NERC-LV-539-36 NERC-LV-539-36
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES FROM CATTLE GRAZING
NEAR THE ROCKY FLATS PLANT
by
D. D. Smith and S. C. Black
Farm and Animal Investigation Branch
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
Published February 1975
This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation
Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
*
Dr. Black is a Science Advisor, Immediate Office, Director, NERC-LV
-------
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the
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nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process
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privately-owned rights.
AVAILABLE FROM THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
PRICE: PAPER COPY $5.45 MICROFICHE $2.25
-------
NERC-LV-539-36 NERC-LV-539-36
ACTINIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES FROM CATTLE GRAZING
NEAR THE ROCKY FLATS PLANT
by
D. D. Smith and S. C. Black
Farm and Animal Investigation Branch
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
Published February 1975
This research was performed as a part of the Animal Investigation
Program under a Memorandum of Understanding No. AT(26-l)-539
for the
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
*
Dr. Black is a Science Advisor, Immediate Office, Director, NERC-LV
-------
ABSTRACT
Concentrations of uranium, plutonium, and americium were measured in
various tissues from ten cattle collected from a herd which grazed on a
pasture just east of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rocky Flats Plant,
Colorado. The plutonium concentrations were statistically equivalent to
those found in other herds grazing in areas where the plutonium in soil
was above the U.S. average level. The americium concentrations were
about % to % of the plutonium-239 concentrations in the same tissues.
The uranium concentrations in tissues were slightly higher than in most of
the other cattle herds studied thus reflecting the higher environmental
concentrations of uranium on the eastern slope of the Rockies. The
uranium and plutonium concentrations in lung and tracheo-bronchial lymph
nodes and calculations of expected concentrations from atmospheric
plutonium measurement suggest that inhalation contributes some fraction
of the exposure of the cattle. The levels of both uranium and
plutonium-239 found in the cattle are similar to those found in the
general U.S. population from fallout. Assuming a human consumes
500 grams/day of liver or muscle containing the maximum measured actinide
concentrations, the human bone dose accumulated in 50 years of ingestion
is estimated to be 0.02 rem, an insignificant fraction of the 8.5 rem
background dose accumulated by Denver residents in that time.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Mr. D. E. Bernhardt, Chief, Artificial
Radioactivity Section, Office of Radiation Programs, Las Vegas Facility,
who performed the hypothetical human dose estimates presented in this
paper.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 11
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
INTRODUCTION 1
Sample Collection 5
Analytical Methods 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8
DOSE CALCULATIONS 21
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 23
REFERENCES 25
APPENDICES 27
DISTRIBUTION
m
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Location of Cattle Grazing Area 3
2. Approximate Grazing Locations of NTS, Roller Coaster,
and Searchlight Cattle 4
3. Geometric Mean and Standard Error for Plutonium
Concentration in Various Tissues from Adult Cattle 15
239
4. Geometric Mean and 90% Interval of Pu in Human and
Rocky Flats Adult Cattle Tissues 16
IV
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Vital Statistics of Rocky Flats Cattle 6
2. Geometric Mean Actinide Concentrations in
Young Cattle - pCi/kg 10
3. Geometric Mean Actinide Concentrations in
Mature Animals - pCi/kg 12
4. Hypothetical Human Bone Dose Estimates 22
-------
INTRODUCTION
The Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) is located in Jefferson County, Colorado,
approximately 16 miles northwest of Denver. The physical description
of the plant and its environs has been published previously. ' The plant
began operating in 1953 processing plutonium, enriched uranium, and
(2}
depleted uranium/ ' It is primarily a radioactive metal fabrication and
chemical processing plant which includes foundries, fabrication shops,
chemical recovery and purification facilities and required support
activities.' '
From 1953 through 1970, the plant had released to the environment
about 41 mCi of plutonium through airborne effluents and 90 mCi through
liquid effluents. Accidental releases during a fire in 1957 and from
wind movement of contaminated soil prior to 1970 resulted in an estimated
300-2,600 mCi addition to the environment/ ' Plutonium releases during
1971 from both stack discharge and effluent water were a total of 1.0 mCi.
Total uranium releases which included relatively high concentrations of
naturally occurring isotopes were about 5 mCi. Although most of this
contamination was restricted to the RFP site, environmental monitoring
has indicated slight contamination of the soil which extends several
miles east and southeast of the plant/ '
As commercial cattle herds graze the natural vegetation immediately
outside the cattle fence around the RFP and drink water from streams
draining the RFP, it was decided to utilize certain of these animals as
biological monitors to determine the tissue uptake of plutonium and other
radionuclides. One of the streams used by the cattle carried the
effluent from the RFP sanitary system, which included low-level process
waste water until December 1973 when the process waste water was diverted
to on-site storage.
The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rocky Flats Area Office (USAEC
RFAO) funded the project and purchased the cattle, the USAEC Nevada
-------
Operations Office (USAEC NV) coordinated the project, the Animal Investi-
gation Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Environmental Research Center of Las Vegas (NERC-LV) was responsible for
transport, sacrifice, and sampling of the cattle. The LFE Environmental
Analysis Laboratories Division (LFE) of Richmond, California, conducted
the radionuclide analyses and Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company
(REECo) provided support services.
Arrangements were made by the USAEC RFAO to purchase ten animals from
a cattle herd that grazed a 900-acre native grass pasture adjacent to the
eastern edge of the RFP. (See Figure 1 for location of pasture.) The
history of this herd as related by the original owner was as follows:
Since their purchase 5 or 6 years ago, each cow had grazed the pasture
from mid-May to the end of October. They received no supplemental feed
and their drinking water came from Walnut Creek. The rest of the year
the cattle grazed in wheat, alfalfa, or corn fields near Brighton,
Colorado, where they were supplemented with locally harvested hay and
corn ensilage. The calves were born on the pasture land near the RFP
during late May or early June of 1973.
The history and vital statistics of cattle from other herds, Roller
Coaster, Nevada Test Site (NTS), and Searchlight, mentioned in this report
In c\
are described in other reports.v ' ' Locations of these herds' grazing
areas are shown on the map in Figure 2. The cattle samples from the
Reno, Nevada, area were collected at a slaughterhouse in Reno and no other
information is available for them. The Roller Coaster herd had access to
range contaminated with plutonium during the 1963 Roller Coaster series of
safety tests. The NTS herd grazes in an area containing the ground zeros
of several atmospheric nuclear tests conducted in the early 1960's. The
Searchlight herd grazes on a range which has been exposed only to world-
wide fallout and the natural radioactivity of its soil. The NTS and
Roller Coaster herds, though grazing areas which contain plutonium deposits
much higher than background, range over such a large area that their
plutonium exposure is erratic. The NTS herd does not have access to the
areas of highest contamination on the NTS. All the samples from these
herds were analyzed by the NERC-LV laboratory.
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DIRECTIONAL
WINDROSE
WALNUT CREEK
FOR 1971 MONITORING
AND HOLDING
GRAZING
AREA
GREAT WESTERN RESERVOIR
ACCESS
ROAD
WEST
ACCESS
ROAD
WOMAN CREEK
HOLDING
POND
CATTLE FENCE
MOWER RESERVOIR
INDIANA
STREET
Note-. Not to scale
Figure 1. Location of Cattle Grazing Area.
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Q.C. SMT.
TEMPIUTE /
HIKO '
ROLLERCOASTER
GRAZING AREAS
HANCOCK SMT.
I
I
SCOTTY'S JCT.
• AREA 15 DAIRY FARM
(NTS I NELLIS
3RAZING AIR FORCE
AREA
NTS
SPRINGDALE
LATHROP WELLS
INDIAN SPRINGS
CACTUS SPRINGS
FURNACE
CREEK
DEATH
VALLEY JCT.
PAHRUMP
LAS VEGAS
SHOSHONE
RIDGECREST
SEARCHLIGHT 1
GRAZING AREA
Figure 2. Approximate Grazing Locations of NTS, Roller Coaster, and
Searchlight Cattle.
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Sample Collection
The animals selected for sacrifice (five aged cows and five 1973 calves)
were corralled on November 13, 1973, and delivered to the NTS by NERC-LV
personnel. They were sacrificed and sampled on November 16, 1973. The
vital statistics of these animals are listed in Table 1.
Each animal was sacrificed by firing a .243 caliber bullet into the
brain. Immediately after death, each animal was exsanguinated by suspending
it from an overhead hoist and severing the jugular vein. Each animal was
necropsied and gross pathological conditions noted. The adrenals, eye,
heart, muscle, kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen, thyroid, gonads, and any
gross lesions were sampled and prepared for histopathologic examination.
Blood samples were collected for hematological examination. Tissues col-
lected for radioanalysis included muscle, bone (vertebrae and femur),
lungs, liver, kidneys, gonads, tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes, blood, reti-
culum sediments, and fetus (if present). Weights of these samples ranged
from a few grams for gonads, lymph nodes, and reticulum sediment to several
kg each for muscle, blood, bone, and liver. The samples were packaged in
plastic bags and frozen for shipment to LFE for analysis.
Analytical Methods
Upon receipt at the analytical laboratory, the sample was weighed, and
then carbonized and ashed to a white ash in covered beakers placed in an
ashing furnace maintained at 500°C. The ash was weighed and then
dissolved in hot acids. Tracers and carriers were added and equilibrated
with sample activity. Plutonium and americium were carried on CaF^-YF-
precipitate. The precipitate was dissolved with dilute HNCL and plutonium
lc\ •J
separated on an anion exchange column. ' Plutonium was eluted with
4N^ HNO, - 0.1 N_ HF. The anion exchange step was repeated with HC1 and the
plutonium was finally eluted with HC1-NH.I, which was converted to a diluted
HC1 solution for electrodeposition on a stainless steel disc for alpha ,
spectrometry measurement.^ '
The americium in the effluent from the first anion exchange column was
extracted with 50% Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-o-phosphoric acid in toluene. The
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Table 1. Vital Statistics of Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Age*
Group
•\£ y
•vis y
5 mos
5 mos
M8 y
5 mos
5 mos
•vlS y
5 mos
^18 y
Sex
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Breed
Hoi stein
Angus
Hereford X
Shorthorn
Hereford
Hereford X
Shorthorn X
Angus
Hereford
Hereford
Wt
(Kg)
440
330
100
110
350
93
100
348
82
398
Remarks
Grazed the range for 5% mos each
year for last 5 or 6 years.
Grazed the range for 5% mos each
year for last 5 or 6 years.
Spent entire life on the range.
Spent entire life on the range.
Grazed the range for 5^ mos each
year for last 5 or 6 years.
Spent entire life on the range.
Spent entire life on the range.
Grazed the range for S% mos each
year for last 5 or 6 years.
Spent entire life on the range.
Grazed the range for 5% mos each
year for last 5 or 6 years.
Age determinations made from tooth
the owner.
examination and from history provided by
-------
americium was back extracted with dilute HN03, coprecipitated with YF~,
oxidized with ammonium persulfate solution, and separated using a methanol -
/g\
HN03 system in an anion exchange column/ ' The americium was eluted with
dilute HN03 and electrodeposited on a platinum disc for alpha spectrometer
measurement.
The minimum detectable activity (MDA) for plutonium-239 and americium-241
reported by the analytical laboratory was 0.05 dpm/sample at 1 standard
deviation, based on a maximum 1,000-minute counting time.
An aliquot of the ash was used for uranium analyses. Total uranium
was determined by fluorimetry and isotope ratios in bone ash by mass spectro-
scopy. The bone samples were also analyzed for strontium-90 and blood
samples for tritium.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analytical data for individual samples presented in the appendices
are based on ashed weight. Because of differences in procedures, and in
individual samples, the percent ash from a given sample can vary widely.
Use of the fresh weight, especially where tissues are preserved in appro-
priate fluids to prevent drying, will minimize errors due to ashing.
Therefore, all the data were converted to fCi/kg fresh using the percent
ash figures provided by the laboratory for each sample. (See Appendix I.)
The uranium data are expressed in units of mass. Therefore, to compare
these with other data on bovine samples, the data were converted to pCi/kg
by using the radioactivity of uranium-238 in natural uranium (0.33 yCi/g
The first step, of course, was to test the data for deviation from the
isotope ratios that occur in natural uranium. If the deviation is not too
large, the total uranium in tissue samples can be converted to units of
radioactivity with little error.
poc
The mass spectrometric data in Appendix II show a U/ U average
ratio of 0.00672 for 20 samples of bone ash. In natural uranium this
ratio is 0.0072/0.9927 = 0.00725. Student's t-test can be used to test
the hypothesis that these two ratios are equal. The hypothesis is
rejected if:
C-R > S/V~n~ (tx)
where C = natural ratio = 0.00725
R = observed ratio = 0.00672
S = standard deviation of observed data = 0.0002
n = number of samples = 20
t = a value chosen arbitrarily
A
Choosing the 1% probability (tQ Q, ) for 19 degrees of freedom,
tQ Q, = 2.861 and putting the other values in the equation, the result is:
0.000533 > 0.000132
8
-------
Therefore, the probability is less than 1% that the two ratios are equal,
and we can state that the uranium-235 is about 7.3% less in these samples
than it is in natural uranium. However, this difference dose not signi-
ficantly affect the radioactivity due to uranium-238. Using the specific
activity of this isotope, 0.33 yCi/g of uranium, the activities shown in
Table 2 and 3 were calculated from the data in Appendix III-l. The values
used for comparison are the geometric means. In calculating the mean, all
results listed as
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Table 2. Geometric Mean Actinide Concentrations in Young Cattle - pCi/kg
Tissue
Rib
Femur
Vertebra
Kidney
Liver
Lung
*
TBLN
Muscle
Gonads
Blood
Retic. Sediment
Rib
Femur
Vertebra
Kidney
Liver
Lung
TBLN*
Muscle
Gonads
Blood
Retic. Sediment
Rocky
Flats
(1973)
**
0.5<5>
0.4<5>
1.72<5)
1.08<5)
0.67<5>
(C\
327(*>
75«3)
1C)
0.14IS)
23.8(5)
O.ll(5)
0.14<5)
/ ^ \
O.n'5)
0.17<5)
o.io<5)
4.6(5)
0.031 (5)
11.2(5)
0.012(5)
1.5(5)
Roller
Coaster NTS
(1972) (1972)
238U
o.os(4^~
0.16(4) 0.37(5)
0.13(4) 0.34(4)
0.06(3) 0.10(4)
0.13(4) 0.2l(3)
u.u,^
12.2(3)
239Pu
o.62(*r-
4.2(4) 0.35(5)
1.33(3) 0.38(5)
o.ig(4) o.69(3)
0.5l(4) 0.94(3)
0.02(4) 0.04(4)
1.8(3) "
NTS
(1973)
0.16")
0.34(3)
O.ll(2)
0.16<2)
(0\
0.93u;
(2)
0.08u;
187(3)
0.95^)
o.2g(3)
o.34(2)
0.23(2)
3.55(2)
0.08(3)
166(3)
Searchlight
(1972)
0.23(4)
0.46(4)
o.05(4)
0.2o(4)
in'4'
0.07<4'
o.is'4)
0.06<4>
o.os'4'
0.54<4>
0.04<4'
0.56'4>
10
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Table 2. Geometric Mean Actinide Concentrations in Young Cattle - pCi/kg
(contd
(contd)
Tissue
Femur
Vertebra
Ki dney
Liver
Lung
*
TBLN
Muscle
Gonads
Blood
Retic. Sediment
Rocky Roller
Flats Coaster NTS NTS Searchlight
(1973) (1972) (1972) (1973) (1972)
241.
Am
0.48(5>
0.046(5)
0.135(5)
0.032(5)
0.15<5)
(c.)
4.rb'
/ r* \
0.007lb'
8.6^)
/ r* \
0.005^b;
/ r- \
0.72(5)
Tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes
Ir
Number of animals sampled
**
11
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Table 3. Geometric Mean Actinide Concentrations Mature Animals - pCi/kg
Tissue
Rib
Femur
Vertebra
Ki dney
Liver
Lung
*» TBLN*
Muscle
Gonads
Blood
Retic. Sediment
Rib
Femur
Vertebra
Kidney
Liver
Rocky
Flats
(1973)
**
1.09(5)
1 c \
0.95(6)
1.03(6)
1.34(6)
0.19(6)
142(5)
219(3)
0.10(6)
15.l(5)
0.33(5)
/ r- \
0.56(5)
o.n<5)
0.65<5>
Roller
Coaster NTS
(1972) (1972)
0.2l(6)
0.42(6) 0.44(7)
0.12(6) 0.18(6)
0.05(6) 0.13(7)
0.19(6) Q>24(7)
1.02(6)
0.04(5)
18.9(6) 240(5)
3.65(6)
3.89(6) 0.86(7)
0.97(6) 0.51(7)
NTS
(1973)
H
0.37(9)
0.87(6)
0.05(8)
0.29(9)
1.08(9)
o.o6(4)
220(7)
239Pu
1.11(5)
1.07(9)
0.18(9)
Reno Searchlight
(1971) (1972) Human
0.63(6)
0.78(6) 1.8 (Bone)(a)
0.06(6)
0.13(6) o.33(a)
467(6)
0.19(6)
0.12(6) 0.24(6) 0.27(b) (Bone) 0.05(c)
0.27(b)
0.054(6) Q 15(6) 0_fi3(b) n_RQ(c)
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Table 3. Geometric Mean Actinide Concentrations Mature Animals - pCi/kg (contd)
Tissue
Lung
TBLN*
Muscle
Gonads
Blood
Retic. Sediment
Femur
Vertebra
Ki dney
Liver
Lung
TBLN*
Muscle
Gonads
Blood
Retic. Sediment
Rocky
Flats
(1973)
0.36^
5j(5)
0 022(5)
3jW
0.007(5)
76.4<5>
0.12(5)
0.14(5)
0.067(5)
0.15(5)
0.056(5)
1.4(5)
0.009(5)
2.9(3)
0.003(5
1.5(5)
Roller
Coaster NTS NTS Reno Searchlight
(1972) (1972) (1973) (1971) (1972) Human
0.73(6) 0.75(7) 0.99(9) 0.027(6) 0.11 (6) 0.36(b) 0.39(c)
4.47^) 1.34^ 12.0(8) 1.32(6) 0.35(6) 1.35(b)
0.06(6) 0.07(7) 0.03(9) 0.02(6)
0.45 - 4.5(b)
1.04(6) 38>3(7) 292(7) 2.89(6)
241Am
*
**
Tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes
•.
Number of animals sampled
(^Reference 26
^Reference 25
(c)
Reference 27
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This extreme range of values complicates any of the more common statis-
tical comparisons of the data. For example, using the assumed log-normal
distribution there is no significant difference in the log-normal mean values
between the Rocky Flats cattle and any of the other five groups by either
the t-test or the F-test.
Another technique for comparison is to use the mean and standard error of
the mean as shown in Figure 3. If the overlap using the range derived from
these two values is minimal or absent, then it may be assumed that another
sample would show the same differences. Using the log-normal values, the
tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes data for Rocky Flats adult cattle were greater
than those for Reno, Searchlight, and NTS 1972, no different than those for
Roller Coaster, and less than those for NTS 1973. The lung data for the
Rocky Flats adult cattle, based on this evaluation, were higher than the
Searchlight or Reno groups but less than the other three groups. It is
interesting to note, however, that the plutonium-239 data from the Rocky
Flats cattle (average age M8 years) is comparable to the data from non-
occupational ly exposed humans as shown in Figure 4. Here the human data
(25)
from report LA-4875K ' are compared to the cattle on the bases of the
geometric mean and the interval which includes 90% of the measured values.
Despite the contradictory statistical results, the data do suggest that
the Rocky Flats cattle had a higher exposure to plutonium than the cattle
from the Reno or Searchlight areas (background groups) and that this exposure
was within the range of exposure of cattle on and around the NTS. A more
definitive statement would require many more samples.
2
As a check on some of these data, if 0.61 nCi/m (about 1/3 the continen-
tal average reported in HASL-249) is used for the Searchlight, Nevada, soil
samples^ ' and if the Rocky Flats pasture had 5 to 10 nCi/m , ' then an
approximation of the inhalation exposure can be obtained from the soil con-
tent ratio, i.e., the Rocky Flats cattle could have had 8 to 16 times the
exposure of the Searchlight cattle. The ratios of tracheo-bronchial lymph
node concentrations (Rocky Flat/Searchlight) are 14.6 and 8.5 for mature and
juvenile animals, respectively, a reasonably close value.
14
-------
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o
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cu n>
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O
10
i n>
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to
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Q. -S
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O -S
a> o
n> o
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rt-
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c
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rt-
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ta
E* • • • M* • • • ••
• • • • •§• • • • »J
!•••••••• •!• •••*•*•••
^^^^^bk^A^^^nl^^UJI^HBijM^^^^V
GEOMETRIC MEAN
STANDARD ERROR
| ROCKY FLATS
SEARCHLIGHT
ROLLER COASTER
NTS 1972
NTS 1973
RENO
L*J_v»| !• •••••««•£•«••••••3
L^^^^^^^j ^^«^£i>»^-«ii»ij»ii*ii»j^^^»^<^j
.01
0.1
1.0
10
239Pu-pCi/kg
-------
cr>
n>
-n CD
— ' a>
cu o
rt-3
10 (T>
O
n> n>
a>
m o>
W> 3
c CL
a>
(/) VO
• o
fD
T
ro
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to
c
3
m
0>
3
Q.
o
o
o
o
0.01
ISS^SS^^^^^
0.1
GEOMETRIC MEAN
ROCKY FLATS CATTLE
—I—
1.0
pCi/kg
10
9O% INTERVAL
100
HUMAN POPULATION
-------
There are several caveats which must be observed in any of these
comparisons. These should include:
1. Comparability of analytical procedures.
2. Suitability of the groups selected for comparison.
3. Type and duration of exposure.
The first problem arises because two different laboratories were involved.
The Rocky Flats data were provided by a commercial laboratory while all
other data were obtained from the NERC-LV laboratory. The second problem
arises because comparisons are being made on the basis of available data.
Better comparisons could be made only if extensive environmental exposure
data were available for each of the cattle herds involved. The third
problem is due to the operating procedures of the herd owners. For example,
the Searchlight and NTS herds graze the same area all year while the Rocky
Flats cattle graze the area of concern for only 5-6 months per year.
Ancillary to the first problem is the very low concentration of acti-
nides in the samples analyzed. For the Rocky Flats tracheo-bronchial lymph
node data, only three values are higher than the MDA. Since the analytical
laboratory reported some counts above background in those samples, it
appeared reasonable to use these values rather than the arbitrary % MDA
technique. If ^ MDA is used for the
-------
data, would be to increase the lung concentrations by some factor to correct
for the 3-day delay between removal of the cattle from pasture and sacrifice.
It has been reported that the clearance half-time from the naso-pharyngial
and tracheo-bronchial regions of the lung may be less than 24 hours for
insoluble plutonium; furthermore, 40% of that deposited in the pulmonary
region has a clearance time of one day.' ' For the other cattle groups,
sacrifice was generally within 24 hours, in a few cases within 48 hours.
However, five of the adult Roller Coaster animals, because of transporta-
tion problems, were not sacrificed until 3 days after capture. The effect
of the delay between capture and sacrifice on the plutonium concentration
in reticulum sediment and, even, the significance of this material with
respect to the animals' plutonium exposure are unknown at this time.
None of the above modifications has been used as the basic physiological
parameters for cattle are unknown. The data in the appendices are presented
as reported by the laboratory so any manipulations that the reader may
attempt will not be confounded by previous modification.
Inhalation exposure based on air sampler data would be very small. For
example, if a cow inhales 100 1 i ter/mi n v y and the average air concentra-
tion is taken as 0.019 fCi/m3 (May to November 1973 data from
station S-32),^ ' then the amount inhaled would be about 3 fCi/day. Since
only 14% of that' ' inhaled is retained with a long clearance time, then
0.42 fCi/day would be retained or 0.45 pCi for 6-years exposure of
180 days/year. For 3 kg of lung, this is about half the concentration
detected. Therefore, some of the plutonium detected in lung and tracheo-
bronchial lymph nodes may have come from inhaling dust during grazing.
There are several factors which complicate any attempt to explain
ingestion data. The plutonium concentration in water, for example, is
based on samples taken from Walnut Creek at Indiana Street (one boundary
of the cattle range) and may not represent the actual drinking water supply
of the cattle. Assuming a 40 liter/day intake" ' at the 1973 average
concentration of 3.1 fCi/liter suggests an intake of 125 fCi/day
_3
plutonium-239. Assuming an absorption factor of 10 , the 6 years of
18
-------
exposure would add only 0.14 pCi to the cow's body burden. There are no
similar data for the cattle discussed in the earlier study/ ' Similarly,
there are no data on the plutonium concentration in and on the Roller
Coaster vegetation. For the Rocky Flats study, the available data are
for vegetation from various locations as remote as 15 miles from the plant.
The 1972 geometric mean value for the RFP vegetation samples was
0.33 pCi/g dry weight or approximately 66 pCi/kg fresh weight, if 80% of
the weight was lost during drying. The fact that the vegetation was not
washed is an asset in this case as cattle do not wash their food.
There is little relevant data with which to compare the tissue concen-
trations of americium. These concentrations are about % to % the
plutonium-239 concentration in the same tissue whereas the only reasonably
close environmental samples were the water samples from Walnut Creek where
the plutonium concentration was about 8 times the americium concentration.
This suggests that americium uptake was higher than plutonium-239 uptake
as has been indicated by studies with experimental animals/ '
An interesting result, which requires further study, is the apparently
higher concentration of all actinides in gonadal tissue when compared to
muscle. This has been reported for plutonium/ ' Again, the small sample
sizes may have biased these results.
The strontium-90 levels detected in the bones of the Rocky Flats cattle
are reported in Appendix IV. The data from animal #7 are suspect and are
being reanalyzed by the analytical laboratory. If this value is discounted,
the range for femur samples is 2.0-5.8 pCi/g of ash with a median value
of 3.4 pCi/g of ash. This is the same median value found in range cattle
from the NTS during 1972.^
Tritium levels detected in the blood of the Rocky Flats cattle (see
Appendix V) ranged from 2,040 - 6,080 pCi/liter of available water. The
median value was 3,320 pCi/liter. These tritium levels resulted primarily
from the ingestion of water from Walnut Creek which was contaminated with
tritium during April and May of 1973. Tritium levels in water samples
collected during November 1973 by the State of Colorado Health Department
19
-------
from Walnut Creek at Indiana Street ranged from 2,400 pCi/liter to
12,600 pCi/liter with a median value of 7,800 p
The necropsy, histopathology findings, and hematologic data are sum-
marized in Appendix VII. As all the adult cattle were aged animals
selected by the owner for removal from the herd, four of the five cows
were barren, and a variety of pathology was found.
Adhesions and abscesses characteristic of long-standing traumatic
reticuloperitonitis (hardware disease) were a common necropsy finding.
This condition is caused by penetration of the stomach walls by
accidentally ingested wires, nails, etc.
The squamous cell carcinoma observed in one of the 18-year-old Hereford
cows is not considered significant as this is a frequent finding in aged
(19)
range cattle, especially those with non-pi gmented eyelids.v ' Hereford
cattle have the highest incidence of this condition of all beef breeds.^ '
This lesion was undoubtedly the reason this animal was culled from the
herd. No significant gross lesions were found in the calves.
A frequent histopathological finding was the presence of sarcocysts
in the heart and muscle. However, this is of little significance as
this ubiquitous parasite is commonly reported in cattle and other ruminants.
Other histopathological findings were usually characteristic of the general
condition of the individual animal; i.e., the amyloidosis in animal #1 is
almost always concomitant to a long-standing infection and suppurative
process; e.g., "hardware disease."
These animals were subjected to unusual stress, which included the
roundup and transport in a covered trailer for approximately 1,000 miles
through snow storms and freezing temperatures. Blood samples from
several of the animals showed a relative leucopenia with associated
lymphopenia and neutrocytosis which are characteristic of a stress con-
(21)
dition. ' The prevalence of diarrhea obser
of sacrifice is another indication of stress.
(21)
dition. ' The prevalence of diarrhea observed in these animals at time
20
-------
DOSE CALCULATIONS
Table 4 presents postulated bone dose estimates for human consumption
of tissue from the subject animals. Doses for several periods of ingestion
and dose integration are given. The maximum dose indicated is accrued
during ingestion of 500 grams of tissue per day for 50 years. The esti-
mates are based on the maximum concentrations of uranium, plutonium-239,
and americium-241 observed in the edible tissues, liver and muscle, and
assume the tissue concentrations remain constant throughout the total
period of ingestion.
The dose conversion estimates are based on the techniques and para-
meters of the International Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP).^ ' ' The doses are for human bone, the organ expected to
receive the largest radiation dose. The initial doses from americium-241
intake to the liver and kidney are greater than that for bone, but the
differences become insignificant for long time periods of ingestion or
dose integration.
The dose conversion parameters are given in Appendix VIII. Additional
information concerning the plutonium and uranium parameters is given by
Smith et al.^
Comparison with similar dose calculations from consumption of tissues
of maximum concentrations from cattle on and around the NTS reveals that
the dose from consumption of liver from the Rocky Flats cattle would be
(5)
four times greater from uranium and six times lower from plutonium-239. '
21
-------
Table 4. Hypothetical Human Bone Dose Estimates for Cattle Near Rocky Flats, Colorado
(Based on daily ingestion of 500 grams of tissue)
Animal Tissue
Liver #4
Muscle
Liver #5
Muscle #3
Liver #5
Muscle #7
Liver
Muscle
Maximum
Cone, in
Radionuclide Animal Tissue
Uranium 6.8 wg/kg
" No analysis
239Pu 1.32 pCi/kg
" " 0.21 pCi/kg
241 Am 0.582 pCi/kg
11 " 0.074 pCi/kg
Daily
Ingestion
3.4 yg*
—
0.66 pCi
0.105 pCi
0.291 pCi
0.037 pCi
mrem per
After
1 y Ingest ion
0.04
0.21
0.03
0.09
0.01
Total
0.34
0.04
50 Years
Accrued during
50 y Ingestion
14
—
5.2
0.83
2.3
0.29
Dose
22
1
mrem
Following
1 y Ingestion
0.06
0.004
0.0007
0.002
0.0003
per Year
Following
50 y Ingestion
0.43
0.21
0.03
0.09
0.01
rsj
ro
Dose calculation based on natural ratios of uranium-234, -235, and -238. Micrograms of uranium converted to
pCi of uranium-234 (0.339 pCi/yg).
-------
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Five aged and five young cows that grazed a pasture near the Rocky
Flats Plant were sacrificed and various tissues collected for measurement
of radionuclide concentrations. The analyses were for tritium,
strontium-90, uranium, plutonium-239, and americium-241.
The strontium-90, uranium-238, and plutonium-239 data were compared
to data from cattle herds that graze on and around the Nevada Test Site
and from herds located at Searchlight and Reno, Nevada. The data suggest
that the Rocky Flats cattle had tissue concentrations of plutonium-239
similar to those collected from the NTS and Roller Coaster herds and that
inhalation contributed some fraction of the exposure. The wide range of
concentration values among these various exposed cattle renders the com-
mon statistical comparison tests impotent so that more definitive
statements cannot be made about these data. The levels of both uranium
and plutonium-239 found in the exposed cattle are similar to those found
(25)
in the general U. S. human population from fallout. '
A major difference between the Rocky Flats cattle and the other cattle
groups, and one that possibly reduced their exposure to plutonium, was
that the exposure of the former group was only 5 to 6 months per year as
compared to continuous exposure for the latter groups.
The maximum plutonium concentration in edible tissues from the Rocky
Flats cattle if ingested by humans at the rate of 500 gram/day for 50 years
would contribute an estimated bone dose which, at most, is only 0.02 rem
from consumption of liver and 0.001 rem from consumption of muscle. This
is a small fraction of the background whole-body dose which is 8.5 rem
(94)
per 50 years in the Denver area. '
The geometric mean values of uranium concentration suggest that the
uranium uptake of the Rocky Flats animals was higher than for the other
groups, but this is attributed to the higher levels of uranium naturally
occurring in soil in the Front Range area.
23
-------
The strontium-90 concentrations in bone were similar to those found
in the other herds. The tritium concentration in blood from the Rocky
Flats cattle was consistent with the levels found in their drinking
water.
24
-------
REFERENCES
1. Dow Chemical U. S. A., Rocky Flats Division. (1973) Annual Environ-
mental Monitoring Report Rocky Flats Plant. Golden, Colorado.
2. Hammond, S. E. (1971) "Industrial-Type Operations as a Source of
Environmental Plutonium." LA-4756, pp. 25-35.
3. Radiat. Data and Reports 15, 227-308 (1974).
4. Smith, D. D., S. C. Black, D. E. Bernhardt, R. R. Kinnison, and
K. R. Giles. Tissue Burdens of Selected Actinides in Beef Cattle
On and Around the Nevada Test SiteiNERC-LV-539-29.(in preparation).
5. Smith, D. D., K. R. Giles, and D. E. Bernhardt. Animal Investigation
Program 1972 Annual Report. NERC-LV-539-35. (in press).
6. Wish, L. and M. Rowell. (1956) Sequential Analysis of Tracer Amounts
of Np, U, and Pu in Fission-Product Mixtures by Anion Exchange.
Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, USNRDL-TR-117.
7. Mitchell, R. F. (I960) "Electrodeposition of Actinide Elements at
Tracer Concentrations." Anal. Chem. 32, 326-8.
8. Hagan, Vovkisch I. and G. Arrhenius. (1963) "Ion Exchange in Mixed
Solvent." Talanta 10, 865.
9. Chart of the Nuclides. 10th Edition. General Electric Company,
December 1968.
10. Personal Communication from G. Huffman, Dow Chemical Company, December
1974.
11. Welford, G. A. and R. Baird. (1967) "Uranium Levels in Human Diet
and Biological Materials." Health Phys. 13, 1321.
12. Health and Safety Laboratory. (1972) Fallout Program Quarterly
Summary Report. HASL-249.
13. "Task Group on Lung Dynamics." (1966) Health Phys. 14, 177-207.
14. Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals. (1970) M. J. Swenson, Ed.,
Cornell University Press.Ithaca and London.
15. Morrison, Frank B. (1959) Feeds and Feeding. The Morrison
Publishing Company. Clinton, Iowa.
25
-------
16. Buldakov, L. A., et al* (1972) "Metabolism and Biological Effects
of Inhaled 24lAm and 239Pu in Dogs." Health phys. 22, 873.
17. Rosenthal, M. W., A. Lindenbaum, J. J. Russell, E. Moretti, and
D. Chladek. (1972) "Metabolism of Monomeric and Polymeric Plutonium
in the Rabbit; Comparison with the Mouse." Health Phys. 23, 231-238.
18. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII. (1974) Investi-
gative Report of the 1973 Tritium Release at the Rocky Flats Plant
in Golden, Colorado!
19. The Merck Veterinary Manual. (1973) Merck & Company, Inc.
Rahway, New Jersey.
20. Diseases of Cattle. (1963) American Veterinary Publications, Inc.
Santa Barbara, Caliform'a.
21. 'Schalm, Oscar W. (1965) Veterinary Hematology. Lea and Febiger.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
22. ICRP 10. (1968) Evaluation of Radiation Doses to Body Tissues
from Internal Contamination Due to Occupational Exposure.
International Commission on Radiological Protection.
23. ICRP 2. (1959) Report of Committee II on Permissible Dose for
Internal Radiation.
24. Oakley, Donald T. (1972) Natural Radiation Exposure in the United
States. ORP/SID 72-1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Radiation Programs, Surveillance and Inspection Division,
Washington, DC.
25. Campbell, E. E., et al. (1973) Plutonium in Autopsy Tissue.
LA-4875. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico.
26. Welford, George A. and Ruth Baird. (1967) "Uranium Levels in Human
Diet and Biological Materials." Health Phys. 13, 1321-1324.
27. Magno, P. J., P. E. Kauffman, and B. Shleien. (1967) "Plutonium in
Environmental and Biological Media." Health Phys. 13, 1325-1330.
26
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX Page
I. Total Ash Weights, Ash Percentage and Plutonium-236
Yield: Rocky Flats Cattle Tissue Samples 28
II. Uranium Content of Vertebrae and Femur from
Rocky Flats Cattle 32
III-l. Total Uranium in Tissues from Rocky Flats Cattle 33
III-2. Plutonium-239 Activity (fd'/g ash) in Tissues from
Rocky Flats Cattle 34
II1-3. Americium-241 Activity (fCi/g ash) in Tissues from
Rocky Flats Cattle 35
IV. Strontium-90 Levels in Bone from Rocky Flats Cattle 36
V. Tritium Levels in Blood and Muscle of Rocky Flats
Cattle 36
VI. Analytical Data on Tissue Samples from Rocky Flats
Cattle (as reported by LFE) 37
VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied
Animals 42
VIII. Dose Conversion Factors 43
27
-------
Appendix I. Total Ash Weights, Ash Percentage and. Plutonium-236 Yield:
Rocky Flats Cattle Tissue Samples
Animal
No.
Gonads
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TBLNf
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Blood
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Age
Group
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
a
a
0
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
Total Ash Wt
(g)
No Analysis
0.5
0.1
0.6
No Analysis
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
2.0
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
497
210
238
254
108
122
185
294
131
451
Ash Wt/Wet Wt
No Analysis
9.4
8.3
9.5
No Analysis
7.1
12.5
10.3
8.3
9.1
9.2
10
8.8
8.8
9.8
11
10
9.8
9.8
9.4
11
6.3
8.0
8.2
6.1
4.9
8.3
8.0
8.2
12
236Pu Yield
No Analysis
34
72
65
No Analysis
61
53
26
64
34
TT*
59
58
67
65
37
62
34
65
47
55
55
79
57
78
81
85
76
92
87
66
"76*
28
-------
Appendix I. Total Ash Weights, Ash Percentage and Plutonium-236 Yield:
Rocky Flats Cattle Tissue Samples (contd)
Animal
No.
Rumen
Sediment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Femur
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Kidney
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Age
Group
a
a
-j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
Total Ash Wt
(g)
47
64.7
1.9
9.1
49.6
2.2
15.5
49.1
3.3
46.4
310
166
139
158
205
126
168
212
120
304
190
120
59.1
37.2
112
25.1
42.0
92.0
29
142
Ash Wt/Wet Wt
(%)
24
36
9.4
15
30
4.5
10
31
5.6
24
27
24
21
21
29
18
26
28
21
29
9.7
12
15
9.8
12
11
14
10
13
12
Z36Pu Yield1
(«
46
36
42
60
47
50
79
09
32
15
32**
29
21
63
48
37
65
70
76
64
57
53**
43
40
61
57
60
73
67
64
66
65
w**
29
-------
Appendix I. Total Ash Weights, Ash Percentage and Plutonium-236 Yield:
Rocky Flats Cattle Tissue Samples (contd)
Animal
No.
Aqe Total Ash Wt
Group (g)
Ash Wt/Wet Wt
(%)
Z36Pu Yield
(%)
Vertebrae
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Lung
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
a
j
j
a
j
V
j
a
j
a
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
a
a
j
j
a
j
\j
j
V
a
j
V
a
236
219
96
140
244
233
180
230
59
300
286
202
107
92.0
163
103
48.1
367
180
342
25.6
31.5
22.8
19.0
36.3
22.4
21.7
50.9
17.6
25.3
19
16
23
15
17
11
13
19
15
22
8.2
9.2
12
9.2
5.9
14
6.0
13
25
10
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.7
1.0
0.9
1.7
1.3
0.8
50
70
68
44
32
56
43
53
64
62
54**
45 :
61
16
32
12
41
15
55
53
51
35**
23
22
61
06
11
19
16
27
20
36
24**
30
-------
Appendix I. Total Ash Weights, Ash Percentage and Plutonium-236 Yield:
Rocky Flats Cattle Tissue Samples (contd)
Animal
No.
Liver
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Age
Groun
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
Total Ash Wt
(g)
72.8
13.9
17.0
10.3
14.4
8.3
20.0
26.8
7.3
43.4
Ash Wt/Wet Wt
(%}
1.4
0.9
1.4
0.7
0.9
0.8
1.3
0.8
0.8
1.2
*3bPu Yield1
(%)
18
69
58
62
65
59
26
33
27
13
41**
** Pu added as tracer to determine yield of plutonium.
Geometric mean values of the yield for each tissue type.
Tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes.
a = adult animal.
j = juvenile (animal one year or younger).
31
-------
Appendix II. Uranium Content of Vertebrae and Femur from Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal No.
and
Age Group
1 a
2 a
3 j
4 j
5 a
6 j
7 j
8 a
9 j
10 a
Vertebrae
235U
ng/g ash
0.1006
±0.0012
0.0921
±0.0019
0.0706
±0.0011
0.0556
±0.0011
0.1938
±0.0026
0.0694
±0.0007
0.0428
±0.0011
0.1021
±0.0014
0.0389
±0.0006
0.0709
±0.0009
238U
ng/g ash
15.35
±0.12
13.31
±0.09
10.48
±0.10
7.92
±0.08
29.44
±0.25
10.21
±0.06
6.80
±0.07
14.76
±0.17
5.82
±0.04
10.67
±0.06
Total U
ng/g ash
15.45
±0.12
13.40
±0.09
10.55
±0.10
7.97
±0.08
29.64
±0.25
10.28
±0.06
6.84
±0.07
14.87
±0.17
5.86
±0.04
10.74
±0.06
Femur
235u
ng/g ash
0.0957
±0.0009
0.0399
±0.0005
0.0657
±0.0008
0.0468
±0.0009
0.1965
±0.0020
0.0585
±0.0009
0.0386
±0.0007
0.1093
±0.0009
0.0331
±0.0006
0.0669
±0.0009
238u
ng/g ash
13.93
±0.07
5.69
±0.04
9.89
±0.06
7.18
±0.05
29.61
±0.18
8.61
±0.08
6.08
±0.04
15.64
±0.08
5.01
±0.03
9.80
±0.07
Total U
ng/g ash
14.03
±0.08
5.73
±0.05
9.96
±0.06
7.23
±0.05
29.81
±0.19
8.67
±0.08
6.12
±0.04
15.75
±0.08
5.05
±0.03
9.87
±0.07
a = adult animal
j = juvenile (one year or younger)
32
-------
Appendix III-l. Total Uranium in Tissues from Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal No. i
and
Age Group
1 a
2 a
3 j
4 j
5 a
6 j
7 j
8 a
9 J
10 a
U - ng/g ash
Blood
2.01 X 10°
9.52 X 10"1
8.40 X 10"1
3.94 X 10°
9.26 X 10°
-------
Appendix III-2. Plutonium-239 Activity (fCi/g ash) in Tissues from Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal No.
& Age Group
1 a
2 a
3 j
4 j
5 a
Gonads
NA
69.3
586
19.8
NA
6 j <225
7 j
8 a
9 j
10 a
95.5
<147
240
11.5
Tracheo-bronchial
Lymph Nodes
26.3
20.2
67
30
34
96.1
30.4
39.3
41.0
565
Blood
0.071
0.059
0.64
0.35
0.31
0.058
0.23
0.051
0.36
0.074
Reticulum
Sediment
203
2.22
4.01
964
47.5
23.8
5.72
315
<8.9
2010
Femur
1.07
<1.14
0.37
1.73
1.62
0.62
0.38
1.13
<0.45
2.29
Vertebrae
2.48
3.35
1.13
1.51
5.87
0.60
<0.57
2.12
2.46
2.52
Kidney
2.65
0.32
0.77
1.12
1.66
1.88
0.076
0.40
4.27
1.52
Lung
2.16
3.8
0.23
0.35
5.61
0.60
1.86
3.70
5.28
5.81
Muscle
9.05
2.49
52.4
8.22
<1.35
<1.27
1.91
2.44
2.26
2.03
Liver
44.2
46.9
9.85
14.1
147
10
13.5
34.2
6.89
104
co
NA = Not analyzed.
a = adult animal.
j = juvenile (one year or younger).
-------
Appendix III-3. Americium-241 Activity (fCi/g ash) in Tissues from Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal No.
& Age Group
1 a
2 a
3 j
4 j
5 a
6 j
7 j
8 a
9 j
10 a
Gonads
NA
<67
288
21.5
NA
21
22.4
7.22
286
118
Tracheo-bronchial
Lymph Nodes
7.59
6
113
6.5
<16
102
<73
<56
50.9
60
Blood
0.019
<0.11
0.052
<0.09
0.11
0.092
<0.12
0.045
<0.17
0.048
Reticulum
Sediment
50.2
<0.41
<12
116
6.48
<10
3.56
<2.2
<8.9
54.4
Femur
0.47
1.06
0.23
0.29
0.42
0.47
0.14
<0.45
0.10
0.37
Vertebrae
0.27
0.35
<0.45
0.11
0.051
0.38
<0.57
<0.45
1
0.27
Kidney
0.43
0.76
0.91
0.04
0.47
1.65
<0.54
<0.25
94.8
4.12
Lung
0.21
NA
0.76
2.81
2.53
1.32
20.5
0.35
<0.13
0.83
Muscle
0.67
0.89
0.90
<4.7
0.96
0.54
0.55
<0.44
<1.53
0.52
Liver
4.94
15.2
3.87
1.33
64.7
4.99
3.24
11.8
<4.9
12.7
CO
en
NA = Not analyzed.
a = adult animal.
j = juvenile (one year or younger).
-------
Appendix IV. Strontium-90 Levels in Bone from Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal No. &
Age Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
a
j
j
a
j
j
a
j
a
Femur
(pCi/g ash)
3.8 ± 0.075
5.8 ± 0.23
2.6 ± 0.026
3.6 ± 0.073
2.5 ± 0.025
2.8 ± 0.083
0.34 ± 0.017
3.4 ± 0.067
4.0 ± 0.12
2.0 ± 0.039
Vertebrae
(pCi/g ash)
Sample lost
12.7 ± 0.25
Sample lost
Sample lost
3.1 ± 0.092
3.3 ± 0.098
Sample lost
3.6 ± 0.036
1.0 ± 0.031
1.8 ± 0.018
a = adult animal
j = juvenile (one year or younger)
Appendix V. Tritium Levels in Blood and Muscle of Rocky Flats Cattle
Animal No. &
Age Group
1 a
2 a
3 j
4 j
5 a
6 j
7 j
8 a
9 j
10 a
Blood
(pCi/ml)
5.37 ± 0.21
3.16 ± 0.16
2.8 ± 0.2
3.8 ± 0.19
5.75 ± 0.17
2.04 ± 0.16
5.07 ± 0.2
3.15 ± 0.19
2.6 ± 0.18
6.08 ± 0.18
Muscle Water*
(pCi/ml)
6.22 ± 0.19
3.59 ± 0.14
4.3 ± 0.17
6.05 ± 0.18
7.75 ± 0.15
3.75 ± 0.15
7.55 ± 0.15
5.4 ± 0.16
3.79 ± 0.15
5.64 ± 0.17
* Water removed from muscle by azeotropic extraction
a = adult animal
j = juvenile (one year or younger)
36
-------
Appendix VI. Analytical Data on Tissue Samples from Rocky Flats Cattle
(as reported by LFE)
Sample
Number
GONADS- 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LYMPH
NODES- 1
2
3
'4
5
6
7
8
9
10
239Pu
(dpm/g
ash)
Counting
(nCi/g ash)
Not Received
1.54x10"' 6
1.30x
4.40x
10°
io-2
5
1
Not Received
-1.81 x 10"' -8
2.12x10-' 9
-2.72 x KT'-'-l
5.33x
2.56x
5.83X,
4.48x
1.49x
6.67x
7.56x
2.13x
6.76x
8.72x
9. 10 x
1.25x
ID'1
io-2
ID'2
10-'
io-2
io-2
10-'
io-2
io-2
10~2
10°
2
1
2
2
6
3
3
9
3
3
4
.93 x
.86 x
.98 x
.15 x
.55 x
.23 x
.40x
. 15 x
.63x
.02 x
.70x
.00 x
.40x
.61 x
.04x
.93x
. 10 x
5.65 x
10'5
10-"
io-5
io-5
io-5
ID"4
ID'4
io-5
io-5
to-5
io-5
10'5
ID'5
io-5
10~5
io-5
io-4
Error
72
21
91
324
132
87
59
186
132
200
59
145
49
55
187
283
112
23
2iUAm
(dpm/g ash)
Not Received
-1.40x 10"'
6.39 x
4.73 x
io-1
JO'2
Not Received
4.66x IO-2
4.93 x 10-'
1.60x IO-2
6.29x
2.62 x
1.68 x
1.32x
2.50x
1.43 x
-l.lOx
io-1
10-'
ID"2
io-2
ID'1
io-2
io-»
(nCi/g ash)
-6.32 x
2.88 x
2.15 x
2. 10 x
2.24x
7.22 x
2.86x
1.18 x
7.59x
6.00x
1.13 x
6.50x
-4. 97 x
2.27x10-' 1.02x
0 ± 1.31 x 10"1 0 ± 5
0±7.
1.11 x
1.33 x
17X10"1
io-1
io-1
10'5
io-4
io-5
io-4
10"6
ID'4
io-4
10"6
10~6
ID'4
IO"6
io-5
io-4
.90x
Counting
Error
224
25
173
117
65
155
58
57
361
239
79
109
240
173
io-5
0 ± 3. 23x1 O-4
5.09x
6.00 x
io-5
io-5
98
332
37
-------
Appendix VI. Analytical Data on Tissue Samples from Rocky Flats Cattle (contd)
(as reported by LFE)
Sample
Number
239pu
(dpin/g ash)
BLOOD- 1
RUMEN
SED. -1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
*
1.70
1.31
1.42
7.80
6,88
1.28
5.04
1.13
8.02
1.65
4.51
4.89
8.89
2.13
1.05
5.27
1.27
6.99
-3.01
4.46
x ID'4
x IO-4
x 10"3
x 10"4
x ID'4
x 10~4
x lO"4
x 10'4
x KT*
x 10~4
x 10"1
x IO"1
x IO"3
x 10°
x lO'1
x 10"2
x 10~2
x 10'1
x ID"*
x 10°
Counting
(nCi/g ash)
7.67
5.92
6.42
3.51
3.10
5.77
2.27
* 10"8
x 10-8'
x 10"7
x 10~7
xlO'7
x ID'8
x 10"7
. 5.07.x 10"8
3.61
7.41
2.03
2.22
4,01
9.64
4.75
2.38
5.72
3.15
-1.36
2.01
x ID'7
x 10"8
x 10"4
x ID'4
x 10~6
x 10'4
xlO~5
x IO"5
x 10~6
x 10"4
x 10"5
x IO"3
Error
(%)
53
87
20
25
44
361
36
97
35
53
4
36
300
3
4
36
16
5
137
3
2»tiAm
(dpm/g ash)
4.26x
ID"5
0.0*2.34x10'*
'1.15x
-4.44x
2.35x
. 2.03x
-1.94x
9.96x
-1.72x
l.OSx
1 . 1 1 x
-3.14x
ID'4
IO"3
io-.4
10"4
10"4
io"5
io-4
io-4
io-1
io-2
0 ± 9.43X10"1
2.58x
1.44x
-4.00x
7.83 x
-4.23 x
-4.77 x
1.21 x
io-1
io-2
IO2
io-3
io-2
lO'1
io-1
Counting
(nCi/g ash)
1.94
x 10'8
0. 0±1. 05x10
5.19
-2.00
1 .06
9. 1.6
-8.75
4.49
-7.75
4.77
5.02
-1.41
x IO"8
x IO"6
x 10"7
x lO'8
x ID'8
x ID'8
x 10"8
x IO-8
x IO-5 ,
x IO"5
Error
(%)
110
-6
173
51
148
122
480
265
245
26
31
235
0 ± 4.25xlO"4
1.16
6.48
-1.8.0
3.56
-1.91
-2.15
5.44
x IO"4
x IO-6
x lO'5
x,10"6
x IO-5
x lO'4
x 10~5
17
93
224
83
169
64
11
38
-------
Appendix VI. Analytical Data on Tissue Samples from Rocky Flats Cattle (contd)
(as reported by LFE)
Sample
239pu Counting
Number (dpin/g ash)
FEMUR-1 2.38
2 -7.22
3 8.30
4 3.83
5 3.60
6 1.37
7 8.55
8 2.51
9 -1.76
10 5.09
BACK
BONE-1 5.50
2 7.45
3 2.52
4 3.35
5 1.30
6 1.34
7 -1.36
8 4.71
9 5.46
10 5.60
x 10"3
x 10"4
x 10'4
x 10~3
x 10"3
x 10"3
x 10'4
x 10"3
4
x IO"4
x 10"3
x 10"3
xlO"3
x 10"3
x 10"3
x 10"2
xlO"3
xlO"4
x 10"3
x 10"3
x 10"3
(nC
1.
-3.
3.
1.
1.
6.
3.
1.
-7.
2.
2.
3.
1.
1.
5.
6.
-6.
2.
2.
2.
i/g ash) Error
(%)
07 x
25 x
74 x
73 x
62 x
16 x
85 x
13 x
92 x
29 x
48 x
35 x
13 x
51 x
87 x
04 x
12 x
12 x.
46 x
52 x
10"6
10~7
10~7
lO'6
10"6
10"7
io-7
IO-6
io-8
IO"6
IO"6
10~6
10"6
10~6
10"6
io-7
lO'8
10"6
10~6.
IO"6
53
274
88
29
13
29
39
11
339
12
16
12
54
36
12
50
539
17
15
10
21+1Am
(dpm/g ash)
1.04x
2.35x
5.02 x
6.40 x
9.13 x
1.03 x
3.10x
-2.38x
2.20X
8.24x
5.95x
7.85x
-3.47 x
2.54x
1.14x
8.36 x
-2.12 x
- 1 . 22 x
2.22 x
6.09 x
io-3
10'3
io-4
io-4
10'4
ID'3
10"4
ID'3
ID'4
10-*
lO'4*
io-4
io-3*
io-4
IO"4*
io-4
ID'2
ID'3
ID'3
io-4
(nCi/g
4.
1.
2.
2.
4.
4.
1.
-1.
9.
3.
2.
3.
-1.
1.
5.
3.
-9.
-5.
1.
2.
66 x
06 x
26 x
88 x
15 x
68 x
40 x
07 x
91 x
74 x
68 x
54 x
56 x
14 x
13 x
77 x
53 x
49 x
00 x
74 x
Counting
ash)
io-7
10'6
ID'7
io-7
io-7
io-7
10"7
10'6
io-8
ID'7
10'7 *
IO"7
10~6*
io-7
10~8*
io-7
10~6
10'8
10"6
ID'7
Error
(%)
48
132
361
145
45
100
108
332
187
160
108
96
66
265
58
100
41
168
40
142
'Revised data.
39
-------
Appendix VI. Analytical Data on Tissue Samples from Rocky Flats Cattle (contd)
(as reported by LFE)
Sample
239Pu Counting 2«*iAm
Number (clpm/g ash)
KIDNEY-1 5.
2 7.
3 1.
4 2.
5 3.
6 4.
7 I.
8 8.
9 9.
10 3.
LUNG-1 4*
2 8.
89 x
15 x
72 x
^48x
68 x
18 x
68 x
81 x
47 x
37 x
80 x
43 x
3 5.05x
4 7.
5 1.
6 1.
7 4.
8 8.
9 . 1.
10 1.
70 x
24 x
33 x
14 x
21 x
17 x
29 x
io-3
io-4
ID'3
io-3
io-3
io-3
io-4
io-4.
io-3'
io-3.
io-3
io-3
io-4
io-4
ID'2
io-3
10"3
io-3
io-2
10-*
(nCi/g
2.
3.
7.
1.
1.
1.
7.
3.
4;
1.
2.
3.
65 x
22 x
75 x
12 x
66 x
88 x
57 x
97 x
«
27 x
52 x
16 x
80 x
2.27x
3.
5.
5.
1.
3.
5.
5.
47 x
61 x
97 x
86 x
70 x
28 x
81 x
ash) Error
(%)
10"6
io-7
io-7
10'6
io-6
io-6
io-8
io-7
ID'6
10"6
10"6
10"6
io-7
io-7
io-6
io-7
io-6
io~6
lO"6
io-6
11
39
33
52
60
73
538
100
23
18
9
5
203
67
13
37
53
6
7
4
(tlpm/g ash)
9.51 x IO"4
1.69x
2.01 x
8.80x
1.04x
3.67 x
10-'
io-3
10"5
10-'
10-'
0± 8.76 x 10"4
0± 2.25x 10"3
2.10x 10'1
9.15x
4.59x
Lost in
1.69x
6.25x
5.63 x
2.93x
4.54 x
7.85x
io-3
10'4
Chem.
io-3
10"3
io-3
io-3
io-2
ID'4
0 ± 4.46 x IO-3
1.84x
10"3
Counling
(nCi/g ash)
4.28
7.61
9.05
3.96
4.67
1.65
x 10'7
x 10"7
x ID'7
xlO-8
x 10'7
x IO"6
Error
(°.y
31
85
58
332
200
158
0 ± 3.94x ID'7 37
6 ± i
9.48
4.12
2.07
7.62
2.81
2.53
1.32
2.05
3.53
0 ± 2
8.31
l.OlxlO"6 31
x IO-5 120
x 10'6
x IQ"7
x 10"7
x 10"6
x 10'6
x 10'6
x 10'5
x IO-7
.01 x 10
x 10"7
64
238
105
61
71
154
94
283
-6
92
40
-------
Appendix VI. Analytical Data on Tissue Samples from Rocky Flats Cattle (contd)
(as reported by LFE)
Sample
Number (dpm/g
MUSCLES- 1 2.01
2 5.53
3 1.16
4 1.82
5 -5.88
6 -4. 56
7 4.24
8 5.41
9 5.02
10 4.52
LIVER- 1 9.81
2 1.04
3 2.19
4 3.13
5 3.27
6 2.22
7 2.99
8 7.60
9 1.53
10 2.30
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
239pu
ash)
10~2
io-3*
10-'
io-2
io-2
io-3
io-»
10"1*
io-3
io-3
icr2
10-'
io-2
io-2
lO'1
io-2
io-2
10"2
IQ-t
ID'1
Counting 24iAm
(nCi/g asli)
9.
2.
5.
8.
-2.
-2.
1.
2.
2.
2.
4.
4.
9.
I.
1.
1.
1.
3.
6.
1.
05 x
49 x
24 x
22 x
65 x
05 x
91 x
44 x
26 x
03 x
42 x
69 x
85 x
41 x
47 x
00 x
35 x
42 x
89 x
04 x
1076
IO-6
io-5
10~6
io-5
io-6
10'6
io-6'
10~6
io-6
10'5
io-5
10'6
io-5
io-«
io-5
ID'5
io-5
10~6
io-4
Error
r«)
43
* 79
6
108
49
235
111
" 18
137
51
11
8
17
20
5
28
18
9
106
7
(dpm/g ash)
1.'49
1.98
2.00
-2.54
2.11
1.18
1.23
-1.52
-5.11
1.14
1.10
3.37
8.60
2.93
1.44
1.11
7.14
2.61
-1.25
2.82
x ID'3
x IO"3
x lO^3
x 10'3
x 10'3
x ID"3
x 10'3
x 10"3
x 10"3
x 10"3
x 10"2
xlO-2
x 10~3
x 10"3
x IP'1
xJO"2
x 10-3
x ID'2
x 10~2
x ID'2
Counting
InCi/g ash)
6.71
8.92
9.03
-1.14
9.59
5.36
5.47
-6.85
-2.30
5.18
4.94
1.52
3.87
1.33
6.47
4.99
3.24
1.18
-5.65
1.27
x 10'7
x 10"7
x 10"7
x 10~6
x IO-7
x IO-7
x IO-7
x 10"7
x 10"6
x 10'7
x 10"6
x IO-5
x ID'6
x 10~6
x IO-5
x 10~6
x 10~6
x IO-5
x 10'6
x 10"5
Error
(%)
111
92
300
181
- 270
280
361
91
77
302
12
17
27
141
12
27
58
10
82
7
* Revised data.
41
-------
Appendix VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals
Animal No.
1 Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
A 440 kg, 8-year-oTa, lactating Hoi stein
cow, in poor to fair condition that has
diarrhea.
Fibrinous adhesions between spleen and
rumen, liver and diaphragm, reticulum
and diaphragm. Liver contains darkened
areas 1 cm in diameter.
Amyloid deposits in adrenal, liver,
kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes show
lymphoid hyperplasia, sarcocysts in
muscle. Comment—generalized
amyloidosis.
MCV/cu.y = 37
Hematocrit (%) = 29
Hemoglobin (g %) =10.5
RBC/cmm (X 106) = 7.88
WBC/cmm (X 103) = 9.4
Differential—Segmented Neutrophils 40%
Lymphocytes 56%
Eosinophils 3%
Monocytes 1%
Physical Description A 330 kg, aged (18 y) lactating Angus
cow, in fair condition with diarrhea.
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Mucogelatinous adhesions between reticulum
and diaphragm that contains a purulent
abscess 5 cm in diameter. Fibrinous
adhesions between spleen and rumen. Fibrin-
ous adhesions over an abscess 3 cm
in diameter.
Sarcocysts in heart and muscle, adrenal
shows melanosis, focal inflammatory
reaction present in liver. Spleen
shows hemosiderosis.
MCV/cu.y
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin (g %)
RBC/cmm (X 106)
WBC/cmm (X 103)
43
30
10.5
6.98
4.3
Differential--Segmented Neutrophils 59%
Lymphocytes 37%
Eosinophils 3%
Monocytes 1 %
42
-------
Appendix VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals (contd)
Animal No.
Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
A 100 kg, 5-month-olofemale Hereford
calf in good condition1 with diarrhea.
No gross lesions noted.
Diffuse hepatic lipidosis, focal lympho-
cytic infiltration of cortex of kidney.
MCV/cu.p
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin (g %)
RBC/cmm (X 106)
WBC/cmm (X 103)
33
35
12.9
10.54
5.8
Differential--Segmented Neutrophils 23%
Lymphocytes 71%
Eosinophils 4%
Monocytes 1 %
A 110 kg, female shorthorn cross calf
in good condition with diarrhea.
No gross lesions noted.
Peribronchial lymphoid aggregates in lung.
MCV/cu.p = 37
Hematocrit (%) = 42
Hemoglobin (g %) = 15.3
RBC/cmm (X 106) = 11.28
WBC/cmm (X 103) = 5.9
Differential--Segmented Neutrophils 40%
Lymphocytes 57%
Eosinophils 1%
Monocytes 2%
A 350 kg, 18-year-old Hereford cow in
fair condition with diarrhea.
An abscess 2 cm in diameter in liver
associated with fibrinous adhesions to
the diaphragm. Adhesions between
diaphragm and reticulum with penetration
of a piece of baling wire. Adhesion
between pericardium, diaphragmatic
lobe of the right lung, and'the diaphragm.
Cysts in kidney. Comment—traumatic
reti culoperi toni ti s.
43
-------
Appendix VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals (contd)
Animal No.
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Physical Description
Necropsy Fi ndings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Spleen shows hemosiderosis. There is chronic
inflamination of the liver, sarcocycts in
muscle, cysts in cortex of kidney, and ovaries
are inactive.
MCV/cu.y = 42
Hematocrit (%) = 30
Hemoglobin (g %) = 11.8
RBC/cmm (X 10&) =7.2
WBC/cmm (X 103) = 3.9
Differential—Segmented Neutrophi Is = 45%
Lymphocytes = 43%
Eosinophils = 7%
Monocytes = 5%
A 93 kg crossbred Hereford female calf in
good condition with slight diarrhea.
No gross lesions noted.
No significant lesion.
MCV/cu.y
Hematocrit (%)
Hemoglobin (g %)
RBC/cmm (X 106)
WBC/cmm (X 103) =
33
38 .
13.7
11.4
7.6
Differential--Segmented NeutrophiIs
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils =
Band Cells
A 100 kg 5-month-old female crossbred
shorthorn calf in good condtion.
Bruise over hip.
Sarcocysts in heart.
32%
64%
3%
1%
MCV/cu.p
Hematocrit (%)
Hemoglobin (g %]
RBC/cmm (X 106)
WBC/cmm (X 103)
41
41
14.7
10.02
10.10
Differential—Segmented NeutrophiIs
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
10%
89%
1%
44
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Appendix VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals (contd)
Animal No.
8 Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
"A 348 kg 18-year-old Angus cow
in good condition with slight diarrhea.
Thyroid thin and yellow tinged, fibrinous
adhesion between spleen and rumen; between
diaphragm. A cauliflower shaped mass
(1 cm X 5 cm) of liver tissue protudes
from dorsal surface of liver. Adhesions
between cardiac lobe of left lung and
diaphragm. Epicardium at apex of heart is thickened
and white. Uterus contains 3%-month-old
fetus.
Sarcocysts in heart and muscle. Spleen
shows hemosiderosis, adrenal shows
melanosis. Granulamatous nodule
(actinomycosis) in liver.
MCV/cu.y
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
RBC/cmm (X
WBC/cmm (X
43
29
11,
6.
3
68
g %) =
io6) =
103) = 7.78
Differential--Segmented Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
44%
54%
2%
A 82 kg 5-month-old female Hereford calf
in good condition. Slight diarrhea.
Mucoid exudate from nares.
No gross lesions noted.
No significant lesions
MCV/cu.u
Hematocrit (%)
Hemoglobin (g %'.
RBC/cmm (X IO6)
WBC/cmm (X IO3)
= 37
= 42
= 15
= 11.22
= 8.1
Di fferential —Segmented Neutrophi 1 s
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Atypical Lymphocytes
30%
66%
2%
2%
45
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Appendix VII. Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied Animals (oontd)
Animal No.
10 Physical Description
Necropsy Findings
Histopathologic
Findings
Hematologic Findings
A 398 kg 18-year-old Hereford cow in
fair condition. Has a lesion that
appears to be a squamous cell carcinoma
at medial canthus of left eye.
Bruise on right tuber coxae.
Sarcocysts in heart. Hemorrhage and
chronic pleuritis in lung. Chronic
capsulitis of liver. Hemosiderosis
present in spleen. Cystic follicles
in ovary.
MCV/cu.u = 42
Hematocrit (35) = 26
Hemoglobin (g -35) = 10.3
RBC/cmm (XI06) = 6.18
WBC/cmm (X 10s) = 3.10
Differential--Segmented Neutrophils = 29%
Lymphocytes = 47%
Eosinophils = 22%
Monocytes = 1 %
Basophils = 1%
46
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VIII. Dose Conversion Factors
Dose in mrem from: 23I*U a"Pu 2'*1Am
mrem accrued in 50-year
period after ingestion of 0.036
1 pCi/day for 1 year
mrem accrued during 50-year
period of ingesting 12
1 pCi/day
mrem/year* after ingesting Q 37
1 pCi/day for 50 years
mrem/year* after ingesting « 04g
1 pCi/day for 1 year
0.32 0.30
7.9 7.9
0.32 0.30
0.0063 0.0068
* Yearly dose rates are based on the dose rate at the stated time,
not the dose accrued during the subsequent year. This in only
important for uranium.
47
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DISTRIBUTION
1 - 20 National Environmental Research Center, Las Vegas, NV
21 Mahlon E. Gates, Manager, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
22 Robert H. Thalgott, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
23 Bennie G. DiBona, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
24 David G. Jackson, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
25 Arthur J. Whitman, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
26 Elwood M. Douthett, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
27 - 28 Paul B. Dunaway, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
29 Roger Ray, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
30 Robert W. Taft, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
31 Richard C. Amick, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
32 John 0. Cunmings, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
33 Bruce W. Church, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
34 - 35 Technical Library, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
36 Chief, NOB/DNA, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
37 Martin B. Biles, DOS, ERDA, Washington, DC
38 Tomny F. McCraw, DOS, ERDA, Washington, DC
39 Assistant General Manager, DMA, ERDA, Washington, DC
40 Gordon C. Facer, DMA, ERDA, Washington, DC
41 John R. Totter, DBER, ERDA, Washington, DC
42 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBER, ERDA, Washington, DC
43 L. Joe Deal, DOS, ERDA, Washington, DC
44 Charles L. Osterberg, DBER, ERDA, Washington, DC
45 Rudolf J. Engelmann, DBER, ERDA, Washington, DC
46 Harold F. Mueller, ARL, NOAA, Las Vegas, NV
47 ; Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD
48 Acting Assistant Administrator for Research and Development,
EPA, Washington, DC
49 William D. Rowe, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Radiation
Programs, EPA, Washington, DC
50 Dr. William A. Mills, Director, Division of Criteria and
Standards, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
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51 - 52 Charles L. Weaver, Director, Field Operations Division, ORP,
EPA, Washington, DC
53 E. David Harvard, Acting Director, Division of Technology
Assessment, ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
54 Dr. A. Gordon Everett, Director, Office of Technical Analysis,
EPA, Washington, DC
55 Library, EPA, Washington, DC
56 Chief, Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering, EPA, NERC-
Cincinnati, OH
57 Kurt L. Feldmann, Managing Editor, Radiation Data and Reports,
ORP, EPA, Washington, DC
58 Peter Hal pin, Chief, APTIC, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
59 Dr. J. Frances Allen, ORM, EPA, Arlington, VA
60 Paul DeFalco, Jr., Regional Admin., Region IX, EPA,
San Francisco, CA
61 Dr. James K. Channel 1, Regional Radiation Representative,
Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, CA
62 Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, EPA, Montgomery, AL
63 K. M. Oswald, Manager, Health and Safety, ILL, Mercury, NV
64 Dr. Bernard W. Shore, ILL, Livermore, CA
65 James E. Carothers, ILL, Livermore, CA
66 Howard W. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, CA
67 Lawrence S. Germain, LLL, Livermore, CA
68 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, CA
70 Charles I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
71 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
72 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, NM
73 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, NV
74 Savino W. Cavender, REECo, Mercury, NV
75 Carter D. Broyles, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
76 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
77 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
78 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
78 - 105 Technical Information Center, ERDA, Oak Ridge, TN
(for public availability)
106 Edward H. Fleming, DAT, ERDA, Washington, DC
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107 - 132 Rocky Flats Area Office, ERDA, Golden, CO
133 - 142 Dow Chemical Corporation, Rocky Flats, Golden, CO
143 - 146 Albuquerque Operations Office, ERDA, Albuquerque, NM
147 - 148 Division of Military Application, ERDA, Washington, DC
149 - 150 Division of Biological and Environmental Research,
ERDA, Washington, DC
151 - 152 Operational Safety Division, ERDA, Washington, DC
153 Leo K. Bustad, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington
State University, Pullman, WA
154 Leonard A. Sagan, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, CA
155 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
156 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
157 Wesley E. Miles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
158 Robert C. Pendleton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
159 William S. Twenhofel, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
160 Paul R. Fenski, Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada, Reno, NV
161 John W. Ward, President, Desert Research Institute,
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
162 Dr. Verl R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
163 Manager, Desert National Wildlife Range, U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Las Vegas, NV
164 Supervisor, Region III, Nevada Fish and Game Department,
Las Vegas, NV
165 - 166 Mary G. White, ERDA/NV, Las Vegas, NV
167 Leon Leventhal, LFE, Richmond, CA
168 William Major, LFE, Richmond, CA
169 Col. William Myers, McClellan A. F. B., CA
170 Major Jose R. Baca, McClellan A. F. B., CA
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