SWRHL-106r
          SOIL SURVEY OF AREA 15
             NEVADA TEST SITE
                     by
  Verr D. Leavitt and Benjamin J.  Mason
      Radiological  Research Program
Western Environmental Research Laboratory

     ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           Published June 1971
This study performed under a Memorandum of
      Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
                 for the
      U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

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     This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored
     by the United States Government.   Neither the United
     States nor the United States Atomic Energy Commission,
     nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors,
     subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty,
     express or implied, or assumes any legal  liability  or
     responsibility for the accuracy,  completeness or  useful-
     ness of any information, apparatus, product or process
     disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe
     privately-owned rights.
  Available from the  National Technical  Information Service,
                U.  S.  Department of Commerce,
                   Springfield, VA. 22151

           Price:   paper  copy $3.00; microfiche $.95.
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                                                               SWRHL-106r
                         SOIL SURVEY OF AREA 15
                            NEVADA TEST SITE
                                   by
                 Verr D. Leavitt and Benjamin 0. Mason*
                     Radiological Research Program
              Western Environmental Research Laboratory**

                    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          Published June 1971
               This  study performed under a Memorandum of
                     Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
                                for the
                     U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
*  Dr. Benjamin J. Mason, Chief,, Ecology Research Branch, EPA, Bureau of
   Air Pollution Sciences, Triangle Park, N.C.

** Formerly Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, part of the
   U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
   Service, Environmental Health Service, Environmental Control
   Administration, Bureau of Radiological Health.

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                                  ABSTRACT

This report presents the results of a soil survey of the area around the
Environmental Protection Agency Experimental  Dairy Farm located in Area 15 of the
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission's Nevada Test Site.

Four soil series were identified.  Descriptions of these series are
included along with physical and chemical analyses of representative
samples of the soils.

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                              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express  their thanks to Dale D.  Moden, Caroline S,
Allen, Eleanor C, Strickland,  Ralph F.  Smiecinski, Ruby H. Fehler, and
Wallace J. Wipper for their assistance  in the chemical analysis of the
soils collected during this survey.

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                Page
ABSTRACT                                                          i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                                                  ii
LIST OF TABLE                                                    iv
   I.   INTRODUCTION                                                1
 II.   DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA                                   2
       A. Study Area                                               2
       B.  General Geology                                         2
       C.  Climate                                                 3
       D.  Vegetation                                              5
       E.  Chemical Analysis                                       6
          1.  Standard Soils Analysis                             6
          2.  Total Chemical Analysis                             6
          3.  Results                                             7
III.   SOIL MAPPING PROCEDURES                                     8
BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                     21
APPENDICES                                                       22
DISTRIBUTION
                              m

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                                                                Page




Table 1.   Temperature and Precipitation Data                      5
                              IV

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                               I.  INTRODUCTION

The Western Environmental Research Laboratory (WERL), Environmental  Protection
Agency (EPA), has maintained an experimental dairy farm on the U.  S. Atomic
Energy Commission's Nevada Test Site (NTS) since 1965.  The crop area of the
farm is maintained primarily for the production of forage to be used in
experiments conducted by WERL.  During controlled releases of radioactivity
at this farm unexplained variations in the levels of retained activity have
appeared.  In order to provide information to aid in controlling this
variation the soil survey presented in this report was conducted.

The actual soil survey was conducted in 1966 and the chemical analysis of
samples collected during the survey has been underway since that time.
Soil survey techniques patterned after the Soil Conservation Service's
National Cooperative Soil Survey were used.

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                 II.    DESCRIPTION  OF  STUDY  AREA

A.  Study Area.
    The area surveyed lies  in  Township 8,  South,  Range  53 East,  in
    Area 15 of NTS (see Appendix  VI).   The boundaries of the study
    area are Smoky Hills on the west,  Oak  Spring  Butte  on the north,
    Rhyolite Hills and Butte Wash on the east,  and Sedan Crater  on
    the south.  The total  area encompasses approximately 576 acres.
    The topography is generally gently-sloping  alluvial  fans. The
    study area occurs at an elevation  of 4,500  feet.  Much of the
    area especially to the north  and east  occurs  on alluvial fans
    originating from the Quartzite  Mountains and  the Rhyolite Hills.

B.  Geology.
    Most of the soils in the area  of this survey have been
    developed in sediments  that were washed  from  the surrounding
    mountains and laid down by water.   Locally, these sediments
    were reworked by wind.   The remaining  soils developed in
    residuum that weathered from  rocks of  the mountains.
    The sediments of the survey area were  derived mainly from tuff,
    quartz, and limestone.   A  smaller  amount of material came from
    dolomite, shale, and granite.  The dolomite, shale, and quartzite
    were interbedded with massive beds of  limestone.
    The mountains surrounding  the survey area consist mainly
    of tuffs with smaller areas of  limestone, quartz, and other  rock.
    The tuffs range in depth from surface  outcrops to 1,000 feet
    below the surface.  The tuffs occur in a variety of colors such
    as red, yellow, green,  brown, gray, and  black.

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C.  Climate.
    The  WERL dairy farm has a semi-arid, continental climate.
    Sunshine  is  abundant, precipitation is low, the rate of evapora-
    tion  is high,  and  the air is dry and clear.  In summer the days
    are hot but  the nights are cool.  Winters are fairly cold.
    The location of the  WERL dairy farm, being in a valley on a plateau
    between two major mountain ranges, accounts in large part for the
    semi-arid climate.  To the west lie the Sierra Nevada, a massive
    range of mountains that effectively reduces the moisture content
    of storms moving inland from the Pacific Ocean during fall, winter,
    and spring.  As moist air, in its easterly flow, is forced to
    rise over the mountains, it loses much of its moisture on the western
    slopes.
    The air moving down the eastern slopes is warmed by compression and,
    when it reaches the interior valley, is relatively dry.   As the air
    continues to move eastward each successive mountain range further
    reduces the moisture content and is a contributing reason for light
    precipitation in Area 15 of the NTS.
    The average annual precipitation in this valley is about 5.71 inches.
    Of the total yearly precipitation, about 40 percent comes in winter
    and early spring, and a large percentage falls during showers and
    thunderstorms in July and August.  The most rainfall  recorded in a
    monthly period is 3.69 inches, which fell in January 1969.  The
    highest annual precipitation reported is 11.43 inches, and the lowest,
    2.95 inches.
    Snowfall  in Area 15 is light, averaging about 12 inches  annually.  Its
    yearly total is rarely more than 2.5 feet, though the maximum annual
    snowfall  may be as high as three feet.

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               Table  1.  Temperature and Precipitation Data.


 Temperature  data  taken by ESSA at NTS  (elevation 4,560 feet) for 3% years,
 January  1966 to June 30, 1969.  Rainfall measured at Area  15,  WERL dairy
 farm for 8%  years, January 1961 to June 30, 1969.
           Temperature
                                         Rainfall

Month

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec

Aver-*
age
op
40
42
48
53
63
69
75
73
70
60
49
40

Maxi-
mum
°F
64
62
74
75
90
95
96
96
90
81
74
63

Mini-
mum
op
16
21
22
30
37
42
53-
50
49
38
23
16

Aver-*
age
In
0.62
0.70
0.40
0.51
0.19
0.20
0.58
0.74
0.40
0.13
0.54
0.70
Driest
year
(1962)
In
0.23
1.33
0.22
Trace
0.01
0.04
0.20
t
0.55
0.20
Trace
0.17
Wettest
year
(1965)
In
0.11
0.01
1.14
3.15
0.16
0.15
0.39
0.98
t
+
2.66
2.68
Total*  57
80
33
                                             5.71
                                        2.95
                                            11.43
*Average for 12 months.

tData unavailable.

*
*Total  for 12 months.

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Thunderstorms occur on an average of about 20 days in a year.  Heavy
rains are of short duration, but at times more than one inch of rain
falls during a heavy shower.  Hail that accompanies a thunderstorm in
summer does little damage because the hailstones are generally small.
In the Area 15 valley the average daily range in temperature is great.
It averages nearly 30°F in December and January, and 43°F in summer.
The highest temperature observed during the period of record is 100°F
and the  lowest is 9°F.
In the Area 15 valley the average growing season, or frost-free period,
extends  from the middle of May to the middle of October, a period of
about five months.  Frost has occurred, however, as late as June 1
and as early as September 20.
Table 1  gives the temperature and precipitation recorded at the WERL
dairy farm by the ESSA.  The temperature has been recorded for 3^ years
and the  precipitation for 8% years.  These records correspond very
closely  to the ones taken at Yucca Flat for the same period of time.
Vegetation.
The vegetation in Area 15 is typical of that found in semi-arid areas
of the Southwest.  Generally, it consists of good growth of desert
shrubs and grasses.
The vegetation in Area 15 consists predominately of wolfberry
(Lycium andevsonii], small rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidifloras],
blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima], and Nevada joint-fir (Ephedra
nevadensis).  Other common specTes that occur are winter fat (Eurotia
lanata], desert needlegrass (stipa speciosa], Indian ricegrass
(Orhyzopsis hymenoides}, Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia], bud sage
(Artemisia spinescens ), squirrel tail (sitanion spp.), four-winged
saltbush (Atriplex canescens}, and a large number of species of
buckwheat.
A good stand of desert shrub and grass vegetative cover is present
                 •i
on the soils.   The survey area of Area 15 normally has a plant

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density of 10 to 25 percent.  The vegetative cover contributes
little organic matter to the soil, affords little protection
against erosion, and provides little shade for the soil.  High
temperature, limited shade, and low organic matter content have
resulted in an adverse habitat for soil microorganisms; thus,
there is little microbial activity during much of the year.
'Chemical Analyses.
Since one of the primary purposes of this survey was to provide
data for use in the management of the  WERL dairy farm, only
those soils which occur on the growing areas were analyzed
chemically.
Agricultural practices are considered to affect only the upper
6  to 10 inches of soil.  The results presented in this report
are from the analysis of the surface samples from the agri-
cultural lands.
1.  Standard Soils Analysis.
    The methods used for the various analyses such as cation
    exchange capacity, pH, exchangeable cations, conductivity,
    total nitrogen and phosphate were taken from Jackson's
    Soil Chemical Analysis(1).
2.  Total Chemical Analysis.
    The method used for the elemental analysis of the farm soils
    is based on the preparation of standards by the addition of
    appropriate reagent grade chemicals to a soil that has a
    chemical matrix very similar to the average chemical matrix
    of the farm soils.
    These standards were prepared by adding the reagent grade
    chemicals to five-gram samples of Carrizo soil (collected
    in Arizona near    Mesquite, Nevada).  The samples were then
    ground in a motorized mortar and pestle for fifteen minutes.

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        Two grams of the ground soil aliquots were pelletized by the
        method of Volborth(2).  An examination of the data shows
        obvious similarities and differences between the four soils.
        For example, they are similar in cation exchange capacity,
        exchangeable cations, conductivity, and pH.  Hbwever, Thirsty
        soil is much lower in carbonates than the other soils.  (There
        is also a very wide range in the molybdenum content of the
        four soils.)
        The samples of farm soil were ground and pelletized in the
        same manner as the standards.
        The samples were counted with a standard counter after every
        eighth sample.  The percent of the element of interest was
        obtained by reading directly from the standard curve.
        Although, not of a high degree of accuracy, this method ful-
        fills the requirements for a study of this nature where the
        variation between duplicate field soil samples frequently
        has a range of ±10 percent of the mean.  Comparisons between
        analysis by the x-ray method agree well with the wet chemistry
        methods.
    3.  Results.
        The data are given in Appendix IX.  The examination of the
        data of Appendix IX shows similarities and differences among
        the four soils.  For example, they are similar in cation
        exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, conductivity, and pH.
        Thirsty soils have less than half the carbonates of the other
        soils.   They are similar in Ca, K, Cl, Mn, Fe, Al, Si02, Cu,
        Zn, and N.
        There is some variation in S, Ti, Mg, and phosphate.  The widest
        variation is the molybdenum content with a range of O.OC39 to
        0.0112 percent.
Note.If further information is desired it can be found in the
Geologic Quadrangle - Geology of the Oak Spring Quadrangle - Nevada GQ214,

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                    III.  SOIL MAPPING PROCEDURES

This soil survey was mapped according to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture 1960 Soil Classification System and the
7th Approximation System (see Appendix VI for map).
In general, this method involves digging soil pits or taking
soil auger borings to enable the surveyor to determine the strati-
graphy of the soil profile, the characteristics of the various layerss
and to make field measurements on certain chemical and physical
factors important to soil classification.
During the classification of the Area 15 soils eight pits were dug.
Using the information gained from these pits four soil series were
identified.  The description of these series is presented below.
At the same time the soil profiles were described, samples of each
layer were taken for.physical and chemical  analyses.
The four soil series described in this survey are:
    1.  Banded
    2.  Butte
    3.  Twin Peaks
    4.  Thirsty
Although these soils are given classification names, they should not
be considered as final, since this survey has not been correlated
with the U. S. National Cooperative Soil  Survey.
The terminology of the descriptions is defined in the mapping legend
and in the Glossary which appear  in Appendix VII and Appendix X,
respectively.

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1.  Banded:  The Banded series comprises Typic Durorthids, members
of sandy, mixed, calcareous, mesic family.  Characteristically, the
soils have pale brown moderately alkaline A horizons of gravelly
sandy loam and very pale brown strongly alkaline C horizons grade
into silica Cca horizons that range from soft to very hard and have
a high content of silica and calcium carbonates (Cca).
Typifying Profile:  Banded gravelly sandy loam (virgin)
                    (Color for dry conditions unless otherwise noted.)
Al     0 to 2 inches-Pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly sandy loam, dark
                     grayish brown (10YR 4/2) when moist; weak fine
                     platy structure; weak vesicular material  between
                     pebbles; soft, very friable,  nonsticky, nonplastic;
                     very few micro-roots, common  fine interstitial
                     pores; violently effervescent; pH 8.4; abrupt
                     smooth boundary.  (2 to 6 inches thick.)
Cl    2 to 12 inches-Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly sandy loam,
                     dark brown (10YR 4/3) when moist, weak fine sub-
                     angular blocky structure; soft, very friable,
                     nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine and micro-roots;
                     few fine interstitial pores;  violently efferves-
                     cent; pH 8.8; clear smooth boundary.  (8 to
                     18 inches thick.)
 C2  12 to 24 inches-Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very gravelly and cobbly
                    •sandy loam, dark brown (10YR  4/3) when moist; mas-
                     sive, soft friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; abundant
                     very fine, micro-roots, and few fine roots; few
                     fine interstitial pores; violently effervescent;
                     pH 9.0; abrupt wavy boundary.  (8 to 20 inches
                     thick.)

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CSsica  24 to 40 inches-Very  pale  brown  (10YR 7/3)  very  gravelly and
                        cobbly  sandy  loam with silica-lime,  dark brown
                        (10YR 4/3)  when  moist; massive,  soft,  friable,
                        nonsticky,  nonplastic; few  micro-roots and fine
                        roots;  violently effervescent; pH 9.0; clear
                        smooth  boundary.   (8 to 24  inches thick.)
C4sicam      40  inches+-White (10YR 8/2)  silica-lime  hardpan,  very pale
                        brown (10YR 7/3)  when moist;  massive,  very hard
                        firm, nonsticky,  nonplastic;  violently effer-
                        vescent; pH 9.2.
Type Location:  300 feet east and  1,000  feet south  of the southwest
corner of  WERL  dairy farm in Area  15.
Range in Characteristics:   Texture  of the control section is coarse,
ranging from gravelly sandy loam to very gravelly,  and cobbly  sandy
loam modified by stones.   The coarse  fragment content varies from
10 to 30 percent with gravel  usually  predominating.   Cobble  content
is normally about 10 percent, but  may vary from 5 to  20  percent.  The
dry consistence  of the silica Cca  horizons range from soft to  very
hard.  The coarse fragments in  the  silica Cca horizons are always at
least lime coated on their undersides, but may have discontinuous
weakly lime-cemented bridging.  Any profile will include a distinct
silica Cca horizon within 24  to 40  inches of the surface.   This soil
has a silica lime hardpan at  a  depth  between 36 and 48 inches.
Setting:  Banded  soils  occur on nearly  level  to gently  sloping
alluvial fans.  The sediments are  gravelly alluvium of coarse  texture
that are high in tuff, rhyolite, granite and quartzite.   The climate
is semi-arid with mean annual rainfall of 6 to 12 inches, hot  dry
summers, and cool moist  winters.   Mean annual  temperature is about
65°F, average January temperature  about  40°F,  and average July tempera-
ture about 80°F.  The annual  growing  season is about  150 to  180 days.
                               10

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Drainage and Permeability:  Excessively drained to the hardpan and very
slow through the pan.  Runoff is very slow and permeability is rapid to
very rapid.
Use and Vegetation:  This soil is being used as range with a low carrying
capacity.  These soils support a good stand of blackbrush (Coleogyne
Tcmosissima], wolfberry  (Lya-ium andersonii.), small rabbitbrush
(Chrysothamnus stenophyllus), winter fat (Eurotia lanata), Nevada joint-
fir (Ephedra nevadensis), Indian ricegrass (Orhyzopsis hymenoides],
Joshua tree  (luoaa brevifolia), desert needlegrass (stipa speciosa),
and assorted annuals.  The  plant density is about 20 percent.
Distribution and Extent:  Southern Nevada.  This soil occurs on a small
area of the  survey.
Series Proposed:   Nevada Test  Site, Area 15, Nye County, Nevada, 1966.
Banded is  the name of  a  mountain near the  WERL dairy farm on NTS.
                                  11

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 2.  Butte:   The Butte  series  comprises  Typic Torrifluvents, member of
 a coarse sandy, mixed,  calcareous,  mesic  family.  Characteristically,
 the soils have dark  brown  moderately  alkaline A horizons of sandy loam
 and brown or yellowish  brown  moderately alkaline  C horizons of  gravelly
 sandy loam grading with depth into  sandy,  gravelly, and cobbly  alluvium.
 Typifying Profile:  Butte  loamy  sandy irrigated pasture.
                     (Colors for  dry conditions unless otherwise noted.)
 Al     0 to 4 inches-Pale  brown  (10YR 6/3) sandy  loam, dark brown
                      (10YR 4/3)  whe.n  moist; weak  medium subangular
                     blocky strucutre;  soft, friable, nonsticky, non-
                     plastic; very  few  micro-roots; common fine
                     interstitial pores;  violently effervescent;
                     pH 8.4;  abrupt smooth boundary.  (3 to 8 inches
                     thick.)
Cl     4 to 10 inches-Very  pale brown  (10YR 7/3) loamy sand, yellowish
                     brown (10YR 5/4) when moist; weak fine sub-
                     angular  blocky structure; soft, friable, non-
                     sticky,  nonplastic;  few fine, medium, and  micro-
                     roots; common  fine interstitial pores; violently
                     effervescent;  pH 8.4; clear  smooth boundary.
                      (4 to 12 inches  thick.)
C2    10 to 16 inches-Light yellowish  brown (10YR  6/4) gravelly  loamy
                     sand, yellowish  brown (10YR  5/4) when moist;
                     weak  fine subangular blocky  structure; soft,
                     friable, nonsticky,  nonplastic; plentiful  micro-
                     roots and few  fine roots; common fine interstitial
                     pores; violently effervescent; pH 8.6; clear smooth
                     boundary.   (4  to 12  inches thick.)
C3    16 to 29 inches-Very  pale brown  (10YR 7/3) gravelly loamy  sand,
                     brown (10YR 5/3) when moist, weak fine subangular
                     blocky breaking  to single grain; loose, nonstickys
                                 12

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                      nonplastic, plentiful very fine, micro-roots and
                      few fine roots; few interstitial pores; violently
                      effervescent; pH 8.8; clear smooth boundary,
                      (8 to 20 inches thick.)
C4    29 to 39 inches-Pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly loamy sand,
                      brown (10YR 5/3) when moist, massive; loose,
                      nonsticky, nonplastic, few fine and micro-
                      roots and few fine interstitial pores; violently
                      effervescent; pH 8.8; clear smooth boundary.
                      (8 to 18 inches thick.)
 C5  39 to 60 inches+-Light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly loamy
                      sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) when moist; massive
                      soft, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine
                      and micro-roots; violently effervescent; pH 8.8.
 Type Location:  Southeast corner of  WERL dairy farm in Area 15.
 Range in Characteristics:  Texture of the control section is moderately
 coarse to coarse, ranging from fine sandy loam to sand and modified by
 gravel, cobbles, or stones.  The coarse fragment content varies from
 10 to 30 percent with gravel  usually predominating.  Cobble content is
 normally about 10 percent, .but may vary from ,5 to 20 percent.  Stones
 usually will not exceed 5 percent except on the ridges in the area.
 The C horizon may have a silica-lime cementation.
 Setting:  Butte soils occur in nearly level to gently sloping alluvial
 fans.  The sediments are gravelly alluvium of coarse texture that are
 high in tuff, rhyolite, granite, and some quartzite that have come
 mainly from igneous and metasedimentary rocks.  The climate is semi-
 arid with mean annual rainfall of 6 to 12 inches, hot dry summers, and
 cool moist winters.  Mean annual temperature is about 65°F, average
 January temperature about 40°F, and average July temperature about
 80°F.  The annual growing season is between 150 to 180 days.
                                 13

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Drainage and Permeability:   Well  drained, with slow runoff and moder-
ately rapid to rapid permeability.   Infiltration may be moderate to
rapid in cultivated areas.
Native Vegetation:  Wolfberry (lyoium andersonii ),  small rabbitbrush
(Chrysothamnus stenophyIlus), Indian ricegrass (Orhyzopsis hymenoides),
four-winged saltbush (Atriplex oanescens), Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia)
winter fat (Eurotia lanata], desert needlegrass (stipa speoiosa], and
assorted annuals.   The plant density is  about 20 percent, except in years
having good rainfall when annuals predominate the site.
Use:  Much of this soil is  used on  range with a low carrying capacity.
Some of it is being used for cultivated  crops such  as alfalfa, barley,
oats, and sudan grass by WERL.
Distribution and Extent:  Southern  Nevada and probably in parts of
southeastern California, western  Arizona, and southwestern Utah.
Series Proposed:  Nevada Test Site,  Area 15,  Nye County, Nevada.
Butte is the name  of a hill on the  Eleana Range inside NTS (Big Butte).
                                14

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3.  Twin Peaks:  The Twin Peaks series comprises Typic Tom'fluvents,
member of coarse loamy, mixed, calcareous, mesic family.   Characteris-
tically the soils have pale brown moderately alkaline A horizons of
fine sandy loam and very pale brown strongly alkaline C horizons of
fine sandy loam grading to gravelly loamy sand.  This soil also has
a buried B2 horizon that is light reddish brown with common fine
distinct pinkish white silica-lime streaks and a texture of sandy
loam.  The B2b horizon is moderately alkaline.
Typifying Profile:  Twin Peaks fine sandy loam.
                    (Colors for dry conditions unless otherwise noted.)
Al    0 to 5 inches-Pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam, dark brown
                    (10YR 4/3) when moist; weak medium subangular
                    blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky, non-
                    plastic; plentiful micro-roots and few fine roots;
                    many fine interstitial pores; violently efferves-
                    cent; pH 8.4; abrupt smooth boundary.   (3 to
                    12 inches thick.)
Cl   5 to 16 inches-Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine sandy loam, dark
                    brown (10YR 4/3) when moist; weak medium sub-
                    angular blocky structure; soft, friable, nonsticky,
                    nonplastic; plentiful micro-roots and few fine
                    roots; many fine interstitial pores; violently
                    effervescent; pH 8.6; clear smooth boundary.
                    (8 to 20 inches thick.)
C2  16 to 28 inches-Pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly sandy loam brown
                    (10YR 5/3) when moist; massive, soft very friable,
                    nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots; common fine
                    interstitial  pores; violently effervescent, pH 8.6;
                    clear smooth boundary.  (8 to 24 inches thick.)
                               15

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B2b 28 to 48 inchest-Light reddish brown (SYR 6/4)  sandy loam with
                     common fine distinct pinkish white (5YR 8/2)
                     silica-lime streaks, reddish brown (SYR 5/4)
                     when moist; strong medium subangular bloeky
                     structure;  hard,  friable, slightly sticky,
                     nonplas-tic; very  few micro-roots;  many medium
                     and fine tubular  pores;  common thin clay
                     films on peds and in pores; strongly effer-
                     vescent; pH 8.4.
Type Location:  About 300 feet south and 600  feet east  of the north-
east corner of WERL  dairy farm in Area 15.
Range in Characteristics: Texture of the control section is moderately
coarse to coarse, ranging from sandy loam to  gravelly loamy sand.  The
buried B horizon may be found between  20 and  56 inches  of the surface
and may have a silica-lime cementation in the lower horizons.
Setting:  Twin Peaks soils occur in nearly level to gently sloping
alluvial fans.  The sediments are sandy alluvium of moderately coarse
texture that are high in tuff, rhyolite, granite and some quartzite
that have come mainly from igneous and sedimentary  rocks.
The climate is semi-arid with mean annual rainfall  of 6 to 12 inches,
hot dry summers, and cool moist winters.  Mean annual temperature is
about 65°F, average January temperature about 40°FS and average July
temperature 80°F; the annual  growing season is between  150 and 180 days.
Drainage and Permeability: Well  drained, with slow  runoff and mod-
erately rapid permeability.  Infiltration may be moderate to moderately
rapid if cultivated.
Native Vegetation:  Wolfberry  (Lycium andersonii], blackbrush (Coleogyne
ramosissima), small  rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus stenophyllus), Nevada
joint-fir (Ephedra  nevadensis),  winter fat (Eurotia lanata), desert
needlegrass (stipa  spedosa], Joshua tree (yucca brevifolia), Indian
ricegrass (Orhyzopsis hymenoides), bud sagebrush (Artemisia spinesaens),

                               16

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and squirrel tail (s-itanion spp,).  The plant density is about
20 percent, except in years having good rainfall when annuals
predominate the site.
Use:  All of this soil is used as range with a low carrying capacity.
This soil would be well adapted for cultivated crops,
Distribution:  Southern Nevada.
Series Proposed:  Twin Peaks is the name of a mountain located
inside NTS, Area 15, Nye County, Nevada.
                                17

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4.   Thirsty:   The Thirsty series  comprises  Typic  Torrifluvents  member
of sandy skeletal, mixed, calcareous,  mesic family.   Characteris-
tically the soils have dark  brown moderately alkaline A  horizons of
sandy loam and brown,  or yellowish brown, moderately alkaline C hori-
zons of gravelly sandy loam  grading with  depth  into  sandy,  gravelly
and cobbly alluvium.
Typifying Profile: Thirsty cobbly sandy loam, irrigated  pasture.
                   (Colors for dry conditions unless otherwise noted.)
Al   0 to 5 inches-Pale brown (10YR 6/3)  cobbly sandy loam,  dark
                   brown (10YR 4/3) moist;  weak medium subangular
                   blocky structure; soft,  very friable;  nonsticky,
                   nonplastic; plentiful  fine and medium roots,
                   common fine interstitial  pores; strongly  effer-
                   vescent;  pH 8.4; abrupt  smooth boundary.
                   (3  to 8 inches thick.)
Cl  5 to 13 inches-Pale brown (10YR 6/3)  cobbly sandy loam,  dark
                   brown (10YR 4/3) moist;  weak fine subangular
                   blocky; structure,  soft;  very  friable; non-
                   sticky, nonplastic;  abundant micro-roots  and
                   plentiful  fine roots;  common fine interstitial
                   pores; strongly effervescent,  pH  8,4;  clear-
                   smooth boundary.  (5 to  12 inches thick.)
C2 13 to 26 inches-Very pale brown (10YR  7/3) cobbly and gravelly
                   loamy sand, brown (10YR  5/3) moist; massive;
                   soft; loose; nonsticky,  nonplastic; plentiful
                   fine, medium,  and micro-roots;  strongly
                   effervescent,  pH 8.6;  clear  smooth boundary.
                   (10 to 20 inches thick.)
                                18

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C3  26 to 60 inchest-Very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very gravelly loamy
                     sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; loose;
                     nonsticky, nonplastic; few micro-roots and
                                                         i
                     very few fine roots; slightly effervescent,
                     pH 8.6.
Type Location:  Nye County, Nevada; approximately center of
WERL  dairy farm in Area 15.
Range in Characteristics:  Texture of the control section is moderately
coarse to coarse, ranging from fine sandy loam to sand and modified
by gravel, cobbles, or stones.  The coarse fragment content varies
from 20 to 50 percent with gravel usually predominating.  Cobble con-
tent is normally about 20 percent but may vary from 5 to 30 percent.
Stones usually will not exceed 5 percent except on the ridge running
through the area, where they may be as high as 30 percent.
Setting:  Thirsty soils occur in nearly level to gently sloping
alluvial fans.  The sediments are gravelly alluvium of coarse
texture that are high in tuff, rhyolite, granite and some quartzite
that have come mainly from igneous and metasedimentary rocks.  The
climate is semi-arid with mean annual rainfall of 6 to 12 inches,
hot dry summers, and cool moist winters.  Mean annual temperature
is about 65°F, average January temperature is about 40°F, and average
July temperature about 80°F.  The annual growing season is between
150 to 180 days.
Drainage and Permeability;  Well to excessively drained with slow runoff
and moderately rapid to  apid permeability.  Infiltration may be
moderately rapid to rapid in cultivated areas.
Native Vegetation:  Blackbrush (Coleogyne romosissima], wolfberry
(Lyoium andevsonii}, small rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus stenophyllus),
Nevada joint-fir (Ephedra nevadensis), four-winged saltbush
(Atriplex oanescens], bud sagebrush (Artemisia spinescens), Joshua
tree (luoaa brevifolia), winter fat (Eurotia lanata), Indian ricegrass
(Orhyzopsis hymenoides), and desert needlegrass (stipa speoiosa].
                                19

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Use:  Much of this soil  is used as  range with a very low carrying
capacity.   Some of this  soil  is being used for cultivated crops
such as alfalfa, barley, oats,  and  sudan grass.   Native plant density
is about 15 percent,  except in  years  having good spring rains when
annuals predominate the  site.
Distribution and Extent:  Southern  Nevada and probably  in parts of
southeastern California, western Arizona, and southwestern Utah.
Series Proposed:  Nevada Test Site, Area 15 on WERL  dairy farm,
Nye County Nevada, 1966.  Thirsty is  a  name of a canyon near
NTS.
                               20

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                          BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.   Jackson, M. L., Soil  Chemical  Analysis.   Prentice-Hall,  Inc.
    Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.   1960.   498 pp.
2.   Volborth, A., Total Instrumental  Analysis of Rocks.   Nevada
    Bureau of Mines, Report No.  6.   1963.
3.   Munsell Color Company, Inc., Baltimore,  Maryland.
                              21

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                         Appendix  I.   Classification  and  Characteristics  of  Soil
ro
Series
Banded
Butte
Twin Peaks
Thirsty
Texture
Coarse
gravelly
Coarse
Moderate
coarse
Moderately
coarse
gravel ly
cobbly
Permeability
Rapid to
very rapid
Rapid to
very rapid
Moderate
rapid
Moderate
rapid to
rapid
nm'mnp °' fiTo Surface Soil Parant Material

ZONAL
Excessive High 10YR 6/3 10YR 4/2 Gravelly alluvium
from a wide variety
of igneous and
sedimentary rock.
AZOMAL
Well to Mod- 10YR 6/3 10YR 4/3 Mixed but dorrrinantly
excessive erate tuff, rhyolite,
granite and quartzite
Well Mod- 10YR 6/3 10YR 4/3 Mixed but dominantly
erate - tuff, rhyolite,
granite and quartzite
Well to Mod- 10YR 6/3 10YR 4/3 Mixed but dominantly
execssive erate tuff, rhyolite,
granite and quartzite

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Appendix II.  Soil Symbols With Descriptions Describing Each Digit.


SYMBOLS:

                               1S57*
   *1 = Depth of soil  (over 60")
    S = Texture of soil
    5 = Permeability of surface soil
    7 = Permeability of substratum

   tA = Slope  (which is none to slight)
    1 = Erosion  (which is slight)

 1S53  Very deep fine sandy loam over sandy loam, nearly level to
 A-2   slightly sloping with moderate erosion.

 1S57  Very deep sandy  loam over coarse sands, gravel, and some cobbles,
 A-l   nearly level to  slightly sloping, with slight erosion.

 lgS6  Very deep gravelly sandy loam throughout with few cobbles, nearly
 A~^llevel to slightly sloping, with slight erosion.

 lgS57 Very deep gravelly sandy loam underlain with coarse sand and
 A~-lcobbles, nearly  level to slightly sloping with slight erosion.

 lvgS7 Very deep very gravelly sandy loam over coarse sands and cobbles,
 B-2   gently sloping with moderate erosion.

 lkS57 Very deep cobbly and gravelly sandy loam over coarse sands and
 B-2   gravel', gently sloping with moderate erosion.

 3gS5R Moderately deep gravelly sandy loam over cemented hardpan (caliche)
A-2   nearly level to slightly sloping with moderate erosion.

4gS5R Shallow gravelly sandy loam over cemented silica hardpan (caliche)
A-2   nearly level to slightly sloping with moderate erosion.

4kS5R Shallow cobbly and gravelly sandy loam over cemented silica hard-
B-2   pan (caliche) gently sloping with moderate erosion.
                                  23

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             Appendix III.   Soil  Capability Units,
1.  IIS4   Very deep (over 36")  moderately coarse textured soils, with
           sand substrata or gravelly loamy sand and gravelly sandy
           loam substratum;  moderate available water holding capacity
           (1.0 to 1.5"/ft); nearly level  slopes; well  drained, slight
           erosion.

2.  IVS4   Very deep (over 36")  gravelly moderately coarse textured
           soils; well  drained;  low available water holding capacity
           (.75 to l"ft)  nearly  level,  slight erosion.

3.  VIIS4  Moderately deep (20 to 36")  gravelly and very gravelly
           moderately coarse and coarse textured soils; well  to
           excessively  drained;  low to  very low available water
           holding capacity; nearly level  to gently sloping,
           moderate erosion.

4.  VIIS7  Very deep (over 36")  stony and cobbly moderately coarse
           textured soils; well  drained; low available  water holding
           capacity; gently  sloping, moderate erosion.

5.  VIIS8  Moderately deep to shallow (10 to 36") gravelly and very
           gravelly moderately coarse textured soils; over silica
           lime hardpan;  very low to low available water holding capa-
           city (.75 to I"/ft) well  drained, nearly level, moderate
           erosion.

6.  VIIcK  Very deep (over 60")  moderately coarse textured soils;
           well drained;high available  water holding capacity;
           nearly level slopes.   Irrigation water not available;
           moderate erosion.
                                24

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               Appendix IV.  Soil Classification.
Soil
Series
  1938
Yearbook
        7tn /Approximation
Subgroup                   Family
Banded
Calcisol    Typic Durorthids
                    Sandy, mixed, calcareous,
                    mesic.
Butte
Alluvial    Typic Torrifluvents
                    Coarse sandy, mixed,
                    calcareous, mesic.
Twin Peaks    Alluvial    Typic Torrifluvents
                                   Coarse loamy mixed
                                   calcareous, mesic.
Thirsty
Alluvial    Typic Torrifluvents    Sandy skeletal, mixed
                                   calcareous, mesic.
                                25

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               APPENDIX V-   CONVENTIONAL MAPPING SYMBOLS FOR
                        SOIL SURVEY FIELD SHEET
               MAPPING  SYMBOLS FOR  SURVEY FIELD SHEET
Hard Surfaced  Roads	E^r KlZJl^^Fg^f $,;£3TK;w;i E,sa gr-ai

Good Gravel Road	ZIIZZZZZZZZZZZIZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Poor Dirt Road 	• ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Pipe Line (Water)		-H I	1  I	* «—-» •	1 I	i I	1 I	

Power-transmission Line 		©—~©——©	©	©——©	©——

Wells 	                 O Wel1

Intermittent Streams  	

Soil Survey Area Boundary	

Soil Boundary	
                                  26

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Appendix VI.  Aerial  Map - Area 15 WERL Dairy Farm

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             APPENDIX VII.   SOIL SURVEY MAPPING LEGEND

This legend lists and defines  the mapping symbols  for soil, slope,
erosion, and other physical  land factors  which  will  be used for soil
surveys on the range area of NTS.
                           Order of Symbols
The land mapping symbol  shows  soil  characteristics,  slope erosion, and
additional land factors  of wetness, salinity,  and  overflow if signifi-
cant.  Symbols are written in  fractional  form  with soil  characteristics
in the numerator and slope,  erosion,  and  additional  land factors in the
denominator.  Soil series will  be shown by attaching an  identifying
symbol to the numerator  of the  fractional  symbol.
                             Delineations
Soil Type and Phase Boundary:   Solid  black lines.
Land Use Boundary:  Dashed lines (1/8")
                   Symbols  for  Soil Characteristics
Order of symbols to show soil  characteristics  is as  follows:   First,
the effective depth, then, the  texture;  then, the permeability of
the upper subsoil; then  the  permeability  of  the lower subsoil; finally,
the type of underlying material  if significant.
Type of underlying material  will be shown whenever it limits  the effec-
tive depth.  The permeability of the  lower subsoil will  be omitted when
this is not significantly different from  that  of the upper subsoil.
Permeability of lower subsoil  is also omitted when depth symbol  is 4.
Permeability of both upper  and  lower  subsoil is omitted  when  depth
symbol is 5.
                                  28

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EFFECTIVE DEPTH
  Symbol:
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
  Over 60 inches
  36 - 60 inches
  24 - 36 inches
  12 - 24 inches
  Less than 12 inches
Descriptive Term
  Very deep
  Deep
  Moderately deep
  Shallow
  Very shallow
TEXTURE
  Symbol
    H
    F
    M


    S

    L


    C

    X
Descriptive Term
  Heavy
  Moderately heavy

  Medium

  Moderately coarse

  Coarse

  Very coarse

  Undifferentiated
Included Texture Classes
  Clay, silty clay
  Sandy clay, silty
  clay loam
  Silt loam, loam,
  very fine sandy
  loam
  Fine sandy loam,
  sandy loam
  Loamy fine sand,
  loamy very fine
  sand,loamy sand
  Fine sand, sand,
  and coarse sand
MODIFIERS OF TEXTURE (Placed before-texture symbol)
  Symbol             Descriptive Term
    g                  Gravelly

    r                  Very gravelly

    s                  Stony or cobbly
                               Limiting crop  adapta-
                               tion and moisture-
                               holding capacity
                               Enough  gravel  to pre-
                               vent cultivation
                               Enough  stone to
                               hinder  cultivation
                                29

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PERMEABILITY
  Symbol
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    Class
Slow
Moderately slow
Moderate
Moderately rapid
Rapid
Very rapid
 Approximate Rate
(Inches Per Hour)
     .05 - 2.0
     .20 -  .80
     .80 - 2.50
    2.50 - 5.00
    5.00 -30.00
    More than 10.00
TYPE of LIMITING or UNDERLYING MATERIAL
  Symbol
    V
    R
    Y
    Z
           Type of Material
       Lacustrine sediments
       Lime or lime-silica hardpan
       Dense very slowly permeable clay
       Gravel
Probable
 Texture
 H or F
 F or M
 M or S
    S
    L
    C
One set of slope classes will be mapped.  In symbolizing slope, slope
class letters only will be placed in the fractional symbol.  For
hummocky micro-topography a double slope class letter will be used.
Slope Class
  Symbol
    A
    B
    AB
    C
    BC
    DE
    EF
    AA
    BB

^Percent of slope
          Range
          0 - 2 *
          2-4
          0-4
          4 - 8
          2 - 8
          8 - 30
         15 - 45+
          0 - 2
          2-4
      Des c rip_tj ve  Te_rrn
      Nearly  level
      Gently  sloping
      Nearly  level to gently sloping
      Moderately  sloping
      Gently  to moderately sloping
      Strongly sloping to steep
      Steep  to very  steeply sloping
      Nearly  level with hummocks
      Gently  sloping with hummocks
                                30

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                                      Erosion
      Symbol


        1

        2
        4

        N
      Descriptive  lerm

        i^o apparent or slight erosion
        Moderate erosion
        Very severe erosion
        Very severe wind erosion (large dunes)
Degree of Wetness
    Symbol

     Wl
     W2
     W3
                  Descriptive Term and Range
Moderately wel1 drained:  Profile is wet for a small  but
significant part of the time, usually because of a slowly
permeable layer within or immediately beneath the solum,
a relatively high or intermittently high water table
(usually below 5 feet), surface additions of water by
runoff from areas higher up the slopes, or a combina-
tion of those conditions.  (This class is particularly
difficult to assess in drier climates or where winter
rainfall occurs when temperatures are low enough to almost
inhibit growth.)  Evidence includes somewhat thicker and
darker A horizons as contrasted to those of well drained
soils (grass vegetation), mottling in the lower B horizons
or within 36 to 60 inches of the surface or both.

Imperfectly^ or somewhat poorly drained:  Soil is wet for
significant periods, but not all of the time, usually
because of a slowly permeable layer or a high water
table.   Field evidences of imperfect drainage are the
presence of a water table (at depths of 36 to 60 inches),
distinct gleying within 18 to 36 inches of the surface
ususually thick and dark A horizons (related to abundant
growth  of coarser grasses and slower decomposition rates
because of wetness), pronouced accumulations of water
soluble salts within 36 inches, or a combination of these.
Arti icial  drainage is needed for the growth of most deep
rooted  crops and many others that are sensitive to poor
aeration.   Orainaqe may also be necessary to maintain a
favorable salt balance.

Poorly  drained:  The soil remains wet much of the time with
TRe water tab1e seasonally near the surface for prolonged
intervals.   Field evidences of poor drainage are the
presence of a high water table (at depths of 18 to 36 inches),
gleying near the surface (above 18 inches), and pronouced
                                 31

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     Symbol                       Descriptive Ter^i and Range  (Continued!
       W3       accumulations of water soluble salts at or near the surface
                in saline areas.  Soils usually lack peaty or mucky surface
                horizons.  Drainage is necessary for the growth of important
                crops.  Grazing is possible most of the time, and hay can
                usaully be harvested,

       W4       Very poorly drained:   The water table remains at or near the
                surface a greater part of the time.  Field evidences of very
                poor drainage are the  presence of a very high water table
                (at depths above 18 inches), a peaty or mucky surface
                horizon, and gleying  at or near the surface (i.e.  hues
                yellower than 10YR and/or chromas of /2 or less and/or
                distinct discontinuous phase of the pattern).  Soils that
                are very poorly drained due to a moving water table may
                have oxidized rather  than reduced colors because of dis-
                solved oxygen in the water.  Drainage is a minimum pre-
                requisite for the growth  of important crops.   Usually graz-
                ing is possible, at least seasonally, and  hay may  be harvested
                in drier years.
                           Sali ni ty
Symbol

Ho symbol
  SI

  S2
  S3
    Range
   (% Salt)

Less than 0.15

 0.15 - 0.35

 0.35 - 0.65
Range-Conductivity
 Saturation Extract
  (Ec 10' A 25°C)

  Less than 4
    4 -  3

    8 -  15
 0.65 - or greater   15  or  greater
Descriptive Term

      Free
      Slight

      Moderate
      Severe
                               Alkalinity
Symbol

[Jo symbol

  al
  a2
              Descriptive  Term

                Free

                Slight  to  moderate
                Severe
                                  32

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Overflow
  Symbol                     Descriptive  Term
    fl                       Occasional overflow
                                    33

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Appendix VIII.  Physical Analysis  of Soils.
Soil
Hori-
zon
Depth Textural Class
Gravel
Particle-size Distribution
Very coarse
sand (2.0
- 1.0 mm)
Coarse sand Medium nne Very Fine Silt Clay<
(1.0 - 0.5 sand (0.5- sand (0.25 sand(0.10- (0.05 (0.002
mm) 0.25 mm) -0.10 mm} 0.05 mm) -0.002 mm) mm)
Banded, gravelly
sandy loam
Location: Area 15
Farm, NTS
Survey Hole No. 8
Butte, loamy
Sand
Location: Area 15
Farm NTS
Survey Hole No. 1

Twin Peaks, fine
sandy loam
Location: Area 15
Farm, NTS
Survey Hole No. 6
AI
Ci
C2
C3sica
C^s i cam
A!
Ci
C2
C3
C,
Cs
AI
Ci
C2
B2b

0-2"
2-12"
gravelly sandy loam
gravelly sandy loam
12-24" very gravelly and cobbly sandy loam
24-40"
40"+
0-4"
4-10"
10-16"
16-29'!
29.39..
39-60"
0-5"
5-16"
16-28"
28-48"

very gravelly and cobbly sandy loam
silica-lime hardpan
Loamy sand
Loamy sand
gravelly loamy sand
gravelly loamy sand
gravelly loamy sand
gravelly loamy sand
fine sandy loam
fine sandy loam
sandy loam
+sandy loam

25
23
25
61

12
15
22
23
32
32
9
11
23
18

                    11
                    12
                    13
                    14
                    12
                    26
                    11
                    10
                    13
11
15
15
14
25
34
23
18

17
17
24
15
12
13
15
13
18
19
22
13
20
25
23
21
20
23
23
24
16
15
19
20
15
 4
19
15
22
20
14
11
22
21
14
12
20
18
19
 8
12
12
22
21
21
20
10
10
10
10
15
14
              18
              21
              14
              27
 6
 7
1Z
13
            11
            "10
            14

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Appendix VIII.  Physical Analysis of Soils.   (Continued)
Gravel Particle-size Distribution
„ . A'ery coarse
Soil Depth Textural Class sand (2.0
- 1 .0 mm)
Coarse sand
(1.0 - 0.5 -
mm)
Medium
Sand(0.5 -
0.25 mm)
Fine
Sand(0.25
-0.10 mm)
Very fine
sand(0.10-
0.05 mm)
Silt
(0.05
-0.002 mm)
Clay<
(0.002
mm)
Thirsty, Cobbly     Aj      0-5"
sandy loam          Cj      5-13"
Location:  Area 15  C2     13-26"
Farm, NTS           C3     26-60"+
Survey Hole No. 5
cobbly sandy loam                15       7
cobbly sandy loam                19       9
cobbly and gravelly loamy sand   40      12
very gravelly loamy sand         31      11
15
17
22
23
20
21
23
24
20
21
20
21
22
16
 8
 7
11
11
10
 9

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               APPENDIX IX,  ANALYSIS OF FARM SOILS
 Soil Code
 Name
 Soil Survey Code

 Capability Unit
 Cation Exchange Cap.
    (meq/100 g)
 Exchangeable Cations
     (meq/100 g)
   Ca
   Mg
   Na
   K

 Conductivity
   (mmhos)
 pH
Carbonates % as
  CaCO-j equivalents

  K
  Ca
  Na
  S
  Ti
  Cl
  Mn
  Fe
  Al
  Si09
  Cu 
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                       APPENDIX  X.   GLOSSARY


ABC soil.  A. soil that has a complete profile, including an A,  B,  and
    C horizon.

AC soil.  A soil that has an A and C horizon but no B horizon.   Commonly
    such soils are immature, as those developing from alluvium  or  those
    on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil.  The exchange of air in soil with air from the  atmosphere.
    The air in a well-aerated soil is similar to that in the atmosphere;
    but, that in a poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon
    dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Alluvial fan.  A fan-shaped deposit of sand, gravel, and fine material
    dropped by a stream where its gradient lessens abruptly.
Alluvium.  Fine material, such as sand, silt, or clay, that has been
    deposited on land by streams.
Aspect (forestry).  The direction toward which a slope faces.  Synonym:
    Exposure.
Available moisture capacity.  The difference between the amount of water
    in a soil at field capacity and the amount in the same soil at the
    permanent wilting point.  Commonly expressed as inches of water per
    inch depth of soil.

Badlands.  Areas of rough, irregular, denuded land in which most of the
    surface is occupied by ridges, gullies,  and deep channels.

Bedrock.   The solid rock that underlies the  soil and other unconsolidated
    material  or that is exposed at the surface.

Buried soil.   A developed soil,  once exposed but now overlain by more
    recently  formed soil.

Calcareous  soil.   A soil  containing enough calcium carbonate (often
    with  magnesium carbonete) to effervesce  (fizz) visibly when
    treated with  cold dilute hydrochloric acid.

Caliche.   A more  or less  cemented deposit of calcium carbonate  in  many
    soils of  warm-temperature areas, as in the southwestern states.
    The material  may consist of soft, thin layers in the soil or of
    hard, thick beds just beneath the sol urn  or it may be exposed at
    the surface by  erosion.

Clay.   As a soil  separate, the mineral  soil  particles less than 0.002
    millimeter in diameter.   As  a soil  textural class, soil material
    that  is 40 percent or more clay, less  than 45 percent sand, and
    less  than 40  percent silt.
                                  37

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Clay film.   A thin coating  of clay  on  the surface of a soil  aggregate.
    Synonyms:  Clay coat,  clay skin.

Claypan,   A compact, slowly permeable  soil  horizon that contains more
    clay  than the horizon  above and below it.   A claypan is  commonly
    hard  when dry and plastic or stiff when wet.

Coarse fragments.  Minerals or rock particles  more than 2 millimeters
    in diameter.

Coarse-textured soil.  Sand and loamy  sand.

Complex,  soil.  A mapping  unit consisting of different kinds of soils
    that  occur in such small  individual  areas  or in such an  intricate
    pattern that they cannot be shown  separately on a publishable soil
    map.
Consistence, soil.  The feel  of the soil  and the ease with which a
    lump  can be crushed by  .the fingers.   Terms commonly used to
    describe consistence are--

    Loose.   Noncoherent; will not hold together in a mass.

    Friable.  When rnoist,  crushed easily  under gentle to moderate
    pressure between thumb  and forefinger and  can be pressed
    together into a lump.
    Fi rm.  When moist, crushed under moderate  pressure between
    thumb and forefinger,  but resistance  is  distinctly noticeable.

    Plastic^  When wet, readily deformed  by moderate pressure but
    can be~pressed into a  lump; will form a wire when rolled
    between the thumb and  forefinger.

    Sticky.  When wet, adheres to other material; tends to stretch
    somewhat and pull apart,  rather than  pull  free from other material.

    Hard.  When dry, moderately resistant to pressure; can be broken
    with  difficulty between thumb and  forefinger.

    Cemented.  Hard and brittle; little affected by moistening.

Continental climate.  The  climate in areas  distant from the  ocean;
    characterized by considerable variation in temperature and  in
    other weather conditions.

Contour.   An imaginary line connecting points  of equal elevation on
    the surface of the soil.
 Dolomite.   Rock  consisting mainly  of  magnesium carbonate and calcium
     carbonate;  limestone or  marble with  much  magnesium carbonate in it.

 Dune. A mound  or ridge of loose sand piled up by the wind.

 Duripan.   Subsurface horizon that  is  cemented by silica, usually opal
     or macrocrystalline form of silica,  to  the point that fragments
     from the air-dry horizon will  not slake in water or acid.

 Erosion.   The wearing away of land surface  by wind, running water, and
     other  geological  agents.

 Erosion  pavement (geology).   A layer  of  coarse fragments of gravel or
     stones on the surface  of the ground, which remains after  the fine
     particles are removed  by erosion.

                                 38

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Fine-textured soils.  Moderately fine textured:  Clay loam, sandy clay
     loam, silty clay  loam; fine-textured; sandy clay, silty clay, and
     clay.  Roughly, soil that contains 35 percent or more of clay.
Flood  plain.  Nearly  level land, consisting of stream sediment, that
     borders a stream  and is subject to flooding unless protected
     artificially.

Fluvial.  Flood plains.

Forage.  Plant material that can be used as feed by domestic animals;
     it may be grazed  or cut for hay.

Genesis, soil.  The manner in which the soil originated, with special
     reference to the  processes responsible for the development of
     the solum, or  true soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.
Granite.  A very hard, igneous rock, usually gray or*pink, consisting
     chiefly of crystalline quartz, feldsparf and mica.
Gravelly soil material.  From 15 to 50 percent of material by volume,
     consists of rounded or angular rock fragments that are not
     prominently flattened and are up to 3 inches in diameter.
Grazing capacity.  The maximum number of animals or animal units per
     acre, or acres per animal  unit,  that a grazing area can support
     adequately without deterioration; sometimes called carrying capacity.
Gully.  A miniature valley with steep sides cut by running water through
     which water ordinarily runs only after rains.  The distinction bet-
     ween gully and rill is one of depth.   A gully generally is an
     obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to be obliterated by
     normal  tillage, whereas,  a ri11  is  of lesser depth and can be
     smoothed over by ordinary  tillage.

llardpan.   A hardened or cemented  soil  horizon, or layer.   The soil
    material  may  be sandy  or  clayey,  and it may be cemented by iron
    oxide,  silica,  calcium carbonate, or other substances.

Horizon,  soil.   A layer of soil,  approximately parallel to the surface,
    that  has  distinct characteristics produced by soil-forming pro-
    cesses.   The  relative  position of the several soil horizons in a
    typical  soil  profile,  and  their  nomenclature, are as  follows:

    A« Organic  debris, partly  decomposed or matted.

    A,  A  dark-colored horizon  having  a  fairly  high content of organic
       matter mixed with mineral  matter.
    !\2 A  light-colored horizon, often representing the zone of maximum
       leaching where podzolized;  absent in wet,  dark-colored soil.
    A, Transitional to B horizon  but  more like A than B;   sometimes
       absent.
    B,  Transitional to B horizon  but  more like B than A;  sometimes
       absent.
    B~ A  usually  darker colored horizon,  which often represents the
       zone  of maximum illuviation where  podzolized.

    B^ Transitional to C horizon.
                                  39

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    The ,"'  horizons  make up  a  zone  of  eluviation,  or  leached  zones.   The
    B horizons make up a zone of  ill aviation,  in  which  clay  and  other
    materials have  accumulated.   The  A  and  B horizons,  taken together,
    are called the  sol urn, or  true  soil.

Hue.  One  of the three variables  of color.  The dominant  spectral  (rain-
    bow) color; it  is  related to  the  dominant  wavelength  of  the  light.
    See Munsell notation.
Igneous rock.  Rock that has  been  formed  by the cooling of molten
    mineral  material.   Example:   Granite, syenite, diorite,  and  gabbro.

Illuviation.  The accumulation of  material  in  a soil  horizon through  the
    deposition of suspended material  and  organic  matter removed  from
    horizons above.  Since  part of the  fine clay  in  B horizon (or  sub-
    soil)  of many soils has moved  into  the  B horizon  from the A  horizon
    above, the B horizon is called an illuvial horizon.
Indicator  plants (ecology).  Plants that  give  reliable  information  con-
    cerning  present condition and  past  history of an  area as to  soil,
    alkalinity, salinity, climate, depth  to water table,  overgrazing,
    fire,  and the use  to which the area is  best adapted.

Inherited  soil characteristic. Any characteristic of a soil  that  re-
    sults  directly  from the nature of the material from which it was
    formed,  as contrasted to  characteristics that are wholly or  partly
    the result of soil-forming processes  acting on parent material.   For
    example, some soils are red because the parent material  was  red,  but
    the color of most  r<5d soils is the  result  of  the  soil-forming  pro-
    cesses.
Lacustrine deposit   (geology). Material  deposited in lake water and
    exposed  by lowering of  the water  level  of  elevation of the land.

Land.  The total natural  and  cultural environment within  which produc-
    tion taken place.   Land is a  broader  term  than soil.  In addition
    to soil, it applies to  mineral deposits and water supply; location
    in relation to  centers  of commerce  and  population;  the size  of  the
    individual tracts  or holdings; and  the  existing  plant cover  works
    of improvement, and the like.

Land classification.   The classification  of units of  land for the  purpose
    of showing their relative suitabilities for some  specific use.

Leached layer.  A layer from  which the  soluble materials  have been  dis-
    solved and washed  away  by percolating water.

Lime.  Chemically,  lime is  calcium oxide  (CaO), but  its meaning  has been
    extended to include all limestone-derived  materials applied  to
    neutralize acid soils.  Agricultural  lime  can be  obtained as ground
    limestone, hydrated lime, or  burned lime,  with or without magnesium
    minerals.  Basic slag,  oystershe ils,  and marl also  contain calcium.

Lime concretion.  An aggregate cemented by  the precipitation of  calcium
    carbonate (CaC00).
                               40

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  Mechanical  analysis  (soils).   The  percentage  of  the various sizes of
      individual  mineral  particles,  or  separates in  the soil.  Also
      a laboratory method of determining  soil texture.
  Medium-textured soil.   Soil  of very fine  sandy loam, loam, silt loam,
      or silt texture.
 Mesic.  Temperature range-less  than near annual 59°F greater than the
     mean annual  47°F  medium temperature  between hot desert  and  cold
     uplands.

 Mica.   Primary alumino-silicate minerals in which two silica layers
     alternate with  one alumina  layer.  The layers separate readily into
     thin sheets  or  flakes.

 Micro-organisms.  Forms  of  life that are either too small to be seen
     with the unaided eye  or are barely discernible.
 Montmorillonite.  A fine, platy, alumino-silicate clay mineral  that
     expands  and  contracts with  the  absorption and loss of water.  It
     has  a high cation-exchange  capacity and is plastic and sticky
     when moist.

 Morphology,  soil.   The makeup of the soil,  including the texture, struc-
     ture, consistence, color and other physical, chemical, mineralogical,
     and  biological  properties of the various horizons  that make up the
     soil  profile.
 Mottled.  Irregularly marked with spots of different colors that vary
     in  number and size.  Mottling in soils  usually indicates poor
     aeration and lack of drainage.   Descriptive terms  are as follows:

     Abundance--few, common, and many; si ze--f i ne,  rnedi urn, and coarse:
     and  contrast--faint, distinet,  and  promiTTeTTt.   The size measure-
     ments are these:  fine  less than 5  mTl limeters  (about 0.2 inch)  in
     diameter along  the greatest dimension;  medium, ranging from 5 milli-
    meters to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to  0.6 inch) in  diameter, along
     the greatest dimension; and coarse, more than  15 millimeters (about
    0.6 inch) in diameter along the greatest dimension.

Munsell notation.  A system for designating color by degrees of the
    three simple variables — hue, value  and  chroma.  For  example, a
    notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with  a  hue of 10YR,  value of 6
    and a chroma of 4.

Natural drainage.  Refers to moisture conditions that  existed during the
    development of the soil, as opposed to  altered drainage, which is
    commonly the result^of artificial  drainage or irrigation but may be
    caused by the sudden deepening  of channels  or the  blocking  of drain-
    age outlets.  Several  different  class es of natural drainage are
    Excessively drained soils are commonly  very porous and rapidly
    permeable and have a low water-holding  capacity.

    Somewhat excessively drained soils  are  also very permeable  and
    are free from mottling throughout their profile.

    Wei1-drained soils are nearly free  from mottling and are commonly of
    Tntermediate texture.

                                  41

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    Mp_derate1y we! 1-drai ned soils commonly have a slowly permeable layer
    in or immediately beneath the sol urn.   They have uniform color in the
    A and upper B horizons and have mottling in the lower B and the C
    horizons.

    Imperfectly or somewhat poorly drained soils are wet for significant
    periods but not all the time, ancfin  podzolic soils commonly have
    •mottlings below 6 to  16 inches, in the lower A horizon and in the
    B and C horizons.
    Poorly drained soils  are wet for long periods and are light gray
    and generally mottled from the surface downward, although mottling
    may be absent or nearly so in some soils.

    Very poorly drained soils are wet  nearly all the time.  They have a
    dark-gray or blacF~surface layer and  are gray or light gray, with
    or without mottling,  in the deeper parts of the profile.

Neutral soil.  In practice, a soil having a pH value between 6.6 and 7.3.
    Strictly speaking, a  soil that has a  pH value of 7.0.

Organic matter.  A general term for plant and  animal material, in or on
    the soil, in all stages of decomposition.   Readily decomposed organic
    matter is often distinguished from the more stable forms that are
    past the stage of rapid decomposition.
Organic soil.  A general  term applied  to  a soil or to a soil horizon
    that consists primarily of organic matter, such as peat soils,
    mulch soils, and peaty soil layers.   In chemistry, organic refers
    to the compounds of carbon.
Pan.  A layer in a soil that is firmly compacted or very rich in clay.
    Frequently the word "pan" is combined with other words that more
    explicitly indicate the nature of  the layers; for example, hard-
    pan, fragipan, and claypan.

Parent material (soil).  The horizon of weathered rock or partly weath-
    ered soil material from which soil has formed;  horizon C in the
    soil profile.

Ped.  An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a crumb, a prism,
    or a block in contrast to a clod.

Permeability, soil.  The  quality of a  soil  horizon  that enables water
    or air to move through it.   Terms  used to  describe permeability are
    as follows:  very slow, slow, moderately slow,  moderate, moderately
    rapid, rapid, and very rapid.

pi-l.  A numerical  means for designating relatively weak acidity and
    alkalinity, as in soils and other  biological  systems.   A pH value
    of 7.0 indicates precise neutrality;  a higher value, alkalinity; an
    and a lower value, acidity.

Phase soil.   A subdivision of a soil type,  series,  or other unit in the
    soil  classification system made because of differences in the soil
    that affect its management but do  not affect its classification in
    the natural landscape.   A soil  type,  for example, may be divided
                              42

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    into phases because of differences  in  slope,  stoniness,  thickness  or
    some other characteristic that affects management.

Physical properties of soils.  Properties  related to or  caused by  the
    forces and operations  of physics.

Plant density.  TliC averanc number of plants per area  sampled.
Plastic  (soil consistence).  Capable of being deformed without being
    broken.
Plastic  limit (soil engineering).  The moisture content at which a soil
    changes  from a solid to a plastic state.

Precipitation-effectiveness (P-E) index.  The sum of the 12 monthly
    quotients of precipitation divided by the evaporation during the
    12 months.
Profile,  soil.  A vertical section of the soil through all its horizons
    and  extending into the parent material.  See Horizon, soil.

Quartz,   Brilliant, crystalline mineral, silicon dioxide, SiO, occurring
    in abundance, most often in a colorless, transparent form, but also
    sometimes as variously colored semi-precious stones.

Quartzite.   Massive hard, light-colored rock with a flinty sheen; it is
    a metamorphosed sandstone.

Range  (or rangeland).  Land that, for the most part, produces native
    plants  suitable for grazing by livestock; includes land on which
    there are some forest trees.
Range condition.  The state of health or productivity of both soil and
    forage  in a given range, in terms of what it could or should be
    under normal climate and the best practical management.  Condition
    classes  generally recognized are—excellent, good, fair, and good.
    The classification is based on the percentage of original, or climax,
    vegetation on the site, as compared to what ought to grow on it if
    management were good,

Range plant  cover.   All  the herbaceous and shrubby plants on a range
    that  livestock can reach,  regardless of whether these plants con-
    stitute  forage.

Range site.  An area of range  where climate, soil and topography are
    sufficiently uniform to produce a distinct kind of climax vege-
    tation.

Range survey.  A systematic, comprehensive inventory and analysis of the
    range resources  and the related problems of management, in a range
    area, and development of plans for its management.

Range type.  An area of range  differentiated from other range areas
    primarily by its kind of plant cover, such as grass, browse, or
    conifer.

Reaction, soil.  The degree of acidity or alkalinity of a soil expressed
    in pll values.  A soil  that tests to pH 7.0 is precisely neutral in
    reaction, because it is neither acid or alkaline.  In words the
    degrees  of acidity or alkalinity are expressed thus:

                                 43

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                               pri                                 PH
    Extremely acid         Below 4.5  Neutral                   6.6  to  7.3
    Very strongly acid     4.5  to 5.0 Mildly alkaline          7.4  to  7.8
    Strongly acid          5.1  to 5.5 Moderately alkaline      7.9  to  8.4
    Medium acid            5.6  to 6.0 Strongly alkaline        8.5  to  9.0
    Slightly acid          6.1  to 6.5 Very strongly alkaline   above pH 9.0

Rhyolite.   A type of volcanic rock containing much silica and resembling
     granite in composition but having a texture that shows flow.
Ridge terrace.    A long,  low ridge of  earth  that  has  gently sloping
    sides  and a shallow channel along  the  upper side; controls erosion
    by diverting surface  runoff across the  slope  instead  of allowing
    it to  flow uninterrupted down  the  slope.   Compare with Bench  terrace.

Rolling.  Having moderately steep, complex  slopes;  intermediate between
    undulating and hilly.
Root zone.   The part of the soil  that  is penetrated,  or can be penetrated
    by plant roots.
Sand.  Individual  rock or mineral  fragments  in  soils  having diameters
    ranging from 0.05 to  2.0 millimeters.   Most sand  grains consist
    of quartz,  but they may be of  any  mineral  composition.   The textural
    class  name of any soil that contains 85  percent or more sand  and
    not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandy soils.  A broad term for soils of the  sand  and  loamy sand classes;
    soil material  with more than 70  percent  and less  than 15 percent
    clay.

Sedimentary rock.   A rock composed of  particles deposited from suspension
    in water.   The chief  sedimentary rocks  are  conglomerate from  gravel,
    sands  one  from sand;  shale from  clay; and  limestone from soft masses
    of calcium carbonate.   There are many intermediate types.   Some  wind
    deposited  sands  have  been  consolidated  into sandstone.

Semi-arid  climate.   A climate  intermediate  between  that of a true desert
    and a  subhumid area.

Series, soil.   A group of soils developed from  a  particular type  of
    parent material  and having genetic horizons that, except for  texture
    of the surface soil,  are similar in differentiating characteristics
    and in arrangement in the  profile.

Sesquioxides.   Oxides having trivalent cations, as  iron or aluminum
    oxides.

Shale.   A  sedimentary rock formed  by the hardening  of clay deposits.

Sheet erosion.   The  removal of a fairly uniform layer of  soil  or  material
    from the land surface by the action of  rainfall and runoff water.

Silica. An important soil constituent composed of silicon and oxygen.
    The essential  material in  the  mineral called  quartz.

Silica-sesquioxide ratio.   The ratio of the  number of molecules of
    silica to  the number  of molecules  of alumina  plus iron oxide  in
    a soil  or  the clay fraction of a soil.   The more  highly weathered
    materials  in warm-temperate humid  regions  and especially those in
    the tropics, generally have low  ratios.   The  clay in  soils with  low
    ratios  normally  are less active, physically and chemically than
    these  with  high  ratios.

                                  44

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 Silt,   indivuiuui .inneral panicles in a soil Uni range in diameter
      from  the  upper  hunt of clay (0.002 millimeters) to tne lower 1 imi t
      of  very fine sand  (0.05 millimeters).  Soil  of the silt textural
      class  is  80 percent or more silt and less than 12 percent clay.
 Soil  map.  A  map designed to show the distribution of soil  mapping units
      in  relation to  the prominent physical and cultural features of tne
      earth's surface.
  Soil series.   Soils qroup having soil horizons similar  in  differentiating
      characteristics and  arangement  in the soil profile, except for  the
      texture of the  surface  soil, and  developed from a particular type of
      parent material.   (The  names of the  soil series in  this report  is
      tentative.)
 Soil  separates. Mineral  particles,  less  than 2 millimeters  in equivalent
     diameter and ranging  between specified size limits.  The names and
     sizes  of separates  recognized in the  United States are as follows:
     Very coarse sand (2.0 to 1.0 millimeter); coarse sand (1.0 to 0.5
     millimeter); medium sand (0.5 to 1.25 millimeter); fine  sand (0.25 to
     0.10 millimeter) very fine sand  (0.10 to 0.05 to 0.002 millimeter);
     and  clay (less than 0.002 millimeter).  The separates recognized
     by the International  Society of Soil   Science are as follows: I (2.0
     to 0.2 millimeters);  II  (0.2 to 0.02 millimeters); III  (0.02 to
     0.002  millimeters); IV (less than 0.002 millimeter).
 Soil  survey.   A systematic examination, description, classification,
     and  mapping of soils in an area.  Soil surveys are classified
     accordingly to intensity of field examination as exploratory,
     reconnaissance,  or detailed.

 Solum  (pi. sola).   The upper part of a  soil  profile, above that parent
    material,   in which the processes of soil  formation are active.
    The sol urn  in mature soil  includes the A and B horizons.   Generally,
    the characteristics of the  material  in these  horizons are unlike
    those of the underlying  parent  material.   The living roots and
    other plant and animal life characteristic of the soil  are largely
    confined to the sol urn.

Stones.  Rock  fragments  greater than 10 inches in diameter if rounded,
    and greater than  15 inches  along the  longer axis if flat.

Stony.  Used to describe soils  that  contain stones in numbers that
    interfere with  or prevent tillage.
Stratified.  Composed of,  or  arranged in, strata, or layers, such as
    stratified  alluvium.   The term  is confined to geological material.
    Layers in  soil  that result  from  the processes of soil formation
    are called  horizons; those  inherited  from the parent material  are
    called strata.

Structure, soil.  The arrangement of primary  soil  particles  into com-
    pound particles or clusters that are  separate from adjoining
    aggregates   and have properties  unlike those of an equal  mass of
    unaggregated primary soil particles.   The principal forms of soil
    structure are platy, (laminated), prismatic,  (vertical  axis of
                                45

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    aggregates  longer than  horizontal),  columnar,  (prisms  with  rounded
    tops),  blocky,  (angular or subanqular),  and  granular.   Structure-
    less soils  are  (l)  single  grain  (each  grain  by  itself  as  in dune
    sand) or (2)  massive (the  particles  adhering together  without any
    regular cleavage, as in many  claypans  and  hardpans).

Subsoil.  Technically,  the  B  horizon;  roughly,  the part of the profile
    below plow  depth.

 Substratum.  Any layer lying  beneath  the  sol urn, or true soil;  the C or
     D horizon.

 Surface layer.   A  term used in nontechnical  soil descriptions  for one
     or more layers above the  subsoil.   Includes A  horizon and  part of
     B horizon;  has no  depth limit.

 Surface soil.   The soil ordinarily  moved  in  tillage,  or its  equivalent
     in uncultivated soil,  about  5  to  8  inches  in thickness.  The plowed
     layer.

 Terrace.  An embankment, or ridge,  constructed-across sloping  soils a
     the contour or at  a slight angle  to the  contour.   The terrace
     intercepts  surplus runoff so that  it  may  soak  into the soil  or
     flow slowly to a prepared outlet without  harm.  Terraces intended
     mainly for drainage have  a deep channel  that is maintained in
     permanent  soil.  See also broadbase terrace, narrowbase  terrace,
     bench  terrace.

 Terrace (geological).   An  old alluvial  plain, ordinarily  flat  or un-
     dulating bordering a river,  lake, or  the  sea.   Stream terraces
     are frequently called  second bottom,  as  contrasted to flood  plains,
     and are seldom subject to overflow.   Marine terraces  were  deposited
     by the sea  and are generally wide.

 Topsoil.  A presumed fertile  soil or soil material, ordinarily  rich in
     organic matter used to topdress roadbanks , lawns, and gardens.

 Trace elements.  The chemical  elements  found  in soils  in  extremely
     small  amounts, yet which  are essential to plant growth.  Some of
     the trace  elements are zinc, cobalt,  manganese, and copper,
     Synoynm:   Minor elements.

 Tuff.  Dorous  rock, usually stratified, formed  by  consolidation of
     volcanic ashes, dust,  etc.
 Type,  soil.  A subdivision of the soil  series that is made on  the basis
     of  differences  in  the texture of  the surface layer.
 Typic Durorthids.   Typic means typical,  Dur-orthids  mean durable and
     orthophoric are combined into  the word  Durorthids. The duripan
     has an upper boundary within 40 inches  of the  surface.
 Value (color).   One of three  variables  of color.   Value increases as
     the relative intensity of reflected light increases.   See  Munsell
     notation.
                                  46

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                                   DISTRIBUTION

 1  - 20   WERL,  Las Vegas,  Nevada
     21    Robert E. Miller,  Manager,  NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
     22   Robert H. Thalgott,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     23   A.  Dean Thornbrough,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     24   Henry  G.  Vermillion,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     25   Donald W.  Hendricks,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     26   Elwood M.  Douthett,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     27   Jared  0.  Davis, NVOO/AEC, Las  Vegas, Nevada
     28   Ernest D.  Campbell,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
29  - 30   Technical  Library, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
     31    Chief, NOB/DASA, NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas, Nevada
     32   Joseph J.  DiNunno, Office of Environmental Affairs, USAEC, Washington,  D.C.
     33   Martin B.  Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     34   Roy D. Maxwell, DOS,  USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     35   Assistant General Manager,  DMA, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     36   Gordon C.  Facer, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     37   John S.  Kelly, DPNE,  USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     38   Fred J.  Clark, Jr.,  DPNE, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     39   John R.  Totter, DBM,  USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     40   John S.  Kirby-Smith,  DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     41    L.  Joe Deal,  DBM,  USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     42   Charles L.  Osterberg, DBM,  USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     43   Rudolf J. Engelmann,  DBM, USAEC, Washington, D.C.
     44   Philip W. Allen, ARL/NOAA,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     45   Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL/NOAA, Silver  Spring, Maryland
     46   Stanley M. Greenfield, Assistant Administrator  for Research  & Monitoring,
          EPA, Washington,  D.C.
     47   Joseph A. Lieberman, Deputy Assistant Administrator  for Radiation Programs,
          EPA,  Rockville,  Maryland
     48   Paul  T. Tompkins,  Act.Dir., Div. of  Criteria  &  Standards, Office of
          Radiation Programs,  EPA, Rockville,  Md.

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     Distribution(continued)

49 - 50   Charles L.  Weaver,  Act.Dir.,  Office of Radiation Programs,  Div.  of
          Surveillance & Inspection,  EPA, Rockville,  Md.
     51   Ernest D. Harward,  Div.  of  Technology Assessment, Office of Radiation
          Programs, EPA, Rockville,  Md.
     52   William A.  Mills, Act.Dir.s Div. of Research,  Office of Radiation
          Programs, EPA, Rockville,  Md.
     53   Bernd Kahn, Radiological  Engineering Lab.,  EPA,  Cincinnati, Ohio
     54   Interim Regional  Coordinator, Region IX,  EPA,  San Francisco, Calif.
     55   Eastern Environmental  Radiation Laboratory, EPA, Montgomery, Alabama
     56   William C.  King,  LRL,  Mercury, Nevada
     57   Bernard W.  Shore, LRL, Livermore, California
     58   James E. Carothers, LRL,  Livermore, California
     59   Roger E. Batzel,  LRL,  Livermore, California
     60   Howard A. Tewes,  LRL,  Livermore, California
     61   Lawrence S. Germain, LRL,  Livermore, California
     62   Paul L. Phelps, LRL, Livermore, California
     63   William E.  Ogle,  LASL, Los  Alamos, New Mexico
     64   Harry J. Otway, LASL,  Los  Alamos, New Mexico
     65   George E. Tucker, Sandia  Laboratories, Albuquerque,  New Mexico
     66   Wright H. Langham,  LASL,  Los Alamos, New Mexico
     67   Harry S. Jordan,  LASL, Los  Alamos, New Mexico
     68   Arden E. Bicker,  REECo.,  Mercury, Nevada
     69   Clinton S.  Maupin,  REECo.,  Mercury, Nevada
     70   Byron F. Murphey, Sandia  Laboratories, Albuquerque,  New Mexico
     71   Melvin L. Merritt,  Sandia  Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
     72   Richard S.  Davidson, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
     73   R. Glen Fuller, Battelle Memorial Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada
     74   Steven V. Kaye, Oak Ridge  National Lab.,  Oak Ridge,  Tennessee
     75   Leo K. Bustad, University  of California,  Davis,  California
     76   Leonard A.  Sagan, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto,  California
     77   Vincent Schultz,  Washington State University,  Pullman,  Washington
     78   Arthur Wallace, University  of California, Los  Angeles,  California
     79   Wesley E. Niles,  University of Nevada, Las  Vegas, Nevada
     80   Robert C. Pendleton, University of Utah,  Salt  Lake City, Utah

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     Distribution(concluded)

     81   William S. Twenhofel, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
     82   Paul R. Fenske, Teledyne Isotopes, Palo Alto, California
83 - 84   DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (for public availability)

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