United States EPA-600 /2-84-Q99
Environmental Protection
1984
&EPA Research and
Development
REVIEW OF
RECENT RESEARCH IN
INDOOR AIR QUALITY
Prepared for
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Prepared by
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EP600/2~84-G99
-------
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents SS2iar?lJ
reflect the v.ews and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commeraal products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Inform*
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. «cnmcai mtorma-
-------
EPA-600/2-84-099
May 1984
REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH
IN INDOOR AIR QUALITY
by
E. R. Kashdan
J. E. Sickles
M. B. Ranade
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Contract No. 68-02-3170
Work Assignment No. 100
EPA Project Officer:
David C. Sanchez
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
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ABSTRACT
This report presents a review of indoor air quality research in an
effort to define the state-of-the-art.
Several approaches were taken. Approximately 150 recent journal
articles, symposium presentations, and bibliographic reports were
reviewed and these are presented in an annotated bibliography arranged
by subject. In addition, roughly 30 prominent researchers in the field
of indoor air quality were contacted, and summaries of these contacts
are provided. Significant articles (prior to 1980) were also reviewed,
and these are listed in a separate bibliography which is not annotated.
Two tables summarize the information in the annotated bibliography and
contact summaries.
The report also provides a short discussion of the quality and
apparent deficiencies of the reviewed data base of articles, reports,
and books.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-3170
by Research Triangle Institute under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the period October 1,
1983 to January 31, 1984 and work was completed as of February 15, 1984.
-------
CONTENTS
Section Page
Abstract ii
List of Tables iii
List of Abbreviations iv
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 2
3.0 Results and Discussions 3
3.1 Overview: Summary Tables 3
4.0 Annotated Bibliography: Introduction 24
4.1 Outline of Annoted Bibliography 27
4.2 Annotated Bibliography 28
5.0 Additional Citations 106
6.0 Contact Summaries 115
LIST OF TABLES
Number page
3-1 Summary of Activities in Indoor Air Quality Research. . . 5
3-2 Summary of Special Capabilities for Indoor
Air Quality Research 19
111
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AEC
AGA
APCA
ASHRAE
BPA
CDC
CPSC
DOC
DOE
EPA
EPRI
FDA
GRI
HERL
IAQ
IITRI
JAPCA
LBERI
LBL
MAS
NBS
NCI
NHLBI
NIEHS
NIH
NIOSH
NYERDA
ORNL
OSHA
PAH
PCB
PHS
Atomic Energy Commission
American Gas Association
Air Pollution Control Association
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
Conditioning Engineers
Bonneville Power Authority
Center for Disease Control
Consumer Product Safety Commission
U.S. Department of Commerce
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Electric Power Research Institute
Federal Drug Administration
Gas Research Institute
Health Effects Research Laboratory (EPA)
Indoor Air Quality
Illinois Institute of Technology, Research Institute
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
Lovelace Biological and Environmental Research Institute
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
National Academy of Science
National Bureau of Standards (DOC)
National Cancer Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
National Institute of Health
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
New York Energy Research and Development Administration
Oak Ridge National Laboratories
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated biphenyls
U.S. Public Health Service
IV
-------
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
RTI Research Triangle Institute
SCBR Swedish Council for Building Research
SERI Solar Energy Research Institute
WHO World Health Organization
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Indoor air quality is recognized as a significant factor affecting
the well-being of the average American. In recent years, energy conserva-
tion practices such as weatherizing buildings and the greater use of
unvented combustion (heating) devices have apparently increased indoor
concentrations of hazardous air pollutants. Thus the identification and
evaluation of sources of indoor air pollution and their control has
increasingly received attention from numerous Federal and State agencies
concerned with health and environmental protection.
The objective of this report is to establish the state-of-the-art
in indoor air quality research. This was done by contacting prominent
researchers in the field, summarizing their efforts and capabilities,
and by reviewing published articles and reports. The report is intended
to assist the indoor air quality research community in assessing the
content and quality of its recent research efforts, to highlight mile-
stone indoor air quality studies or symposia and to identify research
facilities available to the user community. This information should
serve to enhance coordination of government and private research efforts.
Section 2.0, Conclusions and Recommendations, provides a short
discussion of the quality and apparent deficiencies of the reviewed data
base of articles, reports, and books. Section 3.0, Results and Discus-
sion, contains an overview of indoor air quality research efforts and
special capabilities. Section 4.0 presents an annotated bibliography
uniquely arranged by subject and Section 5.0 presents a list of unannotated
citations similarly arranged. Section 6.0 documents our telephone
contacts with researchers engaged in studies of indoor air quality.
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2.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Our review of current literature covering the period through December
1983 (Section 4.0) and the telephone survey of prominent investigators (Sec-
tion 6.0) indicates that more indoor air quality research has been directed
toward the characterization and measurement of a limited number indoor pollut-
ants. Within this area, many studies have sought to establish an average
concentration level of a pollutant or the relationship of indoor concentra-
tions to outdoor pollutant levels.
A small but significant body of research provides preliminary information
on source types and emissions. Emphasis has been directed toward the charac-
terization of sources of formaldehyde and home combustion sources. Control
and mitigation of indoor air quality problems has generally emphasized the use
of ventilation techniques.
Mathematical modeling of indoor air concentrations has been attempted and
the results indicate some success based on comparisons with pollutant monitor-
ing results.
Further study is needed to characterize emission rates from exclusively
indoor sources such as kerosene heaters. Further study of control options
other than ventilation--for example, source modification to reduce emission
rates or air purifying methods to reduce pollutant level s--should also be
pursued. The development of mathematical models should continue as they may
be a cost-effective mechanism for assessing the total health significance of
indoor air quality. These models should be expanded to consider a wider range
of pollutants as well as integrated with laboratory and field measurements of
input parameters. This development will only occur when expanded monitoring
data becomes available. This would provide a more complete characterization
of the indoor environment.
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3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Our attempt to define the state-of-the-art in indoor air pollution
research used two approaches: (1) a review of recent literature and,
(2) telephone contacts to prominent investigators. The literature
review covers several sources including searches of computer files, and
the citation lists in the NAS Indoor Pollutants document, in Indoor Ai r
Pol 1ution by Wadden and Scheff, and in review articles such as "Indoor
Air Pollution: A Public Health Perspective" by Spengler and Sexton,
(1983). Manual searches of several journals that frequently publish
indoor air quality research provided articles current through December,
1983. Primary emphasis was placed on peer-reviewed journal articles
rather than government reports or symposia presentations. Roughly 30
prominent investigating laboratories were contacted to assess the extent
of on-going research in indoor air quality. Specific inquiries as to
the nature of the work, the measurements performed, funding levels,
sponsor, and special facilities provided an up-to-date inventory.
In the Overview (Section 3.1), two tables summarize the information
gained from telephone contacts and our review of the most recent (post
1980) literature. The Annotated Bibliography (Section 4.0) reviews the
same recent literature and provides capsule summaries of the literature.
Under Additional Citations (Section 5.0), significant early literature
(prior to 1980) and a few recent articles for which there was insuffi-
cient time to annotate, are listed. Both these bibliographies are
arranged by subject.
3.1 Overview: Summary Tables
Table 3-1 is a summary of activities in indoor air quality research
providing the sponsor, investigating organization, description of the
subject area, broad classification of the work, and the pollutants
measured. Recent articles (1980-83) and telephone contact summaries
formed the basis of this table. The format of the table follows C.B.
Meyer et al. ' s Inventory o_f_ Current Indoor Ai r Qual i ty-Rel ated Research
(EPA-600/7-81-119). In general, this report is supplementary and updates
the Meyer et al. report.
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Table 3-2 summarizes the special capabilities of various organiza-
tions for conducting indoor air quality research. This table is also
based on recent articles and telephone contact summaries. Tables 3-1
and 3-2 are cross-referenced by using the "Inventory number" for each
Table 3-1 entry. In addition, each Table 3-2 entry is cross-referenced
to a "hard" reference, within either the Annotated Bibliography or the
Contact Summaries.
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JABkL 1-LJMA11J3F ACTIVITIES IN .INDQQK_AIB_QUALITY RESEARCH
Study Area
Pollutant
Inv.
No. Sponsor
1 DOE
2 DOE
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
Craig HolloweU, Robert
Miksch, LBL (B46)
Robert Miksch, Craig Hollo-
Subject
Sources of indoor organic
compounds
Trace organics in offices
Monitori ng
X
X
<0
c
u
Ul
C
Health Effect
Risk Assessme
c.
-C
u
£•
"o
t-
4J
C.
O
X
X X
1 (/) U)
O U
C U) C
O X Q) to
•o x o n a- o)
X X
X
OJ
o
U
re
.0
m
u
O)
1- C °
o o o
m
a
-M
3 DOE
4 DOE
5 DOE
6 DOE
7 DOE
8 DOE
9 DOE
10 DOE
11 DOE
well, and H. Schmidt, LBL
(B52)
K. Geisling, M. Tashima,
V. Girman, and R. Miksch,
LBL; S. Rappafort, U. of
California (Berkeley) (B44)
G. Traynor, D. Anthon, and
C. Hollowell, LBL (B81)
J. Girraan, M. Apte,
G. Traynor, J. Allen,
and C. Hollowell, LBL (B74)
G. Traynor, M. Apte, J.
Oillworth, C. Hollowell,
and E. Sterling, LBL (B82)
W. Nazaroff, M. BoegeT,
C. Hollowell, and
G. Roseme, LBL (B89)
I. Turiel, C. Hollowell, R.
Miksch, J. Rudy, and R.
Young, LBL; M. Coye, S. F.
F. General Hospital (B109)
C. Hollowell, J. Berk, M.
Boegel, R. Miksch, W.
Nazaroff, and G. Traynor,
• LBL (B97)
J. Offerman, C. Hollowell,
W. Nazaroff, G. Roseme,
LBL; J. Rizzuto, NY State
ERDA in Rochester, NY- (BIOS)
D. Grimsrud. LBL (Cl)
Passive formaldehyde
sampler, Na H503 soaked
glass filters
Technique for determining
gas range pollutants
Pollutant rates from combus-
tion and smoking
Effects of residential
ventilation on gas-range
emissions
Ventilation for radon
Reduced ventilation
effects in offices
Ventilation and indoor air
quality
Low ventilation and air
quality
Passive instrumentation for
formaldehyde, H20, CO,
and N02
X XXX X
X
XX XX X
X X
X XXX XX
X X X X X XX
X X X X X
X XXX
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
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TABLE 3-l_icontinuedl
CT>
Study Area
Inv.
No.
12
13
14
DOE
DOE,
Sponsor
EPRI and GRI
DOE/OHER and BPA
D.
D.
D.
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
Grimsrud, LBL (C2)
Grimsrud, LBL (C3)
Grimsrud, LBL (C4)
Subject
Building materials emissions
Numerical data base for IAQ
Radon and progeny: national
distribution
ori ng
umentation
+j t-
•r- -P
C (ft
O C
X X
X
§!
O C
4-1 r- 0
l/l C O T"
4-» 01 C +J
u E -c ro
(D LTJ U N
•*- Ul 0) -r-
1- t_ rt)
ro ui C (0
0) -r- O -C
x ce o o
X
X
Pollutant
o
E
O U 0
-P -i- U
o x. (u m ro
(oooo wt/i i- o
X
X
P
c
ra
+•>
D
'fO r^
u o
•r- a.
en i
ai o -i-
U C i— +J
O O 0 i—
•a N -i- D
o o QQ s:
X
X
15 DOE/HEAD
16
25
DOE
17 DOE
18 DOE
19 DOE
20 DOE
21 DOE
22 DOE and CPSC
23 DOE
24 DOE
DOE
Gregory Traynor. J. Allen,
Michael Apte, J. Dillworth,
J. Girman, C. Hollowell,
and J. Koonce, LBL (883)
H. Cain and B. Leaderer,
Yale University (B94)
W..Cain, B. Leaderer,
R. Isseroff, L. Berglund,
R. Huey, E. Lipsitt, and
D. Perlman, Yale University
(893)
A. Persily, Princeton (B106)
Thomas Hernandez, Prince-
ton; James Ring,
Hamilton College (B59)
Brian Mokler, Brian Wong,
and Michael Snow, LBERI
(B68)
Brian Mokler, Brian Wong,
and Michael Snow, LBERI
(B69)
T. Matthews, A. Hawthorne,
T. C. Howell, C. Metcalfe
and R. Gammage, ORNL (B50)
T. Matthews, ORNL (C9)
A. Hawthorne, ORNL (CIO)
Russell Dietz, and Edgar
Cote, Brookhaven Nat. Lab
(B96)
Indoor air pollution from
kerosene heaters, wood
stoves, and wood furnaces
Ventilation requirements
during smoking and non-
smoking
Control of odors—ventila-
tion requirements
Heat exchanger evalu-
ation
Two-chamber radon model
Respirable particulate from
pressurized consumer
products
Experimental conditions
effects on resp. particles
from consumer products
Formaldehyde monitoring
methods evaluation
IAQ of unoccupied homes
Radon and formaldehyde in
,energy conserving homes
Air infiltration measurement
technique
X
X X
XXX
XXX
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
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TABLE 3-1 (continued)
Inv.
No.
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Sponsor
DOE
DOE
DOE
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)*
E. Knutson, Dept. of Energy
(C15)
J. Rundo, Argonne (C16)
D. Davidson, Carnegie
Mellon U. (C17)
Kathryn MacLeod, EPA/HERL
(B49)
M. Jackson and R. Lewis,
EPA/HERL (B67)
R. Stacy, and J. Green
EPA/HERL (B130)
Ronald Bruno, EPA/ORP (B57)
F. Black, EPA/ESRL (C19)
L. Wallace, EPA
L. Wallace, EPA;
R. Zweidinger, M. Erikson,
S. Cooper, D. Whi taker,
and E. Pellizzari, RTI (B30)
Edo Pellizzari, Research
Triangle Institute (RTI)
(C20)
Edo Pellizzari, RTI (C21)
Edo Pellizzari, RTI (C22)
Ty Hartwell, RTI (C23)
Linda Sheldon, RTI (C24)
K. Dally, L. Hanrahan,
and M. Woodbury, Wise.
Div. of Health; M. Kanarek,
U. of Wisconsin (B41)
Subject
Assessment of radon and
other contaminants
Single home radon
Energy monitoring of houses
PCBs in indoor air
Pest control strips
Pollutant effects on pul-
monary function
Radon sources in houses
Auto emissions testing
CO in an underground
office
Volatile organics in air
and water
Personal exposure to 21
volatile organics
Personal exposure to halo-
genated organics
Total exposure and assess-
ment methodology
Study of personal CO exposure
Monitoring of organics and
inorganics around build-
ings
Nonoccupational formalde-
hyde exposure
SI
Monitoring
Instrumentation
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
:udy Area
§!
O C
4-> r- O
Ul C 0 •!-
+J Q) C •*-»
u £ -c ra
at w o N
*- t/i a* -i-
t- 01 t— t-
UJ W t. (D C
i— J^ +-> t- O
flj W> C to T3 X
Q) •(— O .C fO O O
x a£ o o ac z o
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
XXX
X X
XXX X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X
Pollutant
•4-*
C
IV to
O 3
CO ID «—
i/> u> U O
O U O •«- Q.
+J -i- U O) 1
W) C U
-------
TABLE: 3-1 (contjnued)
Study Area
Pollutant
Inv.
No. Sponsor
Investigator
4 organization
(cross reference)3
Subject
00
42 EPA
13 EPA
44 EPA
45 EPA
46 EPA
47 EPA
48 EPA and NIH
49 EPA
50 EPA
51 EPA
52
AEC and EPA
'A. Eckmann, State Lab. of
Hygiene; K. Dally, L.
Hanrahan, and H. Anderson,
Wise. Oiv. of Health (B42)
W. Hinds, S. Rudnick, E.
Maher, and H. First,
Harvard School of Public
Health (B88)
T. Tosteson, J. Spengler,
and R. Weker, Harvard
School of Public Health
(B29)
P. Ryan, J. Spengler, and
R. Letz, Harvard School
of Public Health (B79)
W. Ott, EPA and 0.
Flachsbart, University
of Hawaii (B26)
R. Ziskind, and K. File,
Science Applications;
D. Mage, U.S. EPA (B31)
M. Lebowitz, University of
Arizona (C26)
H. Prichard, T. Gesell,
C. Hess, C. Weiffenbach,
and 0. Nyberg, U. of
Texas, S. of P.M. (B66)
N. Esmen, M. Corn, Y.
Hammad, 0. Whittier, and
N. Kotsko, U. of Pittsburgh
(BIO)
Roy Neulicht, Del Green
Assoc.; John Core, NEA,
Inc. (B77)
H. Culot, Centre Nuclear de
Mexico; R. Schiager, U. of
Pittsburgh; H. Olson,
Colorado State U. (Bill)
Comparison of formaldehyde X X
determination methods
Control of radon by air
treatment devices
Metal content of particu-
lates from personal
monitoring
Kerosene heater pollution;
monitoring and modeling
Persona) monitors for CO
CO monitoring in the gen- X
eral population
Pollutants, allergens, X X
and resp. disease
Sampling comparison for X
radon
Exposure to dust and fiber
in man-made fiber facil-
ities
Wood burning applicances
and indoor air quality
Increased gamma fields from
radon barrier on concrete
XXX
X X
X X
X X
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-1 (c
.ontinued)
Study Area
Inv.
No.
Sponsor
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)
Subject
01
c
u
c
o
umentation
t-
in
c
h Effects
Assessment
+->
at -i~
X a:
ol Technology
i-
c
o
o c
o
•o x
j oe: z
o
CJ
X
0
o
X
Pollutant
o
4->
in
(U
,O Q-
tn 1/1
< h-
U
C
fl)
0)
U
0
.S
o
5
O
u
u
CO
J3
O
1—
t-
o
"O
0
O)
c
o
N
0
10
u
en
o
o
CQ
-pollutant
s:
53 NIOSH
54 NIOSH
55 NIOSH
56 NIOSH and OSHA
57 NIEHS
58 NIEHS
59 NIEHS
60 NIEHS
61 NIEHS
62 NIEHS and EPRI
63 NIEHS and EPRI
64
NIEHS
M. Selway, R. Allan, R.
Wadden, U. of Illinois,
Chicago (B37)
W. Hedley, Monsanto (C27)
R. Mitchell, Battelle
Columbus (C28)
R. Young, R. Rinsky, and
P. Infante, NIOSH;
J. Wagoner, OSHA (B71).
H. Ozkaynak, Harvard Univer-
sity; P. Ryan, G. Allen,
and W. Turner, Harvard S.
of Public Health (B134)
C. Ju, NY State Health Dept.
J. Spengler, Harvard
School of P.M. (Bl)
J. Spengler, D. Rockery,
W. Turner, J. Wolfson,
and B. Ferris, Harvard
School of P.M. (B3)
S. Colome, J. Spengler,
and S. McCarthy, Harvard
School of P.H. (B16)
D. Dockery and J. Spengler,
Harvard School of P.H.
(B24)
J. Spengler, Harvard S. of
Public Health (C29)
J. Spengler, Harvard S. of
Public Health (C30)
K. Helsing, G. Comstock,
M. Meyer, and M. Tockman,
Johns Hopkins U. (B121)
Ozone from photocopying
machines
Exposure assessment of for-
maldehyde production
Worker exposure in elec-
tronics components
i ndus try
Benzene in consumer
products
Indoor air modeling:
compartmental approach
Respirable particles by
room
Long-term measurement of
respirable particles
and sulfates
Inorganics comparison
indoor-outdoor
Exposure to particulates
and sulfates
502 & participate health
effects
S02 & particulate health
effects (continuation
of above)
Tobacco smoke and gas
appliance respiratory
effects on nonsmokers
XXX
XX X
X X X X X X
X XX
X X X X X
X X
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
-------
nued.)
Inv.
No. Sponsor
65 NIEHS and NHLBI
66 NIEHS
67 NIEHS
68 NIEHS
69 NIEHS
70 NIEHS
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
M. Schenker, Harvard Medical
School ; S. Weiss, Beth
Israel Hospital; B.
Murawski, Brigham and
Women's Hospital (B128)
B. Leaderer, J. B. Pierce
Foundation Lab (Yale) (C32)
A. Stolwijk, J. B. Pierce
Lab (C33)
W. Cain and B. Leaderer,
J. B. Pierce Lab (C34)
B. Leaderer; J. B. Pierce
Lab, Yale U. (C35)
B. Leaderer, J. B. Pierce
Lab, Yale U. (C36)
Study Area Pollutant
0 C ^
c a" "3
5 u I .E ro * ^
ro 01 in u N o ^
oi+J-^-intD-r- £= ^i
CC4-0)h-l- . "" n 7^
•rg^S^-5 o So "a.
s£5<£si; -s =y c,?^
.T- f ^ j£ «j i. a 3:01 ra(oi-c^<->
§ S S" oS^oxoS-8S; ?-§5 S°S
Subject sr^x'aiuocczoiii-oi-oomz:
Urea formaldehyde insulation XX X
health effects in homes
Side stream tobacco smoke X X
smoke
Human responses to thermal X X X X X
stress pollutants
Ventilation filtration XX X
for tobacco smoke
Decay of S02 and N02 on X X X
surfaces
Comparison of portable with X X
stationary particulate
71
72
73
NIEHS
NIEHS
NIEHS
W. Cain, J. B. Pierce Lab
(C37)
W. Nicholson, E. Swoszowski,
A. Rohl, J. Todaro, and
A. Adams, Mt. Sinai School
of Medicine (B8)
R. Jaeger, NYU Med. Center
(B33)
monitors
Irritation effects of
formaldehyde
Asbestos in schools
CO in homes/cars
74
75
76
77
78
79
CPSC
CPSC, Bf>A, and DOE/OHER
CPSC
CPSC and DOE
CPSC
CPSC and DOE
A,
D.
K.
A.
T.
J.
. Hawthorne
. Grimsrud,
. Gupta, A.
P. Preiss,
Hawhorne,
Matthews ,
Pickrell,
Griffis, C
A. Bathija
, ORNL (Cll)
LBL (C5)
Ulsamer, and
CPSC (B120)
ORNL (C12)
ORNL (C13)
B. Mokler, L.
. Hobbs, and
, LBERI (B70)
Volatile organics in homes X X
Appliance emissions X
Formaldehyde: sources
and toxicity
IAQ of E. Tennessee X
homes
Characterization of formal- X X
dehyde sources
Formaldehyde from consumer
products
X
X X
XXX
X
X
X
XX X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-1 (cgntinyed)
Inv.
No.
80
81
82
Sponsor
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Air Force
NCI
J
J
E
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
Livington and C. Jones,
Aer. Med. Res. Lab (B48)
Lodge, RTI (C25)
Sansome and M. Slein,
Subject
Chlordane from termite
treatment
Analysis of termiticide
air samples
Redispersion of surface
St
ing
entation
S I
C t/>
o c
X
X
udy Area
Si
o c
+-» r- O
m c o -r-
+J 0) C
U E -C
OJ Ut (J
t- U) QJ
•*- 01 t—
Li ] yj
.C «< O
+-> t- C
10 at c -ox o
OJ •»- O -C IDOOCJ
XQCOCJQIZOX
X
X
Pollutant
c
Ol fO
1 ~- 1
U) ro i —
ui w U O
O U O •«- Q.
*J -r- (J O) 1
W C U 01 O •(-
w)Lot-o"ON-r-n
-------
TABLE.3rl ...(continuedI
Study Area
Pol lutant
Inv.
No.
95
96
97
98
Sponsor
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)*
F. Jarke, A. Dravm'eks,
and S. Gordon, IITRI (B47)
Tsen Wang, Harbor Branch
Foundation Lab (Florida)
(B55)
Garry Caffey, Texas Power
and Light Co. (B92)
J. Janssen, A. Pearman, and
Subject
Organics, indoor-outdoor
relationship
Bioeffluents in college
classroom
Residential air infiltra-
tion
Examination of Infiltration
+J U .p S- (0 C
•I--P.— -*+Jt-O 31
c u>
XJD-CDjaOOOi—
ini/>LOTJr-4-'-.2
-------
TABLE 3-1 (continued)
Study Area
Pollutant
Inv.
No.
Sponsor
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
Subject
110 Prince George's Envir.
Coalition
111 Minnesota State Plan-
ning Agency
112 Andrew Mellon
Foundation
113 Northeast States for
Coordinated Air
Use Management
114 Ball State U.
115 Cal. Inst. of Tech.
116 U. of Cincinnatti
117 Orexel University
118 U. of Illinois
119 Indiana U. and Minne-
sota Oept. of Health
120 Harvard S. of P.H.
121 Johns Hopkins
122 U. of Maine
J. Repace and A. Lowry,
Naval Research Laboratory
(B5)
M. Garry, L. Oatman, R.
Pleus, and 0. Gray,
Minnesota Dept. of
Health (B43)
F. Shair, Cal. Inst. of
. Tech. (B90)
Barbara Beck and Joseph
Brain, Harvard School of
Public Health (B116)
T. Godish, Ball State U.
(B45)
F. Shair, and K.-Heitner.
Cal. Inst. of Technology
(B135)
0. Sterling, S. Clark, and
S. Bjomsan, U. of Cine.
Medical Center (BID
L. Levin and P. Purdom,
Drexel University (B126)
R. Wadden, U. of I. School
of Pub. Health (B51)
Ingrid Ritchie, U. of
Indiana; Laura Oatman,
Minnesota Oept. of
Health (B78)
P. Bell in and J. Spengler,
Harvard S. of P.H. (B14)
C. Billings, J. Hopkins, and
S. Vanderslice, Exxon Co.
(B113)
C. Hess, C. Weiffenbach,
and S. Norton, U. of Maine
(B60)
Indoor air pollution,
tobacco, Pub. Health
Formaldehyde levels
Filtration of ozone and S02
from make up air
Pulmonary toxicity due to
wood and coal stove
combustion products
Formaldehyde sickness
Model of indoor/outdoor
levels
Air control effects on
Viable particle distri-
bution
Health effects of energy
conserving materials
Indoor air research
Kerosene heater pollution
Indoor/outdoor CO at
airport
Methods for control of
indoor air quality
Water and airborne radon
in houses
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
XX X X X X
XXX X
X X
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
-------
Study Area
Pollutant
Inv.
No.
Sponsor
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
•r- Q.
01 I
O •>"
Subject
123 U. of Pittsburgh
124 U. of Michigan
125 LBL
126 LBL
127 LBL
128 LBL
129 Yale University
130 TSI, Inc.
131 IITRI
132 IITRI
133 Honeywell, Inc.
134 Honeywell, Inc.
135 GTE
136 GE (Louisville)
137 GE R&D Center
(Schenectady)
J. Alzona, B. Cohen, H.
Rudolph, H. Jow,. and
J. Frohliger, U. of
Pittsburgh (B13)
J. Jones, F. Higgins, M.
Higgins, and J. Keller,
U. of Michigan (B123)
J. Janssen and T. Hill,
Honeywell; J. Woods, and
E. Maldonado, Iowa State U.
(B98)
Miksch, Hollowell, Fanning,
Newton, Schmidt, LBL (B51)
D. Grimsrud, LBL (C6)
D. Grimsrud, LBL (C7)
Sawyer, R., and E.
Swoszowski, Yale U. (BUS)
R. Quant, P. Nelson, and
G. Sem, TSI (B2)
0. Moschandraes, IITRI;
J. Zabransky, Geomet (B35)
D. Moschandreas, IITRI (C47)
D. Sutton, K. Nodolf, and
K. K. Makino, Honeywell
(8141)
0. Sutton, K. Nodolf, and
K. Makino, Honeywell, Inc.
Oblas, D., Dugger, D., and
S. Lieberman, GTE (854)
F. Mueller, L. Loeb, and
W. Mapes, GE (B140)
R. Fleisher, W. Giard, A.
Mogro-Campero, and L.
Turner, GE; H. Alter and
J> Gingrich, Terradex Corp.
(B58)
Indoor-outdoor relation-
ships for dust of out-
door origin
Case study of ventilation
for control
Trace organics indoors X X
Particulate-Radon inter-
action
IAQ control techniques
Asbestos abatement in
schools
Measurement of aerosols in XX
offices
Spatial variation of CO X
and N02 in houses
Tracer development X
Ozone in residences X
Predicting ozone concen-
trations in homes
Organics in telephone
central offices
Ozone decomposition rates X
Low dose radon dosimetry: X X
methods and theory
XXX
XX X X
X X
X X
XXX
X
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
-------
Inv.
No. Sponsor
138 GE R&D Center
139 J. B. Pierce Foundation
140 J. B. Pierce Foundation
141 BPA
142 Pac. Power & Light
143 Wise. Power & Light
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
Robert Fleischer, GE (B118)
Stolwijk and Leaderer,
J. B. Pierce Lab (C38)
N. Schackter, J. B. Pierce
Lab (C39)
0. Grimsrud, LBL (C8)
D. Zerba, Battelle Northwest
(C52)
J. Spengler, R. Letz,
TABLE 3-1 (continued)
Study Area Pollutant
g)
o c
C +-» i— O
O in C. o •<-
•i- +J (U C 4-> <"
+J U E -C 10 -*
ID QJ d U N °
£ 6 ^ V) ,- $ 0 UO
o 5 jz <: o o 4-> •«- u
+j (_ *-> c-roc u> cu
C Ul flO 4A C fD TD X O .Q O- Ol J3 O
O C o >i-
N •»- 3
X
X
X
144 Wisconsin Power and
Light
145 Nat. Kerosene Heaters
Ass., Kerosun
146 Niagara Mohawk and
NYERDA
147 Philip Morris, Inc.
148 Systems, Science and
Software
149 Rand Corporation
150 Bel) Laboratories
151 Bell Labs
152 Geomet
Harvard School of P.H. ;
J. Quackenboss, M. Kanarek,
U. of Wisconsin (B36)
J. Quackenboss, U. of Wis-
consin (Harvard support)
(C53)
K. Jones, R. F. Weston
(C54)
G. Adams, Niagara Mohawk,
(W. S. Flemming, contractor)
(C55)
D. Good, C. Vilcins, W.
Harvey, 0. Clabo, and A.
Lewis, Philip Morris (B32)
P. Lagus, Systems, Science
and Software (B101)
Naihua Duan, Rand Corpora-
tion (B131)
C. Weschler, Bell Telephone
(B4) (B110)
C. Weschler, S. Kelty, and
J. Lingousky, Bell (B110)
D. Moscnandreas, IITRI;
H. Rector, Geomet (B65)
Weatherization & IAQ
IAQ from kerosene heaters X X
Residential & commercial X
IAQ
Smoking effects on residen- X
tial N02
Tracer-dilution method
for infiltration
Human exposure models to
air pollution
Characterization of organics X
in aerosols
Effect of tans on dust
levels
Indoor radon X
XXX X XX
XX XX X
X X X X X X
XX
See footnote at end of table.
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-1 (continued)
liw.
No. Sponsor
153 Geomet
154 TRC
155 TRC
156 Various
157 Private (confidential)
158 Private (confidential)
159 Various manufacturers
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)
N. Nagda, Genmet (C50)
J. Yocum, TRC Environmental
Consultants (C57)
John Yocum, TRC (B23)
D. Moschandreas, IITRI (C44)
D. Moschandreas, IITRI (C45)
D. Moschandreas, IITRI (C46)
Enno Toomsalu, Under-
o.
o
.t-
o
Subject
Respirable particle X
exposure
Indoor air quality research X
at TRC
Indoor/outdoor air quality X
relationships
Odor
Particulate control
device
Woodstove — PAH emissions X
Kerosene heater certifi-
c
0
*J
S
?
D
+J
C
X
Study
+J
u
0)
•<-
-5
Area
g!
O
•p 1—
c o
(U C
E -C
vi U
in 01
in
< p
£ §
X
X
c
o
N
3
"
J- O
0 « Z
X XX
X X X X
X
X XX
X X
Pollutant
t/l 'n ^
at in 00
O U 0 •<- CL
4J .r- O Ol t
3:01 MBIrC^W
S«5)I-OTIN-^3
X
XXXXXXX X
XXX XX
X X
X XX
X
160 Various manufacturers
161 CPSC
162 French laboratories
163 SPPS (France)
164 Tokyo foundation
165 EPA of Japan
166 U. of Tokyo
167 Japan Tobacco and Salt
Public Corporation
writers Lab Inc. (C50)
Kathy Blair, PFS
Corporation (C60)
Warren Porter, CPSC (C59)
P. Sebastien, Laboratoire
d'Etude des Particules
Inhale'es-, J. Bignon, Inst.
Nat. de la Sant£ et de le
Recherche Medicale; M.
Martin, Ecole Centrale des
Arts et Manufactures de
Paris (B9)
f. Lorenz, Laboratoire de
Physique du Batiment (B133)
H. Nitta and K. Maeda,
U. of Tokyo (B25)
S. Yamanaka. H. Hi rose, and
S. Takada, Kyoto City
Inst. of Public Health
(B85)
Y. Yanagisawa and H.
Nishimura, Chem. Engi-
neering Dept., U. of
Tokyo (B39)
Y. Ishizu, Jap. Tok. & Salt
Pub. Corp. (B132)
cation
Kerosene heater certif-
cation
Evaluation of kerosene
heater emissions
Ceiling & floor asbestos
contamination
X
X X
Ventilation requirements in X
parking garages
N02 monitoring X
NO from kerosene and X
gas-fired appliances
Filter badge sampler for
NO, and NO
Equation for estimating
pollution
X
X
X
X X
See footnote at end of table.
(conti nued)
-------
TABLE 3-1 (continued)
Study Area
Pollutant
Inv.
No. Sponsor
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)3
en
c
C
o
Subject o
+>
(D
+J
C
4)
i
in
c
u
Ol
**~
UJ
Health I
I
u>
vt
at
in
c.
.c
0
Of
t—
1
o
CJ
c
•a x
* o o
DC Z O
1C
o
o
DC
in
O
+J
0)
.a o.
in
< 1-
U)
U
c
m
O)
0
^
o
6
VI
Tobacco
Odor
-------
TABLE 3-1 (continued)
oo
Studv Area Pollutant
Inv.
No.
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
Sponsor
Swedish Nat. Testing
Lund Inst. of Tech.
(Sweden)
Danish National Health
Foundation
U. of Aarhus
U. of Aarhus
U. of Copenhagen
Techn. U. of Denmark
Technical U. of
Denmark
U. of Denmark
Norwegian Inst. of
Tech
U. of Kuopio (Finland)
Bundesministerium
(W. Germany)
Federal Inst. of
Technology, Zurich
U. de Santiago,
U. Catolica, (Chile)
Investigator
& organization
(cross reference)
0. Ilildingson, Swedish Nat.
Testing (B61)
H. Lannefors and H.
Hanssoci, Lund Inst. (B19)
L. Holhave, U. of Aarhus
(Denmark) (B139)
F. Andersen, G. Lundgvist,
and L. Holhave, U. of
Aarhus (B138)
G. Lundgvist, H. Iversen,
and J. Korsgaard, U. of
Aarhus (834)
J. Olsen and M. Dossing,
U. of Copenhagen (B127)
N. Jonassen, Techn. U. of
Denmark; J. McLaughlin,
U. College, Dublin (863)
N. Jonassen, Technical U. of
Denmark (862)
B. Berg-Hunch and f. Fanger,
U. of Denmark (B86)
E. Skaret and H. Hathisen
Norwegian Inst. of Tech.
(B107)
P. Kalliokoski, U. of Kuopio;
R. Niemela, Inst. of -
Occupational Health;
J. Salmivaara, Technical
Research Center of Finland
(B100)
J. Postendorfer, A. Wicke,
and A. Schraub, Inst.
fur Biophysik (B136)
A. Weber-Tschopp, A. Fischer,
and E. Grandjean, Fed.
Inst. of Tech. (67)
T. Caceres, H. Soto, E.
Lissl , U. de Santiago;
R. Cisternas, U. Catoljca,
(Chile) (B72)
Subject
Radon In Swedish homes
Nursery school elemental
Indoor/outdoor concen-
trations
Building material organic
pollutants
Chipboard indoor pollution
Day care climate with low
ventilation
Formaldehyde symptoms in
day care centers
Air filtration and radon
daughter levels
Radon and building materials
control of Radon
Air temperature influence
on body odor perception
Ventilation efficiency
Tracer gas technique for
Industrial hygiene
Effects on radon concen-
trations
Physiologic and irritating
effects of cigarette smoke
Appliance emissions and
indoor concentrations
a
o c
C. -M r— 0
O tn C O *r-
-r- -(-» U N
m -t-J **— v> o •!—
c c: •*- a* t— *-
t_ E in i — -»-* O
0 D -C
•r- •*•* i — -i£-l-*t-O T
s:»-i:n£k:ooa:zo:i:
-------
TABLE 3-2. SUMMARY OF SPECIAL CAPABILITIES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
Organization
Special facilities
Inv. number
(see Table 1)
DOE
New York, NY
E. Knutson, 212-620-3652
EPA/HERL
Research Triangle Park, NC
Kathryn MacLeod, 919-541-2281
EPA/ESRL
Research Triangle Park, NC
Frank Black, 919-629-3037
Brookhaven National
Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973
Russel Dietz, 516-282-2123
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois
J. Rundo, 312-972-4156
ORNL
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
T, Matthews, 615-574-6248
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, DC 20375
Alfred Lowry, 202-545-6700
Research chamber--20 m3, temperature and humidity controlled
Research chamber—30 m3, instrument testing, polyurethane foam
emissions testing
Research chamber—vehicle emissions, refrigeration for cold
weather simulation
Perf1uorocarbon tracer developed for infiltration studies
(BNL/AIMS)
Research chamber—6 m3, radiation research
3 research chambers--0.2 m3, teflon lined
4 research houses--! has 110 m3 0.3 - 0.5 ach
Research chambers—ventilation controlled
-1
26
29-31
33
25
27
22-24, 74,
77, 78
110
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-2 (continued)
Organization
Special facilities
Inv. number
(see Table 1)
Consumer Products Safety
Commission
Washington, DC
Warren Porter, 301-245-1445
LBL
Berkeley, CA
D. Grimsrud, 415-486-4023
J. B. Pierce Foundation
Laboratory
New Haven, CT
B. P. Leaderer, 203-562-9901
Princeton U. Center for
Energy and Environ-
mental Studies
Princeton, NJ 08544
Dave Harrie, 609-452-5445
Research chambei—25 m3 161
3 research chambers--27 m3-ventilation controlled; 1-15, 75,
--30 m3 (stainless steel construction) 126-128,
temperature, humidity and ventilation 141
controlled
—30 m3 (gypsumboard construction)
Residence prototype—Radon research facility with remote data
acquisition
—testing for heat exchangers and HCOH with
temperature, humidity, and ventilation
control
—260 m3
Mobile Atmospheric Research Laboratory (MARL)
Research facility for passive monitor testing with temperature,
humidity, and ventilation control
3 thermal chambers for physiological research 16, 17, 66,
1 test chamber--34 m3, ventilation, temperature, and humidity 71, 130,
controlled (aluminum construction) 140
Mobile monitors--CO, C02, 02, NO , S02
Pollutant generation capability x
Odor testing—psychophysical research
Research chamber--16 m3 ventilation controlled, extensive 18, 19
instrumentation
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-2 (continued)
Organization
Special facilities
Inv. number
(see Table 1)
Harvard School of Public
Health
Boston, MA 02115
John Spengler, 617-732-1255
RTI
Research Triangle Park,
NC 27709
Edo Pellizzari, 919-541-6579
IITRI
Chicago, IL 60616
D. Moschandreas, 312-567-4310
U. of Illinois
Chicago, IL 60680
Richard Wadden, 312-996-0810
Lovelace Biomedical and
Environmental Research
Institute
Albuquerque, NM 87115
Brian Mokler, 505-844-2203
Carnegie Mellon U.
Pittsburgh, PA
C. Davidson, 412-578-2951
Research chambei—78 m3, ventilation controlled
4 research chambers--18 m3, 3.6 m3, 0.7 m3, 0.04 m3
Mobile monitoring laboratory
Personal monitors—pesticides, PCB's
Spirometer developed to breath analysis
2 research chambers--32 m3 for human exposure studies,
temperature, humidity, and ventilation
controlled
--28 m3 for control device evaluation
Mobile monitoring laboratory—air quality, infiltration odor,
and meteorological testing
Sensory lab--odor panel
Electrical aerosol analyses, condensation nuclei counter,
nebulizers
Standard measurement systems
3 research chambers--!.0 m3 ventilation controlled
—2.0 m3 ventilation controlled
--8.0 m3 ventilation controlled
Research house—ventilation controlled, remote computer-assisted
data acquisition system
43-45, 57-
63, 100,
113, 120,
143, 144
35-40, 81
95, 101, 131,
132, 152,
156-158
53, 108,
118
20, 21, 79
87
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-2 (continued)
Organization
Special facilities
Inv. number
(see Table 1)
(V)
Geomet, Inc.
Gaithersburg, MD
N. L. Nagda, 301-424-9133
BatteHe Columbus
Columbus, OH
Ralph Mitchell, 614-424-7441
TRC
East Hartford, CT
John Yocum, 203-289-8631
Pacific Power and
Light
Portland, OR
D. Zerba, 503-243-4876
R. F. Weston, Inc.
West Chester, PA
K. Jones, 215-692-3030
General Electric
Louisville, KY
Leopold Loeb, 502-452-4603
2 research houses—325 m3 each 103, 104,
Mobile monitoring laboratory—radiation, criteria pollutants, 131, 152,
tracer studies (SF6) 153
2 research chambers--17 m3 55
Mobile monitoring laboratory—criteria pollutants, tracer
studies, (SF6), radiation
Trace atmospheric gas analyzer (mass spectrometer) 105, 154,
Odor testing 155
Standards laboratory
3 test houses—100-140 m2 142
— 1 energy conserving
1 conventional construction test facility
Mobile monitoring lab—GC-MS analysis 145
3 research chambers--?.1 m3, testing for odors and pollutants, 136
ventilation controlled (aluminum
construction)
—39.0 m3 ventilation controlled (aluminum
construction)
—48.7 m3 ventilation controlled (stainless
steel construction)
(continued)
-------
TABLE 3-2 (continued)
Organization
Special facilities
Inv. number
(see Table 1)
U. of Aarhus, Inst. of
Hygiene
Denmark
Technical U. of Denmark
Norwegian Institute of
Technology
Norway
Federal Inst. of Tech-
nology
Zurich, Switzerland
U. of Tokyo, Chemical
Eng. Dept.
Japan
Arya-Mehr University of
Technology
Tehran, Iran
3 research chambers
Climate chamber--!.0 m3 (stainless steel construction)
Research chamber--324 m3, for ventilation experiments
Research chamber--81 m3, ventilation controlled
Research chamber--30 m3, climate and ventilation controlled,
organics and inorganics monitoring
NO and N02 filter badge sampler developed
Research chamber--?.5 m3, silver-paint lined, temperature
and ventilation controlled
183-184
186
189
192
166
172
-------
4.0 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
This Section provides an annotated bibliography of selected,
recent literature on indoor air quality. The bibliography is arranged
by subject. The bulk of the citations in the bibliography are from
peer-reviewed journal articles, dated from 1980. Presentations from a
few, very recent symposia are also included to provide the most current
work. Government reports have not been included, except where they are
annotated bibliographies, literature reviews, or general treatises.
Some articles prior to 1980 were included because the subject matter
seemed unique or the article represented a major work that was frequently
cited thereafter.
As shown in the Outline (p.27), the bibliography is organized
under five major headings: I. Characterization and Measurement; II.
Control; III. Health Studies; IV. Modeling; and V. General Reviews. The
first, second, and fourth of these subject areas were of prime concern
for this project and, consequently, have been further divided into
specific topics as shown in the outline. Many articles, of course, span
several subject areas; where this occurs, the work was classified
according to the primary objective of the research.
The summary information for each citation is organized as follows:
citations are listed alphabetically by principal author within each
category or subcategory; underneath the citation is a capsule summary
providing the names of the investigating organization and sponsor,
pollutants measured, pollutant sources, premises, geographical location,
season, ventilation rates, and major findings. Most articles do not
address all of these considerations, hence "NA" is used to denote "not
applicable." In some cases "NA" may mean "not available," as in those
cases where the sponsoring agency is not provided, but the distinction
should be clear from the context. Following each citation, one or more
of the letters "A" through "F" appear in brackets. These represent a
shorthand classification scheme as follows:
A - Monitoring
B - Instrumentation
C - Health Effects
D - Risk Assessment
E - Control Technology
F - Characterization
24
-------
This scheme provides both a cross-referencing to Table 3-1 (under the
heading "Study Area") and a succinct characterization of the work.
The Annotated Bibliography is by no means complete. Nevertheless,
several observations may be made about these studies and perhaps genera-
lized to indoor air quality research. The area we have labeled "Charac-
terization and Measurement" has certainly received the most attention.
Researchers have expended much effort to sample various premises for
levels of certain pollutants. Sometimes an identified pollutant source
such as a gas-fired range is present; in other cases, a large number of
premises are sampled to determine an average level, or an attempt is
made to relate indoor pollutant levels to outdoor levels. These studies
seem to reflect an older perception that indoor air quality is determined
largely by outdoor air quality. Two significant changes in the habits
of building occupants tend to challenge this perception. First, the
reduction of air infiltration rates to conserve energy has further
insulated the indoor environment from outdoor air, and second, the
popularity of unvented combustion sources for space heating suggests
that indoor pollutant sources may be far greater than outdoor sources.
However, very few studies have attempted to determine emission rates
from these unvented combustion sources.
In the area of "Control Methods", the majority of studies have
measured the effect of ventilation rates on indoor air quality. This
trend may also reflect the early emphasis on ventilation as the principal
control option. Very few studies deal with other control options such
as air purification and only one study considered source modification to
reduce emission rates. In the area of "Modeling," several studies
attempted to predict indoor pollutant levels using mass-balance approaches
These models typically consider only one or perhaps a few pollutants and
are therefore incomplete in characterizing the indoor environment. The
accuracy of these models is also limited by the input parameters such as
source emission rates and mixing factors.
In summary, based on our review of the articles contained in the
annotated bibliography, several study areas appear to deserve further
investigation. These include: the determination of source emission
25
-------
rates, especially with regard to the use of these rates in mathematical
models; further study of control options for pollutant sources, such as
air-purifying devices and source modification; and more sophisticated
modeling efforts that consider more than one or two pollutants.
26
-------
4.1 Outline of Annotated Bibliography
I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
A. Aerosols
1. Indoor aerosols
2. Tobacco smoke
3. Asbestos
4. Fibrous glass and mineral wool
5. Viable aerosols
B. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships
1. Fixed site
2. Exposure monitoring
C. Gaseous Pollutants
1. Inorganics (also CO, C02)
2. Organics (not CO, C02)
D. Radon
E. Consumer Products
F. Combustion Sources
G. Odor
II. CONTROL METHODS
A. Air-Purifying Methods
B. Ventilation
C. Source Modification
D. Miscellaneous
III. HEALTH STUDIES
IV. MODELING
A. General Models
B. Radon
C. Formaldehyde
D. Ozone
V. GENERAL REVIEWS: INDOOR AIR QUALITY
A. Treatises
B. Bibliographies
27
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4.2 Annotated Bibliography
I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Al. Aerosols: Indoor aerosols
1. Ju, C., and J. D. Spengler. 1981. Room-to-room variations in concen-
tration of respirable particles in residences. Environmental Science &
Technology 15(5):592-596. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: NIEHS; EPRI
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Boston, MA
Season: Nov-Feb
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Respirable particle concentrations were meas-
ured in four homes located in the metropolitan Boston area.
Based on an analysis of variance, two homes showed significant
differences between rooms, but the other two homes showed no
significant differences (P <0.05). Whereas outdoor concentra-
tions were found to be comparable, indoor concentrations varied
greatly.
2. Quant, F. R., P. A. Nelson, and G. J. Sem. 1982. Experimental measure-
ments of aerosol concentrations in offices. Environment International
8:223-227. [A, B]
Investigator: TSI, Inc.
Sponsor: TSI, Inc.
Pollutants Measured: aerosols less than 10 pm
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: offices
Geographical Location: St. Paul, MN
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A new automated version of the piezoelectric
microbalance was used to sample particles (less than 10 pm) in
several offices. The effect of a single smoker was evident in
the time-series data.
28
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Al. Aerosols: Indoor aerosols
(continued)
3. Spengler, J. D., D. W. Dockery, W. A. Turner, J. M. Wolfson, and
B. G. Ferris, Jr. 1981. Long-term measurements of respirable sulfates
and particles inside and outside homes. Atmospheric Environment 15:23-30
[A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: NIEHS; EPRI
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: six cities
Season: year-round
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Indoor and outdoor monitoring for respirable
particles and the sulfate fraction of these particles are
reported. Homes were monitored in six U.S. cities. The major
source of indoor particulate matter is cigarette smoke which
contributes about 20 ug/m3 to indoor concentrations for each
smoker. Even in homes without smokers, indoor particle con-
centrations equal or exceed outdoor levels.
4. Weschler, C. J. 1980. Characterization of selected organics in size-
fractionated indoor aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology 14(4):
428-431. [A, F]
Investigator: Bell Telephone Labs
Sponsor: Bell Telephone Labs
Pollutants Measured: size-fractioned aerosols, organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: Bell labs
Geographical Location: Holmdel, NJ
Season: Jan-Aug
Ventilation Rates: 10% make-up outside
Major Findings: A variety of organic compounds were extracted
from size-fractioned indoor aerosol samples. Among these were
aliphatic alcohols, phosphate esters, and phthalate ester
plasticizers.
29
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
A2. Aerosols: Tobacco smoke
5. Repace, J. L and A. H. Lowrey. 1980. Indoor air pollution, tobacco
smoke, and public health. Science 208:464-472. [A, D, F]
Investigator: Private capacity
Sponsor: Prince George's Environmental Coalition
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: tobacco smoke
Premises: various public places
Geographical Location: Washington, DC
Season: Mar-Jun
Ventilation Rates: 0.7-9.4 ach
Major Findings: An experimental and theoretical investigation
is made into the range and nature of exposure by the nonsmoking
public to respirable suspended particles from cigarette smoke.
A modified Turk model incorporating both physical and socio-
logical parameter is shown to be useful in understanding par-
ticulate levels from cigarette smoke in indoor environments.
It is shown that nonsmokers are exposed to significant air
pollution burdens from indoor smoking.
6. Sterling, T. D., H. Dimich, and D. Kobayashi. 1982. Indoor byproduct
levels of tobacco smoke: A critical review of the literature. JAPCA
32(3):250-259. [A, F]
Investigator: Simon Fraser & Columbia Universities
Sponsor: NAS/NRC
Pollutants Measured: cigarette combustion products
Pollutant Sources: cigarette smoking
Premises: varied
Geographical Location: varied
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: varied
Major Findings: Levels reported in diverse pubications of
cigarette combustion byproducts (gases and particles) are
summarized in tabular form. Summaries also include information
on test conditions such as ventilation, size and types of
premises, monitoring conditions, number of smokers, and rate of
smoking.
30
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
A2. Aerosols: Tobacco smoke
(continued)
7. Weber-Tschopp, A., A. Fischer, and E. Grandjean. 1976. Physiological
and irritating effects of indoor air pollution due to cigarette smoke.
In, Proceedings of the 6th Congress of the International Ergonomics Associa-
tion and 20th annual meeting of The Human Factor Society (11-16 July),
pp. 286-289. University of Maryland at College Park. [A, C, F]
Investigator: Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: CO, NO, N02, formaldehyde, acrolein
Pollutant Sources: cigarette smoking
Premises: climate chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 3 m3/h
Major Findings: Subjects were exposed to 28 minutes of cigarette
smoke in a climate chamber. CO, NO, N02, formaldehyde and
acrolein levels were recorded. Eye and nose irritation, annoy-
ance and blinking rate increased in relation to the number of
smoked cigarettes. Annoyance about air quality and the wish to
open the windows proved to be a very good criterion of air
quality.
31
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
A3. Aerosols: Asbestos
8. Nicholson, W. J., E. J. Swoszowski, Jr., A. N. Rohl, J. 0. Todaro, and
A. Adams. 1979. Asbestos contamination in United States schools from
use of asbestos surfacing materials. Annals New York Academy of Sciences
330:587-596. [A, F]
Investigator: Mt. Sinai School of Medicine
Sponsor: NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: asbestos
Pollutant Sources: sprayed surfaces
Premises: schools
Geographical Location: NY; NJ
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Ten schools in which asbestos materials were
used as surface coatings were sampled. When significant asbestos
levels were found, physical deterioration of the surface material
was evident.
9. Sebastian, P., J. Bignon, and M. Martin. 1982. Indoor airborne asbestos
pollution: from the ceiling and the floor. Science 216: 1410-1413.
[A, F]
Investigator: French Laboratories
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: asbestos
Pollutant Sources: flooring tiles
Premises: office building
Geographical Location: 20 km south of Paris, France
Season: winter
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Electron microscopic measurements of the
concentrations of airborne asbestos were carried out in and
outside an office building having ceilings sprayed with a
crocidolite-containing material and floors covered with vinyl-
chrysotile tiles. Under normal conditions in this building,
the two asbestos-containing materials released fibers into the
air. This is the first measurement of elevated concentrations
of indoor airborne asbestos associated with the weathering of
asbestos floor tiles during their service life.
32
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
A4. Aerosols: Fibrous glass and mineral wool
10. Esmen, N., M. Corn, Y. Hammad, D. Whittier, and N. Kotsko. 1979. Sum-
mary of measurements of employee exposure to airborne dust and fiber in
sixteen facilities producing man-made mineral fibers. American Indus-
trial Hygiene Association Journal 40:108-117. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Pittsburgh
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: suspended particles (total); fibers
Pollutant Sources: fibrous glass and mineral wool production
Premises: sixteen production facilities
Geographical Location: varied
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Measurements of worker exposure to airborne
particles and fibers were made at sixteen production facil-
ities. The nominal fiber size of the manufactured fibers and
the average airborne fiber concentrations were highly corre-
lated.
33
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
A5. Aerosols: Viable aerosols
11. Sterling, D. A., C. Clark, and S. Bjornson. 1982. The effect of air
control systems on the indoor distributions of viable particles. Environ-
ment International 8:409-414. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Cincinnati Medical Center
Sponsor: Univ. of Cincinnati
Pollutants Measured: viable particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: wastewater treatment and sludge composting facilities
Geographical Location: Washington, DC
Season: autumn
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Thermophilic organisms found at the facilities
served as monitors for viable particles. The indoor concentra-
tion of viable particles were found to be affected by building
design and use of conventional mechanical air systems. There
was evidence of growth of viable particles within these mechanical
air systems.
34
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
81. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
12. Allen, R. J. and R. A. Wadden. 1982. Analysis of indoor concentrations
of carbon monoxide and ozone in an urban hospital. Environmental Research
27:136-149. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Illinois, School of Public Health
Sponsor: Chicago Lung Assoc.
Pollutants Measured: CO, 03
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: hospital
Geographical Location: Chicago, IL
Season: year-round
Ventilation Rates: 18% of air filtered and recirculated
Major Findings: Carbon monoxide levels averaged 0.2 to 1.3 ppm
higher inside a hospital compared with outside levels. Ozone
levels were higher outdoors on average. Predicted and observed
annual averages were within 0.3 ppm for CO and 0.03 ppm for 03.
13. Alzona, J., B. L. Cohen, H. Rudolph, H. N. Jow, and J. 0. Frohliger.
1979. Indoor-outdoor relationships for airborne particulate matter of
outdoor origin. Atmospheric Environment 13:55-60. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Pittsburgh
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: Fe, Zn, Pb, Br, Ca
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: various closed rooms
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Elements from transportation and industrial
sources were measured indoors and out in various rooms. An
experimental room was designed to measure filtration through
walls, deposition on walls, and resuspension from room surfaces.
The model found indoor exposure to these pollutants was no more
than 1/3 of expected outdoor exposure over the same time period.
35
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Bl. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
(continued)
14. Bell in, P. and J. D. Spengler. 1980. Indoor and outdoor carbon monoxide
measurements at an airport. JAPCA 30(4): 309-394. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: CO
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: airport
Geographical Location: Boston, MA
Season: winter, 1978
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Indoor/outdoor carbon monoxide measurements
were taken at Logan International Airport. Indoor concentra-
tions were found to be lower than outdoor concentrations. The
carbon monoxide levels do not constitute a health threat to the
general public or the working population.
15. Biersteker, K. 1982. Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships: Discus-
sion. JAPCA 32(9):908-913. [A, C, F]
Investigator: K. Biersteker
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Biersteker reviews indoor air quality problems
in the Netherlands with regard to health effects and indoor/
outdoor relationships of S02, CO, and N02. Both historical and
recent data are summarized.
36
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Bl. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
(continued)
16. Colome, S. D., J. D. Spengler, and S. McCarthy. 1982. Comparisons of
element and inorganic compounds inside and outside of residences. Environ-
ment International 8:197-212. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: NIEHS; EPRI; EPA
Pollutants Measured: S02; N02; respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: 10 houses
Geographical Location: Steubenville, OH; Portage; WI
Season: year-round
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Results of more than one year of air monitoring
inside and outside of five homes in each of two communities are
presented for S02, N02, respirable particles, S04, Al, Br, Cl,
Mn, Na, and V. Outdoor levels across the home site in each
city are consistent with proximity to outdoor sources. Indoor
levels of S02, S04, Mn, and V are lower than those measured
outdoors.
17. Halpern, M. 1978. Indoor/outdoor air pollution exposure continuity
relationships. JAPCA 28(7):689-691. [A, F]
Investigator: City University of New York, School of Health
Sciences
Sponsor: New York Lung Association
Pollutants Measured: respirable particulate lead
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: 2 apartments and a museum
Geographical Location: New York City
Season: Aug, Oct (1974)
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Indoor/outdoor respirable particulate lead
measurements were made using a stacked filter sampler. Indoor
respirable lead values tended to be lower than outdoor levels.
Significant differences were observed for indoor lead levels
between air conditioned and non-air conditioned sites.
37
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Bl. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
(continued)
18. Howlett, Jr., C. T. 1982. Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships:
Discussion. JAPCA 32(9):913-916. [D]
Investigator: NA
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Reviewing J. E. Yocum's article (entry 23),
Howlett uses formaldehyde as a model for comparing what is
known about indoor air quality and the potential adverse health
effects. The problem of regulating indoor exposures must
consider what is known about indoor air levels, what can be
done to reduce exposure levels, and the role of building codes
in limiting exposure.
19. Lannefors, H. and H. C. Hansson. 1981. Indoor/outdoor elemental concen-
tration relationships at a nursery school. Nuclear Instruments and Methods
181:441-444. [A, F]
Investigator: Lund Institute of Technology
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: particulate lead and bromine
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: nursery school
Geographical Location: Lund, Sweden
Season: August 1978
Ventilation Rates: 0.5-1.0 ach
Major Findings: Indoor and outdoor concentrations of lead and
bromine at a nursey school were measured using streaker samplers.
Observed variation in concentration correlated well with traffic
intensity variations. The indoor concentrations of the elements
studied were about one-fifth of outdoor levels.
38
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
81. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
(continued)
20. Moschandreas, D. J. 1982. Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships:
Discussion. JAPCA 32(9):904-907. [F]
Investigator: Moschandreas, D.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Moschandreas reviews J. E. Yocum's paper on
indoor-outdoor air quality relationships (entry 23) and specif-
ically addresses the limitations and contributions of his I/O
ratio. Mr. Moschandreas feels that adequate work has been done
on characterization of U.S. housing and that efforts should be
directed towards IAQ model formulation, validation and proper
use.
21. Spengler, J. D. 1982. Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships: Dis-
cussion. JAPCA 32(9):907-909. [D]
Investigator: J. D. Spengler
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Spengler reviews J. E. Yocum's paper on indoor-
outdoor air quality relationships (entry 23) and notes that
Yocum has not critically reviewed published data. Spengler
discusses the contribution of indoor pollutants to health
effects, the areas where more research is needed, and some
possible governmental initiatives.
39
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Bl. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
(continued)
22. Spengler, J. D., C. P. Duffy, R. Letz, T. W. Tibbitts, and B. G. Ferris, Jr.
1983. Nitrogen dioxide inside and outside 137 homes and implications for
ambient air quality standards and health effects research. Environmental
Science and Technology 17(3):164-168.
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health; Univ. of Wisconsin
Sponsor: Wisconsin Power Companies; EPRI; NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: N02
Pollutant Sources: gas stoves
Premises: 137 homes
Geographical Location: Portage, WI
Season: year-round
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Annual mean ambient concentration of NOg was
10-15 ug/m^, while homes with gas ranges averaged 50 ug/m3
higher in the kitchen and 30 ug/m3 higher in bedroom. Electric
stoves did not contribute to indoor N02 and levels were 1/2 to
2/3 of ambient levels. No predictive models were developed due
to large variations of N02 concentrations in homes—most likely
due to differences in stove use, emission rates, and air exchange
rates.
23. Yocum, J. E. 1982. Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships: A critical
review. JAPCA 32(5):500-520. [A, F]
Investigator: TRC Environmental Consultants, Inc.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This is a critical review article in which the
implications and shortcomings of key research efforts are
discussed. A useful grouping of air pollutants by source
(predominantly outdoor, both, indoor and outdoor, and predomi-
nantly outdoor) provides the basis for reviewing indoor-outdoor
air quality relationships.
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
B2. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Exposure monitoring
24. Dockery, D. and J. D. Spengler. 1981. Personal exposure to respirable
particulates and sulfates. JAPCA 31(2):153-159. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: NIEHS; EPRI
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles and sulfates
Pol 1utant Sources: NA
Premi ses: indoor (homes); outdoor; personal
Geographical Location: Watertown; MA; Steubenvi1le, OH
Season: summer and winter
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Personal exposure to respirable particles and
sulfates were measured in Watertown, MA and Steubenvi1le, OH.
Mean personal exposure for each city was related to mean outdoor
levels for the city. A time-weighted indoor/outdoor activity
model only modestly improved estimates of personal exposure
over those predicted from measured indoor concentrations alone.
25. Nitta, H. and K. Maeda. 1982. Personal exposure monitoring to nitrogen
dioxide. Environment International 8:243-248. [A, F]
Investigator:University of Tokyo
Sponsor: Tokyo Foundation and Ministry of Education, Science,
and Culture
Pollutants Measured: N02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: houses, offices
Geographical Location: Tokyo, Japan
Season: summer and winter
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Indoor, outdoor, and personal exposure meas-
urements of N02 were made in a number of houses and offices in
different seasons. Unvented space heaters were found to in-
crease personal exposure. A time-weighted indoor/outdoor
activity model gives modestly improved estimates of personal
exposure over those predicted from indoor concentrations alone.
41
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
B2. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Exposure monitoring
(continued)
26. Ott, W. and P. Flachsbart. 1982. Measurement of carbon monoxide concen-
trations in indoor and outdoor locations using personal exposure monitors.
Environment International 8:295-304. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Hawaii
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: CO
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: commercial settings
Geographical Location: California cities
Season: Nov 1979-June 1980
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Personal exposure monitoring measurements for
CO were made in four California cities (San Francisco, Palo
Alto, Mountain View, and Los Angeles). Most commercial settings
had CO concentrations above zero, because CO tends to seep into
buildings from outside vehicular emissions. Indoor garages and
buildings with attached parking garages can experience rela-
tively high CO levels.
27. Sega, K. and M. Fugas. 1982. Personal exposure versus monitoring station
data for respirable particles. Environment International 8:259-263. [A,
F]
Investigator: Inst. for Medical Research and Occupational
Health, Zagreb, Yugoslavia
Sponsor: WHO; Research Council of Croatia
Pollutants Measured: respirable and total suspended particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: Zagreb, Yugoslavia
Season: Dec 1980-Mar 1981
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Twelve subjects working at the same location,
but living in various parts of Zagreb, were monitored for 7
consecutive days for personal exposure to respirable particles.
These data were compared with simultaneously obtained data from
the outdoor network station nearest to subject's home. The
ratio between average personal exposure and respirable particle
levels in the outdoor air decreases with the increased outdoor
concentration; thus, this relationship might serve as the basis
for rough estimations of personal exposure.
42
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
B2. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Exposure monitoring
(continued)
28. Silverman, F., P. Corey, S. Mintz, P. Olver, and R. Hosein. 1982. A
study of effects of ambient urban air pollution using personal samplers:
A preliminary report. Environment International 8:311-316. [A, F]
Investigator: Gage Research Institute, Univ. of Toronto
Sponsor: WHO; York-Toronto Lung Association
Pollutants Measured: Suspended particles; S02; N02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Toronto, Canada
Season: heating/nonheating seasons
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This study was conducted using a control and
an asthmatic group in which effects of air pollution were
assessed by symptom, medication diary, and pulmonary function
tests. Air pollution exposure was measured using small portable
samplers for particles, S02, and N02. These samplers were
carried by subjects and situated inside and outside homes.
Results suggest the need for using personal samplers when
investigating health effects.
29. Tosteson, T. D., J. D. Spengler, and R. A. Weker. 1982. Aluminum, iron,
and lead content of respirable particulate samples from a personal monitor-
ing study. Environment International 8:265-268. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: EPA; EPRI; NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: indoor (24 homes); outdoor; personal
Geographical Location: Topeka, KS
Season: Spring, 1979
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Samples of respirable particulate matter
collected during a personal monitoring study in Topeka, KS,
were analyzed for iron, aluminum, and lead. Indoor, outdoor,
and personal levels of iron and aluminum were not significantly
different. Indoor lead concentrations were found to be less
than both personal and outdoor levels.
43
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
B2. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Exposure monitoring
(continued)
30. Wallace, L., R. Zweidinger, M, Erickson, S. Cooper, D. Whitaker, and E.
Pellizzari. 1982. Monitoring individual exposure: Measurements of
volatile organic compounds in breathing-zone air, drinking water, and
exhaled breath. Environment International 8:269-282. [A, B, F]
Investigator: RTI
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: volatile organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: varied
Geographical Location: TX, NC
Season: summer 1980
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Personal exposure of students to volatile
organics in Chapel Hill, NC and Beaumount, TX were assessed
using exposure monitors, water samples, and breath analysis.
Air exposure to volatile organics varied widely even among
students on the same campus. Air was the main route of expos-
ure for all target compounds except two trihalomethanes which
were transmitted through water.
31. Ziskind, R. A., K. Fite, and D. T. Mage. 1982. Pilot field study:
Carbon monoxide exposure monitoring in the general population. Environ-
ment International 8:283-293. [A, F]
Investigator: Science Applications, Inc., Los Angeles, CA.
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: CO
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: varied
Geographical Location: Los Angeles, CA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A pilot field study enlisted nine people to
measure carbon monoxide by using personal monitors. The 9 ppm
ambient air quality standard was exceeded on 22 person days.
Elevated carbon monoxide concentrations during commuting activity
were frequently associated with the exceedances.
44
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Cl. Gaseous Pollutants: Inorganics
32. Good, D. W., G. Vilcins, W. R. Harvey, D. A. Clabo, Jr., and A. L. Lewis.
1982. Effect of cigarette smoking on residential N02 levels. Environ-
ment International 8:167-175. [A, F]
Investigator: Philip Morris, Inc.
Sponsor: Philip Morris, Inc.
Pollutants Measured: N02
Pollutant Sources: gas appliances, smoking
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Richmond, VA
Season: summer 1980 and winter 1981
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Gas-fired kitchen appliances were found to
account for the largest increases in indoor N02 levels. Non-
smokers were classified as those smoking less than 20 cigarettes
per week.
33. Jaeger, R. J. 1981. Carbon monoxide in houses and vehicles. Bulletin
New York Academy Medicine 57(10):860-872. [C, F]
Investigator: N.Y.U. Medical Center
Sponsor: NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: CO
Pol 1 utant Sources: natural gas combustion, tobacco smoke
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This is a survey and literature review presented
at a Symposium on the Health Aspects of Indoor Air Pollution,
NY Academy of Medicine, May 1981. Health issues and potential
sources of carbon monoxide are discussed.
45
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Cl. Gaseous Pollutants: Inorganics
(continued)
34. Lundqvist, G. R. , M. Iversen, and J. Korsgaard. 1982. Indoor climate in
low-ventilated day-care institutions. Environment International 8:139-142
[A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Aarhus, Inst. of Hygiene, Denmark
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: C02, water vapor
Pollutant Sources: humans
Premises: day-care nursery, kindergarten
Geographical Location: Denmark
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 1-2 m3 fresh air/person/h
Major Findings: Exposure conditions in the field were dupli-
cated under controlled conditions. The results showed that C02
concentrations reached 3,500 to 4,000 ppm, whereas background
is 350 ppm. Water vapor reached 8-10 g/kg of dry air. The C02
levels were unacceptable by WHO standards. Building codes
should be designed to control C02 buildup where ventiliation is
low.
35. Moschandreas, D. J. and J. Zabransky, Jr. 1982. Spatial variation of
carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen concentrations inside residences.
Environment International 8:177-183. [A, F]
Investigator: IITRI; Geomet Technologies, Inc.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NO, N02, CO
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: 12 residences, 2 office buildings
Geographical Location: Boston, MA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.5-1.2 ach
Major Findings: Concentrations of combustion gases vary from
room to room in buildings using gas-cooking appliances, but not
in residences with electric appliances. The magnitude of the
difference is not large. More than single-zone sampling is
recommended, although one indoor zone adequately characterizes
the environment if sampling is done continuously.
46
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Cl. Gaseous Pollutants: Inorganics
(continued)
36. Quackenboss, J. J., M. S. Kanarek, J. D. Spengler, and R. Letz. 1982.
Personal monitoring for nitrogen dioxide exposure: Methodological con-
siderations for a community studv. Environment International 8:249-258.
[A, F] "
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: Wisconsin Power and Light Co.; EPA
Pollutants Measured: N02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: 19 homes
Geographical Location: Portage, WI
Season: March 1981
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Passive diffusion N02 monitors were placed
outdoors, in the kitchen, in one bedroom on each floor of
homes, and worn by family members. Individuals from gas-cooking
homes had significantly higher average N02 exposures than those
from homes using electricity for cooking. Personal exposures
were more closely related to bedroom levels than to kitchen or
outdoor concentrations for both cooking fuel groups. Several
preliminary models are presented which relate average personal
N02 exposure to indoor and ambient levels, and also to the
proportion of time spent in different locations.
37. Selway, M. D., R. J. Allen, and R. A. Wadden. 1980. Ozone production
from photocopying machines. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 41:455-459. [A,F]
Investigator: Univ. of Illinois, School of Public Health
Sponsor: NIOSH
Pollutants Measured: ozone
Pollutant Sources: photocopying machines
Premises: sealed rooms
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Ten photocopying machines operating in sealed
rooms were sampled for ozone emissions. All but one model
produced detectable amounts. Emission rates of <1 to 54 ug/
copy were found. Servicing the machines reduced emissions to
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
Cl. Gaseous Pollutants: Inorganics
(continued)
38. Wallace, L. A. 1983. Carbon monoxide in air and breath of employees in
an underground office. JAPCA 33(7): 678-682. [A., C, E, F]
Investigator: EPA
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: CO
Pollutant Sources: parking garage
Premises: office building
Geographical Location: NA
Season: February
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Elevated carbon monoxide levels were found in
the air and lungs of workers in an underground office that was
connected to a parking garage. Closing fire doors and activat-
ing parking garage fans rectified the situation. The methods
and equipment employed in this study are recommended for identi-
fying similar carbon monoxide problems.
39. Yanagisawa, Y., and H. Nishimura. 1982. A badge-type personal sampler
for measurement of personal exposure to N02 and NO in ambient air.
Environment International 8:235-242. [B]
Investigator: Univ. of Tokyo, Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NO, N02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: laboratory
Geographical Location: Tokyo, Japan
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: velocity: 0.15-4.0 m/s
Major Findings: A badge-type sampler was developed for monitor-
ing personal exposure to N02. The sampler measured N02 concen-
tration within an accuracy of ±20%. The lower limit for reli-
able measurement is 66 ppbh. NO is measured by providing an
oxidation layer in the filter.
48
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
40. Berglund, B. , I. Johansson, and T. Lindvall. 1982. A longitudinal study
of air contaminants in a newly built preschool. Environment International
8:111-115. [A, E, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Stockholm
Sponsor: Swedish Council for Building Research
Pollutants Measured: volatile organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: preschool
Geographical Location: Stockholm, Sweden
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 81-91% recirculation
Major Findings: Typical air contaminants emanating from build-
ing materials were determined, their variation over time was
measured, and the influence of the ventilation system on con-
taminant concentrations was studied. The concentrations of 22
organic compounds were far below occupational threshold limit
values. All organic compounds declined over time, mainly
within six months. The authors suggest a six-month "gassing-off"
period with no recirculation.
41. Dally, K. A., L. P. Hanrahan, M. A. Woodbury, and M. S. Kanarek. 1981.
Formaldehyde exposure in nonoccupational environments. Archives of Environ-
mental Health 36:277-284. [A, C]
Investigator: Wisconsin Division of Health
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: building materials
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Madison, Wisconsin
Season: year-round
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Air samples were collected in 100 structures,
primarily mobile homes. An association was found between
formaldehyde level and age of building materials. Health
effects were eye irritation, runny nose, dry or sore throats,
headache and cough. The authors suggest that nonoccupational
indoor environmental exposure to formaldehyde is significant
and may exceed the standard set for occupational exposure.
49
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
(continued)
42. Eckmann, A. D. , K. A. Dally, L. P. Hanrahan, and H. A. Anderson. 1982.
Comparison of the chromotropic acid and modified pararosaniline methods
for the determination of formaldehyde in air. Environment International
8:159-166. [A, B]
Investigator: Wisconsin Div. of Health
Sponsor: EPA; State of Wisconsin
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: homes, building materials
Premises: 25 homes; 14 mobile homes
Geographical Location: Wisconsin
Season: spring
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Ambient formaldehyde concentrations were
measured using four sampling trains and two analytical methods.
Analysis of variance indicated little difference among the
sampling trains. Good agreement was found between chromotropic
acid and pararosaniline analytical methods although the modified
pararosaniline method produced lower values for field samples
than the chromotropic acid method; a source of interference was
postulated.
43. Garry, V. F., L. Oatman, R. Pleus, and D. Gray. 1980. Formaldehyde in
the home. Minnesota Medicine 63(2):107-111. [A, C, F]
Investigator: Minnesota Dept of Health, Univ. of Minnesota
Sponsor: Minnesota State Planning Agency
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Minnesota
Season: winter-spring-summer
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Formaldehyde levels were found to be signifi-
cantly higher in homes of persons with symptoms than those
without symptoms. Asthmatics are more sensitive and smokers
less sensitive to formaldehyde exposure. Newer mobile homes
showed higher levels of formaldehyde.
50
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
(continued)
4-4. Geisling, K. L. , M. K. Tashima, J. R. Girman, R. R. Miksch, and S. M.
Rappaport. 1982. A passive sampling device for determining formaldehyde
in indoor air. Environment International 8:153-158. [B]
Investigator: LBL; Univ. of California, Berkeley
Sponsor: DOE; California Energy Commission
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: laboratory
Geographical Location: Berkeley, CA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A passive sampler was developed with NaHS03
(sodium sulfate) soaked glass-fiber filters. In the field, the
device collects a sample by being uncapped for a specified
time. Recapped, it is returned to the laboratory and the
filter analyzed by the chromotropic acid method. It is a
simple, sensitive device that shows excellent storage charac-
teristics.
45. Godish, T. 1981. Formaldehyde and building-related illness. Journal
of Environmental Health 44(3):116-121. [A, C]
Investigator: Ball State Univ.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This is a review article covering monitoring,
health effects, formaldehyde sources, and cause-effect relation-
ships. There is an apparent causal relationship between building-
related formaldehyde exposure and symptoms, although definitive
epidemiological studies are needed.
51
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
(continued)
46. Hollowell, C. D. , and R. R. Miksch. 1981. Sources and concentrations of
organic compounds in indoor environments. Bulletin New York Academy
Medicine 57(10):962-977. [A, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: Office buildings, mobile homes
Geographical Location: varied
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Summaries of formaldehyde and other organic
compound concentrations measured in office buildings and a few
mobile homes are presented. The authors emphasize the variety
of organic compounds found in typical office spaces.
47. Jarke, F. H., A. Dravnieks, and S. M. Gordon. 1981. Organic contaminants
in indoor air and their relation to outdoor contaminants. ASHRAE Transac-
tions 87(1):153-166. [A, F]
Investigator: IITRI, Chicago, IL
Sponsor: ASHRAE
Pollutants Measured: organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Washington, DC, Chicago IL
Season:winter/summer
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Concentration of organics are on average, at
or below 100 ppb. Indoor activities such as painting, varnish-
ing, cleaning and cooling can produce higher levels. The
number of compounds found indoors was higher than outdoors,
both winter and summer. Nearby industrial operations have a
slight effect on contaminants found in the homes.
52
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
(continued)
48. Livingston, J. M. and C. R. Jones. 1981. Living area contamination by
chlordane used for termite treatment. Bulletin Environmental Contamina-
tion Toxicology 27:406-411. [A, F]
Investigator: Air Force Medical Research Lab.
Sponsor: U.S. Air Force
Pollutants Measured: Chlordane
Pollutant Sources: pest control
Premises: apartments, homes
Geographical Location: NA
Season: al1
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: An investigation of chlorodane-treated resi-
dences showed that weather parameters had no apparent effect on
chlordane concentration and no degradation was found over time.
Higher concentrations were found for apartments treated in two
specific years, implying faculty application of the pesticide.
Ducting found in residence slabs will continue to generate
chlordane when termite treatment is performed.
49. MacLeod, K. E. 1981. Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air. Environ-
mental Science & Technology 15(8):926-928. [A, B, F]
Investigator: HERL (EPA)
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: PCBs
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: laboratories; offices; homes
Geographical Location: NA
Season: Various
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This paper describes a method for sampling and
analyzing PCS's using low-volume air sampling through poly-
urethane foam collectors. "Normal" levels of PCBs found in
indoor air are at least 10 times higher than outdoor levels.
Kitchens showed highest levels of PCB in homes.
53
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
(continued)
50. Matthews, T. G., A. R. Hawthorne, T. C. Howe 11, C. E. Metcalfe, and R. B.
Gammage. 1982. Evaluation of selected monitoring methods for formaldehyde
in domestic environments. Environment International 8:143-151. [B]
Investigator: ORNL, Health and Safety Research Division
Sponsor: DOE; CPSC
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: NA
Season: Winter
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Four methods for monitoring formaldehyde were
evaluated in controlled tests: (1) The CEA Instruments, Inc.
(model 555) wet chemical analyzer for indoor air monitoring;
(2) a molecular sieve suitable for rapid sampling applications;
(3) a passive semi permeable membrane sampler providing inte-
grated exposure measurement; and (4) a visual colorimetric
analysis, used in conjunction with passive samplers.
51. Miksch, R. R., C. D. Ho11 owe11, L. Z. Fanning, A. Newton, and H. Schmidt.
1980. Trace organic contaminants in indoor air environments. American
Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry Preprints 20(2):
57-60.[A, B, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: trailers, offices
Geographical Location: Berkeley and San Francisco, CA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Internal standards were dissolved in tetra-
decane for a fast, simple reproducible standardization method.
Organics were found to be higher indoors than outside and many
of the compounds have been identified by OSHA, EPA, and NIOSH
as potentially hazardous (not at the levels measured here.)
54
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants:
Organics
(continued)
52. Miksch, R. R., C. D. Hollowell, and H. E. Schmidt. 1982. Trace organic
chemical contaminants in office spaces. Environment International 8:129-
137. [A, E, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: organics
Pollutant Sources: varied
Premises: offices
Geographical Location:
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Berkeley, CA
Major Findings: Levels of indoor pollutants are higher than
outdoor ambient levels but 102 to 104 times lower than occupa-
tional standards. The impacts of building materials are not
well defined or understood, but "drying out" periods for new
construction may be a good idea. Controlling office pollutants
at the source is more efficient than increasing ventilation
rates.
53. Mitthave, L. 1982. Indoor air pollution due to organic gases and vapours
of solvents in building materials. Environment International 8:117-127.
[A, C, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Aarhus, Denmark
Sponsor: Danish National Health Foundation
Pollutants Measured: organics compounds from solvents
Pollutant Sources: 42 commonly used building material
Premises: 1aboratory
Geographical Location: Aarhus, Denmark
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Testing facilities are suitable for classifi-
cation of emissions from building materials. Mathematical
models correlated well with actual measured concentrations
found in model rooms. Potential health risks exist, especially
for sensitive individuals.
55
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics
(continued)
54. Oblas, D. W., D. L. Dugger, and S. I. Lieberman. 1980. The determina-
tion of organic species in the telephone central office ambient.
IEEE: Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology
371): 17-20. [A, F]
Investigator: GTE Laboratories, Inc.
Sponsor: GTE Labs
Pollutants Measured: organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: offices
Geographical Location: 5 cities
Season: winter, summer
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Organics known to interfere or effect elec-
trical components were sampled at five telephone offices across
the United States. Values ranged from 1 to 100 ppb. Halo-
hydrocarbons originate in contact cleaners, lubricants and
spray cans, however outside sources are significant for certain
organics.
55. Wang, T. C. 1975. A study of bioeffluents in a college classroom.
ASHRAE Transactions 81(1):32-44. [A, F]
Investigator: Harbor Branch Foundation Lab, Florida
Sponsor: ASHRAE
Pollutants Measured: organics, NH3) H2S, C02, CO
Pollutant Sources: human
Premises: college auditorium
Geographical Location: Iowa City, Iowa
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Using a mass balance model, C02 was found to
be the most abundant inorganic compond generated in the class-
room. Methanol, ethanol, and acetone were found to be highest
among organics. Variation was found for different times of the
day, and slightly from day to day, except during exams when C02
was found to be 45% higher.
56
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
D. Radon
56. Abu-Jarad, F. and J. H. Fremlin. 1982. The activity of radon daughters
in high-rise buildings and the influence of soil emanation. Environment
International 8:37-43. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: high rise buildings
Geographical Location: Birmingham, England
Season: Summer, fall, winter
Ventilation Rates: 0.1-1.4 ach
Major Findings: Radon levels are most strongly correlated with
floor construction and subfloor ventilation. Ventilation
strongly influences radon exposure. However, ground floor
residences show higher activity whether in single homes or
high-rise buildings.
57. Bruno, R. C. 1983. Sources of indoor radon in houses: A review. JAPCA
33(2):105-109. [A, E, F]
Investigator: EPA, Office of Radiation Programs
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: varied
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: varied
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 1 ach (input)
Major Findings: Based on a mass balance model, governmental
guidelines will be exceeded in regions with high radon soil
levels. The best controls are sealing of cracks, rather than
impermeable coatings on slabs and foundation walls. New con-
struction techniques can reduce radon exposure without signif-
icant cost increases. Air tight homes (0.1 to 0.2 ach) present
particular problems.
57
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
D.
Radon
(continued)
58. Fleischer, R. L., W. R. Giard, A. Mogro-Campero, L. G. Turner,
H.W. Alter, and J. E. Gingrich. 1980. Dosimetry of environmental
radon: Methods and theory for low-dose, integrated measurements.
Health Physics 39:957-962. [A, B]
Investigator: General Electric Research and Development Center
Sponsor: GE
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location:
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Schnectady, NY
Major Findings: A theoretical discussion of radon detection is
followed by laboratory and field testing of Track-Etch dosimeter
cups. A high degree of linearity was shown between machine
readings (track density) and integrated concentrations from
controlled exposure chambers. Field testing in basements and
first floors gave representative results.
59. Hernandez, T. , and J. W. Ring. 1982. Indoor radon source fluxes:
Experimental tests of a two-chamber model. Environment International
8:45-57. [A, F]
Investigator: Princeton University
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location:
Princeton, NJ
Season: spring, summer
Ventilation Rates: 0.26-1.96 ach
Major Findings: A two-chamber model, involving both living
area and basement radon levels, was far superior to a single
chamber (basement) model in predicting total indoor radon
exposure. A one chamber model underestimates the radon source
flux (pCi/min).
58
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
D. Radon
(continued)
60. Hess, C. T., C. V. Weiffenbach, and S. A. Norton. 1982. Variations of
airborne and waterborne Rn-222 in houses in Maine. Environment Interna-
tional 8:59-66. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Maine
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: well water
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Maine
Season: Fall, winter, spring
Ventilation Rates: 0.3-2.0 ach
Major Findings: Radon levels found in the homes were at the
level at which action is recommended (3 pCi/L). Air levels
correlated well with water levels, showing 1.07 pCi Rn/L in air
per 10,000 pCi Rn/L of water. Increased water use in the home
(shower, clothes and dishwashing) raised air levels. Health
risks are suggested by the correlation of water radon levels
with lung cancer in 16 Maine counties.
61. Hildingson, 0. 1982. Radon measurements in 12,000 Swedish homes.
Environment International 8:67-70. [A, C, F]
Investigator: Swedish National Testing Institute
Sponsor: Swedish National Testing Institute
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes, apartments
Geographical Location: Sweden
Season: annual
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Homes having greatest contact with soils
showed higher rates of radon levels (above 10 pCi/L). Many of
homes in Sweden had such high radon levels and 10,000 homes
(with >27 pCi/L) must be rebuilt according to government limits
59
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
D. Radon
(continued)
62. Jonassen, N. 1981. Indoor radon concentrations and building materials
control of airborne radioactivity. In Building Energy Management, edited
by Fernandes Olivia, 695-701. London: Oxford Press. [A, C, F]
Investigator: Technical University of Denmark
Sponsor: Technical University of Denmark
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: basement room
Geographical Location: Denmark
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: varied
Major Findings: Exhalation rates for various buildings materials
are presented. Control measures are discussed. Limited experi-
ments with circulation and filtration indicate that at a rate
of 1-2 h l through an ordinary filter, radon daughter levels
may be reduced by a factor of 5-10.
63. Jonassen, N., and J. P. McLaughlin. 1982. Air filtration and radon
daughter levels. Environment International 8:71-75. [E, F]
Investigator: Technical Univ. of Denmark
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: radon and daughters
Pollutant Sources: walls, soils
Premises: experimental room
Geographical Location: Lyngby, Denmark
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.5-2.0 ach
Major Findings: This paper investigates the effect of filtra-
tion and aerosol concentration on the level of short-lived
airborne radon daughter products. Using an experimental chamber
(324 m3), it was found that at high aerosol concentrations, the
decrease in daughter products could be explained simply as the
effect of the filter removing the products. But as aerosol
concentrations were lowered, daughter products increasingly
plated out on the walls.
60
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
D. Radon
(continued)
64. Kusuda, T., S. Silberstein, and P. E. McNall, Jr. 1980. Modeling of
radon and its daughter concentrations in ventilated spaces. JAPCA 30(11):
1201-1207. [E]
Investigator: National Bureau of Standards
Sponsor: NBS
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A computer program (time-dependent model)
based on ventilation, emanation rates, and sources, was devel-
oped to predict radon, daughters, and alpha levels. Air-tight
homes (0.2 to 0.5 ach) contribute to levels that have been of
concern.
65. Moschandreas, D. J., and H. E. Rector. 1982. Indoor radon concentrations
Environment International 8:77-82. [A, F]
Investigator: Geomet Technologies, Inc.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Washington, DC suburb
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.06-1.57 ach
Major Findings: Fifty-five percent of all surveyed basements
and 30% of all main floors showed levels in excess of 4.0
nCi/m3, a level that may be above EPA guidelines for homes
built on land reclaimed from phosphate mines. Suburban levels
were lower than town levels, but higher than rural. This is
due either to differences in soil or construction practices.
61
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
D. Radon
(continued)
66. Prichard, H. M., T. F. Gesell, C. T. Hess, C. V. Weiffenbach, and P.
Nyberg. 1982. Associations between grab sample and integrated radon
measurements in dwellings in Maine and Texas. Environment International
8:83-87. [A]
Investigator: Univ. of Texas School of Public Health
Sponsor: EPA; NIEHS; NIH
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Texas and Maine
Season: summer, winter
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Log normal distributions were found for all
locations, though geometric means varied. Grab samples are
adequate for characterization of radon level in a geographical
area, but integrated samples more adequately assess individual
structures. Water sampling might also be useful in identifying
geographic areas of concern.
62
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
E. Consumer Products
67. Jackson, M. D., and R. G. Lewis. 1981. Insecticide concentrations in
air after application of pest control strips. Bulletin of Environmental
Contaminants Toxicology 27:122-125. [A]
Investigator: EPA, Health Effects Research Lab
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: 3 insecticides
Pollutant Sources: pest control strips
Premises: laboratory
Geographical Location: North Carolina
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 8-10 ach
Major Findings: There was a low level vaporization of insecti-
cide from pest control strips, though no odor was detected.
Highest air concentrations in a 30 m3 room were 0.8, 1.4, and
0.25 |jg/m3 for propoxur, diazinen, and chlorpyrifos, respec-
tively.
68. Mokler, B. V., B. A. Wong, and M. J. Snow. 1979. Respirable particulates
generated by pressurized consumer products. I. Experimental method and
general characteristics. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
40:330-338. [F]
Investigator: Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research
Institute
Sponsor: DOE; CPSC; FDA
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: pressurized consumer products
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Respirable particles are generated by pres-
surized consumer products. A simulated breathing zone model is
developed and used to characterize these particles. There
appears to be a nonlognormal size distribution with enrichment
in the fine particulates that are deposited in the human re-
spiratory tract.
63
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
E. Consumer Products
(continued)
69. Mokler, B. V., B. A. Wong, and M. J. Snow. 1979. Respirable particulates
generated by pressurized consumer products. II. Influence of experimental
conditions. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 40:339-348.
[F]
Investigator: Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Research
Institute
Sponsor: DOE; CSPC; FDA
Pollutants Measured: respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: pressurized consumer products
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Variation in experimental test chamber condi-
tions had little effect on particle size characteristics. Data
generated in the lab is the worst-case situation, in that
actual exposure would be less than estimates based on this
data.
70. Pickrell, J. A., B. V. Mokler, L. C. Griffis, C. H. Hobbs, and A. Bathija.
1983. Formaldehyde release rate coefficients from selected consumer
products. Environmental Science and Technology 17(12):753-757. [F]
Investigator: Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Research
Institute
Sponsor: CPSC; DOE
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: consumer/building products
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A modified Japanese Industrial Standard dessi-
cator procedure provided measurements of formaldehyde release
from various consumer products (clothes, paper, fabric, carpet)
and building materials (pressed wood, glass-fiber insulation).
Release rate coefficients were calculated per unit mass and
surface area for each product. Comparisons were made between
the release rates and the total extractable formaldehyde meas-
ured by the perforator procedure.
64
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
E. Consumer Products
(continued)
71. Young, R. J., R. A. Rinksy, and P. F. Infante. 1978. Benzene in consumer
products. Science 199:248. [A, C, F]
Investigator: NIOSH, OSHA
Sponsor: NIOSH; OSHA
Pollutants Measured: benzene
Pollutant Sources: paint stripper
Premises: two-car garage
Geographical Location: NA
Season: summer
Ventilation Rates: approximate wind speed 10 mph
Major Findings: Simulated paint stripping in a garage produced
benzene levels ranging from 73 to 225 ppm, well above OSHA
proposed standard (1978) for benzene (1 ppm). Other commercial
products that contain benzene, and sources of nonoccupational
exposure are mentioned.
65
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
72. Caceres, T., H. Soto, E. Lissi, and R. Cisternas. 1983. Indoor house
pollution: Appliance emissions and indoor ambient concentrations.
Atmospheric Environment 17(5):1009-1013. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Santiago, Chile
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: CO, NO, N02, CH20, S02
Pollutant Sources: unvented gas and kerosene heaters
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Emission rates for CO, N02, CH20 and S02 from
several unvented gas and kerosene heaters frequently employed
in domestic heating have been measured. A mass balance model
is presented. Predicted steady state concentration and measured
values exceed many short-term air quality standards.
73. Coutant, R. W., E. L. Merryman, and A. Levy. 1982. Formation of N02 in
range-top burners. Environment International 8:185-192. [A, E, F]
Investigator: Battelle Columbus Laboratories
Sponsor: AGA
Pollutants Measured: NO
Pollutant Sources: gas stoves
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Formation of NO and N02 on range-top burners
and in diffusion flames were characterized by composition and
temperature profiles. A limited series of experiments with
modified burners indicated emissions could be reduced by
(1) improved primary aeration and (2) designs to minimize flame
surface. A simplified reaction mechanism was postulated to
explain the high N02/N0 ratios observed.
66
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
(conti nued)
74. Girman, J. R., M. G. Apte, G. W. Traynor, J. R. Allen, and C. D. Hollowell
1982. Pollutant emission rates from indoor combustion appliances and
sidestream cigarette smoke. Environment International 8:213-221. [A, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE; CPSC
Pollutants Measured: CO, C02, NO , CH20, suspended particles
Pol 1utant Sources: gas stove, kerosene heater, gas space
heater, tobacco smoke
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: controlled
Major Findings: Indoor pollutant emission rates from several
combustion appliances and concentrations of sidestream tobacco
smoke, were measured in a 27 m3 environmental chamber. Nitrogen
dioxide from combustion appliances and particles from sidestream
cigarette smoke are the most serious indoor air contaminants
based on existing standards.
75. Leaderer, B. P. 1982. Air pollutant emissions from kerosene space
heaters. Science 218:1113-1115. [A, F]
Investigator: Yale University, John B. Pierce Foundation
Laboratory
Sponsor: PHS
Pollutants Measured: N02, S02) CO, C02
Pollutant Sources: kerosene heaters
Premises: environmental test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: varied
Major Findings: Air pollutant emissions from portable convec-
tive and radiant kerosene space heaters were measured in an
environmental chamber. Emission factors for nitrogen oxides,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
depletion are presented. The data suggest that the use of such
heaters in residences can result in exposures to air pollutants
in excess of ambient air quality standards and in some cases in
excess of occupational health standards.
67
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
(continued)
76, McGill, K. C., and D. P. Miller. 1982, Indoor exposure to carbon contain-
ing particulates and vapors in homes which use wood for heating. In:
Proceedings, Residential Wood and Coal Combustion Conference (March
1982), ed. The Air Pollution Control Association, p. 281-283. [A, B, F]
Investigator: Washburn Univ., Topeka, KS
Sponsor: EPRI
Pollutants Measured: organic particulates and vapors
Pollutant Sources: wood burning appliances
Premises: 8 homes
Geographical Location: NA
Season: heating season
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Metal wood stoves show high ratios of semi-
volatiles to volatiles; glass-enclosed fireplaces show higher
semi-volatiles than open fireplaces. The sampling and analysis
method, using catalyst-coated glass filters followed by flame
ionization is fast and yields considerable information, although
it does not identify particular compounds.
77. Neulicht, R. M., and J. Core. 1982. Impact of residential wood combus-
tion appliances on indoor air quality. In Proceedings, Residential Wood
and Coal Combustion Conference (March 1982) ed. The Air Pollution Control
Association.p. 240.[A, F]
Investigator: Del Green Associates, Inc., Portland OR
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: particulate mass and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PNA)
Pollutant Sources: wood burning stoves
Premises: 5 houses
Geographical Location: Portland, OR
Season: May, 1980
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Four of 5 homes showed no significant increase
in particulate mass or PNA when wood burning was going on. One
home did have significant increases especially in PNA concentra-
tion. The potential for exposure exists and is likely due to
improper appliance design, installation or operation.
68
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
(continued)
78. Ritchie, I. M., and L. A. Oatman. 1983.
kerosene heaters. JAPCA 33(9):879-881.
Investigator: Indiana Univ.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: S02, NO
kerosene
Residential air pollution from
[A, F]
and Minnesota Dept.
of Health
Pol 1utant Sources:
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: winter
Ventilation Rates:
, N02, CO,
heaters
CO,
0.49-0.81 ach
Major Findings: Kerosene heaters that are oversized for the
size of the room generate contaminants in high amounts and
possibly unsafe conditions can occur. Although ventilation
reduces the pollutant levels, buildup of contaminants may occur
at slower rates.
79. Ryan, P. B. , J. D. Spengler, and R. Letz. 1983. The effects of kerosene
heaters on indoor pollutant concentrations: A monitoring and modeling
study. Atmospheric Environment 17(7): 1339-1345. [A, F]
School
Investigator: Harvard
Sponsor: EPA; NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: N02, S02
kerosene heater
; 2 houses
Vermont
of Public Health
Pol lutant Sources:
Premises:
Geographical
school
location:
Season: winter
Ventilation rates:
1-1.5 ach
Major Findings: Measurements of N02 levels were made in a
school and two residences which used kerosene heaters. A
simple, mass balance model was used to relate some of the
measurement findings. In one residence in which a discrepancy
between tracer gas and blower-door estimates of air exchange
rates was found, the modeling suggested that the latter estimate
was more likely. Modeling of both N02 and S02 concentrations
suggest the possibility of very high pollutant exposures in
poorly-ventilated rooms.
69
-------
I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
(continued)
80.
Sterling, T. D., and D. Kobayashi. 1981. Use of gas ranges for cooking
and heating in urban dwellings. JAPCA 31(2):162-165. [A, F]
Investigator: Simon Fraser and Columbia Universities
Sponsor: CTR
Pollutants Measured: CO
gas stoves
Pollutant Sources:
Premises: apartments
Geographical Location:
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
New York, NY
81.
Major Findings: A survey of gas consumption patterns in parts
of New York (Manhattan, Bronx, Queens) is presented. Findings
show that gas ranges may be used extensively as supplemental
heating. Limited CO measurements in selected kitchens show
that CO levels build to much higher levels in the well-maintained,
subsidized housing than in the nonsubsidized units.
Traynor, G. W., D. W. Anthon, and C. D. Hollowell. 1982. Technique for
determining pollutant emissions from a gas-fired range. Atmospheric
Environment 16(12):2979-2987. [A, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: CO, NO S02, CH20, respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: gas stove
Premises: NA
NA
Geographical Location:
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: controlled
Major Findings: Chamber measurements of pollutant emissions
from a gas-fired range have shown that carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide formaldehyde and re-
spirable particles were all emitted during the combustion
process. Carbon was found to be the dominant element of the
respirable particles emitted. A mathematical indoor air qual-
ity model was applied to the laboratory studies to calculate
pollutant emission rates per caloric value of fuel consumed.
70
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
(continued)
82. Traynor, G. W., M. G. Apte, J. F. Dillworth, C. D. Hollowell, and E. M.
Sterling. 1982. The effects of ventilation on residential air pollution
due to emissions from a gas-fired range. Environment International
8:447-452. [A, E,F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: CO, NO
Pollutant Sources: gas stove
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: controlled
Major Findings: A mass balance model is used to estimate
indoor concentrations of pollutants from a gas stove. In
conjunction with an experimental research house, the effects of
infiltration, whole house ventilation, and local exhaust are
studied. The results show that a range hood is the most effec-
tive means of removing pollutants emitted from a gas-fired
range.
83. Traynor, G. W. et al. 1982. Indoor air pollution from portable kerosene-
fired space heaters, wood-burning stoves, and wood-burning furnaces. In
Proceedings, Residential Wood and Coal Combustion Conference (March 1982),
ed. The Air Pollution Control Association, p. 253-263. [A, E, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: APCA
Pollutants Measured: CO, C02, N0x, formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: kerosene heaters
Premises: experimental test chamber
Geographical Location: Berkeley, CA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.08 to 0.4 ach
Major Findings: In both the environmental chamber and in
houses where the kerosene heater is operated for more than one
hour, the OSHA C02 standard and California N02 standards were
exceeded. Wood-burning stoves and furnaces vary greatly in
contribution to indoor air quality. They need to be studied to
develop ways of reducing their contribution to indoor air
pollutant levels.
71
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I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
F. Combustion Sources
(continued)
84. Traynor, G. W., M. G. Apte, J. F. Dill worth, C. D. Hollowell, and E. M.
Sterling. 1982. The effects of ventilation on residential air pollution
due to emissions from a gas-fired range. Environment International
8:447-452. [A, E, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE, Office of Health & Environmental Research
Pollutants Measured: CO, C02, NO
Pollutant Sources: gas-fired range
Premises: house
Geographical Location: Berkeley, CA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.7-1.6 ach
Major Findings: A single-equation model is shown to adequately
predict average whole-house pollutant concentrations. Spot
ventilation and range hoods were more effective in removing gas
stove pollutants than was general room ventilation.
85. Yamanaka, S., H. Hirose, and S. Takada. 1979. Nitrogen oxide emissions
from domestic kerosene-fired and gas-fired appliances. Atmospheric
Environment 13:407-412. [A, F]
Investigator: Kyoto City Institute of Public Health
Sponsor: Environmental Agency of Japan
Pollutants Measured: NO
Pollutant Sources: Gas appliances
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Emission rates for NO from several gas appli-
ances were measured. Among the appliances tested were a kerosene
heater, gas stove, gas furnace, and gas water heater. A specially
designed model hood collected emissions from the various appli-
ances; samples of this combustion gas were used to estimate
emission rates.
72
-------
I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MEASUREMENT
G. Odor
86. Berg-Munch, B., and P. 0. Fanger. 1982. The influence of air temperature
on the perception of body odor. Environment International 8:333-335.
[A, FT
Investigator: Univ. of Denmark
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: odor
Pollutant Sources: humans
Premises: auditorium
Geographical Location: Denmark
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 1.3 ach
Major Findings: The intensity of human odor in an auditorium
was judged by an odor panel in an adjacent space. One half of
the sampled air flow was heated, and the other half was unheated.
At air temperatures 23-32° C, no significant influence of
temperature on perceived intensity of body odor was found.
87. Berglund, B., U. Berglund, T. Lindvall, and H. Nicander-Bredberg. 1982.
Olfactory and chemical characterization of indoor air: Towards a psycho-
physical model for air quality. Environment International 8:327-332.
[A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsor: Swedish Council for Building Research
Pollutants Measured: Odor
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: office buildings, school
Geographical Location: Sweden
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: The relationship between odor strength of
total air samples and the odor strengths of the constituents
was investigated in three field experiments in an office building
and a new preschool. A psychological model was found that
predicts overall odor strength of an air sample from the number
of FID-detected components most frequently reported to have a
strong odor.
73
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
A. Air-Purifying Methods
88. Hinds, W. C., S. N. Rudnick, E. F. Maher, and M. W. First. 1983. Control
of indoor radon decay products by air treatment devices. JAPCA. 33(2):
134-136. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: radon gas
Pollutant Sources: bubbler
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.2-0.8 ach
Major Findings: The efficiency of household air cleaning
devices as a means to control radon decay products in existing
buildings was determined. Reductions observed at air filtration
rates of 0.52 air changes per hour ranged from 50 to 89 percent.
Although the electrostatic precipitator produced the greatest
reductions, the low cost and simplicity of air ciculating fans
appear to make them most suitable for residences.
89. Nazaroff, W. W., M. L. Boegel, C. D. Hollowell, and G. D. Roseme. 1981.
The use of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery for controlling
radon and radon-daughter concentrations in houses. Atmospheric Environ-
ment 15:263-270. [A,F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: radon and radon daugthers
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: residence
Geographical Location: Carroll County, MD
Season: September 1979
Ventilation Rates: 0.07-0.8 ach
Major Findings: The installation of a mechanical ventilation
system with heat recovery was shown to be effective in reducing
indoor concentrations of radon and radon daughthers. At venti-
lation rates of 0.6 air changes per hour and higher, radon and
radon daughter levels dropped below the guidelines for indoor
concentrations. Comparison with other studies indicates that
indoor radon buildup may be a problem in many houses with low
infiltration rates.
74
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
A. Air-Purifying Methods
(continued)
90. Shair, F. H. 1981. Relating indoor pollutant concentrations of
ozone and sulfur dioxide to those outside: Economic reduction of
indoor ozone through selective filtration of the make-up air
ASHRAE Transactions 87(Pt.1):116-139. [A, E, F]
Investigator: Cal. Inst. of Technology
Sponsor: Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Pollutants Measured: 03 and S02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: 13 separate buildings
Geographical Location: Los Angeles
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Twenty-four separate ventilation systems were
tested to determine losses of ozone and sulfur dioxide from
laboratory-office buildings. The K values (rate constant
heterogeneous loss) were found to be 0.04 ft3/ft2-min and 0.014
fts/ft^ min for ozone and sulfur dioxide, respectively. It was
found that air filtration with activated carbon, when properly
operated and used only when ambient ozone rose above 0.08 ppm,
maintained indoor levels at less than one-fifth of outside
1 eve!s.
75
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II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
91. Berglund, B. , I. Johansson, and T. Lindvall. 1982. The influence of
ventilation on indoor/outdoor air contaminants in an office building.
Environment International 8:395-399. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsor: Swedish Council for Building Research
Pollutants Measured: CO, C02, NO organics
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: office building
Geographical Location: Sweden
Season: Autumn, spring
Ventilation Rates: 16,000 m3/hr
Major Findings: An energy-economized office building provides
sufficient protection against outdoor pollution provided the
location of the air intake system allows for adequate air
makeup and mixing. The number and concentration of most air
pollutants increased from the air intake along the pathway of
the ventilation system. Changes in recirculation of return air
affect the concentration of indoor pollutants differently for
different compounds. Saving energy by using a ventilation-by-
demand system cannot be generally recommended.
92. Caffey, G. E. 1979. Residential air infiltration. ASHRAE Tranactions
85(l):41-57. [F]
Investigator: Texas Power & Light
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: 50 homes
Geographical Location: Dallas, TX
Season: June
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: The "super sucker" was used to effectively
isolate and identify areas of infiltration. Twelve major areas
of the home that are sources of air leaks are discussed. The
impact of inexpensive methods for cutting down infiltration is
also discussed.
76
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
93. Cain, W. S. , B. P. Leaderer, R. Isseroff, L. G. Berglund, R. J. Huey,
E. D. Lipsitt, and D. Perlman. 1983. Ventilation requirements in
buildings-I. Control of occupancy odor and tobacco smoke odor. Atmos-
pheric Environment 17(6):1183-1197. [A, F]
Investigator: Yale University
Sponsor: DOE; NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: CO, butanol, suspended particles
Pollutant Sources: tobacco smoke
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: controlled
Major Findings: In an array of 38 conditions of smoking occu-
pancy, the ventilation deemed necessary so that 75 percent of
the persons tested did not perceive the odor of tobacco smoke
was 17.5 liter of air per second per person. For both smoking
and nonsmoking conditions, a combination of high temperature
and humidity exacerbated the odor problem. During smoking,
carbon monoxide rarely reached dangerous levels, but suspended
particulates often reached levels considered unacceptable
outdoors.
94. Cain, W. S., and B. P. Leaderer. 1982. Ventilation requirements in
occupied spaces during smoking and nonsmoking occupancy. Environment
International 8:505-514. [A, F]
Investigator: Yale University
Sponsor: DOE; NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: CO, suspended particles
Pollutant Sources: tobacco smoke
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: Varied
Major Findings: More than 200 people made judgments of odor
intensity and acceptability under various conditions of occupancy
(up to 12 nonsmoking occupants; a temperature up to 25.5° C,
and up to 16 cigarettes smoked per hour). The results indicate
that under nonsmoking conditions and moderate humidity, 7.8 cfm
of fresh air per occupant is required to satisfy the occupants
while under smoking conditions, at least 5 times as much fresh
air is necessary.
77
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
95. Cole, J. T. , T. S. Zawacki, R. H. El kins, J. W. Zimmer, and R. A. Macriss.
1980. Application of a generalized model of air infiltration to existing
homes. ASHRAE Transactions 86(2):765-773. [A, F]
Investigator: Inst. of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL
Sponsor: Gas Research Inst.
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: metropolitan Chicago ; Ottowa, Canada
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.06-0.68 ach
Major Findings: A generalized model of air infiltration was
used to estimate air infiltration characteristics of two test
homes. Methodologies are presented for estimating "total
crackage", wind, shielding by adjacent structures, and structure
permeability. Models and actual measurements are compared.
96. Dietz, R. N. and E. A. Cote. 1982. Air infiltration measurements in a
home using a convenient perfluorocarbon tracer technique. Environment
International 8:419-433. [A, F]
Investigator: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: home
Geographical Location: Upton, NY
Season: December
Ventilation Rates: 0.2-5.0 ach
Major Findings: The perfluorocarbon technique (PFT) is a
precise and reliable methodology for the determination of
infiltration rates in homes. Comparison of the PFT tracer
method with that of the SFg tracer decay approach showed the
results of the two methods to be identical within the limits of
experimental precision. With the PFT tracer technique, infiltra-
tion rates in the range of 0.2 to 5 air changes per hour can be
measured over time-averaged periods of 1 day up to several
years.
78
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
97. Hollowell, C. D., J. V. Berk, M. L. Boegel, R. R. Miksch, W. W. Nazaroff,
and G. W. Traynor. 1980. Building ventilation and indoor air quality.
Studies in Environmental Science 8:387-396. [F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: CO, N02, CH20, radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Varied
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: varied
Major Findings: Various indoor air contaminants were measured
at energy-efficient research houses and buildings throughout
the United States. Findings suggest that further studies are
needed to develop criteria for maintaining indoor air quality
without compromising energy efficiency.
98. Janssen, J. E., T. J. Hill, J. E. Woods, and E. A. B. Maldonado. 1982.
Ventilation for control of indoor air quality: A case study. Environ-
ment International 8:487-496. [A, F]
Investigator: Honeywell, Inc. Minneapolis, MN
Sponsor: LBL
Pollutants Measured: C02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: School
Geographical Location: Fridley, MN
Season: Jan-Feb
Ventilation Rates: 5 L of air/sec per occupant
Major Findings: Energy reduction of approximately 20 percent
can be achieved by means of a CO^-feedback-control ventilation
system which is responsive to room occupancy load. The design
of the energy-efficient ventilation system must consider the
location of both the supply and return terminal units.
79
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
99. Janssen, J. E., A. N. Pearman, and T. J. Hill. 1980. Calculating infil-
tration: An examination of handbook models. ASHRAE Transactions 86(2):
751-764. [A, F]
Investigator: Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, MN
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: test houses
Geographical Location: California, Minnesota
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.10-0.12 ach
Major Findings: The ASHRAE air exchange method estimates
infiltration with sufficient accuracy for sizing of heating and
cooling equipment for normal construction. In comparing esti-
mated infiltration due to wind with actual measurements, they
found reasonable agreement—though larger homes were under-
estimated. Temperature differential through fireplace stacks
are inconsequential in determining air infiltration.
100. Kalliokoski, P., R. Niemela, J. Salmivaara. 1980. The tracer gas
technique—a useful tool for industrial hygiene. Scandavian Journal of
Work & Environmental Health 6:123-130. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. Kupio, Kuopio, Finland
Sponsor: Univ. of Kuopio
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: rotogravure press
Geographical Location: Finland
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 16,000 to 47,000 m3/h exhaust rate
Major Findings: Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and sulfur
hexfluoride were used to elicit ventilation rates and determine
spreading routes of dilution air in the work environment. The
local flow rates of dilution air and the percentages of makeup
air present were the most important information gained in the
ventilation studies.
80
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
101. Lagus, P. L. 1977. Characterization of building infiltration by the
tracer-dilution method. Energy 2:461-464. [F]
Investigator: Systems, Science & Software, LaJolla, CA
Sponsor: Systems, Science, & Software
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Air infiltration cannot be reliably calculated
but must be measured in a structure. The tracer-dilution
method is a useful technique to determine infiltration rates.
The technique entails measurement of logarithmic dilution rate
of a tracer gas concentration with respect to time.
102. Malmstrom, T., and A. Ahlgren. 1982. Efficient ventilation in office
rooms. Environment International 8:401-408. [A, F]
Investigator: Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Sponsor: The Swedish Council for Building Research
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: Stockholm, Sweden
Season: year-round
Ventilation Rates: 2 ach
Major Findings: A two-box model for calculation of tracer gas
concentrations in rooms was developed and tested with dilution
and tracer gas experiments. The results indicate a tendency
toward lower tracer gas concentrations in the "breathing zone"
when supply air is brought into a room at a low (near floor)
compared to high (near ceiling) room level.
81
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II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
103. McNall, P. E. , Jr. 1981. Building ventilation measurements, predic-
tions, and standards. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
57(10):1027-1043. [F]
Investigator: NBS
Sponsor: NBS
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A predictive model (mass balance) for indoor
air contaminant concentrations in residences was developed.
The model was verified for the case where tobacco smoke is
produced indoors. The model can be applied to a wide variety
of expected indoor contaminants, production rates, and ventila-
tion rates.
104. Narasaki, M., S. Ishido, and Y. Nakane. 1981. Indoor air pollution and
ventilation in sound insulating dining-kitchens. Osaka Diagako.
Kogakubu Technology Reports. 31(16):145-152. [A, E, F]
Investigator: Chuba Inst. of Tech., Kasugai, Japan
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: CO, C02
Pollutant Sources: gas appliances
Premises: homes (dining-kitchen)
Geographical Location: Japan, new airfields
Season: Fall
Ventilation Rates: 0.3-1.0 ach
Major Findings: Ventilation systems have varied effects on the
removal of CO and C02 due in part to air temperature differences
and physical location of walls, fans, hoods, etc. They found
that natural ventilation differed for each season with higher
air exchange rates during the winter (windows closed).
82
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II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
105. Offerman, F. J., C. D. Hollowell, W. W. Nazaroff, G. D. Roseme, and J. R.
Rizzuto. 1982. Low-infiltration housing in Rochester, New York: A
study of air-exchange rates and indoor air quality. Environment Interna-
tional 8:435-445. [A, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: Rn, CH20, N02, CO, respirable particles
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: home
Geographical Location:
Season:
80-81 heating
Ventilation Rates: 0.2-1.7
Rochester,
season
ach
NY
Major Findings: Air exchange rates were relatively low without
mechanical ventilation, yet indoor concentrations of radon,
formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide were below
existing guidelines in a sample of 58 occupied residences.
Although particulate air fractions were higher indoors than
outdoors, mechanical ventilation systems were effective in
further reducing indoor contaminant concentrations. When
contaminant source strengths are low, acceptable air quality
can be compatible with low air-exchange rates.
106. Persily, A. 1982.
ment International
Evaluation of an air-to-air heat exchanger. Environ-
8:453-459. [F]
Investigator: Princeton University
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: test building
Geographical Location:
Princeton, NJ
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.1-4.57 ach
Major Findings: The Lossnay air-to-air heat exchanger recovered
approximately 50 percent of the heat contained in the outgoing
air flow from the test chamber. The manufacturers' claimed
efficiency and the efficiency as measured by doing a heat
balance on the device are close to 70 percent.
83
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
107. Skaret, E. , and H. M. Mathisen. 1982. Ventilation efficiency. Environ-
ment International 8:473-481. [A, F]
Investigator: Norwegian Inst. of Technology, Norway
Sponsor: Norwegian Institute of Technology
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 3.0-6.0 ach
Major Findings: Ventilation systems can be designed for higher
ventilation efficiency in the zone of occupation compared to
system designs based on complete mixing. Expressions for
ventilation efficiency are derived using a two-box model and
tracer gas experiments. The mathematical model predicts high
efficiencies using diffuse air supply directly to the zone of
occupation, if the air is not used for heating.
108. Sodergren, David. 1982. A C02-controlled ventilation system. Environ-
ment International 8:483-486. [A, F]
Investigator: Paul Peterson AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsor: Paul Peterson AB, Stockholm, Sweden
Pollutants Measured: C02, radon
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: office building
Geographical Location: Helsinki, Sweden
Season: winter
Ventilation Rates: 2.5 ach
Major Findings: This study showed that a ventilation system
designed to maintain a constant carbon dioxide concentration in
the indoor air of a building can operate successfully. Carbon
dioxide indicators in the exhaust air controlled the ventilation
rate. Aerosol concentrations could also be used as a reference
when outside air is required for a building's ventilation
system. The system can be used in new, as well as existing
bui1 dings.
84
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
B. Ventilation
(continued)
109. Turiel, I., C. D. Hollowell, R. R. Miksch, J. V. Rudy, and R. A. Young.
1983. The effects of reduced ventilation on indoor air quality in an
office building. Atmospheric Environment 17(1):51-64. [A, F]
Investigator: LBL
Sponsor: DOE
Pollutants Measured: CH20, organics, C02, CO, N02
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: office building
Geographical Location: San Francisco, CA
Season: September 1979
Ventilation Rates: 20 to 33 cfm/person
Major Findings: Indoor air quality was monitored at an office
building. The parameters measured were outside air flow rates,
temperature, relative humidity, odor perception, microbial
burden, particulate mass, formaldehyde and other organics,
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Carbon
dioxide concentrations increased as the ventilation rate
decreased; odor perceptibility increased slightly at the lowest
ventilation rate, and other pollutants generally showed very
low concentrations.
110. Weschjer, C. J., S. P. Kelty, and J. E. Lingousky. 1983. The effect of
building fan operation on indoor-outdoor dust relationships. JAPCA
33(6):624-629. [A, E, F]
Investigator: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey
Sponsor: Bell Labs.
Pollutants Measured: dust
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: telephone equipment buildings
Geographical Location: Wichita, KS and Lubbock, TX
Season: fall, winter, spring
Ventilation Rates: 0.21 ach (Wichita) and 0.24 ach (Lubbock)
Major Findings: Indoor dust concentrations increased when
building fans are turned off due to loss of constant filtra-
tion. Lack of pressurization is not an important factor. An
expression, applicable to similar buildings, is derived for the
relative dust increase when the building fans are off.
85
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
C. Source Modification
111. Culot, M. V. J., K. J. Schiager, and H. G. Olson. 1976. Prediction of
increased gamma fields after application of a radon barrier on concrete
surfaces. Health Physics 30:471-478. [A, F]
Investigator: Centre Nuclear de Mexico; Univ. of Pittsburgh
Sponsor: AEC; EPA
Pollutants Measured: Rn
Pollutant Sources: concrete
Premises: varied
Geographical Location: varied
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A sizable reduction in the indoor radon progeny
exposure level is anticipated from the application of a radon
barrier to indoor surfaces of concrete foundations. A comparison
of the gamma exposures associated with concentration profiles
prior to and after application of a radon barrier resulted in
the prediction of sufficiently low fractional increases to
justify field testing of the barrier.
112. Rashidi, M., M. S. Nassoudi, and F. Shadman. 1977. Reduction of carbon
monoxide from domestic kerosene heaters. Journal Environmental Science
and Health A12(3):115-126. [A, F]
Investigator: Univ. of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Sponsor: Univ. of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Pollutants Measured: CO
Pollutant Sources: kerosene heater
Premises: laboratory test chamber
Geographical Location: Tehran, Iran
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A device applying the concepts of both of a
thermal reactor and catalysis was developed, which upon testing
proved very effective in reducing carbon monoxide emissions.
In moderate burning capacities of the heater, the carbon monoxide
level was reduced by a factor of two due to the use of the
device. In a heater equipped with the device and operating at
higher burning capacities, the concentration level of carbon
monoxide was reduced by a factor of six.
86
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
D. Miscellaneous
113. Billings, C. E. and S. F. Vanderslice. 1982. Methods for control of
indoor air quality. Environment International 8:497-504. [F]
Investigator: John Hopkins University, Exxon Co.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This paper reviews the available methods for
the control of environmental hazards due to indoor air pollut-
ants. Alternative methods of control, the performance charac-
teristics of ventilation systems and air cleaning devices, and
models for predicting indoor air pollutant concentrations are
discussed.
114. Sansome, E. B., and M. W. Slein. 1978. Redispersion of indoor surface
contamination: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2:347-361. [F]
Investigator: Frederick Cancer Research Center, Frederick, MD
Sponsor: NCI
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: surface contamination
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: The importance of surface contamination as a
potential source of exposure to hazardous materials is dis-
cussed. Data from the literature concerning the resuspension
of indoor surface contamination are presented. Reported proce-
dures for quantitating surface contamination are compared. It
is suggested that surface contamination monitoring may be
useful in estimating potential risks from hazardous materials.
87
-------
II. CONTROL METHODS
D. Miscellaneous
(continued)
115. Sawyer, R. N., and E. J. Swoszowski, Jr. 1979. Asbestos abatement in
schools: Observations and experiences. Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences 330:765-775. [F]
Investigator: Yale University
Sponsor: Yale University
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: Asbestos construction material
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This article summarizes the considerations,
failures, and recommendations and methods of the asbestos
abatement program for schools. Specific information is pro-
vided for school administrators, school boards, governmental
agencies, and contractors involved with asbestos abatement
projects.
88
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
116. Beck, B. D., and J. D. Brain. 1982. Prediction of the pulmonary toxicity
of respirable combustion products from residential wood and coal stoves.
In, Proceedings, Residential Wood and Coal Combustion Conference (March,
1982), ed. The Air Pollution Control Association, p. 264-280. [C]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: wood and coal stove
Premises: laboratory
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Respirable particles from combustion of anthra-
cite coal, bituminous coal, and wood were tested for their
potential to cause pulmonary toxicity in hamsters. The intensity
of response was comparable to highly toxic alpha-quartz dust
and in some cases was even greater. Coal dust showed the
greatest response due only in part to its acidity, while wood
combustion products showed a response between that of coal and
nontoxic dusts.
117. Binder, R. E., C. A. Mitchell, H. R. Hosein, and A. Bouhuys. 1976.
Importance of the indoor environment in air pollution exposure. Archives
of Environmental Health 31:277-279. [A, C, D, F]
Investigator: Yale Univ. Lung Research Center
Sponsor: National Heart & Lung Institute
Pollutants Measured: respirable particulate, S02, N02
Pollutant Sources: cigarette smoke
Premises: home, school, playground
Geographical^Location: Ansonia, CT
Season: April-June
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Personal samplers were affixed to children for
24-hour periods. Particulate exposures were significantly
higher for children exposed to cigarette smoke. Individual
exposure appears to be determined by indoor rather than outdoor
pollutants.
89
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
118. Fleischer, R. L. 1982. Lung cancer and phosphates. Environment Inter-
national 8:381-385. [C, D]
Investigator: General Electric Research & Development Center,
NY
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: radon
Pollutant Sources: phosphate mines, deposits or processing
plants
Premises:
NA
Geographical Location: various
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A significant correlation was found between
counties with high lung cancer rates and counties with phosphate
desposits, mines, or processing. Unworked phosphate deposits
are apparently not hazardous, but phosphate processing plants
are of concern. Problems appear to be more widespread than
occupational exposure.
119. Gross, P., J. Tuma, and R. T. P. de Treville. 1971. Lungs of workers
exposed to fiber glass: A study of their pathologic changes and their
dust content. Archives of Environmental Health 23:67-76. [C]
investigator: Univ. of Pittsburgh; Industrial Health Founda-
tion, Inc.
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: fiber glass dust
Pollutant Sources: occupational exposure
Premises:
NA
Geographical Location:
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
NA
Major Findings: This study examined the lungs of 20 deceased
fiberglass workers, known to have had long-term exposure to
fiberglass dust. Lungs of workers were compared to a control
group (urban dwellers, presumably without occupational exposure)
and no significant differences were found between the two
groups—in terms of lung damage, amount of dust, and total
number of fibers per lung.
90
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
120. Gupta, K. C., A. G. Ulsamer, and P. W. Preuss. 1982. Formaldehyde in
indoor air: Sources and toxicity. Environment International 8:349-358.
[C, F]
Investigator: CPSC
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: various
Premi ses: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This article reviews the research on the
health effects of formaldehyde exposure. Included are studies
on humans, animals and bacteria. Animal studies have shown
that formaldehyde is a carcinogen although human epidemiological
studies have not yet confirmed this.
121. Helsing, K. J., G. W. Comstock, M. B. Meyer, and M. L. Tockman. 1982.
Respiratory effects of household exposures to tobacco smoke and gas
cooking on nonsmokers. Environment International 8:365-370. [C, D]
Investigator: Johns Hopkins University
Sponsor: NIEHS; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: tobacco smoking, gas stoves
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Washington County, MD
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This epidemiological study looked at the
records of a nonsmoking white adult population for health
effects. Tobacco smoke showed only a slight association with
chronic phlegm and impaired ventilatory function. Gas cooking
was more strongly associated with chronic cough and impaired
respiratory function.
91
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
122. Hill, J. W., W. S. Whitehead, J. D. Cameron, and G. A. Hedgecock. 1973.
Glass fibers: Absence of pulmonary hazard in production workers. British
Journal of Industrial Medicine 30:174-179. [C]
Investigator: Pilkington Brothers Limited
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: industrial fiber glass exposure
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Radiographic and pulmonary function tests, as
well as respiratory symptom questionnaires were administered to
a group of workers exposed to glass fibers. Compared to a
control group, there is no evidence of respiratory hazard.
123. Jones, J. R., I. T. Higgins, M. W. Higgins, and J. B. Keller. 1983.
Effects of cooking fuels on lung function in nonsmoking women. Archives
of Environmental Health 38(4):219-222. [C]
Investigator: Univ. of Michigan, School of Public Health
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: gas ranges
Premises! homes
Geographical Location: Tecumseh, Michigan
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: The authors looked for a relationship between
gas cooking and lung function, and they found no statistically
significant connection. Kitchen exhaust fan use was strongly
associated with low lung function suggesting that people who
use fans are more sensitive to combustion products or pollutant
levels indoors.
92
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
124. Kreiss, K., M. G. Gonzalez, K. L. Conright, and A. R. Scheere. 1982.
Respiratory irritation due to carpet shampoo: Two outbreaks. Environ-
ment International 8:337-341. [C, D]
Investigator: CDC, Atlanta; Colorado Dept. of Health
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: sodium dodecyl sulfate
Pollutant Sources: carpet shampoo
Premises: office building
Geographical Location: Colorado
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Two outbreaks of respiratory irritation due to
the use of carpet shampoo are described. A crude dose-response
relationship was found for one office building and improper
shampooing (underdilution of clearer) was suspected. Sodium
dodecyl sulfate was common to the cleaners that caused irrita-
tion.
125. Lebowitz, M. D., D. B. Armet, and R. Knudson. 1982. The effect of
passive smoking on pulmonary function in children. Environment Interna-
tional 8:371-373. [C, F]
Investigator: Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson
Sponsor: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: cigarette smoking
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Tucson, AZ
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Pulmonary function was tested in children
among 344 nuclear families. No association was found between
children's pulmonary function and parental smoking.
93
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
126. Levin, L., and P. W. Purdom. 1983. A review of the health effects of
energy conserving materials. American Journal of Public Health 73(6):
683-690. [C, D]
Investigator: Environmental Studies Institute, Drexel Univ.,
Philadelphia
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: insulating materials
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This article reviews health and safety stand-
ards, exposure standards, and regulatory actions associated
with insulating materials. Asbestos and formaldehyde are the
primary concerns due to known health effects and potential
levels of exposure.
127. Olsen, J. H. and M. Dossing. 1982. Formaldehyde induced symptoms in day
care centers. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 43:366-370,
[c, n
Investigator: Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: new building materials
Premises: day-care centers
Geographical Location: Copenhagen
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A health survey of employees in 7 new day-care
centers were compared to matched employees in older buildings.
The difference in formaldehyde exposure ranged from 0.43 mg/m3
in the day care workers to 0.08 mg/m3 in the control institu-
tions. The day care workers showed higher frequencies of
mucous membrane irritation, headache, fatigue, menstrual irreg-
ularities and use of analgesics.
94
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
128. Schenker, M. B., S. T. Weiss, and B. J. Murawski. 1982. Health effects
of residence in homes with urea-formaldehyde insulation: A pilot study.
Environment International 8:359-363. [C]
Investigator: Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Hospital,
Boston
Sponsor: NIEHS
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: urea-formaldehyde foam insulation
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: Boston, MA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Residents of homes with urea formaldehyde foam
insulation showed no skin sensitivity or respiratory function
changes, though memory deficiency and depression were found at
higher than expected rates. Chronic low-level formaldehyde
exposure may cause mental changes, but further testing is
necessary.
129. Spengler, J. D., and K. Sexton. 1983. Indoor air pollution: A public
health perspective. Science 221(4605):9-17. [C, F]
Investigator: Harvard School of Public Health
Sponsor: NIEHS; EPRI; EPA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pollutant Sources: known indoor air pollutants
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: This review article considers known indoor air
pollutants and their sources in nonoccupational settings. Risk
assessment efforts are hampered by insufficient information
concerning number of people exposed, pattern and severity of
exposure, and the resulting health consequences. Numerous
references are made to recent studies. The authors suggest the
need for a comprehensive strategy to investigate indoor pollut-
ants.
95
-------
III. HEALTH STUDIES
(continued)
130. Stacy, R. W., and J. Green et al. 1983. A survey of effects of gaseous
and aerosol pollutants on pulmonary function of normal males. Archives
of Environmental Health 38(2):104-115. [C]
Investigator: EPA, Health Effects Research Laboratory
Sponsor: EPA
Pollutants Measured: 03) N02, S02, H2S03) A1(S04)2, (NH4)2
S04, NH4s N03
Pollutant Sources: NA
Premises: laboratory
Geographical Location: Chapel Hill, NC
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Controlled testing revealed significant dif-
ferences in several pulmonary function tests for ozone and
ozone plus aerosols. None of the other pollutants singly or in
combination showed significant correlation with reduced pulmonary
function.
96
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IV. MODELING
A. General Models
131. Duan, N. 1982. Models for human exposure to air pollution. Environ-
ment International 8:305-309. [F]
Investigator: The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA
Sponsor: The Rand Corporation
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pol 1utant Sources: NA
Premises: NA
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: Four models for human exposure to air pollution
are compared, and the advantages and disadvantages of each
model are discussed. The four model are: (1) a simple micro-
environment monitoring model, (2) a replicated microenvironment
monitoring model, (3) a integrated personal monitoring model,
and (4) a continuous personal monitoring model.
132. Ishizu, Y. 1980. General equation for the estimation of indoor pollution.
Environmental Science & Technology 14:1254-1257. [A, F]
Investigator: Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: NA
Pol 1utant Sources: tobacco smoke
Premises: experimental room
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 32 m3/min outdoor air; 8 mVmin recirculated
Major Findings: An experimental test was performed for a
general equation that estimates indoor air quality. New mixing
factors were developed and confirmed by experimentation. It
was found that the equations developed could be extended to
more general cases where pollutant generation rates are time
dependent.
97
-------
IV. MODELING
A. General Models
(continued)
133. Lorenz, F. 1982. Calculation of ventilation requirements in the case of
intermittent pollution: Application to enclosed parking garages. Environ-
ment International 8:515-524. [A, F]
Investigator: Laboratoire de Physique du Batiment, Belgium
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: N02
Pollutant Sources: 30 buses
Premises: enclosed parking garage
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 5,805 to 40,950 m3/h
Major Findings: A mathematical model that calculates the
ventilation requirements for an enclosed parking garage was
developed and tested. A dynamic evaluation (a garage where all
the cars enter and leave at nearly the same time) using three
modes of operation was the basis for model development. Using
the model, ventilation rates ranging from 5,805 to 40,950 m3/h
were calculated, compared with the classical solution (using
static steady-state assumptions) of 49,050 m3/h.
134. Ozkaynak, H., P. B. Ryan, G. A. Allen, and W. A. Turner. 1982. Indoor
air quality modeling: Compartmental approach with reactive chemistry.
Environment International 8:461-471. [A, F]
Investigator: Harvard University, Energy and Environmental
Policy Center
Sponsor: NIEHS; EPRI; EPA; DOE
Pollutants Measured: NO, N02, NO , CO
Pollutant Sources: gas-fired appliances
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Newton, MA
Season: April, May, October 1981
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: One- and multicompartmental models to infer
and estimate concentration, emission, removal, ventilation, and
transfer (mixing) variables in indoor air were developed and
tested. A simple reactive chemistry model accounts for most of
the essential features of the nitrogen oxide chemistry in the
indoor environment. Short-term (less than 15 minutes) air flow
and mixing patterns may be important in controlling pollutant
concentrations and thus potential exposure in homes with gas
stoves.
98
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IV. MODELING
A. General Models
(continued)
135. Shair, F. H. and K. L. Heitner. 1974. Theoretical model for relating
indoor pollutant concentrations to those outside. Environmental Science
& Technology 8(5):444-451. [A, F]
Investigator: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
Sponsor: California Institute of Technology
Pollutants Measured: ozone
Pollutant Sources: ambient air
Premises: office and conference room
Geographical Location: California Inst of Technology, campus
Season: Summer 1973
Ventilation Rates: 1,450 to 1,587 cfm
Major Findings: A dynamic model for relating indoor pollutant
concentrations to those outside was developed and tested. When
the time interval associated with changes in the outdoor con-
centration is long, compared to that required either to change
the air within the building or to remove the pollutant by
internal means, the indoor concentration of pollutant can be
related to the outdoor concentration by means of a simple
expression.
99
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IV. MODELING
B. Radon
136. Porstendorfer, J., A. Wicke, and A. Schraub. 1978. The influence of
exhalation, ventilation and deposition processes upon the concentration
of radon, thoron and their decay products in room air. Health Physics
34:465-473. [p]
Investigator: Institut fur Biophysik, West Germany
Sponsor: Federal Republic of Germany
Pollutants Measured: radon and radon daughters
Pollutant Sources: Wall exhalation; air infiltration
Premises: NA
Geographical Location:
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
NA
Major Findings: This report models (1) the influence of radon
and thoron exhalation from building walls and (2) the air-
exchange of radon and thoron between the outside and indoor
air. Based on a literature review and model calculations, it
was shown that compared with outdoor concentrations, the indoor
concentrations of radon and thoron daughters are smaller; and
the indoor radon concentration depends on building surface
exhalation and room ventilation.
137. Rogozen, M. B. 1982. Dynamic simulation of radon daughter concentra-
tions in apartments using solar rockbed heat storage. Environment Inter-
national 8:89-96. [F]
Investigator: Science Applications, Inc., Los Angeles, CA
Sponsor: SERI
Pollutants Measured: radon and radon daughters
Pollutant Sources: rockbed heat storage system
Premises: home
Geographical Location: NA
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A microcomputer model was developed to simulate
zz2Rn and daughter concentrations emitted in the living space
of a residential structure equipped with solar rockbed heat
storage. During the day, when the living space is isolated
from the radon source, interior 222Rn concentrations approach
those of the outdoor. At night, a steady-state concentration
(0.001 to 0.018 of the working level) is approached about 6
hours after heat discharge begins. Combinations of source
strength, infiltration rate, and exterioi radon concentration
that would lead to excessive exposure were calculated.
100
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IV. MODELING
C. Formaldehyde
138. Andersen, I., G. R. Lundqvist, and L. Mdlhave. 1975. Indoor air pollu-
tion due to chipboard used as a construction material. Atmospheric
Environment 9:1121-1127. [A, F]
Investigator: University of Aarhus, Denmark
Sponsor: NA
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: chipboard used in walls, floors, ceilings
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: Jutland, Denmark
Season: Feb-Sept 1973
Ventilation Rates: 0 to 2.5 ach
Major Findings: Measurements in 25 rooms in 23 Danish dwellings
where chipboard was used in walls, floors, and ceilings showed
an average formaldehyde air concentration of 0.62 mg/m3. In
climate chamber experiments, the equilibrium concentration of
formaldehyde from chipboard was found to be directly proportional
with temperature and water vapor concentration in the air. A
mathematical model for room air concentrations of formaldehyde
was developed and tested.
139. MeHhave, L., P. Bisgaard, and S. Dueholm. 1983. A mathematical model of
indoor air pollution due to formaldehyde from urea-formaldehyde glued
particle boards. Atmospheric Environment 17(10): 2105-2108. [A, F]
Investigator: Aarhus University and the Technology Institute,
Denmark
Sponsor: Danish Technical Research Foundation
Pollutants Measured: formaldehyde
Pollutant Sources: glued particle boards
Premises: new home
Geographical Location: Aarhus, Denmark
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: 0.6-2.3 ach
Major Findings: A mathematical model is presented for emissions
of formaldehyde from particle board. The authors found agree-
ment of ±15 percent between actual measurements and calculations
based on the model. Confounding factors, such as painting and
carpeting are not taken into account. The model may be suitable
for classifying particle boards according to their emission of
formaldehyde.
101
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IV. MODELING
D. Ozone
140. Mueller, F., L. Loeb, and W. H. Mapes. 1973. Decomposition rates of
ozone in living areas. Environmental Science & Technology 7:342-346.
[A, F]
Investigator: General Electric, Louisville, KY
Sponsor: General Electric
Pollutants Measured: ozone
Pollutant Sources: controlled ozone generators
Premises: various
Geographical Location: Louisville, KY
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: The decomposition rate of ozone was monitored
in several metal test facilities, an office, and a residential
structure. The decomposition of ozone in the living areas
followed first-order kinetics. The rate of ozone decay is
dependent on variation in temperature, relative humidity, prior
exposure to metal surfaces, and the number of potentially
active catalytic surfaces in the room.
141. Sutton, D. J., K. M. Nodolf, and K. K. Makino. 1976. Predicting ozone
concentrations in residential structures. ASHRAE Journal 18(9):21-26.
[A, F]
Investigator: Honeywell, Inc. Minneapolis, MN
Sponsor: Honeywell, Inc.
Pollutants Measured: ozone
Pollutant Sources: electronic air cleaners
Premises: homes
Geographical Location: various
Season: NA
Ventilation Rates: NA
Major Findings: A model was developed for predicting ozone
concentrations in closed residential structures, both with and
without electronic air cleaners. Predicted ozone concentrations
are compared to actual field measurements in several geographical
areas. Over the normal range of outdoor ozone concentrations,
the indoor ozone concentrations of the closed residences were
significantly lower than the outdoor ozone concentration.
102
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V. GENERAL REVIEWS: INDOOR AIR QUALITY
A. Treatises
142.
Benson, F. B., J. B. Henderson,
Air Pollution Relationships: A
Park, NC: U.S. Environmental
Research Center.
and D. E. Caldwell. 1972. Indoor-Outdoor
Literature Review. Research Triangle
Protection Agency, National Environmental
Summary: This was the first major attempt to summarize what
was known about indoor-outdoor relationships. S02, CO, C02
particulates, and biological pollutants are reviewed. Factors
that affect indoor concentrations are discussed. Among the
important conclusions is the idea that for nonbiological pollut-
ants, outdoor concentration is the major factor determining
indoor concentration.
143. Meyer, B. 1982. Indoor Air Quality. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Summary: This book provides an interdisciplinary introduction
to the subject. Topics covered include a historical perspective
on indoor air quality, a discussion of specific indoor air
pollutants, methods of monitoring and analysis, health effects,
control techniques and regulations. References and a biblio-
graphy are included.
144. National Academy of Science.
National Academy Press.
1981. Indoor Pollutants. Washington, D.C.:
Summary: This report was prepared at the request of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, by the Committee on Indoor Pollutants,
appointed by the National Research Council. The report represents
an enormous undertaking: to review, compile, and appraise
knowledge of indoor air pollution. By its scope and sheer
volume, the work must be considered as defining the state-of-the-
art at the time of its publication.
145.
Wadden, R. A., and P.
John Wiley & Sons.
A. Scheff. 1983. Indoor Air Pollution. New York:
Summary: This book is organized into four parts: characteriza-
tion, prediction, control, and application. It presents a
brief overview of indoor pollutant sources, measurement techniques,
and health effects criteria. The use of mathematical models to
predict indoor concentration levels receives the most extensive
treatment. References are arranged by chapter and are current
through 1981.
103
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V. GENERAL REVIEWS: INDOOR AIR QUALITY
A. Treatises
(continued)
146. Walsh, P. J., C. S. Dudney, and E. D. Copenhaver, eds. 1983. Indoor Air
Quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Summary: This volume is an edited work with ten chapters by
different authors writing in their area of expertise. The
subject areas covered by the book are limited, but each topic
is treated fully. The book is divided into four sections:
(1) introduction, (2) generic aspects (measurement techniques
and health risk asessment), (3) phenomenological aspects (indoor
air quality in residences, indoor air quality in energy efficient
residences, and building-associated epidemics), and (4) pollutant-
specific aspects (formaldehyde, radon, ambient tobacco smoke,
and allergens/pathogens).
104
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V. GENERAL REVIEWS: INDOOR AIR QUALITY
B. Bibliographies
147. Geomet, Incorporated. 1979. Indoor-Outdoor Pollution Levels: A Biblio-
iraphy. Palo Alto, CA. Electric Power Research Institute.
Summary: This report presents an extensive annotated biblio-
graphy of publications and research pertaining to indoor air
pollution. Citations are arranged alphabetically by principal
author and are current through 1978. Each listed paper was
reviewed to provide an abstract. Indices by subject and by
author are provided.
148.
Henderson, J.
Air Pollution
J., F. B. Benson, and D. E. Caldwell. 1973. Indoor-Outdoor
Relationships: Volume II, An Annotated Bibliography.
Springfield,
Commerce.
VA: National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of
Summary: This report presents a bibliography of publications
related to indoor-outdoor air pollution. One hundred and seven
early (prior to 1973) works are included, arranged alphabetically.
Indexing by author, subject, and title is provided.
149.
Lepman, S. R. , M. L. Boegel , and C. D. Ho 11 owe 11
1iography. Springfield, VA: National Technical
U.S Department of Commerce.
1981. Radon: A Bib-
Information Service,
Summary: This report presents a bibliography of radon-related
research. Citations are arranged alphabetically by principal
author; author abstracts are included where available. Entries
are current through 1980. No indexing of citations is provided.
The bibliography represents citations contained in computerized
database (VIAQ).
105
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5.0 ADDITIONAL CITATIONS
Section 5.0 contains a list of citations to significant earlier
studies (dated before 1980) and a few recent studies. These have been
arranged by subject following the same organization as the Annotated
Bibliography. No annotation is provided, but the articles were reviewed
and classified according to the primary objective of the research.
106
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ADDITIONAL CITATIONS
I. Characterization and Measurement
Al. Aerosols: Indoor aerosols
Bridge, D. P., and Corn, M. October 29, 1971. Contribution
to the Assessment of Exposure of Nonsmokers to Air Pollution
from Cigarette and Cigar Smoke in Occupied Spaces.
Environmental Research Vol. 5:192-209.
Davies, J. E., Edmundson, W. F., and Raffonelli, A. 1975.
The Role of House Dust in Human DDT Pollution. American
Journal of Public Health Vol. 65(1):53-57.
Hinds, W. C., and First, M. W. April 17, 1975. Concentra-
tions of Nicotine and Tobacco Smoke in Public Places.
The New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 292:844-845.
Lum, R. M. and Graedel, T. E. 1973. Measurements and Models
of Indoor Aerosol Size Spectra. Atmospheric Environment
Vol. 7:827-842.
A2. Aerosols: Tobacco smoke
Corn, M. 1974. Characteristics of Tobacco Sidestream Smoke
and Factors Influencing its Concentration and Distribution in
Occupied Spaces. Scandanavian Journal of Respiratory
Disease Supl. Vol. 91:20-36.
Hoegg, U. R. October 1972. Cigarette Smoke in Closed Spaces.
Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 2:117-128.
Johnson, W. R., Hale, R. W., Nedlock, J. W., Grubbs, H. J.,
and Powell, D. H. 1973. The Distribution of Products Between
Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke. Tobacco Science Vol. XVII:
141-144.
Murphy, R. L., Levine, B. W., Bazzaz, F. J. A., Lynch, J. J.,
and Burgess, W. A. 1971. Floor Tile Installation as a Source
of Asbestos Exposure. American Review of Respiratory Disease
Vol. 104:576-580.
A3. Aerosols: Asbestos
Langer, A. M. December 1974. Approaches and Constraints to
Identification and Quantitation of Asbestos Fibers.
Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 9:133-136.
107
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Characterization and Measurement
A3. Aerosols: Asbestos
Pooley, F. D. 1975. The Identification of Asbestos Dust with
an Electron Microscope Microprobe Analyser. Ann. Occupational
Hygiene Vol. 18:181-186.
Rohl, A. N., Langer, A. M., Selikoff, I. J., and Nicholson,
W. J. August 15, 1975. Exposure to Asbestos in the Use of
Consumer Spackling, Patching, and Taping Compounds. Science
Vol. 189:551-553.
Sawyer, R. N. 1977. Asbestos Exosure in a Yale Building.
Environmental Research Vol. 13:146-169.
A4. Fibrous glass and mineral wool
Esmen, N. A., Hammad, Y. Y., Corn, M., Whittier, D., Kotsko,
N., Haller, M., and Kahn, R. 1978. Exposure of Employees
to Man-Made Mineral Fibers: Mineral Wool Production.
Environmental Research Vol. 15:262-277.
Fowler, D. P., Balzer, J. L., and Cooper, W. C. 1971.
Exposure of Insulation Workers to Airborne Fibrous Glass.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Vol. 32:86-91.
A5. Aerosols: Fibrous glass and mineral wool
Couch, R. B. December 1981. Viruses and Indoor Air
Pollution. Bulletin of New York Academy of Medicine.
Vol. 57(10):907-921.
Bl. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
Andersen, I. 1972. Relationships Between Outdoor and Indoor
Air Pollution. Atmospheric Environment Vol. 6:275-278.
Biersteker, K., De Graaf, H., and Mass, C. A. G. 1965.
Indoor Air Pollution in Rotterdam Homes. International
Journal of Air and Water Pollution Vol. 9:343-350.
Derham, R. L., Peterson, G., Sabersky, R. H., and Shair, F. H.
February 2, 1974. On the Relation Between the Indoor and
Outdoor Concentrations of Nitrogen Oxides. Journal of the Air
Pollution Control Association Vol. 24(2):158-161.
Moschandreas, D. J., Winchester, J. W., Nelson, J. W., and
Burton, R. M. 1979. Fine Particle Residential Indoor Air
Pollution. Atmospheric Environment Vol. 13:1413-1418.
108
-------
I. Characterization and Measurement
Bl. Indoor-Outdoor Relationships: Fixed site
Sabersky, R. H., Sinema, D. A., and Shair, F. H. April 1973.
Concentrations, Decay Rates, and Removal of Ozone and Their
Relation to Establishing Clean Indoor Air. Environmental
Science and Technology Vol. 7(4):347-353.
Spedding, D. J. 1973. Relationships Between Outdoor and
Indoor Air Pollution. Atmospheric Environment Vol. 7:275-278.
Spengler, J. D., Ferris, B. G., Jr., Dockery, D. W., and
Speizer, F. E. 1979. Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide
Levels Inside and Outside Homes and the Implications on Health
Effects Research. Environmental Science and Technology
Vol. 13:1276-1280.
Thompson, C. R., Hensel, E. G., and Kats, G. October 1973.
Outdoor-Indoor Levels of Six Air Pollutants. Journal of
the Air Pollution Control Association Vol. 23(10):881-886.
Cl. Gaseous Pollutants: Inorganics (also CO, CO,.,)
Allen, R. J., Wadden, R. A., and Ross, E. D. June 1978.
Characterization of Potential Indoor Sources of Ozone.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Vol. 39:
466-471.
Foote, R. S. August 11, 1972. Mercury Vapor Concentrations
Inside Buildings. Science Vol. 177:513-514.
Mazur, J. F., Bamberger, R. L., Podolak, G. E., and Esposito,
G. G. September 1978. Development and Evaluation of an
Ammonia Dosimeter. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal Vol. 39:749-753.
Palmes, E. D., and Gunnison, A. F. February 1973. Personal
Monitoring Device for Gaseous Contaminants. American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Vol. 34:78-81.
Palmes, E. D., Gunnison, A. F., DiMattio, J., and Tomczyk, C.
October 1976. Personal Sampler for Nitrogen Dioxide.
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Vol. 37:
570-591.
Palmes, E. D., Tomczyk, C., and DiMattio, J. 1977. Average
N09 Concentrations in Dwellings with Gas or Electric Stoves.
Atmospheric Environment Vol. 11:869-872.
109
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I. Characterization and Measurement
Cl. Gaseous Pollutants: Inorganics (also CO, CO )
Rench, J. D., and Savage, E. P. September/October 1976.
Carbon Monoxide in the Home Environment. Journal of
Environmental Health Vol. 39:104-106.
Wade, W. A., Cote, W. , and Yocom, J. E. September 1975- A
Study of Indoor Air Quality. JAPCA Vol. 25(9):933-939.
Walsh, M., Black, A., Morgan, A., and Crawshaw, G. H. 1977.
Sorption of S0? by Typical Indoor Surfaces Including Wool
Carpets, Wallpaper and Paint. Atmospheric Environment
Vol. 11:1107-1111.
Wright, G. R., Jewczyk, S., Onrot, J., Tomlinson, P., and
Shephard, R. J. March 1975. Carbon Monoxide in the Urban
Atmosphere. Arch. Environmental Health Vol. 30:123-129.
C2. Gaseous Pollutants: Organics (not CO, CO,,)
Bamberger, R. L., Esposito, G. G., Jacobs, B. W., Podolak,
G. E., and Mazur, J. F. September 1978. A New Personal
Sampler for Organic Vapors. American Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal Vol. 39:701-708.
Nelms, L. H. , Reiszner, K. D., and West, P. W. June 1977.
Personal Vinyl Chloride Monitoring Device with Permeation
Technique for Sampling. Analytical Chemistry Vol. 49(7):
994-998.
D. Radon
Cliff, K. D. 1978. Assessment of Airborne Radon Daughter
Concentrations in Dwellings in Great Britain. Phys. Medical
Biolgy Vol. 23(4):696-711.
Holub, R. F., and Droullard, R. F. April 1979. The Reduction
of Airborne Radon Daughter Concentration by Plateout on an Air
Mixing Fan. Health Physics Vol. 36:497-504.
Kotrappa, P., Bhanti, D. P., and Jha, G. June 1979.
Measurement of Specific Alpha Radioactivity with Respect to
Size for Uranium Ore Dust Using Aerosol Centrifuge. Health
Physics Vol. 36:738-740.
Lloyd, R. D. 1976. Gamma-Ray Emitters in Concrete. Health
Physics Vol. 31:71-73.
110
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I. Characterization and Measurement
D. Radon
Raabe, 0. G. 1969. Concerning the Interactions that Occur
Between Radon Decay Products and Aerosols. Health Physics
Vol. 17:177-185.
Raghunath, B. and Kotrappa, P. 1979. Diffusion Coefficients
of Decay Products of Radon and Thoron. Aerosol Science
Vol. 10:133-138.
Roessler, C. E., Smith, Z. A., Bolch, W. E., and Prince, R. J
September 1979. Uranium and Radium-226 in Florida Phosphate
Materials. Health Physics Vol. 37:269-277.
Rundo, J., Markun, F., and Plondke, N. J. 1979. Observation
of High Concentrations of Radon in Certain Houses. Health
Physics Vol. 36:729-730.
Thomas, J. W., and Countess, R. J. June 1979. Continuous
Radon Monitor. Health Physics Vol. 36:734-737.
E. Consumer Products
Leary, J. S., Keane, W. T., Fontenot, C., Feichtmeir, E. F-,
Schultz, D., Koos, B. A., Hirsch, L., Lavor, E. M., Roan,
C. C., and Hine, C. H. December 1974. Safety Evaluation in
the Home of Polyvinyl Chloride Resin Strip Containing
Dichlorvos (DDVP). Arch. Environmental Health Vol. 29:
308-314.
Taylor, C. G. May 1965. The Loss of Mercury from Fungicidal
Paints. Journal of Applied Chemistry Vol. 15:232-236.
II. Control
A. Air-Purifying Methods
Golovsy, A., and Braslaw, J, August 1981. Adsorption of
Automotive Paint Solvents on Activated Carbon: I. Equilibrium
Adsorption of Single Vapors. JAPCA Vol. 31(8):861-865 .
Sansone, E. B., Tewari, Y. B., and Jonas, L. A. December
1979- Prediction of Removal of Vapors from Air by Adsorption
on Activated Carbon. Environmental Science and Technology
Vol. 13(12): 1511-1513.
B. Ventilation
Drivas, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., and Shair, F. H. July 1972.
Experimental Characterization of Ventilation Systems in
Buildings. Envermantal Science and Technology Vol. 6(7):
609-614.
Ill
-------
II. Control
B. Ventilation
Gilath, C. 1977. Ventilation and Air Pollution Studies Using
Radioactive Tracers. A Critical Review. International Journal
of Applied Radiation and Isotopes Vol. 28:847-854.
Hunt, C. M., and Burch, D. M. 1975. Air Infiltration
Measurements in a Four-Bedroom Townhouse Using Sulfur
Hexafluoride as a Trace Gas. ASHRAE Journal Vol. 81(1):
186-201.
Jones, W. R., and Strieker, S. December 1981. Ventilation
Requirements and Natural Air Leakage in Residences. Ontario
Hydro Research Review (4):
Kusuda, T. 1976. Control of Ventilation to Conserve Energy
While Maintaining Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. ASHRAE
Journal Vol. 82(1):1169-1181.
Kusuda, T., Hunt, C. M., and McNall, P- E. July 1979.
Radioactivity (Radon and Daughter Products) as a Potential
Factor in Building Ventilation. ASHRAE Journal Vol. 21(7).
Nevins, R. G., and Miller, P. L. 1972. Analysis, Evaluation
and Comparison of Room Air Distribution Performance - A Summary
ASHRAE Trans. Vol. 78:235-243.
Nielsen, P. V., Restivo, A., and Whitelaw, J. H. September
1978. The Velocity Characteristics of Ventilated Rooms.
Journal of Fluids Engineering Vol. 100:291-298.
Woods, J. E. 1979. Ventilation, Health and Energy
Consumption: A Status Report. ASHRAE Journal Vol. 21(7)-
23-27.
C. Source Modification
Auxier, J. A., Shinpaugh, W. H. , Kerr, G. D. , and Christian,
D. J. 1974. Preliminary Studies of the Effects of Sealants
on Radon Emanation from Concrete. Health Physics Vol 27-
390-392.
D. Miscellaneous
Hollowell, C. D., and Berk, J. V., July 1979. Impact of
Reduced Infiltration and Ventilation on Indoor Mr Quality
ASHRAE Journal Vol. 21(7):49-53.
112
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II. Control
D. Miscellaneous
Tamura, G. T. 1975. Measurement of Air Leakage
Characteristics of House Enclosures. ASHRAE Trans.
Vol. 81(1):202-211.
III. Health Studies
Amira, A. G. July/August 1969. Carbon Monoxide Presents
Public Health Problem. Journal of Environmental Health
Vol. 32(l):83-88.
Aronow, W. S. 1978. Effect of Passive Smoking on Angina
Pectoris. New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 299(1):21-24.
Bernard, S. R. June 1979. A Metabolic Model for Polonium.
Health Physics Vol. 36:731-732.
Lebowitz, M. D. March/April 1976. Aerosol Usage and
Respiratory Symptoms. Arch. Environmental Health Vol. 31:
83-86.
Morse, D. L. , Baker, E. L., and Landrigan, P. J. January
1979. Cut Flowers: A Potential Pesticide Hazard. AJPH
Vol. 69(l):53-56.
Parfenov, Y. D. 1974. Polonium-210 in the Environment and in
the Human Organism. Atomic Energy Review Vol. 12(1) :75-
Rawlins, J. 1979. Foreward to Submarine Supplement.
Undersea Biomedical Research: S1-S2.
Russell, M. A. H. March 17, 1973. Absorption by Non-Smokers
of Carbon Monoxide from Room Air Polluted by Tobacco Smoke.
The Lancet: 576-579.
Russell, M. A. H., and Feyerabend, C. January 25, 1975.
Blood and Urinary Nicotine in Non-Smokers. The Lancet:
179-181.
Stewart, R. D., and Hake, C. L. January 26, 1976.
Paint-Remover Hazard. Journal of the American Medical
Association Vol. 235(4):398-401.
Stewart, R. D., Newton, P. E., Baretta, E. D., Herrmann,
A. A., Forster, H. V., and Soto, R. J. October 1978.
Physiological Response to Aerosol Propellants.
Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 26:275-285.
113
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III. Health Studies
Tansey, W. A., Wilson, J. M., and Schaefer, K. E. 1979.
Analysis of Health Data from 10 Years of Polaris Submarine
Patrols. Undersea Biomedical Research Submarine Supplement:
S217-S246.
Yates, M. W. March-April 1967. A Preliminary Study of Carbon
Monoxide Gas in the Home. Journal of Environmental Health
Vol. 29(5):413-420.
IV. Modeling
A. General Models
Rodgers, L. C. 1980. Air Quality Levels in a Two-Zone Space.
ASHRAE Trans. Vol. 86(2):92-98.
114
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6.0 CONTACT SUMMARIES
Telephone contacts were made with 23 organizations considered
active in indoor air quality research. The following section documents
these contacts and summarizes the information that was obtained. The
information includes the name of the investigator, the project sponsor,
project title, and a general description and categorization of the
research. Separate contact summaries are provided for each project,
thus, a particular organization may have several summaries. Much of
this information is included in Table 3-1. Cross-referencing from Table
3-1 to Section 6.0 is provided under the column headed "Investigator and
Organization;" the reference "C21", for example, indicates contact
summary number 21.
115
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Cl
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Passive Instrumentation
DOE
1981-1985
Commercially available monitoring devices for N02 have
been evaluated; passive devices for H.CHO, H20, and CO have
been developed; future plans include development of a
monitoring device for C02 and simple means for measurement
of airborne particulates.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _/_
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization _/_
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects __
Risk Assessment ___
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Facility with controlled
T, RH, flow rate for passive
monitor testing.
Pol lutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
116
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C2
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 489-4023
Building Materials Emissions
DOE
1978-1981, 1983-Ongoing
This is a phased effort designed to examine interior
finishes, adhesives, and solvent emissions. Phase I
determines the identity of the heavier organics by
GC/MS on samples from small chambers. Phase II
(planned for FY'84) will use larger chambers to
characterize the emission rates as they are in-
fluenced by selected environmental variables; Phase
III will involve whole building sampling and attempts
to relate the results of Phase II with actual building
measurements.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3.
Area
/
/
/
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development _/ _
Health Effects _
Risk Assessment _
Control Technology _
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
*.1D m3 (stainlpsO rnntrnl led
T, RH, ventilation
Pol 1utants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
117
-------
C3
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Numerical Data Base
DOE/EPRI/GRI
1984-Ongoing
The objective will be to establish, maintain, archive,
and evaluate a data base of field studies that examines
indoor air quality in the residential setting. Two
important goals are providing public access to this
data base and evaluating the quality of the data
considered.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization ____
Modeling _____
Monitoring ____
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
118
-------
C4
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Study of Radon and Progeny
DOE/OHER/Conservation/BPA
1978-Ongoing
Instrument development has focused on Rn progeny; new
effects will attempt to characterize the national dis-
tribution of Rn sources using existing data; the various
modes of Rn entry into structures will be examined; and
air movement within a single room will be studied in an
attempt to understand Rn and progeny removal rates.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
*3-rnnm t.p^t.hnusp with
rpmnfp pxpprimpnt.al
control
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
119
-------
C5
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Pollutants Emitted by Combustion Appliances
CPSC/BPA/DOE/OHER
1976-1985
Previously, gas ranges, ovens, kerosene heaters, unvented
gas space heaters and wood stove emissions have been
studied. This year two studies are.planned: a labora-_
tory study of unvented gas space heaters with 02 depletion
sensors; and a field study of wood stove emissions in two
unoccupied homes in Oregon.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization _,/
Modeling _,/
Monitoring _/
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber 30 m3 (gypsum _/_
Research House board) /
Other (Specify)
Mobile lab
Pollutants
/
CO J__ C02
NOX / S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable parti c-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
/
120
-------
C6
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Particulate Behavior and Its Interaction with Rn Progeny
1982-1984
The goal is to examine the interaction of participate
(generated by cigarette smoke) and Rn progeny and their
removal techniques. Several commercially available
control devices (i.e. filters, precipitators) were
evaluated for removal of Rn and progeny.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _^
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House /
Other (Specify) _/_
Particle characterization
equipment
Pol 1utants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other orgam'cs
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
121
-------
C7
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Grlmsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Indoor Air Quality Control Techniques
1979-1984
The major focus has been air-to-air heat exhangers. The
following research areas will be explored this year:
exhaust with heat pump recovery, air washing for HCHO
removal, contaminant transfer across heat exhanger cores,
examination of methods to monitor the efficiency of
ventilation systems, and if time permits N02 - surface
interactions.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _/_
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area 5.
Characterization /
Mode 1i ng
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment _____
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House / '
Other (Specify)
*Test facility to evaluate
heat exchangers controlled
T, RH, ventilation., and
HCHO injection
Pollutants
CO ___ C02
NO / S02
X '"'n m ™'
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
122
-------
C8
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Grimsrud, LBL
(415) 486-4023
Field Survey of Residential Buildings in the Pacific Northwest
BPA
1984-1986
300 existing houses will be examined; 50 will be chosen
for a 3-phase study of the implications of various degrees
of retrofit (weatherization) on indoor air quality; air
quality will be monitored in 40 commercial buildings
(schools and office buildings) as well as 100 residences
(50 conventionally built and 50 built to BPA specifications).
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
N0v
/
/
C09
S02
Radioactivity /
Formaldehyde /
Other orgam'cs
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP /
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate J
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
123
-------
C9
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
T.G. Mathews, ORNL
(615) 574-6248
Indoor Air Quality Study of Experimental Unoccupied Homes
DOE
1/84-Ongoing
The goal of this study is to examine the influence of energy
conservation measures on indoor air quality. Three unoccu-
pied research homes of standard construction will be
studied.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment __
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House /
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
124
-------
CIO
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
A. Hawthorne, ORNL
(615) 574-6246
Measure Radon and Formaldehyde
DOE
$90,000
12/83-12/84
Radon and HCHO will be monitored in three high instru-
mented energy conservation homes. Alternative measures
will be examined for reducing pollutant levels.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
4.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
125
-------
Cll
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
A. Hawthorne, ORNL
(615) 574-6246
Volatile Organics in Homes
CPSC
$100,000
10/82-6/84
The goal is to identify sources of volatile organics from
consumer products. Detailed measurements will be performed
in approximately eight (8) homes.
1. Study Type
Laboratory ___
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects ___
Risk Assessment
Control Technology _____
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
126
-------
C12
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
A. Hawthorne, ORNL
(615) 574-6246
Indoor Air Quality Study of 40 East Tennessee Homes
CPSC/DOE
$500,000
1981-1983
Indoor air quality was monitored in 40 East Tennessee homes.
When unvented combustion devices were used, elevated CO and
N02 were observed. Elevated particulate levels were assoc-
iated with certin phases of operation (e.g. stoking, startup)
Levels of HCHO and Rn were measured at concentrations above
recommended guidelines.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
£_
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
127
-------
CIS
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
T.G. Mathews, ORNL
(615) 574-6248
Characterization of HCHO Emission Sources
CPSC
1980-Ongoing
This broad study has focused on four areas: vapor monitoring,
chamber methods, flux monitor development, and product charac-
terization. The emission characterists of pressed wood
products (particle board, plywood paneling, and fiber board),
ceiling tiles, urea-formaldehyde foam, and fiberglass have
been studied. A field component of this study is planned
for this year to relate source strengths and observed con-
centrations in a field setting.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _y
Field
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization _j/_
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
2. Major Sources
Pressedwood products Risk Assessment
Control Technology
. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
*3-200L (Teflon-linked)
**3 houses
/*
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
128
-------
C14
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
A. Hawthorne, ORNL
(615) 574-6246
Data Analysis of 40 Home Indoor Air Quality Study
TVA/EPRI
$70,000
1/84-1/85
Evaluate the existing data from the 40 Home study. The
study will focus on issues of relevance to TVA's energy
conservation program. Additional data will be collected
on Rn concentrations; energy use regarding conservation
measures employed at the study homes will be evaluated.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
129
-------
C15
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
E. Knutson, DOE
(212) 620-3652
Assessment of Radioactive and Chemically Active Air Contaminants
DOE
$1.5 million/year
This work focuses on Rn and progeny. Samplers and analyses
are provided to state agencies in the Northeast to support
characterization studies. Approximately 150-200 homes are
involved. A calibration facility for measurement of Rn
and Rn progeny is maintained. Efforts are also underway
to upgrade, develope, and evaluate measurement methods for
these materials.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment ___
Control Technology ___
4, Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Special equipment for Rn
*20m3 T & RH control
Pollutants
C02
S02
CO
NO
A.
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
130
-------
C16
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J. Rundo, Argonne
(312) 972-4156
Assessment of Natural Rn and Progeny in Single Family Houses
DOE
$1 mil 1 ion per year
1978-Ongoing
Argonne has examined a few houses to quantify equilibrium
between Rn and progeny. They currently have data on approxi-
mately 100 houses and are working to expand the base to 1000.
Integrating samplers are being placed with a nonsmoking
religious sect in Aberdeen, SD. Argonne has 25 years of
experience in measuring Rn.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
*6 nr
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
131
-------
C17
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
C. Davidson, Carnegie Mellon University
(412) 573-2951
Energy Performance Monitoring of Inner City Case Study
DOE
$100,000
1/83-6/84
This study will focus on energy use and air exchange. It
will not focus on pollutants, but rather on relating infil-
tration and meteorological variables. Three (and possibly
four) houses will be studied: a research house, a conven-
tional energy efficient house, and an older nonefficient
house.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization _/__
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects _____
Risk Assessment _____
Control Technology _____
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House /*
Other (Specify)
Remote computer assisted data
acquisition system
Controlled vent, rate
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor ___
Ozone
Airborne Biological ___
Multi-pollutant __
Ventilation rate ___
(tracer)
Metals __
Pesticides __
PCB's _
Other (Specify) _j
Meterological variances
132
-------
CIS
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
C. Davidson, Carnegie Mellon University
(412) 578-2951
Influence of Building Design and Other Factors on IAQ
NSF
$200,000
1/83-6/84
Examine the influence of energy conservation measures on
indoor air quality and develop predictive models to
enhance understanding of source-sink relationships. The
study involves onsite measurement of emissions from gas-
fired stoves, furnaces, and water heaters.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
Stoves
Furnaces
Water heaters
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
J_
/
C02
S02
133
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Sulfate
Pb
/
/
/
-------
C19
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Frank Black, EPA/ESRL
(919) 541-3037
Automotive Emission Test Facility
Ongoing
Refrigerated chamber for atmospheric conditioning of
vehicles.
1. Study Type
Laboratory __
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization ___
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects __
Risk Assessment
Control Technology ___
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO _/_ C02
NO / S02
X ~"~"-~
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
.Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Air leakage
134
-------
C20
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Edo Pellizzari, Research Triangle Institute
(919) 541-6579
Total Exposure and Assessment Methodology
EPA
$4,697,000
9/79-9/84
The goal is to assess the personal exposure of people
to 21 volatile organic compounds. Home measurements
will be made in NJ (560), NC (30), ND (20), LA (175),
and PA (75). For the overnight sampling period it has been shown
that the indoor/outdoor concentration ratios are consistently
above unity. A breath sampler, as well as personal moni-
tors for pesticides and PCB's were developed in this study.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
135
-------
C21
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Edo PeTlizzarl, Research Triangle Institute
(919) 541-6579
Assess Halogenated Organic Compounds in Man and Environment
EPA
$1,520,000
11/77-4/83
The goal was to assess the personal exposure of people
to halogenated organics. Indoor and outdoor concentra-
tions were monitored in approximately 150 homes in
Greensboro, N.C., Baton Rouge, LA, and Houston, TX.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
4.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling ___
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment ___
Control Technology ___
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Halogenated organics
136
-------
C22
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
Edo Pellazzari, Research Triangle Institute
(919) 541-6579
Total Exposure and Assessment Methodology-Indoor Air Study
EPA
$350,000
3/82-9/84
Three building types were studied: A home for the elderly,
a secondary school, and a new office building. The first
building was old and had gas heat and stoves in the 199
apartments. Measurements were made outdoors and at 4 to 6
locations indoors. The second building had electric heat
and was subjected to the same sampling program. The
third building was subjected to a longitudinal study--
before and after occupancy. The buildings were characterized
and building materials and sources were identified for sub-
sequent chamber studies.
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
137
-------
C23
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Ty Hartwell, Research Triangle Institute
(919) 541-6453
Study of Personal CO Exposure
EPA
$605,000
6/82-11/83
The CO exposure of residents of Washington, DC and Denver
was studied. The project goals were to develop the study
methodology for application to other pollutants and to
examine 750 person-days of exposure in each location.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /_
Health Effects __
Risk Assessment ___
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
_J/_
co2 _
SOo
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
133
-------
C24
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
Linda Shelton, Research Triangle Institute
(919) 541-6603
Monitor In and Around Public Access Buildings
EPA
9/83-3/85
Monitoring of the chemical composition of air is being
performed in and around eight buildings. A broad range
of vapor and particulate organic and inorganic compounds
will be monitored. Emission rates will be determined
using chamber studies. Models will be selected and
applied to relate collected data.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
adhesive
spray insulation
wall covering
carpet
carpet pad
paints
disinfectants
pesticides
sealants
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
Special Facilities
/*
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify) ^
Mobile monitoring laboratory
plastic lenses *18 m3, 3.6 m3, 700L, 40L
lamp ballasts
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
V
/
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
139
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C25
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J. Lodge, Research Triangle Institute
(919) 541-6905
Analysis of Termiticide Air Samples
USAF
$375,000
2/80-Ongoing
11,500 samples collected in military housing were analyzed
for chlordane, dieldrin, aldrin, and heptachlor. One
report entitled "chlordane in Air Force Family Housing:
A study of Slad-on-Grade Houses" (USAF OEHL Report
83-129 EH111 DPB) is available. Airborne chlordane levels
are unlikely to exceed 5 mg/cubic meter in houses treated prior
to construction; post-construction treatment is more likely
to result in detectable chlordane in the living space.
1. Study Type
Laboratory __
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization
Modeling ____
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects ___
Risk Assessment ___
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
C02
S02
CO ___
NO
A
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
140
-------
c
26
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
M.D. Lebowitz, University of Arizona
(602) 626-6379
Pollutants, Aeroallergens, and Respiratory Diseases
EPA/NIH
Approximately $600,000
1978-1981
A health effects study was conducted focusing on exposure
to CO, 03, TSP, RSP, pollen, bacilli, fungi, algae, and
tobacco smoke. Indoor and outdoor monitoring was conducted
for 40 homes; 200 homes were considered in 4 geographic
clusters. Acute and chronic respiratory symptoms were
considered.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
141
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C27
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
U.M. Medley, flonsanto Research
(513) 268-3411
Industrial Hygiene/Control Technology Assessment of
Formaldehyde Production Facilities
NIOSH
$630,000
9/80-9/83
Initially the study was to be a combination workplace
residence worker-exposure study. The final study did
not deal with nonoccupational exposure but instead
focused on occupational exposure of workers in the
formaldehyde industry. Ten preliminary surveys were
performed and four detailed surveys were conducted.
1. Study Type
Laboratory __
Field /
2. Major Sources
Formaldehyde manu-
facturing
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
C02
S02
CO _
N0x _
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable parti c-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
/
142
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C28
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
Ralph Mitchell, Battelle Columbus
(614) 424-7441
Exposure Study for Workers in Electronic Components
Manufacturing Industry
NIOSH
$1,150,000 (?)
1981-1983
A pilot study was conducted in one home monitoring IAQ in
the living room and kitchen. Nine workers in Portland,
Maine were followed to assess total exposure during the
summer of 1982 and the winter of 1982-1983. The following
were monitored: SF6 (tracer), NO, N02, 03, S02, THC, HCHO,
RSP, BaP, Ra, CO, and approximately 10 additional compounds,
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
J-
co?
S02 /
Radioactivity _/
Formaldehyde /
Other organics /
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP /
Odor
Ozone /
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant /
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
143
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C29
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
J. Spengler, Harvard
(617) 732-1255
Health Effects of Sulfur Oxides and Particulates
NIEHS/EPRI
$500K/yr for first five yrs; $1000K/yr for final four years
7/74-8/83
The goal is to evaluate the effects of low levels of S02 and
RSP on the health of humans and to determine the degree of
interaction of these pollutants. Six communities have been
chosen with high, medium, and low levels of S02 and RSP.
Random samples of the adult population have been selected
for study. A cohort of children has been selected from each
community and is being followed prospectively. Monitoring
for S02, RSP, and N02 is conducted indoors and outdoors.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment __
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Sulfate
CO __ C02
N0x J_ S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
/
144
-------
C30
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J. Spengler, Harvard
(617) 732-1255
Effects of S02 and Respirable Participates on Health
NIEHS/EPRI
Approximately $1,000,000/yr
1983-1988
This project is a continuation of the first (six communities) study
A new cohort of 1000 children will be identified in each of
the cities and followed prospectively. The original cohort
of young people will also be followed. Results will be
analyzed to determine the differences in health effects
associated with the different exposure of the two groups.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
/
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Humidity
145
-------
C31
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J. Spengler Harvard
(617) 732-1255
Personal Exposure and Monitoring in the Home.
GRI
$1,300,000
7/83-12/86
Protocol development and equipment specification currently
underway. Current thinking—broad based study maybe 1000
homes. Identify homes for personal exposures, and identify
homes for passive and continuous monitoring. Hope to be in
the field by end of 1984.
1. Study Type
Laboratory ___
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area __
Characterization ___
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects ____
Risk Assessment _
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
146
-------
C32
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
B. P. Leaderer, J.B. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Emission Factors for Side Steam Tobacco Smoke
NIEHS
7/82-7/85
Organic and Inorganic Portion of Gaseous and Particulate
Tobacco smoke will be studied.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
Special Facilities
Chamber __/_*
Research House ^ **
Other (Specify) ^
Mobile monitors for residence
(CO, C02, 02, MO, N02. S02)
.capabili-
ties for laboratory
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
*l-34m3 A1 recirculation 0-100ACH PCB's
Temp. 1-50U C + O.lu C; fresh airQth (Specify)
0-20 ACH dew pt. 4-45° C + 0.2° c ^pecnryj
**3-thermal chambers for physio-
logical research 147
-------
C33
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
A.J. Stolwijk, J.B. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Human Responses to the Indoor Environment (Program Project Grant)
NIEHS
Four programs and directors given below:
Characterization of the Thermal Indoor Environment - L. Bergland
Human Responses to the Indoor Thermal Environment - R. Gonzales
Characterization and Modeling of Indoor Contaminants - B. Leaderer
Human Responses to Indoor Air Pollutants - W. Cain
1. Study Type
Laboratory _
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization ___
Modeling _____
Monitoring ___
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
C02
S02
CO
NO ___
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
148
-------
C34
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
W. Cain and B. P. Leaderer, J.P Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Odor Experiments
NIEHS
7/82-7/85
Assess the required ventilation rates for smoking versus
nonsmoking occupancy Investigate efficacy of fabric filters
precipitators, and sorption beds.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
SO?
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
149
-------
C35
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
B.P. Leaderer, J.P. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Decay of S02 and N02 on Surfaces
NIEHS
7/82-7/85
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization _____
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects _____
Risk Assessment _____
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO C02 __
N0v _/_ S02 ____
/^ "
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics __
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP __
Odor _
Ozone ___
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate ___
(tracer)
Metals ___
Pesticides __
PCB's _
Other (Specify)
150
-------
C36
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
B.P. Leaderer, J.B. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Comparison of Aerosol Monitors
NIEHS
7/82-7/85
The calibration of aerosol monitors compares several
portable participate monitors to filters measurements;
the lab will examine particulate loss due to volatilization.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization y
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development y
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other orgam'cs
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
151
-------
C37
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
W. Cain, J.B. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Formaldehyde Irritation to Humans
NIEHS
7/82-7/85
Investigate the irritation resulting from human exposure
to formaldehyde (in chambers).
1- Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
152
-------
C38
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J.A.J. Stolwijk and B.P Leaderer, J.B. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Residential Exposures to N02, S02 and Formaldehyde
10/82-6/84
Unvented keorsene space heaters, gas appliances and side
stream emissions from tobacco smoke were the subjects of
an epidemiological study in 350 homes.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
_ Area _
Characterization _,/ _
Modeling _
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
C02
S02
CO
N0x
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
153
-------
C39
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
N. Schackter, J.B. Pierce Foundation
(203) 562-9901
Human Response to S02, N02 and Formaldehyde
Investigate the effects mainfested by human subjects
exposed to S02, N02, and HCHO
1. Study Type
Laboratory _/_
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment
Control Technology ^^
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
,/ _
CO __ C02
N0x J_ S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable parti c-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi -pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
154
-------
C40
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
R. Maxwell, TVA
(205) 386-2767
Background Study of Radioactivity in 60 Nonslag Homes
1/84-1/85
Phosphate slag, a byproduct from fertilizer, has naturally
occuring radioactivity. This material has been used as a
filler in some building materials. As a result, TVA conducted
a 30 home survey of radioactivity levels in slag and nonslag
homes in 1979. Results of this study have prompted the
upcoming investigation into the variability of radioactivity
in 60 nonslag homes.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
155
-------
C41
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
R. Imhoff, TVA
(205) 386-2788
Ambient Woodstove Emissions and Indoor Air Quality
TVA/EPA (Biomass Integrated Environmental Assessment)
$20,000
12/83-6/84
The goal of this project will be to study the impact of a
woodstove plume on the indoor air quality of an affected
house. Two houses will be involved in this study. The
study duration is expected to be two months.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
156
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Nephelometer
Trace Elements
-------
C42
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J. Harper, TVA
(615) 751-6887
Effects of Residential Woodburning Stoves on Indoor Air Quality
TVA-BPA
$110,000
1/83-3/83
Four woodburning stoves were tested in a test house—2 catalytic
and 2 noncatalytic stoves. The house has 1200 ft2 and has
0.3 to 0.5 ach. The following were monitoired: NO , CO,
C02, TSP & RSP (both indoor and outdoors), and PAH as well
as other organics.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _
Field
2. Major Sources
2 noncatalytic
stoves
2 catalytic stoves
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology ^
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
*4 test houses
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
/ C02
/ S02
-L
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
157
-------
C43
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Moschandreas, IITRI
(312) 567-4310
Emissions Rate from Unvented Gas Appliances, Kerosene
Heaters, and Cigarette Smoking
GRI
1982-1984
Emission rates of various pollutants will be examined from
unvented gas appliances, kerosene heaters, and cigarette
smoking. In addition chemical reaction, absorption, and
adsorption will be studied.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _/_
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development _____
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber /*
Research House /**
Other (Specify) /
Mobile laboratory - Air Qua!,
Infil, Odor, Met
*32m3 AT. Temp. RH. Rerir. Vent,
Human Exposure
**28m3 plywood - control device
evaluation chamber
158
Pollutants
C02
S02
CO /
N°y -L
A
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
y_Q£
/
/
/
/
-------
C44
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Moschandreas, IITRI
(312) 567-4310
Odor Studies
Varied
Studies of indoor air quality have been performed in
response to compliants. The goal is usually to identify
the source as well as the chemicals responsible.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify) /
Sensory Laboratory (Odor panel
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
voc
159
-------
C45
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Moschandreas, IITRI
(312) 567-4310
Evaluation of Indoor Particulate Control Devices
Industry Confidential
1983-1984
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment _____
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO _ C02
NO __ S02
x\ ~
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
Smoke, Dust, Pollen
/
/
160
-------
C46
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Moschandreas, IITRI
(312) 567-4310
Woodstove Emissions of PAH
Industry Confidential
1983-1984
Measurements will be conducted in 10 to 15 residences.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
PAH
161
-------
C47
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Moschandreas, IITRI
(312) 567-4310
Tracer Development
Inhouse
1983-1984
To use perfluorcarbon tracer material to determine venti-
lation rates. Passive samplers will be used in conjunction
with GC analysis.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment _____
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
162
-------
C48
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
N.L. Nagda, Geomet
(301) 424-9133
Exposure to CO
EPRI
6/82-12/83
The study goal was to characterize 24-hour exposure of three
population subgroups to CO. Exposure was approximately 200
person days. CO levels in microenvironments were quantified
and related to total expsoure to housewives, office workers,
and construction workers.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
163
-------
C49
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
N.L. Nagda, Geomet
(301) 424-9133
Monitoring and Modeling of Energy Use, Infiltration, and IAQ
EPRI
8/82-8/84
A controlled study in two unoccupied identical single family
homes simulates occupant acitivies. The goal is to describe
the fundamental relationships between energy use, infiltration,
and indoor air quality. Both single- and multiple-zone models
are used. The following are monitored as a function of ambient
conditions, season, heat exchange, and HVAC: CO, N02, IP, RN,
RN progeny, HCHO, SF6 (tracer), and energy consumption.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
Domestic
Particle board
Gas stove
Woodstove
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House /*
Other (Specify) /
Mobile Lab
*2-325 m3
5.
Pollutants
2-
CO / C02
NO / S02
X -"'ljrr"
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
164
-------
C50
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
N.L. Nagda, Geomet
(301) 424-9133
Exposure to Respirable Particulates
11/83-5/84
Evaluate current techniques for measuring respirable
particulates in microenvironments.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
3. Area
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Mobile Lab - Ra, Criteria
Pollutant, SF6 (tracer)
/
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
165
-------
C51
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
R.A. Wadden, School of Public Health, Univ. of Illinois
(312) 996-0810
Indoor Air Pollution Research
Inhouse
1974-ongoing
Historical work has been comprised of small projects conduc-
ted by graduate students. Professors Wadden and Scheff have
taught an APCA-sponsored short course in Indoor Air Quality.
Their recent book evolved from notes for that class.
(R.A. Wadden and P. Scheff. Indoor Air Pol 1 ution: Characteriza-
tion Prediction and Control Wiley Interscience, 1983.)
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
Area
Character!zati on
Modeling
Monitoring
J_
j/_
/
/
4.
Instrument Development
Health Effects __
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
EAA, CNC. Nebulizers
/
Standard measurement systems
Pollutants
CO
NO
/
/
CO? /
S09 /
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable parti c-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
166
-------
C52
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
D. Zerba, Pacific Power and Light
(503) 243-4876
Residential Ventilation
PPL (Battelle Northwest is main contractor)
1980-1985
The main goal is to study ventilation rate in three field
houses located in Oregon. The houses range from 1100 to
1500 ft2: one is conventional; one is energy conserving; and
one is a control. The study will last for two years with
outdoor meteorological parameters, indoor temperature, and
ventilation rate monitored. The houses will be modified for
the second year: house 1 wi11 be weatherized; house 2 will
have an air to air heat exchanger; and house 3 will go from
unoccupied to occupied.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
167
-------
C53
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
J. Quackenboss, University of Wisconsin
(608) 263-6928
Weatherization and Indoor Air Quality Study
Wisconsin Power & Light/cooperation with Harvard Univ.
$224,000
8/82-7/84
Indoor Air Quality is being examined on 50 homes in South
Central Wisconsin before and after weatherization. Each
home will be sampled 7 times. Seasonal variability will
be addressed. Wisconsin Power and Light will determine the
extent of retrofit. Passive and active samplers will be
involved. An acute symptoms checklist will be maintained
by each participant. Questionnaires designed to describe
homes, activities and gas equipment use will be employed.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
4.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling _/_t
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects /
Risk Assessment /
Control Technology .
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Monitoring Module
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO.
_/_
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
/
168
-------
C54
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
K. Jones, R.F Weston
(215) 692-3030
Indoor Air Quality Study Related to the Use of Kerosene Space Heaters
National Kerosene Heaters Association and Kerosun
1/83-3/83
A one month intensive monitoring effort was conducted in a
single-family residence to collect data on emissions from a
radiant and a convective kerosene heater. Extensive instru-
mentation including dosimeters and active and passive monitors
were employed. The results were evaluated with respect to
pollutant exposure and to validate a multi-compartment
indoor air quality model.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
Kerosene heaters
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling /
Monitoring /
Instrument Development /
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology /
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify) _/_
Mobile GC/MS
Pollutants
CO / C02
N0x J__ S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
02
169
-------
C55
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
G. Adams, Niagara Mohawk
(315) 428-6657
Residential and Commercial Indoor Air Quality
Niagara Mohawk and NYERDA; Contractor W.S. Fleming
1/82-12/84
Approximately 40 homes were initially monitored for Ra,
CO, C02, N02, HCHO, and RSP, primarily using passive monitors.
Five homes have selected for more intensive continuous
monitoring.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects __
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO,,
/
/
COo /
S09
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
/
170
-------
C56
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
John Yocum, TRC
(203) 289-8631
Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality Data for Making Risk Assessments
EPRI
1982-1983
Available information on N02, Rn, Tobacco Smoke, and HCHO
was examined. Reported results on health effects, exposure,
air exchange, pollutant levels, decay, and modeling were
examined to determine if a risk assessment can be performed.
This work was a cooperative effort between TRC and Harvard.
Results suggest that it is unlikely existing data can
support a risk assessment.
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment /
Control Technology
4. Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
5.
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
171
-------
C57
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
John Yocum, TRC
(203) 289-8631
IAQ Work at TRC
Representative work that has been performed at TRC: charac-
terize emissions from office machines, kerosene heaters, gas
stoves, and other combustion sources; did first IAQ work;
studied indoor-outdoor relationships; and use a mobile real
time mass spectrometer (Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer,
TAGA) to identify chemical responsible for various "sick
building" compliants.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _v/_
Field /
2. Major Sources
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area 5.
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring /
Instrument Development
Health Effects _____
Risk Assessment /
Control Technology
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify) /
TAGA; Standards Lab; Odor Lab
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi -pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
/
/
/
/
/
/
172
-------
CSS
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Enno Toomsalu, Underwriters Lab., Inc.
(312) 272-8800
Kerosene Heater Certification
Various Manufacturer
Ongoing
Duct kerosene heat emissions and sample exhaust measurements.
Hundreds of units were tested, and about 90% comply with UL647
1. Study Type
Laboratory
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization ^
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
/
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pol1utant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
173
-------
C59
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Warren Porter, CPSC
(301) 245-1445
Evaluation of Kerosene Heater Emissions
CPSC
Ongoing
Kerosene heaters were placed in 25 cubic meter test chambers.
1. Study Type
Laboratory /
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization /
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment ___
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO.
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
174
-------
ceo
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
INVESTIGATOR:
PHONE:
PROJECT TITLE:
SPONSOR:
FUNDING LEVEL:
EFFECTIVE DATES:
DESCRIPTION:
Kathy Blair, PFS Corporation
(608) 221-3361
Kerosene Heater Certification
Various Manufacturer
Ongoing
Duct kerosene heat emissions and sample exhaust measurements.
Acceptable units are listed with PFS and carry a seal of
approval.
1. Study Type
Laboratory _
Field
2. Major Sources
3.
CATEGORIZATION OF RESEARCH
Area
Characterization *
Modeling
Monitoring
Instrument Development
Health Effects
Risk Assessment
Control Technology
4.
Special Facilities
Chamber
Research House
Other (Specify)
Pollutants
CO
NO
C02
S02
Radioactivity
Formaldehyde
Other organics
Asbestos or other
fibers
Tobacco smoke
Respirable partic-
ulates/TSP
Odor
Ozone
Airborne Biological
Multi-pollutant
Ventilation rate
(tracer)
Metals
Pesticides
PCB's
Other (Specify)
175
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
/Please read InUnicnons on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO
EPA-600/2-84-099
4. TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
Review of Recent Research in Indoor Air Quality
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5 REPORT DATE
May 1984 '
7 AUTHOR(S)
3 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
E.R. Kashdan, J. E. Sickles, and M. B. Ranade
RTI/2784/01-01F
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Research Triangle Institute
P. O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3170, Task 100
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 10/83 - 2/84
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESIERL-RTP project officer is David C. Sanchez, Mail Drop 54,
919/541-2979.
16. ABSTRACT
The report reviews indoor air quality research in an effort to define the
state-of-the-art. Several approaches were taken: (l) about 150 recent journal arti-
cles, symposium presentations, and bibliographic reports were reviewed and are
presented in an annotated bibliography, arranged by subject; (2) about 30 prominent
researchers in indoor air quality were contacted, and contacts are summarized;
and (3) significant articles (prior to 1980) were reviewed and are listed in a separate
unannotated bibliography. The information in the annotated bibliography and contact
summaries is summarized. The report briefly discusses the quality and apparent
deficiencies of the reviewed data base of articles, reports, and books.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Reviews
Residential Buildings
Air Conditioning
Ventilation
Mathematical Modeling
Monitors
Measurement
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Indoor Air Quality
COSATI I icld/Group
13B
05B
13 M
13 A
12A
14G
14 B
?IBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
181
20. SECURITY CLASS /This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
176
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