SWRHL-62r
SUMMARY OF NECROPSY FINDINGS
IN DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP
by
Jack B. Helvie and Donald D. Smith, DVM
Radiological Research
Western Environmental Research Laboratory
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Published November 1971
This study performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored
by the United States Government. Neither the United States
nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any
of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcon-
tractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express
or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility
for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any infor-
mation, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or repre-
sents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights.
Available from the National Technical Information Service,
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, VA. 22151
Price: paper copy $3.00; microfiche $.95
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SWRHL-62r
SUMMARY OF NECROPSY FINDINGS
IN DESERT BIRHORN SHEEP
by
Jack B. Helvie* and Donald D. Smith, DVM
Radiological Research
Western Environmental Research Laboratory
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Published November 1971
This study performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
*Mr. Helvie is with the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Desert
National Wildlife Range, Las Vegas, Nevada.
This report appears in the 1970 Transactions of DESERT BIGHORN COUNCIL.
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ABSTRACT
A review of 49 necropsies performed on desert bighorn sheep in the southern
Nevada area is presented. The Appendix shows a condensed version of all
necropsies listing information on sex, age, diagnoses, and specific patho-
gens. Incidence of pulmonary pathology was high for all age classes of
sheep: young (0-3 years) 78%; prime (4-9 years) 74%; old (1CH- years) 92%.
The data suggest that lung lesions may be more prevalent in old animals.
There was little difference in the occurrence of pulmonary pathology
between sexes (females 79%, males 83%). The ma.ior cause of death when
determined was pneumonia. The data presented will provide reference
material for wildlife biologists working with desert bighorn sheep in
the wild and in captivity.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
INTRODUCTION 1
PROCEDURES 2
RESULTS 2
Natural Mortality 2
Hunter Kills 4
Trap and Capture Mortalities 4
Collections 5
Road Kills 5
DISCUSSION 5
LITERATURE CITED 6
FIGURE 1. Incidence of lung lesions in three age classes
of Desert Bighorn Sheep. 7
APPENDIX 8
DISTRIBUTION
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INTRODUCTION
Mortality in bighorn sheep has been a topic of discussion for manv years.
Some questions concerning the maladies that occur in sheep have been
answered, but there are many more yet unanswered. Allen (1960, 1962, 1964)
has documented his findings of parasites in bighorn sheep. Johnson (1957)
and Engel (1967) have described in detail some of the necropsies performed
by them. The first case of scabies (P&onoptu, c&iv-inuA and P. OUCM) in
bighorn sheep from Nevada was described by Cater (1968) and Allred and
Bradley (1965, 1966) have commented on necrosis of teeth and skulls.
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the findings of 49 necropsies
performed on desert bighorn sheep during the period 1953-1969. Data
concerning parasites and tooth and skull necrosis are not discussed
because the information available was not complete. The Appendix is
included for the purpose of documenting each case in some detail.
Thanks are extended to all of the personnel at Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, who performed the necropsies since 1964 and made this
report possible. Necropsies prior to 1964 were performed by an Army
veterinarian on temporary assignment to the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.
This report is the result of a cooperative effort between the Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the U. S. Department of the Interior and
the Western Environmental Research Laboratory (WERL) of the Environmental
Protection Agency. The WERL participation is a part of the Animal
Investigation Program being performed for the U. S. Atomic Energy Com-
mission under Memorandum of Understanding No. SF 54-373.
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PROCEDURES
At the Desert National Wildlife Range our policy is to have necropsies
performed on as many sheep as possible. It is a rare occurrence when we
find a wild sheep carcass that is still fresh enough to be of value. But
occasionally we do stumble upon one and rush it in for necropsy. Like-
wise when a "penned sheep" dies at Corn Creek, everv effort is made to
learn all we can from it. Most of the sheep from these two sources fall
into the "natural death" category. Other sources of information are
qrouped into categories as follows: hunter kills, trap and capture
mortalities, collections, and road kills. Information gleaned from hunter
kills is often incomplete because we don't have the entire animal to work
with. Most of the animals included in the trap and capture category die
as a direct result of injuries or drugs, but the ensuing necropsy often
reveals interesting and valuable information relative to "healthy sheep"
in the wild. Similarly, road kills provide additional valuable data on
the health of the wild peculation. Very few sheep have been "collected,"
but data from these are included to complete the picture.
Sources for the sheep included in this report are as follows: Desert
National Wildlife Range-39, Nevada Fish and Game Department-six, National
Park Service-two, Cabeza Prieta Game Range-one, and Arizona Game and Fish
Department-one.
RESULTS
Natural Mortality
Death from natural causes accounted for 17 (35%) of the sheep examined.
Serious lung conditions consisting of: pneumonia, adhesions, abscesses
atelectasis, emphysema, edema, bronchitis, hvperemia, and tumors were
found in 14 (82%) of these sheep. The actual causes of death as deter-
mined bv necropsies are as follows: pneumonia - 7, enterotoxemia - 2
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multiple abrasions and fractures - 2, endothelioma which resulted in
amyloidosis - 1, multiple abscesses and adhesions - 1, malignant tumor
of lung and ovary - 1, and three cases were inconclusive.
The two cases involving enterotoxemia were surprising and interesting. The
pathogen that causes enterotoxemia is the bacterium, Cloi>&u.dium p&ifitUngznA,
Type D, and is a natural soil inhabitant. When a dietary change or digestive
upset causes intestinal stasis, this bacteria proliferates in the gut and
produces a powerful toxin which is absorbed and causes death in a few hours.
On June 2, 1968, a two-month-old lamb was found at the southwest end of the
Panamint Range in California. When found, the animal was weak and unable
to stand. Treatment was provided in California, and on June 8 it was
delivered to the Desert National Wildlife Range. The lamb had a good
appetite and appeared to be healthy until it died suddenly on June 17-
On July 30, 1969, an apparently healthy and vigorous two-year-old penned
ram at Corn Creek became sick, and penicillin and streptomycin were
administered. The next morning blood was noted in the feces and treatment
was provided by a veterinarian. The young ram died a few hours later. We
cannot say that there is any connection between these two deaths, but so
far as we know these are the only cases of enterotoxemia noted in bighorn
sheep in southern Nevada.
Of three other lambs examined, one succumbed to injuries sustained in a fall,
and two died of bacterial pneumonia. One of these, a one-month-old wild
lamb, was found to have PaAtzunMa pneumonia. The other a 13-day-old
penned lamb born at Corn Creek, had Coiyne.ba.c.teAsiim pneumonia.
In this group of natural mortalities, the average age at death for females
was 5.2 years (excluding two of unknown age), and ages ranged from two
months to eleven years. Remarkably, the average age at death for males
was also 5.2 years with a range in age of 13 days to eleven years. When
lambs are discounted, average age at death was 7.2 years for females and
7.2 years for males. The sample includes seven animals of each sex where
age could be accurately estimated by horn rings or tooth development.
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Hunter Kills
Sixteen (35%) of the sheep exanined were hunter kills. Luna conditions
were noted in 12 (75%} of these rams, while no remarkable pathology of
any kind was noted in three animals. Microscopic examination of the
thyroid of one ram revealed a follicular hypertrophy (goiter). Ages of
the rams in this sample ranged from 5 to 13 years with an average of
8.5 years.
Trap and Capture Mortalities
Eleven (22%) of the sheep examined had succumbed as a direct result of
trapping or capturing activities. Quite often the diagnosis on the
necropsy protocol reads as follows: "Cause of death: shock, fatigue,
gross hemorrhage and asphyxiation." Some sheep met their demise sud-
denly—by falling over a high cliff after an injection of drugs via the
"Cap-Chur Gun." Data gathered from this sort of investigation may not
appear to be of value upon initial inspection, but we have formed some
general conclusions regarding the trapping and capturina of sheep. With
drugs that are currently available, successful use of the "Cao-Chur Run"
is quite limited in rough, precipitous terrain. It also occurred to us
that some workers tend to handle sheep in much too rouah a manner. The
examination of several sheep disclosed dislocated joints on the legs and
neck and fractured ribs. This supports the idea that captive sheep must
be handled very carefully. Carrying or "packing" live sheep more than
one-fourth mile from trap site to vehicle should be discouraged. One
other observation is that sheep may suffer fatal injuries when thev run
headlong into the side of a wire mesh trap. The use of nylon netting
should be considered in all sheep trapping operations, however, this is
recommended only on a trap that is closely attended. On an unattended
trap, nylon net may result in as many injuries as with wire mesh.
Mine (82%) of the sheep in this category were found to have lung conditions
of one kind or another.
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Collections
Only three of the animals examined had been collected purely for biological
investigations. A 10-year-old ewe was found near death and was sacrificed
by bleeding. The diagnosis revealed that she was about to succumb to an
advanced lung condition involving bilateral pneumonia and fibrinous
pleuritis. Almost no functional lung tissue was observed. Two other ewes,
ages five and eight, were collected in November and December 1957. No re-
markable pathology was noted in one, while the lungs of the other contained
pneumonic tissue. Both were in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Road Kills
One three-year-old ewe and a yearling ram were killed by cars. The lungs
and liver of the ewe contained granulomas. The lungs of the ram showed
areas of solidification.
DISCUSSION
The data presented support the general opinion that biahorn sheep in
southern Nevada commonly suffer from chronic lung disorders. Eighty per-
cent (39) of all sheep necropsied were found to have lung pathology of
varying degrees. Lung lesions were found in 82% of natural mortalities,
and in 78% of deaths due to sudden trauma. This is a lower rate of inci-
dence than reported in Arizona sheep by Russo (1956), where he found lung
adhesions in all sheep examined. A high percentage of sheep in all age
classes exhibited lung lesions of various forms. As shown in Figure 1,
the rate of incidence for lung conditions was 78% for young animals
(age 0-3 years), 74% for prime animals (age 4-9 years), and 92% for old
animals (age 10 years and older). There was little difference in the
occurrence of lung disorders between sexes as they were found in 79% of
the females and 83% of the males examined. As was expected, the major
cause of death when determined was pneumonia. Enterotoxemia was found
to be the cause of death in one wild sheep and one penned sheep. This
disease may be more prevalent in wild desert bighorn sheep than we had
expected. A review of the necropsies indicates that more remains to be
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learned relative to immobilizing, trapping, and handling sheep successfully.
Abnormalities were often observed in kidneys, liver, heart and other organs,
but no conclusions were reached. Further study is needed in this area. A
condensed version of necropsies is appended and will serve as a documented
reference for biologists working with desert bighorn sheep.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, R. W. 1960. Diseases and parasites of barbary and bighorn sheep in
the southwest. Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 4:17-22.
. 1962. A preliminary study of parasites of bighorn
sheen on the Desert Game Range. Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 6:69-72.
. 1964. Additional notes on parasites of bighorn sheep on
the Desert Game Ranae, Nevada. Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 8:5-9.
All red, G. L. and W. G. Bradley. 1965. Necrosis and abnormalities of the
skull in desert bighorn sheep. Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 9:75-81.
1966. Comparative studv of necrosis associated with
teeth in desert bighorn sheep. Desert Binhorn Council Trans. 10:86-97.
Cater, B. H. 1968. Scabies in desert bighorn sheen. Desert Bighorn
Council Trans. 12:76-77.
Engel, R. E. 1967. Necronsy findings in desert biahorn sheep. California-
Nevada Section TWS Trans. 2:45-58.
Johnson, E. L. 1957. Disease and mechanical injurv in desert bighorn
sheep. Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 1:38-42.
Russo, J. P. 1956. The desert bighorn sheep in Arizona. Arizona Fish &
Game, Phoenix. Wild!. Bull. Mo. 1, 153 p.
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92%
74%
0-3 years
(Young)
4-9 years
(Prime)
10+ Years
(Old)
Figure 1. Incidence of lung lesions in three age classes of
desert bighorn sheep.
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APPENDIX
I dent. Mo
6326
NH-4
OM-1-56
Date of
. Death
3/53
Natural
4/53
Hunter kill
1/4/56
Natural
Age
Adul
Old
7
Sex
It F
M
M
Location
Joe May,
DNWR*
Muddy Mts .
E. Sheep
Range,
Diagnoses or Comments
Malionant ovarian tumor,
Adeno carcinoma; malio-
nant lung tumor, Adeno
carcinoma.
Chronic fibrinous pneu-
monia; lungs adhered to
Miscellaneous Notes
Heavily infested with lungworms.
Protostronqylus stilesi ? Tapeworms,
Thysanosoma acti hoTcfes .
Acute neri bronchitis; sarcocysts in
heart; tapeworm liver cyst.
Myooathy, nutritional (?), panniculus
muscle; hemorrhaoe, adrenal cortex.
thoracic cage by exten-
sive fibrinous pleuritis.
Unilateral pneumonia,
grossly showing aopear-
ance of Corynebacterium
nyogenes infection. Left
lung completely pneu-
monic with adhesions in-
volving 1/3 of pericar-
dium. Very tightlv ad-
Multinle abcesses in lumbar
area and pelvic cavity; petechial
hemorrhaaes in kidneys; animal in
late period of gestation, one lamb
found in uterus.
OM-10a-56 1/21/56 7
Natural
DNWR
herent-lung
sac.
to nericardial
OH-12-56 5/22/56 3
Hit by car
F Boulder
Beach, Lake
Mead, Nevada
Death due to internal
injuries as result of
being hit bv car.
No ectonarasites
Wominia tetoni,
noted; one taneworn,
found in bile duct;
'vomir.ia tetoni found in
in lung
cause
another
small intestine; granulomas
and liver from undetermined
*Desert National Wildlife Range, Las Vegas, Nevada
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Ident. No.
Date of
Death
Age Sex Location
TO M DNWR
Diagnoses or Comments
Died as a result of inju-
ries sustained in trap.
Considerable hemorrhage
surrounding atlanto-axial
articulation, and it
appeared there had been
major dislocation followed
by partial healing.
Miscellaneous
TbTT
Notes
tapeworm
Wt. 142 Ibs.One tapeworm found
in common bile duct; hemorrhages
and adhesions in lungs; abnormal
wear of all teeth with mottling
suggestive of fluorine toxicity.
OT-10b-56 7/12/56
Trap in-
juries
OW-lOc-56 8/31/56 6
Natural
M Cow Camp
vie., DMHR
One small laceration
and few abrasions might
indicate fight with
another ram.
Two tapeworms in common bile
duct; both lungs hyperemic; two
small growths in heart.
OW-15-56 11/8/56 7
Trap in-
juries
F Corn Creek,
DNWR
vo
Died of injuries from
trapning and handling—
shock, fatigue, gross
hemorrhage, asphyxiation.
Anesthetised with lOcc
Sodium Pentobarbitol i.v.
Wt. 114 IDS; condition good; five
large taoeworms in bile ducts;
in first trimester of pregnancy.
ON-16-56
11/8/56
Trap in-
juries
F Corn Creek,
DNWR
Died of injuries from
trapping and handling--
shock, fatigue, gross
hemorrhage, asphyxiation.
Wt. 98 Ibs; condition good;
lungs congested with dark red
blood, oleural adhesions.
OW-7-57
7/10/57 10
Found near
death and
sacrificed
(collected)
F Cow Camp
DNWR
About to succumb to ad-
vanced lung condition
when she sustained violent
fall. Bilateral pneumonia,
bilateral fibrinous pleuri-
tis; almost no functional
lung tissue observed.
Wt. 81 Ibs; abnormal dentition;
adenitis of salivary aland; inter-
hepatic jaundice; hyoeremia of
kidney; fracture of mandibular
symphysis; luxation of mandibular
articulations; bilateral coxofemoral
luxation; fecal exam positive for
Protostrongylus sp.
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Ident. No.
OM-S-57
0«-2057
OW-33-57
OW-18-58
Date of
Death Aqe
7/14/57 6 mos
Trap
Injuries
11/7/57 5
Collected
12/10/57 8
Col lected
7/11/58 7
Sex Location
F Corn Creek,
DNWR
F Joe Mav
Canvon,
DNWR
F Joe May
Canyon,
DNWR
F DNWR
Diagnoses or Comments
Animal suffered trauma
from traooinq ooeration.
Debilitated condition
resulted in bilateral
bronchopneumonia which
was incitina cause of
death.
No remarkable oatholoqv.
Acute nicotine ooisoninq.
Miscellaneous Motes
t.'t. 40-50 Ibs. est. ; general
condition good; luxation of
at Ian to-occipital articulation
and coxo-femoral articulations.
Wt. 103 Ibs; in first tri-
mester of nreanancy.
Wt. 112 Ibs; in first tri-
mester of oregnancy; nonactive
foci of oneumonic tissue in lungs.
Injected with 600 mqri nicotine
28406
Capture
ooisoninq
salicylate i.m. with "Cao-Chur
Gun." Ran 150 yards and died.
23-61 6/10/61 7
Natural
DNWR
Wt. 84 Ibs; condition fair-ooor:
abscess at right elbow with tract
thru thoracic wall and into riant
lung; reticulum and abomasum
adherent to diaphraqm with tracts
thru diaohraqm connectino to liver;
subluxation of left scaoula and
humerus.
1/25/65
Natural
Unk
link DNMR
Hemangi o-endotheli oma;
hepatic, renal and
adrenal amyloidosis.
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Date of
Trlpnt No ppath Aae Sex Location Diagnoses or Comments
18-NEV-65 9/26/bb 6 H
Natural
^IcCullouqh Pyometra; cyst on right
Mt. , Nevada kidney; bilateral keratitis
cornea! ulcer; omental
adhesions; ovarian
abscesses; peritonitis,
fibrinous; serious
atrophy of heart.
T9^DGR^55~~T2728765 5 M DNWR
Hunter
kill
20-DGR-65 12/28/65—8 M DNWR
Hunter
kill
21-DGR-65 12/3U/6b 6 M DNWR
Hunter
kill
T^NT7-66 1/9/66 12 f
Hunter
kill
2-N17-66 1/10/66 b K
Hunter
kill
3-N17-66 1/16/66 I') M
Hunter
kill
4-N17-66 1/22/66 11 M
Hunter
kill
Bouiaer uty,
Nevada
Muddy Mt. ,
Nevada
Mormon Mt. ,
Nevada
Nelson,
Nevada
Miscellaneous Notes
Poorly nourished and emaciated;
left lung dark red and non-air
containing, evidence of pneumonia
not observed.
Entire inside of left ear covered
with dry scale; focal chronic
thyroidi tis; lung-atelectasis;
focal oeri vascular lymphcvtic
accumulations.
No remarkable pathology.
Lung—focal hemorrhage and
atelectasis; focal chronic
pleuritis.
Birefringent crystals in colloid
follicles of thyroid;
atelectasis of lung.
Focal atelectasis of lung.
Focal atelectasis of lung.
No remarkable pathology.
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Ident. No.
8-DGR-66
1-C53-66
Date of
Death
1/30/66
Hunter
kill
5/28/66
Hit by
car
Age
7
1
Sex
M
M
Location
White Rock,
DMWR
Joshua Tree
Natl.
Monument,
California
Diagnoses or Comments
Broken neck; no damage
to interal organs noted
during collection.
Miscellaneous Notes
Lung--focal atelectasis.
Lung--atelectasis, focal
hemorrhage, slight edema. Spleen
--acute conoestion. Lymnh node--
slight edema, ooor follicle forma-
ti on.
9-DGR-66 6/29/66
Natural
10+
Basin Spring
Canyon, DNWR
Prolonged systemic in-
fection and suoouration,
lilt. 72 Ibs. Chronic supoerative
consolidated pneumonia; marked
thickening of pleura. Edema of
liver with sunnuration and
caseation necrosis. Caseation
necrosis of snleen. Nearly full-
term lamb in uterus.
10-DGR-66 7/20/66
Capture
Wamn Snrina
DNWR
Fell over 140 foot cliff
after being injected with
96 mo Sernylan via "Can-
Chur Gun."
Wt. 145 Ibs. Congestion and
alveolar emphysema of lung.
12-DGR-66 7/25/66
Capture
M DNWR
Injected with 186 mg
Sernvlan via "Cao-Chur
Gun."
later.
Died 28 hours
Wt. 178 Ibs. Lungs adhered to
thoracic wall and dianhragm,
congested; mucosal hemorrhage
nresent in abomasum, entire
intestional tract hemorrhagic,
wall of duodenum dark red;
several tapeworms, Moniezia,
present.
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
I dent. No.
7-N1
7-66
Date of
Death Aqe Sex Location
6/29/66 6 mos F
Natural
6 miles up-
stream
Diagnoses or Comments
Injured (from fal
alive when found;
I?J,
died '
Multi
left
Miscellaneous Notes
pie ab»
femur;
"asions;
general
fractured
shock and
Uillow Beach,
Arizona
two days later of trau-
matic shock and comoound-
ed insult by diuretics.
dehydration; possible CNS
damage; temnerature 104.5.
Note: "...suggest that
Diuretics are contra indicated
in the desert sheep. If used,
reduce dosage markedly."
l-OGR-66 1/16/66 B M
Hunter
kill
2-DGR-66 1/20/66 IJ M
Hunter
kill
3-DGR-66 1/18/66 / M
Hunter
kill
4-D6R-66 1/18/66 10 M
Hunter
kill
5-DGR-66 1/22/66 8 1
Hunter
kill
6-DGR-66 1/22/66 7 1
Hunter
kill
7-DGR-66 1/27/66 10 M
Hunter
kill
DNWR Thyroid—generalized hvoer-
troohy of follicular
epithelium.
3 miles Lung— focal hemorrhaoe and
northwest atelectasis; lunas adhered
of Sawmill to pleural sac.
Canyon, DNWR
I Luna--alveolar edema; focal
Junction, atelectasis.
DNWR
Sawmill Lung--focal atelectasis;
Junction increased thickness of pleura.
DNWR Striated muscle—Sarcosooridiosis.
Lamb Soring, Lung— atelectasis.
DNWR
Arrow Canyon No remarkable pathology.
Mts., DNWR
DNWR Lung—focal hemorrhage and
atelectasis; focal chronic
pleuritis.
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Ident. No.
Date of
Death
Aqe Sex Location
Diagnoses
Animal
or
Comments
weak-
Mi scejnemeous
Multiol
Notes
Wt. 93 Ibs. Multiole abrasions
and fractures; Cysticerus sp.
cyst floating free in abdom-
inal cavity; caseated necrotic
lesions on liver; lungs ad-
hered to oarietal pleura and
very congested.
1-A5-67
4/9/67
Natural
Adult F
Cabeza
Prieta Game
Range,
Arizona
observed in
ened condition. When
capture was attempted,
animal fell 20 feet to
its death.
Wamp Spring, Apparently died from
DNWR neck injuries.
Puncture in body wall, one-
two weeks old; focal areas of
atelectasis and emphysema in
lungs—marked congestion;
general pyemia prior to death
resulted in numerous abscesses.
IO-DGR-67
7/27/67
Trap
Injuries
TT
ll-DGR-679/21/67TOMCabin Spring
Capture DNWR
Injected with .36 mg/100
Ibs. Succinylcholine
chloride via "Cap-Chur
Gun." Found dead two
hours after injection.
...inferred that neither
the drug nor the injury
alone would cause the
edema."
Wt. 167 Ibs. Inguinal hernia
with portions of small intestine
protruding; all lobes of lung
exhibit complete congestion;
Adhesions—both diaphragmatic
lobes to body wall, both apical
lobes to diaphragm, both car-
diac lobes to pericardium sac;
cyst on liver; liver abscesses
1i ke Spherophorous necrophorous.
12-DGR-67
10/24/67 5
Capture
Sheep Spring, Injected with .349 mg/100
DNWR
Ibs. Succinylcholine
chloride via "Cap-Chur
Gun." Ran 80 yards, fell
over cliff and died.
"...feel that the animal
died of asphyxiation."
Wt. 167 Ibs.Large tapeworm
in bile duct; lung—right apical
lobe adhered to rib cage, ad-
hesions extend to pericardium;
extensive pulmonary edema;
petecfml hemorrhages in epi-
cardium and endocardium; left
kidney congested.
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Ident. No.
Y3-DGR-6/
Date of
Death
12/11/67
Natural
Aqe
5
Sex
F
Location
Corn Creek,
DNWR
Diagnoses or Comments
Miscellaneous Notes
Wt. 70 Ibs. est. Bi —
junctivitis and kere
i latera i
ititis;
con-
,
corneal puncture of right eyei
anterior 1/4 of small bowel
dark green in color; liver
with pale yellowish tinge;
lungs—ecchymotic hemorrhages,
atelectasis and emphysema,
hemorrhage in left ventricle.
Capture
Sheep Spring, Undetermined.Injected
DNWR with M-99 and Aceproma-
zine via "Cap-Chur Gun."
Died eight hours after
injection.
Wt. 95 Ibs.Tapeworm in bile duct;
petechial hemorrhage on kidneys;
lungs—adhesions to pericardial
sac and parietal pleura, mild
peri bronchial infiltrate of lym-
phocytes; petechial and
ecchymotic hemorrhages on heart.
orn Creek,
DNWR
Lamb found Panamint
Range, California and
transferred to DNWR.
Tentative diagnosis:
Clostridium perfringens.
Type D; Enterotoxemia.
Wt. 20 Ibs. Dark red hemorrhage
throughout ventral abdominal
musculature; kidneys swollen,
dark red; right apical lobe of
lung contains small, raised,
yellowish necrotic areas.
Corn Creek, Geriatrics.
DNWR (penned Kidneys—nephritis.
sheep)
Wt. 140 Ibs. est.Kidneys—soft,
cortex reduced in size, mild
amyloidosis; severe broncho-
pneumonia with extensive pul-
monary edema; animal emaciated.
17-DGR-68 12/15/68 10
Natural
Wt. 122 Ibs.Apical lobes of lungs
had fibrous adhesions between surface
and thoracic pleura, congested, green-
ish colored indicating necrosis; renal
pelves edematous.
l-DGR-691/10/69TT
Natural
Corn Creek, Pneumonia.
DNWR (penned Kidneys—nephritis.
sheep)
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APPENDIX (CONTINUED)
Ident. No.
2-DGR-69
3-DGR-69
5-DGR-69
Date of
Death
3/26/69
Natural
5/15/69
Natural
7/31/69
Natural
Age Sex Location
1 mo M White Saqe
Res . , DNWR
13 M Corn Creek,
days DNWR (penned
sheep)
2 M Corn Creek,
DNWR (penned
sheep)
Diagnoses or Comments
Bacterial pneumonia,
suspect Pasteurella.
Pneumonia,
(Laboratory confirmed)
organism was
Corynebacterium sp.
Enterotoxemi a ,
Clostridium perfringens
(Laboratory confirmed)
Miscellaneous Notes
Wt. 15 Ibs. Lower 1/3 of ileum
hyperemic; 85% of lung area
involved with pneumonic con-
dition; fibrous adhesions be-
tween all lobes of lung and
chest.
Wt. 11 Ibs. Lungs — adhesions
on apical lobes; apical, car-
diac and intermediate lobes
hepatized with numerous abscesses.
Wt. 150 Ibs. est. Hemorrhagic
areas in abomasum, small upper
intestine and large bowel;
clotted blood around anal area;
smears of intestinal content
neqative for coccidia.
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DISTRIBUTION
1 - 20 WERL, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Robert E. Miller, Manager, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 Robert H. Thalgott, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 Thomas H. Blankenship, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 Henry G. Vermillion, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
25 Donald W. Hendricks, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
26 Elwood M. Douthett, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
27 Jared J. Davis, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
28 Ernest D. Campbell, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
29 - 30 Technical Library, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
31 Chief, NOB/DNA, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
32 Joseph J. DiNunno, Office of Environmental Affairs, USAEC, Washington, D.C,
33 Martin B. Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
34 Roy D. Maxwell, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
35 Assistant General Manager, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
36 Gordon C. Facer, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
37 John S. Kelly, DPNE, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
38 Fred J. Clark, Jr., DPNE, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
39 John R. Totter, DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
40 John S. Kirby-Smith, DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
41 L. Joe Deal, DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
42 Charles L. Osterberg, DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
43 Rudolf J. Engelmann, DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
44 Philip W. Allen, ARL/NOAA, Las Vegas, Nevada
45 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL/NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland
46 cn«nluy u: Greenfleld> Assistant Administrator for Research & Monitoring,
tPA, Washington, D.C. 3>
47 Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Radiation Proarams
EPA, Rockville, Maryland 3 '
48 Paul C. Tompkins, Act. Dir., Div. of Criteria & Standards Office of
Radiation Programs, EPA, Rockville, Maryland
49 - 50 Charles L. Weaver, Act. Dir., Div. of Surveillance & Insoection
Office of Radiation Programs, EPA, Rockville, Maryland
51 Ernest D. Harward, Act. Dir., Div. of Technoloav A<;«;p<:cmon+ n«-
Radiation Programs, EPA, Rockville, Maryland 9 Assessment> Of^ce of
-------
Distribution (continued)
52 Acting Dir., Twinbrook Research Laboratory, EPA, Rockville, Md.
53 Gordon Everett, Dir., Office of Technical Analysis, EPA, Washington, D.C.
54 Bernd Kahn, Radiological Engineering Lab., EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
55 Regional Admin., Region IX, EPA, San Francisco, California
56 Eastern Environmental Radiation Laboratory, EPA, Montgomery, Alabama
57 William C. King, LLL, Mercury, Nevada
58 Bernard W. Shore, LLL, Livermore, California
59 James E. Carothers, LLL, Livermore, California
60 Roger E. Batzel, LLL, Livermore, California
61 Howard A. Tewes, LLL, Livermore, California
62 Lawrence S. Germain, LLL, Livermore, California
63 Paul L. Phelps, LLL, Livermore, California
64 William E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
65 Harry 0. Otway, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
66 George E. Tucker, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
67 Wright H. Langham, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
68 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
69 Arden E. Bicker, REECo., Mercury, Nevada
70 Clinton S. Maupin, REECo., Mercury, Nevada
71 Byron F. Murphey, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
72 Melvin L. Merritt, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
73 Richard S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
74 R. Glen Fuller, Battelle Memorial Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada
75 Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge National Lab., Oak Ridge, Tennessee
76 Leo K. Bustad, University of California, Davis, California
77 Leonard A. Sagan, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, California
78 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
79 Arthur Wallace, University of California, Los Angeles, California
80 Wesley E. Niles, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada
81 Robert C. Pendleton, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
82 William S. Twenhofel, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
83 Paul R. Fenske, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada,
Reno, Nevada
84 John M. Ward, President, Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada, Reno, Nevada
85 - 86 DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (for public availability)
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