SWRHL-26r
RADIOIODINE STUDIES FOLLOWING THE
TRANSIENT NUCLEAR TEST (TNT) OF A KIWI REACTOR
by
S. C. Black, D. S. Earth, R. E. Engel and K. H. Falter
Bioenvironmental Research
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Bureau of Radiological Health
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
May 1969
This research investigation performed under contract
No. S F 54 373 for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
-------
LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored
work. Neither the United States, nor the Atomic Energy Commission,
nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied,
with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the in-
formation contained in this report, or that the use of any information,
apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not in-
fringe privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or pro-
cess disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" in-
cludes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of
the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, dissemin-
ates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employ-
ment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such
contractor.
015
-------
SWRHL-26r
RADIOIODINE STUDIES FOLLOWING THE
TRANSIENT NUCLEAR TEST (TNT) OF A KIWI REACTOR
by
S. C. Black, D. S. Earth, R. E. Engel and K. H. Falter
Bioenvironmental Research
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Bureau of Radiological Health
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
May 1969
This research investigation performed under contract
No. S F 54 373 for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
-------
ABSTRACT
In conjunction with the Transient Nuclear Test of a Kiwi reactor, on
January 12, 1965, hay contamination and controlled dairy cow inges-
tion studies for radioiodines were conducted. The studies were designed
to simulate the maximum possible radioiodine uptake by dairy cows
under winter dairy farming conditions, where radioiodines enter the
cows via ingested, contaminated hay. The kinetics of the secretion
of radioiodines in milk under the conditions of this experiment were
determined. Peak values of 830 pCi/liter for l 33I and 150 pCi/liter
for 1 31I were observed in the milk of individual cows. For l 31I the
effective half-life in the milk of Group I cows was found to be 5. 7 days,
whereas for Group II it was 2.9 days. Air sampling results indicated
that the contaminant ingested by Group I cows was less gaseous in
nature than was the contaminant for Group II cows.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3
in. HAY STUDY 6
A. Procedure 6
1. Loose Hay 6
2. Baled Hay 7
B. Results . 10
1. Loose Hay 10
2. Baled Hay 12
C. Discussion 13
IV. MILK STUDY 16
A. Procedure 16
B. Results 18
C. Discussion 32
V. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 37
A. Procedure 37
B. Results 38
1. Air Sampling 38
2. Other Sampling 42
C. Discussion 46
VI. SPECIAL RADIOIODINE AIR SAMPLER STUDY 49
A. Procedure 49
B. Results and Discussion 51
11
-------
VII. DISCUSSION OF TOTAL STUDY 52
VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 62
REFERENCES 65
APPENDIX
DISTRIBUTION
111
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Table 17.
Table 18.
i.
Data for effective half -life of radioiodines in
loose hay. 10
Removal of radioiodines from loose hay at
station C8-215. 12
Results of analyses of cores from stacked,
baled hay. 13
Experimental cow grouping. ,< 16
Analytical precision for milk samples. ' 18
Radioiodine ingestion and milk content -
Group I cows. 19
Radioiodine ingestion and milk content -
Group II cows. 22
Range of 133I values for individual cows within
groups. 33
Average data for comparison of both groups. 34
Iodine-133 results in milk from both groups
of cows. 36
Comparison of high volume and low volume air
samplers (pCi/m3). 40
High volume air sampler results (pCi/m3). 41
Environmental sample results at fixed stations
on January 12, 1965. 43
Environmental sample results at the mobile
station on January 12, 1965. 45
Survey meter readings. 45
Soil and vegetation sampling results (pCi/kg)
for indicated dates. 47
Activity ratios of various samples. - 48
Environmental sampling: comparison of this
study with LASL H-8 results. 53
IV
-------
Table 19. Comparison of this study with other studies. 54
Table 20. Summary of milk sampling results. 63
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Station locations for TNT. 4
Figure 2. Baled hay stacking diagram. 8
Figure 3. Effective half-lives of I31I in loose hay. 11
Figure 4. Average 1 31I excretion in milk for Group I cows. 26
Figure 5. Average * 31I excretion in milk for Group II cows. 27
Figure 6. Average 133 I excretion in milk for Group I and
Group II cows. 28
Figure 7. Average K, Ca, 90Sr, 1 37Cs and milk production
for Group I cows. 29
Figure 8. Average K, Ca, 90Sr, 1 37Cs and milk production
for Group II cows. 30
Figure 9. Iodine-131 in milk; ion exchange-gamma scan
comparison. 31
Figure 10. Typical station layout. 39
Figure 11. Experimental air samplers. 50
Figure 12. Relationship between percentage of ingested
1 31I recovered and total milk yield. 57
Figure 13. Average of a.m. and p. m. milk taken between
feedings for Group I cows. 58
Figure 14. Average of a.m. and p.m. milk taken between
feedings for Group II cows. 59
VI
-------
I. INTRODUCTION
The Kiwi Transient Nuclear Test (TNT) was conducted at 1058 hours PST
on January 12, 1965, at Test Cell C, Nuclear Rocket Development
Station, Jackass Flats, Nevada. The experiment consisted of a rotation
of the control drums from a Kiwi reactor at a rate approximately 90
times faster than the maximum possible operational rate and was
designed to simulate a maximum possible transient of the Kiwi nuclear
reactor. Predictions of the probable production and release of mixed
fission products made before the test by the Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory indicated that radioiodine studies at distances close to the
release point had a high probability of yielding significant scientific
results. For a more complete description of the test itself and of
environmental measurements of the effluent made following TNT the
reader is referred to References 1 and 2.
The present studies were designed in part to obtain data to relate
certain transport properties of radioiodines from the TNT effluent to
similar properties of the effluent which was accidentally released fol-
lowing the Pike underground nuclear test. Results obtained in our
experiments following Pike have previously been reported. One of
the significant findings of our Pike study was the measurement of 1 31I
levels in the milk of dairy cows eating only grain and contaminated hay.
The peak levels were a factor of approximately six lower than the mea-
sured peak levels of 1 31I in the milk of different dairy cows eating
contaminated fresh green forage at the same location. In addition, the
apparent effective half-life of 1 31I observed in the milk of dairy cows
eating fresh green forage appeared to differ from the effective half-life
of * 31I observed in the milk of dairy cows eating only hay and grain.
-------
Since TNT occurred in winter when there was no fresh green forage
available, the experimental design was limited to the use of hay as a
sampler for fallout radioiodines. The study was designed and conducted
to simulate the maximum possible uptake of radioiodines which could
result from winter dairy farming practices where radioiodines enter
dairy cows via contaminated hay.
A total assessment of radioiodine uptake by dairy cows must include
measurement of air uptake, uptake from ingestion of contaminated
fresh green forage, uptake from ingestion of contaminated hay and/or
grain, and uptake from contaminated water. This study design allows
the measurement of only one of the possible uptakes (hay). Subsequent
studies will be designed to assess other possible uptake routes.
The experiment was designed around the following specific objectives:
1. To determine the amount of radioiodines deposited on stacked,
baled alfalfa hay and on loosely piled alfalfa hay at the same
locations.
2. To,determine the kinetics of the uptake and secretion of radio-
- iodines in the milk of dairy cows following ingestion of contam-
inated hay.
3. To measure the relative efficiencies of high and low volume air
samplers for collection of radioiodines.
4. To test an air sampling device designed to remove all biologically
available radioiodine.
5. To determine soil and vegetation deposition, surface dose rates
and other ancillary data as time and the equipment available permit.
-------
II. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Based on Weather Bureau predictions of wind direction, four stations
were established downwind from the reactor as shown in Figure 1.
Each station included 27 bales of alfalfa hay, stacked 3x3x3; and
loose alfalfa hay piled 18" high on a 160 square feet sheet of plastic.
Each station also included film badges, high and low volume air sam-
plers, fallout trays and precipitation collectors.
Fifteen lactating Holstein cows from the U. S. Public Health Service
dairy herd were selected for this experiment. Two groups of six cows
each were fed the loose hay from the two piles containing the most
activity, as measured after the test, and three cows were used as
'f
controls.. ^iThe cows were maintained on a normal twice-a-day milking
schedule. The radioiodine content of each milking of each cow was
assayed to determine the individual variation in ingestion and milk
secretion of iodine in the cow.
Soil and vegetation samples were taken before and immediately
the event and at later times after the event to determine the change of
activity .with.time.
In addition to the high volume and low volume air samplers, an experi-
mental "absolute" iodine sampler was used for this test. This sam-
pler was designed to remove all biologically available iodine from an
air sample. The effluent from the sampler was trapped in a reservoir
and a group of ten rats was allowed to breathe it. A similar group of
rats was directly exposed to the cloud from TNT. Determination of
the radioiodine in the pooled thyroids of each group, excised 48 hours
after exposure, was used to estimate the efficiency of the sampler.
-------
GROUND
ZEF
Figure 1. Station locations for TNT.
-------
The stacked hay bales were sampled by taking cores which were used
to determine uniformity of surface contamination of the stacks and
depth of radioiodine penetration into the bales. No baled hay was fed
to the cows. The loose hay piles were sampled in situ and after removal
to the dairy barn. One sample was taken daily from each batch of loose
contaminated hay fed to each cow to determine both the amounts of
radioiodine s ingested by the cows and the effective half-lives of the
radio iodines on the hay.
Survey meter readings were taken at each station after the test to
determine the activity deposited on the stations.
-------
in. HAY STUDY
A. Procedure
At each of the four stations were a stack of baled alfalfa hay and a pile
of loose alfalfa hay. The stacks of baled hay were used to determine,
for this geometric arrangement, the characteristics of the radioiodine
deposition and retention on hay, including the extent of penetration of
the radioiodine into the stacks and individual bales. The loose hay
was used for the ingestion study and for effective half-life determina-
tions .
Analysis of the hay was by gamma spectrometry. The minimum
detectable limit for radioiodines with our instrumentation and
methods is estimated to be 100 pCi/kg with a precision of ±100 pCi/kg,
or ±50%, whichever is larger.
1. Loose Hay
Survey meter readings after the test indicated that the highest
amdunts of activity were deposited on Stations C4-230 and C8-215
(Figure 1). The loose hay from these stations was used for the
ingestion study. Samples were taken from each pile and placed
in plastic bags to be weighed and gamma scanned. The remainder
of the hay was taken to the dairy barn to be fed to the study cows.
Upon arrival at the barn, an additional sample from the hay which
was at Station C8-215 was removed, bagged, and gamma scanned
to determine whether handling affected radionuclide content.
Six grab samples were collected each day from each of the two
contaminated hay piles (see Section IV). The analytical data from
-------
these samples are used to estimate the effective half-life of radio-
iodines on the hay.
To determine how firmly the radioiodines were bound to the hay,
a large sample of loose hay was collected from the contaminated
pile, divided into smaller samples and treated as follows:
/
a. A sample was weighed, gamma scanned and spread loosely
in a cage. A fan was arranged to blow room air over the hay at
an average speed of 10 mph for one hour. The sample was then
reweighed and gamma scanned. The procedure was repeated
allowing the air to blow over the same hay for a second hour.
This experiment was performed at three and four days after
contamination.
b. A sample was weighed, gamma scanned and placed in a one-
gallon glass jar. The jar was filled with tap water, capped
and shaken thoroughly. The water was drained off, the washing
repeated twice more, and then the hay was gamma scanned.
This experiment was performed at three, four and five days
after the test.
c. A sample was weighed and gamma scanned. Then the leaves.
and stems were separated as much as possible and each
portion counted separately.
To determine any possible migration of radioiodines into hay,
several small stems of contaminated hay were split lengthwise
and placed on x-ray film. After 48 hours exposure, the split
stems were removed and the film was developed.
2. Baled Hay
To estimate the penetration of radioiodines into hay bales, core
samples were taken from top and front-facing bales (Figure 2)
-------
C bole
o o o
/ o o ox
* ' r
A bole
B bale
O O O
1
/'
/
/
Figure 2. Baled hay stacking diagram. Front of diagram is facingTest Cell C,
Location of core samples is indicated by circles on bales sampled.
8
-------
from the stacked hay at Stations C4-230 and C8-215. The corer
was a piece of steel pipe four inches in diameter. One end of the
pipe was sharpened and filed in a sawtooth pattern. A bale was
cored by placing the most radioactive side down on a piece of
masonite. Starting from the opposite side the corer was rotated
until it penetrated the bale. The corer was then placed in a plastic
bag and the core expelled by holding it in place while the corer
was withdrawn. The core was then wrapped with the plastic bag
and bound tightly to form a cylinder four inches in diameter and
fourteen to sixteen inches long. Three cores were taken from
each bale and each core was then sawed into three inch segments.
The first three inches of each of the three cores were combined
to form one sample, the second three inches combined to form
another sample, and so on.
Core samples were taken five hours after exposure to the radio-
active cloud. The stack at C4-230 was sampled from bales A, B
and C as shown in Figure 2. The stack at C8-215 was sampled
from bales B and C while the stacks at C8-230 and C8-245 were
sampled from bale B only.
In addition to the hay placed at fixed stations, eleven bales of hay
were placed in a truck for use as a mobile station. When the
effluent cloud direction was determined, the truck was driven into
the path of the cloud at about 16 miles from the reactor, and the
bales removed and stacked on the ground in a 3 x 2 x 2 configura-
tion. Core samples from this stack were taken from both vertical
and horizontal surfaces.
-------
B. Results
1. Loose Hay
The results of sample analyses in the effective half-life study are
shown in Figure 3 and Table 1. The "least squares" lines as fitted
to these data indicate l 31I effective half-lives of 2. 4 days and4. Odays
at Stations C8-215 and C4-230 respectively. For the calculation
of the effective half-life at C8-215 one point has been rejected as
an outlier. Also non detectable values were rejected.
Table 1. Data for effective half-life of radioiodines in loose hay.
Date 131I
1/12/65*
1/13/65 1,590
1/14/65 960
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65 610
1/12/65*
1/12/65**
1/13/65 1,060
1/14/65 5,120
1/15/65
1/16/65 2,120
1/17/65 2,250
1/18/65 1,530
pCi/kg
13Zj
Station C4-230
3,100
4,100
12,000
-
-
400
Station C8-215
133!
2,700
10,670
2,910
-
-
-
-
4,800,000 160,000
11,000
20,000
20,000
-
3,500
3,900
2,100
2,300
6,240
3,520
-
1,760
2,730
1,990
135i
64,000
2,300
-
-
-
-
-
33,000*
.##
4,800
-
-
-
-
*in situ
**After move and prior to feeding (all other hay samples were taken
from cow mangers). A dash (-) indicates non-detectable.
10
-------
QHay, Sta. C4-230
, Sta. C8-215
= 2.4 days
This point
rejected
as an outlier
T ,, = 4. 0 days
eff '
10
DATE: JAN. 1965
Figure 3. Effective half lives of 131I in loose hay.
-------
The results of the experiments to determine the firmness of binding
of radioiodines to the hay are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Removal of radioiodines from loose hay at station C8-215.
Date
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/15/65
Procedure
Initial Activity
1 0 mph wind for one hour
10 mph wind for two hours
Initial Activity
1 0 mph wind for one hour
10 mph wind for two hours
Initial Activity
After three water washes
Initial Activity
After three water washes
Initial Activity
After three water washes
Whole hay samples
Leaves only
Stems only
pCi/kg
131I 133I
30,000
22,000
10,000
14,000
14,000
12,000
23,000
600
22,000
10,000
20,000
7,000
42,000
39,000
3, 000
34,000
26,000
16,000
18,000
16,000
13,000
32,000
1,000
28,000
16,000
25,000
13,000
50,000
45,000
5,000
The autoradiographs showed no evidence of migration of radio-
activity into the hay steins. If a very small amount did migrate, a
longer exposure time would have been necessary to demonstrate this.
2. Baled Hay
The results of the core analyses are shown in Table 3. None of
the cores from the bales from the mobile station showed detectable
activity.
12
-------
Table 3. Results of analyses of cores from stacked, baled hay.
Location Bale Depth PCi/kg
of Stack No. in Bale* 131I 132 I 133I 135
C8-215
C8-215
C4-230
B
C
A
B
(None detectable in any
1st 3"
other sections
1st 3"
mid sections
end 3"
1st 3"
section)
2, 300
-
1,100
-
2,100
2,300
2,200
-
910
-
6,100
3,600
3,300
-
9,200
-
15,000
23,000
other sections -
C 1st 3" - 380 940 9,200
other sections -
C8-230 B (None detectable in any section)
C8-245 B (None detectable in any section)
*Each sample represents combined 3" sections from the three cores
in each bale.
A dash (-) indicates non-detectable.
C. Discussion
At Station C8-215 there was apparently no penetration of radioiodine
between bales and no detectable activity on the vertical hay surface
facing Test Cell C. The results of the core analyses indicate that no
detectable amounts of radioiodine penetrated beyond three inches into
the single bales of hay.
The measurements on bale A at C4-230 show that there was penetra-
tion of radioiodines between bales A and B. Also, the data from C4-230
clearly indicate that a greater amount of radioiodine was retained by
the vertical hay surface facing Test Cell C than by the horizontal hay .
surface.
13
-------
The study of radioiodine binding to the hay at C8-Z15 indicates that
much of the material is loosely bound, since it is easily removed by
either blowing it off or by washing in tap water. A portion of the radio -
iodines is more firmly bound to the hay and there is some indication
that this fraction increases with time after contamination. It was not
possible, in these simple experiments, to determine whether the
gaseous or the particulate material was the more tightly bound fraction
of the deposit.
Separating the leaves from the stems and measuring them separately
indicated that most of the deposited activity was with the leaves. It
was not possible to determine whether this difference was due entirely
to the larger surface area of the leaves, compared to the stems, or
whether the different morphology of the two surfaces played any role.
The observed effective half-life on the hay (T ,.) requires some com-
ment. The T ,, of 1 31I on pasture has been observed to be about five
3 4 5
days. ' ' This is shorter than the physical half-life because of growth
of the forage, loss by weathering, loss by diffusion back into the atmos-
phere, and possibly other factors. All of these factors would apply in
the case of hay except that no growth occurs, so one might expect a
somewhat longer effective half-life for 1 31I on hay.
In view of the order of magnitude reduction in radioiodine levels in
hay seen after the movement of the hay from its initial location to its
storage location, it was assumed that hay at different depths within
the loosely piled hay was contaminated to different degrees. The hay
sampled in situ was taken from the surface of the pile. The process of
picking up the hay with pitpi-iforks and loading it into a wagon certainly
mixed some of the less contaminated hay from the bottora of the pile
with more contaminated hay from the surface. Thus,; Jh-3 actual pile
14
-------
of hay which was fed each experimental group of cows was far from
being contaminated homogeneously. This fact posed real problems
in obtaining representative samples of the contaminated hay from each
feeding.
All these possibilities cast considerable doubt on any procedure for
calculating T ,, on hay. Actually, the values which were excluded as
GXX
being outliers or "non-representative" could have been representative
of the actual contamination fed the cows that day, if a greater propor-
tion of less contaminated hay was mixed in with the more contaminated
hay than was the case on subsequent days. All of the uncertainties and
unexplained variabilities in the J 31I on hay data preclude placing con-
fidence on the calculated effective half-lives.
In order toy compare the ingested activity to the recovered activity, a
smoothing technique consisting of averaging the individual hay sample
activities on each day was used (Tables 6 and 7). This assumes that
the activity actually consumed was more uniform than was measured.
A comparison of the activity level (pCi/kg) in the hay fed on one day
and the activity level (pCi/1) in the milk on the following day for each
cow indicates that most of our reported "nondetectable" levels in the
hay are too low in comparison to subsequent milk levels. This supports
the assumption used in taking the mean value as an approximation to
the actual activity in the hay. All values were used in computing the
average due to the possibility that a nondetectable level was correct.
The averaging method was used in place of other techniques since it is
simple and any introduced error is considered to be less than or equal
to possible errors associated with other methods.
15
-------
IV. MILK STUDY
A. Procedure
Fifteen cows, all Holsteins, were selected from the dairy herd for
this experiment. Three were used as controls and the remaining
twelve were divided into two groups for ingestion of the contaminated
hay. Blood samples were taken for protein bound iodine (FBI) deter-
minations by the "Hycel" method. The groups and their average milk
production over a thirty day period just prior to this study are shown
in Table 4.
Table 4. Experimental cow grouping.
Group I Group II Group III
C8-215 Hay C4-Z30 Hay Control Cows
Cow Avg. Milk FBI Cow Avg. Milk FBI Cow Avg. Milk FBI
No. liters/day ug% No. liters/day |xg% No. liters/day \ig%
1*
11
13
21
23
29
13.6
19.5
15.9
19.7
19.0
15.6
4.0
5.4
5.0
4.0
3.3
4.3
8
24
25
26
27
28**
14.0
18.0
14.3
26.8
18.2
9.4
4.9
5.0
4.3
3.8
5.0
4.4
2
16
22
19.6
18.2
17.5
5.2
5.3
4.5
*Milk data eliminated due to development of mastitis during experiment.
**Milk data eliminated due to drying up during experiment.
After the test, the loose hay at each station was monitored with survey
instruments, and the pile at station C8-215 was marked for feeding to
Group I cows while Group II cows received the hay from station C4-230.
Each *:dw was fed 10 kg. of hay each day until the supply of contam-
inated hay was exhausted. The hay was weighed for each cow, put into
individual mangers, and a grab sample of approximately 150 g taken.
16
-------
The hay was fed immediately after the morning milking and any hay
remaining was removed and weighed just prior to the evening milking
to determine the actual amount consumed by each cow. Water and
grain samples were also taken daily to measure any possible radio-
iodine contribution from these sources.
The cows were milked by the use of individual Surge Bucket milkers.
At the morning milking, one gallon and one liter samples were taken
from each cow; one gallon samples were also taken at the afternoon
milking. This sampling schedule was maintained until radioiodine
activity was no longer detectable. Formaldehyde was added to each
gallon sample but the milk was neither pasteurized nor homogenized.
The one-liter morning sample, without added formaldehyde, was passed
through a resin column to separate iodine. The method used was that
described by Kahn in which a final Agl precipitate is beta-counted.
This procedure was used with hopes of detecting lower levels of activity
than is possible by gamma spectrum analysis.
The one gallon morning and afternoon samples from each cow were
submitted for gamma spectrometry and subsequent chemical analysis.
The isotopes measured and the precisions are set forth in Table 5.
For radioiodine output in milk calculations, an activity listed as non-
detectable is assumed to represent a concentration of 10 pCi/liter
(one-half of the 20 pCi minimum detectable level) for at least two
milkings following the last milking with a detectable amount of activity.
Blood samples were taken from each cow toward the end of the exper-
iment for a final FBI determination.
17
-------
Table 5. Analytical precision for milk samples.
Element
131I
133!
137Cs
K
90Sr
Ca
Analytical
Method
Y-spectrometry
4i vsPectrometry
Y-spectrometry
Y-spectrometry,
4 °K ratio to total K
Radiochemistry
Stable Chemistry
Units
pCi/1
pCi/1
pCi/1
gm/1
pCi/1
gm/1
Minimum
Detectable
ZO
20
10
.01
1
.01
Precision*
+20 or 10%
+20 or 10%
+10 or 20%
+ 10% /
+ 1 or 5%
+ .01
#Use the factor which gives the greater error, e.g., an iodine con-
centration of 250 pCi/liter requires +_25 pCi/liter for the error
(using 10% instead of +20). ~
B. Results
The raw data for each of the three groups of cows are presented in the
Appendix. In order to plot group averages, the data were rearranged
as shown in Tables 6 and 7. The activity of the six grab samples of
loose hay was averaged for each day for each group and this average,
when multiplied by the amount of hay consumed by each cow, was used
to calculate the total intake of each cow and the average intake per cow
in each group per day. Similarly, the concentration of radioiodine in the
morning milk times the volume of the morning milk plus the concentration in
the evening milk multiplied by the volume yields the total daily activity
excreted in the milk. This latter value, when divided by the total
volume of milk produced that day, gives the average daily pCi/liter.
These average milk values are more useful for estimating potential
human population doses than are data from individual cows since the
great majority of people drink milk from a pool representing one or
18
-------
Table 6. Radioiodine ingestion and milk content - Group I cows,
Date Cow
No.
1/13 1
11
13
21
23
29
Average
1/14 1
11
13
21
23
29
Average
1/15 1
11
13
21
23
29
Average
pCi/kg Hay
kg Hay 131I 133I
!
10.0
5.9
7.7
9.5
9.5
7.7
8.9
8.2
9.5
7.3
8.6
9.3
8.6
8.6
8.6
pCi Intake
1 31 j 1 33j
50** 50**
50 6,000 10,600
50 9,600 6,200
6,100 6,000 8,200
50 5,800 10,1.00
50 10,000 10,100
1,060
8,700
7,000
3,900
50
50
11,000
5,120
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
6,240
1,000
5,000
50
50
15,000
50
3,520
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
9,040
39,400
45,600
42,000
48,600
37,400
42,600
430
460
430
430
430
440
62,400
36,800
48,000
59,300
59,300
53,160
27,100
31,300
28,900
33,400
25,700
29,280
430
460
430
430
430
440
Total pCi
131I
1,210
640
780
930
440
8004-290*
2,160
880
1,820
1,530
440
1,370+
690
in Milk
133I
8,010
1,690
3,540
6,290
3,500
4,610+
2,460
4,360
1,420
2,440
2,240
860
2, 260+
1,310
Liters
Milk
14.6
12.0
11.0.
15.9
11.1
12.9+2.
18.4
14.6
16.4
20.4
11. 1
16.2+3.
Avg. pCi/liter
1 31j 1 33j
83
53
70
58
40
2 61+16
120
60
110
75
40
5 81+33
550
140
320
390
320
340+140
240
97
150
110
78
135+63
* + one standard deviation.
**Non detectable; one-half the detectable value used for averaging purposes.
-------
Table 6. Radioiodine ingestion and milk content - Group I cows. (Continued)
(V
o
Date
1/16
Average
1/17
Average
1/18
Average
1/19
Average
Cow
No.
1
11
13
21
23
29
1
11
13
21
23
29
1
11
13
21
23
29
11
13
21
23
29
kg Hay
8.2
7.7
7.7
9.5
5.4
9.5
6.4
8.2
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.1
10.0
10.0
9.5
pCi/kg Hay
1 31 j 1 33j
1,600
2,900
2,600
50
2,600
3,000
2,120
50
1, 200
50
2, 200
2, 100
7,900
2,250
1,800
1,400
1, 100
50
50
4,800
1,530
50
50
2,800
50
3,000
4,600
1,760
50
3,000
2,800
50
3,800
6,700
2,730
8,500
50
2, 200
50
50
1, 100
1,990
pCi Intake
1 31 j 1 33j
33^QQ
16,300
16,300
20,100
11,400
16,300
21,400
14,400
18,400
21,400
21,400
19,400
14,500
13,900
15,300
15,300
14,500
14,700
44-400
13,600
13,600
16,700
9,500
13,560
25,900
17,500
22,400
25,900
25,900
23, 520
18,900
18, 100
19,900
19,900
18,900
19, 140
Total pCi
131!
2, 110
720
1,690
1, 210
510
1, 250+
650
1,590
640
1, 200
1,350
740
1,100+
400
1,590
600
990
640
440
850+450
780
590
900
740
620
730+120
in Milk
133!
1,650
360
1,560
1,160
440
1,030+
600
610
320
460
300
170
370+
160
200
97
160
120
66
130+52
Liters
Milk
21.3
15.3
15.9
17. 3
12.6
16.5+3. 1
18.2
14. 6
15.5
17.3
11.3
15.4+2.6
19.9
15. 1
15.5
12.0
11.5
14.8+3.3
- VI. 3
13.3
15.9
16.4
9.7
14. 5+3. 0
Avg. pCi/liter
1 31 j 1 33!
99
4fr>.
110
70
40
73+30
87
44
77
78
65
70+16
80
40
64
53
38
55+17
45
45
56
45
63
51+8
78
24
98
67
35
60+30
34
22
30
17
15
24+8
10
6
10
10
6
8+2
-------
Table 6. Radioiodine ingestion and milk content - Group I cows. (Continued)
TX ^ pCi/kg Hay
Date Cow * & '
No. kg Hay 131I 133I
1/20 11
13
21
23
29
Average
1/21 11
13
21
23
29
Average
1/22 11
13
21
23
29
Average
1/23 11
13
21
23
29
Average
pCi Intake Total pCi in Milk
1 31j 1 33j 1 31j 133j
600
410
580
870
620
620+160
320
780
370
300
250
400+210
460
200
280
220
190
270+110
120
140
160
170
190
160+26
Liters
Milk
22. 1
15.5
15.9
18.6
15.5
17.5+2.8
19.0
14.2
12.4
17.3
12.4
15. 1+2.9
19.9
15.5
16.8
16.4
15.1
16.7+1.8
19.0
14.2
15.9
16.8
12.4
15.7+2.5
Avg. pCi/liter
1 31 j 1 33j
27
26
37
47
40
35+9
17
27
30
17
20
22+6
23
13
17
13
13
16+4
7
10
10
10
15
10+3
-------
Table 7. Radioiodine ingestion and milk content - Group II cows,
t\>
Date
1/13
Average
1/14
Average
1/15
Average
Cow
No.
8
24
25
26
27
28
8
24
25
26
27
28
8
24
25
26
27
28
pCi/kg Hay
kg. Hay 131I 133I
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.2
9.5
9.5
9.1
9.5
9.1
9.5
9,5
10.0
10.0
50**12, 000
50 11,000
2,100 12,000
5,000 9,200
2,300 12,000
50 7,800
1,590
50
50
50
1,900
2,000
1,700
960
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
10,670
50**
50
50
6, 100
5,200
6,000
2,910
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
pCi Intake Total pCi in Milk
13lj 133I 131I 133I
15,900
15,900
15,900
15,900
15,900
15,900
7,900
9,100
9,100
8,700
9,100
8,780
460
480
480
500
500
480
106,700
106,700
106,700
106,700
106,700
106,700
23,900
27,600
27,600
26,500
27,600
26,640
460
480
480
500
500
480
600
710
500
1,590
1,030
890+
430*
650
1,190
750
1,990
2,060
1,330+
650
3,920
4,210
3,490
10,070
8,440
6,030+
2,950
1,670
2,270
1,460
4, 330
4,450
2,840+
1,420
Liters
Milk
11.1
13.2
9.3
24.6
14.0
14.4+5.8
8.9
15.5
10.6
26.8
19.9
16.3+7. 1
Avg. pCi/liter
1.31 £ 133j
54
54
54
65
74
60+9
73
77
71
74
100
79+12
350
320
380
410
600
410-f-llO
190
150
140
160
220
170+32
* + one standard deviation.
** Non detectable; one-half the detectable value used for averaging purposes.
-------
Table 7. Radioiodine ingestion and milk content - Group II cows. (Continued)
IVJ
OJ
Date
1/16
Average
1/17
Average
1/18
Average
Cow
No.
8
24
25
26
27
28
8
24
25
26
27
28
8
24
25
26
27
28
kg. Hay
7. 3
8.2
9.1
7.7
9.1
5.9
8.2
8.2
8.6
8.2
9.1
9.1
9.5
9.5
9.5
pCi/kg Hay
1 31 j 1 33j
50 50
50 50
50 50
50 50
50 50
50 50
50 50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
3,400
50
50
610
pCi Intake Total pCi
1 31 j 1 33j 1 31 j
360
410
460
380
460
410
300
410
410
430
410
390"
460
460
480
480
480
470
360 510
410 1,160
460 740
380 2,050
460 1,690
410 1,230+
630
370
650
500
1, 230
930
740+340
410
690
280
810
720
580+220
in. Milk
133I
840
800
690
1,750
1,620
1, 140+
490
170
84
120
720
170
250+2~60
84
280
73+120
Liters
Milk
13.7
18.2
11.5
24.4
19.5
17.5+5.0
10.2
16.4
12.0
27.5
17.3
1676+6.6
13.7
17.7
12.0
28.4
19.0
18.2+6. 3
Avg. pCi/liter
1 31 j 1 33j
37
64
64
84
87
67+20
36
40
42
45
54
43+7
30
39
24
28
38
32+6
61
44
60
72
83
64+14
16
5
10
26
10
TI+8
6
10
3+5
-------
Table 7. Radioiodine ingestion and milk content - Group II cows. (Continued)
ro
Date
1/19
Average
1/20
Average
1/21
Average
1/22
Average
Cow pCi/kg Hay
No. kg. Hay 131I 133I
8
24
25
26
27
8
24
25
26
27
8
24
25
26
27
8
24
25
26
27
pCi Intake Total pCi in Milk
1 31j 1 33j 1 31 j 1 33j
380
370
320
760
750
520+210
280
350
130
350
530
330+140
150
180
180
400
170
220+100
62
390
190
130+160
Liters
Milk
11.5
14.6
8.9
25.2
15. 1
15. 1+6. 1
14.2
16.8
13.3
24.4
18.2
17.4+4.3
14.6
18. 2
11. 1
24.8
14.2
16.6+5.1
13.7
19.0
8.4
28.8
18.6
17.7+7.4
Avg. pCi/liter
1 31 j 1 33j
33
25
36
30
50
35+9
20
21
10
14
29
19+7
10
10
16
16
12
13+3
7
14
10
6+6
-------
more dairy herds. The individual cow data yield ranges of values
measured and such data are necessary to estimate possible maximum
individual human doses. Average 1 31I excretion in milk data are plotted
in Figures 4 and 5. The plots for the individual cows are included in
the Appendix. Cow No. 1 in Group I and Cow No. 28 in Group II were
eliminated since No. 1 developed mastitis and No. 28 was drying up
during the course of the experiment; thus, the data plotted in Figures 4
and 5 are the average values for five cows in each group. The same
applies to Figure 6 which is the graph of average * 33I excretion in milk
for the two groups.
Data on the average K, Ca, 90Sr and 1 37Cs concentrations and the aver-
age liters of milk per day for the two groups are shown in Figures 7
and 8. The K, Ca and milk production data suggest that little,, if any,
change occurred in the milk metabolism of the cows during the course
of this experiment. The PBI values dropped to 85% of the pretest
values, but this occurred in the control cows also and was probably a
seasonal effect.
The one-liter milk samples collected each morning were analyzed for
radioiodine by passing the milk through ion exchange resin, eluting the
iodine, precipitating as Agl, and beta counting the precipitate in a low-
background beta counteri During the time * 33I was present in the
samples, the beta results were corrected by using the 131/133 ratio
>i ': '
computed from the ganb.ma spectrometry of the one-gallon milk sam-
ples collected simultaneously.
The 1 31I results by the ion exchange method for both groups of cows
are shown in Figure 9 as percent of the value determined by gamma
spectrometry. The individual percentage of the 58 comparison samples
as well as the average percentage is plotted against activity level as
determined by gamma scan.
25
-------
10
GROUP I AVERAGE
Input - Output
Hay = 102500 pCi
Milk= 7550 pCi
Milk/Hay=7.4%
Peaks
TOTAL pCi
Hay =5120 pCi/kg
Milk= 81 pCi/1
T'/2 = 5.7 days
= ^-pCi/Liter
= 1.7 days
Activity Detected in Hay
19 21
JAN. 1965
Figure 4. Average I excretion in milk for Group I cows.
26
-------
10-
TOTAL pCt
GROUP II AVERAGE
Input - Output
Hay = 26400 pCi
Milk= 5970 pCi
Milk/Hay -22. 6%
Peaks
Hay = 1590 pCi/kg
Milk= 79 pCi/1
^pciyg""
^
= 2 -9 doys-
F
C! /LiteF
v
10-
Ty2s 1.2 days
\\
] 1
{Activity Detected in Hoy
I
h 4
^^i^^^^^M^^
W
It
w
t
1
I I
j
I
1
1
1
'
17
19 21
JAN. 1965
Figure 5. Average 13 I excretion in milk for Group II cows.
27
-------
IO
IO
O
o.
O Total pCi
X pCi/liter
17
19 13 15
JANUARY, 1965
Figure 6. Average 133I excretion in milk for Groups I and II cows.
28
19
-------
GROUP I COWS
19 21
DATE - JAN. 1965
Figure 7. Average K, Ca,90Sr, * 37 Cs and milk production for Group I cows.
29
-------
GROUP 1C COWS
Sr pCi/liter
K gm/liter
Co gm/liter
l37Cs(pCi/liter
liters/day
10
19 21
DATE - JAN. 1965
Figure 8. Average K, Ca, 90Sr, l 37 Cs and milk production for Group II cows.
30
-------
180
Individual Values
A Average Values
100
40 60 80
IOII pCi/liter by Gamma Spect.
Figure 9. 131I in milk; ion exchange - gamma scan comparison
31
120
-------
Table 8 presents, for the first six milkings following the ingestion of
contaminated hay, the maximum and minimum values of l 33I measured
in the milk of different cows within each group together with the milk
production and FBI values (Table 4) for the cows exhibiting the ex-
tremes. The largest ratio between the maximum and minimum values
occurred at the a.m. milking on January 14 in Group I and was 4. 6.
The average maximum/minimum ratio for Group I of 3.4 appears to be
different from the average ratio for Group II, which was 1.7. .The
reason for this apparent difference is unknown but a possible explana-
tion might be that the hay fed Group II cows was more uniformly con-
taminated than was the hay fed Group I cows. This supposition, how-
ever, is not borne out by the hay data.
If one compares the amount of milk produced by the cow having the
maximum l 33I concentration in its milk to the amount of milk produced
by the cow having the minimum l 33I concentration for each milking,
an important qualitative finding emerges. In 14 out of 15 cases the
cow producing the maximum concentration also produced more milk
than the cows producing the minimum concentration. There is no
explanation for this finding and there is no apparent quantitative rela-
tionship between the concentration of l 33I in the milk of a single cow
and the milk production of the same cow.
/
C. Discussion
From the data obtained after feeding contaminated hay to these cows,
several ratios can be calculated. A resume of these ratios and other
data pertinent to these experiments is shown in Table 9.
The comparisons in Table 9 indicate that the two groups of cows reacted
similarly to the 1 33I exposure, where the total intake was similar, as
shown by the percent of the intake appearing in milk and the milk/hay
32
-------
1 33
Table 8. Range of 33I values for individual cows within groups.
OJ
Date
(Jan. 1965)
14, a.m.
14, p.m.
15, a.m.
15, p.m.
16, a.m.
16, p.m.
Average
Max.
(pCi/1)
830
340
270
190
110
70
Cow
11
11
11
11
21
21
Milk
Produced . _, .
(liter) {^%)
6.2
8.3
10.8
7.5
11.0
4.8
8.1
GROUP I
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.0
4.0
4.9
GROUP II
14, a.m.
14, p.m.
15, a.m.
15, p.m.
16, a.m.
16, p.m.
Average
810
470
250
170
90
70
27
27
27
27
27
27
Grand Average
5.5
8.3
13.2
6.6
12.7
6.6
8.8
8.4
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Min.
(pCi/1)
COWS
180
110
90
70
20
30
COWS
460
200
160
110
60
10
Cow
13
13
29
13
29
13
13
8
24
24
25
25
24
25
24
Milk
Produced
(liter)
5.3
6.6
4.4
6.6
6.6
9.7
5.5
6.4
4.8
7.7
10. 1
5.7
4.8
12.3
6.6
5.7
7.2
6.8
PBI
5.
5.
4.
5.
4.
5.
5.
4.
4.
5.
5.
4.
4.
5.
4.
5.
4.
4.
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
8
9
0
0
3
3
0
3
0
7
8
Max/ Min
4
3
3
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
.6
. 1
.0
.7
*
*
.4
.8
.4
.5
.5
.5
*
.7
*This ratio considered to have little reliability for cases where the minimum value in
the milk is < 50 pCi/1. Because of this a similar table for l 31I is not presented.
-------
Table 9. Average data for comparison of both groups.
Number of Cows
One Cow Omitted for
Cows Compared
Average Milk I/day
Days Fed Activity
Group I Cows
6
Mastitis
5
15.5
6
Group II Cows
6
Drying up
5
16.6
6
133IData
Total Intake - pCi
Total pCi in Milk
Percent in Milk
Peak in:Hay - pCi/kg
Peak in Milk - pCi/liter
_ pCi/liter
Ratio Z-rrr-.r
pCi/g hay
Time of Peak - Hour
T During Uptake - Hours
Total Intake - pCi
Total pCi in Milk
Percent in Milk
Peak in Hay - pCi/kg
Peak in Milk - pCi/liter
_ pCi/liter
Ratio r '.r
pCi/g hay
T During Uptake - Days
Teff After Uptake - .Days -...
695,500
42,000
6.0
6,240
340 '
54
12
671,200
51,700
7.7
10,670
410
38
12
18.3(17. 1-19.6)* 14.0(12.6-15.9)
1311 Data
512,
37,
5,
500
800
7.4
120
81
132,
29,
1,
200
800
22.6
590
79
16
5.7(4.0-10.1)
1.7(1.6-1.9)
50
2.9(1.7-9.0)
1.2(0.9-2.0)
#95% Confidence Interval
34
-------
ratio. When the total intake was widely different, as in the 1 31I expo-
sure, the reactions differed. Note that the Group II l 31I intake was
1/4, but the percent in milk was three times that of Group I and the
milk/hay ratio was three times as great. The differences may be due
to the differing intake levels but are more likely due to other factors
such as sampling errors, the hay activity measurements, differences
in physical characteristics of the contaminant at the different stations,
or differences between the two groups of cows which are not apparent
in the data analyzed. The T of 2. 9 days in the milk of Group II
c a
cows, which occurred during the feeding period, is shorter than most
other times reported in the literature.
Because of the short physical half-life of l 33I and its rapidly changing
concentration in the milk, it appeared more appropriate to use the
average, concentration at each milking rather than the average daily
concentration. These averages are shown in Table 10 and plotted in
Figure 6. From the l 33I milk T ffl during feeding for the different
eff's
groups of cows (Table 9) it is possible to calculate a T . . by use of
the standard formula 7= = + . These calculations lead to
eff biol P
a T of 6. 3 days for Group I and 1.8 days for Group II. The same
calculations for l 31I (Table 9) lead to a T, . .of 19.8 days for Group I
biol
and 4. 6 days for Group II. Apparently the contaminant for both * 31I
and l 33I at station C8-215 led to a longer T, . , than that at station
& biol
C4-230.
The analysis by use of the ion exchange-Agl precipitate showed larger
amounts of 131I in milk, compared to gamma scan, for activities of
40 pCi/liter or less. At milk levels of 50 pCi/liter or more, the ion
exchange method gave results that were less than 80% of the gamma
scan results. Such data cast doubt on the usefulness of the method for
quantitative analysis. A further trial of this method at higher activity
levels is planned for the future at which time the usefulness of the pro-
cedure can be more thoroughly evaluated.
35
-------
Table 10. Iodine-133 results in milk from both groups of cows.
Date-
Time
1/14/65,
0230
(IZ'hr)*
1/14/65,
1600
(25.5hr)
1/15/65,
0600
(39. 5 hr)
1/15/65,
1600
(49. 5 hr)
1/16/65,
0600
(63.5 hr)
1/16/65,
1500
(72.5 hr)
1/17/65,
0600
(87.5 hr)
1/17/65,
1500
(96. 5 hr)
1/18/65,
0600
1/18/65,
1700
(122.5 hr)
Group I Milk
Total133! pCi/1
2,770+1,580**
1,820+900
1,500+940
760+390
750+530
280+71
220+110
150+88
85+32
42+39
470+240
250+85
160+68
100+50
64+38
50+15
24+9
24+13
10+0
6+5
Group II Milk ,
Total133! pCi/1
3,400+1,620 560+140
2,620+1,360 310+99
1,950+960 190+39
880+540 140+23
830+320 72+13
310+210 48+23
180+190 16+9
71+76 10+7
49+72 4+5
*Elapsed time from first feeding.
**+ one standard deviation.
36
-------
V. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
A. Procedure
Ancillary studies for this test included fallout trays, high and low volume
air samplers, film badges, indigenous vegetation sampling, and soil
sampling.
The fallout trays were 4. 5 inch diameter stainless steel planchets
coated with a non-setting resin to provide a sticky surface for any fall-
out collected on the tray. The trays were beta counted and analyzed
by gamma spectrometry for radioiodines.
Each of the four stations was instrumented with two air samplers. The
high volume air sampler used a glass-fiber prefilter followed by an
MSA charcoal cartridge and sampled at about 25 cfm. The low volume
air sampler used a. Millipore type HA prefilter and a cartridge contain-
ing charcoal from MSA cartridges and sampled at about 1.4 cfm. The
prefilters were beta counted, and the charcoal cartridges were gamma
scanned for radioiodines. Two of the prefilters from the high volume
samplers were also analyzed for beryllium. The air samplers were
turned on just prior to leaving the area before the test and turned off
as soon as re-entry was permitted. The prefilters and charcoal car-
tridges were then changed and 24-hour air samples were taken with the
high volume samplers for two days after the test to detect any resuspen-
sion of deposited activity. For these later air samples, the filters were
both beta counted and gamma scanned.
Soil and vegetation samples were taken near each of the stations on the
day of the test, seven days afterward, and eight days afterward (the
37
-------
latter samples were taken after an overnight rain). At each station film
badges wetfe placed on stakes located at the corners of a rectangle and
placed so they were 14 feet from the corners of the hay stack and 3 feet
above ground as shown in Figure 10. They were placed before the test
and removed 48 hours later.
Survey meter readings were made at each of the eight stakes at the
fixed stations and at the corners and center of each baled hay stack and
spread hay pile. The readings were made with an E-500B GM-type
survey meter. Readings were made of gamma mR/hr at 3 feet above
ground and beta plus gamma at ground level. This was done before the
test, and at 3, 24, and 48 hours after the test.
One mobile station was moved into the path of the cloud to assure some
contamination of baled hay in case the cloud missed the four fixed sta-
tions. This mobile station was equipped with eleven hay bales, port-
able survey instruments, a fallout tray and high and low volume air
samplers. The truck containing this equipment was stationed on a high-
way approximately 16 miles from Test Cell C so it could be driven into
the path of the cloud. Using trajectory information from the control
point to select a location, a hay stack was constructed, the fallout tray
exposed, air samplers started and soil and vegetation samples taken.
B. Results
The deposition at the fixed stations occurred under slightly unstable
weather conditions. During deposition the winds were 16 to 18 mph
with about 10 shear to 2, 500 feet above ground and there was no inver-
sion at test time.
1. Air Sampling
The results of the air sampling experiment are set forth in Tables 11
and 12. No 131I was detected on either the prefilters or the charcoal
38
-------
CLOUD TRAVEL
*ir
1 V
Air Samplers
and
Fallout Tray C
4
*,,
A B C
HAY STACK
} t 10' <
u IW r\
,1
G IF E
^M «-#0
C
Spread
Haw
nwy
Figure 10. Typical station, layout. Film badge at stakes A, C, E and G.
39
-------
Table 11. Comparison of high volume and low volume air samplers (pCi/m3).
Ds-.e Location
1/07/65 C8-230
C4-230
1/12/65 C4-230
C8-215
C8-230
C8-245
Lathrop Wells
16 miles from
Test Cell C
Sample
Control HV+LV
Control HV+LV
High Volume
Low Volume
HV/LV Ratio
High Volume
Low Volume
HV/LV Ratio
High Volume
Low Volume
HV/LV Ratio
High Volume
Low Volume
HV/LV Ratio
High Volume
Low Volume
HV/LV Ratio
Charcoal
131j 1 32 j 2r
*
22
75
0.29
270
76
.--- 3.5
--- 11
9
1,3
2
130
140
0.93
C a r t r id
1331
_ _ _
550
130
4.3
900
130
7
84
31
18
1.7
300
310
0.97
ge
135I
« . «*
4,000
5,200
0.76
4,500
3,000
1.5
1,700
810
2.1
81
300
1,700
0.18
Filter
Gross
Beta
9
490
0.
6,000
6,000
1
840
610
1.
47
11
4.
32,000
20,000
1.
002
4
1
6
*A dash ( ) indicates non-detectable levels.
HV = High Volume LV = Low Volume
-------
cartridges. Other radioiodines were detected and the data were
corrected to reflect their concentration at the end-point of time of
collection. The beta counts of the prefilters are also corrected to
reflect the concentration at end-point of collection time.
Table 12. High volume air sampler results (pCi/m3).
Date
1/12-1/13
1/13-1/14
Location
C8-215
C8-230
C8-245
C8-215
C8-230
C8-245
^^ w ** * -/
C4-230
Sample
Filter
Charcoal
Filter
Charcoal
Filter
Charcoal
Filter**
Charcoal
Filter
Charcoal
Filter**
J. LA l»& 4> '
Charcoal
Filter
Charcoal
1 31 j 1 3Z
--.* 3
... 2
... 2
... 1
--- 0.5
--- 0.3
... i
--. 1
... 1
--- 0.2
I 133I
14
200
47
48
3
9
4
3
6.8
12
2
14
135I
460
0
140
10
10
...
7.6
32
9
Gross
Beta
6
0.06
0.002
1.2
1
0 01
V V *
2.1
*A dash (---) indicates non-detectable levels.
**These two samplers stopped during sampling period. A reasonable
estimate of total flow was made based on knowledge of normal fuel
consumption.
41
-------
2. Other Sampling
The data for the fallout trays, soil, vegetation, hay samples and
film badges are tabulated in Table 13 for the fixed stations and in
Table 14 for the mobile station. The air sampler results are
shown .for comparison. All the data are corrected to the time of
collection or end-point of collection period for air samples. The
air sampler data are in units of pCi/m3 and the hay, vegetation
and soil samples in units of pCi/kg. The counting error in these .
samples is 100 pCi/kg or 10%, whichever is greater. The fallout
trays were both gamma scanned and beta counted with the results
expressed in units of pCi/m2.
The film badge results in Table 13 represent the integrated expo-
sure in mR for the 48 hour period following the event. All control
badges, and those in place at the stations for 24 hours before the
test, registered < 20 mR.
The survey meter readings taken at the fixed stations are shown
in Table 15. The readings at all 8 stakes were averaged as were
the readings at five positions on the stack of baled hay and the
pile of loose hay. The gamma readings at the stakes were taken.
at 3 feet above ground and the beta plus gamma readings at ground
level. For the hay, both types of readings were taken at the sur-
face of the hay. '
The high volume sampler prefilter at station C4-230 indicated a
beryllium concentration of . 03|j.g/m3 while that at station C8-215
indicated .015|J.g/m3. These analyses were performed by the
Analytical Radiochemistry Laboratory of Reynolds Electrical and
Engineering Co.
42
-------
Table 13. Environmental sample results at fixed stations on January 12, 1965.
Location Sample 131I
C4-230 HV filter (pCi/m3)
LV filter (pCi/m3)
HV charcoal (pCi/m3 )
LV charcoal (pCi/m3)
Fallout tray (pCi/m2)
Loose hay (pCi/kg)
Baled hay-top (pCi/kg)
Baled hay-front (pCi/kg)
Avg. 4 film badges (mR)
C8-215 HV filter (pCi/m3)
LV filter (pCi/m3)
HV charcoal (pCi/m3)
LV charcoal (pCi/m3)
Fallout tray (pCi/m2 )
Loose hay (pCi/kg)
Baled hay-top (pCi/kg)
Baled hay-front (pCi/kg)
Avg. 4 film badges (mR)
Vegetation (pCi/kg)
Soil (pCi/kg)
132I
22
75.
220, 000
3, 100
740
2, 300
270
76
680,000
4,800,000
2,300
620,000
470,000
I**, i* = ,. Film Gross pCi-
A 3 3 T A J 3 T I
... Badge Beta sec/m3
550
130
130,000
2,700
920
3,600
900
130
160,000
2,200
3,200,000
34,000
4,000
5,200
31,000
64, 000
9,200
23,000
4,500
3,000
---
33,000
3,300
1,400,000
240,000
9 llxlO4
490 59xl05
55xl06
65xl06
500,000
438
6,000 I6xl07
6,000 I6xl07
15xl07
85xl06
11,000,000
324
(continued)
-------
Table 13. Environmental sample results at fixed stations on January 12, 1965.. (continued)
Location
C8-230
C8-245
A dash(
HV = High
LV = Low
Sample l31 I
HV filter (pCi/m3)
LV filter (pCi/m3)
HV charcoal (pCi/m3)
LV charcoal (pCi/m3)
Fallout tray (pCi/m2)
Loose hay (pCi/kg)
Baled hay-front (pCi/kg)
Avg. 4 film badges (mR)
Vegetation (pCi/kg)
Soil (pCi/kg)
HV filter (pCi/m3)
LV filter (pCi/m3)
HV charcoal (pCi/m3)
LV charcoal (pCi/m3)
Fallout tray (pCi/m2)
Loose hay (pCi/kg)
Baled hay-front (pCi/kg)
Avg. 4 film badges (mR)
Vegetation (pCi/kg) ---
Soil (pCi/kg)
) indicates non- detectable levels.
volume.
volume .
132 I
11
9
24,000
3,000
75,000
2,000
2
9,500
500
A blank
133I
84
37,000
2,000
180,000
2,000
31
18
27,000
4,000
710
indicates no
135 Film Gross
Badge Beta
840
610
1,700
810
190,000 61,000
1,300,000
34
1,500,000
4, 000
47
11
81
15,000
6,000
< 20
measurement attempted.
pCi-
sec/m3
25xl06
18xl06
53x1 06
24x1 06
ISxlO5
35x10*
36xl05
57x10*
-------
Table 14. ^'Environmental sample results at the mobile station* on
January 12, 1965.
Sample l 3 1 1
HV filter (pCi/m3)
LV filter (pCi/m3)
HV charcoal (pCi/m3) ---
LV charcoal (pCi/m3)
Baled hay (surface
layer) (pCi/kg)
Vegetation (pCi/kg)
Soil (pCi/kg)
Fallout tray (pCi/m2)
132I
130
140
1,000
4,000
70,000
133I
300
310
1,000
1,600
135I
300
1,700
1,400
___
4,000
.---
Beta
32,000
20,000
120,000
pCi-
sec/m3
15xl07
72xl06
34x1 O5
77xl05
^'Approximately 16 miles from Test Cell C near Lathrop Wells.
A dash ( ) indicates non-detectable levels.
HV = High volume
LV = Low volume
Table 15. Survey meter readings.
Location
Gamma mR/hr
Before 3 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr.
Beta + Gamma mR/hr
3 hr. 24 hr. 48 hr.
C4-230 ' Stakes .025 0.6 .06 .04
Baled Hay 0.8 .08 .04
Loose Hay 0. 75
C8-215 Stakes .02 2.7
Baled Hay 2. 6
Loose Hay 3. 8
.03
0.38 0.16
0.3 0.2
1.1
9.3
0.13
1.8
.06
0.8
C8-230 Stakes
Baled Hay
Loose Hay
C8-245 Stakes
Baled Hay.
Loose Hay
.025
.07 .03
.10 .04
.09
.045 .03
.03 .03
.03
0.22 .06
0.10 .04
Near Lathrop Wells, ground surface, peak Beta + Gamma reading of 18 mR/hr
during cloud passage.
45
-------
The radioiodine data from the soil and vegetation samples are pre-
sented in Table 16. Samples were taken on the day of the test and
one week later to determine the decay on these samples. Additional
samples were taken, after an over-night rain, to determine the
effect of the rain.
C. Discussion
The use of two types of air samplers at each sampling location was an
attempt to determine which was more efficient for detecting radioiodines
in fallout clouds. The data in Table 11 indicate that the high volume
sampler was more efficient for radioiodines at the 8000 foot arc, the
^
low volume was somewhat better at the 4000 foot arc, but there was
little difference, if any, between them at 16 miles from Test Cell C.
The major purpose of the environmental sampling studies was to seek
to obtain correlations so that a determination could be made as to which
type of sample would be best to use as an immediate indicator of ex-
pected radioiodine levels in cow's milk in this test situation. Unfortu-
nately none of the samples collected a few hours after the test contained
detectable quantities of 131I.
A tabulation showing the ratio of the results at station C8-215 to those
at station C4-230 is shown in Table 17. The ratios that are closest to
the peak milk activity ratios are the gamma activity in-the fallout tray,
the gamma activity in the charcoal from the low volume air samplers
and the film badge exposure. In case of an unexpected release, though,
none of these types of samples would be collected; thus the samples of
choice would have to be milk or forage from the area. The difficulty
in getting a representative sample of forage is indicated by the peak
1 31I levels in the loose hay. The * 31I peak activity in the hay from one
46
-------
Table 16. Soil and vegetation sampling results (pCi/kg) for indicated dates.
*
-j
Location
C4-230
C8-215
C8-230
1/12
18
--- 17
--- 16
1/19
,000
,000
,000
1/20*
1,200
1,300
2,000
1/12
SOIL
470,000
2, 100
1 32 j
1/19
:::
1/20*
540
470
1,700
I/
34,
1,
12
000
700
1
15
/19
,000
1/20*
510
1,500
VEGETATION
C4-230
C8-215
C8-230
30
--- 53
--- 10
,000
,000
,000
8,000
3,000
22,000
620,000
75,000
39,000
70,000
13,000
7,900
3,000
28,000
3,200,
180,
000
000
71
140
27
,000
,000
,000
5,000
2,000
28,000
*Samples taken this date after a 0. 19" rainfall.
A dash ( ) indicates non-detectable levels.
A blank indicates no measurement made.
-------
statiou was three times as high as that from the other station, but the
peaks in the milk from cows fed the hay were nearly the same. The
previous statement does not hold for ' 33I activities.
Table 17. Activity ratios of various samples.
SAMPLE TYPE RATIO
C8-215/C4-Z30
Peak
Peak
Peak
Peak
Peak
31
31
I in milk - single cow 1.15
I in milk - group average 1. 03
311 in loose hay 3. 2
33I in milk - single cow 1.00
33I in milk - group average 0.86
Peak l 33I in loose hay 0.58
Gamma activity - fallout tray 1.8
Beta activity - high volume filter 1,400
Beta activity - low volume filter 27
Gamma activity - high volume charcoal 2. 7
Gamma activity - low volume charcoal 1. 3
Gamma mR/hr at 3 feet and 3 hours 4. 5
Beta and gamma mR/hr on ground at 3 hours 8.4
Film badge exposure - mR/48 hr. 0.73
Though soil samples were collected and gamma scanned, no great t on-
fidence is placed in these data because of the difficulty in obtaining
reproducible and uniform samples. To some extent, the same con-
sideration applies to the vegetation. Though an attempt was made to
maximize the amount of leaf material in all samples, the ratio by weight
of leaves to stems and area of ground covered could not be accurately
controlled. The * 31Iin soil (Table 16) decreased by factors of 8 to 15
after an overnight rain amounting to 0. 19 inch. The decrease in the
1 31I on vegetation at stations C4-230 and C8-215 caused by the rain
tends to confirm the results of the hay study mentioned in Section III
of this report. The reason for the increased levels of the three radio-
iodines in the vegetation of station C8-230 after the rain is unknown.
48
-------
VI. SPECIAL RADIOIODINE AIR SAMPLER STUDY
A. Procedure
Several types of air sampling equipment were assembled for this test
in an attempt to sample all forms of iodine that might be present in
the cloud. Other samplers used, e.g. ,. the high volume and low vol-
ume samplers reported in Section V of this report, retain unknown
fractions of organic iodides or of submicron particulates which may
be present in the cloud. In general, each experimental assembly was
paralleled with a prefilter-charcoal cartridge sampler to permit com-
r ' '
parison of efficiencies.
Diagrams of the sampling systems are shown in Figure 11. Electro-
static precipitators were used to remove submicron particulates. The
electrofilter in system 4 performs the same function and it, like the
spark chambers, will break down organic iodides which can then be
collected on resin. The resin used in the systems was Dowex 1x8,
50-100 mesh.
System 1 was located at C4-230 and system 2 was located at C8-230.
System 3 was placed at C4-230 with system 1 and both were controlled
by a radiation monitoring device which turned them on when the back-
ground rose to 1 mR/hr. They were timed to operate for two hours.
System 2 was started just before the area was cleared and ran eleven
hours before being stopped. System 4 was mounted in a truck and was
driven into the path of the cloud about 16 miles from Test Cell C. It
was operated during cloud passage and for about two hours afterwards
to flush xenon from the system.
49
-------
SYSTEMS I 8 2
0)
C
£
o
10
SYMBOLS f
SYSTEM 3
SYSTEM 4
I
D
V)
t.
0>
c
E
u>
in
ISO liter reservoir
prefilter
electrostatic precipitotor
charcoal cartridge
spark chamber
- resin chamber
rnffl electrotilter
^ flowmeter
B
c
E
in
fc
10
m
Figure 11. Experimental air samplers.
50
-------
The effluent from system 3 was collected in a 180-liter reservoir. A
group of 10 rats was allowed to breathe this effluent air, sacrificed
48 hours later and the radioiodine activity in the pooled thyroids was
then determined. Another group of 10 rats was placed in a cage at the
same location as system 3 and allowed to breathe atmospheric air during
cloud passage. This group was also sacrificed after 48 hours and the
radioiodine activity in the pooled thyroids determined. The ratio of
thyroid activities between the two groups should indicate the relative
efficiency with which system 3 removed biologically available radio-
iodine from the cloud.
B. Results and Discussion
The four systems used for this experiment were assembled in the labor-
atory and transported to the field. In this process some of the connec-
tions between various elements of the air samplers were loosened suf-
ficiently to allow leakage which resulted in anomalous data. The samplers
have worked satisfactorily using aerosols generated in the laboratory
but must be rebuilt to withstand transport under field conditions. The
rat experiment yielded useful data. The pooled thyroids of the 10 rats
allowed to breathe atmospheric air during cloud passage yielded a net
beta activity of 242 cpm compared to a net beta activity of 1 cpm for the
pooled thyroids of the rats allowed to breathe the 180 liters of air after
passage through system 3. Thus, system 3 was apparently better than
99% efficient for removal of biologically available radioiodines from
the TNT effluent. This assumes that the 18-minute exposure to the
filtered air of one group of rats was equivalent to the exposure of the
other group of rats during cloud passage. Eighteen minutes is probably
a realistic estimate of cloud duration at 4000 feet from Test Cell C.
51
-------
VII. DISCUSSION OF TOTAL STUDY
Before beginning a detailed discussion of this study, it seems appro-
priate to compare some of the results with those of other groups in-
volved in the TNT test as a check on the procedures used by our group.
The report by the LASL H-8 Group contains results of their environ-
mental monitoring. Table 18 lists results as published in that report
and similar data from this study. All our sample results were extrap-
olated to the end-point of collection time whereas the H-8 results were
corrected to H+1000 minutes. Thus a direct comparison of the different
results is not possible.
The objectives listed in Section I of this report were achieved to the
extent indicated below.
1. For the forms of radioiodines present in the TNT effluent, the
loosely piled hay retained more activity per kilogram than the
stacked, baled hay. This was probably due to the higher surface
area which the loosely piled hay presented to the fallout cloud.
The fact that no activity was detectable at depths greater than
three inches from the surface of the baled hay indicates that pene-
tration of aerosols into a bale was negligible. At C4-230 some
penetration between bales was observed and also greater deposition
was observed on the vertical hay surface of the stack than on the
horizontal surface. At C8-215 no measurable contamination was
found on the vertical hay surface of the stack.
2. The 131 I levels in the milk of the cows fed the contaminated
loose hay from stations C4-230 and C8-215 followed the general
course of other studies as indicated in Table 19. The peak levels
occurred about 48 hours after the initial hay feeding. During con-
tinued feeding of the hay, the average effective half-life in Group I
52
-------
Table 18. Environmental sampling: comparison of this study with
LASL H-8 results.
Sample
Gaseous air
Gaseous air
Gaseous air
Fallout tray
Fallout tray
Fallout tray
Particulate air
Particulate air
Particulate air
Particulate air
Particulate air
Gamma exposure
Gamma exposure
Location
C4-230
C8-215
Lathrop Wells
C4-230
C8-215
Lathrop Wells
C4-230
C8-215
C8-230
C8-245
Lathrop Wells
C4-230
C8-215
This Study
55 x 106
15 x 107
60 x 105
38 x 104
68 x 104
12 x 104
60 x 105
16 x 107
25 x 106
15 x lOf
1 5 x 1 07
438 mR
324 mR
H-8
108
107
106
106
106
106
108
108
106
105
106
Group*
- 109
- 108
- 107
- 107
- 107
- 107
- 109
- 109
- 107
- 106
- 107
Units
pCi-sec/m3
n
it
pCi/m2
"
n
pCi-sec/m3
n
n
ti
n
*These values were read from graphs of the data since the actual data were
not included in the report. These results were corrected to H+1000 min.
whereas ours were corrected to end-point of collection time.
53
-------
Table 19. Comparison of this study with other studies.
Number
Reference of
Cows
This
3
7
5
8
9
10
12
13
11
14
report 5
5
3(Habbart)
24(Habbart)
3(LDS)
97(LDS)
6
9
3
5
Liters
per
Day
15.5
16.6
10.5
16.4
6.1
9.3
7.4
12.4
5.6
Type ^
of Days
° , Fed
Feed
Hay 6
Hay 6
Green chop
Hay
Green chop
Hay
Pasture 15
Pasture
Pasture
Capsule 14
Pasture
Pasture
Grain
Pasture
Pasture 16
pCi/kg
in Feed
SlxlO2
16xl02
47xl02
13xl02
I7xl02
63X101
77xl05
31xl05
13xl03
16xl03
^°^ Total % pCi/liter*
Intel Ke . »« . /-I
in Milk pCi/gm
pC/i
51xl04 7.4 16
13xl04 22.6 50
80
54
38
46
lOxlO7 4.7 240
32
22
lOxlO7
150
70
70
16
Time to
Peak-
hours
48
48
96
' 72
72
-
48
48
96
48-60
144
96
72
48
Teff during
Ingestion
days
5.7
2.9
3.9
5.9
4.0
-
5
5
2
8
8
9
5
7
*Milk to forage ratio of peak average values,
-------
cows was 5.7 days while in Group II it was 2.9 days, and the effec-
tive half-life, after cessation of feeding, decreased to 1.7 and
1.2 days respectively.
The calculated biological half-lives for Group I cows were 19.8 days
for 1 31I and 6. 3 days (4. 1 - 14. 5)* for * 33I. For Group II cows
the corresponding values were 4. 6 days for * 31I and 1.8 days
(1.3 - 2.8) for l 33I. Confidence intervals are not given for the
1 31I data since in each case the upper limit comes out to be infinite.
Note that for the 1 33I data the biological half-life ranges indicate
no overlap which supports a conclusion that the biological clear-
ances of the 133I contaminants at the two stations were significantly
different.
A major difference, compared to some other published data appears
in the Group II effective half-life of * 311 in milk. The most likely
reason for this difference is the variation in characteristics of the
contaminants on the ingested material. Where the activity on the
feed decreases only by physical decay (e.g. , in references 9 and
13 in Table 19), the half-life in milk is reported as eight days. In
other cases this half-life is less than eight days. It appears that
5 -f 2 days is a reasonable estimate for this factor when the con-
tamination is on pasture or green chop. When ths contamination
is on hay, the effective half-life may or may not be the same as
for fresh green forage. The average value of the peak activity per
liter of milk divided by the peak activity on the feed is 45 for 11 of
the 13 values listed in Table 19. Of the two values not considered
in the average, the value of 240 was omitted because it resulted
from a pure gaseous deposition and the 150 value was an average
obtained from widely varying data. This ratio appears to hold even
though the peak forage activity varied from 3|xCi/kg to as low as
*95% confidence interval
55
-------
1. 3 nCi/kg. The average observed value for this ratio for our two
groups of experimental cows was 33. In general, our cows pro-
duced more milk than the others listed. In agreement with the
work"'$£ Garner, et al and Miller, et al , our data indicate a
positive correlation of percent recovery of ingested dose with total
milk production. This relationship is presented in Figure 1Z.
/
A slightly different way of approaching the l 31I data is shown in
Figures 13 and 14. If the average milk concentration and total per
day are calculated by using the p. m. milking after the contaminated
feeding, plus the a.m. milking before the next contaminated feeding
instead of the daily averages in which the a.m. and p.m. milkings
bracket the feeding of contaminated hay, then the secretion curves
appear different. The Group I cows show a relatively constant
value of pCi/liter for four days and the peak value in both groups
becomes identical. The peak occurs at 58 hours after the initial
feeding in Group I but only 34 hours after initial feeding in Group II.
This may be a more valid way of examining the data and suggests
that Group II cows were more efficient in terms of total quantities
and rates in incorporating radioiodine into their milk than Group I
cows (higher percent output on lower intake, but nearly equal peak
pCi/liter in Group II compared to Group I).
The 1 31I differences between the two groups of cows may be par-
tially due to sampling errors in not obtaining representative sam-
ples of the hay actually ingested. There is also some doubt about
the adequacy of the analytical procedures for the hay samples.
Future studies will incorporate improved techniques. The possi-
bility that the nature of the radioiodine contamination at C4-230
differed markedly from that at C8-215 also cannot be overlooked
(see 5 below).
56
-------
IO
u.
o
QC
tu
>
O
8
IT
U
O
K
III
a.
O Cows in Group I
A Cows in Group II
80 120 160 200 240
TOTAL MILK PRODUCTION (liter)
Figure 12. Relationship between percentage of ingested 131I recovered and
total milk yield.
57
-------
17 19 21
DATE - JAN. 1965
Figure 13. Average of a.m. and p.m. milk taken between feedings for
Group I cows.
58
-------
17 19 21
DATE-JAN. 1965
Table 14. Average of a.m. and p.m. milk taken between feedings for
Group II cows.
59
-------
3. The relative efficiencies of the high volume and low volume
samplers used in this study indicate little difference between the
two types of air sampler under the conditions of this study. The
idea behind the study was that elution of radioiodine from charcoal,
if it occurs, would be greater for the high volume air sampler.
If this were true, the low volume sampler would give a higher
pCi/m3 result and would more nearly represent the true air con-
centration of gaseous radioiodines. This idea was not substantiated
in this study, at least for the type of effluent generated by TNT.
This type of experiment will be continued in future studies with
comparison samples being taken from different types of contam-
inated aerosols at different points in time and location.
4. For the conditions of this experiment the air sampling device
designed to remove all biologically available radioiodine was suc-
cessfully field tested. Further tests of this device must be con-
ducted before we will feel confident that we have developed an air
sampling train which removes essentially all biologically available
radioiodine.
5. Much information was accumulated from the environmental
studies but most of it was difficult to interpret. Ratios of results
between types of samples were not consistent enough for valid
comparisons. It is felt that most of the difficulty lies in the sam-
pling procedures. Undoubtedly there should be some correlation
among all the types of samples collected if the samples were truly
representative. Based on this experience, methods of collecting
various samples are being refined for use in future studies. Indig-
enous vegetation sampling, though, will be difficult to improve to
any great extent because of the difficulty of collecting desert vege-
tation which accurately represents a given area of ground or a
given leaf surface area exposed to the effluent.
60
-------
As indicated previously, our measured contamination levels in
the hay fed to each group of cows exhibited such spread that we
were forced to use a smoothing technique on these data. In view
of this, all.results involving these hay data should be viewed as
qualitative pending future studies where improved sampling tech-
niques will be utilized.
Our air sampling data indicated that the gaseous/particulate ratio
of activities at C8-215 was one tenth that at C4-230. This finding
was confirmed by other reported data. In view of this, it is
believed that the studies relating to each station should be viewed
as two separate studies with no attempt being made to correlate
the results at C4-230 with those at C8-215. The apparently dif-
ferent effective half-lives of the 1 31I activity in the milk of cows
consuming contaminated forage from each station tends to bear
this out as do the calculated biological half-lives (T. . ,) for 131I
biol
and l 33I for each group of cows. It appears that the more gaseous
contaminant tends to disappear from milk at a more rapid rate.
For comparison to past results it is believed that the gaseous/
particulate ratio at C8-215 was more typical of a contaminating
event such as Pike . In particular, the effective half-life of 131I
in the milk of cows eating contaminated hay from C8-215, 5. 7 days,
agrees quite well with a corresponding value measured following
Pike, 5.9 days.
61
-------
VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In summary, the findings with regard to each stated objective are pre-
sented below:
1. Radioiodines in the effluent contaminated the loosely piled hay
to a greater extent than stacked, baled hay on a per kilogram basis.
Radioiodines did not penetrate individual bales of hay but did pene-
trate the stack between bales at one station. Radioiodines are
relatively loosely attached to hay initially, but a small fraction
of the total activity is relatively firmly attached at later times.
The data for determination of effective half-life of * 31I on hay was
so variable that no confidence can be placed on the results.
2. Table 20 presents a summary of the milk sampling results.
For individual cows a positive correlation exists between percent
recovery of * 31I ingested dose and total milk production.
3. The relative efficiencies of high volume and low volume air
. samplers for the collection of radioiodines varied considerably
at different locations. With one possible notable exception at a
location where the radioiodines were more gaseous in nature, the
high volume samplers appeared to be as efficient or more efficient
than the low volume samplers. Further study of this matter is
indicated.
4. The air sampling device designed to remove all biologically
available radioiodine did remove in excess of 99 percent of the
biologically available radioiodine. However, further study of
this device under a variety of experimental conditions is indicated.
62
-------
Table 20. Summary of milk sampling results.
OJ
Number
of Cows
Group I: 5
Group II: 5
Liters
per Day
15.5
16.6
' Total
Days
j Intake
6 (pCi)
6 131I-51xl04
133I-*70xl04
6 131I-*13xl04
133I-+67xl04
Total
%
~Milk
7.4
6.0
22.6
7.7
Peak
pCi/lite*
pCi/gram hay
16
54
50
38
to Peak
(hours)
48
12
48
12
During
Ingestion
5.7 days
18. 3 hrs.
2.9 days
14.0 hrs.
Ingestion
(days)
1.7
1.2
Tbiol
During
Ingestion
(days)
19.8
6.3
4.6
1.8
-------
5. Ratios of activities between various types of environmental
samples were not consistent enough for valid comparisons. Air
sampling results did indicate, however, that the contaminant at
the station closest to the source was more gaseous in nature than
at the more distant station.
64
-------
REFERENCES
1. H8MU65-1, Report by H-8 Group, Los Alamos Scientific Labora-
tory, January 1, 1965
2. SWRHL-17r, Final Report of Off-Site Surveillance for the Kiwi TNT
Experiment, Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory, USPHS,
August 6, 1965
3. Earth, D. S. and J. Veater, TID-21764, November 1964
4. Martin, W. E. , Health Phys. 9_» 1141-49(1963)
5. Booker, D. V., Report AERE HP/R 2607, October 1958
6. Kahn, B. , J. Agr, Food Chem. L3» 21-4(1965)
7. Hawley, C. A. et al, IDO-12035, June 1964
8. James, R. A., UCRL-7716, February 1964
9. Lengemann, F. W. and C. L. Comar, Health Phys. 10, 55-59 (1964)
10. Soldat, J. K., Health Phys. <^, 1167-71 (1963)
11. Soldat, J. K. , Presented at Annual Meeting Health Phys. Soc. ,
June 18, 1964
12. Hull, A. P., Health Phys. 9_, 1173-77(1963)
13. Bustad, L. K. et al, Health Phys. 9_, 1231-34(1963)
14. Kahn, B. and C. P. Straub, Science L38>, 1334-35 (Dec. 21, 1962)
15. Garner, R. J. , B. F. Sansom and H. G. Jones, J. Agric. Sci. 55,
283-6(1960)
16. Miller, J. K., E. W. Swans on and R. G. Cragle, Health Phys. 9_,
1247 (1963)
65
-------
APPENDIX
Tables la - If. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose
hay from station C8-215. 66-71
Tables 2a - 2f. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose
hay from station C4-230. 72-77
Tables 3a - 3c. Experimental data on Group III cows -
controls. 78-80
Table 4. Weighted average data for K, Ca, Sr, and
Cs in Group I milk. 81
Table 5. Weighted average data for K, Ca, Sr, and
Cs in Group II milk. 82
Figures la - le. Iodine-131 milk data for Group I cows. 83-87
Figures 2a - 2e. Iodine-131 milk data for Group II cows. 88-92
-------
Table la. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose hay from station C8-215. Cow No. 11
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
Milking Kg. Hay
Time Consumed
0610 10.0
0240 7.7
1610
0610 8,6
1610
0610 8.2
1510
0610 9.5
15HT
0610 9.5
1710
0610
1610
0610
1610
0610
1610
0610
1500
0610
1510
0610
1510
0610
Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
133I 131I 90Sr
6,000 50
5,000 7,000
2.0
50 50 4.0
3.0
50 2,900 3.0
3.0
3,000 1,200 2.0
3.0
50 1,400 1.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs 133I 131I
20
40 830
25 340
50 270
30 190
25 90
10 50
40 30
35 40
25 10
20 10
30
30
30
30
25
25
35
30
25
35
25
30
25
100
70
130
100
90
120
80
100
80
80
50
40
20
40
10
30
30
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
14
19
24.5
17
33
15
26
15
28
17
19
20
32
18
28
15
29
16
28
15
34
13
26
6.2
8.4
10.9
7.5
14.6
6.6
11.5
6.6
12.4
7.5
8.3
8.9
14.2
8.0
12.4
6.6
12.8
7.1
12.4
6.6
15.1
5.8
11.5
-------
Table lb. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose hay from station C8-215. Cow No. 13
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
Milking Kg. Hay
Time Consumed
0620 5.9
0250 8.9
1620
0620 9.3
1620
0620 7.7
1520
0620 6.4
1520
0620 9. 1
1720
0620
1620
0620
1620
0620
1620
0620
1520
0620
1520
0620
1520
0620
Hay Sample Results -pCi/kg Milk
133I 131I 90Sr
9,600 50
50 3,900
2.0
50 50 3. 0
3.0
2,800 2,600 4.0
2.0
2,800 50 1.0
3. 0
2,200 1,100 6.0
5.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs 133I 131I
20 180
35 110
30 120
15 70
15 20
25 30
30 30
25 10
30 10
40
25
30
30
30
30
25
25
25
15
60
25
15
30
70
40
60
60
40
60
40
50
40
40
40
50
30
20
30
20
10
20
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
12
15
18
15
22
12.5
20
13
22
12
16
14
22
13
21
11
24
11
18
14
22
11
22
5.3
6.6
8.0
6.6
9.7
5.5
8.9
5.8
9.7
5.3
7.1
6.2
9.7
5.8
9.3
4.9
10.9
4.9
8.0
6.2
9.7
4.9
9.7
-------
Table Ic. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose hay from station C8-215. Cow No. 21
00
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
«,.,,. T, TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay * r r &
Time Consumed 133I 131I 90Sr
0630 7.7
0300 8.2
1630
0630 8.6
1630
0630 7.7
1530
0630 8.2
1530
0630 10.0
1730
0630
1630
0630
1630
0630
1630
0630
1530
0630
1530
0630
1530
0630
6,000 6, 100
50 50
5.0
50 50 2.0
4.0
50 50 4.0
3.0
50 2,200 3.0
2.0
50 50 1.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
15.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs 133I 131I
25
45 370
35 270
25 170
30 110
35 110
20 70
25 30
25 30
20 10
60 10
20
35
40
30
25
35
25
35
10
35
30
10
15
60
80
90
150
100
120
70
90
60
70
30
80
40
30
30
30
10
30
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
12.5
12.5
24
13
25
11
22
13
22
13
17
19
24
12
18
10
25
13
22
14
24
12
25
5.5
5.5
10.9
5.8
11. 1
4.9
9.7
5.8
12.3
5.8
7.5
8.4
10.9
5.3
8.0
4.4
11. 1
5.8
9.7
6.2
10.9
5.3
11. 1
-------
Table Id. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose hay from station C8-215. Cow No. 23
NO
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
Milking Kg. Hay
Time Consumed
0640 9.5
0310 9.5
1640
0640 8.6
1640
0640 9.5
1540
0640 9.5
1540
0640 10.0
1740
0640
1640
0640
1640
0640
1640
0640
1540
0640
1540
0640
1540
0640
Hay Sample Re suits -pCi/ kg Milk
J33j 131]; 90gr
5,800 50
15,000 -^50
1.0
50 50 2.0
4.0
3,000 2,600 4.0
1.0
3,800 2,100 1.0
3.0
50
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
l37Cs 133I 131I
10
45 540
40 290
25 140
25 80
25 70
30 60
25 10
25 30
25 1Q
20 10
10
30
35
20
25
25
25
30
25
20
20
10
15
70
50
90
60
70
70
60
110
60
50
50
40
50
40
20
10
10
20
10
10
Milk Produced
Los. Liters
15
21
23
23
27
12
25
14
9
18
18
19
29
13
28
11
25
12
21
17
31
14
29
6.6
9.3
10.2
10.2
12.0
5.3
11. 1
6.2
4.0
8.0
8.0
8.4
12.8
5.8
12.4
4.9
11. 1
5.3
9.3
7.5
13.7
6.2
12.8
-------
Table le. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose hay from station C8-215. Cow No. 29
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
....... _.. TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay ' c r ' &
Time Consumed : 33I 131I 90Sr .
0650 9.5
0320 7.3
1650
0650 8.6
1650
0650 5.4
1550
0650 9.5
1550
0650 9.5
1750
0650
1650
0650
1650
0650
1650
0650
1550
0650
1550
0650
1550
0650
10,000 50
50 11,000
1.0
50 50 5.0
3.0
4,600 3,000 3.0
2.0
6,700 7,900 2.0
1.0
1,100 4,800 2.0
3.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Sample
137Cs
20
50
35
35
15
30
40
40
20
25
15
30
30
35
40
30
30
25
25
10
20-
15
25
10
Results -pCi/1
1 33j 1 31 j
410 r, 40
230 " ' 40
90 40
70 40
30 30
40 50
20 40
10 90
10 30
50
60
70
40
40
20
20
10
20
20
10
Milk Produced
Libs. Liters
12
13
10
15
13.5
15
12.5
13
15
11
15
7
23
12
18
10
24
10
15
13
20
12
21
5. 3
5.8
4.4
6.6
6.0
6.6
5.5
5.8
6.6
4.9
6.6
3. 1
10.2
5.3
8.0
4.4
10.9
4.4
6.6
5.8
8.9
5.3
9.3
-------
Table If. Experimental data on Group I cows fed loose hay from station C8-215. Cow No. 1
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
Milking Kg. Hay
Time Consumed
0600 10.0
0230 10.0
1600
0600 10.0
1600
0600 9.5
1500
0600 9.5
1500
0600 9.5
1700
0600
1600
0600
1600
0600
1600
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
133Z 131 i 90gr
50 50
1,000 8,700
1.0
50 50 1.0
1.0
50 1,600 2.0
1.0
50 50 1.0
2.0
8,500 1,800
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Sample
137Cs
30
70
15
50
15
35
10
30
25
35
10
30
25
60
35
25
5
25
15
30
Results -pCi/1
1 3 3 1 131I
610
340
240
260
230
80
50
10
20
10
10
80
70
130
120
120
120
100
80
100
100
80
90
100
40
20
10
10
10
20
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
4
11
8
10
14
12
11
9
17
9
10
10
17
10
21
7
20
9
18
10
21
10
18
1.8
4.9
3.5
4.4
6.2
5.3
4.9
4.0
7.5
4.0
4.4
4.4
7.5
4.4
9.3
3.1
8.9
4.0
8.0
4.4
9.3
4.4
8.0
-------
Table 2a. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose hay from station C4-230. Cow No. 8
N)
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
»*,, tr TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay °
Time Consumed 133I 131I 90Sr
0605 10.0 12,000
0235 8. 2 : 50
1605 ^"'
0605 9. 1 50
1605
0605 7.3 50
1505
0605 5.9
1505
0605 9. 1
1705
0605
1605
0605
1605
0605
1605
0605
1505
0605
1505 - .
0605
1505
0605
50
50
3.0
50 3.0
4.0
50 4.0
4.0
50 2.0
2.0
50 3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
4.0
5.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cg 133][ 131!
20
40 460
20 270
35 210
35 140
30 70
15 40
20 20
20 10
25 10
30
30
10
25
25
10
15
5
25
35
5
10
5
60
50
70
80
40
30
40
30
30
30
50
10
20
20
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
11
14
14
6
22
9
15
8
19
12
15
11
21
11
21
12
20
11
22
15
24
11
21
4.9
6.2
6.2
2.7
9.7
4.0
6.6
3.5
8.4
5.3
6.6
4.9
9.3
4.9
9.3
5.3
8.9
4.9
9.7
6.6
10.6
4.9
9.3
-------
Table 2b. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose hay from station C4-230. Cow No. 24
-4
CO
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
-..-.. -, TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay i r r &
Time Consumed 133I 131I 90Sr
0615 10.0
0245 9,5
1615
0615 9.5
1615
0615 8.2
1515
0615 8. 2
1515
0615 9.1
1715
0615
1615
0615
1615
0615
1615
0615
1515
0615
1515
0615
1515
0615
11,000 50
50 50
2.0
50 50 3.0
4.0
50 50 3.0
4.0
50 3.0
2.0
50 3.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
..1.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs 133I 131I
25
35 500
I*"1 200
35 160
25 120
35 60
75 10
20 10
20
15
20
25
35
15
35
10
5
30
15
20
30
15
30
10
60
50
80
70
70
50
30
50
30
50
10
40
10
40
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
12
17.5
23
12
28
13
19
18
22
18
16
17
24
14
26
15
30
13
24
19
27
13
28
5.3
7.8
10.2
5.3
12.4
5.8
8.4
7.9
9.7
8.0
7.1
7.5
10.6
6.2
11.5
6.6
13.3
5.8
10.6
8.4
12.0
5.8
12.4
-------
Table 2c. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose hay from station C4-230. Cow No. 25
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
...... ... Hay Sample Results -pCi/kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay ' r ' B
Time Consumed 133I 131I 90Sr
0625 10.0
0255 9.5
1625
0625 9.5
1625
0625 9. 1
1525
0625 8.2
1525
0625 9.5
1725
0625
1625
0625
1625
0625
1625
0625
1525
0625
1525
0625
1525
0625
12,000 2,100
50 50
1.0
50 50 ,1.0
3.0
50 50 2.0
5.0
50 2.0
2.0
50 2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs I33I 131I
10
20 530
40 280
25 160
20 110
40 60
35 60
30 10
30 10
15
15
20
20
5
15
30
10
20
15
25
20
15
60
50
80
60
60
70
30
60
20
30
40
30
10
10
20
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
8
13
13
11
15
11
16
11
17
10
12
8
22
8
15
10
14
5
15
10
17
7
18
3.5
5.8
5.8
4.9
6.6
4.9
7. 1
4.9
7.5
4.4
5.3
3.5
9.7
3.5
6.6
4.4
6.2
2.2
6.6
4.4
7.5
3.1
8.0
-------
Table 2d. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose hay from station C4-230. Cow No. 26
-j
Ul
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
Milking Kg. Hay
Time Consumed
0635 10.0
0305 9. 1
1635
0635 10.0
1635
0635 7.7
1535
0635 8.6
1535
0635 9.5
1735
0635
1635
0635
1635
0635
1635
0635
1535
0635
1535
0635
1535
0635
Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
133! 131j 90Sr
9,200 5,000
6,100 1,900
4.0
50 .50 5.0
6.0
50 50 5.0
6.0
50 6.0
6.0
3,400 5.0
5.0
9.0
6.0
11.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
10.0
7.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs 133I 131I
30
40 500
35 330
40 170
25 150
40 80
25 60
15 30
15 20
35 10
25 10
35
40
25
30
30
15
35
40
20
25
35
15
15
70
60
70
80
80
90
30
70
20
40
30
30
10
20
20
10
10
20
10
10
Milk Produced
Los. Liters
26
29.5
34.5
26
33
22
39
23
37
27
31
26
31
24
35
21
41
24
32 .
24
35
20
37
11. 5
13.1
15. 3
11.5
14.6
9.7
17.3
10.2
16.4
12.0
13.7
11.5
13.7
10.6
15.5
9.3
18.2
10.6
14.2
10.6
15.5
8.9
16.4
-------
Table 2e. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose hay from station C4-230. Cow No. 27
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
M'lk' K H Hay Sample Re suits -pCi/ kg Milk Sample Results -pCi/1
Time Consumed 133I 131I 90Sr l 37Cs 133I 1 31I
0645 10.0 12,000
0315 9.5 5,200
1645
0645 10.0 50
1645
( 0645 9. 1 50
\ 1545
i 0645 8.2
i!545
0645 9.5
1745
0645
1645
0645
1645
0645
1645
0645
1545
0645
1545
0645
1545
0645
2,300
2,000
3.0
50 3.0
3.0
50 1.0
6.0
50 2.0
2.0
50 2.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
3. 0
2.0
3.0
25
55 810
35 470
40 250
15 170
25 90
35 70
20 10
20 10
35
35
35
35
40
25
25
25
35
30
35
15
35
5
15
80
70
120
70
90
80
50
60
30
50
40
60
40
10
10
20
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
12.5
19
30
15
29
15
23
16
26
17
17
17
26
15
25
7
26
16
25
16
26
13
27
5.5
8.4
13.3
6.6
12.8
6.6
10.2
7.1
11.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
11.5
6.6
11.1
3.1
11.5
7.1
11.1
7.1
11.5
5.8
12.0
-------
Table 2f. Experimental data on Group II cows fed loose hay from station C4-230. Cow No. 28
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
Milking Kg . Hay
Time Consumed
0655 10.0
0300 9. 5
1655
0655 9.5
1655
0655 7.7
1555
0655 6.8
1555
0655 9. 1
1755
0655
1655
0655
1655
0605
1655
0655
1555
0655
1555
0655
1555
0655
Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
133! 131j 90Sr
7,800 50
6,000 1,700
1.0
50 50 3.0
3.0
50 50
1.0
50 3.0
2.0
50 2.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
Sample Results -pCi/1
137Cs 133I 131I
25
70 650
35 330
40 180
45 130
25 60
35 40
30 20
25 10
30 10
25
30
10
40
45
25
45
15
25
25
25
30
10
10
60
50
60
80
40
50
50
50
30
50
70
10
40
30
20
30
10
10
Milk Produced
Lbs. Liters
2
4.5
14
5
10
4
7
6
9
4
4
4
11
4
10
2
12
5
10
6
8
5
9
0.9
2.0
6.2
2.2
4.4
1.8
3.1
2.7
4.0
1.8
1.8
1.8
4.9
1.8
4.4
0.9
5.3
2.2
4.4
2.7
3.5
2.2
4.0
-------
Table 3a. Experimental data on Group III cows - controls. Cow No. 2
00
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
»,-n- -,r TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay if f &
Time Consumed l 33I 131I 90Sr
0700 10.0
0310 4,,,
1710 lolo
0700
1700 4.5
0700
1600 10.0
0700
1600 10.0
0700
1800 10.0
0700
1700 9.1
0700
1700 9.5
0700
1700 9.5
0700
1600 10.0
0700
~r6oo
0700
1600
0700
3.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
3. 0
1.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0
1,0 .
1.0
2.0
Sample Results -pCi/1 Milk Produced
i37Cs I33l laij ^bSf Liters
15
10
5
25
20
20
10
20
20
10
10
35
30
10
10
25
10
35
30
15
10
10
26
12
19
17
17
26
13
24
15
26
16
15
19
24
17
24
13
23
15
22
16
22
13
27
11.5
5. 3
8.4
7-5
7.5
11. 5
5.8
10.6
6.6
11.5
7. 1
6.6
8.4
10.6
7.5
10.6
5.8
10.2
6.6
9.7
7.1
9.7
5.8
12.0
-------
Table 3b. Experimental data on Group III cows - controls. Cow No. 16
-j
vO
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
.j*-"*:-*"*-
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
X.T-II ^ TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay } r v 6
Time Consumed ' l 33I 131I 90Sr
0710 10.0
0320
1720 10.0
0710
1710 9.5
0710
1610 10.0
0710
1610 10.0
0710
1810 10.0
0710
1710 8.6
0710
1710 9.5
0710
1710 8.2
0710
1610 8.6
0710
1610
0710
1610
0710
1.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
4.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
6.0
Sample Results -pCi/1 Milk Produced
i37Cs 133! 131J Lbs- Liters
25
15
5
10
15
10
5
25
10
10
5
5
10
5
15
5
20
30
20
15
35
5
10
30
10
18
15
17
24
11
23
13
23
13
17
11
25
13
24
11
24
14
21
11
26
13
20
13. 3
4.4
8.0
6.6
7.5
10.6
4.9
10.2
5.8
10.2
5.8
7.5
4.9
11. 1
5.8
10.6
4.9
10.6
6.2
9.3
4.9
11.5
5.8
8.9
-------
Table 3c. Experimental data on Group III cows - controls. Cow No. 22
00
o
Date
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
'
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
»»-n if TT Hay Sample Results -pCi/ kg Milk
Milking Kg. Hay ' r . c 6
Time Consumed 133I 131I 90Sr
0720 10.0
0330
1730 10.0
0720
1720 8.2
0720
1620 10.0
0720
1620 9.5
0720
1820 10.0
0720
1720 10.0
0720
1720 9.1
0720
1720 9.1
0720
1620 8.6
0720
1620
0720
1620
0720
2.0
3.0
4.0
1.0
6.0
1.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
4.0
2.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Sample Results -pCi/1 Milk Produced
i37Cs 133I isij Lbs. Liters
10
5
30
10
20
15
25
15
25
10
15
45
15
35
15
20
30
15
30
20
5
24
15
14
18
11
26
10
21
12
25
12
16
15
25
12
26
11
26
11
25
14
24
14
26
10.6
6.6
6.2
8.0
4.9
11.5
4.5
9.3
5.3
11. 1
5.3
7. 1
6.6
11. 1
5,3
11.5
4.9
11.5
4.9
11. 1
6.2
10.6
6.2
11.5
-------
90 137
Table 4. Weighted average data for K, Ca, Sr, and Cs in
Group I mi Ik.*
Date
1/13/65
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/21/65
1/22/65
1 /23/65
1/24/65
q/l
K
1.48*0.08
1.51*0.16
1 .40*0.15
1 .36*0.20
1 .40*0.12
1 .38*0.13
1 .48*0.10
1.60*0.12
l.46±0.05
1.42*0.08
1.49*0.10
1.48*0.17
iter
Ca
1 . 15*0.02
1.21*0.05
1.23*0.06
1 .17*0.07
1 .18*0.06
1 .14*0.12
1 .14*0.07
1.12*0.08
1.13*0.10
1 .19*0.10
1.13*0.06
1 .14*0.03
pCi/l
90
Sr
__
3.2*0.5
3.1*0.4
2.0*0.5
2.4*1 .9
2.9*1.0
. 3.7*4.1
2.7*1.6
2.5*1.0
2.5*1.0
2.8*1.1
iter
137
Cs
18.7*6.2
36.8*6.3
28.0*8.0
25.8*7.0
29.2*5.3
26.6*6.3
26.9*4.1
32.8*3.8
27.4*2.3
27.6*3.2
24.2*7.6
21.6*3.6
1(7
81
-------
Table 5. Weighted average data for K, Ca,
Group II milk.*
90 137
Sr, and Cs in
Date
1/14/65
1/15/65
1/16/65
1/17/65
1/18/65
1/19/65
1/20/65
1/21/65
1/22/65
1/23/65
1/24/65
q/l
K
1 .46*0.15
1 .40*0.18
1 .36*0.19
1 .40*0.09
1 .38*0.04
1 .51*0.08
1 .60*0.15
1 .53*0. 15
1 .46*0.15
1 .53*0.08
1.44*0.11
iter
Ca
1 .16*0.07
1 .13*0.04
1.18*0.05
1 .16*0.04
1.09*0.1 1
1 .15*0.07
1.11*0.06
1.10*0,04
1 .14*0.08
1 .1 1 ±0.14
1 .10*0.06
pCi/l
90
Sr
1 .9'±0.8
3.3*1 .4
3.7*1 .0
2.9*1 .7
3.2*1 .1
3.9*2.1
3.8*3.4
3.2*2.1
3.6*2.3
3.1 ±1 .8
2.3*0.6
iter
137
Cs
32.8*7.6
31.0*4.6
34.8*8.7
20.9*5.4
25.0*8.7
28.6*7.8
23.2*9.5
18.2*7.6
24.8*10.8
22.8*2.9
17.8*9.4
82
-------
19 21
DATEJAN. 1965
COXA/ NUMBER
TOTAL pCi per day
IN 1103, 670 pCi
OUT: 10, 915
OUT: 10. 5%
TOTAL pCi per milking
pCi/ liter per day
Figure la. 131I milk data for cow No. 11
83
-------
COXA/ NUMBER
TOTAL pCi per day
IIM :93,260pCi
OUT: 5, 159
OUT: 5.5%
» TOTAL pCi per milking
<^-~X~~X. pCi/ liter per day
Figure Ib. 1311 milk data for cow No. 13
84
-------
17 19 21
DATE1965
COXA/ NUMBER
TOTAL pCi per day
IIM : 108, 170pCi
OUT: 8, 858
OUT: 8. 2%
TOTAL pCi per milking
pCi/liter per day
Figure Ic. 1311 milk data for cow No. 21
85
-------
17 19
DATE 1965
COW NUMBER
TOTAL pCi per day
IIM :i04, 170 pCi
OUT:?, 872
OUT: 7. 6%
t TOTAL pCi per milking
pCi/liter per day
Figure Id. 131I milk data for cow No. 23
86
-------
COXA/ NUMBER
IIM :i02,850pCi
OUT: 4, 763
OUT: 4.6%
TOTAL pCi per day
)» TOTAL pCi per milking
pCi/literper day
mma^mmma
Figure le. 131I milk data for cow No. 29
87
-------
COXA/ NUMBER
IIM :30,635pCi
OUT: 3, 319
OUT: 10.8%
TOTAL pCi per day
- TOTAL pCi per milking
pCi/ liter per day
HHHHHHiMHESS
Figure 2a. 131I milk data for cow No. 8
88
-------
19 21
DATE 1965
COXA/ NUMBER
IN : 32, 085 pCi
OUT: 5, 252
OUT: 16. 4%
TOTAL pCi per day
» TOTAL pCi per milking
X,*X^~X pCi/liter per day
BnBBBHHHHIIHH^^HH
Figure 2b. 131I milk data for cow No. 24
89
-------
icr
o
o.
I
_H
rO
10
10'
^
/
«
4
y
/
/
F
A
/ \
i
i
1
^
/
X'
t
\
* <
. />
\/
f
i
\
\
1
v«
\
\
\
\ /
V
\
\
\
\
\
f^
\
\
\
\
^
%
\
\
\
«
/\
/\
-J
/
/
t
\
i
I"'
\
\
\
\
^<
\
\
\
\
\
\\
\\
\\
V
1
13
15
17
19 21
DATE- 1965
23
TOTAL pCi per day
.. TOTAL pCi per milking
XX pCi/literper day
^^MBBin
^^^BBD^HHHn
Figure 2c. 131I milk data for cow No. 25
COXA/ NUMBER
IN : 32, 380 pCi
OUT: 3,466
OUT: 10.7%
90
-------
19 21
DATE-1965
TOTAL pCi per day
)» TOTAL pCi per milking
pCi/liter per day
MHHHHHn
Figure 2d. 131I milk data for cow No. 26
91
-------
19 21
DATE- 1965
COXA/ NUMBER
TOTAL pCi per day
IN :32,405pCi
OUT: 8, ooo
OUT: 24.7%
>» TOTAL pCi per milking
XXX pCi/liter per day
BHHHHBHKRHB3raB£is
Figure 2e. 131I milk data for cow No. 27
92
-------
DISTRIBUTION
1-20 SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Robert E. Miller, Manager, AEC/NVO'6, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 Robert H. Thalgott, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 Henry G. Vermillion, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 D. W.. Hendricks, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
25 Robert R. Loux, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
26 Central Mail & Records, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
27 A. J. Whitman, NTSSO, AEC/NVOO, Mercury, Nevada
28 M. Klein, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
29 R. Decker, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
30 R. Hartfield, SNPO-C, Cleveland, Ohio
31 J. P. Jewett, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
32 - 35 R; Nelson, SNPO-N, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
36 William C. King, LRL, Mercury, Nevada
37 Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, California
38 H. L. Reynolds, LRL, Livermore, California
39 H. T. Knight, LASL, Jackass Flats, Nevada
40 P. Gothels, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
41 H. S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
42 Charles I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
43 William E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
44 C. A. De Lorenzo, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
45 H. G. Simens, NTO, Aerojet-General Corp., Jackass Flats, Nev.
46 R. Smith, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
47 G, Grandy, WANL, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
48 E. Hemmerle, WANL, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
49 John A. Harris, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
-------
Distribution (continued)
50 M. I. Goldman, NUS, Washington, D. C.
51 J. Mohrbacher, Pan American World Airways, Jackass Flats, Nev.
52 P. Allen, ARL, ESS A, Las Vegas, Nevada
53 . Martin B. Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
54 H. Booth, ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
55 C. Anderson, EG&G, Las Vegas, Nevada
56 Byron Murphey, Sandia Corp. , Albuquerque, New Mexico
57 MajorGen. Edward B. Giller, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
58 Chief, NOB/DASA, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
59 - 63 Charles L. Weaver, PHS, BRH, Rockville, Maryland
64 Victor M. Milligan, REECo. , Mercury, Nevada
65 - 66 DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
67 Director, Southeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Montgomery, Ala.
68 Director, Northeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Winchester, Mass.
69 Todd V. Crawford, LRL, Livermore, California
------- |