CL-
HEALTH
£7fflANIZA TION
-------
COPY SS
LAS VEGAS
BOMBING GU"RNCK
AND
GUNNERY
LATNNOP j ,
U.S I 1
Small Communities
O Towns
O Cities
Ranches and Buildings
Abandoned Buildings
Paved Roads
Minor 6 Dirt Roads
Figure 1. The off-site area surrounding the Nevada Test Site and Las Vegas
Bombing and Gunnery Range, showing azimuth and distance from CP-1.
-------
S^'RHL-lr
FINAL REPORT
OF
OFF-SITE SURVEILLANCE FOR OPERATION NOUGAT
September 15, 1961 - June 30, 1962
by the
Off-Site Radiological Safety Program
South-western Radiological Health Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada
for
Division of Operational Safety
Nevada Operations Office
Atomic Energy Commission
April 24, 1964
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
-------
ABSTRACT
Operation Nougat was a series of forty-two announced tests of nuclear
explosives conducted on the Nevada Test Site between September 15,1961
and June 30, 1962. Seven of these tests released radioactive material
to the atmosphere which was carried by prevailing winds into the public
areas surrounding the test site.
This report concerns the program of off-site radiological surveillance
conducted throughout Operation Nougat by the U.S. Public Health Serv-
ice for the Atomic Energy Commission in accordance with a Memoran-
dum of Understanding between the two agencies. The philosophy upon
which the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program is based, the field and
laboratory methods and equipment used, the measurements made, and
the results obtained from off-site surveillance of the seven releases are
described.
No cases of alleged radiation sickness or injury to people, livestock, or
property were noticed by or brought to the attention of the Public Health
Service during the Operation. The results of surveillance presented in
this report indicate that the safety criteria established by the AEC for
the off-site population were not exceeded during Operation Nougat.
-------
FOREWORD
This report is concerned solely with activities of the U.S. Public Health
Service Off-Site Radiological Safety Program. The Public Health Service
conducts this program in accordance with Memorandum of Understanding
No. SF 54 373, held with the Atomic Energy Commission, to fulfill its
responsibility to the Commission and to the public to investigate, assess,
record, and report the radiological situation in the public area surround-
ing the Nevada Test Site, and to inform and protect the public should an
unacceptable radiological situation develop.
The report summarizes the off-site radiological safety activities carried
out during Operation Nougat, a series of nuclear tests held at the Nevada
Test Site from September 15, 1961 to June 30, 1962. It is to be consid-
ered the final report, and it supersedes all previous reports issued by
the Program concerning events of the Nougat series. It was neither pos-
sible nor desirable to include in this final report every item of data col-
lected. However, all data pertaining to exposure or contamination of
people or of property in the off-site area has been included, and all
other data are available in the Program's files in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Although every effort has been made to eliminate errors, it:is,virtually
impossible to eliminate every mistake from a. document containing so
many individual items of data. If any abnormalities or errors, typo-
graphical or otherwise, are detected, it will be appreciated if they are
called to the attention of the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program so
that they may be checked against the original records.
11
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Responsibility and credit for the content of this document are sharedby
a number of people. Only those organizationally responsible for the
work performed and reported can be specifically acknowledged here.
Mr. Oliver R. Placak, Officer in Charge, Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory, was the Off-Site Radiological Safety Officer desig-
nated by the Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office.
Mr. Morgan S. Seal served as Deputy Off-Site Radiological Safety Of-
ficer throughout Operation Nougat.
Program direction was provided by Mr. John R. McBride, Chief, Off
Site Radiological Safety Program, with the assistance of Mr. John S.
Coogan, Chief, AEC-PHS Special Projects, and Mr. Vernon E. Andrews,
Chief, Off-Site Surveillance Section.
This report was originally compiled by Mr. David S. Groome, assisted
by Messrs. Donald T. Wruble and George W. Niles.
Revision and edition of the final report was provided by Mrs.Geneva S.
Douglas, Chief, Technical Reports Unit, with the guidance of Mr.
Francis N. Buck, Special Assistant to the Officer in Charge.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT. i
FOREWORD ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
Chapter 1. HISTORY AND MISSION OF THE OFF-SITE RADIO-
LOGICAL SAFETY PROGRAM 1
Chapter 2. PUBLIC RELATIONS PROGRAM 5
Chapters. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY PROGRAMS 11
Chapter 4. SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM 17
4.1 SAFETY CRITERIA 17
4.2 COMMUNICATIONS 18
4.3 FIELD PROCEDURES 19
4.4. AERIAL MONITORING INSTRUMENTS 23
4.5 GROUND SURVEY INSTRUMENTS 25
4. 6 FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY 30
iv
-------
4. 7 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING 32
4. 7. 1 Air Sampling 33
4.7.2 Water Sampling 36
4. 7. 3 Milk Sampling 37
4. 7. 4 Vegetation and Soil Sampling 37
4. 8 SAMPLE ANALYSIS 38
4. 8. 1 Air Samples 39
4.8.2 Water Samples 41
4.8.3 Milk Samples 42
4. 8. 4 Vegetation and Soil Samples 43
. 4. 9 REPORTING 44
Chapter 5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND DATA 59
5. 1 DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION NOUGAT 59
5. 2 SUMMARY OF SURVEILLANCE PROVIDED AND
RESULTS OBTAINED 62
5.2. 1 External Radiation Dose Rates 65
5.2.2 Film Badge Exposures 66
5. 2. 3 Airborne Radioactivity 67
5.2.4 Radioactive Contamination of
Water and Milk 72
5. 3 SUMMARIES OF INDIVIDUAL EVENTS 72
5.3.1 Antler 73
5.3.2 Feather 78
5.3.3 Pampas 82
5. 3.4 Danny Boy 86
5.3.5 Platte 91
5.3.6 Eel 100
5.3.7 Des Moines 107
REFERENCES 122
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APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
DOSE RATES MEASURED OFF SITE FOR A- 1
SURVEILLANCE OF SEVEN EVENTS OF thru
OPERATION NOUGAT A-40
DOSIMETRY DATA FROM FILM BADGES B- 1
EXPOSED OFF SITE DURING OPERATION thru
NOUGAT B-18
AIR SAMPLING DATA OBTAINED FOR OFF- C- 1
SITE SURVEILLANCE OF SEVEN EVENTS OF thru
OPERATION NOUGAT C- 7
APPENDIX D
RADIOACTIVITY IN SAMPLES OF WATER D- 1
AND OF MILK COLLECTED OFF SITE . ' thru
DURING OPERA TION NOUGA T D- ' 6
DISTRIBUTION LIST
VI
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Page
Table 3. 1 Concentrations of various isotopes in samples of
milk collected from St. George, Utah. 15
Table 3. 2 Concentrations of various isotopes in ecological
samples collected at St. George, Utah. 16
Table 5. 1 Nuclear events of Operation Nougat, 9-15-61 to
6-30-62. 60
Table 5. 2. 1 Summary of coverage provided and results obtained
from off-site surveillance of seven events of
Operation Nougat. 63
Table 5. 2.2 Off-site locations instrumented during seven events
of Operation Nougat. 64
Table 5.3.7 Data from milk samples collected for surveillance
of Des Moines. 120
VII
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page
Figure 1. The off-site area surrounding the Nevada Test Site
and Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range, showing
azimuth and distance from CP-1. Frontispiece
Figure 4. 1. Vehicle equipped for use by an off-site monitoring
team. 46
Figure 4. 2. The EG&G Portable Aerial Survey Meter SBL-2
used for aerial monitoring during Operation
Nougat. 47
Figure 4. 3A. Beckman MX-5 Portable Survey Instrument. 48
Figure 4. 3B. Tracerlab AN/PDR-T1B Portable Survey Instru-
ment. 49
Figure 4. 3C. Precision Model 111 Standard "Scintillator"
Portable Survey Instrument. 50
Figure 4. 3D. Eberline Model E500-B Portable Survey Instru-
ment. 51
Figure 4. 4. Esterline-Angus recorder with Beckman MX-5
detector set up as a dose rate recording system. 52
Figure 4. 5. Eberline Radiation Monitor Model RM-5 used as
a dose rate recording system. 53
Figure 4. 6. High Volume Air Sampler with glass fiber filter
in place, and with MSA charcoal cartridge showing
beside the sampler. 54
Vlll
-------
Figure 4. 7. Counting gross beta activity on air filter samples
using the wide area probe and Ultrascaler. 55
Figure 4. 8. Radiation Counter Laboratory 256-channel pulse
height analyzer. 56
Figure 4. 9. Single chamber shield containing a 4" x 4" Nal(Tl)
detector. 57
Figure 4. 10. RIDL transistorized 400-channel pulse height
analyzer with double chamber shield. 58
Figure 5. 2. 1. Concentration of gross beta activity in air at
twenty-six locations averaged over the days sam-
pled during Operation Nougat. 70
Figure 5. 3. 1. Off-site surveillance locations for the Antler event
on September 15, 1961. 77
Figure 5. 3. 2. Off-site surveillance locations for the Feather
event on December 22, 1961. 81
Figure 5. 3. 3. Off-site surveillance locations for the Pampas
event on March 1, 1962. 85
Figure 5.3.4. Off-site surveillance locations for the Danny Boy
event on March 5, 1962. 89
Figure 5.3.5. Off-site surveillance locations for the Platte event
on April 14, 1962. 99
Figure 5. 3. 6. Off-site surveillance locations for the Eel event on
May 19, 1962. 105
Figure 5. 3. 7. Off-site surveillance locations for the Des' Moines
event on June 13, 1962. 121
IX
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Chapter 1
HISTORY AND MISSION OF THE OFF-SITE RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY
PROGRAM
In 1954, the U. S. Public Health Service (PHS) and the U. S. Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC), by Memorandum of Understanding No. SF
54 373, agreed that the Public Health Service of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare would operate a program of radiological
surveillance and safety in the area surrounding the Commission's
Nevada Test Site. Since that time, the Public Health Service has con-
tinuously conducted a program of comprehensive environmental sampl-
ing and radiation monitoring which is designed to document the radio-
logical situation existing in the areas surrounding the Nevada Test Site
and the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range. In addition, the PHS
has maintained a public contact and information program to assure the
public that all reasonable safeguards are being employed to protect
public health and property from radiation hazard. The region in which
these programs routinely operate is within approximately a 300 mile
radius of the Nevada Test Site, and has been designated the "off-site
area". (See Figure 1. ) The total Public Health Service program of
-------
radiological surveillance and safety has thus been named the Off-Site
Radiological Safety Program. Chapter 0524-05 "Off-Site Rad Safety
Operations" of the Standard Operating Procedure - Nevada Test Site
Organization (SOP-NTSO) outlines in detail the responsibilities of the
PHS to the NTSO and the procedures to be used in fulfilling these res-
ponsibilities. Although the objectives of the Off-Site Radiological
Safety Program have changed little over the years, the organizational
structure of the program and the procedures and techniques employed
in its execution have undergone continual modification and improvement
as experience and technological developments indicate changes to be
made.
During the nuclear test moratorium which the USSR brought to a close
on September 1, 1961, the PHS established, through its Division of
Radiological Health, the Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
(SWRHL) in Las Vegas, Nevada. A part of the SWRHL staff was per-
manently assigned to the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program, while
the remaining staff members as well as the facilities of the entire
laboratory were ready, whenever necessary, to suspend their routine
work to supplement the Off-Site Program.
When the United States resumed nuclear testing activities with the
-------
ANTLER Event of Operation Nougat on September 15, 1961,-the Off-
Site Program staff was increased from its interim period level by the
addition of specially trained personnel of Civil Service and of the active
and reserve Commissioned Corps. The resumption of testing also
required an increase in the SWRHL program and staff so that by the end
of Operation Nougat approximately 76 PHS personnel were on either
active or standby assignment to the Off-Site Program. This total in-
cluded 25 trained reserve officers who throughout Operation Nougat,
were called to active duty in support of the program when periods of
concentrated test activity required it.
Within the limits of feasibility, this report gives a complete account
of the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program conducted by the PHS
during Operation Nougat. The safety criteria, the operational pro-
cedures and the apparatus used to carry out the Public Relations, Sur-
veillance, Medical, and Veterinary programs are described, and the
information and data collected through these programs are presented
and discussed.
Tables and figures which summarize the data or which may be of
general interest are included in the body of the report. Tables of in-
dividual dose rate readings and tables showing concentrations of
-------
radioactive material in individual samples of air, water, and milk, or
other environmental media have been placed in appendices to the report.
Detailed tables of data showing background levels of radiation or ab-
sence of environmental contamination are not included. All data ob-
tained during the series of events comprising Operation Nougat are,
however, recorded in the files of the Off-Site Radiological Safety
Organization in Las Vegas, Nevada, and will be made available upon
request.
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Chapter 2
PUBLIC RELATIONS PROGRAM
A less frequently mentioned, .but very important part of the Off-Site
Radiological Safety activities is the program of public education con-
ducted to maintain public confidence that all reasonable safeguards are
being employed to preserve public health and property from radiation
hazard. This is carried out through liaison -with state and local
health officials and through personal contacts with residents of the
off-site area.
Security regulations imposed for the Nougat series prohibited an-
nouncing a test before the actual detonation. Therefore, the PHS
policy of informing state health officials of forthcoming events
could not be continued as usual. However, state health officers in
Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Arizona, and California were given as much in-
formation as security restrictions allowed as soon after a detonation
as possible.
In carrying out their routine duties in the Off-Site area, whether or
-------
not testing is planned or in progress, Public Health Service personnel
indicate to local residents their willingness to speak at civic or other
public gatherings to explain the programs conducted at the Nevada Test
Site and the role of the Off-Site Radiological Safety Organization. In
some cases they actively solicit organizations to which talks may be
presented.
Each presentation is tailored to the requirements of the group receiv-
ing it. A large proportion of the talks given during the Nougat series
were to upper grade elementary and high school students. Lectures
and films concerning elementary atomic physics and radiation effects
were presented at most of the schools around the test site, and a
large number of adult groups heard talks and saw films on nuclear
testing and the safeguards employed to protect the public. Groups of
farmers and ranchers in the area received more detailed explanations
of these safeguards.
It has been found from past experience that perhaps the greatest con-
tribution to good public relations can be made through individual per-
sonal contacts between PHS personnel and off-site residents. The
practice of assigning monitors to specific areas or zones was partially
reestablished during Operation Nougat. During this series monitors
-------
and their families did not establish temporary residence in their zones
as they had done during past operations. However, each monitor
traveled throughout his area extensively and frequently, and became
acquainted with as many people as possible without forcing the acquain-
tance. The monitors maintained a friendly, open attitude toward these
people much in the manner of good neighbors, and answered questions
as freely as security restrictions allowed, frankly admitting it when
they did not know the answer and offering to find it, rather than cover r
ing a lack of knowledge with evasion or the invocation of classification.
In this way confidence in the monitors and in the Public Health Service
and sincere interest in their work for the public welfare has been
developed in residents of the off-site area.
In several ways a number of these people took part in the Off-Site
Radiological Safety Program during Operation Nougat. All air sampl-
ing stations established in the off-site area for the duration of the
Operation, with the exception of one in Las Vegas, were operated by
local citizens. These people are instructed in the procedures for
. maintaining the samplers and for changing filters on a pre-determined
schedule. They are given a supply of spare motors, filters, sample
containers, and mailing envelopes, and they are paid a nominal fee to
-------
cover the cost of electricity and labor.
A still greater number of off-site residents wore film badge dosimeters
which were changed periodically throughout the Operation by off-site
monitors. Ranchers and farmers from whom milk and water samples
were collected were told why the collections were made and how the
analyses were performed. When analyses of these samples were com-
pleted the contributors were notified and the results and their signifi-
cance were explained to them.
This program of personal contact is more time consuming than that of
giving public talks and lectures, but the cooperation of local citizens
greatly cuts the manpower required for surveillance and sampling
activities. A more valuable benefit derives from the cooperation of
local residents in that it gives them a sense of participating in the
nuclear program, making them more vitally aware of the radiolog-
ical surveillance in which the PHS is actively engaged for their safety.
This continuous, positive program of public relations paid off in pro-
ducing general good will and understanding in the off-site population.
Many budding complaints were stopped before they could become full
grown, and throughout the Nougat series there were only a few short
-------
lived cases of hard feelings.
One incident occurred during the Operation in which this good will and
understanding was tested. During the PLATTE Event of April 14, 1962,
the AEG requested the PHS Off-Site Program to block traffic on High-
way 25 north of the test site between its junction with the road to Nyala
and its junction with Valley Road southeast of the first (see map in
Figure 5. 3. 5). Roadblocks were set up at these points and all traffic
was stopped until after PHS monitors had determined that the airborne
radioactive material had passed without significant contamination of
the highway.
After the northwest roadblock was established at 1140 hours, it was
found that three ranch hands had earlier gone to work in an area just
off Highway 25 within the bounds of the roadblock. A monitor sent to
search for these men, intercepted them on Sand Springs Road about
one mile northeast of its junction with Highway 25. When the reason
for the interruption was explained, they accompanied the monitor to the
nearest roadblock. They were surveyed with dose rate meters at this
location since the levels of radioactivity along Sand Springs Road were
above background. The clothing of the men was found to be only
slightly contaminated, with the highest reading at any location well
-------
below permissible levels. Since no decontamination was required, the
cloud had passed, and the men showed no anxiety over possible per-
sonal danger or radiation hazard, they were given the results of the
survey and were allowed to go on about their business. The monitor
who had intercepted the men then continued his monitoring duties. The
film badge he wore throughout the day showed his total exposure to
have been below the lower limit of detection (less than 30 milliroent-
gens).
This entire incident was handled smoothly with no problems arising
then or later through public resistance, suspicion, or fear. The ease
with which the situation was handled was due, at least in part, to the
effectiveness of the Public Relations Program.
10
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Chapter 3
MEDICAL AND VETERINARY PROGRAMS
The Public Health Service has been requested by the Atomic Energy
Commission to include at least one Medical Officer on the staff of the
Off-Site Radiological Safety Program. This Medical Officer is res-
ponsible for maintaining liaison with local physicians, answering in-
quiries on the medical effects of radiation, investigating all cases of
alleged radiation injury, and conducting meetings for various groups
who wish to know about biological effects of radiation. Before a test
series, this Medical Officer usually visits all practicing physicians in
the area to orient them on the work of the Off-Site Program. The
visits also serve to brief the Medical Officer on the geographical
nature of the off-site area and on the current local medical problems.
Although there was not time for a special series of visits to be made
prior to Operation Nougat, local doctors were acquainted with the
work of the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program through experience
gained during previous operations and through occasional visits from
11
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an Off-Site Program physician made during the moratorium period.
Throughout the Nougat series this liaison was maintained, and at the
end of the series the Medical Officer contacted local doctors to indi-
cate his continued availability for consultation should cases of alleged
radiation sickness or injury arise. He received no notification of such
cases, and none were brought to the attention of the Off-Site Radio-
logical Safety Program during or after Operation Nougat.
The Public Health Service has also been requested to include the ser-
vices of a veterinarian in its Off-Site Program capabilities. During
Operation Nougat this capability was provided by the U. -S. Army
Veterinary Officer assigned to the Atomic Energy Commission's 1
Nevada office through the Department of Defense. This Veterinary
Officer visited ranchers and farmers in the off-site area to discuss
matters pertaining to the health of local animals. In the course of
these visits he let them know that veterinary diagnostic service would
be provided and corrective action recommended if any problems arose
which were felt to be a result of, or aggravated by, testing activities.
During Operation Nougat no direct claims were made against the AEC
for radiation damage to livestock, domestic animals, or wildlife.
With the assistance of the Veterinary Officer the Off-Site Radiological
12
-------
Safety Program collected ecological samples from an area supporting
a dairy herd in St. George, Utah. Samples of milk were taken weekly
between October 29, 1961 and July 31, 1962. Water samples were
taken over roughly the same period, and grass, grain, and fecal sam-
ples were collected monthly in March, April, and May.
Gamma pulse height analysis of milk was performed to determine the
concentrations of iodine-131, cesium-137, barium-lanthanum-140, and
potassium. Concentrations of strontium-89 and -90 and of stable cal-
cium were also measured. Other samples were analyzed for five ..
gamma-emitting isotopes as well as for strontium-89 and -90.
Only zirconium-niobium-95 and ruthenium-103 were found to be
available to the St. George herd through the food chain. These iso-
topes, which were present in silage, hay, grass, and to a small extent
in grain, usually pass through the animal without being metabolized to
any significant extent. These isotopes were found in fecal samples but
not in milk. Strontium-89 and -90 were found to some extent in all
samples but water. No radioactive materials above the detection
limits were found in any of the eleven water samples collected. Ces-
ium-137 and iodine-131 were not detected in food, water, or fecal
samples although some milk samples contained amounts of iodine-131
13
-------
well above the limit of detection. The highest concentration of iodine-
131 in milk was found to be 95 picocuries per liter in one sample col-
lected on February 21, 1962. Most of the isotopes found in milk were
in amounts at, or just above, the detection limits of the analytical
methods employed. The analytical results have been summarized in
Table 3. 1 and 3.2.
14
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Table 3. 1 Concentrations of various isotopes in samples of milk col-
lected from St. George, Utah.
DATE
COLLECTED
gm/liter
Ca
K
pc/liter at time of collection
89
Sr
90
Sr
131
I
140
Ba
137
Cs
MILK
1961 Oct 29
Nov 4
10
18
24
Dec 3
18
18
27
1962 Jan 3
7
13
21
27
Feb 3
21
Mar 4
13
19
26
Apr 2
9
16
30
May 7
14
21
25
Jun 4
10
17
24
Jul 4
9
16
31
1.02
1. 12
1. 01
1.22
1. 00
1. 02
1.04
1. 01
1. 00
1. 00
1. 12
1. 07
1. 01
1. 14
1.08
1. 11
1. 02
1. 08
1. 14
1. 12
1.03
1. 11
1. 13
1.23
1. 09
1. 05
1.06
1.6
1. 5
1. 5
1.7
1.7
1. 5
1.5
1. 5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1. 5
1. 5
1. 5
1.3
1.6
1. 5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1. 3
1.6
1.8
1.8
20
ND
5
ND
5
10
5
5
ND
5
5
ND
5
5
5
ND
ND
ND
10
20
10
10
15
30
30
25
25
2
3
4
6
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
1
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
60
50
40
30
ND
ND
30
10
ND
ND
10
ND
ND
ND
20
95
ND
ND
10
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
15
ND
30
25
20
ND
ND
ND
ND
20
20
40
ND
ND
___
10
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
15
ND
ND
25
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
15
ND
20
ND
ND
ND
20
ND
ND
ND
ND
40
30
10
10
15
5
5
ND
10
ND
15
ND
ND
ND
10
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
10
ND
30
30
15
20
20
15
50
50
35
15
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Table 3. 2 Concentrations of various isotopes in ecological
samples collected at St. George, Utah.
DATE COLLECTED
pc/gm
Ash Weight
Sr89
. Sr90
pc/Kg
Fresh Weight
Zr95
Ru103
SILAGE
1962 March 26
--
--
380
740
HAY
1962 March 21
April 18U
18C
May 22U
22C
97
150
3.6
34
23
7.9
15
1.8
3.8
4. 3
30, 000
55, 000
2, 500
50, 000
5, 100
9,500
21, 000
D
19, 000
5,400
GRASS
1962 March 21
April 18
May 22
120
7.9
11
7. 2
1.4
1.9
22, 000
4, 100
8, 900
5, 100
1,900
3, 500
GRAIN
1962 March 21
April 18
May 22
--
--
3.9
1
--
6.5
ND
ND
ND
990
D
ND
FECES
1962 March 21
April 18
May 22
--
5.6
56
--
4.3
8
1, 600
1,900
7, 500
480
760
1, 700
U - uncovered; C - covered
16
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Chapter 4
SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM
4. 1 SAFETY CRITERIA
Throughout Operation Nougat the criteria used for determining the
radiological hazard to the off-site population were those set by the
Atomic Energy Commission after considering the recommendations
of other authorities. The external -whole-body exposure to gamma
radiation could not result in a total dose greater than 3.9 roentgens
per year and not more than 10 roentgens in any consecutive 10 year
period. These values include any exposures from non-weapons test
activities but exclude background and medical x-rays. The external
exposure was that estimated from doses recorded by film badges worn
by off-site residents, or from records of dose rate readings taken in
populated areas by PHS monitors.
The maximum permissible concentrations of radioactivity in air and in
water, milk, and foodstuffs were not to exceed one-tenth the permis-
sible concentrations listed in NBS Handbook 69 , assuming these con-
centrations could be averaged over a period of one year. The concen-
17
-------
trations of radioactivity in these media were determined from analysis
of samples collected from the off-site area by the Surveillance Program.
Data obtained through Surveillance Program activities during the series
of tests which constitute Operation Nougat show that these maxima were
not exceeded. At no time during the Operation was it necessary to
evacuate a populated area or to isolate or cut off any supply of milk,
water, or food.
4.2 COMMUNICATIONS
All field personnel in the off-site area worked from vehicles, usually
pick-up trucks, equipped with two way radios operating on a very high
frequency FM band. These vehicles were mobile stations in a com-
munications network through which directive personnel at the Program
headquarters in Building 155 at Mercury or at the NTS Control Point
(CP-1), and laboratory personnel in all PHS buildings at Mercury and
in Las Vegas, were in constant communication with each other and
with the mobile surveillance teams. Radio traffic, which used an
abbreviated form of the standard "Ten-Code", was coordinated and
regulated through Net Control located in the radio room at CP-1. The
aerial cloud tracking team used by the PHS was in radio contact with
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Net Control, as was the U. S. Weather Bureau and other support
groups. Thus, through Net Control there was a ready exchange of im-
mediate information among the entire PHS radio network and all co-
operating agencies.
4.3 FIELD PROCEDURES
The working field unit of the Surveillance Program was the vehicle-
mounted "monitoring team" which was one or two people equipped
with various survey instruments, sampling apparatus,^ tools and sup-
plies. The fully equipped vehicle of a monitoring team is shown in
Figure 4. 1. Using dose rate meters or survey instruments, the
monitoring teams surveyed roads, areas, and locations suspected of
being within the cloud trajectory. They set up additional air sampling
stations, fallout trays and dose rate recorders, augmented routinely
operating stations with charcoal cartridge collectors, and collected
other environmental samples when required. They noted the presence
of people or farm animals in areas not usually inhabited, observed the
condition of back roads and trails which might be needed for cloud
tracking or surveillance routes, and checked infrequently traveled
areas for radio reception and transmission. If evacuation of people
19
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or animals had become necessary, which it did not during the Nougat
series, these teams would have performed the required operations,
enlisting the assistance of local police or county sheriff departments
when feasible. Working from directives and information received by
radio, each team performed its surveillance duties and kept a running
log of its activities from the time it was dispatched to its duty station
several hours before a scheduled event until the time it reported back
to headquarters at the end of its mission.
On his monitoring log each monitor recorded his name, the serial
numbers of the survey instruments he used, each dose rate reading,
and the exact time and location at which it was made. When the loca-
tion could not be identified by a specific name, he recorded the direc-
tion and the distance indicated by his vehicle's odometer from a known
reference point. On his log the monitor also described other obser-
vations made or duties performed during the course of his monitoring
run. These monitoring logs provide an original record of surveillance
activities and monitoring results and they are retained in the perma- .
nent files of the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program.
The dose rate readings taken by ground teams during each event of
Operation Nougat which released radioactive material off site have
20
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been compiled into the tables found in Appendix A. The significance of
the data recorded by monitors during these events is discussed in
Chapter 5.
During Operation Nougat, the PHS for the first time used an aerial r.. -^,
monitoring team to augment its surveillance program. Cloud tracking
missions were carried out by a PHS monitoring team in military air-
craft piloted by Air Force crews. These missions assisted ground
monitors in locating and following the clouds, and worked throughout
the Operation to develop and test instruments and procedures with
which to define not only the cloud position and direction of travel, but
also the distribution and magnitude of radioactivity contained within it.
Before detonation of a device the cloud tracking aircraft flew in a
standby pattern within sight of Ground Zero. After detonation, if no
visible venting occurred, low altitude passes were made downwind of
Ground Zero to determine if gaseous radioactive material could be
detected. After collapse of the cavity, if no radiation had been detect-
ed by the aerial team, a ground telemetry indicated no release of
radioactive material, the aerial monitoring mission was terminated.
When a release did occur, the aircraft made a series of passes at
several altitudes beginning downwind of Grbund Zero and moving grad-
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ually outward. In this way the team estimated the width and depth of
the cloud and determined its direction and speed of travel. Measure-
ments of radiation intensity were made to determine the distribution
and magnitude of radioactive material within the cloud, and to define
concentration gradients if possible. These cloud tracking missions
were terminated when the cloud had dispersed or the activity it con-
tained had dropped to levels too low for measurement, ;or when flying
conditions necessitated termination of the flight.
Throughout each aerial cloud tracking mission the PHS aerial monitors
were in radio contact with Net Control at CP-1. In this way they im-
mediately made known to control personnel, and through them to ground
monitors, all information which could be used to increase the effec-
tiveness of the Surveillance Program. A constant verbal record of
each mission was obtained through use of a portable tape recorder.
These records were later transcribed and used in evaluating the sur-
veillance provided for each event.
Releases from tunnel shots were tracked and monitored by a similar
protocol. The information collected through aerial monitoring was
used with ground monitoring data in determining cloud trajectory and
dispersion. Specific data or dose rate readings obtained by the aerial
22
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teams are discussed in Chapter 5.
4.4. AERIAL MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
Two instrument systems were utilized for aerial cloud tracking. The
first was a detector-recorder system designed and assembled by the
Off-Site Radiological Safety Program's electronics group. The instru-
ment consisted of a small transistorized amplifier through which
gamma radiation detected by a Precision Model 111 "Scintillator" 3
could be recorded by an Esterline-Angus strip chart recorder. This
scintillator was the same instrument as that used by ground monitor-
ing teams and is described in Section 4.5 of this chapter.
The second system used for aerial cloud tracking was the Portable
Aerial Survey Meter SBL-2, developed by Edgerton, Germeshausen,
and Grier, Inc., and delivered to the PHS early in 1961. The system,
"4
described in Santa Barbara Laboratory Report No. S-20 , was a
transistorized, battery operated, portable scintillation detector and
recorder designed to measure gamma dose rate from 0.2 to 2000 mil-
liroentgens per hour under a variety of environmental conditions. It
is illustrated in Figure 4.2. The system could be used for either
ground or aerial surveys since it would read gamma dose rate incident
23
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at the detector or, through three gain selections, would compensate for
altitudes of 100, 300, and 500 feet above ground while also compensat-
ing for aircraft attenuation. The readout; of measurements taken at
these altitudes was equivalent to the dose rate existing one meter above
the terrain. The gain selection which gave readeut; of incident dose
rate was more applicable to the geometry of a radioactive cloud or a
small-dimensioned ground source. The SBL-2 did not, however, com-
pensate for attenuation of radiation by the aircraft when reading inci-
dent dose rate. Other survey instruments of the type used by ground
monitoring teams were carried in the aircraft as back-up systems,
and so that readings of several detectors could be compared.
Both the Precision "Scintillator" and the SBL-2 systems were
thoroughly flight-tested over old Ground Zero areas on the Nevada
Test Site. It was found that the SBL-2 required modification before it
could be used effectively. Modification of three units was completed
by EG&G in time for them to be used in PHS aerial cloud tracking mis-
sions throughout Operation Nougat.
After Operation Nougat the SBL-2 units used by the PHS were further
modified by EG&G. The additional modification made these SBL-2
units very similar to the more recently designed SBL-2 Portable
24
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Aerial Survey Meter described in EG&G Instruction Manual S-300-MN5.
4.5 GROUND SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Each ground monitoring team carried four types of survey instrument
which allowed it to monitor up to 200 milliroentgens per hour (mr/hr)
of beta plus gamma radiation and up to 50 roentgens per hour of
gamma radiation alone. The first two instruments described below
were used most frequently during Operation Nougat, and the last two
were used as back-up instruments to provide additional reliability.
Beckman6 Model MX-5
This instrument is a Geiger detector having a range of 0 to 20 mr/hr
using three scale settings. Its external probe has^a beta shield
which slides over the probe1 s window, to allow measurement of
dose rate from either gamma or beta plus gamma radiation.
Tracerlab7 AN/PDR-T1B
The Tracerlab TIB is an air ionization chamber detector which
measures dose rate from gamma radiation only. It has a range of
0 - 50,000 mr/hr in five multiplication settings for its meter read-
ings of 0 - 5. Although its sensitivity to dose rates under 5 mr/hr
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is inadequate for monitoring low levels of activity, this makes
the TIB an excellent instrument for use in higher radiation fields.
Precision3 Model 111 Standard "Scintillator"
This instrument, manufactured by Precision Radiation Instruments,
Inc. , consists of an external probe containing a sodium iodide
crystal with most of the electronic comppnents, and a battery box
to which the probe is connected by a cable. Its range is 0 - 5 mr/hr
using a six position range selector with two rows of scale divisions
of the meter. When the lowest range switch position is used, the
major scale divisions of the meter are read as 0.. 005,, 0.010, . ,
0.015, 0.020, and 0. 025 mr/hr. The highest position requires
reading the second row of numbers which then indicate 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5 mr/hr. Thus, the "Scintillator" was used to detect very
low level gamma radiation and to discriminate small changes in
low gamma dose rates.
Eberline8 Model E500-B
The E500-B has a range of 0^2000 mr/hr through use of a five
position range selector and two halogen-filled GM tubes. The
lower four range selections of 0.2 to 200 mr/hr utilize an
26
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external Anton 112 tube in a probe equipped with a removable beta
shield. Thus dose rates of up to 200 mr/hr from beta plus
gamma radiation can be measured. The highest range selector
position utilizes an Anton 302 tube located within the instrument
case to measure gamma dose rates up to 2000 mr/hr.
All four instruments allow only two numbers to be read from their
meters. Thus, dose rate readings contain only two significant figures,
and a reading of 250 mr/hr usually implies a dose rate between 240
and 260 mr/hr. Under the best conditions a monitor could sometimes
estimate a third figure which would reduce the range in the above
example to 245 - 255 mr/hr. These four survey meters are illus-
trated in Figures. A. 3A through D.
No alpha monitoring instruments were required throughout the Nougat
series, so they were not carried by monitoring teams. PAC-3G alpha
survey meters^',, , kept in the headquarters building at Mercury, were
ready for use if needed.
Ground monitors were frequently measuring dose rates from airborne
radioactive material which could reduce the reliability and accuracy
of the survey instruments by contaminating them. For this reason
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monitors carried their instruments individually wrapped in thin plastic
bags. Contamination was then easily removed from an instrument by
removing and discarding the outermost bag.
Readings were usually taken with the detector at waist level, about
three feet above the ground, and were made outside the monitor's
vehicle at some distance from it. Occasionally, the reading was made
directly above the surface of an object such as a plant. When this was
done it was noted with the dose rate observed on the monitoring log.
To augment the ground surveys made with portable survey instruments
by mobile monitoring teams, three types of stationary detector-reactor
systems were used during Operation Nougat. No permanent network
of dose rate recorders was established for the Operation. Instead, the
systems were placed by monitoring teams in selected locations during
events in which the added coverage was desired.
One such system consisted of the Beckman MX-5 survey instrument
coupled to an Ester line-Angus clock-driven strip chart recorder.
This system had the advantage of requiring no external power supply,
and of having the length of its record limited only by the life of its
batteries. One disadvantage was the difficulty of maintaining
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calibration, and another was the necessity of selecting one range set-
ting of the MX-5 prior to cloud arrival. If the pre-selected range was
too low for the radiation field encountered, the resulting record could
be used only to determine cloud arrival time or duration of cloud
passage. A totally unreadable record resulted when the pre-selected
sensitivity covered too wide a range of dose rates.
Another dose rate recording system used during Operation Nougat was
the Eberline RM-5 ^ which operated on a 12V DC or 110V AC power
supply. The maximum time interval over which a record could be
made was 26 hours determined by the length and speed of its strip
chart. The system utilized a Geiger tube detector and provided a
sensitivity range of 0.01 to 100 mr/hr. Several of the units were modi-
fied to provide a range of 0.1 to 1000 mr/hr. A logarithmic strip chart
gave this system the capability of recording clearly the fluctuations in
low dose rates as well as peaks of high intensity radiation.
A third system was used on only two occasions during Operation Nougat.
It was a Gelman Type RDR° strip-chart detector-recorder operating
on 110 V AC. Its detector readout had a range of 0-- 100 mr/hr.
Although this system is not pictured here, photographs of the two most
frequently used detector-recorder systems are presented in Figures 4.4
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and 4.5. Significant data obtained from dose rate records are discussed
in Chapter 5.
4.6 FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY
Film badge dosimeters were used extensively during Operation Nougat
to document external radiation exposure to thirty-four locations and
approximately two hundred and forty residents of the off-site area.
DuPont Type 556 film badge dosimeters, supplied and read by the
Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECo) Radiation
Safety group, were used exclusively. These badges contained two film
components, the low range component #508 for exposures of 0.03 to
5.0 roentgens, and the high range component #834 for measuring dose
from exposures of 3.0 to 1000 roentgens. All badges which showed no
exposure were reported by REECo as less than 30 mr and were con-
sidered by the PHS to represent a maximum dose of 30 mr.
Badges worn by individuals could not usually be considered indicators
of dose to other members of their families or to their homes. Most
of the people were quite mobile, and without an unreasonable increase
in Surveillance Program personnel it was not feasible to determine
and record the whereabouts, at any specific time, of even a small
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portion of the 240 badged individuals. Instead, film badges were set
up at reference stations close to the residences of eleven of the people
who wore film badges. These stations consisted of five badges attached
to a wire suspended three feet above the ground. The dose to each
station was taken as the average of the doses recorded by the five
badges it contained. The station dose could then be compared with the
dose received over the same period by the person near whose home the
reference station was located. Reasonable agreement between station
and individual doses resulted at these eleven locations.
To measure cumulative exposure to other locations film badge stations
were established at 34 additional sites. These, like the reference
stations, consisted of five Type 556 badges attached to a wire suspended
three feet from the ground. Occasionally the dose to these stations
was not the average of five film badge exposures since film badges at
unattended locations had a significant mortality rate. Some badges
were destroyed or made unreadable by the occasional extreme heat of
the spring months, and the strong sand-laden winds which arise
frequently throughout the year in desert areas. Also it was found that
badges color-coded with green tape or packaged in green plastic were
apparently considered edible by wandering cattle and other herbivores.
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Stations were repaired and film badges were exchanged at regular
intervals by the PHS field personnel as part of their routine duties.
All data from film badges worn by people or exposed at film badge
stations have been tabulated and are presented in Appendix B with maps
indicating film badge locations,, Maximum doses from each type of
exposure situation are discussed in Chapter 5.
4.7 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING
Whereas dose rate monitoring and film badge dosimetry measure the
external or exposure dose from radiation received by objects, people,
or other living things, the internal exposure must be estimated by
analyzing samples of the many elements of which their environment is
composed. Thus, a surveillance program designed to evaluate the
radiological safety of a population must analyze representative samples
taken frequently from its environment.
During Operation Nougat samples of air, water, milk, vegetation and
soil were taken from the off-site area. Air and, to a lesser extent,
water were sampled regularly throughout most of the Operation. How-
ever, the other sample types were not taken on a routine schedule and
were not truly representative of the environment, since they were
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usually single samples of relatively small volume taken as "grab"
samples from areas known to be within the trajectory of the cloud
arising from a particular event. Some samples given the general clas-
sification of water were samples from puddles and washes filled by a
sudden rain, from drifts of melting snow, or from the edges of shallow
ponds. One must therefore use caution in judging the significance of
radioassay data obtained from them, and it must be emphasized that
one cannot apply these specific data to make general inferences about
the off-site environment or about the dose received by off-site residents-
4.7.1 Air Sampling
Continuous samples of air were taken by collecting airborne particulate
material on Gelman Type E glass fiber filters designed to be 99. 6%
efficient for collecting particles of diameters greater than 0.25 microns
and 98% for 0.05 micron particles. These filters, held in commer-
cially available filter heads fitted to High Volume Samplers, had an
effective sampling area of 63 square inches. During Operation Nougat
samplers made by Staplex Company and General Metal Works^ were
used exclusively. These samplers used Electrolux motors and fans to
draw air through the large filters at flow rates of 45-55 cfm
(1. 3 - 1.6M^/m). The throat of the motor housing of each sampler was
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machined to hold a 3-1/4" diameter activated charcoal cartridge made
by Mine Safety Appliances Co. ^ With the MSA cartridge in place
behind the filter, the normal air flow was between 20 and 30 cfm.
Actual air flow was measured by inserting a rotameter in the orifice
provided at the back of each unit. The samplers with or without the
cartridge in place could be operated continuously over consecutive
24-hour periods without motor burn-out. Service consisted mainly of
replacing motor brushes at regular intervals. A photograph of the air
sampler assembly is shown in Figure 4.6.
Sixteen permanent'air sampling stations were in operation at the begin-
ning of the Nougat series. During the series this number was increased
to 26. Additional air sampling stations were set up temporarily at
selected locations during and after specific events. All locations from
which air samples were taken at one time or another during Operation
Nougat are shown on the map in Figure 1 of Appendix C.
Most samplers at permanently operated stations were tended by local
residents who were paid a nominal fee to cover the cost of electricity
and labor. These routine stations sampled only the particulates on the
glass fiber filters which were changed once a day on a schedule
convenient to the operator. After reading the rotameter and noting this
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reading and the date and time on a collection data sheet, the operator
turned off the motor, and removed the filter sample, placing it in a
glassine envelope with the completed data sheet. He then loaded the
sampler with a clean filter, turned on the motor, took another rota-
meter reading, and noted the reading with time and date on a new
collection data sheet. He was supplied with large pre-addressed
manila envelopes in which to mail the samples to the Off-Site Radiolo-
gical Safety Program laboratory for analysis.
The temporary sampling stations were set up by monitoring teams to
operate from 3.5kw portable generators. Charcoal cartridges were
used in addition to filters at these locations in order to collect gaseous
material as well as particulates. During an event, the ground monitor-
ing teams also inserted MSA cartridges in samplers at permanent
stations located in the predicted cloud trajectory. The monitors then
serviced these samplers until the cartridges were no longer required.
Throughout these periods both cartridges and filters were delivered to
the laboratory by monitoring teams as soon as possible after collection.
Breaks in the otherwise continuous air sampling coverage were due to
A .
motor failure, power failure, unusually bad weather, or failure to
change the samples on schedule. Occasionally a sample was lost, or
35
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the date, time, or rotameter readings were not legible or not indicated.
Efforts were made continually to eliminate the human errors and to
minimize deficiencies due to factors beyond human control.
4.7.2 Water Sampling
Water samples were collected from a variety of sources throughout
Operation Nougat. In general, permanent water supplies such as wells,
springs and tap water were sampled every other month; and other
sources such as ponds, creeks^puddles, and snow were sampled
intermittently in conjunction with the increased surveillance provided
for specific events. Samples were collected in polyethylene bottles by
field personnel or monitoring teams. Reproducible sampling proce-
dures were required if activity in samples from different sources was
to be compared. Therefore, running water was collected whenever
possible, and samples from ponds or puddles were taken from the
surface in undisturbed areas close to the shore.
Varying volumes were obtained by this method, but further refinement
of collection procedures was not feasible. As a result, 400 milliliters
of sample were used for gross beta analysis, and gamma emitters
were analyzed in either 400 ml or one gallon aliquots, depending on
the volume collected.
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4. 7. 3 Milk Sampling
With the exception of samples taken weekly from a farm in St. George,
Utah in connection with the ecology study described in Chapter 3, milk
was not sampled on a regular schedule during Operation Nougat. How-
ever, from November 1961 to June 1962 a total of forty-two milk samples
was taken from ranches and dairies in the off-site area. These were
usually one gallon samples of raw milk collected as part of the added
surveillance provided for specific events.
The Processed Milk Monitoring Network of the Division of Radiological
Health, PHS, was routinely collecting milk samples from Las Vegas,
Nevada and Salt Lake City, Utah during the period of Operation Nougat.
The collection procedures and analytical results have been reported in
Volumes II and III of Radiological Health Data13.
4.7.4 Vegetation and Soil Sampling
With the exception of the ecology study at St« George, Utah, no pro-
gram of routine sampling of soil and vegetation was attempted during
Operation Nougat, although a few samples of vegetation and of soil
were collected in connection with specific events. No attempt was
made to standardize the collection methods, and only qualitative
37
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analyses of these samples were performed. The nature of plants grow-
ing in the arid desert of the off - site area precludes any attempt to
correlate activity in the plants with dose resulting in animals or man.
It is difficult to take reproducible samples of the alkaline, hard-packed,
coarse and dry soil found in many desert regions, and it is impossible
to make general inferences from the data obtained.
4.8 SAMPLE ANALYSIS
During past operations, the Off-Site Radiological Safety Program had
measured gross beta and gross alpha activity in environmental
samples ^» ^» . In 1958, milk samples collected during Operation
Hardtack were analyzed for specific isotopes as well as for gross beta
activity. Analytical methods were developed and improved during the
moratorium period which followed, and late in 1959 the Off-Site
Program obtained its first multi-channel pulse height analyzer. By
the time the Nougat series began, the Program was equipped to make
quantitative measurements of strontium^-89'and -90 and a number of
gamma emitters such as cesium-137, iodine-131, barium-140 and
zirconium-95. By the end of Operation Nougat, methods had been
developed and calibrations made for quantitative spectral analysis of
38
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nine gamma emitters as well as radiochemical analysis of several
additional radioactive materials. The methods and equipment used to
analyze environmental samples during the Nougat series are described
briefly by sample type.
4.8.1 Air Samples
Gross beta counting of air filter samples was done with a large area
(8" x 10") gas flow proportional probe connected to a high speed sealer
to minimize dead time corrections. Efficiency for this system, based
on a strontium-yttrium-90 standard of the same size, was approxi-
o
mately 30 percent. A photograph of this system using the Eberline
probe and an Ultrascaler * ' is shown in Figure 4.7.
Samples were held routinely for five days to allow decay of natural
radioactivity prior to the first count. The second count was made
1 ?
seven days after the first, and a T°* extrapolation was applied to
correct to mid-point or end of collection.
Filters collected for a specific event were: counted as soon as possible,
and then at frequent intervals thereafter, to obtain an empirical decay
curve by which activity could be extrapolated to mid-point of collection.
Since no mathematical model exists for decay of the fission product
39
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spectra escaping from underground detonations, this extrapolation was
made graphically. Where indicated by the initial beta count, selected
samples were submitted to gamma spectrum analysis for qualitative
identification of gamma emitting isotopes. If the presence of fresh
fission products was confirmed, these samples were scanned several
times, and when feasible, an attempt was made to quantitate these
isotopes by the decay pattern of various regions of the spectrum.
Longer lived isotopes, or those for which standards were available,
were quantitated by a matrix method which corrects for mutual inter-
ference between isotopes. If all else failed, the spectrum was smoothed
under each photopeak and this portion was subtracted as a gross
approximation of the background and scattering. Spectrum analysis of
all filters was accomplished by folding the 8" x 10" filter paper in
eighths and placing it directly on top of a 4" x 4" Nal(Tl) crystal*^
coupled to a multi-channel analyzer.
The same method of gamma spectrum analysis was applied to determine
the type and quantity of gamma emitting isotopes collected in the
charcoal cartridges. No holding period to allow for radon decay was
required, and cartridges were analyzed as soon as possible after
collection. The multi-channel pulse height analyzer assemblies and
40
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shields used during Operation Nougat are shown in Figures 4.8 through
4.10. Both 256- and 400- channel analyzers**?, 20 were coupled to
4" x 4" NAI(Tl) crystal detectors contained in massive steel shields.
Although geometry remained constant for spectral analysis of air filters
and of charcoal cartridges, the volume of air collected varied greatly.
Therefore, the minimum detectable concentration of a gamma emitter
cannot be stated for air samples measured this way. In general, a
total activity of less than 500 picocuries* for the shorter lived mate-
rials (Sr91, RulOS, RU106> Te132, I132, I133, I135; Xe135) and of less
than 100 pc for longer lived isotopes (I131, Ba140, Zr95, Cs137)
could be detected but not quantitated.
4.8.2 Water Samples
Water samples were counted for gamma emitting isotopes in a one
gallon inverted well beaker placed over the 4" x 4" crystal of an
analyzer-detector system. If the sample was of insufficient size to
permit this geometry, a 400 ml aliquot was placed in a "cottage
cheese tub" container and centered on top of the crystal assembly.
* one picocurie (pc) equals 2. 2 disintegrations per minute
41
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0. 36 mev
1.6 mev
0. 36 mev
1 . 6 mev
6.5%
2.4%
7.2%
2.3%
Approximate efficiencies for the two methods were:
Container Energy Efficiency
Beaker
Cheese tub
Quantitative determination of the gamma emitting isotopes followed
the procedure used for analysis of air samples,,
All water samples were analyzed for gross beta activity by slowly
evaporating an aliquot to dryness in a 2" diameter stainless steel
planchet and counting the beta activity in a low background counter.
The results obtained were used in conjunction with gamma results to
determine whether radiochemical analysis of strontium isotopes was
warranted.
4.8.3 Milk Samples
One gallon samples of milk were placed in the aluminum beakers having
inverted well geometry, and were analyzed for gamma emitters by the
matrix method. This permitted simultaneous analysis for iodine-131,
barium-140, cesium-137, and potassium-40. When required, chemical
separation of the strontium isotopes was made along with chemical
42
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determination of stable calcium. The total strontium was counted in a
low background beta counter, as was the yttrium-90 daughter of
strontium-90. Detection efficiency ranged from 33% for strontium-90
to 37% for yttrium-90. Strontium-89 was determined by difference
between total strontium and strontium-90 as calculated from the
equilibrium value of its yttrium daughter. These procedures resulted
in the following detection limits for samples of milk or water:
strontium-89 5 p£/L
strontium-90 1 pc/1.
iodine-131 10 pc/1.
barium-140 10 pc/1.
cesium-137 5 pc/1.
zirconium-95 20 pc/1.
4.8.4 Vegetation and Soil Samples
Occasionally soil samples were subjected to gamma spectrum analysis
for the purpose of evaluating gross surface contamination. Difficulties
inherent in collection limited the usefulness of these data, and no
attempt was made to make this a routine sampling program.
Vegetation samples were ground and placed in plastic "cottage cheese
tubs" for gamma spectral analysis, which was normally qualitative for
fresh fission products. Quantitative estimates were made only to
indicate order of magnitude.
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4.9 REPORTING
Surveillance Program activities and findings were reported to the
Test Manager, Nevada Test Site Organization, NVOO, at frequent
intervals throughout Operation Nougat. Reports fell into two general
classes; reports of routine surveillance activities, and reports of
additional surveillance performed in support of specific events. The
latter were called "shot" reports. The former were called "monthly"
reports since each covered the work done during a one month period.
They reported data obtained from routine sampling of air, milk, and
water, and showed the concentrations of radioactivity found in each
sample as well as the concentration at each sampling location averaged
over the entire month.
Shot reports were made in one to three stages. If no activity was
released from an underground detonation, only one report was written
to state that off-site coverage was provided and no radioactivity was
detected. When there was a release of activity, a verbal report was
made six hours after detonation, and a written report listing prelimi-
nary findings and data was submitted 48 hours after detonation.
Approximately three weeks after the shot, an interim shot report was
submitted. This interim report contained a complete description of
44
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the surveillance performed, the data obtained from monitoring and from
sampling, and a tentative evaluation of the results. Occasionally,
supplementary reports were made to transmit data or findings which
were not available at the time the interim shot report was submitted.
All these reports, which were for official use only, are on file with the
Nevada Operations Office, AEG, and with the Off-Site Radiological
Safety Program, PHS, in Las Vegas. The present final report is
essentially a compilation of the routine monthly reports and the shot
reports issued during the Nougat series.
45
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Figure 4. 1. Vehicle equipped for use by an off-site monitoring team.
-------
Figure 4. 2. The EG&G Portable Aerial Survey Meter SBL-2 used
for aerial monitoring during Operation Nougat.
47
-------
Figure 4. 3. A. Beckman MX-5 Portable Survey Instrument.
48
-------
Figure 4. 3. B. Tracerlab AN/PDR-T1B Portable Survey Instrument.
49
-------
Figure 4. 3. C. Precision Model 111 Standard "Scintillator"
Portable Survey Instrument.
50
-------
Figure 4. 3.D. Eberline Model E500-B Portable Survey Instrument.
51
-------
Ui
Figure 4.4. Esterline-Angus recorder with Beckman MX-5
detector set up as a dose rate recording system.
-------
Ul
00
Figure 4. 5. Eberline Radiation Monitor Model RM-5 used
as a dose rate recording system.
-------
Figure 4. 6.
High Volume Air Sampler with glass fiber filter in place, and with MSA
charcoal cartridge shown beside the sampler.
-------
Figure 4. 7.
Counting gross beta activity on air filter sam-
ples using the wide area probe and. Ultrascaler.
55
-------
Illilllll
Figure 4. 8. Radiation Counter Laboratory 256-channel
pulse height analyzer.
56
-------
Figure 4. 9- Single chamber shield containing a 4" x 4" Nal(Tl)
detector.
57
-------
Figure 4. 10. RIDL transistorized 400-channel pulse height
analyzer with double chamber shield.
58
-------
Chapter 5
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND DATA
5. 1 DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION NOUGAT
As mentioned before, Operation Nougat consisted of a series of
forty-two nuclear detonations announced by the Atomic Energy
Commission as being conducted at the Nevada Test Site between
September 15, 1961, and June 30, 1962. All these detonations
took place underground, six of them in tunnels and thirty-six
in wells. Table 5.1 lists and describes the events of Operation
Nougat, showing the date, time and location of each detonation
as well as the laboratory or group by which each device was
tested.
All devices were detonated only under conditions that would
minimize exposures to populated off-site areas. One
of the events was a cratering test (Danny Boy), and it was
expected to release some activity to the atmosphere.
Of the remaining forty-one events, only six released radio-
activity detectable in the area off the Nevada Test Site and the
59
-------
Table 5.1 Nuclear events of Operation Nougat, 9-15-61 to 6-30-62.
i <*MMMMaaa>Mmi^tifciifiiiiB'MMi»i.«»*a«aMaMa>a«M»M«)nMMna*t>TOttt»q»i»«"i^^»i«a**»t»»«««Mi^»a^
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
_
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
; 17
' 18
19
; 20
21
I 22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Event
Antler
Shrew
Chena
Mink
Fisher
Mad
Ringtail
Feather
Stoat
Agouti
Dormouse
Stillwater
Armadillo
Hard Hat
Chinchilla
Cods aw
Cimarron
Platypus
Pampas
Danny Boy
Ermine
Brazos
Hognose
Hoosic
Chinchilla II
Dormouse II
Passaic
Hudson
Platte
Dead
Black
Paca
Aardvark
Eel
White
Raccoon
Packrat
Des Moines
Daman I
Haymaker
Marshm allow
Sacramento
Type
Tunnel
Well
Tunnel
Well
Well
Well
Well
Tunnel
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Tunnel
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Well
Tunnel
Well
Well
Tunnel
Well
Area
12
3
12
3
3
9
3
12
0
3
3
9
n
15
3
9
9
3
3
18
3
9
3
9
3
3
9
9
14
9
9
o
3
9
9
3
2
12
3
3
16
9
Lab
LRL
LASL
LRL
LASL
LASL
LRL
LASL
LRL
LASL
LASL
LASL
LRL
LASL
LRL-DOD
LASL
LRL
LRL
LASL-UK
LASL
DOD
LASL
LRL
LASL
LRL
LASL
LJ .A.O LJ
LRL
LRL
LRL
LRL
LRL
LASL
LASL
LRL
LRL
LASL
LASL
LRL
LASL
LASL
LRL
!. LRL
Date
09-15-61
09-16-61
10-10-61
10-29-61
12-03-61
12-13-61
12-17-61
12-22-61
01-09-62
01-18-62
01-30-62
02-08-62
02-09-62
02-15-62
02-19-62
02-19-62
02-23-62
02-24-62
03-01-62
03-05-62
03-06-62
03-08-62
03-15-62
03-28-62
03-31-62
04-05-62
04-06-62
04-12-62
04-14-62
04-21-62
04-27-62
05-07-62
05-11-62
05-19-62
05-25-62
06-01-62
06-06-62
06-13-62
06-21-62
06-27-62
06-28-62
06-30-62
Ti me
1000-PDT
1445-PST
1000-PST
1030-PST
1504-PST
1000-PST
083 5 -PS T.
0830-PST.
0830-PST.
1000-PST
1000-PST
1000-PST
0830-PST
1000-PST
0830-PST
0950-PST
1000-PST
0830-PST
1110-PST
1015-PST
0830-PST
1000-PST
0844-PST
1000-PST
1000-PST
1000-PST
1000-PST
1000-PST
1000-PST
1040-PST
1021-PST
1233-PDT
1200-PDT
0800-PDT
0800-PDT
1000-PDT
1000-PDT
1400-PDT
1000-PDT
1100-PDT
1000-PDT
1430-PDT
6.0
-------
adjoining Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range (See Figure !.)
For simplicity this restricted area will be referred to as the Nevada
Test Site for the remainder of this report.
Surveillance conducted for the Chena and Stoat events showed very
slight indications of radioactivity at a few close-in off-site locations.
For instance, during Stoat, the only survey meter readings showing
dose rates above the normal background of 0.02 mr/hr were four read-
ings of 0.01 mr/hr above background taken between 1233 and 1238 hours
on a small segment of Highway 95 from 0. 8 to 4. 2 miles east of
Lathrop Wells, about 33 miles from Ground Zero. All readings taken
in this vicinity before and after this five minute period were at back-
ground, and no activity above background levels was detected on any
air sample collected during the Stoat event.
Because off-site levels -were so low, and because measurements were
being made in the presence of activity originating from USSR atmos-
pheric tests, it was not possible to positively identify any off-site
activity as originating from Chena or from Stoat. These two tests are
therefore considered to be among those which did not release activity
to the off-site area . Thus, only seven events, or one sixth of the
total, released detectable activity outside the boundaries of the test site.
61
-------
5. 2 SUMMARY OF SURVEILLANCE PROVIDED AND RESULTS
OBTAINED
The type and extent of surveillance provided by the Off-Site Radio-
logical Safety Program for events of Operation Nougat have been :... '.. :
indicated in Chapter 4 and are reflected in the tables provided in the
Appendices to this report. This section gives a brief resume of the
coverage provided for the seven events in which activity was released
to the off-site area. :
Table 5. 2. 1 presents a thumbnail sketch of coverage provided and
results obtained from surveillance of each of the seven events. For
both aerial and ground monitoring, the mission duration is given as the
total time in hours and minutes that monitoring was conducted on the
day of the event. The end of the mission is noted in hours and minutes
after H-hour, i. e. , H + 4:15 for Antler means the aerial monitoring
mission terminated four hours and fifteen minutes after the detonation.
When remonitoring of some areas was performed on the day or days
following the event, an asterisk is shown after the time the monitoring
mission ended.
Table 5. 2. 2 lists the locations at which air samplers and/or dose rate
recorders were, in operation during the seven events. These stations
62
-------
Table 5.2. 1 Summary of coverage provided and results obtained from off-site surveillance of seven events of Operation
Nougat.
NAME OF EVENT
Date of Event
Time of H hour
AERIAL MONITORING:
Aircraft type
Mission duration
End of Mission
GROUND MONITORING:
Number of teams
Mission duration
End of Mission
Highest Reading:
Dose Rate (mr/hr)
Time (clock)
Location
Dose Rate Recorders
AIR SAMPLING:
Number of Samplers
Number with Cartridges
High filter activity
pc/M3at:
Location of high filter
Antler
9-15-61
1000 PDT
L-20
3-h 15-m
H +4:15
5
5-h 40-m
H + 6:40
12. 5
1317
Twin Spgs.
Ranch
3
13
10
28;CP
Diablo
Feather
12-22-61
0830 PST
U3-A
3-h 35-m
H + 3: 55
5
7-h 35-m
H +9:05
0.08
1611
Death Val-
ley Jet.
4
20
9
440 MP
Bettle's
Farm
Pampas
3-1-62
1110 PST
L-20
2-h 40-m
H +2:40
13
8-h 5-m
H +8:15
0.22
1544
Gunderson's
Ranch
2
24
4
1700 MP
Gunderson' s
Ranch
Danny Boy
3-5-62
1015 PST
U3-A
2-h 51-m
H + 3:17
18
10-h 25-m
H +11:45*
0.47
1325
Warm Spgs.
7
24
6
1000 MP
Warm Spgs.
Platte
4-14-62
1000 PST
U3-A
4-h 30-m
H + 4:30
10
9-h 25-m
H + 9:30*
7.0
1314
Diablo***
5
26
5
34,000 MP
Queen City
Summit**
Eel
5-19-62
0800 PDT
U3-A
2-h 50-m
H+ 2:50
9
12-h 45-m
H + 13:50*
10
0941
Queen City
Summit**
2
26
7
3400 MP
Currant
Des Moines
6-13-62
1400 PDT
U3-A
3-h 2-m
H + 3:02
12
8-h 30-m
H + 8:10*
160
1527
Queen City
Summit
7
26
6
15, 000 CP
Queen City
Summit**
04
Remonitoring of some areas carried out on the following day.
Queen City Summit is a point of high elevation on Highway 25. The net dose rate of 10 mr/hr was measured on
Hwy. 25 5.9 miles northwest of the Summit. High filter activity at residential locations was 10, 000 pc/M3 at
Diablo and Lund after PLATTE, and 5,900 pc/M3 at Diablo after DES MOINES.
See page 94;
MP Mid point of collection period.
CP Time of peak activity during cloud passage over the sampler.
*#*
-------
Table 5. 2. 2 Off-site locations instrumented during seven events of Opera-
tion Nougat
LOCATION
Alamo
Ash Meadows
Beatty
Bettle's Ranch
Caliente
Carver's Rest.
Currant
Death Valley Jet.
Diablo
Ely
Enterprise, Utah
Eureka
Furnace Creek
Goldfield
Gunder son's R.
Hiko
Indian Springs
Las Vegas
Lathrop Wells
Lockes
Lund
Mesquite
Pah rump
Pioche
St. George, Utah
Scotty's Jet.
Shoshone
Stovepipe Wells
Tempiute
Tonopah
Twin Springs R.
Warm Springs
Warm Springs R.
Bald Mountain
Queen City Summit
Reed
Currant Mnt. Sta.
Antler
FC
FC
F
FCR
FC
FCR
FC
FC
F
FC
FC
F
FC
R
Feather
F
FC
FC
FC
F
FCR
F
FCR
F
FC
F
F
F
FCR
F
FC
FCR
F
F
F
Pampas
F
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
FC
F
Danny
Boy
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
FR
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
FCR
FCR
FCR
F
FCR
Platte
F
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
FCR
FCR
Eel
F
F
F
FCR
F
FC
FC
F
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
FC
F
F
F
F
F
FC
F
FC
F
F
Des
Moines
F
F
F
FR
F
FCR
F
F
FC
F
F
FCR
F
F
F
F
R
FC
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
FCR
F
FC
R
R
F - air sampler with filter; C - air sampler with filter and charcoal cartridge;
R- dose rate recorder.
64
-------
are located on the map figures included in the description of each event
given in Section 5.3, and the concentrations of radioactive materials in
air in samples associated with each event are given in the detailed
tables of Appendix C.
In general, the activity levels found in off-site locations were quite low
compared to those measured during previous weapons tests at the
Nevada Test Site ' ' Also, the radioactivity released during
Nougat was usually associated with gaseous material vented from the
underground detonations, rather than with particulate fallout seen to
result from the atmospheric tests of past operations.
5. 2. 1 External Radiation Dose Rates
The highest external gamma dose rates measured by ground monitoring
teams occurred after the Des Moines event on June 13, 1962. Maximum
readings were 100 mr/hr on Highway 6, thirteen miles southwest of
Currant, and 160 mr/hr at Queen City Summit, a point of high elevation
on Highway 25, north of the test site. The 100 mr/hr peak on Highway 6
lasted for four minutes and had dropped to 30 mr/hr within eleven
minutes. The peak reading at Queen City Summit was also of short dur-
ation, remaining between 80 and 160 mr/hr for twenty minutes, and then
65
-------
dropping rapidly to less than 10 mr/hr. The residential location having
the highest gamma dose rate observed during Operation Nougat was
Nyala, where a reading of 100 mr/hr was taken two hours and fifty
minutes after the Des Moines detonation. Again, this peak dose rate
was not maintained for long, having dropped to 8 mr/hr within the fol-
lowing hour. All ground monitoring data taken off site during the .....
seven Nougat events which released activity to the off-site area, are
tabulated, in Appendix A.
5. 2. 2 Film Badge Exposures
Film badge dosimetry showed that of the 240 off-site residents badged,
only twenty percent received exposures above the 30 mr detection
limit. The maximum exposure.-jreadvfcrdrrE a' 'single badge was received
by an individual living at Hiko. This badge indicated a dose of 285 mr
received over the 14-day period between June 18, and July 1, 1962.
The film badge station at Reed, an unpopulated location just outside
the test site boundary, showed the maximum exposure for Operation
Nougat with a reading of 1080 mr from exposure received between
April 25 and June 29, 1962. Badges from the reference stations at
Blue Eagle Ranch showed exposures of 90 and 125 mr between June 11
66
-------
and 19. Badges worn by residents of the ranch during that exposure
period indicated from 50 to 100 mr.
Gamma exposure read from film badges worn by off-site residents,
at reference stations, and at regular film badge stations in the off-site
area are presented in the tables of Appendix B. The locations of these
badges are shown in the figures of this appendix together with graphs
showing exposures to film badge stations received throughout Operation
Nougat.
5. 2. 3 Airborne Radioactivity
The highest concentrations of radioactivity in air were seen in samples
taken after both the Platte and Des Moines events. On a single air
filter the maximum concentration of gross beta activity was 34, 000 pc/
3
M corrected for decay to the mid-point of the sampling period. This
sample was associated with the Platte event, and was taken from Queen
City Summit on Highway 25. At residential locations, the highest Con-
's
centration of gross beta activity in air was 10, 000 pc/M found in sam-
ples collected at Diablo and at Lund, also during surveillance for the
Platte event.
67
-------
The highest concentrations of iodine isotopes in air, as measured by
gamma pulse height analysis of charcoal cartridges, were also associ-
ated with the Platte and Des Moines events. The cartridge from the
sampler at Queen City Summit during Platte, collecting 84-. 2 cubic
meters of air between 1250 and 1540 hours on April 14 (approximately
H + 3 to H +5) contained the highest concentrations of iodine isotopes
seen throughout Operation Nougat. As corrected for radioactive decay
to the mid-point or end of the sampling period, but not corrected for
ingrowth from decay of precursors, this cartridge contained I ,
Te , I , and I in concentrations of 267 pc, 170 pc, 5, 550 pc,
and 17, 800 pc per cubic meter respectively. The highest concentra-
tions of the same isotopes detected by a cartridge sampling at a
residential location were 55. 3, trace, 762, and 2, 800 pc/M at Diablo,
again after the Platte event.
These data are shown in more detail in the tables of Appendix C. From
these tables it will be seen1 that of the air sampled in association with
specific events, twenty-six samples contained gross beta activity in
concentrations greater than 100 pc/M . These twenty-six samples
- were collected from eleven different locations, nine of which were
residential. The data reported in Appendix C pertain to shot-related
68
-------
samples, and therefore often represent sampling periods of less than
24 hours duration. Also, locations such as Gunderson's Ranch, Reed,
and Queen City Summit were not routine air sampling locations, but
were instrumented only for specific events.
If the average activity for each day is considered for the routinely
sampled residential locations, gross beta concentrations greater than
3
100 pc/M were seen to occur in only nine instances at six different
locations. When gross beta activity at each routinely sampled location
was averaged over the number of full days the station operated, no
station showed an average as high as 100 pc/M . Only ten of the
twenty-six stations so averaged showed concentrations greater than 10
2
pc /M . Nine of these ten stations were in operation for more than 100
days during the period of Operation Nougat.
Figure 5.2. 1 shows the average concentration of gross beta activity
in air at the twenty-six routinely sampled locations with respect to the
number of days the air was sampled. Most filters from which these
data were obtained were counted five and seven days after collection
-1 2
to allow for decay of natural radioactivity. A T ' extrapolation was
made to normalize activity to end of collection period for each filter.
Only those filters collected for a specific event were counted as soon
69
-------
(TO
e.
-J
O
£ o
I*. 3
no fl>
O ,-t
(5 §'
rt- O
"> OQ
>< CO
CO =»
05 rt"
g ff
T3 (u
!T 2.
a M-
a ^.
I?
O 0)
4 rt
- Sf
g »
3 3
Z^
O i
p 0)
OTQ £
pi PS
«-> l .
' O
n
O
3
CD
ALAMO (9-61)
BEATTY (9-61)
' CURRANT (10-60
j* DEATH VALLEY JCT. (2-62)
Z DIABLO (9-61)
TJ
r ELY (2-62)
^ ENTERPRISE (2-62)
EUREKA (6-62)
0 FURNACE CREEK (2-62)
> GOLDFIELD (9-61)
O
X. INDIAN SPRINGS (12-61)
W LAS VEGAS (9-61)
^ LATHROP WELLS (9-61)
0 LOCKES (5-62)
0 LUND (2-62)
H MESOUITE (2-62)
PI
W PIOr*HP I? K9\
^ SCOTT Y'S JCT. (2-62)
~« ST. GEORGE (9-61)
O TONOPAH (9-61)
TWIN SPRINGS (5-62)
WARM SPRINGS (9-61)
WARM SPRINGS RNCH.O-61)
C
GROSS BETA ACTIVITY IN AIR AVERAGED OVER THE PERIOD OF OPERATION (pc / M5)
- wo 8
^mmm*~'
i i i i i i i
^!
^^i
^^i
i
^^ 1
^^j
^^ i
i |
i
^^j
^^ i
i
i
^^ i
i
1
^^ i
^^ i
^^ 1 l
i
^^i
^^i
i
i
i
i
i
j
O 30 TO > ~n TO
n S rn < a) rn
.., ₯ > m o >
25° =° 2 o
5 i >
w J» n « «~ J
Q = m ni m
isi s2|
Iss ags
m _ w ^ i- -n
°S^ S^§
>S 5So§
zg 5S
i5 <^5
si 3 i
5 §88
O 00
DAYS OF SAMP' ING STATION OPERATION DURING THE 303 DAY SERIES
-------
as possible after collection, and they were normalized by extra-
polating along a decay curve derived empirically for each filter.
Discrepancies resulting from the two computation methods are in-
significant in the final average obtained.
Most filters were not examined for gamma activity, and charcoal
cartridges were not routinely used at most sampling stations. How-
ever, the results of gamma pulse height analyses of filters having
unusually high beta activity and of cartridges used in surveillance
of specific shots can be summed to give a reasonable estimate of the
total isotope concentration at most sampling locations. The ratio of
the total activity of each iodine isotope detected to the maximum per-
missible concentration for the general population (one-tenth the value
listed in NBS Handbook 69) was calculated for each location by combin-
ing all activity detected during the series at that location. Ratios
greater than 0.001 occurred at only two locations. These were Currant
131
and Diablo, Nevada. At Currant the ratio of total I activity to the
(MPC)a for I131 was 0.007. At Diablo the ratios of I131 and of I133 to
131 133
their respective (MPC)a values were 0.003 for I and 0.009 for I
71
-------
5.2.4 Radioactive Contamination of Water and Milk
No significant radioactive contamination of water supplies resulted
from the Nougat series. The maximum concentration of gross beta
activity found in well water was 54 picocuries per liter in a sample
from Tonopah, Nevada, collected on May 16, 1962. The highest
activity in a sample of non-potable water was found in the March 30
sample from Hot Creek Pond which contained 273 picocuries of gross
beta activity per liter. Results of water sample analyses are tabulated
in Appendix D.
The highest concentration of a fresh fission product in milk was 720
picocuries of I per liter in a sample from Hiko, Nevada, on Novem-
ber 2, 1961. Samples from Hiko taken on December 13, 1961, and on
May 17, 1962, contained less than 10 picocuries of I per liter.
Data from analysis of milk samples will also be found in Appendix D,
except for milk collected as part of the St. George, Utahve-cology study.
These data have been tabulated in Chapter 3.
5. 3 SUMMARIES OF INDIVIDUAL EVENTS
Discussed below are the off-site surveillance activities performed for
72
-------
each of the seven events of Operation Nougat in which detectable radio-
activity was released to the off-site area. The events are treated in
chronological order. A figure showing the location of sampling points
and areas monitored is included with each summary. Detailed tables
of monitoring and of sampling data are arranged in the same chrono-
logical order in Appendices A and C respectively.
5. 3. 1 Antler
The Antler event was the first of the Nougat series. It was a tunnel
shot in Area 12 detonated at 1000 hours PDT on September 15, 1961,
by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. A gaseous cloud of radio-
active material was released from the tunnel and moved north from
Ground Zero at about 11 miles per hour, entering the off-site :area
near. Reed.
Five mobile ground monitoring teams and one aerial cloud tracking
team in a U. S. Air Force L-20 aircraft tracked the cloud and
measured its radioactivity. Thirteen air samplers, ten of which held
charcoal cartridges in addition to glass fiber filters were in operation
at off-site locations. Three dose rate recorders were also in use.
73
-------
Aerial cloud tracking. The aerial team tracked the cloud from
1100 until 1415 hours, when the mission was terminated due to low
readings. It first detected the cloud in the off-site area at 1148 hours
over Reed, where readings were in excess of 5 mr/hr and the cloud
width was estimated at 5.5 miles. The reading over Twin Springs
Ranch at 1204 hours was background. Between 1238 and 1327 hours
the aircraft was refueling at Tonopah. After refueling, no readings
above background were detected from Tonopah to Warm Springs be-r-
tween 1327 and 1342 hours. The cloud was detected three miles east
of Warm Springs at 1346 with a reading of 0. 15 mr/hr at 9000 feet
mean sea level (MSL). The reading two miles west of Twin Springs at
1347 hours was 0. 3 mr/hr, and two miles east of the ranch it was 0. 25
mr/hr at 1350 hours. Over Diablo at 1410, the reading was back-
ground, while over Reed at 9500 feet MSL a reading of 0.15 mr/hr was
observed at 1415 hours. At this time the aerial surveillance mission
was terminated.
Ground monitoring. Gamma dose rates above background were
detected by ground monitoring teams along the roads shown on the map
in Figure 5. 3. 1. Three populated locations fell within this area. At
Diablo the net dose rate was 0.10 mr/hr at 1243 and 1440 hours,
74
-------
although it had dropped to 0.02 mr/hr at 1319 hours. At Twin Springs
Ranch the first reading taken showed a net dose rate of 12. 5 mr/hr at
1317 hours. In about an hour it had dropped by a factor of ten, and by
1620 hours was down to 0. 04 mr/hr. At Warm Springs the net dose
rate of 0. 28 mr/hr at 1342 hours had dropped to 0. 17 mr/hr at 1500
hours, and reached background level approximately one hour after that.
Dose rate recorders. The dose rate recorder at Gunderson's
Ranch detected background dose rates indicating the cloud did not
reach this location. The recorder at Diablo showed that the cloud ar-
rived at 1231 hours. Gross gamma dose rate rose to a peak of 0. 15 mr/hr
within the following three minutes, then dropped to a low of 0. 03 mr/hr
(essentially background) by 1415 hours. It began rising again to a rate
in excess of 0. 2 mr/hr where it remained between 1415 and 1430 hours.
From 1430 to 1650 hours, the record showed a decrease in dose rate
to 0.04 mr/hr and a further decrease to background by 1900 hours.
The record from the recorder at Reed showed cloud arrival at 1117
hours with the peak above 0.2 mr/hr. At 1145 hours, the reading was
0. 12 mr/hr. Dose rate then rose again to greater than 0.2 mr/hr and
remained at this level until 1240 hours.
75
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Sampling. The only glass fiber filter which collected air having
gross beta activity in a concentration greater than background came
from the sampler at Diablo. Fresh fission products were present in
the cartridges sampling at Diablo and Warm Springs. Data fromcanal-
ses of air samples collected during surveillance for Antler are in
Table 1 of Appendix C.
Samples of desert vegetation were taken at Diablo and at Twin
Springs Ranch. No fresh fission products were found on the sample
131 133
from Diablo, although small, but detectable amounts of I and I
were identified in the one from Twin Springs Ranch.
76
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CARVERS
REST.
8A> 182
REED*. 0"*t« City Sum
"
r^ NEVADA
\ scorrr's JOT.
CACTUS SPOS
SH MEADOWS
KEY
J DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH:
CI FILTER
FILTER 8 CARTRIDGE
o 10 20 so «o
SCALE IN MILES
ROADS MONITORED
_ READINGS ABOVE BK&.
BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5.3. 1. Off-site surveillance locations for the Antler event on
September 15, 1961.
77
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5.3.2 Feather
Feather was the eighth announced event of the Nougat series. It was a
tunnel shot in Area 12, detonated by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
on December 22, 1961 at 0830 hours PST. The test released gaseous
radioactive material which moved on a bearing of 210-220 degrees from
Ground Zero and crossed Highway 95 approximately seventeen miles
northwest of Lathrop Wells.
One aerial cloud tracking team in a U. S. Air Force U3-A aircraft,
five mobile ground monitoring teams, and four dose rate recorders
tracked and monitored the radioactivity released to the off-site area. '
Twenty air samplers, nine of which contained charcoal cartridges as
back-up filters, were operated at off-site locations.
Aerial cloud tracking. Aerial tracking showed the cloud entered
the off-site area east of Beatty. At 1117 hours, approximately 10
miles east of Beatty, a reading of 0. 3 mr/hr was obtained. The lead-
ing edge of the cloud was estimated to be about five miles north of
Highway 95 at this time and the maximum reading in this area (taken at
7, 000 feet MSL) was 5 mr/hr. At 1147 hours, the cloud was detected
crossing Highway 95 about seventeen miles northwest of Lathrop Wells,
.78
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with a reading of 0.14 mr/hr at 7,500 feet MSL. . At 1206 hours, 1.0
mr/hr was the dose rate at 6, 000 feet MSL sixteen and one-half miles
northwest of Lathrop Wells. The dose rate was twice that value four
miles north and three minutes later. This 2.0 mr/hr reading was taken
taken at 6, 300 feet MSL. The cloud extended from approximately 13.5
to 19.5 miles northwest of Lathrop Wells at 1220 hours. At 1225 hours.
the aerial surveillance mission was terminated.
Ground monitoring. Ground monitors detected low net gamma dose
rates in the narrow sector shown on the map in Figure 5. 3. 2. All read-
ings taken at Gunderson's Ranch, Furnace Creek, and Stovepipe Wells
were at background. At Lathrop Wells, one reading of 0.02 mr/hr was
taken at 1550 hours. At Settle's Farm, 48 miles from Ground Zero, a
maximum net dose rate of 0.06 mr/hr was detected at 1535 hours. By
1700 hours, readings had dropped to 0.01 mr/hr above background.
Activity was first detected at Death Valley Junction at 1610 hours,
where it rose to a peak of 0. 08 mr/hr at 1611 hours, and dropped to
0.02 mr/hr twenty-four minutes later.
Dose rate was measured on the following day at Beatty and at
Stovepipe Wells. Readings were background. Ground monitoring data
for the Feather event are tabulated in Appendix A, Table 2.
79
-------
Dose rate recorders. Of the four recorders operating at the
locations shown in Figure 5.3.2, the one at Death Valley Junction, 60
miles and 190 degrees from Ground Zero, gave the only record showing
presence of the Feather cloud. At 1825 hours on December 22, when
the record was started, net gamma dose rate was 0.01 mr/hr. This
had dropped to background by 1910 hours, and no change in dose rate
had occurred when the record was stopped at 0815 hours the next
morning.
Sampling. Of the twenty locations instrumented with air samplers,
only five yielded filters showing gross beta activity above background
concentrations. The highest concentration was sampled at Settle's
Farm, where the filter collecting from 1530 to 1705 hours on
December 22 showed 440 pc/M , as corrected for decay to mid-point
of collection. Fresh fission products were detected on filters from
Lathrop Wells, Bettle's Farm, and Death Valley Junction, and on char-
coal cartridges from these three locations as well as from Ash
Meadows and Shoshone. The air sampling data are listed in Table 2
of Appendix C.
No other environmental samples were collected specifically for
surveillance of Feather.
80
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NEVADA
UTAH
AUSTIN
91 V CACTUS SPGS
B/ASH MEADOWS
KEY
./ DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH:
D FILTER
0 FILTER a CARTRIDGE
ROADS MONITORED
_READINGS ABOVE BKG.
BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5. 3.2. Off-site surveillance locations for the Feather event on
December 22, 1961.
81
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5.3.3 Pampas
After Feather, weapons tests released no detectable radioactivity to
the off-site area until March 1, when the Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory conducted Pampas, the nineteenth event of the Operation,
in Area 3. This well shot, detonated at 1110 hours PST, released gas-
eous radioactive material which moved on about a ten degree trajectory
to enter the off-site area over Gunderson's Ranch in Penoyer Valley.
One aerial and thirteen ground monitoring teams, two dose rate record-
ers, and twenty-four air samplers, four of them with charcoal cart-
ridges, gathered surveillance information for Pampas. External
gamma exposure off-site was very low, the highest net dose rate three
feet above ground being 0.22 mr/hr. The highest concentration of
gross beta activity in air, as sampled by a single filter, was 1700 pel
3
M at Gunderson's Ranch.
Aerial cloud tracking. A U. S. Air Force L-20 aircraft and crew
were supplied to the PHS cloud tracking team, which monitored Pam-
pas from 1110 until 1350 hours. Although at this time the body of the
cloud had not entered the off-site area, the aircraft's fuel was low and
the mission was terminated.
82
-------
Ground monitoring. A dose rate above background was first
detected at 1330 hours. This was at Gunderson's Ranch, where.net
gamma dose rate rose very slowly from an initial value of 0.01 mr/hr
to a maximum of 0.22 mr/hr at 1544 hours. By 1745 hours, it had
dropped to 0.01 mr/hr. The first indication of cloud arrival at Diablo
was a net gamma dose rate reading of 0.01 mr/hr taken at 1652 hours.
Dose rate there reached a peak of 0.08 mr/hr at 1708 hours. Thirty-
two minutes later it had dropped to background level. The Pampas
cloud crossed Highway 25 between the Valley Road turn-off and Diablo,
as shown on the map in Figure 5. 3. 3. Dose rate readings taken of.'
site .during Pampas are tabulated in Table 3 of Appendix A.
Dose rate recorders. Records from dose rate recorders at Diablo
and at Gunderson's Ranch substantiated cloud passage information
taken by monitoring teams. The record from Gunderson^s ran from
1400 to 1730 hours. Low dose rates fluctuated between 0.03 and 0. 10
mr/hr (gross gamma) until they rose above 0. 15 mr/hr between 1530
and 1550. By 1600, the tracing showed dose rates below 0.05 mr/hr.
The record from Diablo showed the increase in dose rate to be a
smooth, sharp rise at about 1645 to a peak level slightly above 0.08
mr/hr just after 1700 hours. Dose rate dropped rapidly to 0.04 mr/hr
83
-------
at 1730, and then very slowly until 1930 hours when the record
stopped.
Sampling. Air samplers at Gunderson's Ranch, Diablo, and Hiko
collected fresh fission products. The filter from Gunderson's, which
showed a gross beta activity concentration of 1700 pc/M between 1245
and 1750 hours on March 1, contained 8.6, 180 and 240 pc/M of iodines
131, 132, and 133, as corrected for decay to the mid-point of the sam-
pling period. Iodine-133 and iodine-135 were seen on the cartridge
which sampled concurrently. Although air sampled by the filter at
Diablo between 1330 and 1730 hours contained gross beta activity at
3
only 830 pc/M , it contained about the same concentrations of iodine
isotopes as did the air sampled at Gunderson's Ranch. The cartridge
at Diablo also contained Iodine-133 and-13'5. The cartridge from Hiko
indicated that a low concentration of iodine-133 had been present be
tween 1625 hours on March 1, and 0900 hours the following day. These
data are presented in Appendix C, Table 3.
84
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AOAVEN
0*4 Sag, Hi.
wCutf""* N(»
CACTUS SPSS
SH MEADOWS
9AH
KEY
DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH:
D FILTER
B FILTER a CARTRIDGE
ROADS MONITORED
__ READINGS ABOVE BKG.
BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5.3.3. Off-site surveillance locations for the Pampas event on
March 1, 1962
85
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5.3.4 Danny Boy
Danny Boy, the next announced event and twentieth of the series, was
a cratering experiment conducted by the Department of Defense on
March 5, 1962. The Danny Boy device was detonated in a well in Area
18 at 1015 hours PST. The resulting cloud traveled to the north, cross-
ing Highway 6 west of Warm Springs. The highest net gamma dose rate
detected off site was 0.47 mr/hr at Warm Springs at approximately
H + 3-1/4 hours.
An aerial cloud tracking team, eighteen ground monitoring teams, and
seven Eberline RM-5 recorders tracked and monitored radioactivity in
the off-site area. Twenty-four air samplers were operated in off-site
locations, and six locations were sampled with charcoal cartridges as
well as with filters.
Aerial cloud tracking. The aerial team in an Air Force U3-A air-
craft first detected the cloud off-site to the north of Silver Bow, a
deserted ranch on the northern boundary of the test site. A pass to
the north from Silver Bow was made at 8, 000 feet MSL with the fol-
lowing readings: two miles north at 1028 hours, 12 mr/hr; three miles
north at 1229 hours, 20 mr/hr; four miles north one-half minute later,
86
-------
26 mr/hr. At 1230 hours, over Highway 6 thirteen miles west of
Warm Springs, the reading was 60 mr/hr. The cloud was estimated
to be seven miles wide at this time.
A snowstorm encountered near Highway 6 made further tracking
impossible. The aircraft therefore returned to the test site and ter-
minated its mission shortly after 1307 hours.
Ground monitoring. As Figure 5.3.4 shows, monitoring for the
Danny Boy event covered an extensive area to the north and east of
Ground Zero. Dose rate readings above background were obtained
only in the small sector of Highways 6 and 25 from west of Clarks
Station to just north of the road to Tybo and just east of Warm Springs.
A rise of 0. 02 mr/hr above background dose rate was observed at
Carver's Restaurant on Route 8A, 121 miles from Ground Zero. This
indication of the cloud's presence lasted less than 30 minutes. The
highest net gamma do:se rate detected was 0.47 mr/hr at Warm Springs
immediately after cloud arrival at 1325 hours.
Route 8A from Carver's Restaurant south to the 8A-Highway 6
junction, and Highway 6 from the junction to Clarks Station, were
monitored again on the day following Danny Boy. Only a few readings
above background were obtained, the highest of which was 0. 08 mr/hr
87
-------
at the Stone Cabin Ranch north of Clarks Station. All dose rate readr
ings taken off site during surveillance of Danny Boy are listed in
Table 4 of Appendix A.
Dose rate recorders. Only one of the seven dose rate recorders in
operation off-site showed dose rates above background. This was at
Warm Springs where the record showed cloud arrival at approximately
1300 hours, followed by a rise to 0. 35 mr/hr by 1330 hours. About 20
minutes later, dose rate increased further to a peak of 0.6 mr/hr just
before 1400 hours. This peak dropped rapidly to 0.2 mr/hr at 1420
hours. Only background levels were recorded after 1620 hours.
Sampling. The only glass fiber filter having gross beta activity
above background concentration was the one sampling at Warm Springs
between 1020 and 1513 hours on March 5. Both this filter and the
charcoal cartridge sampling concurrently, contained short-lived iodine
isotopes. The cartridge sampling air at Carver's Restaurant between
1715 hours on March 5 and 1530 hours on March 6 contained iodine-131
and -133, although the filter showed only background concentration of
gross beta activity.- At Warm Springs, 74 miles from Ground Zero,
cloud activity was probably predominately in particulate material, but
by the time the cloud reached Carver's Restaurant, 121 miles from
88
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NEVADA
UTAH
^AUSTIN
ARVERS
ROUND MNT. 9K REST
HA! lez
q s O9LUN(>
CURRANT
QfcPIOCME
PAN AC A
REEDV gurm C'tf Sun
TEMPIUTE
ATHROP :
LLS L.
L*KC Ml AD
BOULDER CITY N 'ARIZ
KEY
DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH:
D FILTER
B FILTER a CARTRIDGE
ROADS MONITORED
MB READINGS ABOVE BKG.
BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5.3.4. Off-site surveillance locations for the Danny Boy event on
March 5, 1962.
89
-------
Ground Zero, only gaseous material remained. Data from air samples
collected during Danny Boy surveillance are given in Table 4 of
Appendix C.
90
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5.3.5 Platte
The next release of radioactive material to the off-site area came
over a month later with the Platte event on April 14, 1962. This was
a tunnel shot, conducted by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in
Area 14 at 1000 hours PST. The radioactive cloud, containing both
gaseous and particulate material, moved north from Ground Zero at
about eighteen miles per hour. It crossed Highway 25 near Queen City
Summit, passed between Nyala and Adaven, and crossed Highway 6
north of Currant.
An aerial cloud tracking team followed the cloud's progress for four
hours and thirty minutes. Ten ground monitoring teams made dose
rate measurements along the cloud path for nine and one-half hours
on April 14. They re-monitored several areas on the following day to
determine if significant dose rates could be obtained from deposited
material. Five dose rate recorders and twenty-six air samplers,
five having both filters and cartridges, also documented the effect of
the Platte release on the off-site area.
Aerial cloud tracking. At 1221 hours, when the eastern edge of
the cloud was found to extend along the Valley Road north of the test
91
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site, the tracking aircraft was sent to locate three ranch hands who
were reported to be in the path of the approaching cloud. After spot-
ting them and notifying Net Control of their approximate location, the
aerial team resumed its cloud tracking mission.
At 1248 hours, the team first detected the cloud in the off-site
area with a reading of 20 mr/hr taken at 6000 feet MSL over Gun-
derson's Ranch in Penoyer Valley. At 1253 hours, a reading of 30
mr/hr was observed at 8000 feet MSL over Queen City Summit. Fol-
lowing Highway 25 north to Diablo, no readings above background were
observed there at 1305 hours. One minute later, however, the leading
edge of the cloud was detected five miles southeast of Diablo with a
reading of 12 mr/hr taken at 7500 feet MSL.
In a pass from twelve miles north of Gunderson's Ranch to fifteen
miles north of Queen City Summit at 1314 hours, a reading of 1 6
mr/hr was obtained at 7500 feet MSL. At 10, 000 feet MSL, 20 miles
north of Queen City Summit, a reading of 15 mr/hr was obtained at
1347 hours. In a pass from Nyala to Adaven, beginning at 1355 hours,
no readings above background were observed.
The mission was terminated at 1430 hours due to low fuel, with no
further readings taken over the off-site area.
92
-------
Ground monitoring. The areas in which dose rate was measured
by ground monitoring teams on April 14 are shown on the map in
Figure 5.3.5. Cloud activity and velocity measured as the cloud moved
out from Ground Zero indicated that dose rates in the off-site area
could be expected to be somewhat higher than those previously seen
during the Nougat Operation. To insure a minimum exposure to the
general population, the portion of Highway 25 within the predicted
cloud path -was cleared and blocked to traffic until PHS monitors had
determined that the cloud had passed without significantly contami-
nating the highway. Eight vehicles were held at the north roadblock,
located at the junction of Highway 25 with the road to Nyala. Two
were held at the south road block, established where Valley Road
meets Highway 25.
Three ranch hands, who had earlier entered the area covered by
the roadblock, were spotted by the aerial cloud tracking team, inter-
cepted by a ground monitor on Sand Springs Road, and were directed
to the nearest roadblock where they were surveyed with dose rate
meters. Their clothing was found to be only slightly contaminated
and no decontamination was necessary. This incident has been de-
scribed fully in Chapter 2.
93
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The highest dose rate detected off site was 47 mr/hr above back-
ground. This was observed at Queen City Summit at 1251 hours, where
the cloud was first monitored 34 minutes earlier. Somewhat lower
readings were detected along Highway 25 southeast of Queen City Sum-
mit. At 1310 hours a net gamma dose rate of 12 mr/hr was detected
4. 5 miles southeast of the Summit. These readings are not included
with the maxima shown in Table 5.2.1 because they were observed '. . ,
within the area restricted by roadblocks and, therefore, do not apply
to the general off-site population.
The highest net gamma dose rate in a populated area was 7. 0
mr/hr at Diablo. This measurement was taken at 1314 hours, 43
minutes after cloud arrival. Dose rate decreased steadily from this
peak within the next 15 minutes to reach about 1 mr/hr at 1329 hours.
The complete sequence of dose rate measurements taken at Diablo will
be found in Table 5 of Appendix A.
Maximum gamma dose rate readings taken in other residential
locations were the following: Gunderson's Ranch (78°, 22 miles) -1.5
mr/hr at 1221 hours; Adaven (26°, 71 miles) - 1.1 mr/hr at 1705
and 1725 hours; Nyala (17°, 77 miles) - 2.4 mr/hr at 1525 hours;
Moon River Ranch (33°, 99 miles ) -0. 05 mr/hr at 1820 hours;
94
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Currant (19°, 112 miles) -0.2 mr/hr at 1738 hours. The complete
tabulation of dose rates measured on April 14 in these and other off-
site locations is presented in Appendix A, Table 5.
The measurements of dose rate from deposited material, taken on
April 15, are also given in Table 5 of Appendix A. Net gamma dose
rate was 0. 03 mr/hr both at Gunderson's Ranch at 1212 hours and at
Currant at 1245 hours. Readings at Diablo, Warm Springs, and Ely
were all background.
Dose rate recorders. The dose rate recorder at Warm Springs
showed the Platte cloud did not reach that location. Cloud passage was
recorded, however, by those operating at Gunderson's Ranch, Diablo,
and Reed. Malfunction of the recorder at Queen City Summit made its
record unreadable.
The cloud arrived at Reed shortly after 1200 hours. Gross gamma
dose rate reached a peak of 2. 0 mr/hr at about 1215 hours, on this
record and then fell rapidly to fluctuate between 0. 2 and 0. 5 mr/hr by
1230 hours. Dose rate remained at 0. 2 mr/hr or less after 1320
hours.
At Gunderson's Ranch, maximum gross gamma dose rate indicated
by the recorder was 1.4 mr/hr at about 1250 hours. Within the next
95
-------
ten minutes, dose rate dropped below 0.2 mr/hr where it remained
for the duration of the record.
The record from Diablo showed cloud arrival to have occurred
shortly after 1230 hours. Dose rate rose to a peak of 7 mr/hr at
about 1315 hours, then dropped rapidly to about 1 mr/hr. Between
1400 and 2100 hours, when the record ended, dose rate fell slowly
from 1 mr/hr to less than 0. 5 mr/hr.
Sampling. Of the 26 locations where air was sampled, the highest
concentration of gross beta activity occurred at Queen City Summit.
The filter which sampled between 1250 and 1540 hours on April 14
showed a concentration of 34,000 pc/M as corrected for decay to
the mid-point of that sampling period. Gamma pulse height analysis
of this filter showed 3220 pc of 1*31 per cukic meter and from three
to six times that concentration of j!33 ancj i!35< Tellurium-132 was
also present on the filter.
The air sampled at Diablo between 1000 and 1605 hours also con-
tained a high concentration of gross beta activity. When activity on the
filter was corrected for decay to mid-point of the sampling period and
averaged over that entire period, concentration was found to have been
10, 000 pc/M . Concentration of gross beta activity at Lund averaged
96
-------
over a 25-hour sampling period was also 10, 000 pc/M , as indicated
by the filter inserted at 1745 hours on April 14.
The location farthest from Ground Zero where gross beta activity
in air was found to be above background concentration was Ely.
Analysis of the filter collecting between 1100 hours on April 14 and
0830 hours on the next day showed average concentration for that
period to have been 250 pc/M
Charcoal cartridges at Queen City Summit, Reed, Diablo, and
Gunderson's Ranch contained short-lived iodine isotopes. Of these,
I was seen to be the most highly concentrated when activity at
time of analysis was corrected for decay to mid-point of collection.
The maximum concentration of I calculated was 17, 800 pc/M at
Queen City Summit.
Data from analysis of all filters and cartridges which contained
activity above background concentrations are shown in Table 5 of
Appendix C.
Water samples collected from Reed at 1330 hours, and from Twin
Springs Pond at 1500 hours on April 14 contained no detectable fresh
fission products. Water taken from Queen City Pond at 1415 hours on
the next day contained 4400 pc I and 3200 pc Te per liter. A
97
-------
sample of snow taken near Adaven late in the afternoon of the four-
teenth contained measurable amounts of these two isotopes and traces
of Rul03- Ru105 and Zr95. Nb95.
Only trace amounts of fresh fission products were detected in sam-
ples of soil taken from Queen City Summit at 1530 and 1600 hours on
April 14. A grab sample of desert vegetation taken there at 1530
hours contained approximately 13 pc of I^-", 6 pc of 1^ , and 4 pc
of Te per kilogram. The same isotopes were present at lower
concentrations in two vegetation samples taken near Reed on the next
day. These data are not tabulated in the appendices, since the values
for concentration of isotopes in grab samples of soil and vegetation
are not quantitative for the reasons given in Chapter 4, section 4.7.4.
98
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BFLCUVADAVEN
RNCH.
KEY
/ DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH:
O FILTER
f\ FILTER 8 CARTRIDGE
ROADS MONITORED
READINGS ABOVE BK6.
BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5.3.5. Off-site surveillance locations for the Platte event on
April 14, 1962.
99
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5.3.6 Eel
The thirty-fourth announced event of the Nougat series released a cloud
of radioactive material to the off-site area. This was the Eel event, a
well shot detonated in Area 9 by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory on
May 19, 1962 at 0800 hours PDT. Winds from the south carried the
cloud north of Ground Zero to cross Highway 25 between Diablo and
Oueen City Summit. Weather observations at H-hour indicated a tem-
perature inversion at 11, 000 feet MSL and showed a maximum wind
directional shear of 38 degrees within the mixing layer. Meteorological
conditions, coupled with terrain influences, were effective in distribut-
ing the cloud activity in a long narrow pattern over the valley north of
Nyala. The most distant point from Ground Zero at which the cloud
was monitored was on Highway 50 between Ely and Eureka. The high-
est dose rate readings there were 0. 08 mr/hr at approximately H + 7
hours.
An aerial cloud tracking team and nine ground monitoring teams tracked
the cloud and measured dose rates in the off-site area. Two dose rate
recorders, nineteen air samplers with glass fiber filters, and seven
air samplers having both filters and cartridges were operating in off-
site locations for surveillance of Eel.
100
-------
Aerial cloud tracking. The aerial team, in a U. S. Air Force U3-A
aircraft, tracked the cloud from 0800 to 1050 hours, when rough weather
made it necessary to end the mission. The first dose rates above back-
ground observed over the off-site area were detected five miles east of
Queen City Summit, where the maximum dose rate was 5 mr/hr at
0924 hours. This reading was taken above the cloud at 11, 500 feet MSL.
At 0935 hours, the cloud was penetrated ten miles north of Queen City
Summit at an elevation of 8800 feet MSL. The dose rate was 10 mr/hr
at this time.
At 1015 hours, a reading taken four miles northeast of Diablo at
11, 400 feet MSL was 7 mr/hr. Rough weather and uneven terrain en-
countered here was beginning to break up the cloud. At 1045 hours a
reading of 6 mr/hr was observed ten miles no.rtheast of Hot Creek
Pond at 8000 feet MSL. Before terminating its mission, the aerial
team remonitored Highway 25 from Diablo to the Valley Road Junction.
Only background dose rates were detected.
Ground monitoring. Highest dose rate readings off site were taken
during cloud passage in the vicinity of Queen City Summit on Highway
25. The maximum net gamma dose rate was 10 mr/hr at 0941 hours
about six miles northwest of Queen City Summit. Dose rates above
101
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1 mr/hr were observed until approximately 11ZO hours from nine miles
northwest to five miles southeast of the Summit. At Diablo, net gamma
dose rate reached a maximum of 1. 5 mr/hr at 1035 hours, and no read-
ings above background were observed at Warm Springs.
On the road to Nyala, the highest net gamma dose rate observed
was 3.0 mr/hr around 1105 hours, while at Nyala itself only very low
readings were taken. Between Lockes and Currant on Highway 6, net
gamma dose rates were less than 0. 3 mr/hr. The highest reading
taken at Currant was 0. 10 mr/hr above background. All net gamma
dose rates north of Currant were below 0. 10 mr/hr with the exception
of two slightly higher values observed on Highway 20 between 1340 and
1 345 hours.
On May 20, the day following Eel, several roads were remonitored.
Except for one value of 0. 18 mr/hr taken near the test site boundary
on the Kawich Road, all dose rates measured off site were 0. 1 mr/hr
or less above background. These monitoring data follow those taken
on the nineteenth in Table 6 of Appendix A.
Dose rate recorders. The record taken between 0900 and 1635
hours on May 1 9 at Gunderson's Ranch showed the Eel cloud did not
reach that location. A Gelman recorder (see 4. 5 of Chapter 4) was set
102
-------
up at Currant at 1245 hours after peak cloud activity had passed.
The highest net gamma dose rate on this record was 0.07 mr/hr
between 1301 and 1304 hours. At 1445 hours when the record was
stopped, the reading was about twice background, showing a net
dose rate of 0.02 mr/hr.
Sampling. Air was sampled by glass fiber filters at nineteen
off-site locations, and by both filters and cartridges at seven other
locations. Analysis of filters showed gross beta activity was above
background concentrations in air at Gunderson's Ranch, Tempiute,
Diablo, and Currant.
The filter showing the highest concentration of gross beta activ-
ity in air had been sampling at Currant between 0705 and 2000 hours
on May 19. Activity extrapolated to mid-point of this sampling peri-
od indicated a concentration of 3400 pc/M . Although dose rates
above background had not been detected at Gunderson's Ranch, the
air filter which sampled from 0900 to 1635 hours contained activity
to indicate the average concentration of gross beta activity in air
had been 1000 pc/M . Activity on this filter was also corrected
for decay to mid-point of the sampling period.
103
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Charcoal cartridges from Gunderson's Ranch, Diablo, and
Currant contained measurable amounts of fresh fission products. The
cartridge from Currant indicated highest iodine concentrations in air
to have existed at Currant between 2000 hours on May 19 and 0645
hours the following morning. Average concentration of 1-131 corrected
for decay to mid-point of the sampling period was 5.6 pc/M .
Air sampling data collected for surveillance of the Eel event are
presented in Table 6 of Appendix C.
Water samples were taken on May 19 from three sources in the off-
site area. These were the Queen City Summit pond (43 miles from
Ground Zero), a pond at Nyala (80 miles), and Hot Creek Pond (99
miles). None of these sources supply water for human consumption.
Only the sample from the pond at Queen City Summit contained fresh
fission products. Iodine isotopes of mass numbers 131, 133, and 135
were present in concentrations of 1.7, 24, and 35 pc/1. Seven and
1 32
three tenths picocuries of Te were also detected per liter of water.
Grab samples of soil from Queen City Summit, from 7 miles west
of Nyala, and from the vicinity of Lockes contained small amounts of
I131, I133, and traces of Te132. The Queen City Summit sample con-
tained the highest concentration of each isotope. These isotopes were
not detected from a soil sample collected from Diablo.
104
-------
CARVCMS
NEST
BAI (82
QfcPIOCHE
PAN AC A
l£L.RliDVO«»"» C/'/ Sun.
TEMPIUTE
D
STEWARTS
NEVADA RNCH'
ENTERPRISE^ Q
KEY
/ DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH*.
O FILTER
O FILTER a CARTRIDGE
ROADS MONITORED
__READINGS ABOVE BKG.
.BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5. 3.6. Off-site surveillance locations for the Eel event on
May 19, 1962.
105
-------
Grab samples of desert vegetation were taken from the same
locations. The same isotopes were identified on vegetation as in soil.
Levels of activity, when corrected for decay to estimated time of cloud
passage, were higher on vegetation, however. Again, the highest con-
centrations were in the sample from Queen City Summit. The
vegetation sample from Diablo contained only a trace of I
106
-------
5.3.7 Des Moines
The thirty-eight event of Operation Nougat, and the last of the series to
release radioactive material to the off-site area, took place on June 13,
1962 at 1400 hours PDT. This was Des Moines, a tunnel shot in ArealZ
conducted by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.
Originally, a dense black cloud apparently containing both gaseous and
particulate material formed over Ground Zero and was carried north by
35 mph winds. As it moved, its color changed to a light brown. By the
time it entered the off-site area, between Reed and Gunderson's Ranch,
its composition was almost entirely gaseous. This gaseous cloud
moved rapidly north of the test site until it crossed Highway 50 between
Ely and Eureka. There it appeared to slow down, since relatively
higher levels of activity were detected in this area than at locations
along the cloud trajectory closer to the test site. This effect may have
been caused by night drainage winds moving against the winds prevail-
ing during the day.
The aerial cloud tracking team and twelve ground monitoring teams
followed the Des Moines cloud and measured dose rates in the off-site
area. Seven dose rate recorders and twenty-six air samplers, six of
107
-------
them with both filters and cartridges, were operating at off-site
locations. In addition, water samples were taken from five open and
thirteen covered sources, and within sixteen days following Des Moines,
milk samples were collected from ten off-site locations. Fallout trays,
not previously used off site during Nougat, were set up at four
locations. Several grab samples of vegetation were also collected.
Aerial cloud tracking. A U. S. Air Force U3-A aircraft and crew
were again supplied to the PHS cloud tracking team. They first encoun-
tered the Des Moines cloud in the off-site area when its leading edge
was about three miles south of a line between Reed and Gunderson's
Ranch at 1510 hours. Ten minutes later, a reading of 300 mr/hr was
taken at 10, 000 feet MSL three miles northwest of the Ranch.
The cloud's leading edge reached Highway 25 at 1523 hours. Eight
miles southeast of Queen City Summit dose rate measured in the plane
was 50 mr/hr. Over the Summit at 1525 hours, dose rate was 100 mr/
hr.. At the cloud's trailing edge three miles southeast of Reed at 1535
hours, the dose rate was also 100 mr/hr.
As the body of the cloud passed over Queen City Summit at 1545
hours, it appeared to split. A small narrow arm followed Penoyer
Valley and Quinn Canyon northeast toward Adaven. The main cloud
108
-------
continued north over the Quinn Canyon range, so that by 1600 hours the
west edge of the cloud was over the center of the dry lake northeast of
Diablo. At 1604 hours, a reading of 20 mr/hr was taken three miles
south of Diablo at 10, 000 feet MSL. At 1620, the main cloud extended
from four miles south of Nyala on the north, to seven miles east of
Nyala Road's junction with Highway 25 on the west. The trailing edge
was twenty miles northeast of Queen City Summit at 1640 hours, where
the dose rate was 10 mr/hr. Readings during this period and all those
taken thereafter were made at an altitude of 10, 000 feet MSL.
The eastern arm of the cloud was detected three miles south of
Pine Creek Ranch at 1615 hours. At 1642 hours, the dose rate observed
one half mile west of the Ranch was 30 mr/hr. Soon after this time the
eastern arm joined the main cloud near Adaven.
The cloud's leading edge had moved over the dry lake between
Lockes and Nyala by 1655 hours, and its trailing edge was between this
lake and Nyala at 1705 hours. Dose rate in the aircraft was 50 mr/hr
at this time. The same dose rate was detected over Nyala at 1707
hours.
Soon after this, low fuel and approaching darkness required the
aerial team to end its mission. Before leaving the area, however, it
assisted Net Control in positioning a ground monitor on Highway 6 in
109
-------
the center of the estimated cloud path.
Ground monitoring. Both gamma and beta plus gamma dose rates
were extensively measured in the off-site area by ground monitoring
teams. Dose rates off site were found to be generally higher after the
Des Moines detonation than they had been after other events of Opera-
tion Nougat. This was probably more the result of the unusually high
wind speeds than of any other contributing factor.
The highest reading observed after Des Moines, and also the high-
est of the Nougat series, was taken at Queen City Summit on High-way 25,
thirty-seven miles from Ground Zero. There net gamma dose rate
reached a peak of 160 mr/hr at 1527 hours and was greater than 100 mr/hr
between 1525 and 1545 hours. The dose rate then dropped an order of
magnitude to be 10 mr/hr at 1605 hours.
The highest net gamma dose rate detected at a residential location
was 100 mr/hr. Two hours and fifty minutes after detonation this dose
rate was observed at Nyala, seventy-five miles from Ground Zero. At
1703 hours, the dose rate there had dropped to 60 mr/hr, and one hour
later was down to 8 mr/hr. The last dose rate recorded at Nyala on
June 13 was 5 mr/hr at 1849 hours.
Other residential locations at which ground monitors measured dose
rates above background were: Diablo, where the maximum net gamma
110
-------
dose rate was found to be 42 mr/hr at ground level at 1545 hours;
Currant, where the dose rate was 11 mr/hr at 1820 hours and 2. 5
mr/hr at 2032 hours; Duckwater, where 3.5 mr/hr above background
was observed at 1849 hours; and Eureka, where a reading of 0. 03 mr/
hr above background was observed at 2018 hours. Monitors at Twin
Springs Ranch and at Warm Springs detected no dose rates above back-
ground.
All dose rates measured by ground monitoring teams on June 13
are listed in Table 7 of Appendix A, and the map in Figure 5. 3. 7 illus-
trates the pattern of monitoring carried out on the day of the Des Moines
event. It will be noted that few monitoring data are available for the
area north of Highway 6. This is because few roads exist in that area,
and the cloud was traveling too fast for effective cross-country tracking.
Dose rates taken in areas remonitored on June 14 are also given in
Table 7 of Appendix A. Background dose rates were found at Tempiute,
Warm Springs, Twin Springs Ranch, Pine Creek Ranch, and at
Eureka. Low net gamma dose rates of 0. 01 to 0. 02 mr/hr were
detected at Adaven and at Uhalde Ranch nearby between 1515 and 1530
hours. Higher net gamma dose rates were recorded at Diablo, Nyala,
Lockes, Currant, Duckwater, Moorman Ranch, and Ely. The highest
dose rate measured at any residential location on June 14 was 1 mr/hr
111
-------
at Currant at 1817 hours. All other dose rates detected at the
locations listed were 0.9 mr/hr or less above background.
Dose rate recorders. Each of the seven dose rate recorders opera-
ting at off-site locations for surveillance of DBS Moines provided
recorders showing elevated dose rates.
At Reed, the record showed dose rates fluctuating to a maximum
of 0. 2 mr/hr between 1744 and 1909 hours. After 1920 hours the record
showed only background dose rate. This recorder operated from 1520
to 2223 hours on June 13.
At Gunderson's Ranch, the only activity above background recorded
between 1415 hours on June 13 and 1050 hours the next day occurred
over a ten minute period beginning at 1941 hours on June 13. Peak dose
rate was 0. 14 mr/hr above background.
At Diablo, the record showed cloud arrival at 1537 hours on June
13. Dose rate fluctuated to a maximum of 60 mr/hr until 1602 hours,
and then dropped steadily to 7 mr/hr by 1624 hours, and to 2 mr/hr
by 1920 hours on June 14.
At Warm Springs, an unusual record was obtained. Activity above
background was recorded over five discrete time intervals, and dose
rate was constant during each one. The time intervals and net dose
112
-------
rates were: 1805 to 1836 hours - 0. 04 mr/hr; 1947 to 2023 hours - ,
0. 05 mr/hr; 2042 to 2044 hours - 0. 06 mr/hr; 2204 to 2225 hours -
0.05 mr/hr; and, 2352 hours on June 13 to 0018 hours on June 14 -
0. 04 mr/hr. It appeared that this unusual record was caused by
monitors who parked their slightly contaminated vehicles near the
recorder when they stopped at Warm Springs for food or gas.
At Currant, peak dose rate was recorded as 11 mr/hr at the time
the record began early in the evening of June 13. Dose rate dropped
rapidly from then until midnight to less than 2. 5 mr/hr. Throughout
June 14 it continued to drop, although at a slower rate, so that at mid-
night on June 14 dose rate was 0. 5 mr/hr. The record thereafter
showed a very gradual decrease in dose rate until background was
reached around noon on June 17.
The record from a recorder located 9.8 miles northeast of Currant
distinctly showed cloud arrival at H + 4 hours. From that time dose
rate rose within less than an hour to a peak of 10 mr/hr. It then
dropped rapidly within the next hour to less than 2. 5 mr/hr. Between
2000 hours on June 13 and 0730 hours on June 14, dose rate dropped
continuously to less than 1 mr/hr when the record stopped.
The recorder at Lockes also showed a distinct and rapid rise in dose
rate beginning just before 1800 hours on June 13. The peak of 10 mr/hr
113
-------
was reached within a few minutes, and within an hour dose rate had
dropped to less than 2 mr/hr. By noon on June 14, dose rate was
about 0. 2 mr/hr, after which it continued to drop slowly to reach
0. 1 mr/hr when the recorder was stopped at 0700 hours the following
morning.
The data from dose rate recorders supported that taken by ground
monitoring teams except at Diablo. There, the recorder detected a
peak dose rate of 60 mr/hr, while the monitor detected a peak of
42 mr/hr at ground level. The monitor's instruments were calibrated
before the event and were checked for calibration after the event. Sur-
vey instruments generally maintained their calibration better than did
the recorder-detector systems. Therefore, the monitor's measure-
ments were probably the more accurate of those made at Diablo.
Sampling. Analysis of filters from air samplers at Gunderson's
Ranch, Queen City Summit, Diablo, Warm Springs, Currant, Lund,
and Eureka indicated that concentration of gross beta activity in air at
those locations had been increased above background levels by the
Des Moines cloud.
Activity collected on the filter from Queen City Summit between
1410 and 1910 hours on June 13 indicated a concentration in air much
114
-------
higher than that measured at any other off-site location. Analysis of
this sample showed average concentration of gross beta activity was
15, 000 pc/M when corrected for decay to time of cloud passage at
1615 hours. Gamma pulse height analysis of the same filter showed
220, 000 pc of I135, 14, 000 pc of I133, 1 300 pc of I1 31, 3000 pc of
Te , and over 200 pc of Ru and of Ba -La per cubic meter
of air. The charcoal cartridge inserted behind this filter indicated an
135 3
I concentration in air of 6400 pc/M . All isotopes found on the
filter were also present in the cartridge, although in much smaller
amounts.
The highest concentration of gross beta activity in air at a residen.-
tial location was 5900 pc/M at Diablo. Activity on the filter collecting
between 0840 and 1925 hours was extrapolated to time of cloud passage
to obtain this value. Gamma pulse height analysis of this filter showed
135
that I was the predominant isotope with a concentration at cloud
3
passage time of 20, 000 pc/M . The charcoal catridge contained one-
1 35
tenth that concentration of I . Both the filter and the cartridge from
Diabl.o contained the same fission products as were identified in the
samples from Queen City Summit.
A second air sampler, containing only a. filter, was also operating
at Diablo. This sampler collected airborne material over two 24-hour
115
-------
periods beginning at 0700 hours on June 13. Activity counted on these
two filters was not corrected for decay, but was averaged over the 24-
hour sampling period to yield average concentrations for June 1 3 of
217 pc/M3 and for June 14 of 26 pc/M3.
Data pertaining to all air samples which contained activity above
normal levels are presented in Table 7 of Appendix C. In studying
these data, the time to which sample activity was corrected for decay
should be noted, since it varies between samples taken from a single
location.
Fallout trays were set up at Gunderson's Ranch, Queen City Summit,
Diablo, and Warm Springs. Fallout trays used by the Off-Site Radio-
logical Safety Program were 8" x 10" aluminum plates coated on one
side with a sticky, non-drying resin mixture. These plates were
clipped, sticky side up, to a support plate which was in turn fastened
horizontally on wooden posts to be three feet above ground level.
After exposure, each tray was removed from its support, placed in
a glassine envelope on which exposure period was recorded, and car-
ried to the laboratory for analysis. Gross beta activity on the trays
was counted in a wide-area probe, and gamma emitters were measured
by placing the trays on top of the 4" x 4" crystal of the crystal-analyzer
system described in Chapter 4.
116
-------
Gross beta activity was highest on the tray exposed.at Diablo
between 0830 and 1920 hours on June 13. Corrected for decay to time
of peak cloud activity over Diablo, this tray collected 100 microcuries
of gross beta activity per square meter. Fresh fission products iden-
tifiedonthetraywerel131, I133, Te132, Ru103, and Ba14°-La140.
133 2
Of these, I was present in the greatest concentration of 4. 7 u.c/M .
Tellurium-1 32 activity, the second most concentrated, was about a
factor of seven lower.
The tray exposed at Queen City Summit between 1420 and 1700
hours contained gross beta activity of 55 fic/M corrected to time of
cloud passage. One-tenth microcurie of Ba -La was present per
n * t r133 j o 103
square meter, as were smaller amounts 01 1 and Ku
The tray exposed at Gunderson's Ranch from 1400 hours on June 13
to 1100 hours the next day showed gross beta activity of fallout at time
of cloud passage to have been 0. 52 |j,c/M . About half that concentra-
tion was measured on the tray from Warm Springs.
During surveillance of the Des Moines event, water samples were
collected on June 14 from eighteen off-site sources. Location of these
sources is listed below by name and by azimuth and distance from
Ground Zero. Only the samples from the three open sources marked in
the list with an asterisk (*) contained detectable concentration of fresh
fission products.
117
-------
Wells or Covered Springs Open Springs or Ponds
Tempiute (43°, 39 mi. ) *Nyala (19°, 75 mi. )
Warm Springs (352°, 67 mi. ) Blue Eagle Ranch (21°, 97 mi. )
Adaven (30°, 72 mi. ) *Currant (20°, 112 mi.)
Bordoli Ranch (24°, 78 mi.) * Ranch near Duckwater
Rattlesnake (1°, 84 mi. ) (15°, H6mi.)
Lockes (14°, 95 mi. ) 17 mi. S of Hwy. 50 (7°, 134 mi. )
Blue Eagle Ranch (21°, 100 mi.)
Sunnyside (37 , 106 mi. )
Currant (20°, 112 mi.)
Lund (30°, 130 mi.)
Eldorado (6°, 150 mi. )
Moorman Ranch (15 , 154 mi. )
Eureka (3°, 159 mi. )
When activity was corrected for decay to estimated time of peak
cloud.activity over the source, the following results were obtained:
the water sample from Nyala contained, at 1650 hours, 2400 pc I ,
31, 000 pc I133, and 36, 000 pc Te132 per liter; the one from Currant
133 131
contained, at 1830 hours -- 4200 pc I , and no detectable I or
Te per liter; the one from the ranch near Duckwater contained, at
1825 hours -- 9000 pc I133, 3900 pc Te132, and no detectable I131 per
liter. It should be noted that these water samples were from open
springs or ponds, and that no activity was detected in any sample from
a covered spring or well.
Data from analysis of the ten milk samples collected after the
Des Moines event from off-site locations north of the test site are
118
-------
shown in Table 5. 3. 7. The highest 1*31 concentration was found in the
sample collected from Elko, Nevada one week after the Des Moines
detonation. Concentration of Cs , Sr , and Sr were also highest
in the Elko sample.
Several fresh fission products were identified in the grab samples
of vegetation taken from twenty-three off-site locations on June 13
and 14. As would be expected, activity levels of I and I were
distinctly higher than those of I ^ . Relatively higher levels of gamma
activity were found in samples from Queen City Summit, the road to
Nyala, and from the vicinity of Currant than were seen at Warm
Springs, Sunnyside, Lund, Eureka, or other locations to either side
of the cloud trajectory. In general, the vegetation sample data indi-
cated the same dispersion pattern of cloud activity as was determined
from air sampling and ground monitoring data.
119
-------
Table 5. 3.7. Data from milk samples collected for surveillance of
Des Moines.
Location
(Az. &JDist. from GZ)
Adaven
(30°, 72 mi.)
Blue Eagle Ranch
(21°, 97 mi.)
White River Val. R.
(22°, 135 mi.)
Austin
(342°, 166:.mi.)
Robbins Ranch
(23°, 216 mi.)
Battle Mountain
(350°, 243 mi.)
Carlin
(1°, 243 mi.)
Elko
(5°, 254 mi.)
Wells
(13°, 280 mi.)
20 miles N of
Wendover, Utah
(23°, 294 mi.)
Date
Collected
6/20
6/13
6/13
6/30
6/22
6/28
6/22
6/21
6/23
6/29
Activity (pc/1 at collection
I131 Cs137 Sr89 Sr90
360 75 35 10
20 180 60 13
40 80 60 15
180 75 65 13
520 140 40 5
50 15 190 21
160 120 50 9
610 200 230 38
80 110 135 22
94 25 55 8
gm/J
K Ca
1.3 1.27
1.4 1.28
1.5 1.27
1.8 1.19
1.5 1.00
1.9 1.18
1.1 1.22
1.3 1.22
1.4 1.22
2.0 1.02
120
-------
ILLIPAH/ I MOORMAN
RNCH.
CARVERS
REST
BAI (82
WARM SPSS, flTWIN
Q fcPIOCME
PAN AC A
L4KC at AD
BOULDER CITY N "^ARIZ.
KEY
DOSE RATE RECORDER
AIR SAMPLER WITH:
D FILTER
B FILTER a CARTRIDGE
0 10 20 90 40
SCALE IN MILES
ROADS MONITORED
_ READINGS ABOVE BKG.
» BACKGROUND READINGS
Figure 5. 3. 7. Off-site surveillance locations for the Des Moines event on
June 13, 1962.
121
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REFERENCES
1. Standard Operating Procedure for the Nevada Test Site Organization,
Office of Test Operation, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Albuquerque Operations Office, July 1, I960.
2. Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible
Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational
Exposure, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69, June 6, 1959.
3. Precision Radiation Instruments, Inc. , Los Angeles, California
4. Instruction Manual - Portable Aerial Survey Meter, Santa Barbara
Laboratory Report No. S-20, Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier,
. Inc. , Santa Barbara, California.
5. Instruction Manual - Portable Aerial Survey Meter, Santa Barbara
Laboratory Report No. S-300-MN, Edgerton, Germeshausen &
Grier, Inc., Santa Barbara, California.
6. Beckman Instruments, Inc. , Scientific and Process Instruments
Division, Fullerton, California
7. Tracerlab, Inc. , Waltham, Massachusetts
8. Eberline Instrument Division of Reynolds Electrical and Engineering
Co. , Inc. , Santa Fe, New Mexico
9. Gelman Instrument Company, Chelsea, Michigan
10. The Staplex Company, Brooklyn, New York
122
-------
11. General Metal Works, Cleves, Ohio
12. Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
13. Radiological Health Data, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Radiological
Health, Vol. II, December 1961 through Vol. Ill, October 1962.
14. Report of Off-Site Radiological Safety Activities - Operation
Teapot, Nevada Test Site, Spring" 1955, "by J. B. Sanders, O. R.
Placak, and M. W. Carter.
1 5. Operation Plumbbob Off-Site Radiological Safety Report, by
O. R. Placak, M. W. Carter, and R. A. Gilmore, Nevada Test
Site, Report OTO-57-3, 1957.
1 6. Operation Hardtack - Phase II - Off-Site Radiological Safety Report,
by O. R. Placak, M. S. Seal, J. R. McBride, R. A. Gilmore,
R. L. Elder, and J. S. Silhanek, Nevada Test Site, Report OTO-
58-6, 1958.
17. Nuclear-Chicago Corporation, Des Plaines, Illinois
18. The Harshaw Chemical Company, Crystal Division, Cleveland,
Ohio
19. Radiation Counter Laboratories, Inc., Skokie, Illinois
20. Radiation Instrument Development Laboratory, Inc. , Melrose
Park, Illinois
21. Off-Site Environmental Contamination from Nuclear Explosives
at the Nevada Test Site September 15, 1961 - September 16, 19~62,
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Operational Safety,
TID-18892.
123
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APPENDIX A
DOSE RATES MEASURED OFF SITE FOR SURVEILLANCE OF
SEVEN EVENTS OF OPERATION NOUGAT
Table No. Page
Table 1. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Antler event. A- 1
Table 2. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Feather event. , A- 3
Table 3. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Pampas event. A- 6
Table 4. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Danny Boy event. A-10
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Platte event. A-15
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Eel event. A-23
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of
the Des Moines event. A-30
Notes
Azimuth and distance in tables of dose rate measurements are given
with respect to the Ground Zero of each event.
Dates on which dose rates were measured precede the data. Data
taken on different days are separated by a double line.
The time at which a dose rate was measured is always in the column
heading as the prevailing local clock time.
-------
Table 1. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Antler event.
I
AZIMUTH
(°)
5
6
6
7
65-
9
9
8
8
8
7
6
DISTANCE
(mile)
38
39
41
42
44
45
49
54
44-
47
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
LOCATION
Approaching Reed from the S on the road
from Kawich Lake
2. 8 mi.
2. 7 mi. (from Reed)
1 1
1. 7 mi.
1.2 mi.
At Reed
(on vegetation)
N of Reed on the road to Diablo
2 mi.
3 mi. (from Reed)
4 mi.
ti
8 mi.
it
ti
ii
12 mi.
52 miles SE of Diablo to 5 miles S of
Diablo on Hwy. 25 (7 readings)
Approaching Diablo from the S on Hwy. 25
4 mi.
3 mi. (from Diablo)
n
2 mi.
1 mi.
At Diablo
Going N of Diablo on Hwy. 25 toward
Twin Springs Ranch
1 mi.
2 mi. (from Diablo)
1 1
ii
M
3 mi.
n
4 mi.
5 mi.
M
CLOCK TIME
PDT
9/15/61
1148
1150
1151
1154
1156
1100
1200
1201
1203
1205
1410
1208
1210
1213
1215
1220
123
1225
1226
1227
1100-
1310
1450
1315
1448
1445
1443
1243
1319
1440
1443
1325
1328
1330
1445
1335
1447
1450
1453
1640
DOSE RATE
(net mr/tir)
Y j/3 + y
0. 12
1. 5
0.7
1.7
1.9
Zero
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.8
0.2
0. 58
0. 10
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.04
0. 12
0.08
0.06
All
Zero
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.07
0. 12
0. 10
0.02
0.10
0. 10
0.03
0. 17
0.27
0. 10
0.27
0. 10
0.08
0.09
0.07
A-l
-------
Table 1. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Antler event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(o)
I /
6
5
3
2
1
0
359
1
1
0
359
357
356
355
354
353
353
355
356
357
358
359
0
1
DISTANCE
/m:|-\
\m\ 19 f
59
60
61
63
66
67
68
69
71
72
71
73
72
72
72
75
78
80
81
83
84
85
86
. 90
LOCATION
Going N of Diablo on Hwy. 25 toward
Twin Springs Ranch (Cont. )
6 mi.
7 mi. (from Diablo)
8 mi.
n
10 mi.
13 mi.
14 mi.
16 mi.
17. 1 mi.
17.5 mi.
19 mi.
n
20 mi.
20. 5 mi.
21 mi.
21.5 mi.
22 mi.
At Twin Springs Ranch
Going W of Twin Springs Ranch toward
Warm Springs on Hwy. 25
1.1 mi.
2 mi. (from Twin
2.6 mi. Springs Ranch)
3. 6 mi.
6 mi.
6. 6 mi.
7. 1 mi.
7. 6 mi.
9. 1 mi.
At Warm Springs
NE of Warm Springs on Hwy. 6 going
toward Locke s
0.2 mi.
4.2 mi. (from Warm
7. 1 mi. Springs)
10. 1 mi.
11.2 mi.
13.2 mi.
14. 1 mi.
16.3 mi.
17.1 mi.
21.1 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1455
1457
1345
1500
1252
1350
1300
1355
1305
1306
1309
1400
1402
1311
1403
1313
1315
1317
1405
1620
1320
1445
1323
1325
1450
1330
1333
1337
1340
1342
1500
1610
1352
1358
1445
1442
1407
1410
1437
1413
1432
1427
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
r 1/3 + y
0.09
0.08
0.27
0.08
0.08
0.37
0.33
0.47
0.48
0.7
0.6
'0.6
0.8
1.2
1.0
4.4
10
12.5
1.2
0.04
11.5
0.47
13
11.5
0.27
3.8
1.6
0.4
0.28
0.28
0.17
Zero
0.7
0.7
0.23
0.38
1.0
1. 1
0.4
1.5
0.75
0.6
A-2
-------
Table 2. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Feather event.
AZIMUTH
(°)
37
162-
233
197- .
240
240-
173
197
211
212
213
215
216
218
219
220
221
222
223
DISTANCE
(mile)
38
37-
64
37-
35
35-
42
37
38
LOCATION
At Gunder son's Ranch in Penoyer Valley
Mercury to Stovepipe Wells on Hwy. 95
and Route 58
Lathrop Wells to Beatty on Hwy. 95
On Hwy. 95 from Beatty to 18 miles E of
Lathrop Wells
At Lathrop Wells
On Hwy. 95, going W from Lathrop Wells
toward Beatty
9.5 mi.
10 mi. (from Lathrop
11 mi. Wells)
12 mi.
13 mi.
14 mi.
tt
15 mi.
It
tl
15. 1 mi.
15.5 mi.
15. 7 mi.
tl
16 mi.
1 1
it
M
n
16.5 mi.
17 mi.
tt
M
ii
1 1
it
1 1
tt
it
17.4 mi.
17.5 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PST
12/22/61
1010
1130-
1325
1033-
1125
1125-
1213
1550
1530
1500
1455
1450
1446
1404
1444
1400
1405
1442
1300
1357
1257
1258
1220
1255
1355
1406
1440
1350
1223
1310
1315
1320
1330
1335
1343
1413
1435
1340
1215
DOSE RATE
(net mr/M
y l/s + y
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0. 01
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.06
0. 02
0.02
0.02
0. 04
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.01
A-3
-------
Table 2. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Feather event, (cont'd.)
AZIMUTH
(°)
224
225
226
227
228
229
229-
233
198
202
209
215
219
233
DISTANCE
(mile)
38
38-
37
42
48
45
60
57
64
LOCATION
On Hwy. 95, going W from Lathrop Wells
toward Beatty (Cont. )
17.9 mi.
18 mi. (from Lathrop
11 Wells)
ti
it
ii
18.4 mi.
18.5 mi.
19 mi. (8 readings'
19 mi. (1 reading)
ti
ti
19.4 mi.
19.5 mi.
11
11
19.8 mi.
20 mi.
it
20.2 mi.
20. 3 mi.
20.5 mi.
20. 7 mi.
20.9-
23. 7 mi. (10 readings)
7 miles E of Settle1 s Farm
At Bettle's Farm off Route 29
5 miles N of Bettle's Farm
At Furnace Creek (3 readings)
^
5 miles NW of Furnace Creek
At Stovepipe Wells (5 readings)
CLOCK TIME
PST
1220
1220
1224
1247
1335
1417
1225
1331
1220-
1240
1307
1329
1420
1309
1302
1327
1515
1310
1300
1325
1312
1234
1323
1315
1255-
1320
1508
1535
1624
1640
1700
1554
1300-
1530
1440
1325-
1415
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y /3 + Y
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
All
Zero
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.03
All
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
A-4
-------
Table 2. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Feather event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
193
192
191
190
190-
186
200
194
193
192
192-
190
190
190-
185
240
233
DISTANCE
(mile)
54
55
58
60
60-
55
61
60
60
62
63
64-
70
35
64
LOCATION
On Route 29, approaching Death Valley
Jet. from the N
7.3 mi.
6 mi. (from Death
3 mi. Valley Jet. )
At Death Valley Jet.
Going from Death Valley Jet. to Ash
Meadows
Approaching Death Valley Jet. from the
W
10 mi.
3. 9 mi. (from Death
3 mi. Valley Jet. )
2. 5 mi.
2 mi.
it
Between Death Valley Jet. and 1. 5
miles W of Death Valley Jet.
Going S of Death Valley Jet. toward
Shoshone
1 mi.
2 mi. (from Death
3- Valley Jet. )
11.6 mi.
At Beatty
At Stovepipe Wells
CLOCK TIME
PST
1615
1650
1700
1158
1610
1611
1619
1635
1617
1415
1600
1608
1610
1600
1612
1613-
1617
1645
1647
1649-
1705
12/23/61
0715
0820
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
X |/3 + y
Zero
0.03
0.02
Zero
0.03
0.08
0.01
0.02
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
All
Zero
Zero
Zero
A-5
-------
Table 3. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Pampas event.
AZIMUTH
(°)
23
22
21
25
24
28
28-
47
18
17
16
15
13
12
11
9
DISTANCE
(mile)
41
42
43
44
42
42-
58
45
46
47
48
LOCATION
On Valley Road, NE of the Gunnery
Range Boundary
1. 8 mi.
. 9 mi. (from Boundary)
At Stewart's Ranch
At the Jet. of Valley Road and Hwy. 25
At Tempiute (6 readings)
At Coyote Summit
Coyote Summit to Hiko and Return
(9 readings)
On Hwy. 25 going NW from the Valley
Road Jet.
5.2 mi.
6.5 mi. ^frorn Jet. )
7.4 mi. (2 readings)
it
1 1
II
11
8.9 mi.
10. 5 mi.
" (3 readings)
11.5 mi.
11.6 mi.
12 mi.
12.2 mi.
12.3 mi.
12.4 mi.
12.5 mi. (2 readings)
13.6 mi. (2 readings)
CLOCK TIME
PST
3/1/62
1519
1520
1525
1530
1546
1525
1540
1555
1620
2025
1532-
1730
1535
1535-
1710
1550
1456
1525
1553
1602
1603
1735
1555
1510
1516-
1526
1529
1607
1605
1608
1620
1600
1531-
1535
1537-
1540
DOSE RATE
(net mr/lir)
y |/3 + y
.07
.09
.07
.03
.01
.01
.02
.01
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
.01
Zero
. 08
.09
.05
.05
Zero
. 12
.02
All
.07
.08
.08
. 10
.09
. 03
.07
.08
.06
A-6
-------
Table 3. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Pampas event, (cont'd.)
AZIMUTH
(°)
8
7
7
6
5
3
358
358
DISTANCE
(mil*)
48
49
49
50
51
52
58
62
LOCATION
On Hwy. 25 going NW from the Valley
Road Jet. (Cont. )
14.6 mi.
At Queen City Summit
On Hwy. 25 NW of Queen City Summit
. 1 mi.
. 5 mi. (from Queen City
1. 1 mi. Summit)
1.8 mi.
2. 3 mi.
ii
ii
ii
3. 1 mi.
3. 6 mi.
M
5. 8 mi.
13 mi.
i>
n
At Diablo
(4 readings)
CLOCK TIME
PST
1542
1530
1545
1549
1553
1558
1601
1609
1610
1610
1610
1615
1615
1618
1628
1630
1633
1635
1640
1645
1650
1650
1725
1535
1540
1542
1544
1545
1547
1550
1600
1605
1606
1610
1620
1647
1649
1655
1620-
1645
1652
1655
1656
1657
1700
1702
DOSE RATE
(n«t mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
.03
.04
.03
.04
.07
.04
. 17
.07
.07
. 10
.09
.08
. 13
.08
.03
.03
.04
.03
.02
.01
Zero
Zero
Zero
.04
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.07
.05
.04
.04
Zero
.02
.07
Zero
All
Zero
.01
.02
.02
.03
05
04
A-7
-------
Table 3. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Pampas event, (cpnt'd.)
AZIMUTH
(°)
358
358-
25
16
15
14
13
12
13
16
DISTANCE
(mile)
62
62-
43
50
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
60
43
LOCATION
At Diablo (Cont. )
(3 readings)
On Hwy. 25 from Diablo to Valley Road
Jet.
N of Hwy. 25 on Sand Springs Road
4.3 mi.
6. 3 mi. (from Hwy. 25)
7. 3 mi.
8. 3 mi.
9. 3 mi.
9. 5 mi.
10. 1 mi.
11. 1 mi.
12. 1 mi.
13. 1 mi.
14. 1 mi.
15. 1 mi.
16. 1 mi.
17. 1 mi.
18. 1 mi.
18. 3 mi.
15. 1 mi.
At Gunderson's Ranch in Penoyer Valley
(3 readings)
(3 readings)
CLOCK TIME
PST
1704
1706
1708
1714
1718
1725
1730
1740-
1750
1740-
approx. 1820
1627
1630
1632
1634
1636
1637
1638
1640
1641
1643
1645
1646
1648
1650
1655
1700
1730
1250
1330
1430
1447
1450
1452-
1455
1456-
1458
1459
1500
1500
1501
1501
1502
1503
1505
1507
DOSE RATE
(net mr/Jir)
V |/3 + X
.07
.07
.08
.06
.05
.02
.01
All
Zero
All
Zero
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.06
.08
.07
.03
.03
Zero
.01
.01
.02
.02
All
.01
All
.02
.03
.03
.06
.08
. 10
. 12
. 14
.08
. 10
A-8
-------
Table 3. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Pampas event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
<°)
16
DISTANCE
(mile)
43
LOCATION
At Gunderson's Ranch in Penoyer
Valley
(4 readings)
(8 readings)
(4 readings)
CLOCK TIME
PST
1508
1509
1510
1511
1513
1514
1515
1516
1520
1527
1530
1531
1532
1533
1535
1536
1537
1539
1540
1540
1540
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1544
1545
1546
1550
1552
1555
1557
1558
1600
1602
1607-
1620
1625
1630-
1715
1730-
1745
DOSE RATE
(net mr/lu)
y ]/3 + y
. 12
. 13
. 11
. 13
.07
.04
.03
.02
.02
.03
.04
.07
. 10
. 13
. 15
. 15
. 13
. 12
. 14
. 15
. 17
. 18
. 19
.20
.20
.21
.22
.20
. 18
. 18
. 17
. 15
.08
.05
.04
.03
All
.02
.04
All
.03
All
.01
A-9
-------
Table 4. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Danny Boy event.
AZIMUTH
(°)
310
348
358
357
356
355
353
354
352
351
350
DISTANCE
(mile)
63
72
72
LOCATION
At Goldfield
At Clarks Station
On Hwy. 6 W of Warm Springs
2.3 mi.
3 mi. (from Warm Springs)
3. 3 mi.
4. 3 mi.
5 mi.
5.3 mi.
5. 6 mi.
6. 3 mi.
6. 6 mi.
7. 3 mi.
8 mi.
8. 3 mi.
I 1
8. 7 mi.
9.3 mi.
10.3 mi.
11 mi.
11. 3 mi.
11.8 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PST
3/5/62
1230-
1430
1415-
1420
1425
1430
1435
1440
1445
1450-
1505
151.0
1515
1520-
1525
1530
1535
1540
1545-
1550
1555-
1605
1610-
1615
1620-
1710
1503
1349
1502
1501
1225
1500
1340
1459
1342
1458
1353
1345
1457
1230
1456
1455
1236
1453
1350
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
All
Zero
0. 12
0. 13
0. 14
0. 16
0. 17
0. 16
0. 14
0. 12
0. 10
0.09
0.08
0. 10
0. 12
0. 10
0. 13
0. 12
0. 10
0.08
0.64
0.09
0. 10
Zero
0. 11
1.3
0. 12
0.78
0. 14
0.79
0.37
0. 16
0.37
0.36
0.39
0.79
0.34
0.37
A-10
-------
Table 4. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Danny Boy event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
<°>
350
349
348
347
345
344
342
360
360
2
3
0
DISTANCE
(mile)
72
73
72
74
74
75
LOCATION
On Hwy. 6 W of Warm Springs (Cont. )
11.8 mi.
12 mi. (from Warm Springs)
12. 3 mi.
13.3 mi.
14 mi.
14 mi.
14.3 mi.
14.4 mi.
15.3 mi.
16 mi.
16. 5 mi.
17 mi.
It
17.7 mi.
18 mi.
19 mi.
20 mi.
22 mi.
At Warm Springs
On Hwy. 25 E of Warm Springs
1. 5 mi.
2 mi. (from Warm Springs)
1 1
2.7 mi.
M
3 mi.
4 mi.
On Hwy. 6 NE of Warm Springs
1. 1 mi.
" (from Warm Springs)
it
ii
tt
tt
CLOCK TIME
PST
1356
1239
1450
1447
1241
1317
1446
1355
1400
1314
1405
1320
1244
1246
1248
1255
1258
1300
1215
1325
1326
1335
1347
1506
1324
1330
1331
1322
1322
1328
1325
1328
1440
1445
1520
1532
1540
DOSE RATE
(net mr/lu)
Y |/3 + y
0.04
2.0
0.24
0.20
2.0
0.02
0.23
0.27
0. 10
0. 12
0. 17
0.08
3.0
3.2
0.88
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.47
0.05
0.34
0.34
0.06
0.47
0.24
0.29
Zero*
0. 07 *
0. 14
0.07
0.72
0.37
0.32
0. 17
0. 04
Zero
*These two readings taken with different instruments by different monitors.
A-ll
-------
Table 4. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Danny Boy event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
<°)
1
2
3
4
324-
332
324-
339
2
328-
335
333-
344
DISTANCE
(mile)
76
78
79
80
82
84
85
80-
74
80-
121
82
83
77-
87
88-
105
LOCATION
On Hwy. 6 NE of Warm Springs
(Cont. )
2 mi.
2. 4 mi. (from Warm Springs)
4. 3 mi.
M
II
6. 3 mi.
8 mi.
M
1 1
9.9 mi.
11.8 mi.
12.9 mi.
On Hwy. 6, from Tonopah to 13 miles
E of Tonopah
On Route 8 A from Tonopah to Carver's
Restaurant
NW of Hwy. 6, on the road to Tybo
1 mi. (from the Jet. of
1.7 mi. Tybo Rd. and Hwy. 6)
On Route 8A, going from the Jet. of
Hwy. 6 and Route 8A to the Jet. of
Routes 8A and 82
From the Jet. of Routes 8A and 82 to
Belmont
CLOCK TIME
PST
1345
1437
1335
1335
1434
1337
1340
1403
1423
1400
1346
1350
1304-
1337
1145-
1230
1410
1417
1428-
1450
1430-
1500
1448-
1501
1450-
1530
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y 1/3 + y
0.29
0.42
0.47*
2.0*
0.32
0.32
0. 17
0.22
0.27
0.17
0.04
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
0.32
0.22
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
*These two readings taken with different instruments by different monitors.
A-12
-------
Table 4. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Danny Boy event, (cont'd.)
AZIMUTH
(°)
333-
341
344-
347
336
339
339-
342
340
340
349-
335
335-
150
348
350
349
349
DISTANCE
(mil.)
88-
100
105
105
110
121
121-
115
116
96-
121
183-
80
80-
19
72
75
76
77
LOCATI ON
18 miles NE of the Jet. of Routes 8A & 82
On Route 82, from Belmont to Monitor
Valley
At Manhattan Jet.
At Carver's Restaurant on Route 8A
Carver's Restaurant to Round Mountain
At Round Mountain
On Route 8A, going N from Manhattan
Jet. to Carver's Restaurant
From the Jet. of Hwy. 50 & Route 8A to
Tonopah
On Hwy. 95, from Tonopah to Mercury
Turn-off
At Clarks Station
N of Clarks Station
3 mi.
4 mi. (from Clarks
5 mi. Station)
At Stone Cabin Ranch
CLOCK TIME
PST
1500-
1530
1530-
1600
1444
1350
1355-
1400
1405-
1415
1420
1500-
1600
1230-
1310
1420-
1430
1310-
1330
1444-
1500
1635-
1800
1800-
2200
3/6/62
1200
1230
1231
1235
1240
DOSE RATE
(net mr/nr)
y |/3 + y
All
Zero
All
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.01
0.02
0.01
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
All
Zero
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.08
A-13
-------
Table 4. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Danny Boy event, (cont'd)
AZIMUTH
(°)
346
344
343-
339
DISTANCE
(mile)
73
73-
1Z1
LOCATION
SW of Stone Cabin Ranch
6 mi. (from Stone
7 mi. Cabin Ranch)
On Hwy. 6 & Route 8A from 2 miles W of
Stone Cabin Ranch Jet. to Carver's
Restaurant
CLOCK TIME
PST
1410
1412
1415-
1610
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
0.01
0.01
All
Zero
A-14
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event.
AZIMUTH
(°)
32
36
42
36
36
35
34
21
DISTANCE
(mile)
31
32
33
36
33
33
36
40
LOCATION
On Valley Road, N of the Gunnery Range
Boundary
. 1 mi.
. 3 mi. (from Boundary)
Tl
. 5 mi.
3. 1 mi.
12.6 mi.
At Kawich Valley Turn-off
On Valley Road, W of Kawich Valley
Turn-off
. 3 mi.
. 7 mi. (from Turn-off)
. 8 mi.
At Gunder son's Ranch in Penoyer Valley
(8 readings)
At Queen City Summit
(3 readings)
CLOCK TIME
PST
4/14/62
1410
1140
1145
1411
1416
1439
1215
1217
1220
1225
1030-
1210
1215
1218
1220
1222
1224
1228
1232
1235
1240
1245
1250
1255
1300
1345
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1500
1505
1515
1520
1540
1600
1715
1743
1005-
1100
1217
1220
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
Y |/3 + y
0.02
Zero
0.01
0. 04
0.01
0. 02
1.5
1.5
3.0
5.0
All
Zero
0.03
0.09
0. 19
1.5
0.25
0.08
0.30
0.03
0.03
0. 16
0.41
1.0
0.09
0.02
0. 35
0.01
0. 01
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.05
0. 14
0.03
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
1.6
1.4
A-15
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
33
34
DISTANCE
(mile)
40
39
LOCATION
At Queen City Summit (Cont. )
On Hwy. 25, going SE from Queen City
Summit
. 5 mi.
. 8 mi. (from Queen City
1 mi. Summit)
it
1. 5 mi.
2 mi.
1 1
1 1
2.5 mi.
2. 8 mi.
3 mi.
it
n
it
3.5 mi.
4 mi.
n
n
1 1
tt
it
1 1
4. 5 mi.
4. 8 mi.
5 mi.
1 1
n
5.5 mi.
n
5. 8 mi.
6 mi.
it
n
6. 5 mi.
n
6. 8 mi.
7 mi.
7. 1 mi.
n
8 mi.
9 mi.
10 mi.
n
CLOCK TIME
PST
1244
1251
1330
1447
1458
1550
1600
1723
1252
1436
1254
1450
1257
1259
1451
1522
1303
1434
1304
1453
1527
1645
1306
1308
1325
1335
1415
1455
1500
1645
1310
1432
1312
1330
1338
1314
1527
1431
1315
1335
1444
1317
1320
1430
1430
1312
1315
1432
1434
1427
1437
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y_l/3 + y
42
47
6
1. 3
0. 5
1. 1
1.9
0. 7
45 65
0.05 13
45 68
1.5
45 70
42 61
1.2
0.5
32 55
1.0
30 50
1.2
0. 3
0.05
22 42
18 36
2.8 4.3
0.2
Zero
0.9
0.9
0. 05
12 24
0.4
8 22
0.6 1.4
Zero
9 15
0.05
0. 1
7 14
0.6 1.0
Zero 0.05
2 11
7 14
Zero
0.6 1.0
0.90
0.05
0.6 1.0
0.05 0.3
0. 16
0.05 0. 1
A-16
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
34
36
38
40
41
42
44
46
57
20
14
12
10
7
DISTANCE
(1 \
mile)
39
38
38
39
40
42
43
51
LOCATION
On Hwy. 25, going SE from Queen City
Summit (Cont. )
10 mi.
" (from Queen
10.2 mi. City Summit)
11 mi.
12 mi.
"
13 mi.
11
14 mi.
11
M
II
II
II
M
15 mi.
16 mi.
"
At Coyote Summit
(3 readings)
On Hwy. 25, 7 miles SE of Coyote
Summit
On Hwy. 25, going NW from Queen City
Summit
1 mi.
5. 4 mi. (from Queen
5. 5 mi. City Summit)
6. 5 mi.
7.5 mi.
11
At Diablo
CLOCK TIME
PST
1440
1524
1347
1345
1315
1343
1342
1446
1340
1410
1444
1445
1448
1635
1635
1450
1453
1453
1455-
1505
1510
1500
1712
1215
1217
1219
1708
1100
1145
1225
1230
1231
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y /s + y
0.05 0.1
0.6
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero 0.05
Zero
Zero
Zero
0. 11
0.09
Zero
0.02
0.02
Zero Zero
Zero Zero
Zero Zero
All All
Zero Zero
Zero
Zero
0.7
0.09
0.34
0.03
0.6
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.01
0.09
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.0
0.7
1.5
1.6
0.9
1.4
A-17
-------
fable 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
7
5
0
3
0
351
22
21
20
32
DISTANCE
(mile)
51
60
69
66
69
71
40
41
42
43
40
LOCATION
At Diablo (Cont. )
On Hwy. 25, N of Diablo
10 mi.
22 mi.
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 & the road to
Nyala
At Twin Springs Ranch
(13 readings)
At Warm Springs
On the road to Queen City Pond, NE of
Hwy. 25
1 mi.
2 mi. (from Hwy. 25)
3 mi.
4 mi.
On Sand Spring Road, NE of Hwy. 25
1 mi.
2 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PST
1248
1252
1254
1258
1301
1305
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1314
1317
1320
1322
1329
1333
1338
1342
1347
1355
1400
1410
1415
1650
1420
1430
1420
1425
1435
1140-
1430
1100
1500
1503
1505
1510
1515
1300
1532
DOSE RATE
(net rnr/hr)
Y 1/3 + y
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
0.8
1.4
1.6
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.9
7.0
3.5
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.2
1. 1
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.2
1.5
0.5
Zero
0.28
0.13
0.04
All
Zero
Zero
Zero
1.0
1.15
1.35
1.3
10
0.3
A-18
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMl'YH
(')
26
25
24
25
4
3
2
4
6
8
9
10
14
15
3
7
9
11
12
13
DISTANCE
(mile)
48
51
54
55
56
39
38
41
39
41
66
67
69
70
71
LOCATION
On Sand Spring Road, NE of Hwy. 25
(Cont. )
1 1 . 4 mi.
13. 8 mi. (fromHwy.25)
16. 8 mi.
17.8 mi.
19. 1 mi.
19.2 mi.
At Reed
In the vicinity of Reed
1 mi.
" (W of Reed)
2 mi.
2. 4 mi. (N of Reed)
1 . 3 mi.
2. 8 mi. (E of Reed)
4. 2 mi.
5.2 mi.
ii
M
it
M
M
ti
M
it
ii
ti
M
ii
ti
M
M
ii
7.4 mi.
8. 1 mi.
On Nyala Road, going E from its Jet.
with Hwy. 25
0 mi.
5 mi. (from Jet. )
8 mi.
10 mi.
12 mi.
13 mi.
13.5 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PST
1545
1550
1600
1602
1605
1610
1148
1258
1300
1612
1307
1320
1311
1600
1338
1342
1249
1348
1210
1213
1216
1218
1220
1221
1224
1225
1228
1230
1232
1235
1238
1240
1243
1245
1358
1400
1432
1435
1440
1445
1450
1456
1458
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y 1/3 + y
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
Zero
2.0
3.0
0.03
0.2
Zero
Zero
0.5
0.4
2.6
21
2.6
0.01
0.08
1.0
4.0
6.5
5.0
4.5
6.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10
14
16
20
24
2.2
2.2
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.4
2.7
2.3
A-19
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
20
21
12
22
23
25
26
27
29
33
35
27
16
17
18
DISTANCE
(mile)
72
73
74
76
77
79
80
79
78
78
72
71
71
73
94
99
106
130
103
104
105
106
LOCATION
On Nyala Road, going E from its Jet.
with Hwy. 25 (Cont. )
14 mi.
16 mi.
17 mi.
18 mi.
21 mi.
At Nyala
On the road to Adaven, going E from its
Jet. with the Nyala Road
0 mi.
3 mi.
5 mi.
7 mi.
10 mi.
At Cherry Creek Summit
At Forest Camp
At Beleu's Ranch
At Adaven
NE of Adaven
2 mi.
24 mi.
At Moon River Ranch
At Sunnyside
At Lund
On Route 6, going NE from Warm
Springs
57 mi.
57. 4 mi. (from Warm
59. 6 mi. Springs)
59.8 mi.
||
CLOCK TIME
PST
1505
1510
1512
1515
1520
1525
1535
1538
1543
1550
1600
1610
1625
1635
1655
1705
1725
1735
1800
1820
1835
1930
1710
1628
1705
1713
1720
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y_l/s + y
1.8
1.3
1.6 10
1.8 12
2.3 12
2.4 7
1.9 5
1.7 4
1.9 5
2.4
1.4 3
1.4 3
1.4 3
1.4 3
1.3 3
1.1
1.1 3
0.9
0.25
0.05
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.4
0.5
0.2
Zero
A-20
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off sitx during surve'l'.ance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
18
19
19
20
22
23
25
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
38
36
3
DISTANCE
(mile)
107
108
110
111
112
117
120
131
144
14D
155
31
32
33
35
36
36
36
35
LOCATION
On Route 6, going NE from Warm
Springs (Cont. )
61 mi.
62. 1 mi. (from Warm
64 mi. Springs)
64.4 mi.
65. 1 mi.
At Currant
On Route 6, going NE from Currant
5. 8 mi.
10. 1 mi. (from Currant)
22.2 mi.
28. 1 mi.
29. 1 mi.
At Ely
On Valley Road, N of the Gunnery
Range Boundary
0 mi.
" At ground level
1 mi.
" At ground level
2 mi.
" At ground level
3 mi.
" At ground level
4 mi.
" At ground level
5.4 mi.
" At ground level
At Stewart1 s Ranch
At ground level
1 mile N of Stewart's Ranch
At ground level
At Gunder son's Ranch in Penoyer Valley
At ground level
2 miles S of Reed, on the road toKawich
Lake
CLOCK TIME
PST
1638
1702
1725
1700
1648
1650
1738
1741
1803
1810
1820
1825
1826
1848
4/15/62
1139
1139
1143
1143
1145
1145
1149
1149
1153
1153
1200
1200
1204
1204
1206
1206
1212
1212
1314
DOSE RATE
(net mr/nr)
y |/3 + y
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
Zero
Zero
0.2
Zero
0.2
0.3
0.2
0. 1
Zero
Zero
0.03 0.08
0.09
0.04 0.09
0. 10
0.04 0.09
0.09
0.03 0.07
0.08
0.04 0.05
0.05
0.03 0.07
0.07
0.03 0.07
0.07
0.02 0.05
0.07
0.03 0.07
0.03 0.08
0.07
A-21
-------
Table 5. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Platte event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
4
5
7
8
9
11
14
21
8
7
355
352
16
22
25
25-
19
DISTANCE
(mile)
37
38
39
40
41
44
50
65
69
104
120
155
155-
115
LOCATION
At Reed
Going E from Reed to Hwy. 25
1 mi.
2 mi. (from Reed)
3. 6 mi.
4. 6 mi.
5. 6 mi.
6. 6 mi.
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 & the road to
Reed
At Queen City Summit
At ground level
On Hwy. 25, going S from Diablo
6. 3 mi.
" At ground' level
At Diablo
At Hot Creek Pond
At Warm Springs
9 miles SW of Currant
10 miles NE of Currant
At Ely
On Route 6, going from Ely to
Currant
CLOCK TIME
PST
1330
1335
1340
1341
1342
1345
1348
1350
1600
1600
1535
1535
1525
1500
1400
1300
1230
1140
1140-
1230
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
x j/S + y
0.07
0.07
0.07
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.34 0.06
1.0
0.34 0.07
1.2
0.04 0. 15
Zero
Zero
0.03 0.15
0.03 0.15
Zero 0.15
All
Zero
A-22
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event.
AZIMUTH
(°)
14
17
15
24
22
26-
55
19
18
17
16
14
13
55-
13
13
12
11
10
9
20-
9
8
7
6
5
4
DISTANCE
(mile)
33
34
37
37
38
39-
43
39
40
43-
40
40
41
39-
41
42
43
44
LOCATION
On Valley Road, N of the Gunnery Range
Boundary
. 6 mi.
At Stewart's Ranch
At Gunderson's Ranch in Penoyer Valley
At Tempiute
(4 readings)
On Hwy. 25, SE of Queen City Summit
15.2 mi. (from Queen City
14.9 mi. Summit)
14 mi. SE to
Hancock Summit
13.3 mi.
12.5 mi.
11.5 mi.
10.5 mi.
9.5 mi.
8.5 mi.
Hancock Summit to 7. 8 mi. SE
of Queen City Summit
7.8 mi.
7.5 mi.
7.2 mi.
6. 5 mi.
5.8 mi.
5.5 mi.
tl
14-
5 mi.
4. 5 mi.
4. 2 mi.
4 mi.
3. 8 mi.
3. 5 mi.
3.3 mi.
3 mi.
ti
2.7 mi.
2. 5 mi.
2 mi.
n
1.8 mi.
1 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
5/19/62
1252
0940
1300
0900
0915-
0940
1320
1545
1005
0945-
1030
0855
0945
0950
0951
0952
0953
1035-
1100
1100
0954
0901
1005
1103
1010
1015
1326-
1338
1014
1016
1339
1106
1017
1018
1340
1532
1019
1020
1341
1530
1110
1343
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
Zero
0.02
Zero
All
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.01
0.03
All
Zero
0.01
0.05
Zero
0.05
0. 1
0.35
0.1
All
Zero
1.7
2.0
0.2
1.0
2.4
3.0
0.4
0.3
4.0
4.0
0.6
0.6
2.0
0.6
A-23
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
3
5-
1
2
1
0
359
359-
350
359
DISTANCE
(mile)
44
43-
44
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
53-
76
55
LOCATION
At Queen City Summit
On Hwy. 25, from 1.5 miles SE to 1.5
miles NW of Queen City Summit
On Hwy. 25, NW of Queen City Summit
1 mi.
2 mi. (from Queen
2.4 mi. City Summit)
2. 5 mi.
3 mi.
3.5 mi.
4 mi.
4. 4 mi.
4. 5 mi.
4. 8 mi.
4. 9 mi.
ii
5 mi.
it
5.5 mi.
5.9 mi.
6 mi.
6. 5 mi.
7 mi.
it
7. 5 mi.
8 mi.
8. 5 mi.
9 mi.
it
9. 5 mi.
11
10 mi.
10. 5 mi.
10.8 mi.
On Hwy. 25, from 11 miles NW of Queen
City Summit to 28. 6 miles NW of Diablo
(30 readings)
At Diablo
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1113
1345
1525
1605
1023-
1029
1351
1353
1118
1035
1355
1037
1357
1120
1038
1039
0937
0938
1030
1359
1040
0941
1400
1043
1124
1402
1044
1404
1045
1046
1405
1050
1127
1407
1053
1515
1409-
1501
0925
0947
0952
1035
1055
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y 0 + y
1.7
0.4
0.7
0.4
All
4. 1
0.4
0.5
2.0
4.2
0.5
4.0
0.5
1.7
3.8
3.6
5.0
8.0
3.0
0.4
2.6
10
0.3
2.5
1.0
0.4
2.1
0.3
1.3
0.7
0. 15
0. 1
0.4
0.05
0.05
0.08
All
Zero
Zero
0.4
0.3
1.5
0.05
A-24
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
359
359
359-
353
359
358
357
356
346
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DISTANCE
(mile)
55
55
56
56-
74
58
62
63
70
71
75
70
71
72
73
74
75
LOCATION
At Diablo (Cont. )
On Hwy. 25, N of Diablo
1 mi.
1. 6 mi. (from Diablo)
2-
24 mi.
3. 9 mi.
7.4 mi.
7. 7 mi.
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 and Nyala Road
19. 3 miles N of Diablo on Hwy. 25
At Warm Springs
W of Nyala on the Nyala Road
19.3 mi.
18. 4 mi. (from Nyala)
it
M
11
18.3 mi.
17.5 mi.
17.3 mi.
16. 3 mi.
M
15.3 mi.
14.9 mi.
14.3 mi.
ii
13.3 mi.
12.3 mi.
12 mi.
11.3 mi.
10.3 mi.
10 mi.
8. 3 mi.
8 mi.
7.3 mi.
6.3 mi.
6. 1 mi.
6 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1130
1545
1056
0956
1057-
1126
1000
1138
1500
1019
1450
1148
1205
1230
1454-
2150
1448
1034-
1038
1040
1044
1046
1447
1055
1446
1050
1445
1052
1100
1054
1440
1057
1100
1110
1105
1112
1115
1115
1117
1427
1425
1123
1125
DOSE RATE
(net mr/lir)
y |/3 + y
0.05
Zero
0.03
0.01
All
Zero
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
Zero
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
0.05
All
Zero
0.01
0.06
0.05
0.08
0. 15
0.18
0.25
0.23
0.5
2.0
0.85
0.28
1.05
3.0
3.0
2.5
1. 15
2.2
0.95
1.6
0.42
0.28
0.45
0.75
A-25
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event, (cont'd.)
AZIMUTH
(°)
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
21
57-
32
5
6
7
8
8
8
9
DISTANCE
(mil.)
76
77
78
79
83
98
103
104
80
72
51-
106
95
96
97
98
98
98
99
100
LOCATION
W of Nyala on the Nyala Road (Cont. )
5. 3 mi.
4 rni. (from Nyala)
ti
3. 3 mi.
2.3 mi.
2 mi.
it
At Nyala
N of Nyala on the Nyala Road
1.5 mi.
5. 8 mi. (from Nyala)
21.3 mi.
21.5 mi. (Troy Mine Road Jet. )
25.9 mi. (Blue Eagle Ranch)
26.6 mi. (Blue Eagle Ranch)
At Casey's Ranch
At Adaven
From the Jet. of Hwys. 25 & 38 to
Sunnyside
On Hwy. 6, going NE toward Locke s
7. 4 mi.
6. 5 mi. (from Locke s)
5. 5 mi.
5. 2 mi.
3. 9 mi.
3.5 mi.
3 mi.
2. 5 mi.
. 6 mi.
At Lockes
On Hwy. 6, going NE toward Currant
2 1 . 9 mi.
" (from Currant)
21.3 mi.
21 mi.
20.9 mi.
19.9 mi.
19.2 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1421
1126
1130
1417
1415
1131
1135
1136
1140
1412
1145
1145
1206
1215
1212
1214
1400
1335
1040-
1245
1420
1306
1307
1300
1305
1310
2100
1312
1410
1315
1311
1320
1321
2056
1321
1322
1325
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
X |/3 + y
0.18
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.06
Zero
0.08
Zero
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.05
Zero
Zero
All
Zero
Zero
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.01
0.14
0.05
0. 14
0.13
0.24
0.12
0.02
0.24
0.25
0.15
A-26
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
16
18
19
DISTANCE
(mile)
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
115
116
117
118
120
121
122
123
118
122
LOCATION
On Hwy. 6, going NE toward Currant
(Cont. )
18. 1 mi.
17. 9 mi. (from Currant)
17. 1 mi.
16. 1 mi.
11
If
If
15. 1 mi.
15 mi.
14.1 mi.
13. 1 mi.
12. 1 mi.
11.1 mi.
10.1 mi.
9. 1 mi.
8. 1 mi.
7. 2 mi.
7. 1 mi.
6. 1 mi.
5. 1 mi.
4. 3 mi.
4. 1 mi.
3. 1 mi.
2. 1 mi.
At Currant
On Hwy. 20, NW of Currant
2.8 mi.
3 mi. (from Currant)
5. 1 mi.
6 mi.
9.5 mi.
10.3 mi.
11 mi.
14.5 mi.
At Duckwater
On Hwy. 6, NE of Currant
3. 9 mi. (from Currant)
9.8 mi. (Currant Maint. Station)
" (Currant Maint. Station)
11 mi.
12 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1348
1324
1348
1328
1330
1345
1345
1326
2050
1324
1322
1320
1318
1316
1314
1312
1355
1310
1308
1306
1400
1302
1300
1257
1230
1235
1335
1405
1430
2030
1407
1340
1410
1345
1413
1415
1350
1355
1405
1330
1250
1315
1245
1936
DOSE RATE
(net mr/lu)
V |/3 + y
0.08
0.27
0.08
0.07
0.15
0.04*
0.24*
0.07
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.04
Zero
Zero
0.02
0.02
0.11
0.04
0. 12
0.04
0.02
0.08
Zero
Zero
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.09
*These two readings taken with different instruments by different monitors.
A-27
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
20
21
21
22
18
17
15
14
13
11
8
14
11
10
17
18
13
9
7
6
5
4
3
DISTANCE
(mile)
127
130
138
155
160
161
158
156
155
156
33
33
34
39
40
41
42
43
44
LOCATION
On Hwy. 6, NE of Currant (Cont. )
16 mi.
17 mi. (from Currant)
M
20 mi.
it
At the Jet. of Hwys. 6 & 38
At Ely
On Hwy. 50, W of Ely
13 mi.
19 mi. (from Ely)
23 mi.
26 mi.
28 mi.
32 mi.
33 mi.
42 mi.
47 mi.
49 mi.
At the Jet. of Valley Road & Kawich
Road
On Kawich Road W of the Jet. of Valley
Road & Kawich Road
1.9 mi. (from Jet. )
2. 3 mi.
At Stewart' s Ranch
On Hwy. 25, SE of Queen City Summit
12 mi.
" (from Queen
8. 1 mi. City Summit)
5. 5 mi.
3. 6 mi.
3 mi.
2 mi.
1. 3 mi.
At Queen City Summit
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1931
1240
1930
1300
1345
1230
1400
1546
1900
1535
1430
1433
1435
1520
1441
1515
1450
1455
1500
5/20/62
0821
0940
0946
0947
0830
0833
1010
0837
0840
0841
1020
0843
0844
0845
1025
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
1 n
y |/3 + y
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.01
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.08
0.18
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.01
0.05
0.08
0. 10
0.05
0.08 0.25
0. 11
A-28
-------
Table 6. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Eel event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
1
0
359
359
357
357
346
8
12
14
15
18
21
25
7
8
10
12
12
13
DISTANCE
(mile)
45
46
47
49
52
55
70
70
75
99
105
108
115
122
138
131
73
75
76
77
78
81
LOCATION
On Hwy. 25, NW of Queen City Summit
2.4 mi.
3 mi. (from Queen
4. 1 mi. City Summit)
6. 5 mi.
9. 6 mi.
At Diablo
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 & Nyala Road
At Twin Springs Ranch Pond
At Warm Springs
On Hwy. 6, SW of Currant
21 mi.
12 mi. (from Currant)
7 mi.
At Currant
Currant Maintenance Station, 9. 8 miles
NE of Currant
At the Jet. of Hwys. 6 & 38
At Lund
W of Nyala on the Nyala Road
10.5 mi.
7.2 mi. (from Nyala)
5. 5 mi.
1.3 mi.
At Nyala
3 miles NE of Nyala on the Nyala Road
CLOCK TIME
PDT
0847
1030
0849
0851
0853
0857
1040
1130
0915
0830
0930
1115
0930
0940
0950
1000
1145
1150
1200
1205
1210
1215
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.01
Zero
0.01
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.01
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.02
0.06
0.04
Zero
Zero
Zero
A-29
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event.
AZIMUTH
(°)
32
6
7
9
12
14
16
20
20
DISTANCE
(mile)
26
36
37
38
39
39
LOCATION
At the Jet. of Kawich Road & Valley Roac
At Reed
E of Reed
.8 mi.
2. 7 mi. (from Reed)
4. 5 mi.
6. 2 mi.
7 mi.
8. 4 mi.
At Queen City Summit
At ground level
At ground level
At ground level
CLOCK TIME
PDT
6/13/62
1420
1500
1510
1528
1534
1537
1542
1544
1547
1500
1510
1515
1516
1517
1520
1523
1525
1526
1527
1530
1535
1540
1545
1546
1552
1555
1600
1605
1610
1615
1620
1625
1630
1632
1640
1645
1700
1705
1720
1730
1735
1745
1757
1800
1825
1845
1915
DOSE RATE
(net nu/Jir)
y ]~H + y
Zero
Zero
Zero
0. 1
10
75
130
145
110
Zero
Zero
1.0
1.5
1.3
4
11
90
135
160
140
105
100
80
16
17
18
14
10
8
7
6.5
7.5
6.5
18
6.0
5. 7
5.0
4.5
5.0
4.5
4.5
4.0
4. 5 17
4.0
2.5
2.5
5.0 15
A-30
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (com a. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
20
19
16
14
13
12
13
8
DISTANCE
(mile)
39
39
40
41
50
LOCATION
At Queen City Summit (Cont. )
(on vegetation)
On Hwy. 25, NW of Queen City Summit
. 3 mi.
2. 4 mi. (from Queen
3. 6 mi. City Summit)
4 mi.
4. 3 mi.
5. 2 mi.
6 mi.
At Diablo
Readings taken at ground level
Readings taken 3 feet above
ground level
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1930
1930
2000
2000
2100
1531
1530
1529
1810
1528
1527
1820
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1500
1600
1601
1602
1604
1606
1614
1616
1619
1620
1622
1625
1628
1630
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
Y |/3 + y
4.5 14
8.0 45
8.0 45
2.5 7.0
2.0 4.0
90
75
55
25
15
12
35
0. 15
0.3
1.5
2.0
9.8
19
24
38
42
12
4.0
3.8
4.0
4.5
14
18
11
8
12
44
26
14
Zero
20 40
15 29
7.5 17.3
9.0 35.0
7.5 17.0
6.8 15.0
5.5 15.0
5.0 13.5
5.5 12.0
5.4 12.0
3.6 9.0
4.0 9.5
3.8 9.5
A-31
-------
T;ible 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(')
8
0
352
4
DISTANCE
(mile)
50
67
67
64
LOCATION
At Diablo (Cont. )
At ground level
At Twin Springs Ranch
At Warm Springs
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 & the Nyala Road
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1632
1634
1637
1640
1643
1646
1649
1652
1655
1658
1701
. 1704
1707
1710
1713
1716
1722
1725
1728
1731
1734
1739
1743
1746
1749
1758
1801
1804
1807
1810
1820
1824
1830
1840
1850
1900
1905
1540
1630
1700
1715
1530
1730
1840
2008
1615
1938
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
4.0 10.5
4.3 9.5
4.0 9.4
3.0 7.6
3.4 7.0
3.4 7.0
3.1 6.1
3.1 6.5
3.0 7.0
3.0 5.0
3.0 5.4
2.9 3.0
2.9 5.5
2.5 5.5
2.9 5.5
2.6 5.5
2.5 5.0
2.5 4.5
2.5 4.5
2.5 4.2
2.3 4.0
2.2 4.0
2.0 4.0
2.0 3.5
2. 1
2.0 3.3
1.5 3.5
2.0 3.5
2.0 3.5
1.9 3.0
2.0
1.8 3.0
1.8 3.0
1.5 3.0
1.5 3.3
1.5 2.9
1.5 3.0
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.2
A-32
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
DISTANCE
(mile)
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
81
LOCATION
W of Nyala on the Nyala Road
20. 6 mi.
20. 5 mi. (from Nyala)
20 mi.
19.8 mi.
19.5 mi.
18.5 mi.
17.9 mi.
17.3 mi.
16.9 mi.
16. 1 mi.
14.8 mi.
14. 7 mi.
14. 5 mi.
12.8 mi.
12. 6 mi.
11.7 mi.
10.7 mi.
10. 5 mi.
9.9 mi.
8. 9 mi.
8. 4 mi.
7. 1 mi.
" At ground level
6. 4 mi.
6. 3 mi.
5 mi.
4.4 mi.
2. 8 mi.
1.7 mi.
At Nyala
N of Nyala
. 6 mi.
1.5 mi. (from Nyala)
3. 1 mi.
5. 4 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1648
1616
1932
1702
1650
1652
1928
1656
1925
1700
1702
1922
1705
1710
1918
1715
1720
1914
1732
1725
1909
1730
1730
1630
1904
1737
1750
1754
1756
1640
1643
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1700
1703
1801
1808
1820
1849
1822
1825
1829
1835
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
X |/3 + y
Zero
Zero
0.5
0.08
0.07
0.4
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.7
4.0
2.5
5.0
6.5
3.0
16.5
15.5
6.0
16.5
14.5
7.0
18
25
20
7.0
15.5
12.5
8.5
7.0
20
30
40
50
70
80
100
80
75
65
60
8.0
8.0
7.5
5.0
4.5
4. 0
3.2
3.0
A-33
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd.)
AZIMUTH
<°>
21
20
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
DISTANCE
(mile)
88
97
100
112
86
87
88
89
90
91
93
94
97
98
99
101
102
103
107
109
111
LOCATION
N of Nyala (Cont. )
12.9 mi.
22. 7 mi. (from Nyala)
tt
25.5 mi.
M
At Currant
At ground level
On Hwy. 6, SW of Currant
35.5 mi.
33. 4 mi. (from Currant)
31.4 mi.
30.4 mi.
28.3 mi.
26. 3 mi.
24.2 mi.
22.2 mi.
18. 1 mi.
18 mi.
17. 1 mi.
16. 1 mi.
14 mi.
13 mi.
1 1
ii
ii
ti
it
n
M
1 1
It
II
II
It
II
II
II
II
tt
tl
II
II
It
12 mi.
10 mi.
5.9 mi.
3.9 mi.
1. 8 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1745
1740
1800
1803
1805
1820
1840
2032
2032
1917
1919
1921
1923
1933
1940
1945
1950
1955
1700
2000
2005
2008 .
1720
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1731
1735
1736
1739
1741
1743
1745
1747
1749
1750
1752
1753
1753
1755
1800
2012
2015
2020
2025
2027
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 -- y
4.0
24
7.5
6.0
6.0
11.0
3.0
2.5 4.0
5 15
Zero
0.01
0.06
0.09
0.3
0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
Zero
3.0
3.0
3.0
0.05
0.5
0.8
2.0
5.0
10
17
19
30
40 65
70
100
100
100
90
80
80
80
70
60
45
30
3.5
4. 1
3.2
2.5
2.5
A-34
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
13
11
9
6
4
5
3
33
38
20
22
DISTANCE
(mile)
114
115
117
119
121
126
135
143
148
149
156
119
122
130
137
143
150
159
32
36
39
41
LOCATION
On Hwy. 6, NE of Currant
1.2 mi. (from Currant)
" At ground level
3. 2 mi.
" At ground level
5.3 mi.
" At ground level
7.3 mi.
" At ground level
11.4 mi.
" At ground level
16.5 mi.
" At ground level
26. 7 mi.
" At ground level
36.9 mi.
" At ground level
42 mi.
43.2 mi.
At Ely
At Duckwater
On Hwy. 20, NW of Duckwater
7.4 mi.
17 mi. (from Duck-
26. 6 mi. water)
36.2 mi.
At the Jet. of Hwys. 50 & 20, 8 miles S
of Eureka
At Eureka
At the Jet. of Kawich and Valley Roads
At Stewart's Ranch
At Queen City Summit
At Queen City Pond
At ground level
CLOCK TIME
PDT
2036
2036
2039
2039
2045
2045
2056
2056
2105
2105
2115
2115
2122
2122
2135
2135
2140
2155
2210
1849
1856
1909
1921
1932
1936
2018
6/14/62
1031
1038
1127
1136
1136
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y /3 + y
2.5 7.0
4.5 14
2.0 4.0
3 10
2.0 4.5
4 14
2.5 5.2
4 10
1.0 1.4
1.1 3.5
0.1 0.15
0.4 0.8
0.1 0.2
0.3 0.5
0.06 0.1
0.06 0.1
0.03
0.01
Zero
3.5
0.7
0.07
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.03
Zero
Zero
0.6
0.3 0.6
0.4 1.5
A-35
-------
Table 7, Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
24
32
36
42
23
24
26
27
43
8
8
4
352
0
14
9
8
19
30
DISTANCE
(mile)
39
38
39
40
39
39
39
50
55
64
67
67
69
67
66
71
72
LOCATI ON
On Hwy. 25, SE of Queen City Summit
3.2 mi.
8. 5 mi. (from Queen
11.3 mi. City Summit)
16 mi.
S of Queen City Pond
1 mi.
" At ground level
2 mi.
" At ground level
3 mi.
" At ground level
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 and the road to
Queen City Pond
At Tempiute
At Diablo
At ground level
10 miles S of the Jet. of Hwy. 25 and the
Nyala Road
At the Jet. of Hwy. 25 and the Nyala Road
At Warm Springs
At Twin Springs Ranch
W of Nyala
10. 2 mi. (from Nyala)
" At ground level
15.3 mi.
" At ground level
17.3 mi.
" At ground level
S of Nyala
4. 5 mi.
" At ground level
" On vegetation
At Adaven (Simpson's Ranch)
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1155
1204
1209
1215
1156
1156
1202
1202
1210
1210
1215
1230
1127
1610
1610
1555
1520
1500
1530
1500
1500
1508
1508
1514
1514
1432
1432
1432
1515
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
X ]/3 + y
0.04
0.04
0.02
Zero
0.21 0.31
0.2 0.5
0.02 0.21
0.04 0.11
Zero .02
Zero 0. 1
Zero Zero
Zero
0.23
0. 1 0. 1
0.4 0.5
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
1.2 1.8
1.4 4.5
0.3 0.3
0.3 0.4
0.06 0.15
0.08 0.15
1.0 1.5
1.0 3.5
1.3 3.5
0.02
A-36
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
29
28
30-
32
20
23
25
19
21
20
20
18
21
17
16
15
20
DISTANCE
/_. ;(_\
IITUIG}
71
65
72-
38
78
77
74
75
100
97
87
77
107
103
102
101
100
99
112
LOCATION
At Uhalde Ranch
At Pine Creek Ranch
On Sand Springs Road from Adaven to
Hwy. 25
At Cherry Creek Turn-off
E of Cherry Creek Turn-off
6. 5 mi.
12.2 mi.
At Nyala
At ground level
On vegetation
S of Currant
14. 5 mi. (from Currant)
" At ground level
" On vegetation
17. 1 mi.
" At grov-id level
17.3 mi.
" At ground level
" On vegetation
27.5 mi.
" At ground level
37.5 mi.
" At ground level
On Hwy. 6, SW of Currant
5. 1 mi. (from Currant)
" At ground level
10 mi.
10. 2 mi.
" At ground level
12 mi.
13 mi.
15 mi.
16 mi.
At Currant
At ground level
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1530
1554
1400
1415
1430
1410
1410
1410
1220
1220
1220
1237
1237
1320
1320
1320
1345
1345
1405
1405
1142
1142
1157
1157
1100
1127
1127
1817
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
.y l/s + y
0.01
Zero
All
Zero
0. 31
0. 17
0.07
0.9 1.5
1.0 1.9
1.4 4.0
0.4 0.8
0.7 1.6
1.0 2. 7
0.4 0.6
0.6 1.2
0.3 0.5
0.7 1.0
0.5 1.1
0.3 0.4
0.4 0.9
0.6 0.9
0.8 1.8
0.6 1.2
1.0 3.5
0. 7
0.6 1.1
0.7 1.8
0.8
1.0
0.4
0. 7
0.8
0.8 1.5
1.7 3. 2
1.0
A-37
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
14.
10
5
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
13
14
15
14
15
16
17
18
19
26
24
19
20
21
DISTANCE
(mile)
95
90
150
142
135
134
132
128
124
122
121
120
119
118
116
118
117
116
115
114
113
156
158
162
163
LOCATION
At Lockes
8 miles SW of Lockes
At the Jet. of Hwys. 20 & 50
S of the Jet. of Hwys. 20 & 50
8. 6 mi.
15. 3 mi. (from Jet. )
16.9 mi.
20.3 mi.
25.3 mi.
30. 8 mi.
32.8 mi.
35.3 mi.
37.8 mi.
40.3 mi.
41. 1 mi. (Duckwater School)
At Duckwater
S of Duckwater
1.3 mi.
2. 3 mi. (from Duckwater)
2.3 mi. S, 2.2 mi. W (Ranch)
2. 3 mi.
4. 3 mi.
5. 9 mi.
7.9 mi.
9.9 mi.
11.9 mi.
13.9 mi.
At Ely
On Hwy. 50, W of Ely
5. 7 mi.
20. 1 mi. (from Ely)
19. 5 mi.
19 mi.
18. 6 mi.
18. 1 mi.
17.4 mi.
17. 1 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1210
1300
1320
1550
1600
1615
1635
1645
1655
1700
1706
1710
1713
1718
1720
1722
1725
1728
1740
1755
175'-
1801
1804
1807
1810
1813
0900
0950
0928
0943
0947
0949
0951
0953
0956
0958
16.6 mi. 0959
16. 1 mi.
15.6 mi.
1001
1003
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
X |/3 + y
0.25
.20
Zero
Zero
0.01
Zero
Zero
Zero
Zero
0.03
0. 11
0. 13
0. 13
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.0
0. 12
Zero
0. 13
1. 1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
A-38
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event. ( cont'd.)
AZIMUTH
(°)
21
22
19
18
17
16
15
14
DISTANCE
(mile)
163
162
161
162
161
160
159
158
157
156
155
154
153
154
155
LOCATION
On Hwy. 50, W of Ely (Cont. )
15. 1 mi.
14. 6 mi. (from Ely)
14. 1 mi.
13.6 mi.
13. 1 mi.
12.6 mi.
12. 1 mi.
11.6 mi.
20. 1 mi.
20. 6 mi.
21.1 mi.
21.6 mi.
22. 1 mi.
" On vegetation
22.6 mi.
23. 1 mi.
23.6 mi.
24. 1 mi.
24.6 mi.
25. 1 mi.
25.6 mi.
26. 1 mi.
" On vegetation
26. 6 mi.
27. 1 mi.
27. 6 mi.
28. 1 mi.
28.6 mi.
" On vegetation
29. 1 mi.
29.6 mi.
30. 1 mi.
" On vegetation
30. 6 mi.
31.1 mi.
31.6 mi.
32. 1 mi.
32.6 mi.
33. 1 mi.
At Moorman Ranch (off Hwy. 50)
" " On vegetation
33. 1 mi. (on Hwy. 50 again)
33.6 mi.
34. 1 mi.
34.6 mi.
35. 1 mi.
35.6 mi.
36. 1 mi.
37. 1 mi.
38. 1 mi.
39. 1 mi.
39.6 mi.
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1005
1007
1009
1010
1012
1014
1015
1017
1028
1031
1033
1035
1035
1035
1048
1050
1052
1053
1054
1055
1057
1059
1059
1100
1103
1105
1107
1109
1109
1115
1117
1119
1119
1121
1123
1125
1127
1129
1132
1135
1135
1140
1148
1152
1154
1156
1158
1200
1202
1204
1206
1207
DOSE RATE
(net mr/lir)
y 1/3 + y
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.20
0. 17
0. 15
0. 15
1.1
1.0
1. 1
0.9
1.0
2.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1. 1
1. 1
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1. 1
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.4
2.0
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
1.6
0.9
1.0
1. 1
1. 1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.0
1. 1
0.5
0.4
A-39
-------
Table 7. Dose rates measured off site during surveillance of the Des Moines event, (cont'd. )
AZIMUTH
(°)
13
12
11
10
9
6
3
DISTANCE
(mile)
154
155
154
152
150
159
LOCATION
On Hwy 50, W of Ely (Cont. )
40. 1 mi. (from Ely)
Illipah Maint. Station
" " " On vegetation
41. 1 mi.
41. 6 mi.
42. 1 mi.
42.6 mi.
43. 1 mi. (Antelope Summit)
43.6 mi.
44. 1 mi.
44. 6 mi.
45. 1 mi.
46. 1 mi.
51.1 mi.
55.3 mi.
58.5 mi.
" On vegetation
At Eureka
CLOCK TIME
PDT
1208
1209
1209
1216
1218
1219
1220
1223
1226
1228
1230
1231
1233
1245
1250
1300
1300
1325
1500
DOSE RATE
(net mr/hr)
y |/3 + y
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.21
0. 16
0.21
0.21
0.31
0.21
0. 13
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.13
Zero
Zero
A-40
-------
APPENDIX B
DOSIMETRY DATA FROM FILM BADGES EXPOSED OFF SITE
DURING OPERATION NOUGAT
Table No. Page
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site
residents during Operation Nougat. B- 1
Table 2. Gamma exposure to film badges placed at reference
stations during Operation Nougat. B-10
Table 3. Gamma exposure to film badges placed at stations
located off site during Operation Nougat. B-16
Figure No. Page
Figure 1. Locations of film badge stations in the off-site area
during Operation Nougat. B-ll
Figure 2. Dose measured by film badges exposed at off-site
stations during Operation Nougat. B-12
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat.
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Adaven
17°, 86 miles
Alamo
570, 57 miles
Ash Springs
53°, 59 miles
Baker
35°, 178 miles
Beatty
268°, 38 miles
PERSON
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
5/24- 6/20
5/24-6/20
5/24-6/20
2/07- 3/27
3/27 - 5/03
5/03-6/04
2/04-3/23
3/23-5/10
5/10- 6/04
2/07-3/15
3/15 - 6/04
2/07 - 8/30
2/07 - 8/30
2/05-7/31
2/05 -7/31
2/01 - 3/09
2/05-7/31
2/05-6/29
2/05-7/31
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
lost
< 30
lost
< 30
< 30
lost
65
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Beatty (cont'd)
PERSON
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/12 -7/31
2/12-7/31
1/25-2/26
2/26- 5/28
2/05 -7/31
2/05 - 7/31
5/28-7/31
2/05 - 3/09
3/09- 6/29
2/05 - 7/31
2/05-7/31
2/12-7/31
5/28-7/31
1/25- 3/07
3/07 - 7/31
2/05 - 7/31
2/05 - 6/01
2/05- 7/31
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
30
<30
<30
<30
<30
55
<30
<30
<30
<30
< 30
30
<30
<30
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
td
i
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Beatty (cont'd)
Blue Eagle Ranch
13°, 105 miles
PERSON
129
13Q
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
14.1
142 .
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
3/16-7/31
2/05-7/31
.2/05-7/23
1/25-4/04
2/05-7/31
5/28-7/31
6/12.- 6/19
6/19-7/04
6/12-6/19
6/19-7/04
5/09-6/11
6/11-6/19
6/19-7/04
6/11-6/19
6/19-7/04
5/09-6/19
6/19-7/04
5/16-6/19
6/19-7/04
5/09-6/19
6/19 - 7/04
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
50
<30
55
<30
<30
75
<30
90
<30
55
<30
100
<30
65
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Caliente
59°, 97 miles
PERSON
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/13- 3/15
3/15-4/26
4/26-7/28
2/01 - 3/08
3/08-4/26
2/13 - 3/15
3/15-4/20
4/26- 6/04
2/21 - 3/22
3/22 -5/02
5/02 -6/05
2/21 - 6/05
3/22-5/06
5/06- 6/04
3/22-6/04
2/01- 3/15
3/15- 6/12
6/12-6/26
1/31- 3/14
3/14- 6/11
2/13- 3/14
3/14- 6/05
DOSE
(mr)
50
40
lost
50
<30
50
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
70
<30
<30
90
<30
55
55
<30
50
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
w
I
OJ
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Caliente (cont'd)
Carp
81 , 88 miles
Carver's Rest
335°, 143 miles
Casey Ranch
13 , 95 miles
Clark's Station
341°, 90 miles
Currant Maint. Station
16°, 135 miles
PERSON
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/01 - 6/04
2/01 - 3/27
3/27 - 4/26
3/27 -
2/21 - 9/07
5/16 - 6/20
5/16 - 6/20
5/16 - 6/20
3/06 - 9/07
3/06 - 9/07
2/06 - 6/11
6/11 - 6/19
6/19 - 7/03
2/06 - 3/07
3/07 - 4/17
4/17 - 6/11
6/11 - 6/19
6/19 - 7/03
DOSE
(mr)
<30
lost
<30
lost
<30
80
150
75
<30
<30
<30
75
<30
<30
35
<30
55
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Diablo Maint. Station
0°, 69 miles
Death Valley Junction
202°, 46 miles
Duckwater
8°, 137 miles
Elgin
70°, 89 miles
Ely
21 , 172 miles
PERSON
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
5/15 - 6/19
3/07 - 4/17
4/17 - 5/15
5/15 - 6/19
2/01 - 3/23
5/09 - 6/12
6/12 - 7/02
5/16 - 6/20
6/20 - 7/04
5/09 - 7/03
6/12 - 7/04
2/01 - 3/30
3/30 - 4/26
5/09 - 7/03
2/06 - 7/02
2/06 - 9/04
2/07 - 7/02
2/22 - 9/05
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
50
<30
<30
90
<30
70
<30
50
heat
damage
lost
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Ely ( cont'd)
PERSON
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/07 -7/02
2/06-7/02
2/06-9/05
3/10- 9/07
2/06-7/02
2/13-9/05
2/06-7/03
2/07-7/02
2/06-9/06
2/06- 9/04
2/06- 7/02
2/06-7/02
2/07 - 7/02
2/0.6-7/02
2/06-9/04
2/06-9/04
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Ely (cont'd)
Enterprise
69°, 137 miles
Eureka
1°, 183 miles
Furnace Creek
233°, 54 miles
-
PERSON
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/06- 9/07
2/06-9/06
2/21 - 8/08
2/06- 9/06
1/31 - 9/05
2/21 -7/31
2/07- 8/31
2/14-6/12
2/01 - 4/17
2/01 - 8/01
5/21 -8/01
2/01 - 6/29
2/01 -4/17
6/29-7/31
2/01 -8/01
2/01 - 8/01
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges vvorn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
W
i
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Gardner Ranch
18°, 147 miles
Goldfield
311°, 111 miles
Geyser Maint. Sta'tion
33°, 140 miles
Hiko
44°, 64 miles
Hot Creek Ranch
353°, 111 miles
Lathrop Wells
223°, 26 miles
PERSON
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/14- 6/12
6/12- 7/02
4/17- 6/12
6/12 - 7/03
2/14- 7/03
1/24- 9/07
1/24- 9/07
2/07 -8/30
2/13-8/30
2/21 - 8/30
2/12 - 9/03
2/20 -6/18
6/18 - 7/01
2/07 - 3/15
3/15 -6/04
2/20 - 7/01
2/13- 3/07
3/07-4/17
4/17 - 6/19
3/12 -7/30
2/06- 3/16
DOSE
(mr)
<30
45
<30
40
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
285
65
<30
<30
<30
<30
damaged
<30
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Lathrop Wells (cont'd)
PERSON
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
1/29- 3/14
1/29- 3/09
3/09-4/25
4/25-5/29
2/06-7/03
1/29- 3/14
4/25-7/03
2/06-7/30
1/26-7/31
1/29- 8/01
1/29- 8/01
1/29- 8/01
1/31 - 3/14
1/25-7/30
2/08-5/29
4/25 - 5/29
4/25 - 8/01
DOSE
(mr)
< 30
60
50
< 30
<30
<30
<30
<30
< 30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
td
i
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Las Vegas
136°, 72 miles
Liida
299°, 91 miles
Lida Junction
304°, 73 miles
Littlefield
90°, 118 miles
Lockes
8°, 114 miles
Lund
22°, 145 miles
Manzonie Ranch
15°, 130 miles
PERSON
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
3/09-5/08
2/10- 3/11
3/01 - 9/07
1/25-9/07
1/31 -9/05
1/31 -9/05
2/06-6/11
6/11 -6/19
6/19-7/04
2/14-7/02
2/21 -7/02
3/15-6/19
2/21-6/19
2/13- 6/12
6/12-6/19
6/19-7/03
2/13-6/12
6/12-6/19
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
65
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
75
<30
<30
90
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Manzonie Ranch (cont'd)
Me s quite
94°, 110 miles
Modena
61°, 132 miles
Nyala
11°, 94 miles
Pahrump
176°, 50 miles
PERSON
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
6/19-7/03
2/13-6/12
6/12 - 6/19
6/19-7/03
6/19-7/03
5/16- 6/12
6/12-6/19
6/19-7/03
1/31 - 3/14
3/14-4/24
1/31 - 7/31
1/31 -7/31
5/16- 6/19
5/16-6/19
5/16-6/19
3/20-7/30
5/17- 6/21
1/29-7/30
2/21 - 7/30
DOSE
(mr)
30
< 30
75
35
< 30
< 30
110
30
< 30
<30
<30
< 30
125
250
220
< 30
<30
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Pahrump (cont'd)
Panaca
56°, 108 miles
Gunder son's Ranch
18°, 49 miles
Pine Creek Ranch
o
1 7 , 77 miles
Pioche
50°, 112 miles
PERSON
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
2/20 - 4/25
2/21 - 7/03
2/22 - 7/30
2/22 - 7/30
2/22 - 4/25
1/31 - 3/14
3/14 - 6/05
1/31 - 3/14
3/22 - 6/05
6/06 - 7/19
3/05 - 6/08
5/24 - 6/20
5/24 - 6/20
2/07 - 3/15
3/15 - 6/05
3/22 - 6/05
2/07 - 3/15
3/15 - 4/25
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
50
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
50
<30
<30
55
damaged
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Pioche (cont'd)
Rattlesnake Maint. Stn.
358°, 107 miles
Rhyolite
268°, 24 miles
Santa Clara
83°, 133 miles
Sarcobatus
296°, 57 miles
Scotty's Junction
297 , 60 miles
Shelburne
20°, 214 miles
Shell Oil Site
13°, 117 miles
PERSON
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
4/25 - 6/12
3/22 - 4/25
4/25 - 6/05
2/13 - 3/15
3/15 - 6/05
2/07 - 4/25
2/13 - 3/15
3/15 - 6/05
2/07 - 3/22
3/22 - 4/25
4/25 - 5/15
5/15 - 6/19
1/25 - 7/31
1/25 - 7/31
2/20 - 9/06
1/31 - 9/06
2/12 - 9/07
2/12 - 9/07
1/25 - 9/07
2/07 - 8/31
2/07 - 8/31
5/16 - 9/12
DOSE
(mr)
lost
<30
lost
60
<30
<30
50
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
W
i
00
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Sprinedale
261 , 38 miles
St. George
84°, 137 miles
Stone Cabin Ranch
342 , 94 miles
PERSON
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
1/25 - 7/31
2/20 - 9/06
2/06 - 9/06
2/07 - 9/05
4/11 - 9/06
2/20 - 9/06
1/31 - 7/31
2/20 - 9/06
2/20 - 9/06
2/20 - 9/06
2/03 - 9/06
2/21 - 8/09
6/13 - 6/21
6/13 - 6/21
6/13 - 6/21
6/13 - 6/21
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Stone Cabin Ranch(cont
Stovepipe Wells
250 , 62 miles
Sunnyside
27°, 119 miles
Tonopah
322 , 101 miles
Tonopah Highway Sta.
322 , 101 miles
Veyo
75°, 133 miles
PERSON
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
6/13 - 6/21
2/01 - 3/21
2/21 - 7/02
1/25 - 9/07
6/12 - 6/21
2/06 - 9/07
5/31 - 9/07
6/12 - 6/21
6/12 - 6/21
2/06 - 4/06
2/06 - 9/07
2/06 - 3/16
1/25 - 3/16
3/16 - 5/16
5/16 - 9/07
1/31 - 9/06
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
35
<30
<30
-------
Table 1. Gamma exposure to film badges worn by off-site residents during Operation Nougat, (continued)
w
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Twin Springs Ranch
357°, 88 miles
PERSON
327
328
329
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
5/15 - 6/19
2/13 - 5/15
5/15 - 6/19
5/15 - 6/19
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
40
damaged
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Warm Springs
350°, 89 miles
Warm Springs Ranch
101°, 75 miles
PERSON
330
331
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
1/26 - 3/16
3/16 - 4/25
4/25 - 5/15
5/15 - 6/19
2/07 - 3/15
3/15 - 6/04
'
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
80
<30
-------
Table 2. Gamma exposure to film badges placed at reference stations during Operation Nougat.
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Blue Eagle Ranch
13°, 105 miles
Blue Eagle Ranch #2
13°, 105 miles
Currant Creek
14°, 128 miles
Currant Maint. Sta.
16 , 135 miles
Duckwater
8 , 137 miles
Gardner Ranch
18°, 147 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
6/11 - 6/19
5/16 - 6/11
6/11-6/19
5/09 - 6/11
6/11 - 6/19
5/09 - 6/11
6/11 - 6/19
6/12 - 6/19
4/17 - 6/12
DOSE
(mr)
90
<30
125
<30
100
<30
100
55
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Hiko
44 , 64 miles
Hiko #2
44 , 65 miles
Locke s
8°, 114 miles
Shell Oil Site
13 , 117 miles
Sunnyside
(Whipple Ranch)
27°, 119 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
3/21 - 9/03
4/16 - 7/01
4/17 - 6/11
6/11 - 6/19
5/16 - 6/12
6/12 - 6/19
4/18 - 7/02
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
120
<30
150
<30
B-10
-------
WARM SPG
INDIAN SPGS. RANCH
O COMMUNITY
RANCH
Q UNINHABITED BUILDING
0 10 20 30 40 SO
E55Z^^E=BE=~
SCALE IN MILES
Figure 1. Locations of film badge stations in the off-site area during
Operation Nougat.
B-ll
-------
o 30
SJ -
o
o.
,3 10
M J
ADAVEN
<§ ~
- W
SONDJFMAMJ
CALIENTE
110°.
s 30
1
* 10
11
SOND JFMAMJ
ALAMO
io
« 30
S
10
0.
UJ
c/>
o z m
liJ ^ UJ
o ^ IT
II 3
1961 1962
LOWER PAHRANAGAT LAKE
EXPOSURE PERIOD
Figure 2. Dose measured by film badges exposed at off-site stations
during Operation Nougat.
B-12
-------
30
10
SONDJFMAMJ
BUTLER RANCH
10
SONDJF MAMJ
WARM SPRINGS RANCH
£ 100
fj
10
SONDJF MAM
LOGANDALE
100
30
iA
1
10
SONDJFMAMJ
VALLEY OF FIRE
LAS VEGAS
6 100
30
10
SON DJFMAMJ
UNIVERSITY
100
10
SONO JFMAMJ
DESERT GAME RANGE
IOQ
30
I0
SON D JFMAMJ
INDIAN SPRINGS
fe lOOj
30
in
o
LJ
10
.
1961 1962
CACTUS SPRINGS
EXPOSURE PERIOD
Figure Z. Dose measured by film badges exposed at off-site stations
during Operation Nougat, (continued)
B-13
-------
I
$
10
SONDJFMAMJ
PAHRUMP
. 30
i
i
i3 10
It I
SONDJFMAMJ
ASH MEADOWS
e
I
10
SONDJ FMAMJ
LATHROP WELLS
lOOj
S *
i2 10
SONDJFMAMJ
GOLDSfW?
100
I
30
10
1961 1962
BEATTY
IOQ
30
10
SONDJFMAMJ
SCOTTY'S JUNCTION
g IOQ
i :
Q
« 30
10
t s a
O Z 0
1961
f I i 1 i
1962
EXPOSURE PERIOD
Figure 2. Dose measured by film badges exposed at off-site stations
during Operation Nougat, (continued)
B-14
-------
|IOOj
10
'l i_
II
SONDJFMAMJ
UM JUNCTION
KX>,
10
SONDJFMAMJ
OOLDfTELD
g lOOj
f '
10
SO NDJFMAMJ
KLONDIKE
IOQ
l10^
10
i ! : : : : i
SONOJ'FMAMJ
too
i
i J
57BMF
IOQ
30
10
SONDJFMAMJ
WARM SPRINGS
1000
100
U
Soft
1961
(962
EXPOSURE PERIOD
Figure 2. Dose measured by film badges exposed at off-site stations
during Operation Nougat (continued)
B-15
-------
Table 3. Gamma exposure to film badges placed at stations located off site during Operation
Nougat.
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Alamo
57°, 57 miles
Ash Meadows
ZOO0, 42 miles
Beatty
268°, 38 miles
Butler Ranch
86°, 59 miles
Cactus Springs
151°, 29 miles
Caliente
59°, 97 miles
Desert Game Range
132°, 52 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
9/05 - 10/10
10/10 - 11/05
11/05 -01/02
1/02-03/23
3/23 -04/26
4/26-05/16
5/16 -07/25
9/06- 10/12
10/12- 11/03
11/03 -01/04
1/04-02/12
2/12-03/27
3/27-04/25
4/25 -05/11
5/11 -06/05
6/05 -06/22
9/03 - 10/10
10/10 - 01/02
1/02-02/12
2/12 -03/27
3/27-04/24
4/24 -05/28
5/28-06/21
'9/03 - 10/12
10/12- 11/03
11/03 -01/02
1/02 -03/23
3/23 -04/26
4/26-05/16
5/16 -07/26
9/04- 10/25
10/25- 11/05
11/05 -01/02
1/02 -03/21
3/21 -04/27
4/27-05/17
5/17-07/02
9/02 - 10/05
10/05 - 1 1/02
11/02-01/02
1/03 -03/22
3/22 -04/26
4/26 -05/16
5/16 -07/25
9/04- 10/22
10/22 - 11/04
11/04 -01/02
1/02 - 03/22
3/22 -04/27
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
76
Lost
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
Lost
<30
<30
<30
<30
L. D.
<30
<30
<30
65
38
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
79
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
< 30
<30
< 30
LOCATION
Azimutk and Distance
(ram CP-1
Desert Game Range
(cont'd)
Diablo
0°, 69 miles
Goldfield
31 1°, 84 miles
Goldspar
.248°, 35 miles
Gunder son's Ranch
20°, 48 miles
Hancock Summit
45°, 52 miles
Indian Springs
140°, 33. miles
Klondike
317°, 93 miles
Las Vegas
136°, 72 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
4/27- 05/17
5/17-07/05
1/03-03/08
3/08-04/25
4/25-06/29
9/04- 10/11
10/11 - 11/02
11/02-01/02
1/02-03/08
3/08 - 04/24
4/24- 05/28
5/28 -06/21
9/02 - 10/10
10/10 - 11/03
11/03-01/02
1/02 - 02/12
2/12-03/27
3/27-04/26
4/26-05/11
5/11 - 05/28
5/28-06/19
9/02- 10/06
10/06- 11/01
11/01 - 01/03
1/03-03/23
3/23 - 04/25
4/25-06/29
9/02 - 10/08
10/08 - 1L/02
11/02 - 01/03
1/03 -03/23
3/23-04/25
4/25 - 08/01
9/05 - 10/25
10/25 - 01/02
1/02-03/21
3/21 - 04/27
4/27 - 05/17
5/17 - 07/02
10/05 - 11/02
11/02 - 01/02
1/02-03/29
3/29 - 04/24
4/24-05/28
5/28-06/21
9/06 - 10/20
10/20 - 11/03
11/03 - 01/02
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
61
114
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
L. D.
<30
< 30
.<30
<30
< 30
<30
< 30
. <30
< 30
<30
<30
<30
<30
< 30
22
< 30
< 30
<30
81
<30
< 30
< 30
<30
<30
< 30
<30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
B-16
-------
Table 3. Gamma exposure to film badges placed at stations located off site during Operation
Nougat, (continued)
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Las Vegas
(cont'd)
Lathrop Wells
222°, 27 miles
Lida Junction
303°, 73 miles
Lincoln Mine
23°, 51 miles
.Logandale
105°, 90 miles
Lower Pahranagat
Lake
68°, 58 miles
Pah rump
176°, 51 miles
Pine Creek Ranch
16°, 77 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
1/02-03/02
3/21 -05/10
5/10 -05/16
5/16-07/05
9/03 - 10/05
10/05- 11/02
11/02-01/02
1/02-02/12
2/12-03/27
3/27-04/25
4/25 -05/11
5/11 -06/04
6/04 - 06/19
9/03 - 10/10
10/10 - 11/02
11/02 - 01/02
1/02 - 03/08
3/08 -04/24
4/24-05/28
5/28-06/21
i/03 -03/23
3/23 -04/25
4/25 -06/29
9/03 - 10/10
10/10 - 11/01
11/01 -01/02
1/02 -03/21
3/21 -04/24
4/24- 05/15
5/15-07/02
9/03- 10/05
10/05- 11/02
11/02 -01/02
1/02-03/23
3/23 - 04/26
4/26 -05/15
5/15-07/26
9/03 - 10/07
10/07 - 11/02
11/02 - 01/04
1/04 -02/12
2/12-03/27
3/27-04/25
4/25 -05/17
5/17-06/05
6/05-06/22
5/24-06/20
DOSE
(mr)
<30
33
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
N.R.
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
40
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
L.D.
<30
<30
<30
71
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Reed
357°, 57 miles
(Unpopulated)
Road "D"
292°, 53 miles
(Unpopulated)
Scotty's Junction
295°, 57 miles
Simpson Ranch (Adaven]
17°, 86 miles
Stone Cabin Ranch
337°, 91 miles
Tonopah
321°, 100 miles
University
139°, 75 miles
Valley of Fire
112°, 78 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
9/04- 10/10
10/10 - 11/01
11/01 -01/03
1/03 -03/16
3/16 - 04/25
4/25-06/29
9/04 - 10/20
10/20 - 11/10
11/10 - 01/02
1/02 - 03/07
3/07-04/24
4/24- 05/28
5/28 - 06/21
10/04 - 11/02
11/02 - 01/02
1/02-03/07
3/07-04/24
4/24 - 05/28
5/28 -06/21
5/24-06/20
9/03 - 10/10
10/10 - 11/03
11/03 - 01/02
1/02 - 03/08
3/08 - 04/25
4/25-05/29
5/29-06/21
9/03- 10/10
10/10- 11/02
11/02 - 01/02
1/02 -03/08
3/08 -04/24
4/24-05/31
5/31 -06/21
9/10- 10/25
10/25 - 11/04
11/04 - 01/02
1/02 - 03/21
3/21 - 05/04
5/04-05/16
5/16-07/02
9/03 - 10/15
10/15 - 11/03
11/03-01/02
1/02-03/21
3/21 - 04/24
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
97
1080
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
L. D.
L.D.
<30
<30
< 30
<30
L.D.
L. D.
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
< 30
<30
<30
<30
<30
< 30
B-17
-------
Table 3. Gamma exposure to film badges placed at stations located off site during Operation
Nougat, (continued)
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Valley of Fire
(cont'd)
Warm Springs
350°, 90 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
4/24-05/15
5/15-07/02
9/02- 10/15
10/15- 11/05
11/05-01/02
1/02-03/08
3/08-04/25
4/25-06/29
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
<30
36
33
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Warm Springs Ranch
102°, 75 miles
EXPOSURE
PERIOD
9/03- 10/10
10/10- 11/02
11/02-01/02
1/02-03/23
3/23-04/26
4/26-05/16
5/16-07/02
DOSE
(mr)
<30
<30
<30
<30
28
<30
<30
B-18
-------
APPENDIX C
AIR SAMPLING DATA OBTAINED FOR OFF-SITE SURVEILLANCE
OF SEVEN EVENTS OF OPERATION NOUGAT
Table No.
Table 1.
Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Antler event.
C-l
Table 2. Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Feather event.
C-2
Table 3. Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Pampas event. C-3
Table 4. Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Danny Boy event. C-4
Table 5. Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Platte event. C-4
Table 6. Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Eel event. C-6
Table 7. Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters
and cartridges at off-site locations during the
Des Moines event.
C-7
-------
Notes
In the tables of Appendix G,, azimuth and distance are given with re-
spect to the Ground Zero for each event.
Time is given as the prevailing clock time at the Nevada Test Site.
Abbreviations used throughout these tables are:
F - 8" x 10" glass fiber filter
C - MSA charcoal cartridge
CORR.
TO: - time to which activity counted was corrected for decay
by extrapolation
CP - time of peak cloud activity during cloud passage over
that location
MP - mid-point of the sampling period
TC - time at which the count was taken
BKG - background
ND - not detected
D - detected, but in amounts too small to quantitate
-------
Table 1 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Antler Event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Alamo
Diablo
Hiko
Warm Springs
Bald Mountain
(unpopulated)
X
x°~
n
77
8
62
352
40
ui
u~
**
SI
a
59
51
61
70
25
II. COLLECTION DATA
ui
osi^r
<^
1310
921
1154
612
5100
2400
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Month
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Doy
15
15
15
15
13
15
15
Time
0800
0700
1655
0945
1130
1610
1700
END
Month
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Day
15
15
16
15
15
16
16
Time
2025
1650
0700
1930
1605
1600
1500
COLLECTOR |
F
c
F
c
71
c
H^
c
T1
"
IT
-
-
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS /3
COUNT
CORR.
TO:
_-
--
CP
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
" -
AC-
TIVITY
(PC/MS)
BKG
28
BKG
BKG
BKG
BKG
BKG
GAMMA PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS
CORR.
TOi
--
CP
CP
--
MP
--
--
--
--
--
MP
ACTIVITY (pc/MS)
I131
ND
D
0.4
1
ND
1
ND
D
ND
ND
ND
0. 3
ND
ND
I133
ND
ND
2
32
ND
37
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7. 5
ND
ND
I135
ND
ND
8
140
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Te132
ND
ND
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Ba140
La140
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
D
D
D
ND
ND
ND
ND
O
I
-------
Table 2 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Feather Event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Ash Meadows
Settle's Farm
Death Valley
Jet.
Lathrop Wells
Shoshone
t-
_!t **"»
M
185
200
189
196
181
UJ
^~ £
a
57
48
61
39
84
II. COLLECTION DATA
Q£ ^j fiy
>~
826
81
336
255
754
342
805
588
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Month
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Day
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
Time
1642
1530
1710
1155
1710
0830
1520
1740
END
Month
12
12
12
12
12,
12
12
12
Day
23
22
22
22
23
22
23
23
Time
0830
1705
2400
1700
0815
1517
0740
0750
Of
«J
UJ
J
O
u
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
c
F
C
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS /3
COUNT
CORR.
TO:
MP
--
MP
--
--
MP
--
MP
MP
--
__
AC-
TIVITY
(pc/M3)
30
440
BKG
220
40
65
BKG
23
GAMMA PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS
CORR.
TO:
MP
MP
MP
-. _
MP
_ _
MP
_ _
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
ACTIVITY (pc/M3)
131
I
- -
ND
ND
ND
_ _
ND
ND
ND
ND
D
ND
ND
ND
0?
ND
D
133
I
_ _
5. 5
21
270
_ _
20
ND
40
ND
16
ND
13
ND
27
ND
12
135
I
_ _
2.6
50
950
_ _
24
21
132
ND
1.7
5. 6
42
ND
24
ND
7.9
135
Xe
_ _
D
D
D
_ _
D
D
D
ND
D
D
D
ND
ND
D
140
La
_ _
ND
D
ND
_ _
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
Mr>
IN U
D
ND
95
Nb
_. _
ND
D
ND
_ _
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
-jr»
IN D
D
ND
103
Ru
_.
ND
D
ND
..
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
D
ND
141
Ce
__
ND
D
ND
._
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
ND
D
D
ND
O
I
-------
Table 3 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Pampas Event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Diablo
Gunder son's
Ranch
Hiko
Warm Springs
N
358
19
48
348
UJ
5
62
42
58
82
II. COLLECTION DATA
O N~"'
200
995
255
853
705
860
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Month
3
3
3
3
3
3
Doy
1
1
1
1
1
1
Time
1330
1735
1245
1755
1625
1430
END
Month
3
3
3
3
3
3
Day
l
2
1
2
2
2
Time
1730
1305
1750
1100
0900
1200
at
O
u
111
_l
o
0
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS /3
COUNT
CORR.
TOs
MP
~ ~
_ _
- -
MP
MP
_ _
- -
MP
AC-
TIVITY
(PC/MS)
830
BKG
1700
BKG
75
BKG
GAMMA PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS
CORR.
TO:
MP
MP
..
MP
MP
MP
_ _
MP
MP
--
ACTIVITY (
I131
8.9
ND
..
ND
8.6
ND
_ _
ND
ND
ND
132
D
D
..
ND
D
ND
_ _
ND
ND
ND
I133
200
29
..
2. 1
180
36
..
2.3
2.6
ND
I135
260
68
ND
240
106
._
3. 1
ND
ND
T.'32
36
ND
ND
31
ND
..
ND
ND
ND
PC/M3)
Zr95
Nb95
D
ND
D
D
ND
..
D
ND
D
103
Ru
D
ND
D
D
ND
..
D
ND
D
CeM4
D
ND
D
ND
ND
D
ND
D
JThB
ND
ND
D
ND
ND
D
D
D
O
OJ
-------
Table 4 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Danny Boy event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Carver's
Restaurant
Warm Springs
AZIMUTH
(°)
339
360
DISTANCE
(miles)
121
74
II. COLLECTION DATA
ui
oe?~
01 3m
<-l Z
0~
>
. 472
167
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Month
3
3
Day
5
5
Time
1715
1020
END
Month
3
3
Day
6
5
Time
1530
1515
COLLECTOR |
F
C
F
C
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS /3
COUNT
CORR.
TO:
--
MP
AC-
TIVITY
(PC/MS)
BKG
1000
GAMMA PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS
CORR.
TO:
MP
MP
MP
ACTIVITY (pc/M3)
I131
ND
0.71
6.9
ND
j.133
ND
61
187 .
33.7
I135
ND
ND
275
73.5
Te132
. ND
ND
16
ND.
Bal40
Lai40
ND
ND
ND
ND
r> 103
Ru
D
D
D
D
Sr91
ND
ND
D
ND
Table 5 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Platte event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Currant
Diablo
Ely
AZIMUTH
(°)
19
7
25
DISTANCE
(miles)
115
44
155
II. COLLECTION DATA
in
"im
*£~
2142
256
679
2467
414
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Month
4
4
4
4
4
Day
14
14.
14
14
15
Time
0800
1000
1700
1100
0830
END
Month
4
4
4
4
4
Day
15
14
15
15
15
Time
0800
1650
0700
0830
1220
COLLECTOR |
F
F
C
F
C
F
F
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS ft
COUNT
CORR.
TO:
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
AC-
TIVITY
-------
Table 5 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Platte event, (cont'd.
I. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Gunder son' s
Ranch
Lund
Warm Springs
Queen City
Summit
(within road-
block)
Reed
(unpopulated)
AZIMUTH
(°)
36
27
352
15
2
DISTANCE
(miles)
34
123
78
39
36
II. COLLECTION DATA
LU
Ǥ*T
<^
105
232
1897
1331
84.2
210
252
250
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Aonth
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Day
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
Time
1100
1510
1745
1100
1250
1540
0948
1607
END
Month
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Day
14
15
15
15
14
14
14
14
Time
1507
0015
1855
1400
1540
2325
Io05
2230
COLLECTOR |
F
C
F
C
F
F
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS /3
COUNT
CORR.
TO;
MP
--
MP
--
MP
--
MP
--
MP
--
MP
--
MP
AC-
TIVITY
(pc/M3)
3000
250
10,000
BKG
34.00C
1000
5400
800
GAMMA PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS
CORR.
TO;
MP
MP
MP
MP
--
--
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
ACTIVITY (pc/M^)
I131
37
5.4
9. 1
2. 0
--
ND
3220
267
42
22
118
4. 5
14. 3
9.3
I133
268
117
D
29
--
ND
17,600
5550
250
355
615
145
82
175
j.135
186
273
ND
56
--
ND
19,000
17,800
ND
510
410
408
ND
240
Te132
32
D
7. 1
ND
--
ND
2710
170
27
ND
100
ND
11.6
ND
Ba140
La140
ND
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
38.4
ND
ND
ND
12. 7
ND
ND
ND
Ru103
D
ND
D
ND
--
D
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
D
ND
Ru105
D
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
D
ND
ND
ND
D
ND
ND
ND
O
I
-------
Table 6 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Eel Event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Currant
Diablo
Ely
Gunderson' s
Ranch
Lund
Tempiute
Twin Springs
Ranch
<
15
359
22
15
24
24
355
ui
u -~
Z ""
5
115
55
158
37
131
37
74
II. COLLECTION DATA
>~
939
848
207
669
476
355
338
297
1428
SAMPLING PERIOD
BEGIN
Month
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Doy
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Time
0705
2000
0925
1545
0900
0900
1100
0930
0615
END
Month
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Day
19
20
19
20
19
19
19
19
20
Time
2000
0645
1540
1030
1400
1635
1830
1630
0615
a-
O
0
LU
O
0
F
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
F
C
III. RADIOASSAY DATA
GROSS /3
COUNT
CORR.
TO;
MP
MP
--
--
__
--
--
--
MP
--
--
MP
--
--
TIVITY
(P«:/M3)
3400
36
360
BKG
BKG
1000
BKG
46
BKG
GAMMA PULSE HEIGHT ANALYSIS
CORR.
TO:
MP
MP
MP
MP
--
--
MP
MP
--
--
--
ACTIVITY (pe/M3)
I131
15
5.6
ND
ND
--
ND
ND
ND
-_
ND
ND
ND
I133
ND
23
3.2
0. 69
--
ND
D
3.7
-_
D
D
ND
I135
ND
18
12
--
1.4
--
ND
18
8.2
ND
ND
ND
132
Te
ND
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
2.9
ND
--
ND
ND
ND
Ba-
140
La
4. 5
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
ND
ND
--
ND
ND
ND
Zr-
Nb95
D
--
ND
D
D
D
D
ND
D
D
--
D
103
Ru
106
Ru
D
--
ND
D
D
--
ND
D
ND
ND
D
D
141
Ce
144
Ce
D
ND
D
D
ND
ND
ND
D
D
D
O
-------
Table 7 - Concentrations of activity in air sampled by filters and cartridges at off-site locations during the Des Moines event.
1. STATION LOCATION
STATION
NAME
Currant
Diablo
Eureka
Gunderson's
Ranch
Lund
Warm Springs
Queen City
Summit (on
Hwy. 25)
AZIMUTH
(°)
22
8
3
32
30
352
20
DISTANCE
(miles)
119
50
159
37
130
67
39
II. COLLECTION DATA
ui
o=irT
-------
APPENDIX D
RADIOACTIVITY IN SAMPLES OF WATER AND OF MILK
COLLECTED OFF SITE DURING OPERATION NOUGAT
Table No. Page
Table 1. Gross beta activity in water samples routinely
collected from off-site locations during Operation
Nougat. D-l
Table 2. Concentrations of various isotopes in milk samples
collected off site during Operation Nougat. D-4
-------
Table 1. Gross beta activity in water samples routinely collected from off-site locations during Operation Nougat.
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Alamo
57°, 57 miles
Ash Meadows
198°, 41 miles
Beatty
268°, 38 miles
Butler Ranch
85°, 59 miles
SOURCE
Well
Covered
Spring
Pond
Capped
Springs
Open
Spring
DATE
COLLECTED
7-18-61
10-11-61
11-02-61
1-02-62
2-22-62
4-19-62
6-04-62
6-30-62
10-13-61
11-06-61
2-20-62
3-29-62
5-11-62
6-11-62
10-13-61
11-06-61
2-20-62
5-11-62
6-11-62
11 -- 61
12 .-- 61
2-20-62
3-29-62
5-11-62
6-18-62
9-29-61
11-01-61
GROSS B
ACTIVITY
(pc/l)
21
29
27
< 10
19
26
25
35
15
30
12
14
<10
17
16
33
36
17
17
18
16
<10
19
<10
<15
12
19
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Butler Ranch (cont'd)
Cactus Springs
143°, 30miles
Caliente
59°, 97 miles
Crystal Springs
47°, 61 miles
Currant
14°, 128 miles
Desert Game Range
132°, 51 miles
SOURCE
Well
Well
Open
Spring
Well
Well
DATE
COLLECTED
1-02-62
2-22-62
4-19-62
6-04-62
10-13-61
12-04-61
2-22-62
4-20-62
6-05-62
.10 --61
11-02-61
1-03-62
2-21-62
4-19-62
6-05-62
10-11-61
11-02-61
2-20-62
6-30-62
11-01-61
11-29-61
12 -- 61
2-21-62
5-09-62
6-29-62
10-13-61
11-01-61
12 -- 61
GROSS p
ACTIVITY
(pc/l)
< 10
23
13
10
< 10
< 10
26
26
< 10
24
16
<10
14
34
10
16
27
15
13
22
12
19
< 10
< 10
< 10
39
21
< 10
-------
Table 1. Gross beta activity in water samples routinely collected from off-site locations during Operation Nougat, (cont'd. )
O
i
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Desert Game Range
(cont'd)
Diablo
0°, 69 miles
Furnace Creek
232°, 54 miles
Goldfield
311°, 84 miles
Gunder son's Ranch
18°, 49 miles
Hot Creek Pond
353°, 111 miles
SOURCE
Well
Pond
Well
Well
Well
Well
Pond
DATE
COLLECTED
2-20-62
4-20-62
6-05-62
10-13-61
11-01-61
2-20-62
4-20-62
6-05-62
10-11-61
11-29-61
12 -- 61
2-22-62
3-30-62
4-18-62
6-07-62
3-30-62
5-16-62
6-11-62
11 -- 61
12 -- 61
2-21-62
3-29-62
4-17-62
5-15-62
10-11-61
11-16-61
11-29-61
2-22-62
3-30-62
GROSSB
ACTIVITY
(pc/l)
< 10
< 10
< 10
27
17
< 10
35
20
15
< 10
17
51
15
45
30
24
40
13
25
12
< 10
<10
35
19
41
35
16
140
273
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Hot Creek Pond (cont'd)
Indian Springs
139°, 32 miles
Lake Mead
132°, 94 miles
Las Vegas
136°, 74 miles
Lathrop Wells
223°, 27 miles
Lida Junction
304°, 73 miles
Muddy River
102°, 84 miles
SOURCE
Pond
Well
Lake
Tap*
Well
Well
River
DATE
COLLECTED
4-18-62
6-07-62
10-13-61
12-04-61
4-20-62
6-05-62
12-04-61
2-22-62
4-19-62
6-07-62
10-11-61
12-05-61
2-22-62
4-20-62
6-05-62
11-02-61
12-01-61
2-20-62
3-29-62
5-17-62
6 -- 62
11-02-61
11-28-61
12 -- 61
2-20-62
3-29-62
4-17-62
5-15-62
9-29-61
10-12-61
11-01-61
GROSSP
ACTIVITY
(pc/t)
244
50
< 10
< 10
< 10
< 10
< 10
32
26
14
13
< 10
< 10
10
< 10
68
<10
<10
17
49
<10
18
21
25
17
25
28
61
27
32
26
#Water for Las Vegas domestic supply may be from wells or from
Lake Mead depending upon demand.
-------
Table 1. Gross beta activity in water samples routinely collected from off-site locations during Operation Nougat (cont'd. )
d
uo
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Muddy River (cont'd)
Pahrump
176°, 50 miles
Rainbow Creek
60°, 95 miles
Scotty's Junction
297°, 61 miles
Tempiute
23°, 51 miles
Tonopah
3226, 101 miles
SOURCE
River
Well
River
Well
Well
Well
DATE
COLLECTED
2-22-62
4-19-62
6-04-62
6-29-62
10-13-61
11-06-61
1-09-62
2-20-62
3 -- 62
4-04-62
5-17-62
6-11-62
10-12-61
11-02-61
2-21-62
4-18-62
6-05-62
3-29-62
4 -- 62
5-15-62
11-02-61
1-03-62
2-22-62
3-30-62
4-18-62
14 -- 61
12 -- 61
2-21-62
3-30-62
4-18-62
5-16-62
GROSSp
ACTIVITY
(pe/l)
15
22
36
40
< 10
16
< 10
< 10
< 10
< 10
19
10
24
17
67
45
28
15
37
13
11
< 10
22
16
< 10
18
13
14
<10
21
54
LOCATION
Azimuth and Distance
from CP-1
Upper Pahranagat Lake
62°, 56 miles
Warm Springs
350°, 89 miles
Warm Springs Ranch
101°, 75 miles
SOURCE
Lake
Well
Pond
Spring
DATE
COLLECTED
9-29-61
10-11-61
11-01-61
2-22-62
4-19-62
6-04-62
6-30-62
10-11-61
11-29-61
12 -- 61
2-22-62
3-30-62
4-18-62
10-11-61
11-29-61
12 -- 61
2-22-62
3-30-62
4-18-62
10 61
11-01-61
1-02-62
. 2-22-62
4-19-62
6-04-62
6-30-62
GROSS!)
"BOT
133
36
112
81
68
47
50
42
27
35
45
43
20
99
104
117
110
75
96
27
16
< 10
32
17
19
20
-------
Table 2. Concentrations of various isotopes in milk samples collected off site during Operation Nougat.
LOCATION
(Az. & Dist. from GZ)
Adaven
17°, 86 miles
Austin
344°, 188 miles
Alamo
57°, 57 miles
Battle Mountain
350°, 261 miles
Blue Eagle Ranch
13°, 105 miles
Caliente
59°, 97 miles
Carlin
0°, 263 miles
Diablo Maint. Station
0°, 69 miles
Elko LDS Stake
5°, 273 miles
Eureka
10, 183 miles
Glendale
111°, 58 miles
Hiko
440, 64 miles
DATE
COLLECTED
6/20/62
6/30/62
12/13/61
2/22/62
4/19/62
6/04/62
6/28/62
6/13/62
11/02/61
4/04/62
6/05/62
6/22/62
12/01/61
6/21/62
6/23/62
11/01/61
11/02/61
12/13/61
5/17/62
CONSUMPTION
.Domestic
Domestic
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Commerical
Domestic
Domestic
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
ACTIVITY pc/1
Sr90 Sr89 i!31 Ba140 Cs137
10 35 360 < 20 75
13 65 180 < 20 75
2 10 <10 < 20 <10
2 < 5 <10 < 20 <10
3 < 5 <10 < 20 <10
6 15 <10 < 20 35
21 190 50 < 20 15
13 60 20 < 20 180
4 < 5 80 30 <10
3 5 <10 < 20 <10
3 20 <10 < 20 25
9 50 160 < 20 120
3 10 30 < 20 15
38 230 610 < 20 200
17 100 110 < 20 100
2 5 65 < 20 <10
5 95 720 60 20
2 < 5 < 10 < 20 <10
1 < 5 < 10 < 20 <10
gm/1
Ca K
1.27 1.3
1. 19 1.8
1.07 1.7
1.02 1.4
1.16 0.9
1.05 1.4
1. 18 1.9
1.28 1.4
1.20 1.6
1.10 1.3
1.04 1.5
1.22 1.1
1.16 1.5
1.22 1.3
1.07 1.4
1.06 1.3
1.08 1.4
1. 10 1.5
1.14 1.6
d
I
-------
Table 2. Concentrations of various isotopes in milk samples collected off site during Operation Nougat, (continued)
LOCATION
(Az. & Dist. from GZ
Las Vegas
Anderson Dairy
136°, 72 miles
Arden Dairy
136°, 72 miles
Bliss Dairy
136°, 72 miles
Hinie's Dairy
136°, 72 miles
LDS Farm
136°, 72 miles
Lund
22°, 145 miles
Panaca
56°, 108 miles
Robbin's Ranch
21°, 236 miles
Searle's Ranch
103°, 83 miles
Springdale
281°, 38 miles
DATE
COLLECTED
12/21/61
12/01/61
2/13/62
12/18/61
11/16/61
2/13/62
6/05/62
4/25/62
5/09/62
1/03/62
4/19/62
6/04/62
6/22/62
11/01/61
6/05/62
9/06/61
2/26/62
CONSUMPTION
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Domestic
Domestic
ACTIVITY pc/1
Sr90 Sr89 llJl Bal40 Csl37
3 5 <10 < 20 < 10
2 15 40 80 30
2 5 < 10 < 20 10
4 5 <10 < 20 < 10
3 15 40 < 20 < 10
2 5 <10 < 20 < 10
2 5 <10 < 20 30
4 < 5 < 10 < 20 < 10
1 < 5 < 10 < 20 < 10
2 < 5 < 10 < 20 < 10
4 5 < 10 < 20 10
2 < 5 < 10 < 20 < 10
5 40 520 < 20 140
2 5 70 < 20 < 10
3 20 < 10 < 20 20
< 10 < 20 < 10
3 30 < 10 < 20 30
gm/1
Ca K
1. 12 1.4
1.02 1.4
1.00 1.6
1.07 1.4
1. 10 1.4
1.04 1.6
1.09 1.6
1.08 1.2
1.08 1.6
1. 10 1.6
1.14 1.5
1.06 1.6
1.00 1.5
1.06 1.3
1.04 1.5
1.3
1.01 1.3
o
I
-------
Table 2. Concentrations of various isotopes in milk samples collected off site during Operation Nougat, (continued)
LOCATION
(Az. & Dist. from GZ
Springdale (cont'd. )
Twin Springs Ranch
3570, 88 miles
Wells
13°, 299 miles
Wendover, Utah
21°, 290 miles
White River Valley
18°, 146 miles
DATE
COLLECTED
4/26/62
5/28/62
11/29/61
4/18/62
6/08/62
6/23/62
6/29/62
6/13/62
CONSUMPTION
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
ACTIVITY pc/1
Sr90 Sr89 H31 Ba140 CS137
4 25 20 < 20 25
8 35 < 10 < 20 50
6 40 90 70 55
5 10 < 10 < 20 15
8 40 < 10 < 20 70
22 135 80 < 20 110
8 55 90 < 20 25
15 60 40 < 20 50
gm/1
Ca K
1.08 1.2
1. 18 1. 2
1. 33 1. 3
1. 18 1.4
1.26 1.6
1.22 1.4
1.02 2.0
1.27 1.5
o
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DISTRIBUTION LIST
Chief, Biophysics Division
AFWL, KAFB
New Mexico
Director, DASA
ATTN: DASA RA3-Pentagon
Washington, D. C.
Chief, RSN
DRH, USPHS,
Washington, D. C.
Test Branch
DMA, USAEC
Washington, D. C.
Test Manager
AEC Operations Coordination
Mercury, Nevada
Weapons Effects Test Group
FC/DASA, Sandia Base.
Albuquerque, New Mexico
W.W. Allaire, Director
DPO, NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Philip W. Allen
USWB, NVOO
Las Vegas,. Nevada
E. C. Anderson
DRH, USPHS
Washington, D. C.
George T. Anton
SNPO-N, NRDS
Jackass Flats, Nevada
C. M. Bacigalupi
LRL, Bldg. 101
Mercury, Nevada
Frank D. Cluff
USWB, NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Dr. Gordon M. Dunning
DOS, USAEC
Washington, D. C.
Gilbert J. Ferber
USWB, MRPB
Washington, D. C.
Dr. Alvin C. Graves
LASL
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Dr. Robert H. Goeckermann
LRL
Liver mo re California
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Col. E.G. Halligan
NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Harry Jordan
LASL
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Dr. ClintonS. Maupin, M. D.
REECo, Bldg. 121
Mercury, Nevada
Victor M. Milligan
REECo, Rad-Safe
Mercury, Nevada
Dr. Raymond Moore, M.D.
DRHS. USPHS
Dallas, Texas
Dr. William E. Ogle
LASL, J-DO Weapons Area
Mercury, Nevada
James L. Olsen
LRL, CP-1
Mercury, Nevada
Col. C.R. Peterson, Director
NOD, FC/DASA, NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Dr. Gilbert Potter
LRL
Livermore, California
James E. Reeves, Manager
NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Bryce L. Rich
LRL, Bldg. 101
Mercury, Nevada
Otto H. Roehlk, Director
DOS, NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Duane Sewell
LRL
Livermore, California
D. L. Snow,,
DRH, USPHS
Washington, D. C.
James G. Terrill
DRH, USPHS
Washington, D. C.
Henry G. Vermillion
PIO, NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
Mail and Records
NVOO
Las Vegas, Nevada
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