SWRHL-lllr
   REPORT OF THE RADIOLOGICAL CLEAN-UP
              OF BIKINI ATOLL
                     by
    Allan E. Smith and William E. Moore
Office of Dose Assessment & Systems Analysis
 Western Environmental Research Laboratory

      ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           Published January 1972
 This study performed under a Memorandum of
       Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
                  for the
       U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

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  This report was prepared  as  an  account  of work  sponsored
  by the United States Government.  Neither the  United States
  nor the United States Atomic Energy  Commission,  nor any
  of their employees, nor any  of  their contractors,  subcon-
  tractors, or their employees, makes  any warranty,  express
  or implied, or assumes any legal  liability or responsibility
  for the accuracy,  completeness  or usefulness  of any infor-
  mation, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or repre-
  sents that its use would  not infringe privately-owned rights.
Available from the National  Technical  Information Service,
              U.  S. Department of Commerce
                  Springfield, Va.  22151

         Price:   paper copy  $3.00;  microfiche  $.95.
Ub8

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                                                 SWRHL-lllr
    REPORT OF THE RADIOLOGICAL CLEAN-UP
              OF BIKINI ATOLL
                     by
    Allan E. Smith and William E. Moore
Office of Dose Assessment & Systems Analysis
 Western Environmental Research Laboratory

      ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           Published January 1972
 This study performed under a Memorandum of
       Understanding (No.  SF 54 373)
                  for the
       U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY  COMMISSION

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                                ABSTRACT

As a result of a decision by President Johnson in 1968,  the Atoll  of
Bikini was the subject of an intensive clean-up effort in 1969 by  a
joint AEC-DASA task force.  The task force was responsible for rehabil-
itating the islands of Bikini and Eneu in preparation for the resettle-
ment of the Bikini an people to their home islands.   Radiological Safety
Advisors were provided by the Western Environmental  Research Laboratory,
Environmental Protection Agency.  Objectives of the  clean-up effort were:
removal of all debris from the islands; determination of existing  radiation
levels on each island; analysis of available food items  for radionuclide
distribution; and clearing of vegetation from land for agricultural re-
development.  Upon completion of these objectives, the islands were turned
over to the Trust Territories for the agricultural phase of the orogram.
This report describes the radiological conditions detected before, during
and following the clean-up effort.

The highest exposure-rate measured on the islands of Bikini  and Eneu was
120 yR/hr.  The mean exposure-rate for the proposed  village area on Bikini
was 44 yR/hr.  Integral dose calculations involving  theoretical time periods
spent in various areas of the island and on the lagoon and considering
shielding values from coral aggregate in the village area were made.  The
projected external whole body dose for a person born on  Bikini  in  1970 and
living there for 70 years would be less than 10 Rad.

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                              TABLE OF CONTENTS                p

ABSTRACT                                                         i

LIST OF FIGURES                                                 ill

LIST OF TABLES                                                  iv

INTRODUCTION                                                     1

OBJECTIVE OF CLEANUP PHASE                                       2

CRITERIA                                                         3

SURVEY INFORMATION                                               5

CONCENTRATION - EXPOSURE RATE RELATIONSHIP                       5

PROCEDURES                                                       6

BIKINI ISLAND                                                    7

ENEU ISLAND                                                      9

OBOE (AEROKOJ) - TARE ( ENEMAN) COMPLEX                         11

OBOE (AEROKOJ) - PETER (AEROKOJLOL) - ROGER (BIKDRIN)           11

SUGAR (LELE) -' TARE (ENEMAN)                                    14

UNCLE (ENIDRIK)                                                 17

VICTOR (LUKOJ) - WILLIAM (JELETE)                               20

YOKE ( ADRIKAN) - ZEBRA (OROKEN) - ALPHA (BOKAETOKTOK) -
   BRAVO (BOKDROLUL)                                            20

CHARLIE (NAM)                                                   25

DOG (IROIJ) - EASY (ODRIK) - FOX (LOMILIK) - GEORGE (AOMEN)     28

REEF STRUCTURES                                                 32

DOSE ASSESSMENT                                                 32

EXTERNAL DOSE ASSESSMENT                                        32

THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER PROGRAM                             36

AIR SAMPLING RESULTS                                            37

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS                                     41

REFERENCES                                                      45

                                      ii

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                         LIST OF FIGURES

 FIGURE                                                          Page
 1.  Bikini Atoll                                                  4
 2.  Bikini Island - Background Radiation Survey Results           8
 3.  Eneu Island - Background Radiation Survey Results            10
 4.  Oboe - Peter Island - Background Radiation Survey Results    12
 5.  Roger - Sugar - Tare Islands - Background Radiation          13
     Survey Results
 6.  Tare Soil - Composite Decay Projection                       15
 7.  Tare - Projected Exposure Rate Reduction                     16
 8.  Uncle Island - Background Radiation Survey Results           18
 9.  Uncle - Projected Exposure Rate Reduction                    19
10.  Victor Island - Background Radiation Survey Results          21
11.  William Island - Background Radiation Survey Results         22
12.  William - Projected Exposure Rate Reduction                  23
13.  Alpha - Bravo - Zebra Islands - Background Radiation         24
     Survey Results
14.  Charlie Island - Background Radiation Survey Results         26
15.  Charlie - Projected Exposure Rate Reduction                  27
16.  Dog - Easy Islands - Background Radiation Survey Results     29
17.  Fox - George Islands - Background Radiation Survey Results   30
18.  Fox - Projected Exposure Rate Reduction                      31
19.  Bikini Integral Dose Projection - Village Area               34
20.  Bikini Integral Dose Projection - Interior                   35
21.  Eneu Air Sampling Locations                                  38
22.  Bikini Air Sampling Locations                                39
                                       i i i

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                             LIST OF TABLES


TABLE                                                               Page

1.  Mean 137Cs and 90Sr Concentration in Food from Bikini              9
    Island (pCi/g wet weight)

2.  Mean 137Cs and 90Sr Concentration in Food from Eneu              11
    Island (pCi/g wet weight)

3.  Mean 137Cs and 90Sr Concentration in Aerokoj  Coconuts             14
    (pCi/g wet weight)

4.  Alpha Emitting Nuclides in Soil  - Eneman (pCi/g air-dried        17
    weight)

5.  Estimate of Where Time Is Spent by Age                           36

6.  Projected Integral Dose for A Child Born in 1970 (Bikini          36
    Island)

7.  Composite 239Pu in Air Results for Bikini Island - 1970          40

8.  Composite 239Pu in Air Results for Eneu Island - 1970             40

9.  Daily 239Pu in Air Results for Station 1 Bikini Island -  1970    42
                                   IV

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INTRODUCTION
During the period 1946 through 1958, the atoll of Bikini, centered
        o         o
about 11 36'N, 165 22'E, was the site of approximately 23 nuclear
detonations.  After the atoll of Bikini was selected as a test area
the native population, numbering approximately 166, was eventually
resettled in 1948 on Kili, a single island in the southern
Marshalls, following brief stays on Rongerik and Kwajalein atolls.
Discrete test series were conducted at Bikini Atoll in 1946, 1954,
1956, and 1958 and included both fission and fusion devices.  Due
to their proximity to the detonation sites, or the vagaries of the
weather, all of the islands of the atoll were contaminated to .some
extent by radioactive fallout.
In 1964 and again in 1967, radiological surveys of the atoll were con-
ducted under the auspices of the Division of Biology and Medicine of
the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.  The 1967 survey yielded an
extensive amount of data relative to the external radiation levels^ '
and the concentration of radioactive materials in the marine
                                                                 (2\
environment as well as in the edible land plants and animal life.  '
Following the 1967 survey, an Ad Hoc Committee was convened to evaluate
the radiological hazards of resettlement-of the Bikini Atoll.  The
conclusions of the committee included the following statement:  "The
exposures to radiation that would result from the repatriation of the
Bikini people do not offer a significant threat to their health and
        (3)
safety."v '  On August 12, 1968, President Johnson announced the
decision to return the Bikinians to their atoll.  A joint AEC-DASA
effort was initiated to eliminate any physical or radiological
hazards remaining on the atoll and to prepare the islands of Bikini
and Eneu for agricultural redevelopment.  This phase of the clean-up
program was initiated in February 1969.  The data provided in this
report result, for the most part, from the radiological clean-up effort
associated with this aspect of the program.  Air sampling data collected
during a follow-up survey in May-June 1970 are also reported.

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  OBJECTIVE OF CLEAN-UP  PHASE
  The  conclusions  of  the Ad  Hoc Committee stated that  the  islands  of
  Bikini  and Eneu  could  be used for continuous  occupancy and agricultural
  development sufficient to  support the returning population.   The clean-up
  of these islands called for:
        1.   the removal  of all  test related  debris with  disposal at
            sea of all  radioactive debris
        2,   stripping of the vegetation to permit planting  of coconuts,
            pandanus, breadfruit,  etc.   This was accomplished by cutting
            swaths which were approximately  20  feet wide on 56-foot
            centers through  the vegetative cover
        3.   determining  residual  external  radiation levels  at each
            step of the  clearing  and stripping  operations,  and
        4.   obtaining samples of  available food items  for  laboratory
            analysis  for comparison with previously collected data.
  Although  permanent  occupancy was to be limited to the  islands of Bikini
  and  Eneu, the Ad Hoc Committee  further concluded that  "radioactive  scrap
  should  be removed from the islands adjacent to former  shot sites."   Since
  these islands may be used  for the collection  of birds, turtles,  and
  their eggs for human consumption, removal  of  radioactive  debris  would
  make the  scrap unavailable for  collection  by  the natives.
  The  final objectives of the clean-up  program,  therefore,  included the
  elimination of all  physical hazards and the disposal of all  radioactive
  scrap from each  island of  the atoll  in addition to the specific  measures
  cited for Bikini and Eneu.
  The  Western Environmental  Research Laboratory  (WERL),  which  conducts
  radiological  surveillance  operations  in the Pacific  for the AEC, was
  requested to provide Radiological Safety Advisors to the  AEC Project
'  Manager for the  clean-up effort.  In addition,  a comprehensive sampling
  program was to be conducted of  all  edible  varieties  of food  found to
  be growing there.   Analyses of  samples were to be performed  by WERL
  at one  or both of its  two  laboratories,  located in Honolulu, Hawaii
  and  Las Vegas, Nevada.

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CRITERIA
Rather than establish firm, restrictive criteria for the removal  of radio-
active artifacts, or the elimination of high background* areas from the
islands of the atoll, each situation was viewed in terms of the potential
exposure versus benefit.  All  debris or artifacts having little or no
useful value was removed.   All scrap metal  or concrete with contact
readings greater than 100 micro-Roentgen per hour (yR/hr) was treated as
radioactive waste and buried at sea.  Three specific locations were
selected for this burial (Figure 1).  In some cases, scrap reading less
than 100 yR/hr was buried on land together with non-radioactive debris.
This was only done on islands  where areas exhibiting background levels
in excess of 100 yR/hr were found.   No radioactive debris at any
level of activity was buried on the islands of Bikini, Eneu, or
Aerokoj.
The exterior of several bunkers, located on the northern complex (Iroij,
Odrik, Lomilik, and Aomen) and Nam, exhibited levels of radioactivity
up to 7,000 yRad/hr (e + y) at contact.  The net gamma levels were
200 yR/hr maximum.  The levels inside the bunkers were less
than 10 yR/hr, however.  Since the potential for personnel exposure
was negligible, and the bunkers were desired as typhoon shelters
and storage buildings by the natives, the larger bunkers were left
intact.
Several instances of high background levels, greater than 200 yR/hr,
due to soil contamination were also encountered.  It was the consensus
that attempting to reduce these levels by removing the top layer of
soil would destroy the limited agricultural capability of the area,
therefore, most such areas were left essentially undisturbed.
*The term "background" as used in this text denotes the radiation levels at
 the time of survey and includes that portion resulting from testing oper-
 ations as well as from natural sources.  Natural background levels in this
 part of the world result primarily from Cosmic rays and are Generally less
 than 5 yR/hr.

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i  -   07X  ALPHA 'IBOKAETOKTOK)    ,  .


I-""!"          - '
                , '  ZEBRA  (OROKEN)
                .II .   .     ...  --  . ^,
             ••   "•!**.  -'. .
               .•*•:?  V  .  YOKE  (AORIKAN)



              "
                                                                                                                                                                           ENEu
                                                                                    Atoll

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SURVEY INFORMATION
Tabulations for the islands of Bikini Atoll on the following pages will
indicate:
      1.  the background gamma exposure rates as measured with a
          Baird Atomic NE-148A scintillator calibrated against 137Cs>
      2,  a summary of the radiological waste removal and disposal,
      3,  results of sample analyses and,
      4.  when appropriate, projection of the background decay as a
          function of time.
CONCENTRATION-EXPOSURE RATE RELATIONSHIP
In order to estimate the expected reduction in exposure rate for the
various islands as a function of time, it was necessary to develop
weighting factors for each of the gamma emitting radionuclides identified
in the analysis of soil samples.
For purposes of this report, it was assumed that the various radionuclides
were uniformly distributed by depth throughout the soil and that the only
change in relative concentrations is due to the differential decay rates.
This is obviously an oversimplification but would tend to give conservative
                                                in)
results.  The data of Crocker, Connors, and Wongv ' were used to indicate
the relative effect of each nuclide on the exposure rate.  Since 102mRh
was not among the nuclides included in their tabulation, data from their
table were normalized by effective energy and number of photons per
disintegration and plotted.  The exposure rate factor for 102rt1Rh
effective energy 0.62 MeV was taken from this curve and corrected
for 2.96 gamma per disintegration.*  The final tabulation of the composite
exposure rate reduction was then calculated using the decay factor,
initial .concentration and exposure rate weighting factor.
*Decay scheme taken from Table of the Isotopes - Ledever, Hollander, and
 Perlman.

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PROCEDURES
Gamma ray spectrum analysis and strontium analysis on all coconut, pandanus,
and arrowroot samples were performed at the WERL  Pacific Operations Laboratory
in Honolulu, Hawaii.  Edible portions of the samples were ground and counted
without drying on a 4- by 4-inch Nal(Tl) crystal multi-channel  analyzer system.
The spectral range covered was zero to two MeV.  At the concentrations of 137Cs
encountered in these samples, the counting error is approximately ten percent.
(All errors referenced in this section are 2 sigma confidence level.)
Following gamma spectrum analysis the samples were ashed and the inorganic
residue was analyzed for 90Sr.  Due to the small amount of ash  produced, it
was often necessary to composite samples from adjacent locations.  Counting
was performed on a low background beta counter.  The analytical  error associ-
ated with this procedure is approximately ten percent at the levels of 90Sr
encountered.
All tritium and plutonium analyses were performed at  WERL, Las  Vegas, Nevada.
Tritium was determined by liquid scintillation counting of the  water recovered
from coconut milk and from selected soil samples.  The minimum  sensitivity for
this procedure is 0.4 pCi/ml for five ml of recovered water.  At this concen-
tration the error term for the 2 sigma confidence level is ± 100 percent.
Analyses of the coconut milk and soil samples indicated the concentrations
of tritium were less than the minimum detectable level.
Plutonium analyses which were performed on soil samples were by radiochemical
separation followed by pulse height analysis using a lithium-drifted silicon
detector.  The analytical error is approximately ten to fifteen percent.
The analytical error associated with the results for plutonium  on prefilters
is approximately ± 25% at the 2 sigma confidence level.
Unless otherwise specified each soil sample represented the top one to two
inches of a one-square-foot area at each location.  Prior to plutonium analysis,
gamma ray spectrum analysis was performed to identify the most abundant radio-
nuclides and to estimate their relative contribution to the total activity.

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BIKINI ISLAND
The island of Bikini is the largest in the atoll, having an area of
about 0.6 square miles and has traditionally been the "home island"
of the Bikinians.   Individual land rights extend from the lagoon to
the ocean.  It is anticipated that the villaae will be rebuilt along
the lagoon shore with community buildings heina located about midway
along the length.
The island was prepared for agricultural redevelopment by cutting parallel
strips through the vegetation along the length of the island.  The strios,
cut on 56-foot centers, were approximately 20 feet wide.  The vegetative
cover was knocked down and left in place to provide additional organic
matter for the soil.  The strips were surveyed and background gamma
radiation levels recorded at 250-foot intervals along their lenath.
Figure 2 illustrates the background variation by depicting the range
and average of radiation measurements for areas consisting of approxi-
mately four strips.
Although a large amount of debris was found on Bikini (from testing pro-
gram and World War  II) with one exception, none was radioactive.  One
pile of roofing paper scraps contaminated primarily with 137Cs was
located northwest of center on the lagoon side of the island.  This
material, which showed a contact reading of approximately 200 yR/hr,
was loaded into 55-gallon drums and disposed of in the ocean south
of Eneu.
The measured exposure rates were 10 yR/hr or less along the beaches,
and ranged from 20-120 yR/hr inland.  Soil samples taken at three
locations having measured backgrounds of 20, 70, and 100 MR/hr showed
137Cs and 60Co to be the major gamma emitting contaminants.  These
were present in Cs/Co ratios of approximately 25/1, 50/1, and 30/1
respectively for the three samples, and thus the projected exposure
rate decrease will very closely approximate the decay of 137Cs.  In
addition, 90Sr was present in amounts ranging from 10-50% of the 137Cs
concentrations.  Both 137Cs and 90Sr are very significant contributors
to the potential internal exposure which may result from eating locally
grown food items.
*
  Unless indicated as a contact measurement all  exposure rate  measurements
  were taken at 3 feet.
                                      7

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00
                         0
                                Values  indicate survey  results
                                for  area  (50  to  200 feet wide)
                                between  beach and  lagoon  road
                              BIKINI  ISLAND
                                      SCALE IN FEET
                                    10OO         JOOO
                                                            3000
                                                                                      00--000 Range of ijrv?y C.-«u|ii in m::ic-R/hr
                                                                                       (00) Average of Survey Results for Area
                                                                        Figure 7. Bikini Island - Background Radiation Survey Results

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Nineteen coconut samples were collected from thirteen different locations
on the island.  Green coconuts were used for almost all samples and the
meat and milk were analyzed separately.  Only 137Cs and 90Sr were
detectable in any of the samples.  Tritium analyses were performed on
the milk from selected coconuts but all results were below the lower
limit of detection (0.4 pCi/ml).

Table 1.  Mean 137Cs and 90Sr Concentration in Food From Bikini Island
          (pCi/g wet weight)

Sample
Coconut meat
Coconut milk
Pandanus
Arrowroot f
1969
137Cs Range
120 4 - 480
130 48 - 270
130 26 - 400
0.6 0.4 - 1.1
1967*
137Cs
200 ± 2.6



1969
90 Sr
0.31

28
2.4
*Data from reference number 2.
"^Prepared by grinding, rinsing three times with salt water and once with
 fresh water.  (Marshallese method of preparation)
ENEU ISLAND
The second largest island in the atoll, and the site of the base camp for
the cleanup operation, Eneu, was found to be considerably lower than
Bikini in external background (Figure 3).  Although an exposure rate
of 50 yR/hr was obtained at one depressed location during the early
stages, filling of this "borrow pit" area reduced the level to
approximately 10 yR/hr.  The exposure rate generally ranged from less
than 10 to 20 yR/hr.  Of particular interest was an aircraft decontamination
pad adjacent to the parking apron of the airstrip which bisects the island.
Surveys of this area showed background levels to be less than 20 yR/hr for
all exterior surfaces.  The interior of the drain measured approximately
50 yR/hr.
Thirteen cable spools, giving a combined contact reading of 200 yR/hr,
represented the only radioactive scrap located on the island.  These
were removed and disposed of at sea.

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GU-000 Range ol Survey Results in micro-R/hr



 'J tuivoy R.-sult in muio-R/hr al thai Location
                   LAGOON
                                                            ENEl)  ISLAND
                                                             500     1000
                                                      SCALE
                            Figur* 3. En«u liland - Background Radiation Survay R«ull>
                                                                                      2000
                                                                                     FEFT
                                             10

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The areas southeast and northwest of the runway were stripped for
planting in the same manner as Bikini.
Coconut, arrowroot, and pandanus samples were collected and analyzed
(Table 2).  In addition, coconut crabs and marine life were sampled
by the Laboratory of Radiation Ecology of the University of Washington.

Table 2.  Mean 137Cs and  90Sr Concentration in Food from Eneu Island
          (pCi/g wet weight)
Sample

Coconut meat
Coconut milk
Pandanus
Arrowroot
137Cs

21
23
87
0.7
90Sr

.08


0.4
137Cs-1967*

28 ± 0.42

14 ± 0.24

*Data from-reference number 2.
"^Prepared by grinding, rinsing three times with salt water and once with
 fresh water.  (Marshallese method of preparation)
OBOE (AEROKOJ) - TARE (ENEMAN) COMPLEX
Located on the southern side of the atoll, this complex consists of five
islands, Aerokoj, Aerokojlol, Bikdrin, Lele, and Eneman with man-made
causeways connecting Bikdrin to the islands on each side of it.
     OBOE (AEROKOJ) - PETER (AEROKOJLOL) - ROGER (BIKDRIN)
As indicated by Figure 4 the first two islands are contiguous and are
connected to Bikdrin (Figure 5) by a causeway.  The measured background
gamna radiation levels were 10 yR/hr or less over all of these islands.
No radioactive scrap reading in excess of 30 yR/hr was found on the land or
reef areas near these islands.  Gamma spectroscopy showed 60Co to be the
contaminating radionuclide in the few pieces of scrap metal found.
The only coconut trees on the complex were found on the east end of
Aerokoj.  No pandanus or arrowroot was found.
                                     11

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ro
           PETER (AEROKOJLOL)
OBOE  (AEROKOJ)
                   00 Survey Rotuk in micro—R/hr at that Location
        Flgur* 4. Obo«—P«tar Island — Background Radiation Survey RttulH
                                                                           SCAU M HUNOMDS Of TAROS

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     TARE (ENEMAN)
                                                                                                                    SHALLOW PONDS
                                                                                                   ROGER (BIKDRIN)
        00-000 long, ol Sutvoy Ronilti in mkro-l/hr
        00 Sutvcy (xuk in miao-t/hr ol rtieH Location
Rtunt S.  Iaf*-Sil«ar-Tara IllonA - (ockanMind lodiotion Sucvoy R«vh
                                                                            SCALE IN YAMS
                                                                               750
                                                                                                               1500

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Table 3.  Mean 137Cs and 90Sr Concentration in Aerokoj Coconuts
          (pCi/g wet weight)
  Sample                  .    137Cs                     90Sr

Meat                           2.6                      0.009
Milk                           3.0
      SUGAR (LELE) AND TARE (ENEMAN)
For all practical purposes these are one island, although marked
differences in background levels are seen between the east and west
ends (Figure 5).
Several nuclear detonations occurred on the west end of Eneman which
as a result is only about half its original size.
Soil samples were taken at four locations on Eneman where measured
backgrounds were 60, 100, 250, and 500 yR/hr respectively.  Each
sample represented approximately one square foot to a depth of one to
two inches.  Three main contributors to the gamma exposure rate were
identified:  60Co, 137Cs, and 102mRh.  Although the 102IT1Rh component of
the gamma spectrum probably contained some 106Ru-Rh, the concentrations
were calculated assuming only 102mRh to be present.  A wide variation
in the relative amount of 137Cs was seen, but in general the amounts
varied inversely with the background exposure rates.  Figure 6 shows
the projected decay of the sample taken in the 500 yR/hr background area.
The relative amounts of each nuclide are indicated at T  (July 1969).
                                                       o
Figure 7 gives the projected exposure rate as a function of time.   Two
of the samples were also analyzed by radiochemical methods for alpha
emitting nuclides (Table 4).
                                  14

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                                                                          137
                                                                             Cs
197O
1980
1990
                      2OOO        2O1O
                            YEAR
2020
2O3O
            Figure 6. Tare Soil — Composite Decay Projection
                                   15

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1.O
0.1 —
.01
      1970
198O
                            1990
20OO        2O1O

      YEAR
2020
2O3O
             Figure 7. Tare — Projected Exposure Rate Reduction
                                            16

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Table 4.  Alpha Emitting Nuclides in Soil - Eneman (pCi/g air-dried weight)

Nuclide
239, 240pu
238Pu
241Ar,

100 yR/hr area
27
11
2

500 yR/hr area
410
220
40
UNCLE (ENIDRIK)
The island of Enidrik is located west of Eneman on the southern rim of
the atoll (Figure 8).  The northwest end of the island is heavily
vegetated and showed background radiation levels of 100 to 300 yR/hr
over most of the area.
The central portion of the island consists of coral rubble overgrown
by ipomoea vines and the background radiation levels are generally
10 yR/hr or less.  Progressing toward the narrow eastern end of the
island the vegetative cover remains thin.  Two large sandy areas,
devoid of vegetation, dominate this end.  Background levels remain
at 10 yR/hr or less over the great majority of the eastern end.
No coconut trees were found on the island.  A few scattered mature
pandanus were seen, and one small grove of immature pandanus was
located on the western end.  One arrowroot sample was taken at this
last location where the background was 250 yR/hr.  The  137Cs concentra-
tion in the arrowroot was 0.2 pCi/g (wet weight) after processing as
previously described.
A soil sample taken in a 300 yR/hr area showed 102mRh, 137Cs, and 60Co
to be the major gamma emitting contaminants (78%, 14%, and 8% respectively
by concentration).
Only a few pieces of radioactive debris were found and these were
removed for burial at sea.
                                       17

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00
               UNCLE  (ENIDRIK)
                  SCALE IN THOUSANDS OF YARDS
                            1
00—000 Range of Survey Results in micro—R/hr
00 Survey Results in micro—R/hr at that Location
                                                          Figure 8. Uncle Island — Background Radiation Survey Results

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 1.0
  0.1 	
0
a
x
UJ


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VICTOR (LUKOJ) AND WILLIAM (JELETE)
These two adjacent islands located at the southwest end of the atoll
are very similar  in vegetative cover and background radiation levels.
In general, the background ranges from 10 to 180 yR/hr on Lukoj and
10 to 150 yR/hr on Jelete (see Figures 10 and 11).  No radioactive debris
was found on either island.
A soil sample taken on Jelete showed the primary contaminants to be
137Cs (75%), 60Co (12.5%) and 102mRh (12.5%).  Figure 12 indicates the
projected exposure rate reduction based upon these percentages.  This
sample also contained 82 pCi/g of 239,2
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  VICTOR  (LUKOJ)
  00—000 Range of Survey Results in micro—R/hr
           SCALf IN YARDS
               250
500
Hour* 10. Victor Island - Background Radiation Survey Rcsvks

                          21

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ro
ro
                                                                                                 Floating Dock on Beach
                                                                           WILLIAM    (JELETE)
              00—000 Range of Survey Results in micro—R/hr


              00 Survey Result in micro—R/hr at that Location
                                                                                     SCALE IN YARDS

                                                                                         150
300
                            Figure 11. William Island — Background Radiation Survey Results

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  1.O

3
V)
0
a
x
LLl
         197O
                   1980
           199O       2OOO        2O1O        2O2O

                            YEAR

Figure 12. William  - Projected  Exposure Rate Reduction

                       23
                                                                              2O3O

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BRAVO  IBOKDROLUL)
                         ALPHA IBOKAETOKTOK)
       SCAIE IN HUNDREDS OF YARDS         \  00-000 Range ol Suivoy Results in micio-R/hi
01           S             10
                              Figure 13. Alpha-Bravo—Zebra Islandi - Background Radiation Survey Roiullt
                                                             ZEBRA  (OROKEN)

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A single soil sample from Bokdrolul showed approximately 85% 137Cs
and 15% 60Co.
No edible plants were found on any of these islands.
Since the maximum exposure rate found for this group was 50 yR/hr,
the exposure rate reductions were not projected.
CHARLIE (NAM)
As indicated by Figure 14, the external radiation levels on Nam, located
in the northwest corner of the atoll, are slightly higher than those on
Bikini with one "hot spot" of 500 yR/hr found near the northwest side
of the island.  A single soil sample taken in a background area of
approximately 200 yR/hr showed the concentration of gamma emitting
nuclides to be composed of about 50% 137Cs, 33% 60Co, and 17% 125sb.
The exposure rate reduction as a function of time for this composition
is given in Figure 15.
Radioactive scrap was found at several locations on the island.  The
maximum reading obtained on any piece of scrap was 500 yR/hr.  All
radioactive scrap reading in excess of 100 yR/hr (gairnia) was buried
at sea.  Less radioactive material was buried on land with the non-
radioactive debris.
Although this is the third largest island and one which had been pre-
viously utilized as a source of food materials by the Bikinians,
there are at present no  edible land plants or coconut crabs on the
island.
A sample of fresh water from Nam, taken in 1964 and supplied to WERL
by the Laboratory for Radiation Ecology, contained 15 pCi of 3H/ml.
Tritium levels in all other water samples from various islands were
less than 0.4 pCi/ml.
A sample from a Portulaca plant (high water content) taken in June 1969
contained 1.5 pCi of 3H/ml of extracted water.  The concentration of
137Cs in the plant material was 210 pCi/g and of 60Co was 3.8 pCi/g
wet weight.
                                  25

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ro
                                                                  00—000 Range of Survey Results in micro—R/hr
                                                                  00 Survey Results in micro—R/hr at that Location
                  SCALE IN THOUSANDS OF YARDS
                             1
CHARLIE  (NAM*
                             Figure 14. Charlie Island - Background Radiation Survey Results

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1.0
.01
      1970
1980
199O
2OOO        2O1O
      YEAR
                                              2O2O
2O3O
                 Figure 15. Charlie — Projected Exposure  Rate Reduction
                                            27

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DOG (IROIJ), EASY (ODRIK), FOX (LOMILIK), AND GEORGE (AOMEN)
The northern complex of islands is shown in Figures 16 and 17.   Iroij
and Odrik are connected by a long man-made causeway, while Odrik is
in turn connected to Lomilik by a shorter causeway.  Lomilik and
Aomen are differentiated only by a narrowing of the land mass.
Only Lomilik contained any significant amount of radioactive debris and
displayed relatively high levels of external background.  The maximum expo-
sure rate due to soil contamination measured on each of these islands was:
     Iroij   -  40 yR/hr
     Odrik   -  10 yR/hr
     Lomilik - 500 yR/hr
     Aomen   - 100 yR/hr
The debris from Iroij, Odrik, and Aomen was buried on land.  A large
amount of non-radioactive scrap was removed from the ocean reef on
Aomen and also buried on land.
All radioactive metallic debris on Lomilik (maximum 500 yR/hr)  was
removed and buried at sea.  Fragments of concrete from scientific
installations, all of which measured less than 100 yR/hr, were
buried on land.
One low lying, algae encrusted area on Lomilik showed background radiation
levels of 500 yR/hr.  A soil sample taken at this location contained
approximately 55% 102mRh.and 45% 6°Co as measured by gamma ray spectroscopy.
The projected exposure rate reduction for this location is given by
Figure 18.  Since the absence of 137Cs would indicate that this sample
is atypical, a plot is also shown assuming that 20% of the total
activity is due to 137Cs and that the i°2tnRh and eoco retain their
same relative concentrations.  This might be more applicable to other
locations on Lomilik.
Two concrete bunkers on Aomen had areas on the tops and sides which
read 5-7,000 yR/hr (e + y) at contact.   The gamma exposure rate  was less
than 200 yR/hr.  Since the potential for exposure to individuals from
these sources was negligible, it was decided to leave the bunkers as
typhoon shelters.
                                      28

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          DOG  IIROD)
ro
                                                                          EASY  IODRIK)
      00—000 Range of Survey Results in micro—R/hr
      00 Survey Result in micro—R/hr at that Location


   Figure 16. Dog—Easy Islands — Background Radiation Survey Results
SCALE IN YARDS
   750
                                1500

-------
CO
o
                           FOX  (LOMILIK)
GEORGE  (AOMEN)
                              OO 000 Range of Survey Remits in micro—R/hr

                              OO Survey Reiub in mi
-------
                                    \
                                                               	Assumed 20 % Cs
197O
           198O
                       199O
2OOO       201O
     YEAR
2O2O
2030
             Figure 18. Fox —  Projected Exposure Rate Reduction
                                    31

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No edible land plants were found on the complex.
REEF STRUCTURES
Several large structures,mostly reinforced concrete, constructed on the
coral reef are found between Nam and Iroij and one is located near the
sand bar, Bokbata, southwest of Nam.  All of these structures were
surveyed with the following results:
     1.  Able (Bokbata) Reef Structure - one small door and several
         metal pieces on reef 200-300 yR/hr.  Remainder 5-40 yR/hr.
     2.  Charlie (Nam), Dog (Iroij) Reef Structure #1 - several
         small metal plates on top of concrete foundation 100-500
         yR/hr (these are awash at high tide).  Remainder 5-10 yR/hr.
         Structures #2 and #3 - all readings less than 10 yR/hr.
These structures were judged to constitute no radiological hazard and
Trust Territory representatives assessed the physical hazard as in-
sufficient to justify the costly and time consuming effort which would
be required to remove them.
DOSE ASSESSMENT
The traditional living pattern of the Bikinians centers around communal
life on the island of Bikini where the permanent village and social and
religious centers were located.  Temporary settlements were located on
other islands, primarily Eneu.  In view of the Ad Hoc Committee's
recommendation to limit initial resettlement to these two islands, it
is assumed that the doses received from brief visits to other islands
in the Atoll will be small relative to that received from residence on
Bikini.  In addition the uniformly low exposure rates encountered on
Eneu represented a potential exposure which is negligible even for
continuous occupancy.  For this reason, the treatment of dose considera-
tions will be limited to the island of Bikini.
EXTERNAL DOSE ASSESSMENT
As indicated previously the island of Bikini was extensively monitored
with portable ganrna survey meters.  Because the soil  samples indicated
                                   32

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a large abundance of 137Cs relative to other gamma emitting nuclides no
effort was made to correct the readings obtained from the scintillators
which were calibrated against 137Cs.
The islands can be divided into essentially three domains:
     1.  Beach Area - uniformly low background of approximately
         10 yR/hr.
     2.  Village Area - located along lagoon side of the island.   For
         purposes of this report two sets of data were obtained:
         a.  From lagoon road to approximately 250 feet inland
             the mean background was 52 yR/hr.
         b.  From lagoon road to beach - 35 yR/hr.  Considering
             these two areas together the mean background would
             be 44 yR/hr.
     3.  Interior - used for agriculture.  This was considered to
         include the area within the perimeter road, excluding the
         village area.   The mean background was 86yR/hr.
Experience obtained during the clearing operation indicates that  total
removal of the vegetative cover and turning of the soil as  occurred
during the grading of the perimeter and cross island roads  results
in a rapid reduction of the measured exposure rate.   If it  is  assumed
that the village area will be essentially cleared and covered  with
crushed coral as is customary, it would seem that an expected  reduction
of the mean exposure rate by a factor of two would be a conservative
estimate.
Figures 19 and 20 show the integrated exposure for the village and in-
terior areas.  (The beach is assumed constant at <10 yR/hr).   By  making
assumptions as to the residence time in each domain, the external gamma
dose may be estimated.
If the following assumptions for residence time shown in Table 5  are
taken, the integral (at any age) dose to children born on Bikini  in 1970
would be the figures shown in Table 6.
                                    33

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100
                                                                                    Mean
                                                                                  Mean/2!
      1970
198O
199O
2000       2O10
     YEAR
2O20
2O3O
                Figure 19. Bikini Integral Dose Projection — Village  Area
                                        34

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   1OO
o>
in
0
Q
O)
ID
        197O
198O
                               1990
                       2000         2010

                             YEAR
                                                                   2O2O
                                                                               2O3O
                      Figure  20. Bikini Integral Dose Projection  - Interior
                                            35

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Table 5.
Age
0-3
3-10
10-70
Estimate
Beach
0
20
10
of Where Time
Percent Time
Village
100
70
60
Is Spent by Aqe.
Spent in Each Location
Interior
0
10
20

Over Water
0
0
10
Table 6.  Projected Integral Dose for A Child Born in 1970 (Bikini Island)
       Time Interval (years)                    Integral Dose (mRad)

                5                                     750
               10                                    1695
               20                                    3545
               30                                    5275
               50                       .             7735
               70                                    9355
For purposes of the above calculation, the exposure rate on the beach was
assumed constant at 10 yR/hr, on the water at 5 yR/hr, and for the village
the modified (mean/2) exposure rate was used.  It is felt that all of
these estimates are conservative.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETER PROGRAM
As a check on the validity of the ganrtia exposure rates as measured by
survey meters, thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed at six locations
on Eneu and twelve locations on Bikini.  Three dosimeters were placed
at each location and left for approximately thirty days.  These dosi-
meters were then collected and shipped by air to  WERL where they
were read.  One set of three dosimeters served as controls for each
placement period.  Survey meter readings at these locations ranged
from essentially zero to ninety yR/hr.  Because of the relatively large
                                  36

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contribution of the exposure in transit as compared to the exposure
during the placement period, wide fluctuations in net exposure as
measured by each of the three dosimeters at each location were noticed.
However, a regression analysis was performed comparing survey meter
readings to the mean TLD results at each location.   The linear
relationship between the two was described by:
                TLD = -1.5 + 0.8 (survey meter)
The correlation coefficient was 0.94 and the average error associated
with the replicate TLD measurements was 35%.
Throughout this report survey meter readings as obtained in the field
have been used.  If it is assumed that the mean TLD value for each
station is a more accurate representation of the exposure rate, then
a further element of conservatism has been added to the external  dose
estimates which are based on survey meter readings.
AIR SAMPLING RESULTS
During May-June 1970 a joint AEC-U. of W.-WERL follow-up survev was
conducted on Bikini and Eneu.  The purpose of this  survey was to deter-
mine the amounts of 239Pu in the soil and air.  WERL was responsible
for the air sampling program.
The air sampler chosen for this effort was the Model 102 developed and
used by Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company at the AEC's  Nevada
Test Site.  It was felt that the Model 102, which was designed for rugged
outdoor use under extreme weather conditions, was well-suited for the
Bikini operation.  The sampler consisted of a constant-volume pump, belt-
driven by a gasoline powered engine.  The only adjustments necessary were
to the carburetor for sea-level operation.  All samplers were re-calibrated
for flow-rate at Bikini and the calibration was checked frequently during
the operation.
Four samplers were placed on Eneu, Figure 21, and five samplers on Bikini,
Figure 22.  Bikini No. 5 and Eneu No. 1 are considered to be background
stations since they were located on the windward side of the respective
islands, overlooking the beach.  Air filters were exchanged every 24 hours
for a period of 15 days on Eneu and 14 days on Bikini.  Tables 7  and 8

                                      37

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ENEU ISLAND
 1970 COLLECTION AREAS
                     CAMP BLANDY
 AIR SAMPLE STATIONS
              SCALE 1 inch = 10OO feet
          Figure 21. Eneu Island — Air Sampling Locations

                   38

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co
vo
           BIKINI ISLAND
                 SCALE IN FEET

               10OO       2000
                                           AIR SAMPLE STATIONS
                               3000
                                     Figure 22. Bikini Island — Air Sampling Locations

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Table 7.  Composite 239Pu in  Air Results  for  Bikini  Island - 1970
Station
    Date
                                         239
                  Pu
                                        (pCi/m3)
                                            238
                           Pu
                                          (pCi/m3)
1
2
3
4
5
5/29
5/29
5/29
5/29
5/29
- 6/12
- 6/12
- 6/12
- 6/12
- 6/12
5
1
1
0
1
.4
.1
.0
.6
.2
x
x
X
X
X
10
10
10
10
10
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
x
x
x
x
x
10
10
10
10
10
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
Table 8.  Composite 239Pu in Air Results  for  Eneu  Island -  1970
Station

   1
   2
   3
   4
    Date
5/28
5/28
5/28
6/2
6/12
6/12
6/12
6/12
               239pu
              (pCi/m3)
0.4 x 10
0.4 x 10
0.4 x 10
0.4 x 10
-4
-4
-4
-4
   238pu
 (PCi/m3)
 0.1  x 10
 0.1  x 10
 0.1  x 10
<0.1  x 10
-4
-4
-4
-4
                                       40

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list, respectively, the composite 239Pu in air results  for Bikini  and  Eneu.   The
composite results were obtained by analyzing one half of the filter for each  day
and compositing bv station over the total  sampling period.  For Bikini  the 239Pu
                            -43            -43
results ranged from 0.6 x 10   pCi/m  to 5.4 x 10   pCi/m .   All  results for  Eneu
              A      *D
were 0.4 x 10"  pCi/m .  For comparison the average value for 239Pu background  in
                                 -4      3
the U.S. during 1968 was 0.4 x 10   pCi/m .  In order to assess the daily vari-
ation in air concentration, the remaining one-half of the individual filters  from
station No. 1 on Bikini were analyzed separately.  These results  are listed in
Table 9.  The results ranged from <0.7 x 10   pCi/m  to 7.9  x 10    pCi/m .  The
                                                 -4      3
average for all samples at this station is 4 x 10   pCi/m which  compares quite
                                    -4      3
favorably with the value of 5.4 x 10   pCi/m  for the composite.   Although some
variation in daily levels is evident from these data, the distribution  of results
appears to be about what might be expected allowing for slight differences in
wind conditions.  It should be noted that station No. 1  is located on  the down-
wind side of the lagoon road and was subjected to frequent clouds  of dust
stirred up by the survey party's  jeep.  In any event,  it is doubtful  that
significantly higher concentrations would be encountered under normal weather
conditions.  Although it is assumed that the plutonium  us present  in the oxide
form (incoluble), when comparison is made to the more stringent FRC guide for
                           -2      3
soluble plutonium of 6 x 10   pCi/m  for an individual  in the population, the
above results are lower than the guide by approximately two  orders of magnitude.
This is not meant to imply however, that unfavorable weather conditions suf-
ficient to create Pu concentrations high enough to be of some radiological  con-
cern could not exist during other times of the year.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

External radiation levels were measured on all  islands  of Bikini Atoll  as part
of the clean-up program.  The highest exposure rate was measured on Tare(Eneman)
where a low lying algae covered area showed 800 yR/hr.   The  maximum exposure
rate encountered on the islands scheduled  for rehabilitation,  Bikini and Eneu,
was 120 yR/hr in the interior of Bikini.  Other islands exhibiting exposure
rates greater than those found on Bikini were:
                         Uncle (Enidrik)  - 300 yR/hr
                         Victor (Lukoj)   - 180 yR/hr
                         William (Jelete)  - 150 yR/hr
                         Charlie (Nam)    - 500 yR/hr
                         Fox (Lomilik)    - 500 yR/hr
                                      41

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Table 9.  Daily 239Pu in Air Results  for Station  1  Bikini  Island -  1970
Date Collected
5/30/70
5/31/70
6/01/70
6/02/70
6/03/70
6/04/70
6/05/70
6/06/70
6/07/70
6/08/70
6/08/70
6/10/70
6/11/70
6/12/70
Hour
1010
1330
0750
0725
0755
0730
0840
0745
0730
0730
2335*
0700
0700
0955
239pu
(pCi/m3)
<0.7 x 10~4
0.7 x 10"4
1.2 x 10"4
7.2 x 10"4
5.5 x 10"4
4.0 x 10"4
7.9 x 10"4
4.7 x 10"4
2.5 x 10"4
4.8 x 10"4
6.1 x 10"4
1.2 x 10"4
2.6 x 10"4
4.0 x 10"4
*Estimated time of sampler shutdown due to heavy rainstorm.   Based on
 vibration hour meter.
                                       42

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Soil samples taken on Bikini showed greater than 95% of the exposure
rate to be due to the 137Cs and thus the reduction in exposure rate can be
assumed to closely follow the decay of 137Cs.  Soil samples from the
other islands showed varying amounts of 60Co and 102MRh in addition to
the 137Cs.  The reduction in exposure rate due to radioactive decay on
these islands should be much more rapid than for Bikini.  Comparing the
decay curves for these islands with that for Bikini, it can be seen that
within approximately ten to fifteen years only Eneman will have an external
background higher than that of Bikini.  It is recommended that a re-survey
to verify this projection be conducted in about ten years in anticipation
of unrestricted use of the atoll.  In the meantime, the recommendation
of the Ad Hoc Committee that occupancy of the above islands be limited
to visits of short duration should be followed.
The remaining islands of the atoll are lower in radiation levels than
Bikini and should not be restricted against continuous occupancy on
that basis.  This is particularly true of the Oboe (Aerokoj), Peter
(Aerokojlul), Roger (Bikdrin) complex where the lowest levels on the
atoll were found.  In addition, coconut samples from Aerokoj were lower
in 137Cs and 90Sr content than those from Bikini or Eneu.  Agricultural
development of these islands should be encouraged.  While the external
levels on Sugar (Lele) are as low as those on the other three islands,
the fact that it is contiguous with Tare (Eneman) would make it advisable
to restrict the use of this island at the present time.  The causeway
joining Lele to Bikdrin makes a logical dividing line for indicating
this restriction.
Sampling of food items presently growing on the atoll indicated mean
concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr which are essentially in agreement
with those obtained in 1967.  It should be pointed out that the planting
of new species of foods on the islands will require additional sampling
at the time of their reaching maturity in order to assess the potential
internal dose.  Internal dose estimates have been performed by Gustafson
utilizing the 1967 data and would appear to be valid for the 1969
data as well.  Results of the 1970 survey for plutonium in air are
approximately two orders of magnitude below the FRC guide for an individual
                                       43

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in the population and would not significantly affect these estimates.  As
a result those computations have not been repeated here.
The concentrations of 90Sr would seem to be of greatest concern with
respect to internal dose.  In this regard the recommendations of the Ac[
Hoc Committee for removal of top soil from the site of newly planted
pandanus and possibly breadfruit trees, and the addition of a calcium
supplement to the diet should be most effective in reducing the dose
due to 9°Sr.
                                       44

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                            REFERENCES

1.  Beck, H. L., B. G. Burton, T. F. McCraw.  External Radiation
    Levels on Bikini Atoll.  HASL-190.  (May 1967}T

2.  Held, E. E.  Letter with attachments to J. N. Wolfe.  University
    of Washington.   (January 8, 1968)

3.  Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to Evaluate the Radiological
    Hazards of Resettlement" of the Bikini Atoll.Attached to AEC
    News Release No. L-191.(August 12, 1968)

4.  Crocker, G. R., M. A. Connors, D. T. K. Wong.  Some factors for
    the calculation of infinite plane exposure rates from gamma radiation.
    Health Physics.  (September 1966)

5.  Gustafson, P. F.  Radi glogical Report on Biki ni Atol1, Apri1 1968
    and Additions to Radiological Report on Bikini Atoll, May 1968.
    DBM-ATE(1968)

6.  Johns, Frederick B.  Southwestern Radiological HealtlvLaboratory
    Handbook of Radiochemical  Analytical Methods—SWRHL-11. (March 1970)  •
                                       45

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                                 DISTRIBUTION

 1-15  WERL,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     16  Robert E.  Miller,  Manager,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     17  Robert H.  Thalgott,  NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas, Nevada
     18  Henry  G.  Vermillion, NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     19  Chief, NOB/DNA,  NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     20  Robert R.  Loux,  NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     21  Donald W.  Hendricks, NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     22  Technical  Library, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
     23  Mail  & Records,  NVOO/AEC,  Las  Vegas,  Nevada
     24  Martin B.  Biles,  DOS,  USAEC, Washington, D. C.
     25  Director,  DMA,  USAEC,  Washington,  D.  C.
     26  John  S.  Kelley,  DPNE,  USAEC, Washington, D. C.
     27  Philip Allen, ARL/NOAA,  NVOO/AEC,  Las Vegas, Nevada
     28  Gilbert J.  Ferber, ARL/NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland
     29  Stanley M.  Greenfield, Assistant Administrator for Research &
         Monitoring, EPA,  Washington, D. C.
     30  Acting Deputy Assistant  Administrator for  Radiation Programs, EPA,
         'Rockville,  Maryland
     31  Paul  C.  Tompkins,  Acting Director,  Division of Criteria & Standards,
         Office of Radiation  Programs,  EPA,  Rockville, Maryland
     32  Ernest D.  Harward, Acting  Director, Division of Technology Assessment,
         Office of Radiation  Programs,  EPA,  Rockville, Maryland
     33  Bernd  Kahn, Chief, Radiological Engineering Laboratory, EPA,
         Cincinnati, Ohio
34 - 35  Charles L.  Weaver, Acting  Director, Division of Surveillance &
         Inspection, Office of Radiation Programs,  EPA, Rockville, Maryland
     36  Gordon Everett,  Director,  Office of Technical Analysis, EPA,
         Washington, D.  C.
     37  Regional  Administrator,  EPA, Region IX, San Francisco, California
     38  Eastern Environmental  Radiation Laboratory, EPA, Montgomery, Alabama
     39  Acting Director,  Twinbrook Research Laboratory, EPA, Rockville,
         Maryland
     40  William C.  King,  LLL,  Mercury,  Nevada
     41  James  E.  Carothers,  LLL, Livermore, California
     42  Roger  E.  Batzel,  LLL,  Livermore, California
     43  William E.  Ogle,  LASL, Los  Alamos,  New Mexico
     44  Harry  S.  Jordan,  LASL, Los  Alamos,  New Mexico

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Distribution (cont'd)

     45  Arden E.  Bicker,  REECo,  Mercury,  Nevada
     46  Clinton S.  Maupin,  REECo,  Mercury, Nevada
     47  Charles F.  Bild,  Sandia  Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
     48  Robert H.  Wilson, University  of Rochester, Rochester, New York
     49  Richard S.  Davidson,  Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
     50  Frank E.  Abbott,  USAEC,  Golden, Colorado
     51  John M. Ward,  President, Desert Research Institute, University of
         Nevada, Reno
52 - 53  DTIE, Oak Ridge,  Tennessee (for public availability)
     54  Frank Cluff,  NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
     55  Thomas F.  McCraw, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
     56  William Hills, USAEC, Honolulu, Hawaii
     57  Edward E.  Held, Lab.  of  Radiation Ecology, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA
     58  Robert A.  Conard, Brookhaven  National Lab., Upton, N<. Y.
59 - 63  Edward Johnston,  Trust Territory-Pacific Islands, Saipan, Mariana Is.

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