SWRHL-42r
131
I DAIRY COW STUDIES USING A DRY AEROSOL
(PROJECT ALFALFA)
by
Richard E. Stanley, Stuart C. Black, and Delbert S. Earth
Bioenvironmental Research
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Bureau of Radiological Health
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
August, 196-9
This study performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U. S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work.
Neither the United States, nor the Atomic Energy Commission, nor any
person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with
respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the inf0»ia
tion contained in this report, or that the use of any information,
apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not
infringe privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission"
includes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor
of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, dis-
seminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his
employment or can tract with the Commission, or his employment with
such contractor.
012
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
CONSUMER PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
September 24, 1969
REFER TO- TTR :RDT
To the Distribution:
The following corrections should be made in SWRHL -42r," ]
Cow Studies Using a Dry Aerosol (Project. Alfalfa). "
Dairy
Page 30, Figure 8. The symbols D and A are reversed in the
legend for the figure.
A should represent Group I (Air Uptake)
D should represent Group IV (Fresh Green Chop)
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SWRHL-42r
131 I DAIRY COW STUDIES USING A DRY AEROSOL
(PROJECT ALFALFA)
by
Richard E. Stanley, Stuart C. Black, and Delbert S. Barth
Bioenvironmental Research
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Bureau of Radiological Health
August, 1969
This study performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
Copy 12
Library
SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
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ABSTRACT
This report covers the second control led release conducted by the
BioenvironmentaI Research Program to define the mechanisms associated
with the transfer of radioiodine from the environment to cow's milk.
Growing alfalfa-oats, hay, and spread green chop were contaminated with
a diatomaceous earth aerosol labelled with 131l. Three groups of dairy cows
were fed the three types of contaminated forage. One other group of dairy
cows was exposed directly to the aerosol for an air uptake study.
The smaller particle size of the aerosol used in this study (2 ym)
resulted in higher milk-to-forage ratios than were observed in the first
study where the particle size was 23 ym. These ratios of peak average
milk to peak average forage activities were 0.061 for the hay, 0,036 for
the green chop, and 0.032 for the growing alfalfa-oats.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS i i
LIST OF TABLES ii i
LIST OF FIGURES Iv
I . INTRODUCTI ON 1
I I. PROCEDURE 3
A. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3
B. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 4
C. RELEASE MECHANICS 4
1. Study Area 4
2. Meteorology 8
3. Aerosol Preparation and Generation 8
D. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 11
E. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 11
III. RESULTS- 14
A. AEROSOL DEPOSITION 14
B. CONTAMINATED FORAGE ACTIVITY LEVELS 18
C. "UNCONTAMINATED" FEED ACTIVITY LEVELS 23
1. Forage 23
2. Grain and Water 27
D. MILK ACTIVITY 27
IV. DISCUSSION 31
A. AEROSOL DEPOSITION 31
B. "UNCONTAMINATED" FEED 31
C. CONTAMINATED FORAGE 34
D. MILK ACTIVITY 35
V. CONCLUSIONS 40
REFERENCES 41
APPENDIX 42
DISTRIBUTION
i i
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Experimental Design 5
Table 2. Summary of Daily Sample Collection 12
(Number, Type, and Frequency)
Table 3. Air Sampler Data 17
Table 4. Particle Size Distribution 19
Table 5. Planchet Rack Data (yCi/m2 of 131I) 21
Table 6. Summary of Average 131I Concentrations in Forage 22
Table 7. Daily Mean 131t Values of "Uncontaminated" Ingesta 26
Table 8. 131I Mean Milk Values for the Cows (pCi/liter) 28
Table 9. Air Sampler Results Following Project Alfalfa Release 33
Table 10. Comparative Results from the Two Controlled Releases 37
Table 11. Percent 131I Secreted in Milk .39
i i i
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Public Health Service Farm and Study Area 6
Figure 2. Detail of Study Area 7
Figure 3. One-meter Wind Direction During the Release 15
Figure 4. Activity Isophleths (pCi/m2) 16
Figure 5. Particle Size Distribution Histogram 20
Figure 6. Average I Concentration in Fresh Green Chop 24
Figure 7. Average I Concentration in Spread Hay 25
Figure 8. I Concentrations in Milk for the Five Groups 30
i v
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I. INTRODUCTION
This report covers the second controlled release conducted by the Bio-
environmental Research Program (BER) in a continuing program to
define the mechanisms associated with the transfer of radioiodine from
the environment to cow's milk.
This experiment, code named Alfalfa, was conducted on June 21, 1966, at
the U. S. Public Health Service's Experimental Dairy Farm, Area 15,
Nevada Test Site (NTS). The three primary objectives for this study
were:
1. To interrelate the amounts of 131I deposited per kilogram upon
spread alfalfa hay, spread alfalfa-oats green chop, and a grow-
ing mixed forage crop of alfalfa and oats as a result of the
dissemination of 131I in the form of a dry aerosol.
2. To determine the levels of 131I in the milk of groups of dairy
cows fed the three different types of contaminated forage.
3. To determine the air uptake of 131I in the milk of dairy cows
exposed during aerosol cloud passage but not allowed to ingest
contaminated food or water.
Essentially, this experiment was a repeat, with certain modifications,
of the first controlled release, Project Hayseed. Hayseed was con-
ducted on October 4, 1965, at the same farm at Nevada Test Site and also
employed a dry aerosol of 131I labelled diatomaceous earth particles as
the contaminant. However, since certain aspects of the Hayseed study
introduced questionable variables, it was decided to. repeat the experiment
making the following changes:
1. Substitute alfalfa-oats forage, a more commonly employed dairy
forage in Southern Nevada and Southern Utah, the area of our
primary interest, for the Sudan grass used in Hayseed.
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2. Endeavor to obtain a more homogeneous distribution of the
deposited radioactivity and also to decrease the particle size
of the contaminant from 23ym to 2.5ym count median diameter (CMD).
3. Eliminate green chop from the diet of the cows being fed con-
taminated hay to more closely simulate a realistic situation.
The results from our past studies, those conducted in conjunction with
the nuclear testing activities at Nevada Test Site and our one controlled
release, indicate not only a direct relationship between peak activity
measured in the milk and the peak activity in the forage,
pCi/liter of mi Ik
pCi/kg of forage
but also suggests a possible inverse relationship between the CMD of the
contaminant aerosol and this observed milk-to-forage ratio. If the data
from future experiments confirm this relationship over a range of parti-
cle sizes, it becomes a relatively simple mathematical calculation, after
determining the particle size and measuring the peak forage concentration,
to predict the levels that will probably occur in the milk.
This relationship, if real, would permit advising appropriate authorities
of the possible need to institute counter-measures at an early time to re-
duce levels of 131I in fresh milk following contamination of feed by
fresh fission products. Analysis of data collected after an inadvertent
release of radioactivity from the Pin Stripe event^2^ in April, 1966,
indicates that a change to uncontaminated feed during the first three days
following contamination is a highly effective countermeasure.
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I I. PROCEDURE
A." EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Eighteen lactating Ho I stein cows were divided into five groups. In addi-
tion to the control group consisting of two cows and designated as Group V
in this experiment, there were four experimental groups of four cows each.
Group I cows were exposed directly to the aerosol for air uptake measure-
ments. This group was maintained on uncontaminated hay and uncontaminated
fresh green chop following exposure. The remaining three experimental
groups and the control group were not exposed to the aerosol during its
passage.
Group II cows were fed only contaminated hay following the release. The
contents of 15 bales of hay were separated and stacked as loose hay on a
plastic sheet. The stack or pile of hay was 8 meters long, 6 meters
wide, and 24 centimeters deep. Following the passage of the aerosol over
the area, the spread hay was collected by placing 7.5 kg amounts in indi-
vidual plastic bags. This amount is sufficient to feed one cow for one
feeding. The bags were sealed and stored for use as needed during the
remainder of the study.
Group III cows were maintained on contaminated spread green chop supple-
mented with uncontaminated hay. The spread green chop was contaminated
in a manner similar to that previously described for the hay. However,
the stack dimensions were different, being only 5 meters by 5 meters by
24 centimeters. Following the release, the first feeding of contaminated
spread green chop for each of the four cows allotted to this group was
collected in individual feeding containers and fed. The remainder was
taken into the barn and stored for feeding later as needed. The spread
green chop could not be prepackaged as was the hay, since the subsequent
\ heating produced by the compaction could adversely affect the palatabi Iity.
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Group IV cows were given contaminated fresh green chop supplemented with
uncontaminated hay. Following the release, the growing mixed forage of
alfalfa-oats contaminated by the aerosol was cut daily and taken directly
to the four cows in this group for consumption.
Group V animals received uncontaminated hay and uncontaminated fresh
green chop. The diet of all animals -in the five groups was supplemented
with uncontaminated grain given at the time of milking.
Table 1 summarizes the experimental grouping, the source of contamina-
tion, and amount of forage fed.
B. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Assignment of the cows to the various experimental groups was based on
milk-production and stage of lactation. Individual records and group
averages are shown in Tables A-1 and A-2 of the Appendix.
All cows consuming contaminated feed (Groups II, III, and IV), and the
cows exposed directly to the aerosol (Group I), were maintained in
individual pens, measuring 9 feet by 9 feet by 5 feet, separated to
the extent that no physical contact between cows was possible. Group V
cows were separated from the other groups and maintained in the corral.
Details of animal care, feeding and milking procedures, and sample col-
lections have been published in a previous report. *'
C. RELEASE MECHANICS
1. Study Area
The study area for this controlled release was located at the
Public Health Service Experimental Farm, Area 15, NTS. A
schematic of the farm showing the location of the study area
is shown in Figure 1. A detailed diagram of the study area
showing the location of all the associated physical equipment,
various forage types, the four cows for air uptake, and the
area occupied by ancillary studies (the results of which will
be reported elsewhere) is presented in Figure 2.
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TABLE
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
Group
1 •
1 1
Ml
IV
V
Number Animal c ,
, . , , . Source of
of Identi-
Animals fi cat ion 131I
4 21,28, Air up-
43,45 take
on ly
4 5, 26, Contami-
29,47 nated Hay
4 2, 16, Contami-
44, 13 nated
Spread
Green
Chop
4 12, 15 Contami-
17,18 nated
Fresh
Green
Chop
2 19, 24 None
Type Feed
Amount Fed
Each Animal
Hay
Fresh
Green Chop
Hay*
Green Chop*
Hay
Fresh
Green Chop*
Hay
Hay
Fresh
Green Chop
Dai ly
7.5 kg
15.0 kg
15.0 kg
15.0 kg
7.5 kg
15.0 kg
7.5 kg
7.5 kg
15.0 kg
Remarks
Ai r Uptake group
placed in posi-
tion 0330, re-
moved 0530 Jun 21
Fed contami-
nated for 8
days .
Fed contami-
nated green
chop for 3
days (spread)
Fed contami-
nated green
chop for 9
days (fresh).
*Denotes contaminated feed.
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Barn, Hay Shed,
& Corrals
_J
X X X-
Lateral Number
-x x-i
Gate
Reservoir
•
, 3O meter Tower
Road
Telemetry & Power
Poles & Cables
11
12
13
14
15
16
l<_ Study Area
i*~ Project Alfalfa
-X-
Scale 1" = 6O meters
Figure 1. Public Health Service Farm and Study Area.
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INSTRUMENT STAND-»Q
PLAMCHET RACK.
A o. a,
MULTIPLE AIR SAMPLER-'' J
RCLP/BERP AIR SAMPLERS A AND B-^
BUILDING MATERIALS DEPOSITION STUDY
-METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING TRAILER
LATERAL 9
STUDY AREA
PROJECT
ALFALFA
•LEGENO-
O FALLOUT PLANCHETS ATOP 40CM HIGH STAKES.
• FALLOUT PLANCHETS AND GLASS SLIDES
A GELMAN HIGH-VOL AIR SAMPLER
/\ SOIL FALLOUT PLANCHET-ON GROUND
O VEGETATION SAMPLE
© AEROSOL GENERATOR
IRRIGATION SPRINKLER HEAD-
O IRRIGATION SPRINKLER HEAD, CAPPED
-O IRRIGATION SPRINKLER HEAD, PART TURN-
(T) GROWING FORAGE HALF-LIFE STUDY
§ GROWING FORAGE FOR COW CONSUMPTION
GREEN CHOP DEPOSITION STUDY
@ HAY DEPOSITION STUDY
© TOMATO DEPOSITION STUDY
© SPREAD GREEN CHOP FOR COW CONSUMPTION—
® SPREAD HAY FOR COW CONSUMPTION
® BIOPHYSICAL SAMPLER
® COW PENS
NOTE:
ALL PLANCHETS, GLASS SLIDES, SOIL PLANCHETS,
VEGETATION SAMPLES, SURVEY INSTRUMENT
READINGS DESIGNATED BY ROW AND COLUMN.
EXAMPLE Fl, AB2,82'/2.
LOCATION AB5 CONTAINED A GLASS SLIDE BUT
NO FALLOUT PLANCHET.
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2. Meteorology
Since cloud transport and deposition characteristics are of
interest to the overall research program, data such as wind
speed, direction, temperature, and relative humidity, which
have a bearing on these two parameters, are recorded on a I I
field exercises. In addition, for the control led release
it is the accumulation and analysis of the local meteorologi-
cal data which enables the weather bureau project officer to
make his forecasts. It was felt that in order to maximize
the deposition on the forage the wind speed should be in the
range of 2-10 miles per hour and the surface wind direction
in the arc 315°- 015° grid azimuth.
Meteorological instrumentation was installed and located as
shown on Figure 2. Wind speed and direction sensors were
established at three different levels—one, three, and ten
meters. In addition, temperature and relative humidity were
recorded. Each of these parameters was monitored continuously
by off-grid recorders prior to the release to allow for an optimum
prediction capability.
It was determined that the optimum time for the aerosol release
would be during the early morning hours prior to sunrise. It is
at this time that the drainage winds are generally from a
northerly direction at about three to five miles-per hour with
an inversion layer existing at the low levels.
3. Aerosol Prepararion and Generation
A series of feasibility studies was conducted prior to Project
Alfalfa to consider other possible carrier materials and to
determine the count median diameter that would be expected on the
full field operation. Two basic carrier materials were examined,
one being the diatomaceous earth (DE) previously used on Project
Hayseed and the other, native sand. It was found that the
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constituents of the sand varied considerably from sample
to sample; whereas the DE had a relatively fixed chemistry.
A number of tests were also conducted with rats to determine
the absorption of 131I from labelled soil and DE particles
mixed in with their food. It was found, as a result of these
tests, that there were no significant differences in different
experimental groups in the amount of 131I that was found in
the thyroid, whole body, feces, and urine of the rats. There-
fore, DE was selected as the carrier material for the project,
since its chemistry was less variable than that observed for
sand. Aerosolization tests, using unlabelled DE previously
sieved through a standard Tyler Sieve Shaker having a final
stage of 400 mesh (37 vim), were conducted at the farm. The
deposited material yielded a count median diameter of slightly
less than 3 pm, thus satisfying the primary physical criterion
for this study for particles of approximately 2.5 ym.
One hundred fifty grams of diatomaceous earth containing
particles previously sieved to the proper size were placed in
each of 12 casseroles. To each casserole were added 400 ml
of ethyl alcohol and 10 ml of 0.1N NaOH. The contents were
then stirred to form a slurry. Approximately 4 mCi of carrier-
free 131I were added to each of the 12 dishes. The contents
t
were stirred for 10 minutes, allowed to air dry for 24 hours,
and then stirred again. The labelled DE was transferred to
sieves containing several steel balls and shaken on a mechan-
ical shaker for 60 minutes. The sieved portion was placed in
a 2-liter, two-necked, generating flask which was sealed,
weighed, and counted. This was done for each of the 12 flasks.
Prior to the release, a 25- by "45^-meter sampling grid was prepared
at the farm. Stainless steel 4^-inch planchets coated with
a non-setting alkyd resin were spaced at 5-meter intervals over
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the plot to determine the deposition concentration. Addi-
tional resin coated planchets were used in the special study
areas and adjacent to each air sampler. Gel man Tempest air
samplers were placed throughout the plot and adjacent to the
cow pens to measure airborne concentration. These concentration
data would also be used as input to calculations of deposition
velocity. Glass microscope slides (1- by' 3-inch) .were spaced
evenly over the field and used to determine the size distri-
bution of the aerosol. Two planchet racks having stations
at ground, one-, and two-meter levels, and at orientations
normal and 45° to the field were placed downwind of the plot.
Two other air samplers were used which made use of special
sampling trains employing graded filtration techniques. A line
of 12 aerosol generators was formed parallel with and 5 meters
upwind from the leading edge of the test field. These gener-
ators were of the same design and were used in approximately
the same fashion, except for two minor modifications, as
described in the report on Project Hayseed. The modifications
were the use of dry nitrogen as the carrier gas to minimize
the possibility of moisture being introduced into the flasks and
the use of 5-mm glass beads in the flasks to keep the powdered
material fluidized. The generators were spaced at 5-meter
intervals and the line extended one generator beyond each end of
the field. Each of the generators was fixed so that the outlet
stem was 18 inches above ground. At 0410 hours PDT, 21 June 1966,
the nitrogen was introduced into the flasks at the rate of
85 Imp which started aerosol generation. Throughout the period
of generation, the flasks were agitated by hand to assure
uniformity of unloading. The generating period lasted for.
approximately 25 minutes at which time the flow of nitrogen was
stopped. The generators were gamma counted following the release
to allow for a determination of generation efficiency and to
quantitate the release of 131I.
10
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D. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
All forage, regardless of type, was sampled in an identical manner.
The prescribed amount of forage to be fed was placed in the individual
feed containers of each cow. The sample taken consisted of one handful
from each of five specific locations within the container, each surface
corner and the bottom center. This procedure produced a sample of
approximately 200 grams which was placed into a plastic bag, sealed,
and submitted for gamma analysis. Prior to analysis, the entire
sample was compressed into a 400-ml plastic container to obtain a
standard geometry for the counting system. Frequency of sampling •
corresponded with feeding frequency of the forage.
Grain used to supplement the diet of all animals was stored in a
common storage bin within the milking barn. One 400-ml container full
of grain was collected daily directly from the storage bin for gamma
ana lysis.
One-gallon composite samples of water were collected on a daily basis
from each group. The group samples consisted of equal amounts collected
directly from each cow's individual waterer. The samples were submitted
in four-liter plastic cubitainers for analysis.
A one-gallon sample of milk was collected from each cow at each milking.
Ten cubic centimeters of 37 percent formaldehyde was added as a pre-
servative to each milk sample.
After collection and before submission for analysis, all samples were
taken to a central location, logged, and numbered in chronological order.
Table 2 summarizes the sample collection.
E. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Gamma spectrometry was performed on the milk and contaminated vegetation
samples using a system consisting of two opposed 4- by 9-inch thallium-
activated sodium iodide crystals. This system has been described in detai
in previous reports.(** 2' 3)
1.
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TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF DAILY SAMPLE COLLECTION.
(Number, Type, and Frequency)
Contaminated
Group
1
I.I
1 1 1
IV
V*
Green
2Hay
3Spread
Time
a.m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p .m.
chop
green chop
Feed
0
0
42
42
43
0
44
0
0
0
Uncontaminated
Feed
41
42
0
0
0
42
0
42 ,
21
22
Mi 1 k, Forma 1 in-
Treated Water Grain
4 1 1
4
4 1
4
4 1
4
4 1
4
2 1
2
Vresh green chop
*This group consisted of two cows; the other group had four cows each.
12
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Water, grain, and uncontaminated vegetation were analyzed by this
station's Technical Services Group using a 4- by 4-inch thai I iurn^acti'vated
sodium iodide crystal coupled to a gamma pulse height analyzer
calibrated for energies of 0-2 MeV. The minimum detectable limits
for the two geometries analyzed are as follows:
3.5-liter container (water) 20 ± 10 pCi/liter
400-miI IiIiter container (vegetation and grain) 20 ± 10 pCi/sample
Effective half-lives* were calculated using a least squares fit
computer program on an IBM 1620 computer.
^Effective half-life: For the purpose of this report and with reference
to forage, this term will be used to denote the time required for 131I
fixed in or attached to the forage to be reduced by 50 percent. The
reduction will likely result from the combined action of physical
dislodgment of attached"particles in addition to radioactive decay and
biological elimination.
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III. RESULTS
A. AEROSOL DEPOSITION
The release commenced at 0410 hours PDT on 21 June 1966 and continued
for 25 minutes. The meteorological conditions at the time of the
release were highly favorable and did, in fact, allow for suitable
deposition of the aerosol over the study area. The mean wind
direction was from 302° at a speed of three miles per hour. During
the release the wind direction shifted across an arc of approximately
25°, thus enhancing the uniformity of deposition. The wind direction
one meter above the ground integrated over one-minute periods is shown
in Figure 3. Detailed meteorological data, including wind speed and
direction at all three levels, temperature, and relative humidity
measurements are presented in Table A-3 of the Appendix.
The activity collected on the fallout planchets was extrapolated
to measure the deposition on the entire field. Each planchet, which
represents 0.01 m2, was extended and reported in terms of uCi/m2 and
the activity isophleths, as shown in Figure 4, were constructed. These
planchets were placed at approximately forage height, i.e., 18 inches,
and represent segments of an infinite collection plane at that height.
By scaling the data at each point to represent the deposition on a
proportional amount of surrounding area, it was estimated that
5.24 mCi or 12.65 percent of 41.5 mCi disseminated was deposited on
the 1125-square-meter plot.
The sampling train of the Gel man Tempest air samplers consisted of a
Whatman 541 prefilter and an activated charcoal cartridge (Mine
Safety Appliances Company No. 46727). The activity collected on
each component, the filter/charcoal ratios, and the deposition
velocities are shown in Table 3. Samplers 5 and 7 (southwest corner
and south by west of the study plot, respectively) experienced an
edge effect in that they were missed by the major portion of the
release and are not included in the averages presented.
14
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Hygrothermometer
D
4 m
1O m
Wind
Equip.
13 m
I
A 3 rn Wind Equip.
17 m
ROAD
Wind Equip.
O
o o o
Aerosol Generators
STUDY C PLOT
-115 m-
1 m
-44.5 m
1 m Wind Equip. &
Ambient Temp.
4.5 m
1O m Wind Equip. &
Delta Temp.
Meteorological
Monitoring
Trailer
1" = 8 m
minutes
at
azimuth
29O° 2
3OO° 3
305°\ 8
31O° 5
'315° 1
Figure 3. One-meter wind direction during the release.
15
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5 m
Aerosol Generator
T« »*« ~V
5 m
2 18
1-5
11
5 m
K)
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TABLE 3. AIR SAMPLER DATA.
Sampler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
131I Activity (yCi)
Charcoal Filter Total
0.623
0.970
0.269
0.394
0.001
0.199
0.011
0.236
3.423
1.733
1.020
1.080
0.016
0.911
0.029
0.672
4.046
2.703
1.289
1.474
0.017
1.110
0.040
0.908
Filter/Charcoal pCi-sec
Ratio
5.49
1.79
3.79
2.74
16.00
4.58
2.64
2.85
m3
708.58
458.13
218.10
260.42
2.92
196.11
6.77
155.21
Vd
(Cm/sec)
0.62
3.86
4.77
1.50
3.08
1.46
Average* 0.45 1.47 1.92 3.54 332.76 2.44
^Samplers 5 and 7 are excluded from~ih© averaging as they were not in
the path of the cloud.
17
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Twelve glass slides that had been exposed to the aerosol cloud were
examined with a light microscope. An average of 440 particles was
sized from each slide using the Feret diameter measurement. The
cumulative size distribution data is shown in Table 4 and is plotted
as a histogram on Figure 5. The count median diameter of all the
material collected was approximately 2 ym.
The planchet rack on the western side of the field was not in the path
of the more concentrated portion of the cloud, but demonstrates that
the activity at its location was quite uniform through the first 2 meters
of elevation. The planchet rack on the eastern side of the field,
however, was subjected to the main part of the cloud and the arm with
planchets oriented normal to approximately 297° collected more activity
(Table 5) than did the other two, as expected. Again, this rack
demonstrated the uniformity of the cloud through the first two meters.
B. CONTAMINATED FORAGE ACTIVITY LEVELS
The mean values for all three types of contaminated forage— fresh
green chop, spread green^chop, and spread hay—are summarized in
Table 6. Peak activity levels were found on the initial samples of
both the fresh green chop and spread hay. A definite peak was not
Observed in the spread green chop during the limited course of this
portion of the study. The Group III animals were fed spread green
chop for only three days. Heating of the uncured forage adversely
affected the palatabllity and the cows would no longer accept the
material after this period of time.
The highest 131I activity was found in the fresh cut green chop fed
the Group IV animals. The peak mean activity of the four individually
collected samples was 3.4 x 106 pCi/kg. The activity decreased daily
to 1.9 x 105 pCi/kg on the last day of the nine-day feeding period
with a calculated effective half-life (T ,,) of 2.1 ± 0.21* days.
ef f '
Throughout the period, the daily variation in activity among samples
was relatively sraalI. A graphic illustration of the daily mean values
*± 1 standard deviation
18
-------
TABLE 4. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION.
Si ze
(um)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Cumu lati ve
Count Count*
1152
1439
926
408
.199
81
65
46
.. 45
39
28
20
28
18
27
24
24
24
22
18
23
19
24
28
1152
2591
3517
3925
4124
4205
4270
4316
4361
4400
4428
4448
4476
4494
4521
4545
4569
4593
4615
4633
4656
4675
4699
4727
Cumulative
Percent*
21.9
49.2
66.8
74.6
78.4
79.9
81.1
82.0
82.9
83.6
84.1
84.5
85.0
85.4
85.9
86.4
86.8
87.3
87.7
88.0
88.5
88.8
89.3
89.8
Size
(ym)
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39-
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
>46
Count
32
13
21
28
32
24
30
18
17
21
19
11
19
12
14
13
15
10
15
9
5
12
162
Cumu lati ve
Count*
4759
4772
4793
4821
4853
4877
4907
4925
4942
4963
4982
4993
5012
5024
5038
5051
5066
5076
5091
5100
5105
5117
5279
Cumu lati ve
Percent*
90.4
90.7
91.1
91.6
92.2
92.7
93.2
93.6
93.9
94.3
94.7
94.9
95.2
95.5
95.7
96.0
96.3
96.4
96.7
96.9
97.0
97.2
100.3
*Refers to amount < stated size.
19
-------
10
u
c
(D
3
CT
0)
1O 15 2O 25 3O 35 4O 45 5O 55 6O
Size
Figure 5. Particle size distribution histogram.
20
-------
TABLE 5. PLANCHET RACK DATA (yCi/m of 131|).
2m
1m
ground
Height
2m
1m
ground
Average
Height
2m
1m
ground
Average
West Side Rack
0.09 0.12
0.12 0.16
0.10 0.15
0.10 0.14
East Side Rack
1.20 1.13
0.97 1.10
1.47 0.56
1.21 0.93
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.85
1.06
1.00
0.97
Average
0.11
0.13
0.12
Average
1.06
1.04
1.01
21
-------
TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF AVERAGE 131I CONCENTRATIONS IN FORAGE
(pCi/kg)
Col lection
Date Time
6/21
6/21
6/22
6/22
6/23
6/23
6/24
6/24
6/25
6/25
6/26
6/26
6/27
6/27
6/28
6/28
6/29
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
P
a
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
.m.
Fresh Green Chop
3.4 ± 0.6 x 106*
1.2 ± 0.1 x 106
1.0 ± 0.2 x 106
9.7 ± 2.2 x 105
6.0 ± 0.6 x 105
5.4 ± 0.3 x 105
2.5 ± 0.7 x 105
2.6 ± 1.2 x 105
1.9 ± 0.4 x 10s
Spread Hay
6.
4.
1.
3.
3.
2.
1.
3.
3.
3.
3.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
4
9.
8
5
5
6
9
1
3
0
6
8
9
4
9
4
± 3
± 4
± 1
± 2
± 3
± 1
± 0
± 3
± 2
± 1
± 0
± 1
± 1
± 1
± 0
± 0
x
.5
.4
.8
.1
.8
.6
.9
.2
.7
.5
.9
.2
.3
.9
.2
Spread Green Chop
105 2.2 ± 1.6 x 10s
x 105
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
105 2.3 ± 1.3 x 105
105
105 2.6 ± 1.1 x 105
105
105
105
105
10s
105
105
105
10s
105
to5
*Mean ± 1 standard deviation
22
-------
and the best fit regression line is shown in Figure 6. Individual
sample values for the nine days are shown in Table A-4 of the Appendix.
The contaminated spread hay fed to the Group II animals had an initial
peak 131I activity of 6.4 x 105 pCi/kg which .decreased to 1.4 x 105 pCi/kg
on the final day of the eight-day feeding period. A best fit regression
line produced a T ,, of 6.50 ± 2.10* days (Figure 7). Individual sample
values are given in Table A-5 of the Appendix.
The spread green chop was fed to Group III cows for only three days and
the recorded average activity values were 2.2, 2.3, and 2.6 x 105 pCi/kg,
respectively. These values are not significantly different. Obviously,
a T 'could not be calculated from these data. Table A-6 of the
ef f
Appendix shows the individual samples activity for the three days.
C. "UNCONTAMI NATED'1 FEED ACTIVITY LEVELS
1. Forage
Peak values of 1.9 x 101* pCi/kg of fresh green chop on 24 June
and 5.5 x 103 pCi/kg of hay on 23 June were observed in the
intended uncontaminated forage. With the exception of the
Group I and Group V animals, these amounts of contamination
were of relatively little consequence since the contaminated
forage levels were higher by a factor of 100. However, there
is little doubt that a measurable influence was exerted on the
milk values of the Group I and Group V animals. The possible
sources of this unwanted contamination will be discussed in a
following section. The gamma scan results of the uncontaminated
forage are shown in Table 7 and in Tables A-7 and A-8 of the
Appendix.
* ± 1 standard deviation
23
-------
E
a
D)
o
U
a
10=
3 mean value ± 1 standard
^ deviation
Teff = 2.13 days ± .21 days
June 21
22
23 24
25
26
Time
27
28
29
30
Figure 6. Average 3 I concentration in fresh green chop.
24
-------
10°
E
l_
O)
10s -U
104
o
©
mean value ± 1 standard deviation
o
I
H 1 1 1 h
June 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Time
Teff = 6'5° —
Figure 7. Average 3 I concentration in spread hay.
25
-------
TABLE 7. DAILY MEAN 131I VALUES OF "UNCONTAMINATED"INGESTA
Col lection
Date
6/18
6/20
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Hay
pCi/kg
ND
ND
2,100
690
5,500
ND
240
100
160
110
ND
ND
350
520
380
930
290
2,600
Fresh Green Chop
pCi/kg
ND
ND
2,500
12,000
720
19,000
6,300
8,000
6,900
7,400
5,000
3,200
NC
NC
NC
NC
5,100
NC
Grain
pCi/kg
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
140
ND
ND
460
NC
NC
360
240
300
150
460
Water
pCi/l iter
NC
NC
380
310
60
20
40
50
30
20
ND
ND
NC
40
40
ND
ND
ND
ND = Nondetectable
NC = Not collected
26
-------
2. Grain and water
Contamination was also detected in the grain and water, but to
a much lower level than that recorded for the forage. Peak
activities of 4.6 x 102 pCI/kg in grain on 29 June and 6 July
and 3.8 x 102 pCi/l in water on 21 June were observed. Daily
activity levels in grain and water are presented in Appendix
Tables A-9 and A-10. Table 7 summarizes the daily mean 131I
vaIues.
D. MILK ACTIVITY
The individual morning and evening milk activity results for all five
groups are shown in Tables A-11 through A-15 of the Appendix. Daily
morning and evening mean values on pCi/l basis for the groups are
presented in Table 8.
A mean peak level of 1.09 x 105 pCi/l was observed 32 hours after
feeding of contaminated fresh green chop began in Group IV. The
effective half-life of the 131I in the milk during the feeding was
2.5 ± 0.2* days. When feeding of the contaminated forage was stopped
at the end of the nine-day period, the resulting T ,, in the milk was
0.9 ± 0.2 days.
A mean peak level of 3.95 x 101* pCi/l was reached in Group II 23 hours
following the initial ingestion of contaminated hay. The T ,, in milk
eT T
during the feeding period was 8.2 ± 1.3 days. At the end of the eight-
day feeding period the uncontaminated hay was substituted for the
contaminated. The T ,, then changed to 0.9 ± 0.1 day.
Due to rapidly decreasing palatability following exposure of the spread
green chop, the Group III animals were fed contaminated feed for only
three days. Mean peak milk values of 9.4 x 103 pCi/l occurred 32 hours
following the initial ingestion of the forage.
w ± 1 standard deviation
27
-------
TABLE 8. 131I MEAN MILK VALUES FOR THE COWS (pCi/liter).
Col lection Group
M
oo
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
TeffX
Z^eff
Group
Group
Time
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p .m.
a.m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a .m.
p .m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
during
cou Id
IV
ND
1.011 ."32 x 105
9.3013.. 10 x 10"
1.0910.34 x 105
7.9012.54 x 10"
1 .051 .45 x 10"
6.97+2.77 x 10"
8.7515.59 x 10"
8.05+4.78 x 10"
7.3513.28 x 10"
5.75+2.60 x 10"
5.05+2.08 x 10"
3.5711 .18 x 10"
3.9511.97 x 10"
2.8211.25 x 10"
3.0511.30 x 10"
2.0511.05 x 10"
1.7510.73 x 10"
1.1210.54 x 10"
8.7712.61 x 103
2.5 1 0.2
feeding (days).
not be calculated
IV Contaminated Fresh
II Contaminated Spread
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1 .
7.
6.
2.
1.
8.
1 1
ND
75+0.98
95+1.91
8711.75
8011.63
8511.64
1011.11
90+1.07
37+0.94
82+1.17
5010.86
67+1.13:
4111.16
65+1.28
24+0.91
4811.04
00+0.88
4710.54
4212.8
0012.25
8011.04
9010.45
2 ± 1.3
x 104
x 10 *+
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
1 1 1
ND
7.8014.85
7.8713.05
9.4214.73
6.7712.87
8.3712.83
5.6211.83
5.5012.15
3.15+1.13
3.4211.57
2.0010.9
1.60+0.67
0.9510.31
1.0610.40
6.7211.77
7.2212.35
4.8511.24
4.02+1.20
3.3010.86
2
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
1
4.91+1.29
2.16+1.21
2.2210.56
1.29+0.57
0.9510.42
1.1310.49
. 8.3 13.56
1.04+0.40
7.42+3.10
8.1013.01
6.6712.23
6.55+2.65
5.5212.26
5.92+2.08
5.17+1.51
4.37+0.67
4.00H.27
3.7711 .42
3.22+1 .00
x 102
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 102
x 103
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
V
ND
6.0 +0.35
3.0 +0.00
1.62+1.24
1 .85+0.78
2.85+1.63
1.30+0.14
3.75+2.33
6.1511.77
4.50+0.99
3.45+0.92
3.5011.27
2.2 +0.00
3.05+1.20
2.60+0.57
3.10+0.57
1.9010.14
1.25+0.21
x 101
x 101
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
x 102
from 1 i mi ted data
Green
Hay
Chop
Group
Group
1 Air Uptake
V Control
Group III Contaminated Spread Green Chop
*Mean+ 1 standard deviation
ND = Nondetectable
-------
AT,, during feeding was not calculated because of the limited data;
however, after the feeding of contaminated forage ceased, a T ,, of
1.5 ± 0.1* days was calculated for this group during the remainder of
the study.
The air uptake group exhibited mean peak milk activities of 2.2 x 103
pCi/liter 25 hours following exposure with a T ,, of approximately I day,
6 T T
Later this changed to a much longer T ,, of 3.1 ± 0.2 days.
Finally, note the activity levels in the milk of the control animals.
By experimental design these animals were to receive uncontaminated
forage, both fresh green chop and hay. However, significant contami-
nation was detected in both of these forage types, reaching mean peak
levels of 1.9 x 101* pCi/kg in the green chop and 5.5 x 103 pCi/kg
in the hay. The milk from this group exhibited a mean peak level of
6.15 x 102 pCi/liter 36 hours after the forage peaked. The T ,, in the
6 T T
mi Ik was 2.5 ± 0.2 days.
A graph of the comparative milk activity values and the calculated T
6 T T
for the five groups of cows is shown in Figure 8. Figures A-1
through A-4 in the Appendix graphically summarize the milk and forage
data for all groups. The maximum and minimum 131I concentration values
for individual cows within each group are presented in Table A-16
of the Appendix.
* ± 1 standard deviation
29
-------
10°
10s- • 0
104-J-
o
a
102-
10'
D Group I (Air Uptake)
O Group II (Spread Hay)
X Group III (Spread Green Chop)
A Group IV (Fresh Green Chop)
0 Group V (Control)
Numbers are Teff in days from least
squares line.
2.5 ± 0.2
V
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
6/21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3O 7/1
Date
1 31
Figure 8. I concentrations in milk for the five groups.
-------
IV. DISCUSSION
The primary purpose of this study was to repeat Project Hayseed using
a contaminant of smaller particle size in order to obtain additional
milk to forage relationships and to gain a further insight into the
various mechanisms involved in the overall transfer of radioiodine
from air to forage to milk of dairy cows.
A. AEROSOL DEPOSITION
The field arrangement allowed for a wind direction ± 10° of normal
whereas the actual mean wind direction was 40° from being normal to
the plot. The isopleths suggest that the generators should be set
back further from the leading edge of the field to allow for addi-
tional lateral diffusion and mixing of the individual aerosol plumes.
A deposition .figure of 4.66 yCi/m2 compares favorably to Project
Hayseed for which the similarly calculated deposition was 3.13 yCi/m2.
The count median diameter of the particuI ate distribution was approxi-
mately 2 ym and was consistent over the grid.
B. "UNCONTAMINATED" FEED
The radioactivity detected in the "uncontaminated" feed represents an
aspect of the study which needs explanation. While it did not appear
to influence significantly the results of the two groups exhibiting
the higher activities in the milk, a definite effect was exerted on
the remaining three experimental groups. A portion of the activity
detected in the milk of the air uptake, spread green chop, and control
groups can be attributed to an external source of contamination. The
major portion of the unexpected contamination appeared on the second
day following the release. This resulted in a much longer T , in these
e T T
groups than expected. The results from past studies as well as those
in the former two groups indicate that a one-day half-life is usually
obtained after ingest ion and/or air uptake has stopped.
31
-------
Three separate incidents occurred during this study which were suspected
of contributing to the contamination. The effluent from the testing
of an NRX reactor at another area of the Nevada Test Site during the late
morning of 23 June was one contributor. Radioactive particulates con-
taining radionuclides that could definitely be traced to this testing
activity were collected on the farm. Also, air samplers operating both
inside and outside the barn area during the study recorded increased
activities between 0900 and 1430 hours on the 23rd. The radioactive
cloud passed over the farm about 1200 on this date. The second possi-
bility was the occurrence of high winds during the afternoon following
the release. Southerly winds with speeds up to 30 miles per hour were
recorded from 1200 to 2300 hours. While the study area was east of
the barn area and winds from this direction would not appear to present
a problem to the animals or feed in the immediate area of the barn,
this mild storm was accompanied by "dust devils" or miniature whirl-
winds. Greatly increased activities were detected on the air samplers
for this period and tend to confirm that this was the source of feed
contamination occurring prior to the reactor test. The third possi-
bility was one of methodology.
As previously described, the spread green chop was stored inside the
barn to take advantage of the cooler environment. The handling of
this material during the preparation of the individual rations for
the Group I I I cows may have caused re-suspension of the deposited
material, possibly contaminating the grain supply stored in close
proximity. All three incidents acting in concert contributed to the
contamination encountered; but, fortunately, they exerted limited
influence on the overall study. Air sampler results from samplers
placed outside and inside the barn for the entire study period are
shown in Table 9. Notethat 131I was detected after the controlled
release, probably due to re-suspension, and that 133I was detected on
23 June. The detection of 133I indicates that debris from the
NRX reactor did reach the farm, lodine-133 was also detected in the
32
-------
TABLE 9. AIR SAMPLER RESULTS FOLLOWING PROJECT ALFALFA RELEASE.
Date
6/20-6/21
6/21-6/22
6/22-6/23
6/23
6/23-6/24
6/24-6/25
6/25-6/27
Time
On Off
0745
0750
0755
0900
0945
1630
1110
1430
1435
0940
0945
- 0745
- 0755
- 0625
- 1430
- 1415
- 1100
- 1430
- 0935
- 0942
- 0710
- 0705
Location
1
1
1
1
3
I*
«t
1
It
1
4
5
pCi
131|
8.3 x 101*
6.8 x 105
2.5 x 104
6.1 x 105
7.5 x }Q5
9.1 x 106
7.0 x 106
1.1 x 101*
4.8 x 105
2.7 x 103
8.9 x 103
ND
-sec m~3
133|
ND2
ND
ND
5.3 x 106
4.0 x 107
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10utside barn.
2Nondetectable.
3Study area.
^Inside barn.
50utside and inside barn.
33
-------
the milk of the control cows indicating deposition of the NRX reactor
debris on the "uncontaminated" forage.
C. CONTAMINATED FORAGE
Under the conditions of this study, the results indicate contaminated
fresh green chop to be the major source of radioiodine in the dairy
cow 's d iet.
The measured activity on a per kilogram basis was almost a factor of
ten higher for the fresh green chop than it was for the next most
contaminated forage, spread hay. The observed small variability
between 'individual samples suggests that the deposited radioactivity
was distributed homogeneously in the fresh green chop. Since the
variation among samples was small, the T ,, of 2.1 ± 0.2 days for
G T T
131I labelled DE on growing alfalfa-oats forage is reliable. Levels
of activity as well as distribution homogeneity appear to be directly
related to the surface area presented by the forage.
While discussing half-lives and the relative contributory importance of
various types of forage, note the estimated T ,, of 6.5 ±2.1 days for
the spread hay. If this half-life was a valid measurement, the
relative importance of contaminated hay as a source of subsequent
milk activity levels would be increased. However, this estimate may
be an artifact resulting from sampling techniques.
It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to obtain a representa-
tive 200-gram sample from a 7.5-kg individual ration by the sampling
technique described. It has been demonstrated that over 80 percent
of the deposited activity is retained in the top 10 cm of stacked hay.(5)
Thus one would expect a wide variation not only between samples but
within samples where the samples consist of five separate aliquots
taken from various locations in the feed box. Recall from the procedures
that air the hay was bagged immediately after the release and stored
for future consumption by the cows. None of the factors working in the
34
-------
growing forage to remove the initially deposited material or the dilution
factor resulting from continued plant growth had an opportunity to,
affect the deposited material on the hay. Again, from ancillary studies,
we have indications that radioactivity deposited on hay as a dry
aerosol is less firmly attached than on growing forage or spread green
chop and is more susceptible to physical dislodgment. If we had simu-
lated in detail the conditions existing in most dairy operations where
hay is stored unprotected, results different than the ones obtained
might be expected.
With one exception, all discussions relevant to the hay data also apply
to the spread green chop. Green chop is more dense and traps up to
95 percent of the contamination in the upper 10 cm of the surface layer.^
The deposited material is apparently more firmly attached than on the
hay and therefore less affected by environmental factors. The increased
trapping and holding abilities seem to be related to the comparative
textures of the two forages; one loose and dry, the other wet and compact.
The fresh green chop results appear to be the most reliable and indicate
that green chop is the major source of radioiodine contamination for
the cow. The results from the spread hay and spread green chop require
further investigation. Results from ancillary studies suggest two
practical countermeasures for the latter two types of forage which would
further minimize their significance as a source of contamination for the
cow. One is to simply discard the upper 10 cm of the stack after the
fallout cloud has passed. Another equally effective method is to pro-
tect the stacked forage during cloud passage with a plastic sheet or
some other type covering.
D- MILK ACTIVITY
Peak values were obtained in the milk from all groups 23 to 32 hours
following initial exposure, times which are similar to those recorded for
Hayseed. However, since these times are shorter than those reported
in the Iiterature;(4) they may be peculiar to the experimental design
used in our two controlled releases and thus require further testing
under other conditions.
35
-------
The respective ratios of peak average milk to peak average forage values
of 0.061 for the hay, 0.036 for the spread green chop, and 0.032 for the
fresh green chop indicate the contaminant in the hay was less firmly
bound and more available biologically.
These ratios are in rather close agreement with those obtained in actual
field studies conducted following Pike^3^ and Pin Stripe/2^ underground
nuclear tests producing inadvertent releases of fission products to the
atmosphere. In the Pike study, the .mi Ik-to-forage ratios for hay ranged
from 0.046 to 0.054 and ranged from 0.038 to 0.080 in fresh cut forage.
The ratio for the hay group from the present study of 0.061 is close,
as is the 0.032 for the fresh green chop. The ratios from the Pin Stripe
study, where the only forage type was fresh green chop, were 0.081 and
0.065. Two ratios for the same forage type were obtained in the Pin
Stripe study since separate studies were conducted concurrently at two
farms five miles apart. The difference in the milk-to-forage ratios
obtained for the same forage type may be a reflection of the different
particulate to gaseous ratios for the respective contaminants found at
the two farms. However, these milk-to-forage ratios agree closely with
the Pike ratio of 0.08. Hence, the only presently discernible variation
of milk-to-forage ratios between the controlled release and the true
fallout situation is in the fresh green chop where differing contaminate
and forage characteristics appear to affect the results. It would
appear to make little difference in the hay as to the physical or chem-
ical nature of the contaminant, as the hay does not engage actively in
the contamination process as does the growing forage.
A comparison of the data from the two controlled releases (Hayseed and
Alfalfa) shown in Table 10 indicates that particle size of the contami-
nant may play a definite role in any prediction capability for milk
based on forage activity. Attention is directed primarily to the fresh
green chop data since the activity measurements of this forage type were
the most reliable. Peak forage activity levels, effective half-lives,
and time of peak in milk obtained from the two studies were in close
agreement; yet peak milk activities differed by a factor of five, being
36
-------
TABLE 10. COMPARATIVE RESULTS FROM THE TWO CONTROLLED RELEASES
Item HAYSEED ALFALFACCurrent Study)
Particle Size of 131I
Label led DE
(CMD)
Average Peak 131I Concentrations
in Forage (pCi/kq)
Fresh Green Chop
Hay
Spread Green Chop
Average Peak 131I Concentrations
in Mi Ik (pCi/l)
Cows on Fresh Green Chop
Cows on Hay
Cows on Spread Green Chop
Air Uptake
T in Milk During Feeding (days)
Cows on Fresh Green Chop
Cows on Hay
Cows on Spread Green Chop
Time to Peak in Milk (hr)
Cows on Fresh Green Chop
Cows on Hay
Cows on Spread Green Chop
Mi 1 k-to-Foraqe Ratio*
Cows on Fresh Green Chop
Cows on Hay
Cows on Spread Green Chop
23pm
2.7 x 106
4.1 x 105
1.4 x 106
2.2 x \Qk
1.2 x 104
1.4 x 101*
5.85 x 102
3.0
2.7
2.3
33
33
33
.008
.029
.010
2ym
3.4 x 106
6.4 x 105
2.6 x 105
1.09 x 105
3.95 x 101*
9.42 x 103
2.20 x 103
2.5
8.2
t
32
23
32
.032
.061
.036
tNot calculated due to limited data
*Avq. peak concentration in milk (pCi/l)
Avg. peak concentration in forage (pCi/kg)
37
-------
higher in the study where the particle size of the contaminant was
smaller. While the difference in particle size seems to be the principal
variation between the studies, one cannot discount completely the effect
produced by the different types of forages used as fresh green chop;
Sudan grass green chop was used in Hayseed and an a I fa I fa-oat mixture
in Alfalfa. Even though the data tend to support the former interpreta-
tion, further investigations are required to substantiate the validity
of this observation.
The contribution to milk radioactivity resulting from air uptake appears
to be minimal. From the Hayseed study, air uptake was calculated to be
responsible for only 1.2 percent of the predicted peak average milk level
resulting from eating both contaminated green chop and contaminated hay
combined with air uptake. A gross comparison of the results from this
study, comparing peak milk activity from air uptake with the peak aver-
age milk value from the fresh green chop data, indicates the air uptake
contribution to be not greater than 2.1 percent.
The percent 131I secreted in the milk (Table 11) among Groups II, III,
and IV is the same indicating no obvious metabolic differences among
groups of cows. The protein bound iodine (FBI), thyroid binding index
(TBI), and blood counts for Groups I-V (Table A-2, in the Appendix)
substantiate the above. A similar value for Group I cows is not pre-
sented because the exact amount of 131I intake could not be determined
to any degree of accuracy. The low percent secretion of 131I in Group V
cows may be related to the form of radioiodine in the reactor debris.
Maximum-minimum 131I milk values for individual cows within Groups I,
II, III, and IV are presented in Table A-16 of the Appendix. It is
interesting to note that the average maximum-to-mini mum ratio is approxi-
mately 3 for all groups.
38
-------
TABLE 11. PERCENT 131I SECRETED IN MILK.
Group Cow No.
1 1 5
26
29
47
III 2
13
16
44
IV 12
15
17
18
V 19
24
Total pCi
1 ngested
2
3
2
5
2
7
6
1
7
1
9
1
1
1
.39
.86
.06
.23
.27
.16
.49
.00.
.51
.15
.03
.07
.22
.22
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
107
107
107
107
106
106
106
107
107
108
107
108
106
106
Total pCi
Secreted
4.
7.
1.
8.
5.
5.
1.
1.
1.
1.
5.
1.
4.
1.
8
2
3
2
4
6
0
2
8
2
7
0
4
9
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
106
106
106
106
105
105
106
106
107
107
106
107
10"
10"
Percent Mean ± 1 Stan-
Secreted dard Deviation
20
18
6
15
23
7
15
12
23
10
6
9
3
1
.08
.65 15.18 ± 6.19 %
.31
.68
.79
.82 14.75 ± 6.78 %
.41
.00
.97
.43 12.51 ± 7.83 %
.31
.34
.59 2.57 ± 1.44 %*
.55
^Calculated for the same period of time as for the three experimental groups,
Over an extended time interval the percentage would probably have approached
the other three since the area remaining under the regression curve, at the
time the study was terminated, was substantial by comparison to the observed
peak activity for this group.
39
-------
V. CONCLUSIONS
Under the conditions of this study, general conclusions on the transfer
of 131I to cow's milk based on specific results listed in Table 10, are
given below:
A. When radioiodine contamination of an area occurs, the major
portion of radioiodine which subsequently appears in cow's
milk is usually due to ingestion of contaminated forage. When
exposure is limited to air uptake, the expected peak milk
activity would be almost two orders of magnitude less than the
peak activity resulting from the ingestion of contaminated
fresh green chop.
B. When different forage types, such as the three employed in
this study, are exposed to an 131I aerosol under simulated
fallout conditions, the greatest amount of activity per kilo-
gram will be deposited on the typ@ presenting the most surface
area. Hence, the greatest amount of activity per kilogram will
usually be deposited on the growing forage, since this will
represent the largest plant surface area in most exposure
configurations.
C. Following ingestion of contaminated forage, peak concentrations
of radioactivity (pCi/l) occur in the milk within two days
and are at least one order of magnitude lower than the peak
activity (pCi/kg) of the ingested material.
D. When intake of 131I ceases, the effective half-life of this
nuclide in the milk is approximately one day.
E. From a comparison of the data from the two controlled releases
(Hayseed and Alfalfa) there appears to be an inverse relationship
between the particle size of the contaminant and the milk to
forage ratio.
40
-------
REFERENCES
1. lodine-131 Dairy Cow Uptake Studies Using a Synthetic
Dry Aerosol (SWRHL-28r)
2. Dairy Farm Radioiodine Studies Following the Pin Stripe
Event (SWRHL-41r)
3. Dairy Farm Radioiodine Study Following the Pike Event
(SWRHL-14r)
4. Soldat, J. K. 1963. The relationship between I
Concentrations in various environmental samples.
Health Physics. 9:11-67-1171
5. Unpubli shed data.
41
-------
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table A-1. Milk Production Record and Stage of Lactation
for all Groups of Cows 43
Table A-2. Blood Data for Individual Cows 45
Table A-3. Meteorological Data During Aerosol Release 48
Table A-4. I Levels in Individual Samples of Fresh
Green Chop Fed Group IV Cows 49
Table A-5. I Levels in Individual Samples of Spread
Hay Fed Group I I Cows 50
Table A-6. I Levels in Individual Samples of Spread
Green Chop Fed Group I I I Cows 51
Table A-7. | Levels in "Uncontaminated" Fresh Green
Chop Fed to Groups I, III, and V Cows 52
Table A-8. I Levels in "Uncontaminated" Hay Fed to
AI I Groups 53
Table A-9. 131I Levels in Grain Fed to All Groups 54
Table A-10. 131I Levels in Water For All Groups 55
Table A-11. I Levels in Milk For Group I Cows 56
Table A-12. 131| Levels in Milk For Group II Cows 59
Table A-13. 131I Levels in Milk For Group III Cows 62
Table A-14. 131I Levels in Milk For Group IV Cows 65
Table A-15. 131| Levels in Milk For Group V Cows 68
Table A-16. Minimum and Maximum I Values for Individual
Cows Within Each Group 70
42
-------
TABLE A-1 - MILK PRODUCTION RECORD AND STAGE OF LACTATION FOR ALL GROUPS OF COWS.
Cow
Group No.
21
28
1 43
45
Avq.
5
25
1 1 29
47
Avq.
2
16
III 44
13
Avq.
Avg. Mi 1 k
per day
( 1 iters)
1 Jun -
21 Jun 66
29.77
26.45
28.77
26.95
27.98
21.87
30.99
13.36
30.36
24.15
22.60
30.56
33.81
28.39
28.84
Avg. Mi I k
per day
(I iters)
22 Jun -
5 Jul 66
30.96
23.18
25.51
23.59
25.81
19.50
28.73
11.86
25.82
21.48
21.52
28.05
28.83
33.99
28.10
%
Butterfat
1 Jun 66
Herd Avg=
2.7156.
3.4
2.0
3.7
2.8
2.98
2.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.2
3.1
3.0
2.77
%
Butterfat
1 Jul 66
Herd Avg-
2.91*
4.0
2.3
3.6
2.5
3.10
2.3
2.8
3.0
2.7
2.70
2.5
3.0
2.8
3.1
2.85
Days in
Production
as of
21 Jun 66
8l
106
126
129
92.3
142
118
295
80
158.8
203
131
79
20
108.3
Days
Carried
Calf
as of
21 Jun 66
Not Preg.
47
Not Preg.
36
Not Preg.
Not Preg.
Not Preg.
Not Preg.
40
Not Preg.
Not Preg.
Not Preg.
21 — Fresh 15 June 66
-------
TABLE A-1 - (Conti
Group
IV
V
Cow
No.
12
15
17
18
Avg.
19
24
nued)
Avg. Mi Ik
per day
(liters)
1 Jun -
21 Jun 66
29.10
31.92
19.11
26.40
26.63
20.96
11.17
Avg. Mi 1 k
per day
(liters)
22 Jun -
5 Jul 66
25.00
28.99
17.63
22.89
23.63
24.87
7.83
%
Butterfat
1 Jun 66
Herd Avg=
2.71JJ
3.3
2.7
2.7
2.0
2.68
2.6
%
Butterfat
1 Jul 66
Herd Avg=
2.91*
3.0
2.5
3.1
2.3
2.73
3.6
2.5
Days in
Production
as of
21 Jun 66
118
71
214
146
137.3
8
2942
Days
Carried
Calf
as of
21 Jun 66
40
, Not Preg
185
82
Not Preg
200
. 24 — Dry 30 June 66
-------
TABLE A-2 - BLOOD DATA FOR INDIVIDUAL COWS
Cow
Group No.
21
28
1 43
45
Group 1
Average
5
26
1 1 29
47
Group 1 I
Average
Date
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
% HCT
38
37
35
36
37
38
39
39
37.25
37.50
34
38
39
38
38
39
37
35
37.00
37.50
1x106
Rbc
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
. 4.7
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.68
4.75
4.2
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.6
4.60
4.73
W.B.C.
12,300
11,000
6,850
8,800
10,900
7,800
8,100
8,000
9,537.5
8,900.0
7,650
9,400
6,750
6,800
6,700
7,000
7,700
- 6,200
7,200.0
7,350.0
gm/IOOml 1
T.P.
6.4
7.3
7.7
7.9
7.4
7.9
7.8
7.6
7.33
7.68
7.5
8.4
7.0
8.6
7.5
7.9
7.5
7.2
7.38
8.03
ygm2
P.B.I. "
1.45
1.40
2.05
2.15
2.85
3.25
3.25
3.15
2.40
2.49
2.90
2.00
3.35
2.35
2.50
2.75
3.25
2.70
3.00
2.45
TBI3
.92
.91
.93
.94
1.00
1.03
1.05
1.06
.98
.99
.93
.90
.92
.87
.96
.92
1.00
1.01
.95
.93
1TotaI Prote i n
?Protein Bound Iodine
Thyro Binding Index
-------
TABLE A-2 - (Continued)
Group
1 1 1
IV1*
Cow
No.
2
13
16
44
Group 1 1 1
Average
12
15
18
Group IV
Average
Date
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
% HCT
38
39
33
36
38
41
38
37
36.75
38.25
35
39
36
40
35
41
35.33
40.00
IxlO5
Rbc
4.3
4.8
4.5
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.6
4.7
4.53
4.75
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.9
4.67
4.83
W.B.C.
6,050
8,000
7,100
8,200
8,250
8,550
9,450
7 , 300
7,712.5
8,012.5
6,700
6,950
6,650
'7,750
8,850
8,100
7,400.0
7,600.0
qm/IOOml l
T.P.
6.9
6.6
7.2
7.7
7.6
8.1
7.5
7.5
7.30
7.48
7.7
8.1
8.1
8.9
8.3
8.7
8.03
8.57
ygm2
P.B.I .
2.70
2.45
2.30
2.50
2.40
2.75
2.10
2.00
2.38
2.43
1.85
2.40
1.85
2.10
2.10
2.45
1.93
2.32
TBI3
.95
.98
.84
.89
.97
.98
.87
.89
.91
.94 •
.82
.93
.91
.93
.88
.94
.87
.93
11 Prote i n
2Protein Bound Iodine
3Thyro Binding Index
blood data available for Cow No.
17
-------
TABLE A-2 - (Continued)
Group
V
Cow
No.
19
24
Group V
Average
Herd Average
Date
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
6/16/66
7/19/66
% HCT
39
39
. 36
40
37.50
39.50
36.76
38.35
1x106
Rbc
4.8
4.7
4.7
4.9
4.75
4.80
4.63
4.76
W.B.C.
5,750
10,800
13,450
11,800
9,600.0
11,300.0
8,188.2
8,379.4
gm/ 1 00m I l
T.P.
7.3
8.3
7.2
7.7
7.25
8.00
7.45
7.91
ygm2
P.B.I .
2.45
1.70
2.55
2.75
2.50
2.23
2.46
2.40
TBI3
.84
.84
.93
.93
.89
.89
.92
.94
Motal Protein
2Protein Bound Iodine
3Thyro Binding Index
-------
TABLE A-3 - METEOROLOGICAL DATA DURING AEROSOL RELEASES.
Date/T i me
PDT
21/0415
0416
0417
0418
0419
0420
0421
0422
0423
0424
0425
0426
0427
0428
0429
0430
0431
0432
0433
0434
0435
0436
0437
0438
0439
0440
1 Meter
Dir1
310
305
310
315
310
310
310
305
305
305
300
305
295
295
290
295
300
295
300
305
305
295
290
295
295
305
S_£_2
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03 '
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
3 Meter
Dir
310
310
310
310
315
310
310
310
310
305
305
300
300
300
300
295
295
300
305
295
300
305
300
300
300
300
ip_
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
05
06
06
06
06
05
06
05
06
06
05
05
06
05
05
05
05
05
10 Meter
Dir
280
270
285
285
285
285
285
285
285
280
280
280
285
280
275
275
275
265
260
270
265
270
270
265
260
270
§£.
05
05
06
06
06
06
08
08
08
08
08
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
05
05
05
05
05
05
04
04
Temperature
°F.
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
59
59
59
59
59
59
58
58
58
58
58
Relative
Humidity
%
40
40
40'
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
1Direction given in degrees
2Speed given in miles per hour
48
-------
TABLE A-4. 131I LEVELS IN INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES OF FRESH GREEN CHOP FED
GROUP IV COWS (pCi/kg).
Cow Number
Date Time J_2 J_5_ J_7_ ]Q_
6/21 0700 3.1 x 106 4.2 x 106 2.9 x 106 3.3 x 106
6/22 0800 1.2 x 106 1.3 x 106 1.2 x 106 9.8 x 105
6/23 0800 8.0 x 105 8.9 x 105 1.1 x 106 1.1 x 106
6/24 0900 8.5 x 105 9.2 x 105 1.3 x 106 8.3 x 105
6/25 1300 5.8 x 105 6.6 x 105 6.2 x 105 5.3 x 105
6/26 0800 5.1 x 105 5.7 x 105 5.1 x 105 5.6 x 105
6/27 0800 1.8 x 105 2.2 x 105 2.5 x 105 3.4 x 105
6/28 0800 4.1 x 10s 2.0 x 105 3.1 x 105 1.4 x 105
6/29 0800 2.1 x 105 2.1 x 105 1.3 x 105 2.0 x 105
49
-------
TABLE A-5. 131I LEVELS IN INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES OF SPREAD HAY FED
GROUP I I COWS (pCi/kg).
Cow Number
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Time
0700
1400
0800
1400
0800
1400
0900
1400
1300
1800
0800
1400
0800
1400
0800
1400
5
3.1 x 105
2.6 x 105
8.7 x 101*
1.5 x 105
3.1 x 10k
3.2 x 105
2.0 x 10s
4.3 x 101*
3.4 x 105
5.2 x. 105
4.1 x 105 '
1.8 x 105
6.6 x 101*
6.4 x ]Qk
2.8 x 105
1.2 x 105
26
8.4 x 105
7.5 x ]Qk
1.6 x 105
5.3 x 105
6.7 x 105
4.9 x 105
1.7 x 105
1.1 x 10s
3.9 x 105
2.3 x 10s
3.9 x 105
3.9 x 105
2.9 x 105
3.5 x 105
1.1 x 105
1.2 x 105
29
4.8 x 105
5.3 x 105
8.6 x 101*
7.9 x }Qk
1.3 x 105
8.5 x 104
1.3 x 105
2.0 x 105
5.7 x 105
1.2 x 105
2.9 x 105
8.2 x ]Qk
1 .0 x 105
2.4 x 105
2.6 x 105
1.4 x 105
47
9.5 x 105
1.1 x 106
3.8 x 105
6.6 x 105
5.6 x 105
1.6 x 105
2.8 x 105
8.9 x 105
3.4 x 101*
3.3 x 105
3.4 x 105
4.9 x 105
3.0 x 105
3.2 x 105
1.3 x 105
1.7 x 105
50
-------
TABLE A-6 131I LEVELS IN INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES OF SPREAD GREEN CHOP FED
GROUP I I I COWS (pCi/kg).
Cow Number
Date Time 2^ 15 16 44
6/21 0700 1.1 x 105 1.7 x 105 1.5 x 105 4.6 x 105
6/22 0800 9.2 x 10^ 3.5 x 105 3.4 x 105 1.5 x 105
6/23 0800 1.9 x 105 3.0 x 105 4.0 x 105 1.7 x 105
51
-------
TABLE A-7. 131I LEVELS "UNCONTAMINATED" FRESH GREEN CHOP FED TO GROUP I,
III, AND V COWS (pci/kg).
Date Time
6/18*
6/20*
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/5*
0900
0900
0700
0800
0700
0900
1300
0800
0800
0800
0800
0800
0800
2
1
6
1
6
6
6
3
3
3
5
.1
.0
.5
.8
.3
.8
.5
.9
.9
.3
.1
ND
ND
x 103
x 10"
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
103
10"
103
103
103
103
103
103**
103
1.
6.
6.
7.
5.
3.
9 x
6 x
3 x
1 x
2 x
8 x
10"
103
103
103
103
103
2.9 x 103
3
1
8
1
6
1
7
1
7
.0 x
.4 x
.0 x
.9 x
.1 x
.1 x
.2 x
.3 x
.4 x
103
10"
103
10"
103
10"
103
10"
103
*0ne composite sample was collected representing all groups.
**0ne composite sample was collected representing Groups I, III, and V.
ND Nondetectable
52
-------
TABLE A-8. 131I LEVELS IN "UNCONTAMINATED1'HAY FED TO ALL GROUPS (pCi/kg).
Date Time
6/18*
6/20*
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
7/2
7/3*
7/4*
7/5*
7/6*
0900
0900
1400
0800
1300
1400
1400
1400
1400
0800
1400
1400
0800
1400
0800
1400
0800
0800
1500
0800
1500
0800
1400
0800
ND
ND
1.9 x 103
6.8 x 102
9.2 x 103
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.3 x 102 .
ND
ND ND
ND
.3.1 x 102** 4.9 x 102
4.0 x 102** 1.0 x 103
1.6 x 102
6.1 x 102
1.3 x 103
5.7 x 102
2.9 x 102
2.6 x 103
2.6 x 103 1.8 x 103 2.1 x 103
ND
6.7 x 102 7.3 x 102
8.7 x 102 1.1 x 103 1.1 x 10**
ND ND ND
ND 2.0 x 102 7.5 x 102
4.1 x 102 ND ND
6.5 x 102
ND ND
2.1 x 102 ND ND
ND ND
*0ne hay composite sample was collected representing all groups.
**0ne hay composite sample was collected representing Groups I, III, IV, & V
ND Nondetectsble
53
-------
TABLE A-9. 131I LEVELS IN GRAIN FED TO ALL GROUPS(pCi/kg).
Date Time pCi/kg
6/18 0900 ND
6/20 0900 ND
6/21 1400 ND
6/22 0800 ND
6/23 0600 ND
6/24 0900 ND
6/25 0700 ND
6/26 0800 1.4 x 102
6/27 0800 ND
6/28 0900 ND
6/29 0800 4.6 x 102
7/2 0800 3.6 x 102
7/3 0800 2.4 x 102
7/4 . 0600 3.0 x 102
7/5 0600 1.5 x 102
7/6 0800 4.6 x 102
54
-------
TABLE A-10. 131I LEVELS IN WATER FOR ALL GROUPS (pCi/1iter) .
Group
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
1/2**
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
1400
0800
0700
0900
1300
0800
0800
0800
0800
0900
0800
0800
0600
0800
0800
1
9.9 x 102
5.0 x 102
6.0 x 101*
ND
5.0 x 101
5.0 x 101
2.0 x 101
3.0 x 101
ND
ND
3.7 x 101
3.9 x 101
ND
1.0 x 101
ND
II III
3.2 x 102
2.2 x 102 4.0 x 101
7.0 ,x 101 3.0 x 101
4.0 x 101 3.0 x 101
4.0 x 101 4.0 x 101
5.0 x 101 2.0 x 101
2.0 x 101
2.0 x 101 ND
1.0 x 101 ND
IV V
2.1 x 102 ND
7.7 x 102 ND
ND ND
6.0 x 101 3.0 x 101
6.0 x 101 4.0 x 101
5.0 x 101 2.0 x 101
1.0 x 101
ND ND
ND
^Average of five collections: 6.0 x 101 ± 8 pCi/liter.
**Collected one water sample for all groups from this date on.
ND Nondetectable
55
-------
TABLE A-11. 131I LEVELS IN MILK FOR GROUP I COWS.
Cow 21
Ul
Cow 28
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
pCi/l iter
6.7 x 102
7.5 x 102
1.4 x 103
4.6 x 102
3.7 x 102
4.2 x 102
3.5 x 102
4.8 x 102
2.8 x 102
3.6 x 102
3.5 x 102
2.8 x 102
2.6 x 102
3.1 x 102
3.1 x 102
3.4 x 102
Liters
16.8
14.7
16.8
12.5
19.4
10.4
19.4
8.2
17.7
12.1
17.3
10.4
17.3
13.0
17.3
11.2
Total pCi
1.12 x 104
1.10 x 10^
2.35 x 104*
5.76 x 103
7.19 x 103
4.35 x 103
6.22 x 103
3.93 x 103
4.95 x 103
4.35 x 103
6.04 x 103
2.90 x 103
4.49 x 103
4.01 x 103
5.35 x 103
3.81 x 103
pCi/liter
3.7 x 102
2.2 x 103
2.4 x 103
1.6 x 103
1.2 x 103
1.2 x 103
1.1 x 103
1.1 x 103
8.9 x 102
9.4 x 102
7.9 x 102
7.5 x 102
6.3 x 102
7.1 x 102
6.3 x 102
4.5 x 102
Liters
13.4
9.5
12.5
8.2
14.7
7.8
15.1
6.0
13.4
9.1
13.0
9.1
13.8
8.2
13.0
9.5
Total pCi
4.95 x 103
2.09 x 101*
2.35 x 104
1.31 x 104
1.76 x 101*
9.33 x 103
1 .66 x 101*
6.65 x 103
1.19 x 101*
8.52 x 103
1.02 x 101*
6.80 x 103
8.70 x 103
5.82 x 103
8.16 x 103
4.27 x 103
-------
TABLE A-11. (Continued)
Cow 21
Cow 28
Date
6/29
6/30*
7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pC
2.
1.
1.
3.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
8.
5.
1.
7.
6.
i/
2
9
8
6
7
1
8
3
1
0
4
6
0
6
6
1 i
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ten Liters Total pCi
102 17.7 3.89 x 103
102 9.9 1.88 x 103
102 17.7 , 3.18 x 103
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
101
101
102
101
101
pCi/liter Liters Total pCi
4.8 x 102 14.7 7.05 x 103
4.6 x 102 7.8 3.57 x 103
3.9 x 102 13.0 5.05 x 103
*A group composite milk sample collected after this date
-------
TABLE A-11. (Continued)
Ul
oo
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30*
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pCi/l
4.3 x
2.0 x
2.6 x
1.7 x
1.3 x
1.5 x
7.7 x
1.4 x
9.3 x
1.0 x
8.5 x
9.0 x
8.0 x
7.8 x
6.3 x
4.9 x
5.0 x
5.1 x
3.9 x
iter
102
103
103
103
103
103
102
103
102
103
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
Cow 43
Liters
13.0
13.0
14.7
9.5
17.7
7.8
16.8'
6.9
13.8
9.5
13.0
9.1
16.0
8.2
15.1
8.2
15.6
8.6
15.6
Total
5.57
2.59
3.81
1.61
2.30
1.16
1.29
9.67
1.28
9.50
1.10
8.16
1.27
6.40
9.52
4.02
7.77
4.40
6.06
pCi
x 103
x 10^
x 10**
x Wk
x 101*
x 101*
x 101*
x 103
x 104
x 103
x 10"
x 103
x 104
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
pCi/l i
5.0 x
3.7 x
2.5 x
1.4 x
9.3 x
1.4 x
1.1 x
1.2 x
8.7 x
9.4 x
6.8 x
6.9 x
5.2 x
5.7 x
5.0 x
4.7 x
4.0 x
3.5 x
3.3 x
ter
102
103
103
103
102
103
103
103
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
Cow 45
Liters
13.0
8.6
13.0
7.8
16.0
7.8
16.4
6.0
16.0
8.6
13.0
8.6
16.0
7.3
14.7
8.2
14.3
6.0
15.1
Total
6.48
3.19
3.24
1.08
1.48
1.08
1.80
7.25
1.39
8.12
8.81
5.96
8.31
4.18
7.34
3.85
5.70
2.11
4.98
pCi
x 103
x 101*
x ]0k
x 101*
x 10**
x 10"
x 10"
x 103
x 104
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
*A group composite milk sample collected atter this date(see data on p. 57)
-------
TABLE A-12. 131I LEVELS IN MILK FOR GROUP II COWS.
\D
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
Time
— 7
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
pCi/l i
1 .9 x
3.5 x
4.2 x
4.5 x
4.1 x
2.9 x
3.0 x
3.3 x
3.0 x
2.9 x
3.5 x
3.0 x
3.5 x
ten
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
Cow 5
Liters
8.6
13.0
5.6
11.2
7.8
13.0
4.3
10.8
6.9
11.2
6.0
13.8
6.5
Total
1.64 x
4.53 x
2.35 x
5.05 x
3.18 x
3.75 x
1.29 x
3.56 x
2.07 x
3.25 x
2.11 x
4.14 x
2.26 x
pCi
105
105
105
105
105-
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
pCi/l
3.5 x
4.9 x
1.4 x
3.3 x
4.5 x
4.0 x
3.3 x
2.8 x
3.1 x
2.5 x
2.6 x
2.3 x
2.5 x
iter
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
Cow 26
Liters
15.6
16.8
9.1
19.0
9.5
19.0
8.2
17.3
9.5
16.8
9.9
17.7
11.2
Tota
5.4 .
8.25
1.27
6.27
4.27
7.60
2.70
4.83
2.94
4.21
2.58
4.07
2.80
pCi
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
-------
TABLE A-12. (Continued)
Cow 5
Cow 26
Date
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
1/2*
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pCi/l iter
2.4 x 10*
3.2. x 10*
2.5 x 10*
1.8 x 10*
8.6 x 103
7.5 x 103
3.0 x 103
1 .9 x 103
1.2 x 103
8.1 x 102
5.4 x 102
4.5 x 102
4.1 x 102
2.8 x 102
2.8 x 102
2.5 x 102
2.2 x 102
Liters Total pCi
11.2 2.69 x 105
6.5 2.07 x 105
10.8 2.70 x 105
6.5 1.16 x 105
11.2 9.65 x 10*
6.9 5.18 x 10*
10.8 3.24 x 10*
6.5 1.23 x 10*
pCi/l iter
2.5 x 10**
2.8 x 10
2.2 x 10
1.6 x 10
3
8.3 x 10
3
6.4 x 10
3
3.2 x 10
3
2.0 x 10
Liters Total pCi
16.8 4.21 x 105
11.2 3.14 x 105
18. 1 3.99 x 105
8.6 1.38 x 105
18.1 1.50 x 105
10.8 6.91 x 10*
16.4 5.25 x 10*
11.2 2.24 x 10*
*A group composite milk sample collected after this date,
-------
TABLE A-12- (Continued)
Cow 29
Cow 47
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1*
Time
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1.500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
. 0600
1500
pCi/l i
1.9 x
1.5 x
4.4 x
1.8 x
1.5 x
1.6 x
1.4 x
1.1 x
1.2 x
1.3 x
1.1 x
8.3 x
8.9 x
9.5 x
9.4 x
7.1 x
6.7 x
3.3 x
2.7 x
1.3 x
1 .3 x
ter
10**
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
Liters
4.8
5.2
5.2
8.2
3.9
8.6
2.6
7.3
4.8
6.9
4.3
7.8
5.2
7.3
3.5
7.8
3.5
6.9
4.3
6.9
3.9
Total
9.02 x
7.77 x
2.28 x
1.47 x
5.83 x
1.38 x
3.62 x
8.07 x
5.70 x
8.98 x
4.75 x
6.45 x
4.61 x
6.97 x
3.24 x
5.52 x
2.31 x
2.28 x
1.16 x
8.98 x
5.05 x
pCi
10"
10"
105
105
10"
10s
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
103
103
pCi/l
3.7 x
5.9 x
5.5 x
5.6 x
5.3 x
3.9 x
3.9 x
2.3 x
4.0 x
3.3 x
3.5 x
3.5 x
3.7 x
3.1 x
3.0 x
2.6 x
1.8 x
9.5 x
7.4 x
3.7 x
2.4 x
i ter
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
103 .
103
103
103
Liters
13.0
13.0
10.8
13.8
11.7
16.0
9.1
15.6
9.1
12.5
11 .7
14.7
8.6
15.1
11.2
15.6
8.6
13.0
9.1
. 14.3
9.9
Total pCi
4.79 x
7.64 x
5.94 x
7.74 x
6.18 x
6.23 x
3.53 x
3.57 x
3.62 x
4.13 x
4.08 x
5.14 x
3.19 x
4.68 x
3.36 x
4.04 x
1.55 x
1.23 x
6.71 x
5.27 x
2.38 x
105
105
105
105
105
1.05
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
10s
105
10"
10"
10"
A group composite milk sample collected after this date (see data on p. 60)
-------
TABLE A-13. 131I LEVELS IN MILK FOR GROUP III COWS.
Cow 2
M
Cow 16
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Time
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
pCi/li
8.0 x
8.1 x
8.5 x
5.8 x
7.9 x
4.5 x
4.0 x
2.3 x
2.1 x
1.1 x
1.0 x
5.9 x
6.4 x
4.5 x
4.7 x
ter
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
102
102
102
102
Liters
10.8
12.1
6.0
14.7
4.3
15.1
4.3
13.8
8.2
12.1
6.9
14.3
7.8
12.1
6.9
Tota
8.64
. 9.79
5.14
8.51
3.41
6.80
1.72
3.17
1.72
1.33
6.91
8.41
4.97
5.44
3.24
pCi
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10**
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
x 103
pCi/l i
7.0 x
8.7 x
1.2 x
8.5 x
1.1 x
7.6 x
8.1 x
4.6 x
5.2 x
3.0 x
2.4 x
1.1 x
1.3 x
7.1 x
8.2 x
ter
103
103
10"
103
10"
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
102
io2
Li tens
15.6
15.6
8.6
16.4
7.8
17.7
5.6
14.7
9.9
14.7
10.8
16.8
10.4
17.3
9.5
Total
1.08
1.35
1.03
1.39
8.55
1.34
4.54
6.75
5.16
4.40
2.59
1.85
1.34
1.22
7.79
pCi
x IO5
x IO5
x IO5
x IO5
x 10"
x 105
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 10"
x 103
-------
TABLE A-13. (Continued)
Cow 2
Cow 16
Ov
Date
6/29
6/30*
7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pCi/
3.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1 .
1.
5.
9.
8.
9.
7
9
2
4
8
0
1
4
1
1
0
2
9
2
7
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
iter Liters Total pCi
102 13.0 4.79 x 103
102 7.3 2.12 x 103
102 13.0 2.85 x 103
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
102
101
101
101
101
pCi/llter Liters Total pCi
4.4 x 102 17.7 7.79 x 103
4.0 x 102 9.1 3.62 x 103
4.2 x 102 10.4 4.35 x 103
*A group composite milk sample collected after this date,
-------
TABLE A-13. (Continued)
Cow 44
Cow 13
ON
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30*
Time
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pCi/l iter
1.4 x 101*
1.1 x 10**
1.4 x 104*
9.6 x 103
1.0 x 101*
6.7 x 103
6.4 x 103
3.5 x 103
4.3 x 103
2.5 x 103
1.9 x 103
1.3 x 103
1.5 x 103
8.8 x 102
1.0 x 103
6.6 x 102
5.7 x 102
3.7 x 102
Liters
13.4
16.8
10.8
16.8
9.5
18.1
6.9
19.0
12.1
16.4
10.8
18.1
9.5
16.0
9.5
16.8
9.5
13.4
Total pCi
1.87 x 105
1.85 x 105
1.51 x 105
1.61 x 105
9.50 x 101*
1.21 x 10s
4.42 x ID1*
6.65 x ]0k
5.20 x 101*
4.10 x 101*
2.05 x 104
2.35 x. 104
3.99 x 10**
1.40 x 101*
9.50 x 103
1.11 x 104
5.41 x 103
4.95 x 103
pCi/l iter
2.2 x 103
3.7 x 103
3.2 x 103
3.2 x 103
4.6 x 103
3.7 x 103
3.5 x 103
2.2 x 103
2.1 x 103
1.4 x 103
1.1 x 103
8.3 x 102
8.2 x 102
6.5 x 102
6.0 x 102
4.7 x 102
3.5 x 102
3.1 x 102
Liters
17.7
16.4
13.0
21.2
11.2
21.6
9.1
18.6
13.8
16.8
12.1
21.2
12.5
13.8
12.5
21.6
11.7
17.3
Total pCi
3.89 x 104
6.07 x 10^
4.14 x 104
6.77 x 101*
5.16 x 101*
7.99 x 101*
3.17 x 10k
4.08 x ]0k
2.90 x 101*
2.35 x 10"4
1.33 x 10k
1.75 x 101*
3.00 x 101*
8.98 x 103
7.51 x 103
1.01 x lO4
4.08 x 103
5.35 x 103
composite milk sample collected after this date (see data on p. 63)
-------
TABLE A-14. 131I LEVELS IN MILK FOR GROUP IV COWS.
Cow 12
cr>
ui
Cow 15
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Time
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
pCi/l
1.4 x
1.3 x
1.5 x
1.1 x
1.7 x
1.1 x
1.7 x
1.5 x
1.2 x
9.5 x
8.0 x
5.2 x
6.9 x
4.7 x
5.0 x
ten
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
Liters
11.7
11.2
8.6
15.6
7.3
18.1
5.2
15.6
12.1
13.0
8.6
15.1
8.2
13.8
9.1
Total
1.63 x
1.46 x
1.29 x
1.71 x
1.31 x
1.99 x
8.81 x
2.33 x
1.45 x
1.23 x
6.91 x
7.86 x
5.66 x
6.49 x
4.53 x
pCi
106
106
106
106
106
106
10s
106
106
106
105
105
105
105
105
pCi/l
9.0 x
9.4 x
1.1 x
8.7 x
9.3 x
6.3 x
6.5 x
5.4.x
5.8 x
4.9 x
4.4 x
3.2 x
3.2 x
2.3 x
2.5 x
ter
10*
10*
105
10*
10"
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
Liters
15.6
17.3
9.1
16.8
7.8
19.4
7.3
15.6
13.0
12.5
10.8
19.4
9.5
14.7
10.8
Tota
1.39
1.62
9.97
1.46
. 7.23
1.22
4.77
8.39
7.51
6.13
4.75
6.22
3.04
3.37
2.70
1 pCi
x 106
x 106
x 105
x 106
x 105
x 106
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
-------
TABLE A-14. (Continued)
Cow 12
Cow 15
Date
6/29
6/30
7/1*
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pCi/liter Liters Total pCi
3.6 x 104 15.1 5.44 x 105
2.8 x lO4 7.3 2.05 x 105
1.9 x 101* 14.3 2.70 x 105
1.2 x 10* 9.5 1.14 x 105
5.5 x 103
4.1 x 103
2.4 x 103
1.9 x 103
1.0 x 103
9.1 x 102
5.3 x 102
4.3 x 102
4.7 x 102
4.2 x 102
3.5 x 102
pCi/liters Liters Total pCi
1.8 x ]0k 14.7 2.64 x 105
1.7 x 104 10.4 1.76 x 105
1.1 x 10** 17.3 1.90 x 105
9.8 x 103 9.9 9.73 x 104
*A group composite milk sample collected after this date.
-------
TABLE A-14. (Continued)
Cow 17
Cow 18
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30*
Time
1500
0600
1500
0600
. 1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
pCi/l i
6.5 x
5.4 x
6.7 x
5.1 x
6.9 x
4.7 x
4.6 x
4.5 x
4.5 x
3.5 x
3.1 x
2.4 x
2.8 x
2.1 x
2.4 x
1.4 x
1.3 x
7.3 x
6.8 x
ter
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
103
103
Liters
7.3
9.5
7.3
10.8
5.6
10.8
5.2
10.4
6.0
10.8
6.0
12.1
5.6
10.4
9.1
9.9
6.5
10.4
7.3
Total pCi
4.77 x
5.13 x
4.92 x
5.50 x
3.87 x
5.07 x
2.38 x
4.66 x
2.72 x
3.78 x
1.87 x
2.90 x
1.57 x
2.17 x
2.17 x
1 .39 x
8.42 x
7.56 x
4.99 x
105
105
105
105
105
105
105 '
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
10"
10"
10"
pCi/l
1.1 X
9.4 x
1.1 x
6.8 x
8.7 x
5.9 x
6.9 x
7.3 x
7.1 x
5.1 x
4.7 x
3.5 x
2.9 x
2.2 x
2.3 x
1 .4 x
1.2 x
7.7 x
6.5 x
iter
105
10"
105
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
103
103
Li tens
10.8
13.8
6.5
15.6
5.6
16.4
5.2
13.0
7.8
13.0
7.3
14.3
8.2
14.3
6.0
13.8
7.8
13.4
9.5
Tota
1.18
1.29
7.12
1.05
4.88
9.68
3.57
9.46
5.52
6.60
3.45
4.98
2.38
3.13
1.39
1.93
9.33
1.03
6.17
pCi
x 106
x 106
x 105
x 106
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 105
x 10"
x 105
x 10"
*A group composite milk sample collected after this date (see data on p. 66 )
-------
TABLE A-15. 131I LEVELS IN MILK FOR GROUP V COWS
Cow 19
00
Cow 24
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
pCi/l iter
N
6.0 x 101
3.0 x 101
7.0 x 101
1.3 x 102
1.7 x 102
1.4 x 102
2.1 x 102
4.9 x 102
5.2 x 102
4.1 x 102
2.6 x 102
2.2 x 102
2.2 x 102
2.2 x 102
2.7 x 102
Liters
12.1
10.8
13.0
7.8
15.1
8.2
14.7
7.8
14.3
9.5
13.4
8.6
14.3
9.5
14.3
8.6
Total pCi
6.48 x 102
3.49 x 102
5.75 x 102
1.96 x 103
1.39 x 103
2.05 x 103
1.63 x 103
6.98 x 103
4.94 x 103
5.49 x 103
2.24 x 103
3.13 x 103
2.09 x 103
3.13 x 103
2.33 x 103
pCi/l iter
5.5 x 101
ND
2.5 x 102
2.4 x 102
4.0 x 102
1.2 x 102
5.4 x 102
7.4 x 102
3.8 x 102
2.8 x 102
4.4 x 102
3.7 x 102
3.9 x 102
3.0 x 102
3.5 x 102
Liters
4.3
4.8
3.9
3.5
5.6
3.0
5.2
3.5
4.3
2.6
3.5
3.0
3.9
3.9
4.3
3.0
Total pCi
2.61 x 102
8.64 x 102
1.34 x 103
1.20 x 103
6.22 x 102
1.86 x 103
3.19 x 103
9.84 x 102
9.67 x 102
1.33 x 103
1.43 x 103
1.51 x 103
1.29 x 103
1.05 x 103
-------
TABLE A-lfc. (Continued)
Cow 19
Cow 24
VO
Date
6/29
6/30*
7/1
7/2
7/3
7/4
7/5
7/6
Time
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
1500
0600
pCi /liter Liters Total pCi
1.8 x 102 14.7 2.64 x 103
1.1 x 102 9.1 9.97 x 102
1.4 x 102 14.7 2.05 x 103
1.5 x 102
1.1 x 102
7.0 x 101
8.0 x 101
4.0 x 101
6.0 x 101
7.0 x 101
5.0 x 101
9.0 x 101
8.0 x 101
6.0 x 101
6.0 x 101
pCi/liter Liters Total pCi
2.0 x 102 4.3 8.64 x 102
1.4 x 102 2.6 3.62 x 102
1.6 x 102 4.3 6.91 x 102
*A group composite milk sample collected after this date
-------
TABLE A-16. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM 131I VALUES FOR INDIVIDUAL COWS WITHIN EACH GROUP.
Group I
Group I
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
T ime
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a.m.
p .m.
Maximum
(pCi/l )
6.7 x 102
3.7 x 103
2.6 x 103
1.7 x 103
1.3 x 103
1.5 x 103
1.1 x 103
1.4 x 103
9.3 x 102
1.0 x 103
8.5 x 102
9.0 x 102
8.0 x 102
7.8 x 102
6.3 x 102
4.9 x 102
Cow
21
45
43
43
43
43
{28
X45
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
{43
X28
43
Mi Ik
Liters
16.8
8.6
14.7
9.5
17.7
7.8
15.1
16.4
6.9
13.8
9.5
13.0
9.1
16.0
8.2
15.1
13.0
8.2
FBI %
(yg)
1.45
3.25
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
.2.05,
3.25^
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85
2.85,
2.05'
2.85
Mi n imum
(pCi/l )
3.7 x 102
7.5 x 102
1.4 x 102
4.6 x TO2
3.7 x 102
4.2 x 102
3.5 x 102
4.8 x 102
2.8 x 102
2.6 x 102
3.5 x 102
2.8 x 102
2.6 x 102
3.1 x 102
3.1 x 102
3.4 x 102
Cow
28
21
21
21
21
21
•21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
Mi Ik
Liters
13.4
14.7
16.8
12.5
19.4
10.4
19.4
8.2
17.7
12.1
17.3
10.4
17.3
13.0
17.3
11.2
FBI %
(yg)
2.05
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.3
Max/Mi n
Ratio
1.8
4.9
1.9
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.1
2.9
3.3
3.8
2.4
3.2
3.1
2.5
2.0
1.4
-------
TABLE A-16. (Continued)
Group
Group
Date
6/29
6/30
Time
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
Max! mum
(pCi/l)
5.0 x 102
5.1 x 102
3.9 x 102
Cow
43
{43
143
28
Mi Ik
Liters
15.6
8.6
15.6
13.0
PBI %
(yg)
2.85
2.85,
2.85*
2.05
Minimum
(pCi/l)
2.2 x 102
1.9 x 102
1.8 x 102
Cow
21
21
21
Milk
Liters
17.7
9.9
17.7
PBI %
(yg)
1.45
1.45
1.45
Max/Mi n
Ratio
2.3
2.7
2.2
Group I I
Group I I
Average 2.9 ± 0.9
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p .m.
a.m.
p .m.
3.7 x 10"
5.9 x 10"
5.5 x 10"
5.6 x 10"
5.3 x 10"
4.0 x 10"
3.9 x 10"
47
47
47
47
47
26
47
13.0
13.0
10.8
13.8
11.7
19.0
9.1
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.35
3.25
1.9 x
1.5 x
1.4 x
1.8 x
1.5 x
1.6 x
1.4 x
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
{29
29
26
29
29
29
29
8.6
4.8
5.2
9.1
8.2
3.9
8.6
2.6
2.90,
2.50'
2.50
3.35
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
1.9
3.9
3.9
3.1
3.5
2.5
2.8
-------
TABLE A-16. (Continued)
Group I I
Group I I
Date
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
7/1
Time
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p.m.
Maximum
(pCi/l )
3.3 x 10*
4.0 x 10*
3.3 x 10*
3.5 x 10*
3.5 x 10*
3.7 x 10*
3.1 x 10*
3.2 x 10*
2.6 x 10*
1.8 x 10*
9.5 x 103
7.5 x 103
3.7 x 103
2.4 x 103
Cow
5
47
47
<4?
47
47
47
5
47
?l
47
5
47
47
Mi Ik
Liters
10.8
9.1 •
12.5
6.0
11.7
14.7
8.6
15.1
6.5
15.6
8.6 .
6.5
13.0
6.9
14.3
9.9
PBI %
(yg)
2.90
3.25
3.25
2.90,
3.25'
3.25
3.25
3.25
2.90
3.25
3.25
2.90'
3.25
2.90
3.25
3.25
Mi n i mum
(pCi/l )
1.1 x
1.2 x
1.3 x
1.1 x
8.3 x
8.9 x
9.5 x
9.4 x
7.1 x
6.7 x
3.3 x
2.7 x
1 .3 x
1.3 x
10"
10*
10*
10*
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
Cow
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
Mi Ik
Liters
7.3
4.8
6.9
4.3
7.8
5.2
7.3
3.5
7.8
3.5
6.9
4.3
6.9
3.9
PBI %
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
Max/Mi n
Ratio
3.0
3.3
2.5
3,2
4.2
4.2
3.3
3.4
3.7
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.8
1.8
Average 3.1 ± 0.7
-------
TABLE A-16. (Continued)
Group I I I
Group I I I
Date
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
6/26
6/27
6/28
Time
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p .m.
a .m.
p.m.
Maximum
(pCi/l)
1.4 x 101*
1.1 x 104
1.4 x 10*
9.6 x 103
1.1 x 10*
7.6 x 103
8.1 x 103
4.6 x 103
5.2 x 103
3.0 x 103
2.4 x 103
1.3 x 103
1.5 x 103
8.8 x 102
1.0 x 103
Cow
44
44
44
44
16
16
.16
16
16
16
16
44
44
44
44
Mi Ik
Liters
13.4
16.8
10.8
16.8
7.8
17.7
5.6
14.7
9.9
14.7
10.8
18.1
9.5
16.0
9.5
FBI %
(yg)
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
Mi n imum
(pCi/l)
2.2 x
3.7 x
3.2 x
3.2 x
4.6 x
3.7 x
3.5 x
2.2 x
2.1 x
1.1 x
1.0 x
5.9 x
6.4 x
4.5 x
4.7 x
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
102
102
102
102
Cow
13
13
13
13
1.3
13
13
13
<,23
2
2
2
2
2
2
Mi Ik
Liters
17.7
16.4
13.0
21.2
11.2
21.6
9.1
18. '6
8.2
13.8
12.1
6.9
14.3
7.8
12.1
6.9
FBI %
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.30
2.70,
2.30
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.70
Max/Mi n
Ratio
6.4
3.0
4.4
3.0
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.0
2.1
Ul
-------
TABLE A-16. (Continued)
Group I I I
Group I I I
Date
6/29
6/30
6/21
6/22
6/23
6/24
6/25
Time
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p .m.
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a.m.
p .m.
Maximum
(pCi/l)
6.6 x 102
5.7 x 102
4.2 x 102
Group
1.4 x 105
1.3 x 105
1.5 x 105
1.1 x 105
1.7 x 105
1.1 x 105
1.7 x 105
1.5 x 105
1.2 x 105
Cow
44
44
16
IV
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Mi Ik
Liters
16.8
9.5
10.4
11.7
11 .2
8.6
15.6
7.3
18.1
5.2
15.6
12.1
FBI %
2.10
2.10
2.40
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
Min imum
(pCi/l)
3.7 x
2.9 x
2.2 x
6.5 x
5.4 x
6.7 x
5.1 x
6.9 x
4.7 x
4.6 x
4.5 x
4.5 x
102
102
102
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
10"
Cow
2
2
2
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
Milk FBI %
Liters (yg)
13.
7.
13.
0 2.70
3 2.70
0 2.70
Average
Group IV
7.
9.
7.
10.
5.
10.
5.
10.
6.
3 l
5
3
8
6
8
2
4
0
Max/Mi n
Ratio
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.6 ±
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.2
2.5
2.3
3.7
3.3
2.7
1No blood data available for Cow 17
-------
TABLE A-16. (Continued)
Group IV
Ul
Group IV
Date
6/26
6/27
6/28
6/29
6/30
Time
a.m.
p.m.
a.m.
p .m.
a.m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
a .m.
p.m.
Maximum
(pCi/l)
9.5 x 10*
8.0 x 10*
5.2 x 10*
6.9 x 10*
4.7 x 10*
5.0 x 10*
3.6 x 10*
2.8 x 10*
1.9 x 10*
1.2 x 10*
Cow
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Mi Ik
Liters
13.0
8.6
15.1
8.2
13.8
9.1
15.1
7.3
14.3
9.5
PBI %
(yg)
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.85
Mi n imum
(pCi/l)
3.5 x
3.1 x
2.4 x
2.8 x
2.1 x
2.3 x
1.4 x
1.2 x
7.3 x
6.5 x
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
10*
103
103
Cow
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
17
18
Mi Ik
Liters
10.8
6.0
12.1
5.6
10.4
6.0
9.9
13.8
7.8
10.4
9.5
PBI %
(yg)
i
2.10
2.10}
2.10
2.10
Max/Mi n
Ratio
2.7
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.3
2.6
1.8
Average 2.5 ± 0.4
blood data available for Cow 17
*{} denote two cows with the same activity concentrations (pCi/l).
-------
DISTRIBUTION
1 - 20 SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Robert E. Miller, Manager, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 Robert H. Thalgott, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 Henry G. Vermillion, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 D. W. Hendricks, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
25 Robert R. Loux, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
26 Central Mail & Records, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
27 A. J. Whitman, NTSSO, AEC/NVOO, Mercury, Nevada
28 M. Klein, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
29 R. Decker, SNPO, Washington, D. C.
30 R. Hartfield, SNPO-C, Cleveland, Ohio
31 J. P. Jewett, SNPO-N, Jackass Flats, Nevada
32 - 35 R. Nelson, SNPO-N, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
36 William C. King, LRL, Mercury, Nevada
37 Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, California
38 H. L. Reynolds, LRL, Livermore, California
39 H. T. Knight, LASL, Jackass Flats, Nevada
40 P. Gothels, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
41 H. S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
42 Charles I. Browne, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
43 William E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, New Mexico
44 C. A. De Lorenzo, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
45 H. G. Simens, NTO, Aerojet-General Corp. , Jackass Flats, Nev.
46 R. Smith, NTO, Jackass Flats, Nevada
47 G. Grandy, WANL, NRDS, Jackass Flats, Nevada
48 E. Hemmerle, WANL, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Distribution (continued)
49 John A. Harris, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
50 M. I. Goldman, NUS, Washington, D. C.
51 J. Mohrbacher, Pan American World Airways, Jackass Flats, Nev.
52 P. Allen, ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
53 Martin B. Biles, DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
54 H. Booth, ARL, ESSA, Las Vegas, Nevada
55 C. Anderson, EG&G, Las Vegas, Nevada
56 Byron Murphey, Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
57 Maj. Gen. Edward B. Ciller, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
58 Chief, NOB/DASA, AEC/NVOO, Las Vegas, Nevada
59 - 63 Charles L. Weaver, PHS, BRH, Rockville, Maryland
64 Victor M. Milligan, REECo, Mercury, Nevada
65 Director, Northeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Winchester, Mass.
66 Director, Southeastern Radiological Health Lab. , Montgomery, Ala.
67 Todd V. Crawford, LRL, Livermore, California
68 - 69 DTIE, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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