The Stratigraphy and
Hydraulic Properties of Tills in
Southern New England
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Open-File Report 91-481
Prepared in cooperation with the
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION, REGION I
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THE STRATIGRAPHY AND HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
OF TILLS IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND
By Robert L. Melvin, Virginia de Lima, and Byron D. Stone
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Open-File Report 91-481
Prepared in cooperation with the
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION, REGION I
Hartford, Connecticut
1992
-------
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Dallas L. Peck, Director
For additional information, write to: Copies of this report can be purchased
from:
Chief, Connecticut District U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Division Books and Open-File Reports Section
U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center, Bldg. 810
450 Main St., Rm. 525 Box 25425
Hartford, CT 06103 Denver, CO 80225
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Purpose and scope 2
Sources of data and methods 3
Acknowledgment 3
Stratigraphy of tills 3
Terminology 3
Genetic classification 7
Distribution and thickness of stratigraphic units 7
Physical characteristics useful for field identification 11
Color 11
Texture and stone content 11
Weathering and soil development 13
Geotechnical properties and classification 14
Hydraulic properties of tills . 15
Hydraulic conductivity 16
Porosity and specific yield 17
Selected references 40
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Figure 1. Map showing sites where hydraulic properties of till were
measured and approximate boundaries of differing
provenance areas for the tills in southern New England ... 4
2. Correlation diagram showing the evolution of till
stratigraphy in southern New England and
Long Island 6
3. Generalized geologic section showing distribution
of surface and drumlin tills and weathered
and mixed-till zones 9
111
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ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
Figure 4. Diagram showing grain-size characteristics of the
surface till and drumlin till: (A) ranges of cumulative-frequency
curves of grain-size distributions of whole-till samples; and
(B) ternary diagrams of sand-silt-clay percentages
of the till matrix 12
TABLES
Table
3.
Page
Selected characteristics of surface and drumlin tills
that are derived from crystalline bedrock 10
Selected geotechnical properties of the surface
and drumlin tills 14
Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield values
for till in southern New England 19
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By
To obtain
millimeter (mm)
centimeter (cm)
meter (m)
kilometer (km)
Length
0.0394
0.3937
3.281
0.6214
Flow
centimeter per second (cm/s) 2,834
kilogram (kg)
Mass
2.205
inch
inch
foot
mile
foot per day
pound
IV
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The Stratigraphy and Hydraulic Properties
of Tills in Southern New England
By Robert L. Melvin, Virginia de Lima, and Byron D. Stone
ABSTRACT
The two widely recognized tills of southern New England were deposited during
two late Pleistocene continental glaciations. The surface (upper) till consists of rela-
tively sandy tills deposited during the late Wisconsin glaciation and includes com-
pact subglacial lodgement and meltout units and a thin overlying supraglacial
meltout (ablation) unit. The drumlin (lower) till is the locally preserved till depos-
ited during the Illinoian glaciation and consists chiefly of a compact subglacial
lodgement unit. These tills are highly variable in texture, composition, thickness,
and structural features, reflecting the composition of the local bedrock and older sur-
ficial materials from which they were derived and the different modes of deposition.
The hydraulic properties of tills in this region are also variable because of the
differences in texture, composition, and structural features that result from different
provenance and genesis. Data on hydraulic properties at 92 sites were compiled
from readily available sources. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities of tills de-
rived from crystalline (metamorphic and igneous) rocks range from 1.4 x 10' to 2.3
x 10 centimeters per second, whereas the vertical hydraulic conductivities of tills
derived from these rock types range from 4.7 x 10' to 3.4 x 10' centimeters per sec-
ond. The porosities and specific yields of 15 undisturbed till samples, also com-
posed of crystalline-rock detritus, range from 22.1 to 40.6 percent and from 3.9 to
31.2, respectively.
The horizontal hydraulic conductivities of tills derived from the Mesozoic
(Triassic and Jurassic) sedimentary rocks of central Connecticut and west-central
Massachusetts range from 2.8 x 10' to 1.2 x 10' centimeters per second, whereas
the vertical hydraulic conductivities range from 1.8 x 10' to 1.2 x 10' centimeters
per second. The porosity of 58 samples of till derived from these sedimentary rocks
ranges from 18 to 40.1 percent.
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INTRODUCTION
Till is the most extensive glacial sediment in southern New England. It man-
tles most of the uplands and also extends beneath stratified drift in valleys and low-
lands. This ice-deposited sediment is highly variable in texture, composition,
thickness, and structural features, and the variability is commonly reflected in hy-
draulic properties. Geologic studies over the last century have described the tex-
tural and structural features of tills and identified the genetic variants of till in
most of the region. The establishment of stratigraphic relationships between tills
of southern New England has been more difficult than in the midcontinent of
North America where distinct lithostratigraphic units related to bedrock source
and glacial ice lobes are recognized. Recently, work by Pessl and Schafer (1968),
Stone (1974), Newton (1978), and Smith (1984), has led to development of a re-
gional till stratigraphy, described in this report, that provides a framework for or-
ganizing and categorizing geotechnical data.
Till is not a major aquifer in southern New England, but nevertheless is an im-
portant geohydrologic unit because of its widespread occurrence and relation to bed-
rock and stratified-drift aquifers. Till generally extends from the land surface to
the top of the underlying bedrock aquifers except in valleys underlain by stratified
drift. In these valleys a thin (less than 3 m) layer of till commonly separates the
stratified drift from the underlying bedrock. Over most of southern New England
this geohydrologic unit, therefore, affects rates of recharge from precipitation and
natural ground-water discharge from bedrock, as well as the subsurface transport
of contaminants which may have been applied, spilled, or buried near the land sur-
face. Till is also at most of the major sites of point-source contamination that are
subject to investigation and remediation under Federal and State programs.
Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of till that control the movement of
water and transport of contaminants in this region is sparse. A recent summary of
regional hydrogeology (Randall and others, 1988) cited only three references con-
taining limited data on the conductivity and storage properties of till. This type of
information is useful to hydrologists and engineers investigating ground-water con-
tamination and flow of ground water between hydrologic units or evaluating the
suitability of potential disposal sites. In order to meet this need, the U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 1, Waste Management Division (USEPA), initiated a study of the hydraulic
properties of tills in southern New England.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this report is to describe the stratigraphic framework for tills in
southern New England and to summarize available information on their hydraulic
properties. The stratigraphic framework consists of two tills, derived from two gla-
ciations, that display textural and structural variability related to genesis and pro-
-------
venance. Hydraulic properties include reported values of hydraulic conductivity,
porosity, and specific yield. The clay and silt content of the till matrix is also in-
cluded in the reported data. These hydraulic properties, together with hydraulic
gradient, are the principal controls on the rate and velocity of ground-water flow,
whereas clay and silt content affects hydraulic conductivity and is an indicator of
the type of till. Only existing data were compiled and no new data were collected
for this study. The location of sites for which data were obtained are shown in fig-
ure 1.
Sources of Data and Methods
Data were compiled from published geologic, engineering, hydrologic, and soil sci-
ence literature; consultants' reports on Superfund and Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) sites prepared for the USEPA; unpublished theses and disser-
tations; and unpublished data from files of the USGS, U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and the Connecticut Department of
Transportation (DOT). The hydraulic properties were determined by several labo-
ratory and in-situ methods that have not been critically reviewed for this report
with respect to accuracy of measurement, validity of analysis, or other possible
sources of error. No attempt was made to calculate independently hydraulic con-
ductivity from coefficients of consolidation determined by soil-mechanics labora-
tories. However, 56 values of porosity for Connecticut tills derived from Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks, previously calculated from measurements of bulk and particle
mass density by the USGS, are included in this compilation.
Acknowledgment
Mr. Rudy Chlanda of the SCS provided valuable assistance by reviewing, collating,
and copying relevant SCS data for Massachusetts.
STRATIGRAPHY OF TILLS
Terminology
The tills of southern New England are correlated with two late Pleistocene con-
tinental glaciations of the region (Schafer and Hartshorn, 1965; Stone and Borns,
1986). Presently the tills of each glaciation are designated by informal strati-
graphic names or by proposed formal names for local varieties of till (Stone and
Borns, 1986). No regional study of lithologically distinct members of the surface
(upper) till of late Wisconsinan age or the drumlin (lower) till of probable Illinoian
age supports an inclusive formal nomenclature. In the field, physical criteria differ-
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VERMONT
EXPLANATION
CRYSTALLINE-ROCK TERRAIN OF
WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS AND
WESTERN CONNECTICUT
CRYSTALLINE-ROCK TERRAIN OF
EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. EASTERN
CONNECTICUT, AND RHODE ISLAND
SEQ.'MENTARY-ROCK TERRAIN OF
CENTRAL CONf-.ECT.CUT AND, WEST-
CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS (early
Mesozoic rock of Hartford basin)
SEDIMENTARY AND METASEDIMENTARY
ROCK TERRAIN OF EASTERN MASSACHU-
SETTS AND EASTERN RHODE ISLAND
(Boston and Narraganselt basins)
SITE AND IDENTIFYING NUMBER WHERE
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF T.LL WERE
MEASURED (S&e table 3)
20 KILOMETERS
Base from U.S. Geological Survey
ScaJe 1:500.000
Figure 1 .--Sites where hydraulic properties of till were measured and approximate boundaries of differing provenance areas
for the tills in southern New England.
-------
entiate local varieties of the tills, when comparisons are made of similar character-
istics in areas of similar bedrock type. Bedrock control of till grain size, color, and
composition is related to the very local distribution of bedrock units and physiogra-
phy (Flint, 1930, 1961; Smith, 1984; Force and Stone, 1990). Because of the close
relation of till composition and texture to local bedrock types, differences within
one till unit may be greater in some areas than differences between varieties of
both units.
The general terms "upper till" and "lower till" used by several recent investiga-
tors (Schafer and Hartshorn, 1965; Pessl and Schafer, 1968; Koteff and Pessl, 1985;
Stone and Borns, 1986; discussion by Stone, in Weddle and others, 1989) refer to
the chronostratigraphic relation between the two tills and, locally, to their strati-
graphic position. The two-till stratigraphy evolved over more than a century of
study of the glacial deposits of southern New England. Upham (1878) and Crosby
(1891) ascribed all tills in the region to a single glaciation. Fuller (1906) first sug-
gested that compact drumlin tills beneath the surface till are Illinoian in age. Jud-
son (1949) proposed that the drumlin till in Boston was of early Wisconsinan age
and this age assignment was retained in regional summaries (Muller, 1965; Scha-
fer and Hartshorn, 1965; Stone and Borns, 1986). Further consideration of radio-
carbon age constraints on the late Wisconsin glaciation (Stone and Borns, 1986),
dated sediments of middle Wisconsinan and late "Eowisconsinan" ages on Long Is-
land (Belknap, 1979, 1980; Sirkin, 1982), and weathering characteristics of the
drumlin till (Stone, 1974; Newton, 1978; and Newman and others, 1990) has led to
correlation of the drumlin till with the lower till at Sankaty Head on Nantucket Is-
land, Massachusetts, which is of probable Illinoian age. The development and evo-
lution of the two-till stratigraphy and related terminology is summarized in figure
2 and will aid in placing till discussed in earlier reports within the stratigraphic
framework used in this report.
The upper till, referred to in this report as the surface till, comprises the rela-
tively sandy surface tills that form the till sheet of the late Wisconsin glacial epi-
sode, which extended from about 24,000 BP (years before present) to deglaciation of
the region about 14,000 BP. The till is dated by radiocarbon dating of preglacial
subtill materials incorporated in the glacial sediments and of postglacial materials
that overlie the sediments (Stone and Borns, 1986). The surface till is highly vari-
able in composition, reflecting the composition of local bedrock and older surficial
materials from which it is derived. The compact and weathered lower till, referred
to in this report as the drumlin till, is the locally preserved till of the late Illinoian
glaciation (Stone, in Weddle and others, 1989; Newman and others, 1990), which
extended from about 180,000 BP to 150,000 BP (Richmond and Fullerton, 1986).
Drumlin tills in drumlins throughout the region are correlated on the basis of the
depth and degree of the weathering, and are further correlated with the Sankaty
lower till which lies beneath dated marine beds of Sangamonian age on Nantucket
Island, Massachusetts (Oldale and others, 1982). The weathering zone in the
upper part of the drumlin till is the result of a relatively long or intense period of
weathering that postdated drumlin formation.
The surface and drumlin tills are not laterally extensive, superposed, sheet-
like bodies in the region. Throughout most of southern New England, only the sur-
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SINGLE
GLACIATION1
1880-1958
Southern New England
New Hampshire
and Long Island
z
(f>
O
en
Till,
Drumlin till
MULTIPLE
GLACIATIONS2
1900-1949
Southern New England
z
en
O
O
en
5
z
6
ij
Thin till,
Surface till,
Upper till
Drumlin till,
Lower till,
Montauk Till
MULTIPLE WISCONSIN
GLACIATIONS3
1949-1986
Southern New
England and Long Island
e/5
O
O
en
5
a)
3
0)
TJ
;o
5
LU
z
o
z
Upper till,
Surface till,
New till,
Proposed local
formal units
Lower till,
Drumlin till,
Montauk Till,
Proposed local
formal units
Lower till at Sankaty
Head
THIS REPORT
WISCONSIN AND ILLINOIAN
GLACIATIONS4
Southern
New England and Long Island
-
z
en
O
0
en
5
0)
3
o
•o
•o
i
a
ill
z
o
I]
Surface till
Drumlin till,
Montauk Till,
Lower till at Sankaty
Head
References:
Upham (1878, 1880,
1897)
Crosby (1891, 1908)
Alden (1924)
Flint (1930)
LaForge (1932)
Denny (1958)
Woodworth (1901)
Fuller (1901, 1906, 1914)
Clapp(1908)
Woodworth and
Wigglesworth (1934)
Judson (1949)
Flint (1953)
Kaye(1961, 1982)
Muller (1965)
Schafer and Hartshorn (1965)
Newton (1978)
Sirkin (1982)
Oldale and others (1982)
Koteff and Pessl (1985)
Stone and Borns (1986)
Stone, in Weddle and others
(1989)
Figure 2.-Evolution of till stratigraphy in southern New England and Long Island. (Modified from
Stone, in Weddle and others, 1989, fig. 2.)
6
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face till is present. Thick, compact, gray surface till is present above oxidized and
weathered drumlin till in relatively few exposures (Pessl and Schafer, 1968). More
frequently, the superposed stratigraphy of the two tills consists of a sandy and
stoney surface till less than 1 m thick overlying a mixed-till zone that contains dis-
crete angular fragments of the drumlin till within a sandy matrix, which, in turn,
overlies weathered and nonweathered drumlin till at depth.
Genetic Classification
Variants of tills of the region are also recognized within the framework of the
genetic classification of tills (Till Work Group of the International Union for Quater-
nary Research Commission on Genesis and Lithology of Quaternary Deposits, in
Dreimanis, 1989). As defined by the Commission, till is "sediment deposited by or
from glacier ice without the intervention of running water1' (Dreimanis, 1989, p.
35). In New England, areally extensive compact tills reported in mapping studies,
hydrologic investigations, and topical research studies are subglacial (basal) lodge-
ment till or subglacial meltout till of the genetic classification. The distinction of
these compact tills is based on structural features and possibly grain-size distribu-
tion (Smith, 1984). Although the drumlin till consists entirely of a lodgement unit,
studies of the surface till (Drake, 1971; Pessl and Schafer, 1968; Newton, 1978;
Smith, 1984, 1988) have differentiated an upper, loose, sandy unit, containing boul-
ders and cobbles and lenses of stratified sediments, from an underlying compact
sandy unit. The loose, sandy unit is recognized genetically as a supraglacial
meltout (ablation) till composed of debris of englacial or supraglacial origin. The
compact varieties of surface tills are of subglacial lodgement or meltout origin, dis-
tinguished by clast fabrics and by minor differences in silt and clay content (Smith,
1984). A mixed-till zone, composed of eroded fragments of drumlin till in a sandy
surface-till matrix, that overlies weathered drumlin till has been described through-
out the region (Pessl and Schafer, 1968; Pease, 1970; Koteff and Stone, 1971; Stone,
1980; Mickelson and Newman, 1987; and Newman and others, 1S87, 1990). Minor
flowtill is found locally in stratified-drift deposits (Hartshorn, 1958; Smith, 1984);
genetically, this is a supraglacial mass movement till.
Distribution and Thickness of
Stratigraphic Units
The late Wisconsinan surface till forms an irregular blanket over bedrock up-
lands and beneath stratified-drift deposits. It is highly variable in composition and
thickness because of differences in the composition and erodability of local bedrock
and older surficial materials from which the till is derived. In areas of numerous
or extensive bedrock outcrops, the topography of the till surface is controlled by bed-
rock-surface relief (fig. 3). Here the till is discontinuous, probably averaging less
than 2 m thick, and contains numerous boulders. In other areas on north-facing
lower valley slopes, the till forms smooth-to-bumpy patches of true ground mo-
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raine, ranging from 3 to 10 m thick. In these areas, the compact basal fades of
lodgement and meltout origin form the bulk of the deposit. Loose, sandy, bouldery
till of ablation origin forms a thin and discontinuous overlying unit in bedrock out-
crop areas and areas of thicker till; locally, it is thick enough to form hummocky
surface topography. In most drumlins in the region, the surface till consists of a
thin mixed-till zone that overlies the weathered older till (as shown in fig. 3) but, in
a few drumlins in the Cape Cod area, the surface till is apparently more than 15 m
thick (Koteff, 1974). The late Wisconsinan surface till is the till unit mapped on
State surficial geologic maps in the region and on numerous 7 1/2-minute-quadran-
gle geologic maps in southern New England.
The drumlin till is preserved almost exclusively in drumlins and related bodies
of glacially smoothed and streamlined thick till which were resistant to subsequent
late Wisconsin glacial erosion (fig. 3). The drumlin till is generally 10 to 30 m thick
in these bodies and has a maximum reported thickness of 70 m. Exposures of
weathered (oxidized) and some unweathered (nonoxidized) drumlin till are known
widely across the region (Lougee, 1957; Castle, 1958; Flint, 1961; Kaye, 1961;
Oldale, 1962; Pessl and Schafer, 1968; Stone, 1974; Thompson, 1975; Mulholland,
1976; Newton, 1978; Stone, 1980; Newman and others, 1990).
The distribution of the surface and drumlin tills with contrasting physical char-
acteristics strongly reflects the local bedrock provenance. Four broad bedrock pro-
venances are distinguished in this report (fig. 1): crystalline- (metamorphic and
igneous) rock terrain of western Massachusetts and western Connecticut; sedimen-
tary-rock terrain of the early Mesozoic Hartford basin in central Connecticut and
west-central Massachusetts; crystalline-rock terrain of eastern Massachusetts,
eastern Connecticut, and Rhode Island; and sedimentary- and metasedimentary-
rock terrain of the Boston basin in eastern Massachusetts and the Narrangansett
basin in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. This report does not treat
the Narragansett and Boston basins as a separate till source area. Only one site
(number 45) is in the Narragansett basin, and because it is at the northern bound-
ary, the till may be derived from the crystalline rocks to the north. Till at three
sites (numbers 43, 46, and 54), which are in the crystalline-rock terrain, are just
south of the Boston or Narragansett basins and may be composed largely of sedi-
mentary and low-grade metasedimentary rocks from these basins. However, be-
cause these four sites have not been field-checked by the authors and the origin of
the till is not certain, none was categorized as being of sedimentary and
metasedimentary rock provenance.
There are local variations in rock type within each provenance. For example,
there is a marble belt within the crystalline-rock terrain of western Massachusetts
and western Connecticut, and there are areas of schists and phyllites within the
crystalline-rock terrains. These variations affect the physical characteristics, such
as grain size, of the tills.
8
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NW
(£>
Mixed-till zone
L
Weathered zone
Drumlin till
SE
VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 6
Based on data from Jahns, 1953; Pessl and Schafer, 1968'
Koteff and Stone, 1971, Newton, 1978; Stone, 1980;
Weddle and others, 1989; Newman and others, 1990.
Figure 3.-Generalized geologic section showing distribution of surface and drumlin tills and weathered and mixed-till zones.
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Table I.-Selected characteristics of surface and drumlin tills that are derived from
crystalline bedrock (Modified from Stone, in Weddle and others, 1989, table 1)
[m, meter; mm, millimeter; %, percent; <, less than; >, greater than; USDA, SCS, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service]
CHARACTERISTIC
SURFACE TILL
late Wisconsinan)
DRUMLIN TILL
(Illinoian)
Color
(naturally moist material, Munsell
color symbols)
Texture of matrix
(<2 mm range, fig. 4)
Stone content
Layering
Jointing
Gray to light gray (2.5-5Y 6-7/1-
2), to olive gray to light olive gray
(5Y 4-6/2)
62-80% sand
20-38% silt and clay
< 1-7% clay
10-54% >2 mm
5-30% >76 mm
Textural layering common,
generally subhorizontal; consists
of thin, lighter-colored sandy
layers
None; subhorizontal parting is
related to layering and fabric of
matrix
Olive to olive gray (5Y 4-5/2-3) to
olive brown (2.5Y 4-5/3-5) in
weathered zone, dark gray
(5Y 3.5-5/1) in unweathered till
35-60% sand
40-65% silt and clay
11-38% clay
19-42% >2 mm
1-11% >76mm
Textural layering not common;
thin, oxidized sand layers and
vertical sand dikes locally with
darker, silty layers; layering is
laterally discontinuous
Well developed; closely-spaced
subhorizontal joints and less
numerous subvertical joints impart
a blocky or thin platey structure to
Distribution and thickness
Soils and weathering
(representative USDA, SCS soil
series)
Lies directly on bedrock; generally
less than 3 m thick in areas of
rock outcrop; commonly 3 to 6 m
thick on lower valley slopes
Canton series, Charlton series
(Typic Dystrochrepts)
Forms cores of drumlins and
related bodies of thick till;
generally >10 m thick, commonly
20 to 30 m thick; maximum
reported thickness 70 m
Paxton series
(Typic Dystrochrepts); soil
developed in mixed-till zone that
overlies weathered zone in
drumlin till; weathered zone <9 m
thick; zone is oxidized, leached in
some areas, and contains altered
clay minerals and iron-bearing
minerals
10
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Physical Characteristics Useful for Field Identification
Physical characteristics differentiate the two tills of southern New England
(table 1). The color, texture, stone content, weathering and soil development, and
geotechnical properties of the tills are related to source materials, glacial erosional
and depositional processes, and weathering effects.
Color
The surface till in areas underlain by fresh, crystalline rocks consisting of gran-
ites, gneisses, schists, or quartzose metasedimentary rocks is generally gray below
the present B horizon of the soil, reflecting composition of fresh, nonoxidized miner-
als. Local staining by iron minerals, probably limonite, may be controlled by water
movement through materials of contrasting texture or around clasts. In the area of
the Hartford basin of central Connecticut and west-central Massachusetts, the sur-
face tills range from reddish brown to brownish red. In scattered areas of weath-
ered-sulphitic schists, the tills are yellowish brown, and in other areas of
weathered or stained rock, the tills are commonly pale brown.
The olive color of the weathered zone in the drumlin till is a pervasive oxida-
tion stain that affects all parts of the silty till matrix. It commonly extends to
depths of 5 to 9 m and through the zone of leached carbonate minerals in some ex-
posures. The stain is darker around iron-bearing minerals. Dark iron-manganese
staining is present on joint surfaces and around stones, but generally does not ex-
tend as deeply as the pervasive iron stain. In areas of crystalline-rock provenance
the color of fresh, unweathered drumlin till commonly is dark gray, reported locally
as blue gray. In the Hartford basin, the drumlin till is generally reddish brown to
brownish red.
Texture and Stone Content
Particle-size analysis of the surface and drumlin tills (fig. 4) show that whole-
till samples differ in stoniness, proportion of the dominant sand-sized particles,
and silt and clay content. These analyses also show differences in grain-size char-
acteristics within each of these tills that can be ascribed to differences in the lithol-
ogy of the source rocks (fig. 4B). The volumetric content of stones larger than 5.1
cm in drumlin till is less than 10 percent and probably about 5 percent (Crosby,
1891; Pessl and Schafer, 1968; Fuller and Holtz, 1981). Boulders larger than 1 m
are rare in large excavations of drumlin till. The stoniness, including large boul-
ders, of the compact, surface till is 5 to 30 percent by weight. Boulders 1 to 2 m
long are common in large excavations of compact surface till-these and smaller
boulders are common in the ablation material at the surface of the late
Wisconsinan till. The grain-size curves shown in figure 4A include these visual esti-
11
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CUMULATIVE WEIGHT PERCENT,
PROBABILITY SCALE
-»roCi>.uui0>>JCD<0
-------
mates of stone content and sieved gravel data, adjusted for differences in densities
of rock clasts and till matrix.
Fields of sand-size particles of the two till units overlap (fig. 4A). The propor-
tion of sand differs greatly within each of the two till units, and locally more so
than in samples between units. This variation in the relative amount of sand is re-
lated chiefly to the grain size and fabric of the local bedrock, and to the degree of
comminution of the glacially eroded fresh rock fragments (Smith, 1984, 1988; Force
and Stone, 1990).
The silt and clay contents of whole-till samples are distinguishing characteris-
tics of the two tills. Although the ranges of the distributions overlap (fig. 4A), repre-
sentative "average" values do not. Extreme values show that the surface till
contains 9 to 31 percent silt and clay (69 to 91 cumulative weight percent, as shown
in the figure), whereas the drumlin till contains 22 to 55 percent (45 to 78 cumula-
tive weight percent). The proportion of clay likewise distinguishes the tills; surface
till contains less than 1 percent to 6 percent clay, while drumlin till contains 6 to 24
percent clay. The drumlin till also contains a measurable amount of very fine clay
(less than 0.2 microns in diameter) (Stone, 1974).
The silt and clay contents of the till matrix only (particles less than 2 mm in di-
ameter) (fig. 4B) are different in samples of the till. The surface-till matrix con-
tains 20 to 38 percent silt and clay, whereas the drumlin-till matrix contains 40 to
65 percent. The proportion of clay in the surface-till matrix is 1 to 7 percent, and
in the drumlin-till matrix it is 11 to 38 percent.
Weathering and Soil Development
Soils developed in the upper 0.6 to 1.2 m of the surface till, mixed-till zone, and
drumlin till (fig. 3) since late Wisconsinan deglaciation are inceptisols, character-
ized by B-horizons, which contain less than 20 percent more clay than overlying ho-
rizons, and weakly modified clay mineralogy. Typically Canton and Charlton soils
series develop in the surface tills, and the Paxton soil develops in the mixed-till
zone on drumlins (Fuller and Holtz, 1981 and Fuller and Francis, 1984).
The weathered zone in the upper part of nearly all drumlin-till exposures is 3
to 9 m thick. It is developed in the drumlin till, below the mixed till zone and the
modern soil. The base of the weathered zone is subparallel to the surface of the
landform, indicating soil genesis after glacial smoothing. Weathering effects are
progressive upward through the zone; pH values decline (Stone, 1974), amount of
leaching increases (Crosby and Ballard, 1894), color values of matrix stain increase
(Crosby, 1891; Pessl and Schafer, 1968), degree and darkness of iron-manganese
stain on joint faces increase, and blocky structure increases and is more densely de-
veloped (Pessl and Schafer, 1968). Laboratory data showing alteration of clay min-
erals and iron-bearing minerals further define the weathering gradient through
the 3- to 9-m-thick zone. The weathering zone is the upper part of the C horizon of
a probable well-developed soil (Stone, 1974; Newton, 1978; Newman and others,
13
-------
1990), the A and B horizons of which were removed by late Wisconsin glacial ero-
sion.
Geotechnical Properties and Classification
Geotechnical properties of the surface and drumlin tills depend on the grain-
size and plasticity-index (the water-content range of the material at which it is
plastic) characteristics that are distinctly different in the two tills. The Unified
Soils Classification System of soils for engineering purposes (American Society of
Testing Materials, 1990) is commonly used to group soils on the basis of texture
and plasticity-compressibility characteristics (table 2). In this classification sys-
tem, the surface tills are either SM (silty sand with gravel with 3 to 17 percent cob-
bles and boulders by volume) or SP-SM (poorly graded sand with silt and with
gravel and with 3 to 17 percent cobbles and boulders by volume). Reported varia-
tions in the textures of drumlin tills have led to their classification into four
groups: SC (clayey sand with gravel, with 1 to 15 percent cobbles and boulders by
volume); SM and SC-SM (silty sand with gravel, with 1 to 15 percent cobbles and
Table 2. -Selected geotechnical properties of the surface and drumlin tills
[S, sand; G, gravel; SP, poorly graded sand; SM, silty sand; SC, clayey sand; ML, sandy silt;
<, less than; >, greater than]
Unified Soil Classification System Group
Relative fractions of
SP-SM
S>G
SM
S>G
SC-SM
S>G
SC
S>G
ML
S>G
sand and gravel
Percent fines 5-12 >12 >12 >12 >50
Percent (by volume) 3-17 3-17 1-15 1-15 1-15
cobbles and boulders
Liquid limit (weight <10 >10 <30 <50
percent liquid content)
Plasticity index low low 10-30 low
Description poorly silty sand clayey sand sandy silt
graded sand with gravel with gravel with gravel
with silt and
gravel
surface till
drumlin till
14
-------
boulders by volume); and ML (sandy silt with gravel and with 1 to 15 percent cob-
bles and boulders by volume). Because clay content of surface tills is relatively low
(fig. 4B), they are typically described as being nonplastic; whereas, the more clayey
drumlin tills have plasticity indexes of 10 to 30 percent. In the field, naturally
moist samples of the surface till exhibit low dry strength (a measure of "compac-
tion" of fragments): fragments crumble or "pop" with some finger pressure. Drum-
lin till has medium dry strength; considerable finger pressure is required to pop
fragments.
In most field and laboratory investigations of engineering properties, tills are
described by criteria of the Unified Soil Classification System, without reference to
stratigraphic units. In subsurface boring logs and in test-pit descriptions, tills are
described as loose to loose and sandy, compact and sandy with boulders, or very
compact and clayey. In the stratigraphic framework of the tills of southern New
England, these materials are inferred to be surface till of supraglacial-meltout ori-
gin, surface till of subglacial lodgement or meltout origin or mixed-zone surface till,
and drumlin till of subglacial-lodgement origin.
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF TILLS
Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield are the hydraulic proper-
ties affecting the flow of ground water through till. The rate of flow depends on hy-
draulic conductivity if the flow is steady, and on both hydraulic conductivity and
specific yield if flow is nonsteady. The average velocity of ground water is depen-
dent on hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient, and effective porosity (intercon-
nected pore space) which, in the case of unconsolidated porous media, is considered
identical to porosity (Todd, 1980, p. 27). Ground-water movement, including the
governing equations, is described in detail in standard texts such as those by Bear
(1972), Freeze and Cherry (1979), and Todd (1980).
This compilation is limited to data on hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and spe-
cific yield, although other till properties, such as dispersivity, can strongly affect
transport of contaminants. Furthermore, if extensive secondary permeability and
porosity has developed in tills through fracturing or other processes, the data on
primary (matrix) hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield obtained from
laboratory tests may not be representative of the "bulk" values required to analyze
a flow problem. Secondary permeability and porosity are well developed in frac-
tured till that underlies the Interior Plains Region of Canada. The hydraulic prop-
erties of the extensively fractured till that underlies this area and the effects of the
secondary permeability on ground-water flow have been described by Grisak and
others (1976) and Keller and others (1986, 1988).
1 Specific yield is considered equivalent to storage coefficient in the case of unconfined
aquifers (Freeze and Cherry, 1979, p. 61).
15
-------
The values for hydraulic properties of tills at 92 sites in southern New En-
gland are presented in table 3 (beginning on page 19). The data are organized into
three broad groups that reflect geography and source area. The first group in-
cludes sites located in the western part of southern New England where the tills
are derived from erosion of various types of crystalline rocks. The second group in-
cludes sites within or immediately adjacent to the Hartford basin where the dis-
tinctly red to brown tills consist mostly of material eroded from sedimentary rocks
(largely sandstone and shale). The third group includes sites located in the eastern
part of southern New England where tills also are derived from crystalline rocks.
Parts of eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island underlain by sedimentary and
metasedimentary rocks of the Boston and Narragansett basins contain texturally
distinct tills. Although none of the sites in table 3 have till which is known to be de-
rived from rocks in these basins, they are shown as a separate till source area in fig-
ure 1.
Within each broad category, an attempt has been made to identify the strati-
graphic unit (surface, surface-mixed zone, or drumlin till) and, in some cases, the
general type of till (ablation, meltout, basal, and flow till). Criteria used to identify
the stratigraphic unit and type of till include geomorphic and geologic setting of the
sample sites as shown on detailed maps of surficial geology, depth of the sampled or
tested interval, field descriptions of the till, and textural information (particularly
the percents of silt and clay) contained in the source references. In most cases, the
stratigraphic and genetic identifications given in table 3 are not certain because di-
agnostic features have not been adequately described in the references.
Values for hydraulic properties in table 3 were obtained from the referenced
source material. The only changes are the conversions of all hydraulic-conductivity
values to units of centimeters per second and depths to units of meters. All values
are rounded to one decimal place.
Hydraulic Conductivity
Hydraulic conductivity values are organized into four categories in table 3. The
first two are horizontal hydraulic conductivity (kh) and vertical hydraulic conductiv-
ity (kv). The third category (kr) includes hydraulic-conductivity measurements
made on repacked samples. Most of the repacked samples contain only till
particles less than 0.42 mm (40 mesh) in diameter that have been compacted. The
fourth category (ku) includes hydraulic-conductivity measurements where the ori-
entation and (or) degree of disturbance are unknown.
The type of test and method of analysis, if known, are given for the hydraulic-
conductivity values in table 3 to assist the user of this report in judging their rele-
vance to field problems. Stephenson and others (1988) have pointed out several
factors that influence the hydraulic conductivity measurements of tills and their
comparability, with consequent implications for field studies of flow and transport.
Factors cited by Stephenson and others (1988) include (1) in-situ values of hydrau-
lic conductivity determined in the field from aquifer tests and single-well water-
16
-------
level response tests (slug tests and constant-head tests) are commonly much
greater than values determined in the laboratory for the same material; (2) labora-
tory-determined values can be representative of the till matrix but not of the bulk
mass of the till; and (3) different laboratory methods can produce different values.
Comparisons of field- and laboratory-determined values of hydraulic conductiv-
ity have not been made using data in table 3. In fact, the suitability of the data for
making such comparisons has not been evaluated. A number of features could in-
crease hydraulic-conductivity values calculated from in-situ tests; these include
fractures (both jointing and a subhorizontal fissility), widely observed and often
well developed in drumlin till and locally (and less developed) in the compact basal
fades of the surface till (Smith, 1984, p. 8 and table 1 of this report); macropores,
such as root casts that are produced by soil-development processes in the zone 1 to
1.5m below land surface; and small lenses or layers of stratified drift within the
till. If secondary permeability and porosity are well developed locally in the tills of
southern New England, the laboratory-determined values of till-matrix properties
could differ considerably from the bulk values that control the rate and velocity of
ground-water flow.
Weathered-till deposits are also recognized to have greater hydraulic conductiv-
ity than that of similar unweathered till (Stephenson and others, 1988, p. 309).
Nearly all of the extensive drumlin-till exposures in southern New England con-
tain a weathered zone at least 3 m thick. It has not been determined if this weath-
ering has increased the hydraulic conductivity.
The laboratory-determined hydraulic conductivity of the till matrix has also
been observed to have a strong relation to grain-size distribution (Stephenson and
others, 1988, p. 306). The major effect of grain size appears to be related to the
clay content; contents of 15 to 20 percent mark a threshold above which hydraulic
conductivities are uniformly low. The clay content of the surface-till matrix in
southern New England ranges from less than 1 percent to 7 percent, whereas the
clay content of the drumlin-till matrix ranges from 11 to 38 percent (fig. 4). Data
on the combined silt and clay content are available for most of the samples where
hydraulic conductivity was estimated by laboratory analysis (table 3). The grain-
size scales used by geologists, soil scientists, and engineers commonly differ and
the boundary used to divide silt from sand size is, therefore, indicated in the table.
Porosity and Specific Yield
Porosity and specific-yield data are in two adjacent columns in table 3 to facili-
tate comparisons. The porosity values are all total porosities measured in or calcu-
lated for laboratory samples. The most extensive porosity data are the 58 values
for tills derived from Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Hartford basin (sites 10-12,
16, and 18-20). Fifty-six of these values had been calculated by the USGS from the
bulk mass density and particle mass density of the samples, using the formula
given in Freeze and Cherry (1979, p. 337). Only 15 measurements of specific yield
were found in the referenced sources. All these measurements were made on undis-
17
-------
turbed samples of tills derived from crystalline bedrock that were collected and ana-
lyzed by the USGS.
The values in table 3 represent only the porosity and specific yield of the till
matrix. If the till is fractured or contains other secondary openings, these matrix
values from laboratory tests apply to till blocks between the secondary openings
and not to the bulk mass of the till (Grisak and others, 1976, p. 311). In such cases,
the storage (specific yield) and porosity characteristics imparted to the bulk of the
till must also be determined if the ground-water-flow system and the directions,
rates, and velocities of ground-water flow are to be understood.
18
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield values for
till in southern New England
Site number: A unique sequential number assigned to each locality where hydraulic conductiv-
ity has been determined. Site numbers are shown in figure 1.
Site name and location: Place name or facility name associated with the test site. Includes
town and state, such as Durham-Middlefield Landfill, Durham, Conn.
Sample or well number: Number or alphanumeric characters used by the referenced sources
to identify a till sample or well where a test was conducted to determine hydraulic conductivity.
Type of till: Estimated from physical descriptions, textural information, topographic setting, pub-
lished geologic maps, and depth. Types include surface (undifferentiated), surface-ablation, sur-
face-mixed, surface-basal, surface-morainal, drumlin, flowtill, unknown (estimate could not be
made largely because of imprecise location).
Hydraulic conductivity:
kh measured in horizontal direction
kv measured in vertical direction
kr measured in repacked (disturbed) sample
ku measurement in sample where orientation and degree of disturbance
(undisturbed to repacked) are not specified.
Type of test and analysis:
First code
p
PT
PZ
SI
SW
O
U
Second
BR
H
N
T
ch
fh
permeameter
aquifer test
piezometer
slug injection
slug withdrawal
other
unknown
code
analysis by method described
analysis by method described
analysis by method described
analysis by method described
and others (1973) as modified
constant head
falling head
by Bouwer and Rice (1976) and Bouwer (1989)
byHvorslev(1949and 1951)
by Department of the Navy (1971, p. 7.4.8-7.4.9)
by Cooper and others (1967) and Papadopulos
byTorak(1979)
Percentage of silt and clay:
a AASHO scale: silt and clay fraction less than 0.074mm (U.S. Standard Sieve
number 200)
u USDA scale: silt and clay fraction less than 0.05 mm
w Wentworth scale: silt and clay fraction less than 0.0625 mm
References:
USDA, SCS U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
USCOE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
19
-------
Table S.-Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
[--, no data; <, less than; >, greater than; <, less than or equal to; mm, millimeters; cm, centimeter;
Site name and
Site no. location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sample or
well
number
Depth below
land surface
(m)
Type of till
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
kh kv Kr Ku
Type of test
and analysis
Crystalline feetfroek ol western
Rose Disposal
Pit, Lanesboro,
Mass.
Washington
Mountain Brook,
site 3, Lee,
Mass.
Clam River
watershed,
Morley Brook
site,
Sandisfield,
Mass.
Clam River
watershed,
Silver Brook
site,
Sandisfield,
Mass.
Bradley Brook
watershed,
Black Brook
site, Russell,
Mass.
Canton 1 ,
stream cut at
Bakersville
Brook, New
Hartford, Conn.
Thomaston
Dam, Plymouth,
Conn.
Laurel Park,
Naugatuck,
Conn.
Beacon Heights
Landfill, Beacon
Falls, Conn.
5A-83
5B-83
5C-83
8A-83
8B-83
8C-83
10A-83
10B-83
11A-83
11B-83
14A-83
70W1292
70W1290
70W1288
72W659
72W660
DH No.8
do.
DH-1
65W210
65W209
65W133
65W135
66W2568
70W1010
70W1012
2C1 horizon
2C3 horizon
2C5 horizon
24
TP3
TP4
TP5
MW-14
MW-15
1 .5-4.6
11.0-14.0
27.7-30.8
1.5-4.6
9.8-12.8
24.8-27.9
1.5-4.6
13.1-16.2
1.2-4.3
8.2-11.3
1 .5-4.6
0.9-3.7
0.9-3.7
0.9-4.3
0.6-3.0
4.6-4.9
6.1-6.4
6.1-15.2
0.9-3.7
0.9-4.3
0.8-1.0
1.5-1.7
2.1-2.3
0.9
0.9
0.9
2.4-3.9
2.4-3.9
surface
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface?
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface?
do.
surface
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface?
do.
surface-ablation
do.
do.
drumlin
surface
surface-basal
surface
surface
3.2 x10'5
2.4 x 10'5
7.8 x 10'5
1.2x10'3
7.1 x 10"6
4.7X1Q-4
4.1 x 10'3
9.5 x 10~6
2.3 x10'2
1.2x 10~5
1.7x10-5
1.4x10'5
1.8X10'5
1.4X10'5
1.4x 10"6
7.1 x 10"6
4.7x10'3
9.9 X10"4
1.2x10-"
9.2 x10'5
8.8X1Q-6
2.2 x 10'5
1.8x1Q-e
2.8 x 10'7
5.3 x ID"6
1.4X10'6
7.5 x 10'3
4.1 x 10'3
3.4 x 10-2
9x 10'6to
8 x 10'8
6.8 x 10"6
5.3 X1Q-6
1.5x10'5
5.4 X10"4
1.5X10"4
SW-BR
P-ch
PT-ch
PT-ch
P-fh?
do.
do.
do.
do.
P-ch
P
P
P-fh
SW-BR
20
-------
values for till in southern New England
m, meter; km, kilometer; cm/s, centimeter per second; lb/ft2, pound per foot squared]
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay
Massachusetts and Connecticut
21 (u)
33 (u)
23 (u)
33 (u)
37 M
31 (u)
42 (u)
11.1(u)
15.5(u)
16.8(u)
40 (a)
43.3 (a)
36.6 (a)
37.7 (a)
Remarks
hydraulic conductivity determined on minus no. 4 fraction of samples
under load of 2,000 Ib/fr
till thickness equal to or greater than 14.6 m
sample may be schistose rock or mixed till;
hydraulic conductivities measured on minus no. 4 fraction of samples
under load of 2,000 Ib/ft2
one of six samples of Canton soils collected from C horizon at three
localities; orientation of cores reportedly vertical (H.D. Luce, Univ. of
Conn., oral commun., 1989)
the hydraulic conductivities represent the range of values for several
samples of till matrix (24.75 mm grain size) after standard compaction;
tests conducted by New England Division, USCOE
analysis performed on samples trimmed from block samples by method
described by USCOE manual; data on plastic and liquid limits of
samples also available.
slug test data available but not interpreted (Malcolm Pirnie, 1 988, figs. 1
and 2)
till described as loose
References
Geraghty and
Miller, (1984,
table 4)
unpublished data
for the
Washington
Mountain Brook
watershed, USDA,
SCS
SCS(1964a)and
unpublished data
for the Clam River
watershed, USDA,
SCS
SCS (1966) and
unpublished data
for the Clam River
watershed USDA,
SCS
SCS (1969) and
unpublished data
for the Bradley
Brook watershed
USDA, SCS
Pelletier (1982)
Linell and Shea
(1961)
Fred C. Hart,
Assoc., Inc. (1983,
unnumbered
worksheet),
USCOE (1970,
appendix VII)
NUS(1985b,
chap. 4, p. 18)
21
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Site name and
location
Sample or
well
number
Depth below
land surface
(m)
Type of till
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
kh Kv Kr Ku
Type of test
and analysis
Sedimentary bedrock of central
Suffield
Meadows
condominiums,
between Rte.
159 and the
Connecticut
River, Suffield,
Conn
Parker Rd. east
of Rte. 83,
Somers, Conn.
Day Hill,
Windsor, Conn.
Superior
Electric, Bristol,
Conn
Cecos, Cross
St., Bristol,
Conn
Cecos,
Brodenck Rd ,
Bristol, Conn.
Excavation for
Farmers and
Mechanics
Bank, Main St.,
Middletown,
Conn.
Pratt and
Whitney,
Middletown,
Conn.
Durham-
Middlefield
Landfill,
Durham, Conn.
Town of
Durham, open-
space land at
end of Dunn Hill
Rd., Durham,
Conn
BB1-1
BB1-2
BB1-3
BB1-4
BB1-5
BB1-6
BB1-7
BB1-9
BB1-10
BB1-11
BB1-12
E1-1
E1-2
E1-3
E1-4
E1-5
E1-7
S48, C1
horiz
do.
MW7
MW8
CR1
CR4
BR5
MT1-3
MT1-4
MT1-6
MT1-7
MT1-8
MT1-9
MT1-10
MW1
MW1A
GZ5D
DM
D1-2
D1-3
D1-4
D1-5
D1-6
D1-9
D13-1
D13-2
D13-3
D13-4
D13-5
D13-6
D13-7
D13-8
D13-9
D13-10
D13-11
1
2
1.8
2
3
3
2
3
4
2.5
2.6
1
2
2
3
3
2
0.6
0.6-0.7
2.7-4 3
3.0-4 6
6.1-9 1
9.1-12.2
125-15.5
5
3
5
2
3
4
3
23.5-25.0
19.2-20.7
18.9
-
1
1.3
4.5
4.6
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.6
10.5
11.2
11.3
surface-mixed or
drumlin
drumlin
do.
do.
do
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface-mixed?
do.
surface
do.
surface
do.
surface
drumlin
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface
do.
do.
drumlin
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface?
surface-mixed?
drumlin
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1.0x10"*
7.7x10''
1.5x10'6
3.8 x 10"7
1.3x10"5
6.0 x 10'7
9.0 x 10"7
2.8x10'7
3.2x10'6
1.9x 10'6
8.7x10'6
8.9 x 10"*
1.7x 10"4
1.4X10"4
3.6 x 10"*
3.8x 10"4
S.SxIO'4
7.0 x 1Q-4
1.1 x 10"4
3.5 x 10~6
3.5x 10~5
3.7x 10"*
1.2x 10'3
1.2x10'3
1.0x 10"*
6.0 x10'7
1.3x 10"6
6.6 x 10'6
7.5 x10'6
1.6x 10"6
2.5 x 10~6
1.7x 10"5
8.5x 10'5
2.8 X10"4
4.1 x 10"e
9.5x 10"6
2.3 x 10'5
3.8x10'6
1.4x 10"6
c 4.8 x 10'6
1 4x 10'5
1.2x 10"3
2.1 x 10"5
8.5 x!0'5
5.4 x 10"4
1.1 x 10"6
4.4 x 10"6
9. Ox 10"5
1.0x 1Q-6
8.2x 10"5
8.2x 10"7
1.1 x 10"6
P-ch
P-ch
P
SW-H
SW-H
SW-H
P-ch
SW-H
P-ch
i"-ch
22
-------
values for till in southern New England-Continued
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay
Remarks
References
Massachusetts and Connecticut
29
21
28
21
27
23
25
20
27
25
26
32
32
32
32
32
40.1 71.6 (u)
31.0. 71. 6 (u)
11 (a)
22, 6, and 28
(a)
29 (a)
28
24
25
27
23
24
25
26
27
22
18
22
25
28
27
29
25
27
21
22
25
25
20
21
part of a group of 58 till samples collected in the southern part of the
Connecticut Valley Lowland by USGS; analysis by Univ. of Conn.,
Dept. of Civil Engineering; porosity calculated from bulk mass density
and particle mass density
• sample BB1-3 contained silt layer
do.
core samples analyzed by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment
Station
till is described as red at this site
screen of CR1 may be partly in sand; percent silt and clay in CR1 from
9.1-9.4 m; three sediment samples in CR4 taken from 9.1-9.7, 10.8-
1 1 .4 (described as containing only trace silt) and 1 2.3-1 2.8 m
part of a group of 58 till samples collected in the southern part of the
Connecticut Valley Lowland by USGS; analysis by Univ. of Conn.,
Dept. of Civil Engineering; porosity calculated from bulk mass
density and particle mass density
• some silt laminae in samples MT1-3 and MT1-6
underlying rock is crystalline, but till is largely derived from Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks directly to the west; samples MW1A and GZ5D
assumed to be in till; reference gave method as slug test; withdrawal is
assumed
part of a group of 58 till samples collected in the southern part of the
Connecticut Valley Lowland by USGS; analysis by Univ. of Conn., Dept.
of Civil Engineering; porosity calculated from bulk mass density and
particle mass density
• sample D1-1 described as sandy and friable, others are compact
do.
unpublished file
data USGS,
Hartford, Conn.
do.
Bourbeau and
Swanson (1954)
Ground Water,
Inc. (1987, p. 25)
Goldberg Zoino
Assoc. (1990b,
table 2)
Goldberg Zoino
Assoc. (1990a,
table 2)
unpublished file
data USGS,
Hartford, Conn.
Charles T. Main
(1990, chap. 3,
table 8)
unpublished file
data, USGS,
Hartford, Conn.
do.
23
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Site name and
location
West side of
Cherry Lane
near Durham
Center, Durham,
Conn.
Sample or
well
number
D14-1
D14-2
D14-3
D15-1
D15-2
01 5-3
D15-4
015-5
D15-6
D15-7
D15-8
D15-9
015-10
015-11
015-12
015-13
Depth below
land surface
(m)
1.2
6.3
>6.3
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.7
4
4.4
4.6
6.1
6.7
69
7.1
7.4
Type of till
drumlin
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do
do.
do.
do.
do.
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
k, k k k "ypeottest
** Kv Kr Ku and analysis
1.6x10"b P-ch
2.9 x10'7
2.6 x 10'7
1.6x 10"5
1.1 x 10"6
2.4 x10'6
3.7x 10'7
5.2x10'7
5.7x 10"7
3.8 x 10"7
5.7x10'7
6.3x 10'7
1.8x 10"7
4.2x 10"7
3.9 x 10"7
2 1 x 10'7
Crystalline bedrock of eastern Massachusetts,
Athol Landfill,
Athol, Mass.
Upper Quaboag
watershed
Sucker Brook,
WestBrookfield,
Mass.
Upper Quaboag
watershed
Lamberton site,
WestBrookfield,
Mass.
Galileo,
Sturb ridge,
Mass.
Upper Quaboag
watershed Shaw
site, Spencer,
Mass.
SUASCO
watershed North
Brook (Ross)
site, Berlin,
Mass.
SUASCO
watershed
Assabet River,
site A-4-C
Northboro, Mass.
MW2I
do.
do.
do.
do.
MW3I
do.
do.
do.
do.
DH6
64W2909
MW8S
MW11S
TH No.7
TH No.9
TH No. 14
71W1078
71W1074
60W2069/
219.1
6 7-7.0
7.9-8.2
9.1-9.4
10.4-10.7
11.6-11.9
6.7-7.0
8.2-8.5
9.1-9.4
10.4-10.7
11.6-11.9
6.7-7.2
0.3-1.2
2.7-5.8
0.8-5.3
3.0-3.5
7.6-8.1
6 7-7.8
-
0.5-0.8?
surface
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface-mixed?
surface-mixed?
surface
do.
surface?
do.
do.
surface
do.
surface
1.2 X10"4 SW-H
1.2x 10"5
1.2x W4
7.4 x 10"6
1.4x10'6
6.0 x 10"4
3.3 x 10~6
4.5 x 10"5
1.2x 10"5
9.0 x 10"5
1.1 x 10"4 PT-ch
5.3 x10'6 P
2.4 x 10"3 SW-BR
4.7x 10"3
1.4x10~5 U
4.2x 10"3
1 4x 10"5
1.4x10"5 P
3.5 x 10"5
7.1 x 10"5 P
24
-------
values for till in southern New England-Continued
Porosity
(percent) Specific
27
21
21
28
27
26
26
25
24
25
24
24
23
25
25
25
Rhode IsteriMn
Percent silt
yield and clay Remarks
part of a group of 58 till samples collected in the southern part of the
Connecticut Valley Lowland by USGS; analysis by Univ. of Conn., Dept.
of Civil Engineering; porosity calculated from bulk mass density and
particle mass density
4 easterii Connecticut
description of material is similar to that for a sample of till, although the
material is not called til in the report
References
unpublished file
data USGS,
Hartford, Conn.
Tighe and Bond
(1988, p. 17)
SCS(1965b)and
unpublished data
for the Upper
Quaboag River
watershed, USDA,
SCS
38 (u) sample may not be till; hydraulic conductivity determined on minus no.
4 fraction of sample compacted to 96 percent of maximum standard dry
density
MW1 1S assumed to be in till
30 (u)
hydraulic conductivities determined on minus no. 4 fraction of samples
under load of 500 Ib/ft2
till above rock at emergency spillway; hydraulic conductivity determined
on disturbed sample compacted to 95 percent of standard proctor
density; both lab and field sample identification numbers given
SCS(1964b)and
unpublished data
for the Upper
Quaboag River
watershed, USDA,
SCS
Applied
Environmental
Technologies
Corp. (1989, p. E3-
E4)
SCS (1965a)and
unpublished data
for the Upper
Quaboag River
watershed, USDA,
SCS
unpublished data
on soil mechanics
testing, USDA,
SCS
SCS (1962) and
unpublished data
for SUASCO
watershed, USDA,
SCS
25
-------
Table 3.-Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Site name and
location
SUASCO
watershed,
Assabet River
site A-3-C,
Northboro, Mass
Nyanza,
Ashland, Mass
Southeast side
of Summer Hill,
Maynard, Mass.
Nashoba Brook
Valley,
Westtord, Mass.
Charles George,
Tyngsborough,
Mass.
Groveland
Wells,
Groveland,
Mass.
Haverhill Landfill,
Haverhill, Mass
West of Holt Hill,
Andover, Mass.
Northwest
corner of
Reading Quad,
Andover, Mass.
North side Rte.
62 near
Middleton, North
Reading, Mass.
Wilmington-
Reading area,
Mass.
West of
confluence of
Lubber Brook
and Ipswich
River, North
Reading, Mass.
East of North
Main St and
north of Forest
St., Reading,
Mass.
ran Horse Park,
Billenca, Mass.
Sample or
well
number
62W814
MW10A
63MAS8
63MAS1
MW8A
JSU-1
MW9A
ERT3
ERT12A
MW6/S7
MW1/S10
3
4
6
10
11
7
OW-29
Depth below
land surface
(m)
1.2-1.7
2 1-3.6
1.5-1.8
1.2-1.5
1.8-3.4
1.7-3.2
11.0-14.0
108-11.1
4.0
29.0-29.6
18.0-183
1.8
1.5
1.1
2 1
08
2.1
10.7-17.1
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
Type of till kh kv kr ku
surface 1.8x10"*
surface 2.1 x 10"4
drumlin? 4.7x10'6
surface-flow till? 2.2x10"3
surface 1.5 x10"5
do. 5.1 x 10~6
do. 19x10"*
? 10'6-10^
surface 1.0 x 10"3
do. 1 3x 10
drumlin 3.0 x 10"5
do. 2.0 x 10"8
surface 5.2 x 10"4
surface 9.4 x 10~6
surface? 4.7 x 10~6
surface? 2.4 x104
surface-flow till? 9.4 x10"5
drumlin? 1.0x 10~2
surface-basal 6.6 x 10"6
Type of test
and analysis
P
SW-N
P
P
sw
sw
sw
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
o
26
-------
values for till in southern New England-Continued
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay Remarks
22 (u) hydraulic conductivity measured on minus no. 4 fraction of sample that
had been compacted
40.4 9.7 50.9 (w) one of two till samples collected and analyzed in the Assabet River
basin by USGS
29.1 10.8 9.3 (w) do.
• this sample taken at an ice-contact stratified-drift exposure
MW8A described as in a silty drumlin deposit; JSU1 was in a sandy till
described as silty till
range given for sandy till at the site, not at a specific well
called ablation till in report; analysis by method described by U.S.
Department of Interior (1978)
55 dense, silty till; MW6/S7 remolded, MW1/S10 undisturbed
35
36.7 30.8 40.1 (w) part of a group of six undisturbed till samples collected and analyzed
by USGS
34.5 29.1 36.7 (w) do.
40.6 28.0 99 2 (w) do.
35.6 29.8 62.2 (w) do.
• location uncertain
22.1 19.6 20 (w) do.
• sample appears to be taken from stratified-drift exposure near till
contact
33.7 31.2 23.8 (w) do.
• high hydraulic conductivity attributed to measurement parallel to
parting planes of compact till
hydraulic conductivity determined from specific capacity using figure 3
on p. 12 of Walton (1962)
References
SCS (1961) and
unpublished data
for SUASCO
watershed, USDA,
SCS
NUS(1989,
unnumbered
worksheet)
Pollock and Fleck
(1964)
do.
Ebasco(1988,
p. F-1)
NUS(1986, chap.
5, P. 42)
NUS(1985a,
p. C-3)
Perkins
Jordan (1981, p.3)
Baker and others
(1964)
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Camp, Dresser
and McKee, Inc.
(1987, chap. 5,
table 4)
27
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
42
43
44
45
46
47
Site name and
location
Wells G + H
Woburn, Mass.
Clean Harbors
of Braintree,
Braintree, Mass.
Baird &
McGuire,
Holbrook, Mass.
Engelhard,
Plainville, Mass.
Polaroid,
Freetown, Mass.
Re-Solve,
Dartmouth,
Mass.
Sample or
well
number
G1S
G2S
G2M
G3S
G4S
G5S
G7S
G8OW
G9S
G10S
G11S
G12S
G13S
G14S
G15S
G16S
G17S
G18S
G19S
G19M
G20S
G21S
G22S
G23S
G24S
G25S
G26S
G27S
G28S
G31S
G32S
GO-1S
CHI-5B
903A
904A
905A
906A
907A
910A
911A
913A
914A
915A
PW-5
PB-1
MW23A
MW5
MW1
MW4
MW7
MW8
GZ-5
D
Depth below
land surface
(m)
8.8-11.9
2.7-5.8
7.0-8.5
6.7-11.3
4.9-7.9
3.6-6.6
1.8-6.4
10.4-13.4
3.7-5.2
1 5-4.5
4 9-7.9
4.6-7.6
5.3-8.3
3.7-6.7
4.4-7.4
6.7-9.7
12.0-15.0
7.2-10.2
3.4-6.4
12.8-15.8
7.9-10.9
5.9-8.9
5.2-9.8
4.3-7.3
5.2-8.2
6.4-9.4
3.8-6.8
3.7-6.7
4.8-7.8
5.5-8.5
4.9-7.9
2.4-5.4
4.6-7.6
16.8-18.3
16.2-17.7
15.7-17.2
16.4-17.9
17.9-19.4
7.0-8.5
10.7-12.2
1.2-5.8
13.4-14.9
19.2-20.7
12.2-15.2
10.7-11.3
1.2-2.0
-
2.7-5.5
6.4-6.7
3.4-5.8
1.2-5.8
1.4-4.4
5.3-8.3
Type of till
surface
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface
surface
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface
do.
surface
do.
do.
do.
surface
surface
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/a)
Kh Kv Kf «u
1.8x 10"J
1.4x KT4
3.5 x10'5
3.5 x 10'5
3.5x 10'5
8.1 X1CT4
2.1 xlO'4
3.5x 10'5
4.6X10"4
2.1 x10'5
3.9 x 10"1
9.2x10-"
1.4x10"5
1.4x 10"5
2.1 x 10"4
3.5 x 10"6
1.8x 10'5
2.5 x10"5
1.1 XKT4
7.1 x 10"5
1.1 xKT4
2.1 x 10"5
2.5 x10"5
1.8x10^
3.5 x 10"5
3.5x 10"5
7.1 x 10"5
3.5 x 10"5
1.1 X10"1
7.1 x 10'6
1.8x 10"5
5.3 x 10""
6.3x10"*
1.7x 10'3
4.9 x 10'3
7.4 x 10'3
1.8x 10'3
7. Ox 10'3
5.6 x 10'3
9.2 x 1CT4
3.1 x 10"4
3.2x 10'3
2.8 x 10"3
9.2x10'3
-
1.3x10"3
3.6 x10'5
3.8 x 10""
3.5x 10"4
4.8 x 10"4
3.3 x 10^
2.5 x10'6
8.8x 1Q-4
Type of test
and analysis
SW-N
SW-BR
SW-H
PT
SW-BR
SW-H
SW-H
SI
28
-------
values for till in southern New England—Continued.
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay Remarks
all samples called lodgement till in report; value for percent silt and
clay determined for well number G19M
41 (a)
sandy, gravelly till with boulders; analysis by Hvorslev's method, as
outlined in Lambe and Whitman (1969)
aquifer test run in till layer, but results questionable because of
1 1 (a) recharge from overlying sand and gravel
6(a) MW5 is assumed to be in till
all samples assumed to be in till
lodgement till, screen partly in sand and gravel
difficult to distinguish from outwash
References
Jonathan Bridge,
GeoTrans, written
commun., 1990
Balsam
Environmental
Consultants, Inc.
(1990, chap. 3,
table 4)
GHR (1985, chap.
3, table 1 )
Metcalf & Eddy
(1989, p. 22-35)
Environ Corp.
(1990, p. F4)
Environ Corp.
(1989, table 4)
Goldberg Zoino
Assoc. (1988,
table 5)
Camp, Dresser,
and McKee, Inc.
(1983, chap. 2,
p. 22)
29
-------
Table ^.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Site name
and location
Sullivan's
Ledge, New
Bedford,
Mass.
Atlas Tack
Corp.,
Fairhaven,
Mass.
Upper
Pawcatuck
River basin,
east of
Tuckertown,
South
Kingston,
R.I.
North shore
Long Pond,
South
Kingston,
R. I.
North shore
Bull Head
Pond, South
Kingston,
R.I.
Upper
Pawcatuck
River basin,
northwest
corner
Kingston
Quad,
Richmond,
R.I.
Upper
Pawcatuck
River basin,
east edge
Slocum
Quad, North
Kingston,
R.I.
Picillo Farm,
Coventry,
R. I.
Davis Liquid,
Smithfield,
R. I.
Canton 3,
bank cut
west side of
Rte. 12,
1 13 km
south of
Conn.-
Mass
Dorder,
Thompson,
Conn
Sample or
well number
MW5
MW7
MW8
Sok 894
do.
Sok 889
do.
Sok 891
do.
Ric 322
Nok 1231
do.
MW5
MW39
MW28
MW28
OW74
Clhoriz
2C2horiz
Depth below
land surface
(m)
1.5-3.0
1.2-3.4
0.9-4.0
19.2
252
41 9
52.9
17.4
25.3
34.0
30.2
48.9
5.5-8.5
9.1-14.9
3.0-3.5
6.1-6.6
2.1-5.2
0.5-0.8
0.8-1.1
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
Type of till kh kv k, ku
surface 1.2x10~J
surface 1.9x 10"4
do. 1.6X10"4
do. 1.1x10~3
surface- 2.4 x 10'5
morainal?
surface-basal 4.2x10
surface- 4.7X10"4
morainal
surface-basal 4.7 x10"5
surface- 1.4x10"*
morainal
do. 2.8x10"
surface-basal 4.7x10"5
flow till? 9.4 x 10~5
surface-basal 3.3x10"5
surface 1.2 x 10"3
do. 7.8X10"4
do. 5 1 x 10"4
do. 1.7x10'5
surface 1.7x 10"4
surface- 9.2 x 10~3
ablation
do. 2.6 x 10"3
Type of test
and analysis
PT and (or)
SW
SW-BR
P
P
P
P
P
SW-H
SW-H
SW-H
P-fh
30
-------
values for till in southern New England—Continued.
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay Remarks
average of unknown number of samples with a range in conductivities
of 1 x 10" to 1 .7 x 10 cm/s; values were determined from either short-
term pumping tests or slug tests
14 (a) both MW7 and MW8 include root zone; MW8 described as located in
sandy till
28 (w) group of till samples collected during drilling of wells in the Upper
Pawcatuck River basin and subsequently analyzed by the USGS; till
6.9 (w) generally overlain by thick deposits of stratified drift
• sample at 25.2 m at boundary between till and stratified drift
on well log
13.4(w) do.
24.7 (w)
• surface morainal till in Charlestown moraine
15.9(w) do.
8.6 (w)
1 2 (w) do.
22.4 (w) do.
20.4 (w)
• flowtill in "end moraine" a zone of collapsed stratified sediments
and till
61 .5 (u) one of six samples of Canton soils collected from C horizon at three
localities; orientation of cores reportedly vertical (H.D. Luce, Univ. of
27.6 (u) Conn., oral commun., 1989)
References
Ebasco Services,
Inc. (1989, chap.
5, p. 37)
Rizzo Assoc., Inc.
(1989,
unnumbered
worksheet)
Allen and others
(1963)
do.
do.
do.
do.
GCA(1985,
chap. 8, p. 8)
Mitre Corp. (1981,
P. 38)
Camp, Dresser
and McKee, Inc.
(1986, chap. 4,
P. 19)
Pelletier(1982)
31
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Site name and
location
Quaddick State
Forest,
Thompson,
Conn.
Southwest
corner
Thompson
Quad, Putnam,
Conn.
Excavation west
of Quinebaug
River, Putnam,
Conn.
Northwest
corner
Danielson
Quad, Pomfret,
Conn.
Northeast
corner Hampton
Quad, Pomfret,
Conn.
Natchaug State
Forest, Eastford,
Conn.
Northeast
corner Hampton
Quad and
southeast
corner Eastford
Quad, Pomfret,
Conn.
Mashmoquet
Brook, Pomfret,
Conn.
West margin
Putnam Quad
and east margin
Eastford Quad,
Woodstock,
Conn.
Eastford Quad,
West
Woodstock,
Woodstock,
Conn.
Sample or
well
number
Th57
Pu34a
Pu34b
1-L
Po7
Po10
Po57
Po58
Po76
3
4
6
8
11
14
15
17
23
Po63
Po69
Sirrine
Po60
Po62
Po64
4-U
Wk19
do.
Wk21
Wk200
Wk200a
Wk202
Wk203
Wk204
Depth below
land surface
(m)
5.2-6.6
5.4-7.8
1.3-2.1
3.2-6.6
1.9-3.7
3.6-4.8
5.4-6.3
0.7-6.3
1.8-3.7
1.8-6.5
1.1-2.5
2.0-3.0
1.8-3.3
2.1-5.2
1 .4-3.6
2.4-3.3
2.0-3.2
3.3-4.3
4.2-5.5
3.7-5.5
4.6-5.2
2.2-3.9
3.1-3.7
1.5
3.2-4.4
3.3-4.4
3.8-4.7
2.3-3.7
3.0-5.0
2.4-4.6
1.8-5.6
2.0-7.4
Type of till
surface-mixed and
(or) drumlin
surface?
surface
drumlin?
surface-mixed?
do.
surface
drumlin?
surface-mixed
and (or) drumlin
surface-mixed?
drumlin?
surface-mixed?
do.
do.
drumlin?
surface-mixed?
do.
do.
surface-mixed and
(or) drumlin
do.
drumlin?
do.
surface-mixed?
do.
surface
surface
do.
do.
surface-mixed?
do.
surface-mixed or
drumlin
surface-mixed and
(or) drumlin
do.
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/a)
Kh Kv Kf Ku
3.1 x 10"*
2.2X10"4
3.6 x 10'3
1.1 x 10'3
1.5x 10"3
3.0 x 10"*
8.4 x 10"3
1.6x10'3
2.5 x 10"3
1.4x 10'3
8.2x 10'5
1.9x 10~6
1.0x 10"4
1.1 x 10"4
1.1 x 10"1
3.7x 10"4
5.5 x10'5
4.2x10'5
1.6x 10"4
6.3 x 10"3
2.1 xlQ-4
3.5X10"4
3.8 x 10"*
6.2x 10"3
1.0x 10'2
7.8 x 104
3.4 x 10"3
3.2 x10'3
1.6x 10'3
6.6 x 10"1
1.4X10"4
2.4 x10'3
8.0 x10'5
5.7x 10~5
Type of test
and analysis
SW-T
SW-T
P-fh
SW-T
SW-T
SI-T
SW-T
P-fh
SW-T
SW-T
32
-------
values for till in southern New England-Continued.
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay Remarks References
part of a group of eight dug wells originally tested by USGS (Thomas Torak (1979)
and others (1966); Randall and others (1966); data reanalyzed by Torak
(1979))
part of a group of 19 dug wells tested in eastern Connecticut do.
44 (w) undisturbed sample from pit exposure do.
part of a group of 19 dug wells tested in eastern Connecticut do.
do. do.
group of nine small-diameter (5 cm) wells installed in Natchaug do.
State Forest
part of a group of 19 dug wells tested in eastern Connecticut do.
part of a group of eight dug wells originally tested by USGS
(Thomas and others (1966); Randall and others (1966); data
reanalyzed by Torak (1979))
31 (w) undisturbed sample collected from two-till locality described by Pessl do.
(1966); adjacent sand lens had kh = 3.7x 10 cm/s
part of a group of 19 dug wells tested in eastern Conn. do.
• Wk19 also tested by USGS (Thomas and others (1966); this value is
from data reanalysis by Torak (1979))
do. do.
Wk200a is 53 m from Wk200
33
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Site name and
location
Paxton 2,
borrow pit west
side Old
Turnpike Rd.,
Woodstock,
Conn.
Willington, Conn
Near
headwaters of
Olsons Brook,
Coventry, Conn
Paxton 1 , test
pit 1.21 km
south of
intersection of
Conn. Rtes.
275 and 195,
Mansfield, Conn
Paxton 3, test
pit 0.5 km north-
northeast of
intersection
Horsebarn Hill
Rd. and Rte.
195, Mansfield,
Conn.
Chestnut Hill,
southwest
corner of Spring
Hill Quad,
Mansfield, Conn
Northwest ninth
of Willimantic
Quad,
Windham, Conn.
Northeast side
of drumlin
ocated south of
Rte. 6 and west
of Brooklyn town
ine, Hampton,
Conn.
Sample or
well
number
2Cr1horiz
2Cr2horiz
basal till
2Cr1horiz
2Cr2horiz
2Cr3horiz
2Cr4horiz
do.
2Crhoriz
do.
Paxton 11
Cxhoriz
Woodbridge
11 Cxhoriz
Ridgebury11
Cxhoriz
Whitman 11
Cxhoriz
Well 1
Well 2
Well 3
Well 4
Well 5
Well 6
Well 7
Well 9
Well 1 1
64CON3
Paxton 11
Cxlhoriz
Canton! 1
C21honz
Ridgebury! 1
Cxhoriz
Depth below
land surface
(m)
0.6-0.9
0.9-1.3
—
0.8-1.0
1.2-1.5
2.1-2.4
2.4-2.6
2.6-2.8
0.7-.9
0.9-1.1
0.2-0.3
0.3-0.4
03
0.3-0.4
-
—
__
._
—
__
__
—
-
1.5?
0.7-0.8
0.8-0.9
0.6-0.9
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
Type of till
drumlin
do.
unknown
drumlin
drumlin
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface-mixed?
do.
drumlin?
?
drumlin?
surface?
drumlin
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
surface
drumlin?
surface
drumlin?
Kh
2.2x 10'5
8.3 x 10"5
3.6 x 10"5
3.6 x 10'5
1.4x 10'5
8.3 x 10'5
4.2x 10"5
4.2x 10"5
3.6 x10'5
8.3 x 10~5
5.7x 10"3
4.3 x 10"3
4.1 x 10"3
1.4x 10"5
1. 1.
v Iv l*u
4.2x
1.9x
9.4 x
2.5x
6.9 x
7.5 x
2.2 x
8.6 x
1.0x
8.3 x
7.8 x
8.3 x
1.4x
5.6 x
1.4x
1.1 x
1.3x
1.6x
1.7x
1.7x
1.2x
1.4x
4.0 x
6.9 x
4.4 x
10"4
10"5
1.5x 10'3
10'5
10"1
10'5
10-4
ID"4
10t
10'3
ID'6
ID'5
101
ID'5
10-4
ID"4
10-4
ID'3
10-4
10'3
ID'3
10"3
ID'3
10"3
10*
Type of test
and analysis
P-fh
U
PZ
P-fh
P-fh
P
PZ
P
P
34
-------
values for till in southern New England—Continued
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay Remarks References
42.8 (u) one of nine samples of Paxton soils collected from C horizon at three Pelletier (1982)
41.5 (u) localities; orientation of cores reportedly vertical (H.D. Luce, Univ. of
Conn., oral commun., 1989)
exact location is not known, one of six samples identified as till on unpublished file
graph titled "Summary of permeability tests as of 8-6-42" compiled by data, Conn. Dept.
Conn. Dept. of Transportation of Transportation,
Rocky Hill, Conn.
tested by piezometer method (Kirkham (1945)) Welling (1983)
34.2 (u) one of nine samples of Paxton soils collected from C horizon at three Pelletier (1982)
29 (u) localities; orientation of cores reportedly vertical (H.D. Luce, Univ of
26.7 (u) Conn., oral commun., 1989)
36.6 (u)
41.6 (u)
34.8 (u) do. do.
35 (u)
group of core samples collected from C horizons of soils developed Pietras (1981)
on till
group of nine wells at same site tested by piezometer method; wells 1-3 do.
and 5 are open to Paxton substratum, wells 6-9 and 4 are open to
Woodbridge substratum and well 11 is open to Ridgebury substratum
31.6 27.9 18.5 (w) undisturbed sample collected and analyzed by USGS; field notes Thomas and
indicate minor disturbance others (1967) and
file data from
USGS, Hartford,
Conn.
group of core samples collected from C horizons of soils developed on Pietras (1981)
35
-------
Table 3.--Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Sample or Depth below Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
Site name and well land surface . . . .
location number (m) Type of till Kh K« K, KU
Brooklyn, Conn. Bk20 2.9-4.2 surface 2.1 x 10"^
Bk32 1.0-2.7 do. 1.7x10"^
Central part of Bk54 3.1-4.3 surface 7.4 x10"3
the Danielson
Quad, Brooklyn,
Conn.
Pit, 152m E3/63CON4 1.5? drumlin? 3.3 x10"5
north of Ennis
Rd-Allen Hill Rd.
intersection,
Brooklyn, Conn.
Pit, west of H6/63CON5 - surface-mixed? 2.8 x10"5
Green Hollow
Rd, 152m south
of Fall Brook,
Killingly, Conn.
East of new K5/63CON6 1.8 surface? 1.9x10"5
Rte. 12
expressway,
north of Killingly
Drive, Killingly,
Conn.
Black Hill Rd, T3/63CON1 5.2 drumlin 9.4x1Q-6
366 m east of
Exley Rd.,
Plainfield, Conn.
Pit, 213m east L1/63CON2 2.7 surface 8.0x10"*
of Conn.
Turnpike, south
of Moosup
River, Plainfield,
Conn.
Road cut north K4/63CON3 0.9 surface-ablation? 1.4x10"3
of Evergreen
St., east of
Evergreen
Cemetery,
Plainfield, Conn.
Revere Textiles, MW3 14.4-17.4 surface 9.4 x104
Sterling, Conn.
Central part of Vo88 1.4-3.4 surface? 2.8 x 10~3
Voluntown
Quad,
Voluntown,
Conn.
Southwest part NSn25 6.6-8.4 drumlin? 8.0 x10"5
of the
Voluntown
Quad, North
Stonington,
Conn.
Canton 2, test 2C1horiz 0.8-1.0 surface-ablation 8.0 x10"3
pit east side of 3C4horiz 1.4-1.6 do. 36x10"3
Boombridge
Rd., North
Stonington,
Conn.
1 ype of test
and analysis
SW-T
SW-T
P
P
P
P
P
P
SW-H?
SW-T
SW-T
P-fh
36
-------
values for till in southern New England-Continued
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay
Remarks
References
part of a group of 19 dug wells tested in eastern Connecticut
Torak(1979)
part of a group of eight dug wells originally tested by USGS (Thomas
and others (1966); Randall and others (1966); data reanalyzed by Torak
(1979))
do.
38
4.1 48.8 (w) part of a group of six undisturbed till samples from the Quinebaug Randall and
River basin analyzed by USGS (Randall and others (1966, p. 56)); others (1966)
both field and lab sample identification numbers given
28.6
3.9
44.8 (w)
do.
do.
29.9
12.2
39.5 (w)
do.
do.
27.6
4.6
39.4 (w)
do.
do.
35
20.3
32.9 (w)
do.
do.
36.1
20.9
30.8 (w)
do.
do.
test described as "pumpout and recovery"
Camp, Dresser
and McKee, Inc.
(1989, chap. 9,
part of a group of eight dug wells originally tested by USGS (Thomas Torak (1979)
and others (1966); Randall and others (1966); data reanalyzed by Torak
(1979))
• sand lens reportedly present in till (Thomas and others (1966, p. 41))
do.
do.
19.4 (u) one of six samples of Canton soils collected from C horizon at three
26 (u) localities; orientation of cores reportedly vertical (H.D. Luce, Univ. of
Conn., oral commun., 1989)
Pelletier(1982)
37
-------
Table ^.-Hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and specific yield
Site no.
88
89
90
91
92
Site name and
location
Montauk 2,
bank cut 0.3 km
southeast on
Greenhaven
Rd., from
intersection with
RR tracks,
Stonington,
Conn.
Montauk 1, test
pit 0.2 km west-
northwest of
intersection of
Noank-Ledyard
Rd., and
Interstate 95,
Groton, Conn.
New London
Bypass, Groton,
Conn. (?)
Route 85,
Waterford, Conn.
Haddam, Conn.
Sample or
well
number
2Cr1horiz
do.
do.
2Cr1horiz
2Cr2honz
-
-
Depth below
land surface
(m)
0.9-1.4
1.4-1.6
1.6-1.8
0.6-0.9
0.9-1.1
-
-
Type of till
surface-basal?
do.
do.
surface-basal?
do.
unknown
unknown
unknown
Hydraulic conductivity (cm/s)
1 ype of test
Kh Kv kr Ku and analysis
3.0 x 10"J P-fh
3.8 x 10'3
3.4 x 10"3
3.7 x 10'3 P-fh
3.3 x 10~3
1.7x10"6 U
5.4 x 10'5 U
3.8 x 10"4 U
38
-------
values for till in southern New England—Continued
Porosity Percent silt
(percent) Specific yield and clay Remarks References
21.1 (u) one of five core samples of Montauk soils collected from C horizon at Pelletier (1982)
20.4 (u) two localities; orientation of cores reportedly vertical (H.D. Luce, Univ.
17(u) of Conn., oral commun., 1989)
24.4 (u) do. do.
27.3 (u)
exact location is not known; one of six samples identified as till on unpublished file
graph titled "Summary of permeability tests as of 8-6-42" compiled by data, Conn. Dept.
Conn. Dept. of Transportation of Transportation,
Rocky Hill, Conn.
do. do.
do. do.
39
-------
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