SWRHL-102r
       ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM
              1969 ANNUAL REPORT
                        by
           D. D.  Smith and K.  R. Giles
              Radiological Research
    Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
               Public  Health Service
           Environmental Health Service
                    August 1970
   This study performed under a Memorandum of
           Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
                      for the
       U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

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                         LEGAL NOTICE

This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsore'd
work.  Neither the United States,  nor the Atomic Energy Commission,
nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A.  makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied,
with respect to the accuracy,  completeness, or usefulness of the in-
formation contained in this report, or that the use of any information,
apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not in-
fringe  privately owned rights; or
B.  assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method,  or pro-
cess disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission"
includes any employee or contractor of the Commission,  or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of
the Commission, or employee  of such contractor prepares, dissemi-
nates,  or  provides access to,  any information pursuant to his employ-
ment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such
contractor.
   014

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                                                          SWRHL-102r
              ANIMAL INVESTIGATION PROGRAM

                   1969 ANNUAL REPORT
                           by
               D. D. Smith and K. R. Giles

              Radiological Research Program
       Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory

      Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
               U. S. Public Health Service
          Environmental Control Administration
              Bureau of Radiological Health
                      August 1970
This study performed under a Memorandum of Understanding
                     (No. SF 54 373)
                         for the
             U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

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                        ABSTRACT



This report presents the radionuclide content of selected bovine,



deer, and Bighorn sheep tissues which were collected during 1969



from animals grazing on or near the Nevada Test Site.   The radio-



nuclide burden remains low, with the highest levels and widest



range reported from animals collected in May.  The strontium



content of bones collected from all three species continues the



downward trend of recent years.







Other activities of the Animal Investigation Program during 1969



are also mentioned.

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                          ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr. James N. Shively,
Division of Biological Effects, Bureau of Radiological Health,
12720 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland.  Dr. Shively performed
the histopathological analysis of the tissue samples collected
during this reporting period.

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                   TABLE OF CONTENTS



                                                      Page



ABSTRACT                                               i



ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                         ii



LIST OF TABLES                                         iv



INTRODUCTION                                           1



THE NTS BEEF HERD                                      2



WILDLIFE STUDIES                                       9



  Mule Deer                                            9



  Desert Bighorn Sheen                                 10



  Special Studies                                      12



PUBLIC RELATIONS                                       13



CLAIMS                                                 14



REFERENCES                                             15



APPENDIX                                               16



DISTRIBUTION

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                     LIST OF TABLES

TABLE                                                   Page

1.  Vital Statistics of Sacrificed Bovine                3

2.  Summary of Analytical Results Found in 1969          5
    Bovine Tissues

3.  Analytical Results of Rumen Contents Collected       8
    from Fistulated Steers

4.  Vital Statistics of NTS Mule Deer Collected          9
    in 1969

5.  Summary of Analytical Results - NTS Mule Deer -      n
    1969
                             IV

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                      INTRODUCTION
The major objectives of the Animal Investiqatlon Program (AIP)
are:
     1.  To determine tissue concentrations of fresh and/or aged
         fission and activation products in biological samples
         obtained from bovine on  the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and
         from off-site ranches, if required.
     2.  To develop and conduct wildlife studies on and near the
         Nevada Test Site in cooperation with state and federal
         wildlife agencies in order to assess radionuclide content
         of various edible wildlife species.
     3.  To maintain veterinary relations with the off-site popula-
         tion.
     4.  To investigate alleged damage to domestic animals from the
         Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) activities.
This report is intended to detail the analytical results reported and
progress made in meeting the above objectives in 1969.

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                     THE  NTS  BEEF HERD
The Atomic Energy Commission's  beef herd was maintained in Area 18
the entire year, except for the two herd sires  that were placed in the
herd for overlapping periods  of two months  during the summer.  Details
of animal husbandry and herd  history were described previously/

As of the end of 1969, the herd consisted of 89 animals as follows:
2 bulls, 19 aged cows (4 years  and older),  7 three-year-old cows,
8 two-year-old heifers, 6 two-year-old steers,  12 yearling heifers,
11 yearling steers, 12 (1969) heifer calves, and 12 (1969) steer calves.
The 1969 calving percentage was 96% and the average rate of gain of the
calves was 1.5 pounds per day for the 146-day period between May 22
and October 16.

As part of the surveillance activities, six bovine from the herd are
sacrificed semiannually and selected tissues are collected for radio-
analysis and histopathological  examination.  These sacrifices took
place on May 7 and October 16.   The vital statistics of the sacrificed
animals are presented in Table  1.  Unless otherwise noted, each
sacrificed animal soent its entire life grazing on the Area 18 range of
the Nevada Test Site.

Each animal is sacrificed by firing a 243 caliber bullet into the
brain.  Immediately after death the animal  is necropsied by a

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Table 1.  Vital Statistics of Sacrificed Bovine
I.D. Number
BOV-l-NTS-69
BOV-2-NTS-69
BOV-3-NTS-69
BOV-4-NTS-69
BOV-5-NTS-69
BOV-6-NTS-69
BOV-7-NTS-69
BOV-8-NTS-69
BOV-9-NTS-69
BOV-10-NTS-69
BOV-ll-NTS-69
BOV-12-NTS-69
Date Sacrificed
7 May 1969
7 May 1969
7 May 1969
7 May 1969
7 May 1969
7 May 1969
16 Oct 1969
16 Oct 1969
16 Oct 1969
16 Oct 1969
16 Oct 1969
16 Oct 1969
Breed
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hoi stein
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Hereford
Sex
Steer
Steer
Steer
Steer
Bull
Cow
Bull
Bull
Steer
Steer
Steer
Steer
Age
3 yrs
3 yrs
2 yrs
2 yrs
1 mo
10 yrs
5.5 yrs
3.5 yrs
1 .5 yrs
3.5 yrs
1 .5 yrs
1 .5 yrs
Wt in kg
377
432
323
422
57
384
738
1161
281
511
409
344
Remarks




Calf of BOV-6-NTS-69.
Dam of BOV-5-NTS-69.
Prior to 1965 grazed
on Yucca Flat.
On Area 18 range
9 Oun-8 Aug 69 and
18 Sep-16 Oct 69.
Entire life spent
in Area 15 corrals.





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veterinarian and all  pathological  conditions are noted.   All  of the
sacrificed animals were in good physical condition and no significant
lesions were found.  In addition to the necropsy, the adrenals, eyes,
heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, spleen, thyroid, and gonads
were sampled for histopathological examination.

Tissue sections were prepared for microscopic evaluation.  A summary
of the results is presented in Appendix I.  No lesions were reported
that could  be attributable to radiation damage.

Tissues collected for radioanalysis included abomasum contents,
abomasum  tissue, femur, liver, lung, muscle, rumen contents, and
thyroid.  Quantitative analysis of the tissues. 1s. made for
144Ce,  131I,  106Ru,  137Css 95Zr, 5l+Mn, ltt0Ba, and K, as determined by
the 40K fraction, using the least squares method.  The bone was analyzed
for "Sr  and  90Sr only.

The summary of the analytical results is presented in Table 2.  The
minimum detectable limit  (MDL) used in this report is based on
laboratory  findings  or on calculations.  Analytical procedures used
at the Southwestern  Radiological Health Laboratory (SWRHL) are described
                       to]
in another  publication/  '

The radionuclide burdens of the various tissues remain low, with the
highest levels and greatest variability shown in tissues collected from
animals sacrificed in May.
                                4

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Table 2.  Summary of Analytical Results Found in 1969 Bovine Tissues
          Unless otherwise noted, results are reported as wet weight of sample.
Tissue
^bomasum
Contents
Abomasum
Tissue
3one
Femur
Liver
Lung
Muscle
Rumen
Content
Thyroid
pCi/g
Thymus
BOV-5-NTS-69
Milk
BOV-6-NTS-69
Testes
BOV-7&8-NTS-
69
K
g/kg
5.6(11)*
0.6-14.6
1.4(10)
0.8-2.3
NA
2.9(12)
1.7-4.2
2.4(6)
1.7-3.3
3.4(12)
2.9-3.8
1.4(10)
0.7-3.9
Not
Detectable
5.5±3.2
Not
Detectable
2.1(2)
2.0-2.1
89Sr
pCi/g ash
NA
NA
All samples

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The rumen and abomasum contents showed the highest levels and widest
variety of radionuclides detected.  However, due to poor biological
absorption only a few tissues showed concentrations above the MOL.
The only notable exception was 106Ru in the lungs of four of the
animals sacrificed in May.  This may have resulted from  the inhalation
of resuspended particles from the depositions of the Buggy, Danny Boy,
Little Feller I and Little Feller II events, from the spring activities of the
Nuclear Rocket Development Station, or from debris from  Project Schooner.

 Iodine-131 was detected in the thyroids of three of the  adults and  the
 thymus of  the calf from the spring sacrifice.  However,  the  levels
were  less  than 3 pCi/g in all cases.  The source of the  13II may  have
 been  EP  III  and IV runs of the XE' reactor which was tested on
April  17,  1969.  The winds at that time were from 180° - 230°.

The Holstein bull sacrificed in October had 170 pCi/g of 131I in  the
 thyroid.   This animal had been maintained in a dry lot at Area 15 for
 his entire life and the I31I probably resulted from the  ingestion of
 fresh  alfalfa green chop that was harvested from lands contaminated by
 the experimental release of gaseous and particulate 131I (Project
Retake) on September 9, 1969, or may have been from an event that
 released detectable activity on the NTS on September 12, 1969.

The only significant difference observed attributable to age was  the
 90Sr  content of the femur bone.  The 10-year-old cow had a burden of
 90Sr  that  was over twice that of the younger animals.  The cow's  burden

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was  12.6  pCi/g  of  ash while  the  other  animals averaged 4.8 pCi/g
of ash  (range of 3.7 -  5.7 pCi/g of  ash).  The average 90Sr content
of 5.4  pCi/g of ash continues  the downward trend of recent years
(1968 samples averaged  8.8 pCi/g of  ash).

Levels  of 89Sr, 95Zr, and 11+0Ba  were below the MDL in all samples.
Manganese-54 was detectable  only in  the  ingesta of three animalss
and  llrLtCe was found only  in  liver samples in addition to the rumen
and  abomasum contents.

The  University  of  Nevada  at  Reno and the AIP are engaged in a coopera-
tive four-year  study to determine the  composition of the diet of the
NTS  beef  animals by utilizing  rumen  fistulated steers as a biological
sampler.   Three mature  rumen fistulated steers are placed on the
Area 18 range once a month and are allowed to graze.  The ingested
food is then removed from the  rumen  via the fistula.  These samples
are  then  analyzed  for radionuclide content, nutritional value, and
botanical  content.  Table 3  summarizes the findings for 1969.  The
only radionuclides detected  in the ingesta were 106Ru and ll+4Ce and
the  highest concentrations were  found  in the first half of the year.

A report  summary of all data collected from the fistulated steers will
be published following  the end of the  study in March 1970.  This report
will  be authored by personnel  of the University of Nevada, the AIP
and  the Ecology Section of SWRHL.

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     Table 3.  Analytical
     Results are reported
Results of Rumen
as wet weight of
Contents Collected from Fistulated Steers.
sample.
Date
Steers
Sampled
23 Jan 69
6 Mar 69
27 Mar 69
24 Apr 69
28 May 69
25 Jun 69
31 Jul 69
18 Aug 69
25 Sep 69
23 Oct 69
26 Nov 69
10 Dec 69
K
g/kg
3.9
+ n 7

1.5
±0.6
4.2
±0.5
0.64
+ 0.57
1.6
±0.6
3.2
±1.0
3.5
±0.8
2.4
±1.0
1.7
±0.8
4.0
±0.6
1.7
+ 0.5
1.6
± 0.5
106RU
pCi/g
< 1.3
1.7
±0.5
1.5
±0.3
< 1.3
1.3
+ n R

2.0
+ n a

< 1.3
1.3
±0.7
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
144Ce
pCi/g
3.7
±0.5
2.0
±0.4
<1.3
<1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
< 1.3
Area
Steers
Grazed
Well 8
canyon
South of
Pahute
airport
South of
Pahute
airport
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Well 8
canyon
Remarks
80% of diet perennial qrasses. Sitanion hystrix
(squirrel tail) was the dominant species.
Slightly more than 80% of the diet consisted of
Sjtina. speciosa (Desert needleqrass) and squirrel tail.
Results were similar for both March collections.
98% of diet was Elymus cinereus (Si ant wild rye grass).
Elymus cinereus (Giant wild rye) and Bromus tectorium
(cheat grass) made up 80% of the diet.
Grasses 70% of diet, Salsola kali (Russian thistle)
20% of diet.
Russian thistle content of diet increased to more than
50% and grass content dropped to less than 40%.
Russian thistle contributed 86% of the diet.
Grasses - 50 % of diet. Russian thistle - 10% of diet.
Querciis qambelii (Gambel's oak) - 30%.
Giant wild rye grass - 60% of diet. Rumen contents of
sacrificed animals showed 60% was perennial grass species
squirrel tail and 35% Russian thistle.
Two samples revealed different composition. One was 70%,
shrubs - Ephedra viridis, (Mountain joint fir) 'and Cowania
mexicania (Cliff rose). One was 70% qrasses - Orhyzopsis
hymenoides (Indian rice grass) and squirrel tail qrass.
75% of diet was Gambel's Oak.
co

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                     WILDLIFE STUDIES
 Mule  Deer
 The  AIP,  as  part  of  its wildlife  studies collects at least one

 mule deer a  quarter  from  the  NTS.  These deer were either collected with

 a  243 caliber rifle  under the provisions of scientific collecting

 permit #69-20,  issued  to  the  AIP  by the Nevada Fish and Game Commission,

 or they were collected as the result of a motor vehicle collision.  In

 1969 it was  necessary  to  collect  only two deer by hunting.  All others were

 collected as a  result  of  road kills.  (See Table 4 for vital statistics.)



 Table 4.   Vital Statistics of NTS Mule Deer Collected in 1969
                       Estimated  Estimated     Date
Number         Sex        Age      Wt.(kg)   Collected  Remarks
MD-2-NTS-69   Male     2 yrs
MD-3-NTS-69   Male     3 yrs
MD-4-NTS-69   Female   4 yrs
MD-5-NTS-69   Female   3 yrs
46
55
55
46
MD-6-NTS-69   Male     1-1/2 vrs    46


                            9
 2 May 69  Collected by hunting,
           2 miles east of Cap-
           tain Jack's spring.

31 Jul 69  Collected by hunting
           at junction of Holmes
           and Rainier Mesa
           Roads.   Numerous
           fibrotic warts on
           right face and neck.

12 Oct 69  Road kill at U 19R on
           Dead Horse Road -
           Rainier Mesa.

31 Oct 69  Road kill - 1/2 mile
           west of Echo Peak
           Road turnoff on
           Pahute Mesa.

11 Nov 69  Road kill - Rainier
           Mesa Road - Area 2.

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The same samples for histopathology and radionuclide analysis are
collected as are collected from the beef cattle with the exception
that the bone is taken from the hock joint instead of the femur.
Because of the time lapse, histopathologic samples are usually not
collected from the accident victims.  The results of the histopatho-
logical examination are found in Appendix I.   Table 5 presents the
analytical results.

The analytical results parallel those found in the beef cattle.  The
deer collected on May 2 had about the same tissue burdens as the beef
cow sacrificed on May 7.  Its lungs contained 106Ru and its thyroid
131I.  Rumen and abomasum contents of both the May and July deer
contained detectable levels of 106Ru and lul+Ce.   The October and
November deer showed no detectable levels except for 90Sr in the hock
bone.  The 1969 average of 6.8 pCi/g of ash is down from that of 1968
(8.8 pCi/g of ash).  No samples exceeded the  MDL for 51+Mn, 95Zrs and 140Ba.

Desert Bighorn Sheep
Personnel of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the Desert National
Wildlife Range cooperated with the AIP in the collection of hock joint
samples from Desert Bighorn sheep collected during the fall and winter
special hunts.  The 90Sr results from 23 hock joints collected in
December of 1968 and January of 1969, averaged 9.1 pCi/g of ash with
a range of 6.3 to 13.0 pCi/g of ash.  The 90Sr results are down some-
what from that reported for 1967-1968 which averaged 9.6 pCi/g of ash.
Only five samples had detectable amounts of 89Sr and they ranged from
2-.4 to 6.7 pCi/g of ash with an average of 4.0 pCi/g of ash.
                                  10

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Table 5.  Summary of Analytical  Results -  NTS  Mule  Deer  -  1969
Tissue
Abomasum
Contents
Abomasum
Tissue
Bone
Hock
Liver
Lung
Muscle
Rumen
Content
Thyroid
pCi/g


40K
gAg
89Sr
pCi/g ash
4.3(5)* 1
1.7-5.9 i NA
4.2(4)
2.9-4.8

3.0(5)
2.2-3.8
1.6(4)
1.3-2.1
3.4(5)
2.7-3.6
NA
3.9(l)d
±2.0
NA
NA
NA
2.6(5) I
2.1-4.1 NA
All sarr.-
. pies 
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The AIP veterinarian also performs necropsies of bighorn sheep dying
in the wild or in the pens at the Corn Creek Station.  There were
four necropsies performed in 1969 (see Appendix I).  Analytical results
of the tissues collected from these animals were below the MDL in all
cases.

Special Studies
Special deer and beef collections were made for the Schooner and Rulison
events.  The results of these studies will  be published as special
reports.  All of the Rulison background samples were below the MDL.

AIP personnel cooperated with Nevada Fish and Game personnel  on two
wildlife transplant projects.  Veterinary support was provided during
the capture of Desert Bighorn sheep from the Boulder Mountains for
transplant to the Hawthorne area.  Several  surveys of NTS  chukar
partridge populations were made in order to determine if a capture
and transplant program would be feasible.   Weather conditions prevented
sufficient concentrations of the birds  for  successful  capture, but
another attempt will  be made in 1970.
                               12

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                        PUBLIC RELATIONS
 "Biq Sam",  a  fistulated steer, was exhibited at the International
 Cattleman's Exoosition held in Las Vegas, Nevada durinq December.  This
 exhibit oroduced much interest and comment from the oublic and allowed
 us to  inform  people of the AIP objectives and of our results.

 In June, AIP  personnel assisted the Colvins of Goldfield in removing
 25 Bar-forty  beef animals from Area 20.  This was done at the request
 of the AEC.   Blood and fecal samples were collected and nhotograohic
 documentation of the cows' conditions was made.  E-500-B readings
 taken on the  animals' feet and backs were  background.

 In November,  AIP personnel also assisted John Mosier in removing his
 beef animals  from the Bald Mountain area of the Bombing and Gunnery
 Range.

The AIP veterinarian served as project veterinarian for the Rulison
event and informed the professional and farm organizational leaders
of the  progress of the event.
                                13

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                         CLAIMS
The AIP veterinarian spent much of his time while at Rulison at a
deer hunters camp near the Ground Zero.  This was done to limit the
inconvenience caused the hunters to a bare minimum and consequently
reduced their claims.

No livestock damage claims were received as the result of testing
activities in either Nevada or Colorado.

Rabies investigations  were made on two bats, a fox,  and a ring-tailed
cat which were collected on the NTS.   No biting incidences were
reported in connection with these anima.ls and gross  observation failed
to indicate rabies, so no further action was taken.
                           14

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                            REFERENCES

1.  Smith, D. D.   SWRHL-80r "Management  History  of the AEC Beef Herd
    1  June 1964 - 1  June 1969."   (March  1970)

2.  Johns, F. B.   SWRHL-llr "Handbook of Radiochemical Analytical
    Methods.  (February 1970)
                                 15

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APPENDIX I.  Gross and Microscopic Pathology* Found in Necropsied
             Animals.
Bovine
BOV-l-NTS-69.    No gross lesions observed.
                 Histopathology Report:
                 Sarcosporidia are present
BOV-2-NTS-69.    No gross lesions observed.
                 Histopathology Report:
                 Kidney.  A few tubules  contain slightly basophilic
                 granular with fibrillar casts.  There is no
                 surrounding reaction.
                 Lung.  A mild excess of perivascular and peribronchial
                 eosinophils is seen.
                 Heart.  Sarcocystis are present.
BOV-3-NTS-69.    No gross lesions observed.
                 Histopathology Report:
                 Kidney.  A few small foci of interstitial  nephritis.
BOV-4-NTS-69.    No gross lesions observed;
                 Histopathology Report:
                 Kidney.  A tiny focus  of interstitial nephritis.
BOV-5-NTS-69.    No gross lesions observed.  ,
                 Histopathology Report:
                 Lung.  A few alveoli contain proteinaceous material
                 and septal cells.  The  alveolar septae are mildly
                 thickened.  There are  small peribronchial  accumulation
                 of lymphoid cells.
BOV-6-NTS-69.    Low grade metritis both horns of uterus.
                 Histopathology Report:
                 Kidney.  A small focus  of round cells is in the
                 interstitium at the cortico-medullary junction.
*As reported by Dr. James N. Shively, Division of Biological Effects,
Bureau of Radiological Health, 12720 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville,
Maryland, 20852.
                                  16

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 APPENDIX I.   Gross and Microscopic  Pathology  Found in Necropsied
              Animals  cont'd.
 Bovine
 BOV-7-NTS-69.    No gross  lesions observed.
                  Histopathology  Report:
                  Kidney.   Mild  interstitial nephritis.
                  Muscles.   Sarcosporidiosis.
                  Testes.   A few  small foci of subacute orchitis.
 BOV-8-NTS-69.    No gross  lesions observed.
                  Histopathology  Report:
                  Kidney.   Mild,  active  interstitial nephritis.
                  Lungs.  A focus in which the interalveolar septae
                  are  thickened.
                  Muscles.   Sarcosporidiosis,
 BOV-9-NTS-69.     No gross  lesions observed.
                  Histopathology  Report:
                  Significant changes not seen.
 BOV-10-NTS-69.    No gross  lesions observed.
                  Histopathology  Report:
                  Significant changes not seen.
 BOV-ll-NTS-69.    No gross  lesions observed.
                  Histopathology  Report:
                  Lung.  Some lobules have edema and hemorrhage.
 BOV-12-NTS-69.    No gross  lesions observed.
                  Histopathology Report:
                  Kidney.  A small focus of interstitial nephritis.
Deer
MD-2-NTS-69.     No gross  lesions observed.  No significant changes
                 found during histopathological  examination.
                                 17

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APPENDIX I.   Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied
             Animals cont'd.

Deer

MD-3-NTS-69.     There is a tumor above the left eye.  Several  isolated
                 warts found  on neck and right face of the animal.  The
                 warts are black and very rough, ranging from 1 cm to
                 3 cm in diameter.  They are attached to the epidermal area
                 by a narrow  stalk.   In several areas of the neck there
                 are three or four of the larger warts grouped in one
                 large mass.   The large areas have a diameter of up to
                 6 cm.  When  the lesion  above the eye was incised it
                 consisted of solid, glistening white mass without an
                 internal structure.  There are no involutions into the
                 center of the structure.  The warts on the neck have
                 the same color and appearance with the exception that
                 the external surface is involuted into the center of the
                 wart.

                 Histopathology Report:

                 The tumors are fibromas.  Sarcocystis is present.

MD-4-NTS-69.     Animal died  as a result of vehicular collision.
                 Suffered multiple traumatic injuries which included
                 fractured left leg, severe contusions and abrasions,
                 and massive  internal hemorrhage.

                 Histopathology Report:

                 Kidney.  Mild interstitial nephritis and glomerulosclerosis.
                 Muscles.  Sarcosporidiosis.

MD-5-NTS-69.     Animal died  as a result of vehicular collision.and
                 suffered extensive traumatic injuries.  These included
                 multiple fractures of the right fore leg, left rear
                 leg, and left rib cage.  The lungs were punctured and
                 the liver was lacerated.

                 Histopathology Report:  samples were not collected.

MD-6-NTS-69.     Animal died  as a result of vehicular collision.
                 Suffered fractured skull and fragmentation of liver.
                 Histopathology Report:

                 Spleen:  Congested and had foci of hemorrhage.
                                  18

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 APPENDIX I.   Gross and Microscopic  Pathology  Found  in Necropsied
              Animals cont'd.

 Desert Bighorn Sheep

 DB-.1-DGR-69.     The urinary bladder contained  about 15  cc  of  purulent
                 material.   The renal  pelvis was  edematous  and  contained
                 small  white precipitates  of purulent material.

                 The apical  lobes  of the lungs  had fibrous  adhesions
                 between their  surface  and  the  thoracic  pleura.  The
                 apical  lobes were congested and  contained  many small
                 purulent areas.   Both  apical  lobes  were discolored
                 green  and  showed  necrosis.

                 The mitral  valves had  nodules  along their  borders.

                 Diagnosis:   (1)   Nephritis, (2)  Pneumonitis

 DB-2-DGR-69.     Approximately  85% of the  lung  area  appears to  be
                 involved with  a pneumonic  condition.

                 Fibrous  adhesions between  the  lobes of  the lung and
                 the  chest wall are  seen extending from  all lobes of
                 the  lung.

                A  pink  normal  appearing area,  6" long,  1-1/2" wide,
                and  2"  deep, is seen on the dorsal, proximal border
                of each diaphragmatic  lobe.  These  appear  to be the
                only functioning  areas of  the  lung.

                Many small yellowish-white cheesy materials come from
                each nodule when  incised.

                All  other areas of  the lung are  a grayish-brown color—
                possibly indicating an advance stage of hepatization.

                Diagnosis:  Bacterial pneumonia.

DB-3-DBR-69.     As the rib cage was lifted,adhesions appeared on the
                apical   lobes.  All  of the apical lobes, cardiac and
                intermediate lobes  are hepatized and contain numerous
                abscesses (1-3 cm in diameter).  Only functional
                tissue is on the dorsal posterior portions of the
                diaphragmatic  lobes.

                Diagnosis:  Death from pneumonia - probably caused by
                pasteurella.
                                 19

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APPENDIX I.   Gross and Microscopic Pathology Found in Necropsied
             Animals cont'd.
Desert Bighorn Sheep

                Histopathology Report:   One section of lung contains
                abscesses and necrotic  foci.   There is an inflammatory
                cell infiltrate.   Edema is present.  Changes are not seen
                in another lung section.   There is lymphoid hypoplasia
                of the spleen.

                Diagnosis:  Pneumonia,  lobar.

DB-4-DBR-69,    Not necropsied.

DB-5-DGR-69.    Hemorrhagic areas were  seen in the abomasum, scattered
                in the small upper intestine  and large bowel.   The area
                of the soiral portion was engorged with blood and there
                was hemorrhage into the intestinal lumen.  The liver
                was pale yellow and smaller than normal size.   The
                abdominal cavity contained a  large amount of sero-
                sanguineous fluid.

                The kidneys were very soft.  The bladder was void of
                urine.

                The pericardial sac contained  an excessive amount of
                sero-sanguineous  fluid.  The  spleen was soft and crepitus.

                The omentum was thickened.  Cultures of heart blood,
                pericardial fluid, and  intestinal  content were taken and
                sent to United Laboratories.   Smears of intestinal contents
                were negative for coccidia.

                Tenative diagnosis:  Enterotoxemia.

                Histopathology Report:   There  is a severe hemorrhagic
                enteritis and a mild pneumonitis.   Lymphoid follicles
                in the spleen are hypoplastic.  There is a focus
                suggestive of fibroplasia in  the thyroid, but
                autolytic changes make  evaluation  equivocal.

                Laboratory findings of  clostridium perfringins
                substantiate diagnosis  of enterotoxemia.
                                 20

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                            DISTRIBUTION
  1-20   SWRHL,  Las  Vegas, Nevada
    21   Robert  E. Miller, Manager, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    22   Henry G. Vermillion, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    23   D. W. Hendricks, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    24   R. R. Loux,  NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    25   F. D. Cluff, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    26   J. D. Davis, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    27   E. D. Campbell, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    28   A. J, Whitman, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    29   R. S. Davidson, BMI, Columbus, Ohio
    30   Chief,  NOB/DASA, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
    31   DOS, USAEC, Washington,  D. C.
    32   Director, DMA,  USAEC, Wahington,  D.  C.
    33   William W.  Burr, Jr., DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.  C.
   34   John S.  Kelly,  DPNE, USAEC,  Washington,  D.  C.
   35   P. Allen, ARL/ESSA,  NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas,,Nevada
   36  Gilbert  J.  Ferber, ARL/ESSA,  Silver Spring,  Maryland
37-38  Charles  L.  Weaver, EHS,  PHS,  Rockville,  Maryland
   39  Regional Representative,  BRH, PHS,  Region  IX, San Francisco, Calif
   40  Bernd Kahn,  BRH,  PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio
   41   Northeastern Radiological  Health  Lab.,  Winchester,  Mass.
   42  Southeastern Radiological  Health  Lab.,  Montgomery,  Alabama
   43  W.  C.  King,  LRL,  Mercury,  Nevada
   44  J.  Carothers, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
   45  Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
   46  Ed  Fleming,  LRL,  Livermore,  Calif.
   47  Wm. E. Ogle,  LASL, Los Alamos,  N. Mex.
   48  Harry S.  Jordan,  LASL, Los Alamos,  N. Mex.
   49   Arderi E. Bicker,  REECo,  Mercury,  Nevada
   50   Clinton  S. Maupin, REECo,  Las Vegas,  Nevada
   51   Byron Murphey,  Sandia Labs.,  Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.
   52   G.  E.  Tucker, Sandia Labs.,  Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.

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   53  R.  H.  Wilson,  University of Rochester,  Rochester,  N.  Y.
54-55  DTIE,  Oak Ridge,  Tennessee
   56  D.  S.  Barth,  National  Air Pollution Control  Admin.,  Chapel  Hill,
         North Carolina
   57  Robert Lynch,  DVM,  U.  S. Dept.  of Agriculture,  State Bldg.
         Las  Vegas,  Nevada
   58  H.  P.  Adams,  Extension Dairyman,  University  of  Nevada,
         Reno, Nevada
   59  Ferren Bunker, Clark County Cooperative Extension  Service
         Las  Vegas,  Nevada
   60  R.  E.  Engel,  National  Air Pollution Control  Admin.,  Chaoel  Hill,
         North Carolina
   61  John C. Vi11 forth,  °HS, ECA,  BRH, Rockville, Maryland
   62  John G. Bailey, PHS, ECA, BRH,  Rockville,  Maryland
   63  Verle  Bohman,  Chairman, Animal  Science  Dept., University of
         Nevada, Reno, Nevada
   64  Ray Brechbill, Radioecologist,  AEC, Las Vegas,  Nevada
   65  Roger  Johnson, Refuge  Manager,  U.  S.  Fish  and Wildlife Service
         Las  Vegas,  Nevada
   66  Jack He!vie,  Wildlife  Biologist,  Desert Bighorn Range, Las  Vegas,
         Nevada
   67  John Donaldson, Regional Director,  Region  III,  Nevada Fish  and
         Game Commission,  Las Vegas, Nevada
68-71  Frank  Groves,  Director, Nevada  Fish and Game Commission,
         Reno, Nevada
   72  James  N.  Shively, Division  of Biological Effects,  Bureau of Radiological
         Health, Rockville, Maryland

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