United States Office of EPA 520/1-84-028
Environmental Protection Radiation Programs July 1985
Agency Washington, D.C. 20460
Radiation
&EPA Concentrations and
Concentration Factors of
Several Anthropogenic and
Natural Radionuclides in
Marine Vertebrates and
Invertebrates
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UCRL-91765
EPA 520/1-81-028
Concentrations and Concentration
Factors of Several Anthropogenic
and Natural Radionuciides in Marine
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
V. E. Noshkin
Manuscript date: October 8,
Revised 7/17/85
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CONTENTS
Abstract ................................ 2
Introduction .............................. 2
Acknowledgements ........................... 4
Annotated Bibliography ......................... 5
^*
Plutonium and*Am Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions
of the Pacific Ocean ......................... 5
Plutonium and /\m Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions
of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean Sea ......... 11
Plutonium and /\m Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from
Regions of the Pacific Ocean ...................... 22
Plutonium and 241 Am Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from
Regions of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean Sea ..... 24
Cesium- 137 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the
Pacific Ocean ............................ 32
Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean Sea ............. 40
Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions
of the Pacific Ocean ......................... 50
Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions
of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean Sea .......... 53
Strontium-90 Concentration in Marine Fish from Regions of the
Pacific Ocean ............................ 58
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea ........... 62
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions
of the Pacific Ocean ......................... 67
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions
of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea ........ 69
Cobalt-60 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the
Pacific Ocean ............................ 73
Cobalt-60 in Marine Fish from Regions of the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea ................... 77
Cobalt-60 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of
the Pacific Ocean ........................... 78
Cobalt-60 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of
the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea ......... 81
Concentrations of the Natural Radionuciides (Polonium to
Uranium) in Marine Fish from Regions of the World Oceans ......... 83
Concentrations of the Natural Radionuciides (Polonium to
Uranium) in Invertebrates ....................... 89
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TABLES
1. Concentration Factors for Plutonium and Am in Fish 20
2. Concentration Factors for Plutonium and Am in Invertebrates 30
3. Concentration Factors for Cs in Fish 48
4. Concentration Factors for Cs in Invertebrates 57
90
5. Concentration Factors for Sr in Fish 66
90
6. Concentration Factors for Sr in Invertebrates 72
7. Concentration Factors for Co in Fish 78
8. Concentration Factors for Co in Invertebrates 83
9. Concentration Factors for the Natural Radionuclides (Polonium
to Uranium) in Fish 88
10. Concentration Factors for the Natural Radionuclides (Polonium
to Uranium) in Invertebrates 93
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FOREWORD
la response to the mandate of Public Law 92-532, the Marine
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a program to
promulgate regulations and criteria to control the ocean disposal of
radioactive wastes. An important technical consideration in any
environmental assessment of this option is the potential tor biomagni-
fication of radioactivity in marine food chains which could lead to
man. An understanding of the range of concentrations and concentrating
mechanisms of key radionuclides found in marine organisms is fundamental.
This report represents a comprehensive compilation of information
pertaining to field-derived radionuclide concentrations and concentration
factors in marine biota for isotopes of plutoniura, americium, cesium,
strontium, cobalt and the natural radionuclides polonium, radium, thorium
and uranium. The data, presented in annotated bibliographic format, are
organized by different regions of the world oceans, facilitating comparison
of radionuclide values from regions subject only to atmospheric fallout
with values from regions influenced by a variety of sources. Tables of
concentration factors by radionuclide are presented for marine vertebrates
and invertebrates according to trophic structure and by tissue analyzed,
where possible.
It is anticipated that the data in this report will provide a
comparison for the concentrations and concentration factors of
radioactivity obtained for biota which continue to be collected from
various ocean areas. The data may also be included in predictive models
to estimate concentrations of specific nuclides which may occur in fish
or invertebrates from any future ocean disposal activities, and to predict
the resultant dose to man from ingestion of these seafoods. A companion
document on laboratory-derived radionuclide concentrations and concen-
tration factors will be published in 1985.
The agency invites all readers of this report to send any comments
or suggestions to Mr. David E. Janes, Director, Analysis and Support
Division, Office of Radiation Programs (ANR-461), Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.
Sheldon Meyers, ActingDirector
Office of Radiation Programs
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Concentrations and Concentration
Factors of Several Anthropogenic
and Natural Radionuclides in Marine
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
ABSTRACT
The literature is reviewed and summarized with regard to concentrations of several
anthropogenic and natural radionuclides in biological organisms from marine
environments. Reported concentration factors for these radionuclides in organisms are
tabulated for marine fish and invertebrates from water masses affected by different
source terms.
INTRODUCTION
This document is a review of a selected number of papers and reports published prior
to 1984 reporting on concentrations and concentration factors (CFs*) of several
anthropogenic and natural radionuclides in marine invertebrates and fish from field
studies conducted at various global locations. The literature on concentrations in marine
algae is not included in this review. Radionuclides reviewed and included in this report
are, in the sequences presented in compilations, 238' 239+2^°Pu, 2ZflAm, 137Cs, 90Sr,
Co, and longer-lived radionuclides of the uranium and thorium decay chains. The listing
of results for these particular radionuclides was requested by the Office of Radiation
Programs of the United States Environmental Protection Agency to aid in their
environmental assessments. This author anticipates that this data bank will be updated in
the future and include listings of other appropriate radionuclides of possible concern to
radioactive waste disposal practices in the marine environment.
There is a need to understand the impact on both man and the biosphere of
radionuclides introduced to the marine environment. The principal purpose then of this
review is to provide an annotated bibliography of selected papers and reports and a
_v_
CF (Concentration factor, Bioaccumulation factor, Concentration Ratio), a value
relating the concentration in the organism or part of the organism (usually expressed per
unit wet weight) to that in sea water:
CF _ pCi/g organism
pCi/g seawater
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current listing of field-determined concentration factors for different tissues of
organisms and to show, in some cases, the variability in the reported values and in others,
the paucity of results for some of the radionuclides reviewed. These CFs could be used in
conjunction with models requiring such data (concentration factor approach) to estimate
probable concentrations of different radionuclides in fish and invertebrates in a water
mass near or distant from a source of input to the ocean. If man eventually consumes any
of the edible marine organisms, the values presented will aid in increasing the accuracy in
estimated dosage to man from the ingestion of marine foods. However, it was beyond the
scope of this review to evaluate the accuracy or reliability of the reported information
that could possibly affect the variations noted in the values of concentration factors. In
most instances it was not possible to distinguish if a reported value was computed relative
to the concentration in filtered or unfiltered water. Because there are also a number of
judgements (not considered in this review) which have to be made such as to what amounts
of the different parts of marine organisms are likely to be consumed by man, no mean or
generic values are recommended. The reader therefore should exercise care in selecting
values from the tables of results provided for a particular application. A few
concentration factors based on stable element determinations are referenced but are not
listed in the companion tables. A ''user guide", discussing the factors and complications
affecting the concentration factor values summarized in this report, is being considered
for publication in the near future.
ORGANIZATION OF REFERENCES
References to the concentrations measured in organisms collected from regions of
the Pacific affected by different source terms are distinguished from studies in the
Atlantic-Indian Oceans and the Mediterrean Sea. An effort was made to relate specific
studies to source terms for the different radionuclides. The source terms identified in
this review include:
1. Worldwide fallout from atmospheric nuclear explosions
2. Reactor releases to coastal environments
3. Leakage from solid waste disposal sites in the deep ocean
4. Close-in fallout from the Pacific Proving Grounds
5. Pipeline discharges from nuclear reprocessing facilities
6. Close-in fallout from non-nuclear events
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References containing field-determined concentration factors are listed separately.
Complete literature references are only provided once in the section in which they first
appear. The sections are arranged in the radionuclide sequence previously described. The
reader requiring a Cs reference involving a study of both Pu and Cs will be
referred back to the respective document in the plutonium section. When replication of
the results was noted, only one entry was made in the tables of concentration factors and
all references to the respective result are noted in the tables.
This author regrets if any reference related to environmental concentrations of the
selected radionuclides is not included in this bibliography. It is hoped that any reader or
user of this document will inform the author and/or the Environmental Protection Agency
of any relevant old or new information which will subsequently be incorporated in a
revision of this compilation at some future date.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mr. R. 3. Eagle, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is gratefully thanked for
preparing the animal classifications and trophic level assignments which appear in the
tables of this report. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department
of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract number
W-7405-ENG-48 with support by the Office of Radiation Programs, United States
Environmental Protection Agency (DOE-EPA Interagency Agreement A089F00070).
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Plutonium and Am Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Pu and
Pu-1. Pillai, K.C., Smith, R.C., and Folsom, T.R., "Plutonium in the Marine
Environment," Nature 203, 568 (1964). One of the first attempts to determine
fallout plutonium in seawater and marine organisms. The authors report a
concentration of 0.0014 ± 0.0018 pCi/kg wet wt. in the edible portion and bones
of a single bonito caught in 1964 near the coast of Southern California. The
measured concentration was less than the detection limits, yet based on the
concentration measured in the water, an upper limit value of three was
computed for the concentration factor (CF) of plutonium in the tissue
analyzed. No Pu or Am concentrations were reported.
Pu-2. Noshkin, V.E., Wong, K.M., Jokela, T.A., Eagle, R.J., and Brunk, 3.L.,
Radionuclides in the Marine Environment near the Farallon Islands, Lawrence
Liver more National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52381 (1978) 17 pp.
239+240
Concentrations of Pu are reported in pooled tissue of rockfish collected
near the Farallon Islands waste disposal site in 1977. The concentration of
239+240pu in the flesh was 0>oog pCi/kg wet. No 238pu or 2^!Am
concentrations are reported. A concentration factor for plutonium may be
computed by using the average water concentration of 0.00067 pCi/1
determined between the surface layer and 100 meters.
Pu-3. Kurabayashi, M., Fukuda, S., and Kurokawa, Y., "Concentration Factors of
Marine Organisms Used for the Environmental Dose Assessment," Marine
Radioecology (Proc. 3rd NEA Sem. Tokyo 1979), OECD, Paris (1980) 335.
Average concentration and the range of + Pu are reported in whole
Shirasu (young anchovy) and the flesh of adult fish (flounder and flatfish)
obtained between 1971 and 1975 along the coast offshore from the Tokai fuel
reprocessing plant, Tokai-mura, Japan. For whole Shirasu, concentrations
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ranged from 0.015 to 0.085 pCi/kg wet wt. and averaged 0.036 pCi/kg.
Concentrations in the flesh of adult fish ranged between 0.002 and 0.371 pCi/kg
wet, averaging 0.099 pCi/kg. Concentration factors for + Pu are
computed. There are no reported Pu or Am concentrations.
2. Some additional references to fallout levels in Pacific fish; no reported CF.
Pu-4. Hodge, V.F., Folsom, T.R., and Young, D.R., "Retention of Fallout Constituents
in Upper Layers of the Pacific Ocean as Estimated from Studies of a Tuna
Population," Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc.
Symp. Seattle 1972), IAEA, Vienna (1973), 263. 239+2^°pu levels are reported
in pooled samples of liver from albacore collected off San Diego, CA between
and 1971. Liver concentrations ranged from 0.062 to 0.223 pCi/kg wet wt.
during this period. An apparent half-time of residence of 3.5 years is estimated
for + Pu in the upper layers of the North Pac
concentrations are reported. No CF are computed.
for + Pu in the upper layers of the North Pacific. No Pu or Am
Pu-5. Folsom, T.R., "A Summary of Records of Concentrations of 8 Different Fallout
Nuclides Observed in Tissues of Albacore Caught West of California
1964-1977," Environmental Quarterly Report, United States Department of
Energy Environmental Measurements Laboratory, New York, NY, EML-356
(1979) 1-136. Levels of 239+2^°pu in pooled samples of liver from albacore and
other tuna from regions of the Pacific between 30-50°N, 120-140°W, ranged
from 0.09 to 0.47 dpm/kg wet wt. The samples were obtained between 1968
and 1977. No Pu or Am measurements are reported. No CF were
computed.
Pu-6. Schell, W.R., and Sugai, S., "Radionuclides at the U.S. Radioactive Waste
Disposal Site Near the Farallon Islands," Health Phys. 39, 475 (1980). A large
variety of fish including sablefish, short-spine thornyhead, rat-tail, deepsea
sole, Pacific flatnose, lanternfish, eared blacksmelt, midshipman, Pacific
sanddab, rock sole, Pacific hake, twoline eelpout and Dover sole were obtained
from the vicinity of the Farallon Islands during August, September, and October
1977 for radionuclide analysis. Some fish were dissected into various tissues
and organs of interest for analysis and others were pooled and analyzed whole
for + Pu, Pu and other radionuclides. No 2iflAm measurements
; were
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reported. Of the 87 reported values of + Pu concentrations, detection
238
limits were exceeded in only 5 samples of vertebrate tissues and Pu was
above detection limits in 1 1 samples. All concentrations are reported on a dry
weight basis and the associated error is expressed as ± 2 standard deviations of
the counting error. No CF values are reported. + Pu concentrations in
edible muscle tissue were less than 6 pCi/kg dry (0.8 pCi/kg wet) for all species
analyzed.
Central Pacific Atolls and Other Locations Possibly Affected (Source Term— Local
Fallout from the Pacific Nuclear Test Sites)
239+240
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Pu and
7|n 719 7£iO
Pu-7- Nevissi, A., and Schell, W.R., " Po and Pu, Pu in biological and water
samples from the Bikini and Enewetak Atolls," Nature 255, 321 (1975).
+ Pu concentrations are reported in the tissues of several species of fish
from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls collected during October 1972. CF are
computed and ranj
different species.
computed and range from less than 20 to 1.5 x 10 for muscle tissue of
Pu-8. Noshkin, V.E., Wong, K.M., and Eagle, R.J., "Plutonium Concentrations in Fish
and Seawater from Kwajalein Atoll," Health Phys. 37, 549 (1979). This is a
follow-up study to assess the concentrations of + Pu in fish from
Kwajalein Atoll (see Ref. Pu-15). Concentrations of + Pu in tissues and
organs of mullet and snapper from the atolls are provided and CFs are
computed from the environmental data. In the muscle of snapper the
concentration was 0.003 ± 0.001 pCi/kg wet. The authors show the
concentrations of plutonium are significantly less than those measured during
the 1972 survey and the earlier results are inconsistent with other
environmental data from the lagoon.
Pu-9. Noshkin, V.E., Eagle, R.3., Wong, K.M., and Jokela, T.A., "Transuranic
Concentrations in Reef and Pelagic Fish from the Marshall Islands," Impacts of
Radionuclide Releases Into the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Vienna 1980),
IAEA, Vienna (1981) 293. This report summarizes the 239+2Zf0pu results
presented in Ref. Pu-18 and also provides recent measurements of
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concentrations in fish from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. CF are computed for
239+240pu -n tne muscie Of different fish from all locations sampled. Am
concentrations are mentioned but not discussed in great detail. Relationships
among concentrations in different organs and tissues of fish are discussed.
9^Q4-7iiD 941 • i- L_ j:
2. Additional references to ZJ7+^upu and ^'Arn concentrations in fish from
Pacific Atolls; no concentration factors provided.
Pu-10. Thomas, C.W., Reid, D.L., and Lust, L.F., Radiochemical Analysis of Marine
Biological Samples Following the Redwing Shot Series—1956, U.S. AEC
Document, HW-58674, UC-41 Health and Safety, TID-4500, 15th Ed., (1958) 85.
A variety of biological samples were collected for radionuclide analysis
between June 1956 and June 1957 from the islands of Guam, Saipan, Ulithi, Yap
and Palau in the Western Pacific Ocean. Fish were dissected to provide muscle,
239+240
liver, head and backbone samples for radionuclide analysis. Pu was
above detection limits in 16 of the 80 samples of vertebrate tissue samples
-6
analyzed. In fish muscle, concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.26 10 uCi/g
238 241
wet wt. No Pu or Am measurements are reported. Concentration
factors were not determined.
Pu-il. Welander, A.D., "Distribution of Radionuclides in the Environment of Enewetak
and Bikini Atolls, August 1964," Symposium on Radioecology, D.J. Nelson and
F.C. Evans, Eds., United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.,
CONF-670503 (1969) 346. 239+2^°pu concentrations in sections of surgeonfish,
damselfish and snapper caught at Bikini Island, Bikini Atoll in 1964 ranged from
1.0 to 7.5 pCi/g dry wt. No Am or Pu results are provided. No
concentration factors are computed.
Pu-12. United States Atomic Energy Commission, Enewetak Radiological Survey,
United States Atomic Energy Commission Nevada Operations Office, Las
Vegas, NV, NVO-140 (1973), Vols. I - III. This is a summary and partial
discussion of the results from a radiological survey of Enewetak Atoll
conducted in 1972-1973. Concentrations of 239+2if0pu are reported in different
tissues and organs from a variety of reef and lagoon pelagic species collected
from different atoll locations. In addition, fish were also obtained for analysis
of plutonium and other radionuclides from Kwajalein Atoll, considered
-------
to be a control site not contaminated with radionuclides from local fallout. All
results are expressed in terms of dry weight of tissues analyzed but wet/dry
weight ratios are provided for conversion purposes. At Kwajalein, eviscerated
whole fish concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 0.96 pCi/g dry. Any measurable
241
concentration of Am by gamma spectrometry in the fish samples is
reported. CF are not provided but can be determined using concentrations
measured in the lagoon water from the vicinity where fish were collected.
Pu-13. Wilson, D.W., Ng, Y.C., and Robison, W.L., "Evaluation of Plutonium at
Enewetak Atoll," Health Phys. 29, 599 (1975). This report is specifically a
summary of the plutonium results from the Enewetak Survey Report
(Ref. Pu-12). The authors conclude that the concentration of 239+2^°pu jn fish
was not strongly dependent on the species or on the location of the catch. The
average concentration for pelagic fishes plus reef fish was 0.248 pCi/g (dry wg)
and ranged between 0.005 to 23 pCi/g (dry wg).
Pu-14. Schell, W.R., and Watters, R.L., "Plutonium in Aqueous Systems," Health Phys.
29, 589 (1975). This report provides some data on concentrations of + Pu
and Am (pCi/g dry) in fish collected during the 1972 survey of Enewetak and
Kwajalein Atolls. Concentrations of + Pu in muscle and eviscerated
241
whole fish ranged from less than 0.003 to 0.04 pCi/g dry. Am was below
limits of detection. The authors conclude that the plutonium and americium
concentrations measured in the convict surgeonfish, for example, are not
significantly higher than those values measured at the control station,
Kwajalein Atoll. No CF values are reported.
Pu-15. Noshkin, V.E., Eagle, R.3., and Wong, K.M., "Plutonium Levels in Kwajalein
Lagoon," Nature 262, 745 (1976). Concentrations of 239+2^°pu in fisn collected
during the 1972-1973 survey of Enewetak and Kwajalein Atolls are
summarized. Average concentrations of plutonium in fish muscle, bone and
viscera samples from Enewetak were 0.013, 0.038 and 0.45 pCi/g dry,
respectively. The results show that the average level of + Pu in fish
bone, muscle and gut from Enewetak Atoll are similar to, or even lower than,
those of the fish indigenous to the control station, Kwajalein Lagoon. Several
possibilities are suggested to account for these anomalous results. CF for
238 241
plutonium are not provided. No Pu or Am results are reported.
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Pu-16. Nelson, V.A., Radiological Survey of Plants, Animals and Soil at Christmas
Island and Seven Atolls in the Marshall Islands, Progress-Report for 1974-1973,
United States Atomic Energy Commission Nevada Operations Office, Las
239+240
Vegas, NV, NVO-269-32 (January 1977), 69 pp. Concentrations of Pu in
parts of fish collected at Bikini Atoll in December 1974 and April 1975 are
given. All results are expressed as pCi/g dry wt. Concentrations in eviscerated
whole fish ranged from 0.002 to 0.019 and in viscera samples the range of
239+240pu concentration was 0.05 to 5.5. No Am or Pu concentrations
are given. No CF are computed.
Pu-17. Nelson, V.A., Radiological Survey of Plants, Animals and Soil in Micronesia,
Unites States Atomic Energy Commission Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas,
239+240
NV, NVO-269-35 (January 1979), 31 pp. Measurements of Pu were
attempted in fish samples collected from Majuro Atoll, Ponape, and Palau.
These sites did not receive appreciable (or any) fallout from the nuclear tests at
Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. All samples analyzed from these locations
239+240
contained less than 0.007 pCi/g dry wt. of Pu. All reported values were
less than detection limits. No Pu or Am values are given. No CF are
tabulated.
Pu-18. Noshkin, V.E., Eagle, R.J. Wong, K.M., Jokela, T.A., Brunk, J.L., and Marsh,
K.V., Concentrations of Radionuclides in Reef and Lagoon Pelagic Fish from
the Marshall Islands, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA,
UCID-19028 (1981) 64 pp. 239+2^°Pu, 238Pu, and 2U Am concentrations in a
variety of dissected fish parts from different species collected during a 1978
survey of Rongelap, Utirik, Taka, Bikar, Rongerik, Ailinginae, Likiep, Jemo,
Ailuk, Mejit, Wotho and Ujelang Atolls are provided. The atolls surveyed
received different amounts (ranging to zero) of local fallout from the tests
conducted at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. All concentration data are expressed
as pCi/kg wet wt. and dry/wet weight ratios are provided for conversion
239+240
purposes. Average levels of Pu in the flesh of fish from the different
atolls ranged from less than 0.003 to 0.30 pCi/kg wet. A table of comparative
concentrations from other global locations is also shown and includes some
recent measurements in U.S. and foreign market fish samples.
10
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Pu-19. Noshkin, V.E., Wong, K.M., Eagle, R.J., and Anglin, D.L., "Concentrations of
113mCd in the Marine Environment," Nature 287, 221 (1980). This report
specifically discusses the presence of Cd in marine organisms from Pacific
Atolls but includes some concentrations of 239+2^°pu (0.003 to 1.8 pCi/g) and
Am (0.012 to 0.36 pCi/g) in fish liver samples for comparative purposes. All
results are expressed as pCi/g dry weight. No CFs are computed.
Pu-20. Noshkin, V.E., Wong, K.M., Eagle, R.J., and Anglin, D.L., "Detection of
Cadmium Radioactivity in the Marine Environment," Impacts of Radionuclide
Releases into the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1980) IAEA, Vienna
(1981) 685. As in Ref. Pu-19, the discussion centers on 113mCd concentrations
but includes some measurements of + Pu in selected marine samples from
Pacific Atolls and in mullet from North Carolina. Results are expressed in
pCi/g dry weight but dry/wet weight ratios are provided for conversion
purposes. No Pu or Am data are provided and CF are not computed.
Plutonium and Am Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for + Pu and
Pu-21. Wong, K.M., Burke, J.C., and Bowen, V.T., "Plutonium Concentrations in
Organisms of the Atlantic Ocean," in Proceedings, Fifth Annual Health Physics
Society Midyear Topical Symposium: Health Physics Aspects of Nuclear Facility
Siting, Ramada Inn, Idaho Falls, Idaho, Nov. 3-6, 1970. Vol. 2 (1971), 529.
239+240
Concentrations and CFs for Pu were determined in several fish
collected from regions of Cape Cod, MA, and the open North Atlantic Ocean.
The fishes analyzed included blue shark, blue fin tuna, bluefish, striped bass,
tautog and black-back flounder. Concentrations in some of the muscle, bone,
liver gut and gill samples were determined. In muscle tissue the concentrations
11
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of plutonium ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 dpm/100 kg wet wt. (0.0009 to
0.003 pCi/kg). Concentration factors for 239+2^0pu [n fisn muscle range from
241 238
1 to 5 with an average value of 3 ± 2. No Am or Pu results were
published.
Pu-22. Noshkin, V.E., "Ecological Aspects of Plutonium Dissemination in Aquatic
Environments," Health Phys. 22, 537 (1972). This is a review of the literature
available through 1971 on the concentrations of plutonium in the marine
environment. Concentrations factors obtained from the literature are
reviewed. Included are the results from Refs. Pu-1, Pu-10, Pu-11, Pu-21, and
Pu-33 and some previously unpublished data. The CF for Pu in fish
muscle ranges from 1 to 13 with a mean of 5 ± 4.
2. Some additional references to concentrations accumulated by Atlantic fish; no
reported CF.
Pu-23. Bowen, V.T., Livingston, H.D., and Burke, J.C., "Distributions of Transuranium
Nuclides in Sediment and Biota of the North Atlantic Ocean," Transuranium
Nuclides in the Environment (Proc. Symp. San Francisco 1975) IAEA, Vienna
(1976), 107. Concentrations of 239+2^°pu in various parts of bottom feeding
and water column feeding fish as well as in large predators collected from
regions of the North Atlantic Ocean are tabulated. Fish muscle concentrations
range from less than 0.003 to 0.18 dpm/kg wet wt. No CFs were determined.
No Pu or Am data for marine vertebrates were provided.
Pu-24. Miettinen, 3.K., "Plutonium Foodchains," Environmental Toxicity of Aquatic
Radionuclides: Models and Mechanisms, Miller, M.W. and Stannard, 3.N., Eds.,
Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., (1976) 29. Miettinen, J.K., Jaakkola, T.,
and Jarvinen, M., "Plutonium Isotopes in Aquatic Foodchains in the Baltic Sea,"
Impacts of Nuclear releases in the Aquatic Environment (Proc. Symp. Otaniemi
1975), IAEA, Vienna (1975) 147. Both references include the results of
concentrations for 239+2(f°pu determined in the entire sample of ruff (Acerina
cernus) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) and in skin and liver samples of cod
(Gadus morrhua) collected in the Gulf of Finland during 1974. Concentrations
are expressed as pCi/kg wet and dry and ranged from 0.04 to 0.09 pCi/kg wet
wt. in the whole fish. No CF are computed and no results for Pu or Am
are given.
12
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Pu-25. Bowen, V.T., Transuranic Elements in Marine Environments, United States
Department of Energy Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY, HASL 291
(1973), 1-58. This is a summary paper of transuranic elements in marine
environments. The author states that fish show a low CF: average about 5 in
muscle tissue, with only one observation above 10; bone, liver or intestine CF
may range up to 50 or 75 and differences among fish species, even those
occupying very similar places in the food web, have proved large and
unpredictable.
Pu-26. Livingston, H.D., and Bowen, V.T., Contrasts between the Marine and
Freshwater Biological Interactions of Plutonium and Americium, United States
Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY,
HASL 315 (1977), 1-157. This is a different discussion of the fish concentration
data presented in Ref. Pu-23. The authors indicate that the levels of fallout
plutonium measured in marine and fresh water animals are the same; that food,
or particulate matter ingested with the food, is the major source of plutonium,
that much of this plutonium is available for absorption by the gut, but that
deposition and retention in tissues (even in bone) are relatively short term. No
CF are provided.
Pu-27. Higgo, J.J.W., and Cherry, R.D., Plutonium and Other Alpha Radioactive
Isotopes in Marine Organisms in the Southern Hemisphere, United States
Department of Energy Environmental Measurements Laboratory, New York,
NY, EML-342 (1978) 1-23. 239+2^°pu concentrations are determined in tissues
of hake and tuna collected from South African waters around Cape Town in
1972 and 1973. Levels in flesh were less than 0.01 pCi/kg wet. Highest
concentrations were detected in the gut of the hake (0.30 ± 0.05 pCi/kg wet).
These are the only measurements of fallout plutonium in fish from the Southern
Hemisphere. No CF were assessed;
marine vertebrates were reported.
Hemisphere. No CF were assessed; no concentrations of Pu or Am in
Pu-28. Hayes, D.W., and Horton, J.H., "Plutonium and Americium Behavior in the"
Savannah River Marine Environment," in Transuranic Elements in the
Environment, W.C. Hanson, Ed.,United States Department of Energy,
Washington, D.C., TIC-22800 (1980), 602. Concentrations of 239+2^°pu are
reported for several fish collected in or near the Savannah River estuary.
Concentrations in mullet were 0.005 pCi/kg wet; in speckled trout, 0.004 pCi/kg
13
-------
wet; and in shad, 0.001 pCi/kg wet. The parts of the fish analyzed are not
O "2 O O£| I
indicated or is the year of collection stated. No Pu or Am
concentrations are reported and CFs are not computed.
Pu-29. Anon., Other Radionuclide Sampling, Plutonium, United States Atomic Energy
Commission Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY, HASL-77_(1960),
1-151. Levels of plutonium in commercially available swordfish analyzed in
1959 ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 pCi/kg. It is not known if these represent dry or
wet weight concentrations. The information was extracted from an AEC press
release of Oct. 9, 1959. No CFs are reported.
Pu-30. Bennett, B.C., "Transuranic Element Pathways to Man", Transuranium Nuclides
in the Environment, (Proc. Symp. San Francisco 1975) IAEA, Vienna (1976),
367. Fallout levels of 239+2^°pu are shown for New York dietary items
analyzed in 1972. Shellfish contained 0.011 pCi/kg wet and the concentration
of Pu in fresh fish was 0.0016 pCi/kg.
239+240
Pu-31. Bennett, B.C., Fallout Pu in Diet, 1974 Results, United States Atomic
Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY, HASL-306
(1976), 1-115. Fallout levels of 239+2^°pu are shown for New York dietary
items analyzed in 1974. Shellfish contained 0.04 pCi/kg wet and the
concentration of Pu in fresh fish was 0.0017 pCi/kg.
Pu-32. Noshkin, V.E., "Fallout Concentration in Sediments and Some Biota from
Regions of the North-East Atlantic," Interim Oceanographic Description of the
North-East Atlantic Site for the Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste,
Nuclear Energy Agency, OECD, Paris (1983), 119-124. Concentrations of
Pu and 2^Am are reported for parts of fish collected in traps from
2100 m in the Bay of Biscay during 1981. + Pu concentrations in muscle
and eviscerated fish were less than 0.1 pCi/kg wet. 2'tlAm levels generally
exceeded those of + Pu in the parts analyzed.
14
-------
B. Environments Contaminated with Local Inputs (Source Term—Close-in Fallout,
Non-Nuclear, Thule, Greenland).
1. References containing field derived concentration factors. No CFs provided.
Pu-33. Aarkrog, A., "Radioecological Investigations of Plutonium in an Arctic Marine
Environment," Health Phys. 20, 31 (1971). Fish and other samples of the marine
food chain at Thule, Greenland, were collected during the summer of 1968 for
plutonium analysis. The plutonium in this environment resulted from the
nuclear weapon incident in January of 1968. + Pu levels in fish collected
at different distances from the crash site are compiled. The median
concentration for all fish was 36 pCi/kg fresh wt. and ranged from 0.26 to
470 pCi/kg. Some concentrations in the stomach of walrus and seal (marine
mammals) are also tabulated. CF are not computed. The concentration of
2 79
Pu (7.0 pCi/kg fresh wt.) was determined in one sample of Greenland
halibut. No Am results are provided.
Pu-34. Aarkrog, A., "Environmental Behaviour of Plutonium Accidentally Released at
Thule, Greenland," Health Phys. 32, 271 (1977). This is a follow-up to the
previous study of plutonium in this environment (see Ref. Pu-33). Additional
concentrations of Pu are reported in parts of fish collected from the
region during 1970 and 1974. The geometric mean levels in fish collected in
1970 and 1974 were 4 and 1 pCi/kg fresh wt., respectively; an order of
magnitude less than values determined in 1968.
Pu-35. Aarkrog, A., "Plutonium Levels in the Marine Environment at Thule,
Greenland," Marine Radioecology (Proc. 3rd NEA Sem., Tokyo 1979) OECD,
Paris (1980) 245. A summary of the 239+2^°pu levels in fish and in other
environmental samples from the vicinity of Thule is presented and includes the
results discussed in Refs. Pu-33 and Pu-34.
Pu-36. Aarkrog, A., Dahlgaard, H., Holm, E., Hansen, H., Lippert, J., and Nilsson, K.,
Environmental Radioactivity in Greenland in 1981, Riso National Laboratory
Report, RISO-R-471 (1982). Uncommented tables are provided showing
Pu and Am concentrations in fish and invertebrates collected at
Thule in August 1979. During this period the concentration of 239+2^°pu jn the
241
flesh was 0.043 pCi/kg wet. The concentration of Am was 13% of the
plutonium concentration. No CF factors are provided.
15
-------
C. Coastal Regions (Source Term—Reprocessing Facilities Discharges)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Pu and
Am in fish from both the immediate vicinity and at distances from release
points.
Pu-37. Hethermgton, 3.A., Hefferies, D.F., and Lovett, M.B., "Some Investigations into
the Behaviour of Plutonium in the Marine Environment," Impacts of Nuclear
Releases into the Aquatic Environment, (Proc. Symp. Otaniemi 1975), IAEA,
Vienna (1975), 193. The authors provide two tables related to concentrations of
2 Pu in fish. The first compares the concentrations in fish collected
within 5 km of the Windscale outfall to those in fish at commercial landings
from the northeastern Irish Sea between 1970 and 1974. Results are expressed
as a percent of a derived working limit. The mean concentration of Pu
in the flesh of fish caught throughout an area of radius 100 km from Windscale
is some 30 times less than the concentration in the fish taken from the
immediate area of the discharge point. The second table provides CF of
Pu in the flesh of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), dab (Limanda limanda)
and salmon (Salmo salar). For the two demersal fish, dab and plaice, caught
within 5 km of the outfall, the CF is 30 while the value for salmon is reported
as 1.0. No Pu or Am results are reported.
Pu-38. Pentreath, R.J., and Lovett, (VLB., "Occurrence of Plutonium and Americium in
plaice from the North-Eastern Irish Sea," Nature 262, 814 (1976). During 1975
four catches of plaice were made approximately 5 km south of the Windscale
pipeline. + Pu, Pu, and Am levels were measured in separated
kidney, liver, gut, gut contents, gill, skin, bone, and muscle samples. Fish
muscle concentrations of 239+2^°Pu and 2^ Am ranged from 0.16 to 0.47 and
from 0.3 to 2.3 fCi/g wet wt., respectively. CF over seawater (filtrate) for the
samples of muscle collected in August 1975 are reported to be on the order of
less than 1 for + Pu and approximately 5 for 2^ Am.
Pu-39. Pentreath, R.3., and Lovett, M.E., "Transuranic Nuclides in Plaice
(Pleuronectes platessa) from the North-Eastern Irish Sea," Marine Biol. 48, 19
(1978). The concentrations of 238Pu, 239+2^°Pu, and 2^J Am are determined in
the organs of plaice caught in the vicinity of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant
at Windscale, Cumbria, England. Fish were taken for analysis every 3 months
16
-------
for a period of 2 years between 1975 and 1977. During this period the highest
concentrations of plutonium (19-88 fCi/g wet) and americium (47-440 fCi/g
wet) nuclides were found in the kidney. In all the organs analyzed, the
concentration of Am was greater than that of plutonium. CF for plutonium
and americium in the different organs are computed.
Pu-40. Fraizier, A., and Guary, J.C., "Recherche D'Indicateurs Biologiques Appropries
Au Controle De La Contamination Du Littoral Par Le Plutonium," Transuranium
Nuclides in the Environment (Proc. Symp. San Francisco 1975) IAEA, Vienna
(1976), 679. The accumulation of plutonium by a number of marine species,
including fish, from a coastal site near the La Hague Reprocessing Facility is
discussed. CF for plutonium in some fish tissues are presented.
Pu-41. Guary, 3.C., Masson, M., and Fraizier, A., "Etude Preiiminaire, in situ, de la
Distribution du Plutonium Dans Differents Tissus et Organes det Cancer
Pagurus (Crustacea: Decapoda) et de Pleuronectes Platessa (Pisces:
Pleuronectidae)," Marine Biol. 36, 13(1976). Plutonium concentrations are
determined in the tissues and organs of plaice collected inshore near the La
Hague fuel reprocessing plant and ranged from 0.1 1 pCi/kg in muscle to 64
pCi/kg in the GI tract. CF are reported for plutonium in the different tissues
analyzed.
2. Additional references to Pu and Am concentrations in fish from the
vicinities of waste reprocessing facilities.
Pu-42. Pentreath, R.J., Lovett, M.B., Harvey, B.R., and Ibbett, R.D., "Alpha-Emitting
Nuclides in Commercial Fish Species Caught in the Vicinity of Windscale,
United Kingdom, and Their Radiological Significance to Man," Biological
Implications of Radionuclides Released from Nuclear Industries, (Proc. Symp.
Vienna 1979) IAEA, Vienna (1979), 227. The concentrations of plutonium and
Am are reported in the tissues of several commercial fish from the vicinity
of the Windscale plant discharges and in commercial fish fillets from the Irish
Sea. Fish caught at increasing distances from Windscale contain significantly
lower concentrations of + Pu and Am than the levels detected in fish
collected near the discharge point. The muscle of cod caught within 5 km of
the pipeline contained from 0.84 to 2.0 fCi/g wet of + Pu, while in cod at
distances of 124 to 287 km from Windscale the range in muscle concentration
was from less than 0.001 to 0.0059 fCi/g wet.
17
-------
Pu-43. Pentreath, R.J., "Radionuclides in Marine Fish," Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev.
15, 365 (1977). The author reviews available literature through 1976 on the
accumulation by fish of many radionuclides, including + Pu and Am.
Tables of data provided include the results published in Ref. Pu-38.
Pu-W, Hetherington, J.A., Jefferies, D.F., Mitchell, N.T., Pentreath, R.J., and
Woodhead, D.S., "Environmental and Public Health Consequences of the
Controlled Disposal of Transuranic Elements to the Marine Environment,"
Transuranium Nuclides in the Environment (Proc. Symp. San Francisco 1975)
IAEA, Vienna (1976), 139. Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu and Am are
reported in the flesh of plaice, dab and herring collected during 1974 from the
Windscale vicinity and from the north eastern Irish Sea (commercial landings at
Whitehaven). Levels of plutonium in muscle of fish from Windscale were less
than 0.01 pCi/g fresh wt. while at Whitehaven, muscle levels ranged from
0.0002 to 0.0007 pCi/g wet. Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu, Pu, and Am
are reported in several tissues and organs of plaice collected during 1975 at
Windscale
analyzed.
Windscale. Am levels exceed Pu concentrations in all fish parts
Pu-45. Hunt, G.J., "Radioactivity in Surface and Coastal Waters of the British Isles,
1977, 1978, 1979, 1980," Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,
Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, England, Reports #3 (1979)
36 pp; //* (1980) 37 pp; #6 (1981) 32 pp; and #8 (1982) 35 pp. Concentrations of
Pu, Am and Pu (other transuranics and other radionuclides) are
reported in fish from the vicinity of the Irish Sea and in fish from other
locations in the North Atlantic. This is a series of environmental reports of the
Fisheries Radiobiology Laboratory and contains results too numerous to
abstract herein. The reader is referred to these documents for specific
concentrations in fish from different locations collected between 1977 and 1980.
Pu-46. Guary, 3.C., and Fraizier, A., "Influence of Trophic Level and Calcification on
the Uptake of Plutonium Observed, In Situ, In Marine Organisms," Health Phys.
32, 21 (1977). This work discusses the relationships between the concentration
of plutonium in marine species and the trophic level of the respective
organism. A decrease in the concentration of Pu is evident from the
results as the trophic level of the species increases.
18
-------
Pu-47. Filial, K.C., Dey, N.N., Mathew, E., and Kothari, B.U., "Behaviour of
Discharged Radionuclides from Fuel Reprocessing Operations in the Aquatic
Environment of Bombay Harbour Bay," Impacts of Nuclear Releases into the
Aquatic Environment (Proc. Symp. Otaniemi 1975) IAEA, Vienna (1975), 277.
Concentrations of + Pu are determined in several species of fish close-in
and distant from the discharge location. Concentrations in fish muscle ranged
from 0.0007 pCi/g wet offshore to 0.005 pCi/g in the bay. No CFs of plutonium
in the organisms analyzed were reported.
Pu-48. Piilai, K.C., and Mathew, E., "Plutonium in the Aquatic Environment, Its
Behaviour, Distribution and Significance," Transuranium Nuclides in the
Environment, (Proc. Symp. San Francisco 1975) IAEA, Vienna (1976), 25. The
plutonium concentrations in fish from Ref. Pu-47 are reproduced and again
discussed in this report.
19
-------
Table J. Reported concentration factors for plutonium and americium in fishes from regions of the world oceans.
ho
O
Trophic
Common name level
Year
Location
Total
animal Muscle
Bone Liver Viscera
PLUTONIUM
Ref.
Pacific (Source— global fallout, reactor and disposal sites)
Bonito
Rockfish
Young anchovy
Flounder
V
III-IV
III
III-IV
196*
1977
1971-75
1971-75
Pacific-Marshall Islands (Source— close-in and global
Convict surgeon
burgeonfish
Convict surgeon
Skipjack tuna
Goatfish
Snapper
Mullet
Mullet
Convict surgeon
Mullet
Mullet
Convict surgeon
Mullet - convict surgeon
Goatfish
Mullet - convict surgeon
Goatfish - groupers
Jacks - snapper
Mackerel - tuna - shark
Mullet - convict surgeon
Goatfish
Mullet - convict surgeon
Goatfish - grouper
Jacks - snappers
Mackerel - tuna
Mullet - convict surgeon
Goatfish
Jacks - snapper
Mackerel - tuna
Mullet - convict surgeon
Goatfish
Snapper
Goatfish
Snapper
II
II
II
V
III
IV
II
II
II
11
II
II
II
HI
II
III
IV
V
II
III
11
HI
IV
V
II
III
IV
V
11
III
IV
III
IV
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1975
1976
1976
1976
1977
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
S. Calif.
Farallon Is., Calif.
Tokai-Mura, Japan
Tokai-Mura, Japan
fallout)
6 locations within Bikini Atoll
3 locations within Bikini Atoll
Runit Is., Enewetak
Runit Is., Enewetak
Runit Is., Enewetak
Kwajalein Atoll
Kwajalein Atoll
9 locations within Enewetak Atoll
Enewetak Atoll
6 locations within Bikini Atoll
6 locations - 2 within Enewetak,
1 within Bikini
* locations within Bikini Atoll
Ailuk Atoll
Ailuk Atoll
Ailinginae Atoll
Ailinginae Atoll
Ailinginae Atoll
Ailinginae Atoll
Likiep Atoll
Likiep Atoll
Rongelap Atoll
Rongelap Atoll
Rongelap Atoll
Rongelap Atoll
Rongerik Atoll
Rongerik Atoll
Rongerik Atoll
Rongerik Atoll
Wotho Atoll
Wotho Atoll
Wotho Atoll
Bikini Atoll
Bikini Atoll
3
12
51
92
<20
<20
1500
6
8 + 3
5 + 1
11+5
10 + 6
6+5
99 + 55
-------
Table 1. (Continued).
T u- d
Trophic
Common name level
Atlantic (Source— global fallout)
tMue shark V
Mako shark V
Dusky shark V
Blue fin tuna V
IMue fish V
Stripped bass V
Flounder III-1V
Tautog IV
Atlantic (Source— reprocessing waste
Plaice III-IV
Dab III-IV
Salmon III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice Ill-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
blenny IV
Mackerel V
Atlantic (Source— reprocessing waste)
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
Plaice III-IV
a Includes liver.
" F^fim;»t*art from avr»rac7f» tiecno f~nnf-
Year
1970
1971
1971
1970
1969
1970
1970
1970
and global fallout)
unk
unk
unk
8/75
2/76
5/76
8/76
11/76
1975
1974-75
!97
-------
Plutonium and Am Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Pacific
Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors.
Pu-49. (See Ref. Pu-1). 239+2^°pu was measured in the wet tissue of mussels (Mytilus
californianus) collected from southern California in 1964. The average value of
the CF for plutonium in the wet tissue was 260 ± 30.
Pu-50. (See Ref. Pu-3). Concentrations of + Pu ranging from 0.032 to 0.26
pCi/kg wet wt. and concentration factors are reported for shellfish flesh,
Cephalopoda and Crustacea obtained from the region offshore from the Tokai
reprocessing facility.
2. Some additional references to fallout levels accumulated by Pacific
invertebrates.
Pu-51. (See Ref. Pu-2). + Pu was measured in pooled samples of polychaetes and
bivalves collected at 900 m depth from the region of the Farallon Islands
radioactive waste disposal site. Concentration of + Pu in the benthic
polychaetes was 0.9 ± 0.5 pCi/kg wet and in the bivalves the concentration was
5 ± i pCi/kg wet wt.
Pu-52. (See Ref. Pu-6). Concentrations of + Pu and Pu are reported in some
sections of shrimp, squid, crab, coral, brittlestar, seapen, snail, barnacle, sea
cucumber, anemone, starfish and worms collected from different depths within
the Farallon Islands radioactive waste disposal region. Viscera from sea
cucumbers contained 80 ± 20 pCi/kg dry of 239+2^°pu at the deep station and
1020 ± 80 pCi/kg dry at the shallow site.
Pu-53. Goldberg, E.D., Bowen, V.T., Farrington, 3.W., Harvey, G., Martin, 3.H., Parker,
P.L., Risebrough, R.W., Robertson, W., Schneider, E., and Gamble, E., "The
Mussel Watch", Envir. Conservation 5, 101 (1978). Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu,
Pu and Am are reported in the meat and some shell of mussels and
oysters collected during 1976 from the east, west and gulf coastal waters of the
22
-------
United States. The west coast series of iVL californianus samples is different
from the east and gulf coast series of molluscus. The mean total Pu is
almost doubled, and the Am: Pu ratio is about tenfold higher on the
west coast. Concentrations of + Pu in soft parts of east and gulf coast
bivalves ranged from 0.08 to 0.29 dpm/kg wet weight and averaged 0.19 dpm/kg
wet.
Pu-54. Koide, VI., Lee, Dong Soo, and Goldberg, E.D., "Metal and Transuranic Records
in Mussel Shells, Byssal Threads and Tissues", Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 15,
679-695 (1982). Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu, 238Pu and 2^Am are reported
in the soft parts, byssal threads and shells of Mytilus edulis and Mytilus
californianus collected from west coast locations between 1976 and 1979. The
authors suggest that byssal threads offer advantages for transuranic nuclide
monitoring. Concentrations of + PL
higher in the shell than in the soft tissue.
monitoring. Concentrations of + Pu and Am are from 3.5 to 4.4 times
Pu-55. Goldberg, E.D., Koide, M., Hodge, V., Flegal, A.R., and Martin, J. "U.S. Mussel
Watch: 1977-1978 Results on Trace Metals and Radionuclides", Estuar. Coast.
Shelf Sci. 16, 69-93 (1983). The results of the U.S. Mussel Watch Monitoring
Program for the period 1976-1978 for 239+2if0Pu, 238Pu and 2UAm in bivalves
are presented. Off the California coast, mussels show markedly elevated Pu
concentrations in areas adjacent to the most intensive upwelling zones.
Concentrations in mussels from Pacific coastal regions sampled in 1977 and
1978 ranged from 0.3 to 14 dpm/kg dry weight; in gulf coast oysters the range
in concentration was from 0.3 to 2.3 dpm/kg; and in 1978, the concentration
ranged from 0.4 to 2.7 dpm/kg in east coast bivalues .
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Other Locations Possibly Affected (Source Term—Local
Fallout from the Pacific Nuclear Test Series)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors.
No reported values.
23
-------
2. Some additional references to Pu and Am levels in invertebrates from
Pacific Atolls.
Pu-56. (See Ref. Pu-10). Pu was measured in some body tissues of clams and
sea cucumbers collected from Guam, Palau and Saipan between 1956-1959.
Concentrations in the entire soft parts of giant clams range from 2k to 260
pCi/kg wet. Pu was most highly concentrated in the liver of the clam followed
by, in order of decreasing concentrations, the gonad, mantle and muscle.
Pu-57. (See Ref. Pu-12). Concentrations of 239+2^°pu and Am (when detected by
gamma spectrometry) are reported in tissues of Tridacna clams, in samples of
eviscerated whole and viscera of sea cucumbers, spiny lobster, pencil urchins
and top snails collected at Enewetak Atoil during the 1972 survey.
Concentrations are also reported in Tridacna collected from Kwajalein Atoll.
Pu-58. (See Ref. Pu-U). + Pu and Am levels in Tridacna, sea cucumber and
lobster samples from Enewetak Atoll are reported.
Plutonium and Ann Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for plutonium and
americium,,
Pu-59. (See Ref. Pu-21). Concentrations of + Pu are reported in the bodies of
mussels, clams and starfish collected from Cape Cod, MA, during 1970; CFs for
Pu in the body and shell of the organisms are computed.
Pu-60. (See Ref. Pu-22). This paper reviews available concentration data through 1971
for plutonium in marine invertebrates. CFs are compiled for a variety of near
shore organisms.
-------
Pu-61. Noshkin, V.E., Bowen, V.T., Wong, K.M., and Burke, J.C., "Plutonium in North
Atlantic Organisms; Ecological Relationships," Radionuclides in Ecosystems in
Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology, D.J. Nelson,
Ed., United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.,
Conf-710501-Pl(1973), 681. Concentrations of 239+2'f0pu are reported in a
number of near shore invertebrates including mussels, clams, oysters, scallops,
whelks, moon-shells, starfish, brittle stars, polycheate worms and sponges from
the vicinity of Cape Cod, MA. CFs for 239+2^°pu are computed.
Concentrations ranged from 400 dpm/100 kg (wet weight) in samples of sponge
to 2 dpm/100 kg in the adductor muscle of scallops.
Pu-62. (See Ref. Pu-23). Concentrations of 239+2if0Pu in the flesh and shells of
241
several marine invertebrates are presented along with some Am
determinations. The samples were collected between 1970 and 1974 from the
vicinity of Cape Cod, MA. CFs are computed for plutonium only.
Concentrations of ' Pu ranged from 0.3 dpm/kg wet weight in soft parts
of the scallop, Spisula, to 3.3 dpm/kg in whole body of the starfish, Asterias.
Pu-63. (See Ref. Pu-26). The results presented in Ref. Pu-23 are reproduced with one
additional measurement of Am in the shell of a mussel. Several of the
241
reported Am values in the soft parts of mussel differ with the results
reported in Ref. Pu-23.
239+240
Pu-64. Murray, C.N., and Fukai, R., "Measurement of Pu in the Northwestern
Mediterranean", Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci 6, 145(1978). Measurements of
Pu concentrations in whole body, shells, soft parts and pallial fluid from
mussels collected from the northwestern Mediterranean coast are reported.
Whole body concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.74 pCi/kg wet.
Pu-65. Guary, J.C., Higgo, J.3. W., Cherry, R.D., and Heyrand, M., "High
Concentrations of Transuranics and Natural Radioactive Elements in the
Branchial Hearts of the Cephalopod Octopus vulgaris", Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series
4,123(1981). Concentrations of Am and Pu were determined in
various tissues of Octopus vulgaris collected in the littoral zone off Monaco.
Highest levels of Am and Pu were found in the branchial hearts and
if.
the CF is computed to be 1 x 10 . CFs in the reconstituted animal are for
and 239+2^°Pu, respectively, 2 x JO2 and 6 x 101.
25
-------
Pu-66. Guary, 3.C., Fowler, S.W., and Beasley, T.M., "Routes of Plutonium Uptake and
Their Relation to Biomagnification in Starfish", Marine Poll. Bull. 1^, 99
(1982). The concentrations of + Pu and Pu are reported in
Mediterranean and Cap de La Hague starfish collected in 1978. The natural
tissue distribution of plutonium in starfish from a fallout contaminated
environment was found to be identical to the distribution in starfish from the
vicinity of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. CFs are provided for various body
parts and whole animals from the Mediterranean.
2. Some additional references to fallout levels in invertebrates.
Pu-67. Livingston, H.D., Schneider, D.L., and Bowen, V.T., " Pu in the Marine
Environment by a Radiochemical Procedure", Earth Plant. Sci. Ltr. 25, 361
(1975). Concentrations of 238Pu, 239+2*°pu and 2^Pu are reported in a
starfishes (Asteries forbesi) collected in the area of Cape Cod, MA, during June
1970. Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu and Pu in the starfish were 2.1 and
17 dpm/kg wet, respectively. No CFs are reported.
Pu-68. (See Ref. Pu-24). The concentration of Pu in the whole body of blue
mussel collected from the Gulf of Finland in 197^ was 0.18 pCi/kg wet.
Pu-69. Livingston, H.D., and Bowen, V.T., "Americium in the Marine Environment-
Relationships to Plutonium", Environmental Toxicity of Aquatic Radionuciides;
Models and Mechanisms, M.W. Miller and 3.N. Stannard, Eds., Ann Arbor
Science Publ. Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., (1976) 107. Americium to plutonium
concentration ratios of 0.10 to 0.29 are reported in starfish, winkle shells and
green urchin spines collected from the Massachusetts coast.
Pu-70. (See Ref. Pu-27). Concentrations of Pu measured in parts of mussels,
clams, starfish, sea urchins, lobsters and blood worms from the Southern
Hemisphere are reported. No CFs are computed.
26
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B. Environments Contaminated with Local Inputs (Source Term—Close-In Fallout,
Non-Nuclear, Thule, Greenland)
1. References with field-derived concentration factors.
r, -M /c n t r, -,o\ 239+240- . , 238n 239+240D
Pu-71. (See Ref Pu-33). Pu concentrations and some Pu: ru
concentration ratios are shown for several bivalves and crustaceans collected
from regions of Thule, Greenland, during August 1968. The CFs of Pu
in bivalves and Crustacea are reported.
239 241
2. Additional references to Pu and Am in invertebrates from this
non-nuclear source.
Pu-72. (See Ref. Pu-34). Concentrations of 239+2^°pu in the soft parts and shells of
different mollusks and in soft parts of snails collected at Thuie during 1974 are
reported in a series of tables. Concentrations measured in brittle stars, starfish
and worms are discussed.
Pu-73. (See Ref. Pu-35). Concentrations of 239+2^°pu in worms, bivalves, brittle
stars, and shrimps collected during 1968, 1970, and 1974 from regions of Thule,
Greenland, are summarized.
239 241
Pu-74. (See Ref. Pu-36). The concentrations of Pu and Am are reported for a
variety of benthic organisms collected at Thule during 1979. Concentrations of
239
Pu in the flesh of benthic worms ranges from 980 pCi/kg at the site of
impact to 230 pCi/kg at a distance of 0.8 km from the point of impact.
C. Environments Contaminated with Local Inputs (Source Term—Reprocessing Wastes)
1. References with field-derived concentration factors
Pu-75. (See Ref Pu-37). 239+2^°pu concentration factors for the soft part of the
mussel, Mytilus edulis, from the Windscale vicinity are reported as 2 x 10 .
The CF for 239+2^°pu in the soft part of winkles is also 2 x 103.
27
-------
Pu-76. (See Ref. Pu-40). Concentrations of + Pu are measured in a number of
invertebrates collected from a coastal site near the La Hague reprocessing
facility. CFs for 239+2*°pu are computed.
Pu-77. (See Ref. Pu-41). The distribution of 2 + Pu among the tissues of the crab,
Cancer pagurus, is tabulated and the CF for the 239+2^°pu in the tissues is
computed.
-
2. Some additional references to Pu and Am concentrations in
invertebrates.
Pu-78. (See Ref. Pu-44). Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu, Pu and Am are reported
in shellfish from the vicinity of Windscale and at commercial landings in the
northeastern Irish Sea.
Pu-79. Pentreath, R.3., Jefferies, D.F., Lovett, M.B., and Nelson, D.M., "The
Behaviour of Transuranic and Other Long-Lived Radionuclides in the Irish Sea
and its Relevance to the Deep Sea Disposal of Radioactive Wastes", Marine
Radioecoiogy (Proc. 3rd NBA Sem. Tokyo 1979), OECD, Paris (1980), 203.
Concentrations of 239+2^°Pu, 238Pu and ^Am in tissues of starfish and
echinoids collected close to Windscale during 1978 are tabulated. The
2/j, ]
enchinoderm organs are enriched with Am relative to plutonium.
Pu-80. Pentreath, R.J., "The Biological Availability to Marine Organisms of
Transuranium and other Long-Lived Nuclides", Impacts of Radionuclide
Releases Into the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Vienna 1980) IAEA Vienna
(1981), 2^1. Am and Pu concentrations are compared in tissues of
the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) from the Irish Sea and in claw and
tail muscle of Homarus gammarus from the Windscale area. The author also
reviews much of the literature related to the biological availability of
transuranic radionuclides to marine vertebrates and invertebrates.
Pu-81. (See Ref. Pu-45). These reports contain monitoring data for Pu and
Am levels in a variety of marine invertebrates from the vicinity of the Irish
Sea and from other locations in the North Atlantic. Samples were collected for
analysis between 1977 and 1980.
28
-------
Pu-82. Pentreath, R.J., "The Use of Isotopic Ratios in Determining the Relative
Biological Availabilities of Transuranium Elements" Techniques for Identifying
Transuranic Speciation in Aquatic Environments (Proc. Meeting Ispra 1980)
IAEA Vienna (1981), 141. 2/fIAm and 239+2^°pu concentrations are compared
in samples of limpets, sea urchins and lobsters collected from regions near
Windscale in 1978 and 1979. Curium and neptunium concentrations are also
presented.
Pu-83. (See Refs. Pu-47 and Pu-48). Concentrations of Pu in tissues of crab
and area from regions of Bombay Harbour are tabulated. Samples were
collected between 1970 and 1974.
29
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Table 2. Reported concentration factors for plutonium and americium in invertebrates from regions of the world oceans.
Common and/or scientific name
PORIFERA
Sponge, Clathria delicata
Hymeniacidon sanguinea
Halichondria panicea
Reneira sp.
ANNELIDA
Marine worm(?)
Nereis diversicolor
Arenicola marina
;OELENTERATA
Actinia equina
Tealia felina
/1OLLUSCA
Cephalopoda
Octopus vulf^aris
Gastropoda
Whelk, Busycon corita
Moonshell, Lunatia heros
Busycon
Busycon
Buccinum
Lunatia
W inkles, Littorina littorea
Littorina littorea
Limpet, Patella vulgata
Nucella lapillus
Pelecypoda
Mussel, M. californianus
Mussel, M. edulis
Mussel, Modiolus modiolus
Clam, Mya arenaria
Oyster, Ostrea virginica
Scallop, Pecten irradiaus
Spisula.
Mussel, M. edulis
Mussel, M. edulis
Year
1970
1974-75
1974-75
1974-75
1970
1974-75
1974-75
1974-75
1974-75
1971-75
1970
1970
1970
1972
1974
1974
1974-75
1974-75
1974-75
1964
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1973
1971
1971
Location
Cape Cod, Mass.
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
Cape Cod, Mass.
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
Tokai, Japan
Monaco
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Irish Sea
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
S. California
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Whole
animal
2100
1495
1365
1260
4100
315
103
165
165
200
60
205
48
70
Soft
tissue Shell Flesh
PLUTONIUM
8
140 300
660 690
400 570
300 2330
750 520
690
2000
333 178
55 43
85 68
260 + 30
300 + 50 490
490
440
130 + 30
520 + 200 600 24 4- 19
270 20
440
490 810
Ref.
Pu-60,61
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-60,61
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-50
Pu-65
Pu-60,61
Pu-60,6 1
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
Pu-75
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-49
Pu-59,60,61
Pu-59,60,61
Pu-59,60,61
Pu-60,61
Pu-60,61
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
30
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Common and/or scientific name
Mussel, M. edulis <5.4 cm
vlussel, M. edulis 5.4-7.5 cm
Mussel, M. edulis >7.5 cm
Vlussel, M. gallo provinciales
Mussel, M. edulis
BivalvesTnumber of species)
Shellfish (?)
ARTHROPODA
Crustacea
Shrimp, crab
Shrimp
Crab, Carcmus mannas
Crab, Cancer pagurus
Lobster, (Homarus vulgaris)
Crab, (Cancer pagurus)
Balanus
Balanus
Balanus balanoides
ECHINODERMATA
Ophiuroidea
Brittle star
Asteroidea
Starfish Asterias forbesi
Coscinasteris tenuispina
Marthasteris Rlacialis
Asterias
Asterias
Asterina gibbosa
MOLLUSCA
Cephalopoda
Octopus vulgar is
Year
1975
1975
1975
1973
1968
1971-75
1971-75
1968
1974-75
1974-75
1974-75
1975
1975
1975
1974-75
1970
1970
1978
1979
1972
1972
1974-75
Location
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
N.W. Mediterranean
Irish Sea
Thule
Tokai, Japan
Tokai, Japan
Thule, Greenland
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
La Hague, France
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
La Hague, France
Cape Cod, Mass.
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Cape Cod, Mass.
Cape Cod, Mass.
La Hague, France
Monaco
Whole
animal
250
750
90
38
60
269
2520
mo
503
760
1020
2700
2200
1830
2750
452
200
Soft
tissue Shell Flesh Ref.
PLUTONIUM (continued)
410 1250 Pu-62,63
110 123 Pu-62,63
420 13 Pu-62,63
ISO Pu-64
2000 Pu-75
3500 Pu-70
200 Pu-50
Pu-50
Pu-70
Pu-76
Pu-76
Pu-76
172 40 Pu-77
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
Pu-76
Pu-60,61
Pu-60,61
Pu-66
Pu-66
Pu-62,63
Pu-62,63
Pu-76
AMERICIUM
100 Pu-65
31
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Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs and/or
stable cesium.
Cs-1. Jenkins, C.E., "Radionuclide Distribution in Pacific Salmon," Health Phys. 17,
507 (1969). Concentrations of Cs were measured in muscle tissue, liver and
roe of ^ different species of Pacific salmon collected from Alaskan and
Washington coastal regions between July and September 1967. Concentrations
in muscle ranged from 54 to 209 dpm/kg wet wt. CFs for Cs are reported.
Cs-2. Folsom, T.R., Young, D.R., and Sreekumaran, C., "An Estimate of the Response
Rate of Albacore to Cesium", Symp. on Radioecology, D.J. Nelson and F.C.
Evans, Eds., United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., Conf.
670503 (1969) 337. Natural and radioactive cesium levels in the flesh of
albacore collected from the northeastern Pacific during 1965 and 1966 are
provided. The mean concentration in muscle was 90 ± 18 pCi/kg wet wt. The
accumulation factor for Cs by fish muscle is 103 ± 7 and the value for stable
cesium is 106 ± 4.
Cs-3. Young, D.R., and Folsom, T.R., "Cesium Accumulation in Muscle Tissue of
Marine Fishes, Health Phys. 37, 703 (1979). Mean concentrations of stable
cesium and corresponding concentration factors in white muscle tissue of four
teleost fishes collected from the Gulf of California in 1968 are tabulated. The
average concentration factor is 141±14.
Cs-4. Suzuki, Y., Nakamura, R., and Ueda, T., "Cesium-137 Contamination of Marine
Fishes from the Coasts of Japan", J. Radiat. Res. If, 382 (1973). The
accumulation of 7Cs by fishes from seawater was studied for eight years
(1963-1970). In 1970, the level of 13/Cs in fish muscle was reduced to 8.7%
(6.9 pCi/kg wet) of the peak value (79.9 pCi/kg) in 1963. Computed
concentration factors for a variety of species ranged from 11 to 81. The
concentration factors for stable cesium remained in a narrow range between 3*
and 52. A seawater concentration of 0.5 yg/£ was used to compute
concentration factors for stable cesium.
32
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Cs-5. Ichikawa, R., and Ohno, S., "Levels of Cobalt, Cesium and Zinc in Some Marine
Organisms in Japan", Bull. Japan Soc. Scient. Fisheries frO, 501 (1974). The CF
computed for stable cesium in fish muscle was 20. A water concentration of
0.5 ug/£, was used to compute the CF- The CF for stable cesium in skin, liver
and bone was 30.
Cs-6. Noshkin, V.E., Robison, W.L., and Harrison, F.L., Radiological Dose to Man
Through the Marine Pathway from Reactor Operations at Humboldt Bay,
California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA,
UCRL-52160 (1976), 25 pp. ] 37Cs concentrations are reported for the flesh of
Dover sole collected from the bay during 1972 and 1973. The mean
concentration during the period was 9 ± 2 pCi/kg wet weight (range 6-11
pCi/kg) and the computed CF is 38 ± 7.
Cs-7. (See Ref. Pu-3). The range and average concentrations of Cs (pCi/kg wet
wt.) are reported for whole Shirasu; (range 3.9 to 11.1; mean 5.7), the flesh of
adult fish (range 1.6 to 12.4; mean 7.5); shellfish flesh; cephalopoda flesh; and
whole Crustacea obtained between 1971 and 1975 from the coastal ocean
offshore at Tokai, Japan. CFs are computed for Cs.
Cs-8. (See Ref. Pu-2). The concentration of Cs in the muscle of rockfish collected
during 1977 near the Farallon Islands is reported as 17 ± 2 pCi/kg wet wt. The
CF for l37Cs is 86 ± 10.
Cs-9. Nakahara, M., Ueda, T., Suzuki, Y., Ishii, T., and Suzuki, H., "Concentration
Factors of Mesopelagic Organisms", Marine Radioecology (Proc. 3rd NEA Sem.,
Tokyo 1979) OECD, Paris (1980), 323. The levels of fallout 137Cs were
determined in the flesh of mesopelagic and coastal fishes. The average
concentration of Cs in the flesh of the mesopelagic fishes (18.7 ± 10.7
pCi/kg wet) was comparable to the average concentration in coastal fishes
(18.1 ± 14.7 pCi/kg wet). The authors estimate a CF for Cs in the fish
muscle at about 100 using surface seawater concentrations for comparative
purposes. The mean CF for stable cesium in the flesh of fish was 60 and in
cephalopod the value was 10 using 0.5 ug/£ as the average seawater
concentration of stable cesium. The mesopelagic fish caught and analyzed for
Cs include: Sebastes mastsubarai, Scombrops boops, Hyperoglyphe japonica,
Paracaesio caeruleus and Beryx splendens.
33
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Cs-10. Izak-Biran, T., and Guinn, V.P., "Determination of Cesium and Potassium in
Marine Species by Neutron Activation Analysis", 3. Radioanal. Chem. 55, 61
(1980). Stable cesium levels were determined in muscle tissues of squid, dover
sole, albacore and bocaccio. Accumulation factors for cesium in muscle tissues
are computed.
2. Some additional references to fallout levels in Pacific fish; no reported CFs.
Cs-11. Folsom, T.R., and Hodge, V.F., "Early Surveillance Around Coastal Nuclear
Installations", Environmental Surveillance Around Nuclear Installations, (Proc.
Symp. Warsaw 1973) IAEA, Vienna SM-180 (1974), 289. Concentrations of
Cs are compared to K in the various tissues and organs of Thunnus
alalunga. The parallel behavior of these two nuclides suggests the usefulness of
potassium for normalizing biological samples to be assayed for traces of
radiocesium.
Cs-12. (See Ref. Pu-5). Concentrations of fallout Cs in the liver, muscle and blood
of Pacific albacore collected from regions west of California between 1964 and
1977 are provided. Concentrations in muscle ranged from a high of 355 dpm/kg
in 1964 to a low of 51 dpm/kg in 1976.
Cs-13. Fukai, R., and Yamagata, N., "Estimation of the Levels of 137Cs in Sea-water
by the Analysis of Marine Organisms", Nature 194, 466 (1962). Ratios of 137 Cs
to stable cesium are reported for a number of marine organisms collected from
the Western Pacific during 1960-1961.
Cs-14. Held, E.E., "Fallout Radionuclides in Pacific Ocean Tuna", Radionuclides in
Ecosystems (Proc. Symp. Oak Ridge 1971) D.J.Nelson, Ed., United States
Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., Conf. 7100601-11 (1973) 689.
The paper shows results obtained from analysis of Pacific tuna collected in
1967, 1968, and 1969. The occurrence of 6°Co and 137Cs as well as 55Fe is
discussed. The average ] 37Cs concentration in the light muscle of tuna caught
north of the equator was 0.15 pCi/g dry, with a range from background to
0.43 pCi/g. Tuna caught near Bikini Atoll contained the same average 137Cs
concentration (0.16 pCi/g; range, background to 0.31 pCi/g) as other tuna
caught north of the equator.
34
-------
Cs-15. (See Ref. Pu-4). Fallout levels of Cs were determined in the liver and
muscle of albacore tuna collected between 1964 and 1971 from 5. California
waters. The Cs level in liver ranged from 0.2 to 3 pCi/kg wet and in muscle
samples the concentration ranged from 58 to 160 pCi/kg. From the results, the
authors estimate that the half-time of residence for Cs in the upper layer of
the north Pacific is 17 years.
Cs-16. Kujala, N.F., Larsen, I.L., and Osterberg, C.L., "Radioisotope Measurements of
the Viscera of Pacific Salmon", Symp. on Radioecology, E.J. Nelson and F.C.
Evans, Eds., United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.,
CONF-670503, 1969, 440. Although no data are provided, the authors note that
Cs appeared in three Canadian coho salmon samples (<0.50 pCi/g) and
suggest that coho, like chinook, feed at a higher trophic level. Salmon that
feed more on plankton such as the sockeye, pink and chum did not seem to
concentrate Cs.
Cs-17. (See Refs. Pu-6 and Pu-52). Cs was determined in some sections of pelagic
fish and benthic organisms collected near the Farallon Islands radioactive waste
disposal site. The range in Cs concentrations measured in samples of
viscera, skin, liver, G.I. tract contents and whole body was between 0.09 and
0.45 pCi/g dry wt. Cs was below detection limits in all muscle tissue
samples processed.
Cs-18. Saiki, M., "Marine Radioecological Studies in Japan", Seminar on Marine
Radioecology in Proc. of the Seminar on Marine Radioecology, Cherbourg, 3-6
Dec. 1968 (European Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris) (1969), 77. Fallout 137Cs
concentrations in the muscle and viscera of several species of marine, brackish
and freshwater fish collected from the Sea of Japan between 1963 and 1966 are
reported. Concentrations
to 188 pCi/kg wet weight.
reported. Concentrations of Cs in muscle during this period ranged from 4.6
Cs-19. Ueda, T., Suzuki, Y., and Nakamura, R., "Transfer of Cs and Sr from the
Environment to the Japanese Population via Marine Organisms", Population
Dose Evaluation and Standards for Man and His Environment, (Proc. Sem.
Portoroz 1974) IAEA, Vienna (1974), 501. Data show the total mean
concentration of Cs in muscle of fishes (collected between 1964 and 1970)
from the waters of Japan together with levels in seawater collected from the
same region. No regional variation in the concentration of Cs was evident
35
-------
in fish muscle. The level in fish muscle was 80 pCi/kg wet in 1963 and
decreased to 7 pCi/kg by 1970. Correlations between level and habitat were
not apparent from the data.
Cs-20. Young, D.R., Folsom, T.R., and Hodge, V.F., "137Cs and ^°K in the Flesh of
Pacific Albacore, 1964-1974", Health Phys. 29, 689 (1975). Between 1965 and
1974 the average concentration of Cs in Pacific albacore muscle decreased
steadily from 90 to approximately 40 pCi/kg wet. The authors use this
information to suggest that the effective half-time for Cs in the upper layer
of the eastern North Pacific is about one decade. The 1965 mean
concentrations in albacore flesh from four widely separated fisheries in the
Northern Hemisphere agreed to within a factor of two, ranging from 50 to 90
pCi/kg wet. Specimens from the South Pacific fisheries based at American
Samoa during this period average only 14 pCi/kg wet.
Cs-21. Nelson, V.A., and Seymour, A.H., Amchitka Radiobiological Program Progress
Report January 1975, prepared for the United States Atomic Energy
Commission Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV, NVO-269-27 (1976)
47pp. Cs concentrations in the flesh and liver of halibut collected off
Amchitka Island between 1971 and 1975 are given. Concentrations in flesh
range between 0.06 and 0.11 pCi/g dry. Greenling collected during the same
period had similar concentrations of Cs associated with muscle tissue.
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Locations Possibly Affected (Source Term—Local Fallout
from the Pacific Nuclear Test Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs.
Cs-22. (See Ref. Pu-8). The CF for Cs in the muscle tissue of a snapper collected
in 1975 from Kwajalein Atoll was 89 ± 11. The concentration of 137Cs in
muscle tissue was 11.9 ± 1.5 pCi/kg wet wt.
2. Additional references to Cs concentrations in fish from Pacific atolls; no
concentration factors provided.
Cs-23. Held, E.E., Radiological Resurvey of Animals, Soils and Groundwater at Bikini
Atoll, 1969-70, prepared for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Nevada
Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV, NVO-269-8 Rev. 1 (1971) 44 pp.
36
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Concentrations of Cs were measured in samples of reef fish collected from
different regions of Bikini Atoll in 1969 and 1970. In 1969, concentrations in
eviscerated whole reef fish ranged from 0.12 to 1.12 pCi/g dry wt.
Cs-24. Lowman, F.G., "Radionuclides in Pacific Plankton and Tuna", Radioecology
(Proc, Symp. Fort Collins, Colo. 1961) V. Schultz and A.W. Klements Jr., Eds.,
Reinhold Publ. Corp., NY (1963), 145. The author indicates that Cs makes
up, at the most, 1.1% of the total fission and activation product radioactivity in
muscle of tuna collected at Enewetak in 1958.
Cs-25. Lynch, Jr., O.D.T., McCraw, T.F., Nelson, V.A., and Moore, W.E., Radiological
Resurvey of Food, Soil, Air and Groundwater at Bikini Atoll, 1972, United States
Energy and Research Development Administration, Washington, D.C., ERDA-34
(1975) 33pp. Cs concentrations in the muscle, liver and viscera of several
different species of fish collected from Bikini Atoll in May 1972 are reported.
The range in concentrations detected in various fish from different area of the
lagoon were: muscle tissue, 0.9 to 2.9 pCi/g dry; liver, 0.3 to 1.9 pCi/gm dry;
and viscera, 0.1 to 1.4 pCi/g dry.
Cs-26. Nelson, V.A., Radiological Survey of Plants, Animals, and Soil at Five Atolls in
the Marshall Islands, prepared for the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Nevada Operations
Office, NVO-269-36 (1979) 33 pp. Cs concentrations were determined in a
few samples of fish collected from Rongelap and Wotje Atolls in 1976. The
concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.10 pCi/g dry wt. in the parts analyzed.
Cs-27- (See Ref. Pu-16). Concentrations of Cs are shown in various sections of
different fish obtained from Christmas Island during 1975; from Rongelap,
Utirik and Ailinginae Atolls in 1974; and from Bikini in December 1974 and
April 1975. Levels in tissue of Bikini fish (0.1 to 4.5 pCi/g dry) exceeded those
at the other atolls.
Cs-28. (See Ref. Pu-17). Measurements of Cs were attempted in 31 sections of fish
collected in Micronesia in November 1975. tn 81% of the samples, the Cs
content was less than the two sigma propagated counting error. Results are
expressed as pCi/g dry wt. The highest reported concentration of
0.59 ± 0.30 pCi/g dry was detected in the viscera of a goatfish from Ponape.
37
-------
Cs-29. (See Ref. Pu-18). Cs concentrations in a variety of dissected fish parts from
different species collected during a 1978 survey of Rongelap, Utirik, Taka,
Bikar, Rongerik, Ailinginae, Likiep, Jemo, Ailuk, Mejit, Wotho and Ujelang are
shown. The atolls surveyed received different amounts (ranging from zero) of
local fallout from the tests conducted at Bikini and Enewetak. All
concentration data are expressed as pCi/kg wet wt. and dry/wet weight ratios
are provided for conversion purposes. Average levels of Cs in the flesh of
all reef fish from the different atolls ranged from 6 to 24 pCi/kg wet wg; in
lagoon pelagic species the range was from 16 to 28 pCi/kg. A table of
comparative concentrations from other global locations is also shown and
includes recent measured concentrations in U.S. and foreign market fish
samples.
Cs-30. (See Ref. Pu-19). This report discusses the presence of Cd in marine
organisms from Pacific Atolls but includes some concentrations of Cs in fish
liver samples for comparative purposes. Concentrations of Cs in liver from
the different fishes ranged from .003 to 0.57 pCi/g dry wt.
Cs-31. (See Ref. Pu-20). As in reference Cs-30, the discussion centers on mCd
concentrations but includes measurements of Cs in selected samples from
Pacific Atolls and in mullet from North Carolina. Results are expressed in
pCi/g dry weight but dry/wet weight ratios are provided for conversion
purposes. Fallout Cs in the muscle of mullet from Beaufort, North Carolina,
was 0.033 pCi/g dry while the level in fish muscle from Enewetak ranged from
0.18 to 1.76 pCi/g dry.
Cs-32. (See Refs. Pu-12 and Pu-57). This is a summary and partial discussion of the
results from a radiological survey of Enewetak Atoll conducted in 1972-1973.
Concentrations of Cs are reported in tissues and organs from a variety of
reef and lagoon pelagic species collected from different locations within the
lagoon. In addition, fish were also obtained from Kwajalein Atoll, considered to
be a control site not contaminated with radionuclides from local fallout, for
Cs analysis. All results are expressed in terms of dry weight of tissues
analyzed but wet/dry weight ratios are provided for conversion to wet weight.
CFs are not provided but can be determined using concentrations listed in the
report which were measured in the lagoon water from the vicinity where fish
were collected.
38
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Cs-33. Palumbo, R.F., Radionuclide Content of Foodstuffs Collected at Christmas
Island and at other Islands of the Central Pacific during Operation Dominic,
1962, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, UWFL-87 (1963)
37pp. Concentrations of Cs are reported in fish collected from several
Pacific Atolls and islands including Canton, Christmas, Washington Island, Fiji,
Palmyra, Penrhya, Rarotonga and Tongatapu before and after the 1962 test
series.
Cs-34. Palumbo, R.F., Seymour, A.H., and Welander, A.D., "Radionuclides in Foods
from the Central Pacific 1962, Nature 209, 1190 (1966). 37Cs was measured in
the light muscle of tuna collected between March and August 1962 from the
vicinity of Christmas Island following the nuclear test series Dominic.
Concentrations ranged between 10 and 80 pCi/kg wet. In addition, values are
reported for tuna landed at Tokyo in 1962. Mean levels of Cs were 30
pCi/kg, but concentrations as high as 240 pCi/kg were measured in light muscle
tissue.
Cs-35. A.H. Seymour, Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in Tuna Samples from the Tokyo
Central Fish Market 1962, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Univ. of Wash.,
Seattle, UWFL-90 (1963) 23 pp. Samples of tuna were obtained from the Tokyo
Central Fish Market during the period from May 2 to Oct. 31, 1962, for
radionuclide analysis. The fish were caught in the western Pacific Ocean by
Japanese commercial fishermen before, during and after the U.S. nuclear
testing program near Christmas Island in 1962. Cs values are reported in
the flesh, skin and bone of the samples analyzed. In 446 eviscerated tuna the
concentration of Cs in the light muscle of tuna averaged 28 pCi/kg wet; in
the dark muscle, 48 pCi/kg; in skin, 62 pCi/kg and in bone, 38 pCi/kg. Samples
caught within 700 miles of Christmas Island contained higher levels of Cs.
Cs-36. (See Ref. Pu-10). Only two positive measurements of Cs in fish flesh were
recorded from an extensive number of analyses of fish collected between June
1956 and June 1957 from islands in the western Pacific. The level ranged from
1 to 6 x 10~7 uCi/g.
Cs-37. Welander, A.D., Bonham, K., Palumbo, R.F., Gessel, S.E., Jackson, F.G.,
McClin, R., and Lewis, G.B., Bikini-Enewetak Studies, 1964. Part II
Radiobiological Studies, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Univ. of Wash.,
39
-------
Seattle, UWFL-93 (1967) 233 pp. Cs concentrations are reported for a
number of fish and invertebrate samples collected during a survey of Bikini and
Enewetak in 1964. Mean concentrations for whole fish ranged from 0 to
6.3 pCi/g dry.
Cs-38. Welander, A.D., and Palumbo, R.F., Radionuclide Content of Oceanic Fish,
Plankton, and Water in the Vicinity of Christmas Island, March through Aug.
1962, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, UWFL-88 (1963)
37 pp. Cs was measured in light and dark muscle and liver of yellowfin, big
eye, skip jack and marlin collected from the vicinity of Christmas Island
between March and August 1962. The highest level of Cs detected in muscle
tissue was 180 pCi/kg wet wt.
Cs-39. (See Ref. Pu-11). Average levels of Cs in fish (0.58 pCi/g dry wt.) and
invertebrates collected during 1964 from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls are
shown. No CFs are tabulated. Among the fish analyzed, omnivores had higher
levels of Cs than the carnivores, and fish that normally feed on
invertebrates had higher concentrations than piscivores.
Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs and/or
stable cesium
Cs-40. Agnedal, P.O., "Measurements of Background and Fallout Radioactivity in
Samples from the Baltic Bay of Tavern 1957-1961", AE-171 (1965) 47 pp. This
paper includes measurements of Cs and Sr in marine organisms collected
from the Baltic Sea before 1963. A CF for 137Cs in flounder is reported as 200
but the author states that the value used for the cesium content of water was
uncertain.
-------
Cs-41. Pentreath, R.J., "The Role of Food and Water in the Accumulation of
Radionuclides by Marine Teleost and Elasmobranch Fish", Radioactive
Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Seattle 1972) IAEA,
Vienna (1973), 421. Analyses of stable Cs in plaice muscle indicate a CF of 54.
In the North Sea direct measurement of the Cs concentration factors for
fish >25 cm long gives values of approximately 56. Cs levels are also
reported in the flesh of plaice (6.3 to 16 pCi/g wet) and skate (4.5 to 10.2 pCi/g
wet) caught off Windscale between 1970 and 1971. Seawater concentrations
during this period were approximately 330 pCi/i.
Cs-42. Van As, D., Fourie, H.O., and Vleggaar, C.M., "Accumulation of Certain Trace
Elements in Marine Organisms from the Sea Around the Cape of Good Hope",
Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Seattle
1972) IAEA, Vienna (1973), 615. Stable cesium was determined in the flesh
from a variety of edible marine species including line-fish from commercial
fisheries, white fish and pelagic fish. CF were computed by assuming a value of
0.34 |_ig/& as the average concentration of cesium in seawater. Stable cesium
CFs for fish muscle ranged from 18 to 132.
Cs-43. Gilat, E., Laichter, Y., and Shafrir, N.H., "Behaviour of Cs in the Marine
Environment", Impacts of Nuclear Releases into the Aquatic Environment
(Proc. Symp. Otaniemi 1975) IAEA, Vienna (1975), 63. I37Cs was measured in a
number of marine fish and invertebrates from the Mediterranean Sea.
Concentrations of Cs in fish ranged from .018 to .102 pCi/g dry. No
indication is provided as to what part of the fish was analyzed. It is assumed
the results refer to the entire animal. Dry weight CFs are tabulated.
Cs-44. Feldt, W., Kanish, G., and Laurer, R., "Radioactive Contamination of the NEA
Dumping Sites", Impacts of Radionuclide Releases Into the Marine Environment
(Proc. Symp. Vienna 1980), IAEA, Vienna (1981), 465. A variety of marine
samples was collected during 1979 and 1980 from three regions of the NEA
dumping site. The authors report between 3.0 and 120 pCi/kg dry wt. of Cs
in various nekton organisms caught in the Atlantic. Benthic organisms
contained between 7 and 270 pCi/kg dry wt. The nekton and benthic organisms
collected for analysis are indicated in the paper. The CF for Cs determined
in the flesh of Macruridae (rat-tailed fish) was 150.
41
-------
Cs-45. Dougherty, G., and Ng, C.E., " Cs and K Levels in Marine Species Caught
in Malaysian Waters", Health Phys. 43, 915(1982). Fallout I37Cs(ll to
250 pCi/kg dry) and natural K concentrations are reported in several whole
fish caught in Malaysian waters in 1980 and 1981. Dry wt. CFs are computed
for 137Cs using a value of 0.16 pCi/l as the seawater concentration. This value
was quoted for the Indian Ocean in a 1973 reference and may not be
representative of 1980 concentrations.
2. Some additional references to fallout concentrations accumulated by Atlantic
fish; no reported CFs.
Cs-46. Bakunov, N.A., "Concentration of Cs in Commercial Fish of the Atlantic
Ocean, Baltic and Caspian Sea", Radiobiology USSR (903) If: 171 (197*) (71:2)
(72: Issue 3) AEC-tr-7596, (1974) 171. From 4 to 14 pCi/kg were reported in
herring, bass, hake, mackerel and swordfish from the Atlantic between October
1967 and December 1978. During this period, 51 to 87 pCi/kg was the range in
concentration in herring, cod and eel from the Baltic Sea.
Cs-47. Feldt, W., "Measurement of Strontium 90 and Cesium 137 in Fishes",
Proceedings of a Symp. on Nuclear Detonations and Marine Radioactivity, S.H.
Small, Ed., Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller, (1963), 105.
Cs concentrations in fish from the North Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, Barrents
Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea collected in 1961 and 1962 showed a marked
dependency on water salinity. Species are not identified. Concentrations in
fish, expressed as pCi/g of potassium, ranged from 5 to 20.
Cs-48. Feldt, W., "Radioactive Contamination of North Sea Fish", Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Waters (Proc. Symp. Vienna
1966), IAEA, Vienna (1966), 739. Cod, herring, haddock, redfish and other fish
I 37
collected from the North Sea between 1963 and 1964 were analysed for Cs.
The distribution of Cs within tissues of cod is presented. Fifty-three
percent of the body burden of Cs (110 pCi/kg whole fish) in cod was
associated with the muscle tissue; 31% with the skin; 3% with the bone and
gills; 4% with the stomach/intestine; 5% with the gonads; 0.8% with the liver
and 0.2% with the spleen/heart. Concentration factors were not computed but
water concentrations from the region where the fish were caught are given and
estimates of CFs could be made.
42
-------
Cs-49. Lowman, F.G., Phelps, O.K., McClin, R., Roman de Vega, V., Oliver de
Padovani, I., and Garcia, R.J., "Interactions of the Environmental and Biological
Factors on the Distribution of Trace Elements in the Marine Environment",
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Waters, (Proc.
Symp. Vienna 1966) IAEA, Vienna (1966), 249. Fallout levels of 13/Cs (0.15 to
0.22 pCi/g wet) were determined in the G.I. tract and gonad of marlin caught
off the west coast of Puerto Rico. The authors comment that Cs is found
only in the highest trophic level organisms.
Cs-50. Lowe, B.G., " Cs and K in the Flesh of Fish of the Indian Ocean and the
Straits of Malacca", Health Phys. 36, 723 (1979). Fallout 137Cs (5 to 9.9 pCi/kg
wet wt.) and natural K concentrations were determined in the flesh of several
fish caught in the Indian Ocean, 100 miles off Sumatra in 1976. Concentrations
are reported as both pCi/kg wet and pCi/kg dry weight.
Cs-51. Ortins de Bettencourt, A., Vaz Carreiro, M.C., and Sequeira, M.M.,
"Contribution Au Controle Radiologique du Milieu Marin", Marine Radioecology
(Proc. 3rd NEA Sem., Tokyo 1979) OECD, Paris (1980), 47. Fallout
concentrations of Cs are reported in the flesh of the scabbard fish
(Aphanopus carbo) collected at depths of 1800 to 2000 m near Maderia Island in
1979. Concentrations ranged from 6.8 to 10.7 pCi/kg wet wt.
Cs-52. Preston, A., "Concentrations of Fe in Commercial Fish Species from the
North Atlantic", Mar. Biol. 6, 345 (1970). Fallout j 37Cs concentrations in flesh
of cod and plaice collected between 1963 and 1969 from Icelandic and North
Sea fishing grounds ranged from <6 to 80 pCi/g wet.
Cs-53. Schelske, C.L., "Ecological Implications of Fallout Radioactivity Accumulated
By Estuarine Fishes and Mollusks", Radionuclides in Ecosystems (Proc. Symp.
Oak Ridge 1971) D.3. Nelson, Ed., United States Atomic Energy Commission,
Washington, D.C., CONF-710501-II (1973) 791. Fallout radionuclides, including
Cs and Mn, and naturally occurring K were measured in estuarine-
organisms collected near Beaufort, North Carolina, between 1963 and 1966.
CFs were not determined. Cs levels ranged from 1.62 to 28.7 pCi/100 g wet
wt.
-------
Cs-54. Mitchell, N.T., and Pentreath, R.3. "Monitoring in the North-East Atlantic
Ocean for the Dumping of Packaged Radioactive Waste", Radioactive
Protection—Advances in Theory and Practice (Proc., 3rd Intern. Symp. of the
Society for Radiological Prot., Inverness, 1982), Vol. 1, CONF-820613(19S2)
1 20. Cs concentrations in the muscles of the deep sea fish Corphaenoides
(Nematonurus) armatus collected from the northeast Atlantic Ocean near the
radiological dumpsite during 1980 ranged from 0.16 to 0.47 Bq/kg wet. The
137Cs concentrations in the dumpsite fish were reported to be not significantly
different from those specimens of the same species caught at other locations in
the northeast Atlantic.
Cs-55. (See Ref. Pu-32). Concentrations of Cs are reported in muscle and
eviscerated whole deep sea fish collected in traps from 2100 m in the Bay of
Biscay during 1981. The average fallout concentration in the different species
was 5.1 ± 2.3 pCi/kg wet.
B. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source term—Reprocessing Facilities Discharges)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs and stable
Cs or both in fish from both the immediate vicinity and at distances from
Windscale releases.
Cs-56. Bryan, G.W., Preston, A., and Templeton, W.L., "Accumulation of Radionuclides
by Aquatic Organisms of Economic Importance in the United Kingdom,"
Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Water (Proc.
Symp. Vienna, 1966) IAEA, Vienna (1966), 623. CFs for stable cesium and
potassium and Cs are given for invertebrates and fish collected from the
90
regions near Windscale. CFs for Sr are also tabulated. In the flesh of marine
fish the range in the CF for 137Cs is from 24 to 62, and for 9°Sr the
concentration factor is 0.3.
Cs-57. Preston, A., and Jefferies, D.F., "Aquatic Aspects in Chronic and Acute
Contamination Situations," Environmental Contamination by Radioactive
Materials (Proc. Symp. Vienna 1969) IAEA Vienna (1969), 183. Tables are
provided showing average concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in
fish flesh and invertebrates and the average water concentrations.
Concentrations of fallout Cs in commercial fish caught from several oceanic
44
-------
locations between 1963 and 1968 ranged from less than 6 to 80 pCi/kg wet wt.
I37Cs and 90Sr levels in fish from the vicinity of Windscale between 1963 and
1966 are also provided. Cs levels in the flesh of these fish during this period
ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 pCi/g wet. CF for Cs and Sr in mollusks,
Crustacea and fish from the Windscale vicinity are computed.
Cs-58. Pentreath, R.3., and Jefferies, D.F., "The Uptake of Radionuclides by I-Group
Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) off the Cumberland Coast, Irish Sea", 3. Mar.
Biol. Ass. U.K. 51, 963 (1971). Changes in Cs concentrations were followed
in the flesh of plaice and in other environmental material from the Cumberland
coast for a 7-month period during 1969. The Cs flesh levels (18-37 pCi/g
wet) were examined in conjunction with the fluctuations of the nuclide in
seawater, sediment, and the fish gut contents. Of the three major dietary
components found throughout the sampling period the calculated intake of
Cs from food appears to fluctuate most closely with the Nephtys fraction of
the diet, despite its relatively low Cs content. Cs CFs are computed.
2. Additional references to Cs concentrations in fish from both the immediate
vicinity and at distances from Windscale releases.
Cs-59. (See Ref. Pu-45 and Pu-81). Cs and Cs concentrations are reported in
fish from the Irish Sea vicinity and from collections made outside the region of
Windscale between 1977 and 1980. Concentrations of Cs in 1977, for
example, range from 64 pCi/g wet in cod muscle from the Windscale shoreline
to 0.01 pCi/gm in cod muscle from the Barents Sea.
Cs-60. Mauchline, J., and Taylor, A.M., "The Accumulation of Radionuclides by the
Thornback Ray, Raia clavata 1., in the Irish Sea", Limnol., Oceanol. 9, 303
(1964). Cs levels in tissues and organs of the ray collected from an area at
the end of the Windscale pipeline in 1961 are provided. Highest levels of
cesium were in the cartilage (0.53 pCi/g wet) and stomach contents (0.56 pCi/g
wet). The flesh (0.20 pCi/g wet) contained the lowest concentration of cesium.
Cs-61. Pentreath, R.J., Woodhead, D.S., and Jefferies, D.F., "Radioecology of the
Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in the Northeast Irish Sea," Radionuclides in
Ecosystems (Proc. Symp. Oak Ridge 1971) D.3. Nelson, Ed., United States
-------
Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C., CONF-710501-II (1973) 731.
I ^ 7
Cs levels in the flesh and gut contents of plaice collected during 1968 and
1969 from regions near the Windscale pipeline are provided. Concentrations in
flesh ranged from 0.7 to 4.1 pCi/g wet during this period while gut contents
ranged from 1.2 to 7.2 pCi/g wet.
Cs-62. Mitchell, N.T., "Radioactivity in Surface and Coastal Waters of the British
Isles," Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Radiobiology
Laboratory, Hamilton Dock, Lowestoft, England Reports FRL1(1967);
FRL2U968); FRL5 (1969); FRL7(1971); FRL8(1971); FRL9(1973); FRL10(1975);
FRL 14(1978). This series of reports includes summaries of monitoring data for
radionuclides sampled in various regions of the British Isles and from other
vicinities. Data for C
1966-1976 are presented.
vicinities. Data for Cs in a variety of fish collected during the period
Cs-63. Templeton, W.L., and Preston, A., "Transport and Distribution of Radioactive
Effluents in Coastal and Estuarine Waters of the United Kingdom", Disposal of
Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Water, (Proc. Symp. Vienna,
1966) IAEA, Vienna (1966), 267. Concentrations of 137Cs found in the flesh
(0.58 pCi/g wet) of plaice in the Windscale discharge area and concentrations in
flesh (0.01 to 0.04 pCi/g wet) of fish collected at sites distant from the
discharge are provided. The samples were collected in 1964. No CFs for Cs
are computed.
3. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs in fish
from the vicinity of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, India.
Cs-64. Patel, B., Mulay, C.D., and Ganguyiy, A.K., "Radioecology of Bombay
Harbour—A Tidal Estuary", Estuar.Coast. Mar. Sci. 3, 13 (1975).
137
Concentrations of Cs are reported in a number of organisms collected from
Bombay Harbour. Maximum concentrations of Cs occurred in muscle tissues
of the different fish species. CFs for Cs in the flesh of various species of
fish and shellfish from the harbor are reported.
46
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4. Additional references to Cs concentrations in fish from the vicinity of
Bombay, India.
Cs-65. (See Ref. Pu-47). Concentrations of Cs and Sr are reported in fishes and
invertebrates from the vicinity of Bombay Harbour between 1971-197^. Cs
levels in fish flesh ranged from 0.07 to 38 pCi/g wet.
Cs-66. (See Ref. Pu-48). Values of Cs to + Pu are shown for tissues of fishes
collected from Bombay harbour between 1970 and 197^. Concentrations of
Cs are in the range shown in Ref. Cs-65.
-------
Table 3. Reported concentration factors for "cs in fishes from regions of the world oceans and adjacent seas.
CO
Common and/or scientific name
Year
Pacific (Source— global fallout, reactor and waste di
King salmon
Chum salmon
Sockeye salmon
Silver salmon
Albacore, Thunnus alalunga
Bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus
Mackerel, Scomber japonicus
Porgy, Chrysophrys major
Flathead, Platycephalus indicus
Rockfish, Sebastes ^untherii
Flounder, Limanda irrdorum
Jack, Seriola quinqueradiata
Jack, Konoshirus punctatus
Scad, Trachurus japonicus
Sea bream, Mylio macrocephalus
Sardine, Sardinops melanosticta
Mullet. Mugil cephalus
Halfbeak, Hemiramphus sajori
Sea chub, Ditrema temmincki
Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus
Sand smelt, Sillago sihama
Dover sole, Microstomus gacificus
Young anchovy
Flounder, Flatfish
Rockfish, Sebastes sp.)
Mesopelagic fishes
Pacific-Marshall Islands (Source— c
Snapper, Lethrinus kallopterus
1967
1967
1967
1967
1965-66
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1 963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1963-70
1972-73
1971-75
1971-75
1977
1977-79
lose-in and global
1975
Location
sposal sites)
Alaskan waters
Alaskan waters
Alaskan waters
Alaskan waters
Northeast Pacific
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Japanese coastal waters
Humboldt Bay, Calif.
Tokai Mura, Japan
Tokai Mura, Japan
Farallon Is., Calif.
Japanese coastal waters
fallout)
Kwajalein Atoll
Total
animal
17 + 1
Muscle Bone
74
44 + 4
47 + 2 47
104 t 59
103 + 7
11
25 + 13
28
30
34 + 11
36 + 23
40 + 2
43
46 + 18
51 + 15
55
58 + 26
59
62 + 5
76
81
37 + 8
26 + 3
86 + 10
100
89+11
Liver Ref.
62 Cs-l
31 Cs-l
35 Cs-l
25 + 9 Cs-l
Cs-2
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-4
Cs-6
Cs-7
Cs-7
Cs-8
Cs-9
Cs-22
Atlantic - Mediterranean-Indian (Source— global fallout, waste sites)
Plaice, Pleuronectes platessa
Sardine, Sardinella aurita
Sardine, Sardina pilchardus
Mackerel, Scomber japonicus
Mullet, M. cephalus & M. capito
Rabbitfish, Siganus luridus
Porgy, Boops boops
Baraccuda, Sphyraena sp.
Goatfish, Upeneus moluccensis
Herring
unk
1967-69
1967-69
1967-69
1967-69
1967-69
1967-69
1967-69
1967-69
<1963
North Sea region
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Baltic Sea
21 + 9a
26a~
24a
25a
10a
50a
44a
9a
200
56
Cs-41
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-4 3
Cs-40
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Common and/or scientific name Year
Location
Total
animal Muscle
Bone Liver Ref.
Atlantic - Mediterranean-Indian (Source— global fallout, waste sites)
Rat-tail, Macrurus rupestris 1979-80
Yellow Scad, Selaroides leptoleptis 1980-81
Round Scad, Selap crumenophthalmus 1980-81
Coral Cod, Epinephelus pachycentron 1980-81
Stingray, Dasyatis zegei 1980-81
Atlantic (Source— reprocessing wastes and global fallout)
Ray, Raja clavata <1966
Herring, Clupea harengus <1966
Plaice, Pleuronectes glatessa <1966
Plaice, Pleuronectes platessa 1965-66
Skate 1965-66
Plaice, Pleuronectes platessa 1969
Mudskipper, Periopthalmus schlosseri 1968-69
Bombay Duck, Harpodon nehereus 1968-69
Silver pomf ret, Pampus argenteus 1968-69
Ribbonfish, Trichiurus savala 1968-69
White sardine, Kowala coval 1968-69
Golden anchovy, Coclia dussumieri 1968-69
Burrowing goby, Trypauchen vagina 1968-69
NE Atlantic dump site
Straits of Malacca
Straits of Malacca
Straits of Malacca
Straits of Malacca
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Bombay Harbour, India
Bombay Harbour, India
Bombay Harbour, India
Bombay Harbour, India
Bombay Harbour, India
Bombay Harbour, India
Bombay Harbour, India
150
16a
342a
37 2a
272a
50 - 100
50 - 60
1(5 - 50
30- 40
15-20
10- 15
5-10
Cs-44
Cs-15
Cs-45
Cs-45
Cs-45
43 + 26 Cs-53
50 Cs-53
36+16 Cs-53
45 Cs-54
25 Cs-54
27 + 7 Cs-55
Cs-64
Cs-64
Cs-64
Cs-64
Cs-64
Cs-64
Cs-64
Concentration reported as pCi/g dry wt. 4.2 was value used to convert dry to wet weight basis.
-------
Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs and stable
Cs or both.
Cs-67. (See Ref. Cs-7). The range and average concentration in pCi/kg of Cs are
reported for shellfish flesh (range 1.2 to 4.7), cephalopod flesh (range 2.8 to 4.0)
and whole Crustacea (range 2.4 to 5.7) collected between 1971 and 1975 from
the coastal ocean offshore from Takai, Japan. CFs are computed.
Cs-68. (See Ref. Cs-9). Stable cesium concentrations were measured in coastal
cephalopods from Japan. The CF for Cs, computed using a seawater
concentration of 0.5 ug/£, was 10.
Cs-69. Harrison, F.L., Wong, K.M., and Heft, R.E., Interactions of Radionuclides in
Water, Particulates, and Oysters in the Discharge Canal of a Nuclear Power
Plant, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-51974
(1976) 43 pp. The concentration factor determined for Cs in oysters
maintained in the discharge canal of the Humboldt Bay nuclear reactor was 50.
The stable Cs CF was also determined; its value was 15. Results are expressed
in pCi/kg wet wt.
Cs-70. (See Ref. Cs-10). Stable cesium was determined in the flesh of Pacific squid.
An accumulation factor is computed using the value 0.3 yg/£ as the
concentration of stable Cs in seawater.
2. Some additional references to levels of Cs in invertebrates from the Pacific;
no CFs reported.
Cs-71. (See Ref. Cs-17, Pu-6, Pu-52). Invertebrates, including squid, shrimp, crab,
coral, brittle star, sea pen, snail, anemone, starfish, sponge, barnacle, worm and
sea cucumber, were collected from the region of the Farallon Islands waste
disposal site in 1977. Cs was above detection limits only in a sample of
eviscerated worms (0.13 ± 0.11 pCi/g dry wt.) and in a pooled viscera sample
from 77 sea cucumbers (0.19 ± 0.06 pCi/g dry wt.).
50
-------
Cs-72. (See Ref. Cs-6). Cs concentrations are reported for the soft parts of clam,
oyster and crab in monthly collections from Humboldt Bay, California, during
1972 and 1973. Cs was above detection limits in some of the flesh samples
of these invertebrates. The average concentration of Cs during this period
was 3 ± 1, 5 ± 43 and 4 ± 2 pCi/kg wet wt. in oysters, clams and crabs,
respectively.
Cs-73. (See Ref. Pu-53). Cs was measured in the soft parts of east and gulf coast
mussels and oysters collected in 1976. The average concentration of Cs in
the tissue was 2.8 dpm/kg wet wt. Mussels from Bodega Head, California,
collected between March 1976 and March 1977 averaged 3.7 ± 0.8 dpm/kg wet
wt. and ranged in value from 2.5 to ^.6 dpm/kg wt.
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Locations Possibly Affected by Local Fallout from the
Pacific Nuclear Test Sites
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs.
No reported values.
2. Additional references to Cs concentrations in invertebrates from Pacific
atolls.
Cs-74. (See Ref. Cs-25). Concentrations of Cs were above detection limits in a few
samples of hepatopancreas, exoskeleton and muscle from spiny lobster collected
at Bikini Atoll during May 1972. The maximum concentration of Cs
reported was 1.1 pCi/g dry in lobster hepatopancreas from Eneu Island.
Cs-75. (See Ref. Cs-27, Pu-16). Cs was reported above detection limits only in the
exoskeleton of lobster (0.03 ± 0.02 pCi/g dry) from Chistmas Island during
August 1975.
Cs-76. (See Ref. Cs-33). Cs was measured in samples of crab muscle and soft parts
of clam collected from six islands sampled during the Dominic test series in
1962. 137Cs vali
wet (Rarotonga).
1962. Cs values ranged from 0.73 pCi/g wet (Maiden Island) to 0.75 pCi/g
51
-------
Cs-77. (See Refs. Cs-36, Pu-10, Pu-56). Only two samples (a snail and a clam)
contained '^Cs at levels above detection limits from an extensive number of
analyses of invertebrates collected between June 1956 and June 1957 from
islands in the western Pacific. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 pCi/g dry.
Cs-78. (See Ref. Cs-37). 137Cs was above detection limits in 89 of 470 samples of
invertebrates collected from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls during 1964. Highest
levels of 137Cs recorded during this period were in the flesh of Coenobita
(2000 pCi/g dry) from Namu Island, Bikini Atoll.
Cs-79. (See Refs. Cs-39, Pu-11). Cs was measured in invertebrates collected during
1964 from Enewetak and Bikini. The average concentration of Cs in soft
parts and organs from invertebrates at Enewetak and Bikini during this period
was 0.039 and 0.95 pCi/g dry, respectively. The invertebrates sampled are not
indicated. No CFs are reported.
Cs-80. Robison, W.L., Noshkin, V.E., Phillips, W.A., and Eagle, R.J., The Northern
Marshall Islands Radiological Survey; Radionuclide Concentrations in Fish and
Clams and Estimated Doses via the Marine Pathway, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52853 Pt. 3 (1981) 33 pp. Average
Cs concentrations are shown for muscle and mantle of giant clams collected
during the 1978 survey of several northern Marshall atolls. Concentrations in
muscle and mantle of the clams from the atolls ranged from less than 0.2 to
2.7 pCi/kg wet wt. Average Cs levels in fish are also shown and were
abstracted from Ref. Pu-17. No CFs are reported.
52
-------
Cesium-137 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs and/or
stable Cs.
Cs-81. (See Ref. Cs-42). Stable Cs was determined in the soft parts of several mollusks
and crustaceans. CFs were computed by assuming a value of 0.34 yg/Jl as the
average concentration of cesium in seawater. The samples were collected
along the southwest coast of the Cape of Good Hope.
Cs-82. (See Ref. Cs-43). Concentrations of Cs are reported for marine
invertebrates from the Mediterranean Sea. Crustacea samples included shrimp
and crab. Concentrations of Cs ranged from 0.017 to 0.050 pCi/g dry weight
in the soft parts of these organisms. Mollusca contained 0.023 pCi/g dry in the
soft part and 0.032 pCi/g dry in the shell. Concentrations of Cs in
Echinodermata ranged from 0.004 to 0.166 pCi/g dry. CF for 137Cs in the
invertebtrates are computed. All computed values are relative to the dry
weight of the organism or tissue analyzed.
Cs-83. De Franclschi, L., Gentili, A., Gremigni, G., and Guidi, P., " 60Co and 137Cs in
Mytilus edulis of Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas and an Estimate of
Concentration Factors", Health Phys. 27, 400 (1974). Fallout levels of 137Cs in
the soft part of mussels ranged from <0.004 to 0.013 pCi/g wet. Many of the
reported CFs were calculated from "less than" values. The average of all CFs
above the detection limit in soft tissue was 9 + 2.
2. Some additional references to concentrations accumulated by Atlantic
invertebrates; no reported CFs.
Cs-84. (See Ref. Cs-44). The concentration of Cs was determined in a variety of
nektonic and benthic organisms including cuttle fish, Crustacea, sea anemones,
sea stars and sea cucumbers collected from the northeast Atlantic during 1979
and 1980. Cs concentrations in benthic organisms ranged from 7.1 to
270 pCi/kg dry wt. and in nektonic species the concentration of Cs was
between 3.2 and 120 pCi/kg dry wt. No CFs for Cs were computed.
53
-------
Cs-85. (See Ref. Cs-53). Fallout concentrations of Cs in clams, mussels, oysters and
scallops collected between 1963 and 1965 from areas near Beaufort, NC, ranged
from 2.22 in 1965 in oysters to 55.6 pCi/100 g wet wt. in 1963 in scallops. No
CFs are computed.
Cs-86. (See Ref. Pu-61). Fallout concentration ratios of Cs to + Pu are
tabulated for a number of marine invertebrates collected from the vicinity of
Cape Cod, MA, during 1970. No CFs are computed.
B. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Reprocessing Facilities Discharges)
137
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs and/or
stable Cs in invertebrates from both the immediate vicinity and at distances
from Windscale releases.
Cs-87. (See Ref. Cs-56). Concentration factors for stable Cs are compared with values
for radiocesium in mollusks and crustaceans collected from the vicinity of
Windscale. In the soft parts of mollusks, the CF for stable Cs ranged from 22
to 28 and for radiocesium the value ranged from 9 to 72. In crustacean tissue,
the CF for stable cesium was between 22 and 26, and for radiocesium the value
of the CF was 29 to 30.
Cs-88. (See Ref. Cs-57). Concentration factors of Cs are shown in accompanying
tables for mollusks and crustaceans from the vicinity of the Windscale
discharge during 1965-1966. Cs levels in oyster flesh from the Blackwater
Estuary ranged from 0.17 pCi/g wet at the power station outfall to O.O'fl pCi/g
wet at 1/3 mile from the outfall. The year of collection is not provided.
2. Additional references to Cs concentrations in invertebrates from the
immediate vicinity and at distances from Windscale discharges.
Cs-89. (See Ref. Cs-59, Pu-45, Pu-81). Concentrations of 137Cs are reported in a
variety of shellfish collected between 1977 and 1980 from the Windscale
shoreline area, from other vicinities in the Irish Sea and from regions adjacent
to other nuclear facilities in England. Results are provided for crabs, winkles,
mussels, lobsters, limpets, shrimps, cockles, scallops, prawns, squid, queens and
nephops from the different regions sampled. No CFs are computed.
-------
Cs-90. (See Ref. Cs-62). This series of reports include monitoring data for Cs and
other radionuclides in different invertebrates collected from regions of the
British Isles and other nearby vicinities. No CFs are provided.
Cs-91. (See Ref. Pu-79). Cs concentrations are reported in the clam muscle
(13 pCi/g wet) and digestive gland (20 pCi/g wet) of Cancer pagurus and in the
total soft part of Mytilus edulis (7.5 pCi/g wet) collected from the Windscale
pipeline during 1977-1978. No CFs for 137Cs are computed.
Cs-92. Woodhead, D.S., "Levels of Radioactivity in the Marine Environment and the
Dose Commitment to Marine Organisms," Radioactive Contamination of the
Marine Environment (Proc. Symp., Seattle WA 1972) IAEA, Vienna (1973), 499.
Tables of data extracted from the literature show fallout levels of different
radionuclides including Cs in marine organisms. Reference is also made to
the levels of Cs detected in oysters collected in the Blackwater Estuary
during 1968.
3. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Cs in
invertebrates from the vicinity of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center,
Bombay, India.
Cs-93. (See Ref. Cs-64). The range in values for the concentration factor of Cs in
the flesh of different species of shell fish from Bombay Harbour is provided. In
bivalves, the CF for Cs was lowest in oyster (20-50). The value ranged from
^
500 to 10 in blood clam. For crustaceans, maximum values for the CF of
137Cs were found in the flesh of rock crab (100 to 10\
4. Additional references to Cs concentrations in invertebrates from the
vicinity of Bombay, India.
Cs-94. (See Ref. Cs-65). Concentrations of Cs are reported in crabs and prawns
collected between 1970 and 1974 from vicinities within Bombay Harbour.
Cs levels in the flesh of crabs ranged from 3 to 20 pCi/g wet weight during
this period, and concentrations in whole prawns ranged from 0.11 to 8 pCi/g
wet. No CFs are computed.
55
-------
Cs-95. (See Ref. Cs-66, Pu-48). Ratios of 13/Cs to 239+2^°Pu are tabulated for the
flesh and bone of Scylla serrata collected between 1970 and 1974 from
vicinities within Bombay Harbour. No CFs are provided.
Cs-96. Patel, B., Vaianju, P.G., Mulay, C.D., Balani, M.C., and Patel, S., "Radioecology
of Certain Molluscs in Indian Coastal Water," Radioactive Contamination of the
Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Seattle, 1972) IAEA, Vienna (1973), 307. The
concentrations of Cs in various tissues of Aplysia benedicti (sea hare)
collected in January 1972 from Tarapur waters are tabulated. Results are
expressed as pCi/g in freeze-dried tissue. Highest concentrations of Cs
were associated with the stomach and intestine (66.5 pCi/g). Cs was not
detected in the shell. CFs are not provided.
Cs-97. Bhat, I.S., Patel, S., Patel, B., and Kamatk, P.R., "Cycling of Radionuclides and
Impact of Operational Releases in the Near-Shore Ecosystem off the West
Coast of India", Impacts of Radionuclide Releases into the Marine Environment
(Proc. Symp. Vienna 1980) IAEA, Vienna (1981), 431. Marine organisms used as
seafood (prawns, crabs, oysters, clams, lobsters, onchedium and nerita species)
were collected from the Tarapur, India, coastal environment between 1975 and
1979 and analyzed for Cs, Sr, and Co. Figures showing the annual
maximum and the average radionuclide content in these coastal seafoods are
provided. The authors state that Cs and Sr at fallout levels were deted
in coastal organisms beyond 10 km of the TAPS site. No CFs are reported.
-------
Table
-------
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Sites)
90
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr and/or
stable strontium.
Sr-1. Ueda, T., Suzuki, Y., and Nakamura, R., "Accumulation of Sr in Marine
Organisms—I. Strontium and Calcium Contents, CF and OR Values in Marine
Organisms," Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish. 39, 1253(1973). The amounts of Sr and
Ca in different marine organisms were determined by atomic absorption
spectroscopy (AAS) and the concentration factor (CF: Sr organism/Sr seawater)
and observed ratio (OR: (Sr/Ca) organism/(Sr/Ca) seawater) were calculated.
Stable strontium in fish bone ranged from 78 to 293 mg/kg raw weight. The CF
of stable strontium in fish bone ranged from 10 to 37 and averaged 26 +_ 7. The
concentration factor for stable Sr in fish flesh ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 and
averaged 0.3. The authors state that there was no difference in the CF
between warm current species and cold current ones or between migratory and
nonmigratory species. The reported CF values for the stable element are not
included in the tables in this report.
Sr-2. Ueda, T., Suzuki, Y., and Nakamura, R., "Accumulation of Sr in Marine
90
Organisms—II. The Level of Sr in Marine Organisms from the Coastal Sea of
Japan," Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish. *1, 691 (1975). During the period 1963-1971,
90
fallout Sr was determined in different fish (whole body and bone) and mollusk
shells collected from the coastal waters of 3apan. All results are expressed in
90
terms of a strontium unit: SU = Sr pCi per gram of calcium. These values
ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 in the bone of fish and from 0.1 to 0.3 in the whole body
samples analyzed. In Mollusca shells the range in the SU value was between 0.1
to 0.4. CFs are compiled for bone and whole body of fish and for mollusk
shells. For fish bone the CF ranged from 35-62, and for whole fish the range
was between 22 and 24. The values are stated to be in agreement with stable
strontium concentration factors.
58
-------
90
Sr-3. (See Refs. Cs-7, Cs-67, Pu-3, Pu-50). The average and range of Sr
concentrations are reported for whole Shirasu (young of anchovy) and the flesh
of adult fish obtained between 1971 and 1975 from the coastal ocean offshore
Tokai, Japan. The average concentration in Shirasu was 0.93 pCi/kg wet wt.
and ranged between 0.17 and 2.70 pCi/kg. In adult fish the mean concentration
90
was 0.86 and ranged from 0.26 to 1.86 pCi/kg. The Sr CF for Shirasu was 3./4
and for adult fish the computed value was 3.2.
90
2. Some additional references to fallout levels of Sr in Pacific fish; no reported
CFs.
90
Sr-^. (See Ref. Cs-9). The levels of fallout Sr were measured in the bone of
several species of mesopeiagic and coastal fishes caught in the western Pacific
90
during 1979. The average concentration of Sr in the bone of mesopeiagic fish
(1.4 + 0.6 pCi/kg wet) is, according to the authors, slightly lower than the mean
concentration (1.7 +_ 1.6 pCi/kg) in bone of coastal fish.
90
Sr-5. (See Ref. Cs-18). This report contains Sr concentrations measured in fish
tissue samples collected from regions of the Pacific contaminated with local
fallout from the Pacific Proving Grounds, and also in the bone of fish
contaminated by global fallout. The liver of a big-eyed tuna, caught 80 miles
90
from Bikini Atoll during October 1956, contained 20 pCi/g of Sr. Soon after
the 1962 test series, 19 tuna collected from the mid Pacific were found to
-3 90
contain from 0.3 to 1.3 x 10 pCi/g of Sr. Marine species from the sea of
90
Japan collected between 1963 and 1966 contained from 0.5-0.7 pCi of Sr/g of
stable Ca in the bone. No CFs are reported.
Sr-6. Kawabata, T., "Radio-nuclides in Tissues and Organs of the Pacific Tuna,"
Radio-active Contamination of Marine Products in Japan, U.S. Gov. Doc.
90
Np-8862 (1960), 3. Sr was measured in fish bones (vertebrae of yellowfin and
big-eye tuna) collected at the Tokyo fish market in 1958. Concentration of
n r\
Sr expressed as pCi/g Ca ranged from 0.09 to 0.26. No CFs are computed.
Sr-7. Hiyama, Y., Shimizu, M. Matsubara, J., Asari, T., Ariki, T., and Ichikawa, R.,
90
" Sr in Marine Organisms in Japan," Radio-active Contamination of Marine
90
Products in Japan, U.S. Gov. Doc. Np-8862 (1960), 9. Sr was determined in
bones of different fish collected from the fish market in Tokyo between 1956
59
-------
90
and 1958. During this period, Sr levels in bones of surface-feeding fish
decreased while levels in bottom dwellers increased. Concentrations are
90 90
expressed as both Sr pCi/g of Ca, with a range from 0.07 to 0.56, and Sr
pCi/7 mg of Sr with a range of 0.22 to 8.4. No CFs are computed.
Sr-8. Weichold, B., Ed., Bioenvironmental Features of the Ogatoruk Creek Area,
Cape Thomspon, Alaska, A Second Summary, Committee on Environmental
Studies for Project Chariot, USAEC Div. of Tech. Info. Rept. TID-17226 (1962)
90
183 pp. Samples of marine life were collected for Sr analysis during 1961 in
the Chukchi Sea near the Chariot site, including seal, whale, walrus, salmon,
90
whitefish, and char. In the muscle of fish the Sr concentrations ranged from
3.5 to 7.0 pCi/kg while in the walrus, seal, and whale the range was only
90
between 0.22 and 0.91 pCi/kg. In whitefish and char, Sr levels in liver
exceeded those in bone while in the salmon, bone concentration was higher.
Another table in the report provides concentrations expressed as pCi/g of wet
tissue. The concentration in fish muscle ranged from 0.0028 to 0.0068; in bone
from 0.0082 to 0.14; and in liver from 0.027 to 0.20. No CFs are computed.
Sr-9. (See Refs. Cs-17, Cs-71, Pu-6, Pu-52). Selected organisms collected near the
90
Farallon Islands waste disposal site were analyzed for Sr. Concentrations in
fish muscle ranged from non-detectable levels to 0.096 ± 0.025 pCi/g dry in
sablefish muscle. No CFs are reported.
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Locations Possibly Affected by Local Fallout from the
Pacific Nuclear Test Series
90
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr.
No reported values.
90
2. Additional references to Sr concentrations in fish from Pacific Atolls.
9f)
Sr-10. (See Refs. Cs-29, Pu-18). Sr concentrations in a variety of dissected parts
from different species of fish collected during a 1978 survey of Rongelap,
Utirik, Taka, Bikar, Rongerik, Alinginae, Likiep, Jemo, Ailuk, Mejit, Wotho, and
Ujeiang are shown. All concentration data are expressed as pCi/kg wet wt. and
60
-------
90
dry/wet weight ratios are provided for conversion purposes. The average Sr
concentration in the flesh of fish from all the atolls is: surgeonfish,
0.8 + 0.6 pCi/kg wet; mullet, 0.5 + 0.3; goatfish, 0.5 + 0.6; parrot fish,
0.5 + 0.4; other reef fish, 0.3 + 0.2; all pelagic lagoon fish, 0.3 + 0.2 pCi/kg.
No CFs were computed.
90
Sr-11. (See Ref. Cs-23). Sr was determined in a variety of eviscerated whole reef
fish collected from the islands of Nam and Bikini, Bikini Atoll, during 1969.
The authors note that the smaller, and presumably younger, reef fish of a
90
species contain less Sr than the larger fish of the same species. Presumably,
90
the Sr is being accumulated throughout the life of the fish and a steady state
90
has not been reached. The average value in pCi/g wet for Sr in reef fish was
0.08. No CFs are reported.
90
Sr-12. (See Refs. Cs-25, Cs-74). Sr levels are reported for five samples of
eviscerated whole fish collected at Bikini during May 1972. The authors state
90
that the Sr levels in fish remained similar to levels present in 1969.
90
Sr-13. (See Refs. Cs-27, Cs-75, Pu-16). Sr concentrations are reported in a variety
of fish collected from Rongelap, Utirik, and Rongerik Atolls in 1974 and from
Bikini Atoll in 1974 and 1975. Most fish tissues contained less than 1 pCi/g dry
90
weight. The highest value for Sr (2.6 pCi/g) was measured in the viscera of
mullet from Nam Island, Bikini Atoll. No CFs are provided.
90
Sr-14. (See Refs. Cs-28, Pu-17). Sr was reported above detection limits only in an
eviscerated convict surgeonfish (0.05 + 0.02 pCi/g dry) from Ponape collected
90
in 1975. The Sr content in 14 other fish tissue samples analyzed was below
detection limits.
Sr-15. (See Refs. Cs-32, Pu-12, Pu-57). This is a summary and discussion of the results
from a radiological survey of Enewetak Atoll conducted in 1972-1973.
90
Concentrations of Sr are reported in tissue and organs from a variety of reef
and lagoon pelagic species. Most values in fish from the southeast quadrant of
the lagoon were less than 0.1 pCi/g dry. Among the pelagic lagoon species,
90
Sr was highest in the muscle of the barracuda (0.05 +• 0.01 pCi/g dry)
collected near Mike Crater.
61
-------
Q r\
Sr-16. (See Ref. Cs-33, Cs-76). Concentrations of Sr are reported in samples of
three fish collected at Christmas and Maiden Islands during 1962. The highest
concentration was determined in an entire goby (171 +_ 142 pCi/g wet) from
Christmas Island. No CFs are computed.
Sr-17. (See Refs. Cs-36, Cs-77, Pu-10, Pu-56). Only three positive determinations of
Sr in the bones of surgeonfish were recorded from an extensive number of
analyses on fish collected between June 1956 and June 1957 from islands in the
western Pacific. The average concentration in the bone was approximately
0.6 x 10~6 yCi/g.
90
Sr-18. (See Ref. Cs-38). Sr was determined in the muscle of wahoo and yellowfin
tuna collected in the vicinity of Christmas Island during 1962. The average
concentration in the muscle was 0.038 pCi/g wet. Tuna liver contained
0.053 pCi/g wet. No CFs are computed.
90
Sr-19. (See Refs. Cs-39, Cs-79, Pu-11). Concentrations of Sr in the muscle of fish
collected during 1964 from Enewetak Atoll averaged 0.77 pCi/g dry. No CFs
are computed.
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
90
1. Reference containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr and/or stable
strontium.
Sr-20. Cigna, A.A., Ferraris, M.M., Giorcelli, F.G., and Papucci, C.L., "Some
Measurements of Fallout Contamination in the Mediterranean Sea," The
Proceedings of a Symp. on Nuclear Detonations and Marine Radioactivity,
Small, S,H., Ed., Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller (1963),
95. Samples of Mytiius galloprovincialis collected in March and April 1962
90
contained 15 pCi/kg wet weight of Sr in the soft parts. The concentration of
90
Sr measured in the whole body of Sardina pilcardus was 8 pCi/kg wet and the
CF was reported as 9.7 +_ 0.6.
62
-------
Sr-2i. Mauchline, J., and Templeton, W.L., "Strontium, Calcium, and Barium in
Marine Organisms from the Irish Sea", J. Cons. Perm. In't. Explor. \\er._ 30, 161
(1966). Stable strontium was determined in ^5 species of invertebrates and 6
species of fish from the Irish Sea. Concentration factors for Sr of less than 1.0
were found in the muscle of fish while in bone the values ranged from 30 to 50.
90
Sr-22. (See Refs. Cs-^4, Cs-S4). Sr was determined in different nektonic and
benthic organisms caught in the northeast Atlantic during 1979-1980.
Concentrations (pCi/kg dry wt.) in nektonic organisms ranged from 1.2 to ^0; in
9 0
benthic organisms the range was from 0.8 to 310 pCi/kg. Highest levels of Sr
were found in benthic organisms from the area of the original NEA dumpsite at
90
3200 m. The content of Sr in sea anemones from this site was at least one
order of magnitude higher than the level detected in 1966 from this area or in
samples from the 1979/1980 study area B (present dumping site) or area C
(control site). No CFs are reported for the invertebrates but the authors
90
compute a value of 30 for the CF of Sr in the flesh of a rat-tail fish from the
region.
2. Some additional references to fallout concentrations accumulated by Atlantic
fish; no reported CFs.
90
Sr-23. (See Ref. Cs-47). Measured values for Sr expressed as pCi/g Ca are shown
for fish collected from the N. Atlantic, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, North Sea,
90
and Baltic Sea during 1961 and 1962. The concentrations of fallout Sr in fish
from the North and Baltic Sea were larger than levels in fish from the N.
Atlantic. CFs are not computed.
Sr-2^. (See Ref. Cs-48). From an analysis of cod caught in the Baltic Sea the author
90
provides the fallout Sr distribution as 67% in bone, 10% in stomach and
intestines, 9% in skin, 7% in gills, 1% in gonad and 6% in remaining tissue.
Sr-25. Berge, G., "Radioactivity in Fish from the Barents Sea," The Proc. of a Seminar
on Nuclear Detonations and Marine Radioactivity, Small, S.H., Ed., Norwegian
Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller (1963), 127. Radiochemical analysis
90
revealed very low levels of Sr in fish from the Barents Sea collected during
the summer of 1962, during the period of maximum radioactive contamination.
63
-------
90
The following concentrations of Sr in strontium units were determined: cod,
0.3 + 0.3 SU; haddock, 1.2 +_ 0.6 SU; and spotted catfish, 0.3 + 0.3 SU. No CFs
were computed.
B. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Reprocessing Facilities Discharges)
90
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr and/or
stable Sr in fish from both the immediate vicinity and at distances from the
Windscale releases.
Sr-26. (See Refs. Cs-56, Cs-87). Concentration factors for stable Sr are compared
with values for Sr from environmental measurements made near Windscale.
Values are provided for mollusk, crustaceans, and some fish.
90
Sr-27. (See Refs. Cs-57; Cs-88). Concentrations of Sr in the flesh of plaice
(0.006 pCi/g wet) and skate (0.006 pCi/g wet) collected in the vicinity of
90
Windscale during 1965 are shown. CFs for Sr are computed for mollusk:
plaice, and skate from Windscale data collected during 1965-1966.
90
Sr-28. (See Ref. Cs-60). Sr concentrations in tissues of rays from the area at the
end of the Windscale pipeline are shown for samples collected during July and
90
August 1961. Highest Sr levels were associated with the liver, followed by (in
order of decreasing values) skin, cartilage, stomach contents, stomach, and
90
flesh. Values are reported as pCi/g wet weight. CFs for Sr in the flesh,
cartilage, and stomach were 0.5, 16.4 and 11.6, respectively.
90
2. Additional references to Sr concentrations in fish from both the immediate
vicinity and at distances from Windscale releases.
90
Sr-29. (See Ref. Cs-63). Figures are provided showing the change in Sr
concentration in muscle of Pleuronectes platessa as a function of distance from
the Windscale discharge during 1964. No CFs are computed.
Sr-30. Howells, H., "Discharges of Low-Activity, Radioactive Effluent from the
Windscale Works into the Irish Sea," Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into Sea,
Oceans and Surface Waters (Proc. Symp. Vienna 1966), IAEA, Vienna (1966),
769. The author provides tables of monitoring results, showing the average
64
-------
90
concentration of Sr in fish collected at Wmdscale between 1959 and 1965.
Concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 pCi/g during this period. No CFs are
provided.
90
3. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr in fish from
the vinicity of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, India.
No reported values.
90
4. Additional references to Sr concentrations in fish from the vicinity of
Bombay, India.
90
Sr-31. (See Refs. Cs-65, Cs-94, Pu-47). Some Sr concentrations (pCi/g wet) are
tabulated for crab, mackerel, catfish, area, sardine, and prawn from vicinities
within Bombay Harbor, India. Highest concentrations were found in the bones
of fish and shells of invertebrates. No CFs are computed.
65
-------
90
Table 5. Reported concentration factors for Sr in fishes from regions of the world oceans and adjacent seas.
Common and/or
scientific name Year
Pacific (Source— global fallout)
Mackerel 1965-66
Japanese horse mackerel 1963-66
Sand flounder 1963-66
hlack porgy 1965-66
Japanese horse mackerel 1970
Sand flounder 1967-69
^hirasu (young anchovy) t 1971-75
Rounder 1971-75
Atlantic - Mediterranean (Source— global
Sardina pilcardus 1962
Rat-tail fish 1979
Location
Coastal Sea of Japan
Coastal Sea of Japan
Coastal Sea of Japan
Coastal Sea of Japan
Coastal Sea of Japan
Coastal Sea of Japan
Tokai, Japan
Tokai, Japan
fallout, waste sites)
Mediterranean
NE Atlantic dump site
Total
animal Muscle Cartilage Bone Ref.
62 Sr-2
39 Sr-2
35 Sr-2
51 Sr-2
22 Sr-2
2i» Sr-2
3.14 Sr-3
3.2 Sr-3
9.8 Sr-20
30 Sr-22
Atlantic (Source — reprocessing \vastes, global fallout)
Raja clavata 1961
Raja batis
-------
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
90
i. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr.
Sr-32. (See Ref. Sr-1). The amounts of stable Sr and Ca in exoskeleton of Crustacea,
in moliusca shells and in echinodermata and coelenterata were determined by
AAS. Concentration factors (Sr organism/Sr seawater) and observed ratios (OR:
(Sr/Ca) organism/ (Sr/Ca) seawater) were calculated. Stable Sr in exoskeleton
of Crustacea ranged from 140 to 1950 mg/kg raw weight and the average CF
was 100 ± 50. In Moliusca shells, stable Sr ranged from 17 to 1600 mg/kg raw
weight. The reported values for the CFs of stable strontium are not given in
the tables in this report.
Sr-33. (See Ref. Sr-2). During the period 1965-1970, fallout 90Sr was determined in
rnollusk shells collected from the coastal waters of Japan. All results are
90 -1
expressed in SU units ( Sr pCi (gCa) ). The range in the SU values was from
0.1 to 0.4. CFs are estimated to range from 40 to 205 in the molluscan shells.
Sr-34. (See Refs. Sr-3, Cs-7, Cs-67, Pu-3, Pu-50). The concentration range and means
90
for Sr are reported for shellfish, cephalopoda and Crustacea collected
between 1971 and 1975 from the coastal ocean offshore from Tokai, Japan. In
90
shellfish the range in Sr levels in flesh was between 0.57 and 3.4 pCi/kg wet
and averaged 1.4 pCi/kg; in cephalopoda flesh the average concentration was
0.44 pCi/kg and ranged from 0.17 to 1.0 pCi/kg; in whole Crustacea the mean
90Sr level was 7.6 pCi/kg and ranged from 2.9 to 12.8 pCi/kg. CFs for 90Sr are
shown in the tables.
90
2. Some additional references to Sr in Pacific invertebrates; no reported CFs.
Sr-35. (See Refs. Sr-9, Cs-17, Cs-71, Pu-6, Pu-52). Selected benthic organisms
90
collected near the Farallon Islands waste disposal site were analyzed for Sr.
Highest concentrations were found in brittle star (0.103 pCi/g dry) and lithodid
crab exoskeleton (0.083 ± 0.031 pCi/g dry).
67
-------
Sr-36. Nakai, Z., Fukai, R., Harumi, T., Hattori, S., Okobo, K., and Kidachi, T.,
"Radioactivity of Marine Organisms and Sediments in the Tokyo Bay and its
Southern Neighbourhood", Radio-active Contamination of Marine Products in
Japan, United States Government Document Np-8862 (1960) 18. A variety of
nektonic and benthic invertebrates were collected for radionuclide analysis
from regions of Tokyo Bay, Sagami Bay, and a region south of Boso Peninsula
90
between 1957 and 1959. In nektonic organisms, the concentrations of Sr,
expressed as pCi/g ash, ranged from 0.012 to 0.14 while in benthic organisms
the concentration ranged from 0.009 to 0.11. No CF are computed.
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Locations Possibly Affected by Local Fallout from the
Pacific Nuclear Test Series
90
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr.
No reported values.
90
2. Additional references to Sr concentrations in invertebrates from Pacific
Atolls.
Sr-37. (See Refs. Sr-19, Cs-39, Cs-79, Pu-11). Concentrations of 90Sr in the muscle of
sea invertebrates (unidentified) collected from Bikini Atoll in 1964 averaged
0.18 pCi/g dry weight. No CFs are reported.
Sr-38. (See Refs. Sr-17, Cs-36, Cs-77, Pu-10, Pu-56). Several samples of clam
collected from regions of the Pacific in 1957 contained detectable levels of
90
Sr ranging from 0.06 to 4.4 pCi/g.
n r\
Sr-39. (See Refs. Cs-37, Cs-78). Sr was determined in marine invertebrates
collected during 1964 from islands of Bikini Atoll. In Tridacna clam muscle the
concentration was 0.18 ± 0.12 pCi/g dry. In muscle of hermit crab the 90Sr
level ranged from 200 to 630 pCi/g. No CFs are reported.
Q n
Sr-40. (See Refs. Sr-13, Cs-27, Cs-75, Pu-16). Sr measurements were attempted for
various tissues from Tridacna clams from Utirik, Rongelap and Bikini in 1974
90
and 1975. Sr was above detection limits only in the kidney of a clam from
Bikini (0.10 ± 0.06 pCi/g dry) and in the mantle tissue of a sample from Utirik
(0.91 ± 0.12 pCi/gdry).
68
-------
90
Sr-41. (See Ref. Cs-80). Sr concentrations are shown for muscle and mantle of giant
clams collected during a 1978 survey of several Northern Marshall Atolls.
Concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 10 pCi/kg wet wt.
Sr-^2. (See Refs. Sr-15, Cs-32, Pu-12, Pu-57). This is a summary and discussion of the
results from a radiological survey of Enewetak Atoll conducted in 1972 and
90
1973. Sr was determined in tissues of Tridacna clams, spiny lobster, pencil
urchins and top snails collected from different islands of the atolls.
Concentrations in clams ranged from non-detectable levels to 1.9 pCi/g dry in
the viscera. Lobster muscle contained less than 0.02 pCi/g dry.
Strontium-90 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal Sites)
90
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr.
No reported values.
2. Some additional references to concentrations accumulated by Atlantic
invertebrates.
Sr-43. (See Refs. Cs-86, Pu-61). Fallout concentration ratios of 9°Sr to 239+2^0pu are
tabulated for a number of marine invertebrates collected from the vicinity of
Cape Cod, MA, during 1970. The range in the concentration ratio was from 0.8
to 12.6 in the invertebrates collected. No CFs are reported.
90
5r-^. (See Refs. Sr-22, Cs-4^, Cs-S't). Sr was determined in different nektonic and
benthic organisms caught in the northeast Atlantic during 1979-1980.
Concentrations (pCi/kg dry wt.) in nektonic organisms ranged from 1.2 to ^0; in
90
benthic organisms the range was from 0.8 to 310 pCi/kg. Highest levels of Sr
were found in benthic organisms from the area of the original NBA dumpsite at
90
5200 m. The content of Sr in sea anemones from this site was at least one
order of magnitude higher than the level detected in 1966 from this area or in
samples from the 1979-1980 study area B (present dumping site) or area C
(control site). No CFs are reported for the invertebrates.
69
-------
Sr-45. (See Ref. Sr-20). Samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in March and
April 1962 froi
the soft parts.
90
April 1962 from the Mediterranean contained 15 pCi/kg wet weight of Sr in
Sr-46. Templeton, W.L. , "Transfer of Radionuclides from the Environment through
Aquatic Food Products to Man", Agricultural and Public Health Aspects of
Radioactive Contamination in Normal and Emergency Situations (Proc. Sem.
Dec. 11-15, 1961, Scheveningin, The Netherlands) FAO, Rome, 43. A
90
comparison is provided between estimated Sr activity in lobster derived from
90
stable element estimations and the actual Sr levels due to fallout from
weapons tests. The estimated accumulation factor was 1 for flesh; 180 for shell
and 33 for the remainder of the organisr
well with the measured concentrations.
90
and 33 for the remainder of the organism. The estimated levels of Sr agreed
B. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Reprocessing Facilities Discharges)
90
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr from the
immediate vicinity and at distances from the Windscale releases.
Q r\
Sr-47. (See Refs. Sr-27, Cs-57, Cs-88). Concentration factors for Sr determined in
mussels, winkles and limpets collected from the vicinity of Windscale during
1965-1966. These values are shown in the companion tables.
Sr-48. (See Refs. Sr-26, Cs-56, Cs-87). Concentration factors for stable Sr are
compared with radiostrontium in mollusks collected from the vicinity of
90
Windscale. In the soft parts of mytilus edulis the Sr CF is 8 while the value
for stable Sr is 10. Values are shown in the companion table.
90
2, Additional references to Sr concentrations from both the immediate vicinity
and at distances from Windscale releases.
90
Sr-49. (See Ref. Sr-29; Cs-63). Levels of Sr in the soft tissue and shell of mytillus
edulis collected from several locations near the Windscale pipeline during 1964
ranged from 0.07 to 1.1 and 2.3 to 6.6 pCi/g wet, respectively. No CFs were
computed.
70
-------
90
3. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Sr in
invertebrates from the vicinity of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center,
Bombay, India.
No reported values.
90
4. Additional references to Sr concentrations.
90
Sr-50. (See Refs. Sr-31, Cs-65, Cs-94, Pu-47). Concentrations of Sr are reported in
crabs and prawns collected between 1970 and 1974 from vicinities within
90
Bombay Harbour. The Sr level in the flesh of crabs collected during 1970 was
9.6 pCi/g wet and the concentration in prawn flesh collected during 1973 was
0.0067 pCi/g wet. No CFs are computed.
90
Sr-51. (See Ref. Cs-97). Figures show the annual maximum and average Sr content
in coastal organisms collected between 1975-1979 from the environment near
90
Tarapur. Sr was detected at fallout levels in these organisms beyond 10 km
of the TAPS site, according to the authors. The average concentration during
this period ranged from 0.2 to 0.1 Bq/kg soft tissue.
71
-------
90
Table 6. Reported concentration factors for Sr in invertebrates from regions of the world
oceans and adjacent seas.
Common and/or
scientific name
Year
Location
Whole Soft
animal tissue
Shell
Flesh Ref.
MOLLUSCA
Cephalopoda
Octopus - Squid
Gastropoda
Littorina littorea
Littorina littorea
Limpits
Peiecypoda
Mytilus edulis
Mussel
Short-neck clam
Oyster
Abalone
Clam
Mussel
Shell fish
ARTHROPODA
Crustacea
Shrimp
1971-75 Tokai, Japan
<1966
1965-66
1965-66
<1966
1965-66
1965-67
1965-67
1965-67
1965-67
1965-67
1971-75
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Windscale area
Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
Sea of Japan
Tokai, Japan
5 - 17
17
15
II*
8*
111
102
71
1971-75 Tokai, Japan
28
1.6 Sr-34
Sr-48
Sr-47
Sr-47
Sr-48
Sr-47
Sr-33
Sr-33
Sr-33
Sr-33
Sr-33
5.1 Sr-3*
Sr-34
72
-------
Cobalt-60 Concentrations in Marine Fish from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co.
Co-1. (See Ref. Cs-1). Concentrations of Co were determined in muscle tissue,
liver and roe of four different species of Pacific salmon collected from Alaskan
and Washington State coastal regions between July and September 1967.
Concentrations in muscle ranged from 1.2 to 6.7 dpm/kg wet. CFs are reported
using the total (soluble + particulate) concentration of Co in the water.
2. Some additional references to fallout levels in Pacific fish; no reported CFs.
Co-2. Folsom, T.F., Young, D.R., Hodge, V.F., and Grinsmore, R., "Variations of
54.. 6CU 657 110m. . _ „ _. ,. ,._,.,-
Mn, Co, Zn, Ag in Tunas," Radionuchdes in Ecosystems, (Proc.
Symp. Oak Ridge 1971) D. J. Nelson, Ed., United States Atomic Energy
Commission, Washington, D.C., Conf-710501-II (1973), 721. Concentrations of
Co were determined in the liver of albacore caught near San Diego, CA,
between 1964 and 1970, and in species from other oceanic regions. Between
1964 and 1970, Co levels in albacore liver from San Diego ranged from 40 to
280 pCi/kg wet. The liver of yellowfin tuna from 1968 collections near San
Diego contained from 20 to 40 pCi/kg wet. The concentrations of Co in tuna
liver collected in 1971 from the Marquesas Islands was from 6 to 15 pCi/kg wet;
from northwest Africa in 1970, 1.2 to 3.1 pCi/kg wet; from the Pacific off
Ecuador in 1971, 12 pCi/kg; and from the Hawaiian Islands in 1970,
25-68 pCi/kg wet. No accumulation factors are computed.
Co-3. (See Refs. Pu-4, Cs-15). Co was measured in liver of albacore collected off
San Diego, CA, during July and August between 1964 and 1971. Highest
concentrations (174 pCi/kg wet) were found in samples collected during 1965.
Concentrations fell off at a rate that gives an apparent half-residence time of
about 2.5 years. The authors state that Co has a shorter apparent half-time
of residence in the upper layers of the Pacific than do Mn, Zn, Ag,
110mAg, 137Cs and 239Pu. No CFs are computed.
73
-------
Co-1*. Folsom, T.R., and Young, D.R., "Silver-110m and Colbalt-60 in Oceanic and
Coastal Organisms," Nature 206, 803 (1965). Co was measured in tissues of
squid, mussels, barnacles and fish collected in 1964 from regions of the Pacific
ocean. Concentrations in squid liver ranged from non-detectable levels to 3800
pCi/kg wet in samples collected west of the California current. Concentrations
in byssal mussels and barnacles ranged from 10 to 40 pCi/kg wet. No CFs are
reported.
Co-5. Pearcy, W.G., and Vanderploeg, H.A. "Radioecology of Benthic Fishes Off
Oregon" Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp.
Seattle 1972), IAEA, Vienna (1973), 245. The authors note that Co was
detected in benthic fish from depths of 50-2800 m off the Oregon coast
between 1964 and 1971. No data are provided.
Co-6. (See Refs. Cs-6, Cs-72). Co, originating from waste discharged from the
Humboldt Bay, CA, nuclear reactor, was below detection limits (less than
6 pCi/kg wet) in English sole collected from the bay during 1972 and 1973.
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Locations Possibly Affected by Local Fallout from the
Pacific Nuclear Test Series
1. References containing field-derived CFs for Co.
No reported values.
2. Some additional references to Co concentrations in fish.
Co-7. (See Refs. Cs-23, Sr-11). Co was measured in a variety of whole, eviscerated
reef fish collected from islands of Bikini Atoll during 1969. Concentrations
ranged from 0.13 pCi/g wet in goatfish from Eneu to 9.0 pCi/g wet in goatfish
from Nam Island.
Co-8. (See Ref. Cs-24). During 1958, 57'58>60Co were determined in flying fish and
tuna from Enewetak Atoll. Co was expressed as the percent of total
radioactivity. In the white muscle of flying fish, 60Co was 10% of the total
activity while in tuna muscle its contribution was only 1-2% of the total
activity.
74
-------
Co-9. (See Refs. Cs-25, Cs-74, Sr-12). Co concentrations in the muscle, liver and
viscera of several species of fish collected from Bikini Atoll in May 1972 are
reported. Highest levels of Co were observed in the liver of dogtooth tuna
taken from the waters of Bravo Crater (181 pCi/g dry). Goatfish taken near
Nam Island exhibited similar levels in their viscera (170 pCi/g dry).
Co-10. (See Ref. Cs-26). Co concentrations were determined in samples of liver,
viscera and eviscerated whole fish collected during September 1976 from
Rongelap Atoll. Concentrations in these parts ranged from 0.07 to 0.78 pCi/g
dry.
Co-11. (See Refs. Cs-27, Pu-16, Cs-75, Sr-13, Sr-40). Concentrations of 6°Co are
reported in various sections of different fish obtained from Rongelap, Utirik,
Ailinginae and Rongerik Atolls in 1974 and from Bikini Atoll in December 197^
and April 1975. Levels in tissue of fish from Bikini (0.2 to 10 pCi/g dry) exceed
the levels in fish from other atolls (0.03 to 0.9 pCi/g dry).
Co-12. (See Refs. Pu-18, Cs-29, Sr-10). Co was above detection limits in some
dissected fish parts from different species collected during a 1978 survey at
atolls to the east of Enewetak-Bikini. Concentrations in the muscle tissue of
different fish from Rongelap Atoll ranged from non-detectable levels to 36
pCi/kg wet weight.
Co-13. (See Refs. Pu-19, Cs-30). This report discusses the presence of mCd in
marine organisms from Pacific Atolls but includes some concentrations of Co
in fish liver samples for comparative purposes. Concentrations in liver from
the different fish ranged from non-detectable levels to 95 pCi/g dry wt.
Co-14. (See Refs. Pu-20, Cs-31). As in reference Co-13, the discussion centers on
mCd concentrations but includes measurements of Co in selected fish
from Pacific atolls. Levels in muscle of fish from Enewetak ranged from 0.3 to
1.0 pCi/g dry.
Co-15. (See Refs. Pu-12, Pu-57, Cs-32, Sr-15, Sr-42). This is a summary and discussion
of the results from a radiological survey of Enewetak Atoll conducted in
1972-1973. Concentrations of Co are reported in tissue and organs from a
-------
variety of reef and lagoon pelagic species. Co was one of the dominant,
man-produced radionuclides in goatfish. Concentrations in near-shore fish
ranged fron non-detectable amounts to 400 pCi/g dry in viscera of butterfish.
Most 6°Co levels were less than 5 pCi/g dry. No Co was detected in fish
from the control station, Kwajalein Atoll.
Co-16. (See Ref. Cs-34). Co and Co were measured in the light muscle of tuna
collected between March and August 1962 from the vicinity of Christmas Island
following the nuclear test series Dominic. Concentrations of Co ranged from
0.02 - < 0.18 pCi/g wet and concentrations of Co in the muscle ranged from
0.01 to 0.04 pCi/g. The highest concentration detected was 0.23 pCi/g wet.
Co-17. (See Ref. Cs-35). Co was measured in different tissues of tuna landed at the
Tokyo fish market between May and October 1962. Levels ranged from 0.9
pCi/g wet in the intestinal contents to non-detectable levels in the spleen and
gonad. Concentrations in light and dark flesh ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 pCi/g
wet.
Co-18. (See Refs. Pu-10, Pu-56, Cs-36, Cs-77, Sr-17, Sr-38). Comparative
concentration ranges expressed as 10 yCi/g in tissues of fish collected
between June 1956 and June 1957 from islands in the western Pacific were 1.6
to 753 for 57Co, 0.2 to 19 for 58Co, and 0.16 to 31 for 60Co..
Co-19. (See Refs. Cs-37, Cs-78, Sr-39). Co concentrations are reported in fish
collected during a survey of Bikini and Enewetak in 1964. According to the
authors Co was the dominant radionuclide in fish tissues. Levels ranged from
2.9 to 56 pCi/g dry in entire fish from Bikini and from 5.9 to 46 pCi/g dry in
entire fish from Enewetak. Species and islands sampled are identified.
Co-20. (See Refs. Pu-8, Cs-39, Cs-79, Sr-19). Average 6°Co levels in whole fish from
Bikini and Enewetak Atolls during 1964 were 18 and 24 pCi/g dry, respectively.
Fish liver samples contained from 40 to 540 pCi/g dry wt.
Co-21. (See Ref. Cs-14). Yellowfin tuna caught at Bikini Atoll in September 1969
contained small but measureable amounts of Co in the dark muscle and liver.
The average value in dark muscle was 1.0 pCi/g dry with a range of 0.08 to 4.6
pCi/g; the average value in liver was 1.3, with a range of 0.21 to 5.0 pCi/g.
76
-------
Cobalt-60 in Marine Fish from Regions of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the
Mediterranean Sea
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co.
No reported values.
Co-22. See Ref. Pu-43 for a review of stable Co accumulation factors.
2. Some additional references to Co concentrations in Atlantic fish; no reported
CFs.
Co-23. (See Refs. Cs-44, Cs-84, Sr-22, Sr-44). A variety of marine samples were
collected during 1979 and 1980 from three regions of the NEA dumping site.
The authors report finding 6 to 28 pCi/kg dry wt. c
collected from the regions. No CFs are reported.
The authors report finding 6 to 28 pCi/kg dry wt. of Co in nektonic species
Co-24. (See Ref. Cs-49). Fallout levels of 57Co and60Cs were reported in the liver of
marlin caught off the west coast of Puerto Rico in 1964. Concentrations
ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 dpm/g wet weight. No CF are computed.
B. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source term—Reprocessing Facilities)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co in fish from
both the immediate vicinity and at distances from Windscale releases.
No reported values.
2. Additional references to Co concentrations in fish.
Co-25. (See Refs. Pu-45, Cs-59, Cs-89). Co was reported below detection limits in
fish collected between 1977-1980 from the vicinity of several coastal nuclear
power stations in the British Isles.
77
-------
Table 7. Reported concentration factors for 60Co in fishes from regions of the world
oceans and adjacent seas.
Common and/or
scientific name
Year
Location
Muscle Liver
Roe
Bone
Ref.
King Salmon
Chum Salmon
Sockeye Salmon
Silver Salmon
1967
1967
1967
1967
Alaskan waters
Alaskan waters
Alaskan waters
Alaskan waters
9400
10000
4200
5950
50000
32000
22000
40000
42000
60000
28000
25000
Co-1
Co-1
11000 Co-1
Co-1
Cobalt-60 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Pacific Ocean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal
Site)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co.
Co-26. Young, D.R., and Folsom. T.F. " Muscle and Barnacles as Indicators of the
Variations of Mn, Co and Zn in the Marine Environment" Radioactive
Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Seattle, 1972) IAEA,
Vienna (1973), 633. Co was measured in samples of the oceanic gooseneck
barnacle Lepas anatifera collected from the northeastern Pacific during 1964
and in Mytilus californianus, collected during 1963-1964 and 1971 from the
northeast Pacific coast. Co levels in Lepas collected from floating,
anchored, and drifting substrates in the Pacific during 1964 ranged from 17 to
160 pCi/kg wet. In Mytilus californianus, at intertidal stations in California and
Baja California, concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 3.5 pCi/kg wet. Enrichment
factors on the order of 600 or greater were obtained for Co in Mytilus and
1 000 in Pollicipes polymerus (intertidal gooseneck barnacle).
Co-27. Harrison, F.L., "Accumulation and Loss of Colbalt and Cesium by the Marine
Clam, Mya Arenuria, Under Laboratory and Field Conditions," Radioactive
Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc. Symp. Seattle 1972) IAEA,
Vienna (1973), 453. The accumulation of 60Co and 137Cs was followed for
1 74 days in clams introduced into a discharge canal receiving radioactive waste
from the Humboidt Bay, CA, boiling water reactor. Cs levels were too low
78
-------
for accurate determination. The concentrations of Co reached
100000-20000 pCi/kg in the peel and about 1000 pCi/kg in the body (peel
removed). The value of the concentration factor is approximately 500 for the
body with peel removed.
Co-2S. (See Ref. Cs-69). The CF determined for Co in soft parts of oysters
maintained in the discharge canal of the Humboldt Bay nuclear reactor was
6000. Concentrations varied with releases and tidal cycles. Between June 1971
and January 1973, concentrations in soft tissue ranged from 20 to 2000 pCi/kg.
2. Some additional references to Co concentrations in invertebrates.
Co-29. (See Ref. Cs-11). Co and Co concentrations are reported in sea hare
(Aplysia californica) caught locally from the region of the San Onofre nuclear
power station during 1970, 1971 and 1972. Concentrations of Co in the
58
mollusk ranged from 7 to 85 pCi/kg wet weight and Co levels were between
12 and 2260 pCi/kg during this period. No CFs were computed.
Co-30. (See Refs. Co-6, Cs-6, Cs-72). Co was below detection limits in monthly
collections of clams, oysters, and crabs for Humboldt Bay, CA, during
1972-1973.
B. Central Pacific Atolls and Locations Possibly Affected by Local Fallout from the
Pacific Nuclear Test Series
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co.
No reported values.
2. Additional references to Co concentrations in invertebrates from Pacific
atolls.
Co-31. (See Refs. Pu-11, Cs-39, Cs-79, Sr-19, Co-20). Average levels of 6°Co in sea
invertebrates collected during 1964 from Enewetak and Bikini were 170 and 100
pCi/g d
period.
pCi/g dry weight. Co was also detected in the samples analyzed during this
79
-------
Co-32o (See Refs. Co-19, Cs-37, Cs-78, Sr-39). Co57 and Co60 were detected in a
number of marine invertebrates collected during August 1964 from Enewetak
and Bikini Atolls. Kidneys of clams had concentrations of Co in excess of
1000 pCi/g. Concentrations in clams and sea cucumbers from Bikini were
higher than the levels in samples from Enewetak.
57 58
Co-33. (See Refs. Co-18, Pu-10, Pu-56, Cs-36, Cs-77, Sr-17, Sr-38). Co, Co and
^Co were detected in clams and invertebrates collected between June 1956
and June 1957 from islands in the western Pacific. Comparative concentration
ran
60,
ranges in units of 10 yc/g were as follows: Co, 1.6 to 753; Co, 0.2 to 19;
JCo, 0.16 to 37.
Co-34. (See Refs. Co-15, Pu-12, Pu-57, Cs-32, Sr-15, Sr-42). This is a summary and
discussion of the results from a radiological survey of Enewetak Atoll
conducted in 1972-1973. Co concentrations are reported in tissues of
Tridacana clams, spiny lobster, pencil urchins and top snails from different
islands of the atoll. Co was the most abundant radionuclide accumulated by
the Tridacna clam with highest concentrations noted in the kidney. Levels in
the kidney ranged from 280 to 2100 pCi/g dry wt., and levels were lower and
decreasing in viscera, mantle, and muscle tissues in that order.
Co-35. (See Refs. Co-10, Cs-26). Co was measured in tissues of Tridacna clams
collected during September 1976 at Rongelap Atoll. Kidneys contained from
7.6 to 16 pCi/g.
Co-36. (See Refs. Cs-25, Cs-74, Sr-12, Co-9). Co was measured in tissues of spiny
lobsters collected during May 1972 from Bikini and Eneu Islands, Bikini Atoll.
Concentrations in muscle tissue ranged from 0.05 to 0.23 pCi/g dry.
Co-37. (See Refs. Cs-80, Sr-41). Average Co concentrations are provided from the
muscle and mantle of giant clams collected during the 1978 survey of several
northern Marshall atolls. Concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 17 pCi/kg
wet wg; no CFs are reported.
Co-38. (See Refs. Co-38, Co-22). Co and Co were detected in spider snails, spiny
lobsters and Tridacna from Guam, and in Tridacna clams from Palau following
the Hardtack nuclear test series in 1958. The highest level of 57Co was found
in the kidney of Tridacna from Guam.
80
-------
Co-39. Weiss, H.V., and Shipman, W.H., "Biological Concentration by Killer Clams of
Colbalt-60 from Radioactive Fallout", Science 125, 695 (1957). First report on
Co in soft tissues of Tridacna clams following nuclear test in 1954. Samples
were obtained from Rongelap Atoll. Concentrations in total soft tissue were
2.1 to 7.1 x lO^dpm.
Co-40. (See Refs. Pu-16, Cs-27, Cs-75, Sr-13, Sr-40, Co-11). 6°Co levels are reported
in tissues of Tridacna clams collected during 1974 and 1975 from Bikini,
Rongelap and Utirik Atolls. Concentrations were highest in specimens from
Bikini. The concentration of Co in clam muscle was 5 pCi/g dry.
Cobalt-60 Concentrations in Marine Invertebrates from Regions of the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans and the Mediterranean
A. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source—Global Fallout, Reactor and Waste Disposal Sites)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co.
No reported values.
2. Some additional references to concentrations of Co accumulated by Atlantic
invertebrates.
Co-41. (See Refs. Co-23, Cs-44, Cs-84, Sr-22, Sr-24). The concentration of 60Co was
determined in a variety of benthic organisms including cuttlefish, Crustacea,
sea anemones, sea stars and sea cucumbers collected from the northeast
Atlantic during 1979 and 1980. Co concentrations in benthic organisms
ranged from 17 to 1 100 pCi/kg dry wt; no CFs were computed.
B. Coastal and Ocean Studies (Source Term—Reprocessing Facilities Discharges)
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co in
invertebrates from both the immediate vicinity and at distances from Windscale
releases.
No reported values.
-------
2. Additional references to Co concentrations in invertebrates from the
immediate vicinity and at distances from Windscale discharges.
Co-42. (See Refs. Co-25, Pu-45, Cs-59, Cs-89). Co levels are reported in several
invertebrates from the Windscale shoreline area and other areas of the Irish
Sea. Samples were collected between 1977 and 1980. Concentrations ranged
from 1.2 pCi/g in winkles from the Windscale shore line to 0.03 pCi/g at Clyde
during 1977.
Co-43. (See Refs. Cs-62, Cs-90). This series of reports includes yearly data for Co in
different invertebrates collected from regions of the British Isles and other
nearby vicinities during the period 1966-1976.
3. References containing field-derived concentration factors for Co in
invertebrates from the vicinity of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center,
Bombay, India.
No reported values.
b. Additional references to Co concentrations in invertebrates from the vicinity
of Bombay, India.
Co-44. (See Refs. Cs-97, Sr-51). Co was measured in sea food samples (prawns,
crabs, oysters, clams, lobsters, onchedium and nerita species) collected from
the Tarapur, India coastal environment between 1975 to 1979. Concentrations
ranged from 1 to 5 Bq/kg in soft tissue; no CFs are computed. No Co was
detected in coastal seafood organisms beyond 10 km of the TAPS site.
82
-------
Table 8. Reported concentration factors for Co in invertebrates from regions of the
world oceans.
Common and/or
scientific name Year Location
Soft
tissue Ref.
MOLLUSCA
Pelecypoda
.Vlytilus californianus
Clam, Mya arenaria
Oyster, Crassostrea gigas
ARTHROPODA
Crustacea
Barnacle
1963-64 Pacific coast, U.S.
1973 California coast
1971-73 Humboldt Bay, CA
1963-64 Pacific coast, U.S.
600
500
6000
1000
Co-26
Co-27
Co-28
Co-26
Concentrations of the Natural Radionuclides (Polonium to Uranium) in Marine Fish from
Regions of the World Oceans
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors.
Po-Ra-Th-U-1. Cherry, R.D., and Shannon, L.V., "The Alpha Radioactivity of Marine
Organisms", Atom. Energy Rev., 12, 1 (1974). This paper provides a
review of the literature prior to 1973 dealing with uranium, thorium,
radium and polonium isotopes accumulated by marine organisms.
Summary tables of typical concentrations and concentration factors are
provided. The later values are abstracted and shown in the tables
accompanying this section.
Po-2.
Folsom, T.R., Wong, K.M., and Hodge, V.F., "Some Extreme
Accumulations of Natural Polonium Radioactivity Observed in Certain
Oceanic Organisms", The Natural Radiation Environment II, J.A.S. Adams,
W.M. Lowder and T.F- Gesell (Eds.), Conf.-72085-P2. U.S. Energy
Research & Development Administration, Oak Ridge, Tenn., (1975)
210
863-882. Concentrations of Po were determined in organs and tissues
of lanternfish, sable fish, tuna, and albacore collected from California
coastal waters. Concentrations as high as 79000 pCi/kg were detected in
83
-------
certain lobes of large organs in albacore. Some of the reported
concentration factors are abstracted and shown in the tables accompaning
this section.
Po-3. (See Ref. Pu-7). Concentrations of Po are reported in sections of
different fish from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls. Concentration factors are
also computed and range from 10 to 10 for the tissues analyzed.
Po-Pb-4. Heyrand, M., and Cherry, R.D., "Polonium-210 and Lead-210 in Marine
Food Chains," Marine Biol. 52, 227 (1979). 210Po and 210Pb were
measured in several tissues and organs of tuna collected off Monaco.
Concentration factors were computed using water concentrations
provided in the report.
Po-Pb-5. Beasley, T.M., Eagle, R.J., and Jokela, T.A., "Polonium-210, Lead-210 and
Stable Lead in Marine Organisms." United States Atomic Energy
Commission, Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY, HASL-273,
(1973)2-36. An extensive array of Pb and Pb concentrations are
provided for tissues and organs from a variety of fish collected from the
North Pacific between 1969-1970. Variability between trophic levels can
be pronounced and organisms from within trophic levels show seasonal
changes in their Po concentration. Po concentrations are amplified
through successive food chains while Pb does not show this trend.
Concentration factors are computed using water concentrations reported
in this paper.
226
Ra-6. (See Refs. Cs-1, Co-1). Concentrations of Ra were determined in
tissues of different species of Pacific salmon collected from Alaskan and
Washington coastal regions between July and September 1967.
Concentrations in muscle ranged from 5 to 105 dpm/kg wet weight. CFs
are reported.
2. Some additional references; no reported concentration factors.
Po-7. Folsom, T.R., and Beasley, T.M., "Contributions from the Alpha Emitter,
Polonium-210, to the Natural Radiation Environment of the Marine
Organisms", Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment (Proc.
Syrnp. Seattle 1972) IAEA, Vienna, (1973), 625. 210Po was determined in
a variety of surface and deep sea marine organisms collected off the
-------
southern California and Oregon coasts between 1965-1968. Levels in
albacore muscle were 300 dpm/kg wet and in lanternfish concentrations
ranged from 460 to 7030 dpm/kg wet. Pb concentrations were also
measured in lanternfish collected from the north Pacific during
1950-1951. Concentrations ranged from 45 to 220 dpm/g wet.
Po-8. Pentreath, R.J., "Biological Studies" Interim Oceanographic Description
of the North-East Atlantic Site for the Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive
Waste, P. A. Gurbutt and R. R. Dickson, Eds., OCDE/OECD, Nuclear
Energy Agency Publication,(1983), 101. A number of fish caught near the
sea bed from areas off the north coast of the Atlantic were analyzed for
Po. Concentrations in muscle, liver, and gonad tissue showed no
consistent change with increasing depth. No CFs are reported.
Po-9. Cherry, R.D., and Heyraud, M., "Evidence of High Natural Radiation
Doses in Certain Mid-Water Oceanic Organisms", Science 218, 54 (1982).
2 I Q,
t>o concentrations are reported in several crustaceans and fish from
depths to 1500 m, and in a few deep benthic crustaceans. The data
indicate that certain categories of mid-water fish contain consistently
higher levels of Po than previously reported. These levels ranged from
3 to 74 pCi/dry g in Melamphaeidae.
Po-10. Hoffman, F.L., Hodge, V.F., and Folsom, T.R., "Polonium Radioactivity in
Certain Mid-Water Fish of the Eastern Temporal Pacific", Health Phys.
210
26, 65 (1974). Po activities of nine food organisms of tunas were
determined. The average concentration in the food organisms (2.1 pCi/g
wet) was essentially the same as the whole body concentration (1.5 pCi/g
wet) observed in albacore. They suggest that polonium comes to the fish
via its food and is concentrated in visceral parts during the digestive
process. No increase in concentration was noted as a function of trophic
level. No CFs were computed.
Po-11. (See Ref. Pu-43). This paper is a review of natural and man-made
radionuclides in fish abstracted from the literature prior to 1976. No CFs
are provided but a comprehensive discussion of the available data on
natural radionuclides in fish is provided.
85
-------
Po-12. Hoffman, F.L., Hodge, V.F., and Folsom, T.R., "21°Po Radioactivity in
Organs of Selected Tunas and Other Marine Fish", 3. Radiat. Res. 15, 103
(1974). 2i°Po was determined in organs of 10 oceanic fish from three
families. The highest activities were consistently found in the pyloric
caecal masses or intestinal contents of these fish. Muscle concentrations
ranged from 0.01 to 1.3 pCi/g wet.
Po-Pb-13.Schell, W.R., Jokela, T., and Eagle, R., "Natural 2IOPb and 2 °Po in a Marine
Environment" Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Envir. (Proc. Symp.
Seattle 1972) IAEA, Vienna (1973), 701. 210Pb and 210Po were measured in
several marine species collected during the period 1970-1971 from the
northeast Pacific. Concentrations of Po in herring and smelt ranged from
0.20 to 4.8 pCi/g wet and levels of Pb ranged from 0.007 to 0.17 dpm/g
wet. In Chinook salmon, Po levels were between 0.03 to 24.5 dpm/g wet; in
starry flounder the range was from 0.14 to 1.4 dpm/g wet; in hake the levels
ranged from 0.05 to 3.6 dpm/g wet; in sable fish levels were between 0.3 and
103 dpm/g wet; in whiting levels ranged from 0.5 to 2.9 dpm/g wet; in rat-tail
the levels were from 0.3 to 16.0 dpm/g wet.
Po-Pb-14. Higgo, J.J.W., and Cherry, R.D., "Plutonium and other Alpha Radioactive
Isotopes in Marine Organisms in the Southern Hemisphere", U.S. Dept. of
Energy, Environmental Measurements Laboratory, New York, NY, EML-342,
(1978), 1-23. Po and Pb concentrations are reported for the pyloric
caecum, liver, stomach contents and wall of tuna collected from the vicinity of
Cape Town in 1973. No CFs are reported.
Po-Pb-15. Beasley, T.M., Jokela, T.A., and Eagle, R.J., "Radionuclides and Selected Trace
Elements in Marine Protein Concentrates", Health Phys. 21, 815 (1971). 210Po
and Pb concentrations were determined in tissues of pelagic fish from
Oregon and California coastal areas in 1969. Concentrations of 0.07 to 0.74 and
0.2 to 5.7 dpm/g dry of Po and Pb, respectively, were also measured in
selected samples of fish protein concentrates from various locations.
86
-------
Po-Pb-Ra-16. Holtzman, R.B., "Concentrations of the Naturally Occurring
Radionuclides Ra, Pb and Po in Aquatic Fauna", Symp.
Radioecology, D.J. Nelson and F.C. Evans, Eds., United States Atomic
Energy Commission Washington, D.C., Conf. 670503 (1969), 535. The
concentrations of " Ra, Pb and Po were determined in hard and
soft tissue of marine fish, shellfish, seals and whales and in some dietary
components of whales. "" Ra concentrations were independent of the
species at about 5 pCi/lOOg bone ash and 0.2 pCi/100 g wet soft tissue.
Both " Po and Pb levels were greater than Ra. In bone from fish
and seal the 210Pb and 210Po were about 15 pCi/100 g ash. Fish muscle
contained about 0.2 pCi Pb/lOOg wet and about 10 times as much
210Po.
Po-U-17 Pentreath, R.J., Woodhead, D.S., Harvey, B.R., and Ibbett, R.D., "A
Preliminary Assessment of Some Naturally-Occurring Radionuclides in
Marine Organisms (Including Deep Sea Fish) and the Absorbed Dose
Resulting From Them", Marine Radioecology (Proc. 3rd NEA Sem., Tokyo
1979) OECD, Paris (1980), 291. Results of internal accumulation of
several natural radionuclides, and particularly of Po, are shown for a
number of coastal water, deep sea fish and a deep sea amphipod.
238
Concentrations of U in bone samples of European coastal and shallow
water fish ranged from 1.6 to 80 fCi/g. The mean levels of Po in
muscle, liver and bone of pelagic and demersal teleosts were 62 and
28 fCi/g; 2490 and 1670 fCi/g; and 45 and 87 fCi/g respectively.
Concentrations of Po in muscle of fish caught at depths of 500 to
1250 meter ranged from 5.5 to 61 fCi/g. Concentrations of Po in the
liver, bone, gonad and cartilage of these fish are also given.
738
Po-Th-U-18 (See Ref. Pu-42). Concentrations of U in bone of plaice
(x = 13.9 ngg" ), mackerel (x=135 ngg~ ) and cod (x - 8.6 ngg~ ) and
210 238
Po in the liver, muscle and bone from these fish are reported. U
was not detected in muscle tissue at concentrations greater than 1 ngg"
232
wet. Analyses for Th also resulted in negative results. It was not
present in concentrations greater than 5 ngg" wet in bone and not
greater than 0.5 ngg~ wet in muscle.
87
-------
Table 9. Reported concentration factors for several natural radionuclides (polonium to uranium) in fish from regions of the world oceans.
CO
00
Radionuclide Common and/or scientific name
2IOpo
2IOpb
226Ra
228Th
238,,
Not provided
Tuna, Thunnus alalunea
Lantern f ish,Tarletonbeania
crenularis
Skipjack tuna
Convict surgeon
Tuna, Thunnus thynnus
Pelagic fish (III Trophic level)
Pelagic fish (III-V Tropic level)
Demersal fish - Whiting
Demersal fish - Sablefish
Demersal fish - Flatfish
Demersal fish - Hake
Thunnus thynnus
Pelagic fish (III Trophic level)
Pelagic fish (III-V Trophic level)
Demersal fish - Whiting
Demersal fish - Sablefish
Demersal fish - Flatfish
Demersal fish - Hake
Not provided
Chum Salmon
Sliver Salmon
Not provided
Not provided
Year
Unk.
1972
1972
1972
1972
Unk.
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
Unk.
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
1969
Unk.
1967
1967
Unk.
Unk.
Location
_
Pacific
Pacific
Enewetak
Bikini Ato
Monaco
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Monaco
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
Pacific
N. Pacific
N. Pacific
-
-
Total animal Muscle Bone Liver
1.6 x 10* 2 x I03 4 x I03 3 x I03
5 x 103 3 x I05
2 x I05
Atoll 3.9 x 10*
II 4.1 x I03 8.6 x 10*
a3.2 x 103 al.l x 105
a3.6 x 103
a8.9 x 103
a2.8 x 10*
a4.2 x I03
a4.2 x I03
a2.8 x I03
a370
a420
a!50
a67
a420
a!50
a!50
83 50 330
750
210
1.3 x 103 600
6 x IT2
Ref.
Po-Ra-Th-U-l
Po-2
Po-2
Po-3
Po-3
Po-Pb-4
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-4
Po-Pb-5
' Po-Pb-'5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Pb-5
Po-Ra-Th-U-l
Ra-l
Ra-l
Po-Ra-Th-U-l
Po-Ra-Th-U-l
3 Computed from water concentrations provided in the respective reports.
-------
Concentrations of the Natural Radionuclides (Polonium to Uranium) in Marine
Invertebrates from Regions of the World Oceans
1. References containing field-derived concentration factors.
2 1 0
Po-19. (See Ref. Po-2). Concentrations of ^ Po are reported in a variety of
tissues from several marine invertebrates collected from California
coastal waters in 1972. CFs are reported.
Po-20. (See Ref. Pu-65). Concentrations of 232Th, 21°Pb and 21°Po were
determined in the branchial hearts, hepatopancreas, remainer, and in the
reconstituted Octopus vulgaris collected in the littoral zone off Monaco.
Concentrations in the hepatopancreas were highest at 5.85 xlO mBq/kg
wet. CF values are provided.
Po-21. (See Ref. Po-Pb-'j). Pb and Po concentrations were determined in
whole animal, muscle and hepatopancreas of crustaceans and of molluscan
cephalopods representative of a pelagic and benthic food chain. The
concentration factors from seawater to whole animals were
(±
approximately constant along both food chains, being of the order of 10
for 210Poand 102 for 210Pb.
Po-Pb-22 Cherry, R.D., Heyrand, M., and Higgo, J.J.W., "Polonium-210: its relative
enrichment in the hepatopancreas of Marine Invertebrates", Mar. Ecol.
Pro,
210
Prog. Series 13, 229 (1983). Typical concentration factors for Po and
Pb in the hepatopancreas from moilusks (gastropods, lamellibranchs
and cephalopods) and from crustaceans are 6x10 and 3x10 respectively.
2. Some additional references; no reported concentration factors.
Po-23. (See Ref. Po-7). Concentrations of Po were measured in several
invertebrates collected off the Oregon coast in 1968. Highest levels were
found in polychaete worms (1788 dpm/kg wet). Sea cucumbers from the
area contained 810 dpm/kg wet.
89
-------
21 0
Po-24. (See Ref. Po-9). Concentrations of Po are reported in mid-water
crustaceans collected at depths ranging to 1500 m from regions of the
Atlantic Ocean. Mid-water shrimp are significantly higher in Po than
are those from surface waters.
Po-25. Heyrand, M., Fowler, S.W., Beasley, T.M., and Cherry, R.D.,
"Polonium-210 in Euphausiids: A Detailed Study", Mar. Biol. 34, 127
(1976). This report is a detailed study of 210Po concentrations in the
210
euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica. The distribution of Po in the
animal was not homogeneous. The majority of the activity is
concentrated in the internal organs, the alimentary tract and the
hepatopancreas in particular.
Po-Ra-Th- (See Ref. Po-Ra-Th-U-1). Typical levels of the alpha emitting
U-26 radionuclides 228Th, 226Ra, 21°Po and 238Pu are summarized from the
literature published prior to 1973. Concentrations (pCi/kg wet) in marine
shells are: 238U-30; 228Th-l; 226Ra-50 and 21°Po-300. In mollusca soft
228 226
tissues the typical concentrations are reported as Th-10; Ra-20 and
210Po~500.
Po-Pb-27 Cherry, R.D., and Heyrund, M., "Polonium-210 Content of Marine Shrimp:
Variation with Biological and Environmental Factors", Marine Biology 65,
165 (1981). Concentrations of Po and Pb are reported in more than
30 species of marine shrimp collected between 1977 and 1980 from the
Mediterranean near Monaco, Kuwait, South Africa, USA and Great
Britian, The median concentration was 8.0 pCi/g dry wt. in the whole
shrimp and 85 pCi/g dry in the hepatopancreas; the corresponding
210Po:21'
reported.
Po: Pb activity ratios were 77 and 138, respectively. CFs are not
Po-Pb-28 (See Ref. Po-Pb-13). 21°Po and 210Pb concentrations were determined in
intertidal organisms collected during 1971 from the northeast Pacific.
Levels of Pb in barnacles ranged from 0.02 to 0.53 dpm/g wet and
Pb concentrations ranged from 05 to 0.13 dpm/g wet. Concentrations
of Po in oysters ranged from 0.3 to 4.4 dpm/g wet and 21°Pb levels
ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 dpm/g wet. No CFs are computed.
90
-------
Po-Pb-29 (See Ref Po-Pb-14). Concentrations of Po, Pb, Ra,
228, 230, 232Th and 234, 23^, were determined in a variety of
invertebrates collected from the vicinity of Cape Town. No distinct,
inter-element relationships emerged from these collateral determinations.
Po-Pb-30 Bennett, J. T., and Carpenter, R. "Concentrations and Temporal
Variations of Po, Pb, and Ai in the Surf Zone Ecosystem of Copalis
Beach, Washington", Estua. Coast. Mar. Sci.8, 127 (1979).
Po and Pb are reported in selected benthic organisms collected
between 1975-1976 from Copalis Beach, WA. Meio- and macro-benthic
infauna from the beach exhibited a wide range of Pb and Po
concentrations. Food chain magnification of these radionuclides by the
benthic was not observed. No CFs were computed.
Po-Pb-31 (See Ref. Po-Pb-5). Pb and Po concentrations are reported in a
variety of marine invertebrates collected from the northeast Pacific in
1969 and 1970. The data is too extensive to summarize briefly. The
authors conclude there is pronounced variability in concentrations among
trophic levels, and organisms from lower trophic levels show seasonal
changes in their Po concentrations.
Ra-32 (See Ref. Cs-44). The following mean concentrations were determined in
a variety of nektonic and benthic organisms collected from the northeast
Atlantic in 1979 (pCi/kg dry):
Nekton Benthic
226Ra 1400 1500
228Ac 170 200
23^mPa 6100 1000
2MTh 3600 1100
7 3X 210
Po-U-33 (See Ref. Pu-54). U levels in byssal threads and Po concentrations
in tissues and shells of mussels collected from coastal sites of the U.S. are
provided. Po concentrates in the soft tissue, with a small variation in the
ratio of lead in the shell to lead in the tissue were measured at 0.07 : 0.16.
91
-------
U-34 Hamilton, E.I., "Concentration and Distribution of Uranium in Mytilus
edulis and Associated Material", Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2, 61 (1980).
Concentration and distribution of uranium in the mussel Mytilus edulis are
described for sampling sites in the United Kingdom near and distant from
sources of nuclear effluents. With the exception of uranium associated
with food, and particulate material present in the digestive organ the
highest levels were found associated with byssal threads, the
periostracum, and the excretory organs. No CFs are reported.
92
-------
Table 10. Reported concentration factors for several natural radionuclides (polonium to uranium) in invertebrates.
LO
210Po
2IOpb
232Th
2IOPo
210pb
Common and/or
scientific name
MOLLUSCA
Cephalopoda
Loligo vulgaris
Octopus vulgaris
Eledone aldrovandii
Sepia officinalis
Octopus vul^aris
30 species of molluscans
and crustaceans
Loligo vulgaris
Octopus vulgaris
Eledone aldrovandii
Sepia officinalis
30 species of molluskas
and crustaceans
Octopus vulgaris
Pelecypoda
Red Abalone, Haliotis rufesceu
Clam, Tresus vittallii
ARTHROPODA
Crustacea
Meganyetiphanes norvegica
Serqestes articus
Sergestes sp.
Pasiphaea sivado
Lysmata seticaudata
Palaemone serratus
Carcinus maenas
Barnacle, Lepas pectinata
Meganyetiphanes norvegica
Serqestes articus
Serqestes sp.
Pasiphaea sivado
Lysmata seticaudata
Palaemone serratus
Carcinus maenas
Location
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Unknown
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Unknown
Mediterranean
Calif, coast
Calif, coast
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Calif, coast
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Mediterranean
Whole Soft
animal tissue
3 x 10*
0.9 x 10*
1 x 10*
3x 10*
2x 10*
3 x I02
5 x I02
>2 x I02
13 x I02
90
1 x I03
3 x 10*
0.8 x 10*
15 x 10*
15 x 10*
1 x 10*
7x 10*
5x10*
2x10*
2.2 x ID5
5 x I02
23 x I02
6 x I02
2 x I02
>8 x I02
>* x 102
U x 102
Hepato-
Shell pancreas Ref.
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
5 x I05 Po-20
6 x I05 Po-Pb-22
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
3 x I03 Po-Pb-22
400 Po-20
Po-19
1.8 x I05 Po-19
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
1 x 10* Po-19
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
Po-21
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO. 2
EPA 520/1-84-028
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Concentrations and Concentration Factors of Sever
Anthropogenic and Natural Radionuclides in Marine
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
7 AUTHOR(S)
j V. E. Noshkin
J9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
| Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Livermore, California 94550
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Radiation Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 N St. , S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
J15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5 REPORT DATE
al December 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
IAG No. AD 89-F00070
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
ANR-461
16. ABSTRACT
Literature is reviewed and summarized with regard to concentrations of several
anthropogenic and natural radionuclides in biological organisms from marine
environments. Reported concentration factors for these radionuclides in organisms
are tabulated for marine fish and invertebrates from water masses affected by
different source terms.
I
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT
a. DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTI
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19.SECU
Unc:
20. SECU
Unlimited Release .
Unc.
ANALYSIS
FIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
RITY CLASS (Tins Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
.assif ied
RITY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
.assif ied
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
*U.S. Government Printing Office 1986 -491-191/46109
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