INTERNATIONAL BENZENE REGULATIONS
PEDCo ENVIRONMENTAL
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PEDCo ENVIRONMENTAL
CHESTER ROAD
CINCINNATI. OHIO -45346
(513) 782-4700
INTERNATIONAL BENZENE REGULATIONS
Prepared by
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
Chester Towers
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-2515
Task No. 6
EPA Task Officer: Richard Johnson
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Strategies and Air Standards Division
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
May 1977
BRANCH OFFICES
CHESTER TOWERS
Crown Center
Kansas City. Mo.
Professional VIMag
Chapel HIM. N.C.
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This document was furnished to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2515, Task No. 6
The contents of this document are reproduced herein as
received from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and
conclusions expressed are those of the author and not
necessarily those of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This document was furnished to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio. Mr. Richard Gerstle functioned as the PEDCo Project
Director. Principal author of the document was Mr. J.
Thomas Bertke.
Mr. Richard Johnson was the Task Officer -for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES v
1.0 THE USES OF BENZENE AND ITS PROHIBITION/RESTRICTION 1
2.0 DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF BENZENE AND PRODUCTS 5
CONTAINING BENZENE
IV
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Page
1 International Regulations of Benzene in the Use/ 6
Preparation of Solvents and Thinners, Paints,
and Varnishes
2 International Regulations of Benzene for Use in 8
Spray Painting
3 International Regulations of Benzene in the Use/ 9
Preparation of Rubber Solutions, Glues or Cements
4 International Regulations of Benzene in the 11
Manufacture of Rubber Goods
5 International Regulations of Benzene in Textile 13
Manufacture
6 International Regulations of Benzene in the 14
Manufacture/Repair of Water Proof Fabrics
7 International Regulations of Benzene Fats 16
Extraction Substances
8 International Regulations of Benzene in the 17
Degreasing of Furs
9 International Regulations of Benzene in the 19
Cleaning/Scouring of Metals
10 International Regulations of Benzene in Dry 21
Cleaning
11 International Regulations of Benzene in the 22
Manufacture of Artificial Flowers
12 International Regulations of Benzene in the 24
Silvering of Mirrors
13 International Regulations of Benzene in the 26
Use/Preparation of Rotogravure Inks and Dyes
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
14 International Regulations of Benzene in the 28
Preparation of Cleaning Products
15 International Regulations of Benzene in the 30
Manufacture of Insulating Materials and
Synthetic Leather
16 International Regulations of Benzene in 32
Motor Fuel
17 International Regulations Regarding the Trans- 33
port/Storage of Benzene and Products Containing
Benzene
VI
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1.0 THE USES OF BENZENE AND ITS PROHIBITION/RESTRICTION1
Several countries have enacted legislation prohibiting
or limiting the use of benzene in certain industrial opera-
tions. Although the list of operations varies by country,
generally covers the following: preparation of paints,
varnishes, dyes, solvents, and thinners; spray painting;
preparation of products such as rubber solution, glue,
or cement; the manufacture of rubber goods; impregnation of
textiles; manufacture and repair of waterproof fabrics;
extraction of fatty substances, oils, etc.; degreasing of
furs; cleaning and scouring of metals; dry cleaning; manu-
facture of artificial flowers; silvering of mirrors; prep-
aration of inks and colors for typographical and rotogravure
industries; preparation of cleaning products; manufacture
of insulating material and synthetic leather; and blending
into motor gasoline.
In practice, these prohibitions and restrictions create
an obligation to search for replacement products. However,
it should be pointed out that the principle of replacing
benzene with less harmful substances whenever technically
possible is actually specified by law in a number of coun-
tries.
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Some legislation specifies a maximum benzene content
for industrial solvents in general, whereas other legis-
lation limits its use for specific purposes. The maximum is
sometimes based on the total weight of the solvent, some-
times on the total volume. This, too, varies from one
country to another. Excluding exemptions and other special
provisions, maximum allowable usages in several countries
are summarized below:
Australia (Western) 5 percent by weight
Austria 10 percent by volume
France 3 percent by volume
Italy 2 percent by weight
Morocco 3 percent by volume
Malagasy Republic 3 percent by volume
Belgium 1 percent by volume
Federal Republic of 0.3 percent by weight
Germany
Turkey 5 percent by volume
•U.S.S.R. • 10 percent by volume
In its recommendation on the use of benzene, the
Council of Europe (by partial agreement) specifies that the
maximum of 5 percent by volume be reduced to 1 percent 2
years after adoption of the recommendation by a member
country.
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As of January 1, 1977, the following countries had
ratified the proposals adopted on June 23., 1971, by the
governing body of the International Labor Organization (ILO)
at their 56th session: Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Finland,
France, Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Ivory
Coast, Kuwait, Morocco, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Yugo-
slavia, and Zambia. The proceedings of ILO's 136th Con-
vention are documented in the Appendix. Articles 1, 2, 3,
and 4 are of particular interest .in that they are concerned
with usage of benzene and products containing benzene in
certain work processes. Article 1 defines "benzene" and
what is referred to as "products containing benzene."
Article 2 states that "whenever harmless or less harmful
substitute products are available, they shall be used instead
of benzene or products containing benzene." .This article
also lists the exemptions, which are the production of
benzene and its usage in chemical synthesis, in motor fuel,
and for analytical or research laboratory work. Article 3
indicates that "the competent authority" within a country
may permit temporary deviation from stated provisions under
specific conditions and within time limits to be determined.
Article 4 stipulates that national laws or regulations shall
at least prohibit the use of benzene and products containing
benzene as a solvent or dilutent, except where such usage is
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conducted in an enclosed system or by some other equally
safe method. Each of the member countries ratifying this
convention must abide by the provisions as presented under
Article 14 of the proceedings.
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2.0 DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE OF BENZENE
AND PRODUCTS CONTAINING BENZENE
Disclosed international regulations primarily involve
labelling of receptacles used in the transport and/or stor-
age of benzene or products containing benzene in excess of a
prescribed maximum. This is obligatory in many countries.
(Refer to Table 17 for a listing.) Some laws specify the
text or type of information that should appear on these
labels and the danger symbol to be used. The International
Labor Organization, in particular, is attempting- to standard-
ize a symbol at an international level. Such a standard-
ization would be beneficial in international commerce.
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Table 1. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN THE
USE/PREPARATION OF SOLVENTS AND THINNERS, PAINTS, AND VARNISHES
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use any liquid containing more
than 1 percent by weight of benzene for the purpose
of spray painting except in accordance with the pro-
visions of the Spray Paint Regulation of 1963.
It is prohibited to use paints, varnishes, or
coatings containing benzene or benzols, with the
exception of mirror varnish, which may not contain
greater than 1 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to manufacture celluloids and lac-
quers containing benzene unless the process, method,
o>, or harmful product, is substituted or the operating
procedure is modified.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents and
also'paints and varnishes that have been prepared
with benzene, or other complex solvents whose
fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal pro-
cess operation.
It is prohibited to use benzene. Benzene is tol-
erated only as an impurity up to a maximum content
of 2 percent by weight of the solvent.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents and
also paint and varnishes that have been prepared
with benzene, or other complex solvents whose
fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of 5 per-
cent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions used
are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
Australia
(Western)
•Belgium
Brazil
France
Factories and Shops Act
Article 394 of the Labor
Code, modification by Royal
Decree
Ordinance No. 262
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
1920-59
1960
1962
1955
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Act No. 245
Decree Prohibiting the Use o'f
Certain Solvents
1963
1955
(continued)
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Table 1 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to procure benzene, benzols, and
preparations containing these solvents in shops
except upon presentation of a license. This license
will be refused if the benzene, etc. can be replaced
by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents;
benzene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spir-
its containing benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5
percent by volume. Prohibition may be temporarily
waivered provided the solvent(s) containing benzene
are used within enclosed operations, or if it has
been recognized by the Minister of Labor to be tech-
nically impossible to eliminate usage; in such cases
a powerful ventilation system must be implemented.
It is prohibited to use benzene in cellulose and
other inflammable solutions.
It is prohibited to use solvents or varnishes con-
taining 50 to 67 percent benzene if it is technologi-
cally possible to substitute other less toxic solvents.
When entirely impossible, the content of the solven't,
thinner, varnish, etc. shall not exceed 10 percent
benzene by volume. Temporary (6 months) increases of
up to 20 percent have been authorized for particular
cases. It is forbidden to utilize varnishes, paints,
etc. of unknown composition.
Switzerland
Turkey
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols and Preparations
Containing These Solvents.
(Canton of Geneva).
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful-Sub-
stances in Undertakings
1963
1952
United
Kingdom
U.S.S.R.
Cellulose Solutions Regulations
(Certificate of Exemption)
Rulea on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1934
1957
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Table 2. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
FOR USE IN SPRAY PAINTING
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
oo
It is prohibited to use any liquid containing more
than 1 percent by weight of benzene for the purpose
of spray painting except in accordance with the pro-
visions of the Spray Paint Regulations of 1963.
It is prohibited to use paints, varnishes, or coatings
containing benzene or benzols, with the exception of
mirror varnish which may not contain greater than 1
percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents and also
paints and varnishes that have been prepared with
benzene or other complex solvents whose fraction con-
tains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5 percent by vol-
ume of solvent, unless the solutions used are con-
tained or enclosed during normal process operation.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents and also
paints and varnishes that have been prepared with
benzene, or other complex solvents whose fraction
contains benzene hydrocarbons of 5 percent by volume
of solvent, unless the solutions used are contained
or enclosed during normal process operation.
It is prohibited to utilize benzene in the spray
painting of cumbersome articles.
Australia
(Western)
Belgium
France
Malagasy
Republic
U.S.S.R.
Factories and Shops Act
Article 394 of the Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
Decress Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1920-59
1960
1955
1955
1957
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Table 3. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN THE
USE/PREPARATION OF RUBBER SOLUTIONS, GLUES OR CEMENTS.
Description
Country
Legal basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene in gluing operations
or any glues, cements, or similar products containing
over 1 percent of benzene by volume.
It is prohibited to use glues that have been prepared
from benzene, benzols, or other complex solvents whose
fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5 per-
cent by volume, unless the glues used are within con-
tained or enclosed operations. Exemptions may be grant-
ed from the Divisional Inspector of Labor and Manpower
when compliance is impossible.
It is prohibited to use glues that have been prepared
from benzene, benzols, or other complex solvents whose
fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5 percent
by volume, unless the glues used are within contained
or enclosed operations. Exemptions may be granted from
the Divisional Inspector of Labor and Manpower when
compliance is impossible.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents for the preparation
of rubber solutions, glues, and cement, unless a license
is issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.-
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered provided
the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within en-
closed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to
eliminate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation
system must be implemented.
Belgium
France
Article 394 of the Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
1960
1955
Malagasy
Republic
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
1955
Switzerland
Turkey
Code on the Utilization of
Benzene, Benzols, and Prepara-
tionsContaining These Solvents
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1963
1952
(continued)
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Table 3 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene for the preparation of
glue, and rubber solutions.
It is prohibited to use solvents or varnishes con-
taining 50 to 67 percent benzene if it is technologi-
cally possible to substitute other less toxic solvents.
When entirely impossible, the content of the glue shall
not exceed 10 percent benzene by volume. Temporary
(6 months) increases of up to 20 percent have been
authorized for particular cases. It is forbidden to
utilize glues of unknown composition.
Uruguay
U.S.S.R.
Section 4 of the Decree on Ben- 1945
zene
Rules on Working with Mastics, 1957
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
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Table 4. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN
THE MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER GOODS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use in the making or repairing of
footwear any solutions prepared with solvents extract-
ed from benzols with over 1 percent (distilling below
130°C) or 10 percent (distilling below 145°C) or com-
plex solvents whose fraction (distilling below.145°C)
contains benzene at over 15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use products containing benzene in
the manufacture and repairing of raincoats and shoes.
However, benzene is tolerated as an impurity up to
2 percent by weight in solvents used for thinning.
It is prohibited to use in the making or repairing of
footwear any solutions prepared with solvents extracted
from benzols with over 1 percent (distilling below
130°C) or 10 percent (distilling below 145"C) or com-
plex solvents whose fraction (distilling below 145°C)
contains benzene at over 15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and
preparations containing these solvents without a license
ussued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene, ben-
zols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzols, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered provided
the solvent(s) contain benzene are used within
enclosed operation, or if it has been recognized by
the Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to
eliminate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation
system must be implemented.
France
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Section 2 Decree Prohibiting
the Use of Certain Solvents
Act No. 245 Concerning the
Limitations on the Use of Ben-
zene and its Homologueg in Work
Operations
Section 2 Decree Prohibiting the
Use of Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1955
1963
1955
1963
1952
(continued)
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Table 4 (continued)
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67
percent benzene if it is technologically possible to
substitute other less toxic solvents. When entirely
impossible, the content of the solvent shall not exceed
10 percent benzene by volume. It is forbidden to
utilize solvents of unknown composition.
U.S.S.R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is Usec
as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
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Table 5. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN
TEXTILE MANUFACTURE
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such Cases a powerful ventilation system
must be implemented.
It is prohibited to use benzene in the manufacture of syn-
thetic cloth. Article 23 requires complete exclusion
of benzene and its replacement by other solvents.
It is forbidden to use solvents of unknown composition.
Switzerland
Turkey
U.S.S.R.
Code on the Utilization of
Benzene, Benzols, and Prepara-
tion Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1963
1952
Article 23 from the Rules on
Working with Mastics, Paints,
Varnishes, Glues, and Enamels in
which Benzene is Used as a Solvent
or Thinner
1957
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Table 6. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN THE MANUFACTURE/REPAIR OF WATER PROOF FABRICS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene if other less harmful
substance(a) are available. But where replacement
is impossible, modification of the process operating
method is required.
It is prohibited to use solutions prepared with sol-
vents extracted from benzols with over 1 percent
(distilling below 130"C) or 10 percent (distilling
below 145°C) or complex solvents whose fraction
(distilling below 1458C) contains benzene over 15
percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use products containing benzene.
However, benzene is tolerated as an impurity up to
2 percent by weight in solvents used for thinning.
It is prohibited to use solutions prepared with sol-
vents extracted from benzols with over 1 percent
(distilling below 130°C) or 10 percent (distilling
below 145"C) or complex solvents whose fraction
(distilling below 145°C) contains benzene over
15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols and prepa-
rations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, .benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation system
must be implemented.
Brazil
France
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Ordinance No. 262, Article 2
Section 2 of Decree Prohibiting
the Use of Certain Solvents
Act No. 245 Concerning the Limi-
tations on the Use of Benzene
and Its Homologues in Work Opera
tions Section 3
Section 2 of Decree Prohibiting
the Use of Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization, of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1962
1955
1963
.1955
1963
1952
(continued)
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Table 6 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene for the prepara-
tion of glue, or to use glues containing benzene, and
its homologues.
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67 per-
cent benzene if it is technologically possible to substi-
tute other less toxic solvents. When entirely impossible,
the content of the solvent shall not exceed 10 percent
benzene by volume. It is forbidden to utilize solvents
of unknown composition.
Uruguay
U.S.S.R.
Decree on Benzene, Section 4 1945
Rules on Working with Mastics, 1957
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in Which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
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Table 7. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
FATS EXTRACTION SUBSTANCES
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene,, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons at or over
5 percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over
5 percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents:
benzene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits
containing benzene hydrocarbons of more than 4 percent
by volume. Prohibitions may be temporarily waivered
provided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used
within enclosed operations, or if it has been recog-
nized by the Minister of Labor to be technically
impossible to eliminate usage; in such cases a power-
ful ventilation system must be implemented.
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67
percent benzene if it is technologically possible to
substitute other less toxic solvents. When entirely
impossible, the content of the solvent shall not
exceed 10 percent benzene by volume. It is forbidden
to utilize solvents of unknown composition.
France
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1955
1955
1963
1952
U.S.S.R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
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Table 8. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN THE DECREASING OF FURS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
tt is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of 5 per-
cent or greater by volume of solvent, unless the solu-
tions used are contained or enclosed during normal pro-
cess operation.
It is prohibited to use nolvents containing benzene
for degreasing in general. However, benzene is toler-
ated as an impurity up to 2 percent by weight.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of 5 per-
cent or greater by volume of solvent, unless the solu-
tions used are contained or enclosed during normal pro-
cess operation.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered provided
the solvent (s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by
the Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to
eliminate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation
system must be implemented.
France
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Act No. 245, Article 2 Concern-
ing Limitations on the Use of
Benzene and its Homologues in
Work Operations
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1955
1963
1955
1963
(continued)
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Table 8 (continued)
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67 per-
cent benzene if it is technologically possible to substi-
tute other less toxic solvents. When entirely impossi-
ble, the content of the solvent shall not exceed 10 per-
cent benzene by volume. It is forbidden to utilize
solvents of unknown composition.
U.S.S.R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
oo
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Table 9. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN THE CLEANING/SCOURING OF METALS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene or solutions containing
over 1 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to use benzene. However, benzene is
tolerated as an impurity up to 2 percent by weight of
the solvent.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents! ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation system
must be implemented.
Belgium
France
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Article 394 of the Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Act No. 245, Concerning the
Limitations on the Use of Ben-
zene and Its Homologues in Work
Operations, Article 4
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1960
1955
1963
1955
1963
1952
(continued)
-------
NJ
O
Table 9 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67
percent benzene if it is technologically possible to
substitute other less toxic solvents. When entirely
impossible, the content of the solvent shall not exceed
10 percent by volume. It is forbidden to utilize solvents
of unknown composition.
U.S.S.R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
-------
Table 10. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN DRY CLEANING
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solutions prepared with sol- France
vents extracted from benzols with over 1 percent
(distilling below 130°C) or 10 percent (distilling
below 145°C) or complex solvents whose fraction
(distilling below 145°C) contains benzene at over
15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use benzene. However, benzene is Italy
tolerated as an impurity up to 2 percent by weight of
any solvent used.
It i's prohibited to use solutions prepared with sol- Malagasy
vents extracted from benzols with over 1 percent Republic
(distilling below 130°C) or 10 percent (distilling
below 145°C) or complex solvents whose fraction
(distilling below 145°C) contains benzene at over
15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep- Switzerland
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzols, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con- Turkey
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation system
must be implemented.
•Section 2 of Decree Prohibiting 1955
the Use of Certain Solvents
Article 4, Act No. 245 Limita- 1963
tations on the Use of Benzene
and Its Homologues in Work
Operations
Section 2 of Decree Prohibiting 1955
the Use of Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of 1963
Benzene, Benzols, and Prepara-
tion Containing These Solvents
.(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on 1952
Dangerous and Harmful Sub-
stances in Undertakings
-------
Table 11. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to use benzene for chemical (dry)
cleaning.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
^j whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
to percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions
used are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzols, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits
containing benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent
by volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation system
must be implemented.
France
Federal Repub-
lic of
Germany
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Accident Prevention Regulations
of the Mutual Accident Insur-
ance Association
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Substances
in Undertakings
1955
1949
1955
1963
1952
(continued)
-------
Table 11 (continued)
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67 per-
cent benzene if it is technologically possible to sub-
stitute other less toxic solvents. When entirely impos-
sible, the content of the solvent shall not exceed 10
percent benzene by volume. It is forbidden to utilize
solvents of unknown composition.
U.S.S.R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
to
-------
Table 12. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN THE SILVERING OF MIRRORS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
to
It is prohibited to use varnishes for the protection of
the silvering of mirrors that contain above 1 percent
benzene by volume.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions used
are contained or enclosed during normal process opera-
tion.
It is prohibited to use benzene in varnishing and coat-
ing operations in general. However, benzene is toler-
ated as an impurity up to 2 percent by weight.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions used
are contained or enclosed during normal process
operation.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits
containing benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent
by volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered
provided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used
within enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized
by the Minister of Labor to be technically impossible
to eliminate usage;1 in such cases a powerful ventila-
tion system must be implemented.
Belgium
France
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
Article 394 of the Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Act No. 245 Limitations on the
Use of Benzene and Its Mono-
logues in Work Operations, Arti-
cle 4
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Sub-
stances in Undertakings
1960
1955
1963
1955
1963
1952
(continued)
-------
Table 12 (continued)
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67
percent benzene if it ia technologically possible to
substitute other less toxic solvents. When entirely
impossible, the content of the solvent shall not exceed
10 percent benzene by volume. It is forbidden to uti-
lize solvents of unknown composition.
U .-S. S . R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
to
-------
Table 13. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN THE
USE/PREPARATION OF ROTOGRAVURE INKS AND DYES
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
ro
en
It is prohibited to use inks and their diluents, as well Belgium
as the liquids utilized for the cleaning of objects soiled
with ink that contain -above 1 percent of benzene by
volume.
It is prohibited to use printing inks prepared with France
benzene or other complex solvents whose fraction con-
tains benzene hydrocarbons at over 5 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use diluent or dispersing substances
which contain benzene. However, benzene is tolerated
as an impurity up to 2 percent by weight of the solvent.
It is prohibited to use printing inks prepared with ben-
zene or other complex solvents whose fraction contains
benzene hydrocarbons at over 5 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use thinners such as benzene, toluene
or xylene when it is technically possible that they coulc
be replaced by less harmful substances (e.g. alcohols).
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene, ben-
zols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
Is is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation system
must be implemented.
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Poland
Switzerland
Turkey
Article 394 of Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Act No. 245 Concerning the
Limitations on the Use of Ben-
zene and Its Monologues in Work
Operations
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Decision No. 592 of the Govern-
ment Council, The Safety and
Hygiene Code of 1953
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Sub-
stances in Undertakings
1960
1955
1963
1955
1953
1963
1952
. (continued)
-------
Table 13 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene. Benzene must be
replaced by other less toxic substances (alcohols, etc.),
but when replacement is entirely impossible, its con-
tent shall not exceed 10 percent by volume. It is for-
bidden to utilize solvents or thinners of unknown com-
position.
U.S.S.R
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
to
-------
Table 14. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN
THE PREPARATION OF CLEANING PRODUCTS
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited to use benzene, benzols, or any product
containing benzene over 1 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use solvent's or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions used
are contained or enclosed during normal process opera-
tion.
It is prohibited to use cleaning fluids (for rollers and
cylinders) that contain more than 0.3 percent benzene by
weight.
^ It is prohibited to use solvents containing benzene.
03 However, benzene is tolerated as an impurity up to a
maximum of 2 percent by weight of the solvent.
It is prohibited to use solvents or diluents that have
been prepared with benzene, or other complex solvents
whose fraction contains benzene hydrocarbons of over 5
percent by volume of solvent, unless the solutions used
are contained or enclosed during normal process opera-
tion.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
It is prohibited to use the following as solvents: ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered provided
the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by the
Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to elimi-
nate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation sys-
tem must be implemented.
Belgium
France
Article 394 of the Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
1960
1955
Federal Repub- Accident Prevention Regulations
lie of
Germany
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Turkey
of the Mutual Accident Insur-
ance Association
Articles 2 and 6 of Limitations
on the Use of Benzene and Its
Homologues in Work Operations
Decree Prohibiting the Use of
Certain Solvents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Sub-
stances in Undertakings
1964
1963
1955
1963
1952
(continued)
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Description
It is prohibited to use solvents containing 50 to 67 per-
cent benzene if it is technologically possible to sub-
stitute other less toxic solvents. When entirely impos-
ible the content of the solvent shall not exceed 10
percent benzene by volume. It is forbidden to
utilize solvents of unknown composition.
Country
U.S.S.R.
Legal Basis
Rules on Working with Masticsf
Paints, Varnishes, Glues, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
Date
Implemented
1957
VD
-------
Table 15. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF INSULATING MATERIALS AND SYNTHETIC LEATHER
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
u>
o
It is prohibited to use benzene for any operation, includ-Belgium
ing paints varnishes, or coatings containing benzene or
benzols (except mirror varnishes). This also applies to
diluents, thinners, or scouring agents added to paints,
varnishes, or coatings.
It is prohibited to manufacture leather articles using
benzene unless the process, method, or harmful product,
is substituted or the operating procedure is modified.
It is prohibited to use solutions prepared with sol-
vents extracted from benzols with benzene hydrocar-
bon concentrations over 1 percent (distilling below
130"C) or 10 percent (distilling below 145°C) or com-
plex solvents whose fraction (distilling below 145°C)
contains benzene at over 15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to use solvents' containing benzene in
the manufacture and repair of raincoats and shoes.
However, benzene is tolerated as an impurity up to 2
percent by weight in the solvent.
It is prohibited to use solutions prepared with sol-
vents extracted from benzols with benzene concentration
over 1 percent (distilling below 130°C) or 10 percent
(distilling below 145°C) or complex solvents whose
fraction (distilling below 145°C) contains benzene at
over 15 percent by volume.
It is prohibited to purchase benzene, benzols, and prep-
arations containing these solvents without a license
issued by the Department of Social Welfare and Public
Health. The license will be refused if the benzene,
benzols, etc. can be replaced by other solvents.
Brazil
France
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Switzerland
Article 394 of Labor Code
Decree No. 262, Article 2
Section 2 of Decree Prohib-
iting the Use of Certain
Solvents
Act No. 245 Concerning the
Limitations on the Use of Ben-
zene and Its Homologueg in
Work Operations
Section 2 of Decree Prohib-
iting the Use of Certain Sol-
vents
Code on the Utilization of Ben-
zene, Benzols, and Preparations
Containing These Solvents
(Canton of Geneva)
1960
1962
1955
1963
1955
1963
(continued)
-------
Table 15 (continued)
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
U>
It is prohibited to use the following as solventst ben-
zene, benzol, and all mixtures of petroleum spirits con-
taining benzene hydrocarbons of more than 5 percent by
volume. Prohibition may be temporarily waivered pro-
vided the solvent(s) containing benzene are used within
enclosed operations, or if it has been recognized by
the Minister of Labor to be technically impossible to
eliminate usage; in such cases a powerful ventilation
system must be implemented.
It is prohibited to utilize benzene in the manufacture
of insulating materials for the production of electric
applicances, or in the preparation of synthetic leather.
But when replacement is entirely impossible, the content
of the solvent shall not exceed 10 percent benzene by
volume. It is forbidden to utilize solvents of unknown
composition.
Turkey
Article 314 of Regulations on
Dangerous and Harmful Sub-
stances in Undertakings
1952
U.S.S.R.
Rules on Working with Mastics,
Glues, Paints, Varnishes, and
Enamels in which Benzene is
Used as a Solvent or Thinner
1957
-------
Table 16. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS OF BENZENE
IN MOTOR FUEL
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
It is prohibited in all operations to use motor fuels
in which benzene (or any other product intended to
ameliorate the vaporization of fuels) has been added
except as a fuel for motorcars.
It is prohibited (by legislation ) to use in excess of 5
Belgium
Article 394 of Labor Code,
modified by Royal Decree
liquid volume percent concentration of benzene in gasoline.
Switzerland
1940
1972
to
-------
Table 17. INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS REGARDING THE
TRANSPORT/STORAGE OF BENZENE AND PRODUCTS CONTAINING BENZENE
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Data
Implemented
Labels* are required,
a) to use a liquid or other substance consisting of
or containing benzene in excess of 5 percent by
weight, in a container holding more than 6 fluid
ounces (170 cm3).
b) to use a liquid or other substance consisting of less
than 20 percent by weight of benzene as a motor fuel
in such container.
Toxic substances and products containing such sub-
stances (i.e. benzene) intended for usage, cannot
be supplied unless clearly labelled* as to container
contents. Exemptions include: substances transported
by rail cars, and tankers; motor fuels; lubri-
cating oils; and paints, varnishes and coatings not con-
taining benzene.
Manufacturers and distributors of substances containing
benzene as an ingredient for use in any industrial pro-
cess must:
a) provide accurate information regarding the per-
centage of these ingredients,
b) label, in legible type with distinct visibility,
the packages or containers to show benzene is
present.
Vendors or distributors of benzene hydrocarbons or
industrial products containing them shall affix a •
label* or an inscription to the receptacles containing
such products.
Regulations established for the types of receptacles to
be used and the labels required for same, are as
follows:
a) Receptacles that are impossible to be taken for
drinkina vessels must be used for toxic and corro-
sive substances. The contents must be indicated by
an inscription.
Australia
(Western)
Belgium
Canada
(Ontario)
France
Federal
Republic of
Germany
Factories and Shops Act
1920-59
Article 393 of the General Labor
Code, modified by Royal Decree
1960
Regulations under Section 55 of
the Factory, Shop and Office
Building Act
Order on the Labelling of Re-
ceptacles Containing Benzene
Hydrocarbons or of Industrial
Products Containing Such Hydro-
carbons
a) General Safety Regulations
of the Mutual Insurance
Association
b) Solvents Ordinance
1932
Amended
1937
1950
1954
Reference 1 specifically details provisions of the label to be displayed.
(continued)
-------
Table 17 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
b) Labels* are required for all solvents considered
harmful and for all products containing 5 percent
benzene by weight or greater including benzene
and its homologues (paints, varnishes, glues, etc.)
that distill below 1500C.
Labelling is required for containers of solvents and
thinners.
Solvents or products containing benzene (exceeding 2
percent by weight) whether for storage or direct use
by workers, must bear a toxic substance symbol on con-
tainers as well as an inscription listing a total
analysis and percentage of benzene by weight of the
substance therein.
Vendors or distributors of benzene hydrocarbons or
industrial products containing them shall affix a
label* or an inscription to the receptacles containing
such products.
Containers of toxic substances must bear an indica-
tion of their contents and a label of toxic substances
(i.e. toxic, and a skull over-imposed on two crossed
tibias).
Containers of harmful or poisonous substances are to be
clearly marked and are to be stored in a way that pre-
vents the possibility of poisoning.
Benzene is regulated in general as a dangerous and harm-
ful substance under a special Order of the Council of
Ministers-, but specifically by:
(cont.)
German
Democratic
Republic
Italy
Malagasy
Republic
Mexico
Netherlands
Poland
(cont.)
Occupational Safety'Orders
ASAO, No. 28
Standards for the Prevention
of Occupational Accidents,
No. 547
Order on the Labelling of Re-
ceptacles Containing Benzene
Hydrocarbons or of Industrial
Products Containing Such Hydro-
carbons
Article 13 of the Safety and
Health Regulations
Article 183 of the Decree of
19 November 1938
Orders of the Council of Minis-
ters
(cont.)
N/A
1955
1950
1946
1938
1950
* Reference 1 specifically details provisions of the label to be displaced.
N/A Not available.
(continued)
-------
Table 17 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
Ui
a) the Polygraphic Industry -
0 the storage of benzene shall conform to existing
regulations on storage of mineral oils or highly
inflammable liquids
8 storage/transport of paints containing volatile
solvents is only allowed in hermetically closed
receptacles.
0 harmful chemical storage shall be under profes-
sional control, in special premises and suitable
closed containers bearing clear indications.
b) the Chemical Industry -
0 toxic substances shall be stored under lock and
key in closed containers bearing the name of the
substance and the designation "toxic." They should
be issued only in quantities required for pro-
duction per operation shift.
The obligation to label all containers of benzol and of
products containing benzene shall be applied. Emptying
and transferring operations of benzene shall be carried
out in special separated premises, except when small
quantities are handled.
Dangerous substances shall be stored in special premises
or behind protective barriers. Such substances shall be
kept in hermetically sealed containers, on which the
contents and the method of use and precautions to be
taken shall be indicated.
Cellulose solutions and other inflammable liquids not
containing benzene, toluene, xylene, etc. must be stored
in receptacles legibly marked "Free from benzene, tolu-
ene, xylene,..." or markers certifying that same do not
contain benzene, etc. roust be kept attached to the
General Register certificates.
(cont.)
(cont.)
(cont.)
Spain
United Arab
Republic
.United King-
dom
Benzene Order Regulating the
Manufacture and Use of Solvents
and Other Products Containing
Benzene. Articles 7 and 9
Order No. 50 on Occupational
Safety and Health
Cellulose Solution Regulations
(Certificate of Exemption)
1959/60
1958
1934
(continued)
-------
Table 17 (continued).
Description
Country
Legal Basis
Date
Implemented
en
Benzene or its homologues and derivatives must be kept
in hermetically closed receptacles at places outside
the workshop. These storage rooms should be provided
with a natural system of effective and constant venti-
lation.
No person shall keep, sell, transport or store benzene
in any receptacle other than in part of a vehicle that
is used exclusively for outdoor transportation, unless
the container is properly labelled.* Benzene, like
other flammable solvents, should be stored and handled
according to recommendations of the National Fire Pro-
tection Association Standard No. 30, I.C.C. regulations,
city and state codes, and insurance carrier require-
ments. 3 Bulk storage would entail a vessel equipped
with a floating roof and a vapor recovery system or the
equivalent. •>
Paints, varnishes, enamels and' solvents containing ben-
zene must be stored in metal containers with tight fit-
ting lids. These containers must be cleaned and ren-
dered harmless from the outside. Diluted paints and
varnishes shall only be kept in closed receptacles
(not glass). Diluting and transferring of these mate-
rials shall only be carried out in special premises
equipped with an exhaust ventilation system. Transfer-
ence of large volumes of benzene containing paints/
thinners from central storage to facility working areas
must be made via mechanized system hermetical piping.
The purchase of said substances must be accompanied by
certificates listing precise chemical composition
especially for benzene content in the volatile phase.
Uruguay
U.S.A.
(Massa-
chusetts)
Decree on Benzene
Benzol Labelling Act for Benzols
and Mixtures Containing Benzol
1945
1933
U.S.S.R.
Regulations for Use of Benzenic
Paints, Varnishes, etc.
N/A
* Reference 1 specifically details the criteria involved for proper labelling.
N/A Not available.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Benzene: Uses, Toxic Effects, Substitutes. Inter-
national Labor Office. (Meeting of Experts on the Safe
Use of Benzene and Solvents Containing Benzene, Geneva.
May 16-22, 1967.) p. 151-152, 163-286.
2. Runion, H.E. Benzene in Gasoline. In: American
Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 36: 338-339.
May 1975.
3. Lippian, J.M. The Transportation of Hazardous Ma-
terial: Transport of Benzene by Tank Car. U.S.
National Technical Information Service. A.D. Rept. No.
771105. May 1973.
4. National Fire Codes, A Compilation of NFPA Codes,
Standards, Recommended Practices, and Manuals, Vol. 3.
Boston, National Fire Protection Association, 1977. p.
30-1 to 30-114.
5. 40 CFR 60, Subpart K - Standards of Performance for
Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids. July 1, 1976.
37
-------
APPENDIX
38
-------
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE *
Convention 136
CONVENTION CONCERNING PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDS
OF POISONING ARISING FROM BENZENE
The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,
Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International
Labour Office, and having met in its Fifty-sixth Session on 2 June 1971, and
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to protection
against hazards arising from benzene, which is the sixth item on the agenda
of the session, and
Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international
Convention,
adopts this twenty-third day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and
seventy-one the following Convention, which may be cited as the Benzene Con-
vention, 1971:
Article 1
This Convention applies to all activities involving exposure of workers to—
(a) the aromatic hydrocarbon benzene C6H6, hereinafter referred to as "benzene ";
(b) products the benzene content of which exceeds 1 per cent by volume, hereinafter
referred to as " products containing benzene **.
Article 2
1. Whenever harmless or less harmful substitute products are available, they shall
be used instead of benzene or products containing benzene.
2. Paragraph 1 of this Article does not apply to—
(a) the production of benzene;
(b) the use of benzene for chemical synthesis;
(c) the use of benzene in motor fuel;
(d) analytical or research work carried out in laboratories.
Article 3
1. The competent authority in'a country may permit temporary derogations from
the percentage laid down in Article 1, subparagraph (b), and from the provisions of
Article 2, paragraph 1, of this Convention under conditions and within limits of
time to be determined after consultation with the most representative organisations
of employers and workers concerned, where such exist.
2. In such case the Member in question shall indicate in its reports on the applica-
tion of this Convention submitted under article 22 of the Constitution of the Interna-
Price: 0.60 Sw.fr. ; £0.06 ; tUS 0.15
* Extracted in entirety from Reference 1.
39
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2
(i.mal Labour Organisation the position of its law and practice as regards the deroga-
tions and any progress made towards complete application of the terms of the Con-
MMition.
3. At the expiration of three years from the date on which this Convention first
..-iilered into force, the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall sub-
. |iiit to the Conference a special report concerning the application of paragraphs 1 and
2 of this Article and containing such proposals as it may think appropriate for further
jidion in regard to the matter.
Article 4
1. The use of benzene and of products containing benzene shall be prohibited in
, i-rtain work processes to be specified by national laws or regulations.
2. This prohibition shall at least include the use of benzene and of products con-
|.lining benzene as a solvent or diluent, except where the process is carried out in an
enclosed system or where there are other equally safe methods of work.
Article 5
Occupational hygiene and technical measures shall be taken to ensure effective
iii'Otection of workers exposed to benzene or to products containing benzene.
Article 6
1. In premises where benzene or products containing benzene are manufactured,
|,;indled or used, all necessary measures shall be taken to prevent the escape of
'jii-nzene vapour into the air of places of employment.
2. Where workers are exposed to benzene or to products containing benzene,
(lie employer shall ensure that the concentration of benzene in the air of the places
tif employment does not exceed a maximum which shall be fixed by the competent
.nilhority at a level not exceeding a ceiling value of 25 parts per million (80 mg/m8).
3. The competent authority shall issue directions on carrying out the measure-
ment of the concentration of benzene in the air of places of employment.
Article 7
1. Work processes involving the use of benzene or of products containing benzene
shall as far as practicable be carried out in an enclosed system.
2. Where it is not practicable for the work processes to be carried out in an
enclosed system, places of work in which benzene or products containing benzene are
used shall be equipped with effective means to ensure the removal of benzene vapour
to the extent necessary for the protection of the health of the workers.
Article 8
1. Workers who may have skin contact with liquid benzene or liquid products
containing benzene shall be provided with adequate means of personal protection
against the risk of absorbing benzene through the skin.
2. Workers who for special reasons may be exposed to concentrations of benzene
in the air of places of employment which exceed the maximum referred to in Article 6,
40
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paragraph 2, of this Convention shall be provided with adequate means of personal
protection against the risk of inhaling benzene vapour. The duration of exposure
shall be limited as far as possible.
Article 9
1. Workers who are to be employed in work processes involving exposure to
benzene or to products containing benzene shall undergo—
(a) a thorough pre-employment medical examination for fitness for employment
which shall include a blood-test;
(b) periodic re-examinations, which shall include biological tests- including a blood-
test, at intervals fixed by national laws or regulations.
2. The competent authority in a country may, after consultation with the most
representative organisations of employers and workers concerned, where such exist,
permit exceptions from the obligations of paragraph 1 of this Article in respect of
specified categories of workers.
Article 10
1. The medical examinations provided for in Article 9, paragraph 1, of this Con-
vention shall be—
(a) carried out under the responsibility of a qualified physician, approved by the
competent authority, and with the assistance, as appropriate, of a competent
laboratory;
(b) certified in an appropriate manner.
2. These medical examinations shall not involve the workers in any expense.
Article 11
1. Women medically certified as pregnant, and nursing mothers, shall not be
employed in work processes involving exposure to benzene or products containing
benzene.
2. Young persons under 18 years of age shall not be employed in work processes
involving exposure to benzene or products containing benzene: Provided that this
prohibition need not apply to young persons undergoing education or training who
are under adequate technical and medical supervision.
Article 12
The word " Benzene " and the necessary danger symbols shall be clearly visible
on any container holding benzene or products containing benzene.
Article 13
Each Member shall take appropriate steps to provide that any worker exposed
to benzene or products containing benzene receives appropriate instructions on
measures to safeguard health and prevent accidents, as well as on the appropriate
action if there is any evidence of poisoning.
Article 14
• Each Member which ratifies this Convention—
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— 4 —
(a) shall, by laws or regulations or any other method consistent with national
practice and conditions, take such steps as may be necessary to give effect to
the provisions of this Convention;
(b) shall, in accordance with national practice, specify the person or persons on
whom the obligation of compliance with the provisions of this Convention rests;
(c) undertakes to provide appropriate inspection services for the purpose of super-
vising the application of the provisions of this Convention, or to satisfy itself
that appropriate inspection is carried out.
Article 15
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-
General of the International Labour Office for registration.
Article 16
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the Inter-
national Labour Organisation whose ratifications have been registered with the
Director-General.
2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications
of two Members have been registered with the Director-General.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve
months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.
Article 17
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the
expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into
force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour
Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after
the date on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within
the year following the expiration of the period often years mentioned in the preceding
paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be
bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Conven-
tion at the expiration of each period often years under the terms provided for in this
Article.
Article 18
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all
Members of the International Labour Organisation of the registration of all ratifica-
tions and denunciations communicated to him by the Members of the Organisation.
2. When notifying the Members of the Organisation of the registration of the
second ratification communicated to him, the Director-General shall draw the
attention of the Members of the Organisation to the date upon which the Convention
will come into force.
Article 19
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to
the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with
42
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— 5 —
Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations full particulars of all ratifications and
acts of denunciation registered by him in accordance with the provisions of the
preceding Articles.
Article 20
At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the Inter-
national Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the
working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the
agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
Article 21
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in
whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides—
(a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure
involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the
provisions of Article 17 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall
have come into force;
(b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force this Con-
vention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members. .
2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content
for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.
Article 22
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally
authoritative.
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INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE
Convention 139
CONVENTION CONCERNING PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS CAUSED BY CARCINOGENIC
SUBSTANCES AND AGENTS
The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,
Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International
Labour Office, and having met in its Fifty-ninth Session on 5 June 1974, and
Noting the terms of the Radiation Protection Convention and Recommendation,
I960, and of the Benzene Convention and Recommendation, 1971, and
Considering that it is desirable to establish international standards concerning
protection against carcinogenic substances or agents, and
Taking account of the relevant work of other international organisations, and in
particular of the World Health Organisation and the International Agency
for Research on Cancer, with which the International Labour Organisation
collaborates, and
Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals regarding control and
prevention of occupational hazards caused by carcinogenic substances and
agents, which is the fifth item on the agenda of the session, and
Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international
Convention,
adopts this twenty-fourth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and
seventy-four the following Convention, which may be cited as. the Occupational
Cancer Convention, 1974:
Article 1
1. Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall periodically determine the
carcinogenic substances and agents to which occupational exposure shall be pro-
hibited or made subject to authorisation or control, and those to which other provi-
sions of this Convention shall apply.
2. Exemptions from prohibition may only be granted by issue of a certificate
specifying in each case the conditions to be met.
3. In making the determinations required by paragraph 1 of this Article, con-
sideration shall be given to the latest information contained in the codes of practice
or guides which may be established by the International Labour Office, as well as to
information from other competent bodies.
Article 2
1. Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall make every effort to have
carcinogenic substances and agents to which workers may be exposed in the course of
their work replaced by non-carcinogenic substances or agents or by less harmful
44
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2
substances or agents; in the choice of substitute substances or agents account shall be
taken of their carcinogenic, toxic and other properties.
2. The number of workers exposed to carcinogenic substances or agents and the
duration and degree of such exposure shall be reduced to the minimum compatible
with safety.
Article 3
Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall prescribe the measures to be
taken to protect workers against the risks of exposure to carcinogenic substances or
agents and shall ensure the establishment of an appropriate system of records.
Article 4
Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall take steps so that workers who
have been, are, or are likely to be exposed to carcinogenic substances or agents are
provided with all the available information on the dangers involved and on the
measures to be taken.
Article 5
Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall take measures to ensure that
workers are provided with such medical examinations or biological or other tests or
investigations during the period of employment and thereafter as are necessary to
evaluate their exposure and supervise their state of health in relation to the occupa-
tional hazards.
Article 6
Each Member which ratifies this Convention—
(a) shall, by laws or regulations or any other method consistent with national
practice and conditions and in consultation with the most representative organisa-
tions of employers and workers concerned, take such steps as may be necessary
- to give effect to the provisions of this Convention;
(b) shall, in accordance with national practice, specify the persons or bodies on
whom the obligation of compliance with the provisions of this Convention rests;
(c) undertakes to provide appropriate inspection services for the purpose of super-
vising the application of this Convention, or to satisfy itself that appropriate
inspection is carried out.
Article 7
The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-
General of the International Labour Office for registration.
Article 8
1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the Interna-
tional Labour Organisation whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-
General.
2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications
of two Members have been registered with the Director-General.
3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve
months after the date on which its ratification has been registered.
45
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Article 9
1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the
expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force,
by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office
for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date
on which it is registered.
2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within
the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding
paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be
bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention
at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this
Article.
Article 10
1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all
Members of the International Labour Organisation of the registration of all ratifica-
tions and denunciations communicated to him by the Members of the Organisation.
2. When notifying the Members of the Organisation of the registration of the
second ratification communicated to him, the Director-General shall draw the
attention of the Members of the Organisation to the date upon which the Convention
will come into force.
Article 11
The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to
the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with
Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations full particulars of all ratifications
and acts of denunciation registered by him in accordance with the provisions of the
preceding Articles.
Article 12
At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the Interna-
tional Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working
of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of
the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part.
Article 13
1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in
whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides—
(a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure
involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the
provisions of Article 9 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall
have come into force;
(b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force this Con-
vention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members.
2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content
for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention.
Article 14
The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally
authoritative.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasc read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION" NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
International Benzene Regulations
5. REPORT DATE
Date of Issue: May 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R.W. Gerstle and J.T. Bertke
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
3264-F
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2515, Task 6
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Strategies and Air Standards Division
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer is Richard Johnson
16. ABSTRACT
Several countries have enacted legislation prohibiting or
limiting the use of benzene in several industrial operations.
This document summarizes the international regulations in effect
in May 1977 that affect the use, distribution, and s-torage of
benzene. These governmental and nongovernmental (institutional/
organizational) regulations are included in a tabular format,
which include the country, specified authority, a brief descrip-
tion of the regulation, and the date implemented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Benzene
Industrial Hygiene
Air Pollution
Regulations
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDEDTERMS
Hydrocarbon .Emissions
Occupational Safety
and Health
Atmospheric Emissions
Emission Regulations
c. COSATl Field/Group
07C
061
13B
05D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
49 p.
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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