SWRHL-17r
FINAL REPORT OF OFF-SITE SURVEILLANCE FOR THE
KIWI TNT EXPERIMENT
August 6, 1965
by the
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Public Health Service
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Las Vegas, Nevada
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373) for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government-sponsored work.
Neither the United States, nor the Atomic Energy Commission,, nor any
person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with
respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information
contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus,
method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately
owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or pro-
cess disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission"
includes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of
the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, dissemin-
ates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employ-
ment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such
contractor.
018
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SWRHL-17r
FINAL REPORT OF OFF-SITE SURVEILLANCE
FOR THE
KIWI TNT EXPERIMENT
by the
Southwestern -Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Public Health Service
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Las Vegas, Nevada
Copy No. 18
O. H. Roehlk, OSD
AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
August 6, 1965
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
-------
ABSTRACT
The Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory provided off-site
radiation surveillance in support of the Kiwi Transient Nuclear Test
(TNT) conducted on January 12, 1965. This support consisted of
tracking the effluent, monitoring radiation dosage to the off-site pop-
ulation and collecting environmental samples in southern Nevada and
California. Although off-site contamination occurred as a result of
Kiwi TNT, the data collected indicate that radioactivity levels did not
exceed Radiation Protection Guides established by the Atomic Energy
Commission for the off-site population.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iii
I. INTRODUCTION 1
H. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 2
A. External Measurements 2
B. Environmental Measurements 3
III. RESULTS 7
A. Ground Monitoring 7
B. Dose Rate Recorders 9
C. Film Badges 10
D. Milk Samples 10
E. Water Samples 12
F. Air Samples 13
G. Thyroid Dose Due to Inhalation 13
H. Beryllium Analysis 14
IV. CONCLUSIONS 16
DISTRIBUTION
11
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Meteorological data, Kiwi TNT, 1/12/65. 8
Table 2. Dose rates occurring off the test range
complex on 1/12/65. 9
Table 3. Dose rate recorder data on 1/12/65. 9
Table 4. Milk samples collected for Kiwi TNT, 1/12/65. 10
Table 5. Air samples with positive results collected
following the Kiwi TNT experiment. 15
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Sampling locations for Kiwi TNT.
Figure 2. Outline of cloud path based on survey instru-
ment data and environmental sample analyses.
Figure 3. Milk sampling locations in California.
Figure 4. Potential gross beta inhalation exposure as a
function of distance from High-way 29.
17
18
19
20
111
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I. INTRODUCTION
On January 12, 1965, the Kiwi Transient Nuclear Test (TNT) was con-
ducted at 1058 hours PST at Test Cell C, located at the Nuclear Rocket
Development Station, Jackass Flats, Nevada. The experiment was de-
signed to determine the effect of rapid control drum rotation within a
Kiwi reactor and the nature of the subsequent fallout. Data collected
on both accounts will aid in predicting the effects of postulated Kiwi
reactor accidents.
Under a Memorandum of Understanding with the Atomic Energy Com-
mission (AEC), the U. S. Public Health Service (PHS) conducts a pro-
gram of radiological monitoring and environmental sampling in the
off-site area surrounding the Nevada Test Site and the Nellis Air Force
Range. The overall complex of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and the
Nellis Air Force Range (NAFR) includes the Nuclear Rocket Develop-
ment Station (NRDS) and the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) and for sim-
plicity will be called the test range complex throughout this report.
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II. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
A. External Measurements
Ground Monitoring
Twelve ground monitoring teams tracked the cloud passage with
portable instruments. Each monitor was equipped with an Eber-
line E-500B, a Precision Model 111 "Scintillator", and a Victoreen
Radector Model No. AGB-50B-SR.
The Eberline E-500B has a range of 0 to 200 milliroentgens per
hour (mr/hr) in four scales with an external halogen filled GM tube
and a 0 to 2000 mr/hr range from an internal Anton 302 tube. The
Precision Model 111 "Scintillator" is used primarily for low level
detection and provides for a range of 0 to 5 mr/hr in six scales.
The Radector has a range of 0 to 50,000 mr/hr on two scales.
This instrument employs an inert gas ionization chamber- Errors
associated -with readings from these instruments are of the order
of + 20%.
Dose Rate Recorders
Eberline RM-11 dose rate recorders were placed at eight locations
in and on both sides of the desired -wind sector (240° +20°). (See
Figure 1.) These -were in addition to 19 routine stations in opera-
tion around the test range complex. The recorders utilize a Geiger
tube detector to document gamma dose rates at specific locations.
The recording chart for this instrument has a 0.01 - 100 mr/hr
range and runs for a period of 30 hours. The RM-11 is accurate
to +20% as calibrated with a 1 37 Cs source.
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Film Badges
Film badges were issued to 157 people including 67 at Lathrop
Wells, 30 in the Amargosa Farm area, and 5 at Death Valley
Junction. Nine of the routine station film badges -were in or near
the downwind sector. The badge used is Du Pont type 555 film
which is accurate to +_ 50% in the 20 to 100 mr range and _+ 10%
in the 100 to 2000 mr range. The lower limit of detectability
is 20 mr.
Aerial Cloud Tracking
An Air Force U3-A aircraft, manned by two PHS monitors,
tracked the reactor effluent. Aerial dose rate readings served
to position ground monitors off the test range complex. Two
PHS planes containing sampling equipment -were also used as
aids in cloud tracking. Their primary purpose, however, was
cloud sampling in order to determine cloud size and inventory.
The results of their sampling are reported separately by the
PHS-SWRHL Engineering Development Program.
B. Environmental Measurements
Air Samples
Forty-five routine air samplers are operated in Nevada, Utah,
Arizona and California. Supplementary air samplers, for the
Kiwi TNT experiment, were placed at 18 downwind locations.
Figure 1 shows the 18 samplers plus the five routine air
samplers which are located in that area. All of these samplers
were equipped with Whatman 541 prefilters and MSA charcoal
cartridges. All air sample prefilters and charcoal cartridges
collected following Kiwi TNT were returned to the Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory (SWRHL) in Las Vegas, for analysis.
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A gross gamma counting system was utilized to quickly deter-
mine which samples had activity above background and conse-
quently delineate those areas which required additional
sampling.
The prefilters were counted for gross beta and alpha activity
with a Beckman wide beta proportional counter connected to a
high speed sealer. This system has a detection efficiency of
45% for beta particles from strontium 90 decay (maximum
energy = 0. 54 Mev) and has a background of 6 _+ 1 counts per
minute.
All air samples were counted for gross beta activity as soon
as possible after receipt at SWRHL. Samples which indicated
beta concentrations in excess of 20 pCi/M3 were recounted fre-
quently within the following 48 hour period. These samples
were then held for routine counts at 5 and 12 days after col-
lection. The computational procedure employed depends upon
the assumption that a decay constant can be found for each
individual sample and that this decay constant can then be used
to extrapolate the activity to the end of the collection period.
For this purpose the general decay equation A/Ao = e is em-
ployed. For samples showing less than 10 pCi/M3 at time of
first count, the 5 and 12 day counts are utilized for computing
the decay factor. For sample concentrations exceeding the
10 pCi/M3 the earlier counts are used for extrapolation purposes.
It is frequently impossible to allow samples to remain uncounted
until the natural activity has decayed, as this will also result in
the decay of all fission product activity. As a result, it is
occasionally found that natural radon and thoron activity is not
negligible relative to the fission product activity. This will be
particularly true of special samples having up to 20 pCi/M3
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when the first count is within a few hours after collection. No
allowance is made for the presence of this natural activity and
the corrected values are therefore in error on the high side.
Natural activity generally is less than 1 pCi/M3.
All charcoal cartridges and prefilters were analyzed for gamma
isotopes by placing each directly on a 4" x 4" sodium iodide
crystal coupled to a 400-channel pulse height analyzer set to
view energies from 0 to 2 Mev. The activity on the cartridge
should represent the gaseous fission products such as isotopes
of iodine. Overall detection efficiency for this geometry is
about 18% at 0. 53 Mev (J 33I). The minimum detectable activity
for1311, 132I, 133I, and l 35I is about 200 picocuries total on
the cartridge with an accuracy, at this level, of +_ 50% for l 311,
1 32I, J 33I, and +_ 100% for * 35I. The time of count is 10 minutes.
Error estimates are such that values less than 1 picocurie per
cubic meter (pCi/M3) are generally not reported. Since it is not
possible to define duration of effluent passage at all locations,
the reported values given as pCi/M assume an average con-
centration over each entire sampling period.
Milk and Water Samples
After each release of activity from NRDS, milk samples are
collected from dairies (processing plants), producing dairy
farms, and farms producing milk for their own consumption
(see Figures 1 and 3). Each sample is counted for 50 minutes.
No attempt is made to recount samples giving low positive values.
The lower limit of detection for gamma emitters in milk samples
is 20 picocuries per liter (pCi/1) at time of count, and all results
below that value are reported as <20 pCi/1.
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All liquid samples are counted in 3. 5 liter inverted well alumi-
num beakers which are placed on top of a 4" x 4" crystal coupled
to a 400-channel gamma pulse height analyzer. Overall detection
efficiency for the 0. 364 Mev photopeak of l 311 is 6.4%. A matrix
technique is errjployed to compute the interference due to the
presence of other isotopes. The input to this matrix is variable,
allowing for the simultaneous determination of any eight nuclides
for which detection efficiencies and interference factors have
been obtained. Actual computation is performed by an IBM 1620
computer. When it became evident that no contamination of
milk was occurring, the sampling program was stopped on
January 21, 1965.
Vegetation samples were obtained at most milk sampling
locations. An attempt was made to make the samples represen-
tative of the cow's feed; however, the samples were taken pri-
marily as early indicators of where milk might be contaminated
and were not intended to yield a cow intake-excretion formula.
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III. RESULTS
The Kiwi TNT yielded detectable radioactivity off the test range com-
plex. A summary of weather conditions at NRDS on the test day is
presented in Table 1. Data collected following the test indicated a
hot line bearing lying between 200 and 215 within 50 miles of
the NRDS.
Preliminary flight information received from NATS-EG&G aircraft
indicated effluent deposition to the Barstow, California area and
westward to the Pacific Coast. Their data indicate the cloud in the
Oxnard, California area at 0100 hours PST on January 13, 1965.
Based on this information milk samples were obtained at the loca-
tions shown in Figure 3.
A. Ground Monitoring
A summary of gamma dose rate data obtained is given in Table 2.
The data indicate a cloud width of approximately 5 miles at
Highway 95, with the east and west edges defined by Lathrop
Wells and a location 5 miles west of Lathrop Wells. Further
downwind, dose rates were found in the Amargosa Desert to
the west of Highway 29. No activity was found as far west as
the Furnace Creek area of Death Valley.
The maximum dose rate measured by a ground monitor off the
test range complex was 70 mr/hr, 1. 5 miles west of Lathrop
Wells on Highway 95. Based on an integration of the dose rate
versus time at this location, the external exposure dose, due
to cloud passage, was calculated to be 5. 7 mr. Although the
location is normally unpopulated, there were, in addition to
the ground monitor, seven PHS personnel involved in air sam-
pling experiments at this location. A similar calculation was made for
7
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the Amargosa Farm area and Death Valley Junction; the external
gamma dose at these populated locations did not exceed 0. 5 mr.
Highway 95 was remonitored at 0900 hours on January 13. Re-
sidual contamination was found between Lathrop Wells and a point
4 miles west of Lathrop Wells on Highway 95. A net peak dose
rate of 0. 05 mr/hr was found 2. 6 miles northwest of Lathrop
Wells on Highway 95. Highway 29 and the Amargosa Farm area
were also remonitored on January 13. There were no readings
above background in these areas.
Table 1. Meteorological data, Kiwi TNT, January 12, 1965,
obtained from the U. S. Weather Bureau.
Sky condition: Sctd. Hi Sctd. , 0. 1 Altocumulus, 0. 0 Cirrus
Visibility: Unrestricted
Upper air data at: Jackass Flats, Nevada 1118 PST, 1/12/65
Height Wind Pressure Tempera- Dew Point
(Ft.MSL) (deg/kts) (mb) ture(°C) <°C)
Relative
SFC
3615
4000
4800
5000
6000
7000
8000
8630
9000
10000
10085
11000
12000
12650
13000
13780
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
18494
020/18
020/19
030/22
030/22
020/18
020/17
030/16
040/15
040/14
030/15
030/16
030/17
050/19
050/23
060/24
060/26
060/26
060/27
060/26
050/26
050/23
893
880
855
850
818
788
759
740
730
704
700
676
648
632
624
606
600
576
553
531
511
500
12. 7
11. 0
7.4
7. 0
4. 1
1. 5
- 1.4
- 3. 2
- 3.6
- 5. 0
- 5. 1
- 6.4
- 7.9
- 8. 8
- 9. 5
-11.0
-11. 7
-14. 1
-16. 6
-19. 2
-21. 7
-23. 1
0. 0
- 1. 1
- 3. 8
- 3. 5
- 4.4
- 5. 2
- 6. 6
- 7. 5
- 8. 2
-11. 0
-11. 3
-13. 7
-17. 0
-18. 9
-21. 2
-27. 2
MB
MB
MB
MB
MB
MB
42
43
45
47
54
61
68
72
70
63
62
56
48
44
38
25
(16)
(16)
(17)
(171
(18)
(18)
SFC-surface MB = motor boating -
dewpoint below limitations of
instrumentation.
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Table 2. Dose rates occurring off the test range complex on 1/12/65.
Location
(See Figure 1)
Time of peak Time interval in Net peak
dose rate which dose rates gamma
(PST) greater than Bkg dose rate
existed (mr/hr)
3 miles N of Hwy. 95 on Lathrop
Wells-NRDS Road(NRDS
Boundary)
Lathrop Wells
1. 5 mi. W of Lathrop Wells
5 mi. W of Lathrop Wells
1143
1146
1147
1207
1130-1207
1125-1148
1138-1158
1200-1220
70
2.
70
0.
0
18
Dansby's Ranch (5 mi. S of Lath-
rop Wells on Rt. 29 & 6 mi. W
on Amargosa Farm Rd. )
15. 3 mi. S of Lathrop Wells
1252
1232-1324
0.67
on Hwy. 29
Death Valley Junction
7. 5 mi. W of Death Valley Jet.
on Hwy. 190
1328
1349
1335-1415
1305-1345
1315-1428
1300-1440
0. 28
0. 11
0. 23
B. Dose Rate Recorders
Those dose rate recorders recording activity above background
are shown in Table 3. Recorders operating at Beatty, Nevada
and Stovepipe Wells, Furnace Creek Ranch, and Shoshone,
California did not indicate activity above background.
Table 3. Dose rate recorder data on 1/12/65.
Location
(See Figure 1)
Time of peak Time interval in Net peak gamma
dose rate which dose rate above dose rate
(PST) Bkg. was observed (mr/hr)
(PST)
Lathrop Wells
Dansby's Ranch
Death Valley Jet.
1146
1250
1345
1120-1250
1145-1335
1250-1430
0. 7
0.86
0. 28
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C. Film Badges
Film badges collected following the TNT experiment indicated
no doses above the detection limit (20 mr).
D. Milk Samples
A total of 74 milk samples were obtained following Kiwi TNT.
The samples were collected from two ranches in the Amargosa
Desert and 14 locations in southern California. (See Figures 1
and 3). The Amargosa Desert locations and fourteen California
locations were sampled for approximately one week com-
mencing on January 13. None of the 74 samples collected con-
tained detectable quantities of fresh fission products. Animals
at all but one location were being fed baled hay; the cows at
Brawley, California were feeding on green chop. Locations
where milk was sampled and the dates the samples -were
collected are listed in Table 4.
Natural vegetation samples from the Saticoy-Fillmore-Newhall,
California area contained fresh fission products; however, cow
feed and milk at these locations did not contain detectable
quantities of fresh fission products. Other vegetation samples
obtained in an area extending from Barstow to Santa Barbara,
California did not contain fresh fission products.
Table 4. Milk samples collected for Kiwi TNT, January 12, 1965
LOCATION DATE
Lathrop Wells, Nevada 1/13/65
Dansby Ranch 1/14/65
1/15/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
10
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Table 4. Milk samples collected for Kiwi TNT, January 12, 1965(cont';
LOCATION DATE
Lathrop Wells, Nevada
Selbach Ranch
Barstow, California
Bakersfield, California
Cantil, California
Lancaster, California
Glendale, California
Lucerne Valley, California
Los Angeles, California
Riverside, California
1/13/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/21/65
1/22/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/15/65
1/15/65
1/15/65
1/14/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
11
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Table 4. Milk samples collected for Kiwi TNT, January 12, 1965(cont')
LOCATION DATE
Escondido, California
San Luis Obispo, California
Saticoy, California
Newhall, California
Fillmore, California
Brawley, California
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/21/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/15/65
1/18/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/16/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/21/65
E. Water Samples
Water samples were obtained from an open pond at Death Valley
Junction on January 12 and 13 and from an open pond at Shoshone,
California on January 13. The samples did not contain fresh
fission products.
12
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F. Air Samples
Air samples from twelve stations contained fresh fission pro-
ducts as a result of Kiwi TNT cloud passage. Locations of these
air samplers are presented in Figure 2 along with the probable
cloud outline. Isotopic and gross beta analyses of the positive
samples are given in Table 5.
Six air samplers -were operating in the Amargosa Farm area
at an average distance o .3 miles from the TNT site. The
potential gross beta inhalation exposure as determined by the
product of the sampling period and the gross beta concentration
is shown in Figure 5 as a function of distance of the air sampling
stations from Highway 29. From the curve it appears that the
maximum concentration occurred five miles west of Highway 29
o
at an azimuth of 215 from the test location.
G. Thyroid Dose Due to Inhalation
Thyroids of several members of the Off-Site Radiological Safety
Program -were counted at the PHS Whole Body Counting Facility
for iodine uptake following TNT. Complete results of this work
will be reported separately; however^ it has been determined
that all doses to the thyroid were less than 3. 3 +_ 1 millirad and
were due to l 33I and l 35I inhalation. The monitor located 1. 5
miles -west of Lathrop Wells -who experienced a dose rate of
70 mr/hr was included in the study and received the peak thyroid
dose of 3. 3 millirad. Added to the 5. 7 mr external dose due to
cloud passage, the monitor's thyroid received 9. 0 millirad. The
assumption is made that one milliroentgen produces one millirad
of exposure.
13
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H. Beryllium Analysis
Analysis was made of five prefilters for beryllium following TNT,
(See Table 5. ) The detection limit in the analyses was 0. 025 mi-
crograms per sample. All samples analyzed were below the
limit of detection.
14
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Table 5. Air samples -with positive results collected folio-wing the Kiwi TNT experiment, January 12, 1965.
Location
See Figure 2)
Lathrop Wells
On Hwy. 95, 1.5 mi W
gf Lathrop Wells
On Hwy. 95, 5 mi W of
Lathrop Wells
On Hwy. 29, 7 mi S of
Lathrop Wells
Amargosa Farm Road
3. 5 mi W of Hwy. 29
Amargosa Farm Road
5. 0 mi W of Hwy. 29
Amargosa Farm Road
6. 0 mi W of Hwy. 29
Amargosa Farm Road
6.5 mi W of Hwy. 29
Amargosa Farm Road
9. 3 mi W of Hwy. 29
On Hwy. 29, 15. 3 mi S
of Lathrop Wells
Death Valley Jet.
On Hwy. 190, 7. 5 mi
W of Death Val. Jet.
Sample time Analysis of
On- time off 7 olume * Prefilters
n -r-.om oampled r
hours PST _/5 for
IVl
1/12/65 Beryllium
1015-1240
1045-1220
1100-1530
0800-1435
0855-1610
0735-1513
0810-1440
0810-1508
0825-1530
0845-1535
0650-1510
1310-1500
45 ND
34
87 ND
130
166
150
125 ND
136
160 ND
136
168
30 ND
Prefilter aver- Integrated
age gross beta Air
concentration concentratioi
pCi/M^ at end pCi-sec
of collection
4. 3xl02
2. IxlO5
8. 7
1.3xl03
1.9xl03
4. IxlO3
7.3xl02
5. 7xl02
92
1. IxlO3
2.4xl03
2. 7x1 04
M-3
3. 74x10
1.2xl09
1.41xl05
3.08xlO?
4.96xlO?
1. 12xl08
1. 71xlO?
1.43xlO?
2. 35x10
2. 71xlO?
7. 20xlO?
1. 78xl08
4->
1 JS1
"o
u
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
Gamma pulse height analyses
pCi/M^ at end of collection
131I
ND
ND
1.5x10
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
132I U3I
ND ND
ND ND
244
1.4x10 1.3x10 6.
2. 1x10 2.9x10 1.
2.5 3.2
ND ND
2 2
1.2x10 1.2x10
4.3 3.5
48 48
39 28
2 2
5. 1x10 5. 1x10
24 23
(No analysis)
9.6 60
61 61
1.3 12 7
11 9.5
1.3 7.3 2
1. 2xl02l. 5xl02
2. 8 28
2. 5xl022. 7xl02
10 8. 0
3.3xl033. lx!035,
133,
ND
ND
OxlO3
9x10
ND
ND
40
18
ND
34
ND
59
40
ND
.6
ND
.3
26
15
34
34
. 3x10?
/
20 5.0x10 3.3x10'
!«P=prefilter C=charcoal cartridge ND=not detectable
15
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
The maximum dose rate of 70 mr/hr encountered off the NRDS
yielded a 5. 7 mr external gamma exposure dose. This may be com-
pared to the Standards for Radiation Protection given in AEC Manual
Chapter 0524, which was applicable to Kiwi TNT. The protection
guide for whole body exposure to an individual is 500 millirem/year.
Since one milliroentgen produces approximately one millirem bio-
logical dose, it can be seen that off-site exposure due to cloud
passage presented only a small contribution to the allowable dose
inventory.
The maximum measured thyroid dose of 3. 3 millirad was obtained
by the PHS monitor located 1. 5 miles west of Lathrop Wells. The
Standards for Radiation Protection for thyroid exposure to an
individual is 1500 millirem/year. One millirad of gamma radiation
corresponds to approximately one millirem biological dose. Al-
though no thyroid measurements were made of persons residing in
Lathrop Wells, the comparison of gross beta inhalation exposure
at the two locations (Lathrop Wells and 1. 5 miles west on Highway 95)
indicate an inhaled thyroid dose of at least two orders of magnitude
less at Lathrop Wells.
16
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STOVEPIPE
WELLS
Air samplers
cartridges)
(•11 with charcoal
* Dose rate recorders
Milk sampling locations
Figure 1. SanpUng locations for
Kiwi TNT.
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N
BEATTY
STOVEPIPE
WELLS
*
PARK SERVICE
HOOTS/
FURNACE CREEK
RANCH
ffl Air samplers (all with charcoal
cartridges)
• RM-II Dose rate recorders
Air samplers and dose rate recor-
ders shown in this Figure indi-
cated radioactivity above natural
levels. See Table 4.
Figure 2. Outline of cloud path
based on survey instrument data
and environmental sample analyses.
m
.ATHROP WELLS
ml
DEATH
VALLEY JCT
ASH
MEADOWS
SHOSHONE
CAtt
18
-------
V KINGMAN
BARSTO
ALANCASTER
FILLMORE\ NEWHALL
LUCERNE VALLEY
rr^^
Milk samples
Figure 3 - Milk sampling
locations in California
-------
109-
10*
u !
v
CO
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en
O
O.
X
H
fl
o
10'
8
_
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_-0--"~ "
/
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/(•\
/ i
' 1
/ '
/ l
/ *
/ \
\
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Figure 4. Potential gross beta inhalation exposure as a function of
dist
ance from High'wa
y 29.
nJ
-)->
o>
CO
CO
O
!-i
O
6
Miles west of Highway 29 on Amargosa F^m Road
20
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DISTRIBUTION
1 - 15 SWRHL. Las Vegas, Nevada
16 J. E. Reeves, Manager, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
17 R. H. Thalgott, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
18 O. H. Roehlk, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
19 H. G. Vermillion, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
20 Col. E. G. Halligan, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Central Mail & Records, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 C. M. Bacigalupi, LRL-N, Mercury, Nevada
23 B. L. Rich, LRL-N, Mercury, Nevada
24 R. H. Goeckermann, LRL-L, Livermore, California
25 J. W. Gofman, LRL-L, Livermore, California
26 Keith Boyer, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
27 C. I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
28 H. T. Knight, LASL, Jackass Flats, Nevada
29 Fred Sanders, LASL, Jackass Flats, Nevada
30 W. E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
31 H. S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
32 L. D. P. King, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
33 Orin Stopinski, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
34 D. L. Snow, DRH, PHS, Washington, D. C.
35 J. G. Terrill, Jr. , DRH, PHS, DHEW, Washington, D. C.
36 Bernd Kahn, DRH, RATSEC, Cincinnati, Ohio
37 A. H. Dahl, DRH, PHS, Rockville, Maryland
38 R. Moore, DRH, PHS, Dallas, Texas
39 Vincent Vespe, ALOO, Albuquerque, New Mexico
40 G. M. Dunning, AEC, Washington, D. C.
41 R. E. Baker, AEC, Washington, D. C.
-------
Distribution - cont1
42 J. S. Kelly, AEC, Washington, D. C.
43 Brig. Gen. D. L. Crowson, DMA, AEC, Washington, D. C.
44 G. J. Ferber, USWB, MRPB(R-3.3), Washington, D. C.
45 P. W. Allen, USWB, NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
46 F. D. Cluff, USWB, NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
47 H. Mueller, USWB, NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
48 B. P. Helgeson, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
49 R. F. Dickson, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
50 M. I. Goldman, NUS, Washington, D. C.
51 David Smith, SNPO-C, Cleveland, Ohio
52 R. S. Decker, SNPO, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
53 J. M. Wright, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
54 P. Griffith, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
55 E. Hemmerle, Westinghouse Electric Corp. , Pittsburgh, Pa.
56 J. C. Gallimore, WANL, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
57 V. M. Milligan, REECo. , Mercury, Nevada
58 C. S. Maupin, REECo. , Las Vegas, Nevada
59 J. A. Mohrbacher, Pan American, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nev.
60 N. E. Erickson, Aerojet General Corp. , Jackass Flats, Nev.
61 H. G. Simens, Aerojet General Corp. , Jackass Flats, Nevada
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