ± 3.3
29 ± 17
6.1 ± 4.0
39 ± 26
46 ± 6.6
380 ± 54
8 ± 2.3
70 ± 20
<9
<90
8.5
80
5.5-46
29-380
3.4 ± 2.3
72 ± 48
234,
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<5.1
<40
6.3 ± 2.1
33 ± 11
6.9 ± 2.0
44 ± 13
4.6 ± 1.7
38 ± 14
10 ± 3.3
90 ± 29
5.2 ± 2.2
52 ± 22
. SAMPL^
5.5
42
<5.1-10
33-90
5.2 ± 2.4
110 ± 50
215
"°u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.25
<2
2.3 ± 1.2
12 ± 6.8
1.9 ± 1.1
12 ± 6.8
2.6 ± 1.3
21 ± 11
5.5 ± 2.0
48 ± 18
2.0 ± 1.0
20 ± 10
NOT COLLECT
2.45
16
<0.25-5.5
<2-48
<0.9
"=20
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<3.8
<30
3.8 ± 1.6
20+8.1
5 ± 1.7
32 ± 11
4.4 ± 1.7
36 ± 14
9.5 ± 3.1
84 ± 27
4.9 ± 2.1
49 ± 21
ED
4.1
34
<3.8-9.5
20-84
4.8 ± 2.3
100 ± 48
% Ash
0.79
0.52
0.64
0.82
0.88
1.0
0.73
0.52-l.C
2.1
Wet wt.
(kg)
2.788
2.874
2.491
2.553
2.280
2.520
0.484
Ash wt,
(g) 1
22
14.9
15.9
20.9
20.1
25.2
Wet weight
51
-------
APPENDIX 111-4. Kidneys - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
29 ± 5.6
350 ± 67
8 ± 3.5
120 ± 53
17 ± 4.5
190 ± 50
14 ± 3.5
150 ± 38
8.2 ± 3.1
90 ± 34
NA
14
150
8-29
90-350
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
2.0 ± 1.5
24 ± 18
<1.3
<20
<0.91
<10
<0.45
<5
2 ± 1.5
22 ± 16
NA
S/
<1.3
<20
<0. 45-2.0
<5-24
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
27 ± 5.2
330 ± 63
7.3 ± 3.3
110 ± 50
16 ± 4.5
180 ± 50
13 ± 3.3
140 ± 36
7.6 ± 2.9
84 ± 32
NA
iMPLE NOT COLLEC
13
140
7.3-27
84-330
% Ash
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
TED
1.1
1.1-1.5
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.493
0.458
0.469
0.467
0.473
0.475
Ash wt.
(g)
5.9
6.9
5.2
5.1
5.2
6.2
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
52
-------
APPENDIX 111-5. Liver - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
•
9
,
10
11
12
13
14
€DIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<7.4
<73
<7.1
<120
<4.8
<140
<18
<190
11 ± 6.4
110 ± 64
22 ± 7.3
260 ± 88
<4.9
<200
<7.4
<140
<4.8-22
<73-260
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
45 + 11
450 ± 110
11 ± 5.4
190 ± 90
<5.9
<170
490 ± 190
5000 ± 1900
21 ± 5.7
210 ± 57
66 ± 11
790 ± 130
20 ± 5.9
800 ± 240
21
450
<5. 9-490
<1 70- 5000
234u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
6.4 ± 3.1
64 ± 31
4.1 ± 2.2
69 ± 38
38 ± 76
1100 ± 220
3.3 ± 2.0
33 ± 20
11 ± 3.4
110 ± 34
17 ± 5.3
200 ± 64
NA
8.7
88.5
3.3-38
33-1100
235,
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.6
<6.0
<1.2
<20
2.6 ± 1.9
74 ± 54
<0.3
<3
<0.3
<3
<0.83
<10
NA
<0.7
<8
<0. 3-10.6
<3-<74
238U '
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
5.7 ± 2.6
57 ± 26
3.4 ± 1.9
58 ± 32
38 ±6.9
1100 ±200
3 ± 2
30 ± 20
7.1 ± 2.8
71 ± 28
15 ± 5.0
180 ± 60
NA
5.4
64.5
3-38
30-1100
% Ash
1.0
l -7
2.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
4.1
l.Z
1.0-4.1
Wet wt.
(kg)
1.406
1.252
1.264
2.182
3.815
2.696
0.462
Ash wt.
(g)
14.1
21.3
36.7
22
38.1
32.4
18.9
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
53
-------
APPENDIX II1-6. Rumen Contents - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
82 ± 20
2300 ± 570
37 ± 16
840 ± 370
30 ± 9.3
910 ± 280
53 ± 13
1700 ± 420
33 ± 10
750 ± 230
24 ± 8.9
680 ± 250
35
875
24-82
680-2300
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
680 ± 75
19000 ± 2100
230 ± 37
5300 ± 850
240 ± 25
7200 ± 760
310 ± 34
10000 ± 1100
380 ± 36
8800 ± 820
220 ± 20
6100 ± 550
275
8000
220-680
5300-19000
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
86 ± 14
2400 ± 380
100 ± 20
2400 ± 450
43 ± 12
1300 ± 350
190 ± 20
6100 ± 640
57 ± 10
1300 ± 240
86 ± 9.6
2400 ± 270
SAMPLE
86
2400
43-190
1300-6100
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
5.0 ± 3.0
140 ± 83
6.5 ± 5.2
150 ± 120
<0.67
<20
5.0 ± 3.0
160 ± 95
3.6 ± 2.7
83 ± 62
4.3 ± 2.1
120 ± 60
NOT COLLECTEt
4.7
130
<0.67-6.5
<20-160
238y
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
82 ± 13
2300 ± 36D
100 ± 18
2300 ± 420
4.0 ± 11
1200 ± 330
180 ± 19
5700 ± 600
52 ± 10
1200 ± 230
82 ± 8.9
2300 ± 250
i
82
2300
40-180
1200-5700
% Ash
2.8
2.3
3.0
3.2
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.3-3.2
Wet wt.
(kg)
1.557
3.334
3.322
3.699
2.496
2.754
Ash wt.
(g)
43.5
76.6
99.6
118.4
57.4
77.1
Wet weight
54
-------
APPENDIX II1-7. Sediment in Reticulum - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
<33
< 10000
300 ± 37
170000 ± 21000
31 ± 28
17000 ± 15000
<20
<4100
130+90
66000 ± 45000
33
17000
<20-300
<41 00-1 70000
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
180 ± 33
53000 ± 10000
410 ± 43
230000 ± 24000
130 ± 30
68000 ± 16000
<10
<2000
200 ± 120
100000 ± 60000
180
68000
<10-410
<2000-230000
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
730 ± 77
220000 ± 23000
540 ± 63
300000 ± 35000
24000 ± 1200
13000000 ± 650000
160 ± 16
32000 ± 3300
72 ± 5.8
36000 ± 2900
SAMPLE f
540
220000
72-24000
32000-13000000
50 ± 19
15000 ± 5700
23 ± 13
13000 ± 7200
870 ± 220
470000 ± 120000
3.8 ± 2.5
770 ±510
2 ± 0.98
1000 ± 490
WT COLLECTED
23
13000
2-870
770-470000
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
670 ± 73
200000 ± 22000
520 ± 63
290000 ± 35000
24000 ± 12000
13000000 ± 630000
150 ± 16
' 31000 ± 3200
68 ± 5.6
34000 ± 2800
520
200000
68-24000
31000-13000000
%. Ash
30
56
54
20
50
50
20-56
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.042
0.030
0.029
0.021
0.020
Ash wt.
(g)
12.6
16.8
15.6
4.2
10.0
in
in
Wet weight
-------
APPENDIX III-8. Bone (Femur) - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.9
<190
<1.2
<310
<1.9
<520
<1.9
<630
<1.3
<400
<0.93
<280
<1.2
<320
<1.2
<320
<0.9-<1.9
<190-<630
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
1.4 ± 1.2
300 ± 250
1.7 ± 1.1
450 ± 280
<2.4
<670
3.9 ± 1.0
1300 ± 330
4.4 ± 1.6
1400 ± 500
7.3 ± 1.9
2200 ± 570
3.4 ± 1.4
880 ± 370
3.4
880
1.4-7.3
300-2200
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
0.81 ± 0.62
170 ± 130
1.9 ± 0.92
490 ± 240
4.6 ± 1.4
1300 ± 390
1.4 ± 0.73
460 ± 240
1.1 ± 0.66
360 ±210
1.8 ± 1.0
550 ± 300
3.2 ± 1.4
840 ± 370
1.8
490
0.81-4.6
170-1300
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.29
<60
<0.38
<100
0.46 ± 0.36
130 ± 100
<0.18
<60
<0.09
<30
<0.3
<90
<0.12
<30
<0.3
<60
<0. 09-0. 46
<30-130
238(J
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
0.76 ± 0.57
160 ± 120
1.8 ± 0.88
470 ± 230
4.3 ± 1.3
1200 ± 360
1.3 ± 0.67
4ZO ± 220
1.0 ± 0.63
320 ± 200
1.7 ± 0.93
520 ± 280
3.0 ± 1.3
790 ± 340
1.7
470
0.76-4.3
160-1200
89Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
<3.9
<810
<3.8
<980
<3.5
<970
<4.5
<1500
<5.6
<1800
<6.7
<2000
<3.8
<1000
<3.9
<1000
<3.5-<6.7
<810-<2000
90Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
3.5 ± 1.1
740 ± 240
2.8 ± 1.1
720 ± 290
2.5 ± 1.0
690 ± 280
4.5 ± 1.2
1500 ± 380
2.8 ± 1.1
910 ± 360
5.3 ± 1.3
1600 ± 390
3.7 ± 1.0
950 ± 270
2.8
910
2.5-5.3
690-1600
% Ash
21.
26
28
33
32
30
26
28
21-33
Ca
mg/g
380
390
380
380
380
380
380
380
380-390
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.956
1.467
1.884
1.829
1.677
1.332
0.828
Ash wt.
(g)
200.7
381.4
527.5
603.6
536.6
399.6
215.3
Wet weight
-------
APPENDIX II1-9. Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
Kumen Contents
05 K g/kg
,J5zr pCi/kg
j^Ru pCi/kg
;;Cs pCi/kg
Ce pCi/kg
1.4
55
120
-------
APPENDIX III-9.
Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - NTS Cattle - October 1972
Animal
No.
14
MEDIAN
RANGE
Rumen Contents
95 K g/kg
103Zr
lUJpn
137
i j/P
141Ce
SAMPLE NOT
COLLECTED
5
42
135
40
140
1.1 -7.2
36-55
64-350
31-300
120-160
Liver
,„ Kg/kg
137.Cs pCi/kg
'UJHg pCi/kg
3.2
MDA
590
3.1
28
590
2.4-3.2
24-32
0.59
Lungs
K g/kg
SAMPLE NOT
COLLECTED
2.3
1.6-3
Thyroid
Gamma
Spectrum
Negligible
Gamma
Spectrum
Negligible
Gamma
Spectrum
Negligible
-------
APPENDIX IV-1. Lungs - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<30
<500
<4
<80
<4.3
<100
<5
<180
<4.6
<90
<4-<30
<80-<500
239Pu
fC1/g ash
fCi/kg*
<13
<200
10 ± 4
220 ± 80
13 ± 4.3
300 ± 100
5.3 ± 4.2
•190 ± 150
<11.5
<210
5.3-<13
190-300
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
6.4 ± 2.3
140 ± 50
16 ± 4.3
360 ± 100
NA
11.2
250
6.4-16
140-360
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
<0.45
<10
1.5 ± 1.2
34 ± 27
NA
<0.975
<22
<0.45-1.5
<10-34
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
5 + 2.3
110 ± 50
14 ± 4.3
320 ± 100
NA
8.5
215
5-14
110-320
% Ash
1.6
2.2
2.3
3.6
2.75
1.6-3.6
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.577
0.721
0.302
0.330
Ash wt.
(g)
9.2
15.9
6.9
11.9
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
59
-------
APPENDIX IV-2. Muscle - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Unimal
No.
1
2
3
4
€DIAN .
MNGE
•etus
#1
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<30
<300
<3
<200
<1.8
<100
<2.3
<54
<2.65
<150
<1.8-<30
<54-<300
<24
<600
239
JSPu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
10 ± 10
100 ± 100
<1
<90
<1.5
<80
<1.6
<36
<1.55
<85
<1-10
<36-100
<12
<300
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
5.5 ± 1.8
300 ± 100
2 ± 1.3
45 ± 30
3.75
172.5
2-5.5
45-300
NA
235u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
<0.36
<20
<0.22
<5
<0.29
<12.5
<0.22-<0.36
<5-<20
NA
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA -
NA
4.9 ± 1.8
270 ± 100
1.8 ± 1.2
42 ± 28
3.35
156
1.8-4.9
42-270
NA
% Ash
0.97
8.9
5.5
2.3
3.9
0.97-8.<
2.5
Wet wt.
(kg)
1.550
1.359
1.288
1.655
0.328
Ash wt.
(g)
IS
121
70.8
38.1
8.2
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
60
-------
APPENDIX IV-3. Kidneys - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
NA
NA
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
NA
NA
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
26 ± 13
380 ± 200
NA
NA
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
<5
<80
NA
NA
238, .
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA -
25 ± 13
380 ± 200
NA
NA
% Ash
NA
1.5
NA
NA
Wet wt.
(kg)
NA
0.203
NA
NA
Ash wt.
(g)
NA
3.1
NA
NA
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
61
-------
APPENDIX IV-4. Liver - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<30
<1000
3 ± 3
50 ± 50
<5.6
<200
<5.6
<240
<5.6
<220
3-<30
50- < 1000
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<12
<400
8 ± 3
120 ± 50
5.6 ± 5.6
200 ± 200
<3
<130
6.8
165
3-<12
120-<400
234u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
3.2 ± 1.6
52 ± 26
2.6 ± 1.7
92 ± 61
6.7 ± 4.0
290 ± 170
3.2
92
2.6-6.7
52-290
235
"°u
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
0.8 ± 0.8
13 ± 13
<0.54
<20
<0.47
<20
<0.54
<20
<0.47-0.8
13-<20
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
2.2 ± 1.1
36 ± 20
2 ± 1.5
71 ± 54
6.3 ± 3.7
270 ± 160
2.2
71
2-6.3
36-270
% Ash
3.4
1.6
3.6
4.3
3.5
1.6-4.3
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.769
0.978
0.468
0.876
Ash wt.
(g)
26.1
15.6
16.8
37.6
NA = Not analyzed
Wet weight
62
-------
APPENDIX IV-5. Rumen Contents - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg *
<25
<500
5 ± 5
100 ± 100
<2.5
<50
13 ± 9
280 ± 190
9
190
<2.5-<25
<50-<500
239Pu
fCI/g ash
fCi/kg
85 ± 25
1700 ± 500
60 ± 15
1200 ± 300
17 ± 4.5
340 ± 90
320 ± 36
6700 ± 750
72.5
1450
17-320
340-6700
234y
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg
NA
60 ± 10
1200 ± 200
17 ± 3.5
350 ± 70
170 ± 28
3600 ± 580
60
1200
17-170
350-3600
235,j
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
3.5 ± 2.0
70 ± 40
0.9 ± 0.75
18 ± 15
<4.7
<98
3.5
70
0.9-<4.7
18-<98
238u
NA
55 ± 10
1100 ± 200
16 ± 3.0
330 ± 60
140 ± 2.4
2900 ± 500
55
1100
16-140
330-2900
% Ash
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
Z.O
2.0-2.1
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.997
1.308
1.218
0.965
Ash wt.
(g)
19.9
26.2
24.4
20.3
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
63
-------
APPENDIX IV-6. Bone (Hock) - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
MEDIAN
RANGE
2
Ribs
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<2.4
<800
<5.3
<200
<0.43
<100
<2.5
<790
<2.45
<495
<0.43-<5.3
<100-<800
6 ± 2
600 ± 200
9 -50
"yPu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
8.8 ± 2.9
300 ± 100
1.1 ±0.53
400 ± 200
2.6 ± 0.87
600 ± 200
11 ± 2.9
3500 ± 890
5.7
500
1.1-11
300-3500
2 ± 0.9
200 ± 90
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
0.3 ± 0.2
110 ± 80
1.5 ± 0.39
350 ± 90
16 ± 4.2
5000 + 1300
1.5
350
0.3-16
110-5000
0.5 ± 0.25
540 ± 250
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
<0.07
<30
<0.087
<20
<0.65
<200
~<0.08/
<30
<0.07-<0.65
<20-<200
<0.06
<6
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
0.3 ± 0.2
110 ± 80
1.4 ± 0.39
330 ± 90
15 ± 3.9
4800 ± 1200
1.4
330
0.3-15
110-4800
0.44 ± 0.23
440 ± 230
89Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
<2.6
<880
<2
<210
<2.4
<560
<2.5
<760
<2.45
<620
<2-<2.6
<210-<880
<2
<210
9°Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
3.8 ± 1.2
1300 ± 420
4 ± 1
410 ± 110
2.6 ± 1.1
600 ± 250
2.3 ± 0.9
700 ± 280
3.2
650
2.3-4
410-1300
4 ± 1
410 ± 110
% Ash
34
38
23
31
28.5
31-38
9.9
Ca
mg/g
370
360
360
380
365
360-380
286
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.239
0.355
0.595
0.664
0.665
Ash wt.
(g)
81.3
134.9
136.8
199.6
65.8
NA = Not analyzed
Wet weight
-------
APPENDIX IV-7.
Gamiia-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - NTS Mule Deer - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
Rumen Contents
95 K g/kg
lf),Zr pCi/kg
J|Ru pCi/kg
"jRu pCi/kg
JVBa pCi/kg
?'Ce pCi/kg
Ce pCi/kg
5.0
30
-------
APPENDIX V-l. Bone (Hock) - Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<2.1
<540
<2.9
<1000
<2.1
<660
<2.3
<530
<0.76
<190
<2.2
<720
<1.9
<670
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
5 ± 2.6
1300 ± 670
6.9 ± 2.1
2400 ± 720
1.8 ± 1.3
570 + 470
17 ± 3.2
3800 ± 740
2.9 ± 1.4
730 ± 360
<1.3
<420
<1.3
<460
234U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
7.7 ± 3.1
2000 ±810
10 ± 2.0
3500 ± 690
4.7 ± 1.9
1500 ± 600
16 ± 3.4
3600 ± 790
10 ± 2.2
2500 ± 550
12 ± 3.6
3800 ± 1200
5.7 ±2.0
2000 ± 690
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
SAMPL
<0.31
<80
SAMPl
1.1 ± 0.8
380 ± 280
SAMPL
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
89Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
E NOT COLLECTED
7.3 ± 3.0
1900 ± 770
<4.6
<1200
E NOT COLLECTED
9.1 ± 2.0
3200 ± 690
E NOT COLLECT
1
SAMPLE NOT COLLECT
<4.3
<1500
ED
ED
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
<0.63
<200
<0.43
<100
<0.4
<100
2 ± 1.6
660 ± 520
<0.57
<200
4.4 ± 1.7
1400 ± 560
15 ± 3.3
3400 ± 750
9.2 ± 2.1
2300 ± 530
11 ± 3.3
3600 ± HOC
5.4 ± 1.9
1900 ± 660
<3.4
<1100
<3.6
<820
<4.0 •
<1000
<5.2
<1700
<3.4
<1200
90Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
5 ± 1.1
1300 ± 280
3.4 ± 1.0
1200 ± 360
2.6 ± 0.97
820 ±310
3.9 ± 1.0
900 ± 240
4.4 ± 1.1
1100 ± 280
7.9 ± 1.5
2600 ± 500
3.4 ± 1.0
1200 ± 350
% Ash
26
35
32
23
25
33
35
Ca
mg/g
380
380
370
380
380
370
370
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.268
0.131
0.185
0.295
0.249
0.112
0.193
Ash wt.
(g)
69.7
45.8
59.2
67.8
62.3
36.9
67.6
CT>
-------
APPENDIX V-l. Bone (Hock) - Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal
No.
13
14
15
16
17
MEDIAN
RANGE
«..
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<0.87 -
<200
<2.1
<650
<2.2
<690
<1.2
<400
<2.1
<650
<0.76-<2.9
<190-<1000
2^0
"3Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
5.2 ± 1.7
1200 ± 380
1.5 ± 1.5
470 ± 470
4.1 ± 2.0
1300 ±630
<2.1
<710
2.9
730
<1.3-17
<420-3800
234U
fCi'/g ash
fCi/kg *
7 ± 1.3
1600 ± 420
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
O.b/ ± 0.43
130 ± 100
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
6.5 ± 1.7
1500 ± 400
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
1.2 ± 0.97
370 ± 300
2.8 ± 1.4
890 ± 440
7.6 ± 2.9
2600 ± 970
7.6
2000
1.2-16
370-3800
<0.32
<100
<0.31
<100
<0.88
<300
<0.57
130
<0.31-2
<80-660
1.1 ± 0.9
340 ± 280
2.6 ± 1.4
830 ± 440
7.1 ± 2.6
2400 + 900
7.1
1900
1.1-73
340-3600
89Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
<3.5
<800
<3.5
<1100
<4.7
<1500
<3.5
<1200
<3.6
<1200
<3.4-<5.2
<800-<1700
90Sr
pCi/g ash
pCi/kg*
4.0 ± 1.0
930 ± 240
4.5 ± 1.3
1400 ± 390
9.4 ± 1.6
3000 ± 520
5.3 ± 1.1
1800 ± 390
4.4
1200
2.6-9.4
820-3000
% Ash
23
31
32
34
32
23-35
Ca
mg/g
370
380
370
370
370
370-380
Wet wt.
(kg)
0.372
0.172
0.220
0.173
Ash wt.
(9)
85.6
53.3
70.4 :
1
58.8
1
en
-------
APPENDIX V-2.
Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Rumen Contents
95 K g/kg
103Zr pC1/k9
137Ru pCi/kg
141Cs pCi/kg
Ce oCi/ka
SAMPLE NOT
COLLECTED
1.4
220
510
190
-------
APPENDIX V-2.
Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1972 (cont'd)
l\nimal
No.
8
9
10
11
12
13
Rumen Contents
05 K g/kg
,*§Zr pCi/kg
J*Ru pCi/kg
J,'Cs pC1/kg
mCe pCi/kg
5.0
60
290
80
310
2.5
270
700
140
-------
APPENDIX V-2.
Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides and Tritium Concentrations
in Tissues - Desert Bighorn Sheep - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal
No.
14
15
16
17
MEDIAN
RANGE
Rumen Contents
95 K g/kg
"Zr pCi/kg
^Ru pCi/kg
JjCs pCi/kg
14 Ce pCi/kg
3.2
-------
APPENDIX VI-1. Lungs - Buffalo - Flagstaff, Arizona - October 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<23
<270
NA
<6.7
<74
<7.7
<75
<5.8
<67
<9.1
<82
<7.7
<75
<5.8-<23
<67-<270
239Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
71 ± 52
810 ± 590
NA
55 ± 8.8
610 ± 97
29 ± 11
280 ± 100
<3
<34
<4.9
<44
29
280
<3-71
<34-810
234y
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
SAHPL
235U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
E NOT COLLECTED
238U
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
% Ash
1.1
0.95
1.1
0.97
1.2
0.9
1.035
0.9-1.2
Wet wt.
(kg)
2.116
3.366
2.621
3.393
3.451
2.227
Ash wt.
(g)
23.3
31.9
28.8
32.9
41.4
20
NA = Not analyzed
*
Wet weight
71
-------
APPENDIX VI-2. Bone - Buffalo - Flagstaff, Arizona - October 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MEDIAN
RANGE
238Pu
fCi/g ash
fCi/kg*
<2.1
<590
<2.3
<870
<1.3
<480
NA
NA
NA
<1.1
<220
<1.7
<535
-------
APPENDIX VII.
* **
Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
Cattle
1 Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Clinical diagnosis
2 Necropsy findings
- No gross lesions observed
- Sarcocysts in cardiac and skeletal muscle,
peribronchial lymphoid cuffs in lung tissue.
Mononuclear infiltrate of kidney.
- Normal
Histopathologic findings -
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
Lungs emphysematous result of agonal
struggles.
Emphysema of lungs, mononuclear infiltrate
of kidney, cystic corpus luteum in ovary.
Normal
- No gross lesions noted
- Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, focal
pleural thickening in lungs.
- Normal
- No gross lesions noted
Histopathologic findings -
Congested spleen, sarcocysts in cardiac
muscle.
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
- Normal
- No gross lesions noted
- Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, lymphoid
peribronchial cuffs in lungs.
- Normal
- Advanced post-mortem changes, extreme
emphysema of all subcutaneous tissues,
advanced bloating. Rupture of left anterior
ventral surface of the rumen. A 3-month
fetus in uterus.
Histopathologic findings -
Clinical diagnosis
Not sampled as was advanced post-mortem
changes.
Tympanites (frothy bloat)
73
-------
* **
APPENDIX VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
(cont'd)
Cattle
10
11
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings -
Cyst on left ovary, low grade endometritis,
displaced hip, masculine head, displaced
tail head.
Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, mononuclear
infiltrate of kidney tissue, inactive
ovarian tissue.
Clinical diagnosis
8 Necropsy findings
- Nymphomania (cystic ovaries)
Histopathologic findings -
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Blood chemistry
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Blood chemistry
Clinical diagnosis
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings
Blood chemistry
Clinical diagnosis
No gross lesions noted except trauma
associated with bullet passage through
lungs, liver, and rumen.
No significant lesions, tissues showed
autolysis because of 2-3 hour delay
between death and necropsy.
Normal
No gross lesions observed
Sarcocysts of cardiac muscle
WBC - 5600/mm3, RBC - 7.5 x 106/mm3,
PCV .*- 33, Hgb g % - 9.
Normal
- No gross lesions observed
- Sarcocysts of cardiac muscle
- WBCC- 6700/mm3, RBC - 9.2 x 106/mm3,
PCV %- 41, Hgb g % - 12.
- Normal
- Plaque on lateral canthus of left
eye. A 30-day fetus.
- No significant lesions
- WBC - 5400/mm3, RBC - 6.4 x 106/mm3,
PCV % - 42, Hgb g % - 12.
- Normal
74
-------
APPENDIX VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
(cont'd)
Cattle
12 Necropsy findings - Plaque on nictating membrane of right eye,
fibrous adhesions between liver and
diaphragm. A 75-day fetus in uterus.
Histopathologic findings - No significant lesions
Blood chemistry - WBC - 4000/mm3, RBC - 7.5 x 106/mm3,
PCV % - 47, Hgb % - 14.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal
13 Necropsy findings - Several feet of rope in rumen, several
small liver abscesses (3 cm in diameter).
A 45-day fetus.
Histopathologic findings - Sarcocysts in cardiac muscle, chronic
dermatitis perhaps due to dermtftophytes.
Blood chemistry - WBC - 4000/mm3, RBC - 6.8 x 106/mm3,
PCV % - 43, Hgb g % - 13.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal
14 Necropsy findings - Not necropsied as prosector not available,
but abdomen greatly distended with gas.
Histopathologic findings - Not sampled
Blood chemistry - Not sampled
Clinical diagnosis - Tympanites (appearance and history)
Mule Deer
1 Necropsy findings - Trauma associated with passage of bullet
through lungs and heart, two feti, ticks
on skin and in ear.
Histopathologic findings - Mononuclear infiltrate in kidney tissue,
Blood chemistry - WBC - 6600/mm3, RBC - 19 x 106/mm3,
PCV % - 51, Hgb g % - 17.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal
75
-------
APPENDIX VII.
* **
Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
(cont'd)
Mule Deer
Necropsy findings
- Extensive trauma of abdominal viscera
with multiple fractures of ribs and
right legs as result of impact with
a motor vehicle—pregnant.
Histopathologic findings - Not sampled as advanced post-mortem
changes.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal--death from trauma
Necropsy findings - Muscle of lower portion of right rear
leg is pale, 2-cm star-shaped scar in
liver, trauma of bullet passage through
lungs.
Histopathologic findings - Sarcocysts in skeletal muscle.
Clinical diagnosis - Normal--may be showing a selenium
deficiency;i.e., "white muscle disease."
Necropsy findings - No gross lesions noted
Histopathologic findings - Sarcocysts in skeletal muscle
Clinical diagnosis - Normal
Buffalo
1 through 6
Hunter killed buffalo not necropsied or sampled for histopathologic
examination; however, no gross lesions were noted during the
butchering procedures. All appeared normal.
Desert Bighorn Sheep
Hunter killed desert bighorn sheep not necropsied or sampled
for histopathologic examination.
Horse
Necropsy findings
- Edema of prepuce, lower legs and other
ventral tissues, 6-8 liters of blood-
tinged ascites, ulceration of glandular
mucosa of stomach, gas^distended intestines,
76
-------
APPENDIX VII.
* **
Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
(cont'd)
Horse
Necropsy findings
(cont'd}
Hi stopathoTogi c findings -
Clinical diagnosis
right kidney is involved in a large necrotic
tumor mass approximately 40 cm by 30 cm.
This tumor mass is attached to the liver
which contains numerous metastases and
abscesses. Left kidney is hypertrophied.
Bladder contains 8 liters of urine. The
lungs contain areas of tumor metastases
and several small abscesses.
The neoplasm was an adenocarcinoma,
the liver tissue contains a bile duct
carcinoma. The lung showed bronchopneumonia.
The kidney and lungs-contain metastatic
neoplasm.
1) Malignant bile duct carcinoma.
2) Bronchopneumonia.
Bobcat
Necropsy findings
Hi s topathologi c fi ndi ngs
Clinical diagnosis
- Animal very thin. Left canine tooth missing,
incisors are worn--no other lesions noted.
- All tissues show autolysis.
- Cause of death undetermined—possibly
starvation associated with old age.
Coyote
Necropsy findings
Histopathologic findings -
Clinical diagnosis
Gastric contents consisted of milk and fecal
mixture from Area 15 liquid manure disposal
system. No gross lesions noted.
0
Lung has pigment accumulation similar
to anthracosis. Testis have no mature
sperm. No other significant lesions.
Normal—death from rifle bullet.
As reported by the senior author.
** As reported by Dr. Billy C. Ward, Department of Pathology, Washington State
University, Pullman, Washington.
77
-------
APPENDIX VIII. Botanical Analysis of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents - 1972
Animal
No.
1
2
Date Scientific
Collected Name
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
11/19/72 Unidentified grasses
Orysopsis hymenoides
Bromus teatorum
Eriogonum sp.
Ephedva nevadensis
Artemisia tridentata
Cowania mexioana
Common
Name
Indian ricegrass
Cheat grass
Buckwheat
Nevada joint-fir
Big .sagebrush
Cliff rose
Plant
Parts
Leaves & stems
Stems
Seed
Stems
Stems
Leaf
• Leaves & stems
% Compo-
sition
74
1
Trace
Trace
20
2
1
Unidentified shrubs
11/20/72 Unidentified grasses
Poa sp.
Unidentified forbs
Eriogonwn sp.
Ephedra nevadensis
Unidentified shrubs
11/20/72 Unidentified grasses
Festuca sp.
Unidentified forbs
Ephedra viridis
Ceraocarpus -intriaatus
Ceanothus gvegg-ii,
Pinus monophylla
SAMPLE NOT COLLECTED
Leaves & stem
fragments
Leaves & stems 33
Leaves & stems 7
Stem & fragments 2
Stems 1
Stems 54
Woody fragments 3
Leaves & stems 10
Leaves & stems 2
Stems & fragments 1
Mountain joint-fir Stems 84
Little leaf mahogany Leaves 2
Mojave buckbrush Leaves 1
Pinyon pine Leaves Trace
Bluegrass
Buckwheat
Nevada joint-fir
Fescue
78
-------
APPENDIX VIII. Botanical Analysis of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal
No.
Date
Collected
Scientific
Name
Common
Name
Plant
Parts
Compo-
sition
11/23/72 Unidentified grasses.
Hilaria jamesii
Efriogonum sp.
Ephedra viridis
Ceanothus greggii
Yucca sp.
Ceroocarpus intriaatus
Artemisia tridentata
11/25/72 Unidentified grasses
Hilaria jamesii
Eriogonum sp.
Helianthus sp.
Ephedra nevadensis
Coleogyne ramosissima
Encelia sp.
Atriplex canescens
Ceanothus sp.
Unidentified shrubs
11/26/72 Unidentified grasses
Stipa sp.
Orysopsis hymenoides
Unidentified forbs
Gall eta
Buckwheat
Mountain joint-fir
Mojave buckbrush
Yucca
Littleleaf mahogany
Big sagebrush
Gall eta
Buckwheat
Common sunflower
Nevada joint-fir
Blackbrush
Encelia
Four-winged saltbush
Buckbrush
Needlegrass
Indian ricegrass
Leaves & stems 14
Leaves & stems 3
Stems Trace
Stems, stem fibers 71
Leaves 6
Leaf fiber 4
Leaves 1
Leaves Trace
Leaves & stems 84
Leaves & stems 3
Seeds 1
Seeds 1
Stems 4
Stems 1
Seeds Trace
Stems Trace
Leaves & stems Trace
Leaves & stems 6
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stem
fragments
89
4
2
1
79
-------
APPENDIX VIII. Botanical Analysis of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents. - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal Date Scientific
No. Collected Name
8 11/26/72 Unidentified shrubs
Ephedra nevadensis
Cowania mexiaana
Ceroooarpus intrioatus
Artemisia tridentata
9 11/26/72 Unidentified grasses
Festuaa sp.
Hilaria jamesii
Hordeum sp.
Unidentified
Eriogonwn sp.
10 11/26/72 Unidentified grasses
Hilaria jamesii
Eriogonum sp.
Helianthus sp.
Ephedra nevadensis
Artemisia tridentata
Ephedra viridis
Unidentified shrubs
11 11/27/72 Unidentified grasses
Oryzopsis hymenoides .
Hilaria jamesii
Eriogonwn sp.
Sphaeraleea sp.
Ceanothus greggii
Ephedra nevadensis
Common
Name
Nevada joint-fir
Cliff rose
Littleleaf mahogany
Big sagebrush
Fescue
Gall eta
Foxtail
Compos itae
Buckwheat
Gall eta
Buckwheat
Common sunflower
Nevada joint-fir
Big sagebrush
Mountain joint-fir
Indian ricegrass
Gall eta
Buckwheat
Mallow
Mojave buckbrush
Nevada joint-fir
Plant
Parts
Leaves, stem
fragments
Stems
Stem fragments
Leaves
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Pappus
Stem fragments
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves
Seeds
Stems
Leaves & stems
Stems
Leaf fragments
Leaves & stems
Stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves, stellate
tomentum, seeds
Leaves & stems
Stems
% Compo-
sition
1
1
1
1
Trace
87
6
1
1
2
Trace
87
1
Trace
Trace
9
1
1
1
92
2
Trace
1
1
2
2
80
-------
APPENDIX VIII. Botanical Analysis of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal Date Scientific
No. Collected Name
11 11/27/72 Coleogyne ramosissima
Cowania mexiaana
12 11/29/72 Unidentified grasses
Poo. sp.
Eriogonum sp.
Phaoelia sp.
Artemisia tridentata
Cowania mexiaana
Unidentified shrubs
*
13 12/05/72 Unidentified grasses
Eilaria jamesii
Unidentified forbs
Cowania mexiaana
Artemisia tridentata
14 12/06/72 Unidentified grasses
Poa sp.
Festuoa sp.
Eriogonum sp.
Artemisia tridentata
Cowania mexiaana,
Ephedra nevadensis
15 12/17/72 unidentified grasses
Stipa sp.
Hilaria jamesii
Eriogonum Sp.
Chaenaatis sp.
Artemisia tridentata
Common
Name
Blackbrush
Cliff rose
Bluegrass
Buckwheat .
Phacelia
Big sagebrush
Cliff rose
Galleta
Cliff rose
Big sagebrush
Bluegrass
Fescue
Buckwheat
Big sagebrush
Cliff rose
Nevada joint-fir
Needlegrass
Galleta
Buckwheat
Pin cushion
Big sagebrush
Plant
Parts
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves, florets
Stems
Seeds
Leaves & stems
' Leaves & stems
Leaf and stem
fragments
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaf fragments
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Stems
Seeds
Leaves & stems
% Compo-
sition
Trace
Trace
76
2
Trace
Trace
12
9
1
6
1
Trace
89
4
71
10
3
Trace
14
1
1
67
7
5
1
Trace
15
81
-------
APPENDIX VIII. Botanical Analysis of Desert Bighorn Sheep Rumen Contents - 1972 (cont'd)
Animal Date Scientific
No. '- Collected Name
15 12/17/72 Ephedva nevadensis '
Unidentified shrubs
Cowania mexioana
16 11/18/72 Unidentified grasses
Stipa sp.
Poa sp.
Eriogonum sp.
Ceanothus sp.
Artemisia tridentata
Unidentified shrubs
Common
Name
Nevada joint-fir
Cliff rose
Needlegrass
Bluegrass
Buckwheat
Buckbrush
Big sagebrush
Plant
Parts
Stems
Stems & fragments
Stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & stems
Leaves & florets
Leaves & stems
Leaves
Leaves
Digested leaves
% Compo-
sition
2
2
1
53-
3
• 1
1
4
2
36
probably Ceanothus sp.
82
-------
DISTRIBUTION
1 - 40 Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
41 Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
42 Troy E. Wade, Asst. Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
43 Bennie G. DiBona, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
44 David G. Jackson, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
45 Arthur J. Whitman, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
46 Elwood M. Douthett, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
47 - 48 Ernest D. Campbell, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
49 - 50 Paul B. Dunaway, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
51 - 52 Mary G. White, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
53 Roger Ray, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
54 Robert W. Taft, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
55 Leon Silverstrom, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
56 John 0. Cummings, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
57 Bruce W. Church, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
58 - 59 Technical Library, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
60 Chief, NOB/DNA, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
61 Martin B. Biles, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
62 Tommy F. McCraw, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
63 Major General Joseph K. Bratton, Asst. Gen. Mgr., DMA, ERDA/HQ,
Washington, DC
64 Gordon F. Facer, DMA, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
65 James L. Liverman, Director, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
66 Robert L. Watters, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
67 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
68 L. Joe Deal, DOS, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
69 Charles L. Osterberg, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
70 Robert W. Wood, DBER, ERDA/HQ, Washington, DC
71 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
72 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
73 Wilson K. Talley, Asst. Admin, for Research and Development,
EPA, Washington, DC
74 William D. Rowe, Deputy Asst. Admin, for Radiation Programs,
EPA, Washington, DC
-------
75 William A. Mills, Dir., Div. of Criteria and Standards,
ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
76 Floyd L. Galpin, Dir., Field Operations Div., ORP, EPA,
Washington, DC
77 E. David Harward, Dir., Technology Assessment Div.,
ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
78 Albert C. Printz, Jr., Dir., Office of Technical Analysis, EPA
Washington, DC
79 Library, EPA, Washington, DC
80 Richard L. Blanchard, Dir., Radiochemistry and Nuclear
Engineering Branch, EPA, EMSL-Cincinnati, OH
81 Peter Halpin, Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
82 Paul DeFalco, Jr., Regional Admin., Region IX, EPA,
San Francisco, CA
83 James K. Channel!, Regional Radiation Representative,
Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA
84 Charles R. Porter, Dir., Eastern Environmental Radiation
Facility, EPA, Montgomery, AL
85 K. M. Oswald, Mgr., Health and Safety, ILL, Mercury, NV
86 Bernard W. Shore, ILL, Livermore, CA
87 James E. Carothers, ILL, Livermore, CA
88 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
89 Lawrence S. Germain, LLL, Livermore, CA
90 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
91 Mortimer L. Mendelsohn, LLL, Livermore, CA
92 J. C. Hopkins, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
93 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
94 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
95 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
96 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
97 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
98 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
99 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
100 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, TN
101 Leo K. Bustad, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington
State University, Pullman, WA
102 Leonard A. Sagan, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, CA
-------
103 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
104 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
105 Wesley E. Miles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
106 Robert C. Pendleton, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT
107 William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
108 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada, Reno, NV
109 Lloyd P. Smith, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
110 Verle R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
111 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Las Vegas, NV
112 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
113 Paul Lyons, Nevada Wildlife Research, Division of Archives,
Capitol Building Annex, Carson City, NV
114 - 140 Technical Information Center, ERDA, Oak Ridge, TN
(for public availability)
141 Deward W. Efurd, McClellan Central Laboratory, McClellan
Air Force Base, CA
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