SWRHL-41r
            DAIRY FARM RADIOIODINE STUDIES

          FOLLOWING THE PIN STRIPE EVENT OF

                    April  25,  1966
                          by

D. S. Barth, R.  E.  Engel, S. C.  Black,  and W.  Shimoda
        Southwestern Radiological  Health Laboratory

    U. S. Department of Health,  Education and Welfare
                   Public Health Service
   Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
          Environmental Control  Administration
             Bureau, of Radiological  Health
                       July 1969
     This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
                Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
                          for the
                U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

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                         LEGAL NOTICE


This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored
work.  Neither the United States,  nor the Atomic Energy Commission,
nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission:

A.  Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied,
with respect to the accuracy,  completeness, or usefulness of the in-
formation contained in this report, or that the use of any information,
apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not in-
fringe privately owned rights; or

B.  Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method,  or pro-
cess, disclosed in this report.

As used in the above, "person  acting on behalf of the Commission" in-
cludes  any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of
the  Commission, or employee  of such contractor prepares, dissemin-
ates, or provides access to, any information  pursuant to his employ-
ment or contract with the Commission,  or his employment with such
contractor.
     092

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                                                      SWRHL-r41r
            DAIRY FARM RADIO IODINE STUDIES

          FOLLOWING THE PIN STRIPE EVENT OF

                    April  25,  1966
                          by
D. S. Barth, R. E. Engei,  S. C.  Black,  and W.  Shimoda
      Southwestern Radiological  Health Laboratory

  U. S. Department of Health,.Education and Welfare
                 Public Health Service
 Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
         Environmental Control  Administration
            Bureau of Radiological  Health
                      July 1969
   This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
              Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
                        for the
              U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION

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                               ABSTRACT
A study was mounted at two dairy farms following the inadvertent
release of radioactivity from the site of an underground nuclear test
(Pin Stripe) conducted at the Nevada Test Site on April  25, 1966.  The
study produced some results which were similar to those found after the
inadvertent release following the Pike event.  At the two study farms
the effective half-life of 131I  was found to be 4.9 and 4.0 days for
field forage while the green chop collected from the cow mangers had
effective half-lives of 6.9 and 6.7 days, respectively.   In the same
order, the effective half-lives of 131I in milk from cows eating the
green chop were 5.6 and 4.0 days.  The milk-to-forage ratios (pCi/liter
divided by pCi/kg) were 0.086 and 0.078, respectively.   In one of
the herds, uncontaminated hay was substituted for contaminated fresh
forage after the third day.  Over an eighteen day period this counter-
measure reduced the potential thyroid dose of humans consuming one
liter of the milk per day to only 29% of the dose which would have
resulted had no countermeasure been applied.

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT                                                            i
TABLE OF CONTENTS   •                                               i i
LIST OF TABLES                                                     iv
LIST OF FIGURES                                                     v
      INTRODUCTION                                                  1
      FARMING OPERATIONS                                            5
      SAMPLE COLLECTION                                             9
      A.  Mi Ik - Hiko                                               9
      B.  Mi Ik - Alamo                                             10
      C.  Fresh Vegetation                                         10
      D.  Hay                                                      10
      E.  Water      .                                              10
      F.  Grain                                                    13
      G.  Soil                                                     13
      H..  Eggs                                                     13
      I.  Blood Count                                              13
      J.  Air                                                      13
      K.  External Exposure-rate                                   13
IV.   ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES                                        15
      A.  System Description                                       15
      B.  Geometry i Calibration                                   15
      C.  Sample Preparation                                       16
      D.^  Sample Analysis                                          17
      E.  Computations                                             17
V.    RESULTS                                                      18
      A.  Grain                                                    18
      B.  Water                                                    18
      C.  Hay.                                                      18
      D.  Green Chop                                               19
      E.  Field Forage                                             22
      F.  Deposition Study                                         26
                                  ii

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Table of Contents (continued)

V.    RESULTS (continued)
      G.  Milk                                                     26
      H.  Repetitive Counting                                      33
      I.  Eggs               .                                      39
      J.  Soil                                                     41
      K.  Blood                       '                             41
      L.  External Exposure-rate                                   41
      M.  Air Samp I ing                                             41
VI.   DISCUSSION                                                   44
VII.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS                                      52
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
DISTRIBUTION
                                 i i i

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                            LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.   Feeding schedule at Wm. Schofield Dairy Farm             5
Table 2.   Feeding schedule at Lorraine Lee Dairy Farm              7
Table 3.   Data on Pin Stripe Study Cows                            8
Table 4.   Data on counting systems                                16
Table 5.   Characterization of pastures at Alamo and Hiko          29
Table 6.   Radio iodine in field forage samples from Lee
           Dairy Farm, Alamo                                       30
Table 7.   Radio iodine in field forage samples from Schofield
           Dairy Farm, Hiko                                      -31
Table 8.   133I in eggs from the Schofield Farm                    39
Table 9.   E-500B gross exposure-rates on pastures                 42
Table 10.  Radioactivity in air samples - pCi/m3                   43
Table 11.  131I dose reduction as a result of counter-
           measures considering an 18-day period post event        50
Table 12.  Milk to forage ratios for radioiodines                  50
Table 13.  Summary of 131I  results                                 53
Table 14.  Summary of 132I  and 133I results                        53
                                 i v

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                            LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.   Location of Study Farms                                 3
Figure 2.   Sketch showing sampling  locations at Alamo              11
Figure 3.   Sketch showing sampling  locations at Hiko               12
Figure 4.   131I  in green chop samples collected from
            Lee Dairy                                               20
Figure 5.   131I  in green chop samples collected from the
            W. Schofield Dairy                                      21
Figure 6.   132I and 133I in green chop samples collected from
            the L. Lee Dairy                                        23
Figure 7.   132I and 133I in green chop samples collected from
            the Schofield Dairy                                     24
Figure 8.   131I  in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy       25
Figure 9.   131I  in field forage samples from Lee Dairy             27
Figure :10.  132I and 133I in field forage samples from
            Schofield Dairy                                         28
Figure 11.  1311  in mi Ik of cows at  L. Lee Dairy following
            ingestion of contaminated hay and green chop            32
Figure 12.  *'2I and ]33I in milk of cows of L. Lee Dairy
            following ingestion of contaminated hay and
            .green chop                                              34
Figure 13.  131I  in mi Ik of cows at Schofield Dairy following
            ingestion of contaminated green chop                    35
Figure 14.  132I  in milk of cows at Schofield Dairy following
            ingestion of contaminated green.chop                    36
Fi.gure 15.  133I  in milk of cows at Schofield Dairy following
            ingestion of contaminated green chop followed by
            uncontaminated hay                                      37
Figure 16.  131I  in milk of cows at Schof ieId Dai ry following
            ingestion of uncontaminated hay                         38
Figure 17.  Repetitive counts on a milk composite from green
            chop fed cows collected on April  26 p.m.(Schofield
            Farm)                                                   40
Figure 18.  Effect of countermeasure on 131I  in milk at
            Schofield Dairy Farm                                    49

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                           I .   INTRODUCTI ON

Radioactivity inadvertently escaped from the underground Pin Stripe
Event which took place at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) at 1138 hours
on April 25, 1966.  Material  from this release reached an agricul-
tural area in the Pahranagat Valley, approximately sixty miles north-
east of the NTS.  Located in this valley are several dairy farms.
This unexpected occurrence provided an opportunity to study the assim-
ilation of radioiodine into cow's milk under local dairy farming
practices and management.  Within thirty hours a research team was
placed  in the area and a cooperative study was initiated between
Bioenvironmental Research, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, (SWRHL), U. S. Public Health Service (PHS), and two
dai ry farm owners.
Generally, dairy cows in the Pahranagat Valley are maintained in
feeding pens and not allowed to graze.  From about September to about
June, baled hay is fed and from about June to about September, green
chop* is fed.  However, because of unseasonable cold weather in mid-
ApriI which had frosted the crops and retarded their growth, the
farmers were green chopping their fields to facilitate new growth and
were feeding these crops to the livestock.
Eight objectives were formulated for this study:
1.  To determine the amounts of radioiodines in milk collected
    periodically from dairy cows eating fresh green chop contaminated
*This is the terminology used for the local  practice of mowing and
machine chopping forage from fields and feeding it to the animals before
it dries or spoiIs.

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       with  fresh  fission  products.
   2.   At  one  dairy  farm,  to  determine  the  amounts of  radioiodines  in
       the rvtilk of cows  fed uncontaminated  hay after being  fed con-
       taminated green chop for  two  days.
   3.   To  determine  variation of radioiodines with time  in  contaminated
       fresh green chop.
H  4.   To  measure, with  a  portable survey  instrument,  beta  plus  gamma
       and gamma activity  at  ground  level,  and gamma activity at three
       feet  over fields  of contaminated growing  forage.
"fv5.   To  measure the distribution of radioiodines over  fields of con-
       taminated  growing  forage.
 ^ 6.   To  measure levels of radioiodines in hay,  grain,  and drinking
       water being consumed by dairy cows.
   7.   At  one  dairy  farm to determine the probable dose  reduction to
       milk  consumers resulting  from substituting uncontaminated hay
       for contaminated  green forage.
   8.   Using methods employed in the early  fifties, to compare gross
       beta  activity of  the residue  from nitric  acid digestion of the
       milk  to the 131I  milk  activity determined  by gamma spectrometry.
   On  ApriI  26,  a  bcse of  operations was established at  a  local  motel, a
   SWRHL mobile counting facility was placed  in  operation,  and arrange-
   ments were  made to conduct a  study on a  non-interference basis at
   two farms.   The farms selected were  the  William II.  Schofield  Dairy
   Farm at Hiko,  Nevada, and  the Lorraine Lee Dairy Farm at Alamo,
   Nevada.   The locations  of  these farms are shown in  Figure I.
   Additional  dairies were not utilized to  avoid  overdilution of our
   capabilities for  a thorough analysis.  However, other dairies were
   periodically sampled  by PHS personnel as a part of  the Environmental
   SurveiI lance Program.

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                            SOUTHERN NEVADA
                                    1 : 1,OOO,OOO
                     Ground Zero, Pin Stripe
                                                   Southwestern Radiological
                                                  Health Laboratory Complex
Figure 1.  Locations  of  Study Farms,

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Normal procedures at the dairy farms were not altered except at the
Schofield Farm when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) made arrange-
ments for the substitution of uncontaminated hay for contaminated green
forage to minimize potential  radiation doses to milk consumers.

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                        I I.   FARMING OPERATIONS

Hiko
At the William Schofield Dairy Farm there were 138 lactating Ho I steins
when the study was initiated.  All  of these animals were being fed
green chop ad Iibitum which  was cut throughout the day.
On April 28 the feeding of green chop was discontinued and feeding
of uncontaminated hay began  as recommended by the AEC.  To fulfill
our first objective and to measure the effective dose reduction four
of the initial study cows were relocated to a separate holding pen and
continued on green chop.  On May 14 these animals were returned to
the herd.  All cows were fed green chop thereafter and supplemental
amounts of grain were fed during mi I kings.
A summary of the feeding schedule is presented below:
Table 1.  Feeding schedule at William Schofield Dairy Farm
Date
Through Apri 1 27
Apr! 1 28 through May 13
May 14 to completion
Green Chop
138 cows
4 cows
138 cows
Hay
none
134 cows
none
Grain
138 cows
138 cows
138 cows
Average daily feedings per cow were estimated to be: hay-25 Ibs.,
or green chop-70 Ibs., and grain-8 Ibs.
The cows were milked twice daily by groups.  Each of these two groups
contain-ed approximately fifty animals.  The milking barn was equipped
with an eight-stall herring bone milking parlor system, four stalls
per side.  Four cows were milked at a time and their milk piped
through a central piping system to holding tanks.

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Water was piped from wells to watering troughs in the feeding lots
where the water level was maintained by float-operated valves.
Bowl waterers were provided for the four separated study cows.

AI a mo
Forty Holsteins and one Jersey were being milked at the Lorraine
Lee Dairy Farm.  They were usually fed green chop which had been
aged overnight, but there were some days during which Mr. Lee did
not cut any green chop.  Consequently, there were times when hay
and chop or'only hay was fed.  The feeding schedule is documented
in Table '2.  Supplemental amounts of grain were fed during each
mi Iking.
The owner's estimate of usual amounts fed to each cow daily were:
green chop - 40 Ibs., and/or hay - 35 Ibs., and grain - 7 Ibs.
The dairy barn was equipped with a herring bone milking parlor
system with six stalls and three milking units.  Since the number of
cows at this farm was smaller, no individual grouping was necessary.
Water was available at a watering trough connected to the city water
supply.  Also, there was an irrigation ditch to which the cows had access,
The available milk production records for the selected study cows at
Alamo and Hiko are compiled in Table 3.

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Table 2.  Feeding schedule at Lorraine Lee Dairy Farm
Date
D+1
D+2
D+3
D+4
D+5
D+6
D+7
D+8
D+9
D+10
D+11
D+12
D+13
D+14
D+15
D+16
D+17
D+18
D+1 9
a.m.
Hay

X
X

X
X
X
X
X


X

X
X



End of Study

Chop
X


X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X


X
X
X

p.m.
Hay
X
X

X

X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X



Chop
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X







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      Table 3.  Data on Pin Stripe Study Cows.
oo
Estimated
Cow Estimated Calving Average % Estimated 305 Days in Days in
Number Age Date Butterfat Day Production Production .Gestation
57
97
116
141
Herd
Herd
Data
1
23
53
72
73
75
2.5 yr.
3.5 yr.
4.5 yr.
• 2.5 yr.
12/65
1/66
8/65
12/65
Averages: 3.49$ butterfat for
average per tests on 7 May: 3
from Virgin Va 1 ley Dairy Herd
7.0 yr.
7.5 yr.
6.0 yr.
6.5 yr.
5.0 yr.
7.0 yr.
Herd Average butterfat
No DHIA records aval lab
2/66
2/66
11/65
12/65
1/66
1/66
Hiko
4.3 5771 liters
3.0 6815 liters
3.4 6212 1 iters
4.3 3784 liters
previous 12 mos . , 5204 liters/cow
.35$ butterfat, 473 liters/cow for
Improvement Assn. (DHIA)
Alamo
4780 I iters
3767 I iters
3700 I iters
5154 I iters
3084 liters
6189 liters
135 Not Bred
127 "
277 "
155 105
for 305 days.
the previous month.
100
100
187
143
127
127
Production
to 5/7/66
2802
3282
5604
2128

1828
1454
2599
2467
1542
3084
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters

1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
was estimated to be 3.1 to 3.4%.
le at this farm.

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                    III.  SAMPLE COLLECTION
Mi Ik - Hiko
On April 26 the first samples were collected at Hiko.  Two one-
gallon plastic cubitainers were filled with milk from cows in the
second group numbered 11, 57, 62, 68, 87, 97, 116 and 141.
Collection was from the pipeline during milking.
On April 28 four cows were randomly selected from the above group
(# 57, 97, 116, 141) and were moved to a separate holding pen and
continued on green chop while the rest of the herd was fed only
uncontaminated hay.  A composite sample of two gallons of milk
was collected from eight of the hay cows and another two^gallon
composite was collected from the four green chop cows.  The milk
lines were purged with air before and after each collection.   The
remainder of the milk from the four green chop cows was withheld
from human consumption.
On May 13 the radioiodine content in the milk from the four cows
eating green chop had decreased enough to allow general feeding
of green chop; subsequently, the four cows were returned to the
feeding lot and all of the cows were fed green chop.  From this
point forward, two gal!ons of milk were collected once each
week.  The last samples were taken on June 8.
The two gallons of milk were composited in a large 2?-gal I on
cubitainer, thoroughly mixed, and two separate samples of one
gallon each were drawn off.  One gallon of milk was preserved
with 10 ml of formalin.  The preserved milk was gamma scanned
and the unpreserved milk was analyzed by a nitric acid procedure.

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B.  Mi Ik - Alamo
    At Alamo, two gallons of milk were collected during each milk-
    ing, as a composite, from cows numbered 1, 23, 53, 72, 73, and
    75.  These samples were treated in the same manner as the Hiko
    samples.
C.  Fresh Vegetation
    To determine the. amounts of fallout and the uniformity of depo-
    sition, a grid was superimposed over the alfalfa fields at each
    farm, involved in this study.  The lines of the grid were 30 meters
    apart and were designated as shown in Figure 2 for Alamo.
    Sample plots were located at the intersection of the grid lines.
    At the Schofield Dairy, an incomplete grid was used because of
    the shape of the field (see Figure 3).
    Samples were taken by clipping the vegetation 2" above ground
    level.   The samples included all  plant material  growing within
    a 0.16 m2 area.
    A daily sample was collected in one specific area of each field to
    ascertain the disappearance half^life of radioiodines deposited
    on the crops.
    Random samples of green chop were taken daily from the feed
    bunks to analyze for radio iodine content.

D.  Hay
    Approximately 100 to 350 gram hay samples  were collected in plastic
    bags daily at each farm.  These were random samples taken directly
    from the feed bunks.

E.  Water
    At Hiko, water was taken daily from two places during each
    milking.  One gallon was taken from the waterers provided for
    the green chop cows and another gallon collected from the water
    tank in the main holding pen.
    A one-gallon composite sample was taken daily from an irrigation
    ditch and a tank at Alamo.  The reason for this  composite was
    that the cows had equal  access to both sources.
                                 10

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   Oreen Chop & Hay
  Sampling Locations \      \

    Manger '
           az
        0  10 20  30  40
       Water Sampling Location
 Grain
Sampling
Location
                                                  LORRAINE  LEE  DAIRY  FARM
                                                        ALAMO,  NEVADA
                                             Grid System
                                          For Vegetation Study

                                                       EO
                                                       DO
                                                       CO
                                                       BO
                                          Soil Sampling)
                                            Location
                                                                  a
                                                                  o
                                           3
                                           O
4
O
                                   Dairy Barn


                                     3OOM To Alamo Air Sampling Station
                                                                  O         O          O
                                                                   Daily Vegetation Sampling Location'
                                                                                                             \
                                                                                                                  I
Figure 2.   Sketch showing sampling  locations at Alamo.

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                                                                      WILLIAM SCHOFIELD DAIRY FARM
                                                                            HIKO, NEVADA
                                                                                                         FIELD 2  75 m*t*n
Figure  3.   Sketch showing sampling  locations at Hiko

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F.  Grain
    At bofh farms 200 to 250 grams of grain were taken either daily
    or twice daily.  These samples were collected directly from the
    feeders in the milking barn.
G.  Soil
    A 500 to 600 gram sample was taken daily from an undisturbed
    area at each farm from the same general location in the field.
    For each sample a soil surface area of 0.0350 m2 was utilized.
H.  Eggs ,
    Adjacent to the Schofield Dairy Farm is the Merle Schofield Farm.
    At this farm, chickens were seen foraging in the fields.  On
    May 1,  May 2, May 5 and May 25, eggs were purchased for
    radioanalysis.
I.  Blood Count
    On April 28 and May 11, 30 cc of blood was drawn from the
    jugular vein of each of the selected study cows at both farms for
    laboratory analysis.  A complete blood count was done on each
    sample and, in addition, each was analyzed for serum protein
    concentration and protein bound iodinei (FBI).
J.  Air
    Air samplers were in operation at the Merle Schofield Farm at
    Hiko and at the M. K. Stewart Dairy Farm in Alamo.  The
    Environmental SurveiI lance, Off-site Section, has established
    permanent stations at these places as part of its air surveillance
    network.
K.  External Exposure-rate
    Exposure-rate readings were taken daily at each farm with an
    Eberline Model E-500B portable survey instrument until back-
    ground  levels were reached.   Expos.ure-rate from gamma
                                  13

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radiation was measured at three feet and ground level.  Beta
plus gamma was measured at ground level.  The readings were
taken in the fields.
                             14

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                      IV.  ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

A.  System Description
    Both of the following systems were installed in a special  truck
    designed for mobility.
    1.  Gamma spectrometry was done with a system consisting of
        a TMC Model 404C, 400 channel Pulse Height Analyzer, a
        Model 520P Punch control  with high voltage supply, a
        Model 522 Resolver-lntegrator, IBM Model 11C Typewriter,
        a Tally Model 420 Perforator and a Model 424 Reader.  The
        detector consisted of two 4" x 9" Nal(TI) crystals mounted
        facing each other with vertical  spacing variable from direct
        contact to 14" separation.  Both crystals have one power
        supply and each  crystal  is viewed by four 3" photomultiplier
        tubes.  The crystal  assembly was mounted in a specially
        fabricated 12-ton steel  shield with 6" walls.  The inside
        dimensions of the shield are 39 x 42 x 42 inches, and the
        inside is lined  with Pb,  Cd and Cu sheeting.
    2.  The beta system consisted of a Beckman Model 1610 Wide-
        Beta, automatic  sample changer with time-of-day and
        I
        rrianua I si ide options.  Readout was by means of IBM Model
        25 printing card punch.   Argon-10$/methan 90$ was used
        as the counting  gas.
B.  Geometry and Calibration
    The efficiencies and geometries used in the counting system are
    shown in Table 4.
                                 15

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Table 4.  Data on counting systems
Sample Type
Mi Ik and
Water
Grain
Hay, field for-'
Gamma Counting
T31,
Geometry Efficiency*
4-1 iter plastic
cubi tainer
400 ml cottage
cheese container
400 ml telescoping
18.6$
36.2$
36.2$
Min imum Detect-
ab 1 e Leve 1 s
10 ± 5 pCi/l
80 ± 10 pCi/kg
100 ± 15 pCi/kg
age and green     plastic container
chop
(compressed)
Soil           .  . 400 ml  cottage       23.8$     300 ± 50 pCi/kg
                  cheese container
                         Beta Counting
Nitric Acid-      4i" Planchet         37.8$       4 ± 1  pCi/l
Mi I k Residue	;	    •	
*The resolution of the gamma system was 9$; this was based on the
137Cs photopeak and 10 keV per channel.

C.  Sample Preparation
    1.  Mi Ik and Water
        Efforts were made to keep the volume of milk and  water con-
        ftant at 4 liters by removing excess milk or water from, the
        ijpubi tainer or adding distilled water to the cubi tainer, which-
        ever was required.  The 4-Iiter plastic cubitainer was washed,
        weighed, placed into a large plastic bag, and sealed with tape
        prior to gamma scanning.
    2. .Hay, Field Forage and Green  Chop
        Each of the vegetation samples was contained in a sealed
        heavy 9" x 14" plastic bag.   Each sample, bagged  three-fourths
        full and semi-tightly packed,  was weighed and compressed
        in a telescoping plastic container, 4" diameter and 2" in
        height by using a 12 ton "Carver" Laboratory Press.  The
        plastic container was then sealed and placed in a plastic bag,
        sealed with masking tape and gamma scanned.
                                 16

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    3.  Grain and SoiI
        Each of the grain and soil  samples was placed in a 400 ml
        cottage cheese container with a lid and sealed.   Each container
        was weighed, placed in a plastic bag,  sealed with masking
        tape, and counted.
    4.  Nitric Acid Residue
        The residue from the nitric acid procedure was placed on a
        4i" planchet.   These samples were weighed for gravimetric
        yield and counted in the Beckman Wide-Beta for gross beta
        activity.  The planchets were later placed in large petri  dishes
        r(15 x 2.5 cm), sealed, bagged and gamma scanned.

D.  Sample Analysis
    All samples were taken to a central  location, the sample control
    trailer located at Alamo, Nevada, logged and numbered in chrono-
    logical order.  All  samples were gamma scanned by two 4" x 9"
    opposed Nal crystals.  The samples were counted until either a
    minimum of 3,000 counts was collected in the 0.36 MeV channel
    or for a maximum time of 40 minutes.  For beta activity, the
    samples were counted for 10,000 counts or 10 minutes.

E.  Computations
    The gamma scans on a 11 samples analyzed were punched on Tally
    tape and the tapes were processed by a matrix method on an
    IBM 1620 computer for quantitation of various radioisotopes.
    All physical and effective half-lives were calculated by use of
    a  least squares best fit line.
                                 17

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                             V.  RESULTS
A.  Grain
    The results of the gamma scans on grain samples collected
    from the L. Lee and W.  SchOfjeld Dairy Farms are shown in
    Table I  of the Appendix.  The peak 131I activities in the grain
    at the two dairies were 760 and 690 pCi/kg respectively.
    Indications were that the other iodine  isotopes (132I, 133I, and'
    135I) were not present in concentrations which might contribute
    significantly to the total intake of contamination by the cows.

B.  Water
    The radioiodine concentrations calculated from the gamma scans
    of water samples are shown in Tables II and 11 I  of the Appendix.
    The results indicated that radioiodine contamination was present.
    The peak 131I  values found were 150 pCi/liter at the Lee Dairy
    farm and 430 pCi/liter at the Schofield Dairy Farm.  The other
    radioiodine .isotopes were not contributing significant activity
    to the total intake.
        i
    The level of activity in water from the L. Lee Dairy Farm was
    lower by a factor of 2 to 3 than that reported for the W. Schofield
    Dairy Farm.  It is apparent that either the fallout material  was
    being resuspended in the Hiko area or there was cross-contamination
    of activity in water throughout the study.

C.  Hay
    The results of the gamma scans on the dry hay samples collected from
    both dairies are reported in Table IV and V of the Appendix.
    The peak 131I  value was 2.8 x 103 pCi/kg for hay samples from
                                 18

-------
    the Lee Farm.  There was a peak 131I activity of 2.2 x IQ^pCi/kg
    in the Schofield hay.  It should be noted that the other radioiodines
    (132I, 133I and 135I) were also lower in hay from the Lee Farm compared
    to hay from the Schofield Farm.  Hay was not being fed to the cows
    on April  26 through April 28 a:m.  at the Schofield Dairy but was
    on the premises during cloud passage.  Uncontaminated hay from
    Enterprise, Utah, was acquired to reduce the radioiodine intake
    of the cows.  Several samples were taken from the hay bales at
    the time of delivery to Hiko.  The gamma scans on these samples
    indicated that radioactivity was not present.  However, radio-
    iodines were detected in Hiko hay samples collected from April 29
    through May 13.  It should be noted that the hay samples were
    collected during the study from random locations in the feed manger..
    The activity present in the "uncontaminated" hay was probably
    due to resuspension or cross-contamination because of radio-
    activity present in the feed manger.  In any case, the hay fed
    to th,p Schofield cows was not contaminated to any high degree
    as is, shown by the milk results.

D.  Green Chop
    The npsuTts of the cut green chop samples collected from the Lee
    and ^chofield Farms are shown in Table VI and VII of the Appendix.
    The f),eak 131I activity in green chop samples collected from the
    Lee Farm'was 1.8 x 101* pCi/kg; whereas,  green chop samples
    fromi the Schofield Farm had a peak value of 5.6 x 101* pCi/kg.
    The 131I  results from Tables VI and VII  are plotted in Figures 4
    and 5.  The effective half-life of 131I  in the green chop samples
    from the Lee Farm was 6.69 ± 0.62* days  whereas,  it was 6.91 ± 1.22*
    at the Schofield Farm.  The fluctuating  values were probably due
    to the resuspension or cross^ontamination of activity in the
    feed mangers where samples were taken.
*Value i standard deviation
                                  19

-------
                                            Teff=6.69 ± O.62 days
                            10                 15
                         DAYS AFTER EVENT
20
Figure 4. 131I in green chop samples collected  from  the  Lee  Dairy.
                                   20

-------
CD
O
a
O
                                                              Teff=6.91 ± 1.22 days
                             10
 15          20

DAYS AFTER EVENT
25
30
              Figure 5.  131I  in green chop samples collected from the W. Schofield Dairy,



                                                 21

-------
    As shown in Figure 5, the green chop samples collected from
    the Schofield Farm suggested that a peak activity was reached
    about April 30, which is an unexpected result.  The Lee Farm
    green chop samples peaked at the first sampling date, April 26,
    as expected.  The other radioiodines (132I, 133I  and 135I) were
    present in the green chop samples collected, with the Lee Farm
    samples containing about half the activity of those from the
    Schofield Farm.  The peak values in the green chop sample from
    the Lee Farm were 7.1 x 105 pCi/kg of 132I and 3.3 x 105 pCi/kg
    of 133I.  That green chop had been cut on D-day.   The 132I and 133I
    peak values for the Schofield Farm were 4.9 x 1Q5 pCi/kg and
    4.4 x 105 pCi/kg respectively.
    The 132I and 133I values from Tables VI and VII  are plotted
    in Figures 6 and 7.  The effective half-lives of the two radioiodines
    from the Lee Farm were 1.61 ± 0.18* and 0.92 ± 0.16* days for
    132I  and 133I respectively.  The effective half-lives for 132I and
    133I  for the Schofield Farm were 2.02 ± 0.13* and 1.36 ± 0.11
    respectively.
    Field Forage
    Field forage samples were taken from fields located on the Lee
    and Schofield Dairy Farms and the radioiodine values found are
    sho,Vj|n in Tables VI I I  and IX of the Appendix.  The peak 131I
    activity found in the field forage samples from the Lee Dairy was
    1.3, x ID1* pCi/kg.  The Schofield Dairy Farm field forage samples
    contained peak 131I  values of 4.6 x 101* pCi/kg.   At the Schofield
    Farm| three different fields, labeled 1, 2 and 3 were sampled.
    In general, the radioiodine values were similar among the three
    fields.   The 131I values in the field forage samples from Field "3"
    (Table IX)  are shown in Figure 8.  The effective half-life was
    4.92  ± 0.84* days.   Rain which fell  on May 10 and May 11 apparently
*Value ± standard deviation
                               22

-------
                                               132 hTeff=1.61 ± O.18 days
                                               133l:Teff=O.92 + O.16 days
                            10                 15
                           DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 6.   132I  and  133I  in green chop  samples collected from  the  L.  Lee Dairy,
                                   23

-------
                                                i"l:Teff=2.O2 ± O.13 days

                                                «3l:Teff=1.36 ± O.11days
                             10                 15
                          DAYS AFTER EVENT
20
Figure 7.   132I and  133I  in green chop  samples  collected from the Schofield  Dairy.
                                   24

-------
                                                Teff=4.92 ± O.84 days
         5                 10                15                20
                       DAYS AFTER  EVENT

Figure 8.  131I in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy


                                  25

-------
    did not affect the 131I activity.  The 131I values were not sign if i.
    cantly different among the three fields of the Schbfield Farm.
                               ^
    The 131I values in the field forage samples from Field "1" of the
    Lee Farm are plotted in Figure 9.  The effective half-life was
    4.02 ± 0.50* days.  A total of 0.18 inches of rain fell on May 9
    p.m. and May 10 a.m.  This rain appeared to have little effect
    on the field forage 131I activity.  It should be noted that the
    1311 values from the two different fields sampled were not
    significantly different.
    The other  iodines, 132I and 133l,were not detected in a sufficient
    number of forage samples from the Lee Farm for further treatment.
    The other  iodines detected in the Schofield forage samples are
    displayed  in Table IX and graphed in Figure 10.
    The peak value of both 132I and 133I, was '3.4 x 105 pCi/kg.  The
    effective half-life for 132I  was 1.76 ± 0.31* days; whereas, the
    halfrlife for 133I was 1.10 ± 0.12* days.

F.  Deposition Study
    The pharacterization of the vegetation on the alfalfa fields at the
    two dairy farms was determined by the line intercept method.  The
    lina was a randomly located transect of the field of interest.
    It vjias 100 feet  long with sample points at each, inch.  These data
    are'shown  in Table 5.
    The activity in the 28 pasture samples taken from the sampling
    grid! at Alamo on April  26 is shown in Table 6.  Table 7 shows
    similar data for samples fromHiko collected on April'27.'

G.  Milk
    The 131I activity in milk from the Lee Dairy Farm is shown in
    Table X of the Appendix.  The peak value of 1.4 x 103 pCi/l 131I
    in milk was observed on April  28 p.m.  These values are plotted
    in Figure 11.  The effective half-life was 3.97 ± 0.31* days.
*Value ± standard deviation
                                26

-------
                                               Teff=4.02 ± 0.50 days
                         DAYS AFTER EVENT




Figure 9.   131I  in field forage samples from Lee Dairy.






                                 27

-------
                                                           132I Teff=1.76 + O.31 days
                                                           T33
                                                             I Teff=1.10 + 0.12 days
10
                                       6            8
                                    DAYS AFTER EVENT
           Figure 10.  132I and  133I  in  field forage samples from  Schofield Dairy.

                                            28

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Table 5.  Characterization of pastures at Alamo and Hiko	
Item	AI amo  	Hiko
Forage height                     12"              12"
Percent ground cover              90.5             89.8
Density                  •         1.71 kg/m2       1.54 kg/m2
Plant species - percent
    Medicago sativa               75.5             80.9
    Bromus tectorum                9.9             12.4
    Taraxacum officinale           5.1             	*
    Unknown spp.                   4.6             	
    Hordeum spp.                   4.0             	
    Descurania pinnata             0.4              3.5
    Cruciferae spp.                0.3             	
    Poa' spp.                       Trace            	
    Erodium cicutarium            Trace            	
    Festuca arundinacea	              3.2
*	 indicates not present.
                               29.,

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Table 6.  Radioiodine in field forage samples from Lee Dairy Farm, Alamo
Sampl ing
Point
Al
A3
A5
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
01
D2
D3
D4
D5
El
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
x
s
CV
Symbol s:
X
S
ru
131I pCi
x 1 0^
.591
1.56
1.01
1.18
.914
.687
1.05
1.38
.930
.969
.875
1.24
1.51
1.15
1.02
1.15
1.11
.970
1.27
1.22
.814
.939
1.03
1.02
1.27
.723
1.09
1.02
1.06
.22
21.13

= mean
(Samples col I ected April 26)
/kg -''131I pCi/m2 ' 132I pCi/kg
x 101* x 107
1.09
2.39
1.57
1.76
1.71
1.36
1.-81
2.16
1.76
1.57
1.57
1.81
2.20
1.82
1.76
2.27
1.93
1.48
1.92
2.01
1.58
1.87
1.68
1.84 .
2.44
1.29
1.92
1.49
1.79
.32
18.00


11.40
32.50
9.17
8.25
21.40
.306
21.30
2.67
8.06
8.55
11.90
8.54
11.30
8.44
8.56
8.12
23.40
6.44
9.66
8.92
6'. 37
.6:89
6.59
1.65
8.20
17.10
7.84
27.10
11.09
7.6
70.06


133I pCi/kg
x 105
1.44
2.67
2.08
1.91
2.21
1.08
2.60
3.20
1.65
1.80
2.27
2.09
2.58
1 .91
1.69
1.80
2.80
1.77
2.19
2.23
1.43
1.59
1.62
1.64
1.93
1.94
1.81
2.41
2.01
.47
23.38


= standard deviation
— /^/-\£i -f-fr/-»i^n~f* r\£ \/ar*ia+ir\rt — f ..._ --.^ f 1 r\C\ ^
                                30

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Table 7.  Radioiodine in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy
          Farm, Hiko
Sampl ing
Point
A4
A5
A6
B3
B4
B6
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
D3
D4
D5
D6
E3
E4
E5
E6
F3
F4
F5
F6
X
s
CV
Symbols:
X
s
p\/
131I pCi/kg
x 101*
3.01
2.19
3.29
2.71
2.47
2.38
2.82
3.08
2.89
2.86
2.30
2.83
2.57
2.82
3.07
1.86
3.14
2.26
3.30
2.99
2.90
2.71
2.47
4.21
2.80
.47
16.84

= mean
= standard dev
-- /-* y*\/^ -f-f i /-* I £4 r> 4-
(Samples collected April 27)
131I pCi/m2 132I pCi/kg
x 101* x 106
4.99
4.54
5.80
3.84
4.36
3.64
4.99
4.06
4.93
5.58
2.96
4.14
3.10
4.12
3.73
3.06
4.67 •
3.64
4.81
.4.45 .
3.9
4.41
3.52
6.74
4.33
.9
20.78


iation
7.90
8.33
10.70
7.69
40.70
6.17
7.14
9.11
8.14
43.00
6.83
41.50
7.77
8.06
44.60
30.90
8.69
3.82
9.22
52.00
37.90
6.50
39.30
12.40
19.10
16.40
83.05


-\ M nm
133I pCi/kg
x 105
2.44
1.87
2.75
2.22
2.71
2.01
2.29
2.41
2.32
3.03
	
2.87
2.15
2.29
3.17
2.03
2.42
	
2.62
3.22
2.83
2.14
2.57
3.5.1
2.54
.43
18.00



                                          X
                                31

-------
10
                                                                          15
                                     DAYS AFTER EVENT
          Figure  11.  131I   in mi Ik of cows at  L. Lee Dairy  following  ingestion of
                      contaminated hay and green chop.
                                            32

-------
    The other isotopes (132I and 133 I ) as tabulated in Table X are
    shown graphically in Figure 12.  The132! activity peaked on
    April 27 and declined with an effective half-life of 3.07 ± 0.83*
    days.  The effective half-life for 133I was 0.92 ± 0.06* day.
    The four cows separated from the Schofield herd on April 28 were
    continually fed contaminated green chop f rom ,Apri I  28 thru June 8.
    All of the radioiodines (131I, 132I, 133I and 135I) in the milk are
    tabulated in Table XI of the Appendix.  The highest 131I activity,
    4.8 x 103 pCi/l, in the milk was observed on April  27 p.m.  The
    131I values are plotted in Figure 13.  The effective half-life was
    5.55 £ 0.34* days.  The 132I. and 133I values are plotted in
    Figures 14 and 15.  The 132I and 133I activities in milk peaked
    on April 28 and April 27 respectively.  The effective half-lives
    were 1.85 ± 0.25* days and 0.94 ± 0.09* days respectively for
         and 133|.
    After April 27 p.m., uncontaminated hay was fed to Schofield's
    Dairy herd except for the four cows on green chop.  There were
    two deliveries of hay both of which were checked for possible
    contamination.  The gamma scans on the hay indicated that
    radioactivity was not present when it was delivered.  The radio-
    iodinies found in milk from cows fed this hay are recorded in Table
    XII 
-------
UJ

h
O
a
                                                           132l:Teff=3.07 ± O.83 days



                                                           133l:Teff=0.92 ± O.O6 days
                                          6            8

                                       DAYS  AFTER EVENT
              Figure 12.  132I and  133I  in milk of cows at  L.  Lee Dairy following  ingestion  of

                          contaminated  hay and green chop.
                                                34

-------
                                                          Teff=5.55± 0.34 days
10*
                                      10                 15
                                  DAYS  AFTER EVENT
20
           Figure 13.   131I  in  mi Ik of cows at Schofield  Dairy following i
                       contaminated green chop.
ngestion of
                                           35

-------
 10'
                                                         Teff=1.85 ± O.25 days
                                                            - l.i> lir jsr,
10
           Figure  14.
                6  *b    *7  8 Vg-
               DAYS AFTER EVENT

132I in milk of cows at Schofield  Dairy  following ingestion of
contaminated green chop.

                     36
                                                                                         14

-------
                                Green Chop Teff=O.94 ± O.O9 days
                                        Hay Teff=O.46 ± O.O1 days
                            3           4
                          DAYS AFTER  EVENT
Figure 15.  133I  in mi Ik of cows at Schofield Dairy following ingestion of
            contaminated green chop followed by uncontaminated hay.
                                37

-------
                                               Teff=1.O1 ± O.O6 days

                                                 IT'I I
                           6            8
                         DAYS AFTER EVENT

Figure 16.  131I in milk of cows at SchofieId Dai ry followi ng  i ngestion of
            uncontami nated hay.
                                38

-------
    ground, summed in the 131I channels was calculated on the date
    counted.  A typical graph is s-hown in Figure 17.  These data indicated
    that a short-lived isotope was present or over-lapping into the
    1311'channels.  The results of the .physical half-lives from alI
    repetitive counting are summarized in Table XIII of the Appendix.
    It is apparent that another isotope was, or other isotopes were,
    present in the 131I channels from April 26 through April  29.  The
    averaged half-li.fe value beyond April 29 was 8.64 days; which
    probably represents 131I (8.08days).  The 131I  values were sub-
    tracted from the short-lived isotope curve and the new activity was
    rep lotted for physical decay.  The average half-life for the short-
    lived isotope(s)  was calculated to be 1.05 days.
    The results of the nitric acid procedure on milk have been given
                       ,  (5)
    in a separate report.
I.  Eggs
    Eggs were collected from the Merle Schofield Farm at four
    different times.   For each sample six eggs were separated from
    the s|iells and gamma scanned.  The 131I activities are recorded
    in TaJ/le 8.  Note that 131I  was present in egg contents rather
    than the shells.   The chickens which produced these eggs were
    observed eating the contaminated forage near the dairy barn. .
    Also,1 as reported In the previous section, eggs collected on
    May 1 were counted repetitively.
Table 8.   131I in eggs from the Schofield Farm	
                            Ave. Wt.*
Date             Time      Per Egg (gram)      pCi/egg     Shells
D (Apr! 1 215)
D + 6
D + 7
D + 10
D + 30
1200
1200
0725
1700
51.3
56.0
55.1
54.0
209
253
420
102
ND
ND
ND
ND
^Analysis of 6 eggs without shells.
ND - Not detectable
                               39

-------
5
Q.
O
O
                                                      Longer Half-Life Subtracted

                                                      From Short Half-Life Line
                                          15          20
                                       DAYS AFTER EVENT


              Figure  17.   Repetitive counts on a milk composite from green chop fed cows

                           collected on April 26, p.m. (Schofield Farm).

                                               40

-------
J.   SoiI
    Soil samples were collected at each dairy farm.  Analytical results
    are given in Tables XIV and XV of the Appendix for the Lee and
    Schofield farms respectively.
K.  Blood
    The complete blood counts, serum protein values and FBI's done
    on the study cows were all within normal ranges with no significant
    changes in these indices being indicated between the two times
    of blood collection, i.e., 3 and 16 days after the event.  Results
    on blood samples collected are contained in Table XVI  of the
    Appendix.
L.  External Exposure-rate
    The results of gamma and beta + gamma exposure-rate measurements
    are shown in Table 9.  Since the accuracy of the E-500B survey
    meters is not known under these field conditions, the results
    should be considered only on a relative basis.
M.  Air Sampling
    The results of air sampling conducted by SWRHL environmental
    surveillance personnel  are indicated in Table 10.
                                41

-------
Table 9,,  E-500B exposure-rates on pastures
Days
After Event
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6

0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
Time
1600
1140
1030
1200
	 *
1730
1830

1600
1115
1700
1030
1800
1800
	
Hiko,
3 ' gamma
mR/hr
1.6
0.1
0.06
0.05
	
0.04
0.03
Alamo
0.23
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.02

Nevada
Surface gamma
mR/hr
	
0.12
0.06
0.04
	
0.05
0.04
, Nevada

0.07
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
	
Surface beta +
gamma - mR/hr
	
0.37
0.09
0.1
	
0.05
0.05


0.09
	
	
	
	
	
     indicates reading not taken
                            42

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Table 10.  Radioactivity in air samples - pCi/m3.
Pref liter, Hiko
Days
tyfter Event Gross Beta
0 3500
+ 1 100
+2 16
+3 0.6
+4 5.0
+5 0.6
+6 0.5
+7 0.2
131|
510
10
3
NO
0.8
0.2
NO
ND
132!
1900
22
9
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
133,
650
16
12
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
135,
3600
27
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Pref i Iter, Alamo
0 710
+ 1 44
+2 0.5
+3 3.0
+4 1.0
+5 0.4
+6 0.3
+7 0.3
+8 0.1
+9 0.4
+10 0.1
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+1
+8
+9
+ 10
" 1
57
2
ND
24
ND
ND
ND •
ND
ND

~
Charcoal
39
52
2
ND
0.7
0.6
0.6
ND
Charcoal
19
ND
0.9
0.8
0.5
ND
ND
0.5
ND
ND
ND
142
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
—
—
Cartridge,
330
84
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Cartridge,
86
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
110
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.NO
ND
~
— •
Hlko
150
290
0.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Alamo
75
ND
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
220
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
--
—
1700
86
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO - Not detectable
                               43

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                           VI.  DISCUSSION

The general purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an
inadvertent release of radioiodine in fresh fission products from an
underground nuclear test on normal dairy farm operations.  The pro-
cedure was to analyze the radioiodine content in milk, feed (hay,
green chop and grain), water, soil and field forage samples collected
at the Lee (Alamo, Nev.) and Schofield (Hiko, Nev.) Dairy Farms.
Also, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect on radio-
iodine content in milk which results from feeding uncontaminated
hay to cows previously fed contaminated green chop.
The grain and water samples collected from the Schofield and Lee
Dairies contained 131I.  The levels of 131I activity in grain at
both dairies were about the same; whereas, the water samples collected
from the waterers of the green chop fed cows at the Schofie.ld Farm
contained 2 to 3 times higher levsels of 131I compared to both the
Lee Farm water and water from the tank of the hay fed cows at the
Schofield Farm.   It is probable that the 131I contamination was due
either to saliva from contaminated cows or resuspension of the con-
taminated debris.  It was shown in a controlled experiment that cow's
saliva was contaminated as soon as 30 minutes after a capsule con-
                                           / o \
tain ing >131|  was placed in the cow's rumen.
Samples of grain and water were collected from the feed mangers,
tank and waterers where the cow's saliva had direct contact.  The
two irrigation ditch collections from the Lee Farm were not contami-
nated which indicated that the 131I  activity probably came from other
sources as mentioned above.
                                44

-------
Thb  other radioiodines such as 132I and 133I were not often detected in
the grain and water samples collected.  These radioiodine isotopes
were all so low in concentration in these samples that they could not
have contributed much to the total  radionuclide intake by the dairy
animals.
Hay stored at the Lee and Schofield Dairy Farms was exposed during
cloud passage and some radioiodine contamination occurred.  The
activity jn hay at the Schofield Farm was about ten times higher than
at the Le$ Farm when the peak 131I  values are compared.  The 131I
activity |n the hay at Lee's Farm varied from not detectable to
2.8 x 103'pCi/kg during the study.   At Lee's Farm, hay and green
chop were fed ad Iibitum.
Although the hay at the Schofield Farm was also exposed during the
cloud passage, none was being fed at this time.  Green chop was the
major feed for the herd from April  25 through April 27.  To decrease
the radioiodine activity in milk from cows eating the contaminated
green chop feed, uncontaminated hay was acquired from Enterprise,
Utah, to be fed, in place of green  chop, to the dairy herd.  Both
times thpt hay was acquired, background samples were taken and no
radioactivity was detected.
The radioactive iodines detected in the uncontaminated hay on later
samples does not likely represent activity ingested because the
radioiodine activity in milk following feeding of hay decreased rapidly
as will  be discussed later.
The majority of contamination in feed was in the green chop cut from
the fields which were exposed during cloud passage at both farms.  All
the radioiodines.reported in green  chop from the Schofield Farm
were higher by a factor of 2 to 3 than the activity from radioiodines
in green chop from Lee's Farm.  The effective half-lives for 131I in
green chop from the two farms were  not significantly different.  The
activity was highest at Lee's Farm on the first day of collection,
whereas, the apparent peak activity at SchofieId's Farm was not
                                45

-------
 observed  until  April  30.   This  difference  may  be attributed  to normal
 sampling  variations,  differing  deposition  patterns  or to a possible
 recontamination at Schofield's.
 There is  some evidence  to support the possibility of  a recontamination
 since radioactivity continued to seep from the Pin  Stripe site for
 several days following  the event and  prevailing w.inds were such,  from
 April 25  through April  30, that additional  radioactivity could have
 been carried from NTS to  the Hiko-Alamo area.
 On a previous inadvertent release of  fresh fission  products  (Pike Event)
 which was similar to this study, the  green chop 131I  values  decayed
 with an estimated effective half-life of 5.3 days.  This half-life is in
 general agreement with  the values obtained for this'Study.   The
 slight difference may be  due to the increased  levels  of activity  on this
 study and contamination in the  cow's  mangers which  built up  as the
 study progressed.  The  half-lives in  the field forage for this study
 appeared  to be slightly shorter than  those in  the green chop and  thus
 in better agreement with  the Pike results.
 The deposition study indicated  average 131I  values  of 1.0 ±  0.2 x 104
 pCi/kg for the Lee Farm on April  26 and 2.8 ±  0.5 x 10k pCi/kg for
 the Schofield Farm on April  27.   Since collection at  Hiko was 15  hours
 later than at Alamo,  the  correction to the same collection time
 indicates that the Schofield Farm, Hiko, had about  3  times as much
 1311  and  3.6 times as much 133I  on the forage  as the  Lee Farm.  These
 differences were significant at the .005 level  as determined by
.analysis  of variance.  These data suggest  that Hiko was closer to
 the center of the "hot  line" than Alamo.  The  coefficient of variation
 of these  samples implies  that a deviation  of 20$ from the mean can
 be expected for single  samples.   The  separate  forage  sample  collected
 at Hiko, -two days after the event, as shown in Table  IX, had a 131I
 concentration of 2.6 x  101* pCi/kg. which is within 20$ of the average
 value Iisted above.
                                   46

-------
Autoradiographs of the alfalfa collected two days after deposition
indicated that the activity was still on the surface of the plants.
The daily average milk concentration of 131I at Hiko reached a peak
value two days after the event.  While at Alamo the peak was reached
three days after the event.  The effective ha If-lives were significantly
different, being 3.97 ± 0.31 days at the Lee Farm and 5.55 ± 0.34 days
for the green chop fed cows at the Schofield Farm.  This difference in
effective half-lives may be related to the type of contaminant deposited
at the two locations.  The higher activity in the field forage at Hiko
indicated that the Schofield Dairy .Farm was closer to the "hot line"
than Alamo and the Lee Dairy Farm.   In addition, the air sampler data,
shown in Table 10, indicates that about 92% of the cloud at Hiko  was
particulate while only 66% of the cloud at Alamo was particulate.
The possibility that more recontamination occurred at Hiko than at
Alamo, thus leading to a longer effective half-life at Hiko, can not
be overlooked.                                                          •
Another factor which suggests that difference in the type of contaminant
at the two locations could have been responsible for the different
effective half-lives in milk was the.similar effective half-lives of
1311  on the green chop fed to the two groups of cows.  Of course, the
intermittent feeding of less highly contaminated hay, along with green
chop, at the Lee Farm was a complicating factor which may have con-
tributed to the shorter effective half-life in milk at that farm.  How-
ever, this does not seem likely.
The effect- of the counter-measure employed in this study, i.e., feeding
uncontami^ated hay to the dairy herd, can be estimated by comparing
the thyrp.id doses that would have resulted with and without the counter-
measure.  Since the thyroid dose depends on the radioiodine concen-
tration in the gland, and since the concentration depends on the
amount ingested, then, by assuming a constant daily percentage thyroid
uptake, the dose to the gland becomes a simple function of the sum of
                               47

-------
V,  \
       the  daily activities  in the milk.  Adding the  131I activities  in
       the  milk from  cows  fed green  chop  for the first  18 days,  as  shown  in
       Table  XI, yields  a  total  intake of 3.9  x  10^ pCi  for an  individual
       drinking one  liter  per day.   Since the  countermeasure was  instituted
       three  days  after  the  event, then the first three  131I values from
       Table  XI must  be  added to the values in Table  XII, milk  from cows
       fed  uncontaminated  hay, to get the sum  of 1-12 x  lO4 pCi  total  intake.
       The  ratio of these  two sums  is 0.29 suggesting that this  countermeasure
       would  reduce the  potential thyroid dose by 71  percent.   Effects of
       earlier or  later  application  of this measure would correspondingly
       have greater or less  effect  respectively.  Figure 18 and  Table  11,
       which  is derived  from it, predict  probable effectiveness  if  similar
       countermeasures had been  imposed at different  times  in this  situation.
       The  131I activities detected  in the uncontaminated hay fed to these
       cows,  as shown in Table .12, was undoubtedly due  to cross-contamination
       since  the hay  samples were collected from the  feed mangers.  That
       this hay was  really uncontaminated  is evidenced  by the fact  that the
       effective half-life of  131I  in milk from cows  eating this hay was
       about  one day  as  would be expected after cessation of  ingest ion of
       contami nation.
       Another similarity  with the Pike study  is the  milk/forage ratio at the
       two  dairy farms involved  in this study. Using measured  peak concen-
       tations in  mi Ik.and green chop gives the following ratios:
                     n •   c       1.4 x  103 pCi/liter    A A-.Q
                Lee  Da.ry Farm  -  1>8 x  10U £ci/kg	  - 0.078

                c ,  ,.  .  . n .    c      4.8 x  103 pCi/liter   A  AQ,
                Scnofie d Dairy Farm - -r—z	10u  r-~ /<	= 0.086
                               1       5.6 x  10H pCi/kg
       Similarly,  corresponding  values were derived for  132I and 133I.  Since
       the  short half-lives  of these iodines make the timi.ng of  measurements
       critical., the  values  used were D-day values obtained by  extrapolation
       of the least-squares  lines (Figs.  6,7,12,14 and  15) and  are  shown  in
       Summary Table. All milk-to-forage ratios are  summarized  in Table  12.
                                      48

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10
                                            Herd on
                                       uncontaminated hay
                                      10                 15
                                    DAYS AFTER EVENT
          Figure  18.  Effect of countermeasure on  131I  in milk at Schofield Dairy  Farm.
                                           49

-------
Table 11,  131I dose reduction as a result of counter-measures,
           considering an 18-day period post event	
Uncontanrjl'nated Hay     Total 13^l Intake With     Effectiveness of
   Provided On          1 liter/day Intake         countermeasure
                             (pCi) "               (% dose saved)
D (Apri 1 25)
D + 1 '
D.+ 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5-
D + 6'
None
0
600
7,800
11,200
17,000
20,300
23,400
39,000
100
98
80
71
56
48
40
0
Notes:
1.  Uncontaminated hay fed only through 18 days after the event and
    starting on day indicated.
2.  Only source of 131I to .cow assumed to be contaminated green chop.
Table 12.  Milk to forage ratios for radioiodines	.

                              AIamo             .         H i ko


       131I                   0.078               .       0.086

       132I                   0.023                      0.22

       133I                   0.038                      0.106
                               50

-------
The  131I ratios are in close agreement with the ratio of 0.08 (peak in
milk divided by peak in green chop) obtained from the data at the
Habbart Farm during the Pike study.  No reported comparable values
for  132I and 133I are available for comparison. .
It is interesting to note that all milk to forage ratios at Alamo appear
to be smaller than corresponding ones at Hiko suggesting that, for some
currently unexplainable reason, the radioiodines at Alamo appeared to
be less biologically available than those-at.'Hiko.
A calculation of total  percent of 131I  ingested which was secreted in
the milk at Alamo and at Hiko gave results of 4.9 and 10.4# respectively.
This finding tends to support the previous statement on reduced bio-
logical  availability at Alamo.
All of the results in this report are based on computer analysis using
a matrix method.  The appearance of a two-component decay curve in
the  131I peak channels on repetitive counting suggests that the calibra-
tion standards and interference coefficients may not be sufficiently
accurate when counting samples containing fresh fission products.
Because of this possibility, early milk samples were retained until the
short-lived contaminant decayed out; then they were reanalyzed for
131I  and the results corrected back to time of collection.
Another item from this study was the detection of 131I  in eggs as
shown in Table 8.  The eggs were collected after chickens were
observed eating contaminated forage near the dairy barn.  The peak
value of 420 pCi 131I/egg, detected in  eggs layed 10 days after the
event, suggests that eggs would probably not be an important source
of human exposure compared to the milk produced in the same area.
All of the iodine activity was in the edible portion of the egg, though,
as none was detectable in shel-ls.
                               51

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                    VII.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

 In general all objectives set forth in Section I  were accomplished.
Table 13 presents a summary of some 131I data of interest.
Table 14 gives a comparable summary for 132I and 133I data.  The
numbered paragraphs below pertain to ,the numbered study objectives
formulated in Section I.
1.  The T    for 131I in milk at Hi.ko, 5.6 days,  appears to be
    significantly different from the comparable value at Alamo,
    4.0 days.  Several possible contributing factors for the difference
    have been discussed in Section VII, but at this time it is not
    possible to explain the difference, if it is real, in any clear-cut
    fashion.   The milk to forage ratios for 131|  of 0.086 at Hiko and
    0.078 at Alamo agree quite well with our Pike value of 0.08 at
    the Habbart Farm.  No comparable data are available with which
    to compare our 132I  and 133I results from this study.
2.  Within approximately one day after uncontaminated hay was sub-
    stituted for contaminated green chop for the dairy herd at Hiko,
    1"ne I f+ f°r 131' in "t"ne milk changed from 5.6 days to 1.0 days.
    Thus.the preventive measure, or countermeasure, utilized at
    Hiko was extremely effective in rapidly reducing levels of 131I
    in mi Ik.
3.  At Hfko the 131I  T ,, in green chop was 6.9 days whereas in
    field cut forage it was 4.9 days.   Corresponding values at
    Alamo were 6.7 and 4.0 days respectively.   The apparent longer
    T ,, in green chop compared to field cut forage at both locales
    suggests that contamination was building up in the cows'
    mangers over the course of the study.
                               52

-------
Table !3.  Summary of 131I  Results.
Farm
L. Lee
W. Schofield
W. Schofield
Tjme . Tgff for
cfi^&efr. • ' Forage • -^at^ir^r;
Value Peak Value Peak pCi/kg in Feed Days Teff Peak
in Milk in Milk Green Green Field For Milk Milk (pCi/D to
Description Days pCi/l Chop Chop Forage Days Peak Green Chop -(pCi/kg)
Hay and Green Chop 3 1.4 x 103 1.8 x lO1* 6.7
ad libitum intermit-
4.0 4.0 0.078
tently
Green Chop Cows 2 4.8 x 103 5.6 x 10" 6.9 4.9 5.6 0.086
Hay* - - - - - -
*Uncontaminated hay acquired from Enterprise, Utah, and fed after April 27.
Table 14. Summary of 132I and 133I results.
Farm
L. Lee
W. Schofield
132,
Probable n
Peak Values 'eff ~ ys
Green Green Field
Description Chop Milk Chop Forage Mil!
pCi/kq pCi/liter
Hay and Green Chop Feed 3.1xlQ5 7.2x103 2.0 — 3.0'
ad libitum intermittently
Green Chop Feed 4.5x105 I.OxlO5 1.6 1.76., 1.8!
133|
Probable _ _
Peak Values eff ys
/ Green Green Field
Chop Milk Chop Forage Milk
pCi/kq pCi/liter
S.OxlO5 1.9X101? .92 	 .92
7.5x105 S.OxlO1* 1.40 1.1 .94

-------
4.  At Hiko the net open field three foot gamma reading in mR/hr
    was approximately 0.08 at 24 hours after the Pin Stripe event.
    The corresponding value at Alamo was 0.02.  The peak levels of
    131I in milk reached at Hiko and Alamo were 4,800 and 1,400 pCi/l
    respectively.  On the basis of these two pairs of values it is
    possible to calculate peak 131I level in milk to open field gamma
    exposure-rate conversion factors of 60,000 and 70,000 for
    Hiko and Alamo respectively.  These measured factors agree quite
                                  (4)
    well with predictions of Knapp   , who predicts that such
    conversion factors should be in the range of 25,000 to 100,000.
5.  The coefficient of variation for 131I on pCi/kg basis for cut
    field forage samples at Alamo was  21.1$ whereas it was 16.8$
    at Hiko.  These values indicate that the contamination at these
    two study farms was reasonably homogeneous on this basis.
    The coefficients of variation on a pCi/m2 basis were only
    siightly different from the values cited above on a pCi/kg basis.
6.  The levels of radioiodines in hay, grain and drinking water being
    consumed by cows at Hiko and Alamo were low enough that these
    additional sources of contamination were probably negligible
    compared to contaminated green chop.
7.  Considering an eighteen-day period after the Pin Stripe event,
    the substitution of uncontaminated hay for contaminated green
    chop at the Schofield Farm, beginning three days after the event,
    reduced the potential thyroid dose of humans consuming one
    liter of milk per day to only 29$  of the dose which would have
    resulted had no countermeasure been applied.  This counter-
    measure would have been even more  effective if it had been
    imposed earlier after the Pin Stripe event.
8.  Results and discussion pertinent to this objective have been
    reported separately
                               54

-------
                              REFERENCES

1.  Interim Report of Off^-Site Surveillance for Project Pin Stripe -
    SWRH|_ (in press)
2.  Single Dose 131I - 126I Ratio Study in Dairy Cows (SWRHL - 27r)
3.  Dairy Farm Radioiodine Study Following the Pike Event (SWRHL - 14r)
4.  Knapjp, H. A., lodine-131 in Fresh Milk and Human Thyroids
    Following a Single Deposition of Nuclear Test Fallout, TID - 19266
5.  Comparison of 131I  and Gross Beta Activities in Milk Following
    the pin Stripe Event (in preparation)
                               55

-------
                               APPENDIX

Table  I.    Radioiodine activity  in grain samples.                 57
Table  II.   Radioiodine activity  in water from Lee Dairy Farm.     58
Table  III.  Radioiodine activity  in water from Schofield
            Dairy Farm.                                            59
Table  IV.   Radioiodine activity  in hay from the Lee Dairy Farm. .  60
Table V.    Radioiodine activity  in hay from the Schofield
            Dairy Farm.                     .                       61
Table VI.   Radioiodine activity  in green chop from the Lee
            Dairy Farm.                                            62
Table VII.  Radioiodine activity  in green chop from the Schofield
            Dairy Farm.                                            63
Table VIII. Radioiodine activity  in field forage from the Lee
            Da i ry Fa rm.                                            64
Table  IX.   Radioiodine activity  in field forage from the
            Schofield Dairy Farm.                                  65
Table X.    Radioiodine in milk from the Lee Dairy Farm.           66
Table XI.   Radioiodine in milk from the Schofield Dairy Farm,     67
Table XII.  Radioiodine in milk from the Schofield Dairy Farm.     68
Table XIII. Ha If-lives from repetitive counting.                   69
Table XIV.  Radioiodine activity  in soil samples from L. Lee
            Da i ry Fa rm.                                            70
Table XV.   Radioiodine activity  in soil samples from W.
            Schofield Dairy Farm.                                  71
Table XVI.  Results of blood analysis                              72
                                 56

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                               APPENDIX

Table I.  Radlolodine activity In grain samples

0 (April
p + I
P + 2

P + 3
D + 4
P + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
0+11
D + 12 .
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
L. Lee
Time
!§)
1928
0630
1646
0944
1714
1702
1702
0940
0616
0704
0650
0620
0630
0645
0700
0728
0632
0710
0840
Dairy Farm, Alamo, Nevada
1.3 1| 132| I33| 13S|
•
ND
38
2.2E2 3.2E1* 7.2E2 9.3E3
ND
ND 4.9E2
7.6E2
3.3E2
ND
ND
2.5E2
2.3E2
ND
ND .
2.5E2 .
1.2E2
3.7E2
2.6E2
1.7E2
ND
W. Schofield Dairy Farm, Hiko, Nevada
D + 2

q + 3
P + 4
P + 5
P + 6
P + 7
D + 8
D + 9
q + 10
q, + 11
1} +' 12
Q) + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
0705
1815
0705
1735
1845
1735
1635
1735
1715
1745
1735
1815
1805
1745
1735
1735
1735
1725
ND 6.0E2
3.7E2
ND
ND
ND
6.9E2
4.5E2
ND
ND
6.3E2 4.7E2
4.4E2
4. IE2
ND
ND
ND 2.5E2
V.6E2
ND'
2.3E2
ND - Non-detectable
3.7E2 = 3.7 x 102
                                 57

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Table I I .   Radioiod.ine activity in water from Lee Dairy Farm
                                       pCi/liter
Date           Time        Location
131
1321
133|
D (Apri 1 2||f)
D + 1
D + 2


D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D +18

1940
0630
0630
1700
0636
0650
1720
1718
0856
0626
0700
0650
0630
0630
0700
0710
0726
0620
0710
0840

Ditch
Trough
Ditch
Compos i te
Comp i s i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Composite
Compos i te
Composite
Composite
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te

ND 5.6E2 6.9E2
60
ND
1.2E2
90 60
90
1.0E2
1.5E2
ND
ND
50
70
ND
ND
ND 4.2E2
30
30
80
ND
ND
Composite samples collected from irrigation ditch and trough
5.6E2 = 5.6 x 102
ND - Non-detectable
                                 58

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Table ill.  Radloiodlne activity in water from Schofield Dairy Farm.
Date
D (Apr! 1 25)
D + 3
0 + 4
qi + 5
q, + 6
q + 7
q, + 8
qi + 9
q + 10
q + 11
0+12
0+13
0+14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Note: Water

D + 1
q + 2

Q + 3

D + 4
D + 5
0 + 6
0 + 7
0 + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
0+12
0+13
0+14
D + 15
0+16
0+17
D + 18
Note: Water
Hay Fed Cows
Time

1705
0655
1735
1715
1645
1705
1705
1715
1815
1705
1825
1755
1715
1725
1715 ' !
1655
Col lected from common tank
Green Chop Fed
1745
0705
1715
0705
1655
0655
1800
1715
1655
1715
1655
1705
1705
1715
1735
1745
1711
1725
1725
1655
collected from an automatic
pCi/llter
131| 132| 133|

90
2. IE2
2.6E2
2.4E2
2.0E2
1.7E2
2.0E2
2.2E2
2.3E2 7.0E2
1.4E2 8. IE2
1.2E2
ND
1.4E2
LIE2
1.5E2
70 .

Cows
2.7E2
1.1E2 1.6E2
2.4E2
1.9E2
1.7E2
4.3E2
3.6E2
2.4E2
2.4E2
1.7E2
1.4E2
2. IE2
61
LIE2
96
1.2E2
1.8E2
1.0E2
ND
2.7E2
waterer (Star Manufacturing O
2. 1  E2 = 2.1 x 10Z
ND - Non-detectable
                                59

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Table IV.  Radipipeline activity  in hay from the  Lee Dairy  Farm
Date
D (Apr! 1 25)
D + 1
D + 2

D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 7

D + 8

D + 9

D + 10

D + 11

D + 12

D + 13

D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D +. 17
D + 18
Time

1940
1030
165-6
0638
1728
0644
0636
1720
0630
1740
0646
1720
0650
1710
0640
1740
0650
1700
0703
1720
0712
0724
0630
0720
0900
pCi/kg
131 | 132| 133| 135|

2,2E3 4.2E5
ND
, ND
9.0E2
6.2E2
ND.
1.8E2
1.8E3
1.5E3 2.3E3
8.8E2
2.8E3
1.2E2
2.0E3 2.4E3
ND 2.3E3
1.3E3
ND
1.0E2
ND
ND
ND
5.9E2
ND
8.2E2
3. IE2
ND
2.2E3 = 2.2 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
D + 6 - No samp Ie
                                60

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Table V.  Radioiodine activity in hay from the Schofield Dairy Farm.
Date
D (Apri 1 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
-

D + 4

D + 5

D + 6

D + 7

D + 8

D + 9

D + 10

D + 11

D + 12

D + 13

D + 14
D + 15 .
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Time

1725"*
1905*
0705*
1655*
2000t
0655
1735
0755
1735
0745
1725
0745
1635
0735
1705
0645
1705
0635
1655
0725
1635
0655
1655t
0745
1725
1735
1715
1725
1715
1655
pCi/kg
131| 132| 133|

1.2E5 LIE5
2.0E3
2.2E1* 1.2E5 6.0E4
7.5E2 1.0E1*
ND
4.4E3 USE1*
1.0E1* L4E"
ND
2.0E3
ND 9.4E2
ND
6.0E3
L8E3
1.7E3
1.4E3
6.0E3 4.2E3
1.3E3
1.2E3
9.4E2
ND
7.4E2
1.2E3
ND
2. IE3
8.7E2
2.9E3
8.6E2
1.7E3
3.0E3
5.3E2
*Hay on the Schofield farm was exposed during the choud passage,  was not fed.
From the evening of  D + 3 through D + 18 uncdntaminated hay,  from
Enterprise, Utah, was fed to cows.
tHay sample was taken immediately after delivery.

1.2E5 = 1.2 x 105
ND - Non-detectable


                               61

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Table VI.  Radioiodine activity in green chop fro.rn the Lee Dairy  Farm
Date
D (April 25)
D + 1

D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6

D + 7

D + 8

D + 9

D + 10

D + 11
D + 12

D + 13

D + 14
D + 16
D + 18
Time

1600
1934*
1658
1700
0640
1714
0646
1728
1000
1720
0630
1730
0646
1720
0650
1710
0640
0650
1710
0655
1720
0712
0630
0900
131,

I.SE4
ND
LIE"
1.4E4
1.6E"
8.7E3
8.6E3
9.2E3
8. IE3
9.2E3
9. IE3
8.2E3
6.8E3
7.8E3
6.4E3
6.6E3
7.3E3
5.2E3
3.9E3
4.0E3
4.4E3
5.5E3
2.7E3
2.5E3
pCi/kg
132| 133| 135|

2.4E5 2.6E5 ND
7.1E5 3.3E5 ND
1.6E5 4.1E1* 6.0E1*
1.5E5 3.3E1*
4.3E1* 2.4E11
8.6E3 ND
ND 5.7E3
7.6E3
7.9E3
ND
6.8E3
6.6E3
6.4E3
5.8E3
ND
4.3E3
4.4E3
ND
1.7E3





*Green chop was cut on  D-Day  p.m.
1.8E1* =' 1.8 x  101*
ND = Non-detectable
                                 62

-------
Table VII.  Radioiodine_activity in preen chop from the Schofield Dairy Farm.

                                               pCi/kg
Date
Time
131 |
132| 133| 135|
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3


D + 4

D + 5

D + 6

D + 7

D + 8

D + 9

D + 10

D + 11

D + 12

D T 13

D + 14

D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
D + 21
D + 24
D + 30
1725
0805
1715
0705
1655
0655
1735
0745
1735
0745
1725
0745
1645
0735
1715
0645
1655
0635
1705
0725
1645
0645
1705
0805
1735
0725
1735
1709
1725
1725
1655
1705
1715
1700
ND
ND
3.2E1*
1.7E14
4.4E"
5.6E1*
5. IE1*
5.6E11
5.2E4
5.2E1*
5.5E1*
2.2E4
3.5E1*
1.9E1*
1.8E1*
2.7E1*
3.0E4*
3.2E1*
1.9E"
1.7E1*
9.4E3
1.3E1*
LOE4
\.7Ek
1.4E1*
.2.0E1*
1.3E1*
I.OE4
1.3E1*
1.7E1*
1.2E1*
7.2E3
1.0E1*
1.1E3
4.9E5 4.4E5 ND
3.0E5 2.4E5 ND
1.2E5 2.3E5 ND
ND ND ND
2.9E5 1.0E5 8.7E"
1.9E5 8.9E1*
7.0E1* 5.9E1*
7.0E1* 4.7E1*
5.4E4* ND
ND 3.6E1*
S.OE1* 3.5E1*
2.2E4*
3. IE1*
1.4E1*
1.3E4
1.6E^
1.7E1*
1.9E1*
1.3E1*
1.1E1*
6. IE3 .
5.5E3
6.3E3
6.5E3
6.7E3
6. IE3








4.9E5 = 4.9 x 105
ND - Non-detectable
                               63

-------
Table VI H.  Radioiodine activity  in field forage from the  Lee  Dairy  Farm
Date
D (April 25)
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16

D + 17

D + 18 .

Field*

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
Time

1702
1746
1728
1706
0906
0624
0636
0630
0630
0640
0710
0716
0720
0610
0700
0720
0740
0850
0910
pCi/kg
131| 132| 133|

1.3E1* ND ND
8.2E3 8.6E3 9.7E3
1.0E1* 8.0E3 ND
6.6E3 4.9E3
1.0E4 1.2E2
7.4E3 ND
6.2E3
5.2E3
4.2E3
3.0E3
3.0E3'
1.4E3
7.5E2
1.9E3
2.5E3
8.0E2
2.4E2
1.2E2
ND
*Field 1 is at the Lee Dairy Farm.
 Field 2 is located across the road from the farm (£ mile).

1.3E4* = 1.3 x Ip1*
ND - Non-detectable
                                64

-------
Table IX.  Radioiodine activity in field forage from the SchofieId Dairy Farm,
Date
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9


D + 10


D + 11

D + 12

D + 13

D + 14

D + 15

D + 16

D + 17

D + 18

Field

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
Time

1805
1705
1715
1825
1835
1835
1635
1725
1825
1805
1725
0725
1725
1715
1655
1645
1805
1825
1715
1725
1705
1715
1705
1651
1705
1715
1745
1755
1735
1745
131,

ND
2.6E4*
4.6E1*
2.8E1*
3.2E"
2.5E1*
2.7E1*
1.3E1*
1.2E3
1.5E1*
2.0E1*
USE1*
7.8E3
9.9E3
7.7E3
8.9E3
2.0E"
1.0E1*
].2Ek
2.9E1*
1.0E1*
5. IE3
6.2E3
.7.5E3
l.OE1*
6.0E3
6.7E3
3.6E3
4. IE3
4.5E3
pCi/kg
132| 133| 135|

3.0E5 3.4E5 5.3E5
7.2E" 1.5E5 ND
3.4E5 LIE5 ND
3.2E1* 3.3E1* ND
3. IE1* ND ND
ND 1.5E1* ND
2.4E1* ND ND .
1.3E3 ND
5.7E3 ND
8.6E3 ND
LIE1* 6.7E2
8.7E3 ND
5.9E3
6.7E3
4.6E3
5.0E3
1.0E1*
6.0E3
ND
1.5E3
1.4E3
ND








Field 1  - Northwest of dairy barn - sprinkler system
Field 2 - East of dairy barn - flood irrigation
Field 3 - North of dairy barn - flood irrigation

3.0E5 = 3.0 x 105
ND = Non-detectable
                                 65-

-------
Tab Ie X.   Radio1odine  in  milk f rom the Lee Dai ry Farm,
Date
Cows Fed Contaminated Green Chop.,..,.,
BCi/l iter
Time 131I 132I 133I 135I
D (Apr! 1 25)
D +
D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +

D +
D +
D +
D +
1
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
i
11

12

13

14
15
1
18
1700
0630
1730
0644
1748
0710
1758
0656
1756
0642
1800
0642
1730
0646
1750
0706
1730
0700
1745
0650
1800
0650
1740
0715
1740
0650
0740
0700
0700
6.0E2
1.1E3
9.8E2
8.0E2
1.4E3
8.0E2
7.6E2
4.4E2
5.3E2
6.3E2
6. IE2
4.6E2
5.2E2
4.5E2
4.5E2
3.0E2
3.4E2
2.9E2
2.6E2
2.0E2
2.2E2
2.0E2
2.2E2
1.3E2
1.5E2
2. IE2
8.0E1
1.0E2
4.0E1
2.0E3
4.7E3
8.5E3
2.5E3
3.9E3
1.9E3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.4E3
. 1.5E3
1.0E3
1.2E3
ND
1.4E2
9.5E2
8.9E2
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.0E2
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.0E3
1.9E3 2.8E3
3.6E3 2.2E3
2.5E3 ND
1.4E3
1.8E3
7.3E2
5.4E2
2.6E2
2. IE2
1.9E2
1.5E2
ND

















•6.0E2 = 6.0 x  102
ND - Non-detectable
                                 66

-------
Table XI.  Radioiodine in mi Ik from the Schofield Dairy Farm.
              Cows Fed Contaminated Green Chop
                                            pCi/liter
Date	Time        131I	132,         133,         135,
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2

D + 3

D + 4

D + 5

D + 6

D + 7

D + 8

D + 9

D + 10

D + 11

D + 12

D + 13

D + 14

D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18

D + 21
D + 24
D + 30
D + 44
1735
0735
1810
0705
1755
0905
1735
0745
1805
0715
1815
0725
1805
0725
1845
0745
1 755
0725
1805 .
0705
1755
0725
1745
0745
1805
0715
1748
1755
1755
1735
. 1725

1735
1715
1725
1725
3.3E3 '
4.4E3 '
4.8E3
4.0E3 '
3.7E3
3.9E3 /
4. IE3
3.3E3
3.2E3
3.5E3
4.0E3
3.0E3
3. IE3
.2. IE3 '
1.8E3
1.9E3
i.8E3
1.6E3 '
1.7E3
1.5E3
1.3E3
LIE3
9.3E2
L2E3'"
1.0E3
1.4E3
1 .2E3
9.5E2 -
8.6E2
9.5E2
3.8E2

3.7E2
1.6E2
2.9E2
7.4E1
1.7E1* 2.0E1* 2.3E1*
LSE1* LSE* 5.0E3
9.9E1* 1.2E4 ND
1.3E5 6.7E3
ND . 4.7E3
ND ND'. .
ND ND
1.6E" 2.4E3
1-.4E1* L4E3-
6.9E3 7.2E2
7.7E3 ND
6.5E3 1.7E2
i 5.9E3 7.0E1
L7E3 ND.
4. IE3 .
. 3.5E3
3.4E3
3.5E3
ND
2.7E3
2.8E3
2.3E3
1.6E3
4.2E2
ND





• 1 * ! |
T-: v" " ' ' '
I
'<•


3.3E3 = 3.3 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
                                67

-------
Table XII.  Radioiodine in mi Ik from the Schofield Dairy Farm
Date
D
D

D

D

D
D

D

D

D

D

D

D

(April 25)
+ 3

+ 4

+ 5

+ 6
+ 7

+ 8

+ 9

+ 10

+ 11

+ 12

+ 13

Cows
Time

0705
1735
0645
1725
0735
1745
0705
1735
0715
1745
0655
1825
0725
1735
0705
1755
0655
1725
0715
1735
0735
1755
Fed Uncontaminated

4.0E3
*'** 3.7E3
1.5E3
/lZ"r 1.0E3
^5.0E2
W *? S
A ^ F
2.5E2
•"W
1.3E2
•|l5 1.0E2
8.0E1
7.0E1
ND
3.0E1
ND
4.0E1
^ 4.0E1
6.0E1
3.0E1
ND
06 5-°El
4.0E1
Hay
pCi/l iter
132,

1.0E1*
1.0E1*
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.4E3
1.3E3
ND
1.2E3
ND
8.0E2
.ND '
6.8E2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5.2E2
ND

133|

6.7E3
4.7E3
1.4E3
7.3E2
2.9E2
1.5E2
7.0E1
4.0E1
ND













4.0Ed = 4.0 x 10d
ND - Non-detectable
                                68

-------
Table XIII.  Ha If-lives from repetitive counting
Physical Hal
Date
D (April
D + 1
D + 2

D + 3
D + 4

D + 6
D + 10
D + 1
D + 6
D + 4
D + 1
Time
25)
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m..
a.m.
p .m.
p .m.
p.m.
p .m.
p.m.
p .m.
p.m.
Average D
Overa
Sample
Type

Mi Ik
Milk
Mi Ik
Milk
Mi Ik
Mi Ik
Mi Ik
Milk
Green
Chop
Eggs .
Milk
Green
Chop
Location

Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Lee
Lee
+ 1 through D + 4
Short

1.5
1.8
, 2.0
2.8
3.0
3.5
0
0
2.5.
0
0
2.3

2.42
1 1 Average 	
Long

8.5
8.5
9.4
12.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.5
8.6
7.7
8.5

	 . •
8.64
If-Llfe (Days)
Short After
Subtracting Lonq

0.7
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
0
0
1.0
0
0
1.0

1.05
	
                              69

-------
Table XIV.  Radioiodine act!vity in soil samples from L. Lee Dairy Farm
Co 1 1 ect i on
Date T i me 1 3 1 1
pCi/ki logram
132| 133|
135|
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 1 1
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
1930
1720
1710'
1754
1730
1704
0900
0640
0640
0620
0640
0630
0650
0716
0720
0614
0720
0850
3.56E3
2.04E3
1.74E3
1.20E3
1.30E3
4.10E3
1.08E3
2.41E3
1.85E3
1.51E3
1.36E3
1.21E3
1.67E3
1.19E3
9.70E2
9.40E2
1.04E3
1.59E3
7.31E4
5.75E4
5.59E3
2.64Elf
1.44E3
4.23E3
1.61E3
1.36E1*
2.09E3
1.33E3
1.05E3
1.25E3
1.29E3





2.16Elf
4.20E3
1.40E3
8.80E2
6.90E2
1.76E3
5.50E2
1.51E3
1.00E3
5.60E2
5.90E2
6.70E2
5.30E2



••

ND
ND
ND
'1.10E1*
1.60E2
7.30E2
2.80E2
ND
2.70E2
2.80E2
1.30E2







3.56E3 = 3.56 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
                                 70

-------
Table XV.  Radioiodine activity in soil  samples  from W.  Schofield
           Dairy Farm
Date
D (Apri
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D -I- 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Col lection
Time
1 35)
1805
1825
1715
1735
1800
1835
1635
1710
. 1725
1725
1655
1825
1725
1715
1705
1715
1755
1745
131,

4.20E3
4.43E3
4.61E3
3.37E3
1.14E1*
4.89E3
2.15E3
1.89E3
1.81E3
3.16E3
2.19E3
2.82E3
2.97E3
1.94E3
1.63E3
1.17E3 •
1.79E3
1.54E3
pCi/ki logram
,132|

5.82E1*
1.40E5
2.11E1*
6.37E3
1.58E1*
4.79E3
2.78E3
1.94E3
1.85E3
2.58E3
1.99E3
2.53E3
1.97E3





133,

3.71E1*
1.79E1*
9.66E3
3.88E3
8.53E3
3.21E3
7.60E2
8.00E2
7.70E2









135|

9.10E3
/ND
ND
9.00E2
2.21E3
6.50E2
ND
2.40E2
3.70E2
1.80E2
2.80E2







4.20E3 = 4.20 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
                                71

-------
Table XVI.  Results of blood analysis


Cow
1
23
53
.72
73
75
1
23
53
72
73
75

57
68
85
97
112
116
137
141
57
97
116
141
Hgb
HCT
RBC
WiBC

gms.
Date Hqb
+ 3 13.0
+ 3 12.7
+ 3 13.4
+ 3 12.3
+ 3 13.0
-i- 3 13.0
+ 16 12.0
+ 16 12.0
+ 16 12.3
+ 16 11.7
+ 16 11.7
+ 16 12.3

+ 3 12.0
+ 3 11.3
+ 3 13.9
+ 3 13.0
+ 3 11.7
+ 3 11.7
+ 3 12.7
+ 3 13.4
+ 16 11.3
+ 16 13.0
+ 16 12.7
+ 16 13.0




Alamo



? 1 x 106 % % % % % %
HCT
38
42
44
37
42
39
41
41
42
39
39
40

38
36
42
40
36
36
38
43
39
42
41
44
RBC
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.8

4.9
4.7
5.1
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.9
5.1
2.8
4.9
4.9
4.8
WBC
6400
8600 .
5550
10200
11700
14100
5300
4300
6150
9450
10800
9600

11800
7900
6100
9500
7300
11300
13800
8100
7700
10700
8850
8150
- Hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- Red blood eel Is
- Wh i te b 1 ood ce 1 1 s
JUV.
-o
0
0
0
0
' 0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
JUV
STAB
SE6S
LYMPH
STAB. SEGS.
4 35
0 34
2 41
2 43
2 36
3 23
3 35
2 34
2 32
3 40
3 31
4 23
Hiko
1 44
2 28
4 38
2 35
0 30
1 40
3 40
2 43
2 32
1 43
1 45
2 39
- Juvehi 1e§ .
- Neutroph i Is
- Segmented neutrophi
- Lymphocytes
LYMPH
56
54
52
53
55
46
56
59
59
53
63
57

51
67
52
61
67
54
54
49
63
55
48
56
Is
EOS.
2
7
4
1
5
22
3
3
6
4
3
14

2
3
4
2
1
5
1
2
3
0
6
3

MONO.
3
5.
1
0
2
6
3
2
1
0
0
2

2
0
2
0
2
0
2
4
0
1
0
0
EOS
MONO
BASO
TP
FBI

% gm/100
BASO. TP
0 8.1
0 8.8 .
0 . l.\
0 8.1 .
0 8.5
0 8.1
0 7.8
0 8.3
0 6.7
0 7.8
0 7.4
0 7.7

0 8.0
0 7.6
0 8.3
0 8.3
0 7.7
0 7.7
0 9.5
0 7.5
0 7.2
0 7.9
0 7.1
0 7.5
- Eosinophi Is
- Monocytes
- Basoph i 1 s
- Total protein
- protein-bound iodine

vgm
PBI
3.00
2.25
3.65
3.65 •
2.45
2.5u
2.70
2.60
3.35
3.30
2.85
2.85

2.85
2.. 20
2.40
3.25
2.45
2.35
2.35
2.50
2.80
3.10
3.20
2.85


-------
                             DISTRIBUTION

 1 - 20   SWRHL, Las Vegas,  Nevada
21        Robert E.  Miller, Manager, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas,  Nevada
22        Robert H.  Thalgott, AEC/NVOO,  Las Vegas,  Nevada
23        Henry G. Vermillion, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
24        D. W, Hendricks, AEC/NVOO,  Las Vegas, Nevada
25        Robert R.  Loux, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas,  Nevada
26        Central Mail & Records, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
27        A.. J.  Whitman, NTSSO, AEC/NVOO,  Mercury, Nevada
28        M. Klein,  SNPO,  Washington, D.  C.
29        R. Decker, SNPO, Washington,  D. C.
30        R. Hartfield, SNPO-C, Cleveland, Ohio
31        J.  P.  Jewett, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
32 - 35   R. Nelson, SNPO-N, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
36        William C. King,  LRL, Mercury, Nevada
37        Roger Batzel, LRL,  Livermore, California
38        H. L.  Reynolds, LRL, Livermore, California
39        H. T.  Knight, LASL,  Jackass Flats,  Nevada
40        P. Gothels,  LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
41        H. S.  Jordan, LASL,  Los Alamos, New Mexico
42        Charles I.  Browne,  LASL,  Los  Alamos, New Mexico
43        William E. Ogle,  LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
44        C. A.  De Lorenzo, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
45        H. G.  Simens, NTO, Aerojet-General Corp. , Jackass Flats,  Nev.
46        R. Smith,  NTO, Jackass Flats,  Nevada
47        G. Grandy, WANL,  NRDS,  Jackass Flats,  Nevada
48        E. Hemmerle, WANL, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
49        Jol(n A.  Harris, USAEC, Washington, D. C.

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Distribution (continued)

50        M. I.  Goldman, NUS, Washington, D. C.
51        J.  Mohrbacher, Pan American World Airways, Jackass Flats,  Nev.
52        P.  Allen,  ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
53        Martin B.  Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington,  D.  C.
54        H.  Booth,  ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas,  Nevada
55        C.  Anderson, EG&G,  Las Vegas, Nevada
56        Byron Murphey, Sandia Corp. , Albuquerque,  New Mexico
57        MajorGen.  Edward B. Giller, DMA,  USAEC, Washington, D. C.
58        Chief, NOB/DASA,  AEC/NVOO,  Las Vegas,  Nevada
59 - 63    Charles L. Weaver,  PHS, BRH,  Rockville, Maryland
64        Victor M.  Milligan, REECo. , Mercury, Nevada
65 - 66    DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
67        Director,  Southeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Montgomery, Ala.
68        Director,  Northeastern Radiological  Health Lab. , Winchester,  Mass.
69        Todd V. Crawford,  LRL,  Livermore, California

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