COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY:
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FOR
PURGEABLE ORGANICS AND TOTAL
ORGANIC CARBON
H.J. BRASS AND M.J. WEISNER
USEPA
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DIVISION, ODW
CINCINNATI, OHIO
s>
B.A. KlNGSLEY
SRI INTERNATIONAL
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED AT THE AWWA ANNUAL MEETING,
WATER QUALITY DIVISION, JUNE 9, 1981
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THE CWSS CONTAINS DATA FROM 1189
SAMPLES REPRESENTING 452 UTILITIES.
INCLUDED ARE:
o 325 SAMPLES FROM 106 SURFACE
HATER SUPPLIES
o 801 SAMPLES FROM 330 GROUND
WATER SUPPLIES
o 63 SAMPLES FROM 16 SUPPLIES
USING COMBINED SURFACE AND
GROUND WATERS
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SUPPLIES SURVEYED AND SAMPLES COLLECTED
1
2
3
H
5
6
7
SIZE CATEGORIES
(PERSONS SERVED)
25-99
100
500
1,000
2,500
5,000
10,000
- M99
-999
-2,499
- 4,999
- 9,999
- 99,999
NUMBER
SUPPLIES
57
120
63
71
37
38
63
NUMBER
SAMPLES
108
226
122
209
106
109
309
SAMPLES REQUESTED
PER CATEGORY '•
RAW AND FINISHED
RAW AND FINISHED
RAW AND FINISHED
RAW, FINISHED, AND
1 DISTRIBUTION
RAW, FINISHED, AND
1 DISTRIBUTION
RAW, FINISHED, AND
1 DISTRIBUTION
RAW, FINISHED, AND
3 DISTRIBUTION
TOTAL 152 1189
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PURGEABLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ANALYZED
INCLUDED:
TR1HALOMETHANES
CHLOROFORM DIBROMKHLOROMETHANE
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE BROMOFORM
ALL TERMINAL SAMPLES ANALYZED- REDUCED
SAMPLES ANALYZED IF TTHM IN TERMINAL
SAMPLE > 5 UG/L-
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PURGEABLE ORGANICS ANALYSIS INCLUDED:
OTHER SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE Ll.l-TRICHLOROETHANE
CHLOROBENZENE TRICHLOROETHYLENE
1,2-DICHLQRQETHANE BENZENE
Ł15. * TTWIS-1,2- TOLUENE
DICHLOROETHYLENE XYLENES (ALL ISOMERS)
TETRACHLOROETHYLBIE
-------
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
ANALYSES ALSO PERFORMED
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CAUTION IN DATA INTERPRETATION
D SAMPLES WERE 1-2 YEARS OLD PRIOR
TO ANALYSIS. LOW MOLECULAR
WEIGHT AROMATICS AND IN SOME
CASES UNSATURATED HALKARBONS
MAY HAVE DEGRADED.
- FREQUENCIES OF OCCURRENCE AND
CONCENTRATIONS FOR AFFECTED
COMPOUNDS REGARDED As MINIMUM
VALUES*
-------
CAUTION IN DATA INTERPRETATION
o SAMPLES COLLECTED A SINGLE TIME
MAY NOT BE REPRESENTATIVE OF
OVERALL HATER QUALITY.
-------
PURGEABLE COMPOUNDS ANALYZED BY
PURGE AND TRAP
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
QUANTIFICATION LIMIT 0-5 UG/L
-------
iU
I
ut
ui
K
10
I
15
20
25
TIME (min)
I
30
35
I
40
-------
l/>
UJ
at
2
o
X
a
i
5
i
to
I
15
20 26
TIME (mini
30 40
i
45
60
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TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON MEASURED
USING DOHRMANN
DC-54 ANALYZER
QUANTIFICATION LIMIT 100-200 UG/L
-------
SEPARATE EVALUATION OF INFORMATION
o TRIHALCMETHANES
o OTHER SPECIFIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
o TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
-------
TRIHALOMETHANES
-------
TRIHALOMETHANE INFORMATION NOW
AVAILABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME
FOR A LARGE NUMBER OF SUPPLIES
IN SMALLER POPULATION SIZE
CATEGORIES (25-100,000 PERSONS).
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DATA EVALUATED ACCORDING TO SUPPLY
o RAW HATER SAMPLES NOT INCLUDED-
o VALUES FOR FINISHED AND DISTRIBUTION
SAMPLES AVERAGED TO YIELD A SINGLE
THM VALUE FOR EACH SUPPLY.
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CHLOROFORM PREDOMINATED IN
SURFACE WATERS;
BROMINATED TWs PREDOMINATED
IN GROUND WATERS
-------
REQUENCIES OF OCCURRENCE GREATER
IN SURFACE YS GROUND WATER
SUPPLIES, EXCEPT FOR BROMOFORM
WHERE REQUENCIES WERE GREATER
IN GROUND WATERS
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
TRIHALCMETHANE DATA
SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
BROMODICHLORO-
METHANE
DIBROMOCHLORO-
METHANE
BROMOFORM
TOTAL TRIHALO-
METHANE
POSITIVES
PER
SUPPLIES
102/105
99/105
70/105
W105
RANGE
<0.5-700
<0.5-62
<0.5-<6
<1.0-5.7
POSITIVES
MEAN MEDIA)
90
12
5.0
2.1
61
8-2
3.2
1.3
CONCENTRATION, UG/L
ALL VALUES
ŁAN MEDI
87 60
12
6.8
1.5
102/105 <0.5-720 110
70
100 66
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
TRIHALOMETHANE DATA
GROUND WATER SUPPLIES
COMPOUND
CHLOROFORM
BROMODICHLORO-
METHANE
DIBROMOCHLORO-
METHANE
BROMOFORM
TOTAL TRIHALO-
POSITIVES
PER
SUPPLIES
107/315
CONCENTRATION, UG/L
POSITIVES ALL VALUES
RANGE MEAN MEDIAN MEAN MEDIAN
<0-5-220 8-9 3-0 3.0 <0-5
10V315 <0.5-51 5.8
3.5
107/315 <0.5-32 6.6 4.1
81/315 <1.0-110 11 3-0
132/315 <1.0-280 24
12
1.9
2.2
2-8
9.9
<0.5
<0-5
<1.0
<1.0
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THM CONCENTRATIONS HIGHER IN
SURFACE AS OPPOSED TO
GROUND WATER SUPPLIES
o TTHM MEAN CONCENTRATIONS FOR POSITIVES
SURFACE WATERS 110 UG/L
GROUND WATERS 24 UG/L
o TTHM MEDIAN CONCENTRATIONS FOR ALL SUPPLIES
SURFACE WATERS 65 UG/L
GROUND WATERS < LO UG/L
o MAXIMUM TTHM CONCENTRATIONS
SURFACE WATERS 720 UG/L
GROUND WATERS 210 UG/L
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
TTHM CONCENTRATIONS RELATED TO
POPULATION SIZE CATEGORY
SURFACE WATER SOURCES
POPULATION
CATEGORY
NUMBE^POSITIVES
NUMBER SUPPLIES
CONCENTRATION. UG/L
MEAN MEDIAN
JEAN
YAU)ES
fcDIAN
All
1
2
3
1
5
6
7
102/105
1/1
17/18
11/12
21/21
M/W
13/W
25/25
110
15
130
170
81
130
86
81
70
15
61
86
91
110
66
59
100
15
120
160
81
130
80
81
66
15
51
30
91
110
61
59
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
TTHM CONCENTRATIONS RELATED TO
POPULATION SIZE CATEGORY
GROUND WATER SOURCES
POPULATION
CATEGORY
ALL
1
2
3
5
6
7
NUMBER SUPPLIES
132/315
7/51
26/95
22/47
28/52
13/18
1V23
22/29
21
19
W
25
29
29
20
29
CONCENTRATION
VES
MEDIAN
12
5.5
8.8
13
13
27
17
12
, UG/L
ALL
MEAN
9.9
2-6
3.8
12
15
21
12
22
VALUES
MEDIAN
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
10
2.7
3-5
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SUPPLIES EXCEEDING MCL FOR TTHMs
(BASED ON NON-REDUCED SAMPLES)
SURFACE WATERS 39 PERCENT
(41 OF 105)
GROUND HATERS 1 PERCENT
<<1 OF 315)
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TTHM CONCENTRATIONS IN
REDUCED SAMPLES WERE
GENERALLY 50-65 PERCENT
OF TERMINAL CONCENTRATIONS
-------
OTHER SPECIFIC ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
-------
OTHER SPECIFIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS (SOCs)
INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR LARGE NUMBER
OF SUPPLIES IN SMALLER POPULATION
SIZE CATEGORIES (25 - 100,000 PERSONS).
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o DATA EVALUATED ACCORDING TO SUPPLY
- RAW, FINISHED, AND DISTRIBUTED WATERS
CONSIDERED.
- SAMPLE WITHIN A SUPPLY HAVING THE
HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF AN
INDIVIDUAL COMPOUND USED TO DEVELOP
STATISTICAL DATA.
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FOR HALOCARBONS, FREQUENCIES OF
OCCURRENCE AND HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS
WERE IN GROUND WATER SUPPLIES.
-------
FREQUENCIES OF OCCURRENCE OF AROKAT1C
COMPOUNDS SLIGHTLY HIGHER IN
SURFACE AS OPPOSED TO
GROUND WATER SOURCES.
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PERCENT OCCURRENCE AND MAXIMUM
CONCENTRATIONS
AROMATICS
PERCENT MAXIMUM
COMPOUND OCCURRENCE CONCENTRATION, UG/L
GROUND SURFACE GROUND SURFACE
BENZENE 1.6 1.0
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
ORGANIC CHEMICAL DATA
SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES
CONCENTRATION, UG/L
COMPOUND
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLOROBENZENE
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
CIS + TRANS-L2-
DIQCORO^HYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
BENZENE
TOLUENE
XYLENES
POSITIVES
PER
SUPPLIES
3/106
0/106
0/106
0/106
3/106
3/106
0/106
1/100
3/100
7/100
RANGE
<0.5 -
-
-
<0.5-
< 0-5 -
V
< 0.5 -
< 0.5 -
< 0-5-
2.2
3.0
7.0
0-64
6-1
24
POSITIVE
MEAN
1.3
-
-
-
1.5
2-8
-
0.64
2-5
4.3
POSITIVE
MEDIAN
1.2
-
-
-
0.92
0.88
-
0.64
0.85
0-93
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COMPOUND
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLOROBENZENE
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
CIS + TRANS-L2-
DICHOTEFHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
1,U-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
BENZENE
TOLUENE
XYLENES
COffUNm WATER
SUPPLY SURVEY
ORGANIC CHEMICAL DATA
GROUND WATER SUPPLIES
POSITIVES
PER
SUPPLIES
6/330
1/330
4/329
8/330
18/330
: 15/330
14/330
5/307
2/307
8/307
RANGE
< 0.5 - 2.8
< 0.5 - 1.3
< 0.5 - 1.8
< 0-5 - 82
< 0-5 - 30
< 0.5 - 650
< 0.5 - 210
< 0.5 - 44
< 0-5 - 0.62
< 0.5 - 4.2
CONCENTRATION, UG/L
POSITIVE POSITIVE
MEAN MEDIAN
1,9
1.3
1.3
15
3.4
47
30
9.7
0.56
1.6
1.8
1.3
1-2
3.4
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.56
0.91
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DATA FOR CHEMICALS OTHER THAN TWs
EVALUATED ON TOE BASIS OF AT LEAST
ONE COMPOUND PER SUPPLY. STATISTICS
PROVIDED BASED ON WATER SOURCE AND
POPULATION SIZE CATEGORY.
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TOTAL
SIZE CATEGORY 7
SIZE CATEGORY 6
SIZE CATEGORY 5
SIZE CATEGORY 4
SIZE CATEGORY 3
SIZE CATEGORY 2
SIZE CATEGORY 1
COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
SUPPLIES SHOWING OCCURRENCES
OF ONE ORGANIC CHEMICAL*
SURFACE WATER
M/106
7/25
1/M
I/M
3/21
2/12
0/19
0/1
(PERCENT)
(13.2)
(28.0)
(7.1)
(7.1)
(14.3)
(16.7)
(0)
(0)
GROUND WATER
50/330
13/29
2/23
V18
1V53
3/51
9/100
5/56
A BASED ON THE PRESENCE OF AT LEAST ONE COMPOUND
OTHER THAN THKs AND TOC-
(PERCENT)
(15.2)
(8.7)
(22-2)
(25.4)
(5.9)
(9.0)
(8.9)
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DATA EVALUATED BASED ON THE
KCURRENCE OF FROM ONE TO FIVE
CHEMICALS PER SUPPLY- STATISTICS
PROVIDED BASED ON WATER SOURCE AND
POPULATION SIZE CATEGORY.
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCE DATAA
SURFACE HATER SUPPLIES
NUMBER OF CONTAMINANTS
POPULATION
SERVED aŁ M THREE FOUR FIVE
25-199 000
500-2499 221
2500-9999 200
10,000 - 99,999 52 0
TOTAL 9410
SUPPLIES SHOWING ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING CONTAMINANTS:
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; CHLOROBENZENEj 1,2-DlCHLOROETHANEj
CIS + TRANS-1 , 2-D 1 CHLOROETHYLENE I TETRACHLOROETHYLENEj
TTLl-TRICHLOROETHANE; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; BENZENE; TOLUENE;
AND XYLENE (ALL ISOMERS).
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
MULTIPLE OCCURRENCE DATAA
GROUND WATER SUPPLIES
NUMBER OF CONTAMINANTS
POPULATION
SERVED m M THREE FOUR FIVE
25-499 832 10
500 - 2499 11 5 0 0 1
2500-9999 330 00
10,000 - 99,999 920 11
TOTAL 31 13 2 22
A SUPPLIES SHOWING ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING CONTAMINANTS:
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; CHLOROBENZENEj 1,2-DICHLOROETHANEj
CIS + TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENEj TETRACHLOROETHYLENEj
T7L1-TRICHLOROETHANE; TRICHLOROETHYLENEj BENZENE; TOLUENE;
AND XYLENE (ALL ISOMERS)-
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DATA EVALUATED BASED ON COMPOUND
CONCENTRATION AND FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION. CHARACTERIZED BY
SIZE CATEGORY AND SOURCE WATER.
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COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SURVEY
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUT10NA
TEN SOCs - SURFACE HATER
NUMBER OCCURRENCES
POPULATION
SERVED
25-499
500-2499
2500-9999
10000-99999
TOTAL
POSITIVES
PER
SUPPLIES
0/20
5/33
2/28
7/25
1V106
I BELOW
OUAN.
LIMITS
100
85
93
72
87
0-5-5
4
2
6
12
CONCENTRATION RANGES, UG/L
>5-10 >10-50 >50-100 >100-500
1
1
1
1
>500
A SINGLE OCCURRENCE AND HIGHEST CONCENTRATION USED IF MORE THAN
ONE CHEMICAL OCCURRED IN A SUPPLY.
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COMMUNITY HATER SUPPLY SURVEY
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION*
TEN SOCs - GROUND WATERS
POSITIVES Z BELOW
POPULATION
SERVED
25-499
500-2499
2500-9999
10000-99999
TOTAL
PER
SUPPLIES
14/156
17/104
fi/41
13/29
50/330
OUAN.
LIMITS
91
84
85
55
85
0.5-5
11
13
6
10
40
>5-10
1
3
4
>10
2
2
4
NUMBER OCCURRENCES
CONCENTRATION RANGES, UG/L
>50-100 >100-500 >500
1
1
A SINGLE OCCURRENCE AND HIGHEST CONCENTRATION USED IF MORE THAN
ONE CHEMICAL OCCURRED IN A SUPPLY-
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ADDITIONAL HALXARBONS IDENTIFIED
BUT NOT QUANTIFIED
OCCURRENCES
SURFACE WATER GROUND WATER
COMPOUND SUPPLIES SUPPLIES
U-DICHLOROETHANE 0 H
U-DICHLOROETHYLENE 5 W
METHYL CHLORIDE 1 0
VINYL CHLORIDE 0 1
TOTAL 6 19
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TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
SURFACE HATERS EXHIBITED HIGHER TOC
CONCENTRATIONS THAN GROUND WATERS.
CONCENTRATION, UG/L
MEAN MEDIAN
SURFACE WATERS 2600 2200
GROUND WATERS 1500 1000
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