SWRHL-72r
FINAL REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SURVEILLANCE FOR PHOEBUS 2A
REACTOR TEST SERIES, MAY - JULY 1968
by
Environmental Surveillance
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
October 1970
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the
United States Government. Neither the United States nor the
United States Atomic Energy Commission, nor any of their employees,
nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or use-
fulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed,
or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights.
012
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SWRHL-72r
FINAL REPORT OF ENVIRONMENTAL,
SURVEILLANCE FOR PHOEBUS 2A
REACTOR TEST SERIES, MAY - JULY 1968
by
Environmental Surveillance
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
Environmental Control Administration
Bureau of Radiological Health
October 1970
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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ABSTRACT
During the months of May through July 1968, the Phoebus 2A nuclear
reactor (5000 Mw design-power) was tested through five Experimental
Plans (EP's) at Test Cell C, Nuclear Rocket Development Station. For
these tests the Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory conducted
radiological monitoring and environmental sampling in off-site areas
surrounding the Test Range Complex. During EP III, IV, and V, the
reactor was operated at power levels near 2000 Mw, 4000 Mw, and
4000 Mw, respectively, releasing airborne radioactivity which was
detected in off-site areas. The EP HE effluent traveled southeast from
Test Cell C, being detected between Mercury and Las Vegas, Nevada.
The effluent from EP IV traveled to the northeast as far as Monticello,
Utah, with other portions being detected at Bishop, California, and
Lathrop Wells, Nevada. The EP V effluent traveled to the northeast
and was detected as far as Wendover, Utah.
As a result of these tests, Some radioactive contamination occurred
off-site which was detected in air and vegetation samples collected
following the three tests and additionally in milk and cow feed samples
collected for EP IV and V. Only the EP HI and EP V effluents were
detectable with GM survey instruments. The maximum external radi-
ation exposure measured off-site following EP V was less than 0. 1 mR
at Queen City Summit, an unpopulated area. The maximum postulated
absorbed dose to the thyroid of a child with a 2-g thyroid was 13 mrad
at Blue Eagle Ranch following EP V. These doses were below the
radiation protection standards of AEC Manual, Chapter 0524.
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PREFACE
In accordance with Memorandum of Understanding, SF 54 373, the
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory (SWRHL) provides an
off-site radiological safety program for the Atomic Energy Com-
mission (AEC) in support of nuclear tests conducted at the Nevada
Test Site (NTS) and at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station
(NRDS), which lies adjacent to NTS. In this capacity SWRHL is
responsible for the following during reactor tests at NRDS:
1. Assuring continuous protection of public health and safety
by determining potential and past exposures to radio-
activity, and implementing protective measures as
directed by the Test Manager, AEC.
2. Documenting the radiological situation in off-site areas
through comprehensive environmental sampling and
radiation monitoring.
3. Conducting a public contact and information program in
the off-site area to assure local residents that all
reasonable safeguards are being employed to protect public
health and property from radiation hazards.
4. Collecting information regarding incidents which may be
attributed to radioactive releases to the off-site area.
Off-site areas are considered those outside the boundaries of NTS,
NRDS, the Tonopah Test Range, and the Nellis Air Force Range,
which together are referred to in this report as the Test Range
Complex.
11
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The SWRHL represents the Bureau of Radiological Health (BRH),
within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and
thereby maintains close working relationships with other compo-
nents of BRH and the surrounding states. When any off-site radio-
logical safety operation is conducted, all appropriate parties are
kept advised and all state and BRH surveillance networks are alerted,
as appropriate, to assist in documenting levels of radioactivity.
ill
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT i
PREFACE ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vi
INTRODUCTION 1
PROCEDURES 3
EP III RESULTS 5
EP IV RESULTS 11
EP V RESULTS 20
SUMMARY 28
APPENDIX A. Equipment and Techniques of Sampling 32
and Analysis
APPENDIX B. Calculations of Thyroid Dose 39
APPENDIX C. 1 Air Sampling Results for Phoebus 2A 43
EP IV
APPEND DC C. 2 Milk and Associated Cow Feed Results 46
for Phoebus 2A EP IV
APPEND DC D. 1 Air Sampling Results for Phoebus 2A EP V 47
APPENDIX D. 2 Milk and Associated Cow Feed Results for 52
Phoebus 2A EP V
REFERENCES 53
DISTRIBUTION
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Ground monitoring and RM-11 recorder results - 6
EP lU
2. Natural vegetation and water or precipitation results - 7
EP in
3. Air sampling results - EP III 9
4. Monitoring locations and results - EP IV 1Z
5. Vegetation sampling results - EP IV 14
6. Air sampling results - EP IV 15
7. Milk and feed results - EP IV 17
8. Water sampling results - EP IV 19
9. Ground monitoring results - EP V 21
11. Natural vegetation sampling results - EP V 23
10. Relative concentration of radioactive deposition on 22
natural vegetation
12. Air sampling results - EP V 25
13. Milk and cow feed results - EP V 27
14. Locations of RM-11 gamma-rate recorders 33
15. Routine dosimetry network 35
16. Air surveillance network 37
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Phoebus 2A experimental plans 1968 2
2. Summary of GM survey instrument readings - 5
Phoebus 2A EP in, June 8, 1968
3. Off-site airborne radioactivity concentrations following 10
Phoebus 2A EP III
4. Postulated thyroid dose to one-year-old child from milk 26
consumption and from inhalation
VI
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INTRODUCTION
During the months of May through July 1968, the Phoebus 2A nuclear
reactor was tested through five Experimental Plans at Test Cell C,
Nuclear Rocket Development Station. Only Experimental Plans III,
IV, and V of this test series released airborne radioactivity. Radio-
logical monitoring and environmental sampling were conducted by the
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory (SWRHL) to document
the levels of airborne and deposited radioactivity resulting from
these tests in off-site areas. This report summarizes the procedures
used for the off-site surveillance operations and presents the data
obtained except for the monitoring missions of the U-3A and SWRHL
aircraft and a special study on reactor-released particles of high
specific radioactivity. The results of these efforts are reported
separately (*' 2).
The Phoebus 2A nuclear reactor was developed and tested by Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory for Project Rover, which is administered
by the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office. The reactor was tested during
the dates and at the power levels shown in Table 1 (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) to
establish basic reactor design and operating characteristics for the
development of a reactor which can be used in a nuclear engine for
rocket vehicle application.
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Table 1. Phoebus 2A experimental plans - 1968
EP
I
II
in
IV
VA
VB
Date
May 22
May 23
May 29
June 8
June 26
July 18
July 18
Operating
Time
(PDT)*
0931-1101
0904-1222
0925-1259
1114-1125*
1237-1309*
1310-1322*
1450-1508*
Max.
Power
Attained
(Mw)
< 0. 1
< 0. 1
2.3
-2000
-4000
< 2200
-4000
Integrated
Power
(Mw-sec)
31.5
70.8
1.33 x 103
6.43 x 105
4.5 x 106
6.6 x 105
2.0 x 106
''Operating times represent only the portions of the experi-
mental plans during which airborne radioactivity was released.
Airborne radioactivity was released during EP III, IV, and V by
high reactor core temperatures and corrosion of the nuclear fuel.
With the reactor nozzle positioned upward, the major portion of
the effluent was carried several thousands of feet above the ground.
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PROCEDURES
Prior to a reactor test at the NRDS, mobile monitoring personnel
(monitors) are positioned at populated locations and on highways
crossing the predicted effluent trajectory to measure radiation levels
and collect environmental samples should airborne radioactivity be
released. These monitors are equipped with radiation survey instru-
ments, gamma-rate recorders, thermoluminescent dosimeters,
portable air samplers, and supplies for collecting environmental
samples. All personnel are in two-way radio contact with a control
center which directs their activities.
Following a release of radioactivity, pertinent characteristics of the
effluent are determined by aerial monitoring. A U. S. Air Force U-3A
aircraft defines the boundaries and hotline of the radioactive cloud,
and a SWRHL Turbo-Beech is used to perform cloud sampling, moni-
toring, and other documentative missions, as required. All tracking
data are radioed immediately to the control center. This information,
in conjunction with meteorological and on-site monitoring information,
is used in directing the final placement of portable air samplers,
portable recorders, TLD's and ground monitors.
While the effluent passes off-site, air samples and survey meter
readings are taken. Following the passage of the effluent, levels of
environmental radioactivity are documented by comprehensive
sampling and monitoring. Monitors take radiation readings in the
affected areas and collect vegetation, milk, cow feed, and water
samples. Highways located in the effluent trajectory are also
monitored by a vehicle-mounted mobile scanner of high sensitivity
for gamma radiation to measure the boundaries of any radioactive
deposition on the ground.
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Further details on equipment, procedures, and analysis techniques
are given in Appendix A.
For those tests where the reactors are operated near full-power, a
study is conducted to locate, collect and analyze particles of high
specific radioactivity which are deposited on the ground downwind of
the tests. The results of this study, as mentioned previously, are
reported separately .
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EP III RESULTS
Radiation measurements from the U-3A and Turbo-Beech aircraft
indicated that the effluent produced by Experimental Plan III drifted
off-site in a general heading of between 120 and 135 . Based upon
this information, monitors were deployed to locations on Highway 95
(Figure 1) near populated areas within the anticipated effluent tra-
jectory, and a gamma-rate recorder was operated at SWRHL in
Las Vegas until the following morning. The effluent was barely
detectable off-site by Geiger-Mueller survey instruments. Those
readings which were above background are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Summary of GM survey instrument readings
Phoebus 2A EP III, June 8, 1968
Azimuth & Distance Cloud Max. Gamma
Location Description from Test Cell C Arrival Above Background
(degrees) (mi) Time mR/hr Time
Highway 95, 8 mi W.
of Cactus Springs, Nev.
Cactus Springs,
Indian Springs,
Nev.
Nev.
128
120
117
28
35
38
1305
1310
1320
0.02
0.05
0.02
1312
1313
1328
Monitors collected precipitation samples during cloud passage and
samples of natural vegetation after cloud passage at the locations
shown in Figure 2. The result of each sample is indicated as being
positive or negative for reactor-related radioactivity. The radio-
nuclides in the positive samples were identified as I, i(
and 91Sr.
Air samplers from the routinely operated Air Surveillance Network
were running at Lathrop Wells, Indian Springs, and Las Vegas,
Nevada. In addition portable air samplers were set up at Cactus
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TEST CELL C
MERCURY
LATHROP
WELLS
DEATH
VALLEY
JCT.
MONITOR OR PORTABLE RECORDER
Above background reading
Q Background reading
RM-11 GAMA-RATE RECORDER
A Background reading
Figure 1. Ground monitoring and RM-11 recorder results
6
- F.P> TTT
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Hancock
Summit
TEST CELL C
MERCURY
I
LATHROP
WELLS
.
CACTUS
SPRINGS
FURNACE
CREEK
Corn Creek
Ranger
Station
DEATH
VALLEY
JCT.
e Canyon Rd.
PAHRUMP
SHOSHONE
NATURAL VEGETATION SAMPLES
• flj Positive for reactor radioactivity
D Background
WATER AND PRECIPITATION
A Positive for reactor radioactivity
A Background
Figure 2. Natural vegetation and water or precipitation results - EP III
7
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Springs and at the Mercury turn-off on Highway 95. As shown in
Figure 3, the Phoebus ZA EP III effluent was detected off-site only
by the air samplers at Indian Springs and Cactus Springs. The con-
centration of gross beta radioactivity and the concentrations of spe-
cific radionuclides indentified by gamma spectrometry are shown in
Table 3. The concentrations of radioiodine at Indian Springs, if
inhaled, were equivalent to an estimated radiation dose (Appendix B)
of less than 1 mrad to the thyroid of an adult or less than 3 mrad to
the thyroid of a one-year-old child.
Following the reactor test, no radioactivity was detected in milk
and cow feed samples collected within the effluent trajectory. On
the evening of the test a pasture sample was collected at the LDS
Dairy Farm (a Grade A milk producer), Las Vegas. Two days
after the test, milk, cow feed and stock-tank water samples were
collected at the Jim Fisher Ranch, Indian Springs. No reactor-
related radioactivity was detected in any of these samples.
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DEATH
VALLEY
JCT.
Kyle Canyon Rd.
PORTABLE AIR SAMPLERS
D Positive! for reactor radioactivity
D Background
ASN STATIONS
A Positive for reactor radioactivity
A Background
Figure 3. Air sampling results - EP ill
9
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Table 3. Off-site airborne radioactivity concentrations following Phoebus 2A EP III
Collection
Period
Date & Time
On
Off
Concentrations Extrapolated to End Collection
_ „ 133T 135T
Gross B I I
Type* pCi/m3 fiCi-sec/m3 pCi/m3 fiCi-sec/m3 pCi/m3 fiCi'sec/m'
Location
Indian Springs, 6/8-0900 PF 150 3.3 2.8 0.06 4.7 0.10
Nevada 6/8-1500
(117°, 38 mi)
CC
ND ND ND
ND
Cactus Springs . 6/8-1220 PF
Nevada 6/8-1345
(120°, 35 mi) CC
*CC - charcoal cartridge
*PF - particulate filter
ND - not detected
Filter Lost
0.2 0.01 10
0. 50
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EP IV RESULTS
Experimental Plan IV was conducted on June 26, 1968, with the ef-
fluent release occurring over a period from 1237 to 1309 hours. At
1316 hours and 8000 feet above Mean Sea Level (MSL) the major
portion of the EP IV effluent was located by the U-3A aircraft along
azimuths of 50-55°, about six miles from Test Cell C, elevation
3800 feet. SWRHL aircraft also detected a portion of the release at
18, 000 feet and the trajectory for this altitude curved south into
California and turned back into Nevada north of Tonopah ' '. Mobile
monitors were deployed to Highways 93 and 25 where portable gamma
exposure-rate recorders with two TLD's each were left overnight at
the locations shown in Figure 4 to supplement the permanent SWRHL
networks of TLD's and gamma-rate recorders. Highway 25 between
the Valley Road turn-off and the junction with Highway 93 was also
monitored with the mobile scanner shortly after 2000 hours. No
radiation levels above background were detected by the scanner,
the radiation recorders which functioned properly, the TLD's or
monitors who were in the area until 2200 hours.
On the following day, Highway 93 from Panaca to Junction 93/15 and
Highway 15 from Junction 93/15 to 15 miles east of Mesquite were
surveyed by the mobile scanner (Figure 4). No radiation levels
above background were detected.
In addition to the routine dosimetry network and the TLD's within
the previously mentioned recorders, TLD's were placed south of
Test Cell C at one-mile intervals along Highway 95 between Beatty
and the Mercury turn-off. These TLD's were positioned on the day
11
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Round Mtn.
jyj Sunnyside
Twin Springs
Warm
Springs
Clark
Station
TONOPAH
Panaca
Caliente
EFFLUENT HOT LINE I
FROM AERIAL MONITORING
53°
\ Mesquite
Lathrop
Wells
Warm
Springs
Ranch
Death
Valley
Jet.
10 20 30
i
SCALE IN MILES
LAS VEGAS
PERMANENT RM 11 RECORDERS
BACKGROUND
PORTABLE RECORDERS
D BACKGROUND
(B RECORDER FAILURE
MOBILE SCANNER
^BACKGROUND ALONG HIGHWAY
Figure 4. Monitoring locations and results -
12
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of the test and retrieved at the end of pulse-cool-down (removal of
decay-heat with periodic pulses of nitrogen gas), 144 hours after
reactor shutdown. No radiation above normal background was de-
tected on these dosimeters.
Samples of natural vegetation were collected off-site downwind of
Test Cell C at the locations shown in Figure 5. Those samples on
which radioactivity was deposited were located between azimuths of
18° and 62°. The levels of radioactivity on the samples were low
showing no apparent hot-line.
The routine Air Surveillance Network was supplemented with 14
portable air samplers which were placed within the anticipated off-
site trajectory at populated areas and along an arc 100 miles from
Test Cell'C. These samplers ran overnight. Quantitative data
were obtained from five of these and five others showed evidence
of the reactor effluent. Figure 6 shows the locations of those air
samplers which collected reactor-related radioactivity.
As shown by Figure 6, radioactivity was collected by air samplers
to the east and northeast into southern Utah, at Bishop, California,
and at Indian Springs, Nevada. The movement of the effluent to the
east and northeast agrees with meteorological information ' ' which
indicated that the trajectories of effluent parcels released between
8000 feet and 12, 000 feet MSL would go to the east and northeast.
The effluent trajectory found at 18, 000 feet by SWRHL
aircraft might explain the positive sample at Bishop, California,
collected between 1700 hours on June 27 and 28. The positive sample
at Indian Springs collected between 0900 hours on June 26 and 27 was
most likely a result of radioactivity which moved to the northeast at
a low altitude and was affected by drainage winds from the north.
13
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ELY
TONOPAH
»
\
t
NATURAL VEGETATION SAMPLES
• POSITIVE FOR REACTOR
RADIOACTIVITY
D NEGATIVE FOR REACTOR
RADIOACTIVITY
Figure 5. Vegetation sampling results - EP IV
14
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V^nFRENCHMAN
BLUE
O EAGLE
RANCH
SUNNYSIOE
Ji WHITE.
BROCK
.SPRINGS
HANCOCK JHIKO
SMT
PORTABLE AIR SAMPLER
B Positive for radioactivity
D Background
PERMANENT ASN STATION
• Positive for radioactivity
O Background
Figure 6. Air sampling results - EP IV
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Appendix C. 1 presents the air sampling results for those sampling
locations which collected radioactivity from EP IV. The highest
levels of airborne radioactivity occurred at an unpopulated location
on Highway 25, 11.5 miles west of Hancock Summit. The time-
integrated exposure levels at this location were 1. 6 uCi-sec/m3 for
131I, 4.4 (j.Ci'sec/m3 for 132Te, and 8.7 (iCi-sec/m3 for 133I.
The adult thyroid dose calculated from these levels by the method of
Appendix A was 1. 6 mrad. At Hiko, the adult thyroid dose from
radioiodine inhalation was estimated to be 0. 2 mrad. For postulated
doses to a one-year-old child at these locations the adult doses
must be multiplied by a factor of 3 to compensate for differences in
thyroid size and in breathing rate.
To detect the presence of the EP IV effluent in view of the uncertainty
in its trajectory, milk and cow feed samples were collected around the
Test Range Complex within five days after the test at ranches which
are normally sampled monthly. All of these sampling locations are
shown in Figure 7 with each location identified as having milk and/or
feed samples positive or negative for radioactivity. All milk and
cow feed sampling results are listed in Appendix C. 2 for those
locations at which radioactivity was detected either in the feed or the
milk. Concentrations of 30 pCi/1 of I were found at Schofield's
Dairy, Hiko, Nevada, over a nine-day period after which sampling
was terminated. Based upon conservative assumptions, the maxi-
mum estimated dose to a child's thyroid would be 9. 5 mrad. This
combined with an estimated child inhalation dose of 0. 6 mrad at the
same location gives a total dose of 10 mrad at the closest location
within the effluent trajectory where exposure could occur from
inhalation and ingestion.
16
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A Positive Feed Samples
A Background Feed Samples
Positive Milk Samples
© Background Milk Samples
Figure 7. Milk and feed Results - EP IV
17
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Seventy-six water sampling locations, shown in Figure 8, which are
normally sampled monthly were sampled within a few days after
EP IV. No radioactivity associated with EP IV was detected in any
of these samples.
18
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EP V RESULTS
Based on early trajectory information obtained from the U - 3A and
PHS aircraft, off-site monitors were positioned on Highway 25
northeast, of Test Cell C to monitor the effluent released by EP V.
Radiation readings were taken by monitors and gamma-rate recorders
at the locations shown in Figure 9. The EP V effluent was detected
off-site at Queen City Summit (16°, 66 mi from Test Cell C) upon
arrival of a monitor at Z007 hours which was shortly after cloud
arrival. From the average effluent speed of 1 3 mph estimated by
aircraft (1) and the reactor start-up time of 1950 hours, cloud
arrival time was estimated to be 2000 hours at this location. The
maximum gamma-rate reading at this location was 0. 08 mR/hr
above background. Radiation readings were at background levels
several miles either side of the summit. The maximum gamma
exposure at Queen City Summit, an unpopulated area, was estimated
to be less than 0. 1 mR. Recorders operating overnight at other
locations shown in Figure 9 did not indicate readings above background.
In addition to the routine dosimetry network, TLD's were placed at
three-mile intervals on Highway 6 and 25 from Alamo to Tonopah to
detect cloud passage and along Highway 95 from Beatty to the Mercury
turn-off at one-mile intervals to monitor releases during reactor
pulse-cooling operations. No significant exposures above normal
background levels were detected.
Personnel using the mobile scanner monitored Highway 50 between
Eureka, Nevada, and the Utah border (19 July), Highway 6 between Ely
and Warm Springs (20 July), and Highways 25 and 93 between Warm
Springs and Las Vegas (20 July). No radioactivity was detected above
20
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ELY
Duck water
Lund
• Round Mtn.
/
Sunnyside
f •
/vJr»Twin Springs J
^ Ranch » - v
springs ___ ^-
TONOPAH
*
CITY
Goldfield
?
_COYOTE
|SUMMIT
HANCOCK
SUMMIT
EFFLUENT HOT LINE FROM
AERIAL MONITORING
TEST
CELL C
Mercury
Springs
10 20
1 1 I
SCALE IN MILES
PORTABLE GAMMA-RATE RECORDER
| ABOVE BACKGROUND READING
D BACKGROUND READING
RM 11 GAMMA-RATE RECORDER
•& BACKGROUND READING
MONITOR
JT EDGES OF CLOUD PASSAGE
Pahrump
LAS VEGAS
Shoshone
I
/
I
\
I
I
V
9
Alamo
Pioche
Panaca
Mesquite
Warm Springs
Figure 9. Ground monitoring results - EP V
21
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normal background, which had been determined for the surveyed areas
prior to the reactor test.
The locations of natural vegetation samples collected to define the
deposition pattern of the EP V effluent are shown in Figure 11 with
each sampling location indicated as positive or negative for reactor -
related radioactivity. As shown by Figure 11, the eastern edge of
the deposition pattern was at an azimuth of 47° and the western edge
was west of 350°. Based upon the gamma cpm/kg for the samples
collected along Highway 25 and 6 (Figure 10), the area of highest
concentration was two miles west of Queen City Summit (66 miles
on an azimuth of 16 from Test Cell C).
1O
2O 3O 4O 5O 6O 7O 8O 9O 1OO 11O
Miles East of Clark Station on Highway 25
Figure 10. Relative concentration of radioactive deposition on
natural vegetation
22
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•^ Queen City
Summit
POSITIVE FOR REACTOR
RADIOACTIVITY
Figure 11. Natural vegetation sampling results - i£P V
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Seven portable air samplers were positioned off-site to supplement
the routine PHS Air Surveillance Network (ASN). Four of the
portable samplers were placed at 5° intervals on an arc approximately
100 miles from Test Cell C, two were placed on Highway 25 and one
was located at the Kirkeby Ranch near Shoshone, Nevada. Figure 1Z
shows the ASN stations and the portable air sampler locations at
which samples were positive for the EP V effluent. All stations
yielding positive samples were within azimuths of 10 and 39 from
Test Cell C except for Lathrop Wells. The radioactivity detected
at this station was most likely from northerly drainage winds carrying
portions of the effluent releases from reactor-pulse-cooling operations,
which continued until 48 hours after the test.
Appendix D. 1 lists the locations of those sampling stations where
positive samples were collected and lists the concentrations of gross
beta radioactivity and the concentrations of radioisotopes identified
by gamma spectrometry. As indicated by Appendix D. 1, combina-
tions of 131I, 132Te, 133I, and 135Iwere identified in the samples.
Of the locations sampled, the maximum exposure to airborne radio-
activity in the immediate off-site area was at Queen City Summit,
an unpopulated area (16° and 66 miles from Test Cell C). The radiation
dose to an adult's thyroid was estimated from the radioiodine concen-
trations at this location to be 2. 6 mrad by the method described
in Appendix B. At 100 miles from Test Cel] C, the maximum exposure
to airborne radioactivity was at a 25° azimuth. The maximum possible
dose to an adult's thyroid at this position was estimated to be
2. 1 mrad. Neither of these locations was populated. The populated
areas closest to these locations are the Sharp Ranch (17°, 102 miles)
at Nyala and two ranches (Gunderson Ranch and Nevada Farms) within
Penoyer Valley, about 12 miles southeast of Queen City Summit.
24
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WftR VRRISON
PORTABLE AIR SAMPLER
Q Positive for Radioactivity
0 Background
PERMANENT ASM STATION
A Positive for Radioactivity
A Background
Figure 12. Air sampling results - EP V
25
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Milk and feed samples were collected from the 16 locations shown in
Figure 13. Those locations identified in the figure as having samples
containing reactor-related radioactivity are listed in Appendix D. 2
with analysis results. Only at four locations was radioiodine detected
in the milk samples. Table 4 below lists the postulated radiation
dose to the thyroid of a one-year-old child from a 1 liter/day milk
consumption at these four locations. Air samplers were operated at
three of the four positive milk sampling locations. The postulated
child thyroid doses from inhalation are also included in Table 4.
Table 4. Postulated thyroid dose to one-year-old child from milk
consumption and from inhalation
Location Thyroid Dose, mrad
Name Azimuth Distance From From Total
( ) (mi) Inhalation Milk
Blue Eagle Ranch
1 8
Currant, Nevada
Halstead Ranch
Duckwater, Nevada
Sharp Ranch
Nyala, Nevada
Paris & Sons Ranch , 7
Cherry Creek, Nevada
125 3 10 13
143 < 1 88
102 2 8 10
238 -- 5
Water samples were collected at all but one of the ranches where
milk and feed samples were obtained. No radioactivity was detected
in any of the water samples.
26
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A Positive Feed Samples
A Background Feed Samples
Positive Milk Samples
0 Background Milk Samples
Figure 13. Milk and cow feed results - EP V
27
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SUMMARY
The radioactive effluents resulting from EP III, IV, and V were
detected outside the Test Range Complex by radiation monitoring
and/or environmental sampling. The radiation exposures and
hypothetical doses estimated from these measurements were below
the radiation protection standards of AEC Manual, Chapter 05Z4.
These standards are as follows:
Annual Dose in Rem
Based on Dose to Based on an Average
Type of Exposure Critical Individuals Dose to a Suitable
at Point of Maximum Sample of the Exposed
Probable Exposure Population
Whole body, gonads Q Q 17
or bone marrow
Other organs such as
thyroid
EP III
The radioactive effluent of EP III was detected southeast of Test Cell C
along Highway 95 toward Las Vegas. Geiger-Mueller survey instru-
ment readings by monitors along the highway were low with a maximum
reading of 0. 05 mR/hr gamma above background observed at Cactus
Springs, the closest populated area off-site. No reading above back-
ground was detected in Las Vegas.
The majority of natural vegetation samples collected from the NRDS
turn-off on Highway 95 to a few miles outside of Las Vegas were posi-
tive for radioactivity, but no radioactivity was found on a pasture
sample at a Grade A milk producer outside of Las Vegas. The positive
vegetation samples contained various combinations of ^^I, ^3j *35j
9 1
and Sr as did samples of precipitation taken at the time of cloud
passage.
28
-------
The samples taken at Cactus Springs and Indian Springs were the
only air samples on which effluent was identified. The time -
integrated concentration of airborne radioactivity at Indian Springs
was 0. 06 nCi-sec/m3 for I and 0. 10 (j.Ci'sec/m3 for I. The
radiation dose to the thyroid of an adult from these concentrations
was estimated to be less than 1 mrad. The charcoal cartridge on
the air sampler at Cactus Springs collected radioiodine; however,
the particulate filter was lost.
Milk, water and cow feed samples were collected at the Fisher
Ranch, Indian Springs, two days after the test, but no reactor-
related radioactivity was detected in any of the samples.
EP IV
The major portion of the EP IV effluent traveled northeast of Test
Cell C being detected by air samplers as far as Monticello, Utah.
Radioactivity releases from this run were detected by air samplers
at Bishop, California, and Lathrop Wells, Nevada, as well as the
stations to the northeast. The maximum exposure to airborne
radioactivity, primarily radioiodine, as calculated from all sample
results, was at an unpopulated location along Highway 25, 11.5 miles
west of Hancock Summit, at an azimuth and distance of 42 and
72 miles from Test Cell C. The postulated dose to the thyroid of
an adult from inhalation at this location would have been 1. 6 mrad.
At Hiko (48 , 78 miles), the closest populated area with milk cows,
the estimated adult-thyroid dose from inhalation was estimated from
air sampling results to be 0. 2 mrad. The dose to the thyroid of a
one-year-old child at those same locations would be a factor of three
times the dose for an adult.
29
-------
The effluent was not detected with GM survey instruments, TLD's
or the mobile scanner in the immediate off-site area. However,
some radioactive deposition was found on natural vegetation samples
collected between 18 and 62 from Test Cell C alone roads and
o
highways in the immediate off-site areas.
Due to the large amount of wind sheer which existed at several ele-
vations after the test, milk, cow feed, and water samples were col-
lected at locations surrounding the Test Range Complex. Radio-
activity was found only in milk and/or cow feed samples collected
near Hiko, Alamo, Caliente, and Panaca. The maximum level
of I in the milk samples was at Schofield's Dairy, Hiko, where
concentrations of I were 30 pCi/1 over a nine-day period after
which sampling was terminated. The maximum dose to the thyroid
of a one-year-old child drinking one liter per day of the milk was
estimated to be 9. 5 mrad. The total estimated dose to a 2 g thyroid
of a child from both inhalation and ingestion at Hiko would be
0. 6 mrad plus 9- 5 mrad or 10 mrad.
EP V
The EP V effluent traveled to the northeast being detected by air
sampling stations between azimuths of 10 and 39 from Test Cell C
as far out as Wendover; Utah. An air sampler at Lathrop Wells
also collected reactor-related radioactivity which was probably from
pulse-cool-down operations after the test. Of all air sampling
locations the maximum exposure to airborne radioactivity was at
Queen City Summit (16 , 66 miles from Tesl: Cell C) an unpopulated
location along Highway 25. At 100 miles frorr. Test Cell C, the
maximum potential inhalation exposure was in an unpopulated location
at a 25° azimuth from Test Cell C. The pos:ulated adult-thyroid
30
-------
doses from inhalation at these locations were 2. 5 mrad and
2. 1 mrad, respectively.
Along Highway 25 the effluent was barely detectable with GM survey
instruments, the maximum gamma-rate reading and estimated
gamma exposure being 0. 08 mR/hr above background and less than
0. 1 mR, respectively, at Queen City Summit, an unpopulated area.
Thermoluminescent dosimeters placed at three-mile intervals
along Highway 25 and at one-mile intervals between Beatty and the
Mercury turn-off on Highway 95 did not detect any radiation above
normal background.
The majority of vegetation samples collected along off-site highways
and roads as far as Ely, Nevada, were positive for reactor-related
radioactivity between azimuths of 350 and 45 from Test Cell C.
The sample having the highest concentration of radioactivity as
determined from gamma cpm/kg was collected two miles west of
Queen City Summit.
Cow feed and milk samples were collected at 16 ranches within the
effluent trajectory. Radioactivity from EP V was detected in the
milk and/or the cow feed samples collected at four of these ranches.
From the radioiodine concentrations found in the milk the highest
postulated dose to the thyroid of a one-year-old child was estimated
to be 10 mrad at the Blue Eagle Ranch near Currant, Nevada. From
analysis of an air sample collected at this ranch, the postulated dose
to the thyroid of a child was estimated to be 3 mrad, giving a maxi-
mum postulated dose of 13 mrad.
Water samples were collected at all but one of the milk sampling
locations. None contained any radioactivity related to the reactor
test.
31
-------
APPENDIX A
EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Survey Instruments
The aircraft and ground monitors are eqaipped with Geiger-Mueller,
gamma scintillation, and ionization chamber survey instruments.
The Geiger-Mueller (GM) instrument has a range of 0-200 mR/hr on
four-linear scales with a range of 0-2000 mR/hr provided by an
internal GM detector. The gamma scintillation instrument, used
for low-level measurements, has a range of 0-3 mR/hr on three-
linear scales. The ionization chamber survey instrument is used
for high radiation levels. It has a range of 0. 05 to 50, 000 mR/hr on
two logarithmic scales. These instruments are calibrated with a
Cs source and are generally accurate to + 20%. Exposure-rate
readings are precise to two significant digits.
Mobile Ground Scanner
The mobile ground scanner consists of a 4 - by 4-inch Nal(Tl) crystal
connected to a battery-powered sealer. The scanner is placed within
a motor vehicle and operated by taking one-minute counts at preselected
intervals while the vehicle moves at a fixed speed along highways cross-
ing the effluent trajectory. These data are then compared with back-
ground levels determined prior to tests to identify any deposition
pattern.
Gamma-Rate Recorders
A network of 27 continuously-operated gamma-rate recorders
(Eberline RM-11) is located around the Test Range Complex at the
locations shown in Figure 14. These instruments measure radiation
32
-------
^TLARK
STATION
DIABLOl _,-
LL_b
DEATH
VALLEY
JCT.
A Location of RM-11 Gamma-Rate Recorders
Figure 14. Locations of RM-11 gamma-rate recorders
33
-------
exposure rates over a range of 0. 01 to 100 mR/hr with a Geiger-
Mueller detector and record the levels on a 30-hour strip chart.
The instrument is accurate to 4- 20%, as calibrated with a Cs
source.
Portable gamma-rate recorders carried by monitors utilize the same
0-2000 mR/hr Geiger-Mueller survey instrument mentioned above
coupled to a battery-powered strip-chart recorder. These recorders
are used to supplement the routine network of gamma-rate recorders
and the radiation readings taken by monitors. The enclosure for
each recorder also contains two thermoluminescent dosimeters of
the type described in the following section.
Dosimeters
A routine dosimetry network of film badges and the rmolumine scent
dosimeters (TLD's) is operated continuously. This network, shown
in Figure 15, consists of 106 permanent stations with five badges
each at 93 different locations. Additionally, about 140 off-site
residents are provided with one badge each. DuPont Type 545 film
1 37
is used, which is calibrated with a Cs source. The film has a
lower limit of detection of 30 mR with a reading accuracy of -f 50%
from 30 to 100 mR and + 10% from 100 to 2000 mR for gamma
radiation above 50 keV.. In addition, 88 of the fixed stations are
each equipped with three EG&G Model TL-12 TLD's. The lower
limit of detection for the TLD's is 1 mR or 15% of the established
background (determined over a time period equivalent to TLD exposure
time), whichever is greater. The upper limit is 5000 R. The TLD
1 ^7
system (TLD and reader) is calibrated with a J'Cs source and has
an overall accuracy of + 10%.
34
-------
0 3 TLD's and 5 Film Badges
5 Film Badges
Figure 15. Routine dosimetry network
35
-------
Following nuclear tests which release airborne radioactivity,
additional TLD's are placed at intervals along highways crossing the
effluent trajectory and at populated locations to supplement the moni-
toring coverage of the routine dosimetry network.
Air Samples
The routine network of 103 permanent air samplers of the Air
Surveillance Network (ASN) (Figure 16) is used for measuring con-
centrations of airborne radioactivity on a daily basis. These stations,
sampling at about 9 cfm, collect airborne particles on 4-inch diameter
glass-fiber filters. Twenty-two of the stations next to the Test Range
Complex each operate routinely with a 4-inch diameter charcoal
cartridge following a particulate filter. By telephone request, char-
coal cartridges can be placed in additional stations and the standby
stations can be activated.
Portable air samplers carried by field monitors supplement the
ASN stations to cover cloud passage. These samplers also use 4-inch
diameter glass-fiber filters and charcoal cartridges and operate at
about 12 cfm.
All filters are counted for gross beta radioactivity on a low background,
thin-window, proportional counter. Results are reported in pCi/m3 and
piCi'sec/m3 extrapolated to end of collection time. Those filters con-
taining reactor-related radioactivity and all charcoal cartridges are
analyzed by gamma spectrometry with a 4- by 4-inch Nal crystal and
multichannel analyzer. The concentrations of individual radioisotopes
are reported in pCi/m3 and jiCi-sec/m3 extrapolated to end of col-
lection. For both gross beta and radioiodine radioactivity collected
from 300 m3 of air, the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) is
0. 1 pCi/m3 for counting times of 2 minutes and 10 minutes,
respectively. o/
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA
<"•«"«>""
"""""t !"S" YH
— — -/•-..' AMC"'"-«. i"0"1"—
'T^^^f wv°M'Ka..
!
SASKA \ IOWA V
* IOVK* 01^ j?
V- x
•~~••««• ^>m JOB"1" V
I "«• i _ I INI
»"»00ve,t •_. °C" »"»'•«<.» I
"""K ?"°v° ""f""'" C°L°RADO
"""SONi UTAH • "'*"" eowvM
I ^.M"-ro»n ••/»...^ .
1 V V
j KANSAS ] .T.ou./S
I i ^A^ssouR^ mi*-"" i
I L UN
°:!£d'^uo-.i .
v —rr ARIZONA / ouau"oue
JftM^"1--? / NEW MEX.CO
EB^5^ «' —
r---«SS«8l ^\S«»Sfc. I _^^_^^_
AIR SURVEILLANCE NETWORK
STATIONS
pr«lilt«r, chorcool cartridge, gemma-rat* rccordt
Q prvfilrvr, gamnia-rol* recorder
A pr»lilt»r, charcoal cartridge
^ pr*llll«r
tlendby itatloni
Figure 16. Air surveillance network
37
-------
Vegetation Samples
Following cloud passage, samples of natural vegetation are collected
along highways and at populated locations to augment or substantiate
other evidence of the radioactive deposition pattern. Samples are
counted for gross gamma radioactivity and qualitatively analyzed
by gamma spectrometry to determine whether samples are positive
or negative for test-related radioactivity.
Samples of cow feed are collected at all locations where milk samples
are collected and analyzed by gamma spectrometry. The concen-
trations of individual radionuclides identified in the samples are
reported in pCi/kg if greater than the MDA of 50 pCi/kg for a
10-minute count and sample weight of 1 kg.
Milk Samples
One-gallon milk samples are collected from dairy farms and family
milk cows located within the cloud path. Samples of 3. 5 liters are
analyzed by gamma spectrometry techniques. The lower limit of
detection for I and I is about 20 pCi/1 for a 20-minute counting
time. Samples containing test-related radioactivity are also analyzed
by radiochemistry techniques for "Sr and " Sr, which have MDA's
of 5 pCi/1 and 2 pCi/1, respectively.
Water Samples
One-gallon water samples are collected within the effluent trajectory
from stock tanks at locations where milk samples are collected and
from potable water sources. All samples are analyzed by gamma
spectrometry. Those samples containing test-related radioactivity
are also analyzed by radiochemistry methods for 8^Sr and ^°Sr.
The minimum detectable concentrations are the same as those for
milk.
38
-------
APPENDIX B
CALCULATIONS OF THYROID DOSE
The dose rate to the thyroid may be described by the equation
dD/dt = K E A exp - (X.efft) where:
dD/dt = dose rate per unit time
K = dimensional constant
E = effective energy of beta and gamma radiation,
MeV per disintegration
A = concentration of radioiodine in thyroid,
(j.Ci/gm
\e££ = effective decay constant, I/unit time
t = time after deposition in thyroid
This assumes that the radioiodine is uniformly distributed throughout
the thyroid and that the size of the thyroid is large compared to the
range of the beta particles.
The total dose is estimated by integrating the above equation from
time zero to infinity assuming D = O at time zero.
D = KEAj£°exp -(*• fft) dt
D= (-l/\eff)KEAexp-(\efft) £
D = O + KEA/X „
ell
Dose from Inhalation of Radioiodines
The actual values for the parameters in the dose equation for I
are as follows:
K = 1 rad x erg x 3.7xl04 dis x 8.64xl04 sec
100 erg/gm 6.24xl05 MeV nCi'sec day
39
-------
K = 51.2 rad' gm' dis
MeV' p.Ci 'day
E = 0. 23 MeV (n)
A = XBf, where:
m
X = time -integrated concentration of radioactivity,
i* sec/m3
B = breathing rate of standard man, 2. 32 x 10~4m3/sec''
(averaged over 24 hours)
f = fraction of inhaled radioiodine reaching the
thyroid, 0. 23 (n)
m = thyroid weight of standard man, 20 gm
A = (2.32x 10"4m3/sec)(0.23)X
20 gm
\eff = 0. 693/(effective half-life for l
X ,, = (0. 693)/7- 6 days (n)
eff
Substituting these parameters, the dose equation becomes:
D = (51.2) (0.23) (2. 32 x IP"4) (0.23) (7.6)X
(20) (0.693)
D(rads) = (3.45 x 10"4 rads-m3) X (jiCi-sec)
((j.Ci-sec ) ( m3 )
or, D(mrad) = (0. 35 mrad'm3)X
(|j.Ci'sec ) ( rrr3
40
-------
For the dose to a child's thyroid the above equation must be multi-
plied by a factor of 3 to account for differences in thyroid weight and
breathing rates (m3/day) between an adult and a child
(3 = 20 gm/2 gm x 6 m3/20 m3).
For other radioiodines the dose equation changes according to
differences in effective half -life and effective decay energies. The
dose equations for I and I are as follows:
133I, D(mrad) = (0.093 mrad-m3)X
i' sec )
135I, D(mrad) = (0. 029 mrad'm3)x
( |o.Ci -sec )
In addition to differences in effective half -life and effective beta
100
particle energies, the dose equation for J I is affected by the rapid
I O O
decay of 10£>J. in the blood stream before it gets to the thyroid and by
132 132 (9 10)
the decay rate of Te, the precursor of I . With these
132
effects incorporated the dose equation for I becomes
D(mrad) = (5. 1 x 10"* mrad' m3 /fj,Ci' sec) X
132
where X is the time -integrated concentration of Te.
Dose from Ingestion of Radioiodines
For ingestion, parameter A, integrated concentration of radioiodine
in the thyroid, is defined by A = CVf where,
m
C = the time -integrated concentration of radioiodine in
milk, pCi'day/1 (time -integrated concentration from
time zero to infinity assuming that the effective half-
lives of 131I, 133I, and 135I in milk are 5 days,
21 hours, and 6.7 hours, respectively)
41
-------
V = the rate by which milk is consumed by a child one
year old or less, 1 liter/day ( ^
f = fraction of ingested radioiodine reaching the thyroid,
0. 3
-------
APPENDIX C. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP IV
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Hwy 25, 11.5 mi W
of Hancock Summit,
Nevada
43° 62 mi
Hiko, Nevada
Coal Valley
33° 93 mi
Hiko, Nevada
47° 78 mi
Alamo, Nevada
59° 72 mi
Date
Time On Sampling
On Off Period
Off June 1968 (hours)*
1715
1000
1650
1200
0730
0730
0730
0730
0850
0720
0720
0710
26 16.7
27
26 19.2
27
26 24. 0*
27
27 24. 0*
28
26 23.5
27
27 23.8
28
Coll.
Medium
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
((iCi* sec/m3)
370
22
—
—
250
17
—
45
3.8
--
--
3.3
0.29
--
--
29
2.5
--
_ _
2.6
0.22
—
— —
Isotopic Results
(pCi/m3)
(|j.Ci' sec/m3)
131i 132Te 133j
20
1.2
6.0
0. 36
12
0.83
3.6
0.25
1.6
0. 14
0.8
0.07
0. 1
0.009
ND
ND
0.9
0.08
0.4
0.03
0.2
0.02
ND
ND
73
4.4
ND
ND
41
2.8
ND
ND
6.2
0.54
ND
ND
0.7
0.06
ND
ND
4.0
0.34
ND
ND
0.6
0.05
ND
ND
97
5.8
49
2.9
56
3.9
21
1.4
8.2
0.71
5.6
0.48
ND
ND
ND
ND
4.8
0.41
1.9
0. 16
ND
ND
ND
ND
-------
APPENDIX C. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP IV
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period) (continued)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Fallini's Twin
Springs Ranch
3° 95 mi
Indian Springs,
Nevada
117° 38 mi
Bryce Canyon,
Utah
76° 233 mi
Bishop, California
288° 122 mi
Geyser Maintenance
Station, Nevada
. /~\
36° 154 mi
Time
On
Off
0430
0530
0900
0900
0905
0920
1700
1700
1533
1820
Date
On Sampling
Off Period
June 1968 (hours)*
26 25.3
27
26 24.0
27
27 24. 1
28
27 24.0
28
26 27.6
27
Coll.
Medium
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
((J-Ci' sec/m3)
3.4
0.31
--
9.3
0.80
--
8.2
0.71
6.9
0.60
--
3.8
0. 38
*. m.
Isotopic Results
(PCi/m3)
13^
ND
ND
0.5
0.05
0.4
0.04
ND
ND
0.40
0.035
0. 3
0.08
•'f >'?
0. 2
0.02
**
(fiCi • sec/m3 )
132Te
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.0
0.09
ND
ND
1.4
0. 12
* *
1.6
0. 14
##
0.7
0.07
:'f >\;
133!
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
* *
ND
ND
'!; -I-
ND
ND
* -f
-------
(J1
APPENDIX C. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP IV
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period) (continued)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Parowan,
70°
Monticello
79°
Utah
202 mi
, Utah
388
Milford, Utah
59°
209 mi
Nyala, Nevada
17°
102 mi
Capitol Reef National
Monument,
?n° ;
Utah
29^t mi
Date
Time On Sampling
On Off Period
Off June 1968 (hours)*
1000
1000
0800
0630
1200
1200
0700
0700
1703
1700
27 24.0
28
27 22.5
28
27 24.0
28
27 24.0
28
27 23.9
28
Coll.
Medium
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
.._ _.
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
(jiCi-sec/m3)
3.
0.
-_
--
5.
0.
—
--
6.
0.
--
--
2.
0.
--
2.
0.
_ _
--
4
29
0
40
0
52
0
17
6
22
Isotopic Results
(pCi/m3)
131 ^Cii||c/m3) M,
iji T ijC,rr\ ijjr
0.2
0.02
**
**
0.2
0.02
**
**
0. 1
0.009
**
*-J,
-I*
0.1
0. 009
ND
ND
0. 1
0.009
**
*«
0.8
0.07
**
**
0.7
0.06
**
**
0.5
0.04
**
**
0.3
0.03
ND
ND
:=
ND
ND
#*
**
ND
ND
**
**
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
*-*
** "
PF - Particulate filter CC - Charcoal cartridge ND - Not detected
* - Sampling periods for permanent ASN Stations are from time meter and not from ON/OFF times
recorded by station operators.
** - Charcoal cartridge not used.
NOTE: uCi'sec/m3 is the product of the sampling period and the radioactivity concentration in pCi/m3,
Inhaled radioactivity may be estimated from product of (j.Ci'sec/m3 and individual's breathing
rate in m3/sec.
Air samplers we're positive for radioactivity at Butler Ranch, Pahranagat Lake, Tennille
Ranch, 32 mi N. Hiko, and 6 mi S. Hwy. Jet. 93/25, however, quantitative data was not
obtained.
-------
APPENDIX C.2
MILK AND ASSOCIATED COW FEED RESULTS FOR
PHOEBUS 2A EP IV
Location
Hiko, Nevada
(Schofield Dairy)
49°, 75 mi
Alamo, Nevada
(Buckhorn Ranch)
60°, 70 mi
Alamo, Nevada
(Stewart's Dairy)
58°, 72 mi
Caliente, Nevada
(Tennille Ranch)
62°, 105 mi
Panaca, Nevada
(Cox Ranch)
57°, 118 mi
Date
6/27 -am
6/27
6/27
6/28-am
6/29-am
6/30-am
7/01 -pm
7/02-am
7/06-pm
7/08-am
7/09
7/10
6/27
6/27
6/27 -pm
6/28-am
6/29-pm
6/30-am
7/01-pm
7/01
7/02-am
6/27 -am
6/28-am
6/29-am
6/30-am
7/01 -am
7/02-am
6/27-am
6/28-am
6/29-am
6/30-am
131
ND
ND
ND
30
30
30
30
30
--
--
_ -
—
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Milk pCi/1
I 133i 89sr 90Sr
ND
__
__
30 <5 <2
ND
ND <5 5
ND
ND
ND
ND
__
__
— — —
— - - - -
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
__
ND
ND
30
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
30 <5 <2
ND
ND
Cow
ND
ND
120
100
250
100
ND
50
--
--
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Feed
630
290
1000
600
750
ND
ND
ND
--
--
ND
ND
240
ND
830
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
PCi%e
Hay
Green Chop
Hay
Green Chop
Hay
Hay
Green Chop
Green Chop
--
--
Green Chop
Green Chop
Hay
Hay
Pasture
Hay
Hay & Green Chop
Hay & Green Chop
Hay
G reen Chop
Hay & Green Chop
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
ND - Not detected
46
-------
APPENDIX D. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP V
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Queen City Summit,
Nevada
16° 66 mi
Coyote Summit,
Nevada
6. 8 mi W on Hwy 25
28° 64 mi
Diablo, Nevada
8° 74 mi
Nyala, Nevada
17° 102 mi
Hiko, Nevada
14 mi N, 40 mi W
25° 100 mi
Date
Time On Sampling
On Off Period
Off June 1968 (hours)*
2014
1050
1940
1015
0645
0645
0700
0700
0700
0700
1905
1305
18 14.6
19
18 14.6
19
18 24.0
19
18 24.0
19
19
20
18 18
19
Coll.
Medium
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
(j'.Ci/ sec/m3)
420
22
--
480
25
--
--
62
5.2
--
--
130
11
4.8
0.41
--
410
27
--
_ _
Isotopic Results
(pCi/m3)
131!
14
0.74
26
1.4
19
1.0
2.9
0. 15
2. 1
0. 18
0.8
0.07
5.0
0.43
1.3
0. 11
0.2
0.02
0.6
0.05
18
1.2
10
0.65
(jiCi
132Te
65
3.4
ND
ND
74
3.9
ND
ND
8.7
0.75
ND
ND
18
1.6
0.6
0.05
1.4
0. 12
ND
ND
75
4.9
ND
ND
•sec/m3)
133l
90
4.7
220
12
110
5.8
26
1.4
14
1.2
5.6
0.48
31
2.7
10
0.86
0.3
0.03
0.8
0.07
100
6.5
77
5.0
135!
54
2.8
31
1.6
70
3.7
5.3
0.28
12
1.0
ND
ND
28
2.4
2.7
0.23
ND
ND
ND
ND
35
2.3
12
0.78
-------
00
APPENDIX D. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP V
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period) (continued)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Hiko, Nevada
14 mi N, 30 mi W
30° 96 mi
Hiko, Nevada
14 mi N, 18 mi W
33° 93 mi
Hiko, Nevada
49 mi N on Hwy 38
38° 108 mi
Currant, Nevada
Blue Eagle Ranch
10° 123 mi
Sunnyside, Nevada
32° 130 mi
Time
On
Off
1825
1136
1743
1038
1750
1130
2000
1110
1700
1402
Date
On Sampling
Off Period
June 1968 (hours)*
18 17.2
19
18 16.9
19
18 17.7
19
18 14.5
19
18 21.3
19
Coll.
Medium (
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
fj.Ci' sec/m3 )
500
31
170
10
--
11
0. 7
290
15
—
77
5.9
—
Isotopic
(pCi
Results
/m3)
(uCi' sec/m3)
131! 132Te 133! 135j
21
1. 3
3. 3
0.20
6.0
0. 37
ND
ND
0. 2
0.01
ND
ND
12
0. 63
5. 0
0.26
3. 0
0.23
2.0
0. 15
81
5.0
ND
ND
26
1.6
ND
ND
1.8
0. 11
ND
ND
46
2.4
ND
ND
14
1. 1
ND
ND
110
6.8
29
1.8
36
2.2
4.9
0. 30
1.6
0. 10
0.8
0.05
63
3. 3
37
1.9
17
1.3
15
1.2
43
2.7
5.2
0. 32
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
40
2. 1
7.0
0. 37
8.8
0. 67
2.6
0. 20
-------
APPENDIX D. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP V
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period) (continued)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Duckwater, Nevada
13° 146 mi
Currant, Nevada
20° 143 mi
Lund, Nevada
26° 157 mi
Time
On
Off
2142
0855
0855
0800
0620
0630
0630
0630
0745
0745
0745
0825
Date
On Sampling
Off Period
June 1968 (hours)*
18 11.5
19
19 24.6
20
18 24.0
19
19 23.5
20
18 24.0
19
19 23.2
20
Coll.
Medium
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
(|j.Ci'sec/m3)
99
4. 1
--
--
3.2
0.28
--
--
100
8.6
--
5. 1
0.43
--
--
13
1. 1
--
15
1.3
--
_ _
Isotopic Results
(pCi/m3)
13^
3. 3
0. 14
1.2
0.05
0.2
0.02
**
**
2. 5
0.22
0.7
0.06
0.2
0.02
0.6
0.05
0. 5
0.04
ND
ND
0.8
0.07
1.2
0. 10
132^eC
15
0.62
ND
ND
0.8
0.07
**
**.. ~t,
•Vf
10
0.86
ND
ND
1.6
0. 14
ND
ND
1.8
0. 16
ND
ND
4.1
0. 34
ND
ND
>i 'sec/m3)
133J
20
0.83
8.8
0.36
ND
ND
«*
**
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.0
0. 26
ND
ND
21
1.8
3.4
0.28
135j
9.8
0.41
ND
ND
ND
ND
**
**
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
-------
Ul
o
APPENDIX D. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP V
^Ccmcentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period) (continued)
Location
Azimuth
Distance
Geyser Maintenance
Station,
36°
Nevada
154 mi
Ely, Nevada
25°
Shoshone
183 mi
, Nevada
Kirkeby Ranch
36°
177 mi
Currie, Nevada
19°
251 mi
Wendover, Utah
24°
294 mi
Time
On
Off
1840
1600
0810
0750
0750
0845
2100
1035
0700
1635
0800
0800
Date
On Sampling
Off Period
June 1968 (hours)*
18 21.8
19
18 23.7
19
19 24.8
20
18 13.5
19
19 9.5
19
19 24.0
20
Coll.
Medium
PF
CC
PF
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
PF
CC
Gross Beta
(pCi/m3)
(fiCi • sec/m3 )
29
2. 3
25
2. 1
15
1.3
--
35
1.7
--
30
1.0
--
4.3
0. 37
—
Isotopic
(pCi
Results
/m3)
(uCi' sec/m3)
131j 132Te 133j
1. 1
0.09
»•* »l.
O- .I,.
•V -,-
0.9
0. 08
•j* *.>,
"t" *"is
0.7
0.06
* *
1. 5
0. 07
0.7
0.03
1. 1
0. 04
**
**
0.2
0.02
**
4. 3
0. 34
* *
«•, -.1.
'r- 'r
3. 0
0.26
**
5,; ;,;
3. 5
0. 31
..i., -,'f
5.2
0.25
ND
ND
5. 1
0. 17
*i* *i*
**
1.0
0. 09
#*
5. 1
0.40
**
+.1, +.*f
5. 3
0.45
»o o-
•V* 'I*
•J* »ff
f 't-
ND
ND
;::
6.6
0. 32
4.2
0. 20
ND
ND
»** •.'••
-r -i-
;i, j';
ND
ND
;'' ;';
135!
ND
ND
**
**
ND
ND
».!* *.',
"(•• 'I*
»!-. •.!<
't- -1-
ND
ND
>\t ''{
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
**
>'' 51;
ND
ND
«<* -'-
-------
APPENDIX D. 1
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS FOR PHOEBUS 2A EP V
(Concentrations Extrapolated to End of Collection Period (continued)
Location
Azimuth Distance
Lathrop Wells,
Nevada
208° 15 mi
•DTT> '~o^ T-tir-nlptfi filte
Time
On
Off
0725
0640
r
Date
On Sampling
Off Period
June 1968 (hours)*
18 23.2
19
Gross Beta
Coll. (pCi/m3)
Medium (\
PF
CC
ND - Not
uCi- sec/m3)
5. 7
0.48
detected
1MJ
0.
0.
5.
0.
b
04
7
48
Isotopic Results
(PCi/m3)
(fiCi-
132Te
ND
ND
ND
ND
sec/m3)
I33l
4.
0.
45
3.
0
33
8
135!
ND
ND
ND
ND
(Jl
CC - Charcoal cartridge
* - Sampling periods for permanent ASN Stations are from time meter and not from ON/OFF times
recorded by station operators
** - Charcoal cartridge not used
uCi'sec/m3 is the product of sampling period and radioactivity concentration. Inhaled radioactivity
may be estimated from product of uCi-sec/m3 and individual's breathing rate in m3/sec.
-------
APPENDIX D.2
MILK AND ASSOCIATED COW FEED RESULTS FOR
PHOEBUS 2A EP V
Location
Cherry Creek,
Nevada
(Paris & Son Ranch)
17°m 238 mi
Currant, Nevada
(Blue Eagle Ranch)
180 , 122 mi
Duckwater, Nevada
(Halstead Ranch)
13°, 147 mi
Nyala, Nevada
(Sharp Ranch)
16°, 102 mi
Date
7/21-am
7/22-am
7/23-am
7/24-am
7/26-am
7/19-am
7/19-pm
7/20-pm
7/21 -pm
7/22-pm
7/23-pm
7/24-pm
7/25-pm
7/31-pm
8/01
7/19-am
7/20-am
7/21
7/22-am
7/23-am
7/24-am
7/25-26
7/19-am
7/20-am
7/21-am
7/22-am
7/23-am
7/24-am
7/25-am
13.!
20
20
ND
30
ND
ND
50
60
50
ND
50
30
20
20
ND
90
30
ND
30
ND
ND
30
20
20
30
ND
ND
Milk pCi
133j 8<
40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
280
60
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
60
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
100
40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ilr
<5
<5
--
_ _
5
<5
<5
--
--
<5
<5
—
<5
--
<5
--
--
--
_ _
<5
<5
<5
<5
--
--
90Sr
<2
4
--
--
—
<2
2
4
--
--
--
2
<2
—
<2
--
<2
--
_ _
<2
3
<2
4
--
--
Cow
ND
ND
--
ND
ND
340
180
150
110
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
—
ND
120
130
ND
ND
ND
ND
130
130
ND
ND
ND
ND
Feed
133j;
ND
ND
--
ND
ND
—
2000
360
250
65
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
1500
ND
310
390
ND
ND
ND
ND
170
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
pCi/kg
Type
Pasture
Pasture
--
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Hay
Hay
Hay & Pasture
--
Hay
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
Hay
ND - Not detected
-------
REFERENCES
1. "Phoebus 2A - Test Series - Aerial Monitoring and Sampling."
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Bureau of Radio-
logical Health, Public Health Service, Dept. of HEW.
2. SWRHL-60r, "Particulate Effluent Study - Phoebus 2A EP IV and
V." Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, Bureau of
Radiological Health, Public Health Service, Dept. of HEW,
June 1969.
3. "Test Report, Experimental Plan I, Phoebus 2A," J-17-337-68.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, (no date)
4. "Test Report, Experimental Plan H, Phoebus 2A, " J-17-338-68.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. June 14, 1968.
5. "Test Report, Experimental Plan III, Phoebus 2A, " J-17-339-68.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. June 21, 1968.
6. "Test Report, Experimental Plan IV, Phoebus 2A, " J-17-393-68.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. July 19, 1968.
7. "Test Report, Experimental Plan V, Phoebus 2A, " J-17-394-68.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. August 22, 1968.
8. "An Analysis of Weather Conditions and Cloud Transport Associated
with the Phoebus 2A Reactor Test, Experimental Plan IV."
Environmental Science Services Administration, Air Resources
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. August 6, 1968.
9. "Protection of the Public in the Event of Radiation Accidents. "
Proceedings of a seminar sponsored by FAO/UN, IAEA, and
World Health Organization on 18 November 1963 at Geneva,
Switzerland, 1965, p. 210.
10. Le Grand, J. and Dousset, M. , "Evolution Du Debit D'Equivalent
De Dose Delivree A La Glande Thyroide Apres Inhalation
Instantanee De Tellure-132 (French)." Health Physics Vol 12
No. 10, Oct. 1966, p. 1407.
53
-------
REFERENCES (continued)
11. "Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection - Report of Committee II on Permissible Dose for
Internal Radiation." ICRP 2. Pergamon Press, New York,
London, Paris, Los Angeles, 1959.
12. "Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection
Standards. " Staff Report No. 5 of the Federal Radiation Council.
Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. , July 1964.
13. "An Analysis of Weather Conditions and Cloud Transport Associated
with the Phoebus 2A Reactor Test, Experimental Plan V."
Environmental Science Services Administration, Air Resources
Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 6, 1968.
54
-------
DISTRIBUTION
1-15 SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
16 Robert E. Miller, Manager, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
17 Robert H. Thalgott, Test Manager, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, NV
18 Henry G. Vermillion, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
19 D. W. Hendricks, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
20 Robert R. Loux, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Central Mail & Records, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 Chief, NOB/DASA, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 P. Allen, ARL/ESSA, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 M. Klein, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
25 R. Decker, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
26 R. Hartfield, SNPO-C, Cleveland, Ohio
27 J. P. Jewett, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
28 - 31 R. Nelson, SNPO-N, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
32 William C. King, LRL, Mercury, Nevada
33 Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, California
34 J. Carothers, LRL, Livermore, California
35 H. T. Knight, LASL, Jackass Flats, Nevada
36 P. Gothels, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
37 H. S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
38 Charles I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
39 William E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
40 D. Gray, NRTO, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
41 J. Powell, NRTO, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
42 Southeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Montgomery, Alabama
43 Northeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Winchester, MA
-------
44 E. Hemmerle, WANL, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
45 M. I. Goldman, NUS, Washington, D. C.
46 G. Gallimore, Pan Am. World Airways, Jackass Flats, NV
47 D. Hamil, AEC/NVOO Library, Las Vegas, Nevada
48 Martin B. Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
49 H. Booth, ARL/ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
50 J. Doyle, EG&G, Las Vegas, Nevada
51 R. S. Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
52 Byron Murphey, Sandia Corp. , Albuquerque, New Mexico
53 Maj. Gen. Edward B. Ciller, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
54 - 55 Charles L. Weaver, BRH, PHS, Rockville, Maryland
56 JohnC. Villforth, Director, BRH, PHS, Rockville, MD
57 William Link, PHS, BRH Library, Rockville, MD
58 John Bailey, Office of Information, BRH, PHS, Rockville, MD
59 Arden E. Bicker, REECo, Mercury, Nevada
60 - 61 DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
------- |