SWRHL-55r
PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE BIOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
MAY 22, 1964 THROUGH JULY 1, 1966
PART I
EXPERIMENTAL DAIRY HERD
by
Donald D. Smith and Ronald E. Engel
Bioenvironmental Research
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
March 1969
This study performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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LEGAL NOTICE
This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work.
Neither the United States, nor the Atomic Energy Commission, nor any
person acting on behalf of the Commission:
A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with
respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the in-
formation contained in this report, or that the use of any informa-
tion, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may
not infringe privately owned rights; or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this report.
As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission"
includes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee
of such contractor prepares, disseminates, or provides access to,
any information pursuant to his employment or contract with the com-
mission, or his employment with such contractor.
010
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SWRHL-55r
PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE BIOENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
MAY 22, 1964 THROUGH JULY 1, 1966
PART I
EXPERIMENTAL DAIRY HERD
by
Donald D. Smith and Ronald E. Engel
Bioenvironmental Research
Southwestern Radiological Health Laboratory
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
March 1969
Copy No. 10
D. T. Wruble
ESO
SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
This study performed under a Memorandum of
Understanding (No. SF 54 373)
for the
U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. USPHS EXPERIMENTAL FARM FACILITIES 5
A. DAIRY BARN, AREA 6, NTS 5
B. MILKING AND METABOLISM LABORATORY, AREA 15, NTS 6
III. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 13
A. BACKGROUND 13
B. NUTRITION 13
C. IDENTIFICATION OF DAIRY COWS 16
D. RECORDS FOR DAIRY HERD 17
E. MILKING PROCEDURES 18
F. VETERINARY MEDICINE 20
1. Mastitis 20
2. Metabolic Disturbances 21
3. Digestive Disturbances 21
4. Calf Scours 22
5. Enterotoxemia 22
6. Veterinary Surgery 23
a. Teat Surgery 23
b. Hoof and Foot Surgery 23
c. Abdominal Surgery 23
d. Experimental Surgery 24
7. Routine Blood Examinations 24
G. DISCUSSION 24
IV. HERD PARTICIPATION IN USPHS EXPERIMENTS 39
A. INTRODUCTION 39
B. PROJECT TORY II-C 44
1. TORY II-C--INTERMEDIATE RUN, May 11-17, 1964 45
2. TORY II-C--FULL POWER, May 20-25, 1964 45
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C. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT, RB-1 , AUGUST 10-17,
1964 46
D. PROJECT KIWI REACTOR ' 46
E. PROJECT SULKY, December 18, 1964 47
F. PROJECT TNT, January 12, 1965 48
G. PROJECT PALANQUIN, April 14, 1965 50
H. PROJECT MILKRUN, August 11, 1965 52
I. PROJECT HAYSEED, October 4, 1965 54
J. PROJECT ALFALFA, June 21, 1966 56
APPENDIX
DISTRIBUTION
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Selected Nutritional Components of NTS Hay. 14
Table 2. List of Suppliers of Dairy Feed Supplements. 16
Table 3. Average values of total protein, FBI, and TBI for entire
herd except Cows 1, 2, 5, and 11. 32
Table 4. Average of Complete Blood Counts for Entire Dairy Herd
Except Cows 1, 2, 5, and 11. 35
Table 5. Groups of Cows for PROJECT TORY II-C--Full Run,
May 20, 1964. 46
Table 6. Groups of Cows for Project KIWI. 47
Table 7. Groups of Cows for Project SULKY, December 6-19, 1964. 48
Table 8. Groups of Cows for TNT, January 13-18, 1965. 49
Table 9. Groups of Cows for Project PALANQUIN, April 5- May 2,
1965. 51
Table 10. Groups of Cows for Project MILKRUN, August 11-
September 2, 1965. 53
Table 11. Groups of Cows for Project HAYSEED, October 4-22, 1965. 55
Table 12. Groups of Cows for Project ALFALFA, June 21-July 6, 1966. 57
Table I-A. Grain Feeding Table for Cows Not on Pasture. 66
m
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Area 15 Experimental Farm Building Complex, October 1965. 7
Figure 2. Custom-built grain feeders which facilitate decontamina-
tion and feeding procedures. 8
Figure 3. Typical milking scene with the Surge milking buckets and
cows in place. 10
Figure 4. Covered hay storage area and feed bunks which protect
hay and animals from the direct sunlight. 11
Figure 5. Sunshade for dairy cows kept in the loafing area. 12
Figure 6. USPHS dairy cows in stanchioned feed bunks used for
feeding green chop. 15
Figure 7. Mastitis incidence USPHS Dairy Herd. 26
Figure 8. Average Milk Production per Cow per Month. 27
Figure 9. Percent of Herd in Production per Month. 28
Figure 10. Herd Average Butterfat Percentage. 30
Figure 11. Values of Total Protein, TBI, and PBI for Dairy Herd
(except Cows 1, 2, 5, and 11) from April 1965 to
June 1966. 34
Figure 12. Front View of Feed Box Holder Attached to 9' x 9' x 5'
Steel Pipe Portable Pen. 41
Figure 13. Plastic Feed Box Being Inserted in a Feed Box Attached
to a Portable Pen. 42
Figure 14. View of the Back Side of the Feed Box Holder Attached
to the Front of the Portable Pen and the Automatic
Waterer. 43
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I. INTRODUCTION
In the spring of 1963, a meeting chaired by Dr. Gordon Dunning was
held at the Atomic Energy Commission, Nevada Operations Office (AEC/NVOO)
Headquarters, Las Vegas, Nevada. The purpose of this meeting was
to examine the knowns and unknowns related to potential radioiodine
doses which could result to humans from the release of mixed fission
products into the biosphere, particularly as a sequel to nuclear weapons
or excavation experiments. Separate subcommittees considered the
following four areas with major questions to be answered as indicated.
1. Source: How does one determine how many curies of the
radioiodines have escaped to the biosphere from a specific
event?
2. Transport: How does one predict and then measure diffusion
and deposition parameters as a function of distance and time
when radioiodines from a given source interact with ambient
meteorological conditions?
3. Environmental Monitoring: What environmental measurements
are necessary to confirm or negate predictions made by the
transport calculations and to serve as input for biological
studies?
4. Biological Studies: From a given source of radioiodines
acted upon by ambient meteorological conditions, what ultimate
dose to man will result as a function of time, distance, and
pertinent uptake parameters?
The total committee, comprised of a group of experts in each field,
considered the many questions which have been only outlined above. A
rather lengthy detailed report resulted which clearly indicated that,
for actual field sources of radioiodines, many essential bits of
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required information were lacking in all areas. Thus, specific recom-
mendations were made for the development of field and laboratory research
projects to obtain the missing data.
In brief, the committee concluded that source term definition was pri-
marily the province of the laboratory constructing the nuclear device
being tested and that a coordinated major research effort was needed
in the combined areas of transport, environmental monitoring, and bio-
logical studies. Subsequently, the AEC awarded the U. S. Public Health
Service a long-range safety program contract to mount the necessary
studies with Environmental Sciences Service Agency (ESSA) support to
assist in the transport phases of the studies.
The Bioenvironmental Research Program came into being on July 1, 1963,
with the mission of developing the necessary capabilities in staff
skills, facilities, and equipment to design and conduct required research
studies to obtain answers to the questions posed by the AEC. It was
clear at the outset that a fully coordinated effort of ESSA personnel
and representatives from many diverse scientific disciplines would be
required to attack the many problems to be solved.
The major approach conceived can perhaps best be described as problem-
oriented systems research. As mentioned previously, the source term
definition is considered to be the province of the scientific laboratory
which manufactures the device being tested. Transport phenomena studies
are the primary responsibility of ESSA. The remainder of the studies
are then the specific responsibility of the Bioenvironmental Research
Program which is an integral part of the Southwestern Radiological
Health Laboratory (SWRHL), Las Vegas, Nevada.
The systems approach which is used consists of measuring pertinent input
parameters to each system and then measuring the output of interest.
With this approach it is not necessary to fully elucidate all the inner
workings and detailed hidden mechanisms which function within any system.
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Of course, as knowledge of the input-output relationships of the major
systems grows, it is planned to intensify research in the smaller
subsystems in order to gain some knowledge of the mechanisms at work.
In general, there are two separate types of situations for which we
design and conduct field experiments. These are described below.
1. All nuclear tests in which there is a reasonable probability
that some radioactivity will be released to the atmosphere.
An example of this is a nuclear-cratering experiment.
2. A nuclear test in which some radioactivity is inadvertently
and unexpectedly released to the atmosphere.
In brief, the approach for the type 1 situation is to establish stations
in the downwind fallout pattern. Air samplers, fallout trays, film
badges, lactating dairy cows, and dairy-cow forage of various types
are located at these stations. Subsequent to the test, environmental
surveys are" made of each station. Many different types of samples
are removed and analyzed for radionuclides. Air uptake of radiois.o-
topes by lactating dairy cows in the fallout pattern is studied by
measuring the secretion of radionuclides in their milk. The contami-
nated forage is removed from the area, transported to our dairy barn,
and fed to different groups of experimental lactating cows. Radio-
active uptake from the contaminated forage is also studied by measuring
the secretion of radionuclides in milk. Quantitative relationships are
then established for forage to milk radionuclide ratios, time after
beginning ingestion of contaminated forage for the radionuclide con-
centrations to reach a peak in the milk, disappearance rate of the
radionuclides from the milk after the peak has been reached, and the
integrated percentage of the radionuclides ingested on the forage
which subsequently appears in the milk.
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The approach for type 2 situation involves organizing an "after the
fact" study at one or more existing dairy farms in the downwind fall-
out pattern. The exact nature of the study, in this case, is a
strong function of the extent of cooperation which can be established
with the dairy-farm managers. An attempt is made to determine the
same relationship among air-forage-milk as is done in the type 1
approach.
In addition to the studies described above, for which the radio-
activity is derived from actual field nuclear debris, we also design
and conduct controlled releases of radionuclides over growing forage
crops at our own experimental farm. In general, these studies cor-
respond closely to those of type 1 above. It is expected that by
July 1969, for a known source of radioiodine and known meteorological
conditions, we will be able to predict the average peak levels of
radioiodine to be found in the milk of dairy cows maintained in the
downwind trajectory to an accuracy of a factor of two at the 90-percent
confidence level.
In order to accurately evaluate and interpret data obtained from
various field and laboratory experiments, it is mandatory to have
complete background data on all experimental dairy animals. Necessary
background data include individual daily milk production records,
individual health, breeding, lactation, and calving records. In
addition, proper feeding and milking schedules must be maintained.
These data are then used to aid in the effort to simulate normal
dairy-farm practices for a typical commercial dairy operation in
Southern Nevada.
The scope of this report is limited to the dairy-cow facilities,
dairy-cow husbandry, veterinary medicine, and experiments in which
the dairy cows have been utilized.
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II. USPHS EXPERIMENTAL FARM FACILITIES
A. DAIRY BARN, AREA 6, NTS
Seventeen grade Holstein cows were purchased at a dispersal sale in
Idaho in the spring of 1964. A dairy was established under the
supervision of the U. S. Army Veterinarian assigned to the Off-site
Animal Investigation Project, AEC/NVOO. No experienced milkers were
available at the time thereby necessitating the employment of the
cowboys originally assigned the husbandry of the AEC beef herd. No
records of any kind are available to us for the dairy herd during
this period.
On May 22, 1964, AEC/NVOO transferred the responsibility of the dairy
and beef husbandry to the Bioenvironmental Research Program, SWRHL.
Initially it was not possible to obtain qualified personnel to con-
duct the husbandry required for a dairy herd. As qualified livestock
personnel .were acquired, the dairy husbandry improved immensely. In
order to establish uniform care of the dairy cows, a Standard Opera-
ting Procedure, FSS-SOP-1, was established (Appendix I). This SOP,
with minor variations depending on the type of research project being
conducted, still remains in effect. The dairy operations were initial-
ly conducted at Well 3, Area 6, NTS, in two Butler buildings joined
to form an L. One wing was utilized as a holding pen, maternity stall,
and storage area; the other contained six stanchions and a milk room.
An attempt ,to keep the inside temperature within reasonable fluctua-
tions failed, as the buildings were not adequately designed for an
experimental dairy. Between May 22, 1964, and May 16, 1966, the build-
ing and corrals were modified in an attempt to develop a research
facility that met the experimental requirements. All modifications
were designed and built in such a manner that the facility could be
economically converted at a later date to serve other needs, as required.
However, in emergencies it could still be utilized as a milking area.
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B. MILKING AND METABOLISM LABORATORY, AREA 15, NTS
Because an extensive research effort was to be devoted to the passage of
radioiodine through the human food chain, and because this research was
to be conducted under field conditions, an experimental farm facility
was required.
The NTS, with its sources of radioactive materials resulting from various
nuclear detonations and tests, seemed to be an excellent area in which
to develop an experimental farm. The original concept of the farm in-
cluded about 30 acres of irrigated land, facilities for a 24-cow dairy
herd and a laboratory building. Further details for criteria of site
and farm land may be found in SWRHL-36r. The permanent milking and me-
tabolism laboratory was completed during spring of 1966 at Well UE-15D,
Area 15. Ancillary facilities for veterinary medicine and animal hus-
bandry remain at Well 3.
The laboratory, which is a combination milking and metabolism facility,
has a four-stall milking area, a milk wash room, metabolism area, small
animal room, bioelectronics laboratory, meteorological telemetry room,
and a data reduction area. Because the scope of this report deals only
with the dairy herd, milking facilities, and equipment necessary to
maintain the herd, ancillary experimental facilities will not be dis-
cussed further.
On May 16, 1966, the lactating dairy herd was moved from Well 3B, NTS,
to the new Area 15 facility (Figure 1). The milking area consists of
four metal interconnected yoke stanchions. Each stanchion is widely
separated to prevent cross contamination between cows being milked.
Custom-built grain feeders were designed and fabricated by the dairy
personnel (Figure 2). The feeders were built to prevent spilling of
grain or other types of feed that may be used during an experiment.
Another feature not readily obvious is the built-in privacy for each
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, ... ^•"^••.-_. '_ '•MsV>
- *^***!.=2;aMl^> . ' ~r-
> .«. - • • *
s^^ . ; .-
FIGUEE 1 Area 15 experimental farm building complex,0ctober, 1965,
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FIGURE 2
Custom built grain feeders which facilitate
decontamination and feeding procedures.
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cow within the feeder area which results in less anxiety during unusual
disturbances.
Surge bucket milkers are used. The system is composed of a stainless
steel milking bucket with standard claws consisting of shells, flat dome
inflations and pneumatic pulsator (Figure 3). The bucket is hung over
the cow's back with a surcingle and is connected to the vacuum line by
use of a hose and pulsator activator. There is no absolutely correct
speed for operating a pulsator on any given herd of cows, as no two
cows are exactly alike. Therefore, and because of the fast and unusual
circumstances under which our cows are milked during field experiments,
we use an adjustable pulsator speed selector. Vacuum is obtained by
using a Surge SP-22 vacuum pump attached to a 1-h.p. electric motor.
The vacuum level is controlled by a Surge1 liquid-cushioned vacuum con-
trol. Proper control of the vacuum is necessary for fast, safe, and
efficient milking.
Corrals and loafing areas are fenced with cables, which are easily main-
tained. The cables are run through 6x6 wooden posts and attached to
corner posts by 3-inch-diameter heavy-duty springs, which maintain ten-
sion on the cables.
Additional pen areas are constructed according to the specific require-
ments set forth in a particular experimental protocol. The areas, wheth-
er in the existing corrals or in areas outside, are built by using
monofilament wire attached to an electric pulsator. Because cows are
very respectful of electric fencing, separation of groups of cows on
experiment is possible with a minimum amount of labor. ,
A permanent truss-supported sunshade is used to cover the stored hay and
feed bunks (Figure 4). It also covers enough area of the corral to par-
tially protect both hay and animals from adverse weather and direct sun-
light. To offer more protection to animals from the summer sun, a large
two-pole-supported sunshade is located in the center of the corral (Fig-
ure 5). There is a very definite need for a sunshade to maintain milk
production during the extremely hot summer months. Electrically heated
1Surg^B) equipment is manufactured by the Babson Bros. Co., 2843 W. 19th St.,
Chicago, Illinois.
9
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FIGURE 3
Typical milking scene with the Surge milking buckets and cows in place.
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• • '•' - '
FIGURE 4
Covered hay storage area and feed bunks
which protect hay and animals from the direct sunlight,
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I
\ I I
s
FIGURE 5 Sunshade for dairy cows kept in the loafing area.
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water tanks which prevent freezing of the drinking water are used in
all corrals.
III. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
A. BACKGROUND
Of the initial 17 grade Holstein cows purchased by the AEC, eight
are still in the dairy herd. Eighteen additional Holstein cows
have been purchased from several different sources and added to the
original AEC dairy herd, hereafter referred to as the USPHS dairy
herd. Out of the original 17 cows and the 18 cows that were purchased,
12 have been culled, sacrificed, transferred to other governmental
agencies, died, or are being used as nurse cows (Appendix II).
The dairy herd consists of 12 registered and 11 grade Holstein cows.
The herd is now typical of herds found in Southern Nevada and the
Great Basin States. This was our intention at the beginning of the
project.
B. NUTRITION
Our cows, like most dairy herds in the Great Basin States, are main-
tained in a dry lot. They are never allowed to graze on pasture or
range of any type. The main roughage is high-quality baled alfalfa
hay which is supplemented with fresh alfalfa green chop when available.
Alfalfa hay is fed free choice twice daily at the rate of approxi-
mately 35-40 Ibs. per cow per day.
Adams Fead Co., Las Vegas, Nevada, supplied the hay during the first
year of our dairy operation. This hay was grown in the Amargosa Valley
approximately 30-40 miles southwest of the Nevada Test Site. Since the
hay appeared to be of such high quality and as other priorities exist-
ed, no nutritional analysis of this hay was obtained. However, because
it was so exceedingly fine and leafy, various degrees of tympanites
were frequently observed in the animals. The hay contract covering the
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period, April 1, 1965 to March 31, 1966, was awarded to Tex Gates Saddle
and Feed Co. of Las Vegas, Nevada. The current contract for the period
of April 1, 1966 to March 31, 1967 was let to Ence Brothers Feed and
Trucking Co., St. George, Utah. Hay delivered under both contracts was
grown in tne Enterprise area of Utah. It was high quality and contained
sufficient fiber. No signs of tympanites have been observed from'feeding
of this hay.
Samples taken from each shipment of hay were analyzed by Morse Labora-
tories2^ various nutritional constituents (Appendix III). Selected
constituents are presented in Table 1. A statistical analysis was done
to see whether selected nutritive values were equal in all shipments. A
randomized block design was used to analyze the data. The values were
blocked on- nutritional components, and the times of shipments were handled
as treatments. The nutritional components of alfalfa hay were found not
to differ significantly between shipments.
Table 1. Selected Nutritional Components of NTS Hay
DATE
20 Aug 65
3 Nov 65
14 Jan 66
25 May 66
25 Jun 66
MOISTURE
10.32%
8.64%
10.50%
7.64%
8.56%
FIBER
24.76%
22.71%
23.21,%
25.90%
27.40%
PROTEIN
1 6 . 83%
16.80%
16.66%
15.15%
17.39%
DIGESTIBLE
PROTEIN
15.80%
14.93%
14.30%
13.43%
TON
51.40%
54.60%
52.12%
52.60%
51.20%
In addition to alfalfa hay, fresh green chop has been supplied to the
cows periodically. Usually this green chop has been furnished in connec-
tion with an experiment. However, as the farm becomes more and more
productive, it will be provided on a routine basis during the growing
season as well as during periods of an experiment. It has been fed in
the morning at the rate of 10-15 kg/cow/day in the green chop manger
(Figure 6).
2Morse Laboratories, 316 16th St., Sacramento, California.
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FIGURE 6
USPHS dairy cows in stanchioned feed bunks
used for feeding green chop.
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Lactating dairy cows receive a 16-percent-protein commercial concentrate
iupplimint (Appindix IV) during tht morning and tvsnlng mllklngs, Thi
average herd consumption 1s 16 IBs./cow/day, However, the amount fed to
each cow is proportional to the level of milk production of the individ-
ual cow. The supplement is measured and placed in the custom-built grain
feeders (Figure 2). Because of the difficulty of raising grains in the
quantities necessary to maintain an adequate supply, commercial dairy
feed is purchased from local sources. Prior to the first contract, dairy
supplement was purchased from Adams Feed Company, Las Vegas, Nevada, on
a petty-cash basis. The first contract and all succeeding ones have been
for a period of 6 months. Table 2 lists the period of each contract.
Table 2. List of Suppliers of Dairy Feed Supplements
Commercial Name
Name of Supplier of Supplement Period
Tex Gates Feed Co. Purina 22 Sep 64 to 31 Mar 65
Clark County Wholesale Pillsbury 1 Apr 65 to 30 Sep 65
Mercantile Co. 1 Oct 65 to 31 Mar 66
1 Apr 66 to 30 Sep 66
As on a typical dairy farm, trace mineralized salt is fed free choice to
all dairy cows. This geographical area is extremely low in phosphorus
and high in calcium. Because of this fact, special high-phosphorus, low-
calcium mineral supplement (Appendix IV) is also given free choice. We
have found by experience, although the mineral supplement and hay contain
enough Vitamin A., that the supplemental administration of Vitamins A, D,
and E results in better milk production and a stronger calf crop.
C. IDENTIFICATION OF DAIRY COWS
Number 1 through 499 have been reserved for the dairy herd. Each ad-
dition to the herd—either by purchase or birth—is issued the next
consecutive number without regard to sire or dam thereby using no number
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more than once. When an animal is removed from' the herd, regard-less of
cause, its number is permanently retired.
Initially our cows were identified by the use of ear tags in each ear.
Because of the tendency to lose the tags as well as poor readability,
standard neck chains with white embedded plastic numbers in a black
plastic material replaced the ear tags. These have been fairly success-
ful; but there is still some difficulty in observing the number, espe-
cially when the animal is in the milking stall or when facing in the
opposite direction from the observer. To supplement the use of the neck
chains, we developed a variation of cryogenic branding which utilizes
liquid nitrogen instead of alcohol and dry ice. Briefly, the procedure
consists of immersing 3-inch copper branding irons in liquid nitrogen
for 3 minutes, then applying the iron for 30 seconds on a black
area of the right hip, which has been dampened with 70-percent alcohol.
If application is properly done, white hair replaces the original black
in approximately 60-90 days, which results in a clearly visible brand.
If the iron is held in place for a longer period of time than 30 seconds,
the resulting scar is similar to that produced by heat. The use of
cryogenic branding plus the neck chains is a very good identification
system for our purpose.
As a back-up system in young animals, a permanent identification is pro-
vided by tattooing each animal's assigned number in its right ear. This
is accomplished as soon as possible after birth to eliminate possible
confusion of parentage. Branding and neck chains are applied at the
convenience of the livestock personnel. Each calf is accounted for re-
gardless of its disposition (Appendix V).
D. RECORDS FOR DAIRY HERD
Each adult animal has an individual file which contains two permanent
records. The first is an American Breeder Service form which provides
space to record information on health, reproduction, production, vaccina-
tions, identification, genealogy, and transfers (Appendix VI). A color
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photograph of each animal is attached to the form for identification
purposes. The second record is the individual record system as used
by the Dairy Herd Improvement Association(DHIA). This- form duplicates
in part some of .the information found on the American Breeding Service
form, but provides a current record of production, butterfat, and
management. Each month a -current strip is attached to the card. The
Dairy Herd Improvement Association also provides a monthly summary of
herd production for that month and a monthly summary of herd production
for the previous 12 months. A sample DHIA Card is shown in Appendix VII.
Information received consists of: daily milk and butterfat production,
individual grain recommendations, days pregnant and days open, extra-
polated 305-day records, relative value to herd average, and management
notes. Other data listed include length of previous dry period, date
of birth, calving date, age at calving, and lactation number. In addi-
tion to maintaining these two permanent records, milk production, feed
consumption, reproduction, medical treatment, work requirements and
accomplishments, and events affecting the dairy herd are reported on
a daily basis. This information is summarized and tabulated as a monthly
report. A complete and separate file is maintained during each experi-
ment involving the dairy herd. Data recorded include individual produc-
tion, individual feed and water consumption, weather conditions, numbers
and types of samples collected, and the detailed experimental protocol.
E. MILKING PROCEDURES
While it is realized that dairy cows are not "machines" and therefore
cannot be operated as such, a routine has been established for the dairy
personnel to insure consistent techniques in all phases of dairy husband-
ry. Because of the nature of the USPHS dairy operations on the NTS and
the scheduling of AEC activities in the experimental farm environs, the
milking schedule is the least consistent of any other phase. Whenever
possible, the cows are milked two times daily. Normally, there is a
15-hour interval between P. M. and A. M. and a 9-hour interval between
A. M. and P. M. milkings. Adjustments in this schedule have not
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interferred with the overall yearly milk production of the herd. For a
detailed description of the day-to-day milking and feeding procedures,
the reader is referred to the FSS-SOP I found in Appendix I.
During experiments that utilize milk from the cows, individual milking
buckets for each cow are used to minimize the possibility of cross
contamination (Appendix VIII). Each cow is milked with a separate Surge
bucket and claw that is marked with her identification for the particular
experiment. This equipment is never used on any other cow for the dura-
tion of the experiment. Normally the cows are milked as they choose
to enter the barn. However, during experiments, the milking order is
arranged so that control cows are milked first, followed by those with
the lowest radionuclide burden and progressing until the last cows milked
are those with the highest radionuclide burden.
In our operation, milk sampling is a matter of routine and therefore
must be included in a discussion of milking procedures. Sampling tech-
niques have been standardized so that each milk sample is collected,
handled, and recorded in the same manner. Other than routine weekly
collections, the protocol for the experiment of concern will establish
the number, type, and time of milk collections. Each sample is collected
®3
»j , ,,.3 „ . . j . . _... -,
or a covered container. The type of container and its contents will
depend on whether the samples are on an individual or composite basis.
Normally all milk samples are preserved with 37-percent formaldehyde,
but on occasion no preservatives are added to the milk. For more detail
of each procedure, the reader is referred to FSS-SOP-2 (Appendix VIII).
On the last day of the month, milk from each cow is collected in a "Whirl-
a-bag" ^-^and preserved with potassium dichromate and submitted to the
Virgin Valley Dairy Herd Improvement Association, Mesquite, Nevada. The
day's production for each cow and other pertinent data are submitted
with the samples.
^"Cubitainer" is mfg. by Hedwin Corp., 1209 E. Lincoln Way, La Porte, Ind.
4"Whirl-a-bag" is mfg. by NASCO, Fort Atkinson, Wise.
19
-------
VETERINARY MEDICINE
1. Mastitis
As is true for most commercial dairies, our major veterinary problem
has been mastitis. The complexity of the etiology of the disease makes
solution of the problem dependent upon (1) critical diagnosis of the
specific microbial agent involved, (2) correction of faulty managerial
practices, and (3) judicious use of drug therapy. Incidence of masti-
tis in individual cows is listed in Appendix IX. Methods for the de-
tection of mastitis consist of physical, chemical, or microbiological
tests applied to the udder or milk. Physical tests include palpation
of the udder, temperature, physical examination, and use of the strip
cup. Prior to applying the milker, two to three free-flowing streams
from each teat are squirted into the strip cup. Any abnormal finding
is classified as mastitis. Chemical tests are limited to a monthly
California Mastitis Test (CMT). Samples from individual quarter milk
are prepared according to standard procedures. If the test is posi-
tive; i.e., if the leukocyte count is above normal, the affected quar-
ter is assumed to have mastitis. Microbiological tests per se are not
done. However, antibiotic sensitivity tests are done if the affected
quarter has to be treated.
All suspects are treated as cases of acute mastitis. Depending on the
sensitivity tests and prior history, the drug of choice is infused
into the affected quarter following each milking for no less than six
treatments. Additional treatment is given as indicated. This may be
parenteral antiobiotics, fluid therapy, diuretics, hormones and/or
rumen stimulants, depending on the clinical response. Spread of mas-
titis from infected cows to healthy cows is reduced by using separate
milking buckets, isolation of cows, prevention of spilling of infected
milk on floors, disinfection of teat cups, and other methods usually
employed in strict sanitary programs.
When a cow with a history of mastitis is dried up, 30 cc of Furacin^5
is infused into each quarter. This is repeated 4-6 weeks prior to
parturition. By following this method religiously, the incidence of
mastitis has been reduced considerably.
DFuracin is manufactured by Eaton Laboratories, Norwich, Mew York"
20
-------
2. Metabolic Disturbances
We have had two cases (Cows 24 and 46) of parturient paresis (milk fever)
following parturition. Both animals responded to the standard treatment
of intravenous infusion of 500 cc calcium borogluconate. Ketosis has
not been observed in our herd even under the most stressful conditions,
such as those experienced during field experiments. This is in part
due to the high protein feeding regime employed throughout the period
of experimentation.
3. Digestive Disturbances
Tympanites (bloat) was a problem in cows consuming damp sixth-cutting
alfalfa. Apparently this hay did not have sufficient bulk to stimulate
eructation as one might expect. We lost two cows (Nos. 8 and 20) dur-
ing this period "and successfully treated several other animals before
the exact cause could be determined. A new source of hay was found,
and to date no further deaths from bloat have occurred.
We have diagnosed two cases of acute traumatic gastritis--Cow No. 11
in October 1965 and Cow No. 1 in May of 1966. Ironically, both of
these cows were animals that had been used in a field experiment and
therefore ware of extreme interest to the research program. Cow No. 11
was treated on a symptomatic basis with wide-spectrum antibiotics,
electrolytes, rumen stimulants, and magnets. A rapid recovery was
apparent, as milk production returned to near normal. No relapse has
been observed or suspected. Treatment of Cow No. 1 was not successful.
Numerous exacerbations and remissions of the cardinal signs of traumatic
gastritis occurred following treatment with various drugs. Surgical
intervention (rumenotomy) was done in an attempt to remove the object
causing the condition. The magnet and metal objects as well as a long
piece of baling wire were removed via a rumenotomy incision. The animal
made an apparent recovery, which lasted for approximately two weeks;
then a remission of symptoms occurred. The animal died on June 11, 1966.
Abscesses were found in every organ of the body. Cause of the condition
was a matter of conjecture and will not be discussed further. For more
21
-------
complete necropsy findings and surgical approach, see section on Veteri-
nary Surgery.
Because prevention of traumatic gastritis is more important than the
medical or surgical treatment of the condition, we now routinely emplace
rumen magnets in all our dairy cows. This, for the most part, prevents
the penetration of metal particles into the abdominal or thoracic cavi-
ties. In addition to this, there has been a concentrated effort to strip
lots and mangers of any pieces of baling wire or other metal objects that
could possibly be ingested. Care is taken to prevent wire being inad-
vertently placed in the hay manger. Awareness of this problem by
various research and nonmilking personnel has resulted in decreased
amounts of extraneous rnetal objects in the area.
4. Calf Scours
Diarrhea (scours) in newborn animals has been a minor problem. Investi-
gation of each case revealed that overfeeding caused most of the diges-
tive disturbances. To reduce intake and the tendency for the livestock
personnel to overfeed the calves, the quantity of milk given to each
calf was adjusted to not exceed 10% of body weight per day for the first
few weeks of the calf's life. If scouring does occur, medical treatment
is initiated immediately. Treatments usually consist of a combination
of broad spectrum antibiotics, antidiarrheal compounds, and oral elec-
trolytes.
5. Enterotoxemia
Diagnosis of enterotoxemia is usually made on the basis of lesions found
at autopsy and on laboratory culture results. In the two deaths
(Calves 52 and 56) diagnosed as being due to enterotoxemia, overfeeding
was determined to be the inciting cause. This condition has been
controlled by strict adherence to the rule that milk feeding should
not exceed 10% of body weight and by a program of inoculations of
pregnant cows with enterotoxemia vaccine.
22
-------
6. Veterinary Surgery
a. Teat Surgery. Teat surgery has consisted of removal of lacteal
calculi, repair of contracted sphincters, removal of tumors, and
repair of teat lacerations. All animals have responded well to the
surgical procedures and have, in all instances, returned to full
milk production.
b. Hoof and Foot Surgery. At the time of our assumption of respon-
sibility of the dairy herd, all cows had malformed hooves and were
suffering from lameness and interdigital ulcerations. For the most
part, extensive surgical treatment was necessary. The hooves were
trimmed to proper configurations, necrotic areas were curetted and
cauterized, and interdigital ulcers treated with astringent agents.
The animals were placed in large exercise lots for at least 2 weeks
until healing took place. This regime has successfully eliminated
most of the foot problems and only occasionally is it now necessary
to do hoof surgery.
c. Abdominal Surgery. On November 30, 1964, Cow No. 4 suffered a
penetrating abdominal wound when she ran into a tractor-mounted
manure fork. The wound was cleansed, debrided, and sutured. Broad
spectrum antibiotics were given for 1 week. The animal made an
uneventful recovery.
On June 1, 1966, an exploratory laparotomy and rumenotomy were per-
formed on Cow No. 1. A penetrating wire and massive adhesions from
the reticulum to the pericardial sac were found, and a rumenotomy
was then done. A tenpenny nail, 7-inch piece of baling wire,
and several smaller pieces of wire were removed from the reticulum.
Despite the surgical removal of the inciting cause and extensive
supportive treatments, death occurred on June 11, 1966. An autopsy
revealed vegetative valvular endocarditis of the right atrioventric-
ular valve, multiple abscessations of liver and lungs, a large
abscess in the spleen, and peritonitis.
23
-------
d. Experimental Surgery. An experimental rumen gas-collection
cannula was surgically implanted in Calf No. 40 on March 16,
1966. The cannula had an airtight rumen-skin seal and was
healing normally until the cannula was caught on a fence and
torn free from the skin and rumen. Replacement was not possible
without further surgical intervention. However, at the time,
replacement was not feasible so the incised area was treated
as an open wound. Recovery was uneventful.
7. Routine Blood Examinations
Because blood reflects the physical state of the body, certain bio-
chemical tests and whole blood counts are taken on a monthly basis.
On occasion, as during periods of an on-going experiment, the fre-
quency of such tests is increased to meet the criteria of the experi-
ment. Once each month, 30 cc of whole blood is withdrawn from the
external jugular of all dairy cows. Five cubic centimeters of the
blood are put in a glass vial containing anticoagulant. The remain-
ing blood is put in glass vials for serum collection. The whole
blood is submitted for complete blood counts which include determina-
tions for red blood cells, and a differential count. The serum is
submitted for total protein (TP), protein bound iodine (PBI), and Tr
G. DISCUSSION
The acute episodes of mastitis, which appear in many dairy herds, have
been minimized. The first problem period in our herd occurred in June
and July of 1964 before we had adequate facilities and competent person-
nel. This outbreak was apparently caused by poor milking techniques
used by inexperienced employees. The establishment of the FSS-SOP-1
for standard dairy methods resulted in an improvement in sanitation.
This improved procedure and intensive medical treatment brought the
mastitis under control by September.
The second period occurred in April of 1965. The precipitating cause
was determined to be tiia stress of a field experiment complicated by
i'.eavy snows and rains that turned the barn lots into quagmires. All
24
-------
cows promptly responded to treatment following the return of sunny
weather and the1 termination of the experiment.
The third episode occurred in March of 1966. This outbreak did not in-
volve as many cows as the others, but was more difficult to correct. It
was precipitated by a combination of muddy lots and defective milking
equipment. All rubber parts of the existing equipment were replaced and
the vacuum system checked over. With the increased use of the California
Mastitis Test as an indicator for chronic inflammation and specific
medical treatment, the outbreak was gradually brought under control.
The incidence of mastitis on a herd basis, as shown in Figure 7, was
7.2% for the first 4 months of operation. Control measures have
reduced the incidence to 1.7%. Some cows are more prone to mastitis
than others. In some cases, this may be explained by heredity, anatomi-
cal defects, temperament (nervous cows are more prone to injury), and
presence of scar tissue from previous episodes of mastitis. Because of
this, cows-are culled if they have any one of these features, thereby
keeping mastitis to a minimum.
Although no accurate records are available for the AEC dairy herd prior
to the transfer, it would be safe to assume that the May 1964 average
milk production of 27.8 Ibs. per cow was within the normal limits for
the herd at that time. It was not until September of 1964, that the
herd milk production started to rise (Figure 8). This, no doubt, was
a combination of many factors, such as reduction of mastitis, improved
veterinary care, better management, new milking equipment, and better
husbandry practices. A large number of the cows were being milked beyond
the normal drying-off time, which accounts for the high percentage of
herd in production in May 1964 (Figure 9). When new management proce-
dures were initiated, the cows were dried up at the recommended time of
305 days. This action resulted in a larger percentage of the herd being
removed from the milking string. The logistics of one experiment made
it impractical to have the cows bred during late March, April, and early
May of 1965. This is reflected by a low number of cows in the production
for January and February 1966.
25
-------
15%
1%
O%
•6833001 12482201011 31O4422
Jun Jul AugSepOctNovDecJanFeb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug SepOct NovDec Jan Feb Mar AprMayJun
1964 1965 1966
**No. of affected cows
FIGURE 7
Mastitis Incidents TJHPHS Dairy Herd
-------
6O Ibs/day
55 Ibs/day
5O Ibs/day
45 Ibs/day
4O Ibs/day
35 Ibs/day
3O Ibs/day
V
.- ff'~
fs f ;
z. -;,
-~ *
s
••A
i
, -
; .• ••
, ,
•v
'
™^
%
«»v.
.
..
• r'-
'
.>..., J
>";
""• ^ \
-
x \ ^
[ - ;
Id
J
-
.~,<™
\ ^ ^
f'% •
;
sv* V.
i-; ,
fl "'<"
ff fA-f^f
Iv-f
' ^ >;
•
-^ X
M»
1
''Ufa
?$'
• 'i
\
i
'*&;,:..
?''•*
Jffff
,:•.
il
i
}
i
-\; %;
I
May Jun Jul AugSepOct NovDecJan Feb MarAprMayJun Jul AugSep Oct NovDecJan FebMarAprMayJun
1964 1965 1966
FIGURE 8
Average Milk Production, (per cow,per month)
-------
9O%
08
04
OJ
no, of
cows in herd
87.1
88.5
8O%
82.1
82.5
82,9
7O%
75.2
77.1
* K rrvw^n**
'74.5
791,
'
76.7
74,6!
72.9
• 1762s
6O%
5O%
68.8
62.9
52,41
1ST
53.3
-151.51.
57.7
69.6
158,'
V,
61,31
58.7
-••by
*14.8 12.8 10.7 11.01O.5 9.6 13.4 15.O 17.9 179 18.5 19.O 18.9 177 14.9 15.3 17.5 19.8 19.9 14,7 11 4 14,1 16.7 18.4 19.O 18.3
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
no. of lactating cows 1964 1965 1966
FIGURE 9
% of Herd in Production per Month
28
-------
The improved 305-day milk average is a reflection of the reduced mastitis
incidence and increased management efficiency. Our average per cow, as
computed by adjusting the DHIA results, is 12,906 Ibs. or 5,866 liters
(Appendix X). The average butterfat per cow for this reporting period
was 439 pounds. The Holstein-Friesian Association of America reports
the following production figures based on a twice-a-day-mi Iking, 305-day,
mature-equivalent average of all reported DHIA records, 1956-1959.
Hoi steins Milk (Ibs.) Butterfat (Ibs.)
Registered 12,560 460
Grade 11,567 424
The Washington County, Utah, Dairy Herd Improvement Report of November
1965 lists the following figures:
Number of Herds 8
Cows per Herd 84
Average Ibs. of Milk . . . 12,241
Average % of Fat 3.5
Average Ibs. of Fat 433
It is apparent that the herd compares quite favorably to the milk produc-
tion for other commercial dairy herds. The average milk production per
cow for each month since May 1964 is graphically presented in Figure 8.
There is a cycle of high production occurring twice each year. In
general, peaks in milk production occur during the February-April inter-
val and the August-September interval. The lowest production occurs
1-2 months- after the peak and thereafter takes 3-4 months to again peak.
The butterfat content of the milk is directly affected by heredity and
the type of feed. The erratic results in the herd (Figure 10) are due,
in part, to a large percentage of animals being on field tests and on dif-
ferent typas of feed; e.g., green chop and hay, green chop'only, or hay
only. However, at this time the type of tests and the methodology is ques-
tioned, as the butterfat production is not consistent throughout the year.
In order to test validity of the DHIA butterfat results, it is planned
29
-------
4.5%
4.O%
3.5%
3.O%
3.63
3.45
3.28
3.17
3.71
3.O5
3. 2O
2.77
•y-
3.13
3.35
3. 2O
4.O4
-
3.21
3.23
;
3.13
„•>
2.71
2.5%
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1965 1966
FIGURE 10
Herd Average Butterfat %
30
-------
to institute a system of submission of duplicate samples, If results
are not consistent, we will institute our own testing program.
Changes observed in total proteins of blood serve only to indicate the
status of the subject under study at that particular time. Many disease
conditions and other physiological or artificially induced factors pro-
duce similar changes in the plasma proteins. The observation that an
abnormality exists in the plasma proteins indicates that some pathologi-
cal, physiological, or induced factor is causing the condition. • Because
there appears to be a wide divergence in the acceptable normal data, it
was considered mandatory that values be established which are accepted.as
a normal range for the dairy cows (Table 3). Total protein of blood
serum appears to be not only dependent on physiological or pathological
factors, as three distinct seasonal peaks occurred in our herd. The
first peak occurred in the April-May interval. It is difficult to
estimate the significance of this because the herd was involved in a
field experiment. The second peak occurred October-November, although
not as high as the first peak. The third peak was very similar to the
second peak in magnitude and occurred during the April-May period. Very
definite troughs are observed during the July-August and November-
February intervals.
As the reader will recall, the dairy herd is used to study the transport
of radionuclides, expecially radioiodines, through the ecological system.
Iodine accumulation in the cow, and therefore secretion in the milk, is
not independent of thyroid function. Many of the tests used in humans,
such as hematology, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and serum cholesterol
are unsatisfactory in animals. A direct parameter of thyroid function
is the measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the blood stream. Es-
sentially all of the organically bound iodine in the plasma is that of
the thyroid hormone. Therefore a measure of the amount of iodine bound
to protein (FBI) of plasma should reflect the amount of circulating
thyroid hormone. The FBI varies directly with the degree of thyroid
activity. As such, PBI values in cows should be interpreted with care
even when they fall within the normal range.
31
-------
Table 3. Average values of total protein, P.B.I., and T.B.I, for entire
dairy herd except Cows 1, 2, 5, and 11.*
DATE
1
22
4
n
18
16
14
n
15
13
17
16
18
15
15
19
16
16
Apr
Apr
May
May
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
66
66
66
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
T.P.
gm/100
.8 ±
.2 ±
.6 ±
.8 ±
.6 ±
.5 ±
.6 ±
.3 ±
.5 ±
.7 ±
.6 ±
.6 ±
.4 ±
.2 ±
.6 ±
.7 ±
.5 ±
.3 ±
.50
.74
.43
.44
.37
.45
.54
.47
.54
.42
.50
.45
.40
.59
.64
.66
.63
.55
4
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
P.l
P<
.21
.82
.18
.48
.05
.92
.30
.29
.68
.23
.62
.07
.50
.82
.78
.90
.57
.65
3.1. T.B.I.
p Percent
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.46
.47
.52
.59
.34
.73
.66
.60
.51
.74
.90
.55
.60
.40
.47
.63
.60
.75
.91 ±
.92 ±
.92 ±
.91 ±
.90 ±
.89 ±
.89 ±
.94 ±
.94 ±
.93 ±
.93 ±
.94 ±
.93 ±
.93 ±
.94 ±
.94 ±
.94 ±
.92 ±
.04
.05
.04
.04
.05
.-04
.04
.06
.07
.05
.05
.04
.04
.05
.06
.06
.06
.06
*Values are x ± I.S.D.
32
-------
By determining individual FBI values on a monthly basis, it was hoped to
observe a seasonal trend if one occurred, and secondly, to collect enough
data to determine the normal PBI ranges for the dairy herd. The seasonal
variation cf the PBI does not appear as dramatic as the variation in
total protein. On examination of Figure 11, one generally finds a peak
during the May-June and November-December periods. However, without
statistical treatment and more observations over a longer period, the
data are not obvious enough for accurate interpretation.
To further aid in developing normal parameters for thyroid function, the
thyrobinding index was used an adjunct to the PBI test. Circulating
thyroid hormone, as triiodothyronine (T3), has been found to be almost
completely bound between the o^- and a2-globulins with essentially no
binding to prealbumin proteins. These fractions are commonly referred
to as thyroid-binding globulins (TBG). The status of thyroid function
has been shown to be proportional to the degree of saturation of the
protein-binding sites. The TBI method of directly measuring uptake on
the binding sites gives a positive indication of thyroid hormone status.
Prior to August 1965, the dairy herd apparently had very high thyroid
activity, as the values during this period are beyond the normal eu-
thyroid limits. From August 1965 to May 1966, the herd was in a eu-
thyroid state. At the present time, no explanation is possible for
the hyperthyroid condition of the herd. Continued studies may shed
further light in this regard.
The diagnosis of diseases of the thyroid gland in animals is often ob-
scured by the nonspecific nature and variety of clinical signs. Total
protein, PEI, and TBI tests directly or indirectly measure the thyroid
activity; complete blood counts (Table 4) aid in determining the physio-
logical status of all body tissues. The hemogram, i.e., hemoglobin,
red blood cells (RBC), and hematocrit, differ from many of the values
found in the literature. RBC are much lower than most published normal
values, probably as the result of cellular disintegration between time
of collection and time of analysis. With the development of our own
laboratory facilities, blood is now examined promptly; and results are
33
-------
= thyro bound iodine s'^ \ J S ' • ?ij =proteln bound iodine
PBI/TP/TBI
16.O/8.2/1.O2
14.0/8.0/1.00
12.0/7.8/.98
1O.O/7.6/.96
8.O/7.4/.94
6.O/7.2/.92
4.2/7.0/.9O
2.0/6.8/.88
16 Jun 14 Jut 11 Aug 15 Sept 13 Oct 17Nov 16 Dec 18 Jan 15 Feb 15 Mar 19 Apr 16 May 16 Jun
1 Apr 4 May
FIGURE 11
Values of TP/TBI + FBI for Dairy Herd from April 1965 to June 1966
34
-------
Table 4. Average of Complete Blood Counts for Entire Dairy Herd
Except Cows No. 1, 2, 5, and 11.
DATE
4/22/65
5/4/65
5/11/65
5/18/65
6/16/65
7/14/65
8/11/65
9/15/65
10/13/65
11/19/65
12/16/65
1/18/66
2/15/66
3/17/66
4/18/66
5/16/66
6/16/66
HGB
gms/100 cc
12.
10.
11.
11.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
11.
10.
11.
11.
n.
11.
10.
0 ±
6 ±
6 ±
6 ±
4 ±
4 ±
7 ±
9 ±
5 ±
9 ±
1 ±
9 ±
0 ±
3 ±
3 ±
1 ±
9 ±
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8
7
6
9
8
5
0
8
9
9
7
7
5
8
7
9
9
% HCT
39.
34.
38.
39.
34.
35.
35.
35.
36.
36.
36.
36.
36.
37.
37.
36.
37.
6
6
6
1
9
0
3
0
1
2
6
1
5
7
0
7
4
± 2
± 2
± 2
± 3
± 2
± 2
± 3
± 2
± 3
± 4
± 3
± 3
± 2
± 3
± 3
± 2
± 2
.3
.3
.8
.2 .
.0
.6
.5
.9
.6
.1
.4
.2
.9
.6
.2
.8
.4
RBC + 106
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
.48 ±
.55 ±
.57 ±
.41 ±
.69 ±
.48 ±
.67 ±
.64 ±
.69 ±
.48 ±
.67 ±
.58 ±
.75 +
.58 ±
.73 ±
.78 ±
.68 ±
.32
.19
.17
.19
.15
.23
.20
.22
.23
.34
.24
.19
.10
.20
.10
.08
.08
35
-------
Table 4. Average of Complete Blood Counts for Entire Dairy Herd Except Cows No. 1, 2, 5, and 11.
(Continued)
CO
cr>
DATE
4/22/65
5/4/65
5/11/65
5/18/65
6/16/65
7/14/65
8/11/65
9/15/65
10/13/65
11/19/65
12/16/65
WBC
8300
7980
8963
9410
8427
9198
8564
8776
8810
± 2042
± 1880
± 1143
± 881
+ 9C1AQ
T £UH--7
+ 1DQ?
+ Q01
+ RDR
T ouo
+ 1 ("HO
T 1 UO3
± 855
+ im?
T 1 U 1 O
EOS BASO
ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE
PERCENT PERCENT
171 ± 139
2.0 ± 1.4
204 ± 265
2.5 ± 3.3
171 ± 128
1.8 ± 1.3
273 ± 3771
2.8 ± 3.9
161 + 126
1.8 ± 1.5
113 ± 81
1.3 ± .8
82 ± 112
.9 ± 1.2
93 ± 72
1.0 ± .7
68 + 75
.8 ± .8
130 ± 121
1.4 ± 1.3
89 + 73
1.0 ± .8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
JUV STAB
ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE
PERCENT PERCENT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
78 ± 52
.9 ± .4
136 ± 47
1.5 ± .5
0
0
94 ± 58
1.0 ± .5
109 ± 62
1.2 ± .7
91 + 70
1.0 ± .8
95 + 72
1.0 ± .8
46 + 65
.5 ± .7
96 ± 103
1.0 ± 1.1
53 ± 64
.5 ± .6
SEGS
ABSOLUTE
PERCENT
2993
35.6
3370
42.3
1862
20.6
2167
23.1
2487
26.4
2332
27.7
1835
20.6
1927
20.9
2069
23.7
1952
22.2
1891
21.5
± 1171
± 9.1
+ 819
± 3.8
+ 441
± 3.4
± 681
± 7.1
+ 796
± 8.7
+ 432
± 3.8
+ 321
± 2.8
± 306
± 3.1
± 759
± 6.1
+ 384
± 3.8
+ 287
± 2.5
LYMPH
ABSOLUTE
PERCENT
5130 +
62.3 ±
4925 +
53.7 ±
6725 ±
75.2 ±
6944 +
73.7 ±
6773 ±
70.2 ±
5832 ±
69.1 ±
6816 ±
76.7 ±
7031 +
76.4 ±
6356 ±
74.6 ±
6551 +
74.6 ±
6737 +
76.4 ±
1353-
9.6
1107
4.5
833-
4.3
900
5.8
1987
9.7
849
3.6
740
2.2
537
3.6
729
6.5
787
4.8
852
3.1
MONO
ABSOLUTE
PERCENT
0-
0
34 ± 44
.4 ± .6
70 + 82
.7 ± .8
26 ± 45
,2 ± .4
35 + 57
.4 ± .6
36 + 55
,4 ± .7
53 + 57
,6 ± .6
62- ± 75
.6 ± .7
25 + 41
.2 ± .4
55 + 78
.6 ± .8
40 ± 58
,4 ± .6
-------
Table 4. Average of Complete Blood Counts for Entire Dairy Herd Except Cows No. 1, 2, 5, and
(Continued)
11.
DATE
1/18/66
2/15/66
3/17/66
4/18/66
5/16/66
6/16/66
WBC
QQQQ + ££7
oqco + CQ9
\J J \J t~ ~ \J -f I—
nioc + Qqcn
RQ7A 4. ~1 A1.
onnp, + c;n9
0/17/1 4. ?m R
OH/ t T £U 1 O
EOS BASO
ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE
PERCENT PERCENT
90 + 84
1.0 ± .9
106+87
1.1 ± .9
302 + 218
3.2 ± 2.0
248 + 176
2.7 ± 1.9
169 + 187
1.8 ± 2.1
341 + 168
4.0 ± 1.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
JUV STAB
ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE
PERCENT PERCENT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
119
1.3
71 +
.8 ±
128
1.2
55 ±
.6 ±
115
1.2
160
2.0
+ 58
± .6
65
.7
± 132
± 1.1
59
.6
± 123
± 1.3
± 114
± 1.4
SEGS
ABSOLUTE
PERCENT
1886 ±
20.9 ±
2038 +
22.7 ±
2256 ±
24.0 ±
3536 ±
39.8 ±
3453 +
38.4 ±
3171 +
37.8 ±
202
1.8
265
2.5
1137
7.8
532
5.0
740
8.5
791
7.7
LYMPH
ABSOLUTE
PERCENT
6838 ±
75.9 ±
6699 ±
74.8 ±
6266 ±
69.5 ±
5006 ±
56.3 ±
5224 +
57.8 ±
4675 +
54.5 ±
530
2.5
477
2.7
1361
9.8
663
5.3
899
8.4
1586
9.5
MONO
ABSOLUTE
PERCENT
66 ± 80
.7 ± .9
77 ± 83
.8 ± .9
191 ± 194
1.9 ± 1.5
0
0
47 ± 74
.5 ± .8
115 ± 100
1.3 ± 1.1
-------
more in line with published values. The hematocrit is slightly lower,
as one would expect; and the hemoglobin is roughly the same. Influence
of sex, climate, and nutrition; breed differences; and the effect of
parturition must be evaluated when comparing our data with that of the
literature. White blood cells (WBC) are slightly higher in number than
normally found in a dairy herd. There is a tendency for the herd to
have more segmented neutrophils and less lymphocytes than normal.
Because these values are consistent throughout the year and are a herd
average, one must consider these values as normal for our dairy herd
under the conditions they now are maintained.
The above discussion was not intended to go into any detail, but to
cover the highlights of certain observations. Detailed reports on each
phase are currently in progress.
38
-------
IV. HERD PARTICIPATION IN USPHS EXPERIMENTS
A. INTRODUCTION
The USPHS Area 15 Experimental Farm and dairy herd are used in determin-
ing, in part, the total assessment of radioiodine uptake by dairy cows.
Total assessment must include measurement of air uptake, uptake from
ingestion of contaminated fresh green forage, uptake from ingestion of
contaminated hay and/or grain, and uptake from contaminated water. The
general outlines of field studies designed to investigate these different
types of radioiodine uptake by dairy cows are presented as well as meth-
ods of animal husbandry necessary to mount field studies.
One of the objectives of the Farm Support Section is to develop facili-
ties for maintaining dairy cows in the field under simulated farm condi-
tions similar to those existing in the Great Basin states.
The responsibility for the dairy program was assumed just prior to the
scheduled date of the TORY II-C reactor rest, May 11, 1964. Because
there was insufficient time to design a sophisticated restraint system,
cows maintained in the predicted effluent pattern were tethered with
nylon ropes and halters to posts set below the surface of the ground.
Hay was fed on the ground, and the cows were watered in a modified cut-
off 50-gallon drum. This system had obvious shortcomings; we could not
determine the cows' orientation to the reactor at time of release nor
could we determine the amount of feed consumed by each cow.
The next event that utilized cows in the field was Project SULKY, detonated
on December 18, 1964. To eliminate some of the difficulties that were
encountered during the TORY II-C study, we used individual stanchions were
used for Project SULKY. A standard dairy stanchion was mounted on a 4-foot
x 7-foot plywood platform over a channel steel box. Six of these individu-
al platforms were connected to each other. Hay was fed in unattached
wooden boxes. Grain and water were supplied to the cows in small plastic
tubs at the time of milking. These stanchions were not sturdy enough for
long usage in the field, and the feeding and watering system required too
39
-------
many man hours to maintain the cows at peak milk production. For further
details, see the report "Radioiodine Studies in Conjunction with Project
SULKY," SWRHL-29r.
For the next event, Project PALANQUIN detonated on April 14, 1965, stan-
chions were modified by strengthening the head holders and bracing the metal
attachments so the stanchions formed an individual portable unit. An
automatic watering system was bolted to each stanchion and attached to
a 500-gallon supply tank. /Electric heaters were placed in the supply
tank to prevent freezing of the water. Large plywood boxes were attached
in front of each stanchion. The boxes had high backs and sides that pre-
vented any of the hay or grain from being tossed about. The watering and
feeding systems were designed to materially reduce the possibility of re-
suspension and cross contamination. This system greatly restricted the
movements of the dairy animals. Many of the animals developed rear-leg
lameness after being in the stanchions for several days. Also, the cows
had no protection from the elements during the milking operation, which
led to chapped teats and udders. Further, the electric pulsators on the
milker froze and were inoperable during severe weather.
A new system correcting the deficiencies of previous ones was designed
for future field experiments. In this new type pen, each cow is free
to roam in a 9' x 9' x 5' steel pipe portable pen (Figure 12). A plas-
tic feed box is entirely enclosed within a three-sided metal enclosure
that has rubber webbing on the back thereby preventing the animal from
pulling out hay and causing possible resuspension of radioactivity
(Figures 13 and 14). The water system is automatic • and metered. The
first prototype had the main water supply elevated 10 feet above ground
level so that gravity pressure was sufficient to supply an adequate
amount of water for each cow. The system was modified by eliminating
the elevated water tank and installing an in-line automatic constant
pressure water pump at the outlet of the portable water tank.
A milking trailer has been developed as part of this pen complex. It
contains one milking stanchion, a sink, and a hot water heater. Warm
40
-------
' *
.
FIGURE 12 Front view of feed box holder attached to
9' x 9' x 5' steel pipe portable pen.
1
41
-------
FIGURE 13
Plastic feed box being inserted
in a feed box attached to a portable pen.
42
-------
TBfrn VM—
^fjj^^^t ^HHBBff
FIGURE 14 View of the back side of a feed box holder attached
to the front of a portable pen and the automatic waterer.
43
-------
running water is available to clean the cow's udder and to disinfect and
clean the milking equipment. Therefore, the portable milking system is
protected from the elements and operates with maximum efficiency. All
equipment has been designed to operate at ambient temperatures down
to -20°F- The gradual increase in sophistication of our equipment,has
been reflected by the development of improved experimental techniques.
For the most part, milking and sampling procedures used in the field are
identical to those used on a routine basis at the dairy barn. By necessi-
ty, it is sometimes necessary to alter such things as the types of equip-
ment used, time of milking, and method of preparing the cow. However,
the basic fundamentals are always adhered to by the personnel doing the
milking. Other than the vacuum system obtaining its power from a porta-
ble generator, the milking equipment is operated at the same vacuum and
speeds. Individual equipment is used for each cow. As a rule, the cows
are put on the experimental routine 3 days prior to the scheduled event.
Depending on the particular experiment, the cows may be in the field for
up to 2 weeks or longer.
A summary of the cows participating in each experiment in which the cows
are arranged according to experiment and type of exposure is found in
Appendix XI; likewise, Appendix XII is a summary of the cows participa-
ting in each experiment in which the cows are arranged according to
cow numbers showing participation in each experiment and type of exposure.
B. PROJECT TORY II-C REACTOR
The first radioiodine study involving the USPHS dairy herd was in connec-
tion with the TORY II-C reactor project. It was deemed appropriate for
this operation to develop a research project with the primary objective
of measuring the amount of radioiodine which will enter cow's milk as a
result of fallout under simulated summer feeding conditions.
44
-------
Two of four objectives were:
a. To relate enviornmental levels of radioiodine to resulting
levels in cow's milk from inhalation plus ingestion from simulated
summer-feed-lot conditions.
b. To obtain an estimate of the amount of radioiodine which enters
cow's milk as a result of ingestion alone.
1. TORY II-C—INTERMEDIATE RUN, May 11-17, 1964
Two stations were established on the 4,000-foot arc from TORY II-C
test cell. These stations were located in such a fashion as to maxi-
mize the probability that either one or the other would obtain some
fallout. Piles of green chop were distributed on plastic sheets that
were arranged as a rectangle with the long axis perpendicular to the
radial line from the test cell. If the green chop were contaminated
with fallout, it would be removed after the run, transported to the
Well 3 dairy barn and fed to four lactating Hoi stein cows.
2. TORY II-C—FULL POWER, May 20-25, 1964
Similar type stations were established on the 4,000-foot arc. Each
station included a holding area for four dairy cows. A plastic sheet
to hold green chop was in the immediate vicinity and oriented similarly
to the green chop pile for the TORY II-C intermediate run. If either
station were contaminated, the green chop would be fed to the cows at
that station following the event (See Table 5).
For more details, refer to Memorandum Report on Radioiodine Studies
Plan for Specified Reactor Runs dated 11 Apr 66, Part I.
45
-------
Table 5. Groups of Cows for Project TORY II-C—Full Run, May 20, 1964,
GROUP
I
II
III
COW NO.
1
9
10
12
11
13
15
17
2
5
6
7
LOCATION
Station 10
4,000-foot Arc
Station 16
4,000-foot Arc
Dairy Barn
Well 3
REMARKS
For inhalation studies. Cows
were tethered to sunken posts.
For inhalation studies. Cows
were tethered to sunken posts.
For ingestion study. Cows were
fed measured amounts of contami-
nated green chop.
C. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT, RB-1, AUGUST 10-17, 1964
The purpose of this experiment was to establish techniques for the col-
lection of milk samples containing very low concentrations of 131I. De-
contamination procedures, proper labeling, and expeditious handling of
samples were emphasized.
On August 10, 1964, 1.25 x 103 pCi of Na 131I were injected intravenously
into Cows 13 and 15; Cows 7 and 9 served as controls. Sampling ended on
August 17, 1964.
D. PROJECT KIWI REACTOR
KIWI—Full Power, August 28, 1964.
Kiwi—Full Power, September 10, 1964.
This study:was for the continuation of a research project with the
primary objective of measuring the amount of radioiodine which will
enter cow's milk as a result of fallout under simulated summer-feeding
conditions. Green chop was placed in the predicted effluent trajectory.
46
-------
There were three fixed stations on the 32,000-foot arc, two mobile
stations about 10 to 15 miles from KIWI test pad, and one mobile station
out approximately 20 to 30 miles. Following the reactor run, all the
green chop was brought to the dairy barn, Well 3, NTS, and fed to
lactating dairy cows (Table 6).
Table 6. Groups of Cows for Project KIWI.
GROUP
I
II
I*
1,
4,
1,
13
18
COW NO.
8, 19, 21
7, 9, 17
4, 7, 8,
, 16, 17,
, 20, 21
REMARKS INTERVAL OF FEEDING
Control August 28-September 2,
Ingestion August 28-September 2,
Ingestion September 10-12, 1964
1944
1944
*No control cows were used.
E. PROJECT SULKY, December 18, 1964
Project SULKY was a nuclear-cratering experiment in hard rock executed
as part of 'the Plowshare Program for development of nuclear excavation.
It was deemed appropriate to develop a research proposal having the pri-
mary objective of measuring the amount of radioiodine, as a result of
fallout, which would be secreted in the milk of dairy cows fed under
simulated winter-feeding conditions. Two specific objectives were estab-
lished for the Farm Support Section.
1. To relate environmental levels of radioiodine to resulting
levels in milk of dairy cows maintained under simulated winter-
feeding conditions (Table 7).
47
-------
2. To determine the amount of radioiodine deposited upon stacked-
baled alfalfa hay and upon piled-loose alfalfa hay.
Table 7. Groups of Cows for Project SULKY, December 6-19, 1964*
GROUP
I
II
III
COW NUMBERS
1,
8,
11
24
2,
13
27
, 21, 23, 29
, 25, 26, 28
16, 22
STATION
F - 6
N - 6
F - 6
N - 6
Camp 16
TYPE OF EXPOSURE
Inhalation
Inhalation--ingestion
Ingestion
*Dates cows were on experiment.
Although concentrations of radionuclides released from this event were
of such low activity that none of the primary objectives of the study
were accomplished, much was learned from this exercise in regard to the
care and milking of animals in the field. Shortcomings in our equipment
and techniques became quite apparent. Modifications to overcome these
shortcomings were made before the next field event and helped insure the
successful accomplishment of its experimental objectives.
Full details of the SULKY Experiment may be found in the report "Radio-
iodine Studies in Conjunction with Project SULKY," SWRHL-29r.
F. PROJECT TNT, January 12, 1965
In conjunction with the transient nuclear test (TNT) of a KIWI reactor,
hay contamination and controlled dairy-cow ingestion studies for radio-
iodine were conducted. The studies were designed to>simulate the maxi-
mum possible radioiodine uptake by dairy cows from typical winter
-------
dairy-farming practices where radioiodines enter the cow via ingestion
of contaminated hay. Two of five objectives were, as follows:
1. To determine the amount of radioiodine deposited on stacked-
baled alfalfa hay and on loosely piled alfalfa hay at the same
locations.
2. To determine the kinetics of the uptake and secretion of radio-
iodines in milk of dairy cows following ingestion of contamina-
ted hay (Table 8).
Table 8. Groups of Cows for TNT, January 13-18, 1965*
GROUP
COW NUMBERS HAY STATION
REMARKS
I (Ingestion)
II (Ingestion)
III (Control)
1,
21
8,
26
2,
1
5
1,
23
24,
, 27
1
6,
13,
, 29
25,
, 28
22
8 -
4 -
Well
215
230
3
Loose hay
8,000-ft.
Loose hay
4,000-ft.
was
arc
was
arc
located
at 215°
located
at 230°
Loose noncontaminated
located at Well 3
on
azimuth
on
azimuth
hay
*Dates cows were on experiment.
Details of the experiment will be published in a report by the Bioenviron-
mental Research Program entitled "Radioiodine Studies Following the
Transient Nuclear Test (TNT) of a KIWI Reactor," SWRHL-26r. An article
authored by D. S. Barth, S. C. Black, and R. E. Engel and entitled
"Radioiodine Studies Following the Transient Nuclear Test of a KIWI
Reactor" was presented at the Health Physics Society Meeting, Houston,
Texas, June 29-30, 1966.
49
-------
G. PROJECT PALANQUIN, April 14, 1965
This event was a nuclear-cratering experiment of the Plowshare program.
It was deemed appropriate for this operation to measure the radioiodine
characteristics of released debris at distances close to the point of
release. Data obtained would then be compared to similar data collected
following the TNT reactor experiment.
Two major objectives were established for the Farm Support Section. The
first was to determine the kinetics of the secretion of radioiodine in
the milk of dairy cows fed contaminated hay or green chop in a controlled
ingestion experiment, and the second was to determine the uptake of and
resulting secretion of radioiodine in the milk of cows maintained in a
contaminated environment but not allowed to eat contaminated food. A
secondary objective was the determination of the kinetics of uptake and
body distribution of radioiodine in calves drinking milk from cows in-
volved in the ingestion experiment. Summary of treatment and grouping
is listed in Table 9.
Three stations were set up on Pahute Mesa. Station 1, at 3 miles and
350° azimuth, had hay and green chop piles. Station 2, at 3 1/2 miles
and 025° azimuth, also had hay and green chop. Station 3, at 4 miles
and 005° azimuth, in addition to the feed piles, had four lactating and
three nonlactating cows in stanchions for air uptake studies. Four of
these cows were returned to the dairy after the event and entered the
regular milking schedule. They were fed only uncontaminated hay. The
three nonlactating cows were sacrificed singly at 62, 76, and 125 hours
after exposure to determine tissue distribution of radionuclides. Of
the unexposed cows at the dairy barn, six were fed contaminated green
chop from Station 3, six were fed contaminated hay from Station 3, and
three were fed contaminated hay from Stations 1 and 2.
Four calves were fed 8 Ibs. of milk containing radioiodine at each milk-
ing. Two were given milk from Group I cows, and two were given milk
from Group II cows. The calves were in vivo thyroid counted, sacrificed,
50
-------
and the tissue distribution of radioiodine measured. Approximately
35 tissue samples and 11 GI tract content samples were taken from each
of the sacrificed cows and calves.
Table 9. Groups of Cows for Project PALANQUIN, April 5-May 2, 1965*
GROUP
I
II
III
IV
COW NO.
15
23
27
12
21
24
13
28
1,
5,
, 18,
, 26,
, 29
, 19,
, 22,
, 25
, 16,
2,
11
LOCATION
Well
Well
Well
Sta.
Area
3
3
3
3,
20,
TYPE
Sta.
chop
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Air
Sta.
OF EXPOSURE
3 — Green
**
3-Hay
l--Hay and
2--Hay
uptake at
3
Pahute
V
4
Mesa
Sta.
Area
3,
20,
Air
Sta.
uptake at
3
Pahute
Mesa
EXPOSURE DURATION
Fed 20 Ibs/day of contami'
nated green chop from
Sta. 3, Apr. 16-19, incl.
Fed 15 Ibs/day of contami<
nated hay from Sta. 3,
Apr. 16-23, 1965.
Fed 15 Ibs/day of contamv
nated hay from Sta. 3,
Apr. 16-24, from Sta. 1 ,
Apr. 25-May 2, 1965.
During cloud passage and
resuspension by wind
Apr. 14-16, 1965.
During cloud passage and
resuspension by wind
Apr. 14-16. Cow 4 sacri-
ficed April 16, 1965.
VI
7
9
30
31
Well 3 Milk from Gp. I
and II
Cow 7 sacrificed Apr. 17.
Cow 9 sacrificed Apr. 19.
Fed milk Cow 15, Gp. I —
sacrificed May 25, 1965.
Fed milk Cow 19, Gp. II--
sacrificed Apr. 16, 1965.
*Dates animals were on experiment.
**Procured from Pat McDonald Farm and Clark County Rehabilitation Farm,
Las Vegas, Nevada.
51
-------
Table 9. Groups of Cows for Project PALANQUIN, April 5-May 2, 1965*
(Continued)
GROUP COW NO. LOCATION TYPE OF EXPOSURE EXPOSURE DURATION
VI
32
33
Well 3 Milk from Gp. I
and II
Fed milk Cow 12, Gp. II-
sacrificed Apr. 16, 1965.
Fed milk Cow 26, Gp. I —
sacrificed May 24, 1965.
*Dates animals were on experiment.
**Procured from Pat McDonald Farm and Clark County Rehabilitation Farm,
Las Vegas, Nevada.
H. PROJECT MILKRUN, August 11, 1965
Any study of radioiodine dosimetry must necessarily include consideration
of all possible radioactive iodines. Of the radioiodines of intermediate
half-life, the 126I isotope with a half-life of 13.2 days has been ig-
nored in general, since this isotope is not a fission product. This
study was conducted to test analytical techniques as well as to determine
the effective half-lives of various mixtures of these two radioiodines.
The principal objectives were:
1. To develop analytical techniques for detection of 126I in the
presence of 131I.
2. To determine the variation with time of 126I and 131I levels in
milk from cows given a single ingestion dose of these iodines
mixed in various proportions.
3. To determine calf thyroid uptake from ingestion of milk obtained
under objective 2.
4. To compare the results from Agl precipitation and from ion ex-
changed separation methods with gamma spectrometry results.
52
-------
Eight mature, lactating Holstein cows were divided into four groups of
two cows each. In the morning and evening, 3.6 liters of milk from ont
cow in each group was fed to its assigned calf. Summary of dose and cow
assignments are listed in Table 10.
Table 10. Groups of Cows for Project MILKRUN, August 11-Sept. 2, 1965*
GROUP NO.
I
II
III
IV
v**
COW NO.
15, 27
19, 21
18, 25
12, 28
35
36
40
41
REMARKS
Given oral dose via gelatin capsule of
95.6/MCi 131I and 24/pCi 126I
Given oral dose via gelatin capsule of
106.2/yCi 131I and 16/MCi 126I
Given oral dose via gelatin capsule of
106.2/MCi 131I and 8/MCi of 125I
Given oral dose via gelatin capsule of
116.8/yCi of 131I only
Fed milk from Cow 27, 3.6 liters twice
daily
Fed milk from Cow 21, 3.6 liters twice
daily
Fed milk from Cow 25, 3.6 liters twice
daily
Fed milk from Cow 28, 3.6 liters twice
daily
*Dates cows were on experiment.
**Calves used for milk-ingestion study.
Further details can be found in a report prepared by the USPHS/SWRHL
Bioenvironmental Research Program entitled "Study of a Single Dose
isi! _ i26j Ratio in Dairy Cows," SWRHL-27r.
53
-------
I. PROJECT HAYSEED, October 4, 1965
The major purpose of Project HAYSEED was to relate our artificial systems
for obtaining contamination to a more realistic system when the contami-
nant is a synthetic, dry aerosol tagged with 131I. The availability of
a good stand of Sudan grass (Sorghum Sudanese] at the USPHS Experimental
Farm, Area 15, Nevada Test Site, gave us the capability of establishing
relationships between the contamination characteristics of three systems:
1. Spread hay (as for PALANQUIN)
2. Spread green chop (as for PALANQUIN)
3. Growing Sudan grass
A dry aerosol (diatomaceous earth tagged with 131I) was chosen because
such a material may simulate close-in particulate fallout from a nuclear
excavation experiment conducted in a desert environment.
The primary objectives:
1. To relate the amounts of 131I deposited per kilogram upon spread
hay, spread green chop, and growing Sudan grass as a result of
dissemination of 131I in the form of a dry aerosol.
2. To relate the kinetics of the secretion of 131I in the milk of
dairy cows fed the three different types of contaminated forage
described above.
3. To determine the uptake of 131I and subsequently to follow the
kinetics of secretion of this 131I in the milk of dairy cows
maintained in a contaminated environment but not allowed to eat
contaminated food or water.
Twenty lactating Hoi stein dairy cows were divided into five groups of
four each. Six calves made up a group. These animals were grouped for
this experiment as listed in Table 11.
54
-------
Table 11. Groups of Cows for Project HAYSEED, October 4-22, 1965*
GROUP
COW NO.
TYPE OF FEED
REMARKS
II
III
IV
VI**
1, 5,
46, 47
12, 19,
21, 25
15, 18,
27, 29
43, 44,
45, 48
13, 24,
28
42
49
55
51
53
54
Uncontaminated hay
and green chop
Contaminated.hay
and uncontaminated
green chop
Contaminated spread
green chop and un-
contaminated hay
Uncontaminated hay
and contaminated
growing green chop
Uncontaminated hay
and uncontaminated
green chop
8 Ibs. milk A.M.
and P.M.
Inhalation—Area 15 facility,
placed in position 4 A.M.,
Oct. 4, 1965; removed 7 A.M.
Fed contaminated hay from P.M.
Oct. 4, 1965 to A.M. Oct. 9,
1965.
Fed contaminated green chop
from P.M. Oct. 4/1965 to A.M.
Oct. 7, 1965.
Fed contaminated green chop
from P.M. Oct. 4, 1965 to A.M.
Oct. 9, 1965.
Control cows
Fed milk from Cow 21, Group II
Fed milk from Cow 25, Group II
Fed milk from Cow 27, Group III
Fed milk from Cow 29, Group III
Fed milk from Cow 48, Group IV
Fed milk from Cow 43, Group IV
*Dates cows were on experiment.
**Calves used for milk-ingestion study.
Details of the project may be found in the SWRHL-28r report entitled
"131I Dairy Cow Uptake Studies Using a Synthetic Dry Aerosol" and in a
paper entitled "Radioiodines Transport Through the Ecosystem Air-Forage-
Cow-Milk Using a Sythetic Dry Aerosol" by Delbert Barth and Morgan Seal,
The latter was presented at the International Symposium on Radiological
Processes which was held in Stockholm, Sweden, on April 28-29, 1966.
55
-------
J. PROJECT ALFALFA, June 21, 1966
This project was essentially a repeat of Project HAYSEED. Improved
aerosol generation techniques were employed to attempt to obtain a more
homogenous deposition over the entire experimental array.
The primary objectives were:
1. To interrelate the amounts of 131I deposited per kilogram upon
spread alfalfa hay, spread alfalfa-oats green chop, and growing
alfalfa and oats as a result of dissemination of the 131I in
the form of a dry aerosol.
2. To interrelate the kinetics of the secretion of 131I in the
milk of groups of dairy cows fed the three different types of
contaminated forage described above.
3. To determine the air uptake of 131I and subsequently to follow
the kinetics of secretion of this 131I in the milk of dairy
cows maintained in a contaminated environment during cloud
passage but not allowed to eat contaminated food or water.
56
-------
Table 12. Groups of Cows for Project ALFALFA, June 21-July 6, 1966*
GROUP COW NO. TYPE OF FEED REMARKS
II
III
IV
V
21, 28, Uncontaminated hay
43, 45 (7.5 kg) and uncon-
taminated and green
chop (15 kg)
3. 26, Contaminated hay
29, 47 (15 kg)
2, 16, Contaminated spread
44, 13 green chop (15 kg)
12, 15, Contaminated grow-
17, 18 ing green chop
(15 kg)
19, 24 Uncontaminated hay
(7.5 kg) and uncon-
taminated green
chop (15 kg)
Inhalation group—placed in
position 3:30 A.M., removed
5:30 A.M. June 21, 1966.
Fed contaminated hay from A.M.
June 21 to P.M. June 28, 1966.
Fed green chop from A.M.
June 21 to P.M. June 23, 1966.
Fed green chop from A.M.
June 21 to P.M. June 29, 1966.
Control group
Jates cows were on experiment.
At this report date, the data are in the process of being compiled and
summarized. A comprehensive report will be published in the future.
57
-------
APPENDIX
Appendix I.
Appendix II.
Appendix III.
Appendix IV.
Appendix V.
Appendix VI.
Appendix VII.
Appendix VIII
Appendix IX.
Appendix X.
Appendix XI.
Appendix XII.
Farm Support Section Standard Operation Procedures
for the USPHS/AEC Dairy Herd, FSS-SOP-1 58
Individual Cow History as of July 1, 1966 68
Nutritional Analysis of Alfalfa Hay 71
Lists of Ingredients in the Concentrates and
Supplements 72
Calf Records for USPHS Dairy Herd 74
Example of the American Breeder Service Forms
Maintained for Each Cow in the USPHS Dairy Herd 82
Example of the DHIA Computer Sheet 83
Standard Operating Procedures for Conduct of Dairy
Cow Experiments (FSS-SOP-2) 84
Mastitis Incidence in Individual Cows 96
Production Data for USPHS Dairy Herd 98
List of Cows Arranged According to Field Events and
Type of Exposure 102
List of Cows Arranged by Cow Number Showing
Participation in Experiments
104
-------
APPENDIX I
FARM SUPPORT SECTION STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURES FOR THE USPHS/AEC
DAIRY HERD, FSS-SOP-1
While it is realized that dairy animals are not "machines" and therefore
cannot be "run" by the number, a routine must be established and carried
on by all animal handlers if our experiments are to have any validity.
It is also realized that all possible contingencies cannot be covered in
a document such as this, but certain basic dairy husbandry principles
will be followed at all times.
The cows will be handled quietly and gently. No shouting, loud noises,
sudden movements, or blows will be allowed. Cows should not be hurried
and never struck or abused. They will be groomed frequently and efforts
made to train them to halters and other methods of restraint. Those
animals on test should be groomed and trained daily.
During milking and cleanup operations, rubber footwear will be worn for
both sanitation and safety. The barn will be kept as clean as possible.
Walls should be wiped with sponges or other suitable means to remove
manure splatter every morning. The manger should be scrubbed with disin-
fectant solution daily. Feeding and milking will be done as regularly
as conditions at the site permit. Under normal conditions milking will
be at 0600 and 1600 hours. Only two machines will be utilized during
milking with the third held in reserve for cows with mastitis. The
machine to be used for mastitis will be clearly marked and used only for
those cows that have mastitis.
The following method of milking will be used:
The De Laval System of Better Milking
Preparation of Cow
Udder and teats should be washed with a clean paper towel or cloth which
has been immersed in water at 110° to 130°F. For best results the water
De Laval Pocket Diary, De Laval Separator Company, Milbrae, Calif., 1963
58
-------
should contain a chlorine solution (200 to 250 p.p.m.) or a mild soap
solution. This removes dust and dirt and also stimulates "let down" of
milk, so essential in fast and clean milking. After the udder is washed,
a clean paper towel will be used for drying the udder. Drying further
stimulates "let down" of milk and removes excess water which might be
drawn into the milker. Two or three streams of milk should be drawn from
each quarter by hand into a strip cup. This procedure gives a final
stimulus for milk "let down," opens teat meatus, and removes milk from
teat and udder cisterns that is low in fat and higher in bacteria. Also,
it affords an opportunity to determine the presence of abnormal milk.
If the milk is flaky, stringy, bloody, or abnormal in any way, the animal
should be milked last. If the condition indicates mastitis, she should
be segregated to the end of the milking line and treated. To properly
use the strip cup, the top which contains a fine wire mesh should be
kept free of foam and sediment by occasional rinsing in clean water.
It should be washed twice daily the same as any other dairy utensil.
Never forestrip cows on the floor.
Caution
Teat cups should be in place within 1 minute after preparing the cow.
If the cows are prepared too far in advance of milking, the muscles that
cause the "let down" will tire. This will result in a lowered pressure
in the udder and cause slow milking. They should be prepared just far
enough in advance so that there will always be a cow ready. Careful
timing will result in a smooth milking routine.
Applying the Teat Cups
After the cow has been prepared, hold the teat cup assembly with the
tube connections up and the teat cups hanging down. This will kink them
so that the teat cups will not draw in air. Turn on the milk valve and
attach the teat cups. Hold the milk claw level with one hand and apply
the cups with the other hand, kinking the stem at the neck while attach-
ing to the teats.
59
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Milking and Stripping
Although each cow should be milked as an individual, many users milk and
strip their herd on an average of 3-4 minutes per cow. Some cows milk
out considerably quicker than this, and a few may take somewhat longer.
Occasionally, anatomical obstructions or defects prevent rapid milking.
However, most cows milk out rapidly; and milking and stripping operations
should not be prolonged, as this tends to cause the cows to become slow
milkers and leaving the milker on after milk flow has ceased may irritate
delicate udder tissues. Probably many "slow milking" cows are the result
of slow-moving dairymen. Rapid milking saves time and promotes good
udder health. The operator can easily examine the udder by touch and
sight. When the udder is collapsed, soft, and pliable, it is an indica-
tion that the cow has finished milking. The operator should then feel
the udder, gently massaging the quarters to determine if any residual
milk is present. If residual milk (stripping) is present, place a little
tension on the claw with one hand and stroke the quarters with the other
hand in a downward motion toward the top of the teat cup. This act
should be done in unison with the pulsations, and the operator will feel
the milk when it enters the teat cup.
To remove the teat cups, take hold of them in one hand and close the
milk cock with the other. The teat cups are then easily removed from
the teats. With a little practice, this can be done without soiling the
outside surfaces of the milker pail by droplets of milk from the teat
cups.
Before the machine is placed on the next cow, the teat cups should be
immersed in a pail of clean water to remove all milk from inside the
liners and then immersed in a pail of sanitizing solution. If the teat
cups were placed directly into the sanitizing solution, it would soon
become dissipated due to the droplets of milk. Water and sanitizing
solutions should be changed at about every 12 to 15 cows.
60
-------
Udder Sanitation
As soon as the cow has been stripped, the teat ends should be immersed
in an antiseptic solution which rinses off residual milk, acts as a dis-
infectant, and removes attraction for flies. A solution of 200 to
250 p.p.m. of Chlorine, 2% soluble pine oil solution made with lukewarm
water, and iodophor solution (25 p.p.m. available iodine), or ordinary
70% isopropyl alcohol is suitable for this purpose. Use of solutions
containing detergents and other irritants should be avoided. A dipper
or ladle filled with antiseptic solution may be used, or the teat ends
may be swabbed with cotton saturated with the solution. Remember good
milking is your best defense against udder troubles.
1. Hang the surge pail low and level.
2. Pull the surcingle well forward.
3. When she's milked out—take it off.
Record Keeping
Milk will be weighed after each cow is milked; and weights will be re-
corded in the record book, as follows: day, month, year, and time
(24-hour clock), number of cow, and weight of milk. Any abnormalities
in milk or cow will be reported as will the treatments.
Cows with mastitis will be treated, as follows:
1. Milked only with the machine to be used for mastitis.
2. Infected quarters are completely milked out.
3. End of teat swabbed with alcohol.
4. Immediately insert nozzle of infusion tube into the teat.
Squeeze the entire contents of tube into the teat gland and
massage the teat and udder to distribute antibiotic thoroughly.
Treatment will be every milking period and will be continued
for four milking periods after cessation of symptoms of mastitis,
Parenteral treatment will supplement cows who are off feed,
exhibiting an elevated temperature, running a fever, or other-
wise sick. The veterinarian will be consulted on these cows.
5. All infected quarters should be treated immediately after the
61
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last milking prior to drying up. Treatment should be repeated
2 weeks later after the infected quarters are milked out. The
solution is then left in the quarters until they freshen. Con-
sult veterinarian as to amounts and type of infusion to be used.
The California Mastitis Test (CMT) will be used the a.m. of every Monday.
The CMT is designed to be made at the cow's side. The white plastic
paddle with four shallow cups, marked A, B, C, and D, is designed to
keep quarter samples separate.
The recommended amount of milk to use in each cup is 2 ml or the amount
that will remain in the cup when it is turned to a near vertical posi-
tion. To this add an equal amount of CMT reagent. Too little or too
much reagent gives false results. Gently rotate the paddle in a circular
pattern so that milk and reagent are mixed thoroughly. This requires
about 10 seconds. Continue the rotation as the mixture is "graded."
Grading will be done in accordance to chart on page 10 of "Milking
Management" pamphlet. Animals showing reactions of 2 (distinct positive)
and above will be treated in accordance with preceding instructions.
Scrubbing Milking Equipment
Immediately after last cow is milked:
1. Snap the surge units apart and place inflations, lid, and lid
gasket into clean, cold water. Don't leave inflations in
shells! Thoroughly rinse surge pails with clean, cold water.
Milk dries rapidly, and dried milkstone causes more work.
2. As soon as possible scrub all metal parts and scrub all rubber
parts in water not over 140 degrees, to which a mild detergent
has been added. NEVER USE SOAP.
3. Rinse all parts with clean hot water.
4. Sanitize with manufacturer's recommended strength of disinfect-
ant.
5. Hang equipment on hangers. Do Not Leave in Tank.
6. Rinse all parts in disinfectant solution just before next milk-
ing.
62
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Care of Milking Equipment
Surge recommends the vacuum to be carried at 13-14 inches. This should
be checked before each milking.
Surge recommends the pulsator speed at around 55 strokes per minute for
average cows. Sensitive cows can be milked at 65 and hard slow milkers
at 45.
The vacuum hose will be scrubbed with the brush at least every 2 weeks.
Leathers of pulsator will be kept oiled to keep them soft. Just one
drop of pulsator oil on each of the four leathers once a week is enough.
Excess oil is drawn through into the space between the shell and the
inflation and is bad for the rubber.
Vacuum pump will be serviced according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Records of maintenance will be kept in a book so that they are not dupli-
cated by another operator—record date, procedure, and finding.
Specific rations for the cows will be worked out by the dairy supervisor
and the Chief, Farm Support Section. A rule of thumb for feeding follows:
feed the dairy cow all the good roughage she will take, and then balance
ration with grain. This should approximate 2 to 2 1/2 pounds of hay
daily for each 100 pounds live weight (approximately 30-35 pounds).
Hoi steins require 1 pound of grain for every 4-5 pounds of milk produced.
These are only rules of thumb, and Morrison's Table (Table I-A) gives
more exact grain mixture amounts to be fed on basis of production. Cows
will be fed individually according to their yield of milk. Cows will
have free access to salt and water.
Cows should have a dry period of from 30 to 60 days before calving. The
best method to dry up a cow that is not giving more than 20 pounds of
milk a day is to discontinue milking. If a cow is giving more milk than
this, her production can be reduced to 20 pounds by restricting her feed.
If the udder fills so much with milk that there is danger of its becoming
congested, the cow should be milked out and only milked again as may be
necessary. The Chief, Farm Support Section, should be notified if a cow
63
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having mastitis is to be dried up so that special treatment may be given.
If a cow is in fairly good condition when she is dried off, 2-4 pounds
of grain mixture a day with good roughage will be sufficient.
After calving* a cow should be watched to see if she "cleans" properly
and does not develop any complications, such as udder edema, mastitis,
etc. Placenta will be removed from the cow's area as soon as it is
dropped to prevent ingestion of the tissue by the cow. Do not allow
cow to eat the placenta. Calves will be permitted to nurse for the
first 3 days and then weaned. The cow will not be bred back until 60 days
after calving.
After a calf nurses for 3 days (necessary to get colostrum), it may be
put on whole milk which should not exceed 1 pint (1 pound) for each
10 pounds of the calf's weight. Weak or sickly calves should be fed
less, and even a large and vigorous calf should not be fed more than
11 pounds a day. In case of indigestion or scours, the allowance should
be cut in half until the calf recovers. It is important that pails and
other calf-feeding equipment be kept scrupulously clean at all times to
avoid digestive disturbances.
In case of scours, the verterinarian is to be notified and his treatment
regime followed.
Try to teach the calf to eat calf starter as soon as possible after the
first 3 days of colostrum feeding. It can be self-fed with the proper
amount of whole milk. A calf 2 weeks old will eat only a small handful
of calf starter. It will eat 1/2 pound daily at 4 weeks, 1 pound at
6 weeks, 1 1/2 pounds at 8 weeks, and 2 pounds at 10 weeks to 3 months
of age. This should be an adequate ration if milk is fed with a good
quality hay. After the 14th day, the calf should be offered all it can
eat of good quality hay, self-fed.
A safe age at which whole milk may be replaced entirely by calf starter,
grain mixtures, and roughage will depend on the calf and its vigor.
64
-------
Usually 6 weeks can be considered a safe age for this change, though
healthy, vigorous calves may be changed as much as 2 weeks earlier with
good results. Weaning will be between 5 and 7 weeks.
The yards and area around the trailers will be kept clean of trash and
wire. Fencing materials and scrap lumber will be kept neatly piled.
Drugs and equipment will be kept in their proper places and not be left
lying around.
In addition to his routine work duties, the supervisor will be responsi-
ble for seeing that proper records are kept, that these operating proce-
dures are adhered to, and that the Chief, Farm Support Section, is kept
informed of all developments in writing. He will also maintain running
inventories on feed, drugs, and other equipment so that replacements may
be ordered, as necessary.
65
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Table I-A. '--air\ Feeding Table for Cows Not on Pasture*
01
en
Hay equivalent
2 1/2 Ibs.
Very liberal
feeding of
good roughage
Lbs.
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
consumed per 100 Ibs.
2 Ibs.
Usual rate of feed-
ing good hay or
good hay and silage
Milk Produced Daily,
Lbs.
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
of live weight daily
1 1/2 Ibs.
Feeding scanty
amount of good
roughage or feeding
poor roughage
Pounds
Lbs.
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
Total Pounds of
Grain
Mixture or Concentrates
to Feed
Percentage of Fat in Milk
3.0% 3.5%
Lbs. Lbs.
.... ....
1.5 2.0
2.3 2.8
3.0 3.6
3.7 4.4
4.5 5.2
5.2 6.0
6.0 6.8
6.7 7.6
7.4 8.4
8.2 9.2
8.9 10.0
9.6 10.8
10.4 11.6
11.1 12.4
11.8 13.2
12.6 14.0
4.0%
Lbs.
'iie
2.4
3.3
4.2
5.0
5.9
6.8
7.6
8.5
9.3
10.2
11.1
11.9
12.8
13.7
14.5
15.4
*Table above excerpt from 22nd edition, "Feeds and Feeding" by Frank B. Morrison.
-------
Table I-A. Grain Feeding Table for Cows Not on Pasture* (Continued)
cr>
Hay equivalent
2 1/2 Ibs.
Very liberal
feeding of
good roughage
Lbs.
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
75
consumed per 100
2 Ibs.
Usual rate of
ing good hay
good hay and
Milk Produced
Lbs.
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
Ibs. of live weight daily
1 1/2 Ibs.
feed- Feeding scanty
or amount of good
silage roughage or feeding
poor roughage
Daily, Pounds
Lbs.
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
Total Pounds of Grain
Mixture or Concentrates
to Feed
Percentage
3.0%
Lbs.
13.3
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.3
17.0
17.7
18.5
19.2
19.9
20.7
21.4
of Fat in Milk
3.5% 4.0%
Lbs.
14.8
15.6
16.4
17.2
18.0
18.8
19.6
20.4
21.2
22.0
22.8
23.6
Lbs.
16.3
17.1
18.0
18.9
19.7
20.6
21.4
22.3
23.2
24.0
24.9
25.8
*Tab"le above excerpt from 22nd edition, "Feeds and Feeding" by Frank B. Morrison.
-------
APPENDIX II
INDIVIDUAL COM HISTORY AS OF JULY 1, 1966
CT)
CO
COW AGE
1 7 yr. 8 mo.*
2 7 yr. 8 mo.*
3
4
5 7 yr. 3 mo.*
6
7
8
9
10
11 6 yr. 3 mo.*
12 6 yr. 3 mo.*
13 5 yr. 9 mo.*
DATE OF COST OF
WEIGHT ACQUI- ACQUI-
IN IBS. SITION SIT-ION SOURCE TYPE DISPOSITION
1370 Spring $225.00 Dispersal Grade Died--
1964 sale-- Traumatic
Idaho Pericarditis
1295 " " " "In herd
Culled from
herd to U of N
Sacrificed
1300 " ' " ' In herd
Culled from
herd to U of N
Sacrificed
Died—
Tympanites
Sacrificed
Culled from
herd of U of N
1340 ' " " " In herd
1570 " " " " In herd
1435 .. i .. In herd
DATE OF
DISPOSITION
11 Jun 66
8 Oct 64
16 May 65
8 Oct 64
17 May 65
15 Feb 65
19 May 65
8 Oct 64
*Estimated
-------
APPENDIX II (Continued)
CTl
cow
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
AGE
9 yr.
7 yr.
6 yr.
7 yr.
10 yr.
4 yr.
6 yr.
7 yr.
6 yr.
4 yr.
4 mo.
8 mo.
3 mo.
7 mo.
2 mo.
3 mo.
7 mo.
10 mo.
4 mo.
7 mo.
WEIGHT
IN LBS.
1560
1825
1335
1440
1380
1290
1350
1520
1870
1520
DATE OF COST OF
ACQUI- ACQUI-
SITION SITION SOURCE TYPE
Spring $225.00 Dispersal Grade
1964 sale--
Idaho
n n i n
n n n
„ ,,
16 Aug 64 U of Nev.
n
n n M n
. i, , ,
7 Nov 64 No charge
n n n
15 Nov 64 $400.00 Cantlon Regis.
Farms ,
Reno, Nev.
Oats Bros.
Fallen, Nev.
Oats Bros.
Fallen, Nev.
Cantlon
DISPOSITION
Died--
Esophageal
Obstruction
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
Died--
Tympam'tes
In herd
Nurse Cow
Nurse Cow
In herd
In herd
In herd
In herd
DATE OF
DISPOSITION
16 Feb 65
10 Apr 65
5 Aug 65
5 Aug 65
28 7 yr. 10 mo.
1555
500.00
Farms,
Reno, Nev.
Oats Bros.
Fallen, Nev.
In herd
-------
APPSfiDIX II (Continued)
COW
29
43
44
45
46
47
48
AGE
6
3
6
6
5
8
4
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
yr.
8
8
1
2
9
2
3
mo.
mo.
0 mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
WEIGHT
IN IBS.
1525
1490
1700
1490
1380
1690
1483
DATE OF COST OF
ACQUI- ACQUI-
SITION SITION
15 Nov G4 $430
23 Jul 65 450
i it
500
n
400
450
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
SOURCE TYPE
Cantlon Regis.
Farms ,
Reno, Nev.
i
n n
Oats Bros.
FaVlon, Nev.
n i
M n
ii
DATE OF
DISPOSITION DISPOSITION
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
herd
herd
herd
herd
herd
herd
herd
-------
DATE
MOISTURE FIBER
APPENDIX III
NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ALFALFA HAY*
DIGESTIBLE
ASH PROTEIN PROTEIN FAT TON
CAROTENE
CAL- PHOS-
CIUM PHORUS
28 Jun 65 NA 25.59?: NA 16.74% NA
NA
NA
20 Aug 65 10.32% 24.76?; 8.27% 16.83% NA 1.88% 51.4%
3 Nov 65 8.64% 22.71% 6.73% 16.80% 15.8% 2.46% 54.6%
77.0 PPM NA NA
35.0 mg/lb
58,345 lU/lb
77.0 PPM 2.6% 0.1%
35.0 mg/lb
58,345 lU/lb
122.0 PPM NA NA
55.0 mg/lb
91,685 lU/lb
14 Jan 66 10.50% 23.21% 6.86% 16.66% 14.93% 1.82% 52.72% 71.5 PPM NA NA
32.5 mg/lb
54,177.5 lU/lb
25 May 66 7.64% 25.90% 8.53% 15.15% 14.3% 1.22% 52.6% 66.0 PPM 3.8% 0.12%
30.0 mg/lb
50,010 lU/lb
25 Jun 66** 8.56% 27.40% 8.04% 17.39% 13.43% 1.33% 51.2% 88.0 PPM 0.94% 0.16%
40.0 mg/lb
66,680 lU/lb
Average 9.13% 24.92% 7.69% 16.60% 14.62% 1.74% 52.5%
Standard ±0.55 ±0.72 ±0.37 ±0.31 ±0.50 ±0.22 ±0.61
Error of
the Mean
83.6 PPM 2.4% 0.13%
±8.24 ±0.8 ±0.02
37.9 mg/lb
±3.68
63,207 lU/lb
±6,127
*Performed by Morse Laboratories, 316 16th St., Sacramento, California.
**First Crop, 1966, USPHS Experimental Farm
NA = Not Analyzed.
-------
APPENDIX IV
LIST OF INGREDIENTS IN THE CONCENTRATES AND SUPPLEMENTS
FEED
INGREDIENTS
GUARANTEED ANALYSIS
16% Dairy* Ground barley and/or ground oats,
ground yellow corn and/or ground
grain sorghums, soybean meal and/or
cottonseed meal, corn gluten feed
and/or grain sorghums gluten feed,
alfalfa meal, cane molasses and/or
beet molasses and/or corn sugar
molasses, oat mill by-product,
ground mixed screenings, soybean
mill feed, wheat middlings, urea,
2% calcium carbonate, 1% iodized
salt, and traces of iron oxide, man-
ganese sulphate, manganous oxide,
copper oxide, cobalt carbonate, zinc
oxide.
16% Dairy** Rolled Barley, Dried Beet Pulp,
Cane Molasses, Beet Molasses, Wheat
Mill Run, Cottonseed Meal, Linseed
Meal, Ground Yellow Corn, Dehulled
Soybean Meal, Vitamin A Palmitate,
D-Activated Plant Sterol, Urea, Cal-
cium Carbonate, Deflourinated Phos-
phate, Mineralized Salt (containing
Iron Oxide, Manganese Sulfate, So-
dium Thiosulfate, Copper Carbonate,
Cobalt Carbonate, Potassium
Iodide).
Protein 16.0
Urea Protein 4.0
Fat 2.5
Fiber 15.0
Crude Protein (Min.)
(This includes not
more than 5.25%
equivalent crude
protein from non-
protein nitrogen)
16.00%
Crude Fat (Min.)
2.00%
Crude Fiber (Max.)
9.00%
Ash (Max.) 9.50%
*Purina Chow 16% Dairy Chow
**Pillsbury's Best 16% Dairy Feed, The Pillsbury Company
72
-------
APPENDIX IV (Continued)
LIST OF INGREDIENTS IN THE CONCENTRATES AND SUPPLEMENTS
FEED
Mineral
Supple-
Ment***
INGREDIENTS
Monosodium Phosphate, Deflourinat-
ed, Sodium Tripolyphosphate, Salt,
Cane Molasses, Wheat Bran, Wheat
Shorts, Wheat Germ, Wheat Flour,
Animal Fat (preserved with Buty-
lated Hydroxytoluene) , Lignin
Sulfonate, Vitamin A Palmitate
(stability improved), D-Activated
Animal Sterol (source of Vitamin
D-3), Cobalt Sulfate, Manganese Sul-
fate, Potassium Iodide (with im-
proved stability), Iron (ferrous)
Sulfate, Magnesium Oxide, Copper
Carbonate, Zinc Sulfate.
GUARANTEED ANALYSIS
Calcium (Max.)
Calcium (Min.)
Phosphorus
(Min.)
Iodine (Min.)
Salt (Max.)
Salt (Min.)
Moisture
Fluorine
(Max.)
Cobalt (Min.)
Vita. A (Min.)
100,000
10.00%
8.50%
15.00%
0.007%
10.00%
8.00%
12.00%
0.07%
0.005%
— _
USPU/Lb
***ANI-MIN-REL, Montana Flour Mills Company
73
-------
APPENDIX V
CALF RECORDS FOR USPHS DAIRY HERD
ID NUMBER
581 ]
AIU 21
AIU 12
582
AIU 26
No number
assigned.
AIU 14
DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
WT. AT BIRTH
23 May 1964
Female
Unknown
23 May 1964
Male
Unknown
23 May 1964
Male
Unknown
5 July 1964
Female
Unknown
14 July 1964
Female
Unknown
17 July 1964
Female
Unknown
20 July 1964
Female
Unknown
DAM AND
SIRE
4 and
Unknown
4 and
Unknown
16 and
Unknown
8 and
Unknown
17 and
Unknown
14 and
Unknown
1 and
Unknown
TYPE OF
BREEDING
Angus-
Holstein
Angus-
Holstein
Angus-
Hoi stein
Angus-
Holstein
Angus-
Hoi stein
Angus-
Holstein
Angus-
Hoi stein
EXPERIMENTS
PARTICIPATED
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
DISPOSITION
Replacement
cow--beef herd
Sent to U of N
8 Oct. 1964
Sent to U of N
8 Oct. 1964
Replacement
cow--beef herd
Sent to U of N
8 Oct. 1964
Died 19 July
1964
Sent to U of N
8 Oct. 1964
REMARKS
Had first calf
Spring 1966.
Part of shipment to
reduce size of beef
herd.
Part of shipment to
reduce size of beef
herd.
Had first calf
Spring 1966.
Part of shipment to
reduce size of beef
herd.
Heat prostration,
not autopsied.
Part of shipment to
reduce size of beef
herd.
1
Twins
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
ID NUMBER
AIU 30
37
38
36
DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
WT. AT BIRTH
26 July 1964
Male
Unknown
9 Oct. 1964
Male
Unknown
25 Nov. 1964
Male
Unknown
30 Dec. 1964
Female
60 Ibs.
DAM AND
SIRE
13 and
Unknown
11 and
Unknown
2 and
Unknown
20 and
Unknown
TYPE OF
BREEDING
Angus-
Hoi stein
Angus-
Hoi stein
Angus-
Holstein
Hoi stein
EXPERIMENTS
PARTICIPATED
None
Surgical
Techniques
Surgical
Techniques
MILKRUN
11-27 Aug.
1965
DISPOSITION
Sent to U of N
8 Oct. 1964
Sacrificed
2 July 1965
Sacrificed
2 July 1965
Retained as
replacement
heifer
REMARKS
Part of shipment to
reduce size of beef
herd.
Nonsurvival surgery,
no samples taken.
Nonsurvival surgery,
no samples taken.
Fed milk, Cow 21--
Group II. Thyroid
counted in vivo.
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
31
34
32
4 Jan.
Male
Unknown
1965 5 and Hereford- PALANQUIN
Unknown Holstein 6-26 Apr 65
8 Jan.
Male
100 Ibs.
10 Jan.
Male
75 Ibs.
1965 15 and Hereford- None
Unknown Holstein
1965 19 and Holstein PALANQUIN
Unknown 6-26 Apr 65
Sacrificed--
PALANQUIN
26 Apr. 1965
Replacement
for beef herd
Sacrificed--
PALANOUIN
26 April 1965
Weighed 245 Ibs. at
death. Fed milk,
Cow 19--Group II.
Thyroid counted in
vivo and in vitro.
1 Jul 65 to beef
herd, Area 18.
Wt. 325 Ibs. at
death. Fed milk,
Cow 12--Group II.
Thyroid counted in
vivo and in vitro.
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
CTl
ID NUMBER
35
30
39
40
DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
WT. AT BIRTH
15 Feb. 1965
Female
60 Ibs.
19 Feb. 1965
Female
Unknown
13 April 1965
Female
85 Ibs.
29 May 1965
Male
80 Ibs.
DAM AND
SIRE
18 and
Unknown
12 and
Unknown
28 and
Oats
Bull
21 and
Unknown
TYPE OF
BREEDING
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Reg.
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
EXPERIMENTS
PARTICIPATED
MILKRUN
11-27 Aug.
1965
PALANQUIN
6-26 Apr 65
None
Rumen cannula
for gas
collection.
MILKRUN
11-27 Auq 65
DISPOSITION
Retained as
replacement
heifer
Sacrificed
25 May 1965
Retained as
Dairy Cow
replacement
Transferred to
beef herd
REMARKS
Fed milk, Cow 27--
Group I. In vivo
thyroid counting.
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
Wt. 250 Ibs. at
death. Fed milk,
Cow 15—Group I .
Transferred to
Area 18--14 Apr 66.
Cannula was lost.
Wound closed by
natural healing.
Fed milk, Cow 25 —
Grp. III. Thyroid
counted in vivo.
Transferred to
Area 18--26 Feb 66.
41
14 June 1965
Female
65 Ibs.
13 and
Hereford
Bull
Hereford-
Holstein
MILKRUN
11-27 Aug.
1965
Transferred to
beef herd
Fed milk, Cow 28—
Group IV. Thyroid
counted in vivo.
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
DAM AND TYPE OF
EXPERIMENTS
ID NUMBER
42
492
502
513
523
Twins
Twins
WT. AT BIRTH
18 July 1965
Male
65 Ibs.
4 Aug. 1965
Female
50 Ibs.
4 Aug. 1965
Male
50 Ibs.
24 Aug. 1965
Female
50 Ibs.
24 Aug. 1965
Female
50 Ibs.
SIRE
25 and
Oats
Farm
Katherine
Invincibl
27 and
Hereford
Bull
27 and
Hereford
Bull
1 and
Hereford
Bull
1 and
Hereford
Bull
BREEDING
Reg.
Hoi stein
e
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
PARTICIPATED
HAYSEED
4-22 Oct 65
HAYSEED
4-22 Oct 65
None
HAYSEED
4-22 Oct 65
None
DISPOSITION
Transferred to
beef herd
Transferred to
beef herd
Transferred to
beef herd
Transferred to
beef herd
Died
21 Sept. 1965
REMARKS
428 Ibs. on 12 Nov.
1965. Fed milk,
Cow 21— Grp. II. In
vivo thyroid count-
ing. Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
Fed milk, Cow 25--
Grp II . In vivo
thyroid counting.
Transferred to
Area 18--14 Apr 66.
Vit. A deficiency as
calf. Good recovery
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr. 66.
Fed milk, Cow 29 —
Grp III . In vivo
thyroid counting.
Transferred to
Area 18--14 Apr 66.
Enterotoxemia--
Autopsied and Lab
diagnosis .
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
co
DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
DAM AND TYPE OF
EXPERIMENTS
ID NUMBER
53
54
55
56
57
WT. AT BIRTH
1 Sept. 1965
Female
50 Ibs.
30 Auq. 1965
Male
55 Ibs.
8 Sept. 1965
Female
55 Ibs.
10 Nov. 1965
Male
50 Ibs.
27 Nov. 1965
Male
60 Ibs.
SIRE
•24 "and
Hereford
Bull
29 and
Hereford
Bull
48 and
Oats
Sire
17 and
AI H-195
2 and
. AI H-195
BREEDING
Hereford-
Holstein
Hereford-
Holstein
Reg.
Hoi stein
Grade
Holstein
Grade
Holstein
PARTICIPATED
HAYSEhD
4-22 Oct. 65
HAYSEED
4-22 Oct. 65
HAYSEED
4-22 Oct. 65
None
None
DISPOSITION
'Transferred to
beef herd
Transferred to
beef herd
Retained for
dairy herd
Died
12 Nov. 1965
Transferred to
beef herd
REMARKS
215 Ibs. 12 Nov 65.
Fed milk, Cow 48--
Grp IV. In vivo
thyroid counting.
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
230 Ibs. 12 Nov 65.
Fed milk, Cow 43--
Grp IV. In vivo
thyroid counting.
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
210 Ibs. 12 Nov 65.
Fed milk, Cow 27—
Group III . In vivo
thyroid counting.
Transferred to
Area 18—14 Apr 66.
Enterotoxemia
No autopsy performed
Transferred to
Area 18--9 Jun 66.
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
DATE OF BIRTH
ID NUMBER
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
SEX
WT. AT BIRTH
25 Jan.
Female
81 Ibs.
31 Jan.
Male
80 Ibs.
11 Feb.
Male
68 Ibs.
13 Feb.
Male
91 Ibs.
16 Feb.
Female
76 Ibs.
16 Feb.
Male
72 Ibs.
16 Feb.
Male
78 Ibs.
24 Feb.
Male
85 Ibs.
1966
1966
1966
1966
1966
1966
1966
1966
DAM AND
SIRE
18 and
508
5 and
508
16 and
508
45 and
Oats
Bros AI
43 and
U of N
Wisburke
Abe AI
22 and
508
23 and
508
26 and
508
TYPE OF
BREEDING
Heref ord-
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Reg.
Hoi stein
Reg.
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
EXPERIMENTS
PARTICIPATED
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
DISPOSITION
Beef herd
Replacement
Beef herd
Replacement
Beef herd
Replacement
Beef herd
Replacement
Dairy herd
Replacement
Beef herd
Replacement
Beef herd
Replacement
Beef herd
Replacement
REMARKS
Transferred to
Area 18--2 May 66.
Transferred to
Area 18--2 May 66.
Transferred to
Area 18—2 May 66.
Tranferred to
Area 18--2 May 66.
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
DATE OF BIRTH
CO
o
ID NUMBER
C7
684
694
70
71
72
735
745
4
Twins
Twins
SEX
WT. AT BIRTH
24 Feb. 1966
Female
80 Ibs.
8 March 1966
Male
69 Ibs.
8 March 1966
Male
75 Ibs.
2 April 1966
Male
88 Ibs.
3 April 1966
Female
84 Ibs.
12 April 1966
Male
90 Ibs.
31 May 1966
Female
69 Ibs.
31 May 1966
Male
79 Ibs.
DAM AND
SIRE
12 and
508
28 and
508
28 and
508
47 and
Oats
Sire
44 and
Phantom
(Cantlon)
15 and
508
13 and
509
13 and
509
TYPE OF
BREEDING
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
Hereford-
Holstein
Reg.
Holstein
Reg.
Holstein
Hereford-
Holstein
Hereford-
Holstein
Hereford-
Hoi stein
EXPERIMENTS
PARTICIPATED
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
DISPOSITION REMARKS
Beef herd
Replacement
Beef herd Transferred to
Replacement Area 18--2 May 66.
Beef herd Transferred to
Replacement Area 18--2 May 66.
Dairy Herd
Sire
Dairy Herd
Replacement
Beef herd Transferred to
Replacement Area 18--2 May 66.
-------
APPENDIX V (Continued)
DATE OF BIRTH
SEX
ID NUMBER WT. AT BIRTH
7b
76
77
13 June "1966
Female
70 Ibs.
13 June 1966
Male
75 Ibs.
25 June 1966
Male
DAM AND
SIRE
19 and
509
21 and
509
46 and
509
TYPE OF EXPERIMENTS
BREEDING PARTICIPATED DISPOSITION REMARKS
Hereford- None
Hoi stein
Hereford- None
Holstein
Hereford- Dead at Uterine inertia
Holstein birth caused asphyxiation
as Dam had milk
fever.
CO
-------
APPENDIX VI
EXAMPLE OF THE AMERICAN BREEDER SERVICE FORMS MAINTAINED FOR EACH COW IN
THE USPHS DAIRY HERD
82
-------
NECK CHAIN NO. 16
51 re Unknown
Dom Unknown
Purchased from Ted Johnson
Tattoo or Ear Tag
Addres, Tilen, Idaho
Dote Spring 1964
Cost $225.00
LEFT SIDE
Sketch or Photograph
16and30Sept64
3cc Vit. A-D-E I.M.
2cc Vit.A-D-E I.M. Ice I.M. 1 Oct
9Feb andl3Jul65
18May and 23jul65 5cc I.M. Entoc (Type C)
PRODUCTION -ACTUAL AND DHIA ESTIMATED
Date
Fresh.
Lac .No.^
23 May64
Age
6-1/2
Weight
1825
Days Milked
2x
439
3x
Actual
Milk
17,064
3Q5. day,
adjusted
proaucti
13,787 I
305 Day
on Milk
3.
% B.F.
3.3
305 Day
B.F
M.E. Milk
M.E. B.F.
% Solids
Not Fat
%
Protein
Remarks
No DHIA 305 day
estimate.
ABS INDIVIDUAL COW RECORD — Instructions for Use.
This record may be used in part or completely. Value received is in accordance with extent of use. File Signals should be used to
anticipate or indicate important events in the animal's life.
File Signal Code: BLUE:— Month calf should be vaccinated. BLACK — Month to be dried off.
WHI TE — Month in which last inseminated. GREEN — Month of Freshening.
YELLOW Month due to calve. RED — For cows needing veterinary treatment.
-------
1
Jan.
2
Feb.
3
Mar.
4
A
5
May
6
7
8
See Reverie for File Signal Code
July
9
10
Oct.
11
Nov.
12
Doc.
16
Barn Name &/or Numbor
A
HOLSTEIN
ABS INDIVIDUAL COW RECORD
^AiA£R;i'e:>Sii*K:|j
'.•BHEE'DEI*B-3|
REPRODUCTION
Date
23May64
Due to
Calve
Event
Freshened
Date Calved: 23May64 Sex M
Calf No. AIU NO. 12
NameAngus-Hols tein Cross
Date
2Sep65
120ct65
10Jan65
10Feb65
10May65
29jul65
5Aug65
3Sep65
HFeb66
Due to
Calve
Event
Bred-Bull
Heat
Heat
Bred-A.I.
Bred-Bull No. 50^
Preg test-Pos
Dry
Preg test-Pos
Freshened
17 Feb 66
Date Calved: HFeb66Sex M
Calf No. 60
Name Her ford-Hols tein
Date
8jun66
L4'3ept6(
152ec66
Due to
Calve
Event
Heat
i Preg test oper
Preg test preg'
Date Calved: Sex
Calf No.
CtfSBS
Date
5Jan67
12Pel>67
20Mar67
25AiDr67
25Apr67
15
-------
APPENDIX VII
EXAMPLE OF THE DHIA COMPUTER SHEET
83
-------
' INDEX NO. > ">
16
'r „; |Mr
HERD IDENTIFICATION inil
88 02 002T U <
v - ._ ii : i/
STANDARD
)IVIDUAL COW RECORD
> P H S DAIRY HERD OO
SIRE
CENTERING DAY "V
03-01-68
REPORT
FROM
02-15
V
,^*MILKED3X P STRING
TEST DAY DATA ^
TEMP: CAR I % P°"N,?S
MO. i YR.|,TR ..., 1 \ SNF MILK
! . STRING! p ! T i SNF DAILY
57 1 70.0
67, : i i 89.0
7' 7 i 1 80.0
§{7 ; __i 1 71.0
9"rT' ; " i I 60.0
10:7 59.0
11 7 54.0
1.? ' 7 1 _j. _5_5A0_
ItS' 1 T | 50.0
2J8 I 38.0
I -1 '
'^~\~^
•- — T
PM _
%OF W
TOTAL FAT
3. 3
4.2
6.0
3.0,
2.6
3.5
2.7
4! 1
; ' i
L ^ i i i
AGS AT ' ,. ' LACT. DAYS
CALVING Bl»THDATe NQ OPEN
8-05 ll-OQ-SS 6 81
1830 4~2Sh«4¥t 74 205
84
t4
>SL
54
JO
FOR
TO
03-16
DAM
BARN NAME OR NUMBERV&ARN NAME OR NUMBER^
REG. OR E.T. NO. BR. REG. OR
0
^-* MILKED 3X
LACTATION TO DATE
DAYS
IN
MILK
19
49
80
1 1 1
141
172
202
233.
264
283
POUNDS ] POUNDS POUNDS
MILK FAT SNF
1330
1 4000
6480
8680
1 10480
12310
13930
L564Q.
17190
17910
44
156
305
482
526
UiziL
660
. -
E.T. NO. BR.
0
EXT. 3O5 DAYS ^
POUN DS
MILK
16390
19460
19630
1 8980
18300
18420
18640
1 87 1JQ_
18310
18750
: POUNDS
FAT
541
772
924
_81JL
730
721
704
67 1
694
-™— _~_
1 ••
COW
"BARN NAME OR NUMBED
16
REG. OR E.T, NO. 8ft.
L
r RELATIVE VALUE ^
i POUNDS' i POUNDS
MILK FAT
350
3880
3710
3180
3030
29410
4350
442JQL
4160
5610
2
274
387
180
177
156
_Jj*4_
152"
207
%OF
HERO
H.E.
100
155
172
JLAJL
133
133
128
129
143
BREEDING RECORD 3flpSi£- l,(MMKAfeMENT^
MO DAYjDAYS* SIRE USED MO. DAYDAYS*i SIRE USED " £S£«r'
499
% SNF
SNF
f 305 DAYM.E. ^|
POUNDS [POUNDS-
MILK ! FAT
19360 582
17910
660
i
F
AVG 305 DAY M.E.
MILK
12423
^\
:- ,FAf-"
414
^RELATIVE VALUED
± POUNDS [±KtOlfD&
MILK i TAT
561OJ
207
AVG. REL. VAL.
± MILK
1 870
f'l^
/.I?
f COMPLETE LACTATION ^|
DAYS
172
364
283
DAYS
819
^/V i ,.(.,>. JV
POUNDS
MILK
POUNDS
FAT
46901 156
21860; 669
17910 660
!
LIFE TIME TOTAL
MILK
' FAT.',
44460J148S
POUNDS
SNF
SNF
C CALF.
IDENT. NO.
60-68
100
S
E
X
M
BODY WEIGHT)
CALF'S SIRE
OR MISC.
1830
F 508
i y
,,„. ....
16
, ) V J
-------
APPENDIX VIII
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCT OF DAIRY COM EXPERIMENTS
(FSS-SOP-2)
OBJECTIVE
Most Bioenvironmental Research experiments conducted with USPHS/AEC
dairy cows will utilize quantities of radionuclides that will result
in very low concentrations in the milk. In order to collect and process
biological samples efficiently and with a minimum of errors, it is
necessary to establish standard operating procedures (SOP) for the:
(1) animal husbandry, (2) milking process, (3) sampling techniques,
(4) record keeping, and (5) equipment decontamination. This SOP will
be followed by the livestock research helpers during all experiments.
The protocol for the specific experiment will take precedence over the
SOP when applicable.
I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
A. ANIMAL CARE
General husbandry will be in accordance with procedures outlined in
FSS-SOP-1. The experimental protocol for each project will assign
cows to groups and designate number of pens and their locations.
All individual pens will be identified with group and cow numbers.
The animals will be placed in the pens 3 days prior to D-day so they
become acclimated to the experimental routine. Cows within a group
will be placed in sequential order from right to left as you face the
feeding boxes.
The udder, hind legs, flanks, and tail switch of each cow should be
closely clipped prior to the initiation of the experiment. This will
aid in the reduction of fecal and/or urine accumulations which are
possible avenues of contamination of milk.
84
-------
Experimental animals will be closely observed for any departures from
the normal in attitude, feed consumption, and milk production, etc. Any
indication of ill health or of mastitis will be promptly reported to the
FSS Veterinarian so appropriate action may be taken. All pertinent
observations and treatments will be recorded on the daily data sheets
and in the barn log book.
B. FEEDING PROCEDURES
The type and amount of forage and feeding schedule will be established
in the protocol. It is essential that each cow receives the assigned
ration and that the consumption of each cow is accurately recorded. All
groups should be allowed to eat all available feed whenever possible.
Usually, the contaminated hay will be fed twice a day. Only green chop
will be fed in the morning. In the evening it will be supplemented with
good quality alfalfa hay.
The plastic feeding boxes will be used to transport, weigh, and feed the
forage. The boxes will be identified with the group and cow numbers and
used only by the assigned cow. Each animal will have a duplicate box so
that a clean box can be used at each feeding.
If contaminated hay is to be fed, it will have been preweighed and placed
in large plastic bags which contain approximately a ration for one cow.
Weight should be verified at the time of feeding. This contaminated hay
should be stored well away, from the noncontaminated hay and milking and
sampling areas. Storage area will be identified as a contaminated area
through the use of accepted markers. The forage will be protected from
the elements by use of tarps. If green chop is fed, it will usually be
harvested prior to each feeding. The ration of green chop for each cow
will be weighed in the plastic feeding box, using the 150-kg scale. The
area of weighing will be separated from the feeding and milking areas.
Plastic sheeting will be placed over the box during transport to the
feeding pen.
85
-------
Unconsumed feed will be weighed at the end of the day and the amount
recorded. All contaminated waste and forage will be placed in a
large plastic bag and disposed of by burial.
Individually identified rubber tubs will be utilized to feed the
dairy concentrate. This ration will be preweighed in the tubs and
placed in front of cows at time of milking. Each cow will have two
tubs so that one will always be dry and clean. Unconsumed feed
should be weighed and recorded on the data sheet. All tubs will be
washed following the morning milking.
If a feed problem should arise, such as refusal to eat day-old
green chop, wrong ratio of green chop to hay, not enough hay, etc.,
the LRL should immediately consult with the FSS Veterinarian to
determine a solution.
II. MILKING PROCEDURE
While in the main holding pen, prior to milking, each cow will be hosed
free of any fecal or urine accumulations. After the cow enters the
milking parlor, the udder and teats will be washed with warm water and
detergent solution. This solution should be changed for each experimental
group. A clean disposable towel will be used for each step of washing
and drying.
All milking equipment; i.e., inflations, air tubes, pulsators, portable
vacuum pump, etc., will be' examined and tested at least 3 days prior to
the experiment. All faulty equipment will be repaired and/or replaced
by that date.
Every effort will be made to prevent fecal and urine contamination of
the milk or milking equipment. Equipment will not be placed on the
floor, and milk will not be poured down the floor drains. The actual
milking process will follow the techniques listed in FSS-SOP-1.
The milking order will be established so that control cows are milked
first, followed by the group with lowest radionuclide burden, and pro-
gressing until the final group milked will be carrying the highest burden.
86
-------
This sequential system of milking will lesser; the effect of any inadvert-
ent cross contamination.
Each cow in each experimental group will be milked with a separate milk
bucket and claw that is marked with the cow number and group number. The
equipment will be used only by that particular cow during the experiment.
Common buckets may be used to milk the cows in the control group.
Each cow will be checked for mastitis through use of the strip cup. This
foremilk will not be emptied on the floor. A bucket of clean water will
be used to rinse the strip cup. If there is evidence of mastitis, the
FSS Veterinarian should be notified promptly.
III. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling techniques must be standardized so that each sample is collected,
handled, and recorded in the same manner. Methods used must avoid cross
contamination of either the sample or the sample container. They must
be labeled in such a manner as to be readily identifiable and must con-
tain a number of built-in cross-checks so that one error will not make
the sample valueless. These cross-checks include the cow number, group
number, date, and time information. (Time and date will be written in
military style.)
The experimental protocol will establish the number, type, and time of
sample collection. The usual samples collected are individual nonforma-
lin and formalin milk, composite milk, hay, green chop, water, and grain
samples.
A. SAMPLING IDENTIFICATION
The protocol will assign cows to each group. Within a group the
lowest numbered cow will be the first cow sampled, the second lowest
numbered cow will be the second cow sampled, etc. This' same type of
sequential handling will be used for noting the time of sampling.
1. Group I: odd time; i.e., if the first cow in the herd is
milked at 0600 (regardless of group), the milk sample for
87
-------
the first cow within Group I should be recorded at 0615,
the third cow at 0625, etc.
2, Time of milking of Group II cows will be recorded as even
time; i.e., first cow within the group will be recorded as
0600, the second cow as 0610, the third cow as 0620, etc.
3. Time of milking of Group III cows will be recorded as odd
time + 2; i.e., the first cow with the group will be record-
ed 0607, the second cow as 0617, the third cow as 0627, etc.
4. Time of milking the Group IV cows will be recorded as even
time + 2; i.e., the first cow within the group will be re-
corded 0602, the second cow as 0612, the third cow as 0622,
etc.
5. Time of milking of Group V cows will be recorded as odd
time + 4; i.e., the first cow within the group will be
recorded as 0609, the second cow as 0619, the third cow as
0629, etc.
Hay and green chop samples from each cow should be identified as
are the milk samples. The time to use will depend on the time the
first animal was fed. For example, if the first cow was fed at
1000 'regardless of group), Group I samples would begin with 1005,
Group II with 1000, and Group III with 1007, etc.
The sample identification will be recorded on the data forms and
upon "time tape" attached to the proper container.
1. Milk sample tapes will be marked in the following manner.
Project Name
Roman Numeral
Neck Chain No.
Project RAINOUT
Group I DATE 13 Jun 66
I. D. No. 24 TIME 1205
Military date
24-hour clock
Nonformalin samples will be marked by writing N£ on the
Cjbitainers with a felt marking pen.
-------
2. Tapes for the hay and green chop containers—which are the
small plastic bags — are to be marked in the following
manner.
Project Name
Roman Numeral
Neck Chain No.
Project RAINOUT
Group
I. D.
II
No. 5
DATE
TIME
13 June
1200
66
Military date
24-hour clock
3. Tapes for the water sample (Cubitainer) and grain samples
(plastic containers) are to be marked in the following
manner.
Project Name
Roman Numeral
Neck Chain No.
Project
Group
I. D. No
RAINOUT
I
None
DATE
TIME
13 Jun
0605
66
Military date
24-hour clock
Prelaoeling of the sample containers on the "time tapes" with all
data except the time will increase the efficiency of sampling and
will lessen the possibility of failure to collect a sample. Time
will be entered as the sample is collected. The military 24-hour
clock will be used.
All milking and sampling equipment will be doubly bagged in heavy
plastic when it is transported to or from a field site. This will
be done in order to prevent dust contamination and is especially
important immediately following an event.
B. MILK SAMPLES
The milk from each cow will be weighed in the milking bucket. Milk
will then be carried to the sampling sink, and individual formalin
(10 cc. 37% formaldehyde/Cubitainer) and/or nonformalin milk samples
will be taken as directed by experimental protocol. Each Cubitainer
89
-------
should be filled to the level of the break at the shoulder. Spillage
will be prevented through the use of a funnel. Each group will have a
separate funnel. Following collection of the individual samples,
excess milk will be poured into the sink or a group composite container,
as established by the protocol. After the bucket is emptied, the
complete milking unit will be rinsed with the spray nozzle, placed in
the second sink for washing and then in the third sink for disinfection
and final rinse. The unit will then be hung on the wall for drying.
The sampling sink and funnel will be washed free of any milk prior to
sampling the next cow. Wash and rinse solutions will be changed for
each group.
If composite samples are required, the excess milk from each cow in
the group will be placed in a covered container which is identified
with the group number. The required composite samples should be taken
only after the milk from all cows in the group has been mixed thoroughly.
Following the collection of all composite samples, the milk will be
dumped down the drain in the holding pen and the composite container
washed thoroughly.
After each Cubitainer is filled, it will be rinsed free of any visible
milk residue, placed in a 15" x 24" plastic bag, and the bag closed with
a wire tie. During warm weather, crushed ice will be required to prevent
spoilage of nonformalin samples during storage and while in transit.
C. FORAGE SAMPLING
Noncontaminated forage will be sampled first. Rubber gloves will be worn
to sample the contaminated forage. The radiological safety officer will
determine if "anti-C" clothing and/or face masks are required during the
feedings and sampling procedures.
Hay and/or green chop samples will be collected according to the protocol,
It will designate also whether individual or composite samples are col-
lected. If the individual-samples are collected, the total amount of
90
-------
feed will first be placed in the plastic feed box and weighed, then the
forage spread evenly from side to side. One handful of forage from each
surface corner and one handful from the bottom center should be taken.
The individual handfuls should be ample so -as to fill a 9" x 14" 6-mil
plastic bag at least two-thirds full and closed with wire ties. All
samples from a group will then be placed into a common 15" x 24" bag
and secured with wire.
If composite samples are collected, the sample will consist of five
handfuls from different areas of the common feed bunk or one handful
from the bottom center of each cow's feeding box. It will be identified
as a group composite sample.
D. GRAIN AND WATER SAMPLING
Grain will be collected from the bulk supply and placed in the special
plastic containers. Normally, only one sample will be collected each
morning unless otherwise stated in the protocol. The container will
be properly identified with a "time tape" label and according to the
protocol.
A Cubitainer of water will be collected from each group's common
source of supply or composited from each individual cow's waterer,
whichever is applicable, but be consistent. Usually water samples
will be col'jected only in the morning. They will be properly identified
as to group and time.
-------
IV. RECORD KEEPING
Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of clear, complete,
and accurate records. An experiment has no value if the results, or
factors affecting the results, are not retrievable. All data will be
processed as soon as possible either by manual or computer means.
Data for all groups will be recorded in duplicate on the standard com-
puter form. Milk production will also be recorded in the daily record
book. See the example computer form as a guide in recording the data
in the proper manner. Certain details should be noted: record dates,
times, animal numbers, movements, etc., in the dairy barn if not included
on the computer form. Attempt to keep running records on this, whenever
possible.
If at all possible, one man should attempt to keep the records throughout
the day and not depend upon his assistants to add data. It is good
practice to limit the number of recorders to two. One man on each team
should be designated as the recorder by the LRHL. The LRHL or his
deputy should check for errors and discrepancies at the end of each
period of recording to prevent errors or deletions.
1. The date will be entered in space provided at upper left-hand
corner of form. Use the number style of writing the date; e.g.,
7 Mar 67 should be 03-07-67
12 Aug 67 should be 08-12-67
2. Column 1 is used for the cow number; e.g., if a single-digit
number such as 1, fill in the column with 01; if 32, fill in
the column as 32.
3. Column 2 should be filled in by use of the 24-hour clock nota-
tion; e.g.,
7:30 a.m. should be written 0730
3:30 p.m. should be written 1530
92
-------
4. Columns 3 and 4 are filled in a similar manner. A single digit
is preceded by a zero; e.g.,
5 pounds would be written 05
12 pounds would be written 12
5. Column 4 will be pounds of grain actually eaten.
6. Column 5 is used to show number of samples of milk taken; e.g.,
1 formalin and 1 nonformalin would be 1 1
1 formalin and 0 nonformalin would be 1 0
If composite samples are taken, place a bracket around the samples
included in the composite.
7. Remaining columns will be filled out in accordance with the estab-
lished format. Hay must be weighed in kilograms just before being
fed. ASTERISK THE NUMBERS THAT PERTAIN TO CONTAMINATED FEED.
Entries should be made for each feeding regardless of the number of
times the group is fed during the day. Uneaten portions should be
weighed just after removal from box. Fractional remains should be
entered in the third line of columns 6 and 8.
7.5 kg would be written as 075
10,0 kg would be written as 100
0.2 kg would be written as 002
8. Groups are identified on the left margin of the form. When a compos
ite sample is taken, brackets should so indicate. The time the
sample was taken is written in column 2.
9. Page number should be placed in the upper right-hand corner; e.g.,
page 12 would appear as:
1
44
2
45
-------
10. A zero should be entered in all columns that do not apply to
a particular cow.
11. The bottom part of sheet and the "other" column can be utilized
for written comments on the health of animals, weather condi-
tions, and other factors that might affect the experiment.
12. The original goes to the Sample Control Officer; the duplicate
is kept in the dairy barn records in a folder labeled with the
project name.
V. EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
If cross contamination is to be avoided, equipment must be adequately
"deconned" oefore it is used again. This is especially true of equip-
ment that is utilized for more than one animal. Personnel will rigidly
adhere to all clothing requirements established by the BER Rad-Safe
Officer. Contaminated waste will be sealed in large plastic bags. These
will be buried daily. If the forage wagon and the green chopper are
used to harvest both the contaminated and noncontaminated feed, the
noncontaminated alfalfa will be harvested first. After the contaminated
green chop is harvested, the equipment should be pressure hosed free
of all visible residue by using the "Kleen-King" or REECo-Rad-Safe
equipment. Decontamination procedures will be conducted well away
from the barn where there will be no possibility of run-off into the
lot area. Personnel will wear "D-CON" clothing and boots during the
procedures and WILL REMOVE THEM BEFORE ENTERING THE AREA 15 FACILITY.
Washing of the milking equipment, as described in Section II, should
be adequate to prevent cross contamination. However, the wash and rinse
solutions should be changed frequently. Personnel who milk should" not
enter the sampler room without changing into clean clothes and footwear.
NO VISITORS!
Each morning the feed boxes and grain tubs should be pressure cleaned
with the "Kleen-King" within the holding-pen area so that the wash water
-------
does not splash about the milking area. Great care must be exercised
so that the feed boxes and tubs are used for the assigned cow.
Blankets will be used to protect cows from the elements when on field
experiments. The blankets will be removed from the cows after they
leave the field site. REECo-Rad-Safe personnel will vacuum and/or
pressure wash the cows at the muster station. If it is deemed necessary,
they will be washed again after their return to Area 15. Equipment used
for "deconning" the harvesting implements will be utilized.
95
-------
APPENDIX IX
MASTITIS INCIDENCE IN INDIVIDUAL COWS
IT)
COW NO.
1
2
5
11
12
13
15
17
18
MAY-JUN
1964
17-
27 Jim
18-
20 Jim
25-
28 Jun
18-
20 Jun
27-
29 Jun
JUL-SEP OCT-DEC
1964 1964
23 Jul
4 Aug
9 Sep
7-8 Jul
7-8 Jul
17-
20 Jul
5-7 Jul
22-
30 Aug
12-
16 Jul
19 Sep
26-
30 Aug
JAN -MAR
1965
10 Jan
21 Jan
4-5 Mar
28-
31 Mar
19-
22 Feb
9-
10 Mar
APR-JUN JUL-SEP OCT-DEC JAN-MAR APR-JUN
1965 1965 1965 1966 1966
17- 23-
20 Apr 24 Mar
13-
16 May
17-
20 Apr
20-
21 Jun
17- periodical-
20 Apr ly all thru
Apr and May,
9-10 Jun
17-
20 Apr
10-
22 Dec
19- 9- 5-6 Jan
21 Jun 16 Dec 22-
23 Jan
6- 10-20 Jun
15 Apr
23-
26 May
15- 8 Apr
30 Apr
-------
APPENDIX IX (Continued)
MAY-JUN JUL-SEP OCT-DEC JAN-MAR APR-JUN JUL-SEP OCT-DEC JAN-MAR APR-JUN
COW NO. 1964 1964 1964 1965 1965 1965 1965 1966 1966
19 2-3 Sep
22 5-6 Apr
23 8-12 Feb 5-6 Apr
4-6 Mar
20-24 Mar
24 24-26 Mar
25 11-13 Aug
26 3-6 Mar
23-31 Mar*
27
28 29 Dec- 26 Mar- 22-23 May
-J 3 Jan* 3 Apr 27-28 Jun
29
43 10-27 Oct*
44 6-11 Nov
45 1-4 Apr
46
47
48 8-9 Dec
*Acute Mastitis
-------
<£>
co
APPENDIX X
PRODUCTION DATA FOR USPHS DAIRY HERD
LACTA-
COU TTON
NO. NO.
1 4*
5*
2 4*
5 4*
11 3*
12 3*
13 2*
PERIOD AND
LENGTH OF
LACTATION
7/20/64-
5/26/65
320 days
8/24/65-
6/1/66
280 days
11/23/64-
9/3/65
285 days
1/4/65-
11/9/65
309 days
10/9/64-
10/27/65
383 days
2/19/65-
12/22/65
306 days
7/26/64-
5/26/65
304 days
DAYS DAYS NO. OF
DRY OPEN BREEDINGS
90 123 2X— Nat.
** ** 3X--2AI
1 Nat.
84 85 IX— AI
83 115 IX— Nat.
(TJ (T) 5X--3AI
2 Nat.
64 88 3X— Nat.
19 43 IX— Nat.
DAYS
CAR-
RIED
CALF
187
*•*•
199
194
(T)
218
261
ACTUAL
MILK
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
9,491
(4,314)
11,463
(5,210)
9,851
(4,478)
11,221
(5,100)
10,082
(4,583)
11,932
(5,423)
8,738
(3,972)
DHIA
ADJUSTED
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
9,298
(4,226)
11,921
(5,419)
10,254
(4,667)
11,333
(5,151)
8,826
(4,011)
12,167
(5,530)
9,612
(4,369)
AVG.
BUTTER
FAT %
3.6
N.V.
3.0
3.6
3.6
3.7
*
3.7
RELATIVE
VALUE
DHIA
N.V.
N.V.
N.V.
103
N.V.
106
N.V.
*Estimated--as no records prior to purchase. N.V. - No value.
**Cow No. 1, sick during May--died 11 June 1966--some factors not known.
(T) Unknown—as not freshened by 1 July 1966.
-------
APPENDIX X (Continued)
COW
NO.
13
15
16
17
18
19
21
LACTA-
TION
NO.
3*
6*
4*
2*
4*
7
2
'PERIOD AND
LENGTH OF
LACTATION
6/13/65-
2/17/66
249 days
1/8/65-
12/11/65
337 days
5/23/64-
8/5/65
439 days
7/14/64-
11/28/64
137 days
2/15/65-
12/1/65
289 days
1/10/65-
12/8/65
332 days
5/29/65-
3/30/66
305 days
DAYS
DRY
103
119
190
347***
57
267
75
DAYS
OPEN
80
173
352
137
67
232
100
NO. OF
BREEDINGS
lX--Nat.
4X--1 AI
3 Nat.
3X--1 AI
2 Nat.
3X--1 AI
2 Nat.
IX— Nat.
3X— Nat.
IX— Nat.
DAYS
CAR-
RIED
CALF
169
164
87
0
222
100
205
ACTUAL
MILK
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
11,516
(5,235)
14,807
(6,731)
17,064
(7,756)
3,269
(1,486)
11,671
(5,305)
13,836
(6,289)
12,200
(5,545)
DHIA
ADJUSTED
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
11,760
(5,345)
14,066
(6,394)
13,787
(6,267)
6,028
(2,740)
11,787
(5,358)
13,548
(6,158)
14,154
(6,434)
AVG.
BUTTER
FAT %
3.4
3.3
3.3
N.V.
3.3
3.6
3.7
RELATIVE
VALUE
DHIA
83
114
N.V.
N.V.
93
121
103
*Estimated--as no records prior to purchase.
***Short lactation—because of illness.
N.V. = No value.
-------
APPENDIX X (Continued)
C01I
MO.
24
25
26
27
28
29
LACTA-
TION
NO.
4
5
5
3
1
2
5
3
PERIOD AND
LENGTH OF
LACTATION
8/9/64-
6/22/65
317 days ®
9/1/65-
6/30/66
303 days
7/18/65-
6/16/66
335 days
10/29/64-
7/14/65
262 days ©
7/3/64-
6/15/65
347 days Q)
8/4/65-
6/16/66
316 days
4/13/65-
12/30/65
261 days
7/30/64-
6/10/65
314 days (2)
DAYS
DRY
71
©
©
220
50
®
68
81
DAYS
OPEN
106
96
270
191
117
98
51
112
NO. OF
BREEDINGS
IX— Nat.
IX— Nat.
1X--AI
IX— Nat.
IX— AI
2X--1 AI
1 Nat.
IX— Nat.
IX— Nat.
DAYS
CAR-
RIED
CALF
211
207
65
72
230
218
210
203
ACTUAL
MILK
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
12,552
(5,705)
12,884
(5,856)
16,924
(7,692)
11,729
(5,331)
13,999
(6,359)
15,678
(7,126)
13,675
(6,212)
13,331
(6,060)
DHIA
ADJUSTED
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
12,540
(5,700)
13,012
(5,915)
16,247
(7,385)
13,168
(5,985)
16,185
(7,357)
17,515
(7,961)
14,905
(6,775)
13,455
(6,116)
AVG.
BUTTER
FAT %
2.9
N.V.
3.0
3.0
3.4
N.V.
3.6
3.5
RELATIVE
VALUE
DHIA
N.V.
N.V.
103
N.V.
N.V.
N.V.
119
N.V.
Unknown—as not freshened by 1 July 1966.
(2) Not in herd during complete period.
I.V. = No value.
-------
APPENDIX X (Continued)
o
cow
NO.
43
44
45
46
47
48
Avg.
LACTA-
TION
NO.
1
4
3
3
5
2
3.5
±1.4
PERIOD AND
LENGTH OF
LACTATION
2/12/65-
12/17/65
306 days (f)
2/2/65-
11/20/65
291 days @
2/4/65-
11/4/65
273 days
4/5/65-
2/17/66
318 days ©
3/20/65-
1/7/66
293 days \2)
9/8/65-
6/1/66
265 days
303 days
±50
DAYS
DRY
61
135
101
128
86
102
±5.8
DAYS
OPEN
90
149
93
156
100
123
128
±67
NO. OF
BREEDINGS
1X--AI
1X--AI
1X--AI
2X--1 AI
1 Nat.
IX— 1 AI
IX— Nat.
1.7
DAYS
CAR-
RIED
CALF
216
142
180
162
193
142
171
±60
ACTUAL
MILK
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
12,631
(5,750)
12,340
(5,609)
14,655
(6,661)
13,743
(6,247)
14,979
(6,089)
10,531
(4,786)
12,385
±2,703
(5,604
±1,211)
DHIA
ADJUSTED
PROD.
POUNDS
(LITERS)
15,9.40
(7,245)
12,838
(5,835)
16,000
(7,273)
14,180
(6,445)
15,129
(6,877)
11,719
(5,327)
12,906
(5,866)
AVG.
BUTTER
FAT %
4.1
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.3
5.5
3.4
RELATIVE
VALUE
DHIA
N.V.
N.V.
114
94
106
N.V.
105
f) Unknown—as not freshened by 1 July 1966.
Jj Not in herd during complete period.
O. = No value.
-------
APPENDIX XI
LIST OF COWS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO FIELD EVENTS AND TYPE OF EXPOSURE
o
r\>
EXPERIMENT
COM NUMBERS
INGEST I ON INHALATION CONTROL REMARKS
CONTAMINATED HAY CONTAMINATED
GREEN CHOP
TORY IIC
20 May 64
RB-1
14 Aug 64
KIWI — B4E
28 Aug 64
10 Sep 64
SULKY
18 Dec 64
TNT
12 Jan 65
PALANQUIN
14 Apr 65
MILKRUN
11 Aug 65
2, 55 6, 7. 1, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13,
15, 17.
7, 9. 13, 15. (I.V. In-
jection)
1, 8,
4, 7, 9, 17. 19, 21.
1, 4, 7, 8,
13, 16, 17,
18, 20, 21.
(11, 21, 23, 24, 1, 8, 13, (2, 16,
25, 26, 28, 29.*) 27. 22.**)
1, 8, 11, 13, 21, 2, 16,
23, 24, 25, 26, 22.
27, 28, 29.
12, 13, 16, 19, 15, 18, 23, 1, 2, 5, Each cow served as
21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29. 11. (4, own control.
28. 7, 9.***)
Remainder 12, 15, 18, 19,
of lactat- 21, 25, 27, 28.
ing herd. (Oral Dose)
*Ingestion + inhalation
*.*Ingestion, control
***Inhalation, sacrifice
-------
EXPERIMENT
APPENDIX XI (Continued)
COW NUMBERS
INGESTION
CONTAMINATED HAY CONTAMINATED
GREEN CHOP
HAYSEED
4 Oct 65
ALFALFA
21 Jun 66
12, 19, 21, 25. 15,
29,
45,
5, 26, 29, 47. 2,
15,
18,
18,
43,
48.
12, 1
16,
44.
27,
44,
3,
17,
INHALATION
1, 5, 46,
47.
21, 28, 43,
45.
CONTROL REMARKS
13-, 24,
28.
19, 24.
o
to
-------
APPENDIX XII
LIST OF COWS ARRANGED BY COW NUMBER SHOWING PARTICIPATION IN EXPERIMENTS
COW
NUMBER
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
TORY IIC
20 May 64
Inhalation
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Inhalation
Inhalation
Inhalation
Inhalation
Inhalation
Inhalation
Inhalation
RB-1 KIWI--B4E KIWI — B4E
14 Aug 64 28 Aug 64 10 Sep 64
Control Ingestion
Ingestion Ingestion
Control Ingestion Ingestion
Control Ingestion
Control Ingestion Ingestion
Injection Inqestion
I.V.
Injection
I.V.
Ingestion
Ingestion Ingestion
Ingestion
Control
Ingestion
Control Inqestion
SULKY
18 Dec 64
Inhalation
Control
Inhalation
Ingestion +
Inhalation
Inhalation
Control
Inqestion +
Inhalation
Control
Ingestion +
Inhalation
Ingestion +
Inhalation
104
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APPENDIX XII (Continued)
COW
NUMBER
25
26
27
28
29
COW
NUMBER
1
2
4
5
7
8
9
11
12
13
15
TORY IIC
20 May 64
TNT
12 Jan 65
Ingestion
Hay
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Inoestion
Hay
Inoestion
Hay
RB-1 KIWI— B4E
14 Aug 64 28 Aug 64
PALANQUIN MILKRUN
14 Apr 65 11 Aug 65
Inhalation
Inhalation
Inhalation
Sacrifice
Inhalation
Inhalation
Sacrifice
Inhalation
Sacrifice
Inhalation
Ingestion Oral
Hay Dose
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion Oral
G. C. Dose
KIWI-B4E SULKY
10 Sep 64 18 Dec 64
Ingestion +
Inhalation
Ingestion +
Inhalation
Inhalation
Ingestion +
Inhalation
Ingestion +
Inhalation
HAYSEED ALFALFA
4 Oct 65 21 Jun 66
Inhalation
Inqestion
G. C.
Inhalation Inqestion
Hay
Ingestion Inqestion
Hay G. C.
Control Inqestion
G.'C.
Inoestion Inaestion
G."C. G."C.
105
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APPENDIX XII (Continued)
COW
NUMBER
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
43
44
45
46
47
48
TNT
12 Jan 65
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Control
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Inqestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
PALANQUIN
14 Apr 65
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
G/C.
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Inaestion
G. C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
G. C.
MILKRUN
11 Aug 65
Oral
Dose
Oral
Dose
Oral
Dose
Oral
Dose
Oral
Dose
Oral
Dose
HAYSEED
4 Oct 65
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
Hay
Ingestion
Hay
Control
Inaestion
Hay
Ingestion
G. C.
Control
Inaestion
G.~C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Ingestion
G. C.
Inhalation
Inhalation
Ingestion
G. C.
ALFALFA
21 Jun 66
Ingestion
G. C.
Inaestion
G."C.
Inqestion
G.'C.
Control
Inhalation
Control
Inqestion
Hay
Inhalation
Inqestion
Hay
Inhalation
Inqestion
G.'C.
Inhalation
Inqestion
Hay
106
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DISTRIBUTION
1-20 SWRHL, Las Vegas, Nevada
21 Robert E. Miller, Manager, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
22 R. H. Thalgott, Test Manager, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
23 Henry G. Vermillion, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
24 Chief, NOB/DASA, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
25 D. H. Edwards, Safety Evaluation Div., NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nev.
26 D. W. Hendricks, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
27 Mail & Records, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
28 DOS, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
29 Director, DMA, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
30 John S. Kelly, DPNE, USAEC, Washington, D. C.
31 P. Allen, ARL/ESSA, NVOO/AEC, Las Vegas, Nevada
32 Gilbert J. Ferber, ARL/ESSA, Silver Spring, Maryland
33-37 Charles L. Weaver, NCRH, PHS, Rockville, Maryland
38 Regional Representative, NCRH, PHS, Region IX, San Francisco, Calif.
39 Bernd Kahn, NCRH, RATSEC, Cincinnati, Ohio
40 Northeastern Radiological Health Lab., Winchester, Mass.
41 Southeastern Radiological Health Lab., Montgomery, Ala.
42 W. C. King, LRL, Mercury, Nevada
43 John W. Gofman, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
44 H. L. Reynolds, LRL., Livermore, Calif.
45 Roger Batzel, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
46 Ed Fleming, LRL, Livermore, Calif.
47 Wm. E. Ogle, LASL, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
48 Harry S. Jordan, LASL, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
49 Victor M. Milligan, REECo, Mercury, Nevada
50 Clinton S. Maupin, REECo, Mercury, Nevada
51 Byron Murphey, Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, N. Mex.
52 R. H. Wilson, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.
53 DTIE, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
-------
54 D. S. Barth, National Air Pollution Control Admin., Chapel Hill,
North Carolina
55 Robert Lynch, DVM, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, State Bldg.
Las Vegas, Nevada
56 H. P. Adams, Extension Dairyman, Univerity of Nevada, Reno
Reno, Nevada
57 Ferren Bunker, Clark County Cooperative Extension Service,
Las Vegas, Nevada
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