SWRHL-41r
DAIRY FARM RADIOIODINE STUDIES
FOLLOWING THE PIN STRIPE EVENT OF
April 25, 1966
by
D. S. Barth, R. E. Engel, S. C. Black, and W. Shimoda
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
Environmental Control Administration
Bureau, of Radiological Health
July 1969
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored
work. Neither the United States, nor the Atomic Energy Commission,
nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied,
with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the in-
formation contained in this report, or that the use of any information,
apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not in-
fringe privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or pro-
cess, disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" in-
cludes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of
the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, dissemin-
ates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employ-
ment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such
contractor.
092
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SWRHL-r41r
DAIRY FARM RADIO IODINE STUDIES
FOLLOWING THE PIN STRIPE EVENT OF
April 25, 1966
by
D. S. Barth, R. E. Engei, S. C. Black, and W. Shimoda
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
U. S. Department of Health,.Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
Environmental Control Administration
Bureau of Radiological Health
July 1969
This surveillance performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
-------
ABSTRACT
A study was mounted at two dairy farms following the inadvertent
release of radioactivity from the site of an underground nuclear test
(Pin Stripe) conducted at the Nevada Test Site on April 25, 1966. The
study produced some results which were similar to those found after the
inadvertent release following the Pike event. At the two study farms
the effective half-life of 131I was found to be 4.9 and 4.0 days for
field forage while the green chop collected from the cow mangers had
effective half-lives of 6.9 and 6.7 days, respectively. In the same
order, the effective half-lives of 131I in milk from cows eating the
green chop were 5.6 and 4.0 days. The milk-to-forage ratios (pCi/liter
divided by pCi/kg) were 0.086 and 0.078, respectively. In one of
the herds, uncontaminated hay was substituted for contaminated fresh
forage after the third day. Over an eighteen day period this counter-
measure reduced the potential thyroid dose of humans consuming one
liter of the milk per day to only 29% of the dose which would have
resulted had no countermeasure been applied.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS • i i
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
INTRODUCTION 1
FARMING OPERATIONS 5
SAMPLE COLLECTION 9
A. Mi Ik - Hiko 9
B. Mi Ik - Alamo 10
C. Fresh Vegetation 10
D. Hay 10
E. Water . 10
F. Grain 13
G. Soil 13
H.. Eggs 13
I. Blood Count 13
J. Air 13
K. External Exposure-rate 13
IV. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 15
A. System Description 15
B. Geometry i Calibration 15
C. Sample Preparation 16
D.^ Sample Analysis 17
E. Computations 17
V. RESULTS 18
A. Grain 18
B. Water 18
C. Hay. 18
D. Green Chop 19
E. Field Forage 22
F. Deposition Study 26
ii
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Table of Contents (continued)
V. RESULTS (continued)
G. Milk 26
H. Repetitive Counting 33
I. Eggs . 39
J. Soil 41
K. Blood ' 41
L. External Exposure-rate 41
M. Air Samp I ing 41
VI. DISCUSSION 44
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 52
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
DISTRIBUTION
i i i
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Feeding schedule at Wm. Schofield Dairy Farm 5
Table 2. Feeding schedule at Lorraine Lee Dairy Farm 7
Table 3. Data on Pin Stripe Study Cows 8
Table 4. Data on counting systems 16
Table 5. Characterization of pastures at Alamo and Hiko 29
Table 6. Radio iodine in field forage samples from Lee
Dairy Farm, Alamo 30
Table 7. Radio iodine in field forage samples from Schofield
Dairy Farm, Hiko -31
Table 8. 133I in eggs from the Schofield Farm 39
Table 9. E-500B gross exposure-rates on pastures 42
Table 10. Radioactivity in air samples - pCi/m3 43
Table 11. 131I dose reduction as a result of counter-
measures considering an 18-day period post event 50
Table 12. Milk to forage ratios for radioiodines 50
Table 13. Summary of 131I results 53
Table 14. Summary of 132I and 133I results 53
i v
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location of Study Farms 3
Figure 2. Sketch showing sampling locations at Alamo 11
Figure 3. Sketch showing sampling locations at Hiko 12
Figure 4. 131I in green chop samples collected from
Lee Dairy 20
Figure 5. 131I in green chop samples collected from the
W. Schofield Dairy 21
Figure 6. 132I and 133I in green chop samples collected from
the L. Lee Dairy 23
Figure 7. 132I and 133I in green chop samples collected from
the Schofield Dairy 24
Figure 8. 131I in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy 25
Figure 9. 131I in field forage samples from Lee Dairy 27
Figure :10. 132I and 133I in field forage samples from
Schofield Dairy 28
Figure 11. 1311 in mi Ik of cows at L. Lee Dairy following
ingestion of contaminated hay and green chop 32
Figure 12. *'2I and ]33I in milk of cows of L. Lee Dairy
following ingestion of contaminated hay and
.green chop 34
Figure 13. 131I in mi Ik of cows at Schofield Dairy following
ingestion of contaminated green chop 35
Figure 14. 132I in milk of cows at Schofield Dairy following
ingestion of contaminated green.chop 36
Fi.gure 15. 133I in milk of cows at Schofield Dairy following
ingestion of contaminated green chop followed by
uncontaminated hay 37
Figure 16. 131I in milk of cows at Schof ieId Dai ry following
ingestion of uncontaminated hay 38
Figure 17. Repetitive counts on a milk composite from green
chop fed cows collected on April 26 p.m.(Schofield
Farm) 40
Figure 18. Effect of countermeasure on 131I in milk at
Schofield Dairy Farm 49
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I . INTRODUCTI ON
Radioactivity inadvertently escaped from the underground Pin Stripe
Event which took place at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) at 1138 hours
on April 25, 1966. Material from this release reached an agricul-
tural area in the Pahranagat Valley, approximately sixty miles north-
east of the NTS. Located in this valley are several dairy farms.
This unexpected occurrence provided an opportunity to study the assim-
ilation of radioiodine into cow's milk under local dairy farming
practices and management. Within thirty hours a research team was
placed in the area and a cooperative study was initiated between
Bioenvironmental Research, Southwestern Radiological Health
Laboratory, (SWRHL), U. S. Public Health Service (PHS), and two
dai ry farm owners.
Generally, dairy cows in the Pahranagat Valley are maintained in
feeding pens and not allowed to graze. From about September to about
June, baled hay is fed and from about June to about September, green
chop* is fed. However, because of unseasonable cold weather in mid-
ApriI which had frosted the crops and retarded their growth, the
farmers were green chopping their fields to facilitate new growth and
were feeding these crops to the livestock.
Eight objectives were formulated for this study:
1. To determine the amounts of radioiodines in milk collected
periodically from dairy cows eating fresh green chop contaminated
*This is the terminology used for the local practice of mowing and
machine chopping forage from fields and feeding it to the animals before
it dries or spoiIs.
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with fresh fission products.
2. At one dairy farm, to determine the amounts of radioiodines in
the rvtilk of cows fed uncontaminated hay after being fed con-
taminated green chop for two days.
3. To determine variation of radioiodines with time in contaminated
fresh green chop.
H 4. To measure, with a portable survey instrument, beta plus gamma
and gamma activity at ground level, and gamma activity at three
feet over fields of contaminated growing forage.
"fv5. To measure the distribution of radioiodines over fields of con-
taminated growing forage.
^ 6. To measure levels of radioiodines in hay, grain, and drinking
water being consumed by dairy cows.
7. At one dairy farm to determine the probable dose reduction to
milk consumers resulting from substituting uncontaminated hay
for contaminated green forage.
8. Using methods employed in the early fifties, to compare gross
beta activity of the residue from nitric acid digestion of the
milk to the 131I milk activity determined by gamma spectrometry.
On ApriI 26, a bcse of operations was established at a local motel, a
SWRHL mobile counting facility was placed in operation, and arrange-
ments were made to conduct a study on a non-interference basis at
two farms. The farms selected were the William II. Schofield Dairy
Farm at Hiko, Nevada, and the Lorraine Lee Dairy Farm at Alamo,
Nevada. The locations of these farms are shown in Figure I.
Additional dairies were not utilized to avoid overdilution of our
capabilities for a thorough analysis. However, other dairies were
periodically sampled by PHS personnel as a part of the Environmental
SurveiI lance Program.
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SOUTHERN NEVADA
1 : 1,OOO,OOO
Ground Zero, Pin Stripe
Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory Complex
Figure 1. Locations of Study Farms,
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Normal procedures at the dairy farms were not altered except at the
Schofield Farm when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) made arrange-
ments for the substitution of uncontaminated hay for contaminated green
forage to minimize potential radiation doses to milk consumers.
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I I. FARMING OPERATIONS
Hiko
At the William Schofield Dairy Farm there were 138 lactating Ho I steins
when the study was initiated. All of these animals were being fed
green chop ad Iibitum which was cut throughout the day.
On April 28 the feeding of green chop was discontinued and feeding
of uncontaminated hay began as recommended by the AEC. To fulfill
our first objective and to measure the effective dose reduction four
of the initial study cows were relocated to a separate holding pen and
continued on green chop. On May 14 these animals were returned to
the herd. All cows were fed green chop thereafter and supplemental
amounts of grain were fed during mi I kings.
A summary of the feeding schedule is presented below:
Table 1. Feeding schedule at William Schofield Dairy Farm
Date
Through Apri 1 27
Apr! 1 28 through May 13
May 14 to completion
Green Chop
138 cows
4 cows
138 cows
Hay
none
134 cows
none
Grain
138 cows
138 cows
138 cows
Average daily feedings per cow were estimated to be: hay-25 Ibs.,
or green chop-70 Ibs., and grain-8 Ibs.
The cows were milked twice daily by groups. Each of these two groups
contain-ed approximately fifty animals. The milking barn was equipped
with an eight-stall herring bone milking parlor system, four stalls
per side. Four cows were milked at a time and their milk piped
through a central piping system to holding tanks.
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Water was piped from wells to watering troughs in the feeding lots
where the water level was maintained by float-operated valves.
Bowl waterers were provided for the four separated study cows.
AI a mo
Forty Holsteins and one Jersey were being milked at the Lorraine
Lee Dairy Farm. They were usually fed green chop which had been
aged overnight, but there were some days during which Mr. Lee did
not cut any green chop. Consequently, there were times when hay
and chop or'only hay was fed. The feeding schedule is documented
in Table '2. Supplemental amounts of grain were fed during each
mi Iking.
The owner's estimate of usual amounts fed to each cow daily were:
green chop - 40 Ibs., and/or hay - 35 Ibs., and grain - 7 Ibs.
The dairy barn was equipped with a herring bone milking parlor
system with six stalls and three milking units. Since the number of
cows at this farm was smaller, no individual grouping was necessary.
Water was available at a watering trough connected to the city water
supply. Also, there was an irrigation ditch to which the cows had access,
The available milk production records for the selected study cows at
Alamo and Hiko are compiled in Table 3.
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Table 2. Feeding schedule at Lorraine Lee Dairy Farm
Date
D+1
D+2
D+3
D+4
D+5
D+6
D+7
D+8
D+9
D+10
D+11
D+12
D+13
D+14
D+15
D+16
D+17
D+18
D+1 9
a.m.
Hay
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
End of Study
Chop
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p.m.
Hay
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Chop
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Table 3. Data on Pin Stripe Study Cows.
oo
Estimated
Cow Estimated Calving Average % Estimated 305 Days in Days in
Number Age Date Butterfat Day Production Production .Gestation
57
97
116
141
Herd
Herd
Data
1
23
53
72
73
75
2.5 yr.
3.5 yr.
4.5 yr.
• 2.5 yr.
12/65
1/66
8/65
12/65
Averages: 3.49$ butterfat for
average per tests on 7 May: 3
from Virgin Va 1 ley Dairy Herd
7.0 yr.
7.5 yr.
6.0 yr.
6.5 yr.
5.0 yr.
7.0 yr.
Herd Average butterfat
No DHIA records aval lab
2/66
2/66
11/65
12/65
1/66
1/66
Hiko
4.3 5771 liters
3.0 6815 liters
3.4 6212 1 iters
4.3 3784 liters
previous 12 mos . , 5204 liters/cow
.35$ butterfat, 473 liters/cow for
Improvement Assn. (DHIA)
Alamo
4780 I iters
3767 I iters
3700 I iters
5154 I iters
3084 liters
6189 liters
135 Not Bred
127 "
277 "
155 105
for 305 days.
the previous month.
100
100
187
143
127
127
Production
to 5/7/66
2802
3282
5604
2128
1828
1454
2599
2467
1542
3084
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
1 iters
was estimated to be 3.1 to 3.4%.
le at this farm.
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III. SAMPLE COLLECTION
Mi Ik - Hiko
On April 26 the first samples were collected at Hiko. Two one-
gallon plastic cubitainers were filled with milk from cows in the
second group numbered 11, 57, 62, 68, 87, 97, 116 and 141.
Collection was from the pipeline during milking.
On April 28 four cows were randomly selected from the above group
(# 57, 97, 116, 141) and were moved to a separate holding pen and
continued on green chop while the rest of the herd was fed only
uncontaminated hay. A composite sample of two gallons of milk
was collected from eight of the hay cows and another two^gallon
composite was collected from the four green chop cows. The milk
lines were purged with air before and after each collection. The
remainder of the milk from the four green chop cows was withheld
from human consumption.
On May 13 the radioiodine content in the milk from the four cows
eating green chop had decreased enough to allow general feeding
of green chop; subsequently, the four cows were returned to the
feeding lot and all of the cows were fed green chop. From this
point forward, two gal!ons of milk were collected once each
week. The last samples were taken on June 8.
The two gallons of milk were composited in a large 2?-gal I on
cubitainer, thoroughly mixed, and two separate samples of one
gallon each were drawn off. One gallon of milk was preserved
with 10 ml of formalin. The preserved milk was gamma scanned
and the unpreserved milk was analyzed by a nitric acid procedure.
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B. Mi Ik - Alamo
At Alamo, two gallons of milk were collected during each milk-
ing, as a composite, from cows numbered 1, 23, 53, 72, 73, and
75. These samples were treated in the same manner as the Hiko
samples.
C. Fresh Vegetation
To determine the. amounts of fallout and the uniformity of depo-
sition, a grid was superimposed over the alfalfa fields at each
farm, involved in this study. The lines of the grid were 30 meters
apart and were designated as shown in Figure 2 for Alamo.
Sample plots were located at the intersection of the grid lines.
At the Schofield Dairy, an incomplete grid was used because of
the shape of the field (see Figure 3).
Samples were taken by clipping the vegetation 2" above ground
level. The samples included all plant material growing within
a 0.16 m2 area.
A daily sample was collected in one specific area of each field to
ascertain the disappearance half^life of radioiodines deposited
on the crops.
Random samples of green chop were taken daily from the feed
bunks to analyze for radio iodine content.
D. Hay
Approximately 100 to 350 gram hay samples were collected in plastic
bags daily at each farm. These were random samples taken directly
from the feed bunks.
E. Water
At Hiko, water was taken daily from two places during each
milking. One gallon was taken from the waterers provided for
the green chop cows and another gallon collected from the water
tank in the main holding pen.
A one-gallon composite sample was taken daily from an irrigation
ditch and a tank at Alamo. The reason for this composite was
that the cows had equal access to both sources.
10
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Oreen Chop & Hay
Sampling Locations \ \
Manger '
az
0 10 20 30 40
Water Sampling Location
Grain
Sampling
Location
LORRAINE LEE DAIRY FARM
ALAMO, NEVADA
Grid System
For Vegetation Study
EO
DO
CO
BO
Soil Sampling)
Location
a
o
3
O
4
O
Dairy Barn
3OOM To Alamo Air Sampling Station
O O O
Daily Vegetation Sampling Location'
\
I
Figure 2. Sketch showing sampling locations at Alamo.
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WILLIAM SCHOFIELD DAIRY FARM
HIKO, NEVADA
FIELD 2 75 m*t*n
Figure 3. Sketch showing sampling locations at Hiko
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F. Grain
At bofh farms 200 to 250 grams of grain were taken either daily
or twice daily. These samples were collected directly from the
feeders in the milking barn.
G. Soil
A 500 to 600 gram sample was taken daily from an undisturbed
area at each farm from the same general location in the field.
For each sample a soil surface area of 0.0350 m2 was utilized.
H. Eggs ,
Adjacent to the Schofield Dairy Farm is the Merle Schofield Farm.
At this farm, chickens were seen foraging in the fields. On
May 1, May 2, May 5 and May 25, eggs were purchased for
radioanalysis.
I. Blood Count
On April 28 and May 11, 30 cc of blood was drawn from the
jugular vein of each of the selected study cows at both farms for
laboratory analysis. A complete blood count was done on each
sample and, in addition, each was analyzed for serum protein
concentration and protein bound iodinei (FBI).
J. Air
Air samplers were in operation at the Merle Schofield Farm at
Hiko and at the M. K. Stewart Dairy Farm in Alamo. The
Environmental SurveiI lance, Off-site Section, has established
permanent stations at these places as part of its air surveillance
network.
K. External Exposure-rate
Exposure-rate readings were taken daily at each farm with an
Eberline Model E-500B portable survey instrument until back-
ground levels were reached. Expos.ure-rate from gamma
13
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radiation was measured at three feet and ground level. Beta
plus gamma was measured at ground level. The readings were
taken in the fields.
14
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IV. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
A. System Description
Both of the following systems were installed in a special truck
designed for mobility.
1. Gamma spectrometry was done with a system consisting of
a TMC Model 404C, 400 channel Pulse Height Analyzer, a
Model 520P Punch control with high voltage supply, a
Model 522 Resolver-lntegrator, IBM Model 11C Typewriter,
a Tally Model 420 Perforator and a Model 424 Reader. The
detector consisted of two 4" x 9" Nal(TI) crystals mounted
facing each other with vertical spacing variable from direct
contact to 14" separation. Both crystals have one power
supply and each crystal is viewed by four 3" photomultiplier
tubes. The crystal assembly was mounted in a specially
fabricated 12-ton steel shield with 6" walls. The inside
dimensions of the shield are 39 x 42 x 42 inches, and the
inside is lined with Pb, Cd and Cu sheeting.
2. The beta system consisted of a Beckman Model 1610 Wide-
Beta, automatic sample changer with time-of-day and
I
rrianua I si ide options. Readout was by means of IBM Model
25 printing card punch. Argon-10$/methan 90$ was used
as the counting gas.
B. Geometry and Calibration
The efficiencies and geometries used in the counting system are
shown in Table 4.
15
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Table 4. Data on counting systems
Sample Type
Mi Ik and
Water
Grain
Hay, field for-'
Gamma Counting
T31,
Geometry Efficiency*
4-1 iter plastic
cubi tainer
400 ml cottage
cheese container
400 ml telescoping
18.6$
36.2$
36.2$
Min imum Detect-
ab 1 e Leve 1 s
10 ± 5 pCi/l
80 ± 10 pCi/kg
100 ± 15 pCi/kg
age and green plastic container
chop
(compressed)
Soil . . 400 ml cottage 23.8$ 300 ± 50 pCi/kg
cheese container
Beta Counting
Nitric Acid- 4i" Planchet 37.8$ 4 ± 1 pCi/l
Mi I k Residue ; •
*The resolution of the gamma system was 9$; this was based on the
137Cs photopeak and 10 keV per channel.
C. Sample Preparation
1. Mi Ik and Water
Efforts were made to keep the volume of milk and water con-
ftant at 4 liters by removing excess milk or water from, the
ijpubi tainer or adding distilled water to the cubi tainer, which-
ever was required. The 4-Iiter plastic cubitainer was washed,
weighed, placed into a large plastic bag, and sealed with tape
prior to gamma scanning.
2. .Hay, Field Forage and Green Chop
Each of the vegetation samples was contained in a sealed
heavy 9" x 14" plastic bag. Each sample, bagged three-fourths
full and semi-tightly packed, was weighed and compressed
in a telescoping plastic container, 4" diameter and 2" in
height by using a 12 ton "Carver" Laboratory Press. The
plastic container was then sealed and placed in a plastic bag,
sealed with masking tape and gamma scanned.
16
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3. Grain and SoiI
Each of the grain and soil samples was placed in a 400 ml
cottage cheese container with a lid and sealed. Each container
was weighed, placed in a plastic bag, sealed with masking
tape, and counted.
4. Nitric Acid Residue
The residue from the nitric acid procedure was placed on a
4i" planchet. These samples were weighed for gravimetric
yield and counted in the Beckman Wide-Beta for gross beta
activity. The planchets were later placed in large petri dishes
r(15 x 2.5 cm), sealed, bagged and gamma scanned.
D. Sample Analysis
All samples were taken to a central location, the sample control
trailer located at Alamo, Nevada, logged and numbered in chrono-
logical order. All samples were gamma scanned by two 4" x 9"
opposed Nal crystals. The samples were counted until either a
minimum of 3,000 counts was collected in the 0.36 MeV channel
or for a maximum time of 40 minutes. For beta activity, the
samples were counted for 10,000 counts or 10 minutes.
E. Computations
The gamma scans on a 11 samples analyzed were punched on Tally
tape and the tapes were processed by a matrix method on an
IBM 1620 computer for quantitation of various radioisotopes.
All physical and effective half-lives were calculated by use of
a least squares best fit line.
17
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V. RESULTS
A. Grain
The results of the gamma scans on grain samples collected
from the L. Lee and W. SchOfjeld Dairy Farms are shown in
Table I of the Appendix. The peak 131I activities in the grain
at the two dairies were 760 and 690 pCi/kg respectively.
Indications were that the other iodine isotopes (132I, 133I, and'
135I) were not present in concentrations which might contribute
significantly to the total intake of contamination by the cows.
B. Water
The radioiodine concentrations calculated from the gamma scans
of water samples are shown in Tables II and 11 I of the Appendix.
The results indicated that radioiodine contamination was present.
The peak 131I values found were 150 pCi/liter at the Lee Dairy
farm and 430 pCi/liter at the Schofield Dairy Farm. The other
radioiodine .isotopes were not contributing significant activity
to the total intake.
i
The level of activity in water from the L. Lee Dairy Farm was
lower by a factor of 2 to 3 than that reported for the W. Schofield
Dairy Farm. It is apparent that either the fallout material was
being resuspended in the Hiko area or there was cross-contamination
of activity in water throughout the study.
C. Hay
The results of the gamma scans on the dry hay samples collected from
both dairies are reported in Table IV and V of the Appendix.
The peak 131I value was 2.8 x 103 pCi/kg for hay samples from
18
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the Lee Farm. There was a peak 131I activity of 2.2 x IQ^pCi/kg
in the Schofield hay. It should be noted that the other radioiodines
(132I, 133I and 135I) were also lower in hay from the Lee Farm compared
to hay from the Schofield Farm. Hay was not being fed to the cows
on April 26 through April 28 a:m. at the Schofield Dairy but was
on the premises during cloud passage. Uncontaminated hay from
Enterprise, Utah, was acquired to reduce the radioiodine intake
of the cows. Several samples were taken from the hay bales at
the time of delivery to Hiko. The gamma scans on these samples
indicated that radioactivity was not present. However, radio-
iodines were detected in Hiko hay samples collected from April 29
through May 13. It should be noted that the hay samples were
collected during the study from random locations in the feed manger..
The activity present in the "uncontaminated" hay was probably
due to resuspension or cross-contamination because of radio-
activity present in the feed manger. In any case, the hay fed
to th,p Schofield cows was not contaminated to any high degree
as is, shown by the milk results.
D. Green Chop
The npsuTts of the cut green chop samples collected from the Lee
and ^chofield Farms are shown in Table VI and VII of the Appendix.
The f),eak 131I activity in green chop samples collected from the
Lee Farm'was 1.8 x 101* pCi/kg; whereas, green chop samples
fromi the Schofield Farm had a peak value of 5.6 x 101* pCi/kg.
The 131I results from Tables VI and VII are plotted in Figures 4
and 5. The effective half-life of 131I in the green chop samples
from the Lee Farm was 6.69 ± 0.62* days whereas, it was 6.91 ± 1.22*
at the Schofield Farm. The fluctuating values were probably due
to the resuspension or cross^ontamination of activity in the
feed mangers where samples were taken.
*Value i standard deviation
19
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Teff=6.69 ± O.62 days
10 15
DAYS AFTER EVENT
20
Figure 4. 131I in green chop samples collected from the Lee Dairy.
20
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CD
O
a
O
Teff=6.91 ± 1.22 days
10
15 20
DAYS AFTER EVENT
25
30
Figure 5. 131I in green chop samples collected from the W. Schofield Dairy,
21
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As shown in Figure 5, the green chop samples collected from
the Schofield Farm suggested that a peak activity was reached
about April 30, which is an unexpected result. The Lee Farm
green chop samples peaked at the first sampling date, April 26,
as expected. The other radioiodines (132I, 133I and 135I) were
present in the green chop samples collected, with the Lee Farm
samples containing about half the activity of those from the
Schofield Farm. The peak values in the green chop sample from
the Lee Farm were 7.1 x 105 pCi/kg of 132I and 3.3 x 105 pCi/kg
of 133I. That green chop had been cut on D-day. The 132I and 133I
peak values for the Schofield Farm were 4.9 x 1Q5 pCi/kg and
4.4 x 105 pCi/kg respectively.
The 132I and 133I values from Tables VI and VII are plotted
in Figures 6 and 7. The effective half-lives of the two radioiodines
from the Lee Farm were 1.61 ± 0.18* and 0.92 ± 0.16* days for
132I and 133I respectively. The effective half-lives for 132I and
133I for the Schofield Farm were 2.02 ± 0.13* and 1.36 ± 0.11
respectively.
Field Forage
Field forage samples were taken from fields located on the Lee
and Schofield Dairy Farms and the radioiodine values found are
sho,Vj|n in Tables VI I I and IX of the Appendix. The peak 131I
activity found in the field forage samples from the Lee Dairy was
1.3, x ID1* pCi/kg. The Schofield Dairy Farm field forage samples
contained peak 131I values of 4.6 x 101* pCi/kg. At the Schofield
Farm| three different fields, labeled 1, 2 and 3 were sampled.
In general, the radioiodine values were similar among the three
fields. The 131I values in the field forage samples from Field "3"
(Table IX) are shown in Figure 8. The effective half-life was
4.92 ± 0.84* days. Rain which fell on May 10 and May 11 apparently
*Value ± standard deviation
22
-------
132 hTeff=1.61 ± O.18 days
133l:Teff=O.92 + O.16 days
10 15
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 6. 132I and 133I in green chop samples collected from the L. Lee Dairy,
23
-------
i"l:Teff=2.O2 ± O.13 days
«3l:Teff=1.36 ± O.11days
10 15
DAYS AFTER EVENT
20
Figure 7. 132I and 133I in green chop samples collected from the Schofield Dairy.
24
-------
Teff=4.92 ± O.84 days
5 10 15 20
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 8. 131I in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy
25
-------
did not affect the 131I activity. The 131I values were not sign if i.
cantly different among the three fields of the Schbfield Farm.
^
The 131I values in the field forage samples from Field "1" of the
Lee Farm are plotted in Figure 9. The effective half-life was
4.02 ± 0.50* days. A total of 0.18 inches of rain fell on May 9
p.m. and May 10 a.m. This rain appeared to have little effect
on the field forage 131I activity. It should be noted that the
1311 values from the two different fields sampled were not
significantly different.
The other iodines, 132I and 133l,were not detected in a sufficient
number of forage samples from the Lee Farm for further treatment.
The other iodines detected in the Schofield forage samples are
displayed in Table IX and graphed in Figure 10.
The peak value of both 132I and 133I, was '3.4 x 105 pCi/kg. The
effective half-life for 132I was 1.76 ± 0.31* days; whereas, the
halfrlife for 133I was 1.10 ± 0.12* days.
F. Deposition Study
The pharacterization of the vegetation on the alfalfa fields at the
two dairy farms was determined by the line intercept method. The
lina was a randomly located transect of the field of interest.
It vjias 100 feet long with sample points at each, inch. These data
are'shown in Table 5.
The activity in the 28 pasture samples taken from the sampling
grid! at Alamo on April 26 is shown in Table 6. Table 7 shows
similar data for samples fromHiko collected on April'27.'
G. Milk
The 131I activity in milk from the Lee Dairy Farm is shown in
Table X of the Appendix. The peak value of 1.4 x 103 pCi/l 131I
in milk was observed on April 28 p.m. These values are plotted
in Figure 11. The effective half-life was 3.97 ± 0.31* days.
*Value ± standard deviation
26
-------
Teff=4.02 ± 0.50 days
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 9. 131I in field forage samples from Lee Dairy.
27
-------
132I Teff=1.76 + O.31 days
T33
I Teff=1.10 + 0.12 days
10
6 8
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 10. 132I and 133I in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy.
28
-------
Table 5. Characterization of pastures at Alamo and Hiko
Item AI amo Hiko
Forage height 12" 12"
Percent ground cover 90.5 89.8
Density • 1.71 kg/m2 1.54 kg/m2
Plant species - percent
Medicago sativa 75.5 80.9
Bromus tectorum 9.9 12.4
Taraxacum officinale 5.1 *
Unknown spp. 4.6
Hordeum spp. 4.0
Descurania pinnata 0.4 3.5
Cruciferae spp. 0.3
Poa' spp. Trace
Erodium cicutarium Trace
Festuca arundinacea 3.2
* indicates not present.
29.,
-------
Table 6. Radioiodine in field forage samples from Lee Dairy Farm, Alamo
Sampl ing
Point
Al
A3
A5
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
01
D2
D3
D4
D5
El
E2
E3
E4
E5
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
x
s
CV
Symbol s:
X
S
ru
131I pCi
x 1 0^
.591
1.56
1.01
1.18
.914
.687
1.05
1.38
.930
.969
.875
1.24
1.51
1.15
1.02
1.15
1.11
.970
1.27
1.22
.814
.939
1.03
1.02
1.27
.723
1.09
1.02
1.06
.22
21.13
= mean
(Samples col I ected April 26)
/kg -''131I pCi/m2 ' 132I pCi/kg
x 101* x 107
1.09
2.39
1.57
1.76
1.71
1.36
1.-81
2.16
1.76
1.57
1.57
1.81
2.20
1.82
1.76
2.27
1.93
1.48
1.92
2.01
1.58
1.87
1.68
1.84 .
2.44
1.29
1.92
1.49
1.79
.32
18.00
11.40
32.50
9.17
8.25
21.40
.306
21.30
2.67
8.06
8.55
11.90
8.54
11.30
8.44
8.56
8.12
23.40
6.44
9.66
8.92
6'. 37
.6:89
6.59
1.65
8.20
17.10
7.84
27.10
11.09
7.6
70.06
133I pCi/kg
x 105
1.44
2.67
2.08
1.91
2.21
1.08
2.60
3.20
1.65
1.80
2.27
2.09
2.58
1 .91
1.69
1.80
2.80
1.77
2.19
2.23
1.43
1.59
1.62
1.64
1.93
1.94
1.81
2.41
2.01
.47
23.38
= standard deviation
— /^/-\£i -f-fr/-»i^n~f* r\£ \/ar*ia+ir\rt — f ..._ --.^ f 1 r\C\ ^
30
-------
Table 7. Radioiodine in field forage samples from Schofield Dairy
Farm, Hiko
Sampl ing
Point
A4
A5
A6
B3
B4
B6
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
D3
D4
D5
D6
E3
E4
E5
E6
F3
F4
F5
F6
X
s
CV
Symbols:
X
s
p\/
131I pCi/kg
x 101*
3.01
2.19
3.29
2.71
2.47
2.38
2.82
3.08
2.89
2.86
2.30
2.83
2.57
2.82
3.07
1.86
3.14
2.26
3.30
2.99
2.90
2.71
2.47
4.21
2.80
.47
16.84
= mean
= standard dev
-- /-* y*\/^ -f-f i /-* I £4 r> 4-
(Samples collected April 27)
131I pCi/m2 132I pCi/kg
x 101* x 106
4.99
4.54
5.80
3.84
4.36
3.64
4.99
4.06
4.93
5.58
2.96
4.14
3.10
4.12
3.73
3.06
4.67 •
3.64
4.81
.4.45 .
3.9
4.41
3.52
6.74
4.33
.9
20.78
iation
7.90
8.33
10.70
7.69
40.70
6.17
7.14
9.11
8.14
43.00
6.83
41.50
7.77
8.06
44.60
30.90
8.69
3.82
9.22
52.00
37.90
6.50
39.30
12.40
19.10
16.40
83.05
-\ M nm
133I pCi/kg
x 105
2.44
1.87
2.75
2.22
2.71
2.01
2.29
2.41
2.32
3.03
2.87
2.15
2.29
3.17
2.03
2.42
2.62
3.22
2.83
2.14
2.57
3.5.1
2.54
.43
18.00
X
31
-------
10
15
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 11. 131I in mi Ik of cows at L. Lee Dairy following ingestion of
contaminated hay and green chop.
32
-------
The other isotopes (132I and 133 I ) as tabulated in Table X are
shown graphically in Figure 12. The132! activity peaked on
April 27 and declined with an effective half-life of 3.07 ± 0.83*
days. The effective half-life for 133I was 0.92 ± 0.06* day.
The four cows separated from the Schofield herd on April 28 were
continually fed contaminated green chop f rom ,Apri I 28 thru June 8.
All of the radioiodines (131I, 132I, 133I and 135I) in the milk are
tabulated in Table XI of the Appendix. The highest 131I activity,
4.8 x 103 pCi/l, in the milk was observed on April 27 p.m. The
131I values are plotted in Figure 13. The effective half-life was
5.55 £ 0.34* days. The 132I. and 133I values are plotted in
Figures 14 and 15. The 132I and 133I activities in milk peaked
on April 28 and April 27 respectively. The effective half-lives
were 1.85 ± 0.25* days and 0.94 ± 0.09* days respectively for
and 133|.
After April 27 p.m., uncontaminated hay was fed to Schofield's
Dairy herd except for the four cows on green chop. There were
two deliveries of hay both of which were checked for possible
contamination. The gamma scans on the hay indicated that
radioactivity was not present when it was delivered. The radio-
iodinies found in milk from cows fed this hay are recorded in Table
XII
-------
UJ
h
O
a
132l:Teff=3.07 ± O.83 days
133l:Teff=0.92 ± O.O6 days
6 8
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 12. 132I and 133I in milk of cows at L. Lee Dairy following ingestion of
contaminated hay and green chop.
34
-------
Teff=5.55± 0.34 days
10*
10 15
DAYS AFTER EVENT
20
Figure 13. 131I in mi Ik of cows at Schofield Dairy following i
contaminated green chop.
ngestion of
35
-------
10'
Teff=1.85 ± O.25 days
- l.i> lir jsr,
10
Figure 14.
6 *b *7 8 Vg-
DAYS AFTER EVENT
132I in milk of cows at Schofield Dairy following ingestion of
contaminated green chop.
36
14
-------
Green Chop Teff=O.94 ± O.O9 days
Hay Teff=O.46 ± O.O1 days
3 4
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 15. 133I in mi Ik of cows at Schofield Dairy following ingestion of
contaminated green chop followed by uncontaminated hay.
37
-------
Teff=1.O1 ± O.O6 days
IT'I I
6 8
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 16. 131I in milk of cows at SchofieId Dai ry followi ng i ngestion of
uncontami nated hay.
38
-------
ground, summed in the 131I channels was calculated on the date
counted. A typical graph is s-hown in Figure 17. These data indicated
that a short-lived isotope was present or over-lapping into the
1311'channels. The results of the .physical half-lives from alI
repetitive counting are summarized in Table XIII of the Appendix.
It is apparent that another isotope was, or other isotopes were,
present in the 131I channels from April 26 through April 29. The
averaged half-li.fe value beyond April 29 was 8.64 days; which
probably represents 131I (8.08days). The 131I values were sub-
tracted from the short-lived isotope curve and the new activity was
rep lotted for physical decay. The average half-life for the short-
lived isotope(s) was calculated to be 1.05 days.
The results of the nitric acid procedure on milk have been given
, (5)
in a separate report.
I. Eggs
Eggs were collected from the Merle Schofield Farm at four
different times. For each sample six eggs were separated from
the s|iells and gamma scanned. The 131I activities are recorded
in TaJ/le 8. Note that 131I was present in egg contents rather
than the shells. The chickens which produced these eggs were
observed eating the contaminated forage near the dairy barn. .
Also,1 as reported In the previous section, eggs collected on
May 1 were counted repetitively.
Table 8. 131I in eggs from the Schofield Farm
Ave. Wt.*
Date Time Per Egg (gram) pCi/egg Shells
D (Apr! 1 215)
D + 6
D + 7
D + 10
D + 30
1200
1200
0725
1700
51.3
56.0
55.1
54.0
209
253
420
102
ND
ND
ND
ND
^Analysis of 6 eggs without shells.
ND - Not detectable
39
-------
5
Q.
O
O
Longer Half-Life Subtracted
From Short Half-Life Line
15 20
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 17. Repetitive counts on a milk composite from green chop fed cows
collected on April 26, p.m. (Schofield Farm).
40
-------
J. SoiI
Soil samples were collected at each dairy farm. Analytical results
are given in Tables XIV and XV of the Appendix for the Lee and
Schofield farms respectively.
K. Blood
The complete blood counts, serum protein values and FBI's done
on the study cows were all within normal ranges with no significant
changes in these indices being indicated between the two times
of blood collection, i.e., 3 and 16 days after the event. Results
on blood samples collected are contained in Table XVI of the
Appendix.
L. External Exposure-rate
The results of gamma and beta + gamma exposure-rate measurements
are shown in Table 9. Since the accuracy of the E-500B survey
meters is not known under these field conditions, the results
should be considered only on a relative basis.
M. Air Sampling
The results of air sampling conducted by SWRHL environmental
surveillance personnel are indicated in Table 10.
41
-------
Table 9,, E-500B exposure-rates on pastures
Days
After Event
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
Time
1600
1140
1030
1200
*
1730
1830
1600
1115
1700
1030
1800
1800
Hiko,
3 ' gamma
mR/hr
1.6
0.1
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
Alamo
0.23
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.02
Nevada
Surface gamma
mR/hr
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.04
, Nevada
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
Surface beta +
gamma - mR/hr
0.37
0.09
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.09
indicates reading not taken
42
-------
Table 10. Radioactivity in air samples - pCi/m3.
Pref liter, Hiko
Days
tyfter Event Gross Beta
0 3500
+ 1 100
+2 16
+3 0.6
+4 5.0
+5 0.6
+6 0.5
+7 0.2
131|
510
10
3
NO
0.8
0.2
NO
ND
132!
1900
22
9
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
133,
650
16
12
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
135,
3600
27
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Pref i Iter, Alamo
0 710
+ 1 44
+2 0.5
+3 3.0
+4 1.0
+5 0.4
+6 0.3
+7 0.3
+8 0.1
+9 0.4
+10 0.1
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
0
+ 1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+1
+8
+9
+ 10
" 1
57
2
ND
24
ND
ND
ND •
ND
ND
~
Charcoal
39
52
2
ND
0.7
0.6
0.6
ND
Charcoal
19
ND
0.9
0.8
0.5
ND
ND
0.5
ND
ND
ND
142
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
—
—
Cartridge,
330
84
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Cartridge,
86
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
110
4
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.NO
ND
~
— •
Hlko
150
290
0.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Alamo
75
ND
1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
220
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
--
—
1700
86
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO - Not detectable
43
-------
VI. DISCUSSION
The general purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an
inadvertent release of radioiodine in fresh fission products from an
underground nuclear test on normal dairy farm operations. The pro-
cedure was to analyze the radioiodine content in milk, feed (hay,
green chop and grain), water, soil and field forage samples collected
at the Lee (Alamo, Nev.) and Schofield (Hiko, Nev.) Dairy Farms.
Also, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect on radio-
iodine content in milk which results from feeding uncontaminated
hay to cows previously fed contaminated green chop.
The grain and water samples collected from the Schofield and Lee
Dairies contained 131I. The levels of 131I activity in grain at
both dairies were about the same; whereas, the water samples collected
from the waterers of the green chop fed cows at the Schofie.ld Farm
contained 2 to 3 times higher levsels of 131I compared to both the
Lee Farm water and water from the tank of the hay fed cows at the
Schofield Farm. It is probable that the 131I contamination was due
either to saliva from contaminated cows or resuspension of the con-
taminated debris. It was shown in a controlled experiment that cow's
saliva was contaminated as soon as 30 minutes after a capsule con-
/ o \
tain ing >131| was placed in the cow's rumen.
Samples of grain and water were collected from the feed mangers,
tank and waterers where the cow's saliva had direct contact. The
two irrigation ditch collections from the Lee Farm were not contami-
nated which indicated that the 131I activity probably came from other
sources as mentioned above.
44
-------
Thb other radioiodines such as 132I and 133I were not often detected in
the grain and water samples collected. These radioiodine isotopes
were all so low in concentration in these samples that they could not
have contributed much to the total radionuclide intake by the dairy
animals.
Hay stored at the Lee and Schofield Dairy Farms was exposed during
cloud passage and some radioiodine contamination occurred. The
activity jn hay at the Schofield Farm was about ten times higher than
at the Le$ Farm when the peak 131I values are compared. The 131I
activity |n the hay at Lee's Farm varied from not detectable to
2.8 x 103'pCi/kg during the study. At Lee's Farm, hay and green
chop were fed ad Iibitum.
Although the hay at the Schofield Farm was also exposed during the
cloud passage, none was being fed at this time. Green chop was the
major feed for the herd from April 25 through April 27. To decrease
the radioiodine activity in milk from cows eating the contaminated
green chop feed, uncontaminated hay was acquired from Enterprise,
Utah, to be fed, in place of green chop, to the dairy herd. Both
times thpt hay was acquired, background samples were taken and no
radioactivity was detected.
The radioactive iodines detected in the uncontaminated hay on later
samples does not likely represent activity ingested because the
radioiodine activity in milk following feeding of hay decreased rapidly
as will be discussed later.
The majority of contamination in feed was in the green chop cut from
the fields which were exposed during cloud passage at both farms. All
the radioiodines.reported in green chop from the Schofield Farm
were higher by a factor of 2 to 3 than the activity from radioiodines
in green chop from Lee's Farm. The effective half-lives for 131I in
green chop from the two farms were not significantly different. The
activity was highest at Lee's Farm on the first day of collection,
whereas, the apparent peak activity at SchofieId's Farm was not
45
-------
observed until April 30. This difference may be attributed to normal
sampling variations, differing deposition patterns or to a possible
recontamination at Schofield's.
There is some evidence to support the possibility of a recontamination
since radioactivity continued to seep from the Pin Stripe site for
several days following the event and prevailing w.inds were such, from
April 25 through April 30, that additional radioactivity could have
been carried from NTS to the Hiko-Alamo area.
On a previous inadvertent release of fresh fission products (Pike Event)
which was similar to this study, the green chop 131I values decayed
with an estimated effective half-life of 5.3 days. This half-life is in
general agreement with the values obtained for this'Study. The
slight difference may be due to the increased levels of activity on this
study and contamination in the cow's mangers which built up as the
study progressed. The half-lives in the field forage for this study
appeared to be slightly shorter than those in the green chop and thus
in better agreement with the Pike results.
The deposition study indicated average 131I values of 1.0 ± 0.2 x 104
pCi/kg for the Lee Farm on April 26 and 2.8 ± 0.5 x 10k pCi/kg for
the Schofield Farm on April 27. Since collection at Hiko was 15 hours
later than at Alamo, the correction to the same collection time
indicates that the Schofield Farm, Hiko, had about 3 times as much
1311 and 3.6 times as much 133I on the forage as the Lee Farm. These
differences were significant at the .005 level as determined by
.analysis of variance. These data suggest that Hiko was closer to
the center of the "hot line" than Alamo. The coefficient of variation
of these samples implies that a deviation of 20$ from the mean can
be expected for single samples. The separate forage sample collected
at Hiko, -two days after the event, as shown in Table IX, had a 131I
concentration of 2.6 x 101* pCi/kg. which is within 20$ of the average
value Iisted above.
46
-------
Autoradiographs of the alfalfa collected two days after deposition
indicated that the activity was still on the surface of the plants.
The daily average milk concentration of 131I at Hiko reached a peak
value two days after the event. While at Alamo the peak was reached
three days after the event. The effective ha If-lives were significantly
different, being 3.97 ± 0.31 days at the Lee Farm and 5.55 ± 0.34 days
for the green chop fed cows at the Schofield Farm. This difference in
effective half-lives may be related to the type of contaminant deposited
at the two locations. The higher activity in the field forage at Hiko
indicated that the Schofield Dairy .Farm was closer to the "hot line"
than Alamo and the Lee Dairy Farm. In addition, the air sampler data,
shown in Table 10, indicates that about 92% of the cloud at Hiko was
particulate while only 66% of the cloud at Alamo was particulate.
The possibility that more recontamination occurred at Hiko than at
Alamo, thus leading to a longer effective half-life at Hiko, can not
be overlooked. •
Another factor which suggests that difference in the type of contaminant
at the two locations could have been responsible for the different
effective half-lives in milk was the.similar effective half-lives of
1311 on the green chop fed to the two groups of cows. Of course, the
intermittent feeding of less highly contaminated hay, along with green
chop, at the Lee Farm was a complicating factor which may have con-
tributed to the shorter effective half-life in milk at that farm. How-
ever, this does not seem likely.
The effect- of the counter-measure employed in this study, i.e., feeding
uncontami^ated hay to the dairy herd, can be estimated by comparing
the thyrp.id doses that would have resulted with and without the counter-
measure. Since the thyroid dose depends on the radioiodine concen-
tration in the gland, and since the concentration depends on the
amount ingested, then, by assuming a constant daily percentage thyroid
uptake, the dose to the gland becomes a simple function of the sum of
47
-------
V, \
the daily activities in the milk. Adding the 131I activities in
the milk from cows fed green chop for the first 18 days, as shown in
Table XI, yields a total intake of 3.9 x 10^ pCi for an individual
drinking one liter per day. Since the countermeasure was instituted
three days after the event, then the first three 131I values from
Table XI must be added to the values in Table XII, milk from cows
fed uncontaminated hay, to get the sum of 1-12 x lO4 pCi total intake.
The ratio of these two sums is 0.29 suggesting that this countermeasure
would reduce the potential thyroid dose by 71 percent. Effects of
earlier or later application of this measure would correspondingly
have greater or less effect respectively. Figure 18 and Table 11,
which is derived from it, predict probable effectiveness if similar
countermeasures had been imposed at different times in this situation.
The 131I activities detected in the uncontaminated hay fed to these
cows, as shown in Table .12, was undoubtedly due to cross-contamination
since the hay samples were collected from the feed mangers. That
this hay was really uncontaminated is evidenced by the fact that the
effective half-life of 131I in milk from cows eating this hay was
about one day as would be expected after cessation of ingest ion of
contami nation.
Another similarity with the Pike study is the milk/forage ratio at the
two dairy farms involved in this study. Using measured peak concen-
tations in mi Ik.and green chop gives the following ratios:
n • c 1.4 x 103 pCi/liter A A-.Q
Lee Da.ry Farm - 1>8 x 10U £ci/kg - 0.078
c , ,. . . n . c 4.8 x 103 pCi/liter A AQ,
Scnofie d Dairy Farm - -r—z 10u r-~ /< = 0.086
1 5.6 x 10H pCi/kg
Similarly, corresponding values were derived for 132I and 133I. Since
the short half-lives of these iodines make the timi.ng of measurements
critical., the values used were D-day values obtained by extrapolation
of the least-squares lines (Figs. 6,7,12,14 and 15) and are shown in
Summary Table. All milk-to-forage ratios are summarized in Table 12.
48
-------
10
Herd on
uncontaminated hay
10 15
DAYS AFTER EVENT
Figure 18. Effect of countermeasure on 131I in milk at Schofield Dairy Farm.
49
-------
Table 11, 131I dose reduction as a result of counter-measures,
considering an 18-day period post event
Uncontanrjl'nated Hay Total 13^l Intake With Effectiveness of
Provided On 1 liter/day Intake countermeasure
(pCi) " (% dose saved)
D (Apri 1 25)
D + 1 '
D.+ 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5-
D + 6'
None
0
600
7,800
11,200
17,000
20,300
23,400
39,000
100
98
80
71
56
48
40
0
Notes:
1. Uncontaminated hay fed only through 18 days after the event and
starting on day indicated.
2. Only source of 131I to .cow assumed to be contaminated green chop.
Table 12. Milk to forage ratios for radioiodines .
AIamo . H i ko
131I 0.078 . 0.086
132I 0.023 0.22
133I 0.038 0.106
50
-------
The 131I ratios are in close agreement with the ratio of 0.08 (peak in
milk divided by peak in green chop) obtained from the data at the
Habbart Farm during the Pike study. No reported comparable values
for 132I and 133I are available for comparison. .
It is interesting to note that all milk to forage ratios at Alamo appear
to be smaller than corresponding ones at Hiko suggesting that, for some
currently unexplainable reason, the radioiodines at Alamo appeared to
be less biologically available than those-at.'Hiko.
A calculation of total percent of 131I ingested which was secreted in
the milk at Alamo and at Hiko gave results of 4.9 and 10.4# respectively.
This finding tends to support the previous statement on reduced bio-
logical availability at Alamo.
All of the results in this report are based on computer analysis using
a matrix method. The appearance of a two-component decay curve in
the 131I peak channels on repetitive counting suggests that the calibra-
tion standards and interference coefficients may not be sufficiently
accurate when counting samples containing fresh fission products.
Because of this possibility, early milk samples were retained until the
short-lived contaminant decayed out; then they were reanalyzed for
131I and the results corrected back to time of collection.
Another item from this study was the detection of 131I in eggs as
shown in Table 8. The eggs were collected after chickens were
observed eating contaminated forage near the dairy barn. The peak
value of 420 pCi 131I/egg, detected in eggs layed 10 days after the
event, suggests that eggs would probably not be an important source
of human exposure compared to the milk produced in the same area.
All of the iodine activity was in the edible portion of the egg, though,
as none was detectable in shel-ls.
51
-------
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In general all objectives set forth in Section I were accomplished.
Table 13 presents a summary of some 131I data of interest.
Table 14 gives a comparable summary for 132I and 133I data. The
numbered paragraphs below pertain to ,the numbered study objectives
formulated in Section I.
1. The T for 131I in milk at Hi.ko, 5.6 days, appears to be
significantly different from the comparable value at Alamo,
4.0 days. Several possible contributing factors for the difference
have been discussed in Section VII, but at this time it is not
possible to explain the difference, if it is real, in any clear-cut
fashion. The milk to forage ratios for 131| of 0.086 at Hiko and
0.078 at Alamo agree quite well with our Pike value of 0.08 at
the Habbart Farm. No comparable data are available with which
to compare our 132I and 133I results from this study.
2. Within approximately one day after uncontaminated hay was sub-
stituted for contaminated green chop for the dairy herd at Hiko,
1"ne I f+ f°r 131' in "t"ne milk changed from 5.6 days to 1.0 days.
Thus.the preventive measure, or countermeasure, utilized at
Hiko was extremely effective in rapidly reducing levels of 131I
in mi Ik.
3. At Hfko the 131I T ,, in green chop was 6.9 days whereas in
field cut forage it was 4.9 days. Corresponding values at
Alamo were 6.7 and 4.0 days respectively. The apparent longer
T ,, in green chop compared to field cut forage at both locales
suggests that contamination was building up in the cows'
mangers over the course of the study.
52
-------
Table !3. Summary of 131I Results.
Farm
L. Lee
W. Schofield
W. Schofield
Tjme . Tgff for
cfi^&efr. • ' Forage • -^at^ir^r;
Value Peak Value Peak pCi/kg in Feed Days Teff Peak
in Milk in Milk Green Green Field For Milk Milk (pCi/D to
Description Days pCi/l Chop Chop Forage Days Peak Green Chop -(pCi/kg)
Hay and Green Chop 3 1.4 x 103 1.8 x lO1* 6.7
ad libitum intermit-
4.0 4.0 0.078
tently
Green Chop Cows 2 4.8 x 103 5.6 x 10" 6.9 4.9 5.6 0.086
Hay* - - - - - -
*Uncontaminated hay acquired from Enterprise, Utah, and fed after April 27.
Table 14. Summary of 132I and 133I results.
Farm
L. Lee
W. Schofield
132,
Probable n
Peak Values 'eff ~ ys
Green Green Field
Description Chop Milk Chop Forage Mil!
pCi/kq pCi/liter
Hay and Green Chop Feed 3.1xlQ5 7.2x103 2.0 — 3.0'
ad libitum intermittently
Green Chop Feed 4.5x105 I.OxlO5 1.6 1.76., 1.8!
133|
Probable _ _
Peak Values eff ys
/ Green Green Field
Chop Milk Chop Forage Milk
pCi/kq pCi/liter
S.OxlO5 1.9X101? .92 .92
7.5x105 S.OxlO1* 1.40 1.1 .94
-------
4. At Hiko the net open field three foot gamma reading in mR/hr
was approximately 0.08 at 24 hours after the Pin Stripe event.
The corresponding value at Alamo was 0.02. The peak levels of
131I in milk reached at Hiko and Alamo were 4,800 and 1,400 pCi/l
respectively. On the basis of these two pairs of values it is
possible to calculate peak 131I level in milk to open field gamma
exposure-rate conversion factors of 60,000 and 70,000 for
Hiko and Alamo respectively. These measured factors agree quite
(4)
well with predictions of Knapp , who predicts that such
conversion factors should be in the range of 25,000 to 100,000.
5. The coefficient of variation for 131I on pCi/kg basis for cut
field forage samples at Alamo was 21.1$ whereas it was 16.8$
at Hiko. These values indicate that the contamination at these
two study farms was reasonably homogeneous on this basis.
The coefficients of variation on a pCi/m2 basis were only
siightly different from the values cited above on a pCi/kg basis.
6. The levels of radioiodines in hay, grain and drinking water being
consumed by cows at Hiko and Alamo were low enough that these
additional sources of contamination were probably negligible
compared to contaminated green chop.
7. Considering an eighteen-day period after the Pin Stripe event,
the substitution of uncontaminated hay for contaminated green
chop at the Schofield Farm, beginning three days after the event,
reduced the potential thyroid dose of humans consuming one
liter of milk per day to only 29$ of the dose which would have
resulted had no countermeasure been applied. This counter-
measure would have been even more effective if it had been
imposed earlier after the Pin Stripe event.
8. Results and discussion pertinent to this objective have been
reported separately
54
-------
REFERENCES
1. Interim Report of Off^-Site Surveillance for Project Pin Stripe -
SWRH|_ (in press)
2. Single Dose 131I - 126I Ratio Study in Dairy Cows (SWRHL - 27r)
3. Dairy Farm Radioiodine Study Following the Pike Event (SWRHL - 14r)
4. Knapjp, H. A., lodine-131 in Fresh Milk and Human Thyroids
Following a Single Deposition of Nuclear Test Fallout, TID - 19266
5. Comparison of 131I and Gross Beta Activities in Milk Following
the pin Stripe Event (in preparation)
55
-------
APPENDIX
Table I. Radioiodine activity in grain samples. 57
Table II. Radioiodine activity in water from Lee Dairy Farm. 58
Table III. Radioiodine activity in water from Schofield
Dairy Farm. 59
Table IV. Radioiodine activity in hay from the Lee Dairy Farm. . 60
Table V. Radioiodine activity in hay from the Schofield
Dairy Farm. . 61
Table VI. Radioiodine activity in green chop from the Lee
Dairy Farm. 62
Table VII. Radioiodine activity in green chop from the Schofield
Dairy Farm. 63
Table VIII. Radioiodine activity in field forage from the Lee
Da i ry Fa rm. 64
Table IX. Radioiodine activity in field forage from the
Schofield Dairy Farm. 65
Table X. Radioiodine in milk from the Lee Dairy Farm. 66
Table XI. Radioiodine in milk from the Schofield Dairy Farm, 67
Table XII. Radioiodine in milk from the Schofield Dairy Farm. 68
Table XIII. Ha If-lives from repetitive counting. 69
Table XIV. Radioiodine activity in soil samples from L. Lee
Da i ry Fa rm. 70
Table XV. Radioiodine activity in soil samples from W.
Schofield Dairy Farm. 71
Table XVI. Results of blood analysis 72
56
-------
APPENDIX
Table I. Radlolodine activity In grain samples
0 (April
p + I
P + 2
P + 3
D + 4
P + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
0+11
D + 12 .
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
L. Lee
Time
!§)
1928
0630
1646
0944
1714
1702
1702
0940
0616
0704
0650
0620
0630
0645
0700
0728
0632
0710
0840
Dairy Farm, Alamo, Nevada
1.3 1| 132| I33| 13S|
•
ND
38
2.2E2 3.2E1* 7.2E2 9.3E3
ND
ND 4.9E2
7.6E2
3.3E2
ND
ND
2.5E2
2.3E2
ND
ND .
2.5E2 .
1.2E2
3.7E2
2.6E2
1.7E2
ND
W. Schofield Dairy Farm, Hiko, Nevada
D + 2
q + 3
P + 4
P + 5
P + 6
P + 7
D + 8
D + 9
q + 10
q, + 11
1} +' 12
Q) + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
0705
1815
0705
1735
1845
1735
1635
1735
1715
1745
1735
1815
1805
1745
1735
1735
1735
1725
ND 6.0E2
3.7E2
ND
ND
ND
6.9E2
4.5E2
ND
ND
6.3E2 4.7E2
4.4E2
4. IE2
ND
ND
ND 2.5E2
V.6E2
ND'
2.3E2
ND - Non-detectable
3.7E2 = 3.7 x 102
57
-------
Table I I . Radioiod.ine activity in water from Lee Dairy Farm
pCi/liter
Date Time Location
131
1321
133|
D (Apri 1 2||f)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D +18
1940
0630
0630
1700
0636
0650
1720
1718
0856
0626
0700
0650
0630
0630
0700
0710
0726
0620
0710
0840
Ditch
Trough
Ditch
Compos i te
Comp i s i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Composite
Compos i te
Composite
Composite
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
Compos i te
ND 5.6E2 6.9E2
60
ND
1.2E2
90 60
90
1.0E2
1.5E2
ND
ND
50
70
ND
ND
ND 4.2E2
30
30
80
ND
ND
Composite samples collected from irrigation ditch and trough
5.6E2 = 5.6 x 102
ND - Non-detectable
58
-------
Table ill. Radloiodlne activity in water from Schofield Dairy Farm.
Date
D (Apr! 1 25)
D + 3
0 + 4
qi + 5
q, + 6
q + 7
q, + 8
qi + 9
q + 10
q + 11
0+12
0+13
0+14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Note: Water
D + 1
q + 2
Q + 3
D + 4
D + 5
0 + 6
0 + 7
0 + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
0+12
0+13
0+14
D + 15
0+16
0+17
D + 18
Note: Water
Hay Fed Cows
Time
1705
0655
1735
1715
1645
1705
1705
1715
1815
1705
1825
1755
1715
1725
1715 ' !
1655
Col lected from common tank
Green Chop Fed
1745
0705
1715
0705
1655
0655
1800
1715
1655
1715
1655
1705
1705
1715
1735
1745
1711
1725
1725
1655
collected from an automatic
pCi/llter
131| 132| 133|
90
2. IE2
2.6E2
2.4E2
2.0E2
1.7E2
2.0E2
2.2E2
2.3E2 7.0E2
1.4E2 8. IE2
1.2E2
ND
1.4E2
LIE2
1.5E2
70 .
Cows
2.7E2
1.1E2 1.6E2
2.4E2
1.9E2
1.7E2
4.3E2
3.6E2
2.4E2
2.4E2
1.7E2
1.4E2
2. IE2
61
LIE2
96
1.2E2
1.8E2
1.0E2
ND
2.7E2
waterer (Star Manufacturing O
2. 1 E2 = 2.1 x 10Z
ND - Non-detectable
59
-------
Table IV. Radipipeline activity in hay from the Lee Dairy Farm
Date
D (Apr! 1 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D +. 17
D + 18
Time
1940
1030
165-6
0638
1728
0644
0636
1720
0630
1740
0646
1720
0650
1710
0640
1740
0650
1700
0703
1720
0712
0724
0630
0720
0900
pCi/kg
131 | 132| 133| 135|
2,2E3 4.2E5
ND
, ND
9.0E2
6.2E2
ND.
1.8E2
1.8E3
1.5E3 2.3E3
8.8E2
2.8E3
1.2E2
2.0E3 2.4E3
ND 2.3E3
1.3E3
ND
1.0E2
ND
ND
ND
5.9E2
ND
8.2E2
3. IE2
ND
2.2E3 = 2.2 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
D + 6 - No samp Ie
60
-------
Table V. Radioiodine activity in hay from the Schofield Dairy Farm.
Date
D (Apri 1 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
-
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15 .
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Time
1725"*
1905*
0705*
1655*
2000t
0655
1735
0755
1735
0745
1725
0745
1635
0735
1705
0645
1705
0635
1655
0725
1635
0655
1655t
0745
1725
1735
1715
1725
1715
1655
pCi/kg
131| 132| 133|
1.2E5 LIE5
2.0E3
2.2E1* 1.2E5 6.0E4
7.5E2 1.0E1*
ND
4.4E3 USE1*
1.0E1* L4E"
ND
2.0E3
ND 9.4E2
ND
6.0E3
L8E3
1.7E3
1.4E3
6.0E3 4.2E3
1.3E3
1.2E3
9.4E2
ND
7.4E2
1.2E3
ND
2. IE3
8.7E2
2.9E3
8.6E2
1.7E3
3.0E3
5.3E2
*Hay on the Schofield farm was exposed during the choud passage, was not fed.
From the evening of D + 3 through D + 18 uncdntaminated hay, from
Enterprise, Utah, was fed to cows.
tHay sample was taken immediately after delivery.
1.2E5 = 1.2 x 105
ND - Non-detectable
61
-------
Table VI. Radioiodine activity in green chop fro.rn the Lee Dairy Farm
Date
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 16
D + 18
Time
1600
1934*
1658
1700
0640
1714
0646
1728
1000
1720
0630
1730
0646
1720
0650
1710
0640
0650
1710
0655
1720
0712
0630
0900
131,
I.SE4
ND
LIE"
1.4E4
1.6E"
8.7E3
8.6E3
9.2E3
8. IE3
9.2E3
9. IE3
8.2E3
6.8E3
7.8E3
6.4E3
6.6E3
7.3E3
5.2E3
3.9E3
4.0E3
4.4E3
5.5E3
2.7E3
2.5E3
pCi/kg
132| 133| 135|
2.4E5 2.6E5 ND
7.1E5 3.3E5 ND
1.6E5 4.1E1* 6.0E1*
1.5E5 3.3E1*
4.3E1* 2.4E11
8.6E3 ND
ND 5.7E3
7.6E3
7.9E3
ND
6.8E3
6.6E3
6.4E3
5.8E3
ND
4.3E3
4.4E3
ND
1.7E3
*Green chop was cut on D-Day p.m.
1.8E1* =' 1.8 x 101*
ND = Non-detectable
62
-------
Table VII. Radioiodine_activity in preen chop from the Schofield Dairy Farm.
pCi/kg
Date
Time
131 |
132| 133| 135|
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D T 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
D + 21
D + 24
D + 30
1725
0805
1715
0705
1655
0655
1735
0745
1735
0745
1725
0745
1645
0735
1715
0645
1655
0635
1705
0725
1645
0645
1705
0805
1735
0725
1735
1709
1725
1725
1655
1705
1715
1700
ND
ND
3.2E1*
1.7E14
4.4E"
5.6E1*
5. IE1*
5.6E11
5.2E4
5.2E1*
5.5E1*
2.2E4
3.5E1*
1.9E1*
1.8E1*
2.7E1*
3.0E4*
3.2E1*
1.9E"
1.7E1*
9.4E3
1.3E1*
LOE4
\.7Ek
1.4E1*
.2.0E1*
1.3E1*
I.OE4
1.3E1*
1.7E1*
1.2E1*
7.2E3
1.0E1*
1.1E3
4.9E5 4.4E5 ND
3.0E5 2.4E5 ND
1.2E5 2.3E5 ND
ND ND ND
2.9E5 1.0E5 8.7E"
1.9E5 8.9E1*
7.0E1* 5.9E1*
7.0E1* 4.7E1*
5.4E4* ND
ND 3.6E1*
S.OE1* 3.5E1*
2.2E4*
3. IE1*
1.4E1*
1.3E4
1.6E^
1.7E1*
1.9E1*
1.3E1*
1.1E1*
6. IE3 .
5.5E3
6.3E3
6.5E3
6.7E3
6. IE3
4.9E5 = 4.9 x 105
ND - Non-detectable
63
-------
Table VI H. Radioiodine activity in field forage from the Lee Dairy Farm
Date
D (April 25)
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18 .
Field*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
Time
1702
1746
1728
1706
0906
0624
0636
0630
0630
0640
0710
0716
0720
0610
0700
0720
0740
0850
0910
pCi/kg
131| 132| 133|
1.3E1* ND ND
8.2E3 8.6E3 9.7E3
1.0E1* 8.0E3 ND
6.6E3 4.9E3
1.0E4 1.2E2
7.4E3 ND
6.2E3
5.2E3
4.2E3
3.0E3
3.0E3'
1.4E3
7.5E2
1.9E3
2.5E3
8.0E2
2.4E2
1.2E2
ND
*Field 1 is at the Lee Dairy Farm.
Field 2 is located across the road from the farm (£ mile).
1.3E4* = 1.3 x Ip1*
ND - Non-detectable
64
-------
Table IX. Radioiodine activity in field forage from the SchofieId Dairy Farm,
Date
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Field
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
Time
1805
1705
1715
1825
1835
1835
1635
1725
1825
1805
1725
0725
1725
1715
1655
1645
1805
1825
1715
1725
1705
1715
1705
1651
1705
1715
1745
1755
1735
1745
131,
ND
2.6E4*
4.6E1*
2.8E1*
3.2E"
2.5E1*
2.7E1*
1.3E1*
1.2E3
1.5E1*
2.0E1*
USE1*
7.8E3
9.9E3
7.7E3
8.9E3
2.0E"
1.0E1*
].2Ek
2.9E1*
1.0E1*
5. IE3
6.2E3
.7.5E3
l.OE1*
6.0E3
6.7E3
3.6E3
4. IE3
4.5E3
pCi/kg
132| 133| 135|
3.0E5 3.4E5 5.3E5
7.2E" 1.5E5 ND
3.4E5 LIE5 ND
3.2E1* 3.3E1* ND
3. IE1* ND ND
ND 1.5E1* ND
2.4E1* ND ND .
1.3E3 ND
5.7E3 ND
8.6E3 ND
LIE1* 6.7E2
8.7E3 ND
5.9E3
6.7E3
4.6E3
5.0E3
1.0E1*
6.0E3
ND
1.5E3
1.4E3
ND
Field 1 - Northwest of dairy barn - sprinkler system
Field 2 - East of dairy barn - flood irrigation
Field 3 - North of dairy barn - flood irrigation
3.0E5 = 3.0 x 105
ND = Non-detectable
65-
-------
Tab Ie X. Radio1odine in milk f rom the Lee Dai ry Farm,
Date
Cows Fed Contaminated Green Chop.,..,.,
BCi/l iter
Time 131I 132I 133I 135I
D (Apr! 1 25)
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
D +
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
i
11
12
13
14
15
1
18
1700
0630
1730
0644
1748
0710
1758
0656
1756
0642
1800
0642
1730
0646
1750
0706
1730
0700
1745
0650
1800
0650
1740
0715
1740
0650
0740
0700
0700
6.0E2
1.1E3
9.8E2
8.0E2
1.4E3
8.0E2
7.6E2
4.4E2
5.3E2
6.3E2
6. IE2
4.6E2
5.2E2
4.5E2
4.5E2
3.0E2
3.4E2
2.9E2
2.6E2
2.0E2
2.2E2
2.0E2
2.2E2
1.3E2
1.5E2
2. IE2
8.0E1
1.0E2
4.0E1
2.0E3
4.7E3
8.5E3
2.5E3
3.9E3
1.9E3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.4E3
. 1.5E3
1.0E3
1.2E3
ND
1.4E2
9.5E2
8.9E2
ND
ND
ND
ND
7.0E2
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.0E3
1.9E3 2.8E3
3.6E3 2.2E3
2.5E3 ND
1.4E3
1.8E3
7.3E2
5.4E2
2.6E2
2. IE2
1.9E2
1.5E2
ND
•6.0E2 = 6.0 x 102
ND - Non-detectable
66
-------
Table XI. Radioiodine in mi Ik from the Schofield Dairy Farm.
Cows Fed Contaminated Green Chop
pCi/liter
Date Time 131I 132, 133, 135,
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
D + 21
D + 24
D + 30
D + 44
1735
0735
1810
0705
1755
0905
1735
0745
1805
0715
1815
0725
1805
0725
1845
0745
1 755
0725
1805 .
0705
1755
0725
1745
0745
1805
0715
1748
1755
1755
1735
. 1725
1735
1715
1725
1725
3.3E3 '
4.4E3 '
4.8E3
4.0E3 '
3.7E3
3.9E3 /
4. IE3
3.3E3
3.2E3
3.5E3
4.0E3
3.0E3
3. IE3
.2. IE3 '
1.8E3
1.9E3
i.8E3
1.6E3 '
1.7E3
1.5E3
1.3E3
LIE3
9.3E2
L2E3'"
1.0E3
1.4E3
1 .2E3
9.5E2 -
8.6E2
9.5E2
3.8E2
3.7E2
1.6E2
2.9E2
7.4E1
1.7E1* 2.0E1* 2.3E1*
LSE1* LSE* 5.0E3
9.9E1* 1.2E4 ND
1.3E5 6.7E3
ND . 4.7E3
ND ND'. .
ND ND
1.6E" 2.4E3
1-.4E1* L4E3-
6.9E3 7.2E2
7.7E3 ND
6.5E3 1.7E2
i 5.9E3 7.0E1
L7E3 ND.
4. IE3 .
. 3.5E3
3.4E3
3.5E3
ND
2.7E3
2.8E3
2.3E3
1.6E3
4.2E2
ND
• 1 * ! |
T-: v" " ' ' '
I
'<•
3.3E3 = 3.3 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
67
-------
Table XII. Radioiodine in mi Ik from the Schofield Dairy Farm
Date
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
(April 25)
+ 3
+ 4
+ 5
+ 6
+ 7
+ 8
+ 9
+ 10
+ 11
+ 12
+ 13
Cows
Time
0705
1735
0645
1725
0735
1745
0705
1735
0715
1745
0655
1825
0725
1735
0705
1755
0655
1725
0715
1735
0735
1755
Fed Uncontaminated
4.0E3
*'** 3.7E3
1.5E3
/lZ"r 1.0E3
^5.0E2
W *? S
A ^ F
2.5E2
•"W
1.3E2
•|l5 1.0E2
8.0E1
7.0E1
ND
3.0E1
ND
4.0E1
^ 4.0E1
6.0E1
3.0E1
ND
06 5-°El
4.0E1
Hay
pCi/l iter
132,
1.0E1*
1.0E1*
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.4E3
1.3E3
ND
1.2E3
ND
8.0E2
.ND '
6.8E2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5.2E2
ND
133|
6.7E3
4.7E3
1.4E3
7.3E2
2.9E2
1.5E2
7.0E1
4.0E1
ND
4.0Ed = 4.0 x 10d
ND - Non-detectable
68
-------
Table XIII. Ha If-lives from repetitive counting
Physical Hal
Date
D (April
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 6
D + 10
D + 1
D + 6
D + 4
D + 1
Time
25)
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m..
a.m.
p .m.
p .m.
p.m.
p .m.
p.m.
p .m.
p.m.
Average D
Overa
Sample
Type
Mi Ik
Milk
Mi Ik
Milk
Mi Ik
Mi Ik
Mi Ik
Milk
Green
Chop
Eggs .
Milk
Green
Chop
Location
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Schof ield
Lee
Lee
+ 1 through D + 4
Short
1.5
1.8
, 2.0
2.8
3.0
3.5
0
0
2.5.
0
0
2.3
2.42
1 1 Average
Long
8.5
8.5
9.4
12.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.5
8.6
7.7
8.5
. •
8.64
If-Llfe (Days)
Short After
Subtracting Lonq
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
0
0
1.0
0
0
1.0
1.05
69
-------
Table XIV. Radioiodine act!vity in soil samples from L. Lee Dairy Farm
Co 1 1 ect i on
Date T i me 1 3 1 1
pCi/ki logram
132| 133|
135|
D (April 25)
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D + 9
D + 10
D + 1 1
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
1930
1720
1710'
1754
1730
1704
0900
0640
0640
0620
0640
0630
0650
0716
0720
0614
0720
0850
3.56E3
2.04E3
1.74E3
1.20E3
1.30E3
4.10E3
1.08E3
2.41E3
1.85E3
1.51E3
1.36E3
1.21E3
1.67E3
1.19E3
9.70E2
9.40E2
1.04E3
1.59E3
7.31E4
5.75E4
5.59E3
2.64Elf
1.44E3
4.23E3
1.61E3
1.36E1*
2.09E3
1.33E3
1.05E3
1.25E3
1.29E3
2.16Elf
4.20E3
1.40E3
8.80E2
6.90E2
1.76E3
5.50E2
1.51E3
1.00E3
5.60E2
5.90E2
6.70E2
5.30E2
••
ND
ND
ND
'1.10E1*
1.60E2
7.30E2
2.80E2
ND
2.70E2
2.80E2
1.30E2
3.56E3 = 3.56 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
70
-------
Table XV. Radioiodine activity in soil samples from W. Schofield
Dairy Farm
Date
D (Apri
D + 1
D + 2
D + 3
D + 4
D + 5
D + 6
D + 7
D + 8
D -I- 9
D + 10
D + 11
D + 12
D + 13
D + 14
D + 15
D + 16
D + 17
D + 18
Col lection
Time
1 35)
1805
1825
1715
1735
1800
1835
1635
1710
. 1725
1725
1655
1825
1725
1715
1705
1715
1755
1745
131,
4.20E3
4.43E3
4.61E3
3.37E3
1.14E1*
4.89E3
2.15E3
1.89E3
1.81E3
3.16E3
2.19E3
2.82E3
2.97E3
1.94E3
1.63E3
1.17E3 •
1.79E3
1.54E3
pCi/ki logram
,132|
5.82E1*
1.40E5
2.11E1*
6.37E3
1.58E1*
4.79E3
2.78E3
1.94E3
1.85E3
2.58E3
1.99E3
2.53E3
1.97E3
133,
3.71E1*
1.79E1*
9.66E3
3.88E3
8.53E3
3.21E3
7.60E2
8.00E2
7.70E2
135|
9.10E3
/ND
ND
9.00E2
2.21E3
6.50E2
ND
2.40E2
3.70E2
1.80E2
2.80E2
4.20E3 = 4.20 x 103
ND - Non-detectable
71
-------
Table XVI. Results of blood analysis
Cow
1
23
53
.72
73
75
1
23
53
72
73
75
57
68
85
97
112
116
137
141
57
97
116
141
Hgb
HCT
RBC
WiBC
gms.
Date Hqb
+ 3 13.0
+ 3 12.7
+ 3 13.4
+ 3 12.3
+ 3 13.0
-i- 3 13.0
+ 16 12.0
+ 16 12.0
+ 16 12.3
+ 16 11.7
+ 16 11.7
+ 16 12.3
+ 3 12.0
+ 3 11.3
+ 3 13.9
+ 3 13.0
+ 3 11.7
+ 3 11.7
+ 3 12.7
+ 3 13.4
+ 16 11.3
+ 16 13.0
+ 16 12.7
+ 16 13.0
Alamo
? 1 x 106 % % % % % %
HCT
38
42
44
37
42
39
41
41
42
39
39
40
38
36
42
40
36
36
38
43
39
42
41
44
RBC
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.7
5.1
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.9
5.1
2.8
4.9
4.9
4.8
WBC
6400
8600 .
5550
10200
11700
14100
5300
4300
6150
9450
10800
9600
11800
7900
6100
9500
7300
11300
13800
8100
7700
10700
8850
8150
- Hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- Red blood eel Is
- Wh i te b 1 ood ce 1 1 s
JUV.
-o
0
0
0
0
' 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
JUV
STAB
SE6S
LYMPH
STAB. SEGS.
4 35
0 34
2 41
2 43
2 36
3 23
3 35
2 34
2 32
3 40
3 31
4 23
Hiko
1 44
2 28
4 38
2 35
0 30
1 40
3 40
2 43
2 32
1 43
1 45
2 39
- Juvehi 1e§ .
- Neutroph i Is
- Segmented neutrophi
- Lymphocytes
LYMPH
56
54
52
53
55
46
56
59
59
53
63
57
51
67
52
61
67
54
54
49
63
55
48
56
Is
EOS.
2
7
4
1
5
22
3
3
6
4
3
14
2
3
4
2
1
5
1
2
3
0
6
3
MONO.
3
5.
1
0
2
6
3
2
1
0
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
4
0
1
0
0
EOS
MONO
BASO
TP
FBI
% gm/100
BASO. TP
0 8.1
0 8.8 .
0 . l.\
0 8.1 .
0 8.5
0 8.1
0 7.8
0 8.3
0 6.7
0 7.8
0 7.4
0 7.7
0 8.0
0 7.6
0 8.3
0 8.3
0 7.7
0 7.7
0 9.5
0 7.5
0 7.2
0 7.9
0 7.1
0 7.5
- Eosinophi Is
- Monocytes
- Basoph i 1 s
- Total protein
- protein-bound iodine
vgm
PBI
3.00
2.25
3.65
3.65 •
2.45
2.5u
2.70
2.60
3.35
3.30
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.. 20
2.40
3.25
2.45
2.35
2.35
2.50
2.80
3.10
3.20
2.85
-------
DISTRIBUTION
1 - 20 SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Robert E. Miller, Manager, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 Robert H. Thalgott, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 Henry G. Vermillion, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 D. W, Hendricks, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
25 Robert R. Loux, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
26 Central Mail & Records, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
27 A.. J. Whitman, NTSSO, AEC/NVOO, Mercury, Nevada
28 M. Klein, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
29 R. Decker, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
30 R. Hartfield, SNPO-C, Cleveland, Ohio
31 J. P. Jewett, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
32 - 35 R. Nelson, SNPO-N, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
36 William C. King, LRL, Mercury, Nevada
37 Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, California
38 H. L. Reynolds, LRL, Livermore, California
39 H. T. Knight, LASL, Jackass Flats, Nevada
40 P. Gothels, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
41 H. S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
42 Charles I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
43 William E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
44 C. A. De Lorenzo, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
45 H. G. Simens, NTO, Aerojet-General Corp. , Jackass Flats, Nev.
46 R. Smith, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
47 G. Grandy, WANL, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
48 E. Hemmerle, WANL, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
49 Jol(n A. Harris, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
-------
Distribution (continued)
50 M. I. Goldman, NUS, Washington, D. C.
51 J. Mohrbacher, Pan American World Airways, Jackass Flats, Nev.
52 P. Allen, ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
53 Martin B. Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
54 H. Booth, ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
55 C. Anderson, EG&G, Las Vegas, Nevada
56 Byron Murphey, Sandia Corp. , Albuquerque, New Mexico
57 MajorGen. Edward B. Giller, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
58 Chief, NOB/DASA, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
59 - 63 Charles L. Weaver, PHS, BRH, Rockville, Maryland
64 Victor M. Milligan, REECo. , Mercury, Nevada
65 - 66 DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
67 Director, Southeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Montgomery, Ala.
68 Director, Northeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Winchester, Mass.
69 Todd V. Crawford, LRL, Livermore, California
------- |