SWRHL-33r
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION'S
NEVADA TEST SITE, NYE COUNTY, NEVADA
By Kenneth W. Brown and Donald D. Smith, DV]
the
.Ljioenvironmental Research Program
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
TT " Public Health Service
Health, Education, and Welfare
Las Vegas, Nevada
boutnwe stern
U.S.
Department of
\
\
December 22, 1966
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work.
Neither the United States, nor the Atomic Energy Commission, nor any
person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with
respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefullness of the information
contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus,
method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately
owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or pro-
cess disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" in-
cludes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of
such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the
Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, disseminates,
or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employment or
contract with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor.
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SWRHL-33r
THE POISONOUS PLANTS OF THE
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION'S
NEVADA TEST SITE, NYE COUNTY, NEVADA
By Kenneth W. Brown and Donald D. Smith, DVM
of the
Bioenvironmental Research Program
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Public Health Service
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Las Vegas, Nevada
December 22, 1966
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 CHENOPODIACEAE (Pigweed Family)
2. 1 ATRIPLEX CANESCENS (PURSH) NUTT
(Four Wing Saltbush)
2.1.1 Description
2. 1. 2 Distribution and Habitat
2.1.3 Poisonous Principle
2.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology
2.1.5 Treatment
2.1.6 Prevention
2. 2 ATRIPLEX ROSEA L. (Redscale)
2/2.. '1 Description
2. 2. 2 Distribution and Habitat
2. 2. 3 Poisonous Principle
2. 2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology
2. 2. 5 Treatment
2. 2. 6 Prevention
2. 3 HALOGETON GLOMERATUS (BIEB. ) C.
(Halogeton)
2. 3. 1 Description
2. 3. 2 Distribution and Habitat
2. 3. 3 Poisonous Principle
2. 3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology
2. 3. 5 Treatment
2.3.6 Prevention
2.4 SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS (HOOK.
(Greasewood)
2.4.1 Description
2.4. 2 Distribution and Habitat
2.4.3 Poisonous Principle
2.4.4 Symptomatology and Pathology
2.4. 5 Treatment
2.4.6 Prevention
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6
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A.MEY
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Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter3 COMPOSITAE (Sunflower Family) . 11
3. 1 BAILEY A MULTIRADIATA HARV. AND GRAY
(Wild Marigold) 11
3.1.1 Description , 11
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 11
3.1.3 Poisonous Principle 11
3.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 11
3. 1. 5 Treatment 12
3.1.6 Prevention 12
3.2 CHRYSOTHAMNUS NAUSEOSUS (PALL.)
BRITTON (Rabbitbrush) 12
3.2.1 Description 12
3.2.2 Distribution and Habitat 13
3. 2. 3 Poisonous Principle 13
3.2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 13
3.2.5 Treatment 13
. 3.2.6 Prevention 13
3.3 GUTIERREZIA M1CROCEPHALA (DC.) GRAY
(Broomweed) 13
3.3.1 Description 13
3.3.2 Distribution and Habitat 13
3.3.3 Poisonous Principle 14
3.3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 1.4
3. 3. 5 Treatment , 14
3.3.6 Prevention 14
3.4 GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE (PURSH) BRITT.
AND RUSBY (Snakeweed) 15
3.4.1 Description 15
3.4.2 Distribution and Habitat 15
3.4.3 Poisonous Principle '< 15
3.4.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 15
3.4.5 Treatment . . 15
3.4.6 Prevention 15
11
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Table of Contents (continued)
3.5 PSATHYROTES ANNUA (NUTT.) GRAY
(Paper Flower) 16
3.5.1 Description 16
3.5.2 Distribution and Habitat 16
3.5.3 Poisonous Principle 16
3.5.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 16
3.5.5 Treatment 17
3.5.6 Prevention 17
3.6 SENECIO INTEGERRIMUS (NUTT.) (Groundsel) 17
3.6.1 Description 17
3.6.2 Distribution and Habitat 17
3.6.3 Poisonous Principle 17
3.6.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 18
3.6.5 Treatment 18
3.6.6 Prevention 18
3.7 SENECIO SPARTIOIDES T.AND G. (Broom
Groundsel) 19
3.7.1 Description 19
3.7.2 Distribution and Habitat 19
3.7.3 Poisonous Principle 19
3.7.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 19
3.7.5 Treatment 19
3.7.6 Prevention 19
3.8 TETRADYMIA CANESCENS (DC.) (Spineless
Horsebrush) 19
3.8.1 Description 19
3. 8. 2 Distribution and Habitat 19
3.8.3 Poisonous Principle 20
3.8.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 20
3.8.5 Treatment 20
3.8.6 Prevention 21
3.9 TETRADYMIA GLABRATA GRAY (Little-Leaf
Horsebrush) 21
3.9.1 Description 21
3.9.2 Distribution and Habitat 21
3.9.3 Poisonous Principle 21
3.9.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 22
3.9.5 Treatment 22
3.9-6 Prevention 22
111
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Table of Contents (continued)
3.10 TETRADYMIA AXILLARIS A. NELS
(Horsebrush) 22
3. 10. 1 Description 22
3. 10. 2 Distribution and Habitat 22
3. 10. 3 Poisonous Principle 22
3. 10.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 22
3. 10. 5 Treatment 22
3.10.6 Prevention 23
Chapter 4 CRUCIFERAE (Mustard Family) 24
4.1 DESCURAIN1A PINNATA (WALT.) BRITTON
(Yellow Tansy Mustard) 24
4.1.1 Description 24
4.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 24
4.1.3 Poisonous Principle 24
4. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 24
4.1.5 Treatment 25
4.1.6 Prevention 25
4. 2 STANLEYA PINNATA (PURSH) BRITTON
(Desert Plume) 25
4. 2. 1 Description 25
4. 2. 2 Distribution and Habitat 25
4. 2. 3 Poisonous Principle 26
4. 2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 26
4. 2. 5 Treatment 26
5. 2. 6 Prevention 26
Chapter 5 FAGACEAE (Beech Family) 27
5.1 QUERCUS GAMBELII NUTT. (Gambel's Oak) 27
5.1.1 Description . 27
5.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 27
5.1.3 Poisonous Principle 27
5. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 27
5. 1. 5 Treatment 28
5.1.6 Prevention 28
IV
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Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter 6 FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family) 29
6.1 CORYDALIS AUREA WILLD. (Fitweed) 29
6.1.1 Description 29
6.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 29
6.1.3 Poisonous Principle 29
6. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 29
6.1.5 Treatment 30
6.1.6 Prevention 30
Chapter 7 LEGUMINOSAE (Pea Family) 31
7.1 ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS DOUGL.
(Spotted Loco Weed) 31
7.1.1 Description 31
7.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 31
7.1.3 Poisonous Principle 31
7.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 32
7.1.5 Treatment 32
7.1.6 Prevention 32
7.2 LUPINUS CAUDATUS KELL. (Kellogg's
Spurred Lupine) 33
7.2.1 Description 33
7.2.2 Distribution and Habitat 33
7. 2. 3 Poisonous Principle 33
7. 2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 33
7.2.5 Treatment 34
7.2.6 Prevention 34
7.3 PROSOPIS JULIFLORA (SW.) (DC.)
(Mesquite) 34
7. 3. 1 Description 34
7.3.2 Distribution and Habitat 34
7.3.3 Poisonous Principle 34
7.3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 35
7.3.5 Treatment 35
7.3.6 Prevention 35
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Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter 8 LILIACEAE (Lily Family) 36
8.1 ZYGADENUS VENENOSUS WATS. (Deathcamas) 36
8. 1. 1 Description 36
8.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 36
8.1.3 Poisonous Principle 36
8. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 36
8.1.5 Treatment 37
8.1.6 Prevention 37
Chapter 9 POLYGONACEAE (Buckwheat Family) 38
9.1 RUMEX CRISPUS L. (Rhubarb) 38
9.1.1 Description 38
9.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 38
9.1.3 Poisonous Principle 38
9. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 38
9.1.5 Treatment 38
9.1.6 Prevention 38
Chapter 10 RANUNCULACEAE (Crowfoot Family) 39
10.1 DELPHINIUM PARISHII GRAY (Larkspur) 39
10.1.1 Description 39
10. 1. 2 Distribution and Habitat 39
10.1.3 Poisonous Principle 39
10. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 40
10.1.5 Treatment 40
10.1.6 Prevention 40
Chapter 11 SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family) 42
11.1 DATURA METELOIDES DUNAL. (Western
Jimson Weed) 42
11.1.1 Description 42
11.1.2 Distribution and Habitat 42
11.1.3 Poisonous Principle 42
11.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 43
11.1.5 Treatment 43
11.1.6 Prevention 43
vi
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Table of Contents (continued)
11.2 NICOTIANA ATTENUATA TORR. (Wild
Tobacco) 44
11.2.1 Description 44
11.2.2 Distribution and Habitat 44
11.2.3 Poisonous Principle 44
11. 2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 44
11.2.5 Treatment 45
11.2.6 Prevention 45
11.3 NICOTIANA TRIGONOPHYLLA DUNAL.
(Desert Tobacco) 45
11.3.1 Description 45
11.3.2 Distribution and Habitat 45
11.3.3 Poisonous Principle 45
11.3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 45
11.3.5 Treatment 46
11.3.6 Prevention ' 46
Chapter 12 TYPHACEAE (Cattail Family) 47
12.1 TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. (Cattail) 47
12. 1. 1 Description 47
12. 1. 2 Distribution and Habitat 47
12.1.3 Poisonous Principle 47
12. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 47
12.1.5 Treatment 47
12. 1. 6 Prevention 47
Chapter 13 UMBELLIFERAE (Carrot Family) 48
13.1 BERULA ERECTA (HUPS.) COV. (Water
Parsnip) 48
13.1.1 Description 48
13. 1. 2 Distribution and Habitat 48
13.1.3 Poisonous Principle 48
13. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 48
13.1.5 Treatment 48
13.1.6 Prevention 48
vn
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Table of Contents (continued)
Chapter 14 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family) 49
14.1 TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS L. (Puncture Vine) 49
14.1.1 Description 49
14. 1. 2 Distribution and Habitat 49
14.1.3 Poisonous Principle 49
14. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology 49
14. 1. 5 Treatment 50
14.1.6 Prevention 50
APPENDIX TABLES I - VI 51
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
DISTRIBUTION
Vlll
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
This report is a reference for identification of poisonous plants
found on the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) Nevada Test Site.
It was compiled for the Farm Support Section and the Animal Investiga-
tion Program of the Bioenvironmental Research Program, Southwestern
Radiological Health Laboratory, as an aid in determining range sites
for the AEC beef herd which grazes on the Nevada Test Site and as an
aid in the investigation of off-site livestock losses.
Plant species which are included in this report have wide distribu-
tion throughout the southwestern United States. Many are commonly
distributed in the warm deserts of California, Nevada, and Arizona,
also, many are distributed throughout the Great Basin of northern
Nevada and southern Utah. Only those plants commonly found on the
Nevada Test Site are included in this report.
Identification of plants by various physical characteristics are:
included in the appendix to aid those individuals who are unfamiliar
with the various plant species. Various other tables, included are
types of poisonous principles, symptomatology, and species of animals
affected. Because the user of this report may not be familiar with all
terms used in the report, a glossary is also incorporated.
The scope of this report is limited to brief, concise, and pertinent
details of the physical description, distribution, habitat and poisonous
principle of the plant and symptomatology, pathology, and treatment
of the affected animal.
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Chapter 2
CHENOPODIACEAE
2.1 ATRIPLEX CANESCENS (PURSH) NUTT (Four Wing
Saltbush)
2. 1. 1 Description. Four Wing Saltbush is a grayish-white,
scurfy perennial, occasionally
reaching a height of 6 to 10 feet.
The leaves are alternate and
somewhat clustered, stalkless
and narrow (about 3/8 inch wide
and 2 inches long). The male
and female flowers are usually
borne on separate plants near the
end of the branches. The fruit is
one-celled and has four conspic-
14
uous wings or bracts.
2.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. It is most commonly found
growing in sandy soils on dry hillsides and in desert washes. This
species is most prevalent in the Larrea-Franseria and the Coleoeyne
plant communities between 3000 and 6000 ft. elevation. It is
common in all basins and is the dominant shrub in South French-
man's Flat.
2. 1. 3 Poisonous Principle. This shrub is a secondary or
facultative selenium absorber thus accumulating selenium when
growing in seleniferous soils. It is especially preferred as a
grazing plant during its flower and fruiting stages. Animals most
likely affected would be cattle and horses during the summer and
spring months.
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2.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Sel'enium toxicity may
be manifested as one of three syndromes, depending upon the level
of selenium in the diet. An acute and two chronic forms of poisoning
have been recognized. Because levels of selenium accumulated by
Atriplex are usually insufficient to cause acute selenium toxicity,
only the two chronic forms are observed. "Alkali Disease", one of
the chronic forms, usually appears in animals grazing for a month
or longer upon plants containing 5-40 ppm selenium. "Blind
Staggers", another chronic form, appears after a week or more
of grazing on plants containing less than 200 ppm selenium but
more than 100 ppm.
Symptoms of "Alkali Disease" are inappetence, emaciation,
lack of vitality, anemia, stiffness and severe lameness. Cattle and
horses show early loss of long hair from the base of the tail and
switch being called "Bob-tailed disease" in horses. Hoof de-
formaties cause severe lameness. Cracks appear at the coronary
band and a band of dead tissue results. As new coronary growth
occurs, this break moves downward and the old portion of the hoof
may separate or slough off or it may result in ragged deformed
hoofs 6-7 inches long which are turned up at the ends. Congenital
hoof deformaties may occur in the newborn if the dam has received
a diet containing an excess of selenium during gestation.
The "Alkali Disease" type of selenium poisoning is not common
-u 25
in sheep.
The "Blind Staggers" syndrome is manifested in three clinical
stages. In the first stage, the animal tends to wander from the
herd as vision is impaired to such an extent that the animal may
disregard objects in its path or stumble over them. Although
temperature and respiration are normal, the animal shows inappe-
tence. During the second stage the afflicted animal will circle
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aimlessly trying to walk over or through objects in its path. Front
leg lameness and further impairment of the vision becomes evident.
Respiration and temperature remain normal but the inappetence
disappears and a desire to ingest abnormal objects is observed.
Clinical signs during the terminal or third stage are increasing
paralysis, especially of the tongue and the muscles responsible for
swallowing, increased rate and labored respiration, subnormal tem-
perature and acute abdominal pain. The animal becomes almost
completely blind because of swollen eyelids and cloudy corneas.
Death from respiratory failure occurs a few hours after the onset
of the third stage.
Necropsy reveals the following lesions in "alkali disease":
Atrophy and dilatation of the heart, cirrhosis and atrophy of the
liver, glomerulonephritis, mild gastro-enteritis, erosion of the
epiphyses of the long bones, and hoof lesions as described above. '
Lesions of "Blind Staggers" are acute congestion and diffuse
hemorrhage of the lungs, impacted rumen, hyperemia and necrosis
of the epithelium of the abomasum and small intestine, parenchymal
degeneration and focal necrosis of the liver, greatly enlarged gall
bladder, nephritis, cystitis and acute congestion of the spleen. '
2. 1. 5 Treatment. Stiffness of "alkali disease" has been
relieved by oral administration of naphthalene at the rate of 4-5 gms
daily for five days and repeated at a five day interval.
Treatment for "blind staggers" is only successful if instituted
prior to the third stage. Strychnine sulfate (4-6 mg/600-800 Ibs)
should be given at three hour intervals for a total of three doses.
The animal should be drenched with up to 3 gallons of tepid water
every 2-3 hours for 1-2 days. Neostigmine (1-2 ing/100 Ibs I. M. )
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given concurrently with daily intravenous glucose for at least 3-4
days has given favorable results.
2.1.6 Prevention. Removal of animals from the range is
the best preventive measure. If this is not possible, the addition
of 1. 9 gm of sodium arsenite/100 Ibs of salt which is fed free choice,
is helpful. A high protein diet has a general protective effect
and should be given along with the additive.
2.2 ATRIPLEX ROSEA L. (Redscale)
2.2.1 Description. Redscale is an annual having many branches
and spreading stems which are coated
with a silvery scurf. The leaves are
alternate, densely scurfy, often turn
red and are ovate, coarsely-toothed
or wavy margined. The seeds are
flattened having convex sides, yel-
lowish brown in color and wrinkled.
2. 2. 2 Distribution and Habitat.
This species is found growing in
alkaline soils, along roadsides and
where the soil has been disturbed.
It has been reported in Frenchman's Flat and should be found in
all lower basins 3000 to 4000 ft. in elevation as part of the Atriplex
and the Larrea-Franseria plant communities.
2.2.3 Poisonous Principle. Atriplex rosea is a secondary
or facultative selenium absorber, thus accumulating selenium when
growing in seleniferous soils. It is probably most harmful
during its growing season, which is May through June. Animals
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most likely to be affected would be ruminants such as cattle and
sheep.
2.2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms and lesions
observed are the same as those listed under section 2. 1.4.
2. 2. 5 Treatment. Treatment is the same as listed under
section 2.1.5.
2. 2. 6 Prevention. Preventive measures are the same as
listed under 2. 1. 6.
2.3 HALOGETON GLOMERATUS (BIEB)C.A. MEY (Halogeton)
2. 3. 1 Description. Halogeton is a bush similar to Russian
thistle, Salsola kali. The young
leaf is generally greenish purple,
smooth, shiny, fleshy, and sausage-
shaped. The mature leaf is from
1/4 to 3/4 inches long, somewhat
inflated toward the blunt tip; a
solitary hair about 1/8 inch long,
bristle-like, and somewhat curved,
grows out of the extreme leaf tip.
Color of the stem is usually
dark red to light purple. As the
plant matures, the stem color fades and becomes straw-colored.
Halogeton reaches the flowering and fruiting stage by late
summer. The flower, being small, can scarcely be seen without
magnification. The fruit is often thought to be the flower. What
appear to be petals are actually bracts of the black winged seeds.
These are small, about 1/25 inch diameter, borne at the bottom of
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the tube-like structure formed by bases of the five seed wings.
Another type of seed is found on Halogeton that is larger, wingless,
9
dark brown in color, and apparently has delayed germination.
In Nevada a mature Halogeton plant varies from a few inches
to two feet in height. Less growth is attained on dry sites or
9
where the plant is growing in competition with other vegetation.
2. 3. 2 Distribution and Habitat. The plant is characteristic
22
of salty, bare and disturbed soils of the western desert ranges.
Range lands in Nevada infested with Halogeton are usually below
7, 500 feet in elevation. Between 5, 500 feet and 7, 500 feet ranges
are generally grazed during spring and fall, while ranges below
9
5, 500 feet are ordinarily winter grazed. Halogeton has been
found growing on disturbed sites in the vicinity of the Frenchman's
4 5
Playa on the Nevada Test Site. '
2.3.3 Poisonous Principle. Oxalate which is the poisonous
principle in the plant is mostly in the form of a soluble sodium
salt although small amounts of potassium and calcium oxalate may
also be present. Soluble oxalates are built up to very high con-
centrations during the peak growth of the plant; the maxima having
been observed from September to February. The green leaves
and fruiting structures contain the greatest concentration. With
maturity, a reduction in oxalate concentration is brought about
by three mechanisms: -1- loss of leaves, -2- leaching by rain
or snow, and -3- transformation of soluble to insoluble oxalates.
Levels of soluble oxalates as high as 34. 5 percent of the total
plant composition on a dry-weight basis, have been detected.
However, the average is usually within 18 to 28 percent.
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The plant is poisonous in all stages of growth; the amount of
oxalate varies with season, locality and part of plant. However, the
plant is usually so unpalatable that only under unusual circumstances
7
will animals consume enough to produce poisoning.
2.3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Under normal range
conditions only sheep are affected, since it is unlikely that cattle will
eat enough to be poisoned unless feed is scanty. Twelve to eighteen
ounces of the green plant will cause acute poisoning of mature sheep.
Symptoms which appear 2-6 hours after ingestion of a lethal dose are
due to the absorption of the soluble oxalates into the blood stream
causing a drop in serum calcium levels. These include dullness,
colic, depression, dyspnea, prostration and coma. Death occurs
about 10 hours after ingestion.
Post mortem findings include pulmonary hyperemia and emphy-
sema, diffuse and petechial hemorrhages throughout the digestive
tract and pericardium, as cites, and pleural effusion. An outstanding
lesion is usually noted in the kidneys which are dark red in color.
The cortex and medulla are clearly separated by an accumulation
of oxalate crystals.
2. 3. 5 Treatment. No specific treatment for affected animals
is recommended. Calcium gluconate I. V. has a temporary bene-
ficial affect. Palliative treatment of animals should include ample
fluids to decrease the precipitation of oxalate crystals in the urinary
tract.
2.3.6 Prevention. If other desirable forage is available and
if animals select their own feed, they will seldom eat toxic amounts
of the plant. Grazing management that maintains native plants in
8
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vigorous condition or reseeding of infected areas with native grasses,
prevents heavy infestation of halogeton. 2,4-D at the rate of 2 Ibs/
acre will kill over 90% of the current season's plants.
Supplemental feeding of 1/4-1/2 Ib of alfalfa per day will
prevent the animal from eating toxic amounts of the plant. Dical-
cium phosphate fed free choice is given as a prophylactic. Salt
should be available at all times.
2.4 SARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS (HOOK) TORR. {Greasewood)
2.4. 1 Description. This species is a perennial spiny plant
usually reaching a height of three
to five feet, although individual
plants of eight feet are often encoun-
tered. The leaves are bright green,
narrow, and fleshy being almost
round in cross section. There are
two kinds of flowers, male and
female. The male flowers are small
and have somewhat of a cone-like
appearance; the female flowers are
single and become wing-like and much
enlarged in fruit.
2.4.2 Distribution and Habitat. Greasewood is commonly
found in the Western United States. It grows principally in the heavy
saline to saline-alkaline soils of semi-arid regions. It is found on
flood plains, along dry washes and gullies, in areas where the soil
is sufficiently moist and on and near Groom Playa on the Nevada Test
5
Site, at an elevation of about 4, 500 feet.
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2.4. 3 Poisonous Principle. Toxicity is due to the high content
of sodium and potassium oxalates. Analyses indicate that the total
oxalate content of greasewood leaves varies between 10 and 22 per-
19
cent on a dry weight basis, and exists mostly as soluble salts.
Oxalate content is greatest in the leaves compared with other parts
of the plant and increases with maturity, reaching a maximum in
August and September. The amount of plant necessary to produce
poisoning varies with its soluble oxalate content, time period of
ingestion, size of animal (sheep seem to be affected more than
cattle) and presence or absence of other material in the digestive
system.
In the spring, trail grazing sheep in heavily infested areas of
23
grease-wood may result in tremendous losses. Two pounds of the
green leaves and fine stems, if consumed in a short period of time
and without other types of forage, will result in death.
2.4.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms and lesions
are the same as listed in section 2.3.4.
2.4. 5 Treatment. Treatment is listed under section 2. 3. 5.
2. 4. 6 Prevention. Poisoning is likely to occur only in the
spring, as the young tender foliage is quite palatable. During this
season sheep should be kept out of greasewood ranges, or be sup-
plied with supplemental feeding such as grain or alfalfa hay pellets
containing at least 10% dicalcium phosphate.
Annual treatments of the range with 2,4-D will control the
shrub. Eradication is probably not desirable as it is a valuable
forage plant for cattle and sheep during the winter months. Salt
should be available at all times.
10
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Chapter 3
COMPOSITAE
3. 1 BALLEYA MULTIRADIATA (HARV. AND GRAY) (Wild Marigold)
3.1.1 Description. Wild marigold is a low growing plant densely
covered with short hairs which give it a -woolly appearance. It has
numerous, alternate, toothed leaves on
numerous basal branches. The prominent
yellow-flowered heads on elongated stems
24
are present from spring until late fall.
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. This
species is commonly found on sandy soils
in the Larrea Franseria plant community.
It has been observed on disturbed sites
and dry slopes at 3000 to 4000 feet ele-
vation. It is commonly found in all of
the lower basins and along the roads
throughout the Nevada Test Site.
3.1.3 Poisonous Principle. The toxic principle is unknown,
however, the plant is known to be toxic to sheep and goats during all
stages of plant growth. There have been no proven cases of poisoning
in cattle and horses. An animal must ingest large quantities of the
plant over a relatively long period of time. It was reported that 41 Ibs.
16
(green weight basis) within a 25 day period produced death in sheep.
3.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Initial symptoms are
excessive salivation (frothy green in color), depression and anorexia.
Affected animals become sluggish and appear weak. When forced to
11
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move they exhibit incoordination, muscular trembling and a rapid heart
beat which is audible for several feet. Hemoglobinuria and pneumonia
have been reported in some afflicted animals. Death occurs several
days to weeks after onset of the initial symptoms. Autopsy reveals
widespread petechial hemorrhages and edema. Occasionally there are
subepicardial hemorrhages with degenerative changes in the liver and/or
kidney. Albuminuria may result from hyalin in the renal tubules.
Gastroenteritis and as cites are commonly found.
3. 1.5 Treatment. There is no specific treatment. Animals
should be removed from the range and supplemented with good hay.
Most animals will slowly recover if treated symptomatic ally and given
good nourishment.
3.1.6 Prevention. Since animals eat Baileya only when range
forage is lacking, provision of supplemental feed or movement to better
pastures will usually prevent poisoning. Proper management to main-
tain desirable range forage should eliminate the problem. 2,4-D spray-
ing of the range is effective if done following rains.
3.2 CHRYSOTHAMNUS NAUSEQSUS (PALL) BRITTON (Rabbitbrush)
3. 2. 1 Description. This species is a
perennial shrub growing to a height of
6 feet, having many branched and often
ill-smelling fibrous-barked main stems
from the base. The leafy twigs are clothed
with a persistent felt-like, gray, white or
greenish tomentum. The leaves are linear
filiform to narrowly linear-oblanceolate
measuring 2 to 7 cm long and 0. 5 mm
wide. The flowers are usually yellow.
12
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3. 2. 2 Distribution and Habitat. It is most often seen in lower
desert washes from 3000 to 4500ft. in elevation and occasionally higher.
It grows in sandy to alkaline soils and is commonly found in the Larrea-
Franseria and Coleogyne plant communities. This species is fairly
common in most of the low elevation desert drainages throughout the
Nevada Test Site.
3. 2. 3 Poisonous Principle. Preliminary feeding experiments
showed that this species is toxic to all livestock. However, the toxic
principle is unknown at this time. The spring and summer months
are regarded as the most dangerous seasons.
3. 2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. A search of the literature
has not revealed any information concerning symptoms or pathology.
3. 2. 5 Treatment. No specific treatment is known.
3. 2. 6 Prevention. Since the plant is unpalatable it may be as-
sumed that with proper range management there should not be any
problem.
3.3 GUTIERREZIA MICROCEPHALA (DC.) GRAY (Broomweed)
3. 3. 1 Description. This species is a
densely branched perennial resinous shrub,
usually growing to two feet in height. The
main stems are woody, bearing numerous
herbaceous leafy branches on which the
lower leaves are shed at maturity. The
leaves are numerous, alternate, linear,
reflexed from the stem and range from
3/4 to 2 inches long.
3. 3. 2 Distribution and Habitat. Broom-
weed is commonly found growing in sandy
13
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to semi-sandy soils usually in areas of improper range practices. It
is common in Coleogyne, Artemisia, Artemisia - Pinon - Juniper plant
communities of Forty-mile Canyon, washes of Southwest Frenchman,
and in the vicinity of Cane Springs.
3. 3. 3 Poisonous Principle. Extracts from this plant yield saponin
which is most toxic in the stage of leaf formation. Sheep and cattle are
especially susceptible under range conditions.
3. 3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. The most common result
of poisoning is abortion although death may result in acute cases. Cows
may abort in various stages or produce weak underweight calves. Re-
tained placenta is a sequel to the birth or abortion. Cows that do not
abort may exhibit periodic vulvar swelling and premature preparturient
udder development.
Symptoms in severely poisoned sheep and cattle include listlessness,
anorexia, rough coat and hematuria. Cattle may also have a desquam-
mating muzzle accompanied by a nasal discharge. Sheep occasionally
show generalized icterus.
Autopsy reveals degenerative changes in the liver and kidneys and
gastroenteritis. The subcutaneous fat and connective tissue may show
icterus. The uterus is edematous and hydrops may be observed in the
fetal membrane.
3. 3. 5 Treatment. No specific treatment is known. Animals
should be removed from the range and given supplemental feed.
3.3.6 Prevention. Other forms of dry feed should be given to
animals grazing on broomweed infested ranges. The herbicide 2,4-5-T
has been used to decrease the population of the plants with favorable
results.
14
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3.4 GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE (PURSH) BRITT. AND RUSBY
(Snakeweed)
3.4. 1 Description. This species is a low, erect perennial that
grows to a height of 18 inches. The leaves are alternate, simple, long
and thread-like. The yellow flowers are found clustered in small bunches.
3.4.2 Distribution and Habitat. It grows
in sandy soils and usually is seen along
roadsides and on disturbed sites. It is
common in the Larrea-Franseria plant
community and has been found growing
in the Forty-mile Canyon basin. This
species is fairly common throughout the
Nevada Test Site at 3000 to 4500ft. in
elevation.
3.4.3 Poisonous Principle. Snakeweed
is a secondary or facultative selenium ab-
sorber, thus accumulating selenium when growing in seleniferous soils,
being most dangerous during the period of first growth during the spring
18
and summer months.
, . , 18
this plant.
16
Cattle, sheep and goats have been poisoned by
3.4.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms and lesions are
the same as listed under section 2. 1.4.
3.4. 5 Treatment. Treatment is the same as listed for section
2.1.5.
3.4.6 Prevention. Preventive measures are the same as listed
for 2. 1.6.
15
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3.5 PSATHYROTES ANNUA (NUTT) GRAY (Paper Flower)
3.5.1 Description. This species is somewhat openly branched
at the base. It is one to six inches high and 1-1/3 times as broad.
The leaves are scurfy-pubescent and
fanshaped. The flowers are yellow to
i 13
purple in color.
3.5.2 Distribution and Habitat. It is
found in dry, sandy and often alkaline soils,
especially creek beds and dry washes. It
has been reported on disturbed sites-in
Rock Valley, Jackass, Frenchman and
5
Yucca Flats. Plants are common in
the L/arrea-Franseria and Coleogyne plant
communities at elevations 3000 to 6000ft.
However, it has been found at higher elevations.
3.5.3 Poisonous Principle. The poisonous principle is unknown.
Experimental feedings of 1% body weight have proved that single doses
are lethal to sheep in less than 24 hours. The plant may be eaten by
cattle under adverse range conditions, but no natural cases of poisoning
have been reported. The species is most toxic during the spring and
summer months.
3.5.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Sheep, following toxic
doses, exhibit signs -which include general weakness, incoordination,
and depression followed by coma and death. If sheep are fed sublethal
doses daily, icterus develops.
On autopsy, the liver is swollen, friable and has a nutmeg appearance.
On microscopic examination bile ducts are distended and few normal
hepatic cells are found.
16
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3. 5. 5 Treatment. There is no specific treatment for this
condition.
3.5.6 Prevention. Good range management is the best pre-
ventive measure, as animals will not eat this plant if more palatable
grasses and forbs are available.
3.6 SENECIO INTEGERRIMUS NUTT (Groundsel)
3. 6. 1 Description. This species is a perennial that grows to a
height of 3 feet. The lower leaves are mostly ovate or obovate, entire
to dentate. The relatively few composite heads are in terminal flat-
topped open clusters and are yellow to a
V.-4. 16
creamy white.
3.6.2 Distribution and Habitat. It
has been reported to be in the Artemisia-
Pinon-Juniper plant communities ,
being rare to occasional at levels from
5000 to 6500 feet elevation.
3.6.3 Poisonous Principle. Senecio
alkaloids belong to a single group, the
pyrrolizidine alkaloids. On hydrolysis
these alkaline esters break apart to yield
a nitrogen-containing fraction called necine. Necine in sufficient quantity
may produce death in sheep, goats, cattle, hogs, and horses. The
plant is not preterentially grazed, but is utilized when more desirable
16
forage plants are not available. It is most toxic during the spring
and summer months.
17
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3.6.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Doses of 1 to 5% of an
animal's weight fed at one time or over a few days will cause acute
poisoning. Ingestion of small daily doses over a period of several
weeks will result in chronic poisoning. Cattle and horses are
equally sensitive to the toxic effects but sheep are more resistant
and require roughly twice as large a dose for the same effect.
Symptoms appear abruptly and usually terminate in death within
a week. There is icterus of mucous membranes, a peculiar sweetish
unpleasant odor from the skin and milk, weakness, uneasiness, ab-
dominal pain, emaciation and depraved appetite. Animals may die
quietly or restlessness may increase. The animal may wander aim-
lessly, stagger, have a staring expression and run into fences or other
objects. They may lean or push against these objects and become
hyperexcitable. A prolapsed rectum may be present as a result of
tenesmus associated with diarrhea.
Lesions are almost entirely the result of specific hepatic injury
produced by the Senecio alkaloids. There is hepatic cirrhosis, edema
of the visceral peritoneum and distention of the gall bladder. There
may be degenerative changes in the kidneys of cattle.
3.6. 5 Treatment. Treatment is of uncertain value but provision
of high intake of carbohydrates by forced oral or intravenous feeding
may help the animal during the period of severe liver dysfunction.
Treatment of race horses with crystalline methionine has proven
effective.
3.6.6 Prevention. Good range management that provides ade-
quate grasses and forbs will prevent a toxicity problem from arising
as groundsel is not very palatable. The herbicide 2,4-D in its ester
form is effective for destroying the plant in pasture land.
18
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3.7 SENECIO SPARTOIDES T AND G (Broom Groundsel)
3.7. 1 Description. This species is a coarse and bushy perennial
that is scurfy throughout. It is 6 inches to two feet tall. The leaves
are mostly entire, narrowly linear and up to 3 inches long. The flowers
are mostly yellow.
3.7.2 Distribution and Habitat. It is
common in the Artemisia - Pinon-Juniper
plant communities in Silent Canyon and on
Pahute Mesa. It may be found in areas
from 5000 to 6500 ft. elevation and in soil
types classified as stony sandy loam.
3.7.3 Poisonous Principle. The poisonous
principle, necine,is identical to that found
in Senecio integerrimus.
3.7.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Senecio spartoides is
slightly more toxic than Senecio integerrimus. Symptoms and lesions
are the same as those listed under 3.6.4.
3. 7. 5 Treatment. Statements made in section 3. 6. 5 apply here.
3.7.6 Prevention. See comments listed under section 3. 6. 6.
3. 8 TETRADYMIA CANESCENS (D. C.) (Spineless Horsebrush)
3.8. 1 Description. The stems and
leaves of this perennial are covered with
dense, persistent woolly hair which im-
parts a whitish cast. The leaves are alter-
nate, single, linear and about one inch
i 16
long.
3. 8. 2 Distribution and Habitat.
Tetradymia canescens is common
19
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on. sandy and rocky hillsides and plains 4000' to 7000' elevation in the
southwestern deserts. It is commonly found in the Artemisia-Pinon-
Juniper plant community on the Nevada Test Site. It has been found on
4
Rainier Mesa and in Forty-mile Canyon basin.
3. 8. 3 Poisonous Principle. The poisonous principle is unknown.
Feeding experiments have shown that it is toxic to sheep especially
16
during the spring to fall months.
3.8.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms will either be
those of acute toxicity or those of photosensitization called "Bighead".
In acute toxicity, symptoms begin 16 to 24 hours after consumption of
the plant. Affected sheep lag behind the flock and show anorexia, de-
pression, muscle twitching, incoordination, extreme weakness, prostra-
tion, convulsions, coma and death. If animals survive longer than 3
days, they usually develop signs of photosensitization. There is redness
and swelling of the skin of the face, lips, ears and submandibular space,
itching and uneasiness. The ears hang down due to increased weight,
serum oozes from the swollen areas dries and results in a mass of
scabs. Eyes become intensely inflamed and blindness may result.
Animals that die of acute toxicity show a markedly enlarged and
engorged liver. Occasionally the capsule has ruptured due to the ex-
tensive hemorrhage. There are marked degenerate changes in the liver
on histopathology. No icterus is observed. The gall bladder is distended,
kidney shows low grade nephritis, and there may be petichial hemorrhages
in the subcutis. Necropsy examination of "Bighead" presents a similar
picture except the liver shows more advanced fatty degeneration and may
be smaller than normal.
3. 8. 5 Treatment. Affected sheep must be removed from the
range and sunlight, kept in the shade, treated with antihistamine and
allowed to graze only at night.
20
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3. 8. 6 Prevention. Tetradymia is not palatable to sheep and is
relatively non-toxic when mature. Therefore, poisoning usually occurs
while trailing the sheep from winter range to summer ranges. Herders
can prevent losses by avoiding spineless horsebrush ranges while
trailing sheep and by not permitting the animals to graze in the infested
areas immediately after watering. Supplemental feeding at this time
will prevent ingestion of the plant. Practical methods of eradication
have not been developed.
3.9 TETRADYMIA GLABRATA (GRAY) (Little-Leaf Horsebrush)
3.9. 1 Description. This shrub has leaves of two types; the
primary leaves are sharply pointed and slightly less than 1/2 inch long
and the secondary leaves are clustered in angles of shed primary leaves,
fleshy, blunt-typed, and slightly less than 1/2 inch long. The flowers
n i 16
are yellow in color.
3.9.2 Distribution and Habitat. Tetradymia
glabrata has been reported in Mid Valley,
Yucca and Forty-mile Canyon in the Grayia
lycium, Coleogyne, and Artemisia plant
communities.
3.9.3 Poisonous Principle. The poison-
ous principle is unknown. However, feeding
experiments have shown that it is toxic to
sheep at about 0. 5 percent of the animal's
weight, whether given in one feeding or in
lesser amounts repeatedly over a longer
period of time. Attempts to poison cattle
experimentally have not been successful. The species is most toxic
during the spring to fall months.
21
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3.9-4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms and lesions
are identical to those described under section 3.8.4.
3.9- 5 Treatment. Treatment is the same as described under
section 3.8.5
3.9.6 Prevention. Preventive measures are identical to those
described under section 3.8.6.
3.10 TETRADYMIA AXILL.ARIS A. NELS. (Horsebrush)
3. 10. 1 Description. This is a shrub that grows up to three feet
in height. The leaves are about one cm long. Conspicuous straight
spines on the stems are at least 1. 5 cm long and occasionally longer.
3. 10. 2 Distribution and Habitat.
f
Tetradymia axillaris has been reported
as being occasional in the Grayia-lycium,
Cqlepgyne, Artemisia and sometimes in
5
the Larrea-Franseria plant communities.
It usually grows in a sandy to a sandy loam
type of soil from 3000 to 4500 ft. in elevation.
3. 10. 3 Poisonous Principle. The
poisonous principle of this species is
unknown, however, feeding experiments
have shown that it has the capacity for producing photosensitization in
sheep. The plant is especially toxic during the spring and summer
months.
3. 10.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms and lesions are
identical to those described under section 3.8.4.
3. 10. 5 Treatment. Treatment is the same as described under
section 3. 8. 5.
22
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3. 10.6 Prevention. Preventive measures are the same as described
under section 3.8.6.
23
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Chapter 4
CRUCIFERAE
4. 1 DESCURAINIA PINNATA (WALT) BRITTON (Yellow Tansy
Mustard)
4. 1. 1 Description. Yellow tansy mustard is an annual that grows
up to two feet tall. The stems and leaves are covered with a fine pubes-
cence -which gives the plant a whitish appearance. The flowers are small
with four spreading yellow to yellowish-green to white petals.
4. 1. 2 Distribution and Habitat. The
plant is widely distributed throughout the
southwestern United States, forming heavy
stands on dry sandy soils in arid regions.
It is much more abundant during the summers
that follow moderate winter rains. This
species is fairly common in the lower basins
throughout the Nevada Test Site, especially
in the Larrea Franseria plant community
at elevations from 3000 to 4000 feet.
4. 1. 3 Poisonous Principle. The poisonous principle is unknown.
Despite similarity of the symptoms with those produced in one type of
selenium poisoning, selenium content found in the plant is insufficient
to produce the disease. Poisoning usually occurs in cattle on range
lands in the southwest where the diet consists almost entirely of this
plant.
4. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms of tansy mustard
poisoning, referred to as "paralyzed tongue", are similar to those ob-
served in the "Blind Staggers". There is a partial or total blindness
accompanied by inability to use the tongue or to swallow. Animals wander
24
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aimlessly or push against objects. They may stand by water but are
unable to eat or drink. Animals gradually become emaciated, weakened
and eventually die if not treated.
4. 1. 5 Treatment. Treatment is simple and effective. Animals
are removed from the range, given water and nutrients twice daily via
stomach tube. As the digestive system starts to function, symptoms
gradually disappear.
4. 1. 6 Prevention. Because toxicity only appears when the diet
is predominantly that of tansy mustard, careful range management and
herbicide application will prevent a heavy infestation and therefore pre-
vent any occurrence of poisonings.
4. 2 STANLEYA PINNATA (PURSH) BRITTON (Desert Plume)
4.2.1 Description. This species is a native, perennial, half-
shrub having a woody crown and several stout spreading stems that may
reach a height of two feet. Its leaves are large, pale-green and some-
what thickened, fleshy, and located mostly
on the lower half of the stem. Brilliant
plumes of yellow flowers on the upper
part of the main stems produce a number
18
of narrow twisted seed-pods.
4. 2. 2 Distribution and Habitat. This
species is principally found in sandy washes,
though not confined to them, at elevations
from 3000 to 4500 ft. A moderate number
of plants are found growing on the cattle
range area of the Nevada Test Site. It is also abundant with Atriplex
canescens on and near Frenchman's Flat.
25
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4. 2. 3 Poisonous Principle. The poisonous principle is selenium.
The presence of the plant is perhaps the best indicator of selenium in
the soil because selenium is always present where this species grows.
All grazing animals are in danger from this species, especially during
the spring and summer months.
4.2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Ingestion of sufficient
amounts of the plant may cause the same symptoms as listed in section
2. 1.4. Under forced feeding conditions acute selenium toxicity may
result. Symptoms of acute toxicity are uncertain gait, labored respira-
tion with froth at the mouth, dilated pupils, and prostration. Death is
due to respiratory failure occuring in a few hours. Lesions -would be
those associated -with respiratory failure, e.g. , pulmonary edema,
congestion and endocardial hemorrhages.
4. 2. 5 Treatment. No satisfactory treatment is available for acute
selenium poisoning. However, the treatments listed in section 2. 1. 5
should be attempted, if feasible.
4. 2. 6 Prevention. This plant is not palatable and will not be
eaten if the range is in good condition. Grubbing of plants and spraying
with one tablespoon of 2,4-D/qt. of water will prevent growth.
26
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Chapter 5
FAGACEAE
5.1 QUERCUS GAMBELII (NUTT) (Gambel's Oak)
5. 1. 1 Description. This species is a native perennial, woody
shrub or small tree that may reach a height of 15 feet and is sometimes
referred to as scrub oak. It has the characteristic oak leaf and acorns
18
like those of other oaks that have nuts partly enclosed in a rough cup.
5.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. Scrub
23
oak grows on foothills and low mountain
ranges of the southwestern United States.
It is most common in the Pinon-Juniper
14
woodland and Chaparral range types.
Oak is noted to be common in the Pinon-
Juniper communities on the Nevada Test
Site, growing between 5000 to 6000 ft. in
elevation.
5.1.3 Poisonous Principle. Toxicity of oak is attributed to its
tannin content. Sheep and cattle losses usually occur in the spring
of the year when the oaks are showing young green leaves, buds and
blooms.
5. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. More than 50% of the diet
must consist of immature oak parts in order for poisoning to occur.
Poisoned animals are gaunt, weakened and show a tucked up abdomen.
They tend to remain near water and in the shade as the animals have
excessive thirst and frequent urinations. There is severe constipation
with terminal diahrrea, the feces being dark, mucoid and bloody. Death
occurs 3 to 10 days after symptoms occur.
27
-------
Lesions are principally those of hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and
nephritis. The kidney is swollen and pale with some petechial hemorrhage.
Subcutaneous edema is common and large amounts of fluid are found in
the body cavities.
5. 1. 5 Treatment. There is no specific antidote. The animals
should be removed from pasture, given liberal amounts of water and
magnesium sulphate via stomach tube and provided with easily digestible
food.
5. 1.6 Prevention. Supplemental feeding of alfalfa during the
danger period will prevent poisoning as relatively large amounts of
oak must be ingested for toxicity to occur. Excessive oak growth may
be controlled by chemical methods.
28
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Chapter 6
FUMARIACEAE
6. 1 CORYDALIS AUREA (WILLD) (Fitweed)
6. 1. 1 Description. This winter annual is 4 to 16 inches in height
and branches from the base. The flowers are golden yellow 12 to 15 mm
long. The spur is about half as long as the petals.
6.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. It has
been found on Bald Mountain and on Groom
Lake , growing in a sandy to sandy loam
type of soil. The elevational range and
the vegetation types seem to be quite variable.
6. 1. 3 Poisonous Principle. The poison-
ous principles are isoquinoline-structured
alkaloids. Plants containing these alka-
loids have been suspected of causing losses
in sheep and cattle especially during the
late winter and early spring months.
6.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Feeding experiments show
consumption of 2% of the body weight of the plant will produce acute
toxicity and 5% will cause death. Principla symptoms are depression,
accelerated pulse and respiration, twitching of the facial muscles, aim-
less movement, staggering, convulsions, prostration and death. Sharp
stimulation during the convulsion immediately results in muscular
rigidity. A characteristic symptom is the chewing of any foreign object
within reach. Lesions are not specific and consist chiefly of congestion
and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.
29
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6.1.5 Treatment. No specific antidote is known. Supplemental
feeding and removal from range are the only recommendations that can
be given.
6.1.6 Prevention. Spraying with herbicide, mechanical grubbing
and good range management will keep the greater majority of growth
to a minimum. Because the plants are quite palatable, shaded areas
where it grows should be fenced.
30
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Chapter 7
LEGUMINOSOE
7. 1 ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS (DOUGL.) (Spotted Loco Weed)
7.1.1 Description. This species is a perennial, about one foot
tall having branches radiating from the base. The stems are sparsely
hairy or smooth, and have leaves that are 1 to 2-1/2 inches long. The
flower bearing stems are shorter than the
leaves. The flowers are densely crowded
and white or purplish in color. The pods
are broadly ovate, 2-celled, about 1/2 to
2/3 inch long, straw colored or purple -
mottled, rather shiny and more or less
grooved on each side.
7.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. There
are over 100 species of Astragalus found
throughout the west. The plants are more
widely distributed and more abundant than
any other species of range plant. This particular species grows from
3500 to 7000 ft. elevation on plains and mesas, usually in sandy soil,
and is common in nearly all vegetation types and in most of the basins
throughout the Nevada Test Site.
7.1.3 Poisonous Principle. The toxic principle is unknown. An
isolated substance gave a positive test with many of the standard alka-
loidal reagents but did not meet all the characteristics of an alkaloid.
The substance was named "locoine". Not all species are poisonous;
however, as a genus, loco weeds are probably as dangerous a group
16
31
-------
of poisonous plants as occurs in the West. Some authorities rank them
as the most destructive of all poisonous plants because they are poison-
22
ous to all species of livestock especially during the spring months.
7. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms in sheep and
cattle appear after ingestion of approximately 90% of the animal's body
weight over a period of 2 months. Death will result from ingestion of
320% of the body weight over 3 months. Horses are much more suscep-
tible than either sheep or cattle. Symptoms are emaciation, loco-
motor ataxia, nervousness, loss of sense of direction, weakness,
muscualr tremor, withdrawal from other animals and often a violent
reaction when disturbed. Hyperexcitability is more common in cows
and horses and depression in sheep. Final stages are characterized
by inability to eat or drink. Abortion is common.
Lesions are non-specific. There may be ulceration of the aboma-
sum in the region of the pyloric orifice and generalized edema. Exten-
sive edema of fetal membranes has been observed.
7. 1. 5 Treatment. There is no specific treatment. Removal of
animals from the range to prevent addiction to the plant is necessary.
If animals are prevented from feeding on this plant, they will usually
slowly recover. The feeding of laxative feeds is of some value.
7.1.6 Prevention. As with most poisonous plants, range manage-
ment so conducted as to insure an adequate supply of good forage is the
most productive preventive measure. The growth is controlled by
spraying the actively growing or budding plants with 2,4-D.
32
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1' 2 LUPINUS CAUDATUS (KELL) (Kellogg1 s Spurred Lupine)
7. 2. 1 Description. Range species are mostly low perennial
shrubs. Leaves are alternate, palmately compound. The leaflets
number 5 to 17 being mostly oblanceloate. The flower cluster is ter-
minal, often showy, flowers are violet-blue to white in color and the
fruit is a several-seeded, flattened legume pod.
7.2.2 Distribution and Habitat. Lupines
thrive under a variety of conditions, but
they are especially abundant on sandy foot-
hills, and pastures. This species has
been found in the Artemisia - Pinon-Juniper
plant communities on Rainier and Pahute
Mesas, and also near Topopah Springs.
7.2.3 Poisonous Principle. Many
alkaloids have been isolated from the
various species of Lupinus. The quino-
lizidine alkaloids are most commonly
found, but some piperidine and other types of alkaloids may be found.
Sheep are most commonly affected under range conditions; how-
ever, cattle, horses, goats, swine and deer have been known to be
poisoned.
7.2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Signs of poisoning appear
shortly after ingestion of the plant. There is extreme cerebral dis-
turbance, incoordination and muscle spasms. The affected animal
may become frenzied, run aimlessly or throw itself violently about.
It may butt other animals or stand with its head pressing against a tree
or other solid object. Respiratory distress, depression and prostration
precede death. Temperature remains normal throughout the course of
toxicity. No pathognomonic lesions are found at autopsy.
33
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7. 2. 5 Treatment. There is no successful treatment known at
this time.
7. 2. 6 Prevention. Animals will seldom eat enough to produce
poisoning if other forage is available. They should be kept away
from patches in late summer when the plant is highly toxic and from
dense plant stands at all times. Supplemental feed is required when
passing through lupine ranges. Actively growing plants should be
sprayed with 2,4-D or 2,4, 5-T before they bloom.
7.3 PROSOPIS JULIFLORA (SW.) (D.C.) (Mesquite)
7.3.1 Description. Mesquite is a many-branched shrub or small
tree, 15 to 20 feet tall. It is sometimes so largely buried under the
sand of dunes that only 2 to 3 feet of the brownish branch tips protrude.
Its long roots may penetrate 50 to 60 feet to moisture, and it flowers
from April to June.
7.3.2 Distribution and Habitat. Mesquite
is found in sandy dry ranges, washes, and
in draws at low elevations, especially along
15
streams and where the water table is high.
It is fairly common in the Larrea Franseria
plant community between 3000 to 4000 ft. in
elevation and at Cane Springs on the Nevada
Test Site.
7.3.3 Poisonous Principle. The poison-
ous principle is unknown. However, it is
believed that the high sucrose content of the
beans alter rumen bacteria flora to such an extent that cellulose cannot
be synthesized. Animals most likely affected would be cattle during
the spring and summer months.
34
-------
7.3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Ingestion over an extended
period of time results in rumen stasis and impaction with associated
symptoms and death. Symptoms characteristic of malnutrition are
emaciation, excessive salivation, sublingual and submaxillary edema.
Terminal stages may be characterized by nervousness and muscular
twitching, especially about the head.
On autopsy, the rumen is found to be full of mesquite pods and
seeds. There is a severe anemia. The liver and kidneys show marked
degenerate changes.
7. 3. 5 Treatment. There is no specific treatment. The animals
should be removed from range and given rumen stimulants and laxatives.
7.3.6 Prevention. The best preventive measure is to provide
desirable forage.
35
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Chapter 8
LILIACEAE
8.1 ZYGADENUS VENENOSUS (WATS) (Deathcamas)
8. 1. 1 Description. The leaves are V-shaped in cross section
and originate in a bulb, 4 to 6 inches underground. Late in May, the
plant sends up a single 6 to 12 inch stalk, which terminates in a close
cluster of very small cream-colored flowers. The grass-like leaves
20
wither after blossoming.
8.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. Death-
camas comes up in early May or June with
the first grass, growing in meadows and
foothills at elevations above 5000 ft. This
species is occasional to common on the
Nevada Test Site in the Artemisia-Pinon-
Juniper plant communities.
8.1.3 Poisonous Principle. Toxicity
of this plant is due to alkaloids that are
classified as steroid alkaloids of the
veratrum group. More sheep are lost on early spring ranges from the
ingestion of this species than from any other poisonous plant. In general,
the losses from deathcamas results from too early use of over use of
spring ranges. Cattle and horses are occasionally poisoned under such
range conditions.
8.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. The average minimum
toxic doses expressed as percent of the animal's weight of green plant
that will result in mild transient symptoms and death are 0.4% and 2%
36
-------
respectively. Excessive salivation is the first symptom noted, which
is usually followed by increased respiration, nausea, vomiting, weak-
ness and staggering. Animals develop convulsions followed by coma
terminating in death. Cattle and horses show the same symptoms as
do sheep.
There are no significant lesions on autopsy.
8.1.5 Treatment. Subcutaneous injection of 2mg atropine sulphate
and 8mg picrotoxin in 5cc of water per 100 Ibs. of weight should
be given every 8 hours until recovery.
8. 1. 6 Prevention. Because it is not feasible to eradicate the
plant, herding away from plant areas and/or grazing the range late in
the season are the most practical solutions.
37
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Chapter 9
POLYGONACEAE
9.1 RUMEX CRISPUS L. (Rhubarb)
9.1.1 Description. This plant is an herb that has alternate,
mostly entire leaves, and petioles sheathing the stem. Flowers are
small, numerous, and greenish in color. The fruit is an achene -with
a papery, three-winged covering.
9.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. Rhubarb
is a common plant of acid or sterile,
gravelly soils of pastures and meadows
at elevations up to 6500 ft. This species
has been found growing in moist to wet
sites at Cane Springs and Whiterock Springs
on the Nevada Test Site.
9.1.3 Poisonous Principle. Rhubarb
toxicity is produced by soluable oxalates
and is usually observed in the spring and
summer months. Several cases of poisoning in sheep have occurred
16
during this period in which species of Rumex were suspected.
9. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Symptoms and lesions of
affected animals are identical to those described under section 2. 3.4.
9.1.5 Treatment. Comments made in section 2. 3. 5 apply to this
plant.
9.1.6 Prevention. Comments made in section 2. 3. 6 also apply.
38
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Chapter 10
RANUNCULACEAE
10. 1 DELPHINIUM PARISHII (GRAY) (Larkspur)
10. 1. 1 Description. This species is about one to two feet high.
23
The blue flowers have a characteristic prominent spur. The leaves
appear ragged because they are made up of irregular divisions radiating
from the center. The plant germinates
very early in the spring and first appears
as little green clumps of leaves. Later
in the spring the deep-blue flowers shoot
up above the leaves in one or more spikes
Q
from 12 to 18 inches high.
10.1.2 Distribution and Habitat.
It grows on open hillsides, benches and
sagebrush deserts in sandy to sandy
loam soils. It is most prevalent during
the spring and summer months at elevations between 4500 and 6000 ft.
This species is listed as being occasional to common in the Larrea,
Grayia Lycium, Coleogyne and Artemisia plant communities in all
basins throughout the Nevada Test Site.
10.1.3 Poisonous Principle. The poisonous principles are
complex diterpenoid alkaloids. Larkspur is dangerous from the time
the plants are sufficiently large to be grazed until they turn brown and
begin to wither. It appears to be a little more poisonous before bloom-
ing than after it is in full bloom. Feeding tests show that leaves,
stems, flowers, and pods are poisonous, but that under range con-
8
ditions, roots are not dangerous.
39
-------
In an experimental feeding test where large quantities of larkspur
were placed before cattle, it was observed that the plant is much more
attractive to some cattle than to others. Some animals would readily
and quickly eat a quantity of it sufficient to produce death while others,
after days of starvation, would eat only small quantities. These tests
indicate that on the range, the danger from larkspur poisoning does not
depend entirely upon abundance of the plant, but also upon the physical
condition of the cattle, their appetite for the plant, and the condition
of the range.
10.1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Sheep are much less
susceptible to larkspur poisoning than cattle. In cattle, consumption
of half a pound of the plant per 100 Ibs. of body weight will cause
poisoning. Affected animals show excessive salivation, frequent
swallowing, depressed heart rate, struggling, sudden falling, and
tetaniform seizures. Constipation is a constant symptom. Death is
caused by respiratory paralysis or by asphyxiation which may follow
the aspiration of rumen contents.
Lesions are not specific consisting of wide-spread venous conges-
tion and gastrointestinal inflammation.
10. 1. 5 Treatment. Treatment is generally ineffective because
of the high degree of toxicity. Sixty milligrams of physostigmine
salicylate and 120 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride and 20cc of water
given subcutaneously is sufficient for a 500 Ib. animal.
10. 1. 6 Prevention. The use of larkspur range for sheep during
the spring and summer is a good management practice as larkspur
ranges that have been cleaned out by sheep may be later grazed by
cattle. Control in small areas can be done by mechanical grubbing
40
-------
and spraying of herbicides. Supplementing the animal's diet with high
protein feed will aid in decreasing the hunger for succulent green plants,
thereby indirectly preventing the ingestion of toxic amounts of larkspur.
41
-------
Chapter 11
SOLANACEAE
11.1 DATURA METELOIDES DUNAL (Western Jimson Weed)
11.1.1 Description. Western Jimson Weed is a large conspic-
uous grayish green perennial forming spreading clumps. The coarse
grayish stems are erect but spreading, branched from the base 2 to
3 feet high. The large ovate leaves are alternate, on stout grayish
stocks 1 to 5 inches long. The large
showy flowers are white or pale lavender,
short stocked and very fragrant. They
are broadly funnel-shaped, 6 to 10 inches
long and 3 to 6 inches across, with 5
slender teeth 1/2 to 3/4 inch long.
11. 1.2 Distribution and Habitat.
It is commonly found growing at eleva-
tions from 1000 to 7000 ft. in sandy
soils. Plants are usually found along
roadsides, washes, arroyos and on gentle slopes. This particular
species grows in Forty-mile Canyon on the Nevada Test Site.
11.1.3 Poisonous Principle. Toxicity is due to several sola-
naceous alkaloids of the tropane configuration, which include atropine,
hyoscyamine and hyoscine. Total alkaloid content is high, varying
between 0. 25 and 0. 7 percent of the plant. All parts of the plant are
poisonous; the seeds being the most toxic. Losses have been reported
16
in all classes of livestock during the spring and summer months.
42
-------
11. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Ten to 14 ounces of the
green plants (0. 06 to 0. 09 percent of the animal's weight) are usually
lethal to cattle. However, the amount of green plants necessary to
produce toxicity may vary with climatic and seasonal factors. Symptoms
of poisoning are essentially those observed following an overdose of
atropine. There is dryness of the oral mucous membrane, increased
thirst, nausea, and disturbed vision. Effects on the central nervous
system result in muscular twitching, incoordination, vertigo, hallucin-
ations and mania. There is increased respiration and the heart beat
is rapid and weak. During the final stages, the respiration becomes
slow, weak, and irregular. Convulsions and coma precede death which
results from asphyxiation.
Lesions of Datura toxicity are not specific. The alkaloids can
be detected in the urine of a poisoned animal by placing a drop of the
urine in the eye of a laboratory animal. If the alkaloids are present,
the pupil will be dilated.
11.1.5 Treatment. The first step in treatment is the removal of
the ingesta by gastric lavage. Oral administration of tannic acid or
potassium iodide will precipitate the alkaloids. Symptomatic relief
may be given by the administration of cardiac and respiratory stimu-
lants. If dyspnea is present, the use of oxygen is quite helpful.
11. 1.6 Prevention. Under normal range conditions, this plant
will cause little trouble as animals will not eat it unless forced to
through starvation and confinement within heavily infested pastures
or corrals. In small areas the plant may be easily controlled by
grubbing.
43
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11.2 NICOTIANA ATTENUATA (TORR.) (Wild Tobacco)
11.2. 1 Description. This is an erect, branching herbaceous
annual. The steins are hairy, sticky, and grow to a height of four feet.
The leaves are alternate 1-1/2 to 4 inches long. Flowers are long-
tubular, five parted and white in color.
11.2.2 Distribution and Habitat. This
species is found in dry sandy stream beds
up to 5500 ft. in elevation. On the Nevada
Test Site, it is commonly seen on disturbed
sites in the Artemisia - Pinon-Juniper
plant communities. Small populations are
occasionally seen in moist areas at lower
elevations.
11.2.3 Poisonous Principle. The alka-
loid nicotine has been demonstrated, and it
is generally assumed that nicotine is the poisonous principle. Poisoning
has been reported in all classes of livestock during the spring and sum-
mer months.
11. 2.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. The minimal lethal dose
on a green weight basis, has been found to be approximately 2% of the
animal's weight. Symptoms are neurogenic in origin. Immediately
after ingestion there is salivation, nausea, vomiting, diahrrea and
abdominal pains, muscular weakness, convulsions, tetanic spasms,
muscle twitching, collapse and loss of reflexes. The pulse is feeble,
extremities are cold and there is an increase in respiratory rate.
Death may occur quickly.
No specific lesions other than those usually associated with anoxia
are found. There may be aspirated ingesta in the trachea and lungs.
44
-------
11. 2. 5 Treatment. There is no specific treatment. Respiratory
stimulants and artificial respiration should be given. Oral dosing with
tannic acid may precipitate the alkaloid and retard further absorption.
11. 2. 6 Prevention. This plant is relatively unpalatable. Proper
range management should prevent its becoming a problem. Herbicide
application and grubbing of plant concentrations will aid in control of
the plant.
11.3 NICOTIANA TRIGONOPHYL.LA (DUNAL) (Desert Tobacco)
11. 3. 1 Description. This is a slender, erect, herbaceous annual.
The stems are hairy, sticky and grow to a height of three feet. The
leaves are alternate two to five inches long. The flowers are white to
yellowish and open during the day time.
11.3.2 Distribution and Habitat. It is
found in dry desert soils usually below
4500 ft. in elevation and is common
in the Larrea-Franseria plant community
and throughout the lower basins of the
Nevada Test Site.
11.3.3 Poisonous Principle. Nicotine
has been demonstrated and is assumed to
'be responsible for the toxic effects.
Poisoning has been, reported in all classes
of livestock during the spring and summer months.
11. 3.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Nicotiana trigonophylla
is more toxic than Nicotiana attenuata. Symptoms and lesions are the
same as described in section 11.2.4.
45
-------
11. 3. 5 Treatment. Comments made in section 11. 2. 5 apply to
this plant.
11. 3. 6 Prevention. Comments made in section 11. 2. 6 apply here.
46
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Chapter 12
TYPHACEAE
12.1 TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. (Cattail)
12. 1. 1 Description. Common cattail is a perennial marsh herb
having erect, unjointed pithy stems and grows from 4 to 7 feet high.
It has alternate grass-like leaves, which terminate in dense flower
21
clusters.
12.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. It is
found in moist soils, marshes and ponds.
On the Nevada Test Site, this species was
noted at Whiterock Springs at an elevation
5
of about 5000 ft.
12.1.3 Poisonous Principle. The toxic
principle is unknown. It has been suspected
of being toxic to horses. This species
is toxic during all seasons of the year.
12. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. Cattails are reported poi-
sonous to stock when eaten in large quantities. Symptoms include stiff-
ness, disinclination to move, profuse perspiration and muscular trembling.
There are no specific lesions. Presence of large amounts of the
plant in the rumen or stomach content should make one suspicious of
this plant.
12. 1. 5 Treatment. There is no specific treatment.
12. 1.6 Prevention. No specific preventive measures are recom-
mended. Livestock should be supplied with water sources that are not
infested with cattails or areas of infestation should be fenced.
47
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Chapter 13
UMBELLIFERAE
13.1 BERULA ERECTA (HUPS.) COV. (Water Parsnip)
13. 1. 1 Description. This plant is an erect branching shrub 1/2
to 2 feet high. The leaflets are ovate to oblong and are 1 to 2-1/2 inches
13
long. The flower is white in color.
13.1.2 Distribution and Habitat.
Water parsnip is usually found along water-
ways and in wet habitats. It grows in
shallow water at Cane Spring pond ,
which is at an elevation of about 4000 ft.
13.1.3 Poisonous Principle. This
species was circumstantially incriminated
in losses of cattle in Canada, and on the
basis of this report it must be regarded
as a minor problem to the livestock
industry. The poisonous principle has not been isolated.
13. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. There is no information
in the literature as to symptoms, lesions, treatment or prevention.
13. 1.5 Treatment. Refer to statement in section 13. 1.4.
13. 1.6 Prevention. Refer to statement in section 13. 1.4.
48
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Chapter 14
Z YGOPHYLLACEAE
14. 1 TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS L. (Puncture Vine)
14. 1. 1 Description. This is a prostrate, trailing vine extending
out as much as six feet. The hairy branches radiate from a slender
taproot. When support is available, the plant readily becomes a
scrambler or climber. The leaves are mostly opposite and compound.
The flowers are produced singly on long stalks arising from the axils
of the leaves. This plant is readily
recognized by the two horned fruit which
is very abundant in infested areas.
14.1.2 Distribution and Habitat. It
is commonly seen on sandy dry soils
along roadsides and where the soil has
been disturbed. It is part of the Larrea-
Franseria plant community at 2000 to
4000 ft. elevation.
14. 1. 3 Poisonous Principle. Steroidal saponins are the cause
of this species' toxicity. Grazing animals affected are cattle and
sheep especially during the spring and summer months. Morbidity
averages 10 to 30% although mortality may be as high as 90% in the
affected animals.
14. 1.4 Symptomatology and Pathology. This plant causes photo-
sensitization and resulting "Bighead" in sheep. Symptoms appear 48 to
72 hours after consumption of the plant. The animal shows the same
49
-------
symptoms as listed in section 3.8.4 as well as icteric discoloration in
the mucous membranes and skin. Keratitis may develop followed by
opacity and rupture of the cornea.
Lesions found include subcutaneous edematous swelling of the head
which contain yellow serum. The liver is enlarged, yellow, and shows
fatty degeneration. Kidneys are olive green in color and show fatty
degeneration. Fatty changes are also seen in the myocardium.
14. 1. 5 Treatment. Animals should be removed from the range
and kept in the shade. Antihistamines will aid in reducing the severity
of the symptoms.
14. 1.6 Prevention. The best preventive measure is proper range
management so that more palatable plants are available. Herbicide
applications may be of value on some ranges.
50
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APPENDIX
TABLES I-VI
The following tables^provide additional information concerning
poisonous plants. The tables are keyed to the text for easy reference;
the decimal numbers in the columns refer to the numbered paragraph
or section where the plant is described.
-------
TABLE I. AVERAGE HEIGHTS OF POISONOUS PLANTS
Below 12" 12"-24" 24"^36" 36"-48" 48"-60" 60"-72" Above 72"
3.5
6.1
14. 1
2.3
3. 1
3. 3
3.4
3.7
4. 1
7. 1
7.2
8. 1
10. 1
13. 1
2.2 3.10 2.1 12.1
3.6 9.1 2.4
3.8 11.2 3.2
3.9
4.2
11. 1
11.3
5. 1
7. 3
-------
TABLE II. LEAF FORMS OF POISONOUS PLANTS
Bipinnate
Cuneate
Dentate
Lobed
Grass-Like
Lanceolate
4.1
6.1
10.1
3.5
5.1
8.1
12.1
4.2
11.2
11.3
Linear
Oblanceolate
Oblong
Obovate
Ovate
Pinnatifid
2.1
2.3
2.4
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
7.3
7.2
9.1
13.1
14.1
7.1
2.2
3.6
11.1
3.1
-------
TABLE HI. DANGEROUS SEASONS OF POISONOUS PLANTS
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Yearlong
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
4.1
4.2
5.1
6.1
7.1
7.2
7.3
8.1
9.1
10.1
11. 1
11.2
11.3
14.1
2.1 2.3 2.3 12.1
3.1 3.8 6.1
3.2 3.9
3.3 6.1
3.4 7.2
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.S
3,9
3. 10
4.1
4.2
6.1
7.2
7.3
9.1
10. 1
11.1
11.2
11.3
13.1
14.1
OO
-------
TABLE IV. POISONOUS PRINCIPLES FOUND IN PLANTS
Selenium Locoine Alkaloids Saponin Oxalates Nicotine Tannin Unknown
2.1 7.1 3.6 3.3 2.3
2.2 3.7 14.1 2.4
3.4 6.1 9.1
4.2 7.2
8. 1
10. 1
11. 1
11.2 5.1 3.1
11.3 3.2
3.5
3.8
3.9
3. 10
4. 1
7. 3
12. 1
13. 1
-------
TABLE V. SPECIES OF ANIMALS AFFECTED BY POISONOUS PLANTS
Cattle
Sheep
Horses
Goats
Swine
All
3.3
3.4
4,1
5.1
6.1
7.2
7.3
10.1
13.1
14. 1
3.1 7.2
3.3 12.1
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.9
3. 10 ;
5. 1
6. 1
7. 2
9.1
14. 1
3.1 7.2 2.1
3.4 2.2
7.2 2.3
2.4
3.2
3.6
3.7
4.2
7. 1
8. 1
11.1
11. 2
11.3
(Jl
-------
TABLE VI. SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF POISONED ANIMALS
Excessive
Salivation
7.3
8.1 "
10.1
11.2
11.3
Depraved
Appetite
2. 1
2.2
3.4
3.6
3.7
4.2
Incoordina-
tion and
Convulsions
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.8
3.9
3. 10
6.1
7.1
7.2
10. 1
11.1
11. 2
11.3
14.1
Aimless Wander-
ing and Hyper -
excitability
2.1
2.2
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
7.1
7.2
11.1
Blindness
2.1
2.2
3.4
3.8
3.9
3.10
4.1
4.2
14.1
Respir-
atory
Distress
2.3
2.4
4.2
7.2
8.1
9.1
11. 1
11.2
11.3
Abdominal
Pain
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.4
3.6
3.7
4.2
9.1
11.2
11.3
Icterus
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.7
14.1
TT n Frothy Emaciation
Hemoglo- } , AT .
, . . Green and Mai-?
binuria
Slobber nutrition
3.1
3.3
3.1 3.6.4
3.7.4
4.1
7.1
7.3
Stiffness
and
Lameness
2. 1
2.2
3.4
4.2
12. 1
Hoof Deform-
. . , Photosen-* Consti-
ities and ...
TT . T sitization nation
Hair Loss
2.1
2.2
3.4
4.2
3.8 5. 1
3.9 10.. 1
3.10
14.1
Abortion
3.3
7. 1
-------
GLOSSARY
Achene one seeded fruit
Albuminuria........ presence of albumin in the urine
Alternate. located singly at a node, as leaves on a stem
Anemia a deficiency of red blood corpuscles
Annual plant that completes its life cycle in one year
Anorexia loss of appetite
Artemisia. genus name of sagebrush, sunflower family
Ascites , serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Aspiration. to draw in or out as by suction
Atrophy wasting due to lack of nutrition
Bracts ............. modified leaf subtending a flower
Chaparral evergreen shrub type
Cirrhosis .......... an interstitial inflammation with connective tissue
deposition, i.e., scar formation
Coleogyne .......... genus name of blackbrush, rose family
Compound leaves composed of two or more parts
Congenital. occurring during fetal life, not hereditary
Cystitis ............ inflammation of the urinary bladder
Desquamation scaling of the skin or cuticle
Diffuse spread, scattered
Dysfunction abnormality or impairment of function
Dyspnea. labored or difficult breathing
Edema condition where the body tissues contain an exces-
sive amount of fluid
Emaciation state of being extremely lean
Emphysema distention of tissues by gas or air
Enteritis inflammation of the intestines
Filiform ........... threadlike
Franseria genus name of bunobush, sunflower family
Friable easily broken
Gastroenteritis inflammation of the stomach and bowels
Gestation period of development from conception to birth
Glomerulonephritis. . inflammation of the kidneys, primarily of the
glomeruli
Hematuria blood in the urine
Hemorrhagic . marked by hemorrhage (escape of blood from the
vessels)
Hepatic ..".. pertaining to the liver
Herbaceous......... non woody :
Histopathology...... study of diseased tissues
Hydrops. dropsy or edema
-------
Hyperemia. unusual amount of blood with distention of blood
vessels
Hyperexcitability . ... excessive excitement
Inappetence loss of appetite or desire
Ingesta .............food or drink
Keratitis ...... inflammation of the cornea
Larrea ............. genus name of creosote bush, caltrop family
Mania.............. a mental disorder distinguished by excessive
excitement or enthusiasm; violent desire or
passion
Mydriatic........... pertaining to dilation of the pupil of the eye
Necropsy «. examination of a dead body
Necrosis ........... death of tissue or bone
Nephritis inflammation of the kidney
Neurogenic of nervous origin, stimulated by the nervous
system
Opacity............. lack of transparency
Opposite............ leaves in pairs one on either side of the node
Pathognomonic ...... characteristic symptom of a disease, distinguish^
ing it from other diseases
Perennial. plant that continues to live year after year
Pericardium........ fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
Petechial........... presence of small hemorrhage on a surface such
as the skin
Prophylaxis observance of rules necessary to prevent disease
Pubescence ......... covered with hairs
Scurfy. .........»*.. covered with minute scales
Spike. .............. elongated inflorescence of sessile or subsessile
flowers
Subcutaneous........ beneath the skin, hypodermic
Syndrome........... a group of symptoms which, when considered
together, characterize a disease or lesion
Tenesmus .......... spasmodic contraction of anal or vesical sphincter
Tepid ..«*...*.« slightly warm, lukewarm
Tetaniform ......... resembling tetanus
Tomentum ........«» a covering of woolly matted hairs
Vertigo. ............ a whirling around
Vulvar ............. pertaining to the external female genitalia
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Abrams, Leroy
(1944) Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States Washington, Oregon
and California, Buckwheats to Kramerias-Vol. II, Stanford
University Press, Stanford, California
2. Abrams, Leroy and Roxana Stinchfield Ferris
(I960) Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States Washington, Oregon
and California, Bignonias to Sunflowers-Vol. IV, Stanford
University Press, Stanford, California
3. Arizona Ranch, Farm, and Garden Weeds
(1958) Agricultural Extension Service Circular 265, University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
4. Beatley, Janice C.
(1963) Vascular Plants of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,
Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, July University
of California, Los Angeles UCLA-508
5. Beatley, Janice C.
(1965) Ecology of the Nevada Test Site I Geographic and Ecological
Distributions of the Vascular Flora, April University of
California, Los Angeles UCLA-12-553
6. Blood, D.C. and J.A. Handerson
(1963) Veterinary Medicine Second Edition; The Williams and
Wilkins Company, Baltimore
7. Burge, Lee M. and John L. O'Hara DVM
(1952) Halogeton in Nevada - Animal Poisoning and Control Studies
Nevada State Department of Agriculture; Bulletin No. 4
December
8. Fleming, C.E., M.R. Miller andL.R. Vawter
(1923) The Low Larkspur University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada,
April
9. Fenley, John M.
(1952) How to Live with Halogeton by Limiting its Spread Agri-
cultural Extension Service, University of Nevada,
Bulletin-106
-------
10. Gibbons, Walter J.
(1963) Diseases of Cattle American Veterinary Publications, Inc.,
Santa Barbara, California
11. Holmgren, Arthur H.
(1958) Weeds of Utah Special Report No. 12 Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Logan, Utah, September
12. Jaeger, Edmund C.
(1958) Desert Wild Flowers Stanford University Press, Stanford,
California
13. Jepson, Willis Linn
(1951) A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California University
of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles
14. Judd, Ira B.
(1962) Principal Forage Plants of Southwestern Ranges Station
Paper No. 69, September; Rocky Mountarn Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado
15. Kearney, Thomas H. and Robert H. Peebles
(I960) Arizona Flora University of California Press, Berkeley
and Los Angeles
16. Kingsbury, John M.
(1964) Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada December
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
17. Marsh, Hadleigh DVM
(1965) Newson's Sheep Diseases Third Edition; The Williams and
Wilkins Company, Baltimore
18. Poisonous Grassland Plants
(1959) Section four of a series, Phillips Petroleum Company
19. Radeleff, R.D. DVM
(1964) Veterinary Toxicology Lea and Febiger Philadalphia
20. Range Plants Poisonous to Livestock in Montana
(1952) Circular 197; Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman,
Montana, January
21. Robbins, W.W., M. K. Bellue and W. S. Ball
(1951) Weeds of California California State Department of Agriculture
-------
22. Stoddart, Laurence A. and Arthur D. Smith
(1955) Range Management Second Edition; McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.
23. Stoddart, L.A., A.H. Holmgren and C. W. Cook
(1949) Important Poisonous Plants of Utah, Special Report No. 2
Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State Agricultural
College, Logan, Utah
24. Texas Range Plants Poisonous to Livestock
(1955) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station - Texas Agricul-
tural Extension Service, College Station, Texas, February
25. The Merck Veterinary Manual
(1961) Second Edition, Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N. J.
26. 16 Plants Poisonous to Livestock in the Western States
(1964) Farmer's Bulletin No. 2106, U.S. Department of Agriculture
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the great amount of help.and
assistance rendered by many people. We are especially indebted to
Dr. Ronald E. Engel for painstaking review and assembly of the manu-
'i
script; to Miss Linda Watkins for her drawing of Datura meteloides;
to K. W. Hill for the permission to use the illustration of Halogeton
glomeratus in special report No. 2 "Important Poisonous Plants of Utah",
June 1949, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station;, for the use of the
illustrations Prosopis juliflora and Quercus gambelii in Station Paper
No. 69, "Principle Forage Plants of Southwestern Ranges" by Ira Judd,
September 1962; and Tetradymia axillaris in miscellaneous publication
No. 101 "Important Western Browse Plants" by William A. Dayton,
1931; and to Mrs. Grace Strahm for the permission to use the following
illustrations.
From: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE PACIFIC STATES, WASHINGTON,
OREGON, AND CALIFORNIA, BY Leroy Abrams,
VOLUME I, Ferns to Birthworts, 1940. Stanford University Press.
Copyright 1923 and 1940 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford
Junior University.
Figure 165, p. 80 Typha latifolia. Broad-leaved Cattail.
923, p. 377 Zygadenus venenosus. Deadly Zygadene or Death-
camas.
Ibid. VOLUME II, Buckwheats to Kramerias, 1944. Stanford University
Press. Copyright 1944 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford
Junior University.
Figure 1433, p. 52 Rumex crispus. Curley=leaved or Yellow Dock.
1506, p. 80 Atriplex rosea. Red Orache or Saltbush.
1535, p. 88 Atriplex canescens. Hoary Saltbush.
1549, p. 93 Sarcobatus vermiculatus. Greasewood.
1798, p. 192 Delphinium parishii. Parish's Larkspur.
1916, p. 237 Corydalis aurea. Golden Corydalis.
1921, p. 241 Stanleya pinnata. Golden Prince's Plume, Desert
. , Plume
2005, p. 272 Descurainia pinnata subsp Menziesii. Western
. , Tansy Mustard.
-------
Figure 2591, p. 501
2878, p.604
Lupinus caudatus. Kellogg's Spurred Lupine.
Astragalus lentiginosus. Mottled Rattleweed.
Ibid. VOLUME III, Geraniums to Figworts, 1951. Stanford University Press.
Copyright 1951 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior
University.
Figure 3003, p. 15 Tribulus terrestris. Land Caltrop of Puncture
Weed.
3502, p. 232 Berula erecta. Cut-leaved Water Parsnip.
4512, p. 679 Nicotiana trigonophylla. Desert Tobacco.
4513, p. 685 Nicotiana attenuata. Coyote Tobacco.
From: ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE PACIFIC STATES, WASHINGTON,
OREGON, AND CALIFORNIA, BY Leroy Abrams and Roxana Stinchfield
Ferris, VOLUME IV, Bignonias to Sunflowers, I960. Stanford Univer-
sity Press. Copyright I960 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland
Stanford Junior University. \
Figure 5317, p. 197
5430, p.261
5431, p.261
5511, p. 302
5745, p. 435
5752, p. 437
5796, p.457
5805, p. 463
5806, p.463
Baileya multiradiata. Wild Marigold.
Gutierrezia sarothrae. Common Matchweed or
Snakeweed.
Gutierrezia microcephala. Small-headed Match-
weed.
Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Common Rabbitbrush.
Senecio spartiodes. Narrow-leaved Butterweed.
Senecio integerrimus var. exaltatus. Single-
stemmed Butterweed.
Psathyrotes annua. Mealy Rosettes .
Tetradymia canescens. Spineless Horsebrush.
Tetradymia glabrata. Little-leaf Horsebrush.
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27 Donald J. Nelson, NCRH, PHS, Rockville, Maryland
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30 R. T. Moore, PHS, Region VII, Dallas, Texas
31 Northeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Winchester, Mass.
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34 John W. Gofman, LRL, Livermore, California
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50 Robert Lynch, DVM, U S Dept. of Agriculture, State Bldg. ,
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51 V. R. Bohman, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
52 Bruce Browning, California Fish & Game Dept. , Food Habit
Laboratory, Sacramento, California
53 H. M. Kilpatrick, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
54 Dudley Zoller, Nevada State Dept. of Agriculture, State Bldg.,
Las Vegas, Nevada
55' George Welsh, Arizona Fish and Game Dept. , Kingman, Arizona
56 Al Jonez, U S Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder.City, Nevada
57 Fred Isbell, U S Forest Service, Las Vegas, Nevada
58 Dave Anderson, Pahranagat Valley High School, Nevada
59 Grace Struhm, Stanford University, California
60 K. W. Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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62 Director, Nevada Fish & Game Commission, Reno, Nevada
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66 University of Nevada Library, Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada
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