EPA 901/3-88-004
THE CAPE COD AQUIFER
MANAGEMENT PROJECT (CCAMP)
Guide to Contamination Sources
For Wellhead Protection
Eastham
CCAMP WAS
UNDERTAKEN BY:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION I
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT OFFICE
MASSACHUSETTS DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
CAPE COD PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
IN COOPERATION WITH:
THE TOWN OF BARNSTABLE AND THE TOWN OF EASTHAM
SEPTEMBER 1988
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This document was initiated under the auspices of the Cape Cod Aquifer
Management Project (CCAMP). It received continued financial support for
further development from the Division of Water Supply, Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.
CCAMP was a two year cooperative effort undertaken by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region I; the U.S. Geological Survey,
Massachusetts District Office; the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering; and the Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development
Commission in the towns of Barnstable and Eastham, Massachusetts. Its purpose
was to investigate methods and approaches to be utilized in a comprehensive
resource-based ground w,ater protection program. Additional copies of this
report and others published by CCAMP are available from the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
This document was published with funds made available through the
Environmental Protection Agency's Of ice of Ground Water Protection and
Office of Drinking Water. The contents may not necessarily reflect the
policies or decisions of these two offices. The document solely reflects
the views of CCAMP participants.
This document is being distributed in draft form. Comments on both content
and format would be appreciated from individuals who have used the Guidebook.
Please send to Massachusetts Department of Ehvironmental Quality Ehgineering,
Division of Water Supply, Che Winter Street, Boston, MA. 02108
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DRAFT
by Kimberly D. Noake, Research Assistant, DEQE
September 1988
Sponsored by the Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project (CCAMP), a
comprehensive groundwater protection project conducted by the
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE), U.
Environmental Protection Agency Region I (USEPA), the Cape Cod Planning
and Economic Development Commission (CCPEDC) and the U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS). Partially funded by the DEQE, Division of Water Supply,
Water Supply Contamination Correction Program.
Technical Editors:
Tara Gallagher, CCAMP Project Coordinator
CCAMP Aquifer Assessment Committee
Roy Crystal, DEQE/Division of Water Supply
Groundwater Programs Manager
CCAMP Aquifer Assessment Committee:
Paul Barlow, USGS
Gabrielle Belfit, CCPEDC
William Bones, DEM/DWR
Eric Butler, BCHED
Jeff Chormann, DEQE, DHW
Jack Donohue, DEQE/DWS
Michael Frimpter, USGS
Tara Gallagher, DEQE
Douglas Heath, USEPA
Mike Rapacz, DEQE/DWS
Chi Ho Sham, Boston University
The New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission (NEIWPCC)
provided the High Technology Industries section, information on BMPs, and
the Technical References section. This contribution is gratefully
acknowledged.
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Table of Contents
Preface i
I. Introduction
Background and.Description of Guide 1
Purpose 1
Use of Guide 1
II. Wellhead Protection 4
Public Well Closures in Massachusetts 6
III. Groundwater
.The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater 8
The Water Table 9
Aquifers 9
Groundwater Movement 14
IV. Public Supply Wells
Cone of Depression 15
Zone II Areas and Groundwater Contamination 16
V. Description of Properties and Processes Affecting
the Fate of Contaminants in Soils and Aquifers 20
Volatilization 20
Viscosity 20
Density (Solution Density) 20
Solubility 22
Dispersion and Dilution 22
Biodegradation 22
Hydrolysis 23
Ion Exchange 23
Sprption 25
VI. Description of Contaminants
Acids and Bases 26
Chloride . . : , 27
Fluoride 28
Heavy Metals 28
Iron and Manganese 30
Nitrates 31
Pathogens/Viruses 32
Pesticides 34
Petroleum Products 37
Phenols 40
Radioactivity 40
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Table of Contents
Sodium 42
Solvents 42
Sulfate 45
Surfactants (Detergents) 45
VII. Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Manifest System
Classification of Hazardous Waste 47
Hazardous Waste Generator Status 49
Accumulation Area Standards 49
Standards for Containers and Tanks 50
VIII. Waste Oil
Generator Status 51
Operating Requirements for Underground
Tanks Storing Waste Oil 51
Testing Requirements 52
Design Standards 53
IX. Description of Land Use Categories
Agriculture/Golf Courses 55
Airports 61
Asphalt Plants 66
Boat Yards/Builders 70
Car Washes 74
Cemeteries 76
Chemical Manufacture 80
Clandestine Dumping 88
Dry Cleaning 90
Furniture Stripping/Painting 94
Hazardous Materials Storage and Transfer 98
High Technology Industries 103
Lagoons and Pits 106
Jewelry and Metal Plating 108
Junkyards 112
Landfills 115
Laundromats 121
Machine Shops/Metal Working 122
Municipal Wastewater and Sewer Lines 127
Photography Labs/Printers 129
Railroad Tracks and Yards/Maintenance Stations 133
Research Labs/Universities/Hospitals 135
Road and Maintenance Depots 138
Sand and Gravel Mining/Washing 148
Septage Lagoons and Sludge 150
Septic Systems and Water Softeners 152
Stables, Feedlots, Kennels, Piggeries,
and Manure Pits 161
Stormwater Drains, Retention Basins 162
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Table of Contents
Stump Dumps 167
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) 168
Vehicular Services 175
Wood Preserving 180
X. Local Regulatory Techniques
Methods for Protecting Areas Important to
Groundwater Supplies 181
Zoning 184
Examples of Activities and Uses Regulated
by Zoning Bylaws 185
Local Bylaws or Ordinances 187
Subdivision Regulations 190
Boards of Health 191
Planning Boards 196
Conservation Commissions 198
XI. Glossary 200
XII. Bibliography . 203
XIII. Matrices 207
Land Use/Public Supply Well Pollution
Matrix
Land Use/Local Regulatory Techniques Matrix
Appendices
A. Technical References for Protecting Groundwater A-l
from Hazardous Materials and Other Contaminants
B. Summary of Massachusetts Drinking Water Quality .... B-l
Monitoring Program
C. Emergency Regulations - Site Assignment for Solid .. C-l
Waste Facilities, Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering, 310 CMR 16.00
D. Examples of Local Bylaws D-l
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PREFACE
This Guide was produced by the Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project
(CCAMP) and is intended to provide guidance to local officials, planning
boards, conservation commissions, boards of health, water purveyors, and state
officials for evaluating land uses in recharge areas for public water supply
wells. The Guide can be used in an inventory of ground water contaminant
sources to target the investigation on sources posing the greatest threat to
ground water. The Guide can also be used to determine whether certain land
uses should be regulated within a wellhead area and what types of design and
operating controls may be appropriate for land uses that are allowed.
More specifically, the Guide describes common land uses that may threaten
ground water in wellhead protection areas and recommends strategies for
addressing such threats. The document describes a wide range of commercial
products and activities that are associated with releases of hazardous
substances to soil and ground water. In addition, it contains information on
the best management practices for each land use which, if implemented, can
minimize the threat to ground water.
The remainder of this introduction briefly describes the activities
undertaken as part of CCAMP, summarizes EPA's Wellhead Protection Program, and
explains how CCAMP in general and this Guide in particular relate to the
objectives of the Wellhead Protection Program.
CAFE COD AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PROJECT
The Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project was initiated in 1985 to develop
a comprehensive, resource-based approach to ground water protection. The
Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Commission, the Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey joined with two Cape Cod
communities, Barnstable and Eastham, to conduct this innovative two-year
project. With cooperation from all levels of government, CCAMP serves as a
model for a comprehensive approach to ground water protection and provides
"many useful lessons that are likely to apply to other areas.
CCAMP's basic premise was that ground water protection must be based on
the characteristics of the resource itself. The most vulnerable portions of
the resource in need of protection must therefore be identified by delineating
the wellhead area which contributes recharge to a well. Delineation of a
wellhead area is not always straightforward, but may be a technically
challenging task dependent on the specific features of the aquifer and pumping
rates.
1 Additional information on CCAMP may be found in The Cape Cod Aquifer
Management Project Executive Summary. EPA 901/3-88-003.
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Once the wellhead area is delineated, appropriate strategies for
management of contaminant sources can then be focused in these areas.
Effective management requires a well integrated approach with a strong
scientific base for regulatory decision making. A key feature of CCAMP was
the cooperation of scientists, policy analysts, and program managers at all
levels of government. The project work groups evaluated and refined
hydrogeologic data and scientific methodologies for defining and protecting
wellhead protection areas. These analyses were incorporated into an
examination of the institutional framework for protection.
Cape Cod was an ideal location to undertake this proj ect. The Cape is
blessed with an abundance of high quality water, yet the sandy soils that
provide plentiful recharge to the underlying aquifer also permit easy access
for contaminants. There have been a few widely publicized occurrences of
contamination and numerous smaller incidents. The continued influx of both
summer and year round residents accompanied by increased economic activity
will present an ever greater threat of further contamination. Several
communities, including Barnstable, have recognized the potential risk posed to
their wells and have instituted aggressive ground water protection programs
including acquisition of over 774 acres of vulnerable land and implementation
of local ordinances. Eastham differs from Barnstable because it is far more
rural in character, is dependent on private wells facing different types of
threats, and has limited full-time government staff for addressing ground
water protection. Thus, Cape Cod communities presented a range of
circumstances and situations which were common among many communities in New
England and elsewhere. Additionally, Cape Cod has a strong regional identity
including a high degree of public awareness surrounding ground water
resources.
WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM
At the time when CCAMP began, its broad, resource-wide perspective on
ground water represented an innovative and somewhat uncommon approach to the
management of ground water. After CCAMP was initiated, Congress embraced a
similar perspective when it reauthorized the Safe Drinking Water Act to
include provisions for a new ground water protection program designed to
protect public drinking water supplies from contamination. The Wellhead
Protection Program was envisioned to be a nationwide, comprehensive, and
systematic approach to encourage states to protect vulnerable wellhead areas.
Unlike many ground water programs, the primary goal of the Wellhead Protection
Program is to prevent contamination problems instead of correcting existing
situations.
Congress recognized that ground water resource protection, unlike
programs for other environmental media, is inextricably linked to local
government authorities. Consequently, they chose to design a program in which
the federal presence was minimal and primary responsibilities lay with state
and local entities. EPA's role in the Wellhead Protection Program is to
provide leadership, guidance, and support to state, regional, and local
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organizations in the form of monetary grants and technical guidance; the
Wellhead Protection program does not create an additional layer of federal
regulation. States are encouraged to consider their own needs and constraints
and to build on existing programs, relationships, and understanding to develop
the wellhead protection program suited for their state.
Although there is a wide latitude in individual state programs, in order
to ensure minimal consistency nationwide, Congress did identify six key
elements which should be an integral part of any wellhead protection system.
Grant applicants are required to address each of these seven elements as a
prerequisite for receiving funds. These elements include:
Specify the duties of state and local agencies and public
water systems in developing and implementing the program.
Determine the extent of the wellhead areas.
Determine all potential anthropogenic (man-made) sources
of contamination.
Describe procedures to protect water supplies from these
contaminants.
Include contingency plans for the provision of alterative
drinking water supplies.
Consider potential sources of contamination in areas of
future wells prior to construction.
Develop a public participation program.
CCAMP AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM
Although CCAMP was not originally undertaken in response to the Wellhead
Protection Program, CCAMP meets many of the requirements of the program and is
a good example of an effective approach to ground water protection. Key
similarities between CCAMP and the Wellhead Protection Program include the
adoption of a resource-based approach to protection, the recognition of a role
for all levels of government, and the integration of the results of scientific
analysis and program management considerations in protection efforts. Over
the two-year project, CCAMP addressed most of the elements identified in the
Wellhead Protection Program.
Implementation Roles and Responsibilities: Throughout the two-year span
of the project, program managers representing each of the participating
agencies and communities met to examine the institutional framework for ground
water protection. The entities involved in ground water management were
identified as were their appropriate roles and responsibilities. Based on
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-IV-
this analysis, recommendations were made to strengthen protection, improve
consistency, and enhance coordination.
Wellhead Delineation: Prior to CCAMP, the wellhead protection areas
surrounding public supply wells on Cape Cod were delineated using relatively
simple analytic models. A cooperative research project between the U.S.
Geological Survey, the State of Massachusetts and the Cape Cod Planning and
Economic Development Commission is currently underway to develop and apply
more sophisticated three-dimensional ground water models to determine wellhead
protection areas. These models are being applied in a variety of complex
hydrogeologic settings and will be compared to the results of the simpler
models.
Source Inventory: A major part of the CCAMP was a land use survey that
identified all potential sources of contamination in the wellhead protection
areas. In order to locate specific land uses most accurately, tax assessors
maps which outline each individual parcel were utilized. Every business was
identified on each parcel, and a computer file was created referencing the
business to the parcel. Data files collected as part of both local and state
regulatory programs were searched, automated, and plotted on a map.
Subsequent analyses based on these data, using a geographic information
system, enabled CCAMP to design specific management recommendations targeted
at the very specific issues facing the local wellhead area.
Management of Contaminant Sources: Based on the land use study, CCAMP
was able to evaluate the present state of ground water management in
Barnstable. As a result, CCAMP identified many potential contaminant sources
which were unregulated. CCAMP recognized the need for local ordinances to
provide regulation in situations not addressed by state requirements and
identified a need for a strong inspection and enforcement program. CCAMP
recommended that the state increase and better coordinate enforcement efforts
and also suggested that state permitting programs adopt a resource-based
approach and place enforcement priorities within wellhead areas.
Development of New Wells: The Town of Eastham has no public water system
and depends on private wells. Due to increased growth and the resulting
potential to render private wells undrinkable, Eastham requested that CCAMP
undertake an analysis to identify future public water supply sites. An
overlay procedure was employed; first, large town owned land parcels were
identified and then potentially contaminating land uses were overlaid. These
land uses were plotted on a map with a surrounding buffer zone to ensure that
any new well site would be a reasonable distance from potential sources of
contamination. Because this new site was in a less developed area, the threat
of contamination was not nearly as great as in Barnstable. Nonetheless, CCAMP
encouraged Eastham to institute protective land use regulations within the
estimated wellhead protection area in order to avoid a future situation where,
as in Barnstable, existing land use activities must be very carefully managed
to avoid contamination of ground water.
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-V-
USE OF THIS GUIDE IN A WELLHEAD PROTECTION PROGRAM
CCAMP undertook a number.of activities that suggested a need for a
document like the Guide to Contaminant Sources. In conducting the land use ,
inventory, CCAMP participants had to determine whether the particular land use
taking place on each parcel of land posed a threat to ground water. CCAMP
spent a significant amount of time working with local officials to study
specific land uses to assess the threat to ground water. Once potential
contaminant sources were identified, CCAMP participants had to consider
methods for limiting the threat to ground water from each source. The way in
which the threat is created, the available options of controlling the threat,
and existing regulations vary widely depending on the particular land use.
Consequently, CCAMP devoted substantial effort to developing a set of
standards, or best management practices, which if implemented, would minimize
the threat to ground water. Moreover, CCAMP demonstrated that local
governments are likely to require technical assistance on complex issues
related to source identification and development of best management practices.
For all of these reasons, the Guide to Contaminant Sources was prepared.
While the Guide was developed specifically for use in the CCAMP effort, a
special effort was made to examine a broad range of contaminant sources and
best management practices. Because the document is meant to represent general
conditions, it may prove to be a useful tool for the development of wellhead
protection programs by other local, regional, and state entities. The Guide
may be particularly useful for conducting source inventories within wellhead
protection areas and in developing management methods for protecting ground
water from contamination.
The Guide can be used to identify the threats to ground water located
within a wellhead protection area. The Guide provides information on 16
ground water contaminants or classes of contaminants that merit special
attention because of the potential for ground water contamination. The Guide
also lists 32 common land use practices which are typically associated with
the production, management, or disposal of a wide range of hazardous products
or wastes. Finally, the Guide provides a number of examples of products that
"contain a particular contaminant and describes common uses of the product.
The Guide, therefore, can play a key role in the inventory of contaminant
sources within a wellhead area. The Guide can be used to improve the
efficiency of the inventory process because its allows the inventory of
contaminant sources to be targeted at those activities requiring some form of
^control and to disregard other activities which pose no threat to ground
water.
Because it describes techniques for mitigating the threats to ground
water created by each land use, the Guide can also be used in a wellhead
protection program to define management approaches for wellhead areas. For
each land use category, the Guide describes Best Management Practices (BMPs).
BMPs generally define a set of standard operating procedures that can be used
in a particular industry or commercial activity to limit the threat to the
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environment posed by ongoing processes, such as pesticide application or the
storage of hazardous waste in containers. These BMPs can be inserted directly
into general by-laws, zoning by-laws, or other local regulations. BMPs can
also be used as performance standards for special permits. The Guide also
describes a variety of local regulatory tools that can be used to manage
sources of contamination within wellhead protection areas. Such tools include
zoning ordinances, subdivision controls, and the use of boards of health,
planning boards, and conservation commissions.
In short, while the Guide was developed specifically in the context of
the CCAMP effort, its broad overview of land uses that threaten ground water
and its emphasis on practical techniques for mitigating contaminant threats
make it a useful tool for the development of wellhead protection programs
throughout the country.
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Background
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DRAFT
GUIDE TO CONTAMINATION SOURCES FOR WELLHEAD PROTECTION
I. Introduction
Background and Description of Guide
Through the combined efforts of scientists, engineers, planners and
regulators representing the four agencies participating in the Cape Cod
Aquifer Management Project (CCAMP) - The Cape Cod Planning and Economic
Development Commission, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region I and the U.S.
Geological Survey's Massachusetts Office - the CCAMP Aquifer Assessment
Committee initially developed the Guide to Contamination Sources for Wellhead
Protection. The manual was subsequently expanded and completed with the
financial support of the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, Division of Water Supply. The Guide provides background
information on common land uses and contaminants for use in the development of
scientifically based wellhead protection strategies.
The Guide provides detailed information on 16 potential groundwater
contaminants or classes of contaminants and 32 common land use categories.
The Guide covers the threat each land use may pose to groundwater quality, key
examples of the products that contain a particular contaminant, common uses of
the product or contaminant and the behavior and mobility of the contaminant in
the soils and groundwater. For each land use category, Best Management
Practices (BMPs) are described. These BMPs can be inserted directly into
general bylaws, zoning bylaws, board of health regulations or used as
performance standards for special permits. The Guide includes the Land
Use/Public Supply Well Pollution Potential Matrix which is presented as a
poster and is intended to be used as a convenient reference source.
Purpose
This handbook is intended to provide guidance to local officials,
planning boards, conservation commissions, boards of health and state
officials for siting land uses in recharge areas of public supply wells and
for determining those businesses that should be prohibited or strictly
controlled by an aquifer protection district bylaw. It also will assist in
the investigation of the sources of groundwater contamination.
Use of Guide
The Matrix poster is a handy reference source that can be used to
determine which businesses use products or generate wastes that contain a
certain potential groundwater contaminant or class of contaminants. The Guide
is designed to be used as a handbook and source for detailed information on
a specific land use category or potential groundwater contaminant.
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The Draft Matrix and Guide are based on a literature review and the
combined field experience of those participating in the CCAMP program. As
such, it is somewhat subjective and meant to represent general conditions.
The land uses covered by the Matrix are those that could be found in the
recharge area of a public water supply well or wellfield. Land uses that
would be considered heavy industry were not covered because each of these may
be very complex, not easily generalized and warrant a closer, detailed
examination.
It is difficult to assess the overall threat to groundwater from a
particular land use. The actual threat presented by a particular land use
depends upon several factors including:
(1) the type and quantity of chemicals used or wastes generated
by the business
(2) the storage and disposal methods practiced by the business
(3) site-specific characteristics of the soils and the aquifer
(4) distance to the public well or wellfield
(5) the behavior of the pollutants in the soils and groundwater
Additionally, there are always businesses that are the exception to any rule
and may be using an unusual process involving chemicals not normally
associated with that business. Thus, the Draft Guide and Matrix should be
used only as a reference source. They are not a substitute for looking at a
particular land use in detail.
Some Common Land Uses That May Contribute Contaminants to Groundwater
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste,
November 1986.
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ACID RAIN
', RECHARGE TO
GROUND WATER AND
SURFACE WATER
I Induration to
T Ground Watei
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II. Wellhead Protection
The amendments to the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) enacted
June 19, 1986 established the Wellhead Protection Program to protect the
nation's groundwater. This program focuses on controlling specific
contaminants or sources of contamination in the recharge areas of public
supply wells.
The term wellhead protection area is defined in the SDWA Amendments
of 1986 as "the surface and subsurface area surrounding a water well or
wellfield supplying a public water system, through which contaminants are
reasonably likely to move toward and reach such water well or wellfield."
The law does not specify the precise delineation of the wellhead
protection area; that is a site-specific determination. Four years prior
to the SDWA Amendments, Massachusetts developed a similar program, the
Aquifer Land Acquisition (ALA) Program, in response to increasing
development pressure and the corresponding increase in threats to public
drinking water supplies.
The strategy of the ALA Program is to: (1) define the primary
recharge areas to public water supply wells - Zone II; (2) gather more
detailed information on existing land uses within the Zone II of a public
supply well; (3) reimburse eligible applicants for land acquired in the
Zone II for water supply protection purposes.
The ALA regulations describe a "zoned approach" to groundwater
supply protection. The Zones I, II, and III defined by the ALA Program
are similar in concept to the wellhead protection area described in the
SDWA Amendments. Zone I is the traditional 400' radius or other
designated area around a public water supply well that a water supplier
must own or control as required by DEQE Drinking Water Regulations (310
CMR 22.00) to protect the groundwater from microbiological contamination.
The primary recharge area to a well, Zone II, is that area of an aquifer
which contributes water to a well under the most severe recharge and
pumping conditions that can be realistically anticipated. The boundaries
of Zone II will be the groundwater divides which result from pumping the
well and by the contact of the edge of the aquifer with less permeable
materials such as till and bedrock. At some locations, streams and lakes
may form recharge boundaries. Zone III is that upland area beyond the
area of Zone II from which surface water and groundwater drains into Zone
II.
The delineation of Zones II and III is the first step towards
developing a comprehensive groundwater protection program. Zone II is
determined on a site specific basis based on specific guidelines issued by
the DEQE. The Zone II area is the most sensitive area of an aquifer from
a groundwater supply (well) protection point of view (DEQE, 1986).
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DRAINAGE DIVIDE
V .v w.
ZONE I - 400 FOOT RADIUS ABOUT PUBLIC SUPPLY WELL
ZONE II - LAND SURFACE OVERLAYING THE PART OF THE
AQUIFER THAT CONTRIBUTES WATER TO THE WELL
ZONE III - LAND SURFACE THROUGH AND OVER WHICH WATER
DRAINS INTO ZONE II
DRAINAGE DIVIDE
DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW
Hydrogeologic Section of a Pumped Well in a Valley-fill Aquifer
SOURCE: Frimpter, Michael H., Donohue, John J., IV and Rapacz,
Michael V., July 1988.
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The following figure, entitled "Typical Land Uses in a Zone II Area",
shows a public supply well, its Zones I and II, and some common land uses
that could be found in a Zone II area. Since Zone II provides the primary
groundwater recharge to a public supply well, any contaminants that 4
infiltrate the soil and are not immobilized or attenuated in the soil will
move down into the aquifer and travel with the groundwater that is flowing
towards the well. Using the Matrix, local officials can easily check the
various potential groundwater contaminants associated with products a
particular business may use or wastes it may generate, and refer to the
Guide for detailed information on the behavior and fate of a certain
contaminant in the soils and groundwater. The information contained in
the Matrix and Guide will aid local officials in determining those land
uses that should be prohibited from Zone II areas or those that should be
strictly controlled by local regulatory techniques such as Board of Health
regulations, underground storage tank regulations or aquifer protection
district bylaws.
Public Well Closures in Massachusetts
As of July 1986, forty communities in Massachusetts had lost a part or
all of their municipal groundwater supplies to chemical and bacterial
contamination (Special Legislative Commission on Water Supply, 1986).
These contaminated municipal water supplies are a result of inappropriate
land uses, either legal or illegal, located in the primary recharge areas
(Zone II) of the wells. In the past, the.use of the land in proximity to
public supply wells (excluding the 400 foot protective radius required by
the state) was not strictly controlled or monitored because the threats to
the groundwater resource were not completely understood or the boundaries
of the aquifer and well recharge area were not adequately delineated.
However, current hydrogeologic assessment techniques and resource
protection methods such as zoning and general bylaws, subdivision
regulations and Board of Health regulations are available to enable
communities to identify, define and protect existing and potential
groundwater supplies. Conscious land use decisions must be made at the
local level in order to protect groundwater supplies from contamination.
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Typical Land Uses in
a Zone II Area
Junkyard
Industrial
Park
Pest
Control
Gas
Station
Vacant
Commercial
Land
Laundro
mat
Subdivision
Medical
Building
Drug
Store
Office Building
Golf
Course
Conservation
Land
Zone I area;
400' radlu*
Not to Scale
Kimberly D. Noake
October 1987
PSW = Public Supply Well
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CONTAMINANTS AFFECTING MUNICIPALITIES
Municipality
Acton
Amher st
Ashland
Auburn
Bedf ord
Braintree
Brockton
Burlington
Canton
Chatham
Danver s
Dartmouth
Dedham
Deerf ield
Dighton
Edgartown
Falmou th
Groveland
Holbrook
Leicester
Lowell
Millis
North Reading
Norwood
Oak Bluffs
'aimer
'rovincetown
laynham
Reading
Rowley
Scituate
Tewksbury
Walpole
Wareham
Weston
West Springfield
Jevmou th
Wilmington
Woburn
Worcester
Yarmouth
Contaminant
Iron and Manganese
X
Coliform
X
X
X
X
X
X
Nitrates
X
I
CO
CO
X
Phenols
Trihalomethanes
X
rH
CO
X
X
X
1
X
X
X
GQ
8
X
X
Petroleum Products
X*
X
X*
X
X*
X*
X
X
X
Organlcs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Others
.
**
*supply threatened
**calcium carbonate
SOURCE: Special Legislative Commission on Water Supply, December 1986
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-8-
III. Groundwater
The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater
The hydrologic cycle involves the continual movement or exchange of
water between the atmosphere, the oceans and other surface water bodies
and the land. Water vapor condenses in the atmosphere and falls upon the
earth as precipitation. This water will either evaporate directly back to
the atmosphere, travel over the land surface to streams or lakes where it
then evaporates, or be absorbed by plants and transpired back to the
The Hydrologic Cycle
The Hydrologic Cycle
SOURCE: Metropolitan Area Planning Council, December 1983.
-------
-9-
atmosphere. Any remaining water percolates down under the influence of
gravity through the unsaturated zone where all the available pore spaces
between soil and rock particles are partially filled with air and
partially filled with water. In this zone, plants absorb some water,
molecular and electrical forces bind some water to soil particles and some
water is held by capillary tension. Any remaining water continues moving
until it reaches the saturated zone, wherein water occupies all the
available pore space between rock and soil particles. This water is
groundwater.
The Water Table
An important hydrologic feature called the water table marks the top
of the saturated zone. Everywhere along the surface of the water table
hydrostatic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. Therefore the
movement of the water is a function of elevation and water along the water
table surface will always move from higher to lower elevations. This
relationship helps to explain why the surface of the water table usually
mirrors surface topography; rising below upland areas and dipping below
topographic lows. Fluctuations in the water table elevation are a natural
part of the groundwater system. Changes in elevation occur seasonally, in
response to periods of drought or heavy precipitation or in response to
artificial stresses such as a pumping well or wastewater infiltration.
Aquifers
An aquifer is a geologic formation that can store, transmit and yield
a significant quantity of water to a well or spring. The amount of water
that can be stored and extracted from an aquifer depends upon a number of
factors including the porosity and permeability of the aquifer materials.
The porosity of a specific geologic material describes its ability
to hold groundwater. Porosity is dependent upqn the proportion of void
space (pore space) to total volume of the material arid is usually
expressed as a percentage of the total volume of pore space; i.e., 35% of
a sand deposit is void pore space and 65% is solid material. In
unconsolidated deposits (sand and gravels) pore space is found between the
rock and soil particlfes and varies with the degree of sorting and the size
of the particles.
Permeability is the ability of a material to transmit water. The
permeability of an unconsolidated material depends upon the volume and
size :of pores as well as how the pore spaces are connected. There are
three important characteristics of unconsolidated materials that influence
permeability: (1) the size and shape of rock particles, (2) the degree of
uniformity in the size and shape of the particles (sorting) and (3) the
pattern in which the particles are packed.
-------
-10-
Productive aquifer material must'have both sufficient permeability and
porosity. The unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits that supply
groundwater to most of the Commonwealth's public supply wells are examples
of highly porous, permeable aquifer materials.
In Massachusetts, the dominant aquifer materials are the surficial
deposits (also referred to as unconsolidated deposits) deposited by the
large glaciers that covered the state approximately 13,000 years ago. As
the glacier advanced, it scraped and plucked large quantities of rock and
soil from the land surface.
Mostly
Gravel A
Some Sand
Mostly
Sand &
Some Gravel
Glacial Neltwater and the Formation of Stratified Drift
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information
Flyer #1, November/December 1983
-------
-11-
When the glacier began to retreat, water from the melting ice sorted and
deposited the gravels, sands, silt and clays held in the ice. These'
deposits were usually eroded, sorted and-redeposited many times by flowing
water, creating deposits known as stratified drift.
Glacial meltwater streams moving over pre-existing bedrock valleys
left behind thick deposits of porous, permeable stratified drift in buried
valley aquifers. As the glaciers melted and, retreated, meltwater streams
deposited stratified drift over the broad, low-lying area that is now
southern Plymouth County, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
These stratified drift deposits are called outwash plains. In
Massachusetts, wells with the highest yields are located in buried river
valley aquifers and outwash plain deposits.
An Ancient River Valley Filled With Stratified Drift.
These Buried Valley Aquifers are the Sites of
Most of the Public Supply Wells In Massachusetts
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information Flyer
#1, November/December 1983.
-------
-12-
Confined aquifers, also known as artesian aquifers, are located
between layers of material with very low permeability such as silt, clay
or rock. Generally, little or no recharge to a confined aquifer comes
from the confining layers. The primary recharge areas for confined
aquifers occur where the aquifer intersects the land surface. These
recharge areas may be located a considerable distance from the public
supply well. Due to the presence of impermeable layers, the hydrostatic
pressure of the groundwater in confined.aquifers is greater than the
atmospheric pressure. Consequently, when a well is placed in a confined
aquifer, water will rise above the elevation of the upper confining
layer. The pressure of the groundwater determines the elevation to which
the water will rise. If a series of wells are placed in a confined
aquifer and an imaginary line is drawn connecting the elevation of the
water levels in all the wells, a potentiometric surface is delineated.
For confined aquifers, the potentiometric surface is analogous to the
water table in unconfined (water table) aquifers. The potentiometric
surface may be above the land surface in some portions of the aquifer.
Wells in these areas will flow freely and are generally called artesian
wells.
: r_Sllt and Clay ^
'///..'////7/77T/
Confined Aquifer />
Confined Aquifers are Located Between Layers of Material
That Have Very Low Permeability.
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information
Flyer #1, November/December 1983.
-------
-13-
Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil and surficial materials.
Groundwater is found in the cracks, fractures and faults .that occur in
bedrock. Bedrock wells that intercept highly fractured zones may yield a
significant quantity of water. Groundwater moving through carbonate rocks
such as limestone creates solution channels by dissolving the rock along
the surfaces of the fractures through which it flows. Over time, the
solution channels can become quite large. Accordingly, these channels may
hold and transmit enough water to supply public supply wells and
industrial wells. Bedrock aquifers can be very complex because fractures
decrease with depth and can "pinch-out" over short distances. However,
faults in highly fractured bedrock may yield 200,000 to 400,000 gallons
per day and have been developed for industrial use.
Table
///1'//?//'//,
Bedrock Can Serve As An Aquifer ,-
if There are Enough Interconnected Fractures
to Hold and Transmit Water
lMMiWe"nฃW,4
Solution
Channels
Limestone
Solution Channels in Limestone-
Small Areas in western
Massachusetts Have Limestone
Bedrock
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information Flyer
1, November/December 1983.
-------
-14-
Goundwater Movement
Simply stated, groundwater moves from points of higher groundwater
elevation (recharge areas) to points of lower groundwater elevation
(discharge areas). Land surfaces that allow a significant amount of
precipitation to infiltrate the soil and recharge the groundwater system
are recharge areas. Streams, lakes, rivers, springs, wetlands and the
ocean are discharge areas. Groundwater generally moves very slowly, in
many places, less than 1 foot per day. In highly permeable aquifer
materials such as well sorted sands and gravels, groundwater is capable of
moving as much as 2 or 3 feet per day.
Bedrock
outcrops
Precipitation
II
+ 4-
Contact between
Evapotranspiration
< Water
table
\/Bedrock
with
fractures
Bedrock
with fractures
NOT TO SCALE
Recharge, Discharge and Generalized Groundwater Flow Patterns
in a Stratified Drift Aquifer
SOURCE: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 86-543.
-------
-15-
IV. Public Supply Wells
Cone of Depression
A pumping well creates an artificial discharge area by changing the
direction of groundwater flow within the influence of the well. Instead of
flowing towards its natural discharge area, groundwater is drawn into the
well. The area around a pumping well is characterized by a cone of depression
which outlines the area of drawdown or lowering of the water table elevation.
The porosity and permeability of the aquifer materials, availability of
recharge, the natural slope of the water table, the rate at which the well is
pumped and the length of time the well is pumped all influence the size and
shape of the cone of depression. When a well is pumped, nearby rivers or other
surface water bodies such as streams or ponds may provide recharge to the well
via a process known as induced infiltration.
RECHARGE FROM
PRECIPITATION
RECHARGE FROM
WETLANDS, LAKES
AND PONDS
PUMPING
WELL CAUSES
DEPRESSION
IN HEIGHT OF
WATER TABLE
fnrv^ RECHARGE FROM
SURFACE RUNOFF
nLL
SOURCE:
A Pimping Well: Its Cone of Depression and
Sources of Groundwater Recharge
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation,
February 1987.
-------
-16-
Zone II Areas and Groundwater Contamination
The Guide to Contamination Sources for Wellhead Protection contains
information on both the sources of groundwater contamination and the individual
contaminants or classes of contaminants. Since the Zone II area supplies
recharge to the public supply well under the most severe pumping and recharge
conditions that can be realistically anticipated, local regulation of land use
activities in this area is critical to maintaining potable water supplies.
Contaminants that percolate down through the unsaturated zone to the aquifer
have the potential to move with the groundwater flow and pollute the public
supply well. Unlike the mixing and dilution that occurs between pollutants and
the water in surface water bodies such as lakes and streams, pollutants in the
groundwater remain concentrated in a contaminant plume.
The following section discusses the various properties of contaminants and
the processes that occur in the unsaturated zone (the soil) and the aquifer
that affect the behavior and fate of contaminants in the Zone II of a public
supply well. The following figure, entitled "Factors Affecting Mobility and
Attenuation of Contaminants", summarizes these processes in graphic form. It
indicates that contaminants may move in various ways depending on several key
factors including volatilization, dilution, chemical reaction, biodegradation,
sorption and ion exchange.
-------
Factors Affecting Mobility and Attenuation of Contaminants
SPILL OR RELEASE OF
CONTAMINANTS
Recharge :::::::::):::::::::::
:;:;:!:;:UNSATURATED ZONE:;:
LOW DENSITY DISSOLVED CONTAMINANT PLUME
5?rs$ปsiii8ปaปซ^^
vCONTAMjNANTv/A:
VPLUME^&ฎ#
5SSBEDROCKS
' '
Kimberly D. Noake
October, 1987
FIGURE NOT TO SCALE
-------
FACTORS AFFECTING MDBELETC AND AOTHWATION OF CCNXBKINANXS
Land Surface Importance
Volatilization high
Dilution high
Chemical Reaction high
lOW
Sorpticn lew
Ion Exchange low
Unsaturated Zone Importance
Dilution/solubility high
Chemical Reaction (cocidation/reducticn) high
i on medium
Sozpticn medium
Ion Exchange medium
Volatilization low
Aquifer Importance
Chemical Reaction (mri riatvi ry^/-ppn^y^- jon^ medium
Sorpticn medium
Ion Exchange medium
PI nAarrpyta't''! on lOW
Dilution/solution low
Volatilization none
Bedrock Importance
Chemical Reaction medium
Sorpticn low
Ion Exchange low
Ri rAatjfft&vt-i on lOW
Dilution/solution low
Volatilization none
The description of the relative importance of factors affecting the
mobility and attenuation of contaminants is general and relative *o> the
varying properties of each contaminant including:
Volatility (loss to atmosphere)
Solubility (dissolution)
Viscosity (velocity)
Density (sink or float)
Ionic size and charge (sorption and ion exchange)
Biodegradability (chemical state)
Radioactive Decay Rate (radiation)
Chemical Reactivity (precipitation, solution and hydrolization)
The following pages contain discussion sections for each of the
properties and processes listed above.
-------
Properties Affecting
Fate of Contaminants
-------
-20-
V. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES AFFECTING THE FATK OF
CONTAMINANTS IN THE SOIL AND THE AQUIFER
Volatilization
The loss of a compound to the atmosphere is defined as
volatilization. A compound is volatile if it readily evaporates when
exposed to air.
Volatilization occurs on the land surface and in the unsaturated
zone. Contaminants floating on top of the water table may volatilize. If
the water table fluctuates, exposing the contaminant to air, volatili-
zation may occur from the saturated to the unsaturated zone. Volatiliza-
tion can attenuate toxic compounds that are resistant to biodegradation,
relatively insoluble in water and weakly sorbed to soil particles. Com-
pounds that are not soluble in water are less likely to be removed in
leachate or runoff water and therefore, may be available for volatiliz-
ation longer than water soluble compounds (EPA, Hazardous Waste Land
Treatment. April 1983). Solvents, gasoline, light oils and phenols are
volatile groundwater contaminants.
Volatilization of toxic compounds is not a benign occurence. When
gasoline volatilizes in the unsaturated zone, the result is a toxic,
flammable vapor that can seep into basements, houses and sewer lines.
Viscosity
Viscosity is a property of a fluid and describes its resistance to
relative motion during flow. The viscosity of a contaminant will
partially control its rate of movement through the unsaturated zone.
Highly viscous contaminants do not move easily through porous material.
For example, #6 fuel oil, a highly viscous fluid, is a thick, gelatinous
substance that does not pour or flow like #2 oil. A release of #6 oil
tends to remain more or less immobile in the unsaturated zone due to its
high viscosity. Gasoline, on the other hand, is less viscous than water
and flows very easily through the unsaturated zone.
Density (Solution Density)
Density is a physical property of a substance and is defined as mass
per unit volume (in other words - it defines how heavy the substance is).
Solution density refers to the mass of a contaminant dissolved in a unit
volume of groundwater. The solution density of a contaminant plume deter-
mines its movement through an aquifer. Contaminant plumes with a solution
density greater than the groundwater tend to sink to the bottom of the
aquifer and move slowly in relation to groundwater flow while contaminant
plumes with a solution density less than groundwater tend to remain just
below the water table or to rise as they move through an aquifer.
Perchloroethylene (PCE) is an example of a "sinker." A contaminant that
is less dense than the groundwater and not very soluble in water will
float on the water table. Gasoline is an example of a "floater."
-------
-21-
The figure below indicates these relationships. As it shows,
"sinkers" can move along confining beds under the influence of gravity in
a direction opposite to that of groundwater flow while soluble components
of both "floaters" and "sinkers" can move in the direction of groundwater
flow
In an idealized aquifer the saturated zone would consist of uniform,
homogeneous materials and the contaminant would disperse and form an
elliptical plume. However, most aquifers contain layered beds of
heterogeneous material with varying permeability and lenses of relatively
impermeable materials such as silt and clay. A contaminant plume moving
through this aquifer will spread and branch around the irregular layers
and lenses. Migration of the contaminant plume through an aquifer is a
function of the contaminant's density, solution density and viscosity, the
porosity and permeability of the aquifer, the reactive nature of the
contaminant and the groundwater flow regime.
Source of Product
(Greater Density Than Water)
Source of Product
(Lesser Density Than Water)
Unsaturated
Zone
* Water_Tab|e_
Product Flow
Direction of
Ground-Water Flow
Effects of Density on Migration of Contaminants
SOURCE: Geraghty and Miller, 1985.
-------
-22-
Solubility
The solubility of a substance is defined as the mass of a substance
that will dissolve in a unit volume of a solute under specific conditions
(Freeze and Cherry, 1979). A soluble contaminant is one that dissolves in
groundwater. A contaminant dissolves when the attractive forces that hold
the molecules together are less than or equal to the attractive forces of
the water molecules. An insoluble contaminant is one whose molecules are
held together by attractive forces stronger than the attractive force of
water. For example, because gasoline is only slightly soluble in water
and less dense than water it remains as a free floating contaminant on the
water table (see section on Density). However, the gasoline additives
benzene and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) are very soluble in
groundwater and may move in a contaminant plume ahead of the gasoline
plume.
Dispersion and Dilution
Precipitation that infiltrates the soil will dilute (reduce in
concentration) contaminants in the unsaturated zone. Dilution also occurs
in the aquifer as a result of dispersion.
The components of soil and aquifer materials are particles of sand,
gravel and soil of various sizes and shapes arranged in many different
orientations. Consequently, as water flows through the unsaturated zone
and the aquifer, its velocity varies around particles and across pore
spaces.
Dispersion is a mixing process whereby a contaminant will spread or
disperse and gradually occupy an increasing volume of pore space in the
materials of the unsaturated zone or in the aquifer. The result of the
dispersion process is a contaminant plume. The configuration of the plume
will vary depending upon the input source of the contaminant, type of
aquifer materials and the groundwater flow regime. As the plume spreads
out in the direction of groundwater flow, the concentration of the
contaminant in the groundwater decreases.
Biodegradation
Biodegradation affects many organic groundwater contaminants including
gasoline, oil and other hydrocarbons.
It is important to note that biodegradation processes can contribute
toxic constituents to groundwater as well as remove them from the system.
For example, the biodegradation of the toxic compound DDT can result in
the more toxic intermediate product DDE.
Enzymes produced by microbes such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts and algae
break down organic compounds through biodegradation. To manufacture these
enzymes, microbes require nutrients such as carbon, phosphorous and
nitrogen as well as oxygen and water. They will grow under a wide range
of pH's, temperatures, and nutrient conditions and are capable of
attacking many complex organic compounds.
-------
-23-
Biodegradation of contaminants by anaerobic bacteria occurs in the absence
of dissolved oxygen (groundwater), while aerobic bacteria require the
presence of free oxygen (soil).
In the presence of gasoline or oil in the unsaturated zone (soil),
certain species of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria grow rapidly and may, if
nutrient conditions are favorable, consume much of the oil or gasoline
that accumulates above the water table (Freeze and Cherry, 1979).
Laboratory studies of soils, sediments and waters have indicated the
biodegradation of a variety of organic compounds including pesticides,
aromatic hydrocarbons and refractory (resistent to degradation) compounds
such as chlorinated pesticides and some halogenated hydrocarbons (Cherry
et al., 1984).
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a process in which the hydronium ions (HoO+) and
hydroxyl groups (OH") in groundwater influence the breakdown of
substances. In groundwater, the hydrolysis of relatively insoluble
minerals results in new minerals being formed and ions being released into
solution. Hydrolysis is also an important reaction in the weathering of
rocks which produces soils and clays.
Complex organic compounds may be broken down by hydrolysis into
simpler compounds which may then be attenuated through other processes
(EPA, May 1985). Also, these simple compounds (daughter products) may be
less harmful constituents of the groundwater. When an organic compound
undergoes hydrolysis, a chemical group (X) is replaced by a hydroxyl group
(OH"). For example, the hydrolysis of a halogenated hydrocarbon
involves the introduction of a hydroxyl group and the loss of halogens
(X). The hydrolysis of pesticides is an important attenuation mechanism.
It may be used to predict the rate of decay of pesticides in soil (Cherry
et al., 1984).
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is an important process for the attenuation of heavy
metals. Soils and aquifer materials with a high percentage of colloidal
particles have a greater ability to attenuate heavy metal contaminants
onto the particle surfaces. However, if the ionic bonding is not strong
enough to prevent the reversal of the chemical reaction, the contaminant
will be released into the groundwater system.
Ion exchange and sorption are similar processes, however, stronger
ionic bonding occurs on particle surfaces in the ion exchange reaction.
Like the sorption process, ion exchange occurs on colloidal particles
(diameter 10 to 10" millimeters) such as clay minerals and hydrated
oxides of iron and manganese because they have large electrical charges
relative to their surface areas. Humus, plant roots arid other organic
materials also have a high ion exchange capacity. The ion exchange occurs
on particle surfaces with a charge imbalance. The positive or negative
charge of a particle must be balanced with the accumulation of a layer of
ions of the opposite charge. This layer of ions can change in
composition; thus the process is reversible.
-------
-24-
Examples of Types of Ion Exchange
CLAY MINERALS -
form ionic bonds with:
- Heavy metals
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
- Radioactive elements
Cesium
Rubidium
Strontium
Hydrated OXIDES OF IRON -
form ionic bonds with:
- Heavy metals
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Hydrated OXIDES OF MANGANESE
form ionic bonds with:
- Heavy metals
Cobalt
Chromium
Molybdenum
Nickel
Tungsten
-------
-25-
Cu
2Na'
Ion Exchange
Metal Ion Movement Slowed by
Ion Exchange
SOURCE: Geraghty and Miller, 1985.
Sorptlon
Sorption describes tbe combination of two processes - absorption and
adsorption. Absorption refers to the physical.capture of a molecule or
ion, and adsorption is a chemical bonding of a molecule or ion on to a
charged particle.
Sorption occurs on particles that have free bonding surfaces, i.e.,
colloidal particles (diameter 10 to 10 millimeters). They have a
large charge relative to their surface area. Constituents of soils and
aquifer materials commonly present in colloidal form include clay
minerals, organic substances (especially humus), hydrous iron, manganese
and the rock forming minerals feldspar, mica and hornblende.
Consequently, soils and aquifers that contain a high percentage of
colloidal particles have a greater ability to sorb contaminants onto the
particle surfaces.
Sorption is important in the attenuation of relatively insoluble,
nonpolar (not attracted to water) organic substances such as the aromatic
and chlorinated hydrocarbons (please see section on Solvents).
-------
Description of
Contaminants
-------
-26-
VI. DESCRIPTION OF CONTAMINANTS
Acids and Bases
By definition, acids are substances that produce hydronium ions
(H-jO+) when dissolved in water and bases are substances that produce
(OH") hydroxyl groups when dissolved in water. Acids are corrosive and
have a low pH while bases (also known as alkalies) are characterized by a
high pH. Laundry bleach, ammonia and lye are three common bases; vinegar
and hydrochloric acid are examples of two common acids. Industrial
wastes, wastewater streams from jewelry and metal plating shops, machine
shops, furniture stripping businesses, research labs and hospitals and
leachate from landfills, junkyards and industrial pits/lagoons contain
acids and bases such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide
and ammonia. Although a pure acid or base solution can be effectively
neutralized, thereby reducing the threat to water quality, highly acidic
or basic wastes from these businesses usually contain other toxic
constituents such as heavy metals and solvents (please refer to
appropriate sections for additional information).
High concentrations of acids in water will mobilize metals in the soil
and groundwater. The hydronium ions (H30 ) produced by acids have a
positive charge and compete with positively charged trace metals like lead
(Pb ) and zinc (Zn ) for exchange sites on organic and
colloidal-sized particles in the soil. The hydronium ions are sorbed onto
these particles instead of the metal ions. Consequently, the metals
remain in solution and can move through the soils into the groundwater. A
highly acidic or basic plume moving through the soil will drastically
change the pH of the soil system, disrupt other chemical equilibriums and
may result in the reversal of attenuation processes and the mobilization
of contaminants. A discharge of wastewater containing high concentrations
of an acid or a base solution into a septic system will kill the bacteria
that decompose the waste and reduce the effectiveness of the septic
system. In some instances, it may result in the failure of the entire
system. As acidic drinking water flows through municipal distribution
systems and residential or commercial plumbing, its corrosive action
dissolves the metal piping, releasing lead, copper and asbestos fibers
into the water. This is a major water treatment problem.
Kev Exanroles of Acids and Bases
Acids Bases
Chloric acid HC103 Ammonia NH3
Nitric acid HN03 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH2)
Nitrous acid HN02 Potassium Hydroxide KOH
Sulfuric acid ^SO^ Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
Hydrochloric acid HC1
-------
-27-
Behavlor/Fate of Acids and Bases
o Highly soluble In water
o Not persistent in soil and water; generally neutralized or
diluted
o Metals tend to be soluble in acids and insoluble in bases
Chloride
The dissolution of halite and other chloride-bearing rocks contributes
natural (background) concentrations of chloride to groundwater. Chloride
is a common by-product of the chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes generated by
some industries. Another source of chloride ions is the road salt used to
deice roads and parking lots. Road salt enters the groundwater as runoff
from roads and uncovered salt piles. In some cases of groundwater
contamination by road salt, chloride is listed as the primary
contaminant. Septic systems and water softening units also contribute
chloride to groundwater.
Chloride is considered to be a secondary contaminant. Drinking water
that contains excess chloride concentrations is considered to be
aesthetically displeasing. The Federal Secondary Drinking Water Standards
established the maximum contaminant level as 250 mg/1. Water with a
chloride concentration above this level has a salty taste. However, in
some cases, the presence of excessive chloride concentrations may be
linked with the presence of sodium which can have adverse health effects
for some portions of the population (see section on Sodium).
Key Examples
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is used as a deicer for roads and parking lots
Behavior/Fate of Chloride
o very soluble
o highly mobile
-------
-28-
Fluoride
Fluoride is a natural (background) constituent of soils. Wastes
generated from the production of phosphate fertilizers, hydrogen fluoride
(used in the etching of glass) and fluorinated hydrocarbons contain
fluoride. Aluminium and steel industries as well as kilns (manufacture
bricks) generate wastes that contain fluoride. As an additive to drinking
water, toothpaste and other dentifrices, fluoride helps to prevent dental
caries (cavities).
The overall threat to public health from excess fluoride in drinking
water is relatively low. However, the ingestion of excess fluoride causes
fluorosis. a disease which results in brittle and sensitive teeth and
bones. Excess fluoride can also mottle or discolor teeth.
Uses
ingredient in toothpaste and other dentifrices
additive to drinking water
Behavior/Fate of Fluoride
The solubility and mobility of fluoride are related to the type and
quantity of available cations (Na+, Ca+) in the soil that form salts
with the fluoride ion (F~.
o Sodium salts of fluoride (NaF) are quite soluble and mobile
o Calcium salts of fluoride (CaF) are relatively insoluble;
therefore, limited amounts of fluoride are taken up by
plants or leached through the soil
Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are not commonly found as natural constituents of
groundwater. Generally, in order for the metals to be soluble and mobile
in groundwater, the water must be acidic (low pH) and flowing in a
reducing environment, i.e., in contact with organic material or
concentrated leachate from a waste disposal site. If the pH of the water
becomes more alkaline (high pH) and is flowing in an oxidizing
environment, the metals become insoluble and will precipitate out of
solution as a solid phase.
-------
-29-
Federal Drinking Water Standards (Maximum Contaminant Levels) have
been established for the following metals:
Metal
Cadmium
(Cd)
EPA
Standard
(mg/1)
0.01
Chromium 0.05
(Cr)
Copper
(Cu)
1.00
Lead
(Pb)
Mercury
(Hg)
0.05
0.002
Toxicitv
Causes high blood
pressure and kidney
damage; destroys
testicular tissue and
red blood cells; toxic
to aquatic biota
Essential trace
element; possibly
carcinogenic
Essential trace
element; not very toxic
to animals; toxic to
plants and algae at
moderate levels
Toxic - causes anemia,
kidney disease, nervous
disorders; wildlife
destruction
Acute and chronic
toxicity
Silver
(Ag)
0.05
Causes blue-grey
discoloration of the
eyes, skin and mucus
membranes
Uses
Cadmium-nickel battery
production; pigments for
plastics, enamels and
paints; fumicides;
electroplating and metal
coating
Corrosion inhibitor;
topical antiseptics and
astringents; tanning and
dye industry
Industrial wastes from
textile mills; cosmetics
manufacture; hardboard
production
Lead-acid storage
batteries; gasoline
additives; pigments;
paints; herbicides;
insecticides
Wastes from electrical
apparatus manufacture;
production of chlorine
and caustic soda;
Pharmaceuticals; paints;
plastics; paper products;
pesticides
Wastes from photographic,
mirror, and
electroplating
manufacturing
Zinc
(Zn)
5.0
Essential element; aids
wound healing; toxic to
plants at higher levels
Brass and alloy
production; galvanized
metals for pipes,
utensils; insecticides;
glues; rubber; inks and
glass;
major component of sewage
sludge
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-30-
Behavlor/Fate of Metals
Predicting the transport and migration of metals is difficult due to
the complex hydrochemical environment of the groundwater system. However,
in general, the process of ion exchange causes the metals to migrate very
slowly relative to groundwater flow velocities. In the presence of
colloidal-sized clay particles, organic matter and iron and manganese
hydroxides in the soils and the aquifer, metals become bonded to the
particle surfaces and immobilized. Therefore, localized contamination by
metals is common (EPA, May 1985).
Iron and Manganese
Iron, one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust, is a
natural constituent of aquifer materials. Groundwater with high iron
concentrations is common in naturally occurring acidic or reducing
conditions and in aquifers located over crystalline bedrock. Industrial
wastes and drainage water from mines contain various concentrations of
iron.
Manganese is a common constituent of salts and minerals. It is
present in the waste products of the iron and steel industries and is used
in the manufacture of paints, disinfectants and fertilizers.
Iron and manganese are considered "secondary contaminants". The
Federal Secondary Drinking Water Standards list the maximum contaminant
level for iron and manganese as 0.3 mg/1 and 0.05 mg/1 respectively.
Excess iron and manganese concentrations in drinking water are rarely a
threat to public health; rather, they reduce the aesthetic qualities of
the water. Water with iron concentrations above 0.3 mg/1 develops a brown
color which stains laundry and porcelain fixtures. The water will also
have a particularly undesirable astringent taste. Manganese levels above
0.05 mg/1 result in similar aesthetic problems. Iron and manganese
particles also collect in water distribution systems and clog pipes,
joints and valves.
Uses
Iron Alloys, magnets, machinery
Manganese Alloys, the manufacture of paints,
disinfectants, lime and micronutrient
fertilizers, dry cell batteries,
chemical reagents
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Behavlor/Fate of Iron and Manganese
In the anaerobic environment of an aquifer, iron and manganese are in
solution. As water is extracted from the aquifer, it passes into an
aerobic environment and the metals precipitate as particulate matter and
the water becomes discolored.
Under reducing conditions (i.e., groundwater), the usually soluble and
mobile Mn+ (manganese) ion will be strongly sorbed to clay, minerals ,
and organic matter. As pH rises, Mn+ becomes less soluble. Several
stable manganese compounds will form under oxidizing condition. They give
the water a brown color and change its taste.
Iron, in its reduced form, is soluble and remains in solution. With
very small changes in soil conditions or bacterial activity, iron will
come out of solution in its particulate oxide form. Iron oxides are
relatively insoluble and, like the manganese compounds, will add a brown
color to water and change its taste.
Nitrates
The presence of dissolved nitrogen in the form of nitrate (N0o~)
in groundwater is commonly the result of: (1) leachate from septic
systems, (2) runoff from lawns and roads, (3) leachate ' from septage
lagoons, (4) discharges of municipal and industrial sanitary waste-
waters, (5) runoff from animal feedlots and crop lands and ' (6)
leachate from landfills . Nitrates can enter the groundwater directly as
nitrates contained in fertilizers and wastes applied to the land surface,
or they can be generated through a series of biological reactions that
occur as part of the nitrogen cycle - nitrogen is transformed into nit-
rate (N0-j~), nitrite (NC^"), ammonia (NH.j), ammonium
nitrogen gas (^) and nitrous oxide
In the anaerobic environment of the septic tank, organic nitrogen
contained in influent wastewater is converted to ammonium ions (NH )
which are then discharged with the effluent from the leaching field into
the soil . As the NH^+ encounters the oxygen in the aerobic environ-
ment of the soil, bacteria convert it to nitrite (N02~)'and then to
nitrate (N0o~) through a process known as nitrification. Another
source of ammonium ions for the nitrification process is ammonia in its
gaseous state. Ammonia (NHg) is highly soluble in water and some of the
dissolved ammonia will react with the water to form ammonium ions
(NH^ ) . The process of nitrification occurs under aerobic conditions
in the oxygen- rich soil zone above the water table. Under anaerobic
conditions, in saturated soils and the aquifer, bacteria convert nitrate
to nitrogen gas (Nฃ) or nitrous oxide (^0) through a process known as
denitrification.
At concentrations in excess of the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10
mg/1, nitrates in drinking water can be a health hazard. When drinking
water contaminated by nitrates is ingested and enters the gastrointestinal
tract, the nitrates convert to nitrite and enter the bloodstream. In the
blood, nitrites react with hemoglobin to produce methemoglobin which
impairs the blood's ability to transport oxygen.
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Infants under three months of age and fetuses are particularly
susceptible to this reaction and develop a condition known as
methemoglobinemia or "blue baby disease" which can be fatal. The USEPA
has determined that drinking water with nitrate concentrations below 10
mg/1 is safe for infant consumption. The presence of nitrate-nitrogen in
concentrations that exceed the drinking water standards frequently
indicates the presence of other contaminants in the groundwater.
Massachusetts has adopted 10 mg/1 as the Maximum Contaminant Level for
nitrate-nitrogen in drinking water supplies.
Behavior/Fate of Nitrates
o Due to their negative charge, nitrate ions (N0.j~) are not
attracted to negatively charged soil particles.
o Nitrates are highly soluble in groundwater: when dissolved in
groundwater they move with the groundwater with minimal transformation
or retardation.
o In aquifer materials that contain dissolved oxygen, the ammonia
form of nitrogen can convert to nitrate-nitrogen.
o The only form of attenuation affecting nitrate-nitrogen is
dilution.
Pathogens/Viruses
The presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a species of coliform
bacteria, in groundwater indicates contamination by human and animal
wastes. Since all human and animal waste contain coliform bacteria, their
presence in groundwater signals the possible presence of viruses and
pathogenic bacteria. In most cases, the microorganisms contaminating
groundwater are the bacteria and viruses found in the gastrointestinal
tract. Consequently, the types of illnesses contracted from ingestion of
this contaminated groundwater are generally gastrointestinal diseases.
Groundwater contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and viruses is
commonly the result of failing septic tanks or cesspools, runoff from
animal feedlots that contains fecal matter and land application of animal
wastes (e.g. manure spreading). The Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for coliform bacteria requires
routine testing of a specified number of samples. Ninety to ninety-five
percent (90-95%) of all samples must be free of coliform. This percentage
is dependent on the number of the samples and type of analysis. According
to the EPA, the frequency of groundwater contamination due to viruses and
parasites is relatively low. However, these low incident figures may be
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-33-
raisleading. Detection methods for viruses and parasites are analytically
limited. The effect of these pathogens on groundwater quality should not
be underestimated.
Organism Associated Effect
Bacteria Typhoid
Bacillary dysentery
Cholera
Gastroenteritis
Tuberculosis
Viruses Enteroviruses
Hepatitis
Parasites Protozoa
Worms
Fungi
Behavior/Fate
bacteria subject to biological activity, filtered on soil
particles; not very persistent
Fate of bacteria determined by:
moisture content, temperature and pH of soil
longevity of species
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-34-
Pestlcldes
The term "pesticides" refers to a wide range of chemicals including
herbicides, rodenticides, insecticides and fungicides. Manufacture,
application, storage and disposal of pesticides are processes that can
threaten groundwater quality.
Pesticides are available in liquid, gas, granular or dust form.
Aircraft, foggers, ground spray rigs, irrigation systems, soil injectors,
and spreaders are used by farmers, government agencies, utility companies
and others to apply pesticides.
Farmers use pesticides to kill or damage pests and weeds and to
control diseases that threaten crops. Pesticides are used by government
agencies to control mosquito and gypsy moth populations. Railroad
companies and public utilities rely on pesticides to defoliate tracks,
embankments and rights-of-way. The application of pesticides is common
photodecomposition:
oson: ^_ __ .
// -' - --- V
emissions in
manufacture
and
' /'/is
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-35-
during the routine maintenance of athletic fields, schoolyards, parks and
golf courses. Lawn-care companies frequently store and mix pesticides for
application to residential lawns and the grounds surrounding institutions
and businesses. Homeowners use a variety of pesticides for lawn and
garden maintenance and indoor pest control.
Pesticides can contaminate groundwater by percolation through the soil
or man-made conduits such as drainage wells and ditches, infiltration
basins and wells. Precipitation dissolves pesticide residue on plants and
trees producing contaminated water which may infiltrate the soil cover or
flow as surface runoff. Agricultural runoff and erosion due to irrigation
or precipitation produce contaminated water and soil laden with
pesticides.
Pesticides move from the soil to the ground water system by the
process of leaching. Several site-specific factors affect the leaching of
pesticides including the soil type and topography of the area, the water
table elevation, the amount of rainfall or irrigation the area receives
and the method of pesticide application. Solubility, volatility and the
capacity to bind to soil particles or degrade are properties of pesticides
that affect their leaching through the soil.
Pesticide Applications of all Types are a
Source of Groundwater Contamination
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1987.
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-36-
EXAMPLES OF SOME PESTICIDES WITH POTENTIAL TO AFFECT GROUNDWATER
Pesticide Uses and Some Properties
Alachlor Herbicide for use on broadleaf grasses,
; weeds and crops such as corn and soybeans
can leach through soil
microbial degradation occurs in
soil
persists (average) 6-10 weeks
once it reaches water, it is
persistent
Insecticide used to control Colorado
Aldicarb potato beetle and golden nematode
applied directly to soil, like
fertilizer
can leach in fine to coarse
textured soil with high organic
content
low solubility in water
Insecticide used to control nematodes on
Oxanyl potato crops
persistence is dependent on pH;
broken down in basic water, stable
in acidic water
degradation influenced by sunlight,
aeration, high temperatures
breakdown products are less toxic
than parent products
not very persistent in soil; 6-8
days required for one-half of the
Oxamyl to break down
Herbicide used to control weeds on various
Dinoseb agricultural field crops (potatoes)
persistent in water
can be degraded in the soil; takes
34-111 days for one-half of the
Dinoseb to break down
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I -3?-
BEHAVIOR/FATE OF PESTICIDES: > ,; ,
Pesticides Characteristics
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
' i
Alachlor - resistant to degradation; very
Chlordane persistent
Dinoseb - highly volatile
Ethylene Dibromide - breakdown products may be more toxic
(known as EDB) and/or more persistent than parent
Lindane compound
very susceptible to leaching
Carbamates
Aldicarb (Temik) - . more susceptible to degradation; less
Carbofuran persistent
Oxamyl - breakdown products less toxic than
parent compound
Organophosphates
Malathion - tend to hydrolyze quickly at or above a
Parathion neutral pH
Alachlor, Dinoseb, EDB, Carbofuran,
Aldicarb, Oxamyl, 1,2-D and 1',3-D have been'
found in Massachusetts groundwater.
Petroleum Products
Gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, heating oil, motor oil, and grease
are petroleum products commonly used for industrial, commercial and
domestic purposes. State and municipal transportation facilities, service
stations, truck stops, gas stations and airports use petroleum products in
routine maintenance and service operations. Machine shops, metal-working
shops and other small industries rely on petroleum products as lubricants
and rust inhibitors. Do-it-yourself mechanics use petroleum products in
the repair and maintenance of automobiles, farm machinery and other
equipment.
Typically, heating oil, waste oil, gasoline, diesel fuel and kerosene
are stored in underground storage tanks. New motor oil, grease and other
lubricants are usually stored in drums.
In most cases, the presence of petroleum products in groundwater can
be attributed to leaking underground storage tanks and piping systems (see
section on Underground Storage Tanks) and other inadequate storage
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-38-
facilities, accidental ,spills/leaks and improper disposal of waste
products. Improper disposal practices include land dumping of drums and
other containers and disposal of waste products into domestic septic
systems, storm drains or floor drains. Substandard storage areas for
drums and aboveground tanks often lack coverings and/or impervious pads as
well as equipment to handle accidental spills and leaks.
Kev Kxamlea
Components of petroleum products commonly associated with groundwater
contamination - , '
Gasoline Components
, ,-!
o Benzene
o Toluene
o Xylene Benzene, Toluene and Xylene are sometimes referred .to
as BTX
Gasoline Additives
o Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ,
o Methanol
o Ethanol
o MTBE is a common gasoline additive in New England gasoline
while methanol and ethanol are currently rare additives to
New England gasoline , ,
o Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) is an,additive to leaded gasoline
Oil Components
o Sulphur
o Cadmium and other heavy metals
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-39-
Behavior/Fate' of Petroleum Products
Behavior/Fate of Gasoline/Light: 'Oils
o very volatile (surfade spills quickly evaporate)
o low density (float on the water table)
o low solubility
o persistent in soil and groundwater
As petroleum products move through the zone of aeration they
tend to leave a residue in the pore spaces between rock and
soil particles. When rain and melting snow percolate
through the soil, the soluble components of the petroleum
residue are flushed out and may enter the groundwater.
o product will degrade with the additions of nutrients and oxygen
Behavior/Fate of Gasoline Additives
o very soluble
o very mobile
o may move in a plume ahead of the gasoline plume
Behavior/Fate of Heavy Oils (waste oil. #%vfuel
o high viscosity (thick)
o 'low. solubility
o less volatile than gasbline/ligh"t: 'oils'
o less mobile than gasoline/light oils
o more persistent in soil than "gasoline/light oils'
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-40-
Phenols
Phenols, also known as carbolic acids, are widely used as
disinfectants and are found in industrial wastes, coal and petroleum
processing wastes and waste streams from research laboratories, hospitals
and universities. Creosols, another group of phenols, have even greater
germicidal properties and are commonly found in spray disinfectants used
in hospitals or at home. Creosote, widely used as a wood preservative for
building lumber, boat docks and fences, contains cresols. Many industries
use phenols in the production of Pharmaceuticals, germicidal paints,
plastics and disinfectants. Hospitals and research laboratories use
phenols as reagents and indicators. Resins, dyestuffs, solvents and
additives for gasoline and lubricants contain phenols.
Key Examples
Phenols. Resins, solvent, Pharmaceuticals,
dyestuffs and indicators, reagents,
germicidal paints,.disinfectant
Creosote Wood preservative
2,4-Dimethyl phenol Pharmaceuticals, plastics,
disinfectants, solvent,
insecticides, fungicides,
dyestuffs, additive to gasoline and
lubricants.
Radioactivity
A radionuclide. such as uranium or radium, is a radioactive element
that spontaneously emits ionizing radiation in the form of alpha
particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. These radioactive emissions
knock electrons off atoms and molecules, forming ions. In living plants
and animals, the effects of ionizing radiation are chemical changes in
cells, harmful chemical reactions in tissues and genetic damage.
A single radionuclide (the parent element), will produce a collection
of radionuclides by successive emissions of alpha or beta particles until
some nonradioactive atom is formed. This process is radioactive decay.
For example, uranium-238 is the parent element for a naturally occurring
radioactive series that consists of 18 members. The rate of decay is
described as the half-life of the element: the period of time it takes for
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-41-
one-half of the atoms In a radionucli'de to decay. Radionuclides with a
long half-life are persistent in the environment while radionuclides with
a short half-life rapidly decay.
Sources of Radionuclides
Radioactive species occur naturally in practically all'materials and
constantly emit a stream of subatomic particles and radiation. Radium and
potassium-40 are radionuclides that originate from natural resources,
i.e., the leaching of minerals and uranium ore. High-energy particles from
outer space bombard the earth's upper atmosphere resulting in cosmic '
radiation that travels down to the earth's surface*. " Natural tadioactive
substances and cosmic radiation are known as background radiation. Other
sources of radiation include medical and dental x-rays and other medical
uses.
Waste products of nuclear power generation and the manufacture of
nuclear weapons contain large quantities of radionuclides. Industries,
research labs and hospitals use artificially produced radionuclides as
"tracers". These may be improperly disposed of by being flushed down a
drain, entering groundwater through an on-site waste disposal system or
wastewater treatment plant discharge1 :point.
Radionuclides in Water
Radionuclide Half-life
Naturally Occurring
Carbon-14 5730 years
Silicon-32 -300 years
Potassium-40 -1.4 x 10 years
Naturally Occurring
from 238U series
Radium-226 1620 years
Lead-210 21 years
Thorium-230 75200 years
Thorium-234 24 days
Prom Reactor & Weapons
Fission
Strontium-90 28 years
Iodine-131 8 days
Cesium-137 30 years
SOURCE: Adapted from Hanahan, Stanley E., Environmental Chemistry. PWS
Publishers, Boston, MA 1984.
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-42-
Sodium
Sodium ions are a natural (background) constituent of groundwater. In
Massachusetts, background concentrations in fresh water range from
0.5 mg/1 to 15 mg/1.
To maintain the body's sodium balance, the recommended daily intake of
sodium for a normal adult is between 1,100 and 3,500 milligrams per day.
However, some individuals with cardiovascular disease, metabolic
disorders, kidney or liver problems must limit their sodium intake to as
little as 500 mg/day. Excessive sodium intake has been correlated with
high blood pressure, the development of hypertension and Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome (crib death).
The Massachusetts standard for sodium in drinking water, 20 mg/1,
protects those individuals who may be at risk if they exceed the limits of
their low sodium diets. When sodium levels in public drinking water
supplies exceed the state standard, the state and all users of the water
are notified.
High-sodium concentrations in groundwater commonly result from the use
and storage of sodium chloride (road salt). Sodium chloride is soluble in
water and enters the groundwater as runoff from uncovered road salt
stockpile's and paved surfaces. Other sources of sodium ions include salts
in septic system leachate, home water softening units and chemicals
containing sodium (e.g. sodium hydroxide) frequently added to municipal
water supplies to adjust pH levels, prevent corrosion and treat for lead.
Kev Exanoles
Sodium chloride deicer for roads and parking
lots
Sodium hydroxide corrosion control in older water
distribution systems
Behavior/Fate
o very soluble
o highly mobile
o not persistent in soil
Solvents
Solvents are present in industrial, commercial and domestic degreasers
and cleaners. Typically, solvents are used to clean parts in automobile
repair shops, metal-working and electronic industries and other small
industries. Almost any land use involving machinery will use some amount
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-43-
of solvent as a degreaser. Dry cleaning and furniture stripping
businesses rely on solvents for cleaning agents. Solvents are also used
in routine laboratory analyses conducted by hospitals, schools and
laboratories. Many common domestic products used in households contain
solvents including nail polish remover, drain openers, detergents,
cleaners, paint thinners or varnish thinners/removers, and septic system
cleaners. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which include solvents, are
the most common contaminants responsible for the closing of public supply
wells in Massachusetts.
0
SOURCE: Hughes, Henry B.F., et al. Center for Environmental Research,
Water Resources Program, Cornell University, January 1985.
The presence of solvents in groundwater is frequently the result of
improper storage and disposal of industrial, commercial and domestic
wastes. Improper disposal practices include land dumping of barrels and
disposal of untreated wastewater into septic systems, storm drains,
sewers, streams and marshes. Few municipal wastewater treatment plants
are equipped for the removal of organic solvents. Storage areas for drums
and tanks are often inadequately constructed and maintained. They also
may lack equipment to handle accidental spills and leaks.
Disposal of solvents into domestic septic systems or use of septic
tank cleaners containing organic solvents also pose a threat to
groundwater quality. The amount contributed by any one household is
usually small, but the cumulative contribution of toxic organic solvents
may have a significant effect on groundwater quality.
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-44-
Solvents
SOLVENTS
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Naphthalene
Toluene
Benzene
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Tetrachloroethylene
(Perchloroethylene, PCE)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
1,2-Dichloroethane (EDC)
Vinyl Chloride
USES
Solvent, lubricant
preservatives, fungicide,
moth repellant
Adhesive solvent in
plastics, solvent,
aviation and high octane
blending stock, dilutant,
thinner, detergents,
chemicals, explosives
Detergents, solvents,
antiknock gasoline
Degreasers, dry cleaning,
solvent, drying agents
Pesticides, degreasers,
solvents
Degreasers, paints, dry
cleaning, dye stuffs
Metal degreaser,
insecticide fumigantt
paint, varnish, and
finish removers, soaps
and scouring compounds
Used in the manufacture
of vinyl chloride resins
which are major
components of plastics
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Behavior/Fate of Solvents
Volatize readily from surface water or from the upper level of
the unsaturated zone.
Solvents that reach lower levels of the. unsaturated zone easily
migrate to groundwater, wherein they are very mobile and
persistent. Once in groundwater, a solvent?'s>volatility is no
longer a dominant factor in its removal. These compounds also
persist because they are resistant to biodegradation processes.
The products of partial degradation of solvent compounds may have
their own toxic properties that could also pose a health threat.
- *.
Some solvents which are more dense than water sink to the lower
depths of an aquifer and possibly into bedrock, making
contaminant pathways difficult to predict.
Solvents are known to travel long distances and may reach a well
from a land use outside the boundaries of a Zone II.
Sulfate
n
The sulfate ion, (SO^)^ and hydrogen sulfide (I^S), -a dissolved
gas, are natural (background) constituents of groundwater. Both natural
and pollutant species of organic sulfur compounds are commonly found in
groundwater systems. The biodegradation of these compounds * is an
important process that can affect water quality,- For example,"hydrogen
sulfide is a toxic and odoriferous (smells like rotten eggs) degradation
product of organic sulfur compounds.
Chemical plants, textile mills, paper mills and tanneries produce
wastes that may contain hydrogen sulfide. Some'fertilizers and pesticides
contain sulfate.
Because of its strong rotten egg odor, groundwater that contains
hydrogen sulfide in concentrations greater than one milligram per liter
(1 mg/1) is unfit for human consumption. Groundwater with sulfate
concentrations above 250 mg/1 will act as a laxative when ingested.
Surfactants/Detergents
Typical synthetic detergents - laundry detergents, automatic
dishwasher powders and dishwashing liquids consist of three components:
1) surfactants
2) builders
3) fillers
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Surfactants (also called "surface-active agents") are the actual
cleansing ingredients in detergents. Surfactants have two distinct com-
ponents: one is soluble in water, the other is insoluble in water.
Surface-active agents concentrate at the interface between the surfactant
solution and the other phase, i.e., air, soil, fabric, dish, or floor. By
reducing the surface tension of the water, surfactants enable the deter-
gent to penetrate and wet soiled surfaces and loosen or disperse the dirt.
Builders have little or no cleansing power. They make the surfactant
perform better by binding up the iron, magnesium and calcium ions in the
water that would normally interfere with the surfactant's cleansing
power. The most common builders are phosphate compounds. These compounds
create and maintain a proper alkalinity (high pH), and remove the dirt by
keeping it suspended in the water.
Fillers generally dilute, the product. Additives such as brighteners
and perfumes are typical fillers.
Detergents are commonly found in industrial wastes due to their use as
wetting agents, penetrants, emulsifiers and dispersants in the cosmetic,
textile, metal, paint, and leather industries. The presence of
detergents in groundwater is an indicator of contamination by treated and
untreated wastewater.
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VII. MASSACHUSETTS HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS
Under Federal and Massachusetts law, the Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering (DEQE) is required to track the generation,, storage,
treatment, use and disposal of hazardous waste. The DEQE tracks hazardous
waste from the "cradle to grave" with a computerized system and a special
shipping document called a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest. A manifest
assures the generator (who has ultimate legal responsibility for his
hazardous waste) that the waste has been properly handled.
In order to use the manifest system, businesses must obtain a federal
identification number by requesting a Notification of Hazardous Waste
Activity Form from DEQE (617)-292-5898. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) normally issues identification numbers within 90 days.
During the EPA processing time, generators can obtain a temporary number,
that is specific to the generator's location not his waste, by calling the
DEQE at 1-800-343-3420. Businesses should also obtain a manifest, identify
their wastes and select a licensed transporter and hazardous waste
disposal facility.
In Massachusetts, every shipment of hazardous waste by a large, small
or very small generator must be:
- transported by a licensed waste hauler;
- sent to a licensed treatment, storage or disposal facility (TSD)
or a permitted recycling facility;
- accompanied by a manifest.
However, Small Quantity Generator (SQG) that ships only waste oil or a
Very Small Quantity Generator (VSQG) that ships waste oil and/or hazardous
waste may use a transporter's log instead of a manifest. If a SQG or VSQG
wishes to use a transporter's log, the generator must register with the
DEQE. In the discussion below, the source of particular standards in the
Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR) is listed in parentheses. The
same convention is followed in the sections on Best Management Practices
(BMPs).
Classification of Hazardous Waste
A waste is identified as hazardous if it is listed in the regulations
(310 CMR 30.131-136) or has one or more of the specific characteristics
listed below:
Ignitable - easily catches fire, flash point < 140
degrees F.
Corrosive - very acidic or alkaline, pH of less than
2 or greater than 12.5.
Reactive - explosive, produces toxic gases when mixed
with water or acid.
Toxic - can leach toxic chemicals as determined by a
special lab test.
-------
Acutely hazardous wastes, listed in 310 CMR 30.136, are extremely
toxic or reactive. Therefore, these wastes are regulated more strictly
than other hazardous wastes.
-48-
\ ' ; -' ^
^rnodv
Ignitability Corrosivity
Reactivity
Toxicity
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
November 1986.
A. IGNITABLE
MEANS
Burns easily. Another common
term Is flammable.
B. CORROSIVE
Uses chemical action to
through other materials.
eat
SOME EXAMPLES
waste oils, paint strippers,
nishes, certain pesticides
many acids used In processes for
metal plating and printing, com-
mon household Items like drain
cleaners.
C. REACTIVE AND EXPLOSIVE
Chemically unstable to the point
that violent changes occur when
Jarred, burned, heated or brought
Into contact with other substan-
ces.
unexploded munitions and am-
munition; explosive gases like
propane used In Industry and the
home; certain chemical com-
pounds like nltroglycerln.
SOURCE: Maine Association of Conservation Commissions, 1983.
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Hazardous Waste Generator Status
The rate at which a business generates waste and how much
hazardous waste the business accumulates determines the generator status
for that particular business.
Large Quantity Generators (LQG)
A LQG generates more than 1,000 kilograms (>2200 pounds or 250
gallons) of hazardous waste and one kilogram (1 quart) of acutely
hazardous waste in a month. When the first 1,000 kilograms of waste has
been accumulated the waste must be shipped via a licensed waste hauler
within 90 days. There is no limit to the amount of waste that can be
accumulated.
Small Quantity Generators (SQG)
A SQG generates less than 1,000 kilograms (< 250 gallons or 2200
pounds) and/or less than 1 kilogram of acutely hazardous waste in a month.
Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQG)
A VSQG generates less than 100 kilograms ( < 25 gallons) of hazardous
waste in a month and generates no acutely hazardous waste.
Waste oil is regulated separately from other hazardous wastes.
Generator status is determined separately for hazardous waste and waste
oil, i.e., a business may be a LQG of waste oil and a SQG of solvents.
Housekeeping
Accumulation Area Standards (310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Each business, regardless of generator status, that stores hazardous
waste must meet the following standards for storage areas:
o Above-ground tanks and containers (i.e., 55 gallon drums) must be on
a surface which does not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the
hazardous wastes being stored.
o The area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
o The area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line or tape, or
by a fence) and be separate from any points of generation.
o The area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE" in capital
letters at least one inch high. . '
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o An outdoor storage area must have secondary containment, such as a
berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
- 10% of the total volume of the containers, or
- 110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
Any spillage must be promptly removed. Generally, if the hazardous
waste being stored has no free liquids, no pad or berm is required
provided that the accumulation area is sloped or the containers are
elevated.
Standards for Containers and Tanks (310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container and tank and each outside container into which
smaller containers are packed must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- The words "Hazardous Waste."
- The hazardous waste(s) identified in words (e.g., acetone, toluene).
- The type of hazard(s) associated with the waste(s) indicated in
words (e.g., ignitable, toxic, dangerous when wet).
- The date upon which each period of accumulation begins.
- Labels shall be placed on the sides of each tank or container in
such a manner that they are clearly visible for inspection.
o Each tank must be in good condition.
o At least weekly, the owner or operator shall inspect areas where
containers are stored, looking for leakage and for deterioration of
containers and the containment system caused by corrosion or other
factors. There must be enough aisle space between containers to allow for
inspections.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated. For example, this
includes not mixing waste oil or used fuel oil with other wastes.
o Containers of incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike
or similar structure.
o Each container holding hazardous waste must covered with a secure
lid throughout the period of accumulation.
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VIII. WASTE OIL
In Massachusetts, waste oil has been classified as a hazardous waste
since 1973. Waste oil is the largest volume of hazardous waste by type in
the state. Over 80,000 tons of waste oil are generated in one year (DEQE,
1988). The Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE)
regulates the storage and disposal of all waste oil except that produced
by households. Waste oil is regulated separately from other hazardous
wastes. However, guidelines to determine generator status are similar to
those for hazardous waste.
Large Quantity Generator (LOG)
A LQG is one that produces more than 2,200 pounds (approximately 250
gallons) of waste oil per month. LQG's may accumulate any amount, but are
limited to 90 days of storage once the 2,200 pounds have been
accumulated. LQG's must obtain an EPA Indentification Number and use a
manifest when they ship their waste oil.
Small Quantity Generator (SQG)
SQG's produce less than 2,200 pounds (< 250 gallons) of waste oil per
month. The SQG may accumulate up to 550 gallons in drums or 1,650 gallons
in tanks for up to 180 days. SQG must use a manifest or transporter's log
and ship their waste through a licenced hazardous waste transporter.
Very Small Quantity Generator (VSOG)
A VSQG is one that produces less than 220 pounds ( < 25 gallons) of
waste oil per month. A VSQG may accumulate up to 165 gallons for an
unlimited period of time. A VSQG may transport waste oil to another
generator or receiving facility. VSQG's may choose to use a manifest or
transporter's log and a licensed waste hauler to dispose of waste oil.
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
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o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period
of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring
system.
Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the
tank or designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the
tank with a dip stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the
level of oil again. If the difference in the oil levels measured is
greater than 1/2 an inch, the test results must be immediately called in
to the local fire chief and the nearest DEQE regional office. Written
notice of the test results must be sent to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
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Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
November 1986.
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Description of
Land Uses
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IX. DESCRIPTION OF LAND USE CATEGORIES
This section contains detailed information for the land use categories
listed in the Land Use/Public Supply Well Pollution Potential Matrix.
Each category contains a description of the typical operating processes
and procedures for that particular business or activity. Associated with
these land use categories are various products that contain potential
groundwater contaminants such as those listed in the Matrix. Every land
use category has its own set of practices involving the use, storage,
handling, and disposal of these products. These practices are described
and followed by a list of Best Management Practices (BMPs) that can be
used to mitigate the threat of groundwater contamination from the
particular land use activity.
Best Management Practices can be written into permits and site plan
reviews, and can be incorporated into a bylaw setting environmental'
standards. Environmental standards can be enacted to apply to a variety
of land use activities. For example, standards can include specifications
for hazardous materials storage and containment, storm water management,
erosion and sedimentation controls, sand and gravel excavation, earth
removal, and limits to lot coverage in order to minimize loss of recharge
to groundwater (NEIWPCC, 1988). For additional information, please refer
to Section X. Local Regulatory Techniques.
A. Storage, Handling & Disposal of O. Landfills
Municipal & Industrial Wastes
s
B. Leaking Petroleum Storage E. Septic Tanks
Tanks
F. Agricultural Practices:
C. Uncovered Road Salt/Sand Pesticides &
Stockpiles Fertilizers
Many Activities Have the Potential to Contaminate Groundwater
SOURCE: New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission,
January, 1987.
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Agricultural CroDland and Golf Courses
Farmers apply pesticides to agricultural land to control crop
diseases, kill insects and destroy weeds. Fertilizers are also applied to
the land to provide nutrients to the soil for better crop growth.
Grounds-keepers tending golf courses use pesticides and fertilizers in a
similar manner to enhance the growth and appearance of the fairways,
greens and other turf. Agricultural cropland and golf courses are major
sources of pesticides and nitrates due to the large amount of treated
land, application procedures and irrigation practices.
Once applied, pesticides can dissolve and be carried over the ground
with runoff from precipitation and irrigation and entelf the groundwater
via man-made conduits such as drainage wells and ditches, filtration
basins and wells. Pesticides can also leach from the soils to the
groundwater (please refer to section on Pesticides). In April, 1984, the
DEQE closed three gravel-packed wells that supplied 5.0 mgd to Vest
Springfield, Massachusetts due to contamination by the fumigant ethylene
dibromide (EDB). In Massachusetts, some of the pesticides that have been
found in at least one location in groundwater include: Alachlor, Dinoseb,
Carbofuran, Aldicarb, EDB, Oxamyl, 1,2-D and 1,3-D.
Fertilizers contain organic, inorganic and synthetic compounds that
supplement the soil's supply of nutrients, making it more fertile. The
plant nutrients found in fertilizers are ions that are easily absorbed by
plant roots. One of the nutrients in fertilizers, nitrogen, is of
particular concern with respect to groundwater quality. Nitrogen that is
not taken up by plants and bacteria or volatilized, leaches out of the
soil as nitrate nitrogen (NO^") which is highly soluble and mobile in
soils and groundwater (see section on Nitrates).
Boom sprayerUsed to apply liquid pesticide
for agriculture, turf, and nursery crops.
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information
Flyer #7, November 1985.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Agricultural Land and Golf Courses
To reduce the threat of groundwater contamination from agricultural
cropland and golf courses, local officials should be aware of pesticide
and fertilizer use on those lands located within the recharge areas of
their public supply wells. The following BMPs emphasize proper land
management to reduce runoff and soil losses as well as careful pesticide
and fertilizer use. For information on BMPs for animal wastes, please
refer to the BMP section under Stables and Animal Feedlots.
Erosion and Runoff Control Practices
The USDA Soil Conservation Service, the Cooperative Extension Service
and the~Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) provide
technical assistance for BMP that apply to agricultural lands and large
turf areas. Currently, the UMASS Cooperative Extension Service is
developing a database on soil types, pest problems and the characteristics
of the pesticides used in Massachusetts (i.e., "leachers"). This database
will enable the Cooperative Extension Service to analyze a farmer's soil
sample and pest problem and then make specific recommendations for the
type of pesticide to use.and the appropriate application method.
The list of BMP included in this handbook is not complete. BMPs have
been compiled from several sources. Readers are advised to check with
their local Extension Agents and state agencies for up-to-date and site
specific BMPs. The technical expertise of the agencies mentioned above is
necessary to adapt and implement BMP to site characteristics and specific
problems. For example, the use of a BMP to control runoff and increase
infiltration rates may be detrimental to groundwater quality. If
pesticides or fertilizers with soluble and mobile components ("leachers")
are used in conjunction with a BMP to reduce runoff, the infiltrating
water may be contaminated. However, reducing runoff and sediment losses
will reduce the transport of pesticides that are bound to soil particles.
Examples of BMP to Control Erosion and Runoff (USDA, 1984)
o Conservation Tillage o Contouring
o Stripcropping o Grassed Waterways
o Filter Strips o Cover Crops
o Sediment Basins
Fertilizer Management (USDA, August 1984)
The method of fertilizer application is important. Several factors
should be considered before fertilizer is applied:
1. Type of crop or turf
2. Method and timing of application
3. Weather conditions
4. Soil characteristics
5. Fertilizer application should be based on a current soil test
(one taken within the last 12 months).
6. Fall application of nitrogen on sandy soil should be avoided.
7. A winter cover crop should be established where needed.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Agricultural Land and Golf Courses
Pesticide Management
1. Chemicals used must be registered at the Federal, state and local
level.
2. Chemicals must be applied strictly in accordance with authorized
uses, label directions and other Federal or state policies and
requirements.
3. Spray equipment should be properly calibrated and maintained.
4. Rinsewater from containers and application equipment can be
diluted and spread on crops or turf.
5. Check-valves should be installed in irrigation systems that
inject chemicals into irrigation water to prevent backflow
of the pesticides into the system.
6. Banned or outdated pesticides should be disposed of through
a licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Pesticide formulation can have a considerable impact on loss by
various transport routes (USDA, September 1984). The Extension Service
recommends that the following guidelines be followed to aid in the
selection of pesticide formulation and application methods. !
1. Wettable powders and microgranules are considered to be the most
susceptible to runoff losses.
2. Dusts, wettable powders and fine liquid sprays have the greatest
drift losses.
3. Aqueous solutions, liquid and liquid concentrates, especially
when applied as fine sprays, have very high losses due to
volatilization.
4. The use of granules, pellets and emulsions reduce losses by
volatilization and drift.
The amount of pesticides applied to crops and turf areas can be
reduced by improving the application efficiency, using non-chemical
control measures (integrated pest management) and substituting less toxic,
less persistent and less mobile pesticides whenever possible.
Pesticide and Fertilizer Storage Areas
o Outdoor storage facilities should have a permanent roof to
prevent precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage
area.
o Outdoor storage facilities should have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
* 10% of the total volume of the containers, or
* 110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever
is larger.
o Above-ground tanks and containers should be stored on an
impervious surface (i.e., a coated concrete pad) that is free of
cracks and gaps.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
; Agricultural Land and Golf Courses
' o Indoor storage areas for tanks and drums should be clearly marked
and separate from work areas. Storage areas should not be
located near floor drains.
o Mixing areas for pesticides should be located indoors, away from
floor drains.
o Any floor drains located in buildings used for storage or mixing
of pesticides and fertilizers should be connected to a holding
tank not a septic system or sanitary sewer.
o Wastes collected in a holding tank must be disposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Disposal of Pesticide and Fertilizer Wastes
The use of pesticides and fertilizers generates several different
types of wastes: leftover or unusable pesticides and fertilizers, empty
containers and rinsewater. DEQE's hazardous waste regulations (310 CMR
3CKOO) govern the disposal of pesticides and other hazardous wastes.
However, the leftover pesticides, fertilizers and rinsewaters are not
'regulated by the state. Please contact the DEQE Division of Hazardous
Waste for further information. Pesticide use by homeowners is not
regulated by the state. Homeowners should exercise extreme caution and
carefully follow all label directions. Leftover pesticides should be
disposed of through an organized Household Hazardous Waste Collection Day
(contact Barbara Kelley, DEM Office of Safe Waste Management (617)
727-3260).
o Leftover pesticides (as long as they are not banned or
restricted) and rinsewaters from container or equipment cleaning
should be diluted and spread on the land as needed. Follow all
label directions.
o Pesticide containers can be disposed of in landfills if they are
emptied in accordance with hazardous waste regulations.
Containers can be triple-rinsed and the residue from rinsing can
then be applied (according to label directions) to the land when
needed .
o Pesticide containers can be emptied in accordance with state
hazardous waste regulations and disposed of in a sanitary
landfill. Paper bags are considered "empty" if they have been
shaken to remove all wastes to the extent feasible or if the
liner has been removed. A container is considered "empty" is no
more than one inch of residue remains in the bottom or if it has
been rinsed with an effective solvent or cleaned an approved
method.
o Bags and containers that held acutely hazardous waste as defined
by DEQE must be disposed of through a licensed hazardus waste
transporter.
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
The use of pesticides should be a part of an overall pest management
strategy that includes biological controls, cultural methods, pest
monitoring and other practices. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an
interdisciplinary approach to pest management and crop production that
incorporates the following approaches:
- Pest identification and monitoring
- Economics of crop production and pest management
- Proper horticultural, soil management and pesticide application
practices
- A "least is best" pesticide strategy
- Pesticide selection and safety
- Use of biological controls
Since 1978, the University of Massachusetts Cooperative Extension has
conducted IPM programs in Massachusetts for apples, cranberries, potatoes,
sweet corn, turf and strawberries.
Apple IPM
The Apple IPM program, begun in 1978, is now in the maintenance
phase. Stage I is complete and Stage II is in a pre-pilot phase. Stage I
of the apple IPM resulted in approximately a 40% reduction in pesticide
use in the participating orchards compared to useage prior to 1978 (UMASS
Cooperative Extension, 1987). Stage II is a more holistic and innovative
orchard management strategy that includes reducing and intercepting
immigrating pests at the orchard perimeter, using enhanced biological
controls, mating disruption and other novel techniques. The goal of Stage
II apple IPM is to reduce insecticide and miticide use by up to 70%
compared to 1978 levels.
Cranberry IPM
Cranberries are the state's most valuable agricultural commodity. The
1986 cranberry crop was the largest in Massachusetts' history with total
earnings of $91 million (UMASS Cooperative Extension, 1987). Thirty-one
(31) growers with a total of 416 acres of bog participated in the 1987 IPM
program. IPM growers receiving scouting services and spray
recommendations applied fewer numbers and/or a lower dosage equivalent of
insecticide than non-IPM growers.
Potato IPM
In 1987, 395 acres of commercial potatoes on 18 farms were enrolled in
the potato IPM program. Based on the results of the UMASS Cooperative
Extension 1987 IPM program, participating IPM growers used approximately
2.6 fewer insecticide applications against the Colorado potato beetle and
aphids compared to pre-IPM surveys with no reduction in crop yield.
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Sweet Corn IPM
Nineteen commercial growers with 1200 acres of sweet corn participated
in the 1987 sweet corn IPM. The results of the 1987 program are not
available at this time however, the 1986 program participants had a 36.9%
reduction in the number of spray treatments compared to non-IPM growers.
Turf IPM
In 1986, the first year of Turf IPM, 66 homeowners in the Amherst and
Springfield area participated in the program. Scouts visited the turf
areas from mid-May to mid-September. The scouts emphasized proper
cultural practices and diagnosed and monitored insect, weed and disease
pests. Most diagnosed pests and diseases did not require pesticide
application while persistent weeds did require treatment.
The program results determined that a typical IPM participant could
save between $140.00 to $200.00 by enrolling in the IPM program rather
than using a professional lawn care service. The Turf IPM coordinators
reported that interest in the program is high. They anticipate having 300
participants for the 1987 program. More importantly, the program
coordinators "...believe that demonstrating a high level of homeowner
interest in IPM for turf will convince commercial lawn care companies to
offer a scouting service as an alternative to regular calender-based lawn
treatments...."
In the second year of Turf IPM, 135 participants in the metropolitan
Boston area enrolled in the 1987 Turf IPM program. These participants
applied an average of about 50% fewer fertilizer and pesticide sprays than
homeowners contracting with commercial firms (UMASS Cooperative Extension,
1987).
Strawberry IPM
According to the UMASS Cooperative Extension, there is a strong
incentive to develop IPM strategies for strawberry growers based on the
following facts:
1. Strawberries are a pesticide-intensive crop.
2. Several registered strawberry pesticides are no longer available
for use and no alternative pesticides are available at this
time.
3. Possible public exposure to pesticides in "pick-your-own"
strawberry blocks.
The strawberry IPM program is in its first year of pre-pilot activity.
Baseline weather and pest data is being collected and control and sampling
techniques are being developed. In addition, a survey sent to 300 growers
will provide data on current practices and perceived pest management
needs.
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Alroorts
Maintenance facilities for aircraft and other airport vehicles
generate wastes that are potential groundwater contaminants including
waste oil, gasoline, hydraulic fluid, cleaning lubricants, degifeasing
solvents, used batteries, tires, and broken or junk metal airplane parts.
Some common maintenance practices include spraying degreasing solvent on
aircraft engines, changing oil, batteries, hydraulic fluid and
lubricants. Fuel trucks refuel many of the planes at the loading gates.
Jet fuel is also drained and replaced in the maintenance hangars.
To train fire crews at airports, gasoline/petroleum products are
sometimes poured onto the ground and set ablaze. Once in contact with the
ground, these contaminants can migrate down through the soil into the
groundwater.
Airport workers apply pesticides and herbicides to areas surrounding
the runways to keep the plant and weed growth to a minimum.
Storage areas for the petroleum products, solvents, pesticides and
road salt used by the airport workers are a potential threat to
groundwater quality. Underground storage tanks (UST) containing jet fuel,
gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil and solvents are a major threat to
groundwater if they are old, rusting or leaking (please see section on
Underground Storage Tanks). Raw materials and wastes stored in 55 gallon
drums should be tightly covered and placed on an impermeable surface to
prevent leaks and spills from infiltrating the soil. Outdoor storage
facilities should be protected from rain, sun and other precipitation.
Improper use and disposal of these products may contaminate
groundwater. Spills that occur during refueling or the spraying of
degreasing solvent on engines and parts should be contained immediately
and cleaned up. Leftover paint, rags contaminated with solvents, oil or
paint, and speedy dry used to absorb oil and other liquids should be
handled as hazardous waste and disposed of through a licensed waste
hauler.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Airports
Waste Type
Oil
Diesel Fuel
Solvents (thinner or
degreaser)
Gasoline
Batteries
Management
Do not mix the waste with anything,
e.g., kerosene or gasoline
Store in tightly covered containers
Store containers as full as
possible to prevent vapors
and the chance of explosion
If the batteries are cracked and
leaking acid, they are a hazardous
waste and must be shipped with a
manifest via a DEQE-licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
To avoid leakage, batteries should
be stored on pallets, banded and
protected from the elements and
unauthorized handling.
Batteries that remain intact are
not a hazardous waste and can be
transported as a hazardous material
to a reclaimer. Reclaimers may not
be willing to accept small numbers
of batteries. It is recommended
that businesses work with
distributors that will accept dead
batteries in exchange for new ones.
Floor drains in maintenance bays should be connected to a holding
tank or sanitary sewer equipped with an oil and grit separating
tank.
Wastes collected in a holding tank must be disposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Large drip pans should be kept beneath the spigots of drums that
are stored in a horizontal position on racks.
adapted from the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering, Division of Hazardous Waste Fact Sheets for various
businesses.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
AIRPORTS
o Cleaning rags contaminated with paint, solvents,/oil or gasoline
should be recycled through a rag rental/cleaning service.
o Outdoor storage facilities should have a permanent roof to
prevent precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage
area.
STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
o Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a Surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and ฃs impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
o Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
o Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
o Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
o An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container (i.e, a 55 gallon drum) and tank must be clearly
and visibly labeled throughout the period of accumulation with
the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
o Each container must be in good condition.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated.
o Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
o Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Airports
o Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period
of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring
system.
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Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the
tank or designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the
tank with a dip stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the
level of oil again. If the difference in the oil levels measured is
greater than 1/2 an inch, the test results must be immediately called in
to the local fire chief and the nearest DEQE regional office. Written
notice of the test results must be sent to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements. '
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the' tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
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Asphalt Plants
Asphalt plants are generally located near quarries where workers mine
sand, gravel and other aggregate material. The aggregate is sorted, dried
in a kiln and sorted again to meet the size specifications of each job.
Oil and asphalt emulsions are then blended with the sorted aggregate to
produce asphalt. Soil contaminated with oil from leaking underground
storage tanks is used as aggregate by some plants. In addition, the
soil to be used by the asphalt plants can contain no more than 3% free
liquids (no floating oil or oil sheen).
The oil and asphalt emulsions used in the batching process and the
fuel oil used to fire the kiln that are stored in underground tanks,
aboveground tanks or 55 gallon drums may be a threat to groundwater
quality if the underground tanks are old or leaking or if the storage
areas for the aboveground tanks and drums do not have an impervious floor,
a roof and berms to contain spills.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Asphalt Plants
o Storage areas for contaminated soil are strictly regulated by
DEQE. These areas must have an impervious floor, berms to
contain spills, a leachate collection system and a roof.
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
o Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
o Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
o Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
o Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
' o An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
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-67-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Asphalt Plants
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASflE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type 6f hazard(s) (e!g., ignitable, toxic)
- dat on which accumulation began
o Each container must be in good condition.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated.
o Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
o Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
o Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For Ml Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
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. -68-
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
t .
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CNR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period
of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste ,
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring
system.
Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the
tank or designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the
tank with a dip stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the
level of oil again. If the difference in the oil levels measured is
greater than 1/2 an inch, the test results must be immediately called in
to the local fire chief and the nearest DEQE regional office. Written
notice of the test results must be sent to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
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-69-
Design Standards for Nev Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resis'tant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or w
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
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-70-
Boat Yards/Builders
Boat yards maintain, repair and construct wooden and fiberglass
boats. Routine maintenance performed on motors generates waste engine
oil, antifreeze, batteries and spent gasoline/oil mixtures. 'Hydrochloric
and phosphoric acid solutions may be used'to clean and polish metal
fixtures on the boats. The raw materials used in these procedures and the
resulting wastes are potential groundwater contaminants. The wastes
should be disposed of through a licensed hazardous waste hauler. Liquid
wastes such as the antifreeze (contains ethylene glycol), petroleum
products and acid solutions should be stored in 55 gallon drums or other
leakproof containers fitted with secure lids to prevent spills and leaks.
Drums and containers should be placed on an impervious surface to prevent
spills from entering the soil.
Typical raw materials required to repair or build wooden and
fiberglass boats include: fiberglass, resins, treated lumber,' solvents and
paints. Wastes generated during the repair process are spent resins,
stained, painted or treated wood, used paint thinner, stripper, paint
brushes, rollers, spray equipment and paint sludges.- These wastes are
potential groundwater contaminants due to the phenols contained in
resins, heavy metals in paints, solvents in thinners and strippers and
wood preservatives such as creosote and pentachlorophenol in the
lumber. Liquid and solid wastes should be properly stored and disposed of
through a licensed waste hauler. Spent resins, paint 'sludges, rags
contaminated with solvents or paints and discarded lumber that are dumped
on-site or stored in an area open to the elements pose a threat to
groundwater quality. Rainwater and melting snow running over these wastes
will cause the phenols, heavy metals and other toxic constituents to
leach from the wastes into the soils and groundwater.
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-71-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Boat Yards and Builders
Wastes should be stored in 55 gallon drums or other leakproof
containers. Drums and containers should be fitted with secure
lids to prevent spills, leaks and the introduction of
precipitation.
Outdoor storage facilities should have a permanent roof to
prevent precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage
area.
Paint guns should be cleaned in a container to prevent
groundwater contamination. A high quality solvent should be used
so they can be recycled. Use two cleaning tubs, one with clean
solvent and one with "dirty" solvent. Wash the spray equipment
in the dirty tub first. Another option is a commercial gun
washing system. .
Rags contaminated with paint, solvents, grease or oil should be
sent to a rag rental/recycling facility.
Boat Yard owners are responsible for the hazardous wastes
generated by their "do-it-yourself" customers. Owners should
post signs and train an employee to be responsible for assisting
customers.
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-72-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Boat Yards and Builders
Waste Type
Oil
Diesel Fuel
Solvents (thinner or
degreaser)
Gasoline and Water
Paint chips
Batteries
Oil Contaminated Soil
and Clean-up Debris
Antifreeze
Management
Do not mix the waste with anything,
e.g., kerosene or gasoline
Store in tightly covered containers
Store containers as full as
possible to prevent vapors
and the chance of explosion
Catch the chips in a tarp. Paint
chips from metal-based paint may
contain lead, chromium, barium,
or arsenic. These chips must be
disposed of as a hazardous waste
unless an EP Toxicity test proves
that they are non-hazardous.
If the batteries are cracked and
leaking acid, they are a hazardous
waste and must be shipped with a
manifest via a DEQE-licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
To avoid leakage, batteries should
be stored on pallets, banded and
protected from the elements and
unauthorized handling.
Batteries that remain intact are
not a hazardous waste and can be
transported as a hazardous material
to a reclaimer. Reclaimers may not
be willing to accept small numbers
of batteries. It is recommended
that Boat Yards work with
distributors that will accept dead
batteries in exchange for new ones.
Must be handled as a hazardous
waste.
Although antifreeze is not listed
as a hazardous waste, it can
contaminate groundwater.
Antifreeze should be shipped with
the hazardous waste transporter as
a "non-hazardous" waste or taken to
a hazardous waste facility.
Antifreeze may not be disposed of
in a landfill or septic system.
-------
For tanks and drums that contain waste oil and other petroleum
products, spent solvents, sludges and spent acid solutions, the storage
facilities must incorporate the following design standards:
HAZARDOUS VASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
o Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored. , :
o Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry>,
o Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any. .points ,of '
generation.
o Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
o An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment, such
as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
o Each container must be in good condition.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated.
o Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
o Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed. : . <> .
o Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
-------
-74-
Car Washes
Automatic car wash operations are equipped with large, rotating
brushes and high pressure soap, rinsewater, and wax spigots. Self-service
bays may be drive-in, covered areas or located outside on a small, paved
bay. The cleaning apparatus is usually a pressurized spray "gun" that
dispenses a soap solution, rinsewater, and wax solution. Soap solutions
used by car wash businesses usually contain a degreasing solvent such as
methylene chloride or trichloroethylene (TCE) to enhance the cleansing
ability of the soap solution.
The DEQE no longer grants discharge permits to new car washes in
unsewered areas. However, wastewater from existing car wash operations
contains several potential groundwater contaminants and therefore, is a
threat to groundwater quality. Car washes generate a significant quantity
of wastewater contaminated with sodium and chloride from road salt,
oil, gasoline and grease from the undercarriage of the vehicle,
solvents from the soap solutions, trace metals, and detergents.
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-75-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Car Washes
In areas where connection to a sanitary sewer is available,
interior floor drains should contain an oil/water separation
system which includes a collection tank which separates sand/grit
and oil/grease from the wastewater before discharging the wash
water into the sewer system. Periodically (6" - 12 months) the
tank should be emptied by a licensed hazardous waste transporter.
In areas where connection to a sanitary sewer is not available,
new car wash operations are not permitted by the DEQE Division of
Water Pollution Control. Existing facilities should install a
holding tank, similar to the oil/water separation system, but
without provisions for discharge of the wastewater. The contents
of the tank must be removed by a licensed waste oil hauler. The
rinsewater should be recycled into the soap operation! Typical
volume of the holding tank, with partial recycling',' ranges from
4,000 to 5,000 gallons.
Dry wells should never be used for wastewater disposal.
Facilities should not provide steam cleaning or other engine
cleaning services. Such operations can increase runoff of oil
and degreasing solvents. This is of particular concern with
self-service car washes, where patrons have the opportunity to
clean the engine of a vehicle. Automated operations only wash
the outside of the vehicle.
The entrance of drive-in bays of self-service operations should
be designed with a lip to contain wastewater and divert it into
the oil/water separation system.
Facility should maximize the recycling of rinsewater.
2
adapted from recommendations made by the State of Connecticut,
Department of Environmental Protection, Water Compliance Unit.
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-76-
Cemeteries
Leachate from cemeteries may contaminate groundwater if non-leak-proof
or no caskets were used. Pesticides and fertilizers applied to trees,
shrubs and grass during routine landscaping and maintenance operations may
leach into the groundwater. Also, formaldehyde from embalmed corpses has
been a source of contamination. Several site-specific factors affect
leachate production including the soil type, depth to water table and
amount of precipitation. Cemeteries located in areas that have a high
water table and receive high amounts of precipitation may release
contaminants to the ground water system.
In areas with thin soil cover over the bedrock, groundwater quality
may also be degraded by cemetery leachate. According to the EPA, few
actual cases of groundwater contamination due to cemeteries have been
documented. In most instances, groundwater contamination due to cemetery
leachate would be highly localized.
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-77-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Cemeteries
Fertilizer Management
The method of fertilizer application is important. Several factors
should be considered before fertilizer is applied:
1. Type of turf
2. Method and timing of application
3. Weather conditions
4. Soil characteristics
5. Fertilizer application should" be based on a current soil.ttfst
(one taken within the last 12 months).
6. Fall application of.nitrogen on sandy soil should be avoided.
Pesticide Management
1. Chemicals used must be registered at the Federal, state and local
level.
2. Chemicals must be applied strictly in accordance with authorized
uses, label directions and other Federal or state policies and
requirements.
3. Spray equipment should be properly calibrated and maintained.
4. Rinsewater from containers and application equipment can be
diluted and spread on turf.
5. Check-valves should be installed in irrigation systems that
inject chemicals into irrigation water to prevent backflow
of the pesticides into the system.
6. Banned or outdated pesticides should be disposed of through
a licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Pesticide formulation can have a considerable impact on loss by
various transport routes (USDA Extension Service, 1984). The Extension
Service recommends that the following guidelines be followed to aid in the
selection of pesticide formulation and application methods.
1. Wettable powders and microgranules are considered to be the most
susceptible to runoff losses.
2. Dusts, wettable powders and fine liquid sprays have the greatest
drift losses.
3. Aqueous solutions, liquid and liquid concentrates, especially when
applied as fine sprays, have very high losses due to
volatilization.
4. The use of granules, pellets and emulsions reduce losses by
volatilization and drift.
The amount of pesticides applied to turf areas can be reduced by
improving the application efficiency, using non-chemical control measures
(integrated pest management) and substituting less toxic, less persistent
and less mobile pesticides whenever possible.
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-78-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Cemeteries
Pesticide and Fertilizer Storage Areas
6 Outdoor storage facilities should have a permanent roof to
prevent precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage
area.
' o Outdoor storage facilities should have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
* 10% of the total volume of the containers, or
* 110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
o Above-ground tanks and containers should be stored on an
impervious surface (i.e., a coated concrete pad) that is free of
cracks and gaps.
o Indoor storage areas for tanks and drums should be clearly marked
and separate from work areas. Storage areas should not be
located near floor drains.
o Mixing areas for pesticides should be located indoors, away from
floor drains.
o Any floor drains located in buildings used for storage or mixing
of pesticides and fertilizers should be connected to a holding
tank not a septic system or sanitary sewer.
o Wastes collected in a holding tank must be disposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Disposal of Pesticide and Fertilizer Wastes
The use of pesticides and fertilizers generates four different types
of wastes: leftover or unusable pesticides and fertilizers, empty
containers and rinsewater. DEQE's hazardous waste regulations (310 CMR
30.00) govern the disposal of pesticides and other hazardous wastes.
However, the leftover pesticides and fertilizers and rinsewaters are not
regulated by the state.
Leftover pesticides (as long as they are not banned or
restricted) should be disposed of by diluting the pesticide in
the application tank and spraying it on the land. Follow all
label directions.
Pesticide containers can be disposed of in landfills if they are
emptied in accordance with hazardous waste regulations.
Containers can be triple-rinsed and with the residue from rinsing
applied to the land when needed (according to label directions).
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-79-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Cemeteries
Paper bags are considered "empty" if they have 'been shaken to
remove all wastes to the extent feasible or if the liner has been
removed.
Bags and containers that held acutely hazardous waste as defined
by DEQE must be disposed of through a licensed hazardus waste
transporter.
Rinsewaters from container or equipment cleaning should be
diluted and spread on the land.
-------
-80-
Chenical Manufacture
Businesses that manufacture industrial organic and inorganic
chemicals, plastics, pigments, pesticides, synthetic rubber and fibers,
explosives or gum and wood chemicals are some examples of the chemical
manufacturing land use category. A discussion of the wide range of
processes and products used by these industries is beyond the scope of
this handbook. However, some generalizations can be made concerning the
types of wastes generated by these businesses.
Typical wastes produced by these plants include wastewater treatment
sludges, spent solvents, emission control sludges, container residues,
distillation residues, unused chemicals, waste heavy metal catalysts from
plastic materials and strong acid or base solution wastes. The following
table lists some common wastes generated by chemical manufacturing
plants. Please refer to appropriate discussions in the Contaminant
section for additional information.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
November, 1986.
Waste Type
Acid/Base Wastes
Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
Nitric Acid (HN02)
Sulfuric Acid (H2S04
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
Spent Solvents
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Perchloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Spent Catalysts
Heavy metal sludges that contain Cadmium, Cobalt, Manganese
and/or Zinc
-------
r'; -81-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is Impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
Each container (i.e, a 55 gallon drum) and tank must be clearly
and visibly labeled throughout the period of accumulation with
the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulatio'n began
Each container must be in good condition.
Wastes of different types must be segregated.
Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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-82-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period
of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring
system.
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-83-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the
tank or designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the
tank with a dip stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the
level of oil again. If the difference in the oil levels measured is
greater than 1/2 an inch, the test results must be immediately called in
to the local fire chief and the nearest DEQE regional office. Written
notice of the test results must be sent to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
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-84-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
Storage Tanks and Containers
Structural design management practices
Use careful selection of materials and design in construction
of storage tanks. Tank manufacturers, dealers and suppliers
should be consulted for compatibility with chemicals and
ambient environment.
Use secure weldings for steel tanks. Double-welded, butt
joints are stronger than lap welded joints and less
susceptible to crevice corrosion at the head and shell seams.
Flammable liquids stored indoors in metal tanks should be
grounded to avoid fire hazards, use of a bonding strip and
ground clamps is a common method. (Contact local fire
departments for information and assistance).
Provide different containers to segregate different types of
materials and waste. Keep storage containers in a separate
area away from the active work area.
Paint lines on the floor and post signs indicating "Hazardous
Materials Storage Area."
For outdoor storage, replace bungs on the tops of drums to
prevent the entry of rainwater, and to prevent spills if the
drums are tipped over. Cover drums with a plastic cover to
reduce rusting and weathering.
Hazardous substances should be stored on paved, impervious
surfaces. An overcoating of epoxy on the surface may be
needed for certain acids or caustics.
Outdoor storage areas constructed with berms or dikes should
have a permanent covering or roof to prevent stormwater from
accumulating in the containment area and mixing with any
leaked substances.
these Best Management Practices were adapted from: New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation, September
1984, Spokane County Engineers Office, Water Quality
Management Program Coordination Office, July 1986, and the
Waste Systems Institute of Michigan, Inc., May 1986. Please
refer to the bibliography for the complete reference.
-------
-85-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
Housekeeping
o Labels placed on containers stored outdoors should be
resistant to unfavorable weather conditions.
o Maintain an accurate log or inventory of materials stored on
site and investigate any changes in volume that may be due to
leaks or spills.
Spill Containment and Overflow Prevention
Structural design .management practices
o Loading docks and areas should be covered to prevent
stormwater from mixing with any spilled chemicals or
materials.
o Uncovered loading docks should be designed with a spill sump
to catch and store any chemicals spilled, and provide for the
release of stormwater through manual operation.
o Indoor storage or work areas with earth or gravel floors
should have a subfloor synthetic containment liner to prevent
infiltration of chemicals through soils. Liner material must
be resistant to chemicals being stored.
o Nozzles used for filling tanks should be equipped with
automatic shutoff valves.
o Designs should provide for the diversion of tank overflows to
an adjacent tank.
o Tanks should be equipped with visual gauges to monitor fluid
levels.
Housekeeping
Operators should design a model Spill Prevention Control and
Cleanup Plan in the event of a spill.. The plan could
include notification procedures, site plan illustrating
direction of stormwater flow, physical description of
potential spill sources and materials involved, description
of operational procedures and employee training program.
Absorbant materials such as kitty litter, sawdust, soil or
clay should be kept on hand for emergency cleanups and
containment in the event of a spill. Some spill cleanup kits
afe available with adsorption capabilities to reduce toxicity
of the hazardous material while absorbing the spilled
substance.
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-86-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
Facilities designed with indoor fire sprinkler systems should
consider the effect of the sprinkler system on the spill
* 'containment system: The containment.system should.be designed to
hold a.reasonable amount,of fire suppression water.
Use drip pans under spigots of chemical and oil containers to
catch spills which occur while transferring liquids to other
containers. Drip pans should be routinely emptied into hazardous
waste containers for recycling, reuse or proper disposal.
An operator should be on-site continually to monitor the filling
of tanks and drums.
Avoid transferring substances in areas that are not equipped with
proper curbing, paving and spill catchment facilities.
Regular inspections and maintenance should be conducted on spill
prevention equipment.
Transfer Facilites
Structural design management practices
o Use careful selection of materils for piping, as with tanks.
o Breakage of underground pipes or loosening of pipe fittings can
be minimized if swing joints are installed to allow for thermal
expansion and differential settlement.
o Emergency shut-off valves should be strategically placed and
designed to close automatically when a pipeline rupture occurs.
o Design spill overflow catchment sumps to catch overflows which
occur when filling underground storage tanks from above ground
tanks. This system should only be used where the area
surrounding the inlet pipe is paved.
o Design in-ground protection channels for transfer hoses, to allow
vehicular traffic to pass over without damaging the hose and to
catch any leaks from faulty hose or connections.
Housekeeping
o Avoid overfilling containers, especially if stored indoors.
Fifty-five gallons of some hazardous materials can expand to 60
or more when exposed to the heat of the sun, and will then
overflow.
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-87-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Chemical Manufacture
Piping installations must have all lines properly identified with
tags, plates, or painted colors.
Operators should know the function of every line and the location
of critical valves in order to operate them properly and shut the
system off in case of an emergency.
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-88-
Clandestine Dumping Areas
The clandestine dumping of household, commercial and industrial wastes
generally occurs along utility rights-of-way, in abandoned sand and gravel
pits or in areas made accessible by roads. The disposal of wastes in this
manner can be a serious threat to groundwater quality due to the wide
range of liquid and solid wastes that can be dumped. Liquid wastes may be
poured onto the ground or left in unlabelled drums. Although the types of
wastes disposed are extremely varied and not easily categorized, some
examples include demolition debris, household hazardous wastes or wastes
not accepted by municipal landfills, i.e., junk appliances, tires, used
motor oil and antifreeze, septage, spent solvents, phenols and low-level
radioactive wastes from commercial or industrial processing.
SOURCE: Maine Association of Conservation Commissions, 1983.
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-89-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Clandestine Dumping Areas
The Board of Health or designated local board/official should
monitor and inspect areas where dumping is likely to occur
including:
- abandoned sand and gravel pits
- utility rights-of-way
- remote areas that have been made accessible by dirt
roads or access rights-of-way
- unmonitored and/or easily accessible junkyards, stump
dumps and other disposal areas
A list of potential dumping areas should be compiled and
periodically updated using information gathered during a
windshield survey, an inspection of aerial photographs and
U.S.G.S. topographic maps, and interviews with local residents.
If wastes are discovered, the DEQE Division of Hazardous Waste
should be contacted immediately. The DEQE will aid the town in
determining the proper containment and cleanup techniques.
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Drv Cleaning
-90-
4
Dry cleaning businesses use solvents as degreasers and cleaning agents
to launder clothing and other articles. Improper storage of barrels and
tanks containing solvents may result in accidental spills or leaks. Lint
filters, lint and sludge saturated with solvents are also a threat to
groundwater quality when carelessly discarded.
Most dry cleaning businesses store their solvents in 55-gallon drums
or in storage tanks. The drums and tanks may be kept either inside or
outside the building. One of the most commonly used solvents is
tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene. Other solvents
which may be used are trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and methylene
chloride.
The cleaning machines are large rotary washers that use solvents
rather than soap and-water-. In most cases, the solvent is filtered
through a cartridge and recycled. Used solvent can be purified.on site
through distillation if.the dry cleaning facility has the proper
equipment.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
November 1986.
Cleaning machines, dryers and the distillation equipment are connected
to exhaust vents. The condensate from these vapor exhaust systems
contains some amount of"solvent and is a potential groundwater
.contaminant.
Cleaning machines have gravity separating devices that allow any water
in the solvent to rise to the top where it can be skimmed off into another
container. Some units boil off this liquid. The quantity of this water
is small (less than one gallon per month). However, this water is
contaminated with solvents and must be disposed of properly. If not
discarded, this water/solvent mixture may be used as a pre-spotter on
heavily soiled garments.
Information describing the operational processes, procedures and
BMPs for this business was obtained from: Connecticut Department of
Environmental Protection, "Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide
to Groundwater Protection for Local Officials." 1984.
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-91-
Typical drycleaning process illustrating points where
tetrachloroethylene exits the system.
HjO Saturated with
Tetrachloroethylene
H2O Saturated with
Tetrachloroethylene
Sewer, Cesspool
Backyard
Grease, Oil
2% - 40%
Tetrachloroethylene
Dirt, Lint, Spent filters
Sewer, Cesspool
Backyard
Landfill, backyard
Waste Oil Hauler
some Tetrachloroethylene
RECLAIMER
IDryer I
retrachloroethylene
Vapor
Landfill, Backyard
SOURCE: Center for Environmental Research, Water Resources Program,
Cornell University, January 1987.
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-92-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Dry Cleaners
Outdoor storage facilities for tanks and drums should have a
permanent roof to reduce sunlight on tanks and prevent
precipitation from entering dikes.
Indoor storage areas for drums and tanks should be located away
from floor drains.
Floor drains should be connected to holding tanks, not a septic
system or sanitary sewer.
Wastes collected in holding tanks should be disposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Lint filters, lint, sludge, exhaust condensate and waste solvents
should be disposed of through a licensed hauler.
Exhaust vents should be equipped to capture any dripping liquid.
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
o Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
o Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
o Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape,, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
o Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
o An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
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-93-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Dry Cleaners
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
o Each container must be in good condition.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated.
o Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
o Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
o Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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Furniture Stripping and Refinishing
-94-
5
Furniture stripping operations generate solid wastes and wastewaters
that have a wide range of pH's and contain high concentrations of metals
and solvents. These solid and liquid wastes are potential groundwater
contaminants and, if the untreated wastewater is discharged into a septic
system, it may also be toxic to septic system bacteria.
Generally, furniture strippers use either a two-step or five-step
process to remove paint, varnish, lacquer or wax from wood and metal
pieces. The principal solvent in most stripping solutions is methylene
chloride (dichloromethane) dissolved in a mixture of methanol or isopropyl
alcohol and water. Smaller quantities of solvents such as acetone,
perchloroethylene and toluene may also be present in the stripping
solution. The methylene chloride stripping solution is a cold tank
solution with a moderately to highly alkaline pH. Most shops conserve and
recycle their stripping solution. However, the solution that adheres to
the work piece is carried into rinsing tanks and contaminates the water
with solvents, alcohols and metals. The spent rinse water is a potential
groundwater contaminant and must be disposed of properly.
In the two-step process, the piece of metal or wood is soaked in a
tank containing the methylene chloride stripping solution. After the work
piece has soaked for a predetermined amount of time, it is removed and the
loosened paint, varnish, lacquer and/or wax is scraped, wiped or brushed
off. Wastes produced by this process are paint solids and rags soaked
with solvent and paint residue. Some operations use a pressure hose or
dip the piece in a still-rinse tank to remove loosened paint. These two
practices generate wastewater contaminated with solvents, alcohols and
heavy metals from paint residue.
Another common stripping solution is one that contains sodium
hydroxide (lye) or potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) as its main
constituent. This solution is highly alkaline (pH of 12.0 or higher) and
is normally kept heated to a temperature between 90-120 degrees
Fahrenheit. These stripping solutions also contain high concentrations of
sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate as well as smaller concentrations
.of surfactants and petroleum naptha.
Larger shops that handle a greater quantity of work normally use the
five-step stripping process which consists of three solution tanks and two
rinsing procedures. The piece of wood or metal is first soaked in a
stripping tank that usually contains the methylene chloride solution
previously described. Next, the work piece is removed from the stripping
solution and dipped into a hot or cold caustic tank to remove the loosened
paint, lacquer, varnish or wax. After the piece is removed from the
caustic tank, it is rinsed with water from a pressure hose or immersed in
a still-water tank.
Information describing the operational processes, procedures, and
BMPs for this business was obtained from: Connecticut Department of
Environmental Protection, "Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide
to Groundwater Protection for Local Officials." 1984.
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-95-
The final solution tank contains phosphoric or muriatic acid
(hydrochloric acid) which "neutralizes" the work piece and may also
lighten or bleach some wood pieces. After the acid dip, the work piece is
rinsed with water.
Groundwater contamination due to furniture stripping operations can
result from the improper storage and disposal of rinsewaters and dipping
solutions. Methylene chloride stripping solutions are usually recycled.
However, the caustic and acid baths become weak and must be discarded.
These highly alkaline or acid wastes contain various concentrations of
methylene chloride and other solvents as well as metals. Rinsewaters
usually contain very high concentrations of methylene chloride along with
alcohols, metals and other solvents. The two most common metals found in
rinsewaters contaminated by paint residue are lead and zinc. Other metals
may be present in these rinsewaters, including titanium (present in newer
paints), chromium, aluminium, copper and iron.
Businesses whose operations include the painting, staining and/or
finishing of wood may use many products and generate waste that contain
potential groundwater contaminants. The improper storage and disposal of
new materials and wastes can result in the release of these contaminants
to the groundwater. Typical ingredients in enamel, lacquer and acrylic
paints include toluene, pigments, halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic
hydrocarbons and glycol ether. Wastes produced during the painting
process generally are solvent solvents and paint wastes that contain high
concentrations of heavy metals.
Stains usually contain mineral spirits, pigments and alcohol.
Varnish, shellac and polyurethane are common finishes used by these
businesses. They contain denatured alcohols, resins, petroleum
distillates and toluene diisocyanate. Generally, wastes from staining and
finishing processes are spent solvents and solvent sludges.
Furniture refinishing shops use solvents to clean their brushes and
spray guns. These paint thinners, enamel reducers, varnish and shellac
removers contain ingredients such as acetone, toluene, petroleum
distillates, methanol and methylene chloride. Spent solvents and paint
.residues from these cleaning processes can contaminate groundwater and
must be disposed of properly.
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-96-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Furniture Strippers/Refinishers
o Untreated rinsewaters should not be discharged to a sanitary
sewer, septic system, storm drain or surface water.
o Spent acid and alkaline solutions should be stored in a secure
holding tank and disposed of through a licensed waste hauler.
o Paint sludges should be stored in covered containers.
o Stripping sludges must be stored in covered containers and
disposed of through a licensed hazardous waste transporter.
o Cleaning rags contaminated with paint, lacquers, solvent or
sludge should be recycled through a rag rental/cleaning service.
o Rinsewaters are classified as "wastewater" or hazardous waste.
Because the concentration of solvents, alcohol and metals in
rinsewater varies, the generator must have a laboratory test the
rinsewater and determine its classification.
o Discharges of rinsewaters classified as "wastewater" to a septic
system are regulated by the DEQE's Division of Water Pollution
Control. Discharges to a sewer system are regulated by the local
sewer authority.
o Rinsewaters classified as hazardous waste must be collected,
stored and shipped through a licensed hazardous waste
transporter.
o Spent acid and caustic baths that contain methylene chloride and
other solvents, and metals must be disposed of through a licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
o Stripping Solutions:
According the the Connecticut Department of Environmental
Protection (1984), many of the shops in their state have no discharge at
all due to the mode of operation or chemical vendor.
For example, Union Chemical Company of Union, Maine supplies a
stripping solution that contains dimethylforamide and xylene rather than
methylene chloride. Shops that use this solution dip the work pieces in
tanks or spray the work pieces inside an enclosure. Any drippage is
recirculated back through a rough screen or carbon absorption process.
Another shop that uses a similar stripper made by DuPont, wipes or brushes
the work piece over the solution tank; no water is used. All drippage
goes into the solution tank. Sludge is the only waste generated.
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-97-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Furniture Strippers/Refinishers
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the foil-owing:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
Each container must be in good condition.
Wastes of different types must be segregated.
Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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-98-
Hazardous Materials Storage and. Transfer
The storage and transfer of hazardous materials can be a serious threat to
groundwater quality. For example, accidents that occur during the transport of
materials can result in the release of significant quantities of petroleum
products, pesticides, solvents or radioactive wastes from damaged drums and
tanks. If spills and leaks occur at transfer stations and are not immediately
contained and cleaned up, contaminants enter the soil and may migrate to the
groundwater. Storage areas for hazardous materials should have an impermeable
floor, berms to contain spills, a leachate collection system and a roof.
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-99-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Hazardous Materials Storage and Transfer
Storage Tanks and Containers
Structural desisn management practices
Use careful selection of materials and design in construction of
storage tanks. Tank manufacturers, dealers and suppliers should
be consulted for compatibility with chemicals and ambient
environment.
Use secure weldings for steel tanks. Double-welded, butt joints
are stronger than lap welded joints and less susceptible to
crevice corrosion at the head and shell seams.
Flammable liquids stored indoors in metal tanks should be grounded
to avoid fire hazards, use of a bonding strip and ground clamps
is a common method. (Contact local fire departments for
information and assistance).
Provide different containers to segregate different types of
materials and waste. Keep storage containers in a separate area
away from the active work area.
Paint lines on the floor and post signs indicating Hazardous
Materials Storage Area.
For outdoor storage, replace bungs on the tops of drums to prevent
the entry of rainwater, and to prevent spills if the drums are
tipped over. Cover drums with a plastic cover to reduce rusting
and weathering.
Hazardous substances should be stored on paved, impervious
surfaces. An overcoating of epoxy on the surface may be needed
for certain acids or caustics.
Outdoor storage areas constructed with berms or dikes should have
a permanent covering or roof to prevent stormwater from
accumulating in the containment area and mixing with any leaked
substances.
these Best Management Practices were adapted from: New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation, September 1984, Spokane
County Engineers Office, Water Quality Management Program Coordination
Office, July 1986, and the Waste Systems Institute of Michigan, Inc., May
1986. Please refer to the bibliography for the complete citation.
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-100-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Hazardous Materials Storage and Transfer
Housekeeping
o Labels placed on containers stored outdoors should be resistant
to unfavorable weather conditions.
o Maintain an accurate log or inventory of materials stored on site
and investigate any changes in volume that may be due to leaks or
spills.
Spill Containment and Overflow Prevention
Structural design management practices
o Loading docks and areas should be covered to prevent stormwater
from mixing with any spilled chemicals or materials.
o Uncovered loading docks should be designed with a spill sump .to
catch and store any chemicals spilled, and provide for the
release of stormwater through manual operation.
o Indoor storage or work areas with earth or gravel floors should
have a subfloor synthetic containment liner to prevent
infiltration of chemicals through soils. Liner material must be
resistant to chemicals being stored.
o Nozzles used for filling tanks should be equipped with automatic
shutoff valves.
o Designs should provide for the diversion of tank overflows to an
adjacent tank.
o Tanks should be equipped with visual gauges to monitor fluid
levels.
-Housekeeping
o Operators should design a model Spill Prevention Control and
Cleanup Plan in the event of a spill. The plan could include
notification procedures, site plan illustrating direction of
stormwater flow, physical description of potential spill sources
and materials involved, description of operational procedures and
employee training program.
o Absorbant materials such as kitty litter, sawdust, soil or clay
should be kept on hand for emergency cleanups and containment in
the event of a spill. Some spill cleanup kits are available with
adsorption capabilities to reduce toxicity of the hazardous
material while absorbing the spilled substance.
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-101-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Hazardous Materials Storage and Transfer
Facilities designed with indoor fire sprinkler systems should
consider the effect of the sprinkler system on the spill
containment system. The containment system should be designed to
hold a reasonable amount of fire suppression water.
Use drip pans under spigots of chemical and oil containers to
catch spills which occur while transferring liquids to other
containers. Drip pans should be routinely emptied into hazardous
waste containers for recycling, reuse or proper disposal.
An operator should be on-site continually to monitor the filling
of tanks and drums.
Avoid transferring substances in areas that are not equipped with
proper curbing, paving and spill catchment facilities.
Regular inspections and maintenance should be conducted on spill
prevention equipment.
Transfer Facilites
Structural design management practices
o Use careful selection of materils for piping, as with tanks.
o Breakage of underground pipes or loosening of pipe fittings can
be minimized if swing joints are installed to allow for thermal
expansion and differential settlement.
o Emergency shut-off valves should be strategically placed and
designed to close automatically when a pipeline rupture occurs.
o Design spill overflow catchment sumps to catch overflows which
occur when filling underground storage tanks from above ground
tanks. This system should only be used where the area
surrounding the inlet pipe is paved.
o Design in-ground protection channels for transfer hoses, to allow
vehicular traffic to pass over without damaging the hose and to
catch any leaks from faulty hose or connections.
Hous eke ep ing
o Avoid overfilling containers, especially if stored indoors.
Fifty-five gallons of some hazardous materials can expand to 60
or more when exposed to the heat of the sun, and will then
overflow.
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-102-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Hazardous Materials Storage and Transfer
Piping installations must have all lines properly identified with
tags, plates, or painted colors.
Operators should know the function of every line and the location
of critical valves in order to operate them properly and shut the
system off in case of an emergency.
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HJEh Technology Industries
In general, the term "high technology" refers to industrial
enterprises which utilize state-of-the-art technological innovation and
development. Producers of electronic components and semiconductors,
computers, optical and scientific instruments, and communications
equipment are examples of industries in this land use category.
Non-electronics industries such as those manufacturing engines and
turbines, aircraft, plastics, drugs, and photographic equipment are also
considered high tech industries. Despite common perceptions that these
industries are "clean" compared to traditional industries and
manufacturing "high tech," the electronics manufacturing sector,
especially, utilizes and generates a variety of hazardous materials that
may cause contamination if not used, maintained, and disposed of
properly. Some of the more common chemicals and compounds used in the
electronics industry include, but are not limited to:
Solvents
Acids
Bases
Metals
acetone
n-butyl acetate
tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
chromic acid
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen fluoride
ammonium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
antimony
arsenic
barium
beryllium
cadmium
isopropanol
2 -e thoxye thano1
toluene
freons
xylene
nitric acid
phosphoric acid
sulfuric acid
chromium
lead
manganese
nickel
silver
Other
Manufac tur ing
Materials
asbestos
epoxy resins
plasticizers
curing agents
(methyl ethyl ketone)
specialty chemicals
(e.g., mixtures of
2 or more chemicals
of different
categories)
(The most common source of public well contamination in Massachusetts has
been the release of organic solvents. Please refer to appropriate discus-
sion in the section on Contaminants for further information.)
* Information describing the operational processes and procedures for
these industries was obtained from: Golden Empire Health Planning Center,
"High Tech and Toxics - A Guide for Local Officials," 1985.
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-104-
A primary component of the electronics industry is the semiconductor,
or "chip,," a tiny device containing complex circuitry which allows informa-
tion to be stored, processed, and transmitted. Large amounts of a variety
of chemicals are required for their manufacture. Semiconductors are con-
structed from wafers of silicon sliced into very thin, five inch disks.
During wafer manufacture, wastewaters containing acids, metals, silicon
particles, organic solvents, and various coolants are generated. In the
procedure that follows, wafer fabrication, hundreds of identical chips are
produced on each wafer utilizing a photolithographic etching process. The
wafers are repeatedly exposed to acids, solvents, and toxic gases as micro-
scopic circuit patterns are etched into them. Wastes produced in the fab-
rication 'process include wastewater, spent solvents, exhaust condensate
from hazardous gases, and contaminated oils from vacuum pumps. Printed
circuit board manufacturers and metal platers are two industries associat-
ed with 'the manufacture of electronics hardware. These industries tend to
generate significant quantities of wastewater and waste sludges containing
metals. Industrial solvents and acids are also used to clean or brighten
printed circuit boards.
Threats to groundwater from the high tech industries include illegal
hazardous waste disposal, leaking storage tanks and containers, accidental
spills and contaminated wastewater discharges. Hazardous liquids and
degrading solid wastes may seep into the ground from landfills, waste
ponds, injection wells, septic systems and leaching fields contaminating
soil and groundwater. Poor housekeeping and inappropriate storage of
materials may result in undetected leaks or spills from storage areas and
tanks. Discharges of chemical-laden wastewater into sewer systems can
corrode sewer pipes and leak contaminants into water supplies.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Facility should implement a source reduction program to minimize the
amount of hazardous materials and wastes used and generated. Various
techniques are commercially available in the electronics manufacturing
industry. For example, alternatives to the photo etching process
include plasma etching and laser etching, which reduce the production
of waste acids and eliminate other waste intensive steps. Another
alternative is product reformulation, in which a less hazardous chemi-
cal may be substituted in the manufacturing process.
Facility should implement techniques to recycle and recover industrial
wastes for reuse. This would reduce the volume of waste requiring
storage, transport and disposal. Solvent extraction and distillation,
less water-intensive rinsing, and electrolytic metal recovery are
examples of available technology. Although semiconductor manufactur-
ing often maintains stringent standards on the purity of solvents
used, users of recycled solvents in other industries may be found
through a commercial waste exchange program.
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-105-
All wastewater should be treated to remove contaminants before dispos-
al into municipal sewers or surface waters. Available technologies
include neutralization of acids and bases; carbon adsorption and strip-
ping with steam, air, or an inert gas, to remove solvents; and ion
exchange to remove metals. Local officials should keep in contact
with local industries and state officials to ensure compliance with
federal and state pre-treatment standards. Sewer systems should be
checked for leaking sewage outflow from faulty pipes, which might
release pollutants underground.
Proper management and good housekeeping of hazardous materials storage
areas should be clearly outlined in a plan including properly designed
storage facilities, engineering safeguards to prevent chemical acci-
dents, employee training, maintenance and testing, and emergency re-
sponse plans to handle spills. Please refer to appropriate discus-
sions in Hazardous Materials Storage Transfer.
Monitoring wells should be installed and tested on a regular basis in
order to evaluate the land uses impact on local groundwater quality.
Septic system sludges and discharges should be analyzed periodically
to determine whether any industrial chemicals are entering the sani-
tary disposal system and potentially the groundwater system.
Please refer to "Industrial Materials Storage and Transfer" section of
this manual for additional applicable Best Management Practices, which
should also include: Standards for Hazardous Waste Accumulation Areas
(310 CMR 30.351 [8]); Standards for Containers and Tanks (310 CMR
30.680, 30.690); Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(30.253 [l][g] and 30.340 [l][a] 2.b); Testing Requirements for Exist-
ing Underground Waste Oil Tanks (30.235 [l][h] and 30.340 [l][a] 2.b);
Labeling for Waste Oil Tanks (30.340 [l][b]); and General Operating
Requirements for All Underground Waste Oil Tanks (30.695-30.696).
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-106-
Industrial Lagoons and Pits
' * , - .
Industries use lagoons and pits to store, treat and/or dispose of
wastewater, sludge and solid waste.. Industrial waste is a serious threat to
groundwater quality when placed in unliried lagoons and pits located in
permeable soils. The function of these lagoons and pits is to allow the
wastewater and other liquids to evaporate or percolate down through the soil.
As the Matrix illustrates, industrial lagoons and pits may contain wastes
with any or all of the 18 groundwater contaminants listed. These contaminants
can enter the groundwater by direct seepage of fluids through the sides and
bottom of unlined lagoons and pits. With the inflow of fluid waste and
precipitation, the toxic constituents of solid wastes and sludges can leach out
and seep through the unlined lagoons and pits and enter the groundwater.
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-107-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Industrial Lagoons and Pits
Provisions of the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984 (HSWA) require:
* ban the landfilling of bulk, noncontainerized liquids.
* ban injection of hazardous waste into or above any
formation within 1/4 mile of an underground source of
drinking water.
Existing surface impoundments must be retrofitted to comply with
the Minimum Technology Standards by November 1988, or stop
receiving, storing, or treating hazardous wastes, and close the
impoundment.
New surface impoundments must comply with the Minimum Technology
Standards as follows:
* impoundments must include a double liner.
* impoundments must include a leachate system.
* a leak detection system must be installed between the
liners.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste,"RCRA
Orientation Manual," EPA/530-SW-86-001, January 1986.
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-108-
Jewelrv and Metal Plating
Jewelry and metal plating operations perform several different processes
including machinery, grinding, buffing, polishing, lettering, enameling,
cleaning, electroplating and painting.
Highly acidic or basic plating wastewaters from electroplating operations
generally contain appreciable concentrations of heavy metals. Acid plating
solutions usually contain copper, nickel, zinc and cadmium while basic plating
solutions may contain zinc. Sludges contaminated with heavy metals are also a
waste product from tank clean-out during the electroplating process.
Detergents and degreasing solvents are used to clean machinery and processed
metal. Most jewelry and metal plating businesses generate waste oil from
cutting or lubricating procedures and cyanide wastes from chelating processes.
Waste Types
Spent Solvents
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Acid/Base Solution Wastes
Hydrofluoric Acid HF
Nitric Acid HN02
Phosphoric Acid H3PO^
Potassium Hydroxide KOH
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
Sulfuric Acid H2S04
Heavy Metal Wastewater/Sludges
Copper
Cadmium
Nickel
Zinc
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-109-
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Jewelry and Metal Plating
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.3V51 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does not
have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous wastes
being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line or
tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE" in
capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment, such
as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled throughout
the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
Each container must be in good condition.
Wastes of different types must be segregated.
Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure. ,
Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is being
added or removed.
Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for signs of
leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers must be adequate
to allow for inspections.
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BEST HANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Jewelry and Metal Plating
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground.when any portion is below ground or
if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are categorized as
existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed before October 15,
1983 and new tanks are tho.se installed on or after October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or,an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a was.te feed cut-off system
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
p Check the area, around the tank at .least once a week for obvious signs
of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period of
accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October 15,
1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring system.
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Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the tank or
designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the tank with a dip
stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the level of oil again.
If the difference in the oil levels measured is greater than 1/2 an inch, the
test results must be immediately called in to the local fire chief and the
nearest DEQE regional office. Written notice of the test results must be sent
to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank must be
sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by the
tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be kept for at
least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action, or as requested
by DEQE, whichever is longer.
Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
I
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one of
two requirements. '
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect the
tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There must also
be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the tank.
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Junkyards
Junkyard businesses buy or accept discarded, wrecked and abandoned
automobiles, trucks, buses and trailers. Generally, junk vehicles remain in
the junkyard for a specified time period (6 months - 1 year) during which all
useful parts are removed and offered for sale. Junk vehicles may also be sold
intact. Vehicles that remain in the lot for a long period of time are usually
crushed and sent to a scrap metal facility.
Some junkyard operators collect brake and transmission fluids, antifreeze,
batteries, gasoline and motor oil from the junk vehicles. Waste fluids are
generally stored on-site in 55 gallon drums or in tanks. Uncontaminated
gasoline may be stored for use by junkyard forklifts and other machinery.
Usable batteries are stored and offered for sale; unusable batteries are
collected and stored. Storage areas for waste fluids are a potential threat to
groundwater quality.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Junkyards
Waste Type
Oil
Diesel Fuel
Solvents (thinner or degreaser)
Batteries
Oil Contaminated Soil
Antifreeze
Management
Do not mix the waste with anything,
e.g., kerosene or gasoline
Store in tightly covered containers
If the batteries are cracked and
leaking acid, they are a hazardous
waste and must be shipped with a
manifest via a DEQE-licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
To avoid leakage, batteries should
be stored on pallets, banded and
protected from the elements and
unauthorized handling.
Batteries that remain intact are
not a hazardous waste and can be
transported as a hazardous material
to a reclaimer. Reclaimers may not
be willing to accept small numbers
of batteries. It is recommended
that Junkyards work with
distributors that will accept dead
batteries in exchange for new ones.
Must be handled as a hazardous
waste.
Although antifreeze is not listed as a
hazardous waste, it can contaminate
groundwater. Antifreeze should be
shipped with the hazardous waste
transporter as a "non-hazardous" waste
or taken to a hazardous waste facility.
Antifreeze may not be disposed of in a
landfill or septic system.
Wastes should be stored in 55 gallon drums or other leakproof con-
tainers . Drums and containers should be fitted with secure lids to
prevent spills, leaks and the introduction of precipitation.
Outdoor storage facilities should have a permanent roof to prevent
precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage area.
Rags contaminated with paint, solvents, grease or oil should be sent
to a rag rental/recycling facility.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Junkyards
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does not
have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous wastes
being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment, such
as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or 110% of
the volume of the largest container, whichever is larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled throughout
the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
Each container must be in good condition.
Wastes of different types must be segregated.
Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
Each container holding hazardous wastes must'be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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Landfills
Municipalities and industries dispose of their wastes in sanitary
landfills. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency,
landfills are among the five most serious threats to groundwater quality in the
United States.
Groundwater contamination problems from landfills are quite common. As
rain and melting snow infiltrate the landfill material and percolate down
through the decomposing waste, contaminants are dissolved into water through
the process of leaching. The resulting contaminated water, called leachate.
moves downward through the landfill to the water table and migrates in the
direction of groundwater flow. Landfill leachate is highly variable in its
composition. Businesses, industries, institutions and households dispose of a
wide range of toxic and hazardous wastes laden with organic and inorganic
contaminants. Typical household hazardous wastes are toxic cleaning compounds,
pesticides, fertilizers, paint, solvents and waste oil from do-it-yourself
mechanics. Domestic hazardous wastes generally are produced in quantities too
small to regulate. However, these quantities combined with the toxic wastes
from businesses and industries result in highly contaminated leachate. Water
supplies become contaminated when the leachate plume moves into the zone of
contribution for a municipal well.
SOME PRODUCTS WE USE
SOME TYPICAL WASTES
solvents,
waste organic compounds and
sludges
HAZARDS
toxic and flammable
toxic
cyanide from the printed circuits,
metal sludges,
chromic acids
toxic
toxic
toxic and corrosive
waste organic compounds from
dyes,
solvents from synthetic fabrics
toxic
toxic and flammable
chromium shavings from the tan-
ning process
toxic
creosote,
caustics from Stripping,
lead and pigments from paints
toxic
toxic and corrosive
toxic
waste petroleum by-products,
acid sludges from refining
toxic and flammable
toxic and corrosive
organic solvents and other resi-
dues,
heavy metals like mercury and
zinc
toxic and flammable
toxic
SOURCE: Maine Association of Conservation Commissions, 1983.
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-116-
The amount of infiltrating water and length of time it is in contact with
landfill constituents are two factors controlling leachate formation. Frequen-
tly septage pits and lagoons are located at a landfill site which may increase
the amount of water infiltrating the area. Another problem associated with
landfills is groundwater mounding. Due to the lack of sufficient vegetation
and impermeable areas on landfill surfaces, precipitation infiltrates the soil
cover and refuse instead of flowing as surface runoff. The addition of this
infiltrating water may result in a local mounding or rise in water table eleva-
tion under the landfill. If the water table intercepts or rises above the base
of the landfill, the extended contact between the groundwater and the refuse
may contaminate groundwater.
Precipitation
& Irrigation |nfj
Massachusetts Audubon Society
Many factors affect the amount of leachate that is produced from a landfill.
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information
Flyer #8, July 1986.
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-117-
V
Municipal Landfills Often Contain Snail Amounts of Hazardous
Waste From Households and Small Businesses.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste,
November 1986.
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-118-
8
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Landfills
EDUCATE RESIDENTS
Distribute flyers listing alternatives.to household hazardous
substances with tax bills, water bills and town reports.
Sponsor public service announcements,about source reduction on local
cable TV stations or in local newspapers.
Contribute news -items about solid waste problems and solutions to
local newspapers and radio stations.
CONTROL AMOUNTS AND KINDS OF WASTES DISPOSED IN THE LANDFILL
Encourage recycling and composting.
Evaluate wastes produced by town businesses and industries. Check up
on waste disposal practices.
Establish a waste oil repository at the landfill (Contact DEQE
Division of Hazardous Waste for .information about permits).
Conduct regular household hazardous waste collection days (Contact
Barbara Kelley, DEM Office of Safe Waste Management, 100 Cambridge
St., Boston, MA 02202 or call (617) 727-3260).
OPERATION OF EXISTING TOWN LANDFILLS
Train landfill operators about town procedures for waste disposal and
the reasons for these procedures.
Town'officials should strictly enforce rules and regulations regarding
waste disposal.
Once a section of the landfill is filled, the landfill operator should
promp,tly apply an impermeable cover.
The landfill operator should properly gra^e the site to minimize
infiltration of precipitation.
Local officials should ensure that the landfill operator
conscientiously monitors the disposal of wastes and prevents the
disposal of hazardous materials.
Q
adapted from the Massachusetts Audubon Society's, "Landfills and
Groundwater Protection," Groundwater Information Flyer #8, Lincoln, MA.
July 1986.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CLOSING EXISTING LANDFILLS AND SITING NEW LANDFILLS
Review and utilize the latest regulations for siting of new solid waste
facilities and landfill closure issued by the DEQE Division of Solid Waste
Management. Substantially revised siting criteria and accompanying regulations
have recently been issued (please see Appendix A for 310 CMR 16.00, Site
Assignment for Solid Waste Facilities, Emergency Regulations). Please contact
the DEQE Division of Solid Waste for additional information After September 30,
1988, contact the State House Bookstore for copies of the final regulations.
Closing Existing
Landfills -
New Landfills
o Cap landfills with an impervious cover (clay
and/or membrane) to reduce infiltration of
precipitation
o Install recovery system to capture leachate
o Install groundwater monitoring wells
o Evaluate site location
proximity of surface waters and
wetlands
geology of site
elevation of the water table
flow directions of surface and
groundwater
location of existing public and private
water supplies
location of potential water supplies
and sole source aquifers
o New landfills are prohibited within the Zone II
area of public water supply wells. In the ab-
sence of a delineated Zone II, no new landfills
will be .sited within the Interim Wellhead Pro-
tection Area (IWPA) which is defined by a 0.5
mile radius around a public supply well or
15,000 ft. upgradient of the public supply
well.
o Investigate state-of-the-art landfill design
and monitoring techniques
clay or membrane liner
leachate collection system
leachate treatment system
environmental monitoring
o groundwater
o leachate
o gas
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-120-
o Follow proper operating procedures
daily processing and compacting of waste
daily application of soil cover
prompt capping of completed sections
grading of landfill to minimize
infiltration
improved monitoring of types of wastes
brought to the landfill
Effectiveness o Leachate plumes may travel significant
distances
o No liner is 100% impervious
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-121-
Laundromats
Neighborhood laundromats are equipped with washers, dryers and in some
facilities, self-service dry cleaning machines. Patrons apply degreasing
solvents to heavily stained or soiled clothing and add detergents, bleach,
fabric softener and disinfectants to the water in the washing machines.
Laundromats generate a significant quantity of wastewater contaminated
with detergents, solvents and pathogens (viruses/bacteria). Other wastes
include spent lint cartridges and cleaning solvents from the self-service
dry cleaning machines.
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Machine Shops and Metal Working
Machine shops and metal working operations perform many different
processes including turning, grinding, drilling, cutting, stamping,
buffing and polishing to alter metal stock, usually steel, into a wide
range of products such as wood screws, automobile parts and accessories,
appliance parts, needles and pins.
During "the metal grinding process, a recirculating water bath captures
the grinding dust which settles out in a tank. Periodically, the water
bath must be changed. The grinding sludges and waste water are potential
groundwater contaminants and must be stored and disposed of properly.
Shavings and metal chips coated with oil from metal machining or
stamping processes are usually disposed of in a dumpster or in drums. If
these receptacles lack covers, precipitation collects and mixes with the
oil. This liquid is a potential groundwater contaminant and may leak from
drums or dumpsters or spill during pick-up and transport by the scrap
dealer. Storage areas for waste oil and solvents also present a potential
threat to groundwater quality.
Most machine shops use degreasing solvents for routine maintenance on
machinery and for cleaning metal parts. Typical aromatic hydrocarbon
solvents used in these operations are benzene, toluene and xylene while
the common halogenated hydrocarbons used are trichloroethylene and
1,2-dichloroethylene. Please refer to section on Solvents for more
detailed information.
Metal heat treating is a process by which a metal's tensile strength,
density, electric resistivity, ductility and hardness can be changed.
After heat treating, the parts are first dipped in tanks which may contain
molten cyanide or non-cyanide salts and then they are immersed in a tank
filled with quenching oil and/or an acid solution. The parts are rinsed
in water and then dipped in oil for rust protection. Wastes generated by
the metal heat treating process include waste oil and spent cyanide and
acid solutions.
q
Information describing the operational processes, procedures, and
BMPs for this business was obtained from: Connecticut Department of
Environmental Protection, "Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide
to Groundwater Protection for Local Officials." 1984.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Machine Shops and Metal Working
Drain plugs in dumpsters and drums containing oil coated scrap
metal should remain in place. If oil/water liquid must be
removed, it should be drained into a secure container and
disposed of through a licensed waste hauler.
Scrap metal should be recycled through a scrap metal dealer.
In order to reduce solvent losses due to volatilization, tanks
should always be covered when not in use.
Spent solvents should be shipped to a licensed solvent recovery
facility for recycling rather than disposing of the wastes
through a hazardous waste disposal facility.
Outdoor storage facilities for tanks/drums containing waste oil,
spent solvent and sludges should have a permanent roof to prevent
precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage area.
Floor drains should be connected to a holding tank, not a septic
system or sanitary sewer.
Operators should use dry clean up methods rather than water
flooding whenever possible.
Drip trays and splash quards should be installed around the
solution tanks.
Wastes accumulated in holding tanks that are connected to floor
drains must be disposed of through a licensed hazardous waste
transporter.
Operators should periodically inspect the tanks and tank liners
that contain the acid or cyanide solutions.
To reduce the carryover or "drag-out" of cyanide or acid
solutions into the rinse waters:
* Increase the drainage time of the work piece over the
solution tank.
* Blow the solution off the work piece with a low pressure
air hose.
* Use fog or spray rinsing over plating baths.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Machine Shops and Metal Working
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
o Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
o Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
o Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
o Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
o An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment, such
as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
o Each container must be in good condition.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated.
o Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
o Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
o Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Machine Shops and Metal Working
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period
of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring
system.
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Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the
tank or designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the
tank with a dip stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the
level of oil again. If the difference in the oil levels measured is
greater than 1/2 an inch, the test results must be immediately called in
to the local fire chief and the nearest DEQE regional office. Written
notice of the test results must be sent to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
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Municipal Wastevater/Sewer Lines
Typical municipal sewage contains grease, oil, sediments, scum, human
excrement, pathogens (viruses/bacteria), sodium, chloride, pesticides,
solvents, heavy metals, detergents and a wide variety of flotsam such as
garbage and other urban refuse. This sewage travels through a system of
sewer lines to a Publicly Owned Treatment System (POTW) where it undergoes
primary or secondary treatment.
Primary Treatment
DEQE definition: removal of a minimum of 25% of the 5 day BOD
(Biochemical Oxygen Demand - a standard measure of the organic material in
a water sample that can be degraded in the presence of oxygen), 55% of the
suspended solids and 85% of the floating and settleable solids.
In the primary treatment process, screens are used to collect and
remove trash and large solids from the sewage. Sand, coffee grounds and
other grit must be removed to prevent clogging and abrasion of the pipes
and other moving parts in the treatment facility. The velocity of the
wastewater flow is reduced and the grit settles out into large tanks and
is removed. Floatable and settleable solids are removed in the primary
sedimentation process. With the addition of chemicals, flocculant
particles will aggregate and settle. In the settling basins, some of the
oils, insoluble soaps, waxes and grease will float to the surface where
they are removed while some of the material settles out with the sludge.
Secondary Treatment
DEQE definition: removal of a minimum of 85% of the 5-day BOD and
suspended solids, all floating and settleable solids and disinfection.
Effluent from primary treatment normally contains a number of
disease-causing microorganisms (pathogens), suspended solids, dissolved
organic compounds, heavy metals, nitrates and phosphates. Secondary
treatment of municipal wastewater involves the use of bacteria. There are
various biological treatment systems including the trickling filter
process, rotating biological reactors and the activated sludge process
that rely upon microorganisms with the addition of oxygen to degrade
organic material in the wastewater. In addition, the water is generally
disinfected with chlorine.
Even after the secondary treatment processes, municipal wastewater
contains various concentrations of volatile organic compounds (solvents),
phenols, nitrates, phosphates and heavy metals. Secondarily treated
wastewater can then be passed through a sand filter or discharged to rapid
sand infiltration beds or leaching fields in a process refered to as
"effluent polishing".
With respect to groundwater quality, treated wastewater that is
discharged to rapid sand infiltration beds or leaching fields is of
primary concern. Other disposal methods include discharge to surface
water bodies and to the ocean.
-------
-128-
Discharged effluent percolates down through the layers of sand, gravel
and soil in the sand beds or leaching field. The main attenuation
mechanism immobilizing the contaminants is sorption (please refer to
section on Sorption). Phosphates and metals are sorbed onto soil
particles and suspended solids are filtered out on the soil particles.
However, volatile organic compounds, nitrates, phenols and the remaining
metals are not attenuated by the sand and soil particles. Instead, they
pass through the filter beds and leaching field relatively unaffected and
may enter the groundwater.
Sewer Lines
Leaking sewer lines can be a serious threat to groundwater quality.
Leaky sewer pipes may discharge raw sewage directly into the soils through
which the they pass or into the groundwater that comes in.contact with the
pipes. Groundwater flowing into leaking sewer lines can overload the
treatment plant, resulting in plant malfunction and the discharge of
untreated wastewater to the leaching field or sand filter beds. Slugs of
organic contaminants that enter sewer lines can travel to the wastewater
treatment plant and render treatment systems inoperable by killing the
bacteria that decompose the various components of wastewater.
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Photographlc Processing/Printers
10
Commercial film developing and processing operations place the film on
reels or handle it manually and run it through the various process baths
and wash stations. The wash station baths run continuously and produce
the major daily discharge of wastewater. Typically, this wastewater has a
neutral to alkaline pH and contains various concentrations of acetate,
formaldehyde, butyl alcohol and thiosulfate carried over from the process
baths. The processing solutions, fixing baths, developers and stabilizers
contain organic compounds that are biodegradable in a sewage treatment
plant including:
Chemical Source
2,4-dinitrophenol
benzylalcohol
elon (p-methylaminophenol)
hydroquinone
thiosulfates and sulfites
developer dye
color developer
black and white developer
black and white developer
fixing baths
However, several organic compounds - ethylene diamine, hexylene glycol
and atrazinic acid - found in color developers are not biodegradable in a
sewage treatment plant. The disposal of concentrated photo processing
wastes and wastewater to a septic system may destroy the bacteria that
breakdown the sewage.
PRINTING- Co.
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
November 1986.
Information describing the operational processes and procedures
for this business was obtained from :Connecticut Department of
Environmental Protection, "Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide
to Groundwater Protection for Local Officials." 1984.
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The most common metal found in photographic processing wastes is
silver. Film contains silver and when it is put in the fixing bath, the
silver reacts with the thiosulfate to form silver thiosulfate. Due to the
high market value of silver, most commercial operations use a chemical or
electrolyte silver recovery system. A commonly used chemical recovery
system consists of a small canister that contains steel wool. As the
rinsewater from the fixer or the spent fixer is poured through this
canister, the iron in the steel wool is replaced with silver in a simple
ion exchange reaction. The iron is dissolved in the wastewater instead of
the silver, giving it a reddish-brown tint. When the exchange capacity of
the steel wool is exhausted, the canister is sent to a silver recovery
business. Silver recovery systems may not be cost effective for
residential darkrooms or small commercial operations. Silver thiosulfate
that is discharged into a septic system will remain in the tank in its
highly insoluble form - silver sulfide. When the tank" is pumped, the
silver sulfide is removed with the septage.
Printing Businesses
Printing businesses prepare text, illustrations and graphics and
produce numerous types of publications including brochures, pamphlets,
booklets, posters and stationery. For example, typesetting, lithography,
letterpress, engraving and photoengraving are the processes used to
prepare the material which is then printed by heatset and non-heatset
lithography, business form printing, letterpress printing or screen press
printing processes.
Wastes generated by printing operations include spent ink and ink
sludges that'may contain heavy metals and solvents. The composition of
these inks can vary depending upon the process; i.e., lithography,
letterpress, or screen printing. Oil-based or paste inks are normally
composed of colorant or pigments, varnish, a drier that contains cobalt or
manganese, extenders, solvents and modifiers. Fluid inks contain resins
and solvents or oil and additives such as wetting agents, waxes and
driers. Not all waste inks and ink sludges are potential groundwater
contaminants; however, those that contain heavy metals and solvents are
a threat to groundwater quality and should be handled and disposed of
accordingly.
Both commercial photographic processing laboratories and printing
businesses generate large quantities of spent developer and fixer.
Printers also generate significant quantities of spent cleaning solvents
which may contain 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene or ethyl
benzene (see section on Solvents). These products are potential
groundwater contaminants and should be stored in leakproof containers and
disposed of through a licensed hazardous waste hauler. Oftentimes, rags
or spray equipment are used to apply cleaning solvents to the printing
presses, plates or screens. Rags are also used to wipe off excess ink
from the presses.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Photo Processors/Printers
o Cleaning rags contaminated with ink and solvents should be
recycled through a rag rental/cleaning service.
o Spent solvents and ink sludges should be stored in secure
containers and disposed of through a licensed hazardous waste
transporter.
o If economically feasible, spent fixer should be recycled to
reclaim the silver.
Wastewater or spent fixer that contains more than 5 mg/1 of silver is
classified as a hazardous waste. Silver is a precious metal and can be
reclaimed through various recycling devices.
o Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQG) generate less than 25
gallons of hazardous waste (including spent fixer) each month.
VSQG may treat spent fixer and reclaim silver at the site of
generation; no recycling permit is required.
o Small Quantity Generators (SQG) and Large Quantity Generators
(LQG) generate more than 25 gallons of hazardous waste
(including spent fixer) each month.
*The SQG or LQG can use a recovery device directly
connected by pipe to the film processor at the site of
generations (no recycling permit required).
*The SQG or LQG can use a recovery device that is free
standing and not connected to the film processor (recycling
permit required).
o All businesses that use recycling units must monitor the
concentration of silver in their effluent.
o Spent fixer may not be discharged into a septic system without a
groundwater discharge permit from the DEQE's Division of Water
Pollution Control.
o Spent fixer must meet concentration limits of the local sewer
authority before it can be discharged into a sewer system.
o If the silver recovery device does not produce effluent with an
acceptable silver concentration ( less than or equal to 5 mg/1),
the effluent must be disposed of through a licensed hazardous
waste transporter.
o When recycling is not an option, spent fixer and developer should
be stored in secure containers and disposed of through a licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Photo Processors/Printers
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible
line or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points
of generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
o Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
o Each container must be in good condition.
o Wastes of different types must be segregated.
o Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
o Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
o Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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Railroad. Tracks and Yards/Maintenance Stations
Maintenance facilities for railroad cars provide a number of routine
services and generate wastes that contain several different groundwater
contaminants. Workers use degreasing solvents and strongly acidic or
basic cleaning fluids to remove oil and grease from engine parts and to
clean other freight car equipment. Strong acid and base solutions are
also used to remove rust. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used
to flameproof diesel and electric locomotive transformer oil. Maintenance
yards that provide painting services use thinners, primers, enamels,
lacquers and other paints. Wastes generated during the painting process
are contaminated with solvents and heavy metals such as lead, nickel and
chromium.
Railroad maintenance facilities store new and used oil, solvents and
fuel in underground storage tanks, 55 gallon drums or aboveground tanks.
Underground tanks are a serious threat to groundwater quality if they are
old, rusty or leaking (see section on Underground Storage Tanks).
Unsheltered outdoor storage facilities do not adequately protect tanks
and drums from rain and other precipitation. With the addition of
rainwater or snow, petroleum products, solvents in uncovered drums will
overflow onto the ground. In addition, tanks, barrels and drums will rust
when exposed to the elements; small pits and holes form allowing
contaminants to spill onto the ground. Any spills that occur in storage
facilities not equipped with an impervious floor (i.e., coated concrete)
will infiltrate the soil and may reach the groundwater.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Railroad Tracks and Yards/Maintenance Stations
o Floor drains located in maintenance bays should be connected to a
holding tank or sanitary sewer equipped with an oil and grit
separating tank.
o Wastes collected in a holding tank must be diposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste hauler.
o Large drip pans should be kept beneath the spigots of 55 gallon
drums that are stored in a horizontal position on racks.
o Cleaning rags contaminated with paint, solvents oil or gasoline
should be recycled through a rag rental/cleaning service.
o Outdoor storage facilities for drums and tanks should have a
permanent roof to prevent precipitation and sunlight from
entering the storage area.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Railroad Tracks and Yards/Maintenance Stations
HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREA STANDARDS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
.not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
Each container and tank must be clearly and visibly labeled
throughout the period of accumulation with the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
Each container must be in good condition.
Wastes of different types must be segregated.
Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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Research Laboratorles/Dniversities/Hospitals
The solid wastes and wastewaters generated by research laboratories
and university laboratory facilities may vary depending upon the current
research contract or particular project in progress. However, some
typical wastes generated by these facilities might include radioactive
wastes, spent solvents, acidic and basic solutions, tissues and cultures
containing pathogenic viruses/bacteria and other wastes contaminated with
phenols, nitrates and trace metals.
~i " s
Hospitals generate wastes similar to those listed for the research and
university labs. In addition, x-ray facilities located in the hospitals
produce spent fixers and developers that contain silver and other trace
metals as well as solvents. The solvent xylene is generally used in
tissue preparation. Hospitals also use radioactive materials as tracers
and dyes. In addition, disinfectants and other industrial detergents are
used for cleaning and sterilization purposes. Proposed standards for
medical waste are in the process of development.
SOURCE: U.Si Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste,
November 1986.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Research Labs/Universities/Hospitals
See Massachusetts Standards for Satellite Accumulation (310 CMR
30.351(4)). '
It may be feasible for larger institutions to set up satellite
accumulation areas, allowing the facility to accumulate up to 55
gallons of hazardous waste, or one quart of acutely hazardous
waste, at each point where waste is generated. The following
conditions must be met:
* The waste must be generated from a process at the location
of the satellite accumulation.
* Each satellite accumulation area can have only one container
for each waste stream in use at a time.
* Each satellite accumulation area must be managed by the
person who is directly responsible for the process producing
the waste.
* The waste must be removed to the main designated
accumulation area within three days after the container is
full.
See the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR); 49 CFR, section 178,
118, Department of Transportation regulations for the packaging
of hazardous wastes and substances; specifications on "lab
packs."
The facility should implement a hazardous waste minimization
program to reduce risks of contamination related to storage and
disposal. Strategies include:
* substitution of non-hazardous materials.
* redistribution of unused or surplus chemicals through a
materials exchange program within the facility.
* conducting micro-scale experiments.
In-lab neutralization or chemical treatment may reduce the
toxicity of wastes, allowing for disposal as a non-hazardous
material (American Chemical Society, March 1983).
Wastewater from laboratory operations, such as cleaning
glassware, or excess samples not to be stored, may be discharged
into a laboratory drain system that is separate from the sanitary
wastewater drain system. The laboratory drains should feed into
neutralization pits before discharging wastewater into sewer
systems that lead to publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs)
(Stalzer, April 1985).
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Research Labs/Universities/Hospitals
o Avoid storing hazardous materials in glass containers which can
easily break (Waste Systems Institute of Michigan, Inc., May
1986).
o Rinsewater should enter a laboratory drain system before being
discharged to a sewer system.
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Road and Maintenance Depots/Road Deicing
Municipal Departments of Public Works (DPW) and Highway Departments
use petroleum products and degreasing solvents during routine maintenance
procedures on dump trucks, road graders and other vehicles. These
facilities store new and waste motor oil, antifreeze, brake fluid,
hydraulic fluid and solvents in 55 gallon drum, aboveground or underground
tanks. Most garages store gasoline and diesel fuel in underground storage
tanks in order to provide on-site refueling of town vehicles. These tanks
and the piping systems are a threat to groundwater quality if they are
old, rusty or leaking (see section on Underground Storage Tanks).
Generally, vehicles are serviced in garage bays or outside in the lot
(which may or may not be paved). Wastes generated during vehicle
maintenance operations include used motor oil and filters from oil
changes, old antifreeze, spent solvents from the cleaning/degreasing of
parts, waste fuel and filters from fuel filter changes and used hydraulic
and brake fluid. These wastes can contaminate groundwater if careless
spills and accidental leaks are not immediately contained and cleaned up.
For example, if a spill of new or waste product occurs on the paved lot,
the contaminant may enter a nearby storm drain and infiltrate the soil
through a leaching catch basin or it may enter the sewer system (see
Stormwater Drains and Retention Basins section). On an unpaved lot, the
contaminant would infiltrate the soil and migrate down to the groundwater.
Municipal Park Departments spray pesticides and herbicides on the
trees, shrubbery and grass in public parks, gardens and forests to kill
insects and weeds. DPWs may also use pesticides to control weed growth
along roadways and municipal rights-of-way. Groundwater may become
contaminated due to spills that occur when the pesticides are mixed and
loaded into the application equipment. The improper disposal of leftover
pesticides and containers is also a threat to groundwater quality.
Unsheltered outdoor storage facilities do not adequately protect tanks
and drums from rain and other precipitation. With the addition of
rainwater or snow, petroleum products, solvents and pesticides in
uncovered drums will overflow onto the ground. In addition, tanks,
barrels and drums will rust when exposed to the elements; small pits and
holes form allowing the contaminants to spill onto the ground. Any spills
that occur in storage facilities not equipped with an impervious floor
(i.e., coated concrete) will infiltrate the soil and may reach the
groundwater.
DPW and Highway Department trucks apply sand and sodium chloride (road
salt) to deice roads during the winter months. Storage areas for road
salt are a major threat to groundwater quality if the salt pile is not
completely covered and resting on an impermeable surface. Sodium is very
soluble in water and highly mobile (see Sodium and Chloride sections).
With the addition of precipitation, salt from uncovered piles will leach
into the soil and groundwater. Seven municipalities have closed their
wells due to contamination by sodium chloride: Auburn, Braintree, Dedham/
Westwood, Reading, Scituate, Weston and Yarmouth (DEQE, 1986). In
addition, due to road salt storage and application practices,
approximately 47 communities have excessive sodium concentrations in their
public supply wells (DEQE, 1985).
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots
Floor drains should be connected to a holding tank or sanitary
sewer equipped with an oil and grit separating tank.
Wastes collected in a holding tank must be disposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste transporter.
Large drip pans should be kept beneath the spigots of drums that
are stored in a horizontal position on racks.
Cleaning rags contaminated with paint, solvents, oil or gasoline
should be recycled through a rag rental/cleaning service.
Outdoor storage facilities for spent solvents, waste oil and
other hazardous waste should have a permanent roof to prevent
precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage area.
Waste Type Management
Batteries If the batteries are cracked and
leaking acid, they are a hazardous
waste and must be shipped with a
manifest via a DEQE-licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
To avoid leakage, batteries should
be stored on pallets, banded and
protected from the elements and
unauthorized handling.
Batteries that remain intact are
not a hazardous waste and can be
transported as a hazardous material
to a reclaimer. Reclaimers may not
be willing to accept small numbers
of batteries. It is recommended
that businesses work with
distributors that will accept dead
batteries in exchange for new ones.
Oil Do not mix the waste with anything,
Diesel Fuel e.g., kerosene or gasoline
Solvents (thinner or Store in tightly covered containers
degreaser)
Gasoline Store containers as full as
possible to prevent vapors and the
chance of explosion
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots/Road Deicing
Salt Storage and Handling ^
Salt storage and mixing facilities should not be located within the
Zone II (primary recharge areas) of public water supply wells.
Generally, these facilities should be located on flat sites and on
impervious surfaces that are protected from overland runoff. Please refer
to sections on Sodium and Chloride for additional information.
Cover Salt Piles
o Salt piles should be stored under cover to prevent losses due to
precipitation and runoff.
Communities should build salt storage sheds to contain
their salt piles. For interim protection, all salt storage
piles should be placed on an impermeable pad and covered
with a waterproof covering.
Provide for Drainage
o To protect groundwater quality, the storage area should have
adequate drainage facilities to handle the buildup of salt brine
in the storage shed. Brine buildup can be avoided by:
*Proper design of the storage shed and impervious pad.
*Covering and sloping the storage piles to provide for
drainage.
*Collecting any saline water that may develop in a tight
drainage system. The collected brine can then be dried and
reapplied to the stockpile during dry seasons or used during
the salting season (apply the brine directly to the trucks).
Handling of Road Salt
o To reduce the waste of raid salt and ensure the easy handling and
proper application:
*Keep the chemicals dry through proper storage.
*Keep the handling area unobstructed and clean of spilled
chemicals.
*Reduce unnecessary handling through proper planning of
shipments.
*Shield truck-loading and unloading operations from wind and
weather.
adapted from the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering,
"Road Salts and Water Supplies: Best Management Practices," Boston, MA.
April 1985.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots
Snow Dumping
The dumping of snow plowed from highways, parking lots and areas which
have been treated with salt has the potential to contaminate groundwater
due to the mobility of sodium and chloride ions in the soil.
o Snow disposal sites should be carefully chosen. Snow should not
be disposed of in the primary recharge area (Zone II) of public
supply wells.
o Snow should not be disposed of at a sanitary landfill since the
added moisture from the melting snow will contribute to leachate
generation.
o Avoid direct dumping of snow into rivers or water sources.
Consider downstream uses of the tiver and the impacts due to
direct disposal into rivers.
o Try to choose a site near a large river with suitable soils where
the melted snow can filter through the soil.
Road Salt Application
o Sensitive areas should be identified and made known to all road
crews. Areas around public water supplies should be designated
as sensitive areas where control over salt storage and
application should be practiced.
CAUTION
REDUCED
TEST SECTION
NEXT 1.6 MILES
: . i^pJ1!^
d ,ฃซ^*iฃrv
SOURCE: Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, 1986.
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BEST. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots
Ground-speed controllers should be used fpr ail spreaders.
Spreaders should be calibrated before the winter season, using
the materials to be used (salt, mixtures of sand and salt, etc.)
Levels of service depending on road type, weather conditions and
traffic volumes should be determined prior to the winter season.
These levels of service can range from no salt use, to mainly
plowing and using sand, to straight salt application on heavily
traveled road sections and critical intersections.
Application rates should be determined for the service area.
Reduced salting rates should be developed for "sensitive areas"
(roads adjacent to surface and groundwater supplies).
Various mixtures of salt, calcium chloride and sand should be
used in identified sensitive areas. The State of Connecticut
recommends that a 7:2 sand - premix should be used in sensitive
areas. Premix is 3 parts sodium chloride and 1 part calcium
chloride by weight.
T^VgJBRfr?
'$. & 'I ''
SOURCE: Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, 1986.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots
Maintain equipment to ensure that the necessary plows and
spreading equipment are in proper order.
Appropriate accounting should be conducted after the storm to
determine the amount of materials used, the area covered, and the
results. This could be done using a standardized reporting form.
Towns should keep aware of new and approved techniques on the
application of road salts
Explore alternatives. Experiments should be conducted as new
chemical alternatives are introduced. A new chemical which shows
promise is calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). The U.S. Department
of Transportation is currently conducting field tests of the use
of CMA.
Another alternative that is currently being field tested is an
asphalt additive called Verglimit (American City and County,
1980). Verglimit is a multi-component defroster composed of
partially crystallized calcium chloride (80 percent) and sodium
hydroxide (5 percent) which is added to the top-course mix of the
roadway. A thin layer of calcium chloride solution develops on
the road surface and prevents ice formation.
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SNOW AND ICE CONTROL CHECKLIST I
SALT STORAGE AREAS ' YES KO
Are storage areas located far away from water supplies, wells, aquifers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, bogs,
and other sensitive areas? Q 111
Are all sail piles stored in sheds? G G
II not. are storage areas coveied and on Impervious pads? D D
Are storage areas properly drained? Q D
an brine from drainage systems be dried lor use on roads? D D
Is handling area unobstructed and clean ol spilled chemicals? G Q
Are truck loading and unloading operations shielded from wind and weather? G D
Are salt shipments planned so no extra handling or temporary outside storage Is needed? ... D D
CHEMICAL APPLICATION
Have sensitive areas (water supplies, aquifer recharge areas, etc.) been Identified? G G
Are reduced salting rates or other special measures used to protect sensitive areas? G G
Aie different levels of service used for different road types and weather conditions? G G
Is the no sail alternative or sand/salt alternative used wherever possible? G G
Are Individual maintenance crew members assigned the same section of road and the same equipment
for each storm? G G
Is Information on new techniques sought and used when appropriate? G G
EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE
Are ground-speed controllers used for all salt spreaders? G G
Are spreaders calibrated before the winter season begins, with actual tests of material to be used? G G
Are underbody scrapers used to scrape the road before applying chemicals? G G
Is preseason maintenance done before the winter begins? G G
Is equipment maintenance done Immediately after each storm? G G
Arc spare parts on hand before (he season begins? G G
SNOW DUMPING
Is snow that is removed from highways, parking lots, and other salt-treated areas disposed of In areas
where water supplies will not be contaminated? G G
Is direct dumping Into rivers, wetlands, lakes, ponds, and bogs avoided? G G
Is snow dumped away from sanitary landfills, to avoid leaching of wastes? G G
TRAINING AMD PLANNING
Are snow schools or other training sessions held to train snow removal equipment operators? G Q
Do crew members know where sensitive areas are and how to treat them, especially on their Individual
sections ol road? G G
Are crew members familiar with the DEQE overlay maps showing aquifers, roads, and salt-storage
areas? ' G G
Are outside experts brought In to explain groundwater Issues at snow schools? G G
Are crew members asked for suggestions on maintenance of the areas they are familiar with? G G
Do local conservation commissioners and board of health members help In the planning stage? G G
Are levels of service planned before the winter starts? G G
Do crew members understand the connection between salt levels and public health? G G
Is the public warned to drive carefully in areas that are not salted or are given minimal chemical
treatment? ' G G
SOURCE: Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater Information Flyer
#9, February 1987.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots/Road Deicing
STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION AREAS
(310 CMR 30.351 [8])
Above-ground tanks and containers must be on a surface which does
not have any cracks or gaps and is impervious to the hazardous
wastes being stored.
Accumulation area must be secured against unauthorized entry.
Accumulation area must be clearly marked (e.g., by a visible line
or tape, or by a fence) and be separate from any points of
generation.
Accumulation area must be posted with a sign: "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
in capital letters a least one inch high.
An outdoor accumulation area must have secondary containment,
such as a berm or dike, which will hold any spill or leaks at:
10% of the total volume of the containers, or
110% of the volume of the largest container, whichever is
larger.
STANDARDS FOR CONTAINERS AND TANKS
(310 CMR 30.680, 30.690)
Each container (i.e, a 55 gallon drum) and tank must be clearly
and visibly labeled throughout the period of accumulation with
the following:
- the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE"
- the name of the waste (e.g., waste oil, acetone)
- the type of hazard(s) (e.g., ignitable, toxic)
- date on which accumulation began
Each container must be in good condition.
Wastes of different types must be segregated.
Incompatible wastes must be separated by a berm, dike or similar
structure.
Each container holding hazardous wastes must be tightly closed
throughout the period of accumulation, except when the waste is
being added or removed.
Accumulation areas must be inspected at least once a week for
signs of leaks or spills. The aisle space between containers
must be adequate to allow for inspections.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots/Road Deicing
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the
period of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a secondary containment system or monitoring
system.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Road and Maintenance Depots/Road Deiclng
Dip Stick Test
A dip stick test must be conducted every 30 days. The owner of the
tank or designated employee measures the height of the waste oil in the
tank with a dip stick, seals the tank for 24 hours and then measures the
level of oil again. If the difference in the oil levels measured is
greater than 1/2 an inch, the test results must be immediately called in
to the local fire chief and the nearest DEQE regional office. Written
notice of the test results must be sent to the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
Design Standards for New Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
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Sand and Gravel Mining/Washing
The extraction of sand and gravel is the principal surface mining
operation in Massachusetts. Generally, sand and gravel pits are located
in permeable glacial outwash deposits that supply recharge to the
groundwater system. The presence of water in these pits is usually a sign
that they are hydraulically connected to the water table. In most cases,
these pits lack a significant soil and vegetative cover which acts as both
a buffer and a filter to incoming contaminants.
Due to the permeable nature of their deposits, location in aquifer
recharge areas, proximity to the water table and lack of soil cover, sand
and gravel pits make groundwater especially vulnerable to contamination.
Furthermore, these pits can act as large conduits to the groundwater
system.
The use and storage of diesel fuel, motor oil, hydraulic fluid and
solvents in these sensitive areas can result in groundwater contamination
if spills/leaks occur or if the spent products are disposed of improperly.
Sand and gravel mining operations use trucks, bulldozers, conveyer
belts and sizing/sorting machinery to extract material for use as fill or
in the mixing of concrete. Groundwater contamination may occur during
routine machinery maintenance (oil and hydraulic fluid refills or changes)
if performed in the sand and gravel pit. Degreasing solvents may also be
used to clean parts and machinery. Oftentimes, bulldozers and trucks are
refueled on-site. Many large mining operations maintain garages in order
to provide on-site repair/refueling services. These garages may store
large quantities of petroleum products and solvents.
Abandoned Pits
Another major threat to groundwater quality is from the unregulated
dumping or disposal of wastes in abandoned excavation pits. A wide
variety of materials have been found in abandoned pits including junk
automobiles, tires, garbage, salt-laden snow, used motor oil and other
-liquid wastes. Potential groundwater contaminants are as varied as the
wastes. Leachate from the wastes can easily percolate down through the
remaining soil, sand and gravel layers into the groundwater system.
In April 1979, the town of Dartmouth's Police Department and DEQE
personnel apprehended an individual dumping hazardous waste in a sand and
gravel area 1300 feet from Dartmouth's Route 6 well (Special Legislative
Commission on Water Supply, 1986). Subsequent investigations revealed
nearly 1000 barrels of improperly and illegally stored hazardous waste at
the site. Water sampled within the recharge area of the Route 6 well
contained 4 parts per billion (ppb) chloroform and 1.5 ppb
dichloroethylene. In response to this incident, Dartmouth adopted an
aquifer protection overlay district bylaw in early 1981.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Sand and Gravel Mining/Washing
Mining activities should be located away from recharge areas of
aquifers currently in use as, or protected for future use as,
public water supplies.
Ensure that access roads are properly constructed, maintained and
closed so as to prevent or control erosion.
Prohibit excavation within 50 feet of a watercourse and within 15
feet of the water table.
Limit active gravel removal to a total of five acres at any one
time to minimize the amount of surface area susceptible to
erosion.
Provide appropriate drainage systems to prevent ground and
surface water contamination. Drainage should not lead directly
into streams or ponds.
All topsoil and subsoil should be stripped from the operation
area and reserved for restoration of the area.
Quickly stabilize disturbed areas by restoring overburden,
replacing topsoil, avoiding steep slopes, reproducing natural
drainage patterns, and replacing vegetation.
Maintain an adequate vertical separation between the deepest
depth of excavation and the maximum high water table elevation.
12
adapted from the Berkshire County Regional Planning Commission
"208 Mine-Related Activities and Water Quality", 1979 Addendum to Water
Quality Plan for the Upper Housatonic River. Final Plan/Environmental
Impact Statement. September 1978.
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Septage Lagoons and Sludge
Septage
In the Commonwealth of Massachusetts there are approximately 600,000
residential and commercial septic systems being used for the disposal of
sanitary sewage in areas not serviced by municipal sewer systems and
wastewater treatment plants (Allen and Pare, 1987). Septage is the
residual scum, sludge and other solids that accumulate in the bottom of
the septic tank. For the septic system to function properly, septage must
be periodically pumped from the tank.
Septage is a highly concentrated waste with a variable composition, a
disagreeable odor and significant quantities of grit, grease and hair.
Septage also has the potential to foam, and it resists settling. The
annual volume of commercial and domestic septage generated in
Massachusetts is estimated to be approximately 400 millions gallons per
year (Allen and Pare, 1987).
Common constituents of septage that are potential groundwater
contaminants include pathogenic bacteria and viruses, heavy metals,
nitrates, sodium and chloride. Of particular concern is the presence of
hazardous organic compounds - benzene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
and 1,1,2-trichloroethane (see section on Solvents) - in domestic raw
sewage and septic system septage and effluent (USEPA, April 1985). The
presence of these toxins and persistent compounds can be attributed to the
improper disposal of household hazardous waste, such as paint thinner,
turpentine, old gasoline, acetone, wax strippers and grease removers in
the septic system. The use of toilet bowl and septic system cleaners also
contributes toxic organic solvents to the on-site system.
Lagoons and pits provide a system for the dewatering of septage. They
are usually unlined and sited in well-drained, permeable soils. Liquid
effluent percolates through the soil or evaporates and the solid portion
is retained. Lagoons are slightly more sophisticated than open, unlined
pits which are no more than holes dug into the ground. When a pit is
full, it is usually covered with fill and buried. However, lagoons
equipped with sand filter beds facilitate the percolation of the liquid
effluent. Once the septage is sufficiently dewatered, the settled solids
are removed from the lagoon and disposed of in a sanitary landfill or
spread on agricultural or forested land. New septage is then added to the
lagoon.
Unlined pits and lagoons provide little or no treatment of septage.
As the effluent percolates down through the sand filter beds and soil,some
of the bacteria, viruses and phosphorous may be adsorbed and the solids
are retained. In addition, some microbial degradation of the septage
occurs in both lagoons and pits. However, many groundwater contaminants
including nitrate and toxic organic solvents are not removed by this
treatment process. The disposal of septage in unlined lagoons and pits is
a serious threat to groundwater quality.
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In Massachusetts, there are many existing illegal lagoons and pits
being used for septage disposal. The DEQE conducted a statewide inventory
of septage disposal practices, completed in 1986, that identified 56
operating municipal and private lagoon sites (DEQE, 1986). Only ten of
these sites have been given approval to operate on a temporary basis
("interim status") and not one of the sites has a valid discharge permit.
Even more alarming is that all 56 sites are located in towns that depend
on groundwater for their drinking water supply. Many of the lagoons and
pits are located within the recharge areas (Zone II) of water supply wells
(Allen and Pare, 1987). Recent investigations (Gallagher and Nickerson,
1986) on Cape Cod conclude that leachate plumes attributable to septage
disposal are moving with the groundwater toward municipal wells.
Many municipalities rely upon wastewater treatment plants to process
urban and industrial sewage. Before treatment, this sewage may contain
sediments, oil, scum, pathogenic bacteria and viruses, salts, pesticides,
persistent organic compounds and heavy metals. Over 200.000 tons of
sludge, a residual by-product of the treatment process that has a high
solids content, is generated by wastewater treatment plants in
Massachusetts. Typical municipal sludges contain a large number of
potential groundwater contaminants including nitrate, bacteria, viruses,
metals and toxic organic compounds. Prior to disposal, sludge is
dewatered and stabilized. Disposal options for municipal and industrial
sludge include incineration, landfilling and land application.
Since sludge and septage both contain varying concentrations of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, they can be used to supplement
agricultural fertilizer and condition crop land soil. However, land
application of these wastes may be detrimental to water quality. If the
site has coarse textured soils, high precipitation rates and a shallow
depth to groundwater (high water table) the toxic constituents of the
waste such as nitrate, metals or hazardous chemicals can leach through
permeable soils and enter the groundwater. In Massachusetts,
approximately 80% of the sludge is disposed of in municipal, commercial
and on-site landfills (please refer to section on Landfills).
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Septlc Systems. Cesspools and Water Softeners
In the absence of a communal sewage collection and treatment system or
in low density, rural areas, septic systems provide for disposal of
household sanitary waste as well as sanitary wastewater generated by a
variety of commercial operations.
Cross Section View of a Septic Tank
SEWER PIPE
SEWAGE FROM HOUSE
LIQUID TO LEACHING
COVER l/7777777\ COVER
LIQUID LEVEL
SCUM BUILD-UP
SEPTIC
TANK
SOURCE: Department of Environmental Quality Engineering
Brochure (undated).
A septic system consists of two units - a watertight septic tank and a
leaching system. After the raw sewage enters the septic tank, the heavier
solids settle to the bottom and the lighter solids, greases and scum rise
-to the top. Bacteria in the anaerobic environment of the septic tank
decompose the solid material. Gradually, a layer of sludge forms at the
bottom of the tank and a layer of scum/grease forms in the upper part of
the tank. The sludge, grease and scum (called septage) must be removed
periodically to prevent clogging of the leaching system. Effluent from
the septic tank flows into the leaching system which may consist of a
field, pit, trenches, chambers or galleries that release the effluent to
the soil. As the effluent percolates down through the unsaturated zone
(soil) some pollutants may be filtered, sorbed or undergo aerobic
biodegradation. Septic systems and leaching fields provide very limited
treatment to sanitary wastewater. Although most domestic wastewater is
relatively generic, the capability of the soils to treat certain
contaminants is limited. Sorption, ion exchange and filtration are the
common attenuation processes occuring in the soil. Heavy metals,
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pathogens and phosphates are immobilized by these processes. However,
these attenuation mechanisms are limited by the number of available
exhange sites on silt, clay and organic soil particles. Once the exchange
capacity of the soil is reached, these contaminants will move through the
soil relatively unaffected. Nitrates and volatile organic compounds
(solvents) are not removed and held in the septic tank nor are they
immobilized in the soil. These contaminants migrate relatively easily
through the soils and may enter the groundwater.
RECENT HOME
DISTRIBUTION BOX
TO LEACHING
FIELD. PIT.
TRENCHES.
CHAMBERS.
OR GALLERIES
SOURCE: Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.
Brochure (undated).
Although the installation of a cesspool is no longer permitted in
Massachusetts, the sanitary waste from many older houses and summer
cottages is discharged into cesspools. Cesspools are perforated concrete
or stone chambers. Raw sewage flows into the cesspool, solids settle to
the bottom of the chamber and the liquids seep out through openings in the
side and bottom of the chamber. Cesspools provide little treatment of
sewage and are more likely to fail and create public health problems than
septic tanks equipped with leaching fields.
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OLDER HOME
CESSPOOL
SOURCE: Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.
Brochure (undated).
There are several major problems associated with the use of septic
systems that can result in the release of pathogenic bacteria and viruses,
heavy metals, sodium, chloride, nitrates, petroleum products, solvents and
pesticides to the groundwater.
Nitrate (N0o~) is one of the most common groundwater
contaminants associated with septic systems. Once nitrate enters the
groundwater system, it moves with minimal transformation. Nitrate is as
mobile as the groundwater and may travel long distances from input areas
-if the aquifer materials are highly permeable and contain dissolved
oxygen. Excess concentrations of nitrates in drinking water give it a
bitter taste. Nitrate concentrations above 10 mg/1 can cause
methemoglobinemia ("blue baby disease") in infants (please refer to
section on Nitrates).
Of particular concern is the presence of toxic organic solvents in
domestic wastewater, septage and discharged effluent (USEPA, April 1985).
The improper disposal of household hazardous wastes and the use of certain
products contribute solvents, petroleum products and pesticides to the
on-site system. The septic system cannot treat these wastes effectively;
therefore, the effluent entering the underlying soils will contain varying
concentrations of these solvents and other contaminants.
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Conmon Household Trash Can Contain a Variety of Hazardous
Wastes Which Should Not Be Poured Down the Drain
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste, November 1986.
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Key Problems Associated With Septic Systems
I. Location of Septic Systems
A. Siting new systems in highly permeable soils that have a
- limited fine component (silt and clay) will provide less
treatment to the effluent than soils that contain silt and clay
particles. Sorption and ion exchange attenuation processes that
immobilize heavy metals and phosphates occur on the silt and clay
particles. In addition these particles filter the pathogens
(bacteria/viruses).
B. Old/Existing Systems
o presence of impermeable soils may result in mounding of the
effluent or flooding of the system
o if the leaching system is too close to the seasonal high
water table the system may flood or fail resulting in a
discharge of effluent to the groundwater
o stormwater flooding of systems due to siting in depressions
or swales
II. Maintenance of Septic Systems
A. Failure to pump septage every 2-3 years may cause the sludge
and scum layers to overflow into leaching system resulting in
system failure
B. Use of septic tank and cesspool cleaners to avoid pumping of
the tank:
o these cleaners kill the necessary bacteria and upset the
biodegradation process
o these cleaners do not eliminate scum and sludge buildup
o septic tank and cesspool cleaners are not a substitute for
routine pumping of the septage
o many of these cleaners contain halogenated hydrocarbons
(see section on Solvents)
o septic tank cleaners have been linked to groundwater
contamination by the organic solvents trichloroethylene and
trichloroethane (Canter and Knox, 1986; EPA, April 1985)
III. Use of Septic Systems
A. Improper disposal of household hazardous waste into the
septic system i.e., pesticides, petroleum products, and
solvents.
o These products contain benzene, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. These contaminants have
been found in domestic wastewater, septage and discharged
effluent (DeWalle, et al.. 1985). The septic system cannot
treat this waste. (Refer to section on Solvents)
B. If the current waste loading exceeds the design capacity of
the system, (i.e., summer cottages with cesspool or septic system
now used year-round) the system may fail.
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Organic Chemicals Associated with Consumer Products
Disposed into On-Site Systems
-157-
Type of Product
General Household Cleaners
Drain Cleaners
Toilet Cleaners
Laundry Soil and Stain
Remover
Spot Removers and Cleaning
Fluids
Paint Brush Cleaners
Rug and Fabric Cleaners
Contaminant
petroleum distillates
glycol ethers
xylenols
isopropanol
1,1,1-trichloroethane
chlorinated phenols
xylene sulphonates
petroleum distillates
tetrachlorethylene
petroleum hydrocarbons
benzene
trichlroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
aliphatic hydrocarbons
toluene
acetone
methylethyl ketone
methanol
glycol ethers
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
SOURCE: Koppelman, e_t al., Non-Point Source Management Handbook. Long
Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, NY, 1984.
Manage What Goes Into the Septic System
SOURCE: Save The Bay, Inc. brochure (undated)
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Natural Alternatives to Toxic Household Chemicals
13
Furniture Polish
Garden Herbicides/Insecticides
Pesticides
Silver Polish
Drain Cleaners
Liquid Chlorine Bleach
Toliet Bowl Cleaners
Abrasive Scouring Powders
Spot Removers
dissolve 1 tsp. lemon oil into
1 pint mineral oil or apply
mayonnaise to remove water
spots on wood furniture, set
over night, then sand with a
dry dish pad or pot scrubbing
pad, or use 1/2 cup vinergar,
1/2 cup rubbing alcohol.
strong hosing, or use natural
insecticides like ROTENONE or
predators like lady bugs or
praying mantises.
remove and destroy infected
plants, use resistant plant
varieties, or use barriers and
traps, tar paper, etc. Use
organic gardening techniques.
soak silver in 1 quart warm
waer with 1 tsp. baking soda, 1
tsp. salt and a small piece of
aluminum foil. Boil for 3
minutes.
pour boiling water down drain,
or use plunger, or use metal
snake, or baking soda.
use dry bleaches or use borax
to whiten.
baking soda, or mild detergent,
or small amounts of bleach, or
can of cola, or denture
tablets, or TANG.
make a paste of baking soda and
water, or use Bon Ami Brand.
club soda, or immediate cold
water soak, or corn meal and
water soak, or lemon juice.
adapted from a Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development
Commission flyer (based on information obtained from the Nashua Regional
Solid Waste District).
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Septic Systems
Septic System Maintenance
o The board of health should adopt regulations that establish a
mandatory maintenance program that requires registration and
periodic inspection and cleaning of systems.
o The board of health should initiate a public information
program to inform homeowners of proper maintenance procedures.
Brochures are available from the DEQE. The board may wish to
develop its own Homeowner's Guide. The information can be
disseminated through a special mailing or included with the water
bill or other town-wide mailings.
o The board of health should develop an effective program to
identify and locate malfunctioning septic systems. One way to
meet this goal would be to adopt a health board regulation that
requires all existing subsurface disposal systems be upgraded to
meet Title 5 standards before a residential dwelling can be sold;
or before a permit is issued for the renovation/expansion of an
existing structure.
o The board of health should require septage haulers, as a
precondition to the issuance of a Septage Handler's Permit, to
check the condition of each tank the company inspects including
the baffles, inlet and outlet tees, manhole, seal and cover.
o The board of health should adopt regulations banning the use of
all septic tank cleaners containing organic solvents.
Depth to Groundwater Measurements:
o The Board of Health should limit groundwater elevation
measurements to the wettest periods of year: March, April and
May. Until the DEQE issues revisions to Title 5, Health Boards
should consider installing test wells or standpipes in different
parts of the town in order to monitor groundwater elevations.
Boards should allow testing only while the water level in these
wells is at its highest.
Inventory
The Board of Health should determine the location of all septic
systems within the Zone II (primary recharge area) of public
supply wells and conduct periodic inspections of these systems.
The Board should maintain an up-to-date filing system that
includes information on installation date, map location, name of
owner, and condition of system.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Septic Systems
Preventing System Failures
DO NOT use garbage disposals; they add massive amounts of solids
to the septic tank and are a leading factor of clogged systems.
DO NOT dispose of disposable diapers, sanitary napkins', paper
towels, colored toliet paper or tissues in the septic system;
these wastes do not decompose.
DO NOT put fat, grease, and oil (including cooking oil) down the
drain; they can pass through the septic tank and clog the
leaching, field.
INSPECT on-site systems each year.
PUMP OUT on-site systems every two to three years.
CONSERVE WATER: the less water used, the longer the retention
period in the tank and the more solids the bacteria can
decompose. Install water saving devices.
DO NOT use enzymes or acid for treating your septic tank or
cesspool.
AVOID extreme peak flows by spacing out laundry loads, bathing
and dishwashing.
DO NOT put chemicals into the cesspool or leach pit for the
purpose of maintaining or declogging it. There are no known
chemicals, yeasts, bacteria, enzymes or other substances capable
of eliminating or reducing the sludge and scum so that periodic
cleaning is unnecessary. Many of these cleaners contain highly
concentrated organic solvents that are not biodegradable and pose
a serious threat to water supply wells.
DO NOT dispose of pesticides, disinfectants, acids, medicine,
paint thinners and other household hazardous wastes in the the
septic system. These wastes will kill the helpful bacteria in
the tank and may contaminate the groundwater. Such household
hazardous wastes should be collected at a community-sponsored
Household Hazardous Waste Collection Day (contact Barbara Kelley,
DEM Office of Safe Waste Management (617) 727-3260 for more
information).
adapted from a Department of Environmental Quality Engineering
brochure: "What You Should Know in Order to Identify and Maintain Your
Sewage System" (undated).
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STABLES. FEEDLOTS. KENNELS. PIGGERIES. MANURE PITS
Typically, feedlots are areas in which a large number of cattle,
poultry, sheep or hogs are confined in concentrated spaces. Wastes
generated by feedlot operations include manure, chemicals and debris.
Precipitation falling on the feedlot infiltrates the accumulated
animal wastes and produces leachate containing various concentrations of
bacteria, viruses, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate and sodium. Leachate or
runoff from the feedlot may enter the groundwater system by infiltrating
the soil cover. Groundwater contamination may also result from leachate
produced when animal wastes are collected from the feedlot and applied
directly to the land or disposed of in an unlined manure pit. Although
usually generated in smaller quantities than feedlot wastes, animal wastes
from kennels and stables are also potential groundwater contaminants.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (DEQE, 1985)
Stables, Feedlots, Kennels, Piggeries and Manure Pits
Feedlots
Manure Pits
Stables/Kennels -
Divert runoff from feedlot area
install upslope berms and/or
diversion ditches
collect rainfall from roofs
Minimize runoff from feedlot by
grading or reshaping area
Collect runoff from feedlot with
ditches or a tile drainage
network
Treatment of runoff
land application
holding ponds
Periodic scraping of paved
feedlots
Vegetative buffer zone downslope
of feedlot to detain and absorb
wastes
Low slope-low gradient ditches
around feedlot to reduce runoff
velocity
Manure pits should be lined with
clay or other impermeable
material
Liquid effluent should be
collected and treated
Divert/minimize runoff from
stable/kennel area
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Stonmrater Drains and Retention Basins
Stormwater runoff is the excess precipitation that flows over the land
surface to streams, lakes and other surface waters. In undeveloped areas,
most of the precipitation infiltrates the soil and supplies recharge water
to the aquifer, thereby reducing the volume of runoff and rate of overland
flow. In developed areas, however, two factors influence the volume and
rate of flow of storm water runoff - 1) the amount of impervious (paved or
otherwise covered) surface area; 2) the stormwater control features. An
increase in impervious surface area reduces the amount of infiltrating
water and increases the volume of surface runoff.
Stormwater can pick up and transport sodium, chloride, pathogens,
heavy metals, petroleum products, solvents and pesticides from numerous
sources including animal feedlots, roads, agricultural lands, parking
lots, storage and disposal facilities for industrial, commercial and
domestic wastes.
A catch basin is a settling chamber installed in a storm drain to
retain heavy debris such as dirt, leaves and other refuse (called sump
sediment). When storm drains are connected to the sewer system, catch
basins prevent clogging of the pipes. Catch basins may also be connected
to pipes that discharge the stormwater to streams or other surface water
bodies. Generally, in unsewered areas, leaching catch basins collect
stormwater runoff. Water percolates down through the sump sediments and
drains from the catch basin by infiltrating the underlying soils.
'!/ fc ft !-w f -W J* ป^' -i - "T^!^ T*^*"-'1_
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-163-
Without routine maintenance, catch basins can increase the
concentration of contaminants in stormwater. Sump sediment that is not
removed on a regular basis is churned up and resuspended when stormwater
enters the catch basin. Contaminants in the sediments are carried with
the turbid stormwater as it flows through the outlet pipe into the sewer
system or surface water body. Stormwater flowing into leaching catch
basins that have not been properly maintained will percolate down through
a thick layer of sump sediments. Contaminants in the sediments are
leached out and carried with the water as it infiltrates the underlying
soils. An accumulated layer of sump sediment in a leaching catch basin
also reduces the rate at which the stormwater infiltrates the soils.
Retention basins reduce the velocity of stormwater runoff by holding
and releasing water at a controlled rate. When stormwater enters the
retention basin, sediment settles to the bottom while oil and grease rise
to the top. Retention basins gradually discharge accumulated water
through the underlying soils. Some basins are equipped with overflow
systems that discharge excess water to surface water bodies. Like sump
sediments in catch basins, settled sediments in retention ponds must be
periodically removed. Otherwise, incoming stormwater churns up the
accumulated sediments and additional contaminants are released to the
water that infiltrates the underlying soil.
In heavily developed, unsewered areas, leaching catch basins and
retention basins do not effectively treat stormwater before discharging it
to the soils. The soil has a limited capacity to attenuate heavy metals
and filter pathogens. Runoff that contains mobile contaminants such as
sodium, chloride, solvents and gasoline passes through leaching catch
basins and retention basins relatively untreated. Although these
stormwater collection systems were designed to provide recharge water to
the groundwater system, leaching catch basins and retention ponds
generally do not provide adequate treatment and discharge water that can
be a serious threat to groundwater quality.
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15
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Stormwater Drains and Retention Basins
o Streetsweeping: Street sweepers remove litter, dirt and some of
the larger sediment particles. Current research has indicated
that the most important contaminants such as heavy metals and
nutrients are attached to the smallest sediment particles (the
"fines") which the broom sweepers do not remove.
o Vacuum sweeping: With a vacuum attachment, street sweepers can
remove more than 90 percent of the solids, including the fines.
o Catch basins: Sump sediments from sealed catch basins should be
removed at least twice a year. A regular maintenance schedule
should be established. Catch basins can be dredged with buckets
or vacuumed using a vacuum street cleaner or large vacuum truck
called an eductor.
o Leaching catch basins should be cleaned more frequently 'than
sealed catch basins because soil clogging will interfere with
percolation.
o Sediments should be periodically removed from retention basins.
o In order to reduce the amount of nutrients (including nitrates)
and pesticides in stormwater runoff, towns should encourage the
reduction ;in the amount of fertilizer and pesticides applied to
residential lawns, golf courses and agricultural lands through
Integrated Pest Management and/or the proper use and application
of these chemicals (see Best Management Practices section for
Agriculture/Golf Courses).
Contaminant Collection Devices
Oil Separators/Traps: ' .
Oil separators (also called oil traps) can be installed in catch
basins to remove the oil and grease in stormwater runoff. These devices
exploit the relationship between oil and water; the two do not mix. In
addition, oil is lighter than water and thus the oil will float on top of
the water. Runoff enters the catch basin and the oil floats to the top of
the basin while the water remains at the bottom. The design of the oil
separator allows the stormwater to discharge into the drainage system
while the oil remains in the catch basin.
adapted from Metropolitan Area Planning Council, "Runoff and
Recharge: Improving Water Quality and Groundwater Recharge Through
Alternative Drainage Designs," Boston, MA. December 1983.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Stormwater Drains/Retention Basins
o To be effective, the trapped oil and grease must be removed from
the oil traps after each storm. Otherwise, the runoff from
subsequent storms will resuspend or emulsify the oil and the
contaminated water will be discharged through the outlet.
Sorbents:
Sorbent pads, pillows or granules are made of synthetic fibers such as
polypropylene that absorb oil and repel water. Sorbent pads are generally
used when oil spills are not large enough to require clean up by vacuum
hoses or other mechanical means. Generally, sorbent pads or pillows are
used in conjunction with sealed catch basins and oil traps or leaching
catch basins. The sorbents float on the surface and absorb the oil that
rises to the top of the water. Sorbents are an inexpensive and effective
means of removing oil and grease in catch basins.
The permit issued by a local conservation commission or planning board
can require a developer to install and provide for the maintenance of
specific stormwater drainage controls including leaching catch basins and
sorbents or sealed catch basins with oil traps and sorbents. Towns are
under no obligation to assume responsibility for the maintenance of
stormwater drainage facilities installed in new subdivisions, cluster
developments, condominium developments or commercial developments such as
shopping malls. A town can require the developer to guarantee the
maintenance of the drainage facilities by including in the permit the
requirement that the developer form a Homeowners' Association, Condominium
Association or similar Trust that would bind all users of the drainage
system and make them collectively responsible for the operation,
maintenance and repair of the catch basins, oil traps and sorbents.
Sorbents have a limited capacity to absorb oil. After several months,
they begin to degrade and oil will leak out of the sorbent and back into
the water. Therefore, a regular maintenance program must be established
to remove and replace used sorbents.
Best Management: Practices on Public Roadways
o Towns should establish a regular maintenance program to remove
and replace sorbents in catch basins that drain public roadways.
o Sorbents saturated with oil are a hazardous waste and must be
disposed of through a licensed hazardous waste transporter. The
town Department of Public Works (DPW) crew should collect the
used sorbents, place them in sealed 55 gallon drums and store the
drums with the DPW's other hazardous wastes (i.e., used solvents
and motor oil). The DPW must include the volume of used sorbents
collected each month when determining its generator status for
waste oil.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Stormwater Drains/Retention Basins
In order to save money on cleaning services, towns should
consider cooperating with other towns and individuals responsible
for the maintenance of catch basins by negotiating collectively
fqr .cleaning services from the same company. When the scheduled
cleaning routes are consolidated, transportation and disposal
costs can be reduced.
Best Management Practices for Private Property
The town .conservation commission and planning board should
require developers to install and provide for the maintenance of
leaching catch basins and sorbents .or sealed catch basins, oil
traps and sorbents (whichever is appropriate) as a performance
standard for the issuance of permit or a requirement in the
"orders of condition."
There are several licensed firms that will establish
scheduled maintenance for removing oil and used sorbents
from catch basins^located on private property such as
shopping malls or residential developments.
Local boards can monitor this maintenance program by requiring
the client to send the board a copy of the annual contract with
the firm that details the cleaning schedule (i.e., cleaning is
performed on a daily, weekly, monthly or semi-annually basis).
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In nun g
The clearing of land for agricultural use and commercial, residential
or other development projects produces quantities of trees, brush, leaves,
stumps and other woodwastes which are commonly referred to as "bulky
wastes." Generally, the operators of municipal and commercial landfills
are reluctant to allow the disposal of large quantities of woodwastes
because they reduce the landfill's capacity and interfere with refuse
disposal. Resource recovery incinerators do not use stumps or woodw.istes
for fuel because they may plug the feed and ash chutes, or be incompletely
burned in the incinerator.
Even with large, properly supervised woodwaste disposal sites, the
potential may exist for future contamination of groundwater from the
organic acids, i.e., tannic acids, produced as the woodwastes decompose
(DEQE, 1987; to date there are no documented examples in Massachusetts).
The threat to groundwater is much greater from unmonitored stump dumps,
especially those sited for convenience in abandoned sand and gravel pits
or other sensitive aquifer recharge areas.
Illegal or unmonitored dumping practices would result in a leachate
that may contain a number of different toxic constituents depending on the
type of wastes. For example, the dumping of waste oil, paint thinner, and
salt-laden snow would contribute hydrocarbons, solvents, sodium, and
chloride to the organic acids in the stump dump leachate (please see
appropriate discussions listed in the Contaminants section).
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Undereround Storage Tanks (USTs)
Underground storage tank systems (USTs) are used by many types of
businesses to store gasoline and other fuels, heating oil, solvents, raw
materials for processing, and hazardous wastes. Highway departments,
trucking companies, and service stations store gasoline, diesel fuel, and
waste oil in underground storage tanks. Municipal facilities, public and
private institutions such as hospitals, schools, libraries, and households
store heating fuel in underground storage tanks.
Tank capacity varies from 50 to 25,000 gallons or more. Each
underground tank is a potential threat to groundwater quality. Cleanup
costs may be prohibitively expensive. For example, it took over three
million dollars and nine years to clean up Provincetown's South Hollow
wellfield (located in the neighboring town of Truro) after gasoline from a
leaking underground storage tank contaminated the groundwater.
Dissolved
Gasoline
Components
SOURCE: New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission
(NEIWPCC), January 1985.
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Leaks from underground storage tank systems result from defects in
tank materials, improper installation, corrosion, or mechanical failure of
the pipes and fittings. Most early underground tanks were simply designed
and manufactured from bare carbon steel (the use of bare steel tanks is
now illegal). The corrosion of these bare steel tanks is by far the most
serious cause of leaks threatening groundwater quality. In addition,
there have also been problems with the improper installation of new
USTs. Leaks from fittings or tanks damaged during installation are a
serious threat to groundwater.
Many steel tanks still in use are aging and have little or no
protection against the corrosive action of the soil and water. The exact
age, condition and location of many existing tanks are unknown, making it
extremely difficult to predict or prevent leaks. Current technology has
made available several alternatives to the bare steel underground storage
tank to aid in the prevention of leaks including double walled tanks,
coated steel tanks, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks, clay
liners, polymeric liners, and concrete vaults. Unfortunately, even these
tanks, liners, and vaults may fail. The installation of monitoring wells,
vapor sensors and line leak detectors will alert a tank owner to a release
of a product from the tank or piping. Leak detection devices may provide
enough advance warning to enable a tank owner to contain the leak and
remove contaminated soil before the product reaches the groundwater. Tank
owners and owners of land in which the tanks are buried are legally
responsible for cleanup costs under the 1983 Massachusetts Superfund Act
(Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 21E).
Although pesticides and solvents are stored in underground storage
tanks, fuel such as gasoline, diesel fuel and heating oil are by far the
most common material placed in underground tanks. Fuel from a leaking
underground storage tank results in contaminated soil and groundwater that
is especially difficult to cleanup. Gasoline and fuel oil are not easily
dissolved in water (low solubility) and are less dense than water so they
float on the water table. However, several gasoline additives - benzene,
toluene and MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) are soluble and will
dissolve in the groundwater as the gasoline plume floats on the water
table. When fuel from a leak or spill moves through the soil above the
water table, the fuel coats the soil particles and leaves behind a residue
of fuel trapped in the soil pores. As rain and melting snow percolate
through the soil, the soluble components of the fuel (the gasoline
additives) will be flushed out. Once in solution, these highly mobile
contaminants move with the recharge water and enter the groundwater
system. (Please refer to Pesticides, Petroleum Products, and Solvents
discussions for additional information.)
Leaking underground storage tanks are a serious threat to local pulic
water supply wells. There are several regulatory techniques that local
communities can adopt to supplement the state laws and provide increased
protection for their vulnerable groundwater supplies. At first glance,
the adoption of local protection measures may seem costly and difficult to
enforce. However, when the costs of implementing a local strategy to
protect a water supply from contamination by leaking UST are compared to
the costs of cleaning up or replacing a contaminated water supply, the
local protection measures are by far less expensive.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
Developing a Local Program to Prevent the Contamination of
Public Water Supplies by Leaking UST
Determine the Location of all UST in the Community (including all
abandoned tanks).
o Maintain an up-to-date filing system for UST that includes
information on:
* installation date
* type and volume of tank
* product stored in the tank
* name and address of tank owner
* condition of the tank (if known)
o Long-time residents often know the location of abandoned tanks.
Remove all abandoned tanks and dispose of the tanks properly
o State regulations (527 CMR 10.12 (2)) require that abandoned,
licensed tanks be removed.
o Adopt local regulations to require removal of all abandoned tanks.
o At the very least, abandoned tanks should be emptied and filled with
an inert material such as washed sand.
Set additional standards for new and replacement UST that are appro-
priate for your community.
o Assume all soils are corrosive; require corrosion protection for all
new tanks and piping.
o Require a striker plate to be installed under each tank opening to
prevent damage to the tank during dip stick tests.
o Regulate all new UST, including heating oil tanks.
o Consider banning all new underground heating oil tanks (including
residential tanks).
o Require state-of-the-art technology for all new underground storage
installations.
o Prohibit all new UST where they are likely to contaminate water
supplies, such as within the primary recharge area of a public
supply well (Zone II). If prohibition is not a viable option,
require double containment for both tanks and piping as well as
leak-detection sensors for tanks in Zone II areas.
adapted from Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater
Information Flyer #5, December 1984.
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o Require all new and replacement tanks and piping to be installed
according to manufacturer's instructions. Inspect all instal-
lations . Require installers to present evidence that they have
successfully completed a manufacturer's training course on tank
installation.
o Once a new tank system is in place, require a tightness test for
the complete system before the tank is filled.
Best Management Practices for existing UST
o Strictly enforce inventory control requirements.
o Require regular testing of tanks and piping.
o Require annual testing of unprotected steel tanks and piping
systems aged 15 years or more.
o Encourage tank owners to upgrade existing UST and piping systems by
requiring less frequent testing where leak-detection sensors are
installed or where cathodic proteciton and electrical isolation are
installed.
Best Management Practices for all UST
o Require periodic license renewals. This allows local officials to
inspect the daily inventory records and require tightness tests if
appropriate. For example, require tank owners to renew their
licenses every five years from the date of installation up to the
fifteenth year and then annually thereafter. If the installation
date is unknown, the license renewal should be required every year.
o Require tightness testing of all tanks and piping systems before
licenses can be renewed.
o Require immediate tightness testing when leaks are indicated by
inventory loss, leak-detection system, fumes or other evidence, or
when daily inventory records have not been maintained or are
suspect.
o Require repair or replacement of tanks and piping systems when
tests indicate the need. Require the replacement of old metal
piping when new metal tanks are installed. Require the replacement
of all steel tanks in a facility when one must be replaced.
o Require the removal of all leaking tanks and piping unless repairs
can be made to upgrade them to state standards (527 CMR 9.06.17
(e)).
o Require accurate and expeditious reporting, monitoring and testing
procedures for leak incidents.
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o Include fines or other penalties (as allowed by state law) for
noncompliance.
Choose the appropriate regulatory measure(s) for your community.
o Decide whether zoning, town bylaws or city ordinances or health
board regulations (or a combination of these measures) is the
best approach for managing the risk of UST in your community.
LOCAL REGULATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Zoning Bylaws: For public supply wells, the most important area to
protect is the primary recharge area of a public supply well -
the Zone II area.
o Aquifer protection zoning can prohibit the installation of new
UST within the Zone II area of a public supply well or allow the
installation of UST in this area only by a special permit that
requires the appropriate protective measures and devices
discussed above.
o If the Zone II area has not been delineated, zoning bylaws can
prohibit the installation of UST and the storage of other
hazardous material within a certain, resonable distance from a
public water supply well.
General Town Bylaws/City Ordinances: Communities can adopt general
bylaws or ordinances that establish standards for both new and
existing UST. These regulations must apply to UST throughout
the entire community. By adopting a general town bylaw 6r city
ordinance a community can require UST owners to:
* Provide corrosion protection for new steel tanks and
piping systems (including heating oil tanks).
* Leak detection devices for all new tanks.
* Regular reporting procedures for all tank operators.
o The Conservation Law Foundation of New England, Inc; (CLF) has
developed a model bylaw/ordinance that supplements the fire
chief's role in enforcing state UST regulations by assigning the
Board of Health a major role in the regulation of UST. This
responsibility could also be given to the selectmen or the fire
chief. The CLF model bylaw gives the Board of Health the
following powers:
* Control over the location of new tanks.
* The right to obtain information.
* The authority to enforce the bylaws.
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* Require a permit from the Board of Health for all new
tanks in addition to the permit or license required by
state regulations.
* If the Board of Health determines that the UST is a threat
to a public water supply, the Board may deny the permit or
require secondary containment systems and monitoring
devices as part of the requirements for issuance of a
permit.
Health Board Regulations: Massachusetts General Laws, chapter 111,
section 31 gives local boards of health extensive power to adopt
regulations to protect public health. The Conservation Law
Foundation's model bylaw could be adopted as a health board
regulation.
Enforcement of state and local regulations.
o Recent amendments to the Board of Fire Prevention Regulations,
527 CMR 9.00, include:
- By January 1, 1989, all new and replacement tanks must be
double-walled (secondary containment around the entire
tank). The only tanks exempt-from this requirement are
those that meet the following two requirements: (1) the tank
must have a capacity of less than 1100 gallons and (2) the
tank must be used for the storage of heating oil used for
domestic and commercial consumptive use.
Please contact Deirdre Doherty, UST Coordinator, DEQE at (617)
292-5886) for additional information.
o Proposed amendments include:
- Secondary containment for piping systems and interstitial
monitoring.
o Fully enforce all state and local regulations. Local officials
should obtain copies of the state regulations for UST (527 CMR
5.05; 9.00 and 10.12) from the State House Bookstore, State
House, Room 116, Boston, MA 02133 or call (617) 727-2834.
o Allocate staff from the fire department to enforce the state
regulations. This staff should also regularly inspect all UST
inventory records.
f
o Commit financial and staff resource to the enforcement of local
UST regulations.
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o Consider cooperating with neighboring towns to enforce local UST
regulations. For example, one person could be hired to inspect
and enforce the regulations in several towns.
o Remember, even the best-planned, most comprehensive regulation
is ineffective if it is not enforced.
o The most common reason for failure of local regulatory programs
for UST is lack of enforcement.
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Vehicular Services
17
-175,
Automotive service stations, body shops, fuel stations, automotive
dealerships and rustproofing operations are included in the vehicular
services category. Products used in the daily operations of these
businesses include gasoline, diesel fuel, antifreeze, oil and degreasing
solvents. The most common waste products generated by vehicular service
operations are waste oil, fuel, antifreeze, solvents, used filters and
batteries. Groundwater contamination results from the improper storage
and disposal of products, careless/accidental spills, leaks and the
release of wastes to floor drains. Vehicular service operations normally
have underground storage tanks for fuel and oil. These tanks and their
pipes are a potential threat to groundwater quality if they are old, rusty
or leaking (see section on Underground Storage Tanks).
All of the business listed above, except the automotive rustproofing
operations, provide similar services and generate similar types of waste
products. The wastes produced normally include used oil and filters from
oil changes, old antifreeze from cooling systems, spent solvents from the
cleaning/degreasing of parts, and waste fuel and filters from fuel filter
changes.
Generally, automotive rustproofing businesses use fuels or solvents
such as kerosene or mineral spirits to clean painted surfaces of the
automobile and spray equipment. Prior to applying the rustproofing
material, a pressure hose is used to clean oil, grease, dirt and fuel from
the undercarriage of the car. This water and the water used to wash down
the floor will become contaminated with varying amounts of fuel, oil,
antifreeze or solvent. Other activities which may result in the contamina-
tion of water supplies are careless disposal of used fuel and oil filters
and other engine parts, dumping of petroleum products on land adjacent to
the buildings and spills or leaks from aboveground storage tanks.
GAS
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste,
November 1986.
Information describing the operational processes and procedures
for this business was obtained from the Connecticut Department of Environ-
mental Protection, "Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide to
Groundwater Protection for Local Officials." 1984.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Vehicular Services
Waste Type
Oil
Diesel Fuel
Solvents (thinner or degreaser)
Gasoline
Batteries
Management
Do not mix the waste with anything,
e.g., kerosene or gasoline
Store in tightly covered containers
Store containers as full as possible
to prevent vapors
and the chance of explosion
If the batteries are cracked and
leaking acid, they are a hazardous
waste and must be shipped with a
manifest via a DEQE-licensed
hazardous waste transporter.
To avoid leakage, batteries should
be stored on pallets, banded and
protected from the elements and
unauthorized handling.
Batteries that remain intact are
not a hazardous waste and can be
transported as a hazardous material
to a reclaimer. Reclaimers may not
be willing to accept small numbers
of batteries. It is recommended that
businesses work with distributors
that will accept dead batteries in
exchange for new ones.
o Floor drains should be connected to a holding tank or sanitary
sewer equipped with an oil and grit separating tank.
o Wastes collected in a holding tank must be disposed of through a
licensed hazardous waste transporter.
o Large drip pan should be kept beneath the spigots of drums that are
stored in a horizontal position on racks.
o Cleaning rags contaminated with paint, solvents, oil or gasoline
should be recycled through a rag rental/cleaning service.
o Outdoor storage facilities should have a permanent roof to prevent
precipitation and sunlight from entering the storage area.
o Refer to section on Underground Storage Tanks for additions 1 BMP::.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Vehicular Services
UNDERGROUND TANKS STORING WASTE OIL
Tanks are considered to be underground when any portion is below
ground or if the bottom is resting on the ground. Underground tanks are
categorized as existing or new. Existing tanks are those installed
before October 15, 1983 and new tanks are those installed on or after
October 15, 1983.
General Operating Requirements For All Underground Waste Oil Tanks
(310 CMR 30.695 - 30.696)
The owner of the underground tank or an authorized representative must:
o Prevent overfilling of tank by using appropriate controls and
practices such as:
* Install a by-pass system to a standby tank
* Install a waste feed cut-off system
o Check the tank at least once a day to ensure that it is in good
working order.
* Inspect controls that prevent overfilling
* Gather data from temperature and pressure gauges or other
monitoring equipment
o Check the area around the tank at least once a week for obvious
signs of leakage.
Labeling Waste Oil Tanks [310 CMR 30.340 (1) (b)]
o Each tank must be clearly marked and labeled throughout the period
of accumulation with a sign that reads:
* Hazardous Waste
* Waste Oil
* Toxic
* The date on which accumulation began
Testing Requirements for Existing Underground Waste Oil Tanks
[310 CMR 30.235 (1) (h) and 30.340 (1) (a) 2.b]
Leak Detection Tests are required for tanks installed before October
15, 1983 if they do not have a notice of the test results must be sent to
the DEQE within 7 days.
Every 12 months a dip stick test must be performed except the tank
must be sealed for 48 hours between measurements.
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Dip stick test results must be recorded in a log, dated and signed by
the tank owner or designated representative. All test records must be
kept for at least 3 years, or for the duration of any enforcement action,
or as requested by DEQE, whichever is longer.
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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Vehicular Services
Design Standards for New Underground Vafste Oil Tanks
[310 GMR 30.253 (1) (g) and 30:340 (!)(a) 2.b]
Underground storage tanks installed after October 15, 1983 must meet one
of two requirements.
1. The tank must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material
such as fiberglass-reinforced plastic or externally coated
or cathodically protected steel.
or
2. The tank must have a secondary containment structure and
a monitoring system to detect leaks between the tank and the
secondary containment structure and to detect water inflow.
In addition, the tank must be equipped with a striker plate to protect
the tank bottom from wear or puncture during the dip stick test. There
must also be a manhole large enough for a person to enter and inspect the
tank.
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Wood-Preserving
Wood used in the construction of outdoor decks, fences, boats,
pilings, docks and telephone poles must be treated to make it water
resistant and to protect it from the damaging effects of termites and
other insects. A typical wood preserving operation uses any of the
following processes to treat and condition raw wood and lumber: steaming
boultonizing, kiln or air drying. The principal wood preserving agents
used in these processes are phenols such as creosote and
pentachlorophenol (PGP) and two compounds that contain heavy metals -
chromated copper arsenate (CCA) and ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA). Of
particular concern are power company and telephone company pole treating
and storage areas. In the town of Tewksbury, phenols have been found in a
well adjacent to such an area.
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Local Regulatory
Techniques
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X. LOCAL REGULATORY TECHNIQUES
18
19
Methods for Protecting Areas Important to Groundwater Supplies
Each of the local boards discussed in the following section can do
something, often a great deal, to protect groundwater supplies. For best
results, boards should work together. A good way to begin would be to
form a committee with a representative from each board or department and
other interested citizen groups. This committee should begin by sorting
out jurisdiction so that the agencies will not be working at
cross-purposes or exceeding their legal authority.
Every community has different groundwater protection needs. In a
growing suburb, low-density aquifer zoning, reduction of road salt on
local ways and health board restrictions on underground storage tanks may
be appropriate. In rural areas, controlling sand and gravel mining,
agricultural chemicals and waste disposal may be more important. Each
city or town should determine what the principal sources of trouble may
be, which boards can best deal with them, and then develop a groundwater
protection program specifically for their community that includes the
appropriate protection strategies and a schedule to implement them.
1 8
illustrations in this section are courtesy of .the Maine
Association'of Conservation Commissions, "Watching Our Wastes: A
Citizen's Guide to Hazardous Waste in Northern New England," 1983.
19
adapted from Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater
Information Flyer #4, July 1984.
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Zone I: The 400 foot radius around a public supply well Is protected by
state law. Public water suppliers must acquire and protect land
designated in this area.
Zone II (primary recharge area) and Zone III (please refer to section on
Wellhead Protection for more information): These areas can be protected
by appropriate use and enforcement of the following methods.
o Aquifer protection zoning
o Strict controls (including prohibition) of underground fuel
storage and hazardous materials as part of a nonzoning hazardous
materials bylaw.
o Town bylaws such as hazardous materials, earth removal, wetlands
and watershed zoning.
o Subdivision control regulations.
o Health Board regulations
o Use of BMPs for all licenses/permits granted.
o Good policies and practices for.road salt use.
o Pesticide and fertilizer-use BMPs on town-owned lands In critical
groundwater resource areas.
o Enforcement of Title 5 and local septic system regulations.
o Land acquisition via outright purchase, long-term lease,
conservation restrictions, or agricultural preservation
restrictions. Creation of a "greenway" along banks of streams or
ponds that supply water via induced infiltration through the use
of conservation restrictions or land acquisition.
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An example of how these various techniques can be used to control the land
use categories discussed in Section IX is presented as the Land Use/Local
Regulatory Techniques Matrix (please refer to Section XIII). This Matrix
complements the Land Use/Public Supply Well Pollution Potential Matrix
and the Sections IX and X of this handbook and should be used as a handy
reference source. Using the Guide and Matrices, municipalities can
strengthen and build upon their existing regulatory framework to ensure
coverage for the many kinds of contaminant sources.
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ZONING
Deriving from the police power vested by the state's constitution,
zoning has long been used as a means for communities to manage growth.
M.G.L., ch. 40A and its amendment of 1975 (chap.808), which is referred to
as the Zoning Act, has specifically included conservation of natural
resources among the purposes of zoning. Towns may enact zoning
restrictions protecting local groundwaters for the following purposes: to.
conserve health; to prevent overcrowding of land; to facilitate the
adequate provision of water, water supplies, drainage and sewerage; to
conserve the value of the land including the conservation of natural
resources and the prevention of blight and pollution of the environment.
For developed and undeveloped land, a community's zoning bylaws regulate
the density of development, the dimensions of lots and buildings and '
define allowable uses, restrictions, exemptions and uses allowed only by
special permit.
Among Massachusetts communities, the most prevalent zoning technique
used to protect groundwater supplies is a Groundwater Protection, Water
Resource Protection, or Aquifer Protection District bylaw. Commonly,
these zoning bylaws are prepared as "overlay districts", areas
superimposed on the existing zoning map with a provision that the rules of
the underlying district continue except where the overlying district is
more stringent. These bylaws are designed to prevent contaminants from
getting into the groundwater by regulating activities and land uses which
might generate contaminants in the primary recharge area (Zone II) and
Zone III areas of public supply wells (see section on Wellhead Protection
for more information).
Some communities have adopted bylaws that prohibit certain land uses
within specified zones, i.e., Zone II areas, while other communities have
opted to permit all uses as long as they meet specified performance
standards, e.g., standards for underground storage tanks, storage areas
for hazardous materials, contingency plans for spills/leaks of hazardous
materials and registration of hazardous materials. For example, Amherst
and Bourne list prohibited uses with the remaining uses subject to the
zoning in the underlying district. Wilbraham and Fitchburg list permitted
uses with specific requirements attached to those uses. Many towns also
include a special permit, either for listed uses or in order to receive an
exemption from the prohibited uses or added requirements.
The discretion allowed the Special Permit Granting Authority (SPGA)
varies from general measures such as ensuring the town's water supply is
protected to very specific (and sometimes numerical) measures of
discharges and construction specifications. M.G.L., ch. 40A, sect. 9
allows the city or town to designate in its zoning ordinance or bylaw
whether the SPGA shall be the planning board, the selectmen/city council
or the board of appeals. Many communities believe the planning board is
the most appropriate body to administer special permits relating to the
protection of groundwater. This is because the board is familiar with the
planning function whereas the board of appeals is more accustomed to
dealing with hardship variances and selectmen or city councils are often
too busy to deal with processing a complex discretionary permit (Mass.
Audubon Society, 1984).
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Exanroles of Activities and Uses Regulated bv Zoning Bvlaws
Many Massachusetts communities with Aquifer Protection or Groundwater
Protection District bylaws divide the regulation of various land uses and
activities into three categories: Prohibited Uses, Restricted Uses and
Uses Allowed by Special Permit. Based upon a review of bylaws adopted
throughout the state (files are maintained by the DEQE Division of Water
Supply) to protect groundwater resources, the table below is a sample
listing of activities often regulated by zoning bylaws.
Frequently Prohibited Uses in High Priority
Water Supply Protection Areas
o Trucking or bus terminals
o Gasoline Stations, Motor Vehicle Service and Repair Shops
o Car Washes
o Furniture Stripping
o Wood Preserving
o Motels/Hotels
o Metal Plating
o Chemical Manufacturing
o Solid Waste Landfills and Dumps
o Junkyards and Salvage Yards
o Underground Storage and/or transmission of oil, gasoline or other
petroleum products
o Outdoor Storage of Road Salt (NaCl) or other de-icing materials,
the application of road salt and the dumping of salt-laden snow
o Outdoor Storage of Pesticides or Herbicides
o Animal Feedlots
o Dry Cleaning establishments
o Laundromat/Laundry establishments
o The. use of Septic System Cleaners which contain toxic chemicals
(such as methylene chloride and 1,1,1 trichloroethane)
o Businesses and Industrial Uses (excluding agricultural) which
involve the on-site disposal of process wastes from operations
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Prohibited Uses (continued)
o Disposal of liquid or leachable wastes, except for:
* the installation or enlargement of a subsurface waste
disposal system for a residential dwelling;
* normal agricultural operations;
* business or industrial uses which involve the on-site
disposal of wastes from personal hygiene and food
preparation for residents, patrons and employees.
o Municipal Sewage Treatment facilities with on-site disposal of
primary or secondary effluent
o Sand and Gravel extraction
o Boat Service, Repair and Washing establishments
o The rendering impervious of more than 10% of any lot
o Electroplating establishments
o Metal Plating and Finishing establishments
o Beauty Parlors/Hairdressers
o Auto Body Shops
o Photo Processors/Printing establishments
o Chemical/Biological Laboratories
o Parking areas of over 50 spaces
Frequently Restricted Uses in High Priority
Water Supply Protection Areas
o Excavation for the removal of earth, sand, gravel and other soils
o Use of Road Salt (NaCl)
o Use of commercial fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides
o Drainage from impermeable surfaces, for example, requiring the
installation and maintenance of oil, grease and sediment traps
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Aboveground storage tanks for oil, gasoline or other petroleum
products, for example, requiring tanks to be located within a
building or placed on an impermeable surface with dikes/berms to
prevent spills or leaks from contaminating the groundwater
Lot Size: in areas not served by municipal sewerage systems,
towns have established minimum allowable lot sizes, often 40,000
square feet.
Uses Allowed by Special Permit
For those towns issuing special permits for certain uses or as
exemptions, criteria for granting special permits generally address the
quality and quantity of the water resources. The concerns are both to
perpetuate the recharge, thereby maintaining the groundwater yield, and to
prevent degradation of the water quality. Those uses allowed by special
permit must be in accordance with the regulations specified in the zoning
bylaw. The Special Permit Granting Authority (SPGA) issues the special
permit after a review of the permit application.
Many communities require an applicant for a special permit to submit
the following information:
o A site plan which shows (but is not limited to):
- drainage recharge features
- soil erosion and sedimentation control provisions
- provisions to control seepage from sewer pipes
- provisions to prevent contamination of groundwater by petroleum
products or hazardous chemicals
o A complete list of chemicals, pesticides, fuels or other
potentially hazardous materials to be used or stored on the
premises in quantities greater than those associated with normal
household use. A complete list of hazardous wastes to be
generated. Applicants using or storing such hazardous materials
or generating hazardous wastes must file a definitive operating
plan which shows (but is not limited to):
- provisions for protection of hazardous materials and wastes
from vandalism
- provisions for the prevention of corrosion and leakage of
containers storing hazardous materials and wastes
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- indoor storage of all hazardous materials and wastes
- impervious floor surfaces with no interior drains
- provisions to prevent hazardous materials/waste spillage to the
outside
- provisions for the storage of accumulated waste
- provisions for the immediate containment and clean-up of any
hazardous spills
- evidence of compliance with the Regulations of the Massachu
setts Hazardous Waste Management Act, 310 CMR 30.000
- evidence of approval by the DEQE of any industrial waste treat-
ment or disposal system or any wastewater treatment system of
over 15,000 gallons per day capacity
- for the underground storage of toxic or hazardous materials,
evidence of qualified professional supervision of system design
and installation.
(DflFFDC/E
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LOCAL BYLAWS OR ORDINANCES
M.G.L., ch. 40 gives municipalities the authority to pass local bylaws
and ordinances they judge to be conducive to the municipalities' welfare.
The primary emphasis of a local bylaw is to require certain safeguards for
handling and storing materials rather than to regulate land uses. Bylaws
and ordinances differ from zoning bylaws in that pre-existing uses can be
regulated by a general bylaw while they are protected as non-conforming
uses under zoning bylaws (Ch. 40A, sect.6). Furthermore, unlike aquifer
protection or groundwater protection zoning districts, a general bylaw
applies to the entire town. The Board of Health is generally designated
to enforce and/or issue permits.
Communities have adopted general bylaws controlling hazardous and
toxic materials such as petroleum products, pesticides and de-icing
chemicals. These bylaws contain regulations that prohibit discharges,
regulate the storage of hazardous materials, require registration and
inventory of hazardous materials and product tight containers. By
adopting a general bylaw to regulate toxic and hazardous materials, a
community can regulate many of the small businesses and industries not
covered by a zoning bylaw. For example, a general bylaw establishes
specific requirements on a town-wide basis including:
o existing and proposed commercial and industrial businesses that
have underground storage of hazarous materials and fuel must
obtain a permit from the Board of Health
o design, construction and installation requirements for all new
and replacement underground storage tanks
o periodic testing of underground storage tanks using specific
pressure testing procedures
o provisions for inventory control and response to leaks
o development of a spill control and countermeasure plan
o registration of toxic and hazarous materials
o requirements for the aboveground storage of hazardous materials
o requirements for areas where hazardous materials are pumped or
transferred
o guidelines for air emissions of solvents
o guidelines for the installation of underground storage tanks in
proximity to water supplies
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SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS
Another means of managing groundwater supplies available to
Massachusetts' communities is through subdivision regulations established
under M.G.L., ch. 41, sect. 81m. A subdivision is defined as any tract of
land being divided into two or more lots which do not front on a public
way. This definition applies where an access to two or more lots must be
provided for the development. Subdivision control is a means to protect
the safety, convenience, and welfare of the town's inhabitants by
requiring adequate provision for water, sewage, drainage, and underground
utility storage in all subdivision developments, and to ensure compliance
of plans with applicable bylaws and board of health regulations.
When reviewing the design of a proposed subdivision, the planning
board should consider the potential effects of the development on
groundwater. Commonly used protective measures include appropriate design
and construction standards for roads, drainage works and utilities such
as:
o Roads should.be designed for winter safety to reduce road salt
usage to a minimum.
o The widths of roads should be minimized to lessen the extent of
impervious surfaces.
o Unnecessary paving and disturbance of soils over groundwater
recharge areas should be avoided.
o Natural vegetation should be retained wherever possible.
Vegetation reduces the erosion potential by increasing the
infiltration of rainfall into the soil.
o Runoff from the site should not be increased due to development.
Subdivision regulations do not provide as extensive control as zoning
because they are limited to only those activities associated with the
subdivision of land. However, the board of health is required to review
all subdivision plans; this ensures greater oversight of proposed
activities.
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BOARDS OF HEALTH
Local Boards of Health, charged with the protection of the public
health, have the authority to develop, implement and enforce health
policies. Every town must elect a three-person health board or the town
selectmen may act as this body. Health boards have been given a broad
grant of authority under Mass. Gen. Laws, Ch. Ill, sect. 31 to adopt
"reasonable health regulations" in many areas of environmental health
including removal, transportation and disposal of refuse, nuisance, house
drainage and sewer connections, offensive trades and the installation of
septic systems. Boards may require a permit or establish substantive
performance standards for certain activities or set a fee as part of a
regulation. Pursuant to a town bylaw, health boards may also be autho-
rized to require permits or set fees for certain activities.
Powers of the Board of Health20
o can hire an agent to enforce state and local laws and
regulations.
o can adopt regulations for any activity that might contaminate
groundwater.
o can regulate local use, transport, and storage of hazardous
materials, including fuel (in cooperation with the fire
department).
o administers Title 5 (Environmental Health Code) governing
installation and maintenance of septic systems.
o must approve plans for drainage in subdivision plans, can
disapprove a subdivision plan or portion of a plan because of a
threat to groundwater quality.
o has broad power to regulate "nuisances," including those that
threaten groundwater quality.
o must assign sites for "offensive trades," landfills, garbage
dumps, and hazardous waste disposal.
Health Boards adopt regulations by a majority vote and publication of
the regulations once in a local newspaper. In order to protect ground-
water quality, health boards have voted to increase setback requirements
for septic systems. For example, boards have required a 100 foot buffer
along all streams and other watercourses and a 200 foot or more buffer
around reservoirs and lakes. Boards have also increased the distance
between the maximum groundwater elevation and the bottom of the leaching
adapted from Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater
Information Flyer #4, July 1984.
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fleld from 4 to 8 feet over aquifers. Health boards have established maximum
percolation rates, more stringent septic system design requirements and limited
the determination of maximum groundwater elevations to the "wettest" months or
weeks of the year (MAPC, 1982).
Authority to Regulate Specific Activities
Subsurface sewage disposal systems: Massachusetts General Laws (M.G.L.),
ch. 21A, sect. 13 and Title 5 of the State Environmental Health Code (found in
310 CMR 15.00) establish minimum standards for the location, design, construc-
tion and maintenance of septic systems and leaching fields for subsurface dis-
posal of wastes in unsewered areas. Title 5 includes minimum setback require-
ments for septic tanks and leaching fields. The minimum distances between
leaching fields and wells or other drinking water supplies is 100 feet and the
minimum distance between septic tanks and wells or other drinking water sup-
plies is 50 feet. In addition, Title 5 states that the leaching field must be
at least four feet above the seasonal high water table elevation. When local
conditions such as topography and types of soils warrant higher standards,
boards of health may adopt more stringent regulations to ensure the septic
system functions properly and to prevent groundwater or surface water
contamination.
One important health board responsibility is to enforce regulations for the design, location, and
construction of septic systems that must meet these minimum state requirements for distance from
wells and the maximum water table level. Health boards can adopt stricter regulations if local conditions
warrant them.
SOURCE: Mass. Audubon Society, Groundwater Information Flyer #4, July 1984.
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Local boards are responsible for issuing permits for the construction of
septic systems. However, DEQE must approve all plans for systems with flows
over 15,000 gallons per day. In addition, DEQE regulates all disposal of
industrial wastewater. Before a construction work permit may be issued, a
representative of the health board must visit the site and inspect the deep
observation pit and observe the percolation tests. The percolation test is
used to determine the suitability of the soil at the leaching elevation and the
suitability of the soil 4 feet below this elevation. In order to examine the
soil, determine the maximum groundwater elevation and presence of bedrock or
impermeable material, a deep observation hole is excavated at the site.
Title 5 states that the leaching field must be at least four feet above the
maximum high groundwater elevation (water table). This standard is important
for groundwater protection since the contaminants form a leaching system that
is located at or below the water table will enter groundwater directly without
the benefit of filtering through the soil. Unfortunately, careful enforcement
of this standard will not guarantee a community unpolluted groundwater. The
density of septic systems and the permeability of the soil have an important
role in determining whether groundwater becomes polluted. Title 5 bans the
installation of a septic system in soils that have a slow percolation rate.
Any of the following four factors determine whether or not a septic system
will function properly: depth to seasonal high water table, soil type,
surficial deposits and maintenance of the system. Septic systems located in
areas with a high seasonal water table will fail due to flooding of the
leaching field. In areas characterized by impermeable soils and surficial
materials (percolation rates >30 minutes per inch), sewage effluent will not
readily infiltrate the ground and may instead emerge at the land surface and
contaminate surface water supplies. Areas of coarse, well sorted sands and
gravels that have a rapid percolation rate will not adequately treat the sewage
effluent and local groundwater contamination may occur. Finally, a properly
located system must be conscientiously maintained and utilized. Septage should
be removed from the septic tank on a regular basis. Household hazardous
wastes such as paint thinner, motor oil, varnishes, acids, etc. should not be
disposed of in the septic system.
Septic system maintenance: It is the responsibility of the septic system
owner to properly maintain their system. The Board of Health has the authority
to require periodic inspection and pumping of every septic system in the com-
munity. If necessary, the board can order a system to be cleaned or repaired
and require all expenses incurred to be paid by the owner. Septic tanks must
be accessible for service and cleaning and must be inspected or cleaned at
least once a year 310 C.M.R. Sect. 15.06 (13), (16). If the health board
determines that a septic system is a threat to groundwater quality and the lot
abuts a public sewer line, the board has the authority (M.G.L., ch. 83, sect.
3) to require the landowner to connect to the sewer at his or her own expense.
Furthermore, the sewer commissioners cannot substitute their judgement on this
matter (Mass. Audubon Society, 1984).
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Garbage, Rubbish and Landfills: Mass. Gen. Laws, Ch. Ill, sect. 150A
gives the board of health the authority to regulate the location of dumps,
landfills, disposal sites, residual waste treatment plants, recycling
facilities and refuse transfer stations. Health boards control these
activities through the issuance of site assignments. The site assignment
process considers the extent, character and nature of the operation so as to
protect the public health. Boards must apply the standard set forth in Mass.
Gen. Laws, Ch. Ill, sect. 150B when approving or disapproving a site
assignment. Unfortunately, the application of this standard is unclear.
Health boards are directed to evaluate the facility on the basis of whether or
not it poses a significantly greater danger to the public than the danger that
currently exists in the operation of a facility that uses comparable
processes. This statute does not give health boards the necessary guidance for
determining comparable processes or degree of danger. However, recent solid
waste legislation, passed on December 17, 1987, authorized DEQE to promulgate
new site assignment criteria by April 15, 1988.
All site assignments must be approved by the DEQE, which discourages the
location of landfills in watersheds of drinking water supplies. Furthermore,
state landfill regulations (310 CMR 19.00) prohibit landfills in wetlands and
floodplains and require a minimum of four feet between the bottom of the refuse
and the groundwater during periods of maximum high water table elevation.
These regulations are not sufficient to protect groundwater from contamination
by landfill leachate. Although recent legislation requires that most new
landfills be equipped with liners and leachate collection systems, local boards
of health should not allow landfills to be located over aquifers or recharge
areas. The health board should also monitor the operation of existing
landfills in their towns to prevent the disposal of hazardous materials such as
pesticides, and toxic chemicals from homes, stores and industries.
Subdivision Control: Under M.G.L., ch. 41, sects. 81K - et seq.. local
boards of health have an important role in subdivision control. They can
approve or disapprove subdivision plans based upon any subject that is within
their realm of authority including drainage, sewer lines, on-site sewage
disposal, potential contamination of municipal wellfields as well as other
areas subject to board of health review. Furthermore, unlike planning boards
which are limited by the rules and regulations adopted under section 81Q of the
Subdivision Control Act, health boards enjoy a broad scope of jurisdiction and
authority. For example, if the board of health disapproves a subdivision plan
because it determines that groundwater pollution is likely to occur, the
planning board may not approve the plan. If, on the other hand, the board of
health approves the plan, the planning board may only disapprove if the board
has established water pollution regulations and if the plan violates these
regulations. If the health board disapproves a subdivision plan it must
indicate in its report any unsuitable building lots and the reasons for
determining the lot(s) unsuitable. When possible, the board should also submit
recommendations for making the plan acceptable. Or, the board may issue a
conditional approval. Failure to meet the board's conditions would result in
an automatic rescission of the board's approval.
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Hazardous Waste: Under M.G.L., ch. Ill, sect. 150B, health boards also
have the responsibility to assign areas for the disposal of hazardous wastes.
This law governs new disposal sites as well as existing generators who store,
process, or dispose of hazardous wastes produced onsite. Although a community
may not ban all disposal of hazardous wastes within its boundaries (this power
was taken over by the state under M.G.L., chs. 21C and 21D), it can exercise
its significant power over industrial and commercial use of hazardous mate-
rials. Many communities have subsequently adopted home rule registration
systems for all activities that involve hazardous materials and are requiring
that generators and users to inform the health board how they use, store, and
dispose of listed chemicals.
Underground Storage of Fuels and Chemicals: The underground storage of
petroleum products and hazardous materials is a major concern to a number of
Massachusetts communities. Leaking storage tanks can contaminate large volumes
of groundwater. Perhaps the most well-known example of groundwater
contamination from leaking a underground storage tank is Provincetown's South
Hollow wellfield (located in neighboring Truro). It took ten years and $3.3
million dollars to rid the groundwater of gasoline. The wellfield was put back
on-line in 1986.
Regulations designed to prevent groundwater contamination by leaking
underground storage tanks have been adopted by several communities under the
authority granted by M.G.L., ch.lll, sect. 31(8). In addition, boards have
adopted toxic and hazardous materials regulations that control the storage and
disposal of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and road salts.
Nuisance: Under M.G.L., ch. Ill, sect. 122, health boards are authorized
to examine all nuisances which, in the board's opinion, may be injurious to the
public health including those that threaten groundwater quality. Once an
activity is declared a nuisance, the board will order the nuisance removed
within 24 hours at the owner's expense. The board may abate the nuisance by
hiring a person or firm under contract if the owner fails to comply with the
board's order. Expenses incurred by the health board may be recovered from the
owner in a subsequent court action.
Thus, the mandates of the Board of Health provide many methods for the
protection of the public health and the environment from groundwater contami-
nation. Septic systems, landfills, hazardous materials and other polluting and
potentially dangerous wastes can be properly managed under existing authorities
by the Board of Health.
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o-i
Planning Boards
Over 70 years ago, planning boards were created by Massachusetts General
Laws, ch. 41, to plan for the "resources, possibilities, and needs" of their
communities, including the protection of natural resources. Generally,
planning boards contain from five to nine members, who are appointed by the
mayor or city council in cities and appointed by the selectmen or elected by
the voters in towns.
Powers of the Planning Board
can plan for the "resources, possibilities, and needs" of the
community, including groundwater protection; can develop a master plan
and conduct other planning studies, including water-supply plans.
can serve as the special permit granting authority within zoning
districts.
can develop and propose an official map governing the layout of roads
and parks. (Protection of groundwater can be considered as the map is
developed.)
must adopt regulations for reviewing subdivision plans and can include
groundwter protection measures related to drainage, public ways, and
public safety; can require extensive information about a proposed
subdivision, including information about groundwater; may require
construction bonds to ensure that drainage work is done properly.
must review all proposed zoning bylaws and amendments; can develop and
recommend zoning and non-zoning provisions including site-plan review
bylaws, and environmental performance standards to control design of
projects not covered by subdivision control.
Subdivision Control Powers of the Planning Board
In order to provide for public safety, adequate roadways, water, sewage,
drainage and other services, M.G.L., ch. 41, sects. 81K-81GG, requires anyone
planning to subdivide land so that the new lots do not have frontage on a way
deemed adequate by the planning board to submit plans to the planning board and
also to the board of health.
All of the powers of review exercised by a planning board under the
subdivision control law depend upon, and are limited by, the regulations
adopted by that board. Thus, if a planning board wishes to protect groundwater
in subdivisions, it must adopt detailed subdivision regulations that include
specific standards for groundwater protection. The board should consult model
21
adapted from Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater
Information Flyer #4, July 1984.
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subdivision regulations such as the one developed by the Metropolitan Area
Planning Council (see Appendix). Model subdivision regulations contain
provisions for maximizing groundwater recharge through the use of swales or
other alternative drainage designs, limiting pavement over aquifer recharge
areas, and preventing pollution from runoff by requiring the installation of
erosion and sediment control devices or oil traps in catch basins.
The Supreme Judicial Court has held that, because of its overall planning
function, a planning board may require extensive information about a proposed
subdivision even if this information is not directly relevant to ways or
utilities. For example, applicants may be required to submit data on soils and
runoff. The power to deny a proposed subdivision plan, or to regulate its
impact on the rest of the community is, however, strictly limited by the
subdivision control law. The board must be able to point to a particular
regulation with which the proposed subdivision plan does not comply. The
Court has also held that subdivision regulations must contain explicit
standards so that the developer will know what information the board expects to
receive and review. A provision that runoff from the subdivision should not
exceed that of pre-existing conditions would be adequately clear; a mandate to
preserve groundwater recharge might be too vague.
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CONSERVATION COMMISSIONS
The Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act (WPA), M.G.L., ch. 131, sect. 40,
is probably the best known environmental law in the Commonwealth and serves as
a model statute for wetlands protection among the states. Since 1972,
conservation commissions have had primary jurisdiction over activities within
100 feet of inland wetlands, coastal wetlands and areas within the 100 year
floodplain. Almost every town in the Commonwealth has a conservation
commission. In the absence of a commission, the selectmen or mayor exercise
this authority.
22
Powers of Conservation Commissions
o can acquire conservation lands (with the approval of chief elected
officials [CEOs]) including aquifers and recharge areas; can apply for
state and federal funding for land acquisition (with CEO approval).
o can purchase or acquire by gift conservation restrictions on land
important for groundwater protection (approval of CEOs and the
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs required); can also hold
agricultural preservation restrictions
o may receive gifts of land and money (CEOs' approval necessary).
o may establish regulations for use of land under its control; can
include measures to protect groundwater.
o has jurisdiction under the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act over
activities in wetlands and floodplains that could pollute groundwater.
o can develop local bylaws to provide additional protection to wetlands
(and the groundwater associated with them); bylaws must be passed by
town meeting or city council.
o may serve as the permit agency for earth removal applications.
o can provide environmental education activities to the public.
Wetland areas include wet meadows, marshes, swamps, bogs and areas where
groundwater flowing or standing provides an environment for a plant community
for at least five months of the year. Those plants or plant groups which are
determinants of a wetland (indicator plants) are named specifically in the WPA.
Water supply and groundwater are two of the seven recognized wetland values
named in the WPA that conservation commissions can reference in their actions.
Often, wetlands serve as a groundwater discharge and/or recharge area depending
upon the geologic conditions and the time of the year.
22
adapted from Massachusetts Audubon Society, Groundwater
Information Flyer #4, July 1984.
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Wetlands can be very valuable as a biological system for treating and
attenuating some contaminants. Certain biologically degradable contaminants
when discharged upgradient from wetland areas have been broken-down as they
pass through wetlands. In addition, the presence of organic matter, clay and
silt in wetlands can aid in the attenuation of heavy metals.
The proponents of any project within 100 feet of a wetland or one which
will result in the alteration of a wetland must obtain an "Order of Conditions"
from the local conservation commission. This permit specifies performance
standards that must be met or denies the project in the submitted form.
Typical orders of conditions contain restrictions on the use of chemicals,
petroleum, manure, and other sources of pollution, storage and application of
road salt, fuel storage tanks and standards for septic systems and excavation
below the water table. Standards can be set to limit paving and require
erosion controls, including the use of hay bales and oil and grease traps.
Over 40 towns and cities have adopted local versions of the Wetlands
Protection Act (nonzoning bylaws enacted under M.G.L., ch. 40, sect. 21).
These local wetlands bylaws are administered by conservation commissions in
connection with the administration of the state law. The advantages of a local
wetlands protection bylaw include the right to add values not covered by state
law, such as protection of wildlife habitat; optional exclusion of exemptions
found in the state WPA, such as the exemption for agriculture, whcih also
covers use of pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides and the absence of a DEQE
override [decisions are appealed only to a court] (Mass. Audubon Society,
1984). After the completion of a hydrogeologic study to define the recharge
areas to its public supply wells and delineate the boundaries of its aquifers,
many town conservation commissions have used their authority under the WPA and
local wetlands bylaw to manage activities in aquifer recharge areas in or
adjacent to wetlands.
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XI. GLOSSARY23
Aquifer. A formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that
contains sufficient saturated, permeable material to yield significant
quantities of water to wells and springs.
Artesian, see Groundwater, confined.
Best Management Practices (BMPs). Methods, measures, or practices to
prevent or reduce groundwater and surface' water pollution, including, but
not limited to, structural and nonstfuctural controls and operation and
maintenance procedures. BMPs may be applied before, during or after
pollution-producing activities to reduce or eliminate the introduction of
pollutants into groundwater and surface waters.
Buffer Strip. Strips of grass or other erosion-resistant vegetation
between a waterway or sensitive aquifer recharge area and an area of more
intensive land use.
Cone of Depression (or Drawdown cone). A roughly conical concavity (or
dimple) in the potentiometric surface around a pumping well.
Confining Bed. A body of "impermeable" material stratigraphically
adjacent to one or more aquifers. Synonyms: aquitard, aquiclude; and
aquifuge.
Conservation Tillage (Reduced Tillage). Farming practices, such as
reduced plowing, that cause less disruption of the land surface than does
conventional tillage. Common practices include plow planting,
double-disking, chisel-plowing, and strip tillage.
Contour Strip Cropping. Farming operations performed on the contour
with crops planted in narrow strips, alternating between row crops and
close-growning forage crops.
Diffusion. The process by which dissolved substances move from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Dispersion. The act of spreading or distributing a dissolved substance
from a fixed or constant source; or the process by which a dissolved
substance spreads out from a constant or fixed source.
23
adapted from U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1988.
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Erosion. The wearing away of a land surface by wind or water. Erosion
occurs naturally from weathering or runoff but can be intensified by land
clearing practices.
Grassed Waterway. A natural or constructed waterway (usually broad and
shallow, covered with erosion-resistant grass) that is used to conduct
surface water from cropland.
Groundwater, confined. Groundwater that is under pressure significantly
greater than atmospheric pressure, and its upper limit is the bottom of a
bed of distinctly lower hydraulic conductivitiy than that of the material
in which the confined water occurs.
Groundwater, perched. Unconfined groundwater separated from an
underlying body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone. Its water table is
a perched water table.
Groundwater, unconfined. Water in an aquifer that has a water table.
Groundwater Divide. A vertical, imagineary, impermeable boundary that,
in an ideal, symmetrical groundwater system, coincides exactly with the
topographic highs that represent surface water divides from which water
flows in opposite directions.
Homogeneity. The quality or state of having uniform structure or
composition; in hydrology, this term describes an ideal fluid.
Hydrologic Cycle. The continuous circulation of water between the
ocean, atmosphere and the land.
Infiltration. The entry into the soil of water made available at the
ground surface, together with the associated flow away from the ground
surface within the unsaturated zone.
Integrated Pest Management. Combing the best of all useful techniques;
biological, chemical, cultural, physical and mechanical, into a
custom-made pest control system.
Isotropy. That condition in which all significant properties are
independent of direction.
Leachate. The liquid derived from the leaching of buried refuse in
sanitary landfills and dumps by percolating water derived from rain or
snowmelt. It frequently contains large numbers of inorganic contaminants
and high values for total dissolved solids, and may contain many organic
contaminants.
Perched Water Table. The occurence of a discontinuous saturated zone
with an unsaturated zone above and below. This condition is commonly
caused by layered geologic materilas with differing permeabilities.
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Percolate. Water moving by gravity through pore spaces of unsaturated
geologic material.
Permeability. The capacity of a porous medium for transmitting water.
Plume. A relatively discrete body of contaminated groundwater
originating from a specified source(s) and influenced in its movement by
such factors as the local groundwater flow pattern, the specific gravity
and solubiltiy of the contaminant, the subsurface geology within the zone
of saturation and the influence of pumping wells.
Porosity. The ratio of the volume of small openings in soil or rock to
its total volume; it is usually expressed as a percentage.
Potentiometric Surface. A surface that represents the static head. In
an aquifer, it is defined by the levels to which water will rise in
tightly cased wells. The water table is a particular potentiometric
surface.
Recharge. The entry into the saturated zone of water made available at
the water table surface, together with the associated flow away from the
water table within the saturated zone.
Recharge Area. That portion of a drainage basin in which the net
saturated flow of groundwater is directed away from the water table.
Runoff. 1. That portion of precipitation that does not return to the
atmosphere through evapotranspiration nor infiltrate the soil to recharge
groundwater but leaves the hydrologic system as streamflow. 2. That
portion of precipitation delivered to streams as overland flow to
tributary channels.
Saturated Zone. The subsurface zone occurring below the water table
where the soil pores are filled with water and the moisture content equals
the porosity.
Terraces. Embankments built along the contour of agricultural land to
hold or divert runoff and sediment, thus reducing erosion.
Tillage. Plowing, seedbed preparation, and cultivation practices.
Unconfined Aquifer. An aquifer having a water table.
Unsaturated Zone, the subsurface zone occurring above the water table
where the soil pores are only partially filled with water, and the
moisture content is less than the porosity.
Water Table. The surface on which the fluid pressure in the pores of a
porous medium is equal to the atmospheric pressure. It is the level at
which water stands in a shallow well open along its length and penetrating
the surficial deposits just deeply enough to encounter standing water in
the bottom.
Watershed. The area of contribution to a surface water body. It is
defined by topographic high points.
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XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allen, Boyd and Pare, Mark K., "Septage Management - A Regulatory
Perspective," June 1987, Department of Environmental Quality Engineering,
Division of Water Pollution Control, Boston, MA.
Anderson, Mary P., "Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater: Groundwater
Transport - Advection and Dispersion," Studies in Geophysics - Groundwater
Contamination. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1984.
Belfit, Gabrielle C., "Septage/Sewage Disposal Practices on Cape Cod: An Update
on Recommendations made in the Final Water Quality Management Plan/EIS for
Cape Cod, 1978," June 1984, Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development
Commission, Barnstable, MA.
Berkshire County Regional Planning Commission, "208 Mine-Related Activities
and Water Quality," 1979 Addendum to Water Quality Plan for the Upper
Housatonic River. Final Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. September
1978.
Brady, Nyle C., The Nature and Properties of Soils. MacMillan Publishing
Company, New York, N.Y., 1984.
Brownlee, Dorothy S. "A Handbook For Groundwater Contamination Problems,"
1984. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering,
Boston, MA.
Cnnter, Larry W. and Knox, Robert C. Septic Tank System Effects on Groundwater
Quality. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, 1986.
Cape Cod Planning and Economic Development Commission, "Cape Cod Regional
Hazardous Waste Management Plan for Small Quanity Generators," prepared by
SEA Consultants, Inc., Barnstable, M.A. February, 1987.
Cherry, John A., et al, "Contaminants in Groundwater: Chemical Processes,"
Studies in Geophysics - Groundwater Contamination. National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C., 1984
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection,"Protecting Connecticut's
Groundwater: A Guide to Groundwater Protection for Local Officials,"
September 1984, Hartford, CT.
Conservation Law Foundation of New England, Inc., "Underground Petroleum
Storage Tanks: Local Regulation of a Groundwater Hazard," Boston, MA
1984.
Conservation Law Foundation of New England, Inc., "Legal Handbook for Boards
of Health," Boston, MA June 1982.
Fetter, C.W., Jr., Applied Hydrogeology. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company,
Columbus, Ohio, 1980.
Freeze, R. Allan and Cherry, John A., Groundwater. Prentice - Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1979.
Frimpter, Michael H., Donohue, John J., IV, Rapacz, Michael V., "A Mass-Balance
Nitrate Model for Predicting the Effects of Land Use on Groundwater Quality
in Municipal Wellhead Protection Areas," Cape Cod Aquifer Management
Project Technical Report, Boston, MA July 1988.
Gallagher, Tara and Nickerson, Susan, "The Cape Cod Aquifer Management
Project: A Multi-Agency Approach to Ground Water Protection," Proceedings
of the Third Annual Eastern Regional Ground Water Conference.
July 28-30, 1986, Springfield, MA. NWWA, Dublin, OH.
Geraghty and Miller, Inc. and American Ecology Services, Inc., "The
Fundamentals of Ground-Water Contamination," Fall, 1985 New York, N.Y.
-------
-204-
Hughes, Henry B.F., James Pike and Keith S. Porter, "Assessment of Ground-Water
Contamination by Nitrogen and Synthetic Organics in Two Water Districts in
Nassau County, N.Y.," January 1985, Center For Environmental Research,
Water Resources Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Hutchinson, Wayne R. and Hoffman, Jeffrey L., "A Ground Water Pollution
Priority System," New Jersey Geological Survey, Open File Report. No. 83-4
Division of Water Resources, Trenton, N.J.
Jaffe, Martin and Dinovo, Frank, Local Groundwater Protection. American
Planning Association, Chicago, IL, 1987.
Keenan, Charles W., Donald C. Kleinfelter and Jesse H. Wood, General College
Chemistry. Harper and Row Publishers, New York, N.Y. 1980.
Kim, Nancy K. and Stone, Daniel W., "Organic Chemicals and Drinking Water,"
New York State Department of Health, New York, N.Y. (undated).
Koppelman, Lee E., et al., "Nonpoint Source Managment Handbook," Long
Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, N.Y. 1984.
MacKay, Douglas M., et.al., "Transport of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater,"
Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 19, No. 5, 1985.
Manahan, Stanley E., Environmental Chemistry. PWS Publishers, Boston, MA.
1984.
Maine Association of Conservation Commissions, "Watching Our Wastes: A
Citizen's Guide to Hazardous Waste in Northern New England," Portland, ME
1983.
Massachusetts Audubon Society, "An Introduction to Groundwater and Aquifers,"
Groundwater Information Flyer #1, November/December 1983, Community
Groundwater Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Audubon Society, "Landfills and Groundwater Protection,"
Groundwater Information Flyer #8, July 1986, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Audubon Society, "Pesticides and Groundwater Protection,"
Groundwater Information Flyer #7, November 1985, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Audubon Society "Underground Storage Tanks and Groundwater
Protection," Groundwater Information Flyer #5, December 1984, Community
Groundwater Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Audubon Society, "Ground Water and Contamination: From the
Watershed to the Well," Groundwater Information Flyer #2, January/February
1984, Community Groundwater Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Audubon Society, "Local Authority for Groundwater Protection,"
Groundwater Information Flyer #4, July 1984, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Audubon Society, "Road Salt and Groundwater Protection,"
Groundwater Information Flyer #9, February 1987, Community Groundwater
Protection Project, Lincoln, MA.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of
Hazardous Waste "Hazardous Waste Fact Sheets," 1986.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of
Water Supply, Office of Planning and Program Management, "Groundwater
Quality and Protection: A Guide for Local Officials," Boston, MA April
1985.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Division of
Water Supply, "Pesticides and Drinking Water: Responsibilities of
Massachusetts Boards of Health," Boston, MA August 1987.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, "What You
Should Know in Order to Identify and Maintain Your Sewage System,"
brochure (undated) Boston, MA.
-------
-205-
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, Office of
Planning and Program Development, "Road Salts and Water Supplies: Best
Management Practices," Boston, MA August 1981.
Metropolitan Area Planning Council, "Runoff and Recharge: Improving Water
Quality and Groundwater Recharge Through Alternative Drainage Designs,"
Boston, MA December 1983.
Metropolitan Area Planning Council, "Groundwater Protection: A Guide For
Local Communities," Boston, MA April 1982.
Metropolitan Area Planning Council, "The Growth Management Catalog: A
Compendium of Growth Management Techniques," Boston, MA November 1987.
New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, "Groundwater: Out
of Sight-Not Out of Danger," brochure, March 1988 Boston, MA.
New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, "Here Lies the
Problem...Leaking Underground Storage Systems," brochure, January 1985
Boston, MA.
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, "Groundwater Supply
Source Protection: A Guide for Localities in Upstate New York," prepared
by the Schenectady County Planning Department, Schenectady, NY February
1987.
Office of Technology Assessment, "Protecting the Nation's Groundwater from
Contamination : Vols. I & II," OTA-0-276, October 1984, Washington D.C.
P''ge, G. William, ed., Planning for Groundwater Protection. Academic Press,
Inc., Boston, MA. 1987.
Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, "The Road Salt Management Handbook:
Introducing A Reliable Strategy to Safeguard People and Water Resources,"
W. Springfield, MA November 1986.
Pisanelli, Anthony J. and Jennie Bridge, "Overview of Regulatory and Non-
Regulatory Techniques for Local Groundwater Protection," New England
Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Boston, MA November 1986.
Quadri, Clare Garrison, "The Relationship Between Nitrate - Nitrogen Levels in
Groundwater and Land Use on Cape Cod," June 1984, Cape Cod Planning and
Economic Development Commission, Barnstable, MA.
Smith, Leverett R. and Dragun, James, "Degradation of Volatile Chlorinated
Aliphatic Priority Pollutants in Groundwater." Environment International.
Vol. 10, pp. 291-298, 1984.
Special Legislative Commission on Water Supply, Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
"Contamination in Municipal Water Supplies," Boston, MA December 1986.
University of Massachusetts, Cooperative Extension Service, Integrated Pest
Management Program, "A Report on the UMASS, Cooperative Extension
Integrated Pest Management Program," Amherst, MA October 1986.
University of Massachusetts, Cooperative Extension Service, Integrated Pest
Management Program, "A Report on the UMASS, Cooperative Extension
Integrated Pest Management Program," Amherst, MA November 1987.
University of Massachusetts, Cooperative Extension Service, Integrated Pest
Management Program, Turf IPM Program, "Home Lawn Manual," Amherst, MA
1987.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, "Water Quality
Field Guide," SCS-TP-160, Washington, D.C. September 1983.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Soil Conservation
Service, Forest Service in cooperation with the Massachusetts Water
Resources Commission, "Massachusetts Agricultural Water Quality Study,"
August 1984.
-------
-206-
U.S. Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Rural Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality Evaluation
and Technical Assistance Project, "Best Management Practices for
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Control: Part IV - Pesticides," Raleigh,
N.C. September 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Nonpoint Source Runoff: Information
Transfer System," Office of Water, EPA 430-9-83-009 Washington, D.C. July
1983.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "An Overview of the Contaminants of
Concern in the Disposal and Utilization of Municipal Sewage Sludge -
Draft", April 15, 1983, Sludge Task Force, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Determination of Toxic Chemicals in
Effluent from Household Septic Tanks," EPA/600/2-85/050, April 1985,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "DRASTIC: A Standardized System for
Evaluating Ground Water Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings:
Draft," EPA/600/2-85/018, May 1985, Ada, OK.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Handbook: Groundwater,"
EPA/625/6-87/016, March 1987, Cincinnati, Ohio.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency "Hazardous Waste and Land Treatment,"
April 1983, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, (SW-874)
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Manual of Individual Water Supply
Systems," EPA-570 9-82-004, October 1982, Office of Drinking Water,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Pesticides in Ground-Water: Background
Document," May 1986, Office of Ground-Water Protection (WH-550G),
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Seminar Publication: Protection of
Public Water Supplies from Groundwater Contamination," EPA/625/4-85/016,
September 1985, Cincinnati, Ohio.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Septic Systems and Ground-Water
Protection: An Executive's Guide," July 1986, Office of Ground-Water
Protection, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Septic Systems and Ground-Water
Protection: A Program Manager's Guide and Reference Book," July 1986,
Office of Ground-Water Protection, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Sludge - Recycling for Agricultural
Use," October 1982, Office of Water Program Operations (WH-547),
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Solving the Hazardous Waste Problem,"
EPA/530-SW-86-037, November 1986, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Surface Impoundments and Their Effects
on Groundwater Quality in the United States - A Preliminary Survey," EPA
570/9-78-004, June 1978, Office of Drinking Water, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "This Brochure Will Help You Comply with
Hazardous Waste Laws" EPA/530-SW-010, June 1985, Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Wellhead Protection: A Decision -
Makers Guide," May 1987, Office of Ground-Water Protection, Washington,
D.C.
U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 2220, "Basic Groundwater Hydrology,"
Alexandria, VA 1983.
U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 86-543, "Estimation of the Recharge
Area Contributing Water to a Pumped Well in a Glacial Drift River Valley
Aquifer," Providence RI 1987.
-------
207
XIII. MATRICES
Land Use/Public Supply Well Pollution Potental Matrix
Land Use/Local Regulatory Techniques Matrix
-------
LAND USE/PUBLIC-SUPPLY WELL POLLUTION POTENTIAL MATRIX
Potential
Contaminants
Land Us* Considerations
Land Use Categories
Overall Threat
to Public Water Supply3
Agriculture/Golf Courses
Airports
Asphalt Plants
Beauty Parlors
Boat Yards/Builders
Car Washes
Cemeteries
Chemical Manufacture
Clandestine Dumping
Dry Cleaning
Furniture Stripping and Painting
Hazardous Materials Storage and Transfer
Industrial Lagoons and Pits
Jewelry and Metal Plating
Junkyards
Landfills
Laundromats
Machine Shops/Metal Working
Municipal Wastewater/Sewer Lines
Photography Labs/Printers
Railroad Tracks and Yards
Maintenance Stations
Research Labs/Universities/Hospitals
Road and Maintenance Depots
Sand and Gravel Mining/Washing
Septage Lagoons and Sludge
Septic Systems, Cesspools and Water Softeners
Stables, Feedlots, Kennels,
Piggeries, Manure Pits
Stormwater Drains/Retention Basins
Stump Dumps
Underground Storage Tanks
Vehicular Services
Wood Preserving
mm
P&sa
mm
1111
Hi
ill
M-H
L-M
L-M
L-M
M
L-M
M
M-H
L-M
The containinant(s) released from this land-use category may render groundwater at a public-supply well undrinkable in
accordance with federal and state maximum contaminant levels.
This land use category is not generally associated with the release of the particular contaminant in quantities that would
render the groundwater at a public-supply well undrinkable. However, the contaminant may be associated with a particular
activity.
= Low Threat
Medium Threat
= High Threat
This Matrix is based on a literature review and the combined field experience of the Cape Cod Aquifer Management Project (CCAMP).
THIS MATRIX SHOULD BE USED AS A GUIDE AND HANDY REFERENCE. It is not a substitute for looking at a particular land use
in detail. There will always be the potential for a business to use an unusual process using chemicals not normally associated with that
business. The land-use categories included in the Matrix and Guide to Contamination Sources for Wellhead Protection are those that
might be found in the primary recharge area of a public-supply well in Massachusetts. This Matrix may be misleading or erroneous if
applied to low-yield private wells.
1. Nitrate has a cumulative impact on groundwater quality. No one category is responsible for the release of nitrate. A variety of land use categories release nitrate. These
include animal feedlots, landfills, septic systems, septage lagoons, municipal wastewater and agricultural activities including turf maintenance.
2. There are no known instances of beauty parlors contaminating well water in Massachusetts. More research is needed to determine the severity of a threat to
groundwater from this land use category.
3. Refer to Guide to Contamination Sources for Wellhead Protection, pp. 1 -2.
June 1988
-------
LAND USE / LOCAL REGULATORY TECHNIQUES MATRIX
Local
Regulatory
Techniques
(see discussion
In Guidebook)
Land Use Categories
Agriculture
Asphalt Plants
Beauty Parlors
Boat Yards/Builders
Car Washes
Cemeteries
Chemical Manufacture
Clandestine Dumping
Dry Clean Ing
Furniture Stripping & Painting
Golf Courses/Turf Management
Hazardous Materials Storage
High Technology Industries
Industrial Lagoons and Pits
Jewelry and Metal Plating
Laundromats
Machine Shops/Metal Working
Municipal Wastewater/Sewer Lines
Photography Labs/Printers
Railroad Tracks and Yards
Research Labs/Hospitals
Road and Maintenance Depots
Sand and Gravel Mining/Washing
Septage Lagoons and Sludge
Septic Systems, Cesspools
Stables. Feedlots, Kennels
Stormwater Drains/Retention Basins
Stump Dumps
Underground Storage Tanks
Vehicular Services
Wood Preserving
Explanation of the Matrix
1
Not Applicable
Applicable to Proposed Uses
Applicable to Existing
and Proposed Land Uses
This Matrix relates local regulatory techniques to various
land use categories, the local authority has options for
controlling potential contaminant sources. Each technique
can Incorporate provisions for existing uses, proposed
uses, and other situations, such as a changed use or an
abandoned use. Because techniques to control existing uses
automatically cover future uses, a box showing applic-
ability to existing uses only does not appear.
-------
Appendices
-------
APPENDIX A
Technical References for Protecting Groundwater
from Hazardous Materials and Other Contaminants
A-l
-------
TECHNICAL REFERENCES FOR PROTECTING GRODNDWATER FROM
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS
prepared by:
New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission
85 Merrimac Street
Boston, Massachusetts 021K
(August,1988)
pg. no. LIST OF CONTENTS:
TR-1 . Inventory of GW Pollution Sources
2 Local Administrative and Management Controls
3 Sources for Hazardous Material Bylaws
3 Risk Assessment Methods
4. Non-Point Source Pollution(General)
5 Road Salting/Storage
6 ' Urban Runoff/Stormwater Management
6 Lawn Care and Agriculture
7 Storage of Hazardous Materials
8 Underground, Storage Tanks
9 Source Reduction/Waste Minimization
10 Waste Oil
10 On-site Disposal Systems
11 Household Hazardous Waste Collection
11 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
12 Training and Educational Programs
[E]= EPA Region.I Library, JFK Federal Bldg., Boston, MA 02203
Tel: 617-565-3300
[N]= NEIWPCC Library, 85 Merrimac Street, Boston, MA 021U
Tel: 617-367-8522
INVENTORY OF GW POLLUTION SOURCES:
Local Groundwater Protection, 1987, 236 pp.. From: American Planning
Association, 1313 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. tel:312-955-
9100; .Price: $39-95+ $3 postage. A comprehensive look at groundwater
resources and threats; guidelines for planning and implementing a
local groundwater protection program. Examples of local source
control and aquifer protection ordinances. Illustrations.[N]
Protecting Connecticut's Groundwater: A Guide to Groundwater
Protection for Local Officials, 1984-currently under revision, 90+
pp.. From: Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 122
Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06115- tel: 203-566-7049- Price: $5
+ 2.00 payable to. DEP Publications. Guidebook identifying types of
groundwater pollution, recommendations for local community protection
programs, model ordinances and permits, and technical guidelines for
selected commercial operations (dry cleaning, photographic
processing, auto services, furniture stripping, and machine
shops).[N]
TR-1
-------
Groundwater Quality: A Handbook for Community Action, 1985, 29+ pp..
From: Maine Association of Conservation Commissions, P.O. Box 831,
Yarmouth, Maine 04096. tel:207-84.6-3329. Price: $4 prepaid to MACC.
Guidelines for organizing and conducting an inventory of historic
land uses whose past activities may pose a threat to groundwater
supplies. Applicable in any New England state.[N]
Elements of a Comprehensive Investigation to Identify Past Hazardous
Waste Releases, 35+ pp.. From: Resource Education Institute, P.O. Box
92, Northborough, MA 01532. tel: 617-393-8542. Price: $10.50 includes
postage. Excerpts from a course on site assessment and monitoring
previous land uses for hazardous wastes. Intended for use in real
estate.
Overview of Sources of Contamination in Well Head Protection Areas,
technical guidance document in progress. For information on
availability, contact EPA Region 1, Groundwater Section, JFK
Building, Boston, MA 02203. tel:617-565-3600.
Current projects in the New England States concerning land use and
pollution source inventories in well head protection areas:
The Chesprocott Health District Aquifer Management Project,
Chesprocott Health District, Connecticut, tel: 203-272-2761. A pilot
project to organize a geographic information system, establish a
groundwater protection strategy, and inventory potential sources of
contamination.
Wellhead Protection Program Pilot Study, Maine Dept. of Human
Services, tel:207-289-5681. A pilot study to assess the feasibility
of Wellhead Protection Area delineation methods and contaminant
source identification methods.
UIC Inventory and Education Project, Rhode Island, Division of
Groundwater, tel: 401-277-2234. Pilot project to identify and define
the number and types of activities that threaten groundwater
resources; primary focus on Class V injection wells.
DTC/WHPA Pilot Study, Vermont Dept. of Health, tel: 802-863-7326.
Program includes an inventory of land uses within project area and
development of a risk assessment methodology.
Priority Groundwater Resource-Based Mapping Project, EPA Region 1,
tel: 617-565-3615. Pilot studies in New Hampshire and Rhode Island ,
to show the geographic relationship between important groundwater
resources and contaminant sources; also, land use in existing and
potential wellhead areas.
WHP Pilot Project, Hew Hampshire, Groundwater Protection Bureau, tel:
603-271-2755. Town of Merrimac has been chosen as pilot study.
LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:
Administrative and Legal Options for Storing Hazardous
Substances,1984, 28 pp.. From: Health Education Services. P.O. Box
7126, Albany, New York 12224. tel: 518-439-7286. Price: $3+postage.
A guide for local officials outlining administrative controls
available to them- codes, land use controls, bylaws, permits, etc.;
model local law for hazardous substances storage.[NJ
TR-2
-------
Local Groundwater Protection, 1987, 236 pp.. From: American Planning
Association, 1313 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637. tel:312-955-
9100. Price: $39.95+ $3 postage. A comprehensive look at groundwater
resources and threats; guidelines for planning and implementing a
local groundwater protection program. Examples of local source
control and aquifer protection ordinances. Illustrations.[N]
Groundwater Supply Source Protection: A Guide for Localities in
Upstate New York, 1987, 43 pp.. From: The Schenectady County Planning
Department, 620 State Street, Schenectady, N.Y. 12307. tel:. 518-382-
3286. Presents background information on groundwater resources and
sources of contamination, then discusses development of a local
program and implementation techniques such as local laws, land use
planning and other regulatory controls.[N]
Summary of Municipal Actions for Groundwater Protection, 1988, 30
pp.. From: New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission,
85 Merrimac Street, Boston, MA 02114. tel: 617-367-8522. Price:
$1.50. An overview of local actions addressing existing and
potential threats to groundwater in New England and New York.tN-]
Groundwater Protection: A Guide for Communities, 1982, 121 pp.
#WQ/82-05. From: Metropolitan Area Planning Council. 110 Tremont
Street, Boston, MA 02108. tel: 617-451-2770. Price: $8.50+ postage.
Guide to local and intermunicipal groundwater planning.
SOURCES FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS BYLAWS
The following organizations can provide examples of local bylaws and
ordinances regarding toxic and hazardous materials:
Connecticut:
Department of Environmental Protection- 203-566-7049
Maine:
Office of State Planning- 207-289-3261
Massachusetts:
Conservation Law Foundation of New England- 617-742-2540
Cape Cod Planning and Economic Developement Commission- 617-362-2511
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering- 617-292-5931
Metropolitan Area Planning Council- 617-451-2770
New Hampshire:
Office of State Planning- 603-271-2066
Nashua Regional Planning Commission- 603-883-0366
New York:
Suffolk County Health Services- '516-451-4634
Center for Environmental Research, Cornell University- 607-255-5943
Association of Regional Planning Organizations- 716-837-2035
Rhode Island:
Rhode Island Cooperative Extension- 401-792-2495
Rhode Island Division of Planning- 401-277-2656
Vermont:
Department of Environmental Health- 802-863-7234
TR-3
-------
RISE ASSESSMENT METHODS:
"Evaluation Procedure for Groundwater Contamination Potential",
Siting Manual for Storing Hazardous Substances, 1984, Appendix E, pp.
81-95, From: Health Education Services. P.O. Box 7126, Albany, New
York, 1222^. tel:518-439-7286. Price: $10 + 1.75. Describes the 8-
step LeGrand methodology to evaluate the overall suitability of a
site for storing hazardous materials. Procedure combines site
specific hydrogeologic information and a hazard rating of the
substance to be stored to arrive at an Overall Confidence
Rating.[N][E]
A Pollution Nature Sampling Plan for Groundwater Contamination, 1980,
160 pp.. From: West Michigan Shoreline Regional Development
Commission, 137 Muskegon Mall, Muskegon, Michigan 49440. tel: 616-
722-7878. Price: $22.75 prepaid. Presents a "fast track" procedure,
designed for use by a non-expert evaluator, to determine the hazard
potential of a site. Assigns values based upon readllly available
information- industrial SIC codes, types of hazardous materials, and
proximity to households and water supply.
"A Groundwater Potential Pollution Risk Index System", Groundwater
Protection Principles for Rock County, 1985, Appendix B, From: Rock
County Health Department, Box 1143, Janesville, Wisconsin 53547.
tel:608-755-2642. Price: $6. A groundwater threat ranking methodology
to assess the community resource as a whole. Assigns a Risk Factor
to potential sources of pollution and also considers the cummulative
effects of individual sources to arrive at a community pollution risk
index. Parameters are unique to Rock County, but can be adapted to
fit any community or project area.[N]
DRASTIC- A Standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Pollution
Potential Using Hydrologic Settings, 1985, 455 pp.. From: National
Well Water Association, P.O. Box 182039, Dep't. 017, Columbus, OH
43218. tel:614-761-1711. Price: $69. Weighting system and mapping
process that combines seven hydrogeologic factors into a score that
serves as an indicator of groundwater contamination potential for any
given region of the country.[E]
NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION (GENERAL):
Management Recommendations for NFS Pollution Control are available
from the following state agencies:
Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, 203-566-2588
Maine, Department of Environmental Protection, 207-289-7773
Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, 617-
366-9181
New Hampshire, Department of Environmental Services,. 603-271-3398
New York, Department of Environmental Conservation, 518-457-r678T
Rhode Island, Department of Environmental Management, 401-277-3434
Vermont, Department of Environmental Conservation, 802-244-6951
TR-4
-------
Guide to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, 1987, 121 pp.. From:
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161'. tel: 703-4.87-4-650 for ordering. U.S.EPA
document; Includes sections on Best Management Practices for
controlling NFS pollution from agriculture, urban runoff and
construction, silviculture and mining; illustrations.[N][E]
Ready Reference Guide to Non Point Source Pollution, 1988, 35+ PPซ
From: U.S. EPA, Region I, Water Quality Division, JFK Building,
Boston, MA 02203. Prepared for the New England states: provides an
overview of NPS pollutants, BMP's and control, methods.[NJ
Nonpoint Source Management Handbook, 1984, 200+ pp.. From: Long
Island Regional Planning Board, Dennison Building, Vets Memorial
Highway, Hau'ppauge, New York 11787. tel: 516-360-5189.
Recommendations for nonpolnt source pollution controls, guidelines
for siting and site plan review, and model ordinances; illustrations.
Ring binder format with separate chapters on fertilizers, on-site
disposal systems, stormwater. runoff, etc.[N]
Assessment of Groundwater Contamination by Nitrogen and Synthetic
Organics in Two Water Districts in Nassau County, N.T.,1985, 52+ pp..
From: Documents Officer, Water Resources Institute, 468 Hollister
Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. U853. tel: 607-255-7535.
Price: $3.50 payable to Cornell University. Although specific to
Nassau County, provides information and recommendations on land uses
such as golf courses, residential land, and users of organic
chemicals which pose a threat to groundwater.[N]
A Mass-Balance Nitrate Model for Predicting Effects of Land Use on
Groundwater Quality in Municipal Wellhead Protection Areas, 1988, 25+
pp.. From: National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, VA 22161. tel: 703-4-87-4.650 for ordering. A Cape
Cod Aquifer Management Project document; provides managers with an
easily understood methodology and the relevant associated data for
application of this formula.IN]
ROAD SALTING/ STORAGE:
Highway Salt Management Handbook for Local Government Officials,
1988, 4-0 pp.. From: Cornell Cooperative Extension Regional Office,
14.6 State Street, Albany, New York 12207. Provides practical
information concerning the handling and 'storage of salt for highway
application, including siting considerations for storage areas,
structural designs of storage facilities, and handling procedures.
Includes a section on current legal aspects in New York state
regarding liability at the local government level.[N][E]
Road Salt and Groundwater Protection, 1987, 18 pp.. From:
Massachusetts Audubon Society, Educational Resources, South Great
Road, Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773. tel: 617-259-9500. Price: $1.50
includes postage. Booklet; describes problems related to the use of
road salt and suggests methods for reducing salt use. Provides
information on Massachusetts' programs and rates of salt application,
and 'suggestions for local action.[N]
TR-5
-------
The Road Salt Management Handbook,1986, 47 pp.. From: Pioneer Valley
Planning Commission, 26 Central Street, West Springfield, MA 01089.
tel: 4.13-781-6045 Examines a road salt management strategy used in
Massachusetts. Outlines steps necessary for developing a local or
regional road salt policy. Provides information on implementing Best
Management Practices and their implications upon cost and public
safety.[N]
URBAN RUNOFF/ STORMWATER MANAGEMENT:
Runoff and Recharge, 1984, 70pp.. #WQ/84-15ซ From: Metropolitan Area
Planning Council, 110 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02108. tel: 617-451-
2770. Price: $8.50+1.25 postage. Aimed at local officials, this
guidebook outlines the sources of runoff contamination, and provides
alternative drainage designs and methods for pollutant source
control, runoff storage, recharge, and stormwater treatment.[N]
Controlling Urban Runoff, 1987, 290 pp.. From: The Information
Center, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, 1875 Eye
Street, N.W., Suite 200, Washington, B.C. 20006. tel: 202-223-6800.
Price: $40+ 2.00 payable to MWCOG. A practical guide for local
officials, planners, consulting engineers, and developers concerning
the use of urban best management practices to maximize pollutant
removal, minimize construction costs, and reduce future maintenance
burdens.
Recommendations of the Stormwater Management and Erosion Control
Committee Regarding the Development and Implementation of Technical
Guidelines for Stormwater Management, 1988, 80+ pp.. From: Rhode
Island Department of Environmental Management, Office of
Environmental Coordination, 83 Park Street, Providence, RI 02903.
tel: 401-277-3434. Design guidelines and technical recommendations
with supporting explanations.
Stormwater Runoff, 1984, 55 pp.. in Nonpoint Source Management
Handbook, From: Long Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, New
York 11787. tel: 516-360-5189. Provides recommendations for
administrative measures, site planning and development and structural
and nonstructural stormwater control measures. Describes the existing
stormwater systems, problems, and management on Long Island.[N]
LAWN CARE and AGRICULTURE:
Fertilizer, 1984, 32 pp.. in Nonpoint Source Management Handbook,
From: Long Island Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge, New York 11787.
tel: 516-360-5189. Provides recommendations for administrative
measures, site planning, lawn installations and maintenance, and
fertilizer application.[N]
Agricultural Management Practices to Minimize Groundwater
Contamination, 1987, 115 pp*> From: Environmental Resources Center,
University of Wisconsin, 216 Ag. Hall, 1450 Linden Drive, Madison, WI
53706. Thorough discussion of management practices including
fertilizer management, integrated pest management, and storage and
handling of pesticides; lists chemical characteristics and leaching
potential of pesticides.[N]
TR-6
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Healthy Lawns Without Chemicals, bulletin, From: Massachusetts
Audubon,Society, Public Information Office, Lincoln, MA 01773.
tel:617-259-9500, or 1 -800-541-3443 (Environmental Help Line). A ,
public service information bulletin describing the hazards of using
lawn chemicals and recommending alternatives. No charge for single
copies.
National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (NPTN)-
A toll-free telephone service which operates 24 hours a day, 365'days
a year and is designed to provide accurate and prompt responses to
requests for information regarding pesticides, ff 1-800-858-PEST.
Inventory of Pesticide. Monitoring Programs, Contact: EPA Office of
Pesticide Programs, tel:703-557-7499 A computerized listing of over
300 projects nationwide; includes synopsis of projects and contact
people. A network for persons responsible for regulating,
manufacturing and using pesticides to communicate and share
information. No cost.
STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS:
Storing and Handling Hazardous Substances in New York State, June
1988,' 100+ pp.. From: NYS-DEC, Bulk Storage Section, 50 Wolf Road,
Albany, New York 12233- tel:518-457-7469. Regulatory proposals for
construction, operation, and maintenance standards for facilities
storing hazardous chemicals as part of NYS's Bulk Storage Act.tN]
Technology for the Storage of Hazardous Liquids-A State-of-the-Art
Review, 1983, 222 pp.. From: Health Education Services, P.O. Box
7126, Albany, New York 12224- tel: 518-439-7286. Price:$15+postage.
A comprehensive review of field practices and equipment for
aboveground and underground storage, including data on tanks,
secondary containment systems, piping, spill containment and
inspection and monitoring.[E]
Siting Manual for. Storing Hazardous Substances, 1984, 98 pp.. From:
Health Education Services, P.O. Box 7126, Albany, New York 12224.
tel: 518-439-7286. Price: $10+postage. A practical guide for local
officials; discusses types of hazards, causes of leaks and spills,
site evaluation procedures and practices for spill prevention and
mitigation.[N].[E]
High Tech and Toxics: A Guide for Local Communities, 1985, 467 pp..
From:'Conference on Alternative State and Local Policies, 2000
Florida Ave., N.W. Room 408, Washington, B.C. 20009. tel:202-387-
6030. Price: $25ซ95+10%postage payable to National Center for Policy
Alternatives. Discusses the hazards and health effects associated
with "high tech" industries (e.g. electronics and semiconductor
manufacturing); provides technology and management practices specific
to these industries; and examines strategies for control that could
be implemented at the local level.[E][N]
Columbia South Shore Hazardous Materials Containment Facilities
Design Handbook, 1988, 50+ pp.. From: City of Portland, Bureau of
Environmental Services, 1120 SW Fifth Avenue, Room 400, Portland,
Oregon 97204. tel:503-796-7740. Recommendations and requirements on
hazardous materials containment systems as part of a groundwater
protection scheme. Intended to assist engineers and designers.[N]
Critical Materials Handbook, 1986, 60+ pp.. From: Spokane County
Engineers Office, North 811 Jefferson Street, Spokane, Washington
99260. tel:509-456-3600. Price: $3.50+postage. Describes the
county's management plan concerning the use of critical materials,
provides BMP's for spill prevention and control and presents specific
information on structural containment design concepts;
TR-7
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Critical Materials Handbook, 1986, 60+ pp.. From: Spokane County
Engineers Office, North 811 Jefferson Street, Spokane, Washington
99260. tel:509-4.56-3600. Price: $3.50+postage. Describes the
county's management plan concerning the use of critical materials,
provides BMP's for spill prevention and control and presents specific
information on structural containment design concepts;
Illustrations.[N]
RCRA/ Superfund Information Hotline-
A toll-free telephone service from EPA providing up to date
information and publications concerning Federal programs on hazardous
waste. 1-800-424-9436.
Printout of RCRA Permit Holders- A computer printout of license
holders under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (generators,
transporters and disposers of hazardous wastes) in each state/town is
available through written request to U.S. EPA, Waste Management
Division, JFK Federal Building, Boston, MA 02108, or by calling your
states waste management agency/ division.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS:
Recommended Practices for Underground Storage of Petroleum, 1984, 86
pp.. From: Health Education Services, P.O. Box 7126, Albany, New York
12224. tel:518-439-7286. Price: $5+postage. Recommendations and
technical guidance from the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation; covers topics on tank and piping systems
design, installation, secondary containment and leak detection.
Intended for engineers, inspectors, and owners who are designing or
upgrading their underground facilities.[N][E]
Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, 1987,4th
ed.,32 pp.. No.804-16150. From: American Petroleum Institute,
Marketing Dep't.,1220 L Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. tel:
202-682-8000. Technical recommendations from API concerning site
analysis, materials and equipement, design, vapor recovery, etc.;
Illustrations. Call API for list and status of publications because
they are updated often.[N]
Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies, 1987, 150+
pp.. #EPA/625/6-87-015. From: National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. tel: 703-487-4650 for
ordering. Scientific and technical guidance for leaking USTs;
techniques for evaluating a leak and selecting both initial and
permanent corrective actions. Emphasis on petroleum/gasoline storage;
profiles on other chemical release response techniques.[N][E]
Tank Closure Without Tears: An Inspector's Safety Guide, 1988, A 30
min. videotape and 20 page companion booklet. From: New England
Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, 85 Merrimac Street,
Boston, MA 02114. tel: 617-367-8522. Video/booklet may be purchased
from NEIWPCC for $25. (booklet only, $5) or borrowed from NERWI. 2
Fort Road, South Portland, ME 04106, for the prepaid charge of $5ซ
TR-8
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Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks: Local Regulation of a
Groundvater Hazard, 1984, 106 pp.. From: Conservation Law Foundation
of New England, 3 Joy Street, Boston, MA 02108. tel: 617-742-2540.
Price: $15+postage . Overview of risks related to underground storige
and options for local regulatory control;-model bylaw, ordinance, and
permit application.[N][EJ
SOURCE REDUCTION/ WASTE MINIMIZATION:
State Contacts:
Connecticut- Hazardous Waste Management Service, Suite 360, 900
Asylum Avenue, Hartford, CT 06105. tels 203-244-2007.'
Massachusetts- Office of Safe Waste Management, DEM, 100 Cambridge
Street, Room 1904, Boston, MA 02202. tel: 617-727-3260 and Source
Reduction Program, DEQE, 1 Winter Street, Boston, MA 02108. tel:
617-929-5982.
Hew York- Environmental Facilities Corporation, 50 Wolf Road,
Albany, NY 12205. tel: 518-457-4139 and Division of Solid and
Hazardous Waste, DEC, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, NY 12205. tel: 518-457-
3273.
Rhode Island- Ocean State Cleanup and Recycling Program, DEM, 9 Hayes
Street, Providence, RI 02908-5003. tel: 401-277-3434; 1-800-253-
2674 (in Rhode Island).
Waste Minimization, 1987, 26 pp.. #EPA/530-SW-87-026; From: U.S. EPA,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 401 M Street, SW,
Washington, D.C. 20460. Booklet; describes general waste ,
minimization practices and lists Federal and State offices that can
assist waste generators in initiating or expanding their
programs.[N][E]
High Tech and Toxics: A Guide for Local Communities, 1985, 467 pp..
From: Conference on Alternative State and Local Policies, 2000
Florida Ave., N.W. Room 408, Washington, D.C. 20009. tel:202-387-
6030. Price: $25.95+10%postage payable to National Center for Policy
Alternatives. Discusses the hazards and health effects associated
with '!high tech" industries (e.g. electronics and semiconductor
manufacturing); provides source reduction and resource recovery
technology and management practices specific to these
industries.[E][N]
Guide to Solvent Waste Reduction Alternatives, 1986, 190+pp.. From:
California Department of Health Services, Alternative Technology
Section, 714-744 Pete Street, Sacramento, CA. tel: 916-324-1807. -
Technical guidance on management practices and technologies to reduce
solvent use; recycling and treatment of used solvents; and a
regulatory perspective on Federal and California waste reduction
programs.[N]
Alternative Technology for Recycling and Treatment of Hazardous
Wastes, 1986, 186 pp.. Third Biennial Report, From: California
Department of Health Services, Alternative Technology Section, 714-
744 Pete Street, Sacramento, CA. tel: 916-324-1807. Informative and
technical overview of many methods available to reduce, recycle and
treat wastes including metals, cyanide, solvents, pcb's and dioxins.
Extensive list of references.
TR-9
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Waste Audit Studies are available for the Industries listed below
from the California Department of Health Services, Alternative
Technology Section, 714-744 Pete Street, Sacramento, CA. tel:916-
324-1807. Each contain case studies of the industries' waste
streams, recommendations to minimize wastes, and guidelines for
conducting an audit. Approx. 100 pages each:
Paint Manufacturing Industry, April, 1987.
Automotive Paint Shops, January, 1987.
Automotive Repairs, May, 1987.
Pesticide Formulating Industry, November, 1987.
Printed Circuit Board Manufacturers, June, 1987.
Solid Waste Update, From: Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering, Division of Solid Waste Management, 1 Winter Street,
Boston, MA 02108. tel:617-292-5989. A monthly newsletter update of
the activities of DEQE concerning Solid Waste Management.
Northeast Industrial Waste Exchange, 90 Presidential Plaza, Suite
122, Syracuse, NY 13202. tel:315-422-6572 or 1-800-237-2481. A waste
exchange program operating in the New England/New York area to match
waste generators with waste users. Services include quarterly
catalog, computerized data base and recycling markets referral
service.
WASTE OIL:
Used Oil in New England, 1988, 122 pp.. From: New England Waste
Management Officials Association, 85 Merrimac Street, Boston, MA
02114. tel: 617-367-8558. Report explains Federal and state
regulations on used oil, recommends methods to collect information on
used oil generators, and discusses recycling programs in New
England.[N]
Guide to Oil Waste Management Alternatives, 1988, 200+pp.. and Oil
Waste Management Alternatives Symposia: Conference Proceedings, 1988,
200+ pp.. From: California Department of Health Services, Alternative
Technology Section, 714-744 Pete Street, Sacramento, CA. tel: 916-
324-1807. Detailed overview of methods and technologies available for
recycling and treatment of used oil, oily wastewater. oily sludge and
other wastes resulting from the use of oil products.[N]
OH-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS:
Understanding Septic Systems, 1988, 25 pp.. From: Rural Community
Assistance Program, 218 Central Street, Box 429, Winchendon, MA
01475. tel: 508-297-11376. Price: $2.00. Describes how septic
systems work, various system designs, proper operation and
maintenance, and community approaches to maintenance. Diagrams,
illustrations.
Septic System Inspection and Maintenance Programs, 1982, 50+ pp..
#WM/82-05. From: Metropolitan Area Planning Council, 110 Tremont
Street, Boston, MA 02108. tel: 617-451-2770. Price: $7.50+postage.
Describes proper management and maintenance procedures; examples of
how local officials may control on-site disposal systems.
TR-10
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Septic Systems and Groundwater Protection: A Program Manager's Guide
and Reference Book, 1986, 70+ pp.. From: National Technical
Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
tel: 703-487-4650. Order publication #PB 88112123. Price: $19-95+$3
postage. Technical, assistance, document for local officials from EPA
Office of Groundwater. Explains hazards of septic systems and offers
ideas for improving septic system management programs; model codes;
references for technical assistance.
Draft Model Code for On-site Disposal of Sanitary Wastevater, 1988,
From: University of Lowell-, -Engineering Department, Lowell, MA 01854
tel:617-452-5000. A, code geared to groundwater protection, with
technical annotations.[N]
National Small Flows Clearinghouse, 258 Stewart Street, P.O. Box
6064, Morgan-town, WV 26506-6064. tel:1-800-624-8301. An EPA
clearinghouse for information regarding on-site, disposal systems;
monthly newsletter with extensive publications list.
HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTE COLLECTION:
Household Hazardous Waste: Bibliography of Useful References, 1988,
37 pp.. From: EPA RCRA/ Superfund Hotline, 1-800-424-9346. Order
publication #EPA/530-SW-88-014. -No .charge. An up to date listing of
materials, state programs, and contacts concerning household
hazardous wastes and collection. [N]
Household Hazardous Waste Collection Information Kit, 20+pp.. From:
League of Women Voters of Massachusetts, 8 Winter Street, Boston, MA
02108. tel: 617-357-8380. Price:$15 ($10 for non-profit groups).
Information on how to set up a HHW collection day at the community
level; examples of successful collection days; sample brochures and
public education materials. League also provides videos and slide
shows on collection programs.
Center for Environmental Management, Tufts University, Medford, MA
02155. tel:617-381-3486. Maintains a database on household hazardous
waste collection programs; sponsors an annual conference, and
provides general information on collection programs.
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-ENOW (SARA TITLE III):
State Agencies responsible for Title III information:
Connecticut, DEP, Office of State Emergency Response, 203-566-4856
Maine, Emergency Management Agency, 207-289-4080
Massachusetts, DEQE, SARA Title III Office, 617-292-5810
New Hampshire, Office of Emergency Management, 603-271-2231
New York, DEC, Bureau of Spill Response and Emergency Operations.
518-457-4107
Rhode Island, DEM, Office of Air and Hazardous Materials, 401-277-
2808
Vermont, Department of Health, 802-828-2886
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Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Information Hotline-
U.S. EPA service for comprehensive and up to date explanations of
Federal legislation which establishes emergency planning, methods for
reporting hazardous chemical releases, and an inventory of hazardous
materials storage for each State and community. Fact sheets and
publications available. (Hours: 8:30 AM- 4:30 PM, Monday-Friday, 'his
is NOT an emergency number.) 1-800-535-0202.
TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS:
Check the following organizations for training and educational
programs related to hazardous materials use and/or groundwater
protection:
American Ecology Services) Inc.
127 East 59th Street, New York, NY 10022. tell 212-371-1620
Programs and conferences include groundwater issues, hazardous
wastes, etc.
National Well Water Association
6375 Riverside Drive, Dublin, Ohio 43017. tel:614-761-1711
Courses, workshops and conferences on groundwater. Schedule
available.
Local Groundwater Management Programs
Professional Education Department-
B12 Ives Hall, Box 700, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. tel:
607-255-7259
Occassionally offers a course in groundwater protection and
management.
Environmental Hazards Management Institute
10 Newmarket Road, P.O. Box 932, Durham, NH 03824. tel:603-868-1496
Customized training programs for industry, fire departments and
chemical emergency responders; training films and conferences.
Center for Environmental Management
Tufts University, Medford, MA 02115. tel:617-381-3486
Recently began a program in Hazardous Materials Management.
Resource Education Institute
P.O. Box 92, Northborough, MA 01532. tel: 617-393-8542
Workshops/ seminars on numerous topics Including groundwater,
pollution sources, etc.
National Fire Protection Association
Battery March Park, Quincy, MA 02269. tel: 617-770-3000
Seminars and training on fire and safety codes.
TR-12
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APPENDIX B
Summary of Massachusetts Drinking
Water Quality Monitoring Program
B-l
-------
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Sunmary of Massachusetts Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Program
August 31, 1988
The following chart summarizes drinking water testing requirements and
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) in the State of Massachusetts. Ihese MCLs or
drinking water standards have been established by the EPA or the State of
Massachusetts for the protection of the public health.
These requirements apply to all public water systems in the state. These
are systems that serve drinking water to at least 25 individuals (or 15 service
connections) at least 60 days of the year. There are two types of public water
systems - comrnunity water systems which primarily serve year-round residents
and non-community systems. Non-community systems may include restaurants,
factories, schools and hospitals. Non-community systems which regularly serve
25 or more people more than 6 months of the year are called non-transient
non-community water systems (NTNC) and are regulated more stringently than
other non-community systems.
The MCLs listed in the attached chart apply to water which is delivered to
the user's tap (as defined in 310 CMR 22.02(8)), except for volatile organic
compounds and turbidity where the maximum permissible level is measured at the
point of entry to the distribution system.
Determining compliance with these MCLs differs with chemical classes. The
regulations must be consulted for more specific information. In specific cases,
DEQE may require more frequent testing than that specified in the regulations.
DEQE also utilizes health based guidance numbers for chemicals for which MCLs
have not been established. A list of these is frequently updated and is
available from DEQE upon request.
As a result of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, the federal
government will be developing a number of new testing programs over the next
several years that will expand testing and set new MCLs for several organic and
inorganic compounds and radionuclides and modify the requirements for coliform
bacteria and lead. Massachusetts will be updating its regulations as these
programs are established. Updated copies of the Massachusetts Drinking Water
Regulations, 310 CMR 22.00, are available at the Statehouse Bookstore at
(617)727-2834, or call DEQE Division of Water Supply for information at
(617)292-5770.
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MASSACHUSETTS DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND M3OTCRING SCHEDULES
(310 CMR 22.00)
CHEMICAL
MCL
MONITORING FREQUENCY
COLIFORM BACTERIA
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Nitrate (N)
Selenium
Fluoride
Sodium
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Pesticides and Herbicides
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4-D
2,4,5-TP Silvex
Trihalomethanes
(total)
1/100 ML
(mean of
monthly
samples)
4/100 ML
(mean when
<20 sam-
ples/mo)
0.05 mg/L
.1.0 mg/L
0.010 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
0.002 mg/L
10.00 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
1.4-2.4 mg/L
20.00 ina/L
0.0003 mg/L
0.004 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.10 mg/L
0.10 mg/L
COMMUNITY SYSTEMS
Depends on size
(see Table 2 in
regulations) -
ranges from 1/mo
for systems serv-
ing <1,000 per-
sons to 500/roo
for systems ser-
ving >4, 690, 000
Surface Ground
Ix/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3ys
lx/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3ys
ix/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3ys
Ix/yr lx/3vs
Surface3 Ground
lV3yrs may be
lV3yrs re-
1x/3yrs quired
lV3yrs by
lx/3yrs DEQE
lV3yrs
4Vsystem/quarter
NON-COMMUNTTY SYSTEMS
no less than 4x/year
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
same as commun.
N/A
N/A
same as commun.
May be required
DEQE
by
(cont.)
1) The MCL for fluoride is temperature dependent.
2) Water systems with > 15 mg/1 sodium must monitor quarterly.
3) Surface water testing requirements are for community water systems that
utilize any surface water. Systems completely relying on ground water may
be required to test at DEQE's discretion.
4) Trihalomethane monitoring only applies to systems that disinfect and that
serve > 10,000 persons. The monitoring frequency may be reduced in
accordance with DWS policy. The trihalomethanes covered are chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibroamodichloromethane and bromoform. These are
common by-products of disinfection.
-------
MASSACHUSETTS ERINKING WATER STANDARDS AND 1CNTTCRING SCHEDULES
(310 CHR 22.00) - cont'd
CHEMICAL
MCL
MONITORING FREQUENCY
Volatile Orqanic Compounds
(see Note 5)
Benzene
Vinyl Chloride
Carbon Tetrachloride
1,2 Dichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,1 Dichloroethylene
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
para-Dichlorobenzene
TURBIDITY
RADIONUCLIDES
Gross Alpha Activity6
Radium-226 & 228
Beta Particle Activity7
Photon Activity
Tritium
Strontium-90
0.005 mg/L
0.002 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
0.007 rog/L
0.20 mg/L
0.075 mcr/L
1 TU
15 pCi/L
5 pCi/L
4 Millirem/y
4 Millirem/y
20,OOOpCi/L
8 pCi/L
Vulnerable
Systems5
(includes surfc
non-transient, r
ix/yr
ix/yr
ix/yr
Ix/yr
ix/yr
ix/yr
Ix/yr
Ix/vr
CCWMUNTTY SYSTEMS
Surface Ground
lx/day N/A
COMMUNITY SYSTEMS
4 per year every
4 years for
ground and sur-
face waters. If
levels < % MCL,
may test lx/4 yrs
lV4yrs for sur-
face water sys-
tems serving
> 100,000 persons
Nonvulnerable5
ice, groundwater, and
ron-community systems)
lx/3yrs
lx/3yrs
lx/3yrs
lx/3yrs
lx/3yns
lx/3yrs
lx/3yrs
1X/3VTS
NCW-CCWMUNTTY SYSTEMS
lx/c\ay for surface
waters (may be re-
duced)
N<^-OCMMUNTTY SYSTEMS
N/A
N/A
Notes
5) The MCLs for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) listed will go into
effect on January 9, 1989. Testing for this new program is phased in with
systems serving > 10,000 beginning testing in 1988, < 10,000 > 3,300
testing in 1989 and < 3,300 testing in 1991. For the initial year of
testing, surface water supplies must be tested once per quarter and
groundwater supplies must be tested in the first and third quarters.
Monitoring for 51 unregulated volatile organic compounds is also
required. Subsequent monitoring frequency will be based on system
vulnerability to VOC contamination, as determined by DEQE.
6) Gross alpha particle activity includes radium-226 but excludes radon and
uranium.
7) For total beta particle and photon radioactivity, MCLs are set at the
average annual concentration which produces an annual dose equivalent to
the total body or any internal organ greater than 4 millirem per year.
-------
APPENDIX C
Emergency Regulations - Site Assignment for
Solid Waste Facilities
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering
310 CMR 16.00
C-l
-------
HAY 27 3 22 FIHB ''
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Office of the Secretary' of State
Filing
Tobe completed by filing agency
CHAPTER NUMBER: TIP CMR I6.no . ......... . _ ....... ___ ....... .
CHAPTER TITLE: Site Assignment for Solid V.'aste Facilities _
AGENCY: Department of Environmental Quality Engineering _
SUMMARY OF REGULATION
State the general requirements and purposes of this regulation:
These regulations address four' aspects of site assignment for solid waste facilities:
1. Process for submittal of Site Assignment Applications to boards of health.
2. Procedures for. DEQE evaluation of the site suitability and for Department
of Public Health to comment on sites.
3. Criteria for DEQE and boards of health to use to determine if a site
constitutes a danger to public health, safety, or the environment.
A. Guidance to boards of health on application fees to be paid by applicant
to cover costs of technical review, technical assistance and public hearings.
REGULATORY AUTHORITY: C. 584 of the Acts of 1987
AGENCY CONTACT: .Beatrice Nessen PHONE: (617) 292-559Q
ADDRESS: DEQE/Division of Solid Waste Management, One Winter St., Boston, MA 02108
Compliance with M. G,L C3QA> arid. Promulgation and Attestation
EMERGENCY ADOPTION
If this regulation is adopted as an emergency regulation, state the nature of the emergency:
.See Attachment A
I ,' '' ' . .! .
PRIOR NOTIFICATION AND/OR APPROVAL
If prior notification to and/or approval of the Governor, legislature or others was required, list each
notification, approval and date, including notice to the local Government Advisor)' Commission:
Not' applicable to Emergency Regulations
-------
PUBLIC REVIEW
Was notice of the hearing or comment period filed with the Secretary of State, published in
appropriate newspapers and sent to persons to whom specific notice must be given outcast 21
days prior to such hearing or comment period?
Yes D Date of public hearing or comment period: N/A
FISCAL EFFECT
Estimate the fiscal effect on the public and private sectors: see Attachment B
For the first and second years: , ; ,
For the first five years:
No fiscal effect; C . . .
CODE OF MASSACHUSETTS REGULATIONS INDEX
List key subject entries that are relevant to this regulation:
Solid Waste Facilities,Site Assignment, DEQE,
PROMULGATION .'
DPH
State the action taken by this regulation and its effect on existing provisions of the Code of
Massachusetts Regulations (CMRJ to repeal, replace or amend. List by CMR number:
N/A
ATTESTATION
The regulation described herein and attached hereto is a true copy of the regulation adopted
by this agency.
ATTEST:
ซ
Stgnatu,
Date:
Pi! DllC2tlOn To be completed by the Regulations Division
MASSACHUSETTS REGISTER NUMBER:
DATE: 6/10/88
EFFECTIVE DATE;... 6/10/88 "
584
CODE OF MASSACHUSETTS REGULATIONS
Remove these pages:
THIS IS AN EMERGENCY REGULATION
THEREFORE;
PAGES.
Insert these pages:
THERE ARE NO REPLACEMENT
| A TRUE COPY ATTEST
MICHAEL JOSEPH CONNOLLY !
SCRETARY OF STATE [
-------
Attachment A-
EMERGENCY FINDING
for Regulations for Site Assignment of'Solid Waste Facilities
310 CMR 16.00
s and
muni^TpSTTCTSrifSRftl^ifc places as- siteaTforT sollct waste facilities,
as set forth in G.L.c.lll.s.. 150A, have been substantially
altered by amendment to s. 150A, and by the insertion of s. 15OA
1/2, which sets forth sixteen "considerations", which are to
govern the development of site suitability criteria by the
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (Sections 16 and
17, respectively, of c. 584, St. 1987, effective December 17,
1987)
The Department of Environmental Quality Engineering, working
with an advisory committee, is directed to promulgate rules and
regulations "to establish siting criteria and procedures to be
utilized by local boards of health in any decision to assign or
refuse to assign a facility pursuant to the provisions of section
one hundred and fifty A of chapter one hundred and eleven of the
General Laws..." by April 15, 1988 ("[W]ithin one hundred and
twenty days of the effective date of the act") s. 33, c.584, St.
1987..
The legislature has determined, as set forth in G.L.c. 21 H.
ss (a) (2) and (3) (inserted by section n 3 of c. 584, St. 1987)
that:
(2) There is pending throughout the commonwealth a severe
shortage in environmentally safe and financially sound capacity
for the shortage, disposal and processing of solid waste.
(3) The provision of such capacity is an essential public
purpose, will constitute the performance of an essential public
function and is necessary to the preservation and improvement of
the health, welfare and living conditions of the people of the
Commonwealth, the promotion of industry and employment and all
aspects of commerce, the maintenance, protection conservation and
development of safe water supplies, and the protection of the
environment overall.
The Department finds that the absence of rules and
regulations governing .the site assignment process set forth in
G.L. c. 111. S.150A, as amended, and setting forth siting
criteria in accordance with the siting considerations set forth
in G.L. c. Ill, S.15OA/2 has created and will continue to create
confusion by all participants in the siting process as to the
boards' ultimate authority in making siting determinations in the
absence of rules and regulations. This has the effect of staying
the assignment of proposed.sites .which will exacerbate the
pending shortage of environmentally sound disposal capacity and
processing facilities. The Department is not able to promulgate
such regulations by or about April 15, 1988 without resort to the
emergency regulationn provisions of G.L. c. 30 A, s. 2. The
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immediate adoption of this emergency regulation pending the
notice and public hearing reguirements generally required .under
the .first four paragraph of G.L. c. 30A, s. 2 is therefore
necessary for the preservation of the general welfare. Failure
to promulgate these regulations as emergency regulations would be
contrary to the public interest. These emergency regulations
shall be in effect for three months.
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Attachment B
Fiscal Impact Statement for
Regulations for Site Assignment of Solid Waste Facilities
310. CMR 16.00
These regulations, 310 CMR 16.00, were mandated by the Chapter
584 of the Acts of 1987 and pertain to site assignment of solid
waste facilities. They regulate the procedure by which
applications .for site assignment applications are'submitted to
the board of health and by which DEQE and the Department of
Public Health review the suitability of the site; the public
hearing held by the board of health; and the fees which boards of
health may charge applicants. The regulations also set the
standards and criteria for evaluating the suitability of a site.
While the new procedural requirements will increase the cost
of the site assignment process to both the public and private
sectors, the fiscal effect is difficult to estimate since it will
depend upon the number, type, and size of the facilities proposed
and the actual costs of technical review and assistance.
a. Private Sector Impacts
1. Preparation of the Site Assignment Applications - Costs
will include those associated with the retaining of a
professional engineer and other professionals to prepare
application, including performance of environmental
analysis and compiling of data. They may range from $10,COO
to $300,000 depending upon size and facility type. Some of
this work is applicable to the MEPA submittal, both for the
site assignment application and the facility permit.
2. Application Fee - C 584 authorizes the board of health
to charge a fee to cover the costs of application review
and public hearing. The fees set in the regulations may
range from $3,000 to $35,000 depending upon type and size
of the facility. The regulations set maximum fees with a
refund to the applicant of any amount in excess of the
expenses incurred by the board of health.
b. Public Sector Impacts
1. Board of Health - Major costs will be for the review of
the application and the public hearing. Application fees
paid to the board of health cover technical review and
public,hearing costs. The fee for technical review provides
for 100% reimbursement for technical review costs and 50%
for technical assistance costs. The public hearing fee will
cover 100% of all eligible costs (those which are beyond
normal municipal expenses incurred in conducting public
hearings). Costs incurred by the municipality in excess of
fee ceilings allowed by the fee regulations are borne by
the municipality. It is difficult to estimate such excess
costs, but they should not be normal occurences since fees
are based on size.
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2. DEQE - Additional staffing costs will be incurred by the
Department in order to conduct review of Site Assignment
Applications and evaluate the suitability of sites. There
is also potential of additional costs associated with
appeals of DEQE decisions. It is difficult to estimate
exact staff requirements since the projected number of
applications which will be submitted is unknown.
. .. >
3. Department of Public Health - Additional staffing costs
will be entailed by DPH which is required to comment on
applications and may submit reports to boards of health on
public health aspects of the site assignment applications.
The cost can not be estimated since it will vary by size
and type and the number of requisites for reports. ,
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
310 CMR 16.00: SITE ASSIGNMENT FOR SOLID WASTE FACILITIES
Seetion
16.01: Purpose ,.
16.02: Authority
(310 CMR 16.03: Reserved)
16.04: Definitions
16.05: Computation of Time
16.06: Severability .
16.07: Applicability
16.08: Prohibitions
16.09: Certifications
16.10: APPLICATIONS FOR SITE ASSIGNMENT
16.11: Submission Requirements
16.12: Timely Filing of Applications and Other Papers
16.13: Service of Copies
16.14: Public Access to Application
16.15: Review of Application for Completeness
16.16: Commencement Of Review Period
(310 CMR 16.17 - 16.19: Reserved)
16.20: DEPARTMENT'S REPORT ON SUITABILITY
16.21: Application Review Period
16.22: Department Record on Report
16.23: Department Report on Suitability (Report)
16.24: Reconsideration of the Report
(310 CMR 16.25 - 16.29: Reserved)
16.30: TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
16.31: Requests for Technical Assistance from the Department
(310 CMR 16.32 - 16.39: Reserved)
16.40: PUBLIC HEARING PROCESS
16.41: Public Hearing Rules
(310 CMR 16.42 - 16.49: Reserved)
16.50: APPLICATION FEES
16.51: Application Fees
16.52: Technical Fee
16.53: Public Hearing Fee
16.54: Expenditure of the Application Fee
16.55: Reimbursement of Unexpended Fees
16.56: Fee Disputes
(310 CMR 16.57 through 16.59: Reserved)
16.60: SITE SUITABILITY CRITERIA
16.61: Preamble
16.62: Determinations of Suitability
16.63: Application of the Site Suitability Criteria
16.64: Facility Specific Site Suitability Criteria
16.65: General Site Suitability Criteria
16.66: Promotion of Integrated Solid Waste Management
(310 CMR 16.67 through 16.69: Reserved)
16.70: WAIVER PROCESS
16.71: Waiver Process
(310 CMR 16.72 through 16.79: Reserved)
16.80: DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IIEALTH
16.81: Application Review
16.82: Department of Public Health Report
(310 CMR 16.83 through 16.98: Reserved)
16.99: Appendix A
SUBMITTING AN APPLICATION
16.01: Purpose
These regulations are composed of four sections pertaining to the process
for deciding whether a parcel of land is suitable to serve as the site of a
particular type of solid waste facility. The first section describes the
procedures for submitting an application to the Department and the Board of
Health for site assignment. The second section sets forth the review process
6/10/88 321 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.01: continued
used by the Department in determining whether a site is suitable. This section
is intended to provide for complete disclosure of relevant adverse impacts and
extensive opportunity for public comment within a relatively short review
period. The next section describes the Application Fee assessment process and
the expenditure of those funds to provide technical assistance to the Boards of
Health and to pay the costs associated with the public hearing. The final
section establishes the criteria applied by the Department and the Board of
Health in the site review process. This section is intended to allow the siting of
facilities consistent with the protection of the public health, safety and the
environment.
16.02: Authority
These regulations are promulgated by the Commissioner and the Department
of Environmental Quality Engineering pursuant to M.G.L. c. 21A, ss. 2 & 8;
c. 21, s. 27 and c. Ill, ss. 150A and 150A1/2; as amended by sections 16 and 17
of Chapter 584 of the Acts of 1987.
(16.03: Reserved)
16.04: Definitions
The following words when used herein, except as otherwise required by the
context shall have the following meaning:
Adjacent Area means a parcel of land contiguous to a site or in close enough
proximity to be directly impacted by water, air or soil borne pollutants, not
exceeding a one half-mile radius from the site.
Adverse Impact means an injurious impact which is not de minimus in relation
to the public health, safety, or environmental interest being protected.
Applicant means the person named in the application as the owner of a property
interest in the site.
Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) means an area designated by
the Secretary of Environmental Affairs pursuant to 301 CMR 12.00, Areas of
Critical Environmental Concern.
Commissioner means the Commissioner of the Department of Environmental
Quality Engineering.
Constitute a Danger means a condition that would pose a significant harm to
public health, safety or the environment.
Compostable Material means an organic material, excluding wastewater
treatment sludge, which is:
(a) not co-mingled or contaminated with significant amounts of inorganic
waste or toxic constituents;
(b) handled in a manner which will not constitute a danger to the public
health or safety or the environment;
(c) utilized as an ingredient or a-feedstock in a process which will result in
a beneficial use as a raw material or a finished product; and
(d) not speculatively accumulated. A material is not speculatively
accumulated, if the person accumulating the material can demonstrate that:
1. the material is potentially compostable;
2. there exists a feasible means of composting the material; and
3. during the calendar year the amount of compostable material that is
processed or transferred to a different site for processing equals at least
75 percent by weight or volume of the amount of that material
accumulated at the site during the calendar year.
Composting means a process of accelerated biodegradation and stabilization of
organic material under controlled conditions yielding a product which can be
safely used for agricultural and horticultural purposes.
6/10/88 322 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.04: continued
Department means the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.
Department Report on Suitability means the report issued by the Department
pursuant to M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A1/2, stating whether a site proposed for a
1 solid waste management facility in an application for a site assignment is
Suitable.
Disposal Facility means any solid waste combustion facility rated by the
Department at more than one ton per hour or a sanitary landfill.
' Existing Public Water Supply see Public Water Supply.
Expand a Site means'-to move a facility's operation to a-*previously unassigned
site that is contiguous to the original site or a modify a facility's operations
causing it to exceed any capacity limitations stated in an existing site
assignment.
Facility means an established site or works, and other appurtenance thereto,
which has been or will be used for the storage, transfer, processing, treatment
or disposal of solid waste including all land, structures, and improvements which
are directly related to solid waste management activities.
Interim Wellhead Protection Area means an area extending to a one-half mile
radius from a public water supply wellhead which is intended to protect the
wellhead pending the delineation of its Zone II.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCU means the maximum permissible level of a
contaminant allowed in public public drinking water supplies in accordance with
310 CMR 22.02, Regulations for Public Drinking Water Supplies, as may be
amended.
Perennial Water Course means a surface water course that flows year round.
Person(s) means an individual or legal entity.
Potential Private Water Supply means an aquifer capable of yielding water of
sufficient quality and quantity which is located under a parcel of land that at
the time the Site Assignment Application is filed is:
(af zoned residential/or commercial
(b) not served by a public water supply; and
(c) for which a subdivision plan or a building permit application has been
filed with the appropriate municipal authority.
Potential Public Water Supply means a drinking water source on or under land
which at the time of the Site Assignment application is filed:
(a) has been zoned as an aquifer protection area or district and has been
determined to be capable of yielding water of sufficient quality and quantity
for future development as a public water supply; or
(b) has been designated and received Departmental approval under the
"New Groundwater Source Approval Guideline", 1984, as amended; or
(c) the saturated, permeable aquifer materials are of sufficient areal
extent or receive sufficient recharge from surface water features to support
groundwater withdrawals in excess of one mgd (million gallons per day) of
sufficient quality for future development as a public water supply.
Public Water Supply means a source of drinking water supplying a public water
system as defined in 310 CMR 22.02, as may be amended.
Putrescible means the tendency of organic matter to decompose with the
formation of foul smelling by products.
Recyclable Material means a material which is:
(a) not co-mingled or contaminated with significant amounts of inorganic
waste or toxic constituents;
6/10/88 322.1 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.04: continued
(b) handled in a manner which will not constitute a danger to the public
health or safety or the environment;
(c) utilized as an ingredient or a feedstock in a process which will result in
a beneficial use as a raw material or a finished product; and
(d) not speculatively accumulated. A material is not speculatively
accumulated, if the person accumulating the material can demonstrate that:
1. the material is potentially recyclable;
2. there exists a feasible means of recycling the material; and
3. during the calendar year the amount of recyclable material that is
processed or transferred to a different site for processing equals at least 75
percent by weight or volume of the amount of that material accumulated at
the site during the calendar year.
Recycling means any method, technique, or system utilized to process or treat
discarded materials so that its component materials or substances may be
beneficially used or reused.
Regional Disposal Facility means a facility that is a member of a regional
disposal district established in accordance with M.G.L. c. 40, s. 44K, or a
facility that receives substantial quantities of solid waste on a regular basis
from 2 or more municipalities.
Review Period means the sixty (60) day period during which the Department
shall review the Site Assignment Application and issue the Department Report
on Suitability.
Site Assignment means a legal determination by a board of health or by trfe
Department, where appropriate, as specified in M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A that:
(a) designates an area of land for a specific solid waste use subject to
conditions with respect to the extent, character and nature of the facility
that may be imposed by the assigning agency after a public hearing; or
(b) establishes that an area of land was utilized as a site for the disposal of
solid waste prior to July 25, 1955 as provided in St. 1955, c. 310, s. 2.
Sole Source Aquifer means an aquifer so designated by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, or by the Department under the authority of a state
program as may be established,that supplies SO percent or more of the drinking
water.for the aquifer service area, and the volume of water which could be
supplied by alternative sources is insufficient to replace the petitioned aquifer
should it become contaminated.
Solid Waste or Waste means useless, unwanted or discarded solid, liquid or
contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining,
agricultural, municipal or household activities that is abandoned by being
disposed or incinerated or is stored, treated or transferred pending such
disposal, incineration or other treatment, but does not include;
(a) hazardous wastes as defined and regulated under 310 CMR 30.00;
(b) sludge or septage which is land applied in accordance with 310 CMR
32.00;
(c) sludge or sludge ash from publicly or privately owned wastewater
treatment plants which is treated and disposed at a site regulated under 314
CMR 12.00, except when co-disposed with solid waste at a facility subject
to M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A;
(d) septage, as defined and regulated pursuant to M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 3lD;
(e) sewage;
(f) ash, produced from the combustion of coal, as prescribed pursuant to
M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A;
(g) solid or dissolved materials in irrigation return flows;
(h) solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage;
(i) source, special nuclear or by product-material as defined by the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954,.as amended; and
(j) discarded materials which are compostable or recyclable materials.
Source Separated means dividing or maintaining composlable or recyclable
material distinct from solid waste at the point of generation.
6/10/68 322.2 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL, QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.04: continued
Suitable means a determination by the Department that a proposed site meets
the Site Suitability Criteria as set forth in these regulations 310 CMR 16.00.
Waste Handling or Processing Area means an area where waste is stored,
processed or otherwise handled, excluding weigh stations or access roads.
Zone II means that area of an aquifer which contributes water to a well under
the most severe recharge and pumping conditions that can be realistically
anticipated (i.e., pumping at the safe yield of the well for 180 days without any
natural recharge occurring); it is bounded by the groundwaler divides which
result from pumping the welland by contact of-the edge of the aquifer with less
permeable materials such as till and bedrock. At some locations, streams and
lakes may form recharge boundaries. For the purposes of these regulations, a
Zone II area is one which has been defined and delineated in accordance with
DEQE Division of Water Supply "Guidelines for Public Water Systems",
September, 1984 Supplement to the 1979 edition.
16.05: Computation of Time
(1) Unless olherwise specifically provided by law, the regulations, any
determination issued pursuant to these regulations, or any time period
prescribed or referred to in these regulations shall begin with the first day
following the act which initiates the miming of the time period, and shall
include every calendar day, including the last day of the time period so
computed. If the last day is a Saturday, Sunday, legal holiday, or any other day
in which the Department's offices are closed, the deadline shall run until (he
end of the next business day. If the time period prescribed or referred to is six
(6) days or less, only days when the offices of the Department are open shall be
included in the computation.
16.06: Severability
It is hereby declared the provisions of 310 CMR 16.00 are severable, and if
any provision hereof or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is
held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions of these
regulations, and the application thereof to persons or circumstances which can
be given effect without the invalid provision or application.
16.07: Applicability
(1) These regulations shall govern the process of application, review, public
hearing and decision for a site assignment to Expand a Site or establish a new
Facility, except for those facilities exempted below.
(2) The following facilities, containers, and operations are exempt from these
regulations:
(a) facilities that manage hazardous wastes which are regulated pursuant
to 310 CMR 30.00;
(b) disposal areas for agricultural wastes generated by a single family
residence or a small scale fanning operation when such wastes are
generated and disposed of within the boundaries of such residence or farm:
(c) transfer or storage containers located at, and used exclusively for the
solid waste generated by an apartment house, school, park, industrial or
commercial establishment, individual residence or fa mi;
(d) refuse incinerator that has been rated by the Department at less than
one (1) ton per hour;
(e) the use or application of agricultural waste in normal fanning
operations, if the proposed use or application of the waste incorporates good
management practice and is done in such a manner to minimize pollution to
air, water, or other natural resources of the Commonwealth.
(f) Agricultural units, as defined in M.G.L. c. 128. s. 1A, a works used to
compost only the following source separated materials:
1. discarded materials resulting from the normal cutting of crops or the
maintenance of plant growing facilities;
6/10/88 322.3 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.07: continued
2. discarded by-products from the processing of fruit and vegetables;
3. excrement from animals, except humans;
4. deciduous and coniferous seasonal deposition, grass clippings, weeds,
hedge clippings and garden materials; or
5. discarded materials consisting of trees, stumps and brush, including
sawdust, chips, shavings and bark, but not including wood pieces or
particles containing chemical preservatives such as creosote,
pentachlorophenol, paints, stains other coatings;
(g) operations or works which compost source separated leaf and yard
materials, including only deciduous and coniferous seasonal deposition, grass
clippings, weeds, hedge clippings and garden materials;
(h) operations which collect, store, and process only beverage containers
subject to the provisions of M.G.L. c. 94, ss. 321 - 326;
(i) industrial and manufacturing operations which utilize source separated
discarded paper and other recyclable materials as a feedstock in their
production processes; and
(j) facilities processing only recyclable or compostable materials subject to
prior Departmental approval.
16.08: Prohibitions
No place in any city or town shall be maintained or operated as a site for a
Facility unless such place lias been assigned by the board of health or the
Department, whichever is applicable, pursuant to M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A. Any
disposal of solid waste at any location not so assigned shall constitute a
violation of said statute and of these regulations, 310 CMR 16.00.
16.09: Certification
Any person, required by these regulations or any order issued by the
Department, to submit papers with certification as to the accuracy and
completeness of the such submissions, shall identify themselves by name,
profession, and relationship to tbe applicant and legal interest in the proposed
site, and make the following certification:
"I certify under penally of law that I have personally examined
and am familiar with the information submitted in this
document and all attachments and that, based on my inquiry of
those individuals immediately responsible for obtaining the
information, I believe that the information is true, accurate and
complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties both
civil and criminal for submitting false information including
possible fines and imprisonment."
16.10: APPLICATION FOR SITE ASSIGNMENT
16.11: Submission Requirements
(1) Any person wishing to establish a new Facility on a site that has not
previously been assigned or Expand a Site must file a Site Assignment
Application (Application) with the local board of health.
(2) The applicant shall file:
(a) two (2) copies of the Application with the local board of health;
(b) three (3) copies of the Application with the Department, two (2) of
which to the Division of Solid Waste Management, Boston, and one, (1) to the
regional office in which the proposed site is located.
(c) one (1) copy with the Department of Public Health, Bureau of
Environmental Health Services, Boston.
(3) The applicant shall tender payment of the Technical Fee in a manner
prescribed by the board of health or enter into alternative fee payment
arrangements to the satisfaction of the board of health.
(4) The Application shall contain sufficient data and other relevant
information to allow the Department and the board of health to determine,
independent of additional information, whether the site is Suitable.
6/10/88 322.4 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.11: continued
(5) The Application shall clearly state whether a waiver, as provided in 310
CMR 16.70, is requested. Applications for waivers shall be independent of the
main body of the Site Assignment Application and shall include:
(a) reference to the specific criteria for which the waiver is requested; and
(b) all documentation that the applicant wants to present in support of the
waiver including detailed facility design plans where appropriate.
(6) The applicant shall provide certification from the Secretary of
Environmental Affairs that the applicant has complied with the MEPA process,
if applicable.
(7) All papers pertaining to design, operation, maintenance, or engineering of a
site or a facility shall be prepared under the supervision of a registered
professional engineer knowledgeable in solid waste facility design, construction
and operation and shall bear the seal, signature and discipline of said engineer.
The soils, geology and groundwater sections of an application, if applicable,
shall be completed by professionals experienced in the fields of soil science and
soil engineering, geology, and groundwater, respectively under the supervision
of a registered professional engineer. All mapping and surveying shall be
completed by a registered surveyor.
(8) Applications shall be signed and sworn to by the applicant as to all
statements of fact therein in accordance with 310 CMR 16.09.
16.12: Timely Filing of Applications and Other Papers
(1) Papers required or permitted to be filed under these regulations, or any
provision of the applicable law must be filed at the board of health office or
such other place as the board of health, Department or these regulations shall
designate within the time limits for such filings as set by these regulations.
(2) Papers filed in the following manner shall be deemed to be filed as set
forth herein:
(a) hand-delivery during business hours shall be deemed filed on the day
delivered;
(b) hand-delivered during non-business hours shall be deemed filed on the
next regular business day; and
(c) mailing by placing in U.S. mail shall be deemed filed on the dale so
postmarked.
(3) All papers shall show the date received by the board of health and the
Department and the board of health and the Department shall cooperate in
giving date receipts to Persons filing papers by hand-delivery.
16.13: Service of Copies
(1) Simultaneous with the filing of any and all papers with the board of health,
the applicant filing such papers shall send a copy(ies) to the Department and the
Department of Public Health, as appropriate, by delivery in hand, or by United
States mail, postage prepaid, properly addressed.
(2) All papers filed with the board-of health shall be accompanied by a
certificate signed under the pains and penalty of perjury that copies have been
sent, specifying the mode of service, date mailed or delivered, the address, and
address of service.
(3) Failure to comply with these requirements shall be grounds for refusal by
the board of health or the Department to accept papers for filing.
16.14: Public Access to Application
(1) The board of health shall ensure that a copy of the Application and all
subsequent filings are available for reasonable public inspection and copying.
The board of health may charge reasonable fees for such copying.
6/10/88 322.5 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.15: Review of Application for Completeness
(1) The Department shall assign a Report Number to each Application when
the Application is filed with the Department and notify the Applicant. The
Report Number shall be used in all subsequent correspondence with the board of
health, the Department, the applicant and the Department of Public Health and
shall appear on any subsequent ft-lmgs by the applicant.
(2) The Department shall issue a written determination to the applicant as to
the completeness of the Application on or about twenty-one (21) days after the
filing of said Application. If the Department determines that the Application is
incomplete, deficiencies shall be -stated.- The Department shall send a copy of
such determination to the board of health and the Department of Public Health.
i
(3) An Application shall not be considered complete unless all of the
requirements of 310 CMR 16.11 have been satisfied.
(4) During the determination period the Department may accept written
comments from the board of health or other persons regarding the completeitess
of the Application.
16.16: Commencement of Review Period
(!) The applicant, after receipt of notice of completeness from the
Department, shall notify abutters to the site and provide public notice that an
Application has been filed with the local board of health. The notice shall:
(a) appear in at least one (l) newspaper that has general circulation within
the municipality; and
(b) include a description of the site; the nature, extent and characteristics
of the proposed facility; the name(s), and address(es) of proponent(s); the
public location within the community and hours where the Application may
be inspected; the time period for comment to be received by the
Department and the address to which the comments should be mailed.
(2) The Department Review Period shall commence when the applicant has
provided proof lo the Department that the public notice requirement as set
forth in 310 CMR 16.16(1) above has been satisified.
(310 CMR 16.17 - 16.19: Reserved)
16.20: DEPARTMENT REPORT ON SUITABILITY
16.21: Application Review Period
(1) Upon commencement of the Review Period the Department shall review
the Application to determine if the site is Suitable.
(2) During the initial twenty-one (21) days of the Review Perida the
Department shall accept written comments from the board of health or other
Persons regarding the suitability of the site. All comments shall be fileti with
the Department's Regional Office in which the proposed site is located.
(3) The Department shall make available all comments received regarding-the
Application to the applicant and the board of health at their request.
(4) The applicant may respond in writing or the Department may require the
applicant to respond to comments during the initial forty (40) days of the
Review Period.
(5) During the initial forty (40) days of the Review Period the applicant may
modify an Application provided that said modifications, when taken in their
totality, do not constitute a major modification. The Department shall
determine if modifications are major and issue written notice of such
determinations to the applicant.
(6) The applicant must notify the Department, the board of health within five
6/10/88 322.6 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.21: continued
(5) days of receipt of a notice from the Department that a single modification
or a series of modifications constitute a major modification, whether it intends
to:
(a) withdraw the Application: or
(b) withdraw the modifications and let the Department review of the
Application continue on the unmodified Application.
Failure of the applicant to file a notification within the appropriate time
will constitute a withdrawal pursuant to 310 CMR 16.21(6)(b).
(7) After forty (40) days the Department may restrict further comments or
responses to allow the completion of the Department Report on Suitability.
(Report).
(8) The Department shall issue the Report within sixty (60) days of the
publication of the Notice that the Application is on file with the board of health.
16.22: Department Record on Report
The record shall consist of the Application; any report or records the
Department has used in making its determination; and any and all
correspondence, notices, and written comments by the Department, boards of
health, applicant or the public which have been submitted in accordance with
310 CMR 16.21.
16.23: Department Report On Suitability (Report)
(1) The Report shall include:
(a) the Report Number;
(b) a statement that the site is Suitable or not Suitable including any
conditions; and
(c) findings of fact pertaining to the Application, including any waiver that
was allowed, and the suitability of the site.
(2) The Report shall be based upon:
(a) the record:
(b) the facts and information otherwise available to the Department;
(c) expertise of the Department:
(d) expertise of other local state or federal agencies consulted by the
Department.
(3) The Department shall forward the Report to the board of health and shall
provide a copy of the report to the applicant.
(4) The board of health shall ensure thai the Suitability Report and the
Department Record arc made available for copying and reasonable inspection.
16.24: Reconsideration of the Report
(l) In the event of a negative determination the Department may entertain
written motions for reconsideration from the applicant stating the basis on
which the reconsideration is requested, if filed within fourteen (14) days of the
notice of determination. The motion for reconsideration-shall state the fact(s)
which it is contended the Department has overlooked or misapprehended and
shall contain such argument in support of the motion as the applicant desires to
present.
(2) The Department may allow comments from the board of health, the
Department of Public Health and the general public for a specified time period,
if it decides to reconsider the determination.
(3) Action on any motion for reconsideration is at the discretion of the
Department.
(4) In the event the Department reconsiders and changes its determination, it
shall amend the report accordingly.
6/10/88 322.7 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
(310 CMR 16.25 - 16.29: Reserved)
16.30: TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
16.31: Requests for Technical Assistance from the Department
(l)fThe local board of health may request advice, guidance, or technical
assistBitew'ffWrt>NwiD*p8*tWien't to assist hi the review of the information
contained Wlthirt'thrAppHfcdtton or the Report.
(2) Any request by the board of health for technical assistance shall be in
writing.
(3) After the request, the Department ajid the local board of health may enter
into informal arrangements to assist in the review of the Application, provided
that the applicant is informed of any such arrangement.
(4) The technical assistance from the Department shall stop on the date of the
first scheduled public hearing, except where it will serve to clarify information
contained within the Department Report. Such a request shall be made in
writing to the Department by the board of health and shall state the poii !s for
clarification.
(310 CMR 16.32 - 16.39: Reserved)
16.40: PUBLIC HEARING RULES
16.41: Public Hearing Rules
(1) Preamble. "Public Hearings" pursuant to M.G.L. c. 30A are not
"Adjudicatory Proceedings" within the meaning of M.G.L. c. 30A, s. I. See
M.G.L. c. 30A. s. 2. Pursuant to M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A, however, ."for the
limited purposed of appeal from such public hearings, a local board o? health
shall be deemed to be a state agency under the provisions of snid chapter thirty
A and its proceedings and decision shall be deemed to be a final decision in an
adjudicatory proceeding" (emphasis supplied). The public hearing process is
designed to permit the flexibility and informality appropriate to the local board
of health proceeding, while providing the board of health with direction and the
authority to create a record and render a decision which is amenable to the
procedures and the standards of review provisions of M.G.L. c. 30A, s. n
(2) Applicability. These regulations (310 CMR 16.40) govern the conduct of
public hearings by a local board of health on a Site Assignment Application,
following the issuance of a Report by the Department finding that a proposed
site is a suitable place for a specified type of solid waste facility as required by
M.G.L. c. 111. s. 150A.
(3) Public Hearing Definitions. The following words when used in these
regulations. 310 CMR 16.40, shall, except as otherwise required by context,
have the following meaning:
Agency means a Board of Health is deemed to be a state agency under the
provisions of M.G.L. Chapter 30A and its proceedings and decisions shall be
deemed to be a final decision in an adjudicatory proceeding for the limited
purpose of appeal of board of health decisions with respect to site assignment.
Applicant means person named in the application as the owner of a property
interest in the site.
Authorized Representative means person authorized by a party to represent him
in these matters.
Board of Health or (Board) means legally designated health authority of the
city, town or other legally constituted governmental unit within the
Commonwealth having the usual powers ami duties of the hoard of health of a
city or town, or its authorized agent or representative; provided that in any
6/10/80 322.8 F.MF.KCKNCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
case in which a waste disposal facility extends into the geographic areas of two
or more boards of health, said boards may coordinate activities in effecting
compliance with these regulations for the disposal of solid waste.
Decision means final decision rendered by the Board of Health.
Department means Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.
Department Report On Suitability means a written report issued by the
Department stating whether the proposed site meets the criteria established
under M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A 1/2 and 310 CMR 16.00.
Division means Division of Solid Waste Management.
Hearing Officer means individual(s) duly designated by the board of health to
conduct the public hearing.
Papers means all written communications filed in the Public Hearing, including
motions and other documents.
Party means applicant, any abutter(s) or group of ten citizens duly registered
pursuant to 310 CMR 16.41(9)(d).
Person means individual or legal entity.
Subpoena means document which commands a witness to appear at a given time
and give testimony before a court or an administrative proceeding such as a
hearing; and may require the witness to produce before the hearing tribunal any
documents, papers, or records in his possession or control.
(4) Representation
(a) Appearance. An individual may appear on his own behalf. A duly
authorized officer or employee may represent a corporation; an authorized
member may represent a partnership or joint venture; and an authorized
trustee may represent a trust. Any Party in the public hearing shall have
the right to be accompanied, represented and advised by an Authorized
Representative.
(b) Notice of Appearance. An appearance shall be made in the public
hearing by filing a written notice with the board of health or Hearing
Officer. Such notice shall contain the names, address and telephone number
of the authorized representative.
(5) Time
(a) Timely Filing. Papers required or permitted to be filed under these
regulations, or any provision of the applicable law must be filed at the Board
of Health office or such other place as the Board shall designate within the
time limits for such filing as are set by these regulations. Papers filed in the
following manner shall be deemed to be filed as set forth herein:
1. Hand-Delivery during business hours shall be deemed filed on the day
delivered.
2. Hand-Delivery during times other than during regular business hours
shall be deemed filed on the next regular business day.
3. Mailing in U.S. Mail shall be deemed filed on the date so postmarked.
All papers shall show the date received by the Board and the Board shall
cooperate in giving date receipts to Persons filing papers by hand-delivery.
(b) Notice of Agency Actions. Communications concerning public hearings
pursuant to these regulations from the board or the Hearing Officer shall be
presumably deemed received upon the day of hand-delivery or if mailed
three (3) days after deposit in the U.S. mail.
(c) Computation of lime. Unless otherwise specifically provided by law or
these rules, computation of any time period referred to in these rules shall
begin with the first day following the act which initiates the running of the
time period. The last day of the lime period so computed is to be included
6/10/88 322.9 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL,. QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
unless it is a Saturday. Sunday, or legal holiday or any other day on which
the office of the Agency is closed, in which event the period shall run until
the end of the next following business day. When the lime period is less
than seven (7) days, intervening days when the Agency .is closed shall be
excluded in the computation.
(d) Extension of Time. It shall be within the discretion of the Board or
Hearing Officer, lor good cause shown, to extend any time limit contained
in these rules. All requests for extension of time shall be made by motion
before the expiration of the original or previously extended time period.
This discretion shall not apply to any limitation of the time prescribed by
the General Laws of the Commonwealth.
(6) Filings Generally
(a) Title. Papers filed with a Board shall state the report number, if any,
the title of the proceeding, the name of the Person in whose behalf the
filing is made and the name of the Applicant.
(b) Signatures. Papers filed with a Board shall be signed and dated by the
Party on whose behalf the filing is made or by the Party's Authorized
Representative. This signature constitutes a certification by the signer thnt
hn has read the document, knows the content thereof, and that such
statements are true, that it is not interposed for delay and that if the
document has been signed by an Authorized Representative that he has lull
power and authority to do so.
(c) Form Size and Printing Requirements. All Papers, except those
submittals and documents which are kept in a larger format during the
ordinary course of a Party's business, shall be hand-printed or typewritten
on paper 8 to 8 1/2 inches wide, by 11 inches long. Mimeographed.
multigraphed, photoduplicated Papers will be accepted as hand-printed or
typewritten. All papers shall be clear and legible.
(d) Copies. The original of all Papers shall be filed together with two (2)
copies.
(e) Service. Simultaneously with all filing of any and all Papers with the
Agency, the Party filing such Papers shall send a copy thereof to all other
Parlies to the proceedings, by delivery in hand, or by United Stales mail,
postage prepaid, properly addressed. All papers filed with Ihe Agency shall
be accompanied by a statement signed under the pains and penalty of
perjury that copies have been sent, specifying the mode of service date, the
Party to whom sent, the Party's address, and address of service. Failure to
comply with this rule shall be grounds for refusal by the Agency to accept
Papers for filing. Any Party may request a waiver of Ihe requirement of
310 CMR 16.41(G)(e). The Hearings Officer may grant the request if
significant expense or waste of resources would be avoided and if adequate
arrangements can be made for access to the Papers by all persons who would
otherwise be entitled to service of a copy.
(7) Initiation of Hearings.
(a) Commencement. The Board shall commence a public hearing pursuant
to these regulations within thirty (30) days of receipt of the Department's
Report On Suitability (Report). The Report shall be deemed to be received
in accordance with the Timely Filing provisions set forth in 310 CMR 16.11.
(b) Public Notice. At least-twenty-one days prior to oommencemenl of the
Public Hearing the Board shall cause notice of the public hearing to be
published. Such notice shall be published in whichever one of the following
daily newspapers publishes in the city or town of, or nearest to, the location
of the project: Athol News. Atlleboro Sun. Beverly Times. Boston Globe or
Herald, Brockton Enterprise and Times. Chelsea Record. Clinton Item.
Dedham Transcript. Fall River Herald News. Fitchburg Sentinel. South
Middlesex News. Gardner News. Gloucester Times, Greenfield Recorder.
Haverhill Gazette. Holyoke Transcript-Telegram. Hudson Sun. Hyannis Cape
Cod Times. Lawrence Eagle Tribune. Lowell Sun. Lynn Item, Maldnn News.
Marlborough Enterprise. Medford Mercury. Melrose News. Milford News.
New Bedford Standard Times, Newburyport News. North Adams Transcript.
Norlhampton Hampshire Gazette, Peabody Times. Pittsfield Berkshire
Eagle. Quincy Patriot Ledger. Salem News. Southbridge News. Springfield
6/10/88 322.10 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
Union or News. Taunton Gazelle. VVakefield Item. VValtham News Tribune
West Springfield Telegram or Worcester Gazette. If the project is no;
located in one of the places listed above, publication shall also be in weekly
newspaper which publishes in the city or town of. or nearest to, the location
of the project. Such additional notice shall be at least fourteen (14) days
prior to the public hearing.
(c) Form and Content. The notice shall give the date, time and location of
the public hearing, a description of the proposed facility including the type
of facility, proposed disposal tonnage, proposed hours of operation, the
identity and mailing address of the applicant; the public location within the
community and hours where the Application may be inspected; the time
period for written comment on the Application to the Board and the address
to which comments should be mailed. In addition the notice shall contain
the following statement: "The Department of Environmental Quality-
Engineering has issued a Report in which it detennines that the above
described place is a suitable place for the proposed facility. Copies of the
Department's Report On Suitability and the site suitability criteria (310
CMR 16.00) are available for copying and examination along wiih the
application."
(8) Examination of Record Below; Discovery
(a) Availability of the Record. 'I he Report, the Application, and all
comments received by the Department on the Application are public records
and shall be made available by the Board for inspection and copying by any
person during reasonable business hours. The Board may charge reasonable
copying fees for any of the documents comprising the record below. There
shall be no additional discovery.
(b) Prefiled Direct Testimony. The Presiding Officer may, on its own
motion, order all Parties to fife within a reasonable time in advance of the
public hearing full written text of the testimony of their witnesses on direct
examination on issues pertinent to site assignment, including all exhibits to
be offered into evidence, or on issues specified by the Hearing Officer.
Such testimony shall be filed by or before a time specified by the Hearing
Officer and shall he available to exninination and copying as provided in 310
CMR 16.4l(8lla) above. The Hearing Officer may also requ re the filing of
written rebuttal testimony within a reasonable time after the filing of the
direct testimony described in the preceding sentence. All testimony filnd
pursuant to this rule shall be subject to the penalties of perjury. All
witnesses whose testimony is filed pursuant to this rule shall appear at the
hearing on the merits and be available for further examination or
cross-examination at the discretion of the Hearing Officer. If a witness is
not available for further examination or cross examination at the hearing on
the merits, the written testimony of the witness shall be excluded from the
record unless the Parties agree otherwise.
(9) Parties
(a) Applicant. The Applicant shall be a party to the hearing.
(b) A butters. Any abutter or group of abutters to the proposed facility
shall be entitled to participate as a party to the hearing by timely
submission of a -Party Registration Statement in -accordance with 310 CMR
16.41(9)(d) below.
(c) Ten Citizens Groups. Any group of ten (10) or more Persons may
Register collectively as a Party to the Public Hearing in which damage to
the environment as defined in M.G.L. c. 214, s. 2A is or might be at issue;
provided, however, that such intervention shall be limited to the issue of the
damage to the environment and the elimination or reduction thereof in order
that any decision in the Public Hearing shall include the deposition of such
issue.
(d) Registration. The registration of an abutter, group of abuttrrs or ten
citizen groups as a Parties to the hearing shall be valid only if submitted at
least seven (7) days prior to the commencement of the hearing. The
Rpgislration statement shall be signed under pains and penalty of perjury
and contain the following information:
1. name and address of the registrant(s);
6/10/88 ' 322.11 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
2. proposed party status (abutter, group of abutters or ten citizen
group);
3. identity of the Authorized Representative, if any; and
4. for individuals wishing to register as an abutter a description of the
abutting property including its boundaries and current use and a
statement that the registrant is the owner of the parcel.
If no Authorized Representative is identified in the Registration
Statement the first Person mentioned in the Statement as a member of the
group shall be deemed the Authorized Representative of the group. Said
Authorized Representative shall have the sole authority to sign submissions
by the group. A group that registers as a Party shall be collectively deemed
a Party as defined in these rules, and shall have the rights of participation
of a Party as set forth in these rules, except as limited by this rule.
(10) Conduct of Public Hearings
(a) Public Hearings. When and Where Held. The Public Hearing shall be
commenced within thirty (30) days of the Board of health receipt of the
Department's Report On Suitability (Report). Hearings shall be held at a
public meeting hall, appropriately sized to accommodate all Parlies and the
number of pp.rsons reasonably anticipated to attend in the city or town
where the site is located. The Public Hearing shall continue until it is
closed by the Hearing Officer. Arrangements by the Board to provide a
place for such public meeting shall anticipate that the Public Hearing may
extend for several days.
(b) General. Hearings shall be as informal as may be reasonable and
appropriate under the circumstances.
(c) Decorum. All Parties. Authorized Representatives, witnesses and other
persons present at the public hearing shall conduct themselves in a manner
so as not to obstruct or delay the orderly presentation of evidence and
issues. Where such decorum is not observed, the Hearing Officer may take
appropriate action.
(d) Hearing Officer. The Hearing Officer shall define issues, receive and
consider relevant and reliable evidence and exclude irrelevant evidence,
ensure an orderly presentation of the evidence and issues, and aid the board
in reaching a decision based on the evidence presented at the hearing and in
accordance with the standards set forth in M.G.L. c. Ill, s. 150A.
1. Selection and Qualification of Hearing Officer -
a. The Hearing Officer shall be selected by majority vote of the
board of health.
b. The Hearing Officer shall:
i. not be related to any board member, party, abutter, or
applicant:
ii. not be an employee or agent of the municipality where the
proposed site is located prior to selection as Hearing Officer;
iii. not have a personal financial interest or at the time of
selection or at any time during the proceedings be employed by
any person having a financial interest in the board's decision on
site suitability; and
iv. have experience by training or practice in conducting
administrative or judicial proceedings;
2. Duties. The Hearing Officers duties shall include Jhe following:
a. open and close the hearing;
b. establish the order of the proceedings;
c. assist all those giving testimony to make a full and free
statement of the facts in order to bring all information necessary to
determine whether a site is suitable or not suitable;
d. ensure that all parties have an opportunity to present their claims
orally or in writing and to present witnesses and evidence relevant to
the suitability or non-suitability of the site;
e. ensure that other persons have an opportunity to present
evidence, whether orally or in writing, relevant to the suitability or
non-suitability of a site;
f. introduce into the record any regulations, statutes, memoranda or
other materials he believes relevant to the issues at the proceeding;
6/10/88 322.12 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL^QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
g. receive, rule on, limit or exclude evidence pursuant to 310 CMR
16.41(10Hf) below: and
h. establish a date and time following the close of hearing until
which time written evidence will be received, considered and made
part of the record.
3. Powers. The Hearing Officer's powers shall include the following
authority:
a. to request a statement of the issue or issues and define the
relevant issues;
b. to regulate the presentation of the evidence and the participation
of the parties or their representatives, or the participation of other
persons, for the purpose of ensuring an adequate and comprehensible
record of the proceedings. To this end the Hearings Officer may
conduct his own examination of witnesses, may require that all
examination or cross examination of witnesses be directed through
the Hearings Officer, through some other person, or by any other
means or method of examination or cross examination of witnesses as
he determines is appropriate to ensure full examination of the issues;
and
c. to regulate the presentation of the evidence and the participation
of the Parlies or their representative or the participation of other
Persons for the purpose of ensuring that the public hearing is
concluded in a timely manner to allow the Board to render a written
decision within forty-five (45) days of the commencement date of the
public hearing. To this end the Hearing Officer shall impose such
time restrictions and limitations on oral presentations as he deems
appropriate.
(e) Rights of Parties. At the public hearing the Board shall hear testimony
and review evidence from the applicant and abutter(s), groups of abuttors
and ten citizen groups duly registered as Parties. Parties shall be allowed to
examine and cross examine other Parlies at the discretion of the Hearing
Officers. Written comment will be received by the Board from Parties and
other interested Persons until the close of the hearing date or for such
additional time as is determined by the Hearing Officer. Oral comment by
other Persons shall be at the discretion of the Hearing Officer.
(f) Evidence and Testimony.
1. A witnesses testimony shall be under oath or affirmation.
2. All evidence and testimony, materials and legal rules on which a
decision is to be based must be entered into the Record of the Public
Hearing, unless excluded pursuant to 310 CMR 16.41(8)(b), or (10)(f)3.
3. Witnesses giving testimony shall be available for such further
examination or cross examination as is determined to oe appropriate by
the Hearing Officer. Failure of a witness to be so available may be
ground to strike any other testimony given by surh witness from the
record at the sole discretion of the Hearing Officer. The Hearing
Officer may limit or exclude unduly repetitious evidence. The Report
and the Department Record shall not constitute testimony for the
purposes of 310 CMR 16.41.
4. All documents and other evidence offered in evidence shall be open
to examination by the Parties.
5. All evidence including any'records,-investigative reports, documents
and stipulations which are to be relied upon in making a decision must be
offered and made a part of the Record. Documentary evidence may be
in the form of copies or excerpts, or by incorporation by reference.
(g) Administrative Notice. The Board may take notice of aw fact which
may be judicially noticed by the courts, and in addition may take notice of
general, technical or scientific facts within their specialized knowledge.
Parties shall be notified of the material so noticed, and they shall be
afforded an opportunity to contest the facts so noticed. The Board may
utilize their experience, technical competence and specialized knowledge in
the evaluation of the evidence presented to them.
(h) Subpoenas.- No subpoenas may be issued or enforce requiring the
attendance and testimony of a witness or the production of documents at
the Public Hearing.
6/10/88 322.13 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
(i) Transcript of Proceedings.
1. Recording and Transcripts. Testimony and argument at the hearing
shall be either recorded electronically or stenographically. Transcripts
of the proceedings shall be supplied to any Party, upon request, at his
own expense. Any Party, upon motion, may order a stenographer to
transcribe the proceedings, at his own expense. In such event, a
stenographic record shall be provided to the Agency or Hearing Officer
at no expense to the Agency, and upon such other terms as the Agency or
Hearing Officer shall order.
(j) Contents of Record. The record of the proceedings shall include the
Department's Report On Suitability, the Departmental Record, the Board of
Health Technical Review Report, and may in addition consist of the
following items: pleadings, prehearing conference memoranda, magnetic
tapes, orders, briefs, and memoranda, transcripts, exhibits and other papers
or documents which the Board of Health or Hearing Officer has specifically
designated be made part of the record.
(k) Decision.
1. Deliberations. Following the close of the hearing, the Board may
deliberate privately for the sole purpose of deciding on the proceeding
before it.
2. Time of Decision. The Board shall render its decision within
forty-five (45) days of the initial date of the Public Hearing.
3. Standard of Decision. A Board shall determine that a site is
"suitable" for assignment as a site for a new facility unless it mekes a
finding, based on the sitiig criteria as set forth in 310 CMR 16.60, that
the siting thereof would constitute a danger to the public health, safety
or environment. If such a finding is made the facility shall be
determined to be "Not Suitable" and shall not be assigned.
4. Tentative Decisions. Tentative decisions shall not be issued as a
matter of routine, but shall be issued only if a Party requests a tentative
decision either in writing or orally on the record, prior to the close of
the hearing on the merits; or if the board determines that a tentative
decision should be issued in the interest of justice. Every tentative
decision shall be in writing and shall be signed by a majority of those
officials of the Board who rendered the decision. Every tentative
decision shall contain a statement of the reasons therefor, including a
determination of fact pertaining to each of the site suitability criteria
listed in 310 CMR 16.00 or law necessary to the decision.
If the majority of the Board who must sign the Final Decision ha\e
personally heard or read the evidence, the board shall not be required .o
comply with a request to issue a tentative decision.
5. Final Decision. Every final decision shall be in writing and shall be
signed by a majority of those officials of the Agency who rendered the
decision. Every final decision shall contain a statement of the reasons
therefor, including a determination of fact pertaining to each of the site
suitability criteria listed in 310 CMR 16.00 or law necessary to the
decision, provided that if a final decision was preceded by a tentative
decision, the final decisions may incorporate by reference those
determinations set forth in the tentative decision, subject to such
modifications and discussion as the Hearing Officer or Board may-deem
appropriate to respond to timely filed opposing and concurring views
with the tentative decision.
(11) Imposition of Conditions. Except as provided in 310 CMR 16.62(3), the
Board may include in any decision to grant a site assignment such limitations
with respect to the extent, character and nature of the facility or expansion
thereof, as may be necessary to ensure that the facility or expansion thereof
will not present a threat to the public health, safety or the environment.
(12) Notice of Decision.
(a) Incorporation into the Record. Upon issuance of the decision it shall be
incorporated into the Record and made available for inspection and
photocopying as set forth in 310 CMR 16.41 (8)(a).
(b) Time of Notice. Within seven (7) days of issuance of its decision the
Board shall publish notice of its decision in the same manner as set forth in
310 CMR 16.41 (7)(b)
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.41: continued
(c) Content of Notice. The nalure of decision shall identify the applicant.
briefly describe the proposed facility and set forth the Board determination.
The notice shall include the following provision: "Any person aggrieved by
the decision of the Board of Health may, within thirty (30) days of
publication of this Notice of Decision-appeal under the provisions of M.G.L. -
c. 30A, s. 14."
(310 CMR 16.42 through 16.49: Reserved)
16.50: APPLICATION FEES
16.51: Application Fees
(1) The Application Fee is a fee which is paid by an applicant to reimburse the
board of health for eligible costs of reviewing teclmical data, obtaining
technical assistance and conducting a public hearing.
(2) The Apllication Fee shall be assessed as two separate fees:
(a) Technical Fee; and
(b) Public Hearing Fee.
(3) The board of health shall return to the applicant any or all of the
Application Fee in excess of the actual allowable costs expended following the
completion of the site assignment process.
(4) The board of health may establish, in lieu of part or all of 310 CMR 16.50,
another system for the assessment and payment of an application fee provided
such system is mutually agreed to by the applicant and the board of health.
16.52: TechnicalFee
(1) Assessment of Fee
(a) The board of health, upon the receipt of an Application, may assess by a
written notice to the applicant a Technical Fen for said Application not to
exceed the maximum guidelines set forth in 310 CMR 16.99 Appendix A.
(b) In those instances when the board of health decides to assess a
Technical Fee in accordance wilh 310 CMR 16.52(l)(a), the board shall
prescribe the amount of the fee and the means of payment in writing to the
applicant within ten (10) days of the filing of the Application in accordance
with 310 CMR 16.11.
(c) The Applicant shall pay the Technical Fee in a manner prescribed by
the board of health or in the absence of such prescription, the applicant may
make payment in an amount equal to the maximum Technical Fee for the
appropriate facility as specified in 310 CMR 16.99 Appendix A.
(d) The Technical Fee may be used by the board of health to cover the cost
of conducting a review of technical data and/or to cover a portion of other
technical assistance.
(e) The board of health may waive all or a portion of the Technical Fee.
(f) Nothing in 310 CMR 16.52 is intended to create or modify any rights of
boards of health relative to the assessment or collection of fees under
applicable statutes, by laws,-or ordinances governinp municipal finance.
(2) Technical Review. The Technical Fee may cover one hundred percent
(100%) of the allowable cost of reviewing technical data submitted to the board
of health.
(a) Allowable costs for technical review include the cost' of hiring
consultants and related technical experts to assist the board of health in
reviewing the Application, the Department's Report of Suitability, the
Department of Public Health's Report and comments, public comments and
any subsequent amendments or additions to the Application.
(b) Allowable tasks for the consultants and related technical experts may
include:
1. determining completeness and accuracy of data in said Application;
2. determining whether the correct analytical techniques were used,
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16.52: continued
whether valid data were obtained, and whether the data support Uie
proposed conclusions;
3. detennining what other data should be obtained, the means to obtain
it and its potential significance;
4. examining municipal, Department -and -other relevant records and
consulting with Department staff; -visiting the -site to make a visual
inspection;
5. preparing and submitting comments to the Department on technical
issues relating to the site and the site suitability criteria;
6. reviewing the Department's Report on Suitability and other data
submitted prior to and during the hearing; and
7. preparing a written report of reviewers comments and
determinations.
(3) Allowable costs for technical review shall not include the cost of
conducting site, environmental or population sampling and analyses, otherwise
generating new data, or performing independent analyses of environmental
health impacts.
(4) Technical Assistance. The Technical Fee may cover fifty percent (50%) of
the cost o( providing expert legal, scientific or engineering assistance to the
board of health to assure thnt all points of view are adequately presented and
evaluated at the public hearing.
(a) Allowable costs for technical assistance include the cost of hiring
consultants, technical experts or legal counsel.
(b) Allowable types of technical assistance include:
1. legal counsel to represent the board of health at the hearing and to
examine witnesses at the hearing;
2. scientific and/or engineering experts to help develop evidence,
and/or question witnesses or testify at the hearing; and
3. photographic or graphic expertise.
(5) Extraordinary Expenses
(a) The Hearing Officer upon request of the board of health, may assess in
writing to the applicant an additional payment for technical review in
excess of the 310 CMR 16.99 Appendix A guidelines where the Hearing
Officer determines:
1. the evidence proposed to be obtained by the expenditure of the fee is
likely to be critical to the determination of site suitability, the applicant
has failed to provide such evidence upon request by '.he Hearing Officer
and the evidence cannot be acquired without the-expenditure by the
board of health of funds in excess of the Technical Fee; and
2. the evidence did not exist or was not reasonably discoverable through
due diligence by the board of health prior to the request; or
3. the evidence is based on new scientific or technical standards or
criteria which were previously unavailable.
(b) The applicant upon receipt of the written request may:
1. within three (3) days appeal to the Hearing Officer for a
determination as to the reasonableness of the fee assessment; or
2. make the appropriate payment as prescribed-by .the board of.health
within six (6) days.
(c) The board of health may withhold final disposition of the site
assignment hearing until the applicant submits the payment or issue a
negative determination based on inadequate information.
16.53: Public Hearing Fee
(1) Assessment of Fees
(a) The board of health, upon the receipt of a Department's Report on
Suitability (Report) that contains a finding that a site is Suitable, may assess
a Public Hearing Fee. The maximum amount of the Public Hearing Fee shall
be fifty percent (50%) of the maximum allowable Technical Fee for the
appropriate size and type of facility, as set in 310 CMR 16.99 Appendix A.
(b) In those instances where the board of health decides to assess a Public
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16.53: continued
Hearing Fee in accordance with 310 CMR 16.53(l)(a), the board shall
prescribe the amount of the fee ajid the means of payment in writing to the
applicant no later ten (10) days after receipt of the Report.
(c) No board of health shall be required to hold a public hearing prior to
receipt of the fee, except when the applicant is the municipality itself or an
agency thereof.
(d) The applicant shall pay the Public Hearing Fee in a manner prescribed
by the board of health.
(e) The board of health may use the Public Hearing Fee to cover the cost
of conducting a public hearing that meets the requirements of 310 CMR
16.40. The only allowable costs that may be paid from the Public Hearing
Fee are:
1. the cost of any notice required under 310 CMR 16.41(7)(b);
2. the cost of recording, through a stenographic record, tape recording,
or other means as determined by the Hearing Officer the record of the
proceedings;
3. the cost of having a Hearing Officer perform the duties set forth in
310 CMR 16.41(lO)(dj;
4. the cost of producing any copies required under 310 CMR 16.40: and
5. the cost of renting a hall and/or public address system when the
municipality has no sunh facilities which are adequate for the purpose of
the Site Assignment Public Hearing.
(f) Transcription of the proceedings shall not be paid for from the Hearing
Fee except by order of the Hearing Officer prior to a final decision on site
assignment by the board of health. The cost of transcribing or otherwise
preparing an official transcript for appeal shall not be paid by the Public
Hearing Fee.
(g) The board of health may waive all or a portion of the Public Hearing
Fee.
(2) Additional Public Hearing Fees
(a) In the evrnl that the Public Hearing Fee is insufficient to cover the
allowable costs described in 310 CMR 16.53(l)(e) above, the board of health
may require the applicant to make an additional Public Hearing Fee
payment.
(b) The applicant shall make the additional payment within four (4) days of
receipt of the request from the board of health.
(c) The board of health may at its discretion suspend the public hearing
pending additional payments or the resolution of a fee dispute in accordance
with 310 CMR 16.56.
16.54: Expenditure of the Application Fee
(1) Obligation of Funds, The board of health shall not spend or enter into
obligations to spend any or all of the Technical Fee without a scope of work.
The scope of work shall detail proposed contractor's services and include cost
estimates for each service and describe whether the proposed service is for
technical review or technical assistance.
(2) Record Keeping
(a) The board of health shall make and retain or require all persons paid
from the'Application Fee to-make and retain-written records which set forth:
1. a description of each of the services performed and work products
developed:
2. the total fee or allowable portion of the fee expended for each such
service or work product.
(b) The board of health, upon written request from the applicant, the
Hearing Officer or the Department, shall provide or cause their contractor
to provide, within a reasonable time not to exceed fourteen (14) days, a copy
of said records.
(3) Cessation of Expenditures
(a) The board of health shall not spend any additional amount of the
Application Fee and shall make reasonable efforts to halt all work on ajiy
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL, QUALITY ENGINEERING
1C.54: continued
activities that would be covered by the Application Fee, when the board of
health receives either:
1. a Suitability Report that finding a site not Suitable; or
2. a notice from the applicant withdrawing the Application from
consideration.
16.55: Reimbursement of Unexpended Fees
(1) After a final decision on the Application or upon the withdrawal of an
Application, the applicant may submit a written request to the board of health
to provide a final accounting of all funds expended or owed from the
Application Fees and to return all unexpended and uncommitted Fees. For the
purpose of 310 CMR 16.55. a final decision shall be either:
(a) the Department Report of Suitability finding a site not Suitable; or
(b) a determination by the board of health after a public hearing to assign a
site or to refuse to assign a site after a public hearing.
(2) The board of health shall provide a full accounting of all expenditures
within forty-five (45) days of receipt of the request.
(3) The board of health shall return the unencumbered funds within a
reasonable time period.
16.56: Fee Disputes
(1) The board of health shall expend and, if applicable, reimburse to the
applicant all fees in accordance with the provisions herein.
(2) Any claims by the applicant against the board of health for improper
disposition of fees shall be adjudicated in a court of competent jurisdiction or,
if mutually agreed upon by the parties, by arbitration.
(310 CMR 16.57 through 16.59: Reserved)
16.60: SITE SUITABILITY CRITERIA
16.61: Preamble
The following sections of 310 CMR 16.00 establish the criteria and decision
making process the Department shall utilize in determining whether a site is
Suitable fora proposed solid waste management facility and upon which boards
of health must base a determination to deny a site assignment.
16.62: Determination of Suitability
(1) Department's Determination. The Department shall determine whether a
site for a new or expanded facility of the type and scope proposed is Suitable or
not Suitable based upon the criteria set forth in 310 CMR 10.64 and 16.65. In
determining whether or not a proposed facility at a specified site meets the
criteria, the Department shall:
(a) determine whether the facility is located within a restricted area in
which case it is presumed that the proposed solid waste activities constitute
a danger to public health, safety or the environment within that area;
(b) apply in non-restricted areas such state and federal standards, criteria,
guidelines or allowable limits and health policies which are intended to
protect the public health, safety, and the environment. Where such
protective limits have not been adopted the Department shall evaluate the
potential for adverse impacts from the proposed solid waste activities on a
facility/site specific basis and determine whether such potential constitutes
a danger to public health, safety or the environment;
(c) consider whether other potential sites are available in the facility's
service area whose topographical character would result in a significant
decrease in the adverse impact of proposed emissions on the impacted
population;
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.62: continued
(d) consider whelher the site is in a preferred municipality as defined
herein: and
(e) consider whether the site use promotes integrated solid waste
management in accordance with 310 CMR 16.66.
(2) Facility Design Review.
(a) All Applications shall be evaluated on the basis that the proposed
facility shall be designed and constructed to meet all relevant state and
federal statutory regulatory and policy requirements. The review of an
application shall not consider detailed facility design and operation plan
except where:
1. the Department determines that specific design and operation plans
or data are necessary to determine whether potential discharges or
emissions from the proposed facility could render the site unsuitable an^
requires the applicant lo submit such relevant and detailed information;
2. the applicant intends to alter the site or design the facility to mee
specific site suitability criteria and submits such plans or other
information as the Department deems necessary to determine if the
criteria is satisfied.
(b) When facility design plans are submitted the Department may base a
site suitability determination on:
1. the incorporation of specific facility design elements; or
2. compliance with performance and technical standards and criteria.
(c) A determination of site suitability shall not substitute for a permit
review except as explicitly stated by the Department.
(3) Site Assignment by Boards of Health.
(a) The board of health shall assign a place requested by an applicant as a
site for a new facility or the expansion of an existing facility unless it
makes a finding, based on the criteria set forth in 310 CMR 16.64 and 16.65,
that the siting thereof would constitute a danger to the public health,
safety, and environment.
(b) The board of health shall impose such conditions as are the same as or
equivalent to the conditions applied by the Department in 310 CMR
16.62(2)(b) above.
(c) The board of health shall not impose any condition pertaining to facility
design plan except as allowed in 310 CMR I6.62(3)(b) above.
16.63: Application of the Site Suitability Criteria
(1) Facility specific site suitability criteria are set forth in 310 CMR 16.64 of
these regulations for each of the following types of solid waste management
facilities:
(a) sanitary landfills;
(b) solid waste combustion facilities; and
(c) solid waste handling and processing facilities.
(2) Generally applicable criteria are set forth in 310 CMR 16.65 of these
regulations which apply equally to all types of solid waste management
facilities.
16.64: Facility Specific Site Suitability Criteria
(1) Criteria for Sanitary Landfill Facilities. No site shall be determined to be
Suitable or be assigned as a sanitary landfill facility that is to accept
putrescible waste, ash from combustion of solid waste, or other waste that
produces potentially harmful leachate or discharges where:
(a) any area of waste deposition would be within a Zone II area of an
existing public water supply well:
(b) any area of waste deposition would be within the Interim Wellhead
Protection Area (IWPA) or within fifteen thousand (15,000) feet-upgradient
of the existing well-for-which a Zone II has not been calculated. As an
alternative to this criteria the proponent may conduct a preliminary Zone II
study, approved of by the Department, to d( tennine if the waste deposition
area would be beyond the Zone II of the public water supply well in question;
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.64: continued
(c) The Department determines that the sanitary landfill facility would
pose a substantial threat to a potential public water supply groundwater
source;
(d) any area of waste deposition is less than 2500 feet upgradicnt of a
surface drinking water supply as defined by groundwaler flow or surface
water drainage;
(e) any area of waste deposition would be less than 250 feet upgradient. as
defined by groundwater flow or surface water drainage, of a perennial water
course that drains to a surface drinking water supply where the landfill is
.within one (1) mile of the surface water supply;
(f) any area of waste deposition is less than 500 feet downgradient of a
surface drinking water supply as defined by groundwaler flow or -surface
water drainage;
(g) any area of waste deposition would be over a Sole Source Aquifer;
jh) any area of waste deposition would be within 500 feet of a private
drinking water supply well existing or established as a potential supply at
the time of suhmittal of the Application; provided, however, the applicant
may show a valid option to purchase the restricted area, including the well
and a guarantee not to use the well as a drinking supply, the exercise of
which shall be a condition of any site assignment.
(i) the maximum high groundwater table is within four (4) feet of the
ground surface in areas where waste deposition is to occur unless it is
demonstrated that a four (4) foot separation between the bottom of the
lower most liner and the maximum high groundwater level can be designed
to the satisfaction of the Department and the board of health:
(j) the outermost limits of waste deposition or leachate containment
structures would be within an area protected by the Wetlands Protection
Act, Chapter 131, section 40, including the 100 year floodplain;
(k) any area of waste deposition or the leachate containment structures
would be less than 250 feet to a lake or river (not including a stream) as
defined in 310 CMR 10.00, other than a drinking water supply; or
(1) any area of waste deposition is less than 500 feet to an occupied
residential dwelling, bedded health care facility, prison or educational
institution, excluding equipment storage or maintenance structures;
provided, however, the applicant may show a valid option to purchase the
potentially affected property, the exercise of which shall be a condition of
any site assignment.
(2) Criteria for Solid Waste Combustion Facilities. No site shall be
determined to be Suitable or be assigned as a solid waste combustion facility
where:
(a) a waste handling or processing area is within an Interim Wellhead
Protection Area (IWPA) or Zone II of an existing public water supply or
Interim Wellhead Protection Area (IWPA) or the Zone II of a potential public
drinking water groundwater source unless:
1. a determination has been made that the facility cannot be sited
outside the IWPA or Zone II, and
2. necessary restrictions are imposed to minimize the risk of exceeding
the Maximum Contaminant Limits (MCLs) at the wellhead.
(b) the waste handling or processing area is less than 500 feet upgradient of
a surface drinking water supply as defined by groundwater flow or surface
water drainage;
(c) the waste handling or processing area is less than 250 downgradient to a
surface drinking water supply as defined by groundwater flow or surface
water drainage;
(d) the waste handling or processing area is within 250 feet of a existing or
potential private drinking water supply well, provided, the applicant may
show a valid option to purchase the restricted area including the well and a
guarantee not to use the well as a drinking water source, the exercise of
which shall be a condition of any site assignment;
(e) the maximum high groundwater table is within two (2) feet of the
ground surface in areas where waste processing and handling is to occur
unless it is demonstrated that a two (2) foot separation can be designed to
the satisfaction of the Department; or
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(f) the waste handling or processing area is within 500 feet of an occupied
residential dwelling, prison or bedded health care facility, excluding
equipment storage or maintenance structures; provided, however, the
applicant mey show a valid option to purchase the potentially affected
property, the exercise of winch shall be a condition of any site assignment.
(3) Criteria for Handling and Processing Facilities. No site shall be
determined to be Suitable or be assigned as a solid waste handling and
processing facility where:
(a) a waste handling or processing area is within a Interim Wellhead
Protection Area (IWPA) or a Zone II of an existing public water supply well
or a potential public water supply groundwater source, unless:
1. a determination has been made that the facility cannot be located
outside the IWPA or Zone II; and
2. necessary restrictions are imposed to minimize the risk of exceeding
the Maximum Contaminant Limits (MCLs) at the wellhead.
(b) the waste handling or processing area is less than 500 feet upgradient of
a surface drinking water supply as defined by groundwater flow or surfac-
water drainage:
(c) thfi waste handling or processing area is less than 250 feet downgradient
to a surface drinking water supply as defined by groundwater flow or surface
water drainage:
(d) the waste handling or processing area is within 250 feet of an existing
or potential private drinking water supply well, provided, the applicant may
show a valid option to purchase the restricted area including the well and a
guarantee not to use the well and drinking water the exercise of which shall
be a condition of any site assignment;
(p.) the maximum high groundwater table is within two (2) feet of the
groundwater surface in areas where waste handling or processing is to occur
unless it can be demonstrated that a two (2) foot separation can be designed
to the satisfaction of the Department; or
(f) the waste handling or processing area is within 250 feet of an occupied
residential dwelling, prison or bedded health care facility, excluding
equipment storage or maintenance structures provided, however, that the
applicant may show a valid option to purchase the restricted area, the
exercise of which shall be a condition of any site assignment.
16.65: General Site Suitability Criteria
(1) The following Site Suitability Criteria shall apply to all types of solid waste
management facilities.
(2) Agricultural Lands. No site shall be determined to be Suitable or be
assigned as a solid waste management facility where a 100 foot buffer would
not be present between the site assigned area and active farmland; provided,
however, the applicant may show a valid option to purchase the restricted area,
the exercise of which shall be a condition of any site assignment.
(3) Traffic and Access to the Site. No site shall be determined to be Suitable
or be assigned as a solid waste management facility where:
(a) traffic impacts from the facility operation would constitute a dnnger to
the public health, safety, or the environment taking into consideration the
following factors:
1. traffic congestion;
2. pedestrian and vehicular safety;
3. road configurations;
4. alternate routes; and
5. vehicle emissions
(4) Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat. No site shall be determined to be Suitable or
be assigned as a solid waste management facility where such siting would:
(a) have an adverse impact on a rare or endangered species listed by the
Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program of the Division of
Fisheries and Wildlife in its database;
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(b) have an adverse impact on an Ecologically Significant Natural
Community as listed by the Natural Heritage and Endangered Species
Program in its database;
(c) have an adverse impact on the wildlife habitat of any state wildlife
management area; or
(d) be located within an Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) as
defined by the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs or would have an
adverse impact upon an ACEC if located outside, but adjacent to the
designated area.
(5) Public Health. No site shall be approved for a facility where the siting and
operation of such facility may pose an unacceptable risk of harm to public
health based upon federal or state regulations, standards, guidelines, criteria, or
other allowable limits and public health policies.
(6) Public Safety. No site shall be approved for a facility where the siting and
operation of such facility may pose an unacceptable risk of danger to public
safety based upon federal or state regulations, standards, guidelines, criteria or
other allowable limits.
(7) Potential Air Quality Impacts. No site shall be determined to be Suitable
or be assigned as a solid waste management facility where:
(a) the anticipated emissions from the facility would not meet required
state and federal air quality standards or criteria or would otherwise
constitute a danger to the public health, safety or the environment, taking
into consideration:
1. the concentration and dispersion of emissions
2. the number and proximity of sensitive receptors; and
3. the attainment status of the area.
(8) Potential for the Creation of Nuisances. No site shall be determined to be
Suitable or be assigned as a solid waste management facility where:
(a) the establishment or operation of the facility would result in nuisance
conditions which would constitute a danger to the public health, safety or
the environment taking into consideration the following factors:
1. noise:
2. litter;
3. vermin such as rodents and insects;
4. odors;
5. bird hazards to air traffic; and
6. other nuisance problems.
(9) Size of Facility. No site shall be determined to be Suitable or be assigned
as a solid waste management facility if the size of the proposed site is
insufficient to properly operate and maintain the proposed facility.
(10) Areas Previously Used for Solid Waste Disposal. Where an area adjacent
to the site of a proposed facility has been previously used for solid waste
disposal the following factors shall be considered by the Department in
determining whether a site is Suitable and by the board of health in determining
whether to assign a site:
(a) the nature and extent to which the prior solid waste activities on the
adjacent site currently adversely impact or threaten to adversely impact the
proposed site;
(b) the nature and extent to which the proposed site may impact the site
previously used for solid waste disposal; and
(c) the nature and extent to which the combined impacts of the proposed
site and the previously used adjacent site adversely impact on the public
health, safety and the environment; taking into consideration:
1. whether the proposed site is an expansion of or constitutes beneficial
integration of the solid waste activities with the adjacent site;
2. whether the proposed facility is related to the closure and/or
remedial activities at the adjacent site; and
3. the extent to which the design of the proposed facility will mitigate
existing or potential impacts from the adjacent site.
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.65: continued
(11) Existing Facilities
(a) In evaluating proposed sites for new solid waste management facilities
the Department and the board of health shall give preferential consideration
to sites located in municipalities in which no existing disposal facilities are
located. This preference shall be applied only to new facilities which will
not be for the exclusive use of the municipality in which the site is located.
The Department and the board of health shall weigh such preference against
the following considerations when the proposed site is located in a
community with an existing disposal facility:
1. the extent to which the municipality's or region's solid waste needs
will be met by the proposed facility; and
2. the extent to which the proposed facility incorporates recycling,
composting or waste diversion activities.
(b) Where an existing disposal facility and a proposed new disposal facility
in a municipality each are designed to accept three hundred tons per day
(300 TPD) or more the Department and the board of health shall consider
whether the cumulative impacts of the proposed facility and the
documented impacts of thp existing disposal facility constitutes a danger to
public health, safety or the environment, taking into consideration whether
the proposed facility is related to the closure and/or remedial activities at
the existing disposal facility.
(12) Regional Participation. The Department and the board of health shall
give preferential consideration to sites located in municipalities not
participating in a regional disposal facility. The Department and the board of
health shall weigh such preference against the following considerations when
the proposed site is located in a community not meeting this preference:
(a) the extent to which the proposed facility meets the municipality's and
the region's solid waste management needs; and
(b) the extent to which the proposed facility incorporates recycling,
composting, or waste diversion activities.
16.66: Promotion of Integrated Solid Waste Management
(1) In determining whether a site is suitable the Department shall consider the
extent to which the proposed facility is consistent with or integrated into the
statewide plan adopted pursuant to M.G.L. c. 16, s. 21. Where the Department
determines that the proposed site use is not in conformance with the plan it
may impose such conditions and restrictions on the site's use as necessary to
obtain conformance.
(2) In determining whether a site is suitable the Department and the board of
health shall consider the extent to which the proposed use of the site directly
incorporates recycling and composting techniques or is otherwise integrated
into recycling and composting activities for the proposed facility's service area.
(3) A site proposed for a combustion facility or a landfill shall be reviewed to
determine if the site is also suitable for a recycling or composting facility
either in conjunction with or instead of the proposed facility.
(4) Site assignment applications which incorporate significant recycling or
composting uses, in accordance with the goals of the statewide plan, shall
receive preferred consideration. Such consideration may include, without
limitation:
(a) approval of a facility in a non-preferred municipality as set forth at
310 CMR 16.65(11) and (12); or
(b) consideration of a waiver application as set forth in 310 CMR 16.70.
(310 CMR 16.67 through 16.69: Reserved)
16.70: WAIVER PROCESS
16.71: Waiver Process
(1) The Commissioner may waive any provision or requirement in these
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL,QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.71: continued
regulations not specifically required by law when the Commissioner finds that
strict compliance with such provision or requirement would result in undue
hardship and would not serve to minimize or avoid adverse impact. Hardship
based on delay in compliance by the proponent, increased facility construction
costs or reduced facility revenue generation will not be sufficient, except in
extraordinary circumstances, to invoke this section.
(2) The categorical exclusions set forth in 310 CMR 16.60 define protected
areas in which it is presumed that solid waste activities will have significant
impact on the public health, safety or the environment. Consequently, waiver of
those exclusions is disfavored and must be based on a rebuttal of those
presumptions.
(3) In determining whether a waiver should be granted, the Commissioner shall
consider, in addition to the public health and safety and environmental impacts
the following factors:
(a) the availability of other suitable sites in the affected municipality or
regional district;
(b) whether tliR site is in a preferred municipality as defined in M.G.L.
c. Ill, s. 150A1/2:
(c) the minimum facility size required to reasonably meet essential waste
handling activities:
(d) whether the waiver will result in environmental benefits in excess of
those that could be achieved in the absence of the waiver; and
(o) the extent to which the proposed facility is part of an integrated solid
waste management activity.
(4) all requests for waivers shall be filed and documented in accordance with
section 310 CMR 1C.11(6).
(310 CMR 16.72 through 16.79: Reserved)
16.80: DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
16.81: Application Review
(1) The Department of Public Health (DPH) shall review the Application and
comment as to any potential adverse impacts the site may have on public health
and safety. Such review and comment shall be made no later than sixty (60)
days after the start of the Review Period.
(2) The Department of Public Health may suomit or discuss its comments with
the Department during the Review Period.
16.82: Department of Public Health Report
(1) The Department of Public Health may make or have made a written report
containing its comments or the potential adverse impacts of the site on public
health and safety and may submit said report no later than sixty days after the
start of the Review Period.
(2) The DPH shall coordinate and cooperate with the board of health on any
matter relating to the report upon written request by the board of health to
DPH.
(310 CMR 16.83 through 16.98: Reserved)
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENGINEERING
16.99: APPENDIX A
TECHNICAL FEE
The board of health shall assess the Technical Fee based on the type and
size of facility or site stated on the Application. The maximum allowable
Technical Fee that the board of health may assess shall be computed using the
appropriate table for each type of facility.
TABLE 1. MAXIMUM TECHNICAL FEE FOR LANDFILLS
The maximum amount of the Technical Fee for a landfill is computed on the
basis of the total area of the site specified in the Application.
Size (acres) Maximum Fee ($)
0-10 $15000
10-25 $15000 plus $1000 for each
acre in excess of 10
over 25 . $30000 plus $200 for each acre
in excess of 25
TABLE 2. MAXIMUM TECHNICAL FEE FOR TRANSFER STATIONS
The maximum amount of the Technical Fee for a transfer station is
computed on the basis of the maximum daily volume of waste (measured in tons
per day) proposed to be processed as specified in the Application as follows:
Maximum Fee = $3000 + [$20 x Daily Volume (tons/day)]
TABLE 3. MAXIMUM TECHNICAL FEE FOR WASTE COMBUSTION FACILITIES
The maximum amount of the Technical Fee for a waste combustion facility
is computed on the basis of the maximum daily volume of waste (measured in
tons per day) proposed to be processed as specified in the Application as follows:
Maximum Fee = $25000 + [$10 x Daily Volume (tons/day))
TABLE 4. MAXIMUM TECHNICAL FEE FOR RECYCLING FACILITIES
The maximum amount of the Technical Fee for a recycling facility is
computed on the basis of the maximum daily volume of waste (measured in tons
per day) proposed to be processed as specified in the Application as follows:
Maximum Fee = $3000 + [$20 x Daily Volume (tons/day)]
TABLE 5. MAXIMUM TECHNICAL FEE FOR COMPOSTING FACILITIES
The maximum amount of the Technical Fee for a composting facility is
computed on the basis of the maximum daily volume of waste (measured in tons
per day) proposed to be processed as specified in the Application as follows:
Maximum Fee = $3000 t [$20 x Daily Volume (tons/day)]
ADJUSTMENT OF TECHNICAL FEE FOR INFLATION
The maximum allowable technical fee may be adjusted for inflation using
the following formula:
6/10/88 322.25 EMERGENCY
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310 CMR: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL, QUALITY ENGINEERING
Appendix A: continued
MTF (current year) = MTF (1988) x I (current year) /I (1988)
Where:
MTF (1988) = Maximum Technical Fee Computed using table 1. 2. 3, 4.
or 5 above lor the specific facility under consideration
MTF (current year) = Maximum Technical Fee for the current year
I (1988) = Index for 1988
I (current year) = Index for the current year
Index is the Construction News Record construction Index.
REGULATORY AUTHORITY
310 CMR 16.00:
6/10/88 322.26 EMERGENCY
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APPENDIX D
Examples of Local Bylaws
D-l
-------
Draft - TOWN OF HADLEY
AQUIFER PROTECTION DISTRICT
Add to Section II-A. Types of Districts
Aquifer Protection
Add new Section XI - SPECIAL DISTRICTS
IV-A Aquifer Protection District
1. Purpose of District
To promote the health, safety and welfare of the community by protecting
and preserving the surface and groundwater resources of the town from any
use of land or buildings which may reduce the quality or quantity of its
water resources.
2. Definitions
a. Aquifer: Geologic formation composed of rock or sand and gravel that
contains significant amounts of potentially recoverable potable water;
b. Groundwater: All the water found beneath the surface of the ground;
c. Hazardous Waste: A waste which is hazardous to human health or the
environment. Hazardous wastes have been designated by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under 40 CFR 250 and the Regulations
of the Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Management Act, Massachusetts
General Laws Chapter 21C.
d. Impervious Surfaces: Materials or structures on or above the ground
that do not allow precipitation to infiltrate the underlying soil;
e. Leachable Wastes: Waste materials including solid wastes, sludge and
pesticide and fertilizer wastes capable of releasing water-borne
contaminants to the environment;
f. Primary Aquifer Recharge Area: 'Areas which are underlain by surficial
geologic deposits including glaciofluvial or lacustrine stratified
drift deposits or alluvium or swamp deposits, and in which the
prevailing direction of groundwater flow is toward water supply wells.
g. Secondary Aquifer Recharge Area: Areas which are underlain by
surficial geologic deposits of primarily till, and in which the
prevailing direction of groundwater flow is toward water supply wells.
3. Scope of Authority
The Water Supply Protection District is an overlay district and shall be
superimposed on the other districts established by the bylaw. .All uses,
dimensional requirements and other provisions of the Town of Hadley Zoning
Bylaw applicable to such underlying districts shall remain in.force and
effect, except that where the Water Supply Protection District imposes
greater or additional restrictions and requirements, such restrictions or
requirements shall prevail. Any uses not permitted in underlying
districts shall remain prohibited.
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4. Establishment of District
The Aquifer Protection District is herein established to include all
specified lands within the Town of Hadley. The intent of the Aquifer
Protection District is to include lands lying within the primary and
secondary recharge areas of groundwater aquifers. The map entitled
"Aquifer Protection District, Town of Hadley" on file with the Town Clerk,
delineates the boundaries of the district.
Where the bounds delineated are in doubt or in dispute, the burden of
proof shall be upon the owner(s) of the land in question to show where
they should be properly located. At the request of the owner(s), the Town
may engage a professional hydrogeologist to determine more accurately the
location and extent of an aquifer, primary and secondary recharge area and
may charge the owner(s) for all or part of the cost of the investigation.
5. Prohibited Uses
a. Business and industrial uses, not agricultural, which manufacture,
process, store or dispose of hazardous wastes in amounts exceeding the
minimum threshold amount requiring compliance with Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering hazardous waste
regulations 310 CMR 30;
b. Trucking or bus terminals, motor vehicle gasoline sales, motor vehicle
service and repair shops, car washes;
c. Wood preserving and furniture stripping;
d. Solid waste landfills, dumps, junk and salvage yards, with the
exception of the disposal of brush and stumps;
e. Business and industrial uses, not agricultural, which involve the
on-site disposal of process wastes from operations;
f. Disposal of liquid or leachable wastes, except for:
(1) the installation or enlargement of a subsurface waste disposal
system for a residential dwelling, and;
(2) normal agricultural operations, and;
(3) Business or industrial uses which involve the on-site disposal of
wastes from personal hygiene and food preparation for residents,
patrons and employees.
g. Underground storage and/or transmission of oil, gasoline or other
petroleum products excluding liquified petroleum gases;
h. Outdoor storage of salt, de-icing materials, pesticides or herbicides;
i. The use of septic system cleaners which contain toxic chemicals;
-------
6. Restricted Uses
a. Excavation for removal of earth, sand, gravel and other soils shall
not extend closer than five (5) feet above the annual high groundwater
table. This section shall not apply to uses incidental to permitted
uses, including but not limited to providing for the installation or
maintenance of structural foundations, freshwater ponds, utility
conduits or on-site sewage disposal.
(1) Access road(s) to extractive operation sites shall include a gate
or other secure mechanism to restrict public access to the site.
b. The use of sodium chloride for ice control shall be minimized,
consistent with public highway safety requirements.
c. Commercial fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, or other leachable
materials shall not be used in amounts which result in groundwater
contamination.
7. Drainage
a. All runoff from impervious surfaces shall be recharged on the site by
being diverted toward areas covered with vegetation for surface
infiltration to the extent possible. Dry wells shall be used only
where other methods are infeasible, and shall be preceded by oil,
grease and sediment traps to facilitate removal of contamination.
8. Uses By Special Permit
Uses which may be permitted by the Board of Appeals in accordance with the
regulations appearing in Section VII.B.2. of this bylaw.
a. Business and industrial activities permitted in the underlying
district (either by matter of right or by special permit) shall file
application for a special permit.
(1) Procedure: In addition to meeting the requirements of Section
VII.B.I of this bylaw, the applicant must file six (6) copies of
a site plan, as outlined below.
(a) Said application and plan shall be prepared in accordance
with the data requirements of the proposed development,
including but not limited to:
o A site plan, which shall show, but not be limited to:
drainage recharge features and provisions to prevent loss of
recharge;
- provisions to control soil erosion and sedimentation;
provisions to prevent soil compaction;
provisions to prevent seepage from sewer pipes;
provisions to prevent contamination of groundwater by
petroleum products or hazardous chemicals.
-------
o A complete list of chemicals, pesticides, fuels and other
potentially hazardous materials to be used or stored on the
premises in quantities greater than those associated with normal
household use. Those businesses using or storing such hazardous
materials shall file a definitive operating plan which shall
show, but not limit to:
provisions for protection of hazardous materials from
vandalism;
- provisions for the prevention of corrosion and leakage of
containers storing hazardous materials;
provisions for the indoor storage of all hazardous materials;
provisions for impervious floor surfaces with no interior
drain;
provisions to prevent hazardous materials spillage to the
outEi.de;
provisions for storage of accumulated waste;,
previsions for the immediate containment and clean-up of any
hazardous spills.
(b) The Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA) shall refer copies of the
application to the Board of Health, Planning Board,
Conservation Commission, and the Town Engineer, which shall
review the application either separately or jointly and
shall submit their recommendation and comments to the ZBA.
Failure of boards/departments to make recommendations within
35 days of the referral of the application shall be deemed
to be lack of opposition.
(c) After notice and public hearing, and after due consideration
of the reports and recommendations of the
Boards/Departments, the Zoning Board of Appeals may grant
such a Special Permit provided that it finds that the
proposed use: , ,
is in harmony with the purpose and intent of this bylaw and
will promote the purposes of the Aquifer Protection District;
is appropriate to the natural topography, soils and other
characteristics of the site to be developed;
has adequate public sewerage and water facilities, or the
suitable soil for on-lot sewerage and water systems;
will not, during construction or thereafter, have an adverse
environmental impact on groundwater resources in the district;
- will not adversely affect the existing or potential quality
and quantity of water in the Aquifer Protection District.
9. Nonconforming Uses
Nonconforming uses which were lawfully existing, begun or in receipt of a
building or special permit prior to (the first publication of notice of
public hearing for this bylaw) may be continued. Such nonconforming uses
may be extended or altered, as specified in Massachusetts General Laws,
Ch. 40a, Sec. 6, provided that there is a finding by the Board of Appeals
that such change does not increase the danger of groundwater pollution
from such use.
-------
Applicants shall follow procedures specified in Section 9 of this bylaw.
Add to Section IV. INTENSITY REGULATIONS, bottom of Table No. 1:
Aquifer Protection 40,000 150 150 150 50 15 40 2 1/2 35 202
0035C
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TOWN OF BURLINGTON
BURLINGTON. MASSACHUSETTS "1303
TOWN HALL 272-67CO
TO: All Firms Handling Toxic or Hazardous Materials
FROM: Board of Health, Town of Burlington
In 1983, the Town of Burlington adopted a Bylaw entitled: Control of
Toxic and Hazardous Materials. The intent of this Bylaw is to protect
the Town's environment and aquifer from further contamination. The By-
law requires that .every owner and operator.of a commercial or industrial
establishment that handles "toxic or hazardous materials" (as defined in
the Bylaw) register with the Board of Health if the total amount of such
materials exceeds Fifty (50) gallons liquid or twenty-five (25) pounds
dry weight. It is also required of these firms to post spill control
and countermeasure plans at prominent and appropriate locations in the
firm and keep an inventory of such materials. When available, a copy
of this posting should be forwarded to the Board of Health. It is also
incumbent upon the f,irm to report additional information regarding any
storage tanks of toxic or hazardous materials which exist on your pro-
perty in Burlington. (Refer to Items 7.0 and 8.0 of the enclosed form. >
In addition, all underground tanks (UT) in service for 20 years and with
a capacity of greater than .1000. gallons must be tested annually and the
results forwarded to the Board of Health.'
Please fill out the enclosed form and return within thirty (30) days of
the postmark of this notice to: BURLINGTON BOARD OF HEALTH
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER'S OFFICE
TOWN HALL
BURLINGTON, MA 01803
In order to comply with the Bylaw. To those questions which are not
applicable to your situations, respond with the letters "NA". In ad-
dition, it is your responsibility to list any "toxic and hazardous
materials" which your firm handles, uses, or stores, as requested in
Item 2.0 of the enclosed form.
In addition to returning the Hazardous Materials Registration Form,
please include, if applicable, a copy of your EPA Not if icat-ion of Hazard-
ous Waste Activity Form, or EPA Annual Hazardous Waste Report, your Con-
tingency Plan, if mandated by 310 CMR Hazardous Waste Regulations and
your WRA Industrial User Permit ADD!ication.
-------
TOWN OF BURLINGTON -
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGISTRATION FORM
NAME OF FIRM:_
ADDRESS:
TELEPHONE:
FIRM'S MANAGER:
TYPE OF BUSINESS: LIST PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS OR SERVICES
1.0 DOES YOUR BURLINGTON FIRM. HANDLE, USE, OR STORE ANY "TOXIC OR
HAZARDOUS" MATERIALS, AS DEFINED IN THE "CONTROL OF TOXIC AND
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS" BYLAW? YES NO
IF THE ANSWER IS NO, GO TO ITEM 11.3.
IF THE ANSWER IS YES, GO TO ITEM 2.0.
2.0 LIST "TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS" MATERIALS OR WASTES THAT YOUR BURLING-
TON FIRM HANDLES. EXPRESS QUANTITIES IN EITHER GALLONS OR POUNDS.
AND ONLY THOSE HANDLED IN EXCESS OF FIVE (5) GALLONS OR TWO (2)
POUNDS DRY WEIGHT.
MATERIAL NAME OR TYPE OF MAXIMUM CONSUMPTION OR HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES
EPA WASTE CODE STORAGE1 QUANTITY GENERATION RATE2 (OR DOT HAZARD CLASS
1USE CODE: UT=UNDERGROUND TANK, AT=ABOVEGROUND TANK, AC=ABOVEGROUND
CONTAINERS OR DRUMS (.
2MONTHLY BASIS
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3.0 DOES YOUR FIRM HAVE WRITTEN SPILL CONTROL AND COUNTERMEASURE PLANS TO
DEAL WITH A MISHAP/ACCIDENT"INVOLVING "TOXIC OR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS"
USED BY YOUR COMPANY?
YES NO
4.0 WHO ARE YOUR FIRM'S EMERGENCY COORDINATORS?
NAME PHONE NO.
NAME PHONE NO.
5.0 DOES YOUR FIRM HAVE AN EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATOR ID NUMBER?
EPA ID NO.
6.0 DOES YOUR FIRM HAVE AN INDUSTRIAL USER DISCHARGE PERMIT?
WRA PERMIT NO.
7.0 DOES YOUR FIRM HAVE ANY UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (UT)? PLEASE NOTE
THAT ALL TANKS IN SERVICE FOR 20 YEARS AND WITH A CAPACITY 0? OVER
1000 GALLONS MUST BE TESTED ANNUALLY, UNLESS THE TANK(S) IS VJITHIN
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT.
TANK 1UT TANK 2UT TANK 3UT TANK 4UT
DATE OF INSTALLATION
MOST RECENT TANK TEST
SIZE, GALLONS ,
TYPE
STORED MATERIAL
3.0 DOES YOUR FIRM HAVE ANY ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS?
TANK 1AT TANK 2AT TANK 3AT TANK 4AT
DATE OF INSTALLATION
SIZE, GALLONS
TYPE
STORED MATERIAL
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9.0 IN THE SPACE PROVIDED BELOW, DRAW A SKETCH MAP OF THE PROPERTY
SHOWING THE LOCATION OF STORAGE TANKS AND OTHER HAZARDOUS MATER-
IALS STORED OUTDOORS. PLEASE IDENTIFY STORAGE TANKS USING THE
SAME NUMBER/LETTER SYSTEM USED IN ITEMS 7.0-8.0.
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10.U IN THE SPACE PROVIDED BELOW, DRAW A FLOOR PLAN OF THE INTERIOR
OF YOUR BUILDING SHOWING LOCATIONS WHERE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ARE
HANDLED, USED, -QR STORED. ALSO, LOCATE SAFETY AND SPILL CONTROL
EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS, AS WELL AS COUNTERMEASURE PLAN POSTINGS.
IN CASE OF AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE, PLEASE NOTE ANY SPECIAL HAZARDS
TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE PERSONNEL WITHIN THESE AREAS.
11.0 NAME OF INDIVIDUAL COMPLETING FORM:_
TITLE:_
TELEPHONE NO:
RETURN TO: BURLINGTON BOARD OF HEALTH
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER'S OFFICE
TOWN HALL
BURLINGTON, MA 01803
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TOWN OF BURLINGTON
BURLINGTON MAPSAC HUSE.TTS 010O3
TOWN HALL 272.670O
TOWN CLERK
CATHERINE R. MCKIM
ADJOURNED (FIRST) TOWN MEETING
January 12, 1983
ARTICLE 17 - Re: Water Resource and Aquifer Zoning Districts
UNANIMOUSLY VOTED that the Town amend the Burlington Zoning By-Law
as follows
I. Amend Article VIII, SPECIAL DISTRICTS, by inserting a new
section 8.3.0 to read as follows:
8.3.0 Aquifer and Water Resource Districts
8.3.1 Purpose
The purposes of these Aquifer and Water Resource
Districts are:
a. to promote the health, safety, and general
welfare of the community;
b. to protect, preserve and maintain the existing
and potential groundwater supply and groundwater
recharge areas within the known aquifers of the
town;
c. to preserve and protect present and potential
sources of water supply for the public health and
safety;
d. to conserve the natural resources of the town;
e. to protect the groundwater and groundwater
recharge areas of the town from adverse develop-
ment or land use practices, and;
f. to prevent blight and the pollution of the
environment.
8.3.2 Definition of Aquifer and Water Resource Districts
The Aquifer and Water Resource Districts are
superimposed over other districts established by this
By-Law. They include all lands shown with the
boundaries designated as Aquifer District and Water
Resource District on the overlay to the Zoning Map
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Article 17 - Water Resource and Aquifer Zoning Districts - Page 2
entitled Aquifer and Water Resource Districts 1983.
These maps, as may be amended from time to time,are
hereby made a part of this By-Law.
"The Aquifer District encompasses all properties
or portions of properties whose ground and surface
waters directly recharge the wellfield. The well-
field is directly recharged by waters which enter
the cone of depression, by waters in the area up-
gradient to the cone of depression and by induced
infiltration from a stream or surface water body
within the cone of influence.
The Water Resource District encompasses all properties
or portions of properties whose ground and surface
waters drain into Vine Brook and its tributaries."
8.3.3 Interpretation and Application
Within Aquifer and Water Resource Districts the
requirements of the underlying districts continue to
apply, except that uses are prohibited where
indicated by No in Sections 4.2 through 4.4, and
require a special permit where indicated by SP, even
where underlying district requirements are more
permissive. Where there is a Yes entry, the underlying
district requirements are controlling.
8.3.4 Special Permit Procedure
8.3.4.1 Special Permit Granting Authority. The
Special Permit Granting Authority (SPGA)
shall be the Planning Board. Such special
permit shall be granted if the SPGA deter-
mines that the intent of this By-Law as well
as the specific criteria of Section 8.3.4.2
are met. In making such determination, the
SPGA shall give consideration to the
simplicity, reliability, and feasibility of
the control measures proposed and the degree
of threat to water quality which would
result if the control measures were to fail.
8.3.4.2 Special Permit Criteria. Special permits
shall be granted only if the SPGA determines
that at the boundaries of the premises the
groundwater quality resulting from on-site
waste disposal, other on-site operations,
natural recharge, and background water qual-
ity will not fall below the standards
established by DEQE in "Drinking Water
Standards of Massachusetts' or, for para-
meters where no standard exists, below
standards established by the Board of Health
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Article 17 - Water Resource and Aquifer Zoning Districts - Page 3
and, where existing, groundwater quality is
already below those standards, upon deter-
mination that the proposed activity will
result in no further degradation.
8.3.4.3 Submittals. The following shall be submitted
in addition to the requirements of Section
9.2.0 in applying for a special permit
within the Aquifer or Water Resource
Districts.
a) A complete list of all chemicals,
pesticides, fuels, and other potentially
toxic or hazardous materials to be used
or stored on the premises in quanitities
greater than those associated with
normal household use, accompanied by a
description of measures proposed to
protect from vandalism, corrosion, and
leakage, and to provide for spill pre-
vention and countermeasures.
b) A description of potentially toxic or
hazardous wastes to be generated,
indicating storage and disposal method.
c) Evidence of joint permit approval under
the Metropolitan District Commission
(MDC) Rules and Regulations Covering
Discharge of Sewage, Drainage
Substances, or Wastes to Sewerage Works
Within the Metropolitan Sewerage
District and the Town of Burlington's
Regulation of Sewer Use for any
discharge of industrial wastes to the
sewer system.
d) For underground storage of toxic and
hazardous materials, evidence of
qualified professional supervision of
system design and installation.
e) Analysis by a qualified professional
Engineer experienced in groundwater
evaluation and/or geohydrology
certifying compliance with Section
8.3.4.2.
8.3.5 Design and Operations Requirements
Within Aquifer and Water Resource Districts, the
following design and operations requirements shall be
observed, except for single family dwellings.
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Article 17 - Water Resource and Aquifer Zoning Districts - Page 4
8.3.5.1 Safeguards. Provision shall be made to
protect against toxic or hazardous materials
discharge or loss through corrosion,
accidental damage, spillage, or vandalism
through such measures as provision for spill
control in the vicinity of chemical or fuel
delivery points, secure storage areas for
toxic or hazardous materials, and indoor
storage provisions for corrodable or
dissolvable materials.
8.3.5.2 Location. Where the premises are partially
outside of the Aquifer or Water Resource
Districts, such potential pollution sources
as on-site waste disposal systems shall, to
the degree feasible, be located outside the
District.
8.3.5.3 Disposal. Provisions shall be made to assure
that any waste disposed into the sewers
shall conform with the Metropolitan District
Commission's Rules and Regulations Covering
Discharge of Sewage, Drainage Substances, or
Wastes to Sewerage Works Within the
Metropolitan Sewerage District and the Town
of Burlington's Sewer Use Regulations. Con-
necting sewers from the building shall be
vitreous clay pipe or any other pipe shown
to provide equivalent protection against
corrosion.
8.3.5.4 Excavation and Grading. All excavation and
grading in the Aquifer District shall main-
tain a depth of at least 4 feet of clean
fill above the high water table.
8.3.5.5 Impervious Surfaces. Within the Aquifer
District no more than 20 percent of the lot
shall be covered with impervious surfaces.
8.3.5.6 Monitoring. Periodic monitoring may be
required by the SPGA, including sampling of
wastewater disposed to off-site systems or
drywells and sampling from groundwater
monitoring wells to be located and con-
structed as specified in the Special Permit
with reports to be, submitted to the Special
Permit Granting Authority and the Board of
Health, and costs to be borne by the owner
of the premises.
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Article 17 - Water Resource and Aquifer Zoning Districts - Page 5
II, Amend Article IV, Section 4.1.0 Applicability of Regulations
by deleting "Sections 4.2.0 and 4.3.0" and inserting in its
place "Sections 4.2.0 through 4.4.0".
III. Amend Article IV by inserting two new districts at the end of
each chart section with use applicability shown as follows:
(see attached revised chart Section 4.2.0 to 4.4.0).
IV. Amend Article II, DEFINITIONS, Subsection 2.19 Districts by
adding the following at the end thereof:
"In addition, there are Wetlands, Flood Plain, Aquifer,
and Water Resource overlay districts."
Further amend Article II, DEFINITIONS, by adding the
following definition at its appropriate alphabetical
location:
"Toxic or Hazardous Materials' means any substance or
mixture of such physical, chemical or infectious charac-
teristics as to pose a significant actual or potential
hazard to water supplies, or other hazard to human
health, if such substance or mixture were discharged in
this town. Toxic and Hazardous Materials also means
pesticides, herbicides and fungicides as well as all
liquid hydrocarbon products including, but not limited
to, gasoline, fuel and diesel oil; and also any other
toxic, caustic or.corrosive chemicals, radioactive
materials, or other substance controlled as being toxic
or hazardous by the Division of Hazardous Waste under
the provisions of Ch. 21 (c), G.L."
V. Amend the Burlington Zoning Maps by adopting the revised set
of maps dated 1983, adding delineation of the Aquifer and
Water Resource Districts.
VI. Amend Article III, Section 3.1.1 by adding the following at
the end thereof:
"W Wetlands
A Aquifer District
WR Water Resources District"
VII. Amend Article III, Section 3.2.0 Location of Districts by
adding at the end thereof:
"The Wetlands overlay district is designated on the
Topographic Sheets, Town of Burlington entitled Wetlands
1977. The Aquifer and Water Resources"overlay districts
are designated on the overlay to the zoning map entitled
Aquifer and Water Resources Districts 1983."
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(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
4.2.1 Residence Uses
4.2.1.1 One family dwellings
4.2.1.2 Garden Apartment dwelling Units
4.2.1.3 Motels, hotels, motor hotel
4.2.1.4 Garden Apartment dwelling units purchased, or erected
and maintained by the Burlington Housing Authority
for the purpose of providing subsidized housing
4.2.1.5 Dormitories primarily used for non-profit educational
corporations, for religious purposes, or for public
purposes.
4.2.1.6 One-family dwellings purchased or erected and main'tained
by the Burlington Housing Authority for the purpose of
providing subsidized housing
4.2.1.7 Garden Apartment dwelling units purchased, or erected and!
maintained for the purpose of providing subsidized
housing
4.2.1.8 Tents, trailers, campers, and mobile homes
4.2.1.9 Dormitories other than those specified in 2.1.5
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
i
i
i
R G
B N
No JNo
Yes No
No j No
Yes No
Yes Yes
No No
-
SP No
No
No
SP ' No
B L
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
B G
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
B T
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No No
No No
I G
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No -
No
j
I H
No
No
SP
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
I R
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
i
I
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes '
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
*
i
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(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
-
! USE DESIGNATION
4.2.2 Institutional and Recreational Uses
4.2.".l Places primarily used for religious purposes,
including rectories, and parish houses
4.2.2.2 Places primarily used for non-profit Educational Corpora-
tions, including related museums, libraries, and
recreational facilities
4.2.2.3 Day nursery, nursery school, private kindergarten or
other agency giving day care to children, other than
those used for non-profit Educational Corporations,
for religious purposes, or those owned by the Common-
wealth or any of its subdivisions.
4.2.2.4 Cemeteries and related facilities
4.2.2.5 Fire stations and sub-fire stations
4.2.2.6 Police stations
4.2.2,7 Municipal maintenance and garage facilities
4.2.2.8 Public parks
4.2.2.9 Related facilities for public parks
4.2.2.10 Public libraries, public museums, public art galleries
4.2.2.11 Community centers and public recreation buildings
4.2.2.12 Non-profit private clubs, recreational centers and
facilities
i
4.2.2.13 Private museums, private art galleries
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
Yes
Yes
No
SP
SP
SP
No
Yes
SP
No
No
No
No
i
R G
Yes
B N
Yes
Yes i Yes
No
SP
SP
SP
No
Yes
SP
No
No
No
No
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
SP
1
B L
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
B G
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
B T
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes ' Yes
Yes : Yes
Yes Yes
SP SP
I G
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
I H
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
I R
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes"
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes JYes
SP SP
A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
'Yes
Yes
Yes
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
t
Yes
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
4.2.2 Institutional and Recreational Uses (continued)
4.2.2.14 Other than non-profit educational uses on land not owned
or leased by the Commonwealth or any of its agencies, sub-
divisions or bodies politic, by a religious sect or
denomination, or by a non-profit educational corporation.
4.2.2.15 Golf courses and related facilities
4.2.2.16 Billiard rooms, bowling alleys, dance halls, tennis clubs,
skating rinks, health clubs and similar commercial
amusement places, including membership clubs, public
4.2.2.17 Miniature, driving, and novelty golf installations
4.2.2.18 Places and buildings for public assembly other thaji above;
4.2.2.19 Hospitals, sanitoria
4.2.2.20 Convalescent, rest homes and nursing homes
4.2.2.21 Clinics
4.2.2.22 Telephone Exchanges
i
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
4.2.2.23 Passenger stations; landing fields; sites, buildings, No
and facilities for other public services; public works
structures
4.2.2.24 Radio and Television Transmitting Sites ' No
4.2.2.25 Theaters and Cinemas ! No
'
::
R G
B N
No SP
No
No
No No
No
No
No No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No No
No : No
i
i
i.
j
B L
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
B G
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
SP
SP
B T
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
No
No
No
Yes Yes
SP
.
SP
SP : SP
SP SP
I G
SP
No
No
No..
No
I H
SP
No
No
No
No
SP j SP
SP
SP
Yes
SP -
SP
SP
I R
SP
No
No
No
No
SP
SP 'SP
SP JSP
Yes 'Yes
SP SP
SP ISP
SP !SP
A
Yes
i
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
1
WR
Yes
Yes :
Yes :
i
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes ;
SP
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
1
I
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
A. 2. 3 Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Uses
A. 2. 3.1 All kinds of agriculture, horticulture and floriculture
on parcels of five acres or more
A. 2. 3. 2 All kinds of agriculture, horticulture and floriculture
on parcels of less than five acres
A. 2. 3. 3 Garden centers; also commercial greenhouses and nurseries
occupying five (5) acres of land or less ;-,
A. 2. 3. A Commercial raising, boarding, breeding, or keeping of
1 birds, fish, and animals; subject to the regulations
of the Board of Health
A. 2. 3. 5 Manure storage
A. 2. 3. 6 Pesticide Herbicide Fungicide Application,
Outdoor Storage,
A. 2. A Office Uses
A. 2. A.I Professional offices such as, but not limited to,
physicians, dentists, opticians, real estate brokers,
lawyers
A. 2. A. 2 Offices of salesmen, agents, and representatives of manu-
facturing, distributing, insurance, and wholesale
1 companies
i
;A.2.A.3 Administrative, executive, and similar offices
1 A. 2. A. A Public offices
i
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
SP
R 0
No
No
No
No
R C
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
SP
R G
No
No
No
No
B N
fes
Yes
No
No
No
SP
B N
SP
No
No
.No
B L
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
SP
B L
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
B G
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
B G
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
B T
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
B T
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
I G
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I G
Yes'
Yes
Yes
Yes
I H
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I H
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
I R
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I R
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A<
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
No
SP
A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
No
SP
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
4.2.5 Automotive Sales and Service Uses
4.2.5.1 Retail gasoline, oil and lubrication stations with the
incidental sale and installation of tires and other
automobile accessories, maintenance and minor repairs
of motor vehicles
4.2.5.2 Automotive repair shops
4.2.5.3 Places for the sale and installation of tires and other -
automotive parts and accessories, maintenance and minor
repairs of motor vehicles
4.2.5.4 Car wash establishments
4.2.5.5 Retail sales and rental of other craft, farm and qther
heavy machinery and vehicles, including the accessories
thereof
'4.2.5.6 Automobile dealership
J4.2.5.7 Used car sales establishment
j 4. 2. 5. 8 Automotive rental agency
i4.2.6 Retail, Consumer Service and Trade Uses
j
4.2.6.1 Personal service businesses such as, but not limited to,
barbers and hairdressers
;4.2.6.2 Convenience food stores, drugstores, retail stores for
', sale of beauty and health aids, smoking supplies, perio-
dicals; none with the sale of food intended for con-
sumption on the premises
1
DISTRICT OVERLAY
DISTRICTS
R 0
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
R 0
No
No
R G
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
R G
No
No
B N
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
B N
SP
SP
B L
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
B L
Yes
SP
B G
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
B G
Yes
Yes
B T
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
B T
Yes
SP
I G
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No _.
I G
No
No
I H
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
I H
No
No
I R
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
I R
Yes
Yes
A
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
A
SP
Yes
WR
SP
SP
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
WR
SP
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
4.2.6 Retail, Consumer Service and Trade Uses (continued)
4.2.6.3 Retail stores other than above; showrooms
4.2.6.4 Post offices, banks
4.2.6.5 Establishments for the repair of radios, televisions,
appliances, and other household goods
4.2.6.6 Photographers, decorators, stationers, dressmaking or
tailoring establishments (excepting photo processing)
4.2.6.7 Travel agencies ,
4.2.6.8 Laundry and dry cleaning establishments other than pick-
up stations or self-service
4.2.6.9 Fast-order food establishments
4.2.6.10 Restaurants
4.2.6.11 Bakeries, printers; and similar shops or trades provided
that all work shall be of custom or job order type for
sale on the premises and that there shall be no productior
for stock or for wholesale
4.2.6.12 Commercial boarding, care, and treatment of birds, fish,
and animals
4.2.6.13 Sale of air conditioning, heating, refrigerating and
plumbing equipment and supplies
4.2.6.14 Establishments for contractors in such services as, but
not limited to, building, building maintenance, plumbing,
landscaping, electrical, masonry, carpentry, well-
drilling
! 4. 2. 6. 15 Retail dealers in grain and animal feed
i
i
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
R G
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
B N
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
B L
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
B G
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
SP
Yes
SP
SP
SP
SP
B T
No
No
No
No
No
No
SP
No
No
No
No
No
No
I G
No
SP
-No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
SP
No
I..H
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No^
No
No
I R
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
SP
Yes
No
SP
No
No
A
Yes :
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No ,
Yes ,
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes ;
Yes
Yes
WR
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
4.2.6 Retail, Consumer Service and Trade Uses (continued)
4.2.6.16 Funeral parlors however denominated
4.2.6.17 Diagnostic medical laboratories appurtenant to offices of
physicians and dentists
4.2.6.18 Sale of structural and building supplies
4.2.6.19 Kiosk ?-,
4.2.6.20 Massage Parlors ,
4.2.6.21 Photo Processing
! 4. 2. 6. 22 Shoe Repair, Drycleaning and laundry pick-up stations
4.2.6.23 Self-Service Laundry and Drycleaning
4.2.7 Industrial Uses
4.2.7.1 Light manufacturing or processing plants
4.2.7.2 Printing establishments other than those under 4.2.6.11
4.2.7.3 Food processors, bakeries, not operated at retail
4.2.7.4 Laboratories engaged in research, experimental and test-
! ing activities including, but not limited to, the fields
of biology, chemistry, electronics, engineering,
geology, medicine and physics
4.2.7.5 Wholesale trade, warehousing (except toxic and hazardous
i materials and salts)
4.2.7.6 Electronics Industries
i
DISTRICT
R 0
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
R 0
No
No
No
No
No
No
R G
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
R G
No
No
No
No
No
No
B N
No
No
No
No
No
SP
SP
SP
B N
No
No
No
No
No
No
B L
No
SP
No
No
No
SP
Yes
Yes
B L
No
No
No
No
No
No
B G
SP
Yes
No
No
No
SP
Yes
Yes
B G
No
No
No
No
No
No
B T
No
SP
No
SP
No
SP
Yes
Yes
B T
No
No
No
No
No
No
I G
No
Yes
SP
No
No
SP
No
No
I G
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I H
No
SP
No
No
No
SP
No
No
I H
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I R
No
SP
No
No
No
SP
Yes
Yes
I R
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
OVERLAY
DISTRICTS
A
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
A
SP
No
Yes
No
Yes
SP
WR
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes :
No
Yes
SP
WR
SP
SP
Yes
SP
Yes
CT>
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.2.0 Principal Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
A. 2. 7 Industrial Uses (continued)
4.2.7.7 Electroplating, Metal Finishing
; 4.2.7.8 Hazardous and toxic materials/chemicals manufacture
1 4.2.7.9 Hazardous and toxic materials/chemicals use, storage,
transport, disposal or discharge :
; 4.2.7.10 Commercial facilities for hazardous waste storage and
treatment
1 4.3.1 Uses Normally Accessory to Residential Principal Uses
[ . , ^ : 11
4.3.1.1 Renting of rooms without cooking facilities to not more
than two persons in an existing dwelling by a family
resident therein; provided there is no sign or display
to advertise such use
4.3.1.2 Use of a portion 'of a dwelling as an office by a
physician, dentist or other professional person residing
> in the dwelling, incidental to such residence; provided
there is no display or advertising other than a
permitted sign
! 4.3.1.3 Home occupations provided there is no display or
advertising other than a permitted sign
i 4.3.1.4 Garage space for parking not more than three auto-
mobiles. This subsection does not apply to farms
4.3.1.5 Outdoor parking of not more than one unregistered motor
vehicle or one boat per dwelling unit
i 4.3.1.6 Swimming pool
DISTRICT OVERLAY
DTSTRirTC
R 0
No
No
No
No
R 0
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
R G
No
No
No
No
R G
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
SP
B N
No
No
No
No
B N
No
No
No
No
No
SP
B L
No
No
No
No
B L
No
No
No
No
No
SP
B C
No
No
No
No
B G
No
No
No
No
No
SP
B T
No
No
No
No
B T
No
No
No
No
No
SP
I G
No
No
SP
No
I G
No
No .
No
No
No
SP
I H
No
No
SP
No
I H
No
No
No
No
No
SP
I R
No
No
SP
No
I R
No
No
No
No
No
SP
A
No
No
SP
No
A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
!
Yes
WR
No
No
SP
No
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.3.0 Accessory Use Regulations Schedule
: ___ *
USE DESIGNATION
4.3.1 Uses Normally Accessory to Residential Principal Uses
(continued)
4.3.1.7 Greenhouses with a ground area of 250 square feet or less
not intended and not used for commercial purposes
4.3.1.8 Tennis Courts
4.3.1.9 Bomb Shelters
4.3.1.10 Roadside stands for sale of produce grown on the premises
4.3.1.11 Sheds, barns, and similar structures
4.3.1.12 The keeping of animals, other than the usual household
pets; subject to restrictions of the Board of Health
4.3.1.13 Buildings and structures normally accessory to garden
apartments
i 4.3.1.14 Towers, antenna, windmills, and similar structures
4.3.1.15 A mobile home to be used for a pre-determined period of
time, which time may be extended by the Inspector of
lildys. for the occupancy of a family whose dwelling
has been damaged by fire or other cause until their
permanent dwelling has been repaired or rebuilt. The
limit of time, including extensions, shall not exceed
a period of one (1) year
4.3.2 Uses Normally Accessory to Non-residential Principal
Uses
4.3.2.1 Incidental sale at retail of parts or components
necessary for the maintenance of articles stored and
! distributed
; 4.3.2.2 Retail uses such as cafeterias, soda or dairy bars,
; wholly within the same building as the principal
i permitted use, conducted primarily for convenience of
employees and with no exterior advertising display
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
SP
No
SP
Yes
R 0
No
No
R G
Yes
SP
Yes
SP
Yes
No
Yes
SP
Yes
R G
No
No
B N
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
Yes
B N
No
No
B L
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
Yes
B L
No
SP
B G
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
Yes
B G
No
Yes
B T
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
Yes
B T
No
Yes
1
I G
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
Yes
',-
I G
SP
Yes
I H
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
Nol
SP
Yes
I H
No
Yes
I R
Yes
SP
Yes
No
No
No
No
SP
Yes
I R
No
Yes
A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
i
A
Yes
Yes
1
''
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
WR
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.3.0 Accessory Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
A. 3. 2 Uses Normally Accessory to Non-residential Principal Uses
A. 3. 2. 3 Retail uses in support of a hotel or motor hotel, such as
dining halls, restaurants, cafeterias, soda or dairy bars
and shops wholly within the hotel or motor hotel
building
A. 3. 2. 4 Delicatessens, lunch counters and soda fountains inci-
dental to the permitted business of a drugstore, food
store
A. 3. 2. 5 Keeping of more than one protective animals v
A. 3. 2. 6 Outdoor storage of supplies and equipment incidental to
permitted uses, subject to requirements for location,
lighting, screening, fencing, cover and safety pre-1-
cautions
A. 3. 2. 7 Off-street outdoor overnight parking of freight-carrying
or material-handling vehicles and equipment or buses
A. 3. 2. 8 Maintenance shops, power plants, machine shops and
similar structures to support permitted uses
A. 3. 2. 9 Garage space for parking more than three (3) vehicles
A. 3. 2. 10 Off-street outdoor parking of vehicles, other than those
in 3.2.7
A. 3. 2. 11 Portion of the premises as permanent residence of pro-
prietor or manager of an establishment
A. 3. 2. 12 Warehousing incidental to a permitted principal use
(except hazardous and toxic materials/chemicals)
A. 3. 2. 13 Kiosks
A. 3.2. 14 Incidental sale at retail of the same merchandise sold
at wholesale
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICTS
R 0
No
No
SP
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
R G
No
No
SP
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
B N
No
No
SP
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
B L
No
SP
SP
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
B G
No
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
SP
No .
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
B T
No
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
No
Yes
Yes
No
SP
No
I G
SP
No
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
'
No
Yes
Yes
SP
No
SP
I H
SP
No
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
SP
No
No
I R
No
Yes
SP
SP
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
SP
No
No
A
Yes
Yes
1
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
WR
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.3.0 Accessory Use Regulations Schedule
USE DESIGNATION
4.3.2 Uses Normally Accessory to Non-residential Principal
Uses (continued)
4.3.2.15 Storage and disposal of oils and fuels/petroleum products
4.3.2.16 Parking area for more than 200 spaces
4.3.2.17 Off-street outdoor overnight parking of freight -
carrying or material - handling vehicles and equipment
containing toxic and hazardous materials/chemicals
4.4.1 Principal Uses in the Wetlands District
4.4.1.1 Conservation of soil, water plants, and wildlife include
ing wildlife management shelters
4.4.1.2 Outdoor noncommercial recreation limited to nature study
areas, walkways, boating or fishing where otherwise
legally permitted
4.4.1.3 Agriculture, horticulture and floriculture
4.4.1.4 Maintenance or repair of existing structures, roadways
and utilities
4.4.1.5 Periodic maintenance of existing water courses and
maintenance for essential services
4.4.1.6 Creation of a pond or pool or other changes in water
courses for swimming, fishing or other recreational uses,
agricultural uses, scenic features, drainage improve-
ments
4.4.1.7 Structures for essential services
4.4.1.8 Dredging expressly for mosquito or flood control by an
authorized public agency
OVERLAY
DISTRICT DISTRICT'
R 0
No
No
No
R 0
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
R G
No
SP
No
R G
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
B N
SP
SP
No
B N
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
B L
SP
SP
No
B L
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
B G
SP
SP
No
B G
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
B T
SP
SP
No
B T
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I G
SP
SP
SP
I G
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I H
SP
SP
SP
I H
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
I R
SP
SP
SP
I R
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
SP
SP
SP
A
No
SP
SP
A
i - - -
Yes
Yes
See
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
WR
SP
SP
SP
WR
Yes
Yes
4.2.:
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
Yes
-------
(ART IV) Section 4.4.0 Permitted Uses in the Wetlands District
USE DESIGNATION
4.4.1 Principal Uses in the Wetlands District
4.4.1.9 Temporary, not to exceed three months, storage of
materials (excluding fill materials and hazardous and
toxic materials) or equipment
4.4.1.10 Outdoor noncommercial recreation not specifically per-
mitted by right in section 4.4.1.2 including public
parks, nonpaved playfields, and similar activities
4.4.1.11 Discharges from raanmade structures into the wetlands
4.4.1.12 Structures for radio or television transmission by
participants in emergency broadcast system
4.4.2 Accessory Uses in the Wetlands District
4.4.2.1 Accessory uses limited to fences, flagpoles, non-
commercial signs, docks
DISTRICT OVERLAY
DISTRICT
R 0
SP
SP
SP
SP
R 0
Yes
R G
SP
SP
SP
SP
R G
Yes
B N
SP
SP
SP
SP
B N
Yes
B L
SP
SP
SP
SP
B L
Yes
B G
SP
SP
SP
SP
B G
Yes
B T
SP
SP
SP
SP
B T
Yes
I G
SP
SP
SP
SP
I G
Yes
I H
SP
SP
SP
SP
I H
Yes
I R
SP
SP
SP
SP
I R
Yes
A
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
A
Yes
i
WR
Yes
Yes
SP
Yes
WR
Yes
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X.B. WATER RESOURCE DISTRICT REGULATIONS
X.B.I. PURPOSE
The purpose of the Water Resource District is to protect the public
health by preventing contamination of the surface water and ground water
resources providing existing and potential water supply for the Town of
Salisbury.
X.B.2. ESTABLISHMENT OF DISTRICT
The Water Resource District is herein established as an overlay district
and includes the aquifers and aquifer recharge areas which provide water
supply for the Town of Salisbury, as shown on a map entitled "Hater Resource
District, Town of Salisbury, Massachusetts," dated May, 1987 and on file with
the Town Clerk, Planning Board, and Zoning Board of Appeals.
Where the bounds of the Water Resource District, as delineated on the
Water Resource District Map, are in doubt or dispute, the burden of proof
shall be upon the owners of the land in question to show where the bounds
should properly be located. The town may engage a professional hydrogeologis-
to determine more accurately the location and extent of the aquifers and
recharge areas, and shall charge the owner for all or part of the cost of the
investigation.
Land in a Water Resource District may be used for any purpose otherwise
permitted in the underlying district, subject to the following additional
restrictions.
X.B.3. USE REGULATIONS
1. Permitted Uses
Within the Water Resource District, the following uses are permitted,
provided that all necessary permits, orders, and approvals required by
local, state, and federal law shall have been obtained:
- Conservation of soil, water, plants, and wildlife;
- Outdoor active and passive recreation;
- Operation and maintenance of roads, utilities, and other structures,
provided there is no significant increase in impervious pavement;
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- Operation and maintenance of water bodies and water control, supply,
and. conservation devices;
- Residential and commercial development permitted in the underlying
district provided that not more than 20 percent of a building lot is
rendered impervious;
- Farming, gardening, nursery, conservation, forestry, harvesting, and
grazing uses, provided that fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides,
manure, and other leachable materials incidental to such uses are not
stored uncovered out-of-doors.
2. Prohibited Uses
Within the Water Resource District the following uses are prohibited:
- Sanitary landfill, septage lagoon, municipal or industrial wastewater
treatment facility;
- Road salt stockpile or disposal of snow from outside the Water
Resource District
- Junkyard, salvage yard, or truck terminal with more than ten trucks;
- Gasoline station; truck, boat, or automobile repair or body shop;
- Commercial laundry or dry cleaning;
- Commercial car wash;
- Metal plating, finishing, or polishing;
- Electronic circuit assembly;
- Furniture stripping or refinishing;
- Photographic processing;
- Printing;
- Chemical or bacteriological laboratory;
- Any other use which involves as a principal activity the manufacture,
storage, use, transport, or disposal of toxic or hazardous materials;
3. Special Permit Uses
Within the Water Resource District the following uses are permitted only
upon the issuance of a Special Permit by the Zoning Board of Appeals:
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- Any. nonagricul tural use involving the retention of less than thirty
(30) percent of a lot area in its natural state, with no more than
minor removal of existing trees and ground vegetation or rendering
impervious more than twenty (20) percent of lot area.
- Any use, other than a single-family dwelling, having on-site disposal
of domestic wastes greater than 1,500 gallons per day (gpd) as esti-
mated by a professional engineer or registered sanitarian.
- Residential dwellings served by on-site sewage disposal systems with
less than one-acre lot size.
- Storage of fuel or other hazardous material in quantities greater than
normally associated with an allowed residential, commercial or agricul-
tural use, provided that such storage is not the principal activity of
the use.
Storage of manure uncovered out-ofdoors.
- Mining operations, including sand and gravel removal, except as inci-
dental to an allowed use.
- Application of fertilizers, herbicides, or pesticides for non-domestic
or non-agricultural uses, provided that such application will not cause
any significant adverse impacts on the soil, surface water, or ground-
water.
X.B.4. SPECIAL PERMIT GRANTING AUTHORITY
The Special Permit Granting Authority shall be the Zoning Board of
Appeals, or ZBA. A Special Permit shall be granted if the ZBA determines that
the intent of this regulation as well as the specific criteria of X.B.3 above
and X.B.5, following, are met. In making such determination, the ZBA shall
give consideration to the simplicity, reliability, and feasibility of the
control measures proposed and the degree of threat to ground water quality
which would result if the control measures failed.
Upon receipt of a Special Permit application, the ZBA shall transmit one
copy each to the Planning Board, Board of Selectmen, Board of Health,
Salisbury Water Supply Company, Conservation Commission, Building Inspector,
Fire Chief, and Local Hazardous Waste Coordinator for their written recom-
mendations. Failure to respond within thirty (30) days of referral of the
application shall indicate lack of opposition by said agencies. The copies
necessary to fulfill this requirement shall be furnished-by the applicant.
In making its decision, the ZBA shall explain any departures from the
recommendations of the other town agencies specified above.
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X.3.5. SPECIAL PERMIT CRITERIA
Special Permits under X.B.4 above shall be granted only if the ZEA deter-
mines, after consultation with the other agencies specified above, that ground
"water quality resulting from on-site wastewater disposal or other operations
on-site shall not fall below federal or state standards for drinking water, or
if existing ground water quality is already below those standards, on-site
disposal or operations shall not result in further water quality deteriora-
tion.
In applying for a Special Permit, the applicant shall submit the follow-
ing information:
1. A complete list of all chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, fuels, and
other potentially toxic or hazardous materials to be used or stored
on the premises in quantities greater than those normally associated
with an allowed residential, commercial or agricultural use,
accompanied by a description of measures proposed to protect all
storage containers/facilities from vandalism, corrosion, and leakage
and to provide for control of spills.
2. For runoff from impervious surfaces greater than 20 percent of total
lot area, evidence that such runoff will be recharged on-site and
diverted towards areas covered with vegetation for surface
infiltration to the maximum extent possible. Dry wells shall be
used only where other methods are infeasible and shall be preceded
by oil, grease, and sediment traps to facilitate removal of
contaminants.
3. For disposal on-site of domestic wastewater, other than from a
single-family dwelling, with an estimated sewage flow of greater
than 1,500 gpd, evidence of qualified professional supervision of
the design and installation of the disposal system, including a
narrative assessment of nitrate, sodium, coliform bacteria, and
hazardous material impact, if any, on groundwater quality.
A. For residential dwellings with on-site sewage disposal systems with
less than one-acre lot size, evidence as specified in (3) above.
5. For outdoor uncovered manure storage and for mining operations,
including sand and gravel removal except as incidental to an allowed
use, evidence from a professional engineer or hydrogeologist that
such operations will not adversely affect the quantity or quality of
surface water or ground water in the Water Resource District. No
gravel or mineral extraction shall occur within four feet of the
seasonal high groundwater table.
X.B.6. NONCONFORMING USES
Any use of a building, structure, or land existing at the effective date
of this bylaw or amendments thereto and not in conformance with the provisions
of this bylaw shall be considered a nonconforming use. Such use shall be
governed as per the provisions of Section VII of the Zoning Bylaw.
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Article : Establishment of Water Resource District Bylaw
Purpose: This would be a new bylaw which would protect the public
health by restricting hazardous materials disposal and
certain other uses of land that could contaminate the
groundwater resources providing water supply to residents
of Salisbury* Land uses not constituting a threat to the
water supply would not be affected by this bylaw.
Recommendation: The Planning Board strongly recommends that this bylaw be
adopted in order to protect public health and insure a
safe water supply for our citizens. One Salisbury Water
Supply Company well has already been closed due to chemi-
cal contamination, and preventive action should be taken
to protect the remaining wells and the groundwater
resource that provides much of the town's water supply
needs. This bylaw would be an overlay district that would
not materially change the uses allowed in the underlying
district; however, hazardous materials disposal and cer-
tain other activities that could constitute a threat to
the water supply would be regulated or restricted in the
Water Resource District, the boundaries of which have been
determined by a detailed hydrogeologic investigation.
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MODEL SUBDIVISION RULES AND REGULATIONS
FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
(Prepared by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council, 1982)
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MODEL SUBDIVISION RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
1. Definitive Subdivision Plan Submission Requirement.*:
proposed system of drainage, including the location of all wetlands,
water bodies, streams, open drains and ditches (natural or man-made)
and flowage rights, public and private, adjacent to or within the
proposed subdivision, in a general manner.
zoning classification of all land shown in the plan including over-
lay zoning such as flood-plain, watershed,or aquifer districts.
~ the board may require soil surveys and/or test pits or borings to
be prepared at the applicant's expense to determine the suitability
of the land for the proposed ways, drainage,and utilities.
--existing and proposed drainage including drainage areas inside, the
subdivision, areas outside the subdivision which drain into it,
and the route, for all existing and proposed drainage discharging
from the subdivision, to the primary receiving water course or
other body of water. Calculations shall be figured on the
modified soil-cover complex method, unless the board agrees to
some other method, using at least 50-year frequency storm data.
size and location of existing and proposed water-supply mains
and their appurtenances, hydrants, sewer pipes, and their
appurtenances and/or sewage disposal systems, storm drains and
their appurtenances, and easements pertinent thereto, and curbs
and curb dimensions, including data on borings and soil test
pits, and methods of carrying water to the nearest watercourse
or easements for drainage as needed, whether or not within the
subdivision.
if surface water drains will discharge onto adjacent existing
streets or onto adjacent properties not owned by the applicant,
the applicant shall clearly indicate what course the discharge
will take, and shall present to the Board evidence from the Town
Engineer or the owner of adjacent property that such discnarge
is satisfactory and permitted by public or private ownership
of adjacent street or property.
--maximum groundwater table elevation and direction of groundwater
flow.
location of base-flood elevation (100-year frequency Scorn) if
encountered within 100 feet of subdivision.
2. Environmental Analysis
-- any subdivision creating frontage potentially allowing 'fifteen) or
more lots shall be based on an Environmental Analysis ar.c, in
addition, the 3oard may require for subdivisions of fewer -.nan 30
lots that certain of the following be submitted wnere sucn information
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is necessary to evaluate the plan because of special circumstances
of the location or proposal including, but not limited to, pro-
ximity to aquifers, surface water supplies.or municipal wells.
Environmental analyses shall be prepared by an interdisciplinary
team to include a Land Surveyor, Civil Engineer, and Architect or
Landscape Architect, unless otherwise agreed to by the planning
board. The following documentation is required from an environmental
analysis:
a. The plans shall show the following:
the same data as on the definitive plan, reproduced as a
clear acetate,or mylar overlay.
--topography at two-foot contour intervals, with graphic
drainage analysis.and indication of the 100-year flood
elevation.
vegetative cover analysis, including identification of
general cover type (wooded, cropland, brush, wetland, etc.)t
location of all major tree groupings, plus other outstand-
ing trees or other botanical features, important wildlife
habitats, and identification of areas not to be disturbed
by construction.
soil types, based on the most recent US soils study,
maximum groundwater level, location and results of soil
percolation,or other subsurface tests.
for subdivisions located within identified aquifer or recharge
areas the environmental analysis shall include an analysis
of open and closed drainage system alternatives, examining
effects upon the basin water budget and upon the speed of
transport of contaminants.
location of surface v/ater bodies, wetlands, aquifer or re-
charge areas for existing or potential drinking water
supplies.
b. A narrative statement also shall be submitted, documenting the
following, with references to the above maps as germane:
impact upon surface water quality and level.
impact upon groundwater quality and level.
capability of soils, vegetative cover and orooosed erosion
control measures to support proposed developr.arz without
erosion, silting or other instability.
relationship to G.L. ch. 131, s. 40.
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c. The report also shall estimate the effect of the project en
the town water supply, and proposed water-conservation measures.
d. The environmental analysis snail include proposed methods of
mitigating surface ana groundwater impacts,and maximizing re-
charge.
design Standards
a. Design and construction shall reduce, to the extent possible, the
following:
encroachment within any wetland or floodplain,
~ volume of cut and fill,
-- area over which existing vegetation will be disturbed, especially
if within 200 feet of a river, wetland or waterbody or in areas
'having a slope of more than 15 percent, .
-- number of trees removed having a diameter over 12" dbh,
-- extent of waterways altered or relocated, and
dimensions of paved areas (including streets) except as necessary
to safety and convenience, especially in aquifer/recharge areas.
b. Design shall maximize, to the extent possible, maintenance within the
subdivision of runoff and vegetative cover equivalent to conditions
before development.
c. Easements: Where a subdivision is traversed by a water course, drainage
way, channel or stream, the board shall require a storm water easement
or drainage right-of-way of adequate width and proper side slope as
determined by the town engineer to conform substantially to the lines
of such water course, drainage way, channel or stream, and to provide
access for construction or other necessary purposes. In ic case snail
the width be less than tv/enty (20) feet or the side slcces be steepe-
than three (3) horizontal on one (1) vertical.
d. Pollution control devices: Within aquifer or recharge areas, pro-
visions for contaminant removal shall be made emcloying detention
basins with subsurface drains or perforated risers, oi'. anc grit
separator catchbasins, or other appropriate devices. Sanitary sewer
pipes shall be reinforced with sealed joints.
e. Curbing: Curb and gutter may be eliminated along certain ,rcac'.nays,
when drainage is provided in swales which are designed to reduce tne
rate of runoff, restore and/or supply needed water to veoetaticn in
the street right-of-way.
f. Trees: Street trees of nursery stock shall be planted on eacn sice
of the street in a subdivision, except where the d efini ti ve plan snows
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trees along the ways which are healthy and adequate, which shall be
retained. Street trees shall be located outside of the right-of-way
or at the discretion of the board within the unpaved portion of the
right-of-way approximately at forty foot (40') intervals; shall be
at least twelve feet (12') in height; two inches (2") in caliper
measured four feet (41) above the approved grade (dbh); shall be
planted each in at least one-half(4) cubic yard of topsoil, unless
otherwise required by the tree warden and/or town engineer; and be
not closer than five (51) nor more than twenty feet (201) from said
right-of-way line unless otherwise approved by the board. Trees shall
be properly planted, wrapped and guyed to insure their survival. The
developer will be liable for all trees so planted as to their erect-
ness and good health after planting and until the release of all
guarantees.
Except as otherwise provided, all cut bankings shall be planted with .-..
a low growing shrub or vine and wood chipped to a minimum depth of
six inches (6") or seeded with a deep-rooted perennial grass to
prevent erosion.
Other landscaping along ways may be required by the board.
Road Salt: The board may limit the use;of deicing chemicals on ways
located over aquifer and recharge areas;for existing-or potential
drinking-water supplies or where runoff^may affect drinking water
reservoirs or wells. :
Protection of Natural Features: All natural features, such as trees,
wooded areas, water courses, scenic points historic spots, shall be
preserved as much as possible. Any clearance, backfilling, cutting,
thinning or other disturbance to trees twelve inches (12") or over in
diameter measured four feet (41) above finished ground level, located
within the minimum front setback distance shall be prohibited unless
deemed both proper by the board and not in conflict or contradiction
to the intent of Section 3(c). Any such proposed clearance shall be
shown on the plan and written reasons therefore may be requested by
the board. Tree wells or retaining walls sr.ould be installed when and
as requested by the town engineer for suitable grading around trees.
Tree wells or retaining walls shall be of such design to meet the
standards as set fourth in the Tree Experts Manual or some similar
publication.
Open Space: The board may require the plan to show a park or parks,
suitably located for playground or'recreation purposes or for pro-
viding light and air. The park or parks shall not be unreasonable
in area in relation to the land being subdivided and to tne prosoective
uses of such land and shall be at least equal to* one (1) acre of land
for each twenty (20) single family dwelling units or fraction thereof
shown on the plan. For all non-residential subdivisions, the sark
shall be equal to three (3) times the floor area of all other dwelling
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units, and ten (10) percent of the land area. The board may, by
appropriate endorsement on the plan, require that no building be
erected upon such park or parks without its approval for a period of
three (3) years. Each area reserved for such purpose shall be of suit-
able area, dimensions, topography,and natural character for the purpose
of a park and/or playground. The area or areas shall be so located
as to serve adequately all parts of the subdivision as approved by
the board. The board may require that the area or areas reserved
shall be located and laid out so as to be used in conjunction with
similar areas of adjoining subdivision or of probable subdivisions.
j. Sediment Control: In order to reduce erosion accompanying the in-
stallation of ways, utilities and drainage, and the resultant
pollution of streams, wetlands and natural drainage areas, the appli-
cant shall submit a sediment control plan, including control methods
such as berms, dikes, detention ponds, mulching,and temporary sodding.
k. Drainage: Storm drains, culverts, and related facilities shall be
designed to permit the unimpeded flow of all natural-water courses,
to ensure adequate drainage at all low points along streets, to con-
trol erosion and to Intercept storm-water runoff along streets at
intervals reasonably related to the extent and grade of the area being
drained. To the maximum extent feasible, storm water shall be recharged
rather than piped to surface water. Peak stream flows and runoff at
the boundaries of the development in a 100-year frequency storm shall
be no higher following development than prior to development in aquifer.
recharge areas and no more than five percent higher in other areas.
1. Lot Drainage: Lots shall be prepared and graded consistent with drainage
into the subdivision and in such a manner that development of one shall*
not cause detrimental drainage on another or on areas outside the sub-
division, to the extent permitted by law. If provision is necessary
to carry drainage to or across a lot, an easement or drainage right-
of-way of a minimum width of twenty feet (20') and proper side slopes
shall be provided.
m. Design Method: Design shall be based upon the modified soil cover
complex method and ULI Residential Storm Water Management, 1975, and
Guidelines for Soil and Water Conservation in Urpanizing Areas of
Massachusetts (SCS USDA 1975), unless alternative .r,ecnoQS or sources
are approved by the planning board. Water velocities in pipes and
gutters shall be between two (2) and tan (10) feet ?er.se9ond, and
not more than five (5) feet per second on ground surfaces.
Where the water table is not too high and where the soil is reasonably
permeable, drainage may feature swales, detention ponds and -nulti-ose'
areas, as described in the following section, "Methocs -:jr Icn-r-ll'nc
Peak Discharges from Urbanizing Areas" (SCS Guidelines! ana cescr'z^'
more^fully in "Water Resources Protection '-'easures -- in line revelos-
ment" -- A Handbook of the University of Delaware '.1are- ^3ซc'jr-a<: ~**-*
iie-ar!< 2ec. 1974 (prepared for the Gfvce of -ater kescurce? =ese2rc.:" '
y.i. 001). Open drainage systems as cescribea in this :uc~.: ; = ticn -.av
oe required for recnarging grouncwater srcvi-ac "~ฃ- < r,c" ;5 r.c~
seriously polluted. " --....-.
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MODEL SITE PLAN REVIEW BYLAW
(Prepared by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council)
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MODEL SITE-PLAfl-REVIEVJ BYLAW
The zoning bylaw/ordinance is hereby amended by adding the following
section:
Section : SITE PLAN REVIEW
A. Purpose
The purpose of site plan review is to ensure that the design and layout
of certain developments permitted as of right (or by special permit) will
constitute suitable development and will not result in a detriment to
the neighborhood or the environment.
In considering a site plan the (Special Permit Granting Authority (SPA))
shall assure:
a. Protection of adjacent areas against detrimental or offensive uses on
the site by provision of adequate surface water drainage, buffers
against light, sight, sound, dust, and vibration, and preservation
of-light and air;
b. convenience and safety of vehicular and pedestrian movement within the
site and in relation to adjacent areas;
c. adequacy of the methods of disposal for wastes;
d. protection of environment features on the site and in adjacent areas;
i
e. adequate protection to prevent pollution of surface waters and ground-
water.
B. Projects Requiring Site Plan Review
No building, other than a (single-family or two-family dwelling or building
accessory to such dwelling) shall be erected or externally enlarged by
more than 10 percent of gross floor area (or, no business or industrial
building shall be erected or externally enlarged, and no business or
industrial.use shall hereafter be established or expanded in ground area)
except in conformity with a site plan bearing an endorsement of approval
from the (SPA). The (SPA) shall adopt regulations for carrying out its
duties under this section.
C. Procedure
1. An applicant for site plan review under this section shall file with
the (SPA) copies of each of an application and a site plan. Un-
less this requirement is waived oy the (SPA), the site plan snail
be prepared by an engineer, architect, or landscape architect.
2. The site plan shall show all existing and proposed buildings, existing
and proposed contour elevations, structures, parking spaces, driveway
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openings, driveways, service areas, facilities for sewage, refuse
and other waste disposal and for surface-water drainage, wetlands,
surface water, areas subject to the 100-year flood, maximum ground-
water elevation, location of aquifers, private or public wells and
drinking-water supplies in relation to the site, and landscape
features such as fences, walls, planting areas, walks, and lighting,
both existing and proposed. The site plan shall also show the
relation of the above features to adjacent ways and properties.
The site plan shall also show all contiguous land owned by the
applicant or by the owner of the property which is the subject of
the application.
3. The applicant shall submit such material as may be required regard-
ing measures proposed to prevent pollution of surface or groundwater,
soil erosion, increased runoff, and flooding.
4. The applicant shall submit such materials as may be required regard-
ing design features intended to integrate the proposed new development
" into the existing landscape, to enhance aesthetic assets, and to screen
objectionable features from neighbors.
5. The applicant shall submit such material as may be required regarding
the projected traffic flow patterns into and upon the site for both .
vehicles and pedestrians and an estimate of the projected number
of motor vehicle trips to and from the site for an average day and
for peak hours.
6. The (SPA) shall.within five days of receipt, transmit to the planning
board, the building inspector and the conservation commission copies
of the application and site plan. The boards receiving these copies
shall have up to 40 days to make recommendations to the (SPA).
7. The (SPA) shall hold a public hearing within 45 days of receipt of
an application and shall take final action within 90 days from the
time of hearing, as provided in G.I. ch. 40a, s 9 and 11, (and in
section of this bylaw/ordinance, relating to special permit
procedures. Such final action shall consist of either (1) a find-
ing and determination that the proposed project will constitute a
suitable development and will not result in detriment to the
neighborhood or the environment or (2) a written denial of the
application stating the reasons for such denial. Approval may be
made subject to conditions, modifications and restrictions as the
(SPA) may deem necessary; and any construction, reconstruction,
alteration or addition shall be carried on only in conformity to
such conditions, modifications or restrictions and in conforrity
with the application and the site plan.
8. (If the planning board is the special permit authority under this
section, it shall, insofar as practical, adopt regulations astaolish-
ing procedures for submission of a combined olan and aoolication
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which shall satisfy this section and the board's regulations under the
Subdivision Control Act.)
9. Projects reviewed by other town boards are exempt as follows:
0. Criteria for Approval
1. The site plan shall show adequate measures to prevent pollution of
surface or groundwater soil erosion, increased runoff, changes in
groundwater level, and flooding.
2. The development design shall be integrated into the existing land-
scape to enhance aesthetic assets and to screen objectionable
features from neighbors.
3. The site plan shall show adequate measures to prevent traffic con-
gestion and dangerous access within the site and onto existing town
ways. . .
4. The site plan shall protect adjacent areas againsts detrimental or
offensive uses on the site by providing adequate surface-water
drainage, buffers against light, sound, dust, noise, and vibration.
5. The site plan shall show adequate methods for disposal of wastes.
All site plans complying with this section and which do not tend to
impair the health, safety, convenience and welfare of the inhabitants of the
town in general shall be approved.
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