Unine Sam
EmnnnnwatM Proncton
Agmev
W»ie»ol
Radvtion ^TOVMM
DC 20480
ORP/SiPD-80-12
April
POPULATION EXPOSURE TO EXTERNAL
NATURAL PXADIATION BACKGROUND
IN THE UNITED STATES
i
-------
Appendix 3
Corrections to ORP/SID 72-1
Three errors were noted in the histograas of figure 13 of
Oakley's report (Oa72). One of these was aispiacenent of the
vertical axis for Socky Flats-Denver (Fig 13q ). This axis was
siiipiaced one scale division to the left. The first noticeable
non-zero readings should be in the range 2 to 4 sicrorems/hour, the
aoce should be in the range 8-10 aicrorems/hour, and the arrow should
be located at 10.4 microrems/hour.
The other tvo errors t*ere in the .placement of the arrows
rxiicating the aean values for Cincinnati, Ohio, (Fig. 13m) and Los
-_-geles, California (Fig 13y). For the convenience of the reader,
~.e location of the aean values for the 23 histograms of Figure 13 in
(0*72) are given as Table 3-1:
Table 3-1
Average Terrestrial Dose Equivalent Values for Measured Sites (Da/2)
Location
So. :*vr England
So. New England
Caaden/ Philadelphia
Fort Selvoir, Va./D.C.
Norfolk, Va.
Parr, S.C.
Sav. 31 v, Augusta, Ca.
Cape Kennedy-
Orlando, Fla.
Ca. Siuclear lab-
Atlanta, Ca.
Oak Ridge, P*.
Pittsburgc, Pa.
Coluabus, Ohio
aicroreas/
hour
5.33
6.11 .
2.70
4.12
3.09
3.76
3.39
1.51
6.61
5.95
5.43
5.78
Location
Cincinnati, Ohio
Chicago, 111.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Galveston, Texas
Rocky Flats-Denver, Colo
Albuquerque, N.M,
Carlsbad N.M.
MRTS- Idaho Falls, Idaho
Las Vegas, Nevada
Hanford- Richlaad, Wash.
Saa Franclao, Calif.
Arguello- Santa Barbara,
aicrorems/
hour
4.05
5.18
4.21
2.26
10.23
7.34
2.93
o.35
5.35
5.37
4.78
Calif. 5.44
Lo« Angeles, Calif. 6.00
5-1
-------
PB81-233082
Population Exposure to External Natural
Radiation Background in the United States
(U.S.) Office of Radiation Programs
Washington, DC
Apr 81
J
U.S. DGfMfUMfrt if
Natwnal Tachnietl Information Service
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pleaa nttf Inttrueiiom on m* nvtne btfort compltnnni
\, RIPORT NO. 3.
ORP/SEPD-80-12
3. RSCIPiiNTS ACCiSSl.ffN_Np.Q
«. TITtI ANOSUiTITLI S *i»0«T OATt
Population Exposure to External Natural Radiation April 1981
Background in Che United States
7 AUTHORIS)
Kenneth t. Bogen and Abraham S. Go Id in
« PESFCnwiNO ORGANIZATION NAMt ANO AOORI S3
Office of Radiation Prograas (ANR-461)
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, O.C. 20460
13. SPONSORING ACENCV MAMB AMD AOORCSS
Sane
• *eRFOMMINQ ORGANIZATION COOK
B. MJ HPONMINQ ORGANIZATION Rt*ORT NO
10 PMOORAM EkiMtNT '•vO
' il CijN'TWACT.OBANrNO
!
i
1
13, TVCt Of Ri^ORT ANO PlRIOD COVIRIO
1* SPONSORING, A01NCY COOS
T8. SU»»LgMiNTA«Y NOTES
1». ABSTRACT
This report revises estimates of population exposure co external natural
background aade by D. T. Oakley in 1972. The revisions include sore rscent
estimates of dose equivalents from cosmic rays, use of 1970 U.S. cenau* data,
and corrections for building shielding and for self -shielding in the body. The
doae equivalents calculated are those froa cosmic rays and terrestrial radiation, and
do not include doses froa natural radioactive aateriala in the body.
17. XIV WORDS ANO OOCUWINT ANAw'SlS
» DSSCRI^TORS
natural background radiation
cosmic rays
terrestrial radiation
population radiation dose
radiation
11. DISTRIBUTION STATEVItNT
Unlimited
\
b. I OINTJP If RS
-------
TECHNICAL NOTE
QRJP/SEPD-80-12
POPULATION EXPOSURE TO EXfElNAL
NATURAL RADIATION BACKGROUND
m THE UNITED STATES
Kenneth T. Bogen
and
Abrahaa S. GoIdin
April 1981
Surveillance and Emergency Preparedness Division
Office of Radiation Programs
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
This report revises estimates of population exposure to
external natural background made by D. T. Oakley in 1972. The
revisions include more recent estimates of dose equivalents from
cosmic rays, use of 1970 U-S. census data, and corrections for
building shielding and for self-shielding in the body. The dose
equivalents calculated are those from cosmic ray* and terrestrial
radiation, and do not include doves •_mm natural radioactive
material* in the body.
Th« revised data, not including shielding corrections, give a
Dean dose equivalent of 71 mlllireas p«?r year co the U.S.
population. Twenty percent of the population receive lass than 50
niilirems per year, seventy percent less than 82 millirems per year,
and ninety-iiv* percent l*s« than 103 millir«ns per year. These
dose equivalents, which correspond approximately to skJLn dose
equivalents out-of-doors, are useful for comparison with other
exposures measured or stated without shielding corrections.
The reviled data, including shielding corrections, give a nean
done equivalent of 53 mil11rams per year to eh« United States
population« Twenty percent receive dose equivalents less than 38
millirens per year, seventy percent less than 58 siilireaa per year,
and ninety-live percent less than 76 aillirems per year. These dose
equivalents correspond approximately to those received by internal
organs, such as gonads ot red marrow. They are useful for
estimating dose equivalents received by these organs and for
estimating population health risks from natural radiation.
iii
-------
CUtJTCIJTS
Luti'uUucLlon and Suuuary i
uaki.uy'tt Work i
Coauic iiiitilariuii i
Curree tluijti 2
3
'J
A A-2
U li-j
TABLES
buuw LLjuivulents by ijlu
,iVLtriij,e L*O«B Li^ui vaiciitu i run Tcrruatr iji and
ii ('.,ut iJorrt'c toti lor liitlu Idin^;
l)o i. u ^i-,ui v.i 1.1,'tiLi. i fui.i Turruuiriai and
lun (OorructcU lor lihiuiLiiti),) .i-I4
Turruutriai Utisu Cquivaium. Valm;u tur
li— 3
FIGURES
Frequency Diiitributiun of Uowe L^uivuieut In th«s
U.Ji. I'ojjuijtioii (nut eorructuu for shieiuii»gj
Cuuuitit ivu uiiicriuuL iou ui Uowe Cquivaiynt lit
U.S. Population •
J. Frequancy Ulstribytiun oi Du&u Lqulvalunt in th«
Uti>. Tupulation (currccted for
Preceding page blank
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with
Dr. Donald T« Oakley and thank Mr. Christopher B. Nelson and
Mr. Philip Cuny for assistance In computer programing.
-------
Introduction and Sunosary
Man's exposure to natural background radiation is often used as
* bails of comparison for exposures CO man-mada sources of ionizing
radiation (MCIP75). This technical not* revises estlaatas of tha
U.S. population dot* equivalent from coamic and natural terrestrial
radiation as reported by Oakley la 1972 (Qa72). This revision uses;
1) newer estimates of cosmic-ray dose equivalents in the United
States CCRP75), 2) 1970 U.S. census data rather than i960 data, 3}
corrections far snielding by building structures, and 4} corrections
for self-shialding in the body.
The values without shielding corrections are aoac useful for
coaparison with other measurements of unshielded radiation doses or
exposures in the outdoor environment. The values with a shielding
correction are useful for estimating the actual dose equivalent
received by internal organs or calculating the health risks from
background radiation. Johnson «c al. (Jo81) have used these values,
with shielding corrections, to prepare A contour tup of th« asbiunt
natural radiation levels in the Urutel States.
Oakley's Work.
In 1972 C'i'lay (Qa72) reported estimated dose equivalents to
people in spe led locations in the United States and average dose
equivalents to the total U.S. population. Oakley estimated the dose
equivalent from cosmic rays as a function of the elevation above ««a
level, uhieh is the primary determinants of cosmic-ray dose
equivalents in the United States. Mis terrestrial dote equivalents
were estimated from aerial survey aeaaurs«entsi
To calculate she frequency distribution of dose equivalents in
the United States, Oakley used Ctsnaua Bureau data on populations in
urbanized and aonurDanizad areas. Far each population sagaent, he
calculated the appropriate cosmic-ray dose equivalent froo tha
altitude ami the appropriate terrestrial dose equivalent from the
aerial survey measurements. For areas where no aerial survey
measurements ware available, be estimated the distribution of
terrestrial dose equivalents from the frequency distribution of the
available aerial survey dose equivalent data.
Cosaic Radiation
The .National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
(:
-------
They accepted Oakley's natural terrestrial values, but used
different cosmic-ray do*e equivalents.
Th< N'CRP used lower cosmic- ray Ionizing component dcs*9 based
on three sets of dat* (toe&, Shoo, U.75) rather than the tight
values (SooO, Ka63, Lo6»» Shoo, QhM, Ge70. 0'Br70, Y«70) used by
Oakley. They also used newer cosfflie-cay neutron aaasureaents and a
lower neutron quality factor.
W« baaed our revised estiaates of cosmic-ray dose equivalent to
the U.S. population on cn« HCRF long-term average cosmic-ray dose
equivalent rates at various altitudes. To facilitate our
reanaiysis, we described Che NCR? dose equivalent graph for
altitudes froa 0 to 2-5 kilometers by the equation:
D - 28.9 +7.45x + 1.69x2 * 1.21x3 * 0.193x4 (I)
where x la the altitude in kilometers and D Is the corresponding
average dose equivalent rate in allliresa per year (ureai/y).
Table A-l of Appendix A shows the coaeic-ray dose equivalents
calculated from equation (1), the natural terrestrial radiation dose
equivalents (Ga72}» and che sum or coasic-ray and natural
terrestrial dose equivalents, for all 349 population region* in che
United States. These values were combined with 1970 U.S. census
data to give the distribution of natural radiation dose equivalent
in the United States, uncorrected for shielding. The eutan dose
equivalent was 71 aran/y. Twenty percent of the population received
less than 30 srea/y, seventy percent less than 82 sren/y, and ninety-
five percent less than 1U4 mrem/y. Figure 1 shows trie frequency
distribution of dos« equivalents. Table 1 gives the average values
of these uncorrected dose equivalents for each state.
Ship I dl ng _ Cor r ec t i ona
The estimates in Table A-l represent the dose equivalents that
would be received outdoors by the surface tissues of a person. Dose
equivalents received indoors by a person are generally reduced by
attenuation by building materials. Oakley (Oa/2) estiautt«d that
buildings reduced the dose equivalent from terrestrial sources by 20
percent, so th&t a person actually received, is surface tissues, 80
percent of the dote equivalents of Tjbie A-l.
The «CRP (NCRP75) estioated that building materials reduced
cosmic-ray dose equivalents by 10 percent, leaving 90 percent that
reached a person*
-------
Internal organu, such aa gtiuuua and red narrow, incur
iower done equivalent** because ot~ shielding by outer portions of the
body. Oakley ettciuated a tut her 2U percent attenuation, uaued on
work by Bennett (Be/Uj, so that the terrestrial dose equivalent
received by Internal organs is O.b x O.tt, or U.64 (64 percent) of
the valueB given in Table A-l« Tlie attenuation of cosmic-ray
radiation In the body Is small and was taken into account by the
WCllP in their cosmic radiation estimates (NCRP75). The actual
couialc-rtty doae equivalent received by internal organs i« thereiore
9U yerc«uL of thts Table A-i values.
Tabi« A-2 in Appendix *v gives chu vaiues ut co«uic-ray and
natural Larrwstriai iadiation dogt tiquivaients, and tlieir sums, for
cue saot '34V population rugiotjB used by Uakiey. Corrections for
Duiidin^ and body shielding are Includiid. The ciean doge equivalent
was 53 urcu/yr, twanty percent ot thtt population received Leas tiian
JS ui'en/yr; seventy pertwtit less than 56 arew/yr; and ninety-rive
percunt ieas than 76 nren/yr.
Table 1 includes the average do*u equivalent values with
Shielding corrections tor uacl» stata. Figure 2 preuent* tlw
cuuulativu truquency tor the uncorrected and ihi«ldlrig~corrected
total do*e equivalents from natural radiation. Figure 3 gives the
frequency diMtribution ot tlie corrected doge equlvaienttt*
About halt the difivrence between the cosnic-ray data in the
uakl«y wors. anu those in the . thu
absorbed done rate within the body. NCRP seated chat tiie staall
diftetkitice in wtoppint, power between air arid tissue wan
approximately cotapennated by attenuation in the body. 70 the extant
tuat thiB in an over«iBiplit tcation, our co»aic-ray dose equvalents
in tisttue, obtained t rou ttie JOtF data, :-iay be too low by two or
three ntlilireu per year.
-------
Table 1. Average Dose Equivalents by State
State
Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Mean
1970 Elevation
Population (meters)
203,235,297
3,444,164
302,166
1,772,479
1,923,295
19,953,106
2,207,260
3,032,219
548,106
756,510
6,789,447
4,589,574
769,911
713,003
11,113,962
5,193,672
2,825,038
2,249,079
3,219,296
3,543,188
993,659
3,922,397
5,689,172
8,875,092
3,805,064
2,216,908
4,677,403
694,409
1,483,797
488,736
737,680
154
76
628
191
106
1651
51
33
46
16
217
43
1080
194
222
314
417
234
23
104
52
56
214
337
78
218
1055
424
1013
177
Dose Equivalent(iireni/y)
(Unshielded)
Cosmic Terr. Total
30.9
30.1
29.5
35.0
30.5
29.8
52.8
29.3
29.2
29.3
29.1
30.7
29.3
40.8
30.4
30.7
31.5
32.5
30.8
29.1
29,7
29.3
29.4
30.6
31.7
29.5
30.7
40.3
32.5
40.6
30.3
40.0
35.2
45.6
45.6
29.8
36.2
66.5
51.0
31.3
35.4
22.3
40.2
45,6
45.6
41.5
44.9
45.6
45.6
43.5
22.8
45.6
32.3
45.2
45.6
39.2
22.8
44.9
45.6
45.6
33.2
45.6
70.8
65.4
75.1
80.6
60,4
66.0
119.3
80.4
60.5
64.7
51.4
70.9
74.9
86.4
72.0
75.6
77.1
78.1
74.3
51.9
75.3
61.7
74.6
76.2
70.9
52.3
75.5
85.9
78.1
73.8
75.9
Dose Equlvalent(aren/y)
(Shielded)
Cosmic Terr. Total
27.8
27.1
26.6
31.3
27.5
26.8
47.5
26,4
26.3
26.4
26.2
27.6
26.3
36.8
27.4
27.6
28.3
29.2
27.7
26.6
26.8
26.4
26.4
27,6
28.5
26.6
27.6
36.3
29.3
36.6
27.3
25.6
22.5
29.2
29.2
19.1
23.2
42.6
32.7
20.1
22.7
14.3
25.7
29.2
29.2
26.6
28.7
29.2
29.2
27.8
14.6
29.2
20.7
29.0
29.2
25.1
14.6
28.7
29.2
29.2
21.2
29.2
53,4
49.7
55.7
60.7
46.6
50.0
90.1
59.1
46.3
49.0
40.4
53.3
55.5
65.9
54.0
56.3
57.5
58.4
55.6
40.8
55.9
47.1
55.4
56.7
53.6
41.2
56.3
65.5
58.5
57.8
56.5
-------
Table 1. Average Dose Equivalents by state (continued)
State
X«w Jersey
Mew Mexico
New York.
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Verso nc
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Mean
1970 Elevation
Population (meters)
7,168,158
1,016,002
13,241,270
5,082,058
617,757
10,652,018
2,559,250
2,091,386
11,793,905
949,722
2,590,515
666,253
3,924,174
11,196,73$
1,059,272
444,739
4,648,490
3,409,173
1,744,233
4,417,948
332,412
21
1575
64
23«
493
231
392
190
158
32
126
582
216
2*5
1381
180
16*4
125
3«5
2*9
1768
Dose Equivalencfajrein/y}
(Unshielded)
Cosmic Terr. Total
29. i
so.a
29.4
30.8
33.2
3a.s
32.2
30.5
30.2
29.2
29.9
34.1
30.7
31.2
46.4
30.3
30.3
29.9
32.2
30.9
56.0
43.8
52.6
45.1
38.1
45.6
43-3
45.0
45-6
36.3
42.
-------
20
- 15
Mt
I
> 10
s
3
§.
a
I 1
I I I I
SO
10
6 -
I
&
,, !
100
Dose Equivalent (mrem/yr)
Figure 1. Frequency Distribution of Dose Equivaient in the U.S. Population
(not corrected for shielding!
-------
llnw 6<
1 CiHiMtUii» lliiliilHiim
-------
30
2S -
20 —
10
_
—
_
MMM
1 i I
0
i
—
—
,
i
i
,
>
i
!
i
1
j
i
1
*
_
1
',
t
.
'
1
i
_
—
1
;
1
•
i
i
*.
^^
!__
1
I
ill i
14
12
10
a 3
a-
i
4
2
i «' i [ I I I
50 100
Do$« Equivalent (m"em/yr)
Figure 3. Frsquency D^tribution of Oosi Equivalent in thi U,S, Population
(correcrao for shielding)
-------
REFERENCES
<1«70) Bennett, B.C. (1970), "Estimation of General Absorbed Dos*
due Co Environmental Gamma iadlation", Health Physics 19:757-67.
(Ge7Q) Seorge, H.J. (1970)," New Data on the Absolute Cosmic lay
lonization in the Lower Atmosphere*". J. Geophys Re* 75:3693-3705.
(Jo81) Johnson, R..H. ,Jr., M.S. Nelson, A*S. Goldin, and T.F. Gesell ,
(1981). "Natural Radiation Quality of the Environment in the United
States," presented at the Second Special Symposium on Natural
Radiation Environment, January 19-23, 1981, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Bombay, India.
(Ka63) Ka«e*r, J., J.E. Rose, and F.R. Shonka, (1963), "Huacle
Equivalent Environmental Radiation Meter of Extreme Sensitivity-."
Science 140:1100-1101 (1963),
(Li75) Liboff, A-R. (1975), "Co»mlc-Ray lonization in the Lower
Ataoiphere.,** ?• 55 in The Natural Eadlation Envirotmeaeal II ,
Adaaa, J.A.S., W.M. Louaar , ..... and~ T. Gesell," EdiitoW, (U.S . Atomic
Energy Comaisiion, Oak Ridge, Tenn.)
(Loo6) Lowder, «.H, and J.L. Beck, (1966), **Cos«ie-Ray loaization in
the Lo««r Ataosphere," J. Geophys* Res. 71:4661.
(NC3J75> National Council on Radiation Protection and :-jeasureaenc
(1975), " Natural Background Radiation in the United States", N'CH?
Report Mo. 45, National Council on Radiation Protection and
Meaaureacnt, 7910 Woodaont Avenue, Sethesda, Md. 20014.
Oaklfiy, D.T. (1972), "Natural Radiation Exposure in the
Uaited State*"*, QRP/SIO 72-1, Office of Radiation Prograas,
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
(0'3r70) O'Brien, K. and J.E. McLaughlia, (1970), "Calculation or
Dose and Dose Equivalent Hates to Man in th* Ataosphere from
Galactic Cosmic S*y»," USAEC Document HASL-228 (1970).
(Ohb9) Ohisen H. (1969) Sestinaauug der Hitti -rn Bevolkerungs-
belastung durch Neturllche Au*sere Strahlung auf dea Sebiet dez
DDR. Staatliche Zentrale for Strahlenschutz, tteport Ho. SZS-14/69.
-------
10
(SooQ) Solon, L.I. (1960) "Dosiaetry of Matural Ionising Radiation."
(Ph.D. Thesis) Maw York University, Hew York, N.Y.
(Yf70) Yeates, D.B.» A.S. Coldin, and O.W. Hoeller, (1970)
"iUdiation froo 'tacural Sources in the Urban Environment," Report
He. HSW/IHS-70-2. D«pt. of Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Mass. 02115.
-------
Appendix A
Oo«* Eq-ivalent Vaiua Tables
-------
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CREEN »AY HI
KENOSHA Wl
I.A CROSSE Ml MN
HAD1SON HI
MILWAUKEE Ul
OSHKOSH Ul
SAC INK Ul
WISCONSIN HU
WYOHING NU
(Corrected for Shielding)
1 q 7 n
1 7 1 U
Popu la l Ion
70B42
26826}
668259
101)61 7
41656)
156621
715841
556040
1695448
7 3170
1238107
229420
)3Z52i
1535751
157662
asoi ?
372)0
6070)
H0162)
1 2 9 i 1 2
3271 3
129105
8*262
602)1
2054)7
12*24.57
554SO
I 17408
2151288
))M16
Doer Equivalent (mTvm/j)
(•etert) COBBJC Terre«tri«l
198
6
*
23
46
289
46
30
J7U
23
38
>60
76
176
183
172
218
198
433
219
186
180
186
198
262
186
229
192
295
1768
VIRGINIA
27.*
26.1
26.1
26.2
26.4
28. 1
26.4
26.2
28. 8
WASHINGTON
26.2
26.3
28.'
26.6
27.1
VEST VIRGINIA
27.3
11 .2
27.6
27.4
2».3
WISCONSIN
27.6
27 . J
27.3
27.3
27.4
27 .9
27. J
27.7
27.4
28.2
WVOMI N<:
511.4
29.2
12.5
12.5
14 .6
14.6
29-2
22.7
14.6
29.2
29.2
29.2
2»-2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
38. 7
44 .1
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29. 2
29.2
Total
56.6
38.6
38.5
40.8
40,9
57.3
49.0
40.8
58.0
55.4
55.5
57.9
55.7
56.5
56.5
56.4
66.)
71.5
56.5
56.8
56.5
56.5
56.5
56.6
57.1
56.5
56.9
56.6
57.4
79.6
PopuI at Ion Dose
Equlv»lent
4011
10345
25J59
4104
I 7056
6977
35082
22709
98291
4052
68695
1)292
18537
86706
8910
479B
2469
4)4)
82126
1849
7293
4764
3410
117)3
70804
3154
664)
1 1488)
26446
ro
Ln
NU-Non-Ul bail
I plain
HI I' Not CDDXI .1 I I' I a In
-------
i:: B
Corrections to Oki/blt 72-1
-------
Appendix B
Corrections to OIF/SIB 72-1
Three errors were noted in ehe histograms of figure 13 of
Oakley's report (0*72) * tee of these was oils placement of the
vertical axis for Rocky Flats-Denver (Fig IJq ). This axis was
aisplaced on* scale division to the left. The first noticeable
non-zero readings should be in the rang* 2 to 4 aiicroreais/hour, the
mod* should be in the range 8-10 aicroreoui/hour, and che arrow should
be located at 10*4 aicrorems/hour.
flic other two error* w^re la the placement of the arrows
indicating the aean values for Cincinnati, Ohio, (Fig* 13m) and Los
Angeles, California (Fig 13?)* For the convenience of the reader,
the location oi the mean values for the 22 histograas of Figure 13 in
(Oa72) are given as Table B-l:
table B-l
Average terrestrial Dose Equivalent Values for insured Sites (Oa72)
Location
aicrorems/
hour
Location
siicr or ems/
hour
Ho. Hew England
So. Mew England
Caiaden/Philadelphia
Fort talvoir, Va./D.C.
Morfolk, Va.
Parr, S.f.
Sav* SUv/Augusta, Ga.
Cape Kennedy-
Orlando, Fla.
Ga. Muclear Lab-
Atlanta , Ga •
Oak Ridge, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
C j.uinbus, Chio
5.33 Cincinnati, Ohio 4.05
6.11 Chicago, 111. 5.18
2.70 Minneapolis, Minn. 4,21
4.12 Calveston, Texas 2.26
3.09 Rocky Plats-Denver, Colo. 10.23
3.76 Albuquerque, N.M, 7.34
3.89 Carlsbad N.M. 2.93
1.51 MES-ldahQ Falls, Idaho o.35
6.61 Las Vegas, Nevada 3.35
5.95 Hanfori- liichlaad, Wash. 5.87
5*48 San Franciso, Calif. 4.78
5.73 Arguello-Santa Barbara, Calif. 5.44
Los Angeles. Calif. 6.00
3 "
------- |