SWRHL-67r
STATUS OF THE BIOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL DAIRY HERD
JULY 1, 1966 THROUGH DECEMBER 31, 1968
by
Donald D. Smith
Radiological Research Program
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
July 1970
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work.'
Neither the United States., nor the Atomic Energy Commission, nor any
person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with
respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the informa-
tion contained in this report, or that the use of any information,
apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not
infringe privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission"
includes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor
of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, dis-
seminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his
employment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with
such contractor.
024
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SWRHL-67r
STATUS OF THE BIOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL DAIRY HERD
JULY 1, 1966 through DECEMBER 31, 1968
by
Donald D. Smith
Radiological Research Program
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
Envi ronmental Control Admi ni strati on
Bureau of Radiological Health
July 1970
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
-------
ABSTRACT
This is a status report of the Experimental Dairy for the period
July 1, 1966 through December 31, 1968. It lists changes and
improvements made on the facilities; presents production and repro-
duction statistics; details cow and herd health problems and treat-
131
ments; and summarizes I experiments utilizing the dairy herd.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS 11
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Hi
INTRODUCTION 1
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT 2
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 6
A. Background 6
B. Nutrition 6
C. Reproduction 7
D. Production • 12
VETERINARY MEDICINE 17
A. Calving Complications 17
B. Mastitis 18
C. Metabolic and Digestive Conditions 19
HERD UTILIZATION IN USPHS EXPERIMENTS 22
REFERENCES 26
APPENDICES 27
DISTRIBUTION
11
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURE Page
1. Sketch of the Experimental Farm Building Complex 3
Modifications shown with Date
2. Average Daily Milk Production (per cow, per month) 14
3. Monthly Milk Production of Herd 15
4. Monthly Average Butterfat Percentage of Herd 16
5. Percent of Mastitis Incidence in USPHS Dairy 20
Herd by Cow Days per Month
TABLE
1. Selected Nutritional Components of Forages Fed 8
to the Dairy Herd
2. List of Reports of Experiments Conducted July 1, 1966 - 24
December 31, 1968
in
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INTRODUCTION
The United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) on July 1, 1963,
awarded a contract to the Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
(SWRHL), U. S. Public Health Service (USPHS), to study the transport of
i
radioiodine from the environment to man by the air-forage-cow-miIk-man
system. To initiate this study Bioenvironmental Research (BER) was
established within SWRHL to develop field and laboratory research
protocols.
An experimental dairy farm was required in order to study the passage
of radioiodine through the human food chain under field conditions.
Criteria for the farm site were determined and in 1963 a site was
selected in Area 15 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS), 110 miles north of
SWRHL. The criteria are covered in a previous report ^ '.
The history and status of the herd and facilities for the period
May 22, 1964, to July 1, 1966, was presented in SWRHL Report No. 55r
The animal husbandry methods, i.e., feeding methods, milking procedures,
identification and record systems, experimental procedures, etc., are all
covered in that report and will not be repeated. This report covers
the period July 1, 1966} through December 31, 1968, and reports changes
in the facilities or dairy practices and documents the milk production,
reproduction, veterinary medicine, and experiments of this period.
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FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
The basic facilities were described in SWRHL Report No. 55r. There have
been minor modifications and additions to the facilities made since that
report as shown in Figure 1.
The original floors of the milk room and milking parlor,of the Area 15
facility were unsatisfactory as they had inadequate slope to the drains
and were too smooth and slippery. In-July of 1966, the floor drains
were lowered five inches and the slope of the floor increased to
approximately 1/2 inch per foot. The floors were then surfaced with
an epoxy and silicone-sand mixture that is easy to clean and furnishes
good traction for the cows.
In August of 1966, an asphalt parking apron was laid on the north side
of the milking barn. A concrete pad was poured on the south side of the
building to furnish a foundation for a grain storage building and to
provide a hard surfaced entry way for the cows. These changes have
helped decrease the amount of soil blown or tracked into the building.
Also in August of 1966, a 1,128-bushel capacity, circular steel grain
storage building was erected on the concrete pad. It is used for
storage of the grain concentrate, salt, mineral supplements, and other
feed supplies.
The holding pen was enlarged by removing the loading chute and extending
the fence several feet to the south. Two head holders were incorporated
in the south fence. Drainage was .Improved by lowering the floor drains
and pouring a new drainage basin in the holding pen.
Two acres, to the south of the complex, were fenced with an electrically
charged single strand wire, providing a much larger exercise area for the
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TRANSFORMER PAD.
WATER WELL
DIRT ROAD
CONCRETE PAD
CONCRETE ENCASED
WATER VALVES
FEED
TROUGH
I
BULL 4 GROUP PENS
7/68
CONCRETE SLAB
FEED OVER "*•
TROUGH BURIED TANK
:::::::;:::*::::::::x::::
X'X'X'X'X'X'X*
::::HAY SHED:::::
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WATERING -i
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SUMMER 1966
DRAIN
MILKING
AREA
9 °< i *>n IT
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. 1 £% S BIOLOGY isg
kl i r LAB J^i3
CONCRETE
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8/66 GRAIN SILO
9/66
SUN SHADE
TWELVE INDIVIDUAL
EXPERIMENTAL FEEDING PENS
SUMMER 1967
SHOP
QUONSET
^
SUMMER
1968
— *•
'
STORAGE
QUONSET
SUMMER
1968
4
SEPTIC
TANK •
DIST. BOX-
X - J<
X. - X
Figure 1. Sketch of the Experimental Farm Building Complex Modifications
Shown with Date
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cows when they are not feeding. The extra area aids in keeping the
cows cleaner and there are fewer foot problems as the exercise keeps
the hooves worn short.
A concrete pad for 12 individual 9' X 9' experimental feeding pens was
constructed during the summer of 1967. These pads provide drainage
and are easily cleaned, however, some cows became lame after being
maintained on them for several days. Most of the pens have since been
surfaced with TarTarr^ which is manufactured by the Minnesota Mining
and Manufacturing Company of St. Paul, Minnesota. No lameness has
occurred on these new surfaces.
A mobile self-contained field milking barn and sampling laboratory was
designed in 1967. This 30' X 8' X 10' semi-van trailer contains a two-
cow milking parlor, a combination work and sampling room, a 550-gallon
water storage tank and a utility room. The trailer is a single axle,
drop frame model constructed of aluminum and steel which is riveted and
welded into a semi-monocoque unit. The construction contract was
awarded to the Aluminum Body Corporation of Montebello, California.
The trailer was delivered in November of 1967.
With the growth of our farm facility, additional storage buildings were
required to protect the machinery and equipment from the elements and
to provide shop space for maintenance. Construction and installation
of an adequate commercial building was estimated at $50,000 to $60,000.
A survey of available surplus buildings was made and two 20' X 48'
Quonset huts were located at Camp Desert Rock.
REECo, the NTS support contractor to the AEC, was consulted and an
extensive plan for modification was devised which would cost $36,000.
To conserve costs, the Farm Support Section (FSS) personnel surveyed,
leveled, and packed two pads for the buildings. On April 25, 1968,
the buildings were moved to the farm in "as is" condition at a
cost of $2,448.60.
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FSS personnel then developed their own plans for conversion and
consulted with Area 12 maintenance. The cost of the modifications of
the buildings was approximately $5,000. This price included new doors,
lights, power panels, repair of walls and ceilings, and installation of
a 4" X 20' X 50' cement pad for the shop Quonset. To keep the modifi-
cation cost this low, FSS personnel built the steel frames and double
4' X 8' metal entrance doors, cut and graded the area for the concrete
pad, and removed the existing plywood floor and backfilled it with
three inches of gravel, trenched the ground for the electric cable,
installed the water lines, and built and installed all partitions,
work benches, and shelves in the shop area.
In July of 1968, three additional pens were constructed west of the hay
shed. These were constructed of 6" X 6" posts, strung with cables under
spring tension and are used to house the bull and to provide pens for
experimental cows when they are handled as a group.
Power outages, both scheduled and accidental, frequently occur in this
area. As the water supply and milking equipment depend upon electricity,
personnel were often forced to haul water, delay milking, or milk by
hand. To prevent this, a s.tandby generator, with automatic controls,
was installed during December of 1966.
All wooden fence posts, mangers, and feed bunks are sprayed with linseed
oil annually. This prevents deterioration from the excessive dryness
and heat of the summer.
FSS personnel provide normal preventive maintenance and repairs for the
milking system. A factory representative conducts a complete survey
annually to insure that the equipment is functioning properly.
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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
A. Background
As stated in SWRHL-55r, the original herd consisted of 17 grade
Holstein cows purchased by the AEC in the spring of 1964. Eighteen
registered Holstein cows were purchased from various sources during
1964 and 1965. Twelve animals were culled, sacrificed, transferred
to other government agencies, or died so that the herd consisted of
12 registered and 11 grade animals as of June 30, 1966.
Since that time five additional registered cows have been purchased
and six animals have entered the milking string via our breeding and
replacement program. Eight animals have died or been transferred so as
of December 31, 1968, the herd consisted of 10 grade and 16 registered
Holstein cows (see Appendix I). Of the'original 17 cows, 5 are still
in the herd.
The lactating herd and the bull are maintained at the Area 15 Farm while
the dry cows, replacement heifers, and newborn calves and nurse cow are
maintained at the Well 3 facilities '2'.
The record-keeping system, identification system, and routine and
experimental milking procedures were detailed in SWRHL-55r and remain
unchanged.
B. Nutrition
The cows, like most dairy cows in the Great Basin states, are maintained
in a dry lot. They are not allowed to graze on pasture or the range. All
roughage is brought to them. The basic roughage is alfalfa hay. This is
supplemented with fresh green chop during the growing season of April
through October.
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Both the hay and green chop are fed free choice and are placed in the
mangers twice a day. Consumption of hay is 35-40 pounds (16-18 kg)
per cow per day, and that of green chop is 60-65 pounds (28-30 kg)
per cow per day. All of the green chop (rye in April, May, and June
and alfalfa for the rest of the growing season) is harvested from the
Area-15 crop lands. Although these lands also produce over 60 ton
of hay annually *• , additional hay is required. This is purchased under
contract from various local vendors.
Samples of hay (both purchased and produced on the farm) are taken
periodically. These are submitted to a commercial laboratory for
analysis. (See Table 1 for selected nutritional ingredients.)
As the hay produced in desert areas is consistently high in protein,
it was decided to feed 14 percent protein supplement rather than the
16 percent fed previously.. The supplement is fed at each milking.
Average consumption of this is 12 pounds (5.5 kg) per cow per day.
However, the amount fed each cow is proportional to the level of
milk production of the individual cow.
Trace mineralized salt is fed free choice to all the dairy cows.
As this geographical area is extremely low in phosphorous and high
in calcium, a special high'phosphorous-low calcium mineral supple-
ment is also given free choice.
C. Reproduction
The ideal reproductive cycle for a dairy cow is to produce a calf
annually. She is bred from 50 to 70 days after calving, milked for
305 days and then rests for 60 days before calving. Our herd, like
most commercial dairies, falls somewhat short of this ideal (see
Appendix II).
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Table 1. Selected Nutritional Components of Forages Fed to the Dairy Herd
Type &
Source of
Forage
% % ppm stable % . % ppm ppm
Protein Fiber Iodine Calcium Phosphorus Copper Molybdenum
00
1st cutting 1966 17.39
alfalfa hay pur-
chased from Ence
Bros - Jun 1966
27.40
.94
.16
Alfalfa hay pur-
chased from Ence
Bros -Oct 1966
16.44 22.10
Alfalfa green chop 22.11 21.12
from Area 15 Farm
Oct ^1966
Rye green chop . 16.77 21.08
from Area 15 Farm
May 1957
Alfalfa green chop 19.61 32.35
from Area 15 Farm
Jun 1967
Alfalfa hay pur-
chased from
Hunsaker Feed Co.
Jun 1967
19.67 19.18
<1
2.10
1.66
.49
2.12
1.59
.24
.26
.31
.29
.20
4.3
21
17
21
16
Nil
7.9
4.3
8.8
10.7
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Table 1. Selected Nutritional Components of Forages Fed to the Dairy Herd cont'ci
Type &
Source of % % ppm stable % % ppm ppm
Forage Protein Fiber Iodine Calcium Phosphorus Copper Molybdenum
1st cutting 1967 17.90 27.82
alfalfa hay from
Area 15 Farm
2nd cutting 1967 21.22 23.22
alfalfa hay from
Area 15 Farm
Alfalfa hay 20.02 29.58
from Area 15 Farm
Sep 1967
Alfalfa green chop 19.87 30.83
from Area 15 Farm
Sep 1967
Alfalfa hay pur- 16.05 23.41
chased from 01af
Barhard Mar 1968
3rd cutting 1968 15.15 23.77
alfalfa hay
from Area 15 Farm
Alfalfa hay pur- 17.52 26.86
chased from 01af
Barhard 1968
1.56
1.56
4.5 2.21
<1
<2
3.13
2.32
1.13
1.08
.21
.31
.29
.32
.19
.33
.25
19
21
10
11
14
11
16
11.9
15.0
2.3
1.3
3.0
5.3
4.3
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A major deficiency in the breeding program is the delayed conception
by cows after calving. During this reporting period, the average number
of days open for each cow was 117 days. This extended open period
probably results from failure to detect estrus (heat) as the average
cow in the herd conceives after only 1.8 breedings. This problem
is intensified during the summer months as the high temperatures seem
to depress the sexual vigor of the cow. Also, many estrus periods
occur during the evening hours when the cows are unattended so the heats
are undetected. Heat will not be detected if it occurs during experimental
periods when the cows are restrained in individual feeding pens.
(R1
In order to aid the detection of cows in heat, Kamar* heat detectors are
now placed on the rear quarters of eligible animals. When the cow
enters into estrus she will stand for other cows to mount. The pressure
from the brisket of the mounting animal turns the detector red. This
color change requires three seconds of pressure and only an animal
in estrus will allow herself to be mounted for this length of time.
This system has aided tremendously in the detection of heats.
If a truly anestrus animal is found (no heats detected for 3-4 months)
she is treated with 50,000 international units of EstrovariarV^ which
usually initiates a regular estrus cycle.
It is intended that replacement heifers will enter the herd from our
breeding program. (See Appendix III.) In order to improve the quality
of the herd, semen from superior bulls is selected from the semen bank
of the Cache Valley Breeding Association, Logan, Utah. The cows are
then bred by artificial insemination. A registered Holstein bull
(No. 70) is also used on first calf heifers> on cows that have failed
to settle after two breedings and when the insemination technician is
Kamar, Inc., Box 26, Steamboat Springs, Colorado 80477
2
Warren-Teed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 582 West Goodale Street, Columbus, Ohio
10
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not available. It is planned to train another herdsman so that a
trained technician will be available seven days a week.
As of December 31, 1965, six heifers have entered the lactating herd
through our breeding replacement program. Five of these have proven
to be acceptable replacements.
Since July 1, 1966, there have been 68 calves born in the herd (see
Appendix IV). Of these calves, ten were stillborn or died shortly
after birth. Two of the stillborn calves were premature twins,
two from cows that were affected with parturient paresis prior to
parturition, and three (one set of twins) from cows that suffered
from prolonged dystocia. The other three were born in the evening
hours during inclement weather and probably succumbed because of
exposure before aid could be rendered. There were six sets of twins
during this period. All surviving calves have been large, vigorous,
and have shown excellent growth.
There have been two abortions reported. The first occurred during the
terminal stages of the life of Cow No. 5 who died from traumatic
pericarditis. Cow No. 39 aborted in December 1968. No cause was deter-
mined as the fetus could not be found. However, she was negative for
brucellosis and was apparently in good health and showed no clinical
signs of illness or disease.
In January 1968, it was decided that male calves, freemartins
(sterile female twin of a male), and crossbred calves were of no
value to the program and were too costly to ;raise to an age where
they could be transferred tc another agency. Since that date,
these calves have been euthanized within a day or two of birth.
Euthanization is performed, by the intravenous injection of sodium
pentobarbital at the rate of 300 mg/10 pounds of body weight.
11
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In 1968, Cow No. 35 became a nymphomaniac because of the formation of
a large cyst on the left ovary. The cow was treated with 2500 units
of chorionic gonadotrophin intravenously on several occasions and the
cyst was manually ruptured. It is hoped that this regime of treatment
will return her to a normal estrus cycle.
D. Production
Between July 1, 1966 and December 31, 1968, there were 58 complete
lactations recorded. The average length of .lactation was 272 days
and 13,330 pounds of milk was the average production (see Appendix II).
For the period of May 1964 to July 1, 1966, our average production was
12,385 pounds in 303 days. The average butterfat percentage was 3.4
percent for both periods with 439 pounds of butterfat per cow produced
in-the ,1964-66 period and 449 pounds per cow produced in the 1966-68
period.
Although these statistics indicate that the herd production has continued
to improve it is likely that the herd is near its maximum level of
production. Despite an average age of 7.5 'years, most of the cows are
either under four years (four cows) or over eight years (seventeen cows)
of age. Production is usually relatively low for both age groups as
the period of maximum productivity is from 6-8 years of age. Also
because of AEC regulations (see Appendix III), it is extremely difficult
to dispose of inferior animals by placing them on the commercial market.
As a result we are forced to keep animals that would be culled from the
herd under commercial standards.
The Holstein-Friesian Association of America reports the following
production figures based on :a twice-a-day-miIking, 305-day, mature-
equivalent average of all reported DHIA records, 1956-1959.
12
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Hoi steins Milk (Ibs) Butterfat (Ibs)
Registered 12,560 . 460
Grade 11,567 424
The Washington County, Utah, Dairy Herd Improvement Report of
November 1965 lists the following figures:
Number of Herds 8
Cows per Herd 84
Average Ibs of Milk .....; 12,241
Average % of Fat 3.5
Average Ibs of Fat 433
It is apparent that the herd compares quite favorably to the milk
production of other commercial dairy herds.
Our production is now fairly constant throughout the year as is shown
in Figures 2 and 3. The average production (Figure 2) was 46.5 pounds
of milk, per cow, per da,y.,. The. tpta.1 production per month averaged
25,370 pounds.
The butterfat content of the milk is directly affected by heredity,
type of feed, sudden changes in diet and stage of lactation. The
erratic results in the herd (Figure 4) are due, in part, to a large
percentage of animals being on field test and on different types of
feed; e.g., green chop and hay, green chop only, or hay only. However,
the fluctuations in the herd butterfat values are not consistant from
year to year when similar feeding and weather conditions prevail so
other factors must be involved. Some of these factors may be delays
in analysis or variations in the methodology used in performing the
tests. Milk samples are collected from each cow on the 29th of the
month and are delivered to the Virgin Valley Dairy Herd Improvement-
Association fieldman on the 1st of the next month. The same fieldman
performed the test for the last four years. The DHIA-recommended
preservative, potassium dichromate, is added to the sample at time
of collection.
13
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25
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1966 1967 1968
Figure 2. Average Daily Milk Production (per cow, per month)
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2.O
1.O
O
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1966 1967 1968
Figure 3. Monthly Milk Production of Herd
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4.5%]
4.0%
3.5%
3.O%
2.5%
2.0%
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR AP,: MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1966 1967 1968
Figure 4. Monthly Average Butterfat Percentage of Herd
16
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VETERINARY MEDICINE
As is true of most dairy herds, the most important health problems
are concerned with breeding difficulties (discussed in the reproduction
section, pages 7-1^, calving complications, and infections of the
mammary glands (mastitis). Metabolic diseases and digestive upsets
make up the bulk of the other health problems encountered.
A. Calving Complications
There have been six cases of dystocia that have been successfully
resolved. Two cows have been lost because of calving complications.
Cow No. 17 suffered a severe dislocation of the right hip while
calving on August 22, 1968. As she showed no response to treatments,
she was euthanized on August 31, 1968. Necropsy findings are reported
in Appendix V.
Cow No. 28 suffered from dystocia on June 6, 1968, when NTS activities
caused her to be unattended for 24 hours. The calf was in a dorsal-
posterior presentation with retained hind feet causing a hip lock
that resulted in dystocia. The calf was delivered manually but had
been dead for some time as there was epilation of the hair. These
complications led to retained placenta and metritis. The cow also
suffered from severe mastitis of the right fore and rear quarters.
Despite intensive treatment the cow died on June 15, 1968. Cause of
death was determined to be a septicemia from the mastitis and metritis
which developed subsequent to the dystocia.
There have been five cases of retained placenta. These are usually
associated with dystocia and/or multiple births. Treatment is with
intravenous injections of a purified oxytocin principle, the manual
removal of the placental membranes, and the placement of medicated
intrauterine boluses. All cases have responded.
17
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B. Mastitis
The complexity of the etiology of this condition makes solution of the
problem dependent upon (1) clinical diagnosis of the specific microblal
agent involved, (2) correction of faulty managerial practices, and
(3) judicious use of drug therapy. Methods for the detection of
mastitis consist of physical, chemical, or microbiological tests applied
to the udder or milk. Physical tests include palpation, observation
of inflammation of the udder, visual examination of the milk by use of
the strip cup. Prior to applying the milking machine, two to three
free-flowing streams from each teat are squirted into the strip cup.
An abnormal finding i.e., clumps, serum, blood, etc., is classified
as mastitis. Chemical tests are limited to a monthly California
Mastitis Test (CMT). If the test is positive, i.e., if the leukocyte
count is above normal, the affected quarter is assumed to have mastitis.
Microbiological tests per se are not done. However, antibiotic
sensitivity tests are done if the affected quarter does not respond
to standard treatment.
All suspects are treated as cases of acute mastitis. As determined
by sensitivity tests and prior history,' the antibiotic of choice is
infused into the affected quarter following each milking for no
less than six treatments. Additional treatment is given as indicated.
This may include parenteral antibiotics, fluid therapy, diuretics,
hormones and/or rumen stimulants, depending on the clinical response.
Spread of mastitis from infected cows to healthy cows is reduced
by using separate milking buckets, milking infected animals last,
isolation of infected cows, prevention of spilling of infected milk
on floors, disinfection of teat cups, and other methods usually
employed in strict sanitation programs.
When a cow with a history of mastitis is dried up, 30 cc of Furacirr-
is infused into each quarter. This is repeated 4-6 weeks prior to
Eaton Laboratories, Norwich, New Jersey.
18
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parturition. By following this method religiously, the incidence of
mastitis has been reduced considerably.
As shown in Figure 5, our incidence of mastitis is quite low with an
average of 1.2 cases per month. The average percentage of our herd
infected each day is .9 percent. (Incidence from May 1964 - June 1966
was 1..7 percent.) However, we'have had four serious episodes of mastitis,
which either resulted in permanent damage to the lactating tissue
of the mammary gland or in death, as in the case of Cow No. 29. (See
Appendix VI.) The mastitis incidence in individual cows is related in
Appendix VII.
C. Metabolic and Digestive Conditions
There are five cows (16, 44, 45, 46, and 84) that usually suffer from
parturient paresis (milk fever) at parturition. The standard treatment
of intravenous infusion of 500 cc calcium borogluconate, usually controls
the problem. However, on September 15', 1966, Cow No. 24 was treated
and apparently responded, but during the night she relapsed and was .
dead when the livestock workers reported for work on the morning of ,
the 16th.
As a prophylatic treatment, each cow, approaching parturition, is
injected with 50 cc of Cal-Gly-Phos& , intramuscularly. This is ad-
ministered every seven days until the cow calves. No dramatic decline
in the incidence of parturient paresis has been noted, however, the
severity of the condition seems to be lessened.
There have been three cases of ketosis, all of which have been
successfully treated with the standard corticosteroid and glucose
therapy.
H. C. Burns Company, Inc., Oakland, California.
19
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5%
NUMBER
AFFECTED
4%
I HI
Hi
o%
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1966 1967 1968
Figure 5. Percent of Mastitis Incidence in USPHS Dairy Herd by Cow Days per Month
20
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Tympanites (bloat) has occurred when cows are fed a large amount of
fresh alfalfa green chop without a preliminary feeding of hay. All
cases of bloat were successfully relieved by administering surface
wetting agents and by bleeding off the rumen gas via a stomach tube.
When the cows are on green chop, they are fed a bloat preventive
containing poloxalene which has eliminated all bloating incidents.
There was one case of traumatic gastritis (hardware disease) during
this period. Cow No. 5 became sick in early March of 1967; despite .
intensive therapy she expired on June 25, 1967. (See Appendix VIII
for history and necropsy details.)
Because prevention of traumatic gastritis is more important than
the medical or surgical treatment of the condition, magnets are
placed in the rumens of all the dairy cows. This, for the most
part, prevents the penetration of metal particles through the rumen
wall into the abdominal or thoracic cavities, In addition to this,
there has been a concentrated effort to strip lots and mangers of any
pieces of baling wire or other metal objects that could be ingested.
Care 1s taken to prevent the placement of wire in the hay manger
during feeding. Hay produced on the Area 15 Farm is baled with
twine which eliminated another source of hardware.
21
-------
HERD PARTICIPATION IN USPHS EXPERIMENTS
The USPHS Area 15 Experimental Farm and dairy herd are used, primarily,
for the assessment of radioiodine uptake by dairy cows. There have
131
been four I controlled release experiments conducted at the farm
between July 1, 1966 and December 31, 1968. Two of these experiments
(SIP and HARE) consisted of dry aerosols of diatomaceous earth tagged
131
with I which was generated over growing forages. One, Rainout,
131
was a I hydrosol which was sprayed on a forage plot and one, MICE,
131
was a release of molecular I9. In addition to these controlled
131
releases, the dairy herd is used for I uptake studies from forages
contaminated by the fallout from reactor effluent or Plowshare cratering
events. Studies were conducted for one reactor run, Phoebus, and three
Plowshare events, Cabriolet, Buggy, and Schooner.
Basically the cows were handled the same for all of these experiments.
Each cow is assigned a specific forage ration, which may be spread hay,
baled hay, chopped baled hay, spread alfalfa green chop, fresh alfalfa
green chop, or fresh sudan green chop. The cow is placed in an
individual feeding pen and fed a definite weight of the forage on an
assigned schedule. A sample of each feeding of forage is collected
and submitted for gamma spectroscopy analysis. The amount of uneaten
residue is also determined so that the total intake of each cow is
known. The total production at each milking is determined and a milk
sample is collected for gamma spectroscopy so that each cow's output
in the milk is also determined. The standard operating procedures for
conduct of dairy cow experiments are listed in SWRHL-55r.
131
In addition to these I feeding experiments, selected cows have been
131
administered I via capsules and then placed in metabolism stalls
131
where the I output in the urine and feces was also measured. The
basic objective of these experiments is to provide data which will be
used to develop a mathematical.model for the accurate prediction of
22
-------
the amounts of radioiodine whioh will appear in the milk of dairy cows
at any specified time after exposure. The details, and results may be
found in the technical report for each experiment as listed in
Table 2.
Appendix IX lists the cows by number and shows their participation in
all experiments.
Appendix X lists each experiment chronologically and shows the type of
exposure of each participating cow.
In addition to the above experiments, in August and September of 1966
the -USPHS dairy herd was utilized by Dr. Dewitt 6. Hazzard, Research
Branch, Division of Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland, to determine
134
the in vivo binding effect of various levels of verxite on Cs. The
cows each received 0.2 yc of Cs in the afternoon grain for 18 days.
Group I cows (5, 16, 21, and 43) received 1.8 pounds of verxite each
morning for 23 days; Group II cows (2, 22, 28, and 46) received 1.2 pounds
for the same period; Group III cows (12, 13, 18, and 41) received
0.6 pounds^ and Group IV cows (15, 19, 26, and 45) received no verxite.
Results of this experiment were published in June 1967, (Vol 50, p. 992)
Journal of Dairy Science. The title of the article was "Verxite Flakes
T?d
for in vivo Binding of Cs in Cows."
Since little information is available concerning the uptake, secretion,
and metabolism of the isotopes of tungsten, chromium, and iron, a pre-
liminary study (Project Checkout) was designed. On January 20, 1967, an
oral dose of 80 yCi 50Cr, 45.4 yCi 59Fe, and 608 yCi of 187W was given
to Cow No. 43 via a gelatin capsule. Milk samples were collected at
each milking for the next six days. Analysis indicated that Cr Was
59
not secreted in the milk; that Fe is secreted in trace amounts; and
that W is secreted in the milk with an effective half life of 16 hours.
23
-------
Table 2. List of Reports of Experiments Conducted l July 1966 - 31 December 1968
ro
Experiment SWRHL
Cesium 1
Verxite
34
Study
No. Title of Report
Verxite
binding
flakes
of U4
for In vivo
Cs in cows
Authors
D.
T.
B.
G.
J.
H.
Hazzard
Wi throw
Bruckner
Status of Report
Published
issue (Vol
Journal of
P. 992
in June
50) of
Dairy
1967
the
Science
Rainout
43r
Phoebus
SIP
39r
MICE
85r
Cabriolet
Buggy
Metabolism No No.
Studies 1 & 2 Assigned
I Transport through
the air-forage-cow-milk
system using an aerosol
mist
I Dairy cow uptake
study Using a submicro-
meter synthetic dry
aerosol
Radioiodine transport
through the air-forage-
cow-milk,s.ystem using a
gaseous
131
I0 contaminant
Radioiodine metabolism
in dairy cows
R. Douglas
S. Black
D. Barth
B. Mason
S. Black
D. Barth
R. Douglas
S. Black
W. Shimoda
To AEC for review on
October 28, 1968
Report in preparation
To AEC for review on
February 1, 1969
In review channels
Report in preparation
Report in preparation
Memorandum report
-------
Table 2. List of Reports of Experiments Conducted 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 cont'd
Experiment SWRHL No. Title of Report Authors Status of Report
1 on
HARE 61 r Cow milk I levels S. Black To AEC for review on
following ingestion D. Earth January 9, 1970
of synthetically con- R. Stanley
taminated alfalfa or
Sudan
Schooner Report in preparation
ro
en
-------
REFERENCES
1. Douglas, R. L. Status of the Nevada Test Site Experimental Farm.
SWRHL No. 36r.
2. Smith, D. D. and Engel, R. E. Progress Report for Bioenvironmental
Research, May 26, 1964 through July 1, 1966 - Part I: Experimental
Dairy Farm. SWRHL No. 55r. 1966
3. Daley, E. M. and Smith, D. D. Agronomic Aspects of the Experimental
Dairy Farm, June 1966 - December 1968. SWRHL No. 63r. 1969.
26
-------
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX Page
I. Acquisition Data and Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 28
1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968
II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 35
31 December 1968
III. Replacement Cows for the U. S. Public Health Service 46
Dairy Herd
IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 52
V. United States Public Health Service - Bioenvironmental 67
Research Program Routine Veterinary Necropsy Protocol
AIP NO: AHU-17-NTS
VI. United States Public Health Service - Bioenvironmental 70
Research Program Routine Veterinary Necropsy Protocol
AIP NO: AHU-29-NTS
VII. Mastitis Incidence in Individual Cows 73
VIII. United States Public Health Service - Bioenvironmental 76
Research Program Routine Veterinary Necropsy Protocol
AIP NO: AHU-5-NTS
IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing 79
Participation in Experiments
X. List of Cows Arranged According to Field Events and 87
Type of Exposure
27
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data anrl Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968
CO
Cow No.
2
5
11
12
13
Date of Birth
Age as of 31 Dec 68
Nov 1958*
10 yrs 2 mos
Mar 1960*
. 8 yrs 9 mos
Mar 1960*
8 yrs 9 mos*
Oct 1960*
8 yrs 3 mos
Weight
Type of Breeding
1375 Ibs
Grade
Grade
1485 Ibs
Grade
1600 Ibs
Grade
1650 Ibs
Grade
Cost and
Acquisition Date
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
Spring 1964
Remarks
In herd
Died 26 Jun 1967
Traumatic gastritis
In- herd
3-quartered cow
In herd
In herd
Dispersal sale
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data and Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968 (continued)
ro
Cow No.
15
16
17
18
19
21
Date of Birth
Age as of 31 Dec 68
Nov 1958*
10 yrs 2. mos
Nov 1958*
10 yrs 2 mos
14 Apr 1956
12 yrs 9 mos
26 Mar 1962
6 yrs 10 mos
Weight
Type of Breeding
Grade
1500 Ibs
Grade
Grade
1470 Ibs
Grade
1550 Ibs
Grade
1700 Ibs
Grade
Cost and
Acquisition Date
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
Spring 1964
Dispersal sale
Idaho
$225
16 Aug 1964
U of Nev
$225
16 Aug 1964
U of Nev
$225
16 Aug 1964
U of Nev
Remarks
Transferred
to University of Nevada
25 Oct 1967
In herd
Euthanized
31 Aug 1967
Hip displacement
following calving
In herd
In herd
In herd
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data and Vital 'Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968 (conttnued)
CO
o
Date of Birth
Cow No. Age as of 31 Dec 68
22
23
24
25
26 24 Feb 1960
8 yrs 11 mos
27 8 Dec 1961
7 yrs
Weight
Type of Breeding
Grade
Grade
Registered
Registered
1980 Ibs
Registered
1730 Ibs
Registered
Cost and
Acquisition Date
No charge
7 Nov 1964
U of Nev
No charge
7 Nov 1964
U of Nev
$400
Cant! on Farms
15 Nov 1964
$400
Oats Bros
15 Nov 1964
$400
Oats Bros
15 Nov 1964
$400
Cantlon Farm
Remarks
Culled from herd
Sacrificed - 13 Oct 1966
AIP Program
Culled from herd
Sacrificed - 13 Oct 1966
AIP Program
Died 16 Sep 1966
Milk fever
Culled from herd
17 Aug 1967
Transferred to U
of Nev
In herd
In herd
15 Nov 1964
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data and Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow No.
28
29
35
36
39
43
Date of Birth
Age as of 31 Dec 68
24 Aug 1958
10 yrs 4 mos
15 Jan 1965
3 yrs
30 Dec 1964
4 yrs
13 Apr 1965
3 yrs 8 mos
31 Oct 1962
6 yrs 3 mos
Weight
Type of Breeding
Registered
Registered
1162 Ibs
Grade
1239 Ibs
Grade
1423 Ibs
Registered
1812 Ibs
Registered
Cost and
Acquisition Date
$500
Oats Bros
15 Nov 1964
$400
Cant! on Farm
15 Nov 1964
Born in herd
Dam was No. 18
Sire - U of Nev
bull
Born in herd
Dam was No. 20
Sire - U of Nev
bull
Born in herd
Dam was No. 28
Sire - Oats bull
$450
Cantlon Farms
Remarks
Dead - 16 Jun 1968
Calving complication
Dead - 8 Feb 1968
Gangrenous mastitis
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
23 Jul 1965
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data and Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968 (continued)
CO
ro
Cow No.
44
45
46
47
48
55
Date of Birth
Age as of 31 Dec 68
8 Nov 1959
9 yrs 5 mos
14 Apr 1960
8 yrs 9 mos
20 Sep 1960
8 yrs 4 mos
17 Apr 1958
10 yrs 8 mos
7 Mar 1962
6 yrs 10 mos
8 Sep 1965
3 yrs 4 nios
Weight
Type of Breeding
1910 Ibs
Registered
1358 Ibs
Registered
1720 Ibs
Registered
1685 Ibs
Registered
1500 Ibs
Registered
1160 Ibs
Registered
Cost and
Acquisition Date
$450
Oats Bros
23 Jul 1965
$500
Oats Bros
23 Jul 1965
$500
Oats Bros
23 Jul 1965
$400
Oats Bros
23 Jul 1965
$400
Oats Bros
23 Jul 1965
Born in herd
Darn was No. 48
Remarks
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
Transferred
University of Nev
Sire - Oats bull
30 Oct 1968
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data and Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968 (continued)
CO
CO
Cow No.
62
71
83
84
85
86
Date of Birth
Age as of 31 Dec 68
16 Feb 1966
2 yrs 11 mos
3 Apr 1966
2 yrs 10 mos
19 Jun 1962
6 yrs 6 mos
16 Sep 1960
8 yrs 4 mos
28 Nov 1960
8 yrs 2 mos
25 Jan 1962
7 yrs
Weight
Type of Breeding
1040 Ibs
Registered
1160 Ibs
Registered
1385 Ibs
Registered
1690 Ibs
Registered
1480 Ibs
Registered
1550 Ibs
Registered
Cost and
Acquisition Date
Born in herd
Dam was No. 43
Sire - U of Nev
bull
Born in herd
Dam was No. 48
Sire - Cantlon's
Phantom
$499
Oats Bros
16 Nov 1966
$450
Oats Bros
16 Nov 1966
$500
Oats Bros
16 Nov 1966
$450
Oats Bros
16 Nov 1966
Remarks
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
-------
APPENDIX I. Acquisition Data and Vital Statistics of Dairy Cows 1 July 1966 -
31 December 1968 (continued)
Date of Birth Weight Cost and
Cow No. Age as of 31 Dec 68 Type of Breeding Acquisition Date Remarks
87 27 Jul 1962 1675 Ibs $600 In herd
6 yrs 5 mos Registered Oats Bros
16 Nov 1966
CO
Estimated - as no records prior to purchase
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 Juiy 1966 - 31 December 1968
GO
en
Cow Lactation
No. No.
2 5*
6*
7*
5 5*
11 4*
5*
12 4*
Period &
Length of
Lactation
11/27/65
10/21/66
328 days
2/23/67
11/29/67
279 days
2/16/68
11/25/68
282 days
1/31/66
11/3/66
276 days
9/21/66
7/31/67
313 days
11/29/67
9/4/68
279 days
2/24/66
12/15/66
294 days
Days Dry
Preceeding
Lactation
85
125
80
150
329
121
66
Open
Days
166
75
115
173
150
80
77
No. &
Type of
Breeding
2x-bull
Ix-bull
Ix-bull
2x-bull
3x-l A.I.**
2x-bull
Ix-bull
Ix-bull
Days
Carried
Calf
162
204
167
103
163
199
217
Pounds
Milk
Production
17,429
14,441
14,429
11,790
19,691
16,671
15,404
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
2.4%
418.3
3.7%
543.3
3.3%
476.2
2.6%
306.5
4.5%
886.1
3.6%
600.2
3.2%
492.9
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Age as
'of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
10 yrs
2 mos*
Cow died 26 Jun 67 after
a prolonged illness due to
penetrating harware
(Traumatic reticulitis)
Seriously ill with
reticulitis during
There may have been
reabsorbtion.
8 yrs
9 mos
Three-quartered cow
from mastitis prior
into herd.
traumatic
dry period
fetal
resulting
to entry
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow Lactation
No. No.
5*
6*
£ 13 4*
5*
15 7*
Period &
Length of
Lactation
2/9/67
9/30/67
233 days
1/5/68
9/4/68
242 days
5/31/67
4/12/67
315 days
7/27/67
5/17/68
294 days
4/12/66
1/25/67
258 days
Days Dry
Proceeding
Lactation
56
97
102
106
123
Open
Days
29
59
143
81
96
No. &
Type of
Breeding
Ix-A.I.
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
4x-2 A.I.
2x-bull
Ix-bull
Ix-A.I.
Days
Carried
Calf
204
183
172
213
162
Pounds
Milk
Production
9,092
11,691
15,246
13,705
15,301
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.6%
327.3 Ibs
3.8%
444.3 Ibs
3.3%
503.1 Ibs
3.5%
479.7 Ibs
2.7%
413.1 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
3 yrs
9 mos
Twins
8yrs
3 mos*
4/4/67
99
No data as cow used as nurse cow
prior to culling from herd
Twins - Due to age cow's
udder became pendulous and
difficult to milk so convert-
to nurse cow and shipped to
University of Nevada
25 Oct 67.
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
CO
Cow Lactation
No. No.
16 5*
6*
17 3*
4*
5*
18 5*
Period &
Length of
Lactation
2/11/66
2/12/67
366 days
4/25/67
2/6/68
288 days
11/10/65
8/3/66
266 days
10/7/66
7/6/67
272 days
8/22/67
1/27/66
11/3/66
Days Dry
Proceeding
Lactation
190
72
347
65
47
57
No. &
Open Type of
Days Breeding
155 Ix-bull
81 Ix-bull
42 Ix-bull
36 Ix-bull
No data as
63 Ix-bull
Days
Carried
Calf
211
201
224
236
cow died
217
Pounds
Milk
Production
21 ,445
18,032
12,065
9,502
31 Aug 67
14,438
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.0%
643.4 Ibs
3.7%
667.2 Ibs
3.3%
398.1 Ibs
3.6%
342.1 Ibs
2.8%
404.3 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
Cow's heat periods are
very inapparent and hard
to detect. This is the
reason for the long open
period.
10 yrs
2 mos*
Illness terminated previous
lactation at 137 days,
therefore, a very long open
period.
Calving injury caused dis-
placement of hip - Euthanized
31 Aug 67.
280 days
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
CO
00
Cow
No.
19
21
Lactation
No.
6*
7*
8
9
3
4
Period &
Length of
Lactation
1/8/67
8/22/67
226 days
12/22/67
8/17/68
238 days
6/13/66
3/9/67
269 days
9/21/67
5/28/68
249 days
6/13/66
4/14/67
305 days
8/10/67
5/17/68
280 days
Days Dry
Preceeding
Lactation
66
122
189
196
75
118
Open
Days
66
131
165
183
143
88
No. &
Type of
Breeding
2x-bull
4x-2 A.I.
2x-bull
2x-bull
2x-bull
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
Days
Carried
Calf
160
107
104
66
162
192
Pounds
Milk
Production
10,546
10,859
10,943
9,298
17,022
16,044
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.3%
348.0 Ibs
3.5%
380.1 Ibs
3.1%
339.2 Ibs
3.0%
278.9 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
10 yrs
2 mos*
12 yrs
9 mos
Information
not available
4.0%
641.8 Ibs
6 yrs
10 mos
24
9/14/66
76
Cow died on 16 Sep 66.
Parturient paresis .
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow
No.
25
26
27
28
Lactation
No.
6
4
5
3
4
6
Period &
Length of
Lactation
1/16/67
8/9/67
205 days
2/24/66
11/10/66
259 days
7/27/67
4/11/68
258 days
8/21/66
7/5/67
318 days
7/25/67
4/6/68
255 days
3/8/66
11/10/66
247 days
Days Dry
Preceeding
Lactation
214
225
258
66
20
68
Open
Days
49
234
203
61
84
58
No. &
Type of
Breeding
lx-bull
5x-2 A.I.
3x-bull
Ix-bull
Ix-bull
lx-bull
Ix-A.I.
Days
Carried
Calf
156
25
55
257
171
189
Pounds
Milk
Production
13,004
15,097
11,748
18,073
10,441
12,022
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
2.5%
325.1 Ibs
3.2%
483.1 Ibs
3.4%
399.4 Ibs
3.1%
560.3 Ibs
3.1%
323.7 Ibs
2.6%
312.6 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
Lactation ended early as
cow culled from herd be-
cause of pendulous udder.
Difficult cow to settle.
Many breedings.
8 yrs No heats observed for six
11 mos months. Treated with
estrovarian. Severe in-
jury to left rear teat
caused early end of
lactation.
7 yrs
Twi ns
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow Lactation
No. Mo.
7
8
29 4
5
35 1
36 1
Period &
Length of
Lactation
2/12/67
10/28/67
258 days
6/6/68
8/30/65
7/6/66
310 days
4/19/67
2/5/68
292 days
3/20/67
12/19/67
274 days
4/16/67
12/19/67
247 days
Days Dry No. &
Preceeding Open Type of
Lactation Days Breeding
94 179 2x-A.I.
221 No data as
81 310 2x-bull
287 95 Ix-bull
60 Ix-bull
76 Ix-A.I.
Days
Carried
Calf
79
cow died
0
197
214
171
Pounds
puu
Production
8,231
16 Jun 68
14,344
15,649
9,432
8,006
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.5%
288.1 Ibs
2.9%
416.0 Ibs
4.4%
688.6 Ibs
3.5%
330.1 Ibs
2.6%
208.2 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
Acute col i form mastitis
from 14-27 Feb. Cow re-
covered but left quarter
was atrophied.
10 yrs Cow developed mastitis and
4 mos metritis after calving and
died 16 Jun 68.
Evidently fetal reabsorbtion
as positive pregnancy test
16 Mar 66 - no heat reported
Cow died of peri acute
gangrenous mastitis on
8 Feb 68.
3 yrs Dam was No. 18
11 mos
4 yrs Dam was No. 20
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow Lactation
No. No.
4
55 1
71 1
83 2
3
84 3
Period & Days Dry
Length of Preceeding Open
Lactation Lactation Days
9/6/67 67 163
6/20/68
286 days
6/13/68
8/23/68
71 days
1/10/68 133
8/17/68
219 days
11/23/66 Unknown 88
9/10/67
291 days
11/30/67 81 54
8/17/68
260 days
8/31/66 Unknown 84
4/22/67
157 days in
herd*
No. & Days Pounds
Type of Carried Milk
Breeding Calf Production
Ix-bull 123
3x-bull 86 6,004
2x-l A.I. 203 15,732
Ix-bull
Ix-bull 206 14,777
2x-l A.I. 150 12,151
Ix-bull
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.9%
62.3 Ibs
3.9%
234.2 Ibs
3. 5%
550.6 Ibs
3.3%
487.6 Ibs
3.7%
449.6 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68
6 yrs
10 mos
2 yrs
10 mos
6 yrs
6 mos
Remarks
Nurse cow for replace-
ment calves. No produc-
tion data.
Dam was No. 48. Allowed
to nurse calf during first
lactation. Poor producer
so shipped to University
of Nevada on 30 Oct 68.
First lactation. Dam was
No. 44.
Purchased 16 Nov 66 from
Oats Bros, Fallon, Nevada.
157 days in PHS herd.
Purchased 16 Nov 66 from
Oats Bros, Fallon, Nevada.
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
r>o
Cow
No.
39
43
44
45
Lactation
No.
1
2
3
5
6
4
5
Period &
Length of
Lactation
4/9/67
12/19/67
254 days
2/16/66
1/25/67
343 days
8/20/67
7/1/68
315 days
4/3/66
2/13/67
316 days
8/16/67
5/17/68
274 days
2/13/66
11/10/66
270 days
3/1/67
11/9/67
253 days
Days Dry
Preceeding
Lactation
61
207
135
184
101
111
Open
Days
115
269
74
216
120
92
122
No. &
Type of
Breeding
3x-bull
6x-3 A.I.
3x-bull
Ix-bull
4x-2 A.I.
2x-bull
Ix-bull
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
Days
Carried
Calf
139
74
241
100
154
178
131
Pounds
Milk
Production
8,269
17,657
15,086
15,603
12,172
14,047
12,549
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.5%
289.4 Ibs
3.8%
671.0 Ibs
4.5%
678.9 Ibs
2.9%
452.5 Ibs
3.5%
426.0 Ibs
3.1%
435.5 Ibs
3.7%
464.3 Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
3 yrs Dam was No. 28
8 mos
Left rear quarter contains
scar tissue from previous
mastitis infection
6 yrs
3 mos
Acute col i form mastitis
4-21 Sep 66. Right fore
quarter atrophied.
9 yrs Lowered milk production
5 mos capability because of scar
tissue in fore quarter.
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow
No.
46
47
48
Lactation
No.
6
4
5
6
7
3
Period &
Length of
Lactation
4/10/68
12/10/68
244 days
6/25/66
4/26/67
305 days
8/10/67
4/6/68
239 days
4/2/66
12/15/66
257 days
5/16/67
1/25/68
254 days
10/5/66
7/1/67
269 days
Days Dry
Preceeding
Lactation
152
128
105
86
152
126
Open
Days
86
131
114
132
133
53
No. &
Type of
Breeding
Ix-bull
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
3x-bull
Ix-A.I.
Ix-bull
Ix-bull
Days
Carried
Calf
158
174
125
125
121
216
Pounds
Milk
Production
12,546
14,086
9,335
12,689
10,993
13,009
Average
Butterfat
% and Ibs
3.3%
414.0
2.5%
352.2
3.6%
336.1
2.8%
355.3
4.1%
450.8
3.5%
455.3
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Ibs
Age as
of
31 Dec 68 Remarks
8
9
8
9
8
4
yrs
mos
yrs
mos
yrs
mos
10 yrs
9 mos
Twins
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Cow
No.
85
86
Period &
Lactation Length of
No. Lactation
4 8/31/67
5/17/68
259 days
4 7/16/66
5/29/67
317 days
194 days in
herd
5 12/23/67
10/23/68
304 days
3 8/11/66
4/11/67
243 days
146 days in
herd
4 8/31/67
4/6/68
218 days
Days Dry
Preceeding
Lactation
131
Unknown
208
Unknown
142
No. &
Open Type of
Days Breeding
78 2x-bull
243 2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
92 Ix-bull
102 Ix-bull
63 Ix-bull
Days
Carried
Calf
181
74
212
141
155
Pounds
Milk
Production
10,335
14,957
15,995
12,366
8,791
Average Age as
Butterfat of
% and Ibs 31 Dec 68 Remarks
3.6% 8 yrs
372.1 Ibs 4 mos
3.5% 194 days in PHS herd.
523.5 Ibs Purchased 16 Nov 66 from
Oats Bros, Fallen, Nevada.
3.9% 8 yrs
623.8 Ibs 2 mos
3.7% 146 days in PHS herd.
457.5 Ibs Purchased 16 Nov 66 from
Oats Bros, Fallen, Nevada.
3.9% 7 yrs
342.8 Ibs
-------
APPENDIX II. Production and Reproduction of Cows 1 July 1966 - 31 December 1968 (continued)
Period & Days Dry No. &
Cow Lactation Length of Proceeding Open Type of
No.- No. Lactation Lactation Days Breeding
Days Pounds
Carried Milk
Calf Production
Average Age as
Butterfat of
% and Ibs 31 Dec 68 Remarks
87
3
4
12/7/66
10/18/67
315 days
12/23/67
11/22/68
Unknown
65
100
260
2x-l A.I.
Ix-bull
3x-l A.I.
2x-bull
215
74
17,112
15,752
3.4%
581.8
3.4%
535.6
Ibs
Ibs
6 yrs
5 mos
Purchased 16 Nov 66 from
Oats Bros, Fallen , Nevada
Breeding problems. Widely
separated heat periods.
Herd
Average 4.75
Data
272 days
128
117 1.8
158 13,330
3.4% 7.5 yrs
449.3 Ibs
*Estimated as no records prior to purchase
**A.I. = Artificial Insemination
-------
APPENDIX III. Replacement Cows for the U. S. Public Health Service
Dairy Herd
46
-------
INTRODUCTION
To keep the herd at the necessary level of production, new cows must
replace those that have served a useful purpose but are no longer
within acceptable standards. We try to maintain a herd of 18 lac-
tating cows. This number of animals can be cared for efficiently
with the available staff and is large enough to provide an adequate
number of cows per group for our experiments. In order to maintain
this number of milking cows, it is necessary to have a herd of from
26 to 28 cows in various stages of pregnancy and lactation. New
animals are required periodically to replace aged animals, animals
lost through death, and animals whose mammary glands are damaged by
injury or by infection. Commercial dairies usually replace one-sixth
of the entire herd each year. '
The two major avenues of providing the required replacements are (1)
to establish a breeding program and raise our replacement stock or
(2) to purchase mature cows on the open market. This report discusses
the advantages and disadvantages of the two different procedures.
47
-------
PURCHASE OF REPLACEMENTS
The isolation of our research facilities makes the locating of suitable
replacement animals extremely difficult and time.consuming. Eligible
replacements are usually sold from herds because of some undesirable
trait, i.e., low butterfat, poor temperament, difficult or. slow milkers,
or because of some physical or metabolic anomaly that makes them prone
to lameness, mastitis, milk fever, ketosis, etc. In other words, we
are usually purchasing high-grade culls, as most producers are reluctant
to sell the better cows.
When we purchase cows that meet our standard criteria, transportation
becomes a major problem. The animals must be trucked; and, in most
cases, this involves a long distance through a desert environment.
Since these animals are usually not acclimated to the desert envi-
ronment, travel must be atf night in the summer or only during the
cool part of the year. Adjustment to the new surroundings is usually
slow. Initially, they show weight loss, inappetence, and declining
milk production. These characteristics are .undesirable, as data
collected during an experiment may not be a true reflection of what
occurs in the normal cow.
Infectious diseases can exist in any dairy herd—latent or actual.
Brucellosis, leptospirosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, tubercu-
losis, vibriosis, and trichomoniasis are a few of the diseases that
must be guarded against. Despite our precautions to prevent introducing
an infectious condition into our herd, the potential still exists.
t • ' •
An advantage in purchasing an animal, though, is that through the study
of her previous lactation records we can determine what type of produc-
tion can be expected after she becomes adjusted to her environment. This,
of course, is only true of animals purchased ;which have previous records
available.
48
-------
RAISING REPLACEMENT HEIFERS
Because of possible legal consequences, the AEC does not permit any
animal that has been maintained on the NTS to enter commercial marketing
avenues. This makes the disposal of surplus calves and cull cows extreme-
ly difficult. They must either be euthanized or transferred to another
U. S. Government agency. Transfers are expensive and time consuming.
As a breeding program is necessary to maintain a dairy herd in full milk
production, it seems logical to use the calves for replacement purposes
rather than destroying them. Calves raised oh our farm are adjusted to
the desert environment and are not greatly influenced by the stresses of
the climate when they reach maturity. As time goes on, our herd will
become very closely related genetically, and every animal should respond
similarly to the same conditions.
i
Surplus milk is used to feed the calves for the first few months of ,
their lives so expensive milk replacements are not required. The mild
desert climate and isolation of the area reduces health problems to a
minimum and expensive housing is not required.
During the first three years of our dairy's operation, i.e., from 1964
to 1967, we purchased our replacement cows from dairies in Northern
Nevada. Since 1967 we have utilized our own registered Holstein heifers
as replacements. Six heifers have entered our milking string and five
have proven to be suitable replacements. A major disadvantage of raising
replacement heifers is that we must wait 2-1/2 to 3 years before an animal
can enter the herd. There is always the risk that after this long waiting
period an animal will not be suitable. Through artificial insemination,
at a nominal cost ($2.00 per breeding), sires can be selected which will
improve the weak points of our herd; i.e., increase the butterfat per-
centage, strengthen rear legs, etc.
49
-------
ECONOMICS
In this area of the Southwest, the average price paid for registered
first-calf heifers of good breeding is $450 to $500. A registered
second-lactation cow, with a 305-day production record showing 3.5
percent butterfat and 15,000 pounds of milk, will cost at least.$600.
To these basic prices must be added the time required to locate, examine,
and select the animals and the transportation cost. Because of the
supply and demand, these animals usually meet our minimum standards
but are not equal to the average cow in our herd.
The average cost of raising a heifer from date of birth to a first calf
is approximately $300 to $360.'3' The high cost of labor on the NTS
may raise the figure somewhat; but, in this climate, the health and
housing costs are held to a minimum. Personnel who milk and care for
the dairy cows also care for the calves so little extra labor expense
is involved.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The scientific advantages of raising our replacment animals are:
1. All animals are genetically similar in the herd.
2. Animals have lived their entire lives in the environment.
3. All age groups are represented.
4. It is easier to maintain a relatively disease-free herd.
The economic advantages of raising our replacement animals are:
1. Lower total cost.
2. Elimination of wasteful euthanasia of new calves—male calves
can be utilized for terminal experiments, development of ;
special surgical techniques, etc.
3. Eliminates the need for searching for replacements.
50
-------
The only clear-cut drawback of raising replacement heifers is the element
of risk that a heifer will not be a satisfactory replacement after rais-
ing her to three years of age. This risk should be small with the use
of proven sires. The same risk exists when buying mature cows on the
commercial market, especially when buying first-calf heifers.
Under the conditions existing at the NTS and under our operating rules,
replacement of cows in our dairy herd by raising calves born to our own
cows is more feasible than buying cows on the commercial market.
REFERENCES
1. Agr. Exp. Sta., Univ. Nev., Reno, Nev. Bulletin 195.
2. Personal communication with commercial dairymen and H. T. Adams,
Extension Dairyman, Cooperative Extension Service.
3. Hoard's Dairyman 113(7). Apr. 10, 1968.
51
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966
Animal
No.
581
582
S 35
36
39
40
41
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
23 May 1964
Female
Unknown
5 Jul 1964
Female
Unknown
15 Feb 1965
Female
60 Ibs
30 Dec 1964
Female
60 Ibs
13 Apr 1965
Female
85 Ibs
29 May 1965
Male
80 Ibs
14 Jun 1965
Female
65 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 4
Unknown
No. 8
Unknown
No. 18
Unknown
No. 20
Unknown
No. 28
& Oats Bull
No. 21
Unknown
No. 13 &
Hereford
Bull
Type of
Breeding
Angus-Holstein
Angus-Holstein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Remarks
Transferred to University of
Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University of
Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
2nd lactation as replacement
cow
2nd lactation as replacement
cow
2nd lactation as replacement
cow
Sacrificed 13 Oct 1966 -
AIP semiannual beef sacrificing
program
Transferred to University of
Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
CO
Animal
No.
42
49*
50*
51
53
54
55
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
18 Jul 1965
Male
65 IDS
4 Aug 1965
Female
50 Ibs
4 Aug 1965
Male
50 Ibs
24 Aug 1965
Female
50 Ibs
1 Sep 1965
Female
50 Ibs
30 Aug 1965
Male
Unknown
8 Sep 1965
Female
55 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 25
& Oats Bull
No. 27 &
Hereford
Bull
No. 27 &
Hereford
Bull
No. 1 &
Hereford
Bull
No. 24 &
Hereford
Bull
No. 29 &
Hereford
Bull
No. 48 &
Oats Bull
Type of
Breeding
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Regular
Hoi stein
Remarks
Sacrificed 1 Jun 1967
AIP semiannual beef
sacrificing program
Sacrificed 1 Jun 1967
AIP semiannual beef
sacrificing program
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
2nd lactation as replacement
cow. Poor cow. Transferred to
University of Nevada - 30 Oct 1
in barter for Hereford Bull
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Date of Birth
Animal Sex
No. Wt. at Birth
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
27 Nov 1965
Male
60 IDS
25 Jan 1966
Female
81 Ibs
31 Jan 1966
Male
80 Ibs
11 Feb 1966
Male
80 Ibs
13 Feb 1966
Male
91 Ibs
16 Feb 1966
Female
76 Ibs
16 Feb 1966
Male
72 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 2 &
AI H-195
No. 18
& 508
No. 5
& 508
No. 16
& 508
No. 45 &
Oats AI
No. 43 &
U of N
Wis Burke AI
No. 22
& 508
Type of
Breeding
Grade Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Holstein
Regular
Hoi stein
Regular
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Remarks
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
1st lactation as replacement
cow
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
en
en
Animal
No.
64
65
67
68*
69*
70
71
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
16 Feb 1966
Male
78 Ibs
24 Feb 1966
Male
85 Ibs
24 Feb 1966
Female
80 Ibs
8 Mar 1966
Male
69 Ibs
8 Mar 1966
Male
75 Ibs
2 Apr 1966
Male
88 Ibs
3 Apr 1966
Female
84 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 23
& 508
No. 26
& 508
No. 12
& 508
No. 28
& 508
No. 28
& 508
No. 47 &
Oats Bull
No. 44 &
Cantlon's
Phantom
Type of
Breeding
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Herefprd-
Hol stein
Hereford
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Regular
Hoi stein
Regular
Holstein
Remarks
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Dairy herd sire
1st lactation as replacement
cow
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
cr>
Animal
No.
72
73*
74*
75
76
77
78
79
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
12 Apr 1966
Male
90 Ibs
31 May 1966
Female
69 Ibs
31 May 1966
Male
79 Ibs
13 Jun 1966
Female
70 Ibs
13 Jun 1966
Male
75 Ibs
21 Aug 1966
Male
70 Ibs
15 Sep 1966
Male
75 Ibs
21 Sep 1966
Male
100 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 15
& 508
No. 13
& 509
No. 13
& 509
No. 19
& 509
No. 21
& 509
No. 27
& 508
No. 24
& 508
No. 11
& 508
Type of
Breeding
Hereford-
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Remarks
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Freemarti n
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Rumen fistula experiment
Died 6 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Rumen fistula experiment
Died 6 Aug 1967
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Animal
No.
80*
81*
82
88
89
90
91
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
5 Oct 1966
Female
63 Ibs
5 Oct 1966
Female
76 Ibs
7 Oct 1966
Male
88 Ibs
7 Dec 1966
Male
108 Ibs
8 Jan 1967
Female
50 Ibs
16 Jan 1967
Femal e
73 Ibs
9 Feb 1967
Male
96 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 48
& 508
No. 48
& 508
No. 17
& 508
No. 87 &
Moosehart
Alliance
No. 18
& 509
No. 25 &
AI H-46
No. 12
& 508
Type of
Breeding
Hereford-
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Holstein
Remarks
Sacrificed for AIP
19 Oct 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Died 14 Dec 1966
Congenital malformation
Dead at birth
Retained for replacement
for dairy herd
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Animal
No.
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
12 Feb 1967
Female
88 Ibs
23 Feb 1967
Male
93 Ibs
1 Mar 1967
Female
108 Ibs
24 Mar 1967
Male
50 Ibs
30 Mar 1967
Male
65 Ibs
9 Apr 1967
Female
65 Ibs
16 Apr 1967
Male
86 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 28 &
AI H-46
No. 2
& 508
No. 45
& 508
No. 5
& 509
No. 35
& 508
No. 39
& 508
No. 36
& 508
$
Type of
Breeding
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Remarks
Retained for replacement
for dairy herd
Dead at birth
Euthanized 16 Jun 1967
Broken leg
Cow aborted as very ill.
Premature. Dead on
arrival
Sacrificed 20 Jun 1967
Project SIP
Sacrificed 20 Jun 1967
Project SIP
Sacrificed 20 Jun 1967
Project SIP
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
en
10
Animal
No.
99
100
101*
102*
103
104
105
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
19 Apr 1967
Female
68 Ibs
25 Apr 1967
Female
Unknown
4 May. 1967
Male
83 Ibs
4 May 1967
Male
79 Ibs
16 May 1967
Male
Unknown
25 Jul 1967
Male
83 Ibs
27 Jul 1967
Male
Unknown
Dam &
Sire
No. 29
& 508
No. 16
& 508
No. 15
& 508
No. 15
& 508
No. 47 &
AI H-32
No. 27
& 508
No. 26
& 508
Type of
Breeding
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
. Hoi stein
Remarks
Sacrificed 20 Jun 1967
Project SIP
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 A.ug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Transferred to University
of Nevada - 17 Aug 1967
Bartered for bull
University of Nevada
25 Oct 1967
Bartered for bull
University of Nevada
25 Oct 1967
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Animal
No.
106
107
108
109
110
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
27 Jul 1967
Male
Unknown
10 Aug 1967
Female
81 Ibs
10 Aug 1967
Male
96 Ibs
16 Aug 1967
Male
86 Ibs
20 Aug 1967
Female
80 Ibs
No
&
No
&
No
&
No
&
No
&
Dam &
Sire
. 13
508
. 46
508
.21
508
. 44
508
. 43
508
Type of
Breeding
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Remarks
Bartered for bull
University of Nevada
25 Oct 1967
Bartered for bull
University of Nevada
25 Oct 1967
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 Oct 1968
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 'Oct 1968
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 Oct 1968
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Date of Birth
Animal Sex
No. Wt. at Birth
111 22 Aug 1967
Male
94 Ibs
112 31 Aug 1967
Male
86 Ibs
2 113 31 Aug 1967
Male
82 Ibs
114 6 Sep 1967
Male
92 Ibs
115 21 Sep 1967
Female
80 Ibs
116 29 Nov 1967
Female
92 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 17
& 508
No. 84
& 508
No. 86
& 508
No. 48
& 508
No. 19
& 508
No. 11
& 70-
Type of
Breeding
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Remarks
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 Oct 1968
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 Oct 1968
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 Oct 1968
Transferred to beef herd -
20 Jun 1968 - Bartered to
University of Nevada for
Hereford Bull - 30 Oct 1968
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born Into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
en
rv>
Animal
No.
117
118
119
No
Numbers*
120
121
122
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
30 Nov 1967
Female
88 Ibs
22 Dec 1967
Male
Unknown
23 Dec 1967
Female
Unknown
23 Dec 1967
Female & Male
Unknown
5 Jan 1968
Male
95 Ibs
11 Jan 1968
Male
87 Ibs
16 Feb 1968
Female
87 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 83 &
AI H-37
No. 18
& 70
No. 87
& 70
No. 85
& 70
No. 12 &
AI H-37
No. 7-1
& 509
No. 2
& 70
Type of
Breeding
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hereford
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Remarks
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
Euthanized
28 Feb 1968
No use in program
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
Twins - Dead at birth
Premature
Euthanized
28 Feb 1968
No use in program
Euthanized
28 Feb 1968
No use in program
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
OJ
Animal
No.
123
1.24
125
12.6
127
128
129
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
21 Feb 1968
Female
82 Ibs
1 Apr 1968
Male.
85 Ibs
10 Apr 1968
Male
Unknown
15 Apr 1968
Male
90 Ibs
24 Apr 1968
Female
80 Ibs
16 May 1968
Female
82 Ibs
6 Jun 1968
Male
Unknown
Dam &
Sire
No. 35
& 70
No. 36
& 70
No. 45
& 70
No. 16
& 70
No. 62
& 70
No. 39
& 70
No. 28
& 70
Type of
Breeding
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Remarks
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
Utilized for experiments
Surgery BMS-5P
Died
Calf dead at birth
Milk fever cow
Retained for
possible herd sire
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
At Well 3
Dairy herd replacement
Dead at birth
Prolonged dystocia
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Animal
No.
130*
131*
2 132
133
134
135
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
14 Jun 1968
Male
Unknown
14 Jun 1968
Female
Unknown
1 Jul 1968
Female
Unknown
19 Jul 1968
Female
79 Ibs
25 Jul 1968
Female
79 Ibs
7 Aug 1968
Female
84 Ibs
Dam &
Sire
No. 55
& 70
No. 55
& 70
.
No. 47
& 70
No. 13
& 70
No. 27
& 70
No. 43
& 70
Type of
Breeding
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Remarks
Euthanfzed
14 Jun 1968
No use in program
Euthanized
14 Jun 1968
Freemartin
No use in program
Dairy herd replacement
Dairy herd replacement
Dairy herd replacement
"
Dairy herd replacement
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
01
en
Animal
No.
136
137*
138*
139
140
141
142 &
.143*
Date of Birth
Sex
Wt. at Birth
7 Aug 1968
Male
Unknown
14 Aug 1968
Male
73 Ibs
14 Aug 1968
Female
71 Ibs
21 Aug 1968
Female
Unknown
6 Sep 1968
Male
94 Ibs
14 Oct 1968
Male
Unknown
20 Oct 1968
Females
Unknown
Dam &
Sire
No. 86
& 70
No. 84
• & 70
No. 84
& 70
No. 21
& 70
No. 46
& 70
No. 44
& 70
No. 83 &
AI H-37
Type of
Breeding
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Hoi stein
Holstein
Remarks
Dead at birth
Twin - Euthanized
16 Aug 1968 - No use
in program
Twin - Euthanized
16 Aug 1968 - Freemartin
No use in program
Dairy herd replacement
Euthanized - 19 Sep 1968 -
No use in program
Dead at birth as cow
suffered from parturient
paresis prior to birth
Calves were dead at birth
as cow developed dystocia
during unattended hours of the
night
-------
APPENDIX IV. Calves in Herd or Born into Herd Since 1 July 1966 (continued)
Date of Birth
Animal Sex
No. Wt. at Birth
144 22 Nov 1968
Male
Unknown
145 25 Nov 1968
Male
Unknown
o. 146 29 Nov 1968
** Male
Unknown
147 9 Dec 1968
Female
UnKnown
Dam &
Sire
No. 11
& 70
No. 48
& 510
No. 26
& 70
No. 12
& 70
Type of
Breeding Remarks
Holstein Euthanized 25 Nov 1968 -
No use in program
Hereford- Euthanized 27 Nov 1968 -
Holstein No use in program
Holstein Euthanized 29 Nov 1968 -
No use in program
Holstein Calf died 17 Dec 1968 from
entero toxemia
''Twins
-------
APPENDIX V. UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
BIG-ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
ROUTINE VETERINARY NECROPSY PROTOCOL
AIP NO: AHU-17-NTS-67
Tissues for Histopathology :
Heart _j
Kidney L R X
Liver X
Lung X
Muscle X
Spleen X
Thyroid X
Adrenal X
AbT X
Sample
Code
Ab.C
AbT
BoF
BoH
Li
Lu
Mu
RuC
Th
Sample for
. Rad.ioanalysis :
Ab omasum
Content X
Ab omasum
Tissue X
*Bone, Femur X
**Bone, Hock
Liver X
Lung(Tips) X
Muscle X
Rumen
Content X
Thyroid X
Wt.
Cms .
260.0
190.1
1350.6
359.2
114.1
423
212.1
58
SWRHL
Code 62-
033062
033064
033065
033060
033066
033063
033061
033067
Date SWRHL
Received
DATE HISTOPATHOLOGY TISSUES SHIPPED:
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
* Bovine ** Wildlife Ruminants
CASE ACCESSION NO:
CNG 54
PHOTO NO:
ixxxxxxxxxyxxxxxx.
,xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxx:
LXXXXXXXXXXXX.
:xxxxxxxxxx;
AIP NO:
AHU-17
OTHER NO:
HISTORY: Cow #17 calved during early morning hours of 22 Aug. Both cow and calf were up
when livestock worker arrived at 0600 hours. Cow was favoring her right leg. At 1400 hours,
calf was brought to barn, the cow followed but still limped on the right rear leg. At 1530
hours, she slipped in the holding pen and was assisted to her feet.
On 23 Aug the cow was milked in a.m. and p.m. but still showed lameness of right hind leg.
She was given 5 cc POP for retained placenta.
On 24 Aug cow was down 50 ft. from barn at 0600 hours and was unable to get up. She was
(Continued on attached sheet)
DATE OF DEATH: 8/31/67 HOUR: 0915 LOCATION; Area 15
DATE OF NECROPSY; 8/31/67
SEX: F AGE: 7-1/2 yrs
HOUR:
SPECIES:
Bovine
WEIGHT:
COMMON NAME:
0920 LOCATION:
720 kg METHOD:
Area 15
Scales
Cow
BREED: Holstein Angus X
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE: Cow is in very good condition. She is resting on her sternum with her
forelegs normally flexed. The rear legs are extended foreward along the sides of the body.
Rear legs are at about a 30° angle from the body. (See sketch) There is a scanty reddish
brown discharge from the vulva.
PRIMARY INCISION: jhe cow is lying on her left side. A midline incision is made and the
forelegs are reflected dorsally with the skin. Much yellow subcutaneous fat is present.
There is an edematous area over the right jugular furrow. This area contains a gelatinous
mass approximately 18 cm long x 6 cm wide x 3 cm deep. This lesion is probably the result
(Continued on attached sheet)
67
-------
HISTORY (Continued)
treated for possible parturient paresis or ketosis. She was given 500 cc
Dextrosol (Norden) I.V.; 500 cc Calsem-D (Massengill) I.V.; 20 mg Azium
(Schering) I.M.; and 900 cc Dilusol (Diamond) I.V. An unsuccessful attempt
was made to remove the placenta. She was given 4 sulfa urea boluets intra-
uterine and 10 cc Mycillin V, I.M.
25 Aug 67 - cow lifted with tractor - could not stand at all on rear legs.
28 Aug 67 - cow given 500 cc Am Bex (Corvel) I.V. and 500 cc C.P.M.(Cutter) I.V.
Although cow continued bright, alert and had good appetite, she remained down.
Her rear legs were extended forward in a frog like position. It was decided to
euthanize her on 31 Aug 67. She was sacrificed at 9:15 with captive bolt
pistol.
PRIMARY INCISION (Continued)
of a faulty intravenous injection. There are areas of bruising and edematous
infiltration over the sternum, in front of the udder and over the hips. These
are probably the result of slinging the cow while trying to get her on her feet.
There are extensive bruises and edematous areas over the posterior portion of
the hips, most probably caused by pressure necrosis resulting from the sitting
position she assumed.
MISCELLANEOUS (Continued)
The head of the femur is pulled out of the acetabulum. The round ligament
is completely severed. Musculature over the sternum has a cooked appearance,
probably from pressure necrosis.
68
-------
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Liver is yellowish in color and rather friable. Rumen contains approxi-
mately 35 liters of dry green ingesta. The reticulum is clean with no hardware, gravel or
magnets found. The omasum is impacted. There are thin layers of very, very dry ingesta
between the leaves. The abomasum contains approximately one liter of brownish fluid.
Mucosa is normal. The intestinal tract contains scanty amounts of semi-fluid fecal matter.
Mucosa is normal in appearance throughout its length.
GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM: No lesions are observed in the kidneys or bladder. The uterus
shows little involution and contains approximately 1 liter of brownish red putrid fluid.
The cow has metritis from the retained placenta.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Lungs are normal with the exception of a few atelectatic lobules on
the edge of the diaphragmatic lobes. The left cardiac lobe shows some atelectatic in-
volvement.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: NO lesions observed.
MISCELLANEOUS: /\s ^e medial muscles proxinal to the right stifle are reflected, a muscle
mass, 5 cm in diameter, shows extensive necrosis for it's entire length. It has a cooked
appearance. Another bundle of muscle approximately 6 cm in width has been torn loose
from it's medial attachment at the right hip joint. Other adducting muscles show this
same necrosis at their attachment on the pubis. The marginal cartlidge of the right
acetabulum shows extensive necrosis. (Continued on attached sheet)
ORGAN WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS:
Lung wt. 4372.7 gms
401.9 gms
227.9 gms
1517.5 gms
149.0 gms
Thyroid wt: 59 gms (Before pathology sample taken)
Thyroid wt: 58 gms (After pathology sample taken)
COPIES TO: Farm PROSECTOR: Dr. D. D. Smith
Lung w t .
Left Apical 229.0 gms
Left Cardiac 157.5 gms
Left Diaphragmatic 1689.9 gms
4372.7 gms
Right Apical
Right Cardiac
Right Diaphragmatic
Intermediate
AIP NO: AHU-17-NTS-67 DATE OF NECROPSY; 31 August 1967 HOUR: Q92Q
'69V
-------
APPENDIX VI.
UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH:SERVICE
BIOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
ROUTINE VETERINARY NECROPSY PROTOCOL
AIP NO: AHU-29-NTS-68
Tissues for Histopathology :
Heart X
Kidney L X R X
Liver X_
Lung X
Muscle X
Spleen X
Thyroid
Sample
Code
AbC
AbT
BoF
BoH
Li
Lu
Mu
RuC
Th
Sample , for
Radioanalysis :
. Ab omasum
Content
Ab omasum
Tissue
*Bone, Femur
**Bone, Hock
Liver ,
Lung(Tips)
. Muscle
Rumen
.Content
Thyroid
Wt.
Cms .
183
142
1800
260
134
323
120
86
SWRHL
Code 62-
40985
40986
40987
40988
40989
. 40990
40991
40992
Date SWRHL
Received
9 Feb. 1968
M
it
ii
n
n
n
n
DATE HISTOPATHOLOGY TISSUES SHIPPED:
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
* Bovine ** Wildlife Ruminants
CASE ACCESSION NO:
CNG 136
PHOTO NO:
yyyyyyyyy;
:yyyyyyyyyyy yyy yyyyyyyyyyyvv «««««« vyyvyyyvvyyyvvyvyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyxxyyyyyyyyyg1
AIP NO: AHU-29-NTS-68
OTHER NO:
AHU-29
HISTORY:
Cow #29 was an 8 1/2-year-old registered Holstein cow, weighing approximately 1800 pounds.
She was purchased from the Cantlon Farms on 15 Nov. 1964. She completed her fifth lactation
on 6 Feb. 1968. She produced 15,650 Ibs. in 291 days. She was bred to #70 on 23 July 1967.
She had been treated for mastitis on the 25th and 26th of January and responded well. She
was transported to Well 3 on 6 Feb. No injuries were reported. She ate well and was
apparently normal on the 6th and 7th. At 0700, 8 Feb. she was found (see attached sheet)
DATE OF DEATH: R Feb. IQfifi HOUR: 1400 LOCATION: Hell 3. NTS
DATE OF NECROPSY: 8 Feb. 1968
F
HOUR: 1510
SEX:
AGE: 8 1/2
SPECIES: Bovine
yrs. WEIGHT: 1800 Ibs.
COMMON NAME: COW
LOCATION: Well 3. NTS
K METHOD: Scales
BREED: Holstein
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE:
A mature Holstein cow in excellent condition. Rear quarters, limp, purple and cold. Slight
mucoid discharge from vulva. Cow lying on her left side in corral. She is dragged into the
Autopsy Room at 1510. There is an abraded area 3 cm in diameter anterior to the teat on the
left rear quarter.
PRIMARY INCISION:
The cow is lying on her right side. A midline incision is made,and the left foreleg and left
hind leg are reflected dorsally with the skin. Much yellow subcutaneous fat is present.
The peritoneal cavity is incised, and the abdominal musculature is (see attached sheet)
ft)
-------
Continuation Sheet
AHU-29-NTS-68
History:
down and did not arise until 0830 hours. Her temperature was 104.4°. Examina-
tion revealed that the ventral one-half of both rear quarters were cold and purple.
She had a fetid diarrhea, was very uncomfortable, and seemed in pain. She was
chomping her teeth and appeared very toxic. A diagnosis of gangrenous mastitis
was made with a grave prognosis. Treatment began at 0930 hours—she was given
1,000 cc Polysol (Cutter) I. V., 500 cc Trisulfa (Ann Vet. Sup.) I. V., 10 cc
Pyrahistine (Pitman-Moore) I. V., 20 cc A-H solution (Jen-Sal) Sub Q, 12 cc lomycin
(Norden) I. M., 5 cc Dihydrostreptomycin (Burns) I. M., 10 cc Dihydrostreptomycin
(Burns) Intramammary (RR & LR), and 2 squeeze sets Valsengel (Eaton) (RR & LR).
The cow steadily declined,and death occurred at 1400 hours.
Primary Incision:
reflected dorsally. The omentum contains much yellow fat. The ribs are cut at
the costal chondral junction and at the spine. The rib cage is then removed.
71
-------
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: The rumen is full of bright green ingesta. It is very dry. The
reticulum contains a magnet with a fine wire and iron filings adhered to it. No pene-
tration is observed. The omasum is normal in appearance. The abomasum is filled with
watery, fetid, greenish ingesta. The serosa is a dark red and shows a hemorrhagic
enteritis. The intestines are gas filled and contain scanty amounts of yellow-greenish
fetid fluid. The serosa is inflamed, and there are scattered areas of petechial
hemorrhages throughout the length of the small and large intestines.
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM; The uterus contains a normal female fetus of seven-month maturity.
No lesions are observed in the kidneys or urinary bladder. The mammary gland, when
incised, shows normal tissue and contents in the forequarters. The ventral one-half
of the rear quarters is dark red, soft, pulpy, and has a putrid odor. Fluid contents are
reddish white. The dorsal one-half of the rear quarters appears normal. There is a
sharp line of demarcation between the gangrenous areas and the normal tissue.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
The ventral tip of the left diaphragmatic lobe is emphysemic. All lobes of the right
lung show hypostatic congestion. The right cardiac lobe is slightly adhered to the
intermediate lobe. The bronchial lymph nodes appear normal.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
There is a slight adhesion between the diaphragm and the ventral tip of the pericardia!
sac. No evidence of pericarditis observed. The left auricle shows diffuse subepicardial
hemorrhages at its borders. Petechial subepicardial hemorrhages are found at the tip of
the left ventricle. As the left ventricle is incised, diffuse subendothelial hemorrhage
is revealed. The entire endathelial lining has a hemorrhage approximately 1 mm in depth
between it and the myocardium. All lymph nodes observed appear within normal limits.
MISCELLANEOUS: There are mucoid adhesions approximately 20 cm in diameter between the
anterior lobe of the liver and the diaphragm and the reticulum. There are two small
hernias in the diaphragm which are approximately 2 cm and 4 cm in diameter. These are
located on the midline at the center of the diaphragm. A spherical mass of grossly
normal liver tissue protrudes through each hernia. One mass is approximately 5 cm in
diameter, and the other is 3 cm in diameter. Each mass is connected to the liver by
' is aPP™1mately -5 cm in diameter.
Lung wt: Not Taken _ gms
Left Apical _ _gms Right Apical _ gms
Left Cardiac _^ _ gms Right Cardiac _ gms
Left Diaphragmatic _ gms Right Diaphragmatic _ gms
Intermediate _ ;gms
ThyroUl wL: __ _ gms (Before pathology sample taken)
Thyroid wt: _ gms (After pathology sample taken)
COPIES TO: Dr. Engel PROSECTOR: Dr. D. D. Smith
Farm
Dr. Smith
AIP NO: AHU-29-NTS-68 DATE OF NliiCKOi'SY: 8 Feb. 1Q6R HOUR:
72
-------
APPENDIX VII. Mastitis Incidence in Individual Cows
Jul-Sep
Cow No. 1966
Oct-Dec Jan-Mar Apr-J'jn
1966 1967 1967
Jul-Sep Oct-Dec Jan-Mar
1967 1967 1968
Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec
1968 1968 1968
12
15
16
18
9-10 Jul
L.R.
15-16 Aug
L.R.
31 Aug L.R.
1-5 Sep
L.R.
1-2 Nov
R.F..L.R.
31 Oct All
17 Oct
R.F.
14-15 Nov
R.F.
18 Mar"
R.R.
24-25 Jan
R.F.
21-22 Jul
R.R.
15-25 Aug*
Used as
nurse cow
21-30 Sep
9-11 Jan ATI
23-24 Apr
R.R.
28-31 May
L.R.
-------
APPENDIX VII. Mastitis Incidence in Individual Cows (continued)
Jul-Sep
Cow No. 1966
Oct-Dec Jan-Mar Apr-Jun
1966 1967 1967
Jul-Sep Oct-Dec Jan-Mar
1967 1967 1968
Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec
1968 1968 1968
26
28
29
36
39
43
14-27 Feb*
L.F.
5 May L.F.
25-26 Jul
R.R.
23-31 Mar
L.R. Severe
Injury
25-26 Jan
R.F.
8 Feb L.R.
Gangrenous
mastitis
Died 8 Feb
7-16 Jun**
21-31 Jul
L.R.
8-10 Aug
L.F.
44 4-21 Sep*
R.F.
-------
APPENDIX VII. Mastitis Incidence in Individual Cows (continued)
Jul-Sep
Cow No. 1966
45
46
47
Oct-Dec Jan-Mar Apr-Jun
1966 1967 1967
13-18 Jun
R.F.
26 Jun R.F.
23-24 Jun
L.R..R.R.
Jul-Sep
1967
25 Jul
R.F.
Oct-Dec Jan-Mar
1967 1968
16-17 Oct
R.F.
24 Jan
R.F.
Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec
1968 1968 1968
5 48
20-25 Nov
R.F.
1-4 Dec
L.F.
83
86 16-18 Mar
L.R.
87
15-17 Dec
L.R.
16-18 Dec
L.R. ,R.R.
9-11
L.R.
9-11
All
Jan
Jan
*Acute coliform mastitis
**Complications during calving
L.R. = left rear quarter
L.F. = left fore quarter
R.R. = right rear quarter
R.F. = right fore quarter
All = all quarters
-------
APPENDIX VIII.
UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
BIOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
SPECIAL VETERINARY NECROPSY PROTOCOL
AIP NO: AHU-5NTS 67
Tissues for Histopathology :
Adrenal L R
Aorta
Bronchial Lymph Node
Colon
Bone Marrow
Eighth Rib
Eye _^
Heart
Kidney L Q R n
Liver 0
Lung X
Muscle Q ..
Ovaries L R
Rumino-reticular fold
Salivary Gland
Spinal Cord
Spleen Q
Testicles L R
Thyroid %
Other Tissue:
Sample
Code :
AbC
AbT
Bl
BoF
BoH
BoT
Ki
Li
Lu
Mu
RuC .
SaG
Sk
Th
Ur
Sample for
Radioanalysis
Ab omasum
Content
Ab omasum
Tissue X
Blood
*Bone, Femur
**Bone,Hock
*Bone,Tail
Kidney
Liver X
Lung(Tips) X
Muscle X
Rumen
Content X
Salivary
Gland
Skin
Thyroid X
Urine
Wts.
Cms .
Q6
94
781
300
392
351
296
49
SWRHL
Code-62
9O.T5/1
29328
zwzy
29330
29331
ZV33Z
29333
29335
Date SWRHL
Received
DATE HISTOPATHOLOGY TISSUES SHIPPED:
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
*Bovine **Wildlife Ruminants
CASE ACCESSION NO:
PHOTO NO:
AIP NO:
OTHER NO:
HISTORY:
Cow #5 became sick in early March. On 6 March, the condition was diagnosed as traumatic
reticulitis and intensive supportive treatment was begun. This consisted of antibiotic
and sulfa therapy, rumen stimulants and rumen culture innoculations, elevation of front .
feet, etc. She aborted 24 March 1967. Despite this intensive treatment, she gradually
declined until she died on the evening of 25 June. Antibiotic treatment was discontinued
DATE OF DEATH: ?s ,innP iq6? Pst. HOUR;| af.e P.M. est. LOCATION: Hell 3 corral COnt'd
LOCATION; Hell 3 barn
DATE OF NECROPSY: 2fi .limp 1967 HOUR;n4Q
SEX: F AGE: 8 yrs. WEIGHT: 400-450 kg METHOD: estimate
SPEC IKS: llovine
COMMON NAME:
BREED: llolstein
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE:
Cow is very emaciated. Weight is estimated at 850-900 Ibs. . Cow is lying on left side.
There is a small amount of blood tinged fluid flowing from the nares. Rigor mortis is
present in the rear extremities but is no longer present in the front extremities. -The
hair coat is very rough and hair is easily removed. No extensive tympanites is observed,
There is edema of the submaxillary space, brisket and ventral portions of the neck.
This condition had been observed several weeks prior to death.
PRIMARY INCISION:
Made on ventral midline. The skin and right front and rear legs are reflected dorsally.
Clear fluid flows freely from the edematous areas of the brisket, submaxillary space
• and neck. The subcutaneous tissues in these areas are infiltrated with fluid from a
depth of 1" to 3". The thyroid is excised and weighed. The right lobe feels fibrous.
Edematous gelatinous tracts are found throught the musculature of the hind leg. This
76
-------
HISTORY:(Continued)
on 7 April 1967. When in good health she weighed 1300 Ibs. Weight
at death was estimated at 850-900 Ibs.
PRIMARY INCISION (Continued)
musculature has a greenish cast and has a fetid odor indicating that
death occurred several hours earlier. As the abdominal cavity is
incised, clear blood tinged fluid escapes. It is estimated that the
cavity contains at least 12 liters of this fluid.
77
-------
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
The reticulum is adhered to the diaphragm. Rumen contains approximately one-half bushel of
bright green ingesta. Search of reticulum revealed two magnets and two pieces of tie wire.
This wire was very sharp but not penetrating at time of autopsy. Site of penetration could
not be found. Omasum contains a scanty amount of green ingesta that was moist. Abomasum
contains approximately 500 cc's of brown ingesta. Serosa of abomasum had started to slip.
^ENITO-URINARY SYSTlM-with 9as and contains scanty .amounts of ingesta.
Extensive postmortem changes in the kidneys - were very pulpy. No adhesions, abscesses or
hemorrhages observed.
Uterus showed normal involution.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
The ribs are cut with an axe at the vertebrae and at the costal -chrondral junction and
removed. There are extensive adhesions between the rib cage and the right lungs.
Small abscesses containing a greyish white creamy exudate are intermingled with the adhesions.
The lower three-fourths of all lobes of the right lung appear as a swollen grey sac. Imprint
of the ribs may be seen in this mass. As the mass is incised, thin pinkish grey, very fetid
exudate flows from it. Large masses of a creamy white, fibrinous, tenacious exudate is
intermingled with the fluid. Total amount of exudate is estimated to be 18 liters. The
walls of this huge abscess are approximately 3 cm in thickness and contain no recognizable
lung tissue. The dorsal portion of the right lung and the left lung are compressed from
this abscess and showed interlobular emphysema. Left lung shows hypostatic congestion. It is
estimated that the viable portion of the lung has been reduced by
two-thirds or three-fourths.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
Pericardial sac was adhered to the diaphragm and to the rib cage. The pericardial sac was
adhered very tightly to the heart and was pulled away with difficulty. Adhesions were
fibrinous in nature and contained no abscesses. The heart was very flabby. Right ventricle
and auricle were dilated. No valvular lesions were found. The spleen was swollen. When it
was incised, bloody fluid flowed from it and left only the capsule. All parenchyma tous
XMKgftlXKKKMIXOWXX tissue shows advanced autolysis with only interstitial tissue.
MISCELLANEOUS:
Pictures were taken of all lesions. The carcass showed advanced postmortem changes so few
histopathology samples were taken. A swab of the lung exudate was taken and sent to the
laboratory for isolation and identification.
ORGAN WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS:
Limy, wt . Not taken gms
Left Apical _ gms Right Apical _ gms
Left Cardiac _ gms Right Cardiac _ gms
Left Diaphragmatic _ gms Right Diaphragmatic _ gms
Intermediate _ _gms
Thyroid wt: 50 _ gms (Before pathology sample taken)
Thyroid wt : 49 _ gms (After pathology sample taken)
COPIES TO: . Farm Files (2) PROSECTOR: Dr. D. Smith
Path. Lab ~ Assisted by: K. Giles
J. Titus
AIP NO: AHU-5 DATE OF NECROPSY: 26 June 1967 HOUR: 1140-1330
78
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments
Cow No.
2
5
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
Rainout
29 Sep 66
Control
Control
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Phoebus
23 Feb 67
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Inhalation
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
SIP MICE
6 Jun 67 22 Sep 67
Ingestion Ingestion
Hay Hay
Ingestion
Green Chop
Control
Ingestion Ingestion
Green Chop Green Chop
Ingestion
Hay
Inqestion
Hay
Cabriolet
26 Jan 68
Ingestion
Hay Sta C3
Control
Ingestion
Hay Sta A3
Control
s
Ingestion
Hay Sta A3
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
00
o
Cow No.
19
21
25
26
27
28
29
35
36
39
Rainout
29 Sep 66
Ingestion
Green Chop
Control
Ingestion
Green Chop
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Phoebus
23 Feb 67
Ingestion
Hay
Inhalation
Inhalation
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
SIP
6 Jun 67
-
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Control
Ingestion
Green Chop
Ingestion
Hay
Control
MICE
22 Sep 67
Ingestion
Green Chop
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Green Chop
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Green Chop
Control
Cabriolet
26 Jan 68
Ingestion
Hay Sta B2
Ingestion
Hay Sta C5M
Ingestion
Hay Sta C5M
Ingestion
Hay Sta B2
Control
-
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
Cow No.
43
44
45
2 46
47
48
83
84
85
Rainout
29 Sep 66
Ingestion
Green Chop
Control
Ingestion
Green Chop
Ingestion
Green Chop
Ingestion
Green Chop
Phoebus
23 Feb 67
Ingestion
Hay
Hay
Inhalation
Inhalation
Ingestion
Hay
SIP MICE
6 Jun 67 22 Sep 67
Ingestion
Hay
Control
Ingestion Ingestion
Green Chop Green Chop
Ingestion
Green Chop
Ingestion Control
Control
Control
Cabriolet
26 Jan 68
Ingestion
Hay Sta C5M
Ingestion
Hay Sta C3
Ingestion
Hay Sta C3
Ingestion
Hay Sta A3
Ingestion
Hay Sta A3
Ingestion
•Hay Sta C5M
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
Rainout
Cow No. 29 Sep 66
86
87
Phoebus
23 Feb 67
Ingestion
Hay
Inhalation
SIP
6 Jun 67
Ingestion
Hay
MICE
22 Sep 67
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Cabriolet
26 Jan 68
Ingestion
Hay Sta C3
Ingestion
Hay Sta B2
00
ro
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
CO
CO
Cow No.
2
11
12
13
16
18
19
Buggy Metabolism No. 1 Metabolism No. 2
12 Mar 68 7 May 68 13 Aug 68
Control
131
Continuous I via
Ingestion capsule
Hay Sta 2
Control 131I via 131I via
capsule capsule
Continuous "
Ingestion
Hay Sta 4 ^
Continuous
Ingestion
Hay Sta 4
One Feedinc
Hay Sta 4 "
HARE
18 Sep 68
Ingestion
Alfalfa
Green Chop
Ingestion
Ingestion
Sudan
Green Chop
Schooner
8 Dec 68
Control
Ingestion
Hay Sta
3
Ingestion
Hay Sta
10
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
00
Cow No.
21
26
27
35
36
39
Buggy Metabolism No. 1 Metabolism No. 2
12 Mar 68 7 May 68 13 Aug 68
One Feeding
Hay Sta 2
One Feeding
Hay Sta 2
One Feeding
Hay Sta 4
Continuous
Ingestion
Hay Sta 4
HARE
18 Sep 68
Control
Control
Metabolism
Study of
Ingestion
Alfalfa Green
Chop
Metabolism
Study of
Ingestion
Alfalfa Green
Chop
Ingestion
Alfalfa
Green Chop
Schooner
8 Dec 68
Control
Ingestion
Hay Sta 11
Ingestion
Hay Sta 3
Ingestion
Hay Sta 11
Ingestion
Hay Sta 11
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
CO
tn
Cow No.
43
44
45
46
47
62
71
83
Bugcy Metabolism No. 1 Metabolism No. 2
12 Mar 68 7 May 68 13 Aug 68
One Feeding
Hay Sta 2
Continuous
Inoestion
Hay Sta 2
Continuous
Ingestion
Hay Sta 2
Control
One Feeding
Hay Sta 4
HARE
18 Sep 68
Control
Ingestion
Sudan Green
Chop
Control
Ingestion
Sudan Green
Chop
Metabolism .
Ingestion
Alfalfa Green
Chop
Schooner
8 Dec 68
Ingestion
Hay Sta 11
Control
Control
Ingestion
Hay Sta 11
Ingestion
Hay Sta 3
Ingestion
Hay Sta 3
Control
-------
APPENDIX IX. List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing Participation
in Experiments (continued)
00
Cow No.
84
85
86
87
Buggy Metabolism No. 1 Metabolism No. 2
12 Mar 68 7 May 68 13 Aug 68
Continuous
Ingestion
Hay Sta 4
One Feeding
Hay Sta 2
Continuous
Ingestion
Hay Sta 2
One Feeding- I via
Hay Sta 4 capsule
HARE
18 Sep 68
Control
Control
Control
Schooner
8 Dec 68
Ingesticr
Hay Sta 10
Ingestion
Hay Sta. 10
-------
APPENDIX -X. List of Cows Arranged According to Field Events and Type
of Exposure
00
Name and Date
of Experiment
Rainout
29 Sep 66
6 Oct 66
Phoebus
23 Feb 67
28 Feb 67
SIP
6 Jun 67
16 Jun 67
MICE
22 Sep 67
3 Oct 67
Ingestion
Hay
12,13,16
18,27,28
11,12,17
18,19,27
28,46,83
85,86
2,17,18
36,47,87
One feeding
of contami-
nated hay
2,27,35
43,86,87
Fed loose
hay a.m. of
22nd. Old
baled hay
from 22 Sep-
24 Sep. Now
baled hay fed
25 Sep-3 Oct
Green Chop
19,26,43
45,46,47
Alfalfa
11,16,28
35,83
- .Fed alfalfa
green chop
. for 10 days
16,21,28
36,45,46
Fed alfalfa
green chop
22 Sep-29
Sep
Inhalation
13,21,25
48,84,87
All cows in
pens down-
wind of gen-
erator so
all received
an inhalation
dose
All cows in
pens down-
wind of gen-
erator so
all received
Control
2,5,11,15
21,44
Alfalfa green
chop and hay
12,25,27
29,39,48
Alfalfa green
chop and hay
13,29,39
44,47,84
Alfalfa green
chop and hay
Remarks
Final milk samples
collected 29 Oct 66
Inhalation cows fed covered
hay, however, reactor cloud
missed Area 15 Farm. Compo
site samples collected
through 28 Feb 67
Calves 96,97,98,99
received milk from the
green chop cows. Final
milk samples collected
28 Jun 68
Final samples collected
13 Oct 67
an inhalation
dose
-------
APPENDIX X. List of Cows Arranged According to Field Events and Type
of Exposure ^continued)
Name and Date
of Experiment
Ingestion
Hay
Green Chop
Inhalation
Control
Remarks
Cabriolet
26 Jan 68
4 Feb 68
Buggy
12 Mar 68
21 Mar 68
13,18,71
84-Hay
station A3
19,27.83
87-Hay
station S2
11,44,46
86-Hay
station C3
21,26,43
85-Hay
station C5M
13,18,35
84 fed hay -
8 days from
station 4
19,27,83
87-fed or.e
feeding of
hay Station 4
11,44,46
86 fed hay
8 days from
station 2
21,26,43
85 fed one
feeding of hay
from station 2
12,16,29
Hay
Final milk samples
collected 6 Feb 68.
2,12,71
Hay
Final milk samples
collected 27 Mar 68.
-------
APPENDIX X. List of Cows Arranged According to Field Events and Type
of Exposure (continued)
00
Name and Date
of Experiment
Metabolism
Study No. 1
7 May 68
Metabolism
Study No. 2
13 Aug 68
HARE
18 Sep 68
25 Sep 68
Invest ion
Hay Green Chop Inhalation Control Remarks
Cow 12 given I via
gelatin capsule - main-
tained metabolism stalls
at Well 3. Final samples
collected 10 May 68.
Cows 1]3112, and 87
given I via gelatin
capsule - maintained in
metabolism stalls at
Well 3. Final samples
collected 16 Aug 68.
16,45,47 21,27,48,84
Sudan green 85,86
. chop Alfalfa green
2,13,39
Alfalfa green
chop
35,36,62
Alfalfa green
chop and rreta-
bolism study at Well
chop
-------
APPENDIX X.
List of Cows Arranged According to Field Events and Type
of Exposure (continued)
Name and Dote
of Experiment
Schooner
8 Dec 68 .
19 Dec 68
I rKjes ti on
Hay Green Chop
27,35,43
46 fed chopped
hay from
station 11
16,36,84,86
fed chopped
hay from
station 10
13,35,47,62
fed chopped
hay station 3
Inhalation Control Remarks
11,21,44,45,83 Feeding began a.m. of
fed baled hay 9 Dec and concluded
a.m. of 19 Dec. Last
samples collected
a.m. of 24 Dec.
-------
DISTRIBUTION
1-20 SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 E. M. Douthett, Director, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 Robert E. Miller, Manager, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 Henry G. Vermillion, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 D. W. Hendricks, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
25 R. R. Loux, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
26 F. D. Cluff, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
27 E. D. Campbell, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
28 NVOO/AEC Library
29 R. S. Davidson, BMI, Columbus, Ohio
30 R. G. Fuller, BMI, Las Vegas, Nevada
31 Chief, NOB/DASA, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
32 DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
33 Director, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
34 William W. Burr, Jr., DBM, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
35 John S. Kelly, DPNE, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
36 P. Allen, AKL/BSA, NVOO/AI.C, Us Ve(j;ic, Nuvad.i
37 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL/ESSA, Silver Spring, Maryland
38-39 Charles L. Weaver, EHS, EGA, PHS, Rockville, Maryland
40 Regional Representative, BRH, PHS,.Region IX, San Franscisco, Calif.
41 Bernd Kahn, BRH, PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio '
42 Northeastern Radiological Health Lab., Winchester, Mass.
43 Southeastern Radiological Health Lab., Montgomery, Ala.
44 W. C. King, LRL, Mercury, Nevada
45 H. L. Reynolds, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
46 Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
47 Ed Fleming, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
48 Urn. E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
49 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
50 Clinton S. Maupin, REECo, Las Vegas, Nevada
-------
51 Byron Murphey, Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N. Mex.
52 G. E. Tucker, Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N. Mex.
53 R. H. Wilson, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.
54-55 DTIE, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
56 John R. Totter, DBM, AEC/HQ .
57 Bernard W. Shore, L-523, LRL, Livermore, California
58 Leo K. Bustad, University of California, Davis, Calif.
59 Leonard A. Sagan, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, Calif.
60 Vincent Schultz, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
61 Jared J. Davis, Office of Effects Evalvation, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
62 D. S. Barth, National Air Pollution Control Admin., Chapel Hill,
North Carolina
63 Robert Lynch, DVM, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, State Bldg.
Las Vegas, Nevada
64 H. P. Adams, Extension Dairyman, University of Nevada,
Reno, Nevada
65 Ferren Bunker, Clark County Cooperative Extension Service
Las Vegas, Nevada
66 R. E. Engel, National Air Pollution Control Admin., Chapel Hill,
North Carolina
67 John C. Villforth, PHS, ECA, BRH, Rockville, Maryland
68 John G. Bailey, PHS, ECA, BRH, Rockville, Maryland
69 Verle Bohman, Chairman, Animal Science Dept., University of Nevada,
Reno, Nevada
70 Wm. Link, BRH, Library, Rockville, Maryland
71 Arden Bicker, REECo, Mercury, Nevada
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