tTLEAN
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
PROBLEM
LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH .SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on. the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental ,
Protection Agency, through inhouse research and grants and
contracts with Federal, State, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch
(Water), Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C, 20460.
-------
PROBLEM LAKES
IN THE
UNITED STATES
by
Martha 0. Ketelle and Paul D. Uttormark
The University of Wisconsin
Water Resources Center
Hydraulic & Sanitary Laboratory
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Project # 16010 EHR
December 1971
Price $2
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EPA Reviev Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY
SUMMARY TABLE OF LAKES
LAKE DESCRIPTIONS 35
APPENDICES 261
INFORMATION SOURCES 262
REFERENCES 277
in
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INTRODUCTION
There is a growing concern in this country over the quality of
America's lakes. As a result of this concern, considerable emphasis
has been placed upon the development and implementation of large-
scale management programs to define problems which exist, identify
their causes, and prescribe corrective measures. Evidence of this
movement is illustrated by Senate Bill 1017:1
"the public fresh water lakes of the United States are
irreplaceable resources for meeting many of man's public
water supply, recreational, esthetic, industrial, agri-
cultural, navigational, and other needs;
"...many of America's lakes are suffering from man-made
pollution caused by the continuing discharge of untreated
or inadequately treated industrial and municipal wastes,
from agricultural and urban runoff, including siltation
due to soil erosion, and from manufactured products con-
taining harmful pollutants discharged into municipal
treatment systems which greatly accelerate the natural
eutrophication resulting from the normal aging process
of the lakes."
To properly attack the formidable problem of lake protection and
renewal, a sound data base is required so that priorities may be
established. At present, this is impossible because factual infor-
mation on which to assess lake problems is, by and large, lacking.
Some lakes, such as Lake Washington in Seattle and the lakes at
Madison, Wisconsin, have been the subjects of extensive long-term
studies. But, for the vast majority of lakes in the country, very
limited data or none at all exist on which to base comprehensive
management schemes.
At a minimum, information should be available to identify three
general lake-quality categories:
1) Those lakes which are presently of high quality, and
are not expected to degrade in the near future;
2) Those lakes which are presently of high quality, but
are subject to degradation and will require protective
1 Senate Bill S.I017, February 1971.
1
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action If their condition is to be maintained; and,
3) Those lakes which have deteriorated to the extent that
protective action is no longer sufficient and rehabili-
tation is required if satisfactory quality is to be
re-established.
This report is an attempt to compile the information which is
now available on lakes in the third category. It was made possible
only through the cooperation of numerous individuals in a variety
of agencies throughout the country. Their cooperation is sincerely
appreciated. Forty states responded to our request for information.
The resulting compilation includes 425 lakes. Of those, 340 are
larger than 100 surface acres, 44 fall into the ,51-100 acre range,
and the remaining 68 lakes are smaller than 50 surface acres. In
each case, it was left up to the individual respondents to determine
what constituted a "lake which has deteriorated to the extent that
rehabilitation would be desirable." The lakes are listed alpha-
betically by state, and the appendix includes the source of infor-
mation for each lake.
The reader is cautioned to avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions
from the information provided. The data do not represent a random
sampling of lakes. For example, some states provided us with a
rather lengthy list of lakes * whereas other states listed only a
few or even none. To consider this number analogous to the extent
of the problem in a particular state would be a misinterpretation
of this report. There are areas where problem lakes most certainly
exist, but where input for this report was lacking.
Nevertheless, this report represents the first effort of this type
to identify severely degraded lakes. We plan to continue our effort
and hope this activity will stimulate further action toward the
much-needed management plan for our nation's lake resource.
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY
The information in this report was obtained in the following manner:
A general letter was prepared and sent to the Director of the Water
Resources Institute in each state. This letter requested information
concerning lakes in their state for which rehabilitation would be
desirable. In particular, the following information was requested.
a. Name, location, size, depth;
b. Description of the problem, including accounts of pre-
vious corrective treatments, if any;
c. Remedial action that might be appropriate;
d. A description of available background data, indicating
whether sufficient data exists to document a change if
rehabilitation were undertaken.
The letters were followed by phone calls to answer questions which
may have arisen and to explain more fully the objectives of our
study. We also requested that copies of our letter be forwarded to
others in the state who could provide additional information.
The information received in response to the survey was compiled and
Interim Report #1 (First Draft), "Survey of Problem Lakes in the
United States," was prepared. This report contained information
from 30 states and listed data for 185 lakes. A copy of this draft
report was sent to the director of each Water Resources Center and to
all individuals who had supplied information. It was requested that
they review the report and submit additional information if possible.
This prompted the input of much additional information which is in-
cluded in this revised report.
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SUMMARY TABLE OF LAKES
The table which follows lists alphabetically, by state, each of the
lakes included in the report. Each lake's surface area in acres,
plus a categorization of its problem(s) and source(s) are given.
Problem categories included in the table are listed below:
NUISANCE ALGAL GROWTH
NUISANCE AQUATIC VEGETATION
FISHKILLS
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION
TOXIC CONTAMINATION
OIL BRINES
UNSTABLE WATER LEVELS
SILTATION
EXCESSIVE DISSOLVED SOLIDS
UNSPECIFIED EUTROPHIC CONDITION1
The sources which contribute to these problems can be considered in
two categories:
CONCENTRATED: Those point sources to the lake or
a tributary stream which it would be possible to
eliminate through treatment facilities.
DIFFUSED: Sources which are not localized and may
be curtailed either through such measures as im-
proved land use techniques or collection systems
followed by treatment.
Lakes which were described as eutrophic but the exact problem not
specified, are included in this category.
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CONCENTRATED SOURCES listed in the table include:
MUNICIPAL EFFLUENTS
URBAN RUNOFF
INDUSTRIAL WASTES1
ANIMAL FEEDLOTS
DIFFUSED SOURCES include:
SEPTIC TANK SEEPAGE
RURAL RUNOFF
GROUND WATER
MARSH DRAINAGE
In some lakes, recycling of nutrients within the system may be a
major contributor to the lake's problem. For example, rough fish
action near the bottom of a lake or dredging operations may allow
the release of nutrients bound up in the bottom sediments. However,
this table only attempts to identify external sources which add to
the nutrient budget of the lake.
In some cases, a source to the lake has been eliminated or progress
made toward its elimination, for example, diversion of a municipal
effluent away from the lake. In such instances the following sub-
scripts have been used.
P Progress has been made toward elimination
of the source.
0 The source has been eliminated.
1 Specific industrial sources are indicated in the table with the
following symbols:
T Thermal additions M Mine drainage
6
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LAKE NAME
ARKANSAS
Chicot, Lake
CALIFORNIA
Berry essa, Lake
Clear Lake
Goose Lake
Sal ton Sea
COLORADO
Cheraw Lake
Granby Reservoir
Grand Lake
Shadow Mt. Res.
CONNECTICUT
Bantam Lake
Crescent Lake
Groton Pond
Hitchcock Lakes
Kenosia, Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
3,000
20,736
43,840
124,160
225,280
650
7,700
1,000
1,600
915
50
70
118
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LAKE NAME
CONNECTICUT Con't
Lillinoah, Lake
Wonoscopomuc, Lk.
Zoar, Lake
DELAWARE
Abbotts Pond.
Andrews Pond
Becks Pond
Betts Pond
Blairs Pond
Burton Pond
Cedar Cr. Mill Pd.
Chipmans Pond
Clendaniel Pond
Collins Pond
Como, Lake
Concord Pond
Coursey Pond
SURFACE
ACRES
1,900
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103
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LAKE NAME
DELAWARE
Craigs Pond
Cubbage Pond
Derby Pond
Diamond Pond
Garrisons Lake
Griffiths Lake
Haven Lake
Hearns Pond
Horseys Pond
Hudson Pond
Ingrams Pond
Kill en Pond
Lums Pond
Marshall s Pond
Masseys Mill Pond
McCauley Pond
McGinnis Pond
Millsboro Pond
SURFACE
ACRES
12
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20
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82
34
74
66
27
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209
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LAKE NAME
DELAWARE Con ' t
Moores Lake
Morris Mill Pond
Noxontown Pond
Portsville Pond
Raccoon Pond
Records Pond
Red Mill Pond
Reynolds Pond
Shallcross Pond
Silver Lk. (Dover)
Silver Lk.(Midtn.)
Silver Lk.(Milford)
Small eys Pnnd
Sunset Lake
Trap Pond
Trussum Pond
Tub Mill Pond
Voshell Pond
SURFACE
ACRES
25
44
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15
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179
38
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38
27
19
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84
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LAKE NAME
DELAWARE Con ' t
Wagamons Pond
Waples Pond
Wiggins Mill Pond
Williams Pond
Wyoming Pond
FLORIDA
Alice, Lake
Alligator, Lake
Apopka, Lake
Beauclair, Lake
Bivens Arm
Carl ton, Lake
Catherine, Lake
Clear Lake
Conine, Lake
Dexter, Lake
Dicie, Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
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91
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1,111
173
382
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LAKE NAME
FLORIDA Con't
Dora, Lake
Effie, Lake
Eustis, Lake
Francis, Lake
Griffin, Lake
Hancock, Lake
Harris, Lake
Hawthorn, Lake
Hollingsworth, Lk.
Inglis Reservoir
Jessie, Lake
Killarney, Lake
Lawne, Lake
Lochloosa, Lake
Lulu, Lake
Maggiore, Lake
Mai tl and, Lake
McLeod, Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
5,090
102
6,771
21
8,517
4,519
17,519
87
356
3,500
190
237
156
6,138
301
388
451
512
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LAKE NAME
FLORIDA Con't
Munson, Lake
Newman's Lake
Okeechobee, Lake
Orange Lake
Parker, Lake
Rodman Reservoir
Rowel 1 , La ke
Scott, Lake
Seminole, Lake
Shipp, Lake
South, Lake
Talquin, Lake
Thonotosassa, Lk.
TohopekaUga, Lk.
Tracy, Lake
Tsala Apopka, Lk.
Underhill , Lake
Virginia, Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
255
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448,000
7,673
2,272
13,000
364
285
458
283
1,101
8,580
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18,810
136
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147
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FLORIDA Con't
Wales, Lake
Wauberg, Lake
GEORGIA
High Falls Lake
Jackson, Lake
ILLINOIS
Fox Chain of Lakes
INDIANA
Big Chapman Lake
Big Otter Lake
Big Turkey Lake
Bower Lake
Bruce Lake
Cedar Lk. (Lake)
Cedar Lk.(Whitley)
Diamond Lake
SURFACE
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450
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LAKE NAME
INDIANA Con't
George, Lake
Golden Lake
Heaton Lake
Henderson Lake
Hogback Lake
Lake of the Woods
Little Bower Lake
Little Otter Lake
Long Lake
Lost Lake
Palestine Lake
Round Lake
Shriner Lake
Silver Lake
Sylvan Lake
Syracuse Lake
Town Lake
SURFACE
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119
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416
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LAKE NAME
INDIANA Con't
Waubee Lake
West Otter Lake
Winona Lake
Yellow Creek Lake
KANSAS
Cheney Reservoir
LOUISIANA
Caddo Lake
Calcasieu Lake
Catahoula Lake
Cocodrie Lake
Cross Lake
Fausse Point, Lake
Ponchartrain, Lake
Sabine Lake
Salvadore, Lake
Six Mile Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
187
118
526
150
32,640
42,880
26,880
19,456
8,832
15,360
397,440
55,680
44,800
19,200
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LAKE NAME
LOUISIANA Con't
Verret, Lake
MAINE
Annabessacook Lake
Bauneg Beg Lake
Bonny Eagle Lake
Cobbosseecontee Lk.
Cochnewagon Pond
Estes Lake
Little Ossippe Lk.
Lovejoy Pond
Middle Range Pond
North Pond
Pattee Pond
Pushaw Lake
Sabattus Pond
Schoodic Lake
Sebasticook Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
14,080
1,420
160
211
5,543
385
387
564
324
366
2,115
712
5,056
1,787
389
4,288
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LAKE NAME
MAINE Con't
Spaulding Pond
Taylor Pond
Three Mile Pond
Togus Pond
Toot hacker Pond
Webber Pond
MARYLAND
Roland, Lake
MASSACHUSETTS
Ashfield Lake
Ashmere, Lake
Bartlett Pond
Billington Sea
Buel , Lake
Cochituate, Lake
Flax Pond
rsJJRFACT
ACRES
118
625
1,077
648
30
15252
80
30
184
45
270
196
591
40
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18
-------
LAKE NAME
' ' '.
MASSACHUSETTS Con't
Flint Pond
Forest Lake
Hager Pond
Jordan Pond
Mystic Lk. (Upper)
Mystic Lk. (Lower)
Nutting Lake
Pontoosuc Lake
Quinsigamond, Lk.
Reservoir Pond '
Sabbatia, 1 ake
Sherman, Lake
South Watuppa Pond
Stiles Pond
Studley Pond
Watson Pond
SURFACE
ACRES
90
55
30
20
200
111
67
505
1,051
225
250
86
1,283
60
26
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LAKE NAME
MICHIGAN
Barton Lake
Bear Lake
Betsie Lake
Brighton Lake
Chemung Lake
Deer Lake
First Lake
Ford Lake
Fremont Lake
Hemlock Lake
Jordan Lake
Kent Lake
Lansing, Lake
Lobdell Lake
Macatawa Lake
Manistee Lake
Mona Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
347
415 >
250
600 X
310
897 X
40 X
1,049 X
790 X
4
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1,200 X
452
545
2,218 X
930
695 X
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20
-------
LAKE NAME
MICHIGAN Con't
Muskegon Lake
Odessa, Lake
Ore Lake
Randall Lake
Section-4 Lake
Sixth Lakes (#6)
White Lake
MINNESOTA
Amber Lake
Big Stone Lake
Briggs Lake
Budd Lake
Buffalo Lake
Cotton Lake
Demontroville Lk.
Detroit Lake
Francis Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
4,150
430
220
220
3
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2,571
179
12,400
406
179
1,510
1,916
156
3,089
318
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LAKE NAME
MINNESOTA Con't
George Lake
Hall Lake
Jefferson Lake
Julia Lake
Long Lk. (Isanti)
Long Lk. (St. Louis)
Madison Lake
Minnetonka Lake
Melissa, Lake
Pike Lake
Prior Lake
Rice Lake
Rush Lake
Sakatah Lake
Sallie, Lake
Shagawa Lake
Shetek Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
82
552
2,290
137
376
157
1,345
14,310
1,827
508
620
433
161
881
1,287
2,639
3,596
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LAKE NAME
MINNESOTA Con't
Sisseton Lake
Spring Lake
Tetonka Lake
MISSOURI
Jacomo, Lake
MONTANA
Georgetown Lake
NEBRASKA
Salt Valley Res's.
Branched Oak
Pawnee
Stagecoach
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Kezar Lake
Winnisquam Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
139
690
1,336
970
1,800
740
170
180
4,300
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LAKE NAME
NEW JERSEY
Allentown Pond
Atsion Lake
Budd Lake
Carnegie
Collier's Mill Pd.
Como Lake
Deal Lake
Duhernal Lake
Greenwood Lake
Grovers Mill Pond
Hopatcong, Lake
Imlaystown Lake
Musconetcong, Lk.
Newton Lake
Parsippany, Lake
Paulinskill Lake
Peddle Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
93
376
237
17
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158
93
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2,685
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198
160
157
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LAKE NAME
NEW JERSEY Con't
Pompton Lakes
Rowands Pond
Saxton Lake
Shepherds Lake
Solitude, Lake
Speedwell Lake
Square Circle Lk.
Sunset Lk. (Asbury)
Sunset Lk.(Brdgtn)
Takanasee Lakes
Topenemus Lake
Verona Park Lake
Waterloo Pond
Weequahic Park Lk.
Westons Mill Pond
SURFACE
ACRES
204
2
60
72
19
179
15
13
48
80
92
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LAKE NAME
NEW YORK
Cayuga Lake
Conesus Lake
George, Lake
Greenwood, Lake
Oneida Lake
Onondaga Lake
Owasco Lake
Saratoga Lake
Schroon Lake
Seneca Lake
NORTH DAKOTA
Ashtabula, Lake
Jamestown Res.
Spiritwood Lake
SURFAC
ACRES
42,496
3,328
28,200
1,920
51,200
2,890
6,592
4,339
4,230
43,328
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704
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LAKE NAME
OHIO
Alma, Lake
Buckeye Lake
Deer Creek Res.
Holiday Lake
Hope, Lake
Indian Lake
Jackson Lake
Loramie, Lake
Oxbow Lake
Portage Lakes
St. Marys, Lake
OKLAHOMA
Boomer Lake
Carl Blackwell ,Lk.
Foss Reservoir
Grand Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
73
3,800
313
208
120
5,800
242
1,500
36
1,651
11,000
255
2,700
8,800
59,000
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LAKE NAME
OREGON
Devils Lake
Odell Lake
Upper Klamath Lk.
PENNSYLVANIA
Black Moshannon Lk
Conewago Lake
Conneaut, Lake
Edinboro Lake
Frances Slocum Lk.
Gouldsboro Lake
Harvey, Lake
Hills Creek Lake
Jean, Lake
Marburg, Lake
Promised Land Lks.
Pymatuning Res.
Shenango Reservoir
SURFACE
ACRES
685
3,600
98,560
250
340
928
247
165
255
658
137
254
1,275
595
16,420
3,560
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LAKE NAME
PENNSYLVANIA Con't
Tobyhanna Lake
SOUTH DAKOTA
Andes, Lake
Big Stone Lake
Byron, Lake
Hendricks, Lake
Herman, Lake
Madison, Lake
Kampeska, Lake
Mitchell, Lake
Poinsett, Lake
Twin Lake
UTAH
Bear Lake
Great Salt Lake
Hyrum Reservoir
SURFACE
ACRES
170
4,000
21,120
1,300
1,600
1,350
3,000
3,000
670
8,000
1,500
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LAKE NAME
UTAH Con't
Utah Lake
VERMONT
Champlain, Lake
Dunmore, Lake
Memphremegog , Lk.
VIRGINIA
Char! ottesvi lie R.
Chickahominy Lk.
Occoquan Reservoir
Pounds Reservoir
Smith Mountain R.
WASHINGTON
American Lake
Badger Lake
Bay Lake
Cranberry Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
273,280
1,035
24,237
103
1,500
1,600
154
1,125
244
129
27
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WASHINGTON Con't
Pass Lake
Campbell Lake
Green Lake
Island Lake
Long Lk. (Kitsap)
Long Lk. (Spokane)
Medical Lake
Moses Lake
Newman Lake
Pine Lake
Rock Lake
Sammamish, Lake
Spanaway Lake
Steilacoom Lake
Vancouver Lake
Washington, Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
99
410
255
109
314
5,020
149
6,815
1,190
88
2,147
4,997
267
313
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LAKE NAME
WASHINGTON Ccn't
Whatcom Lake
Williams Lake
WISCONSIN
Big Butternut Lk.
Big Muskego Lake
Browns Lake
Butternut Lake
Delavan, Lake
Eagle Lake
Halfmoon Lake
Horseshoe Lake
Koshkonong, Lake
Lilly Lake
Little Muskego Lk.
Long Lake (Polk)
Long Lk. (Racine)
SURFACE
ACRES
5,003
319
378
2,260
396
830
2,072
520
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87
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LAKE NAME
WISCONSIN Con't
Lower Phantom Lk.
Madison Lakes
Kegonsa
Mendota
Monona
Waubesa
Metonga, Lake
Nagawicka, Lake
Pell Lake
Pewaukee Lake
Pickerel Lake
Redstone, Lake
Round Lake
Shawano Lake
Snake Lake
Tichigan, Lake
White Potato Lake
SURFACE
ACRES
433
2,716
9,730
3,335
2,113
2,157
957
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52
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203
6,178
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LAKE NAME
WISCONSIN Con't
Wind Lake
Winnebago, Lake
Wolf River Lakes
Poygan
Butte des Morts
Winneconne
SURFACE
ACRES
936
137,708
14,102
8,857
4,507
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34
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LAKE DESCRIPTIONS
The following section contains a description of each lake in the
report including:
LAKE NAME
LOCATION
SIZE
DEPTH
PROBLEM AND SOURCE
REHABILITATION
BACKGROUND DATA
COMMENTS
In cases where information was lacking, items have been omitted
from the description.
In some states, instead of specific lakes being listed as problem
lakes, the general condition of the lakes is given in the form
of a statement by some individual in the state.
35
-------
ALABAMA
No specific Alabama lakes are included. Correspondence with the
Mobile District of the Army Corps of Engineers and the Alabama
Power Company revealed that no reservoirs under their juris-
diction were impaired due to water quality degradation.
36
-------
ARIZONA
The following statement from A. Richard Kassander, Jr., Director
of the Arizona Water Resources Research Institute summarizes
the feelings of Water Resource personnel in the state:
"Arizona does not have any lakes which can be considered to
have serious impairment as a result of deterioration of water
quality."
37
-------
ARKANSAS
LAKE CHICOT
Locat-ion:
Size:
Depth:
Chicot County, southeastern Arkansas
3,000 acres
33 feet (max.) 16 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabi- litat-ion :
Background Data:
Comments:
Siltation and turbidity are the major
problems in this lake and result from
agricultural runoff. Insecticides also
enter through runoff from cultivated
land. There are no municipal discharges
to the lake, but seepage from septic tanks
probably occurs.
Two large drainage canals entering the lake
should be diverted into a sump area during
flood flow for pumping into the Mississippi
River (no diversion is required during normal
flow).
Background data include pictures of turbidity,
population samples, bottom organism data, and
depth soundings.
Projected water uses are recreational; boating,
fishing, swimming. There is practically no
current fish population.
38
-------
CALIFORNIA
LAKE BERRYESSA
Location: T8N, R3W, to T9N5 R4W
Size: 20,736 acres
Depth: 270 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
'Background Data:
This is a relatively new reservoir with
extensive recreational development along the
shoreline. Problems in the lake are attributed
to improperly functioning septic tanks, general
increase in sediment production associated with
large scale development, nutrients from surface
runoff of golf courses and gardens. In addition,
a high evaporation rate tends to concentrate
nutrients which stimulate growth of a nuisance
algae population.
A collection system for sewage is recommended
with possible exportation outside the basin.
Background data is available in "Hydrologic
Data Bulletin 130," Department of Water Re-
sources, Appendix D, Vol. 2 (1963 et seq.).
CLEAR LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
T15N, R10W, to
43,840 acres
50 feet (max.)
T13N, R7W
Problem and Source:
Large algal blooms have occured in the lake
for at least the last forty years. Inflow of
nutrients is from natural and agricultural
sources (possibly community wastes as well).
Presence of gnats severely restricts the
recreational value of the lake. There is little
flushing action in the lake, demonstrated by
the fact that pesticides applied for gnat control
in 1955 are still cycling in the lake.
39
-------
CALIFORNIA (cont.)
Rehabilitation- A^a1 harvesting or growth inhibitors could
be tried. Flow augmentation is probably the
most viable alternative.
Background Data: Background data is available in "Evaluation of
Water Pollution Potential, Clear Lake Basin
1956-66, "Sacra.nento State College Foundation
(L. W. Horn, Principal Investigator) and "A
Nutrient Budget Study," U.S.G.S. (in preparation,
9/70).
GOOSE LAKE
Location: T45N, R13E, to T49N, R13E
Size: 124,160 acres
Depth: 24 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Lake is essentially a sink which serves to
increase the salt balance; solids, too, are
increasing in the lake. The lake does maintain
a fishery and serves other recreational purposes
possibly because of flushing which occurs during
major floods.
Rehabilitation: Flow augmentation is the only suggested treat-
ment.
Background Data: Background data is available in "Goose Lake Water
Quality Control Policy Basic Data Report,"July
1966, Calif. R.W.Q.C.B., Central Valley Region.
SAlTOfy SEA
Location: T7S, R9E, to T12S, RISE
Size: 225,280 acres
Depth: 45 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Sea appears to have reached a state of equili-
brium between inflow and evaporation resulting
in continual buildup of solids; it is the
natural sink for a large drainage area indicat-
ing that the problem with solids will continue;
the Sea is already highly eutrophic.
40
-------
CALIFORNIA (cont.)
Rehabi, 1-itation:
Background Data:
The recommendation should be creation of a
salt balance by salt export. Most plans seem
to depend on pumping the more saline waters
into evaporation ponds (Pomeroy), into geothermal
recharge wells (Rex), or even exchange with the
Gulf waters. Salinity gradients, increasing
with depth, may be found, but with such a large
shallow wind-swept body of water} there is
question as to how dependable they would be.
The Salton Sea, with an elevation of around
230 feet below sea level, is a natural sink for
its drainage area. During the 1930's salinity
was too high to support a fish population.
However, completion of the Boulder Canyon
Project provided sufficient augmentation and
dilution to leave the sea with considerably
fresher water. After World War II it was stocked
with fish with the expectation that a suitable
environment could persist for at least twenty
years, which has been the case.
The present Salton Sea has been in existence for
only about 65 years, but underlying salt deposits
indicate that many lakes have occupied the site
from time to time during recent geologic periods,
depending on the direction of flow in the Colorado
River. These ancient lakes underwent complete
evaporation leaving layered salt deposits which
are separated by sediments laid down when new
flows of water entered the basin. Recent
development of large storage facilities on the
Colorado River, are expected to prevent the
reoccurence of the natural phenomenon which has
created these lakes.
Background data is available in "A Reconnaisance
Study and Preliminary Report on a Water Quality
Control Plan for Salton Sea," Dec., 1965,
Pomeroy, Johnson, and Bailey.
41
-------
CHERAW LAKE
Location:
Size :
Depth:
T22S, R54 and 55W
650 acres
45 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake occupies a natural topographic low.
Irrigation ditches were constructed approximately
fifty years ago to divert and collect irrigation
return flow in the low area. During the past
several decades evaporation from the lake has
increased the salinity of the water. In addi-
tion, waste effluent from a turkey processing
plant has added to the problem.
The turkey plant is on an abatement schedule
which will result in secondary treatment of
their effluent.Divers ion of irrigation return
flow would help alleviate problems associated
with high salinity. However, such diversion
would seriously degrade the Arkansas River below
Cheraw Lake and may not be advisable for that
reason.
GRASSY RESERVOIR
Location:
Size :
Depth:
T2N and T3N, R7S and R6W
7,700 acres (approx.)
212 feet (max. at max. reservoir elevation)
GRAND LAKE
Location: T3N5 R75W
Size: 1,000 acres (approx.)
Depth: 11 feet (max. at max. reservoir elevation)
SHADOW
RESERVOIR
Location: T3N, R75 and 76W
Size: 1,600 acres (approx.)
Depth: ij feet (max. at max. reservoir elevation)
42
-------
COLORADO (oont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problem has centered around inadequate waste
treatment facilities, both a municipal plant
and a number of individual septic tank systems.
Immediate concern is over rising coliform levels
and low dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Abatement dates have been established, and
where necessary, cease and desist orders are
being issued. Many of the individual systems
have been corrected. A sanitation district
has been formed which will collect the sewage
from the west shore of Shadow Mountain Reservoir
which will feed into a proposed new treatment
facility. The community of Grand Lake has
recently expanded its waste treatment facility
to bring it into compliance with state standards.
As of Feb. 1, 1971 secondary treatment with
disinfection is being provided.
Studies of these three lakes have been made by
the Colorado Department of Health and the Federal
Water Quality Administration. Background data
has been collected by the state since July, 1968.
43
-------
CONNECTICUT
BANTAM LAKE
Location: Towns of Litchfield & Morris (northwest Connecticut)
Size: 915 acres
Depth: 25 feet (max.) 14.4 feet (mean)
Problem and Sourae:
Rehdbilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake has had frequent algal blooms for
several years. Rooted aquatic weeds extend
out to the 2-meter contour covering approxi-
mately 25% of the lake area.
Effluent from the Town of Litchfield sewage
treatment plant (serving 2,500 people) dis-
charges into groundwater near lake inlet. The
upper centimeter of sediments in this area con-
tains at least 10 times the estimated annual
input of N and P.
The lake has been treated at least once a
year for about 6 years with copper sulfate
with good results.
The White Memorial Foundation has submitted
a formal research proposal to the Connecticut
Research Commission requesting joint state
and federal financing through the FWQA. The
proposal is to study the effect of artificial
destratification by aeration.
The Commission has studied the lake in detail for
several years and has data on file concerning
the chemistry, temperatures and biological
activity of the water and analyses of the
bottom muds and inlet streams. The data indicate
that eutrophic conditions are naturally produced.
Watershed covers 21,000 acres, 50% is forested,
remainder is mixed tillage, pasture and abandoned
fields.
44
-------
CONNECTICUT (oont.)
CRESCENT LAKE
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Town of Enfield
50 acres
6 feet (average)
Problem and Source: Lake experiences excessive algal growth.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has been treated for the last
few years with copper sulfate for algae (dos-
age rate too low for effective control).
Weedone LV4 Butoxrethyl dichlorphenoxy acetate
was used for the control of water lilies with
reported success.
Some biological data is available for the
last 2-3 years.
GROTON POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Town of East Lyme
70 acres
15 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There is quite a dense population of algae
and weeds at this lake causing concern to
property owners.
No reported treatment has been undertaken or
proposed for the lake.
Dam is owned by State Board of Fisheries and
Game. There appears to be a conflict of
interest between fish management and purely
aesthetic considerations.
HITCHCOCK LAKES
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Town of Wolcott
118.4 acres
10 feet (max.) 6.2 (average)
Problem and Source:
Extensive weed growth (Vallisneria) over
virtually the entire lake impairs boating and
swimming.
45
-------
CONNECTICUT (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Some small test plots have been treated
chemically but the results are not known at
this time.
There is some biological data available back
to 1959.
LAKE KENOSIA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Town of Danbury
70 acres
10 feet (max.)
3.5 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There is a water weed problem at the lake
which has caused much concern since the
property owners consider it a hazard to
swimming and boating.
Attempts to control water weeds (method unknown)
were apparently unsuccessful. A consultant
recommended raking in swimming areas.
Not much data is available.
LAKE LILLINOAH
Location:
Size:
Depth:
1,900 acres
100 feet (max.)
25 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Comments:
There are six towns bordering the lake;
Newton, Southbury, Bridgewater, Brookfield,
New Mil ford, and Roxbury. The algae bloom
is as severe, if not more so, than at Lake
Zoar, but because of very limited development
on the lake, there is not as great public
concern.
Formed by a dam on the Housatonic River
immediately above Lake Zoar.
-------
CONNECTICUT (oont.)
LAKE WONOSCOPOMUC
Location: Salisbury
Size: 353 acres
Depth: 108 feet (max.).
36 feet (average)
Problem and Source: This lake is on the edge of advanced eutrophica-
tion.
Rehabilitation:
Lake might be of interest as a general research
or demonstration project.
LAKE ZOAR
Location:
Size:
Depth:
975 acres
75 feet (max.)
24.6 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
There are four towns bordering the lake:
Newton, Oxford, Southbury, and Monroe.
This lake has had a history of severe algae
blooms since 1947.
The lake has been treated yearly (except
last year) since 1966 with one or two
applications of copper sulfate, with good,
if temporary, results. This method appears
to be the most practical way of ridding the
lake of algae for the forseeable future.
The lake has been studied and documented very
intensively since 1947. Continuing contracts
with an expert aquatic biologist have not
revealed any longe-range cures.
Formed by a dam on the Housatonic River with
a drainage area of some 1500 square miles.
47
-------
DELAWARE
Fifty-five freshwater impoundments were surveyed in 1966 by the
Delaware Game and Fish Commission for identification of aquatic
vegetation types and weed problems. Due to the similarities in
problems and background data on these lakes, a general description
of these categories which applies to all the lakes is given below.
Following these descriptions, there is an individual listing of
the lakes including information pertaining specifically to each
lake.
Problem and Source: Both submerged and emerged vegetation are
becoming more abundant in these lakes.
Public fishing on some ponds is becoming more
difficult due to this increased growth of
vegetation. These conditions have led to
undesirable changes in the kinds and sizes
of fish caught.
Results of the investigation revealed that
Spatterdock (Nuphar advena and N_. variegatum)
was the most abundant emergent species in
Delaware's freshwater impoundments. The seeds
of this plant are of fair food value to water-
fowl; its leaves are eaten by muskrats and
provide shelter for fish. When spatterdock
occurs in an overabundance, however, other
vegetation is crowded out. When this occurs,
areas become undesirable for fishing and boat-
ing, and water movement is impeded resulting
in increased deposits of silt.
Water lily (Nymphaea odorata) appears less
abundant than spatterdock in most ponds but
when it does grow in abundance, similar condi-
tions exist. Floating heart (Nymphoides cor-
datum) and water shield (Brasenia schreberi)
appear less frequently but do become problems
to fishermen and boaters when overabundant.
Bladderwort (Utricularia sp.) is the most nox-
ious submerged plant. It drifts freely and rises
to choke surface waters. On the bottom of im-
poundments, bladderwort sometimes makes fishing
very unsatisfactory. Water milfoil (Myrioph.yllum
J5£.), water weed (Anacharis canadensis), and
48
-------
DELAWARE (cant.)
coontail (Ceratophyllurn demersum) follow
bladderwort in causing undesirable conditions
to exist in a few impoundments. Fanwort
(Cabomba corgiiniana) presents a problem only
in Red Mill Pond.
Algae, mainly Pithophora sp,, is very unsiabt-
ly and creates undesirable fishing conditions
in a few impoundments. When high temperatures,
limited water flow and high nutrient levels
combine to create optimum growth conditions,
algae becomes a major problem.
In all of the impoundments studied, sedimentation
has signigicantly decreased water depths since
their origin. Portions of many of the ponds have
now become marshy.
The impoundments on watersheds which receive
effluents from food processing and sewage treat-
ment plants generally have waters with periodic
high plankton blooms and some algae problems.
Those impoundments which do not receive that type
of effluent have more luxuriant vegetation and
more aquatic weed problems.
Rehabilitation: Water control structures in many of the im-
poundments are in need of repair or replacement
to hold the original water level. The raising
of water levels to a stable level would check
many emergent weed problems. Properly applied
chemical treatment prior to raising water levels
would be desirable in some cases. Possibly, a
previous winter draw-down of the impoundment
would help to eliminate submerged water plants
whose control is desirable.
Water should not be pumped from impoundments
for irrigation or other purposes that would
result in lowering the water level below the
normal elevation of the spillway.
Recommendations are strongly urged for soil
conservation practices to be conducted to slow
down surface run-off. Cover crops, contour
plowing and the preservation of woodlands through-
out the watershed are recommended. Adequate
sedimentation basins should be installed on all
agricultural drainage systems before they enter
the ponds.
49
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ABBOTTS POND
DELAWARE (cont.)
The most desirable solution to increase water
depths in the impoundments is to dredge the
sediment. However, this is usually not yet
feasible from the standpoint of what people
are willing to pay.
Supervised chemical control for aquatic vege-
tation is advised when vegetation substantially
decreases the potential fishing and boating
within a pond or the vegetation renders the
habitat unfavorable to desired fish populations,
In no instance does the Game and Fish
Commission recommend that all vegetation be
eliminated from an impoundment. Only the
immediate problem areas or specific plants
should be treated.
Plankton is desirable for fish propagation by
being important to the food chain. However,
overproduction of plankton, particularly in
combination with algae, reduces the enjoyment
of fishing and allied recreation.
Background Data:
All the included ponds were investigated as
part of the 1966, aquatic vegetation survey by
the Delaware Game and Fish Commission. The
survey provided data on occurence and relative
abundance of emergent and submergent vegetation
types.
Location: Mil ford
size: 18 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes building of a new
control structure, chemical control for sub-
merged and emerged plants.
50
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ANDREWS POND
DELAWARE (oont.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Pel ton
20.6 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
flow rate through pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of curtailing
irrigation from the pond.
BECKS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Newark
22 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of chemical control
for submerged plants.
BETTS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Millsboro
59.5 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes construction of a
new control structure, and chemical control
for emerged and submerged aquatic plants.
51
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DELAWARE (cont.)
BLAIRS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Mil ford
29.4 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient
levels, water levels and flow rate through
the pond.
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake, construction
of a new control structure, and curtailment
of irrigation from the pond.
BURTON POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Angola
45.5 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through the pond.
Recommended action includes maintaining a
higher water level and chemical control for
emerged plants.
CEDAR CREEK MILL POND
Location: Lincoln
Size: 57.0 acres
Depth:
Rehabilitation:
No specific recommendations were made.
52
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DELAWARE (oont.)
CHIPMANS POND
Location: Laurel
Size: 47 acres
Depth:
Rehabilitation: No specific recommendations were made.
CLENDANIEL POND
Location: Lincoln
Size: 18.4 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level
and rate of flow through pond.
Rehabilitation: Recommended action includes maintaining
a higher water level and constructing
a new control structure.
COLLINS POND
Location: Bridgeville
Size: 102.8 acres
Depth:
Rehabilitation: Recommended action consists of chemical
control for emerged plants. The lake
was recently restored to its normal water
level with construction of a new control
structure.
LAKE COMO
Location: Smyrna
Size: 41.7 acres
Depth:
53
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DELAWARE (contj
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient
levels, water level, and rate of flow through
lake.
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake, and curtailment
of irrigation from the lake.
CONCORD POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Seaford
67.6 acres
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of construction
of a new control structure on the pond.
COURSEY POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Pel ton
74.8 acres
Problem and Source: An additional problem is nutrient levels.
Rehabilitation: Recommended action consists of sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake.
CRAIGS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Seaford
12.0 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through the lake. Recently constructed
this pond still contains many stumps, logs, and
trees.
Recommended action includes chemical control for
submerged plants, and curtailment of irrigation
from the pond.
54
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DELAWARE (oont.)
CUBBAGE POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lincoln
41.4 acres
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of construction
of a new control structure on the lake.
DERBY POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Woodside
19.8 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through lake.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes maintaining a
higher water level, construction of a new
control sturcture, and curtailment of irri-
gation from the pond. Weed control was
practiced in November, 1966, using an ex-
perimental application of Casaron AQ.
DIAMOND POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Milton
24.2 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water levels, and rate of flow through the
pond.
Recommendations include sewage treatment for
wastes entering lake, construction of a new
control structure, annual winter drawdown, and
curtailment of irrigation from the pond.
55
-------
DELAWARE (cant.)
GARRISONS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Smyrna
81.5 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level and rate of flow through the
lake.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes chemical control
for emerged plants, and curtailment of irri-
gation from the lake. A new control sturcture
was added recently raising the water level
to a higher level than was previously maintained
GRIFFITHS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Mil ford
33.8 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through lake.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of curtailment
of irrigation from the lake.
HAVEN LAKE
Location: Mi 1 ford
Size: 74.2 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through the lake.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of curtailment
of irrigation from the lake.
56
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DEL AWARE (oont. )
HEARNS POND
Location: Seaford
Size: 66.1 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the
pond.
Rehabilitation: Recommended action includes construction of
a new control structure on the lake and
curtailment of irrigation from the pond.
HORSEYS POND
Location: Laurel
Size: 27.2 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Recommended action consists of soil conser-
vation practices to curtail surface runoff.
HUDSON POND
Location: Ellendale
Size: 18.4 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Recommended action includes chemical control
for submerged and emerged plants. Chemical
control has been applied in the past, more
is required.
fNGRAMS POND
Location: Millsboro
Size: 28.6 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: A new control sturcture raised the water
level in 1957.
57
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DELAWARE (cont.)
KILLEN POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Pel ton
65.2 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the
pond. The pond has an extraordinary plankton
bloom during the entire growing season.
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake, and construction
of a new control structure.
LUMS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Kirkwood
209.3 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the pond
Recommended action consists of construction
of a new control structure on the pond.
This is the largest breakwater impoundment
in the state and provides much recreation.
Pond was formerly used as a settling basin.
MARSHALLS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Mil ford
13.2 acres
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of control for
submerged plants.
58
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DELAWARE (cont.)
MASSEYS MILL POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Cheswold
30.4 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the
pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes construction of
a new control structure, and curtailment
of irrigation from the pond.
McCAULEY POND
Location: Harrington
Size: 66.0 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of curtailment
of irrigation from pond.
McGINNIS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Canterbury
29.4 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the pond, construction of
a new control structure, and curtailment of
irrigation from the pond.
59
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DELAWARE (cont.)
MILLSBORO POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Millsboro
101.4 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
An additional problem is nutrient levels
in the pond. A recently constructed water
control structure raised the water level
creating some shallow areas with stumps.
Recommended action consists of sewage treatment
for wastes entering the pond.
MOORES LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Dover
24.5 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the
lake.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes installation of
a sewage by-pass route, construction of a
new control structure on the lake, and
chemical control for algae.
MORRIS MILL PONO
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Millsboro
44.1 acres
Problem and Source: An additional problem consists of nutrient
levels.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake, and chemical
control for submerged plants.
60
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DELAWARE (cant.)
NOXONTOWN POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Middletown
158.6 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the pond
Recommended action includes the installation
of a sewage by-pass route and curtailment of
irrigation from the lake. The present control
structure is new.
PORTSVILLE POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Portsville
15 acres
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes annual winter
drawdown and chemical control for submerged
plants. The control structure on the pond
is relatively new.
RACCOON POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Laurel
15.4 acres
Problem and Source: The pond is in need of deeper water. Half
of the original pond is marsh with a navigable
channel.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes maintaining a
higher water level, construction of a new
control structure, and chemical control for
emerged and submerged plants.
61
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DELAWARE (cant.)
RECORDS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Laurel
90.2 acres
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of chemical
control for emerged plants.
RED MILL POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Nassau
178.5 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The pond is one of Delaware's largest fresh-
water impoundments, and is the only one in
which fanwort is superabundant. It's lush
growth in water less than five feet deep has
left some coves inaccessible to fishing.
Recommended action consists of chemical control
for emerged and submerged plants.
REYNOLDS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Milton
38.2 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level
and rate of flow through pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of construction
of a new control structure on the pond.
62
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DELAWARE (cont.)
SHALLCROSS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Odessa
43.3 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include water level
and rate of flow through the pond.
Recommended action includes chemical control
for algae, emerged and submerged plants and
curtailment of irrigation from the pond.
Chemical control of weeds has been practiced
in the past whenever the need arose.
SILVER LAKE
Location: Dover
Size: 157.2
Depth:
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through lake.;
Recommended action includes installation of, a
sewage by-pass route and curtailment of-irri-
gation from the lake.
SILVER LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Middletown
38.2 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through lake.
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
or by-pass*for wastes entering the lake and*
curtailment of irrigation from the lake.
63
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DELAWARE (cont.)
SSLVER LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Mil ford
27.2 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through lake. A poor water control
structure leading to an old mill race results
in low water levels.
Recommended action includes maintaining a
higher water level, construction of a new
control structure, chemical control for
emerged plants, and curtailment of irrigation
from the lake.
SMALLEYS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Bear
18.7 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
There is a.periodic.problem with blue-green
algae in water intake pipes.
Recommended action consists of chemical
control of emerged plants. ' Copper sulfate
is applied when blue-green algae interferes
in intake pipes.
This pond serves as a water reservoir for the
Delaware Water Company. (4 million gallons
are pumped daily.).
SUNSET LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Newark
42.6 acres
Problem and Source:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through lake.
64
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DELAWARE (oont.)
Rehabilitation: Recommended action includes installation of
a sewage by-pass route and curtailment of
irrigation from the lake.
TRAP POND
Location: Laurel
Size: 83.7 acres
Depth:
Rehabilitation: Recommended action includes improvements to
the present control structure and chemical
control for emerged plants.
TRUSSUM POND
Location: Laurel
Size: 55 acres
Depth:
Comments: This pond is the state's prize Cyprus swamp
and most picturesque impoundment.
TUBMILL POND
Location: Mil ford
Size: 7 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through the pond.
Rehabilitation: Recommended action includes maintaining a
higher water level or dredging, plus chemical
control of emerged plants.
65
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VOSHELL POND
DELAWARE (cont.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Magnolia
22 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include water level
and rate of flow through the pond.
Recommended action includes maintaining a higher
water level, construction of a new control
structure, chemical control of submerged
plants, and curtailment of irrigation from the
pond.
POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Milton
50 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through pond.
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the pond, construction of a
new control structure, chemical control of
emerged and submerged plants, and curtailment
of irrigation from the pond.
WAPLES POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Milton
55.1 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through the pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of construction
of a new control structure on the pond.
66
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DELAWARE (cont.)
WIGGINS MILL POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Middletown
21.2 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include water level and
rate of flow through pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action consists of curtailment of
irrigation from the pond.
WILLIAMS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Seaford
83.9 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The luxuriant growth and spread of green filamentou:
algae in the summer is a problem. The odor from
its decay has been the source of numerous
complaints by people living along the pond.
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake, and chemical
control for algae.
WYOMING POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Wyoming
47.2 acres
Problem and Source: Additional problems include nutrient levels,
water level, and rate of flow through the
pond.
Rehabilitation:
Recommended action includes sewage treatment
for wastes entering the lake, improvements
on the present control structure, and chemical
control for algae, and curtailment of irrigation,
from the pond.
67
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LAKE ALICE
FLORIDA
Location: Alachua County
Size: 91 acres
Depth: 1 feet (approximately)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is senescent and has been covered with
water hyacinths in recent years. It receives
the treated sewage from the University of
Florida and cooling water from the University
steam plant.
Numerous studies have been conducted by the
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission
and the University of Florida, Engineering
and Industrial Experiment Station. Data collec-
tion has been ongoing for at least the last
three years and is particularly relevent to
possible rehabilitation projects.
LAKE ALLIGATOR
Location: Pinellas County
Size: 77 acres
Depth: 5 feet (approximately)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is brackish and eutrophic. It receives
urban runoff from the city of Clearwater,
Florida, cannery wastes, and sewage effluent
from Virginia Groves Estates sub-division.
El odea was shaded out by dense growth of water
hyacinths that were subsequently controlled
with 2-4-D. Cattails, bullrushes and algal
problems still persist.
Data has been collected on an annual basis since
1966 and is on file at the Game and Freshwater
Fish Commission's regional offices and the
Fisheries Research Lab at Eustis, Florida.
68
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LAKE APOPKA
FLORIDA (cont.)
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Oklawaha Basin,
34,146 acres
15 feet (max.)
Orange County
6 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake is hypereutrophic and experiences
annual summer fishkills and noxious algal
blooms. Agricultural runoff is implicated
as a major contributor of nutrients (pri-
marily from vegetable farms in reclaimed
marsh and wetlands; also citrus groves,
domestic wastes from towns and wastes from
citrus concentrate processing plants).
A drawdown is planned for 1972. It is
hoped that 80% of the bottom sediments will
be oxidized. The project is being conducted
by the Department of Air and Water Pollution
Control and the Department of Natural Resources
Monitoring will be done by Florida Technical
University at Orlando.
The U.S. Geological Survey has sampled the
lake periodically since 1959. The Florida
Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has
sampled the lake from 1960 to present. The
State Board of Health published "Biological,
Physical, and Chemical Study of Lake Apopka,
1962-1964" and "Summary Report of Lake
Apopka," February, 1964.
LAKE BEAUCLAIR
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Oklawaha Basin, Lake County
1,111 acres
13 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
The lake is hypereutrophic, high organic
color from Apopka. Beauclair Canal changes
to heavy algal green as flow moves east-
ward across the lake. The fish population
is unbalanced.
69
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FLORIDA (cont.)
Rehabi litation :
Background Data:
A haul seine has been used to control rough
fish in an effort to remove some of the
nutrients which are being recycled in the
lake. This method has been only partially
successful in achieving the objective.
Data has been collected annually since 1966
by the Game and Freshwater Fish Commission.
The lake has been monitored by the Orange
and Lake County's Air and Water Pollution
Control Boards with the intent of enforcing
water quality standards.
BIVENS ARM
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Alachua County
173 acres
7 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
The lake is hypereutrophic. It receives
urban runoff from part of Gainesville and
agricultural runoff from the University of
Florida experimental cattle farms.
See description for Lake Alice.
LAKE CARLTON
Location,: Oklawaha Basin, Orange County
Size: 382 acres
Depth: 17 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Lake is hypereutrophic. One possible cause
is an influx of nutrient enriched water from
Lake Beauclair due to wind seiches and water
management of Oklawaha stages. In addition,
lawn fertilizers, septic tanks, and citrus
groves may contribute.
Copper sulfate was applied to the lake in
1965 with negligable results. Also, a haul
seine has been operated for rough fish removal
Habitat manipulation research is currently in
progress.
70
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FLORIDA (cont.)
Background Data:
See description for Lake Beauclair.
LAKE CATHERINE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lake County
75 acres
14 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
High B.O.D. from the B&W Citrus Plant has
caused annual fish kills.
Problem has been partially alleviated.
Surveys have been made by the Florida Game
and Freshwater Fish Commission, Florida
Department of Air and Water Pollution Control,
and Lake County Air and Water Pollution Control
Board.
CLEAR LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Alachua County
11 acres
7 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic and experiences severe algal
blooms. Also, there is a high organic color
to the water.
Lake has become surrounded by homes with septic
tanks which is probably one source of the
problem which has developed in recent years.
Background Data:
See description for Lake Alice.
LAKE CONINE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
236 acres
15 feet (approx.)
71
-------
FLORIDA (cant.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic. It receives residential
drainage, wastes from three citrus processing
plants and effluent from a 3.4 m.g.d. capacity
sewage treatment plant recently built on the
lake.
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has studied chemical, physical, and biological
parameters of the Winter Haven Chain of Lakes
(1970).
LAKE DEXTER
Location: St. Johns Basin, Volusia County
Size: 1,902 acres
Depth: 13 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic. Edaphic conditions of
St. Johns River watershed also affect other
lakes in the St. Johns River Chain.
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
and the U.S. Geological Survey have made several
surveys of the St. Johns River Basin.
LAKE DICIE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lake County
9 acres
15 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake experiences windrowed yellow-brown algal
blooms. Fifty percent of the homes in the
lakes drainage area are served by septic tanks.
In 1967, the Department of Transportation in-
stalled a large drain doubling the drainage area
and adding extensive street drainage.
Recommendations are in the planning stages
but not firm.
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
and the U.S. Geological Survey have made
surveys of the lake.
72
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LAKE DORA
FLORIDA (cont.)
Location: Oklawaha Basin, Lake County
Size: 5,090 acres
Depth: 17 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is hypereutrophic and experiences sunnier
fish kills and algal blooms. It receives
domestic sewage effluent and street drainage
from the cities of Mt. Dora and Tavares.
In recent 2-3 years, sampling of the Oklawaha
Chain of Lakes has been done by the Orange
and Lake Counties Air and Water Pollution
Control Boards with the intent of enforcing
water quality standards. The Game and Fresh-
water Fish Cotrmission also has data collected
on the lake.
LAKE EFFIE
Location: Polk County
Size: 102 acres
Depth:
6 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is senescent. It receives sewage treatment
plant and citrus processing plant effluents.
Also, livestock and a solid waste disposal site
are nearby, also contributing to the problem.
Florida Citrus Canners Corporation has installed
a sprinkler cooler system on the lake for their
wastewater in an effort to upgrade disposal.
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has analyzed the lake annually since 1965.
73
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FLORIDA (cont.)
LAKE EUSTIS
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Oklawaha Basin, Lake County
6,771 acres
16 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic and experiences summer fish
kills and algal blooms. It receives the
sewage effluent and street drainage from
the town of Eustis, and also the outflow from
Lake Dora upstream.
The Orange and Lake Counties Air and Water
Pollution Control Boards have sampled the
lake for the past few years with the intent
of enforcing water quality standards. The
Game and Fish Commission has also collected
some data on the lake.
In addition, the Federal Water Quality Admin-
istration laboratory in Athens, Ga., conducted
a study of Lake Eustis in the summer of 1970.
LAKE FRANCIS
Location;
Size:
Depth:
Madison County
21 acres
8 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is hypereutrophic and has suffered
numerous fish kills. Toxic elements are
suspected in urban run-off combined with
periodic oxygen depletions.
Described in 1962 as a "cold, crystal clear"
lake, it has subsequently suffered alternating
treatments of commercial fertilizer and
herbicides to stimulate bloom and control
aquatic vegetation. After having been thrown
completely out of balance an "Aqua Air"
system was installed to bubble air through the
water column. Results are inconclusive, but
seemed of some help.
Intensive management has been carried out by
the Game and Freshwater Fish Commission'.
74
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FLORIDA (cont.)
LAKE GRIFFIN
Location: 01kawaha Basin, Lake County
Size: 8,517 acres
Depth: 10 feet (approx.)
Problem arid Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic. It receives enriched water
from upstream as well as effluents from the
Leesburg sewage treatment plant and the Coca
Cola Citrus Plant.
See description for Lake Dora.
LAKE HANCOCK
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
4,519 acres
5 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is senescent. It has received domestic
and industrial drainage from Lakeland and
Auburndale areas for a long time. Also, an
industrial phosphate effluent slime pond ad-
joins the lake.
The lake went dry temporarily in 1967 due to
natural drought.
The Florida Department of Air and Water Pollution
Control surveyed a phosphate pollution accident
in 1965 and the Florida Game and Freshwater
Fish Commission has monitored the lake annually
since 1966.
LAKE HARRIS
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Oklawaha Basin, Lake County
17,519 acres
18 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
The lake is moderately eutrophic. It re-
ceives drainage from muck farms and sand mines,
75
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
Background Data:
See description for Lake Dora. Also, the
Federal Water Quality Administration labor-
atory in Athens, Ga., conducted a study on
Lake Harris in the summer of 1970.
HAWTHORN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Alachua County
87 acres
12 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic with high organic color in
water. It receives some effluent from the town
of Hawthorn.
Background Data:
See description for Lake Alice.
LAKE HOLLJNGSWORTH
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
356 acres
7 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic. It receives urban drainage
from Lakeland area.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The life history of the largemouth black bass
has been studied in this lake and hatchery
brood stock has been obtained from here.
Artificial spawning substrate was tried un-
successfully as it sank into the organic
bottom.
Data has been collected annually since 1966
by the Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
and the lake serves as a recreational area
on the Florida Southern College campus.
76
-------
INGLIS RESERVOIR
FLORIDA (aont.)
Location: Citrus County
Size: 3,500 acres (approx.)
Depth: 20 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake contains numerous aquatic weeds, primarily
the exotic hydrilla.
A 200-acre test plot from nearly 2,000 infected
acres was treated with diquat and copper. Re-
sults were temporary control but also precipi-
tated a fish kill from oxygen depletion.
Surveys have been made by the Florida Game
and Freshwater Fish Commission, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, and the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
This fifty-year-old Florida Power Corporation
Reservoir was planned to be utilized as a water
storage basin on the Cross Florida Barge Canal.
LAKE JESSIE
Location: Polk County
Size: 190 acres
Depth: 14 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic and receives domestic sewage
effluent.
Background Data:
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has
collected data annually since 1966.
LAKE KILLARNEY
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Orange County
237 acres
23 feet (approx .)
77
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake has excessive weed growth, primarily
hydrilla. The water is clear at present but
is believed to have had algal blooms prior
to exotic weed infestation. Lake receives
heavy urban and residential drainage.
Chemical treatments tried in the past
not provided satisfactory control.
have
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has sampled annually since 1966.
LAKE LAWNE
Location: Orange County
Size: 156 acres
Depth: 6 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is hyper-eutrophic, and receives domestic
sewage effl uent.
Background Data:
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has sampled annually since 1966.
LAKE LOCHLOOSA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Alachua County
6,138 acres
10 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic and experiences profuse algal
blooms. The trophic condition is at least
partially the result of edaphic considerations;
no major cultural sources of nutrients; drainage
from fertilized pasture land may be one nutrient
source.
Same as Lake Alice.
78
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
LAKE LULU
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
301 acres
11 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is hyper-eutrophic; it receives municipal
sewage, waste from canneries, and urban drainage
and is the farthest downstream of the Winter
Haven Chain of Lakes.
Inventory of polluting sources was made in 1948
by Polk County Health Department. Florida
Department of Air and Water Pollution Control
made a survey in 1970. Florida Game and Fresh-
water Fish Commission has sampled annually since
1966.
LAKE MAGGIORE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Pinellas County
388 acres
4 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Behabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is brackish and hyper-eutrophic. During
1927, land developers created conditions that
permitted salt water intrusion. Repeated
cycles from fresh to salty water and heavy
algal blooms have caused many extensive fish
kills. The shoreline is densely populated
at present.
Fish have been restocked.
Pinellas County Health Department sampled in
1954. A publication by George K. Reid relating
i/o a fish kill was made in Vol. 27 of Quarterly
Journal of Florida Academy of Sciences. Florida
Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has sampled
annually since 1966.
79
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
LAKE MAITLAND
Location: Orange County
Size: 451 acres
Depth: 18 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake experiences excessive weed growths, espe-
cially hydrilla. The source is mainly street
drainage from residential and urban areas.
The city of Winter Park has operated mechanical
weed harvesters in the lake for several years.
The U.S. Geological Survey has sampled the lake
since 1959, and the Florida Game and Freshwater
Fish Commission since 1966.
LAKE McLEOD
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
512 acres
10 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This is one of several lakes in central Polk
County which are adversely affected by hydro-
logic changes caused by extensive groundwater pumpage.
Plans are to divert drainage of the Winter Haven Chain
of Lakes into Lake McLeod to maintain desirable
water levels.
Lake Region Boating Association of Winter Haven and
Southwest Florida Water Management District have
conducted surveys. Hydrologic effects are explained
in U.S. Geological Survey's Report of Investigations
No. 49, by Matthew I. Kaufman of Florida State
Board of Conservation.
LAKE MUNSON
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Leon County
255 acres
5 feet (approx.)
80
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
The lake is hyper-eutrophic. Source of nutrients
the Tallahassee sewage treatment plant effluent.
(5.40 m.g.d. combined capacity of two pi ants)-
The smaller of the plants has installed a field
irrigation system to handle their 0.9 m.g.d.
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has sampled the lake annually since 1966.
NEWNAN'S LAKE
Location: Alachua County
Size: 6,331 acres
Depth: 6 feet (approx. average)
15 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is hyper-eutrophic with high organic color
in water and profuse algal blooms (AphanizoiTienon
flos-aquae). Trophic condition is at least par-
tially the result of edaphic considerations. There
are no major cultural sources of nutrients, but
drainage from fertilized pasture land may be a factor
Striper bass have been stocked as an experimental
control for gizzard and threadfin shad.
See description for Lake Alice.
LAKE OKEECHOBEE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Palm Beach County
448,000 acres
14 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Lake is eutrophic; condition is probably contri-
buted to by agricultural run-off and edaphic con-
dition of tributary streams; plus sewage effluent
from Clewiston,0keechobee, Pahokee, and other
more distant sources.
Wildlife and water management agencies are
cooperating to prolong the lifetime of this
important lake,
81
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
Background Data:
Many studies have been made by several agencies.
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has
surveyed chemical, physical, and biological
parameters since 1949.
Location: Alachua County
Size: 7,673 acres
Depth: 12 feet (approx.) 6 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic with profuse algal blooms and
some aquatic weed problems. The trophic condition
is at least partially the result of edaphic con-
siderations plus drainage from fertilized pasture
land and sewage from towns of Orange Lake and Mc-
Intosh which may be partial nutrient sources.
See description for Lake Alice.
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
2,272 acres
10 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic and receives thermal discharge
from a power plant and urban runoff.
Lake was renovated and restocked with desirable fish
species in 1960. An unauthorized release of the
exotic fish, Tilopia aurea, has made the lake the
nucleus for infestations to nearby areas. Experi-
ments with striper bass as a biological control for
gizzard and threadfin shad have been conducted.
The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has sampled chemical and biological parameters
since 1962.
82
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
RODMAN RESERVOIR
'Location: Oklawaha Basin, Marion County
Size: 13,000 acres (approx.)
Depth: 15 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
This newly created reservoir has excessive
weed growth; primarily hyacinths, southern
naiad, and coontail. Dissolved oxygen is
below minimum state water quality standards
through simmer months because of intensive
weed spraying with chemicals and edaphic
conditions following the inundation of the
swampy flood plain in 1968.
A two-foot drawdown during winter months is
designed for weed control.
Surveys are being made by the U. S. Army Corps
of Engineers, U. S. Geological Survey, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Florida Game and
Freshwater Fish Comnission, and Florida Defenders
of the Environment.
The reservoir was impounded as a water storage
area on the Cross Florida Barge Canal. Much
pressure is being exerted to drain the reservoir
to the natural river channel.
LAKE ROWELL
Location:
Size:
Depth: '
Bradford County
364 acres
7 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is eutrophic with algal blooms and un-
balanced fish population. It receives sewage
effluent from the town of Starke.
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has sampled annually since 1964.
83
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
LAKE SCOTT
Location: Polk County
Size: ' 285 acres
Depth: 9 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic.
Background Data: Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Corrmission has
collected data since 1966.
LAKE SEMINOLE
Location: Pinellas County
Size: 458 acres
Depth: 1 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is brackish and hyper-eutrophic. It receives
urban drainage and sewage effluent from the town of
Largo and Hi-Ridge Road sub-division.
Background Data: Data has been collected annually since 1965 by the
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission.
LAKE SHIPP
Location: Polk County
Size: 283 acres
Depth: 13 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic. Canneries and a fertilizer plant
situated on the lake plus upstream urban drainage
along the Winter Haven Chain of Lakes are con-
sidered to be the source of nutrients.
Background Data: A thorough survey of chemical, physical, and
biological parameters was conducted in 1970 by
the Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Comnission.
84
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
LAKE SOUTH
Brevard County
1,101 acres
4 feet (approx.
Lake Is brackish and eutrophic with heavy algal
blooms and weed infestation. Titusville sewage
and runoff from a sub-division and citrus groves
are thought to be the primary sources of nutrients
U. S. Geological Survey has collected data since
1957. Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has collected data since 1966.
LAKE TALQU1N
Gadsden County
8,850 acres
33 feet (approx.)
In 1957 the power dam broke. After repairs and
refilling, complaints of poorer fishing success
were frequent. The lake receives sewage from
Quincy and Havana.
Selective treatment for shad was made in 1961.
A survey was conducted by the Cooperative Fish
Parasite and Disease Project at Auburn University
and Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
in 1966, and data has been collected annually
since that time.
LAKE THONOTOSASSA
Location: Hillsborough County
c-,-^. 819 acres
16 feet (approx.)
~-«oile-m arid. Source: The 1ake 1
-------
FLORIDA (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
carrying combined dairy, food processing,
cannery, and municipal wastes.
Upgrading waste treatment is underway.
Department of Biology of Florida Southern
College, Florida Department of Air and Water
Pollution Control, and Florida Game and
Freshwater Fish Commission have done surveys,
LAKE TOHOPEKALIGA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Osceola County
18,810 acres
8 feet (approx .)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake is moderately eutrophic. The water has
organic stains and supports frequent algal
blooms. Six sewage treatment plants (combined
design capacity of 9.4 m.g.d.) discharge into
the lake; as well as dairy waste, pasture runoff
and urban drainage.
The Kissimmee River Chain of Lakes supports one
of the most dynamic sport fisheries in Florida.
Documentation of an experimental drawdown that
will simulate the natural drought cycles is in
progress. The purpose is to oxidize organic
bottom sediments, improve the littoral zone, and
evaluate results as a management tool.
A separate habitat manipulation study is also
underway to test benefits derived from fish
attractors (brush and rock piles). The "pre-
ventive" projects are designed to insure desirable
lake benefits in an area of heavy projected
population growth and land development.
The U. S. Geological Survey has sampled'Since
1954. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and
Southwest Florida Water Management District
have made surveys, and Florida Game and Fresh-
water Fish Comnission has sampled annually since
1966 and intensively during 1970.
-------
FLORIDA (cant.)
LAKE TRACY
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
136 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake suffers annual fish kills during the
peak citrus season in addition to aquatic weed
problem. Effluent from two citrus processing
plants enter the lake.
A sprinkler cooler system for citrus wastewater
was installed on the lake to prevent thermal cap
which apparently was the cause of oxygen deple-
tion.
Sum'-Citrus Products Co. of Haines City and
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
sampled the lake since 1966.
have
LAKE TSALA APOPKA
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Hernando County
19,111 acres
13 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake receives sewage effluent of Inverness,
Brooksville, and Dade City. Interruption of
natural drainage by extensive diking during
periods of drought add to problems.
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission has
collected data annually since 1963.
LAKE UNDERHILL
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Orange County
147 acres
23 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: The lake is eutrophic and receives airport and
urban runoff.
Background Data:
Data has been collected annually since 1966
by Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
87
-------
FLORIDA (cant.)
Comments:
A causeway is planned which will bisect the
lake with about eleven acres of fill.
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Orange County
223 acres
23 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Re habi li tab-ion:
Background Data:
Lake has prolific aquatic weeds,
urban drainage.
It receives
In 1966, Vallisneria sp. was the predominant
vegetation which the City of Winter Park
harvested with a mechanical weed-cutter.
Succession was by hydrilla for which a satis-
factory control has not been found.
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Conmission has
collected data since 1966.
LAKE WALES
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Polk County
326 acres
19 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive aquatic weeds, primarily
hydrilla. Residential drainage is thought
to be the source of nutrients.
Background Data:
Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission
has collected data since 1966.
-------
FLORIDA (cant.)
LAKE WAUBERG
Location: Alachua County
Size: 255 acres
Depth: 16 feet (approx.)
Problem and Source: Lake is eutrophic and supports frequent and
obnoxious algal blooms. No urban runoff,
sewage or substantive agricultural runoff
enters the lake. Potential nutrient additions
from known sources seem inadequate to explain
present conditions.
Background Data: See description for Lake Alice.
89
-------
GEORGIA
HIGH FALLS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Monroe, Lamar, and Butts Counties
460 acres
23 feet (max .)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
The lake is eutrophic with very high color,
turbidity, and production. A swirrming beach
has been closed on occasions during the last
few years because of high coliform counts.
Fish kills have also occurred during the last
few years downstream from the lake, perhaps
caused by high ^S concentrations in the out-
fall.
The lake has been operated by the State Game
and Fish Commission to control fish populations.
The lake was studied over a 1-1/2 year period in
1969 and 1970 by the School of Civil Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology.
LAKE JACKSON
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Newton, Butts, and Jasper Counties
4,750 acres
100 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabiiitation
and
Background Data:
Lake is undergoing accelerated eutrophication
as evidenced by algal blooms in spring and
early summer. It receives 45 ra.g.d. secondary
effluent via the South River from the four
metropolitan Atlanta area treatment plants.
An economic and water quality study of Lake
Jackson and the South River basin has been
completed to determine necessary measures for
upgrading the lake and stream to a level satis-
factory for present and future uses. (Joint
project of Georgia Water Quality Control Board
and FWQA.)
90
-------
HAWAII
No specific lakes in Hawaii are included in this report, but
the following background information on Hawaiian lakes and quality
was provided by Doak A. Cox, Director of the Hawaii Water Resources
Research Center.
1) Hawaii has very few natural fresh water lakes, and those
few are small. Even artificial reservoirs are small
in number and in size. In salt waters there are a large
number of estuaries, some of them stream mouths more or
less cut off from the sea by beach bars except during and
after floods, and a few lagoons.
Very little ecological information has been collected on
any of the freshwater lakes and ponds except Lake Waiau,
an alpine crater lake in the tropics.
2) The following outline (Cox) provides further information
on the various lake types in Hawaii:
A) Natural fresh-water lakes and ponds
1. Crater lakes: In the craters of cinder and tuff
cones, all small.
a. High elevation: Water perched on silt linings,
and in the case of one alpine pond, Lake Waiau,
over 13,000 feet altitude, possibly perched
on permafrost. Most naturally filled with vegeta-
tion and silt, so converted to swamps. Many
craters have small ponds after rains.
b. Low elevation, phreatic water: One example,
Green Lake, Hawaii, in natural condition.
Another, Nomilo, Kauai, artificially connected
by tunnel to the sea many decades ago to make into
a mullet pond. Perhaps no other examples.
c. Low elevation, isolated: Example, Salt Lake,
Oahu, originally salt by evaporation, freshened
by drilling an artesian well in late 1800's or
early 1900's, and used for mullet. Now in process
of partial fill for residential area. Perhaps no
other examples, but several tight craters have
temporary ponds after rains.
91
-------
HAWAII (cont.)
?.. Lava-damned fresh-water lakes and ponds.
One example, Wai Ta, Kauai, more a swamp than
a lake, converted in early 1900's to a shallow
reservoir. Probably many intermittent ponds.
3. Other fresh-water ponds. Origin uncertain, some
may be formed by solution, some by landslides.
Very few and very small. No information.
B) Artificial reservoirs:
1. Semi-seasonal, perhaps a dozen between 3 x
108 and 3 x 109 gallons storage volume. Many
are stocked with fish.
2. Night and weekend storage. Probably more than
100 in the range 10 to 3 x 10° gallons storage
volume.
C) Natural salt- and brackish-water lakes and ponds
1. Crater lakes (See A-l-b and A-l-c)
2. Lava-damned salt-water ponds. Several small
ones.
3. Stream-mouth estuaries with beach bars.
4. Partly land-locked drowned-valley estuaries
(Pearl Harbor)
5. Closed lagoons. Mostly swamps rather than lakes,
many drained for agriculture or being filled
for urban development.
D) Artificial salt- and brackish-ports.
Hawaiian fish ponds, rock-walled ports of reefs
or estuarine arms. Mostly badly silted now, some
clogged with vegetation. Many of those on Oahu
filled or partially filled for urban development.
92
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FOX CHAIN OF LAKES
ILLINOIS
Location: Lake County (Northwest Illinois)
Size: 6,400 acres (Principal Lakes: Catherine, Channel
Petite, Grass, Nippersink, Pistakee, and Fox)
Depth: 3 to 8 feet (average) 16 feet (max.)
Marie,
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
The problem in these lakes is excess algae due
to nutrients. The source of the nutrients is
thought to be effluent from municipal sewaqe
treatment plants, seepage of effluent from pri-
vate septic systems, agricultural runoff,
dredging of shallow boat channels thru nutrient-
rich muck type soils, and recirculation of
nutrients from the extensive shallow area muds
by wind, motor boating and bottom feeding
fishes.
No known previous treatment of any magnitude has
been undertaken.
1) Summary Report on Quality of Interstate
Water, Fox River (Wisconsin-Illinois),
USPHS, March, 1965.
2) 1963 Fox Chain 0' Lakes Fisheries Inves-
tigations, Special Fisheries Report Number
Four, Illinois Department of Conservation.
3) A Limnological Review as Related to the
Fox Chain of Lakes, Water Quality Section,
Illinois State Water Survey, Feb. 15, 1966.
Lakes are used very extensively for boating,
fishing, swimming, water ski-ing, year-round
residence. They are very close to a major
population center (Chicago and suburbs).
93
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BIG CHAPMAN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Kosciusko County, 2 miles south of Oswego
T33N, R6E, Sec. 25-26
581 acres
39 feet (max.) 10 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
The Department of Natural Resources reports
that aquatic vegetation has become a nuisance
at the lake. There is not sufficient data
available to indicate the source of the
problem.
Chemical control for nuisance vegetation has
been recotrmended.
BIG OTTER LAKE
Location: Steuben County, 5 miles north of Angola
T38N, R13E, Sec. 26-27
Size; 69 acres
Depth: 38 feet (max.) 26 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Eehabiiitation:
There are locally heavy growths of aquatic
vegetation and nuisance blooms of blue-green
algae have developed in recent years.
A program to chemically control algal blooms
has been initiated. A survey will be undertaken
to locate major nutrient sources and a program
initiated to reduce phosphate contributions.
B8G TURKEY LAKE
Location: Steuben County, 9 miles southwest of Angola
T36N, R12E, Sec. 7-18
Size: 450 acres
Depth: 65 feet (max.) 16 feet (average)
94
-------
INDIANA (cont.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
The Department of Natural Resources reports that
aquatic vegetation is a nuisance at the lake.
The reason for the problem has not been specified.
Chemical control of vegetation has been recommended
BOWER LAKE
Location: Steuben County, 4 miles northwest of Pleasant Lake
T36N, RISE, Sec. 8
Size: 25 acres
Depth: 22 feet (max.) 11 feet (average)
Problem and Source: The lake produces nuisance blooms of blue-
green algae. Areas of rooted vegetation are
decreasing.
The lake receives drainage from marsh areas
and agricultural muck land and is downstream
from the discharge of the Angola municipal
sewage treatment plant (0.85 m.g.d.).
Rehabilitation:
The City of Angola is expected to add phosphate
removal facilities to its sewage treatment plant
by the end of 1972 and is expected to provide
an advanced degree of waste treatment before
the end of 1977.
BRUCE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Fulton County, 6 miles northwest of Kewanna
T30N, R1E, Sec. 6
245 acres
34 feet (max.) 7 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Algal blooms have reached nuisance proportions
and are reportedly increasing in intensity.
There are also dense growths of aquatic vege-
tation. The major nutrient contributors
have not been identified.
A program to chemically control algal growth
is being initiated.
95
-------
INDIANA (contj
CEDAR LABCE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lake County, 6 miles southwest of Crown Point
T34N, R9W, Sec. 26-27
781 acres
16 feet (max.) 8 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake is surrounded by residential and some
commercial development, with a year-round
population of 10,000 and a summer population
of considerably more. Limited individual waste
treatment is afforded by septic tanks and
poorly operating absorption fields.
Septic effluent reaching the lake is responsible
for nuisance algal blooms and localized bacterial
contamination.
Algal growth has been chemically controlled
with several applications of copper sulfate each
year. Sanitary sewer system and waste
treatment facilities are needed.
Areas have been undergoing incorporation so
that a sanitary sewer system and treatment
facilities could be undertaken. Legal
problems have now been resolved, but financing
the program remains a problem.
CEDAR LAKE
Location: Whitley County, 8 miles north of Columbia City
T32N, R9E, Sec. 2-11
Size: 144 acres
Depth: 75 feet (max.) 27 feet (average)
Problem and Source: The Department of Natural Resources reports
that aquatic vegetation is a nuisance at the
lake. The reason for the problem has not
been specified.
Rehabilitation:
Chemical control of vegetation has been recommended
96
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DIAMOND LAKE
INDIANA (oont.)
Location: Kosciusko County, 3 miles northwest of Silver Lake
T31N, R5E, Sec. 26-35
Size: 79 acres
Depth: 39 feet (max.) 16 feet (average)
Problem avid Source: The lake is fairly shallow and has a problem
with nuisance aquatic vegetation. There is not
sufficient data available to permit the
assessment of all nutrient sources.
Rehabilitation:
Chemical control of nuisance vegetation has
been recommended.
LAKE GEORGE
Location- Lake County, west of Hobart in city limits
T33N, R9W, Sec. 12
Size: 270 acres
Depth: 14 feet (max.) 5 feet (average)
PTobiem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake supports nuisance algal growths and
aquatic vegetation. In addition, the lake is
silting in at an objectionable rate and localized
areas of bacterial contamination have been
identified.
Fourteen sewage treatment plants, including the
City of Crown Point, are on the watershed, which
is a rapidly developing suburban area. The sewage
treatment plant serving the City of Crown Point
has a designed flow of 1.80 m.g.d. The thirteen
semi-public sewage treatment plants in the
basin have a combined designed flow of less than
1.5 m.g.d.
Some of the soil eroded from home and highway
construction sites in the watershed deposits
in the lake.
The City of Crown Point is expected to provide
facilities by the end of 1972, which will
reduce the phosphate content of its sewage
treatment plant effluent by at least 80 percent.
The City of Crown Point is expected to construct
facilities by the end of 1977, which will provide
an advanced degree of treatment. The addition
97
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INDIANA (cont.)
of advanced waste treatment facilities and
provisions for phosphate removal may be
required at other locations in the watershed,
GOLDEN LAKE
Location: Steuben County, 4 miles southwest of Angola
T36N, RISE, Sec. 5-8
Size: 119 acres
Depth: 31 feet (max.) 15 feet (average)
Problem and Source: The lake produces nuisance blooms of blue-
green algae but areas of rooted vegetation
are decreasing.
The lake receives drainage from marsh areas
and agricultural muck land and is downstream
from the discharge of the Angola municipal
sewage treatment plant (0.85 m.g.d.).
Eehabilitation:
The City of Angola is expected to add phosphate
removal facilities to its sewage treatment
plant by the end of 1972 and is expected
to provide an advanced degree of waste treatment
before the end of 1977.
HEATON LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Elkhart County, 6 miles northeast of Elkhart
T38N, R5E, Sec. 23-24
87 acres
22 feet (max.) 7 feet (average)
~PTob1em and Sources
Rehabilitation:
Aquatic vegetation has reached nuisance
levels in the lake. It is believed that
the primary source of nutrients reaching
the lake is rural runoff. There is also
a problem with decreasing water levels.
Chemical control of nuisance aquatic
vegetation has been recommended.
98
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HENDERSON LAKE
INDIANA (cont.)
Location: Noble County, 1/2 mile west of Kendallville area
T35N, RUE, Sec. 32
Size: 22 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.) 15 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
The lake receives the effluent from the Kendall -
ville municipal trickling filter sewage treatment
plant, (1.5 m.g.d.) ..discharge from storm sewers
and overflow from combined sewers. As a result,
the lake is plagued by nuisance blooms of algae,
fish kills, bacterial contamination, and accumu-
lation of sludge deposits.
Dredging of the lake is planned along with
diversion of storm water and improvements to
the sewage treatment plant including phos-
phorus removal facilities. Plans have been
approved for expansion of the sewage treatment
plant and installation of surface aerators
on the lake.
HOGBACK LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Steuben County,
T38N, R13E, Sec,
146 acres
26 feet (max.)
5 1/2
17
miles southwest of Angola
10 feet (average)
Problem and Source,
Rehabilitation:
The lake produces nuisance blooms of blue-
green algae, but areas of rooted vegetation
are decreasing.
The lake receives drainage from marsh areas and
agricultural muck land and is downstream from
the discharge of the Angola municipal sewage
treatment plant (0.85 m.g.d.).
The City of Angola is expected to add phosphate
removal facilities to its sewage treatment
plant by the end of 1972 and is expected to
provide an advanced degree of waste treatment
before the end of 1977.
99
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INDIANA (cent.)
LAKE OF THE WOODS
Looat-ion:
Size:
Depth:
Marshall County, 5 miles southwest of Bremen
T34N, R3E, Sec. 6-7
416 acres
48 feet (max.) 15 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Aquatic vegetation in this lake is a nuisance.
All tributaries to the lake originate in and
flow through areas strictly agricultural
in nature. It is felt that agricultural
runoff contributes nutrients and silt to the
lake.
A program to chemically control nuisance growth
of aquatic vegetation has been recommended.
LITTLE BOWER LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Steuben County, 2 miles northwest of Pleasant Lake
T36N, RISE, Sec. 9
12 acres
34 feet (max.) 12 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake produces nuisance blooms of blue-green
algae but areas of rooted vegetation are
decreasing.
The lake receives drainage from marsh areas
and agricultural muck land and is downstream
from the discharge of the Angola municipal
sewage treatment plant (0.85 m.g.d.).
A program to chemically control algae has
been initiated.
The City of Angola is expected to add phosphate
removal facilities to its sewage treatment
plant by the end of 1972 and is expected
to provide an advanced degree of waste treat-
ment before the end of 1977.
100
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INDIANA (cont.)
LITTLE OTTER LAKE
Location: Steuben County, 5 miles north of Angola
T38N, RISE, Sec. 26-27
Size: 34 acres
Depth: 37 feet (max.) 22 feet (average)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
There are locally heavy growths of aquatic
vegetation and nuisance blooms of blue-
green algae have developed in recent years.
A program to chemically control algal blooms
has been initiated. A survey will be under-
taken to locate major nutrient sources and
a program initiated to reduce phosphate
contributions.
LONG LAKE
Location: Steuben County at Pleasant Lake
T36N, R13E, Sec. 15-16
Size: 92 acres
Depth: 32 feet (max.) 17 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake produces nuisance blooms of blue-
green algae. Areas of rooted vegetation are
decreasing.
The lake receives drainage from marsh areas
and agricultural muck land and is downstream
from the discharge of the Angola municipal
sewage treatment plant (0.85 m.g.d.).
A program to chemically control algae has been
initiated.
The City of Angola is expected to add phosphate
removal facilities to its sewage treatment
plant by the end of 1972 and is expected to
provide an advanced degree of waste treatment
before the end of 1977.
101
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INDIANA (cant.)
LOST LAKE (HAWKS LAKE)
Location- Marshall County, 1 mile south of Culver
T32N, R1E, Sec. 28
Size: 43 acres
Depth: 10 feet (max.) 4 feet (average)
Problem and Source: The lake supports nuisance algal blooms:. In
the past, there have been heavy winter kills
and fish have died in the summer as the result
of nocturnal oxygen depletion during periods
of heavy algal growth.
The lake has rapidly decreased in size during
the past 50 years. A survey conducted in
1920 disclosed that the lake had an open
water area of approximately 86 acres. The
decrease in size and depth since 1920 may be
attributed largely to downcutting of the
outlet, a decrease in flow into the lake,
increased ground water outflow, and natural
aging processes.
The Town of Culver has an activated sludge type
sewage treatment plant (0.30 m.g.d.) which
discharges treated wastes to a tributary
approximately 1/4 mile from the lake. Since
this plant was placed in operation in 1953, the
rate at which Hawks Lake is aging has been
accelerated.
On the basis of a hydrological study made in
1959, the Indiana Flood Control and Water
Resources Commission(Department of Natural
Resources) concluded "that the effluent from
the Culver Sewage treatment plant contributes
materially to maintenance of lake level. With-
out this effluent, the lake would not have avail
able a flow which represents a depth of nearly
5 inches over the lake surface per month,
which offsets evaporation losses and possibly
increased ground water outflow resulting from
drainage operations." It was recommended
that the effluent not be diverted around
the lake.
102
-------
INDIANA (cont.)
Re habi li tation:
A dam has been constructed to maintain
the lake level at about 12 feet and a pro-
gram to chemically control algal concentra-
tions was initiated.
PALESTINE LAKE
Location: Kosciusko County, 1/2 mile east of Palestine
T31N, R5E, Sec. 1-2
Size: 290 acres
Depth: 31 feet (max.) 4 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabiiitation:
The Department of Natural Resources reports that
aquatic vegetation is a nuisance at the lake.
This lake is shallow and receives considerable
drainage from marsh and rural areas.
Chemical control of nuisance vegetation has
been recommended.
ROUND LAKE
Location- Whitley County, 8 miles north of Columbia City
T32N, R9E, Sec. 12
Size: 131 acres
Depth: 63 feet (max.) 18 feet (average)
Problem and Source: The Department of Natural Resources reports
that aquatic vegetation is a nuisance at the
lake. The reason for the problem has not
been specified.
Rehabilitation:
Chemical control of vegetation has been recom-
mended.
SHRINER LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Whitley County, 8 miles north of Columbia City
T32N, R9E, Sec. 11
120 acres
74 feet (max.) 36 feet (average)
103
-------
INDIANA (cont.)
Problem and Source.
Rehab-i litation:
The Department of Natural Resources reports that
aquatic vegetation is a nuisance at the lake.
The reason for the problem has not been specified.
Chemical control of vegetation has been recommended
SILVER LAKE
Location:
Size:.
Depth:
Kosciusko County at the northwest corner of the Town of
Silver Lake
T30N, R6E, Sec. 6
102 acres
33 feet (max.) 15 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The Town of Silver Lake provides no treatment for
wastes originating within its corporate limits.
Limited individual waste treatment is afforded
by septic tanks which are connected to municipal
sewers opening to a ditch tributary to Silver
Lake.
Septic tank effluent reaching the lake via the
ditch is responsible for nuisance algal blooms
and localized bacterial contamination near
the mouth of the ditch.
Rural runoff and the effluent from an occasional
septic tank around the lake contribute to the
problem.
The Town of Silver Lake has been ordered to
provide sewage treatment facilities on or before
the end of 1970. Excessive algal growth is
chemically controlled.
SYLVAN LAKE
Location:
Lepth:
Noble County at Rome City
" * n r
10 feet
630 acres
36 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
The lake experiences dense algal blooms.
Studies have indicated that Sylvan Lake is
one of the most productive lakes in the world
for which data are available.
104
-------
Rehabilitation:
SYRACUSE LAKE
INDIANA (cont.)
The lake is enriched by the effluent from the
Kendalville municipal sewage treatment plant
which passes through Henderson Lake before
reaching Sylvan Lake.
Algal growth is
copper sulfate.
controlled by the application of
Plans have been approved for the expansion of
the Kendalville sewage treatment plant and
the addition of phosphorus removal facilities.
Location- Kosciusko County at Syracuse
T34N, R7E, Sec. 5
Size: 414 acres
Depth: 34 feet (max.) 13 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake supports nuisance growths of aquatic
vegetation. This is a shallow lake separated
from Lake Wawasee by a marsh area. Although
this lake receives a small portion of the
surface water runoff from Syracuse, it is
believed that the weed problem is related to
natural aging processes.
Both mechanical and chemical methods have been
employed to control nuisance aquatic vegetation.
TOWN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Fulton County, 1/2 mile southwest of Akron
T30N, R4E, Sec. 24
22 acres
20 feet (max.) in feet (average)
Problem and Source:
The Town of Akron provides no treatment for
<^c ^i^-"'-ir "'-^'vi' ' ^'-r^-fc
Limited inuWiuUci treacmenu < ,. K,.jeu
septic tanks which are connected to municipal
sewers. A portion of the septic tank effluent
discharges to Town Lake. This discharge is
responsible for nuisance algal blooms and
bacterial contamination of the lake.
105
-------
INDIANA (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
The Town of Akron has sewage treatment facilities
under construction which will discharge outside
of the Town Lake watershed.
WAUBEE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Kosciusko County, 1 mile southeast of Milford
T34N, R6E, Sec. 21-22
187 acres
51 feet (max.) 25 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabi litation :
The lake supports nuisance blooms of blue-
green algae. Nutrient sources include rural
runoff, marsh drainage, and runoff from a
duck farm and processing plant.
A program to chemically control algae has been
initiated. Improved methods of waste treatment
and control have been employed at the duck farm
and processing plant.
WEST OTTER LAKE
Location: Steuben County, 9 miles west of Angola
T27N, R12E, Sec. 29
Size: 118 acres
Depth: 31 feet (max.) 17 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The Department of Natural Resources reports
that aquatic vegetation is a nuisance at the
lake. The reason for the problem has not
been specified.
Chemical control of vegetation has been recommended
Location: Kosciusko County at the south edge of Warsaw and the
west edge of the Town of Winona Lake
T32N, R6E, Sec. 16-21
Size: 526 acres
Depth: 79 feet (max.) 30 feet (average)
106
-------
INDIANA (cont.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation.
Comments:
Gradual enrichment of the lake is responsible
for nuisance algal blooms and localized patches
of dense aquatic vegetation. Major nutrient
sources are the effluent from the Winona Lake
municipal sewage treatment plant and agricultural
runoff.
Infrequent, accidental spills of industrial wastes
permit small amounts of oil, suspended matter,
and dairy wastes to enter storm sewers which
discharge to the lake.
Plans have been approved for facilities which
will permit the City of Warsaw to intercept
and treat all sewage from the Town of Winona
Lake. The Warsaw municipal sewage treatment
plant dishcarges downstream from the Winona
Lake outlet.
Algal and aquatic vegetation is controlled by
the application of chemicals by the Winona
Lake Improvement Association.
Used for boating, fishing,
round residences.
swimming, and year-
YELLOW CREEK LAKE
Location:
Kosciusko County, 5 miles northwest of the Town of Silver
Lake
T31N, R5E, Sec. 26-27
150 acres
67 feet (max.) 32 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabi, Imitation:
The Department of Natural Resources reports
that aquatic vegetation is a nuisance to boaters,
There are not sufficient data to adequately
assess all nutrient sources; however, all
streams entering the lake originate at the
outlets from other lakes in the chain.
It has been recommended that nuisance weed
growths be controlled chemically.
107
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IOWA
No specific lakes in Iowa are included in this survey, however
some general information on lake problems in Iowa was provided
by James Mayhew, Assistant Superintendent of Biology with the
Iowa State Conservation Commission.
1) In Iowa the man-made lakes and natural lakes can be
roughly geographically separated into southern and northern
sections.
2) The man-made lakes have not been in existence long enough to
be effected greatly by sedimentation, although this problem
does exist. In some of the large flood control impoundments,
which are located on large main stem drainages, sedimentation
has been quite severe. For example, Coralville Reservoir has
lost 25% of its storage capacity at conservation pool in the
first 10 years. Most of the man-made lakes designed for
recreational use or municipal water supply have been protected
through well planned watershed planning. There are, of course,
several exceptions.
3) In the northern sections are many natural lakes, which are
of limited recreational value because of shallow water and
sedimentation. Several of these lakes have been dredged to
increase maximum depth, mainly to prevent winter kill of fish.
However, this is a costly process and has been undertaken on
a quite limited basis.
108
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CHENEY RESERVOIR
KANSAS
Location:
25 miles west of Wichita
Depth:
Problem and Source:
Re habi li.ta.tion :
Background Data:
This lake has deteriorated in quality to the
extent that uses have been impaired and rehabil-
itation is desirable. The primary problem in
the reservoir is a common one to shallow lakes
in the western U. S., excessive dissolved solids,
and is caused by average annual lake evaporation
exceeding the total annual average precipitation.
A large-scale lake rehabilitation program would
be in order for this lake. One method of renewal
which has been investigated is to bypass the
stream flows entering the reservoir which contain
the greatest amounts of dissolved solids. Because
the lowest flow streams usually contain the
greatest dissolved solids concentrations, by-
passing a relatively small quantity of water
can affect a large reduction in dissolved
solids concentration in the reservoir.
A thorough study of physical, chemical, and
biological parameters was carried out by the
Civil Engineering Department of Colorado State
University. Data was collected from November
1964 to September 1967 and resulted in development
of a water budget, heat budget, and partial salt
budget for the reservoir as well as data on tur-
bidity, chemical quality of water, odor, bacteria,
and algae. Perhaps the most significant contri-
bution of the study is its suggestions for reducing
the increase of dissolved solids in reservoirs.
"Evaluation of the Effect of Impoundment on Water
'Quality in Cheney Reservoir," Ward, J. C., and
Karak, S., Sept., 1969 -- Sanitary Engineering
Papers, Colorado State University, No. 4.
109
-------
KANSAS (cont.)
In addition to the specific lake included in this survey, some
general background information on lakes and reservoirs in
Kansas was provided by Keith S. Krause, Director of the Kansas
Water Resources Board.
1) Kansas has no important natural lakes. There are over
70,000 farm ponds and approximately 400 reservoirs having
100 surface acres or more. Kansas does have a number
of reservoirs which have silted in. These are small
reservoirs from 20 to TOO acres in size which were built
35-40 years ago. There are no known reservoirs in the
state whose uses have been seriously impaired as a result
of eutrophication. A reservoir may receive floodwaters
having large amounts of silt, organic, and bacterial
content which makes them unfit for swimming for a week
or ten days. Most of them clarify readily and use is resumed
thereafter.
2) Kansas has no rehabilitation projects in the sense that
eutrophication is being brought under control. They do
anticipate that it will be necessary to consider silt
removal sometime in the future in order to restore reservoir
storage capability. They also encourage soil conservation
and land treatment practices in the watersheds contributory
to the reservoirs for reducing the amount of silts bacteria,
fertilizer, and organic matter entering the stream systems.
About 20 percent of the area of the state is now in water-
shed districts, requiring 75 percent or more of the land
to be under treatment. This does not represent the total
effort being made in Kansas by any means. However, an
exact inventory of these efforts is unavailable.
110
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No specific Kentucky lakes are included in this survey. However,
some information was provided by Charles C. Bowers, Jr., Director
of the Division of Fisheries in the Department of Fish and
Wildlife Resources.
1) The Division of Fisheries feels that several Kentucky
lakes may be seriously impaired as a result of deterior-
ation of water quality. However, data to document this
is lacking.
2) Lake Cumberland receives silt and acid mine drainage from
both strip mining and deep mining in the Cumberland Drain-
age Basin. The walleye population in the lake has suffered,
but the total number of species occuring in the lake is
on the increase due to new introductions.
3) Kentucky Lake receives a substantial load of industrial
pollutants from the whole Tennessee River Valley.
Fish populations are probably suffering, but studies on the
lake are not conclusive.
ill
-------
LOUISIANA
CADDO LAKE
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Lat. 32°42'15"
32,640 acres
Long. 93°55'10"
Problem and Source: The problem is brine from oil field operations
Rehabilitation: Pollution has been 901 eliminated through
corrective action.
CALCASIEU LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lat. 29°50'20"
42,880 acres
7 feet
Long. 93°20'50"
Problem and Soitrce,:
Rehabilitation:
Problem is mercury pollution. The source has
not been positively established but it is be-
lieved to originate from industry in the Lake
Charles area and from irrigation return water.
Continuation of investigation to determine the
source of pollution has been proposed. Also,
non-toxic treatment of rice growing operations
is being considered.
CATAHOULA LAKE
Location: Lat. 31°34'30" Long. 92°03'38M
Size: 26,880 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Problem is brine from oil field operations,
rn i-^r boon not eliminated..
112
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LOUISIANA (cont.)
COCODRIE LAKE
Location: Lat. 31°00'00" Long. 92°22'46"
Size: 19,455 acres
Problem and Source: Problem is silt pollution from runoff due to
previous gravel dredging operations,
Rehabilitation: Continuation of investigation and possible
control of runoff of rain water has been
proposed.
CROSS LAKE
Location: Lat. 32°30'30" Long. 93°50'00"
Size: 8,832 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: Problem is brine from oil field operations.
Rehabilitation: Problem has been 90% eliminated.
LAKE FAUSSE POINT
Location: Lat. 29°56'02" Long. 91°33'07"
Size: 15,360 acres
Problem and Source: There is a problem with oil on an intermittent
basis.
Rehabilitation: Coordination with offenders to control/reduce
pollution is needed; some has been done, more
is needed.
113
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LOUISIANA (cant.)
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Lat. 30°10'39"
397,440 acres
15 feet
Long. 89°44'38"
and Source: Problem is with coliforms and phosphates,
nitrates and nitrites from storm drain dis-
charges.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Proposals include counting of fecal coliforms
to determine water quality; control of water
sports at certain times and areas; careful
regulation of proposed chlnrination of
storm water.
Data is available through Water Resources
Research Institute, Louisiana State University
Location: Lat. 29°45'30"
Size: 55,680 acres
Depth: 1 feet
Long. 93°53'30'
Problem and Source: I he problem is oil pollution believed to
emanate from local industry.
Rehabilitation;
No corrective action has been taken; control
of industry pollution emissions is proposed.
LAKE SALVADORE
Location: Lat. 29°4T20" Long. 90°12'13"
Size: 44,800 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: The problem is brine and oil from drilling
operations.
Rehabilitation: Coordination with offenders to control/reduce
pollution is needed; some has been done, more
is required.
114
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LOUISIANA (oont.)
SIX MILE LAKE
Location: Lat. 29°45'00" Long. 91°70'00"
Size: 19,200 acres
Depth: 15 feet
Problem and Source: The problem is silt from normal water action
and Corps of Engineer activity.
Rehabilitation: There is no known solution to natural silting
LAKE VERRET
Location: Lat. 29°49'24" Long. 91°06'31"
Size: 14,080 acres
Depth: 7 feet
Problem and Source: Pesticide from sugar cane spraying and
fertilizer from water run-off are entering
the lake. Primary areas of contamination are
located to the north and east.
Rehabilitation: Discontinued use of Endrin has greatly reduced
pollution; further research is needed to pro-
duce a non-toxic spray. Control of fertilizer
usage seens to be the best technique.
115
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MAINE
ANNABESSACOOK LAKE
Location: Monmouth and Winthrop Townships, Kennebec County
Size: 1,420 acres
Depth: 49 feet (max .)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algae and weed growth.
Waste sources are largely domestic and indus-
trial .
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Applications of arsenite and copper sulfate, also
routing of wastes away from the lake have been
undertaken.
Background data includes scientific investiga-
tion adequate to describe named problems. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish and
Game, Maine Environmental Improvement Corrmission
and University of Maine.
Lake is used for boating, fishing, hunting and
trapping, public water supply, swimming and
year-round residence.
BAUNEG BEG LAKE
Location: Sanford and North Berwick Township, York County
Size: 160 acres
Depth: 29 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal growth. Waste source
is largely domestic.
Eehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Application of copper sulfate has been made.
Background data includes scientific survey based
on limited sampling and analysis. The data are
available through Maine Inland Fish and Game
Commission.
Lake is used for boating, simmer camping, fishing,
swinming.
116
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MATNE (cont.)
BONNY EAGLE LAKE
Location: Cimberland and York Counties
Size: 211 acres
Depth: 22 feet (max .)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal growth.
There have been no previous treatments.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish
and Game and Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission.
Lake is
domesti.
trapping
used for boating, simmer camping,
c water supply, fishing, hunting and
g, and swimming.
COBBOSSEECONTEE LAKE
Location: 4 Townships in Augusta area of Kennebec County
Size: 5.543 acres
Depth: 100 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal and weed growth.
Waste sources are largely domestic and in-
dustrial .
Routing of wastes away from lake has been
attempted.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis.
The data is available through Maine Inland
Fish and Game, Maine Environmental Improve-
ment Commission, and University of Maine.
Lake is used for boating, fishing, hunting
and trapping, power supply, public water
supply, swimming and year-round residence.
117
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MAINE (eont.)
COCHfyEWAGGN POi^D
Location: Monmouth Township in
Size: 385 acres
Depth: 28 feet (max.)
Kennebec County
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal and weed growth; waste
sources are largely agricultural and domestic.
Application of copper sulfate has been tried.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish
and Game and Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission.
Lake is used for boating, summer camping, fishing,
hunting and trapping., and swimming.
ESTES LAKE
Location: Sanford and Alfred Townships, York County
Size: 387 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal and weed growth. Waste
sources are largely domestic and industrial.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Installation of sewage treatment plants have
been made.
Background data includes scientific investigation
adequate to describe named problems. The data
is available through Maine Inland Fish and Game
and Maine Environmental Improvement Commission.
Lake is
trapping
used for boating, fishing, hunting and
, swimming, and year-round residence.
118
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MAINE (cant.)
LITTLE OSSSPPE LAKE
Location: Waterboro Township, York County
Size: 564 acres
Depth: 74 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal growth. Waste source
is largely domestic.
Reliabi litation :
Background Data:
Comment:
There have been no previous treatments.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The data
is available through Maine Inland Fish and
Game Commission.
Lake is used for boating, domestic water supply,
fishing, swimning and year-round residence.
LOVEJOY POND
Location: Albion Township, Kennebec County
Size: 324 acres
Depth: 32 feet (max .)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal and weed qrowth,
Waste source is largely agricultural.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Weed cutting has been done.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish
and Game Commission and Maine Environmental
Improvement Commission.
Lake is used for boating, sunmer camp, fishing,
hunting and trapping, and swimming.
119
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MAINE (cant.)
Location: Poland Township, Androscoggin County
Size: 366 acres
Depth: 66 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Hehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal growth.
is primarily domestic.
Waste source
Treatment with copper sulfate has been attempted.
Background data include scientific survey based
on limited sampling and analysis. The data
is available through Maine Inland Fish and Game
Commission and Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission.
Lake is used for boating, simmer camp, domestic
water supply, fishing, hunting and trapping, and
swimming.
Location: Somerset and Kennebec Counties
Size: 2,115 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.)
'Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal growth,
is primarily domestic.
Waste source
There have been no previous treatments.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish
and Game Commission, Maine Environmental Im-
provement Commission and University of Maine.
The lake is used for boating, domestic water
supply, fishing, hunting and trapping, swimming,
year-round residence.
120
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PATTEE POND
MAINE (cont.)
Location: Winslow Township, Kennebec County
Size: 712 acres
Depth: 27 feet (max .)
Problem and Source.
Re habilitation :
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal and weed qrowth. Waste
sources are primarily agricultural and domestic.
There have been no previous treatments.
Background data includes scientific survey based
on limited sampling and analysis. The data is
available through Maine Inland Fish and Game
Corrmission, Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission and University of Maine.
Lake is used for boating, fishing, hunting and
trapping, swimming, and year-round residence.
PUSHAW LAKE
Location: 4 Townships in Old Town area of Penobscot County
Size: 5,056 acres
Depth: 28 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal and weed growth, and
bacterial pollution. Source of waste is
primarily domestic.
An attempt has been made to dredge a new outlet
to improve flushing characteristics.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis and
judgement of competent witnesses. The data
is available through Maine Inland Fish and
Game Commission and University of Maine.
Lake is used for boating, fishing, hunting and
trapping, swimming and year-round residence.
121
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MAINE (oont.)
SABATTOS POMD
Location: Green, Webster and Wales Townships, Androscoggin County
Size: 1>787 acres
Depth: 19 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal and weed growth, and
bacterial pollution. Waste sources are pri-
marily agricultural and domestic.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Weed cutting and routing of wastes away from
lake have been attempted.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish
and Game Commission and Maine Environmental
Improvement Commission.
Lake is used for boating, domestic water supply,
fishing, hunting and trapping, swimming, and
year-round residence.
SCHOODSC LAKE
Location: Cherryfield and Columbia Townships, Washington County
Size: 389 acres
Depth: 37 feet (max .)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal and weed growth.
Waste sources are primarily agricultural
and domestic.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
There have been no previous treatments.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis.
The data is available through Maine Inland
Fish and Game Commission.
Lake is used for boating, sunmer camp, domestic
water supply, fishing, hunting and trapping,
and swimming.
122
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SEBASTiCOOK LAKE
MAINE (cont.)
Location: Newport Township, Penobscot County
Size: 4,288 acres
Depth: 50 feet (max .)
Problem and Source
Renabi litation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal and weed growth. Waste
sources are primarily domestic and industrial.
Applications of arsenite and copper sulfate
have been tried. Shutdown of waste discharges
have also been made.
Background data includes scientific investigation
adequate to describe named problems. The data
is available from the Federal Water Quality
Administration, Maine Inland Fish and Game
Commission, and the University of Maine.
Lake is used for boating, domestic water supply,
fishing, hunting and trapping, and swimming.
SPAULDING POND
Location: York County, Maine and Rochester County,
Size: 118 acres
De'c-th: 19 feet (max.)
H.
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal and weed growth. Waste
sources are primarily domestic and industrial.
Eehabi litation :
Background Data:
Comments:
There has been no previous treatment.
Background data include scientific survey
based on limited sampling,and analysis. The
data is available from Maine Inland Fish and
Game Commission.
Lake is used for boating, fishing, hunting and
trapping, swimming, and year-round residence.
123
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MAINE (cont.)
TAYLOR POND
Location: Auburn Township, Androscoggin County
Size: 625 acres
Depth: 44 feet (max.)
"Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive weed growth. Waste sources
are primarily agricultural and domestic.
There has been no previous treatment.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish and
Game and Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission.
Lake is used for boating , fishing, hunting and
trapping, swimming, and year-round residence.
THREE MILE POND
Location: China, Vasselboro and Windsor Townships, Kennebec County
Size: 1,077 acres
Depth: 37 feet (max .)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal growth.
is primarily domestic.
Waste source
Application of copper sulfate has been tried.
Background data includes scientific survey based
on limited sampling and analysis. The data is
available through Maine Inland Fish and Game
Commission and Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission.
Lake is used for boating, domestic water supply,
fishing, hunting and trapping, swimming, and
year-round residence.
124
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MAINE (cont.)
TOGUS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Augusta Township, Kennebec County
648 acres
49 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal and weed growth; waste
source is primarily domestic.
Application of copper sulfate has been tried.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish and
Game and Maine Environmental Improvement
Conmission.
Lake is used for boating, simmer camp, domestic
water supply, fishing, swimming, hunting and
trapping, and year-round residence.
TOOTHACKER POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Phillips Township, Franklin County
30 acres
20 feet (max .)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake has excessive algal growth. Waste sources
are primarily domestic and industrial.
Application of copper sulfate and routing of
wastes away from the lake have been tried.
Background data includes scientific survey
based on limited sampling and analysis. The
data is available through Maine Inland Fish
and Game Commission.
Lake is used for boating, simmer cai
water supply, fishing, and swimning
simmer camp, domestic
125
-------
MAINE (cont.)
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Vasselboro Township, Kennebec County
1,252 acres
41 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Lake has excessive algal and weed growth. Waste
sources are primarily agricultural and domestic.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Application of copper sulfate has been tried.
Background data is in the form of judgement of
a competent witness, and is available through
Maine Inland Fish and Game Corrmission.
Lake is used for boating, domestic water supply,
fishing, hunting and trapping, swimming, and
year-round residence.
126
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MARYLAND
LAKE ROLAND
Location: Baltimore area
Size: 80 acres
Depth: 12-15 feet (average)
2 feet (silted upper portion)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
Comments:
Silt has accumulated in the upper portion of
the lake. Also, a carp population constitutes
most of the fish biomass. Intense algal blooms
occur periodically accompanied by foul odors.
Sources of nutrients include 1) seepage from
septic tanks, 2) wastes from tennis club on bank
(known from dye tests to be entering the lake),
3) trunk sewer from city of Baltimore passes un-
der the lake and may leak sewage. Although
raw sewage is responsible for the existing prob-
lem, bacteriological counts have remained low
enough that the lake has never been closed.
A major reclamation and restoration program is
being planned by local organizations (Kiwanis
and Sierra Clubs). Drag-lines will be used in
the silted areas, and eventually restoration
of more diversified fish population is planned.
Lake is located in a heavily populated resi-
dential area of Baltimore.
127
-------
ASHFSELD LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Ashfield
30 acres
10.6 feet
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
(mean)
A bio-engineering survey conducted on October
10, 1968 showed the lake to be heavily infested
with the following aquatic nuisance vegetation:
Potomaqeton(p°ndweed), Elodea (waterweed) and
algae. These nuisances can be controlled by
the proper use of certain herbicides.
No municipal or industrial wastes enter the
pond. Nature of the agricultural runoff is
not known but is not suspected to be a source.
Septic tanks and cesspools are more likely a
nutrient source.
Will be treated in 1970 provided that local
contributions are made available to the
Department. Approximate treatment costs for
control of aquatic nuisances have been
estimated at $5,000 for a one-year program
and $8,000 for a three-year program.
It is easily accessible with numerous cottages
and a public beach; fishing, boating, and
all other water contact sports are the prin-
cipal use (not used as a water supply).
LAKE ASHSiERE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Hinsdale and Peru
184 acres
8 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: All types of nuisance aquatic vegetation are
present.
Rehabilitation:
Control cost estimates have been set at $25,000
for a one-year program and $43,000 for a three-
year program.
128
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
Comments:
It drains into the Housatonic. It is easily
accessible by public roads. Lake Ashmere was
recently acquired by the Department of Natural
Resources, and is used primarily for recreational
purposes.
BARTLETT POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Northboro
45 acres
10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
Erosion has created deep silt beds and high
dissolved nutrient levels. Terrestrial vege-
tation is encroaching along the shoreline.
Dense aquatic weed growth exists over much of
the remaining pond and thick growths of sub-
mergent weeds are present even in open water.
The drainage into the pond comes from the
Westboro state farm and piggery by way of
another pond which abuts the pond. The up-
stream pond is in a similar condition to Bartlett.
A pond association had tried chemical weed
control unsuccessfully and has also used a drag
line to clear away muck from a small area of the
beach exposing a gravel bottom
this pond became too expensive
and they gave the property to
area of
Treatment of
for the assoication
the town of
Northboro for a recreational area.
been done since this. The Division
and Game reclaimed the pond in 1960
duced predatory fish but they could
the infestation of undesirable fish
the extensive
weeds.
Nothing has
of Fisheries
and intro-
not control
caused by
protective cover provided by the
The pond should be drained and dredging or bull-
dozing carried out. Weed control of emergent
vegetation along the shoreline needs to be con-
ducted.
129
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (aont.)
BILLIHGTQN SEA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Plymouth
270 acres
7 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
A bio-engineering survey was made on August
22, 1969. Results of this survey showed the
predominant nuisance aquatic vegetation to be
Elodea (waterweed), Isoetes (quilwort),
and algae.
Municipal and industrial wastes do not enter
the lake. Agricultural runoff from several
cranberry bogs may be a significant source of
nutrient pollution. Seepage from septic tanks
and/or cesspools, numerous around the lake
may contribute nutrients also. No evidence
of direct discharges from these facilities was
noted during course of numerous biological sur-
veys.
These nuisances can be controlled by proper use
of herbicides. Approximate treatment costs have
been estimated at $13,000 for a one-year program
and $22,000 for a three-year program. This water
body is included in Chapter 771 of the Acts of
1968 as amended. If a local contribution is
made, Bill ing ton Sea will receive some treatment
for aquatic weed control in 1970.
This water body has a public access and a Town
Park and is heavily used for fishing, boating,
bathing, and water skiing (not a water supply).
Also, it is used for cranberry bog irrigation
and flooding.
LAKE BUEL
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Monterey and New Marl borough
196 acres
18 feet (mean)
130
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (oont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
All species of aquatic nuisance vegetation
are present in abundance. No municipal or
industrial wastes enter the lake and agricul-
tural runoff is doubtfully the problem source.
Septic tank or cesspool seepage is more likely.
The approximate treatment costs for control of
such nuisances is estimated at $18,000 for a
one-year period and $25,000 for a three-year
period.
This lake is part of the Housatonic drainage
system; shoreline is rocky and wooded; habita-
tion is well-developed with boat liveries,
numerous camps, cottages, and picnic areas.
LAKE COCHITUATE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Natick and Wayland
591 acres
22 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Bio-engineering surveys conducted during 1968
indicate that a partial treatment of Lake
Cochituate for control of algae and submersed
aquatic weeds is necessary to prevent this lake
from becoming eutrophied to the extent that
recreational activities will be greatly re-
duced and rendered dangerous. Such a program
has been estimated to cost approximately
$18,000 for one year, and $30,000 for three
years.
This lake is controlled by the Department of
Natural Resources and under Chapter 771 of
1968 the sum of $25,000 was made available to the
Department of Natural Resources for a special
study of this lake. This study included
several algae treatments.
This lake is densely populated and readily
accessible by many public roads. Considerable
131
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
interest has been shown by citizens of the
surrounding communities to investigate causes
of pollution to Lake Cochituate and to seek
remedies for aquatic nuisance control.
FLAX POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lynn
40 acres
27 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Eehabi Imitation:
Comments:
A bio-engineering survey conducted on August 2,
1967, showed that this pond was infested with
various forms of nuisance aquatic vegetation
including Nymphaea(water lily), Elodea (water-
weed), Potomageton (pondweed), and algae in
high concentrations. The aquatic vegetation was
so abundant that it interfered with all water
contact sports and posed a danger to bathers.
No municipal or industrial wastes enter the
pond and agricultural runoff is not thought
to be the source of the problem. Seepage from
septic tanks and from cesspools is more
likely.
These nuisances can be controlled by the proper
use of certain aquatic herbicides. The
approximate treatment cost for control of
aquatic nuisances has been estimated at
$6,000 for a one-year program and $10,000
for a three-year program.
It is densely populated and readily accessible
from public highways.
FLINT POND
Location: Worcester, Grafton, Shrewsbury
Size: 90 acres
Depth: 9 feet (mean)
132
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (oont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Results of bio-engineering surveys show that
this pond contains heavy growths of several species
of aquatic vegetation which have severely inter-
fered with all recreational activities. The
major weed infestation is Myriophyllum (Milfoil).
The Department of Public Health is presently
establishing an aquatic weed control project
at Flint Pond with the cooperation of the City
of Worcester, and the Towns of Shrewsbury and
Grafton under funds appropriated by Chapter 771
of the Acts of 1968. Treatment costs have been
set at approximately $10,000 with at least
25% contributed by the local communities. An
additional amount of $10,000 will be necessary
for maintenance work over the next three years.
FOREST LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Methuen
55 acres
10 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
On July 14, 1969, a Biologist of the De-
partment made a bio-survey of Forest Lake.
The results of this survey showed that
at that time no aquatic nuisance control
was necessary.
No municipal or industrial wastes enter
the lake. Agricultural runoff is not a
significant problem now, but may have been
a contributor in the past. Septic tanks or
cesspool seepage may contribute to the
problem.
Proposed legislation is for future treatment
and maintenance and the cost has been
estimated at $5,000 for the next three
years. This lake has been treated for
aquatic nuisance control in past years
with much success. Forest Lake is also
included in those mentioned in Chapter
771 of the Acts of 1968 and may receive
some treatment if future surveys show nui-
sance problems.
133
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
Comments:
It is part of the drainage system of the
Merrimack River, and is easily accessible
by public roads. There is a boat livery
present with numerous cottages, and a well-
developed Town Beach as well as many private
beaches. Primary uses are recreational
(not a public water supply).
HAGER
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Marlboro
30 acres
Less than
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
10 feet
This pond receives drainage directly from
the city of Marlboro's sewage disposal plant.
It has been the source of an increasing number
of complaints about dirty water and algae
nuisance. Several fish kills have occurred
due to oxygen deficiencies especially during
dry summers. The pollution in this pond has
spread downstream to additional ponds. In
the past, this pond has provided refuge for
waterfowl and had some fishing. Because of
the pollution problem, it is becoming a less
desirable spot.
Nutrient control by correction of Marlboro
sewage disposal plant is necessary.
JORDAN POND
Location:
Size;
Depth:
Shrewsbury
20 acres
5 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Some of the aquatic nuisances present include
Elodea (waterweed), Nymphaea (water lily) and
algae.
Jordan Pond was treated for aquatic nuisance
on June 11, 1969 at a cost of $1,350 under
funds appropriated by Chapter 771 of the
134
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
Acts of 1968. A local contribution of $375 was
received for this project. The treatment was
a complete success but it is anticipated that
additional funds will be needed in the future
for maintenance work. This maintenance cost
has been estimated at approximately $700.
MYSTIC LAKE (UPPER)
Location: Winchester, Arlington, and Medford
Size: 200 acres
Depth: 82 feet (max.) 30 feet (average)
MYSTIC LAKE (LOWER)
Location: Arlington and Medford
Size: 111 acres
Depth: 79 feet (max.) 30 feet (average)
These two lakes will be considered together
since they are closely related.
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Upper Mystic Lake has a trace of oxygen all
the way to the bottom in August but when surveyed
in 1970 after a high mortality of stocked trout
the lake was found to be of high greenish color
due to algae bloom and to have a severe pollution
problem from salt, carbohydrates, zinc and
sewerage. Lower Mystic Lake has an oxygen
deficiency below 8 feet during the summer and
a hard hydrogen sulfite problem. Fish populations
are few in number, and the lake has noticeably
deteriorated in the last few years.
Both of these ponds need pollution control
methods and also removal of bottom mud to
alleviate oxygen deficiencies.
NUTTING LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Bill erica
67 acres
5 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
The lake is plagued with nuisance aquatic
vegetation. Agricultural runoff has been a
problem in the past, but at present the
main source of nutrients is probably overflow
ns
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (oont.)
Rehdbi, Imitation:
Comments:
and seepage from septic tanks and cesspools.
The town of Bill erica is proposing to elimi-
nate all sources of nutrient pollution to
this lake by constructing a sewer system.
Such action should help considerably in
reducing the growth of aquatic nuisance vege-
tation.
Approximate treatment costs for control of
aquatic nuisances including algae has been
estimated at $10,000 for a one-year program
and $20,000 for a three-year program.
This pond is part of the drainage system of
the Concord River. Habitation is dense with
a boat livery and a town beach. Both these
facilities are easily accessible by public
roads.
POMTOOSUC LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lanesborough and Pittsfield
505 acres
15 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
In recent years nuisance aquatic vegetation
has grown in abundance and is interfering with
recreational activities. Dense growths of
aquatic vegetation are a hazard to bathers
and extremely dangerous to the young bather
and water skier.
On October 8a 1969, a biologist of the Department
made a bio-engineering survey of this water
body; results of the survey showed the predominant
aquatic nuisance to be Myriophyllum (Milfoil)
which can be readily controlled with proper use
of herbicides.
Municipal wastes (untreated) enter the lake
periodically from malfunctioning sewer lines.
Industrial wastes may enter along with the
domestic wastes although frequency and number
of such sources are not known. Agricultural
136
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont. )
runoff may be a slight problem in influent brook
areas. Septic tank seepage probably enters the
lake though no direct sources are known.
It was estimated that approximately 70% of
Pontoosuc Lake will have to be treated at an ap-
proximate cost of $22,000. Follow-up treatments
will cost approximately $10,000 providing that
the ecology of the lake does not substantially
change and new species are not introduced.
Comments: The lake is used primarily for boating, swimming,
fishing and water skiing.
LAKE QU1WS1GAMOND
1,051 acres
42 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: Municipal and industrial wastes (untreated)
enter the lake through storm drains carrying out-
flowing sewage during heavy rains or blockages.
Agricultural runoff and septic tank seepage con-
tributions are thought to be minimal.
Comments: Primary use of lake is recreation, swimming,
boating, fishing, (not a drinking water supply,
but there are wells nearby).
RESERVOIR PO!
Location: Canton
Size: 225 acres
Depth: 4 feet (average)
Problem and Source: Bio-engineering surveys conducted during 1969
show that Reservoir Pond contains the following
nuisance aquatic plants: Nymphaea (waterlily),
Brasenia (watershield), Cabomba (fanwort) and
algae. It is the opinion of the Biologist of
the Division of Environmental Health that the
control of nuisance aquatic vegetation at
Canton Reservoir would benefit recreational
137
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
programs of the Massachusetts Hospital School
which is located on the shores of Reservoir
Pond.
In checking with the Public Access Board, it
was found than Canton Reservoir does not
have a "Public Access." Section 2 of Chapter
772 of the Acts of 1969 clearly states that
"no funds for the commonwealth shall be expended
for a control program in waters to which there
is not public access."
Reservoir is privately owned and controlled by
the Plymouth Rubber Company.
LAKE SABBATiA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Taunton
250 acres
9 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
All types of nuisance aquatic vegetation are
common.
Municipal and industrial wastes do not enter
the pond. Agricultural runoff is probably
responsible for nutrients which create the
heavy algal blooms. There are relatively
few homes served by septic tanks along the
shore.
Approximate cost for control has been
estimated at $18,000 for a one-year program and
$30,000 for a three-year program. These costs
include control of algae.
The shoreline is partially wooded but the lake
is easily accessible by public roads. The
Department of Natural Resources is building
a bath house at Lake Sabbatia which will
greatly increase bathing activities.
138
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
LAKE SHERMAN
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Britnf ield
86 acres
4.5 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
A bio-engineering survey conducted on September
6 , 1968, showed Utricularia (bladderwort) and
Myriophyllum (Milfoil) throughout the pond and
heavy growths of Sagitaria (arrowhead) and
Pontedieria (pickerelweed) on the western shore.
Some Potamogeon (pondweed) was found on the
eastern shore.
On June 23, 1969, and July 30, 1969,these aquatic
nuisances were chemically treated at a cost of
$3,500 under funds appropriated by Chapter 771
of 1968.
At the present time, this lake has no "Public
Access." It sould be desirable for the Town
of Brimfield to obtain a "Public Access" so
that Lake Sherman may be considered for future
aquatic nuisance control programs.
SOUTH WATUPPA POND
Location: Fall River and Westport
Size: 1,283 acres
Depth: 10 feet (mean)
Problem and. Source:
Rehabilitation:
The major aquatic nuisance is algae which can
be controlled with copper sulphate in the
proper concentration. Municipal wastes enter
the pond through the overflow of storm drains.
In the years from 1960 through 1969 the lake was
successfully treated for algae. During the
summer of 1969 South Watuppa Pond was successfully
treated for algae control at a cost of $14,280
under the appropriation accompanying Chapter 771
of the Acts of 1968. The City of Fall River
and the Town of Westport contributed twenty-
five percent of the total cost.
139
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (cont.)
Comments:
Approximate treatment costs have been estimated
at $10,000 a year. It is recognized that more
permanent steps are needed, i. e., elimination
of nutrient inputs, rather than the temporary
relief being afforded by annual treatment.
This pond is a very large pond and readily
accessible to the public.
There has been considerable local interest shown
in this pond and an association known as the
Algae Control Committee has done much to promote
legislation for its treatment.
STILES POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Boxford
60 acres
14 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
The lake is plagued with nuisance algae and
aquatic weed growths.
Approximate treatment cost for aquatic nuisance
control has been estimated at $10,000 for a
one-year program and $20,000 for a three-year
program.
This pond is part of the drainage system of
the Parker River. The shoreline is heavily
wooded but readily accessible by public road.
STUDLEY POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Rockland
26 acres
3 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
On August 28, 1969, a Department Biologist made
a bio-engineering survey and observed that
Nymphaea (water!ily) and algae were the major
aquatic nuisances.
140
-------
MASSACHUSETTS (oont.)
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
These nuisances can be controlled at a cost
of approximately $2,100 for a one-year program
and $3,100 for a three-year program.
This is a warm water pond draining into the
North River; the shoreline is partially wooded
and the pond is readily accessible.
WATSON POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Taunton
94 acres
very shallow
Problem and Source: Supports all types of aquatic nuisance vegetation.
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
The Department of Natural Resources has funds for
limited aquatic weed control work in Watson Pond.
Approximate cost of treatment for aquatic nuisance
control has been estimated at $10,000 for a one-
year program and $20,000 for a three-year program.
This pond is under control of the Department of
Natural Resources which has initiated an
enormous expansion program at Watson Pond which
includes a bathhouse for the bathing area and
a skating rink.
141
-------
BARTON LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
MICHIGAN
Vicksburg, Kalamazoo County
T4S, R11W, Sec. 23, 26, 27
347 acres
52 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
The lake receives the discharge from a paper
mill and the Vicksburg Waste Water Treatment
Plant.
Paper mill wastes will be diverted by June 1972
and the methods of removal of municipal wastes
from the basin are being considered.
The lake receives the discharge from a paper
mill and the Vicksburg Wastewater Treatment
Plant, located 1 1/2 miles upstream. Estimated
contributions to the lake in the fall of
1964 were:
Vicksburg WWTP
Simpson Lee Paper Co.
The Vicksburg trickling filter plant serves
2,224 people.
Part of a natural chain of lakes, flow-through
time is probably greater than a year.
PO,
3772
0.0
Pound
N0c»
02
8.14
s/day
NHo-N
14.1
0.0
Org. N
2.65
98.3
BEAR LAKE
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Muskegon County
T10N, R16W
415 acres
10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Lake experiences severe algal blooms probably
due to land runoff and natural eutrophication.
Copper sulfate has been used to control algae.
142
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MICHIGAN (cont.)
BETSIE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Benzie County
T26N, R16W
250 acres
22 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Municipal (plant serving population of 1,690)
and industrial wastewater effluents discharge
to this lake. Biological survey revealed
suppression of benthic fauna in 1966.
The municipal wastewater treatment plant is to
be improved and include 80% phosphorus removal
by 1972.
There was a biological survey in 1966.
BRIGHTON LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Brighton, Livingston County
T2N, R5E, Sec. 36; T2N, R6E, Sec. 31
600 acres
unknown
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
The lake has a long history of algal problems.
It receives effluent from the Brighton Waste
Water Treatment Plant (trickling filter type
serving 2,282 people)-
Phosphorus removal (80%) at the treatment plant
began in the summer of 1970.
Lake is part of a chain of lakes with a flow-
through time of greater than one year. Algal
problems are so severe that a boy scout camp
on the lake has been closed.
CHEMUNG LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Livingston County
T2N, R5E
310 acres
70 feet
143
-------
MICHIGAN (oont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Rooted aquatic plants grow profusely in the lake's
shallow areas. The shoreline is heavily urbanized
and in many places homes are crowded on small
lots that are just above the lake level. Soluble
nutrients from septic tank systems which serve
these homes probably infiltrate the ground water
and eventually reach the lake.
Collection and diversion of sewage from the basin
has been suggested.
Some water chemistry analyses were done in 1967.
This lake has a very small watershed (4.34 square
miles), is relatively deep, and has a regular
shoreline with very few coves and bays. These
features indicate low productivity.
DEER LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Ishpeming, Marquett County
T48N, R27W, Sec. 26-29; 32-34
897 acres
unknown
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
The lake has a problem with serious blue-green
algae and a deteriorating fish population. The
nutrient source is the Ishpeming Waste Water
Treatment Plant (primary type serving 8,800
people).
Phosphorus removal (80%) from municipal effluents
is planned.
Lake has a controlled outlet. Flow-through time
is estimated at about one year.
FIRST LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Branch County near Quincy
T6S, R5W
40 acres
Problem and Source:
Primary effluent from a municipal wastewater
treatment plant is discharged to the lake. Algal
144
-------
MICHIGAN (oont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
blooms have reached severe proportions.
Wastewater will be disposed on land by 1972
A water quality survey in 1964 showed high
phosphorus, nitrogen and biochemical oxygen
demands in the lake water.
The shoreline of this lake has not been
developed for residential use and the
drainage area is small.
FORD LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Washtenaw County, southeast of Ann Arbor
1,049 acres
38 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake is undergoing rapid eutrophication with
severe algal blooms. It receives seepage from
septic tanks and municipal treatment plant
effluent.
Phosphorus removal (80%) is planned for upstream
communities by December 1972. Rehabilitation
might also involve a dredging operation in
addition to elimination of nutrient sources.
Chemical and biological background data on
this lake have been accumulating for approximately
the past five years from a group of scientists
from the Biology Department at Eastern Michigan
University, led by Dr. John Bates.
FREMONT LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Newaygo County
T12N, R14W, Sec. 2-4, 9-11
790 acres
88 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
The lake has a long history
and a shallow thermocline.
145
of algal blooms
It receives
-------
MICHIGAN (cont.)
Rehabi litation:
Comments:
effluent from the Fremont trickling filter
treatment plant, serving a population of 3,400,
Community is investigating various methods
for removing the effluent presently entering
the lake by 1972.
This is a spring-fed lake with a flow-through
time exceeding one year. Lake discharges to
a small creek which flows into the Muskegon
River.
(See Pigeon River Lakes)
Location: Barry County
T5N, R7W
Size: 400 acres
Depth: 53 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater
treatment plant (serving a population of 1800)
is discharged to the lake. Algal blooms are
numerous and intense.
Municipal wastewater will be diverted from the
lake in fall of 1971. (Spray irrigation is
planned).
Dissolved oxygen depth profiles and limited
chemical analysis were done in 1970.
Lake is used for swimming, fishing, and year-
round residences.
146
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KENT LAKE
MICHIGAN (oont.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Oakland County
T2N, R7E
1,200 acres
38 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Algae blooms are intense and frequent. Secondary
municipal wastewater effluent from a city of
4,323 people is discharged to the lake.
Rehabilitation:
Phosphorus removal (80%) equipment is being
installed at the wastewater treatment plant.
Completion is expected by summer of 1971.
LAKE LANSING
Location: Ingham County, Michigan (5 miles from Michigan State
University)
Size: 452 acres
Depth: 35 feet (max.)
37% surface area less than 5 feet; 79% less than 10 feet
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake Lansing is undergoing rapid eutrophication.
Its problems include excessive aquatic weed
growths, bacterial contamination, unbalanced
fish population and 12 feet of bottom sediments.
Sewage seepage is the primary cause of the
problem.
A local group, led by the Ingham County Drain
Commissioner, has a current proposal with
F.W.Q.A. to rehabilitate the l?ke by dredging.
A sewer system was installed in 1964 which
should curtail further nutrient inputs.
Background data on the history of this lake and
surrounding areas as well as technical information
is available. Technical data include extensive
water chemistry records including phosphorus;,
nitrogen, and other classical measurement such
as hardness, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, and
so forth. Extensive investigations have also
been conducted on the sediment composition
in various areas in the lake. Historical infor-
mation on aquatic weeds and fish populations is
available. Although not extensive, there is
also some information available
147
-------
MICHIGAN (contj
Comments:
on the nutrient input to the lake as well as
some bacteriological information. Surveys
were conducted in late 1950's and again in
1969-70.
Lake has 20,000 feet of shoreline; (86% private,
14% public).
LOBDELL LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Genesee County
T5N, R6E
545 acres
78 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake has a very large crop of rooted
aquatic plants. The large drainage area
contributes nutrients from surface water
runoff.
Limited water chemistry was done in 1967.
This lake has a very large shoreline area be-
cause of many finger-like coves.
MACATAWA LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Ottawa County
T5N, R16W
2,218 acres
40 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake experiences severe and frequent algal
blooms. Industrial and municipal wastewater
effluents enter the lake. A large watershed
drains to this drowned river mouth lake.
Secondary treatment and 80% phosphorus removal
will be accomplished by 1972.
Biological and chemical studies were done in 1964
148
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MANISTEE LAKE
MICHIGAN (oont.)
Lo oat-ion:
Size:
Depth:
Manistee County
T21N, R16W
930 acres
49 feet (max.)
Problem and Souroe: Deterioration of lake quality has occurred
due to chloride and suspended solids wastewater
discharges from industries.
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
Diversion of industrial wastewater discharges
from basin are planned by 1972.
The lake maintains an excellent salmonoid fishery,
in addition to a warmwater fishery.
MONA LAKE
Location: Muskegon Heights, Muskegon County
T9N, R16W, Sec. 7-9; T9N, R17W, Sec. 12-14
Size: 695 acres
Depth: 42 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
The lake has a long history of algal blooms.
Muskegon Heights Waste Water Treatment Plant
discharges effluent to Black Creek, a short
distance above Mona Lake. (Plant is activated
sludge type and serves 19,000 people).
Local residents apply copper sulfate for algae
control. A spray irrigation project founded by
the FWQA will eliminate much of the pollutional
loading to Mona Lake. (Planned to be in operation
by December, 1972).
Black Creek flows into the lake and discharge
is directly to Lake Michigan. Flow-through
time is probably greater than a year.
149
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MUSKEGOftS LAKE
MICHIGAN (oont.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Muskegon County
T10N, R16W
4,150 acres
70 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake has problems which include excessive
weed growth and algal blooms, also oil deposits.
Municipal and industrial waste water effluents
have added to the deterioration of water quality,
Diversion of all municipal and industrial
wastewater is planned by December, 1972.
LAKE ODESSA (JORDAN LAKE)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Ionia County
430 acres
moderate depth
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake is seriously threatened by accelerated
eutrophication, the importance of which is
magnified by its high visibility.
A study on algae blooms was conducted on this
lake a few years ago. Results are written
up in a Ph.D. thesis.
ORE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Livingston County
TIN, R5E
220 acres
81 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Algae blooms are severe and frequent. The
lake receives the outflow from Brighton Lake
which receives effluent from municipal waste-
water treatment plant.
Phosphorus removal (80%) began in summer of
1970.
150
-------
MICHIGAN (oontj
Background Data:
A limited chemical and biological survey
was conducted in 1965.
PIGEON RIVER LAKES
HEMLOCK LAKE
SECTION-4 LAKE
Location: Northern part of lower peninsula, Michigan
Size:
Depth:
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
HEMLOCK LAKE
4 acres
70 feet
SECTSON-4 LAKE
2 1/2 acres
80 feet
Rapidly advancing eutrophication is the problem
in this lake.
At the present time the Institute for Water
Research at Michigan State University has a
project involving Hemlock and Section-4 Lakes
whereby they are attempting to bring about
reversal of eutrophication by artificially
aerating the lakes. One of the lakes was com-
pletely aerated throughout the summer and the
other lake received aeration of only the
hypolimnion. The data generated from this
study are being evaluated at the present time
and will be the subject of a Ph.D. thesis.
Extensive limnological background data are
available.
Lakes are rather remote and receive intermittant
summer usage; low visibility lake.
RANDALL LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Coldwater, Branch County
T6S, R7W
220 acres
35 feet (max.)
151
-------
MICHIGAN (cont.)
Problem and Source.
Eehabilitation:
Secondary municipal wastewater treatment plant
effluent is discharged to the lake. Algal blooms
and aquatic weeds reach nuisance proportions.
Phosphorus reduction (80%) will be in operation
at the wastewater treatment plant by December
1972.
SECTIOM-4 LAKE
(See Pigeon River Lakes)
SIXTH LAKES (NO. 6)
Location: Montcalm County
Size: 34 acres
Depth: 18 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Severe algal blooms occur regularly. Lake
receives sewage stabilization lagoon effluent
from city of 1,234 people.
WHITE LAKE
Location: Muskegon County
TUN, R18W
Size: 2,571 acres
Depth: 80 feet
Problem and Source: Excessive algal and weed growths occur regularly.
Municipal and industrial wastewater enter the
lake.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Effluent diversion is planned by 1973.
Biological and nutrient study was conducted
in 1967.
Flow through time is rapid (water changes approx-
imately nine times each year).
152
-------
MINNESOTA
AMBER LAKE
(See Fairmont Chain of Lakes)
BIG STONE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Big Stone County
12,400 acres
11 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake experiences excessive algal and weed
growth. Sources of nutrients include agricultural
runoff, drainage from feedlots and barnyards,
ground water, drainage from soil absorption
systems near the lake, and industrial and domestic
sewage outfalls entering the Whetstone and other
rivers.
Rough fish removal was practiced from 1955-65.
Fairly consistent sampling and analysis
have been done since 1958 by Minnesota Con-
servation Department and Minnesota Health De-
partment and the U. S. Geological Survey.
For additional background see: "Some consider-
ations related to the Fertility of Big Stone
Lake" by John B. Moyle, Minnesota Department of
Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Special
Publication No. 42 (1967).
Located in prairie agricultural
and South Dakota.
area of Minnesota
BRIGGS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Sherburne County
406 acres
14 feet (max.)
7 feet (median)
153
-------
MINNESOTA (oontj
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Excess algal growth is the primary problem.
Excessive shoreland development is probably
the source of the problem.
Copper sulfate has been used since 1956 to control
midsummer algal blooms and growths of submerged
pondweeds. The local lake improvement association
spends approximately $500 annually on these
treatments.
A fish and game lake survey was completed by
the Department of Conservation on July 19, 1955
and includes information about physical and
chemical characteristics of the lake.
Rough fish removal might decrease turbidity and
available nutrients for algal blooms, but
since this improvement in water quality would
benefit only the immediate residents of the
lake, state funds can not be spent for such
a program.
BUDD LAKE
(See Fairmont Chain of Lakes)
BUFFALO LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Wright County
1,510 acres
30 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake's excessive algal growth is probably due
to fertilization from sewage effluent.
Algal control by copper sulfate was initiated in
1940 and has continued since then.
A Minnesota Department of Health Survey was
conducted in 1934, Minnesota Department of
Conservation lake survey on July 29, 1953, a
fish kill investigation on September 7, 1966,
and water analysis investigations in October,
1962 and 1970.
154
-------
MINNESOTA (cant.)
COTTON LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Becker County
1,916 acres
19 feet (median)
Problem and Source: Nuisance aquatic weed growths are the major
concern.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has been improved temporarily by
mechanical and chemical control measures.
Rough fish (bullhead) removal was undertaken
in 1956.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation conducted
a lake survey in 1956.
DEMONTROVILLE LAKE
Location: Washington County
Size: 156 acres
Depth: 8 feet (median)
Problem and Source: Excessive algal growth and fluctuating water
levels are the primary concerns.
Rehjxbi litation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Installation of a well and pump were made in
1956 to maintain water levels. Copper sulfate
to control algal blooms has been applied since
1958.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation conducted
a lake survey in 1961.
Winterkills in 1947 and 1950 occurred.
DETROIT LAKE
(See Pelican River Chain of Lakes)
155
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
FAIRMONT CHAIN OF LAKES
AMBER LAKE HALL LAKE
BUDD LAKE SISSETON LAKE
GEORGE LAKE
AMBER LAKE
Location: Martin County
Size: 179 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.) 11 feet (mean)
Background Data: The Department of Conservation conducted a lake
survey in 1954.
BUDD LAKE
Location: Martin County
Size: 179 acres
Depth: 11 feet (max.)
Background Data: The Department of Conservation conducted a
lake survey in July, 1954. "Environmental
Engineering," a report by the City of Fairmont,
1970, also contains data on the lake.
GEORGE LAKE
Location: Martin County
Size: 82 acres
Depth: 5.4 feet (mean)
Background Data: The Department of Conservation conducted a
lake survey in July, 1954. There were reports
of botulism poisoning in ducks on George Lake
in August, 1970.
HALL LAKE
Location: Martin County
Size: 552 acres
Depth: 10 feet (max.)
156
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
Background Data:
The Department of Conservation conducted Growth
study tests (Base) in 1937, Test seining in
1940 and lake surveys in August, 1947, and Sep-
tember, 1953. There were investigations of use
and effects of copper sulfate in algal control
by the Minnesota Department of Health in 1946.
SISSETON LAKE
Location: Martin County
Size: 139 acres
Depth:
Background Data:
Comments:
The Department of Conservation conducted test
seining in 1940, and a lake survey in July,
1954.
Winterkill occurred in 1946.
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
All five of the Fairmont Chain of Lakes
suffer from excessive algal growth resulting
from a fertile watershed, and turbidity caused
by wind action and movements of rough fish.
Up until 1952, there were five or six places
where raw sewage was entering the lakes from
the city of Fairmont storm sewers. Another
source of nutrients was septic tanks from
lakeshore homes.
The faulty sewer problems were corrected during
the mid-1950's and by 1968 the lakeshore homes,
previously served by septic systems, were
annexed to the city and sewer and water service
extended to them. This has made a clearly visible
difference in the clarity and quality of the
lake waters.
The siltation of the Fairmont Lakes has occurred
over the last 10,000 years, with deposits of
silt, sand, dead algae and plankton. Muddy
water occurrs because of wind action, and the
feeding habits of bullhead, carp, and quillback,
which are bottom feeders, rooting in the silt
for worms and micro-organisms. It was determined
that the only remedy was to remove these rough
fish, and dredge the silt from the lakes.
157
-------
MINNESOTA (cant.)
The Minnesota Conservation Deaprtment offered
cooperation in the killing and disposal of
fish. This project was accomplished in 1967,
and it is estimated that a 95 to 100 per cent
fish kill was made in all lakes, with the
exception of bullhead species, which had an
estimated kill of 30 to 90 per cent. The lakes
were restocked with minnows, and game fish as
well as fry and finger!ings and the lakes
are well on the way to rehabilitation.
The City of Fairmont purchased a dredge and
all necessary equipment in 1966 to dredge the
five Fiarmont Lakes, a project estimated to
take 20 years. George Lake was almost completely
dredged in 1966, completed in 1967, with dredging
on Sisseton Lake to be completed in 1970.
Dredging of these lakes has made a remarkable
improvement in the quality of the water, and it
is estimated the completion of dredging these
two lakes has given the City of Fairmont
additional reservoir capacity equivalent to a
half mile square lake, eight feet deep. The
present maximum dredging depth is 25 feet. Before
dredging started, it was noted that most of the
shores of the lakes were mud covered, even those
with sandy beaches were not too satisfactory.
After dredging almost two lakes, the mud has been
moved by wind and water currents to the dredged
areas uncovering sandy beaches all around the
lakes.
Because of long term copper sulfate treatments
and increasing dosages of the chemical needed to
control the blooms, it is believed that a strain
of copper sulfate tolerant algae is developing
in the Fairmont Chain.
Comments: The city of Fairmont obtains its municipal
water supply from Budd Lake. Massive treat-
ments of copper sulfate are made in the summer
months to prevent algal blooms and associated
taste and odor problems in the water supply.
158
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
FRANCIS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Isanti County
318 acres
7 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake's problems include algal blooms and
excess shoreland development.
Copper sulfate treatments have been made to
control midsummer algal blooms. Mechanical
removal of submerged aquatics near beach areas
has been partially effective.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation con-
ducted a lake survey in October, 1960.
It is difficult to justify state expenditures
on lake rehabilitation because little public
benefit would result from such improvement.
Winterkills occurred in 1940 and 1948.
GEORGE LAKE
(See Fairmont Chain of Lakes)
HALL LAKE
(See Fairmont Chain of Lakes)
JEFFERSON LAKE
Location: LeSueur County
Size: 2,290 acres
Depth: 17 feet (median)
Problem and Source:
The lake experiences excessive algal growth due
to fertile watershed and the action of rough
fish.
159
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
Rehabi 1-itation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Copper sulfate treatments have been made to
control midsummer algal blooms. Rough fish
removal was tried from 1956-1969 to decrease
nutrient recycling from bottom sediments.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation con-
ducted lake surveys in 1951 and 1956, and in
1952 Creel Census and trapnetting reports. A
Minnesota State Pollution Control Agency
Report was issued in 1969. The Department
of Conservation Reported on a fish kill in
1968 and on an odor problem in a bay of the lake
in August, 1970.
Bullhead removal on a large scale would reduce
nutrient recycling and decrease the algae prob-
lem. Local fishing interests, however, favor
large bullhead populations at the expense of
better water quality.
JULIA LAKE
Location:
S-ize:
Depth:
Sherburne County
137 acres
15 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabi, li.tati.on:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake suffers from excess algal blooms
due to fertile watershed and excessive
shoreland development.
Copper sulfate has been used since 1940 to
control midsummer algal blooms.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation
conducted a lake survey in 1958.
Improperly functioning septic tanks may be
contributing to the lake problem, as well
as turbidity caused by rough fish populations,
The lake is located in the sandplain province,
160
-------
MINNESOTA (oont.)
LONG LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Isanti County
376 acres
5 feet (median)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake experiences excess algal blooms due
in part to excess shoreland development.
Copper sulfate has been applied to control
midsummer algal blooms.
The Department of Conservation conducted a
lake survey in 1963.
It is difficult to justify expenditure of
state funds for rehabilitation since benefits
would go only to lake residents. Winterkill
occurred in 1945, 1947-50, 1954 and 1961.
LONG LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
St. Louis County
157 acres
33 feet (max.)
14 feet (median)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Nutrient enrichment in the lake has resulted
from septic tank effluent and mining activity
in the watershed.
Copper sulfate to control algal blooms was
used for the first time last year.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation
conducted a lake survey in June, 1955.
The small lake watershed and excessive shore-
land development (40 dwellings per mile of
shore) make algal blooms and other water
problems common on the lake.
161
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
MADISON LAKE
Location: Blue Earth County
Size: 1,345 acres
Depth: 8 feet (median NE 1/2)
18 feet (median SW 1/2)
Problem and Source: The lake experiences excessive algal growth and
fluctuating water levels.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Copper sulfate treatments have been tried for
control of algal blooms.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation con-
ducted lake surveys in 1947 and 1955. A
Creel census report was done during the winter
(1945-46). A fish kill investigation was
conducted in July, 1955.
LAKE
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Hennepin County
14,310 acres
25 feet (median)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake suffers from excessive algal and weed
growth due to complete urbanization of the
watershed.
Some rehabilitation programs, including copper
sulfate treatments, limited tertiary treatment
of municipal wastes, water level control, and
land use zoning have been attempted by small
municipalities around the lake. Much of the
work is through the Lake Minnetonka Conservation
District.
The lake has been studied extensively by Robert
Megard of the Limnological Research Center,
University of Minnesota.
162
-------
MINNESOTA (aont.)
LICAN RIVER CHAIN OF LAKES
DETROIT LAKE
LAKE MELISSA
LAKE SALLIE
DETROIT LAKE
Location: Becker County
Size: 3,089 acres
Depth: 80 feet (max.)
Background Data: Data is contained in a Minnesota Department
of Conservation lake survey conducted in
July, 1952, "notes for meeting on eutrophication
of lakes of the Pelican River Chain in Becker
County, Minnesota" by John Moyle, Minnesota
Department of Conservation, 1967.
LAKE MELISSA
Location: Becker County
Size: 1,827 acres
Depth: 37 feet (max.)
Background Data: Data are contained in Minnesota Department of
Conservation lake surveys from 1949 and 1968,
also Report on the Experimental Removal of
Phosphorous from Sewage Effluents with Lime,
Detroit Lakes, Minnesota by Minnesota Department
of Health, April, 1950.
LAKE SALLIE
Location: Becker County
Size: 1,287 acres
Depth: 55 feet (max.) 19 feet (median)
Background Data: Data are reported in the Report on Preliminary
Investigation of the Algal Growths in Lakes
in the Vicinity of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota,
a report from the Department of Conservation
and Minnesota Department of Health, from May,
1948. Three years of creel census was conducted
163
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
on Lake Sallie, Becker County, by the
Minnesota Department of Conservation, 1955.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation con-
ducted a lake survey in 1949.
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The primary problem, which has caused concern
for more than twenty years in these three
lakes, is the excessive growths of nuisance
aquatic plants and algae.
There are several factors which contribute
to the overabundance of aquatic weeds and
algae--
1) Field studies on Lakes Sallie and Melissa
show that no thermocline or temperature
stratification exists in either lake.
This condition allows nutrients to cir-
culate in the lake throughout the summer
growing season.
2) There are large areas of the lakes shallower
than ten feet which are favorable for rooted
aquatic plants.
3) Another factor is the probable addition of
nutrients to the lakes from the watershed,
both past and present. A study made in the
1940's proved inconclusive in a court case
but it is now quite generally agreed that
sewage effluent, even from the most improved
plants, adds fertility to the receiving waters
A cooperative study financed by the City of
Detroit Lakes, the federal government, and
the Pelican River Watershed Association has
studied municipal sewage inflows, groundwater
quality, and feasibility of harvesting rough
fish and aquatic plants to reduce nutrients
in the lakes.
There has been algae and aquatic weed control
on these lakes for many years under permits
from the Conservation Department and paid for
locally. There has been aquatic weed control
164
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
or algal control on Sal lie in ten out of the
eleven years (1956-66) and if control of
growths in shallow water is considered,
about 16 percent of the area of the lake has
been treated in a usual year. Similar figures
for the other lakes are four percent for
Melissa and 1 percent for Detroit. Both
mechanical and chemical measures have been
emphasized. Since the shorelines are nearly
completely occupied by homes, cottages and
resorts, there has also been some shoreline
improvement and there is considerable demand
for weed-free areas for water recreation.
Even with an active program to minimize all
causes of excess fertility, there is no
assurance of a rapid and permanent decrease
of algae and aquatic plant growth in lakes
such as these. Because of the shape of the
lake basins and their location in a region of
fertile soils, they are ideally suited to the
growth of blue-green algae and rooted aquatics.
The problem is one of lake and watershed manage-
ment so that reasonable results are obtained
consistent with limitations imposed by natural
conditions.
PIKE LAKE
Location: St. Louis County
Size: 508 acres
Depth: 62 feet (max,) 28 feet (median)
Problem and Source: The lake has generally poor water quality and
fluctuating water levels.
Rehabilitation: Copper sulfate treatments to control algal
blooms have been attempted. The Pike Lake
Sanitary District was formed in 1968.
Background Data: Tne Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Report
was issued in 1968.
165
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MINNESOTA (cont.)
PRIOR LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Scott County
620 acres
56 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Eehabi1itation:
Background Data:
Excessive algal growths are a problem due to
nutrient loading from inadequate soil absorption
systems and from nutrient recycling due to rough
fish action.
Copper sulfate treatment of midsummer algal blooms
has been attempted on an irregular basis since
1948.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation issued
a lake survey report in September, 1948. Addition-
al data is contained in a fish stocking report
of 1955, rough fish removal reports from 1957
and 1958, and a Department of Conservation
Water Quality Report done in September, 1962.
RICE LAKE
Location: Anoka County
Size: 433 acres
Depth: 5 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
There is a problem with excessive algal and
aquatic weed growth plus fluctuating water levels.
Aquatic weed and algal control have been
undertaken annually by the Minneapolis Water
Department.
A Minnesota Department of Conservation limno-
logical survey was done in 1937, duck survey
in 1955, and lake survey in 1962. Also,
a Department investigation of the effect
of raising the lake level seven feet in the
Rice Creek chain of lakes was conducted in
October, 1955.
Rice Lake is part of the Minneapolis city
water supply reservoir system.
166
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RUSH LAKE
MINNESOTA (cont. )
Location: Sherburne County
Size: 161 acres
Depth: 1 feet (median)
Problem arid Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Excess algae in the lake is probably due to
excess shoreland development.
Copper sulfate treatments have been made to
control algal blooms.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation conducted
a lake survey in July, 1955.
SAKATAH LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
LeSueur County
881 acres
12 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Nutrient sources include sewage treatment plant
effluent and agricultural runoff entering the
lake via the Cannon River.
Copper sulfate treatments have been undertaken
for algal blooms. Rough fish removal has been
carried out on an annual basis to prevent control
of nutrient recycling.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency issued
a report in 1970. A Minnesota Department of
Conservation Lake Survey was published in
1955.
LAKE SALLSE
(See Pelican River Chain of Lakes)
167
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MINNESOTA (cont.)
SHAGAWA LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
St. Louis County
2,639 acres
48 feet (max.)
22 feet (median)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Shagawa Lake has experienced excessive algal
growth in one end due to the addition of
effluent from the treatment plant serving
Ely, Minnesota.
Copper sulfate treatments for algae have been
made in the past. Future plans include
construction of an advanced (tertiary) waste
treatment facility at Ely which would return
a high quality effluent to the lake.
The U. S. Forest Service (Duluth office) is
currently studying ways to improve water
quality in the lake. The U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency has also been conducting
studies on the lake for several years and is
responsible for the tertiary treatment plant
which is being planned.
SHETEK LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Murray County
3,596 acres
10 feet (max.)
5 feet (median)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Excessive algal blooms plus water level
fluctuations and sedimentation are the
major concerns.
Copper sulfate has been used to control algae
and a control dam has been in use to maintain
water levels.
A study was made of sediment accumulation in
Lake Shetek by Charles Collier, District
Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, St. Paul,
Minnesota, 1970. The Minnesota Department
of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish
168
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
Comments:
conducted a water quality analysis of Lake
Shetek in July, 1969. A report entitled
"Lake Shetek and Related Groundwater Con-
ditions," by Morris Eng, Minnesota Department
of Conservation was issued in December, 1970.
The Conservation Department is currently
conducting a study of the Lake Shetek problem
with money appropriated from the 1969
legislative session. The study report will
be completed in about two months.
SISSETON LAKE
(See Fairmont Chain of Lakes)
SPRING LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Scott County
690 acres
38 feet (max.)
13 feet (median)
Problem and Source: Excessive algal growth plus fluctuating
water levels are the main concerns.
Re habi ii tation:
Background Data:
Copper sulfate treatments on an annual basis
for twenty years were conducted at a cost of
$2,600/year.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation con-
ducted lake surveys in 1940, 1948, and 1954.
TETONKA LAKE
Location.
Size:
Depth:
LeSueur County
1,336 acres
35 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Problems with algal blooms are attributed to
agricultural runoff into the Cannon River and
to nutrient recycling due to rough fish action,
169
-------
MINNESOTA (cont.)
Rehabilitation: Copper sulfate treatments to control algal
blooms and rough fish removal have been
conducted on an annual basis.
Background Data: A Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Report
was issued in 1970. The Minnesota Department
of Conservation conducted a lake survey in
1955.
170
-------
MISSOURI
LAKE JACOMO
Location: Jackson County
Size: 970 acres (approx.)
Depth: 38 feet (approx. max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Lake Jacomo is the primary recreational water
for the greater Kansas City area. It has over
2,000,000 visitor hours per year. The lake is
heavily dissected and drains agricultural
lands, some homesites, and a feedlot. There are
annual algae blooms and a periodic heavy
plankton rain with consequent odor problems and
filling of the lake basin.
An intensive study was begun in June, 1970. The
lake was previously studied in only cursory fashion
and on rare occasions. A brief look at data ac-
quired during the summer indicates that Lake
Jacomo is eutrophic. Nitrates and phosphates
were always present in detectable quantities.
After a spring maximum dominated by diatoms (es-
pecially Asterionella) and Cladocera (especially
Daphnia pulex) the summer weekly dominants have
been as follows: Coelosphaerium, Ceratium hirun-
dinella, Keratella chochlearis (1 June); Mbugeotia,
Ceratium (8 June), Mougeotia (15 June), Mougeotia
(22 June), Apanizomenon f loir-aquae, Coelgsphaerium
(29 June); Apanizomenon,~rJecTiastrum simplex,
Spaerocystis Schroeteri (6 July); Aphanizomenon,
Ceratium (13 July); ApWanizomenon,~Brachionus'
angularis, Conochilus (20 July); Aphanizomenon
(27 July); Synedra delicatissima (3 August);
Aphanizomenon, Synedra (10 August); and Aphani-
zomenon (17 August).
There have been no previous treatments.
dations include:
Recommen-
1) Removal of the feedlot; the lot was not used
extensively during the summer of 1970.
2) Removal of homesite septic tank drainage by
installing sanitary sewers.
3) Eradication program for pondweeds that grow
in the shallows during the summer.
4) Dredging of certain lake areas to deepen it
and to remove sediments. By July the dissolved
171
-------
MISSOURI (cont.)
oxygen concentration was often zero below
a depth of 20 feet. Dredging could be
beneficial or detrimental; more study is
needed.
Background Data: The results of this study (weekly sampling
at 16 stations during the summer of 1970),
continued sampling throughout the autumn, winter,
and spring ( 8 stations twice monthly), and pro-
posed studies during the summer of 1971 (the
benthos, bacteria) will provide baseline infor-
mation to document changes due to lake rehabil-
itation.
172
-------
MONTANA
GEORGETOWN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Anaconda, Montana (near)
2,800 acres
50 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
The lake has experienced occasional fish kills
due to oxygen depletion during periods of ice
cover. Also, there are extensive growths of
vegetation in some areas. There is concern
that the problem may be greater in the future.
Aeration through short lengths of tubing during
winter has been tried by the Fish and Game
Department with unknown effectiveness. Proposed
rehabilitation might be removal of some of the
rooted vegetation.
Very little background data is available at
present. The U. S. Forest Service is planning
to obtain some chemical and biological infor-
mation through a grant to one of the state uni-
versities .
Lake level was raised to provide storage for
industrial-municipal use and power generation.
This is probably the best natural fishery in
the state.
There is very little residential development
around the lake. The surrounding land is
owned primarily by the Forest Service and
Anaconda.
173
-------
NEBRASKA
SALT VALLEY RESERVOIRS
BRANCHED OAK
Location: 17 miles northwest of Lincoln
Size: 1.800 acres
Depth: 33 feet (max.)
PAWNEE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
12 miles northwest of Lincoln
740 acres
33 feet (max.)
STAGECOACH
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lancaster County, 17 miles south of Lincoln
170 acres
23-26 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
These lakes experience frequent blooms of
blue-green algae, and have extensive areas
of rooted aquatic plants (extending in places
to depths of five meters). These conditions interfere
with water contact sports, picknicking, and
fishing. The primary source of the problem
is agricultural runoff.
Remedial action would most profitably be
directed to impeding light penetration in
the reservoirs. Temporary improvement in
and around swimming areas, boat docks, and
in certain fishing areas could be achieved
through a mowing program for plant removal.
There have been three years of study. Rela-
tively complete information exists on 1)
water chemistry, 2) standing crops of algae,
3) species composition of algae, 4) Carbon-
14 productivities, 5) standing crop of
benthos, 6) composition of the benthos, 7)
standing crop of the zooplankton and, 8) coin-
position of the zooplankton.
174
-------
NEW HAMPSHIRE
KEZAR LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
North Sutton
180 acres
30 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The water quality in Kezar Lake has deteriorated
significantly because of sewage effluent
entering via the lake's major tributary.
The only treatment attempted before the summer
of 1969 was the use of copper sulfate to
control blue-green algal blooms. During the
summer of 1967, copper sulfate treatment resulted
in a six-ton fish kill. Analysis of the algae
in the water after the fish kill revealed that
the practically pure culture of Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae present in the lake was a toxic
form. Since then copper sulfate has not been
used. Instead, compressed air is being
pumped to the deep test area of the lake via
plastic pipes. The bubbles released through
the perforated pipe on the lake bottom has
resulted in preventing the stratification
of algae, and has thus equalized the chemical
and physical characteristics from top to bottom
in the lake.
A graduate student began work on this lake
in the spring of 1968, gathering information
on many physical, chemical, and biological
aspects of the lake.
The compressed air pumps were turned on in
July, and data gathering continued until
ice formation. The same data collection
began shortly after ice-out in the spring
of 1969 and continued until ice formation
in the fall. This data is being processed
now. It is believed to be adequate to document
a change if rehabilitation were undertaken.
175
-------
NEW HAMPSHIRE (cont.)
Comments:
The New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution
Control Commission cooperated in this research
effort. In addition, they stimulated the
construction of a sewage disposal plant which
hopefully will strip nutrients from the sewage
effluent before it enters the lake.
WfNNISQUAM LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Til ton and Laconia
4,300 acres
165 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake has received the domestic sewage
from the city of Laconia, New Hampshire since
1945. At present, the effluent amounts to
from 2 to 6 m.g.d. The water quality has
deteriorated in much of the lake and is
lower at the outlet end of the lake than
it is at the other end of the lake.
This lake has been treated periodically with
copper sulfate since about 1960 to control
blue-green algal blooms.
Diversion of the sewage is possible, but
this would direct it into the Merrimack
River which is already highly polluted.
It would appear that nutrient stripping might
be a possible solution.
Two summers of intensive data collection include
primary productivity, chlorophyll analysis,
algal enumeration and speciation, light
penetration, conductivity measurements, tem-
perature, carbon dioxide, oxygen, methyl orange
alkalinity, pH, and some zooplankton analysis.
It is believed that sufficient data has been
collected by investigations plus the information
compiled over the years by the New Hampshire
Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission
to give a "before" picture if rehabilitation
is attempted.
176
-------
ALLENTOWN POND
NEW JERSEY
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Allentown
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There is a heavy growth of attached aquatic
vegetation over part of the lake.
No known previous corrective treatment has been
attempted. Partial dredging of the lake
bottom is recommended.
Very limited background data are available
through New Jersey Division of Fish, Game
and Shell Fisheries; not adequate to document
change.
ATSION POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Atsion
93 acres
'Problem and. Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has dense and widespread attached
aquatic vegetation.
No known previous corrective treatment has been
attempted. Partial dredging of the lake bottom
is recommended.
Background data are available in files of
New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shell
Fisheries; adequacy for documenting change
is questionable.
177
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
BUDD LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Budd Lake
376 acres
14 feet
Problem and Source: The lake is undergoing eutrophication at a
rapid rate, which is manifest in dense attached
aquatic vegetation.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Chemicals have been applied in the past, though
none are presently being used. Partial to
complete dredging together with removal of
nutrient contributions is recommended for more
complete renewal.
The data are available in files of the New
Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shell Fisheries;
adequacy to document a change is questionable.
CARNEGIE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Princeton
237 acres
9 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Severe sedimentation of soil materials and
organic matter are filling in the lake. Heavy
growths of attached aquatic vegetation are an
added nuisance.
Partial herbicide treatment is made annually.
Partial to complete dredging together with
removal of nutrient contributions is recommended.
Same as above; additional data has been collected
by Princeton University; probably adequate to
document change.
178
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
COLLIERS MILL POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Colliers Mills
17 acres
5 feet (max.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has dense and widespread attached
aquatic vegetation.
Herbicide control is practiced annually or
biannually. Complete dredging is recommended
for more permanent control.
Data are available from the New Jersey Division
of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries files; possibly
adequate to document change.
COMO LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Belmer
34 acres
13 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The primary problem is dense and widespread
attached aquatic vegetation on the lake
bottom.
Chemical weed control has been practiced. Partial
dredging is recommended for more permanent control
Data are available from the New Jersey Division
of Fish, Game and Shell Fisheries files; adequacy
to document change is questionable.
DEAL LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Asbury Park
158 acres
10 feet (max.)
179
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has localized areas of heavy sediment
accumulation and widespread attached aquatic
vegetation.
Some dredging and chemical aquatic vegetation
control has been tried in the past. Partial
dredging is recommended for the future.
Same as above; Possibly adequate to document
change.
1HERNAL LAKE
Location: Old Bridge
Size: 93 acres
Depth: 10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Dense and widespread attached aquatic vegetation
are a nuisance in the lake.
No known previous corrective treatment have been
tried. Possibly complete dredging and removal
of nutrient sources would improve the lake.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
GREENWOOD LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Hewitt
983 acres
33 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Dense and widespread attached aquatic vegetation
cause a problem in the lake.
Herbicidal control has been practiced annually
or biannually in the past. Partial dredging
and removal of nutrient sources is recommended
for the future.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
180
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
GROVERS MILL POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Princeton
28 acres
6 feet (max.
Problem and Source:
Rehabi litation:
Background Data:
Sedimentation and dense and widespread
attached aquatic vegetation are the major
concerns in this lake.
Herbicides have been applied in the past;
complete dredging and control of upstream
sediment sources is recommended for future
control.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
LAKE HOPATCONG
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Hopatcong
2,685 acres
58 feet (max.
Pr-oblem and Source:
rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake bottom has extensive areas of dense
attached aquatic vegetation.
Limited success has been achieved with annual
chemical aquatic vegetation control (some
areas not treatable because of proximity to
potable water intakes); complete dredging is
recommended as a more permanent solution.
Same as above; possibly adequate to document
change.
IMLAYSTOWN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Imlaystown
28 acres
10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
The lake has received heavy accumulations
of soil sediments. Shallow water and widespread
and dense attached aquatic vegetation are also
problems.
181
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Chemical weed control has been attempted in
the past with limited success and is not
practical to continue. Complete dredging
is recommended.
Same as above; possibly adequate to document
change.
LAKE MUSCONETCONG
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Netcong
300 acres
7 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There are heavy growths of attached aquatic
vegetation over almost the entire lake bottom.
Partial annual chemical aquatic vegetation
control has been practiced in the past. Recommended
future rehabilitation includes diking part of the
existing lake basin so as to provide spoil
areas and embarking on a dredging program with
a twenty foot depth the objective.
Same as above; possibly adequate to document
change.
NEWTON LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Haddon
198 acres
Problem and Source: There has been a rapid accumulation of soil
sediment due to upstream land development.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No known previous treatment has been attempted,
Partial dredging following correction of the
problem at the source is recommended.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
182
-------
NEW JERSEY (oont.)
LAKE PARSIPPANY
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lake Parsippany
160 acres
5 feet (average)
Problem and Source: Severe eutrophication is manifest in dense
algal growths. Also, the lake has insufficient
flow for its area.
Relwbilitation:
Background Data:
Chemical algae control has been attempted in
the past. Recommended rehabilitation includes
setting aside part of the lake to receive spoil
and dredge, making the area more commensurate
with the available water supply.
Same as above; also, the Lake Parsippany Associ-
ation has additional data; adequacy to document
change is questionable.
PAULINSKILL LAKE
Location: Still water
Size: 157 acres
Depth: 14 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Nutrients stimulate a dense algal growth
in the lake.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No known previous treatment has been attempted.
Same as above; not adequate to document change.
PEDDIE LAKE
Location: Hightstown
Size :
Depth:
Problem and Source: Sedimentation and dense and widespread attached
aquatic vegetation are problems in this lake.
183
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Complete dredging plus control of upstream
contributions to the problem are recommended,
Limited information is available from the
New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shell
Fisheries files; not adequate to document
change.
POMPTON LAKES
Location: Pompton Lakes
Size: 204 acres
Depth: 19 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Sedimentation and attached aquatic vegetation
are the primary concerns in this lake.
Occasional herbicidal control has been applied
in the past. Partial dredging and removal of
nutrient sources is recommended.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
ROWANDS POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Clementon
2 acres
6 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: The lake is experiencing encroaching heavy aquatic
vegetation due to shallowing depths.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No known previous treatment has been tried. Par-
tial dredging is recommended.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
184
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
SAXTON LAKE
Location: Hackettstown
Size: 60 acres
Depth: 8 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: There is a heavy growth of attached aquatic
vegetation over almost the entire lake bottom.
Rehabilitation: Chemical aquatic vegetation control has been
undertaken approximately biannually. Complete
dredging is recommended.
Background Data: Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
SHEPHERDS LAKE
Location: Ringwood
Size: 72 acres
Depth: 36 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: The lake has dense and widespread attached
aquatic vegetation.
Rehabilitation: Partial chemical treatment has been practiced
annually. Dredging of portions of the lake
bottom is recommended.
Background Data: Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
LAKE SOLITUDE
Location: Highbridge
Size: 19 acres
Depth: 12 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Severe sedimentation and attached aquatic
vegetation are a problem in the lake.
Rehabilitation: Complete dredging and control of upstream
contributors to the problem is recommended.
Background Data: Same as above; not adequate to document change.
185
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
SPEEDWELL LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Morristown
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Severe sedimentation is the major concern
in this lake.
No known previous treatments have been attempted
Partial to complete dredging with appropriate
upstream sediment control is recommended.
Same as above; not adequate to document change.
SQUARE CIRCLE LAKE
Location: Gibbsboro
Size:
Depth:
Problem and Source: The lake has suffered frequent fishkills due
to flushing of toxicants from an unused land-
fill site during heavy precipitation.
Rehabilitation:
Liming in an attempt to stabilize heavy metals
has been practiced in the past. Removal of the
landfill is recommended.
Background Data: Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
SUNSET LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Asbury Park
Problem and Source: Accumulated organic materials cause severe
annual water quality inadequacies.
186
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
Re habi litation:
Background Data:
No known previous corrective treatments have
been attempted. Complete dredging is recommended.
Same as above; possibly adequate to document change
SUNSET LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Bridgeton
179 acres
15 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: There is a severe density of unicellular algae
in the lake.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There have been no previous corrective treatments,
Complete dredging following identification and
removal of nutrient sources is recommended.
Same as above; also, additional information
is available in "Environmental Quality": very
likely adequate to document change.
TAKANASEE LAKES (UPPER AND LOWER)
Location: Long Branch
Size:
Depth:
Problem and Source: The lake contains heavy and widespread
attached aquatic vegetation.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There have been no known previous corrective
treatments; complete dredging is recommended.
Same as above; also, additional information
is available from the Bureau of Navigation;
adequacy to document change is questionable.
187
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
TOPENEMUS LAKE
Location: Freehold
Size: 15 acres
Depth: 6 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Dense and widespread attached aquatic vegetation
are a problem in the lake.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Complete dredging and control of upstream
contributions to the problem are recommended.
Same as above; very limited; not adequate
to document change.
VERONA PARK LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Verona
13 acres
10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Accumulated organic matter and nutrients are
the principal concern in this lake.
No known previous corrective treatments have
been attempted. Shallow dredging over most of
the basin and removal of sources of contaminants
are recommended.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
WATERLOO POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Waterloo
48 acres
6 feet (max.)
188
-------
NEW JERSEY (cont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There is a heavy growth of attached aquatic
vegetation over almost the entire lake
bottom.
Chemical aquatic vegetation control is
undertaken approximately biannually. Complete
dredging is recommended as a more permanent
solution.
Same as above; adequacy to document change is
questionable.
WEEQUAHIC PARK LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Newark
80 acres
7 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: The lake is undergoing rapid eutrophication
with conditions almost annually becoming
critical for fish or causing fish kills.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No known previous corrective treatments have
been tried. Checking of nutrient sources
and dredging to remove accumulated nutrients
are recommended.
Same as above; possibly adequate to document
change.
WESTONS MILL POND
Location:
Size:
Depth:
New Brunswick
92 acres
18 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: The lake has dense and widespread attached
aquatic vegetation.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
There have been no known previous corrective
treatments. Complete dredging and control of
upstream contributions to the problem are
recommended.
Same as above; not adequate to document change,
189
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CAYUGA LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Cayuga County (west central New York state)
42,496 acres
435 feet (max.) 179 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake has shown some signs of increasing
algal productivity, particularly in the blue-
green group. Shoreline residents have also
expressed the opinion that rooted vegetation
has become more of a problem in recent years
but this change is undocumented. The amounts
of nutrients entering the lake have steadily
increased along with population growth in the
area and an effort is currently being made
to establish a baseline describing the relative
magnitudes of the sources.
No corrective treatments have been attempted.
Remedial action may very well include tertiary
treatment of wastes from the city of Ithaca and
improved secondary and possibly tertiary treat-
ment for some of the small municipalities
around the lake's periphery. Further research
is needed in order to ascertain whether or
not phosphorus is truly a limiting factor to
production in the lake. As is the case in
all of the Finger Lakes, waters are naturally
rich in nitrogen and there appears to be no
possibility of eutrophication control by limiting
the input of this nutrient.
Cayuga Lake was first studied by Birge and Juday
in the early 1900's. Its fishery has been
intensively studied since the late 40's and is
currently under close management control. Other
limnological studies were done in the 1930's and
1950's. None of these were comprehensive nor did
any prior to the decade of the 60's include measure-
ment of nutrients.
190
-------
NEW YORK (cont.)
During 1968-69 an intensive one-year study,
generated by the proposed construction of a
nuclear fueled, electric generating station,
was performed and this included much of the
information needed to develop a tentative
management strategy. General limnological survey
work is continuing at present on a much reduced
scale.
Insufficient data currently exist to determine
small scale trends in change but should be
sufficient to document any extensive shifts
in water quality.
CONESUS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Livingston County (approx. 25 miles south of Rochester)
3,328 acres
59 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
This lake is plagued with extensive growths
of rooted aquatic plants and also supports
substantial blooms of algae. Sources of nutrients
include: 1) municipal effluents; 2) septic
tank seepage; 3) industrial wastes (chicken
processing plant).
No corrective treatments have been attempted.
Remedial action should probably include improved
sewage treatment for a small town at the inlet
end of the lake and control of effluents from
cottages around the lake.
A fairly extensive and quantitative study of
the rooted aquatics in Conesus Lake has been
done. Rehabilitation should result in documer.t-
able changes.
The lake is ringed with cottages. The main
problem with rehabilitation is that there are
a large number of dispersed nutrient sources
to curtail.
191
-------
NEW YORK (cont.)
LAKE GEORGE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Borders Warren, Washington, and Essex Counties
outlet at 43°50'13"N Lat., 73°25'50"W Long.
28,200 acres
187 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Lake George is a large, relatively oligotrophic
body of water. Overall water quality is excellent;
however, the southern basin is receiving more
of man's pollutional inputs in this more
heavily populated region. There have been some
reports of algal growths in isolated bays and
at outlets of brooks and streams.
Extensive chemical and diatom data are available
from 1968. Earlier figures are sketchy. The
lake is an IBP study site which should generate
extensive background data.
LAKE GREENWOOD
Location: Town of Lake Greenwood; southeastern New York/New Jersey
Size: "1 >920 acres
Depth: 35 feet (max.) 7 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Weed growths, algal blooms, and silt deposits
are a problem in this lake. Sources of nutrients
are septic tank effluent from houses surrounding
the lake and some raw sewage discharges.
A collection system for lakeside housing develop-
ment is needed to divert the present effluents
entering the lake.
Little data are available, some coliform counts
only.
192
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NEW YORK (oont.)
ONEIDA LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Oneida County (approx. 10 miles northeast of Syracuse)
51 ,200 acres
55 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Oneida Lake is a large eutrophic body of water.
It supports excellent fish populations, but
suffers from periodic fish kills. The algal
growths are quite extensive and have a long
history, dating back several hundreds of
years. In spite of its eutrophic nature,
it receives heavy usage, and this has further
accelerated the natural aging process. Algal
blooms have become generally more frequent
and more intense.
Fairly recent installations of sewage treatment
facilities at some of the tributaries has
reduced the nutrient loadings on the lake, and
this has reportedly reduced the frequency and
intensity of nuisance conditions. This recently
alleged improvement has not been documented, how-
ever.
A fairly extensive one-year limnological study
of the lake was done during 1969-70. The
fisheries of the lake have been studied since
the mid-fifties. Background data are sufficient
to document a substantive change if rehabilitation
were undertaken.
ONONDAGA LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Onondaga County
2,890 acres
67 feet
Problem and Source: The lake receives heavy municipal contributions
and discharges from almost 140 major industries.
Eehabilitation:
Most previous studies have involved engineering
feasible studies for this unusual, relatively
saline lake.
193
-------
NEW YORK (cont.)
Background Data:
The most complete report concerning Onondaga
Lake is being prepared at this time through
funds from the F.W.Q.A. to an engineering firm
in Syracuse, New York. This would be the most
complete source of information available for
Onondaga and one of the most intensive studies
carried out on a New York lake.
OWASCO LAKE
Location: Cayuga County (approx. 20 miles southwest of Syracuse)
Size: 6,592 acres
Depth: 177 feet (max.) 96 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake appears to be undergoing fairly
rapid eutrophication at present. Algal
blooms are commonplace, although still
of relatively low intensity compared with
many more highly eutrophic bodies of
water.
No corrective treatments have been undertaken.
Remedial action probably would center on the
exclusion of nutrients from the lake basin.
Background data on this lake is very sparse
and certainly insufficient to document
changes if rehabilitation were undertaken.
SARATOGA LAKE
Location: Within Saratoga County
outlet at 43°06'10"N Lat.
Size: 4,339 acres
Depth: 96 feet (max.)
73°38'12"W Long,
Problem and Source:
Saratoga Lake is an intermediate-sized and
mesotrophic-eutrophic body of water. This
lake supports excellent fish populations, but
the algal growths have become quite intense
relative to conditions of perhaps five to
ten years ago. The major source of nutrient
194
-------
NEW YORK (cont.)
Rehabi litation:
Background Data:
inputs 1s from Kayderosseras Creek which
transports the treated sewage effluent from
nearby urban areas. There is also a heavy
concentration of cottage development along the
shores of the lake, and septic tank effluent
is a significant source for nutrients. It
appears that the relatively recent transition
in this lake has resulted in decreased swimming
and other primary contact recreational activities.
There have also been reports of recent fish-
kills, the cause of which has not been determined,
It is planned that the major source of nutrients,
namely the treated sewage effluents which pre-
sently enter Kayderosseras Creek, be diverted
from the creek. It is anticipated that
removal of this major pollutional source, along
with other protective measures, will serve to
reduce the man-induced rate of eutrophy i n this
ecosystem will result.
Lake survey data including chemistry, weed
growth and fish life have been collected by
the Bureau of Fish, New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation.
SCHROON LAKE
Location: Essex and Warren Counties
outlet at 43°43'40"N, 73°48
Size: 4,230 acres
Depth: 152 feet (max.)
42"W
Probtem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Overall quality in this lake is comparable
to Lake George. Algal blooms have been reported
from some isolated bays. The major source of
pollution is an adjacent municipality
discharging effluent to the lake.
The village is planning to install sewer lines
and adequate treatment facilities in the near
future.
195
-------
NEW YORK (cont. )
Background Data:
Lake survey data including chemistry, weed
growth and fish life have been collected
by the Bureau of Fish, New York State Department
of Environmental Conservation.
SENECA LAKE
Location: Seneca County (west central New York state)
Size: 43,328 acres
Depth: 290 feet (mean) 618 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Although there is little quantitative documen-
tation, Seneca Lake does have a persistent prob-
lem with extensive and dense growths of aquatic
milfoil at its northern end.
Corrective treatments have included attempts
to mechanically cut weed-free chennels in one
area of the lake. It is thought that a small
amount of work has also been done using aquatic
herbicides.
Remedial action needed probably centers around
the mechanical or chemical control of the
milfoil beds.
Background data is sparse although some
aerial photographic mapping of weed beds
has been done. This information probably
exists for at least a two-year period. If
rehabilitation is undertaken, improvement
should be readily apparent without the need
of a highly quantitative description.
196
-------
NORTH DAKOTA
LAKE ASHTABULA
Location;
Size:
Depth:
Barnes County (8 miles northwest of Valley City)
890 acres (normal pool)
50 feet (max.) 13 feet (mean) (normal pool)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Lake Ashtabula is a 20-year old reservoir
located on the Sheyenne River. The lake is
very productive and supports intense blooms
of largely blue-green algae from June or
July until freeze-up in November or December.
The blooms are dominated both in numbers and
in volume by Aphanizomenon holsaticum which
create large surface scums and objectionable
odors when they are blown to shore and de-
compose. A dense band of submergent vegeta-
tion of predominantly Potomogeton species is
found in a 10 to 20 meter wide band along the
shoreline of the reservoir which makes shoreline
activities such as swimming and fishing difficult
The major causes of the dense growths of
algae and rooted aquatics are excess nutrients
entering the lake from the watershed, which
is predominantly agricultural.
An additional management problem will exist
when Lake Ashtabula receives irrigation-return
flows from the Garrison Diversion Project
scheduled for completion is the late 1970's.
The irrigation waters entering the lake from
the Sheyenne River are expected to contain
about two times the amounts of dissolved solids
present now.
No corrective treatments have been attempted
to date.
Suggestions for partial correction of the
problem include:
197
-------
NORTH DAKOTA (cont.)
1) reduction of nutrient input from the
watershed by controlling point source
introductions of animal wastes from
feedlots and from sewage lagoons of
cities located in the watershed.
2) control of water levels in the reservoir
to help flush out nutrient-rich water
present during late winter months.
3) removal of fish as a possible beneficiary
affect upon changing the composition of
algae from objectionable to more
acceptable forms (Peterka and Knutson, 1970).
Background Data: Studies have been conducted in Lake Ashtabula
relating to water quality, benthic organisms,
phytoplankton and zooplankton production and
fish growth (Peterka and Reid, 1969; and
Peterka, 1970), and the lake has probably
received more detailed studies than any other
reservoir in the state in which problems and
corrections of eutrophication have been approved.
The State Game and Fish Department has collected
data on the relative abundance of fish species
and the age and growth of several species of
fish in the lake.
The North Dakota Geological Survey is conducting
a study to determine rates of sediment accumula-
tion in the lake and the U. S. Corps of Engineers
is investigating methods of controlling algal
blooms.
JAMESTOWN RESERVOIR
Location: James River (north of Jamestown)
Size:
Depth:
Problem and Source: This is a seventeen-year old reservoir which
appears to have problems similar to Lake
Ashtabula.
198
-------
NORTH DAKOTA (cont.)
Rehabi, litation:
Background Data:
No attempts have been made or proposed.
No data has been collected or background
studies conducted to date on this reservoir.
SPIRITWOOD LAKE
Location: (17 miles northwest of Jamestown)
Size: 704 acres
Depth: 48 feet (max.) 26 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
During the last six or seven years, the lake
has developed narge blooms of blue-green
algae which have caused considerable concern
to persons interested in maintaining the
lake's aesthetic and recreational qualities.
Preliminary data indicate that sufficient
nitrates and soluable phsophates enter the
lake during spring runoff to cause objectionable
algal blooms. The entrance of ground water
is a major source of water for the lake and
an analysis of nutrient budgets will help
determine the feasibility of corrective
measures.
No corrective measures have been attempted,
although chemical herbicides are being con-
sidered for use in 1971 by the Spiritwood
Lake Owners Association.
The basic limnology and morphology of the
lake were described by Comita and Wolf
(1967) and the lake is currently receiving
study by Peterka (OWRR-B-001) for the purpose
of recommending practical solutions for
controlling algal blooms.
The lake is used for sport fishing, swimming
and boating, and has approximately 65 summer
cottages along its shores.
199
-------
OHIO
LAKE ALMA
Location:
Size: 73 acres
Depth: 9.7 feet (average)
Problem and Source: This lake receives acid mine drainage.
Rehabilitation: No information.
Background Data: No information.
BUCKEYE LAKE
Location: Perry, Licking, and Fairfield Counties, 30 miles
east of Columbus
Size: 3,800 acres
Depth: 16 feet (max.) approx.
Problem: Almost continuous dredging operations are
required to maintain satisfactory depth in
the lake.
Rehabilitation: No information.
Background Data: No information.
DEER CREEK RESERVOIR
Location: Stark County, 3 miles north of Alliance
Size: 313 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.) approx.
Problem and Source: The problem in this lake is colloidal clay
suspension.
Rehabilitation: No information.
Background Data: No information.
200
-------
OHIO (cont.)
HOLIDAY LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
208 acres
30-40 feet (max.) 15 feet (average)
Problem coid Source:
Rehabilitation:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Holiday Lake is an impoundment formed in
1966. It already experiences summer problems
with algae and aquatic weed growth.
The lake receives the treated sewage effluent
from the town of Willard, about 6 miles up
the river from Holiday Lake. Oil spills from
a railroad crossing above the lake also cause
periodic problems in the lake.
Copper sulfate for aquatic vegetation and
algae has been applied. Lake level manipu-
lation was planned for the winter of 1970-71.
Some water samples were taken between August,
1970, and October, 1970.
The land adjacent to the lake will be under-
going extensive development in the next
few years, probably with septic tank facilities
for water disposal.
LAKE HOPE
Location: Vinton County, Brown Township
Size: 120 acres
' 20 feet (max.) approx.
Problem and Source: This lake receives acid mine drainage.
Rehabilitation: No information.
Background Data: NO information.
201
-------
OHIO (cant.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Logan County
5,800 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Almost continuous dredging operations are
required on this lake to maintain satisfactory
depths.
No information.
No information.
JACKSON LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Jackson County, Jefferson Township
242 acres
10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Mine acids drain into this lake causing
problems. In addition, excessive vegetation
is a nuisance in shallow areas.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No information.
No information.
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Shelby and Auglaize Counties
1,500 acres
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Almost continuous dredging operations are
required on this lake to maintain satisfac-
tory depths.
No information.
No information.
202
-------
OHIO (cent.)
OXBOW LAKE
Location: Defiance County, Tiffin Township
Size: 36 acres
Excessive rooted aquatic vegetation is a
nuisance in this lake. There is also a
problem with colloidal clay suspension.
No information.
No information.
PORTAGE LAKES
Location: Summit County, Franklin, Green, and Coventry Townships
Size: 1 '651 acres
50 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Almost continuous dredging operations are
required in these lakes to maintain satisfac-
tory depths.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No information.
No information.
LAKE ST. MARYS
Location: Mercer and Auglaize Counties
SJZP- 11,000 acres
'Depth: 10 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Almost continuous dredging operations are
required on this lake to maintain satisfactory
depths.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No information.
No information.
203
-------
OKLAHOMA
BOOMER LAKE
Location: North-central Oklahoma
Size: 255 acres
Depth: 10 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Fecal enterococci derived from septic tank
drainage has placed the lake off limits to
swimming. A municipal beach and swimming
area had to be abandoned because state health
officials considered the fecal bacteria to be
too high for contact sports. The lake also
has intense clay turbidity which apparently
favors development of thermophilic blue-
green algae, and the lake received condenser
discharge of heated water from the municipal
power plant. Expansion of residential areas
around the lake has increased the problem of
storm runoff from city streets.
The city sewer line has been extended to cover
most residential areas immediately adjacent
to the lake but all suburban , semi-rural
residences outside of the city limits still
use septic tanks. Clearing is favored as a
means to increase water quality and reduce
problems with blue-green algae.
The State Department of Public Health issues
reports on reservoir water quality. Studies
on benthic microinvertebrates and physiochemical
conditions were described in the form of an
M. S. thesis from Oklahoma State University. Age
and growth studies have been investigated for
several fishes.
LAKE CARL BLACKWELl
Location: North-central Oklahoma
Size: 2,700 acres
Depth: 9.6 feet (mean)
204
-------
OKLAHOMA (cont.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Intense clay turbidity apparently
favors development of thermophilic blue-green
algae which can float or fix to substrates
near the surface between June and September.
The lake is an important source of water for
the City of Stillwater. Taste and odor problems
become acute during the summer. The sources
of nutrients to support algae blooms include
the septic system of a resort, influents from
pastured land and fertilized fields in the
watershed and j_n situ nitrogen fixation.
No correction measures have been taken. One
strategy might be to facilitate clearing so
as to favor aquatic plants other than blue-green
algae. Diversion of resort sewage below
the lake might be another step.
Studies of algae sediment cycling, community
respiration and nitrogen cycling have been
published or will be published shortly. An
interdisciplinary group at Oklahoma State
University is preparing a proposal to develop
an ecological model of the lake.
FOSS RESERVOIR
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Custer County
8,800 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The water in this reservoir has deteriorated in
quality to the extent that it can no longer be used
as a municipal or industrial water supply. The
problem is one which is common in the western U.S.,
excessive dissolved solids, and results when the
annual average lake evaporation exceeds the total
annual average precipitation.
A hearing was held in August, 1967, before the Sub-
committee on Water and Power Resources, U.S. Senate,
to decide whether funds should be authorized for
construction of a $2 million, 3 m.g.d. electrodialy-
sis desalination plant. This action was required
to provide suitable quality water for municipal
and industrial use from Foss Reservoir.
Some data are on file with the Bureau of Reclamation
205
-------
GRAND LAKE
OKLAHOMA (cont.)
Location: Northeastern Oklahoma
36°30"N.Lat. 95°0"W.Long,
Size: 59,000 acres
Depth: 25 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake is undergoing accelerated eutrophication
due to large quantities of nitrogen and phosphor-
us entering the lake. The source of these nutrients
include: 1) feed lots in Kansas, 2) a poultry
boiler production in southwestern Missouri,
3) municipal effluents from cities in Oklahoma,
Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas, 4) and septic
tank drainage from cottages and resorts around
the lake.
No corrective treatments have been undertaken.
Efforts have been made to provide temporary
holding impoundments for feed lot runoff, and
to get pleasure craft operators to install
sewage holding facilities on board for later
removal at pump-out facilities.
Remedial action that might be taken would
involve: 1) connecting many or all
of the septic tanks to a municipal type sewage
treatment facility, and either the diversion
of the effluent from this facility into some
other drainage, or installation of a* tertiary
treatment facility, 2) construction of appro-
priate diversion or impoundment of animal
wastes in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma,
3) enforce laws prohibiting disposal of human
wastes from house boats and other forms of
pleasure craft.
There is a detailed report on water quality of
Grand Lake which is reportedly available from
the State Department of Health, Oklahoma City.
206
-------
OREGON
DEVILS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Town of Lincoln City, in Lincoln County
685 acres
20 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Nuisance algal growth and dense emergent weeds
in littoral areas have stimulated local citizen
concern. Water has been ruled unsafe for
contact uses by State health authorities.
Domestic wastes from riparian sources has
accelerated the eutrophication.
Though considerable discussion has taken place,
no direct corrective actions have been initiated
A waste collection system is a possible solution
There are considerable data available from
the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality,
Oregon State Game Commission and Oregon State
University.
ODELL LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Near Willamette Pass, Klamath County
3,600 acres
283 feet (max.) 135 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Algal blooms have only become visibly apparent
in the last few years. The problem is not
serious as yet but the rate of change is
alarming. Increased use from recreationists has
taken place. Summer homes, public camp
grounds, boaters and fishermen are the nutrient
sources.
No program has been discussed but here is a
case where planning and action now could save
costly reclamation later.
The Oregon Game Commission and Oregon State
University have sufficient limnological data
to document the past and present conditions.
207
-------
OREGON (oont.)
UPPER KLASVIATH LAKE
Location: Town of Klamath Falls, Klamath County
Size: 98,560 acres
Depth: 40 feet (max.) 8 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake is characterized as highly eutrophic
with heavy blooms of blue-green algae. No
single source of nutrients can be found. The
natural drainage systems provide the major
nutrient source with a minor contribution
from agricultural runoff.
All possible corrective means of controlling
the nuisance algal blooms have been considered
and were discarded because of costs and other
imposed dangers. The control of nutrients
from entering the lake is one means that may
be possible.
A wealth of data exist on the lake, past and
present. The Federal Water Quality Administra-
tion, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory is
continuing eutrophication studies. Oregon
State University has also conducted extensive
studies on the lake.
208
-------
PENNSYLVANIA
BLACK MOSHANNON LAKE
Location: Centre County; Black Moshannon State Park
Size: 250 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.) 5 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake suffers from dense and widespread
rooted aquatic plants; yellow and white
water lilies, water shield, milfoil, bladder-
wort, and several pondweeds (Potomogeton
natans, P__ noduesus, P_. epihydrus).
Sources of the nutrients causing the problem
are: 1) 40 cottages with septic tanks or
outhouses and, 2) seepage from park latrines.
Aquatic herbicides applied annually give partial
control.
Limited background data is available from the
Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters,
Bureau of Parks in Harrisburg.
CONEWAGO LAKE
Location: York County; Giffort Pinchot State Park
Size: 340 ?cres
Depth: 25 feet (max.) 8 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: The lake supports a dense growth of unicellular
algae and rooted aquatic plants; pondweeds
(Potomogeton crispus, £_. notous), waterweed
(Elodea), coontail, chara, and najas.
Sources of nutrients include: 1) septic
tank seepage, 2) agricultural runoff.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Annual control has been practiced with aquatic
herbicides.
Same as Black Moshannon Lake.
209
-------
PENNSYLVANIA (cont.)
LAKE CONNEAUT
Location: Crawford
Size: 928 acres
Depth: 65 feet (max.)
34 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: Submerged rooted aquatic weed growths along
shore areas interfere with boating,
swimming and other uses.
Domestic waste sources entering the lake
are thought to cause the problem.
Rehabi li tat-Lon:
Background Data:
Some local chemical treatment programs have
been attempted. More long range solutions
have been undertaken recently, for example,
phosphorus removal is required of discharges
in the lake's watershed, and lakeshore homes
have been connected to a collection and treat-
ment system.
Background data include scientific surveys
based on limited sampling and analysis. It
is available through the Pennsylvania Department
of Health, Division of Water Quality.
EDINBOFSO LAKE
Location: Erie County
Size: 247 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.) 13 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Problems in the lake include excessive algal and
weed growth plus siltation in the upper end.
Contributors to the problem are largely domestic
and agricultural waste sources.
Applications of copper sulfate and Diquat
have been made with little success. Collection
and exportation of sewage outside the lake
drainage area is suggested.
210
-------
PENNSYLVANIA (cont.)
Background Data:
Comments:
Background data include scientific surveys
based on limited sampling and analysis. It
is available through the Pennsylvania Department
of Health, Division of Water Quality.
The lake is used for boating, skiing, swimming,
fishing, and summer residences.
FRANCES SLOCUM LAKE
Location: Luzerne County; Frances Slocum State Park
Size: 165 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.) 6 feet (iiiean)
Problem and Source: The primary problem in this lake is a dense
growth of rooted aquatic plants; water smart-
weed (Polygonum amphilium) and coontail.
Sources of nutrients contributing to the problem
are 1) seepage from septic tanks, 2) agri-
cultrual runoff, 3) urban runoff.
Eehabi litation:
Background Data:
Annual control with aquatic herbicides is
practiced.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
GOULDSBORO LAKE
Location: Monroe and Wayne Counties; Gouldsboro State Park
Size: 255 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.) 12 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problems in this lake center around dense
growths of rooted aquatic plants; water liV.es,
watershield, tape grass, pondweeds, milfoil,
and bladderwort. Sources of nutrients con-
tributing to the problem include, 1) seepage
from septic tanks, and 2) industrial wastes.
Partial control is planned with application of
aquatic herbicides.
See description for the Black Moshannon Lake.
211
-------
LAKE HARVEY
PENNSYLVANIA (cont.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Luzerne County
658 acres
102 feet (max.)
50 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has an extremely low concentration
of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion which
resulted in a kill of lake trout. In addi-
tion, high coliform bacterial counts have
been recorded.
Domestic waste sources drain directly into
the lake.
Collection and exportation of sewage outside
the lake's drainage area is suggested.
See description for Conneaut Lake.
HILLS CREEK LAKE
Location: Tioga County; Hills Creek State Park
Size: 137 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.) 8 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: The lake has a dense growth of unicellular
algae and rooted aquatic plants; pondweed
(Potomogeton crispus), waterweed (Elodea)
and najas.
Sources of nutrients contributing to the
problem include: 1) seepage from septic
tanks, 2) agricultural runoff, 3) park
facilities (privies), and 4) urban runoff.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Annual control with aquatic herbicides is
practiced.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
212
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PENNSYLVANIA (aont.)
LAKE JEAN
Location: Luzerne and Sullivan Counties
Size: 254 acres
Depth: 25 feet (max.)
10 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake suffers from dense growths of rooted
aquatic plants; yellow and white water lilies,
milfoil, and bladderwort. Sources of nutrients
include: 1) seepage from septic tanks and pri-
vies, and 2) industrial wastes.
Partial annual control is practiced with aquatic
herbicides.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
LAKE MARBURG
Location:
Size:
Depth:
York County; Codorus Creek State Park
1,275 acres
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake supports a dense growth of rooted
aquatic plants along its entire shoreline
(26 miles) out to a depth of 12 feet. Species
include: waterweed (Elodea) and pondweed
(Potomogeton crispus).
Partial annual control with aquatic herbicides
has been tried.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
PROMISED LAND LAKES
Location: Pike County; Promised Land State Park
Size- ' 595 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.) 7 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: The lake supports a dense growth of rooted
aquatic plants; yellow and white water lilies,
watershield, bladderwort, and pondweeds.
Sources of nutrients to the lake include:
213
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PENNSYLVANIA (oont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
seepage from septic tanks and privies.
Partial control with aquatic herbicides
is done annually.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
PYMATUNING RESERVOSR
Location: Crawford County; Pymatuning State Park
Size: 16,420 acres
Depth: 35 feet (max.) 8 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake supports a dense growth of milfoil.
Sources of nutrients to the lake include:
1) seepage from septic tanks and privies,
and 2) industrial, urban, and agricultural
runoff.
Partial annual control will be attempted by
application of aquatic herbicides.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
SHENANGQ RESERVOIR
Location: Mercer County
Size: 3,560 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
This is a recently constructed multi-purpose
reservoir, with bottom drawoff devoid of
dissolved oxygen with generation of hydrogen
sulfide and iron staining. The area flooded
for the reservoir was in part sewage and marsh-
land.
Attempts have been made to get multi-level
outlet control, but this is impractical be-
cause the dam is already built. One recommen-
dation would be low pressure aeration in the
vicinity of the dam to aerate and turn over
the water.
214
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PENNSYLVANIA (cont.)
Background Data:
Comments:
See description for Conneaut Lake.
A waterworks located downstream of the dam
is experiencing taste and odor problems.
TOBYHANNA LAKE
Location: Monroe and Wayne Counties; Tobyhanna State Park
Size: 170 acres
Depth: 25 feet (max.) 7 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: The lake supports a dense growth of rooted
aquatic plants: yellow and white water
lilies, milfoil, watershield and bladder-
wort. Sources of nutrients include septic
tank and privie seepage.
Rehdbi litation:
Background Data:
Annual control with aquatic herbicides is
practiced.
See description for Black Moshannon Lake.
215
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SOUTH DAKOTA
LAKE ANDES
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Charles Mix County
4,600 acres
16 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Proposed plan would use the lake as a storage
reservoir for irrigation water, using Missouri
River water for replenishment. Advocates of
this plan feel this would "flush'1 the lake and
keep the quality near that of the Oahe Reservoir
Some background data is available on the lake.
BEG STONE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Roberts County
21,120 acres
15 feet (max.)
10 feet (mean)
See Minnesota for further data,
LAKE BYRON
Location: Beadle County
Size: 1,300 acres
Depth: 10 feet (max.)
"Background Data:
Comments:
8 feet (mean)
Limited data is available on the lake.
The lake will be used as a storage reservoir
for irrigation purposes.
216
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SOUTH DAKOTA (cont.)
LAKE HENDRICKS
Location: Brookings County
Size: 1,600 acres
Depth: 10 feet (max.)
5 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
The water quality in this lake has deteriorated
tremendously since a "small watershed" project
was completed. Diversion of water through the
lake is apparently the cause.
Not very much data is available, but public
sentiment is becoming apparent.
LAKE HERMAN
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Lake County
1,35n acres
8 feet (max.)
4 feet (mean)
LAKE. MADISON
Location: Lake County
Size: 3,000 acres
Depth: 17 feet (max.)
8 feet (mean)
Problem and Source: Two federally funded projects are currently
using these connecting lakes for study.
Background, Data:
Data is still fairly limited on these lakes,
LAKE KAMPESKA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Codington County
3,000 acres
18 feet (max.)
12 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
The lake is surrounded by extensive housing
developments. Human wastes, animal wastes,
and soil sediments are involved in the
problem.
The lake is receiving some attention, but
essentially no corrective treatments are
being conducted.
217
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA (aont.)
LAKE MITCHELL
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Davison County
670 acres
29 feet (max.)
15 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
This is an artificial lake furnishing the
water supply for the city of Mitchell. Cabin
developments without public sewerage have
contributed to deterioration of the lake. The
runoff area is also furnishing nutrients.
Some background data is available.
LAKE POINSETT
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Ham!in County
8,000 acres
18 feet (max.)
6 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
The lake is deteriorating rapidly. Diversion
of water from the Big Sioux River extenuates
the problems involved. The drainage basin
is nearly all cultivated with many livestock
enterprises. Cabin developments around the
lake have septic tank sewage systems.
More data is available on this lake than any
other lake in the state.
TWIN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Spink County
1,500 acres
17 feet (max.)
6 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
This lake has received little attention
but is deteriorating rapidly. It is located in
an agricultural area which is the source of
nutrients to the lake.
218
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TEXAS
No specific lakes in Texas are included in this survey, but some
general background information on water quality in Texas lakes
was provided by E. Gus Fruh, Associate Professor of Civil Engi-
neering, at the University of Texas.
There are no natural lakes in Texas. Therefore, the following
statements refer only to reservoirs.
1) Because south Texas impoundments deeper than 40 feet
become stratified much earlier than northern lakes, all
such reservoirs have oxygen depleted hypolimnions by at
least the end of August. However, fishing is not affected
since warm-water types of fish inhabit our streams and
reside in the epilimnion.
2) Because hydroelectric power releases are generally
located at the lower section of a dam, the oxygen depleted
hypolimnetic waters are released and sometimes as a
density current cause water quality problems downstream.
However, often there is no dissolved oxygen problem
because of the turbulence and spraying within the
release water channel. In east Texas the iron and
manganese released downstream can sometimes cause
problems with water supplies.
3) One of the major problems is the rate of increase of
taste and odor in water supplies. Actinomycetes have
been strongly implicated.
4) Nutrient enrichment is a significant problem. However,
there are some river systems in which productivity
is low and in these cases both nitrogen and phosphorus
are limiting. In impoundments receiving waste-water
laden rivers, productivity is high although nitrogen
is limiting by mid-summer. Iron availability (not
concentration) sometimes limits algal growth in winter.
In no case have other trace inorganic or organic nutrients
been found limiting. The release of the nutrient rich
hypolimnetic waters through power penstocks alleviates
the eutrophication problem in most reservoirs.
5) The influent and effluent from power plants generally
break the stratification of the shallower reservoirs
thereby recycling nutrients throughout the impoundment.
Such reservoirs, originally built only as cooling ponds,
are now the best fishing areas in Texas. No thermal
pollution exists in summer because of the type of fish
present and in winter the heated effluent aids fish
growth. The effect of a heated discharge in a reservoir
which remains thermally stratified is not known.
219
-------
TEXAS (cant.)
6) A major water quality problem is dissolved solids
concentration. Sealing of salt cavities and springs
is being conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
In the future, selective withdrawal will probably be
used to control the dissolved solids in the water
released from reservoirs.
7) With reference to specific rehabilitation projects,
there are some reservoirs whose uses are considerably
impaired as a result of deteriorating water quality.
However, at this time there are not sufficient
data available to document a change if rehabilitation
were undertaken.
220
-------
UTAH
BEAR LAKE
Location: Rich County and Bear County
Size: 70.400 acres
Depth: 208 feet (max.) 100 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This clear oligotrophic lake is showing signs
of accelerated enrichment. Sources of in-
creased nutrient additions include cattle
yards, domestic effluents from local muni-
cipalities and an ever increasing summer
home population, and possibly runoff from
crop lands. Although by many standards this
lake appears to be in excellent condition,
there are unmistakable signs of pollution.
Because of a peculiar water supply, water
removal regimen, these conditions could
be magnified many times during unusually dry
years.
Zoning to control location and intensity of land
use for cattle yards, and regulation of domes-
tic wastes to prevent excessive nutrient
additions are recommended. Possible limitation
on type and timing of application of fertilizers
may also be necessary.
Several publications and theses are available
from the Department of Wildlife Resources,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah. These
include references to fish and to nutrient,
dissolved oxygen, and bacterial levels.
GREAT SALT LAKE
Location: Box Elder, Tooele, Salt Lake, Davis and Weber Counties
Size: 640,000 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.)
221
-------
UTAH (contj
Problem and Source:
Rehdbil-itat-ion:
Background Data:
Information pertaining to the oxygen, nitrate.,
phosphate content of waters, so important to
the management of fresh water lakes, becomes
meaningless when applied to the dense, highly
saline brines of Great Salt Lake. But
Great Salt Lake is involved in problems, some
of which are recognized whereas others are
only suspected. Lack of research funds has
precluded the detailing of items.
However, the lake represents a sump into which
wastes generated by man since the occupation
of this valley eventually find their way. One
specific problem is that of bacterial contam-
ination. Until 20 years ago communities
bordering the lake dumped their raw sewage
into the brines. Some such sewage is thought
to be still present. Today these communities
treat their sewage and discharge waters to
the the lake that have received secondary
treatment, yet the bacterial count remains
essentially as it was 20 years ago. With
increased population pressure the bacterial
count can be expected to increase. Other
problems involving mineralogy, chemistry,
migration of brines - and their ancillary
effects on ecology - are under some stage of
investigation.
All problem aspects of the lake require the
infusion of research funds. This applies to
the lake's bacterial contamination as well as
to other areas of investigation. But with
respect to bacterial contamination and bio-
chemical-oxygen demand it can be predicted
that within the next few years tertiary treat-
ment of all sewage discharges will be required
Background data on the lake include: publi-
cations of the Utah Geological and Mineralo-
gical Survey pertaining to chemistry of the
brines, migration of the brines, dissolved
load, mineralogy of the bottom sediments, and
meteorology related to the lake's surface;
various theses from the University of Utah
pertaining to the brines and their biota;
222
-------
UTAH (cont. )
investigations of the University of Utah's
Civil Engineering Department pertaining to
bacteria and the stratification of fresh
waters overlying the brines; open-file
data of Utah's State Department of Health;
Guidebooks of the Utah Geological Society;
and equipment of the Utah Geological &
Mineralogical Survey including two research
vessels and laboratory facilities.
HYRUM RESERVOIR
Location: Cache County
Size: 500 acres
Depth: 65 feet (max.) 26 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The reservoir was created by the construction
of a dam on the Little Bear River near
Hyrum, Utah in 1935. The primary purpose of the
reservoir was storage capacity for agricul-
tural use. Since approximately 1960, the
recreational use of the reservoir has increased
to the extent that it was incorporated into
the State Park system in 1965. Swimming,
water skiing, boating, and fishing activities
have continued to increase significantly
each successive year. In mid-summer of
1969 a massive bloom of Aphanizomenon occurred,
resulting in a serious curtailment of recrea-
tional activity. A similar bloom occurred in
the late summer of 1970.
Zoning to control location and intensity of land
uses associated with barnyards, dairy, cattle
grazing and municipal dumps is recommended.
Also, tributary to the reservoir and contributing
nutrients are a trout farm, irrigation return flows
and municipal sewage discharges. These sources
should also be curtailed.
A publication by the Utah Fish and Game Department
is currently available (January, 1971). Two
separate investigations are in progress by
Utah State University, one through the Center
for Water Resources Research and one sponsored
by a Federal Water Quality Administration train-
ing grant in the Department of Civil Engineering.
Both studies are evaluating nutrient inputs
and budgets, as well as algal growth rate kinetics.
223
-------
UTAH (cont.)
UTAH LAKE
Location: Utah County
Size: 94,720 acres
Depth: 20 feet (max.) 8 feet (average)
Problem and Source: This is a shallow, wind agitated mesotrophic
lake which has undergone marked changes
toward a eutrophic state in the past 100
years.
Upwards of 6 endemic species and subspecies
of fish and molluscs have become extinct.
Another 35 species of native fishes and molluscs
have been extripated. The dominant littoral
vegetation is an introduced species, Tamarix
pentandra which is a notorious phreatophyte.
Recently localized algal blooms of blue-
green algae and desmids have extended across
the lake during the summer when a calm of
three or more days occurs.
The area surrounding Utah Lake has increased
in human population faster than any in
Utah County. Sewage plants adequate 10
years ago are overwhelmed by present loads
and only a few communities are making attempts
to improve and enlarge them.
Homes have encroached on the river banks and
the incoming streams channeled and diverted.
Most of the water during late spring through
fall is low quality irrigational, urban and
industrial return flow.
Many farmers use the river banks and lake edge
as a fence to retain livestock and feed lots
are increasing. Aerial photography shows that
90% of the cattle are pastured with unlimited
access to incoming streams.
Truck farming is giving way to corn, and farmers
are being urged to increase yield through
increased fertilizer application.
224
-------
UTAH (oont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Three of the four main solid waste disposal
areas are located in areas of high water
table and low surface water which drains
into the lake.
The present plans call for diking 1/3 of the
lake to reduce evaporation, but little has
been done to clean up the incoming waters.
Projected changes in water quality by various
agencies have not considered PO. or NOo and
NH» in their calculations. We Rave calculated
a nominal budget of 900,000 pounds input and
100,000 pounds output of phosphates, and the
diking would not decrease the input but
confine its biogeochemical cycling and sedi-
mentation to 2/3 of the present lake basin.
In addition, the major source of water would
become the Spanish Fork River and it is three
times as high as other incoming water in total
dissolved solids and colloidal clays.
No study has been done on the effect of diking
on the benthos of Utah Lake. The areas pro-
posed for drying may be the most productive
and important in recycling and fixing nutrients.
1) A multidiscipline Lake Authority to develop
a workable set of objectives and development
and enforcement of urban, industrial and
agricultural zoning ordinances should be
created.
2) A study of the rate of phosphate sedimen-
tation, recycling and plankton uptake.
3) Education and poling of people living about
and using the lake so that what it becomes
is their decision.
4) A quality long-term study of the effect
of diking on the benthos.
At least two publications are available on
Utah Lake. One involves the changes in biota
in the lake and the other the water chemistry
and pesticide residue levels of the lake.
Both are available through the Utah Lake
Research Station, Brigham Young University.
225
-------
LAKE
Location:
Size :
Depth:
An international water bordering Vermont, New York State,
and the Province of Quebec.
273,280 acres
400 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Lake Champlain originated with the North
American Great Lakes, is also in the
St. Lawrence drainage basin, and has
limnological characteristics similar to
the Great Lakes. Because of Pleistocene biogeo-
graphy, the fauna of the lake is essentially
the same as in the Great Lakes.
The main portion of Lake Champlain is in a
mesotrophic condition, but the conditions
have deteriorated in the last ten years.
Certain isolated portions of the lake, though
of major economic value, have become eutrophic.
Most of the many bays along the periphery
of the lake now have algae problems, contaminated
water, and fish kills. A pulp and paper mill at
the southern end of the lake, where the width
is narrow, has been depositing wastes since 1890.
Cladophora has been making itself known
along the shores for the first time; and for the
first time in history, bathing beaches on both
the Vermont and the New York sides of the lake
have been closed because of excessive coliform
counts. During the summer of 1970, all
fishing was banned in the lake (Vermont side,
and Commercial fishing in Canada) because of
excessive amounts of mercury in the fish. High
mercury concentrations have now been found in
the zooplankton. The citizens on both sides
of the lake, and Canada, are demanding action.
Previous corrective measures: In 1904 the
Governor of Vermont requested the Federal
Government to investigate the pollution of
the lake from the paper industry on the
226
-------
VERMONT (cont.)
New York side of the lake. The Federal
Government made a survey, but nothing happened
The same thing took place in 1966-67, and the
Federal Government made a survey, but this
time had a hearing, and the allegations were
confirmed. Though legal negotiations are
still going on, the situation has been
forced into one of improvement.
The State of Vermont has been following an
active program of construction of sewage
treatment facilities within the drainage
basin. It is only now that genuine efforts
are being made by the local governments and
the citizens to return Lake Champlain to
a more desirable condition.
Proposed corrective measures: At the federal
hearings in 1967, it was decided that the
large sludge beds in the south end of the
lake, deposited in part by a pulp and paper
mill, be removed. The Company is building
a completely new plant, with a modern waste
treatment facility. This new plant is to go
into limited operation on December 1, 1970.
Scientists at the University of Vermont, and
the State Government plan to monitor the area
for at least a year before and after the plant
goes into operation.
Other remedial action would be to get the
numerous villages, on both sides of the lake,
to obtain sewage treatment plants. Also, the
larger villages should look into nutrient
removal from the sewage. Since about 20
major tributaries inflow to the lake, progress
could be well measured, because the entire
drainage basin is divisible into well-defined
basins. Since the "refill" rate is only 2.6
years, corrective actions in the drainage
basin should be noticed in a reasonably
short time.
Background Data: A great deal of background information is
available.
227
-------
VERMONT (oont.)
1) About two dozen U.S.G.S. gaging stations
are located in the Champlain watershed,
and the ten largest tributaries to the
lake are measured for stream discharge.
About 64% of the entire drainage basin
is monitored on a daily basis for water
discharge. Therefore, there is a good
measure of how much water is flowing into
the lake.
2) The discharge of Lake Champlain has been
measured for several decades.
3) Lake levels have been measured for three
locations on the lake. The oldest lake
level data goes back about 90 years.
There is the need for some lake level
data in the southern portion of the
lake. The probability (or frequency) of
daily lake levels has been computed and
graphed.
4) The Champlain basin has one first-class
U. S. weather station in Burlington,
Vermont, near the center of the lake. No
less than 36 cooperative U. S. Weather
Bureau weather stations are also found in
the drainage basin.
5) Extensive limnological data have been collected
on the lake by scientists at the University
of Vermont since 1964. Extensive surveys
have been made of the lake on a synoptic
basis since 1965. A survey of portions of
the lake in 1928, and a federal survey of the
lake in 1903 would allow for a measure
of the changes of the characteristics of
the lake in time.
The Lake Champlain Studies Center, University of
Vermont, has been collecting data on the lake for
the past five years with the hope that the data
would serve to document past conditions, and
also indicate where problems exist, and in gen-
eral help to manage the return of the lake to an
oligotrophic condition. In this sense, the Lake
Center offers an arm to the State Government in
bringing this about.
228
-------
LAKE DUNMORE
VERMONT (cont.)
Location: Addison County; town of Salisbury
Size: 1,035 acres
Depth: unknown
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Comnents:
The problem is rapid eutrophication caused
mainly by septic tank seepage from cottages.
Little background data is available.
Lake use is primarily recreational (contact
and noncontact) and as a drinking water
supply. The lake is ringed with cottages; the
owners of which have formed the Lake Dunmore
Association to try to deal with the problem.
LAKE MEMPHREMEGOG
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Northern Vermont (Orleans County) and Southern Quebec
24,237 acres (6,317 in Vermont)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
This was a deep and oligotrophic lake, known
for salmon and lake trout. The town of
Newport, Vermont, located at the southern end
of the lake has been the main contributor
of nutrients.
Studies have been made by the Canadians and
Vermont officials for the past years on the matter,
and Newport now has a new sewage treatment plant
that should help to improve the lake.
229
-------
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Central Virginia
103 acres
15 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Comments:
A large input of algal nutrients has created
an undesirable situation. Eutrophication
is accelerated in the reservoir as indicated
by periodic algal blooms, frequent fish
kills, occasional obnoxious tastes and odors
in the finished product of the water treat-
ment plant, and the establishment of
benthic invertebrates tolerant to organic
pollution. Although the problem is not
critical at this time, such conditions
as those in the Occoquan will, in all pro-
bability soon exist unless steps are taken
to limit the algal nutrient input to the
reservoir.
The staff has evaluated most of the sources
of nutrients and is now awaiting the
opportunity to gather much needed data during
a period of storm water runoff.
The lake is the water supply for the city
of Charlottesville.
Location: 35 miles east of Richmond (near Providence Forge)
Size: 1,500 acres (approx.)
Depth: 10 feet (average)
Problem and Source:
Chickahominy Lake is also eutrophic. Several
years ago, the State Water Control Board
staff conducted an extensive study in this
area and found that eutrophication was caused
by natural conditions and discharges from
domestic waste treatment facilities.
230
-------
VIRGINIA (oont.)
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
In order to reduce the degree of the problem,
the State Water Control Board established very
strict standards for any future discharges
and required the County of Henrico and the
city of Richmond to eliminate all discharges
to the watershed or institute the necessary
treatment to eliminate nitrogen, phosphorus and
carbon from the discharges. Since this policy
was instituted by the State Water Control
Board, the County of Henrico has had an active
program of eliminating the discharges by
abandoning their treatment plants and con-
necting to the city of Richmond's sewerage
facilities which discharge to the James River
Basin.
The lake serves as part of the water supply for
Newport News.
Because of the nutrients from natural sources,
the lake is extremely productive in terms
of biological organisms; and for this reason,
is used extensively by fishermen and hunters.
OCCOQUAN RESERVOIR
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Northern Virginia (near Woodbridge)
1,600 acres (approx.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The problem is this reservoir is accelerated
eutrophication brought about by the addition
of algal nutrients primarily from treated
domestic waste water discharges in the
watershed.
Corrective treatments have, in the past, been
focused on the elimination of tastes and odors
in the finished water at the water treatment
plant through chemical treatment and the applica^
tion of algacides in the reservoir itself
as well as improvements in waste treatment
facilities within the watershed. These
231
-------
VIRGINIA (oont.)
Background Data:
Comments:
corrective measures have proven to be to-
tally inadequate with the result that
problems with tastes and odors have
become more intense.
During 1968 and 1969, the State Water
Control Board acquired the services
of Dr. Claire Sawyer, Metcalf and Eddy,
Inc. of Boston, Mass. Under the direction
of Dr. Sawyer the staff conducted a compre-
hensive study of the entire Occoquan water-
shed with particular emphasis placed on the
algal nutrient input to the reservoir,
its quantity and sources.
Dr. Sawyer has presented a detailed report
of his findings to the Board with the recommen-
dation that all waste waters be exported
from the watershed. Dr. Sawyer's recommen-
dation and those of others have been
"aired" at public hearings and are now before
the Board for consideration.
The lake serves as a water supply for approx-
imately 450,000 people in Fairfax and Prince
William Counties and the city of Alexandria.
POUNDS RESERVOIR
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Southwestern Virginia (near Pounds)
154 acres
Problem and Source:
Degradation of this impoundment is of a toxic
nature, i.e., acid mine drainage. Strip
mines on the headwaters of the North Fork
of the Pound River have exposed materials
which oxidize to form inorganic acids,
lowering the pH of,the drainage and thereby
drastically depressing the biological pro-
ductivity of the watershed.
232
-------
VIRGINIA (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Comments:
It would appear that the only possible method
of eliminating this problem would be a
land reclamation program in the mined areas.
The State Water Control Board has requested
that the staff conduct a public hearing at
Pound as the first step in the pollution
abatement process.
Serves as a water supply for approximately
1,000 people.
SMITH MOUNTAIN RESERVOIR
Location:
Size:
Depth:
5 miles south of metropolitan Roanoke
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Comments:
The Roanoke Arm of this lake suffers primarily
from organic degradation and accelerated
eutrophication with the great majority of the
organics and algal nutrients being supplied
by treated waste discharges and untreated
storm water overflows from the metropolitan
Roanoke area. Numerous fish kills have been
observed on this Arm and are attributed to
this enrichment.
The staff of the State Water Control Board
has completed a preliminary investigation
of the Roanoke River Watershed, and a tech-
nical report is being prepared for review
by the Board.
This lake serves as a pump-storage, hydro-
electric generating facility. The Roanoke and
Blackwater Rivers are the two primary
tributaries of the lake. The Roanoke River
sub-basin contains a sewage-industrial complex
whereas the Blackwater River watershed contains
essentially forests and farms.
233
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WASHINGTON
ACVIERiCAfU LAKE
Location: 8 miles south of Tacoma
Size: 1,125 acres
Depth: 90 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Nuisance algal blooms occur in the lake.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Herbicide treatment has been on a regular
basis.
A commercial biologist has charge of algal
control. Nature of background data is unsure
BADGER LAKE
Location: 8 miles south of Cheney
Size: 244 acres
Depth: 105 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Lake is in middle to late mesotrophy and
suffers from blue-green algal growths in
August and September (primarily Lyngbya sp.
and Anabaena sp.).
No treatment is reported to date.
Occasional sampling has been done for algae
counts and nutrient analysis.
The lake is heavily used for recreational
purposes. It drains indirectly into Williams
Lake.
BAY LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
129 acres
11 feet (max.)
234
-------
WASHINGTON (cont. )
Problem and Source:
The lake is eutrophic to the point of causing
fish mortalities during bloom periods. Nutrient
sources are thought to be primarily natural
including duck excrement.
No treatment has been tried.
Nature of background data is uncertain.
CRANBERRY LAKE
1 1/2 miles southwest of Anacortes
27 acres
20 feet (max.)
PASS LAKE
6 miles south of Anacortes
99 acres
20 feet (max.)
CAMPBELL LAKE
Location: 5 miles south of Anacortes
Size: 410 acres
Depth: 22 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Eo.eVgvound Data:
These three lakes (above) are eutrophic.
They experience blooms of algae to the point
that the water turns green and mats form.
Surrounding homes are few or non-existent. Con-
centrated sources of nutrients are not apparent
so the cause is thought to be natural.
Some background data exist on these lakes but
of a limited nature. Collection was by students
at Skagit Valley College, Mt. Vernon, Washington,
GREEW LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Seattle
255 acres
24 feet (max.)
235
-------
WASHINGTON (cont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This is a naturally eutrophic lake with large
blooms of nuisance blue-green algae.
Low-nutrient city water was added on a con-
tinuous basis in 1962 at a rate that displaces
the lake's volume annually. This technique
has resulted in increased water clarity,
reduced nutrient levels, decreased algal
biomass and occurence of nuisance blue-green
algae has now been restricted to only part
of the growing season.
Data is available in: Oglesby, R. T., Effect
of controlled nutrient dilution on the eutro-
phication of a lake, jn_ "Eutrophication, Causes,
Consequences, and Correctives," National Academy
of Science, 1969.
ISLAND LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
109 acres
31 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Nuisance algal blooms and clodea have developed
in the littoral zone in recent years. Septic
tank drainage into the lake from surrounding
homes is probably the source of the problem.
No background data has been collected on the
lake.
LONG LAKE
Location: 3 1/2 miles southeast of Pt. Orchard, Washington
Size: 314 acres
Depth: shallow, exact depth uncertain
Problem and Source:
The lake is in an advanced state of eutrophy,
with dense blooms of blue-green algae. This
is probably a natural condition since concen-
trated sources are not apparent.
236
-------
WASHINGTON (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No corrective treatments have been tried.
No background data has been collected on the
lake.
LONG LAKE
Location: 23 miles northwest of Spokane
Size: 5,020 acres
Depth:
Problem and Source: The lake receives partially treated sewage
and industrial wastes from Spokane City
area.
Background Data:
Comments:
This lake has been studied somewhat by the
Nashington Water Pollution Control Commission
The lake serves as a power reservoir on the
Spokane River.
MEDICAL LAKE
Location: Medical Lake City
Size: 149 acres
Depth: 60 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake is highly eutrophic and experiences
large blooms of Anacystis Anabaena Flos-
aquae. The problem is probably due to the
large organic loading received by the lake.
No treatment is reported for the lake.
The lake has been sampled occasionally.
MOSES LAKE
Location: Moses Lake
Size: 6,815 acres
Depth: 38 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: This is an historically eutrophic lake.
237
-------
WASHINGTON (cont.)
Rehdbi 1i tation:
Background Data:
Blue-green algae form mats on the surface
throughout the summer, washing ashore to
create unpleasant conditions of considerable
magnitude.
Addition of lower-nutrient Columbia River
water to dilute nutrients has been proposed,
but not carried out because of objections of
irrigators downstream from the lake. Flushing
is still considered to have merit with the
addition of surface skimmers to prevent algae
from moving back to flushed out areas by wind
driven surface currents.
Two and one-half years of extensive data on
nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll, seston,
particulate carbon, community composition,
secchi disk depths and oxygen and temperature
profiles exists with which to compare post-
treatment changes. In addition, extensive
in situ experiments to determine the causitive
factors in the dilution water effects or algal
growth and species succession are available.
NEWMAN LAKE
Location: 16 miles northeast of Spokane
Size: 1,190 acres
Depth: 30 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: The lake experiences excessive growth of blue-
green algae in the late summer and also
aquatic weed growth is a problem due to the
shallow depth of the lake.
Reha~bi iitation:
Background Data:
No treatment has been reported for this
lake.
The lake has been sampled occasionally.
PINE LAKE
Location: 4 miles north of Issaquah
Size: 88 acres
Depth: 39 feet (max.)
238
-------
WASHINGTON (cont. )
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake is highly eutrophic probably as a
result of septic tank drainage from surrounding
houses.
No treatments have been tried.
Only scanty background data exists for the
lake.
ROCK LAKE
Location: 32 miles south of Spokane
Size: 2,147 acres
Depth: 320 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Silt from runoff entering the lake reduces
productivity to that of an oligotrophic lake
until mid-July when the water clears and
persistent blue-green algae occur; usually
Aphanizomenon.
No previous or proposed treatment was reported
for this lake.
Algae counts and nutrient levels are monitored
regularly by the Washington State University,
Sanitary Engineering Research Group. Analysis
is done by Standard Methods and neutron activation
Data has been collected for three years.
LAKE SAMMAMISH
Location: 10 miles east of Seattle
Size: 4,997 acres
Depth: 100 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
An increased state of cultural eutrophication
(comparable to Lake Washinton in 1964-65),
exists in this lake.
Diversion of a major nutrient source,
Issaquah sewage effluent and milk plant wastes
was accomplished in 1968. (estimated 50%
239
-------
WASHINGTON (cant.)
Background Data:
phosphorus and 80% nitrogen previously
entering lake.). By 1970, recovery was
apparent and reflected in increased water
clarity, decreased algal biomass, and
increased hypolimnetic oxygen content.
Data is available in: Edmondson, W. T.,
Eutrophication in North America, j[n_ "Eu-
trophication, Causes, Consequences and
Correctives," National Academy of Science,
1969.
SPANAWAY LAKE
Location: 10 miles south of Tacoma
Size: 267 acres
Depth: 28 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Nuisance algal blooms and swimmers itch are
the main problems in the lake.
Rehabilitation:
"Background Data:
Herbicide treatment has been tried.
Commercial biologist has charge of algal
control. Extent of background data
available is not known.
STEILACOOWI LAKE
Location: 3 miles east of Steilacoom
Size: 313 acres
Depth: 23 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Nuisance algal blooms are a problem in the
lake.
Rehabilitation:
Herbicide treatment is done on a regular basis
240
-------
WASHINGTON (cont. )
Background Data:
A commercial biologist has charge of algal
control. The extent of background data
available on the lake is not known.
VANCOUVER LAKE
Location: 3 miles northwest of Vancouver, Washington
Size: 2,858 acres
Depth: shallow, on flood plain of Columbia River
Problem and Source:
The lake is under study by Washington State
University, Pullman, Department of Civil
Engineering.
LAKE WASHINGTON
Location: Seattle, Washington
Size: 21,650 acres
Depth: 100 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
An advancing state of cultural eutrophication
was noted in the lake until the mid-1960's
due to additions of sewage effluents from the
city of Seattle.
Formation of the Metro (Municipality of Metro-
politan Seattle) which developed an effective
sewage-disposal system and implemented it
between 1963-68 has diverted all treatment
plant effluents from the lake. This has resulted
in noticeable improvements in water quality;
increased transparency and decreased
nutrient levels.
Extensive background data is available.
See: Edmondson, W. T., Water Quality Manage-
ment and Lake Eutrophication: The Lake
Washington Case, j_n_ Water Resources Management
and Public Policy, edited by Thomas H. Campbell
and Robert 0. Sylvester (Seattle: U of W
Press, 1968) for documentation of sources.
241
-------
WHATCQM LAKE
WASHINGTON (cont.)
Location: 3 miles east of Bellingham
Size: 5,003 acres
Depth: 311 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
A history of cultural eutrophication in the
west end of the lake is believed to be caused
largely by septic tank drainage from sur-
rounding homes.
Attempts at control have been in the form
of sewering developments around the lake.
The problem has been studied intensively
by Western Washington State College workers,
so adequate background data probably
exist to document a change in the lake.
WILLIAMS LAKE
Location: 11 miles southwest of Cheney
Size: 319 acres
Depth: 115 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
This lake is in late mesotrophy and experiences
intermittent blue-green algae blooms from
late July and August through mid-September.
The primary species involved are Anabaena
Flos-aquae, Lynbya, and Aphanizomenon Flos-
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Some remedial treatments have been tried.
Extensive data collection has been going on
for three years, nutrients and algal count
have been monitored by Washington State
University, Sanitary Engineering Research
Group.
The lake is heavily used for recreation.
242
-------
WISCONSIN
BIG BUTTERNUT LAKE
Polk County
378 acres
19 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Excessive weeds and algae are the primary
problem in this lake. Sources of nutrients
are surface runoff, ground water, and possibly
domestic sewage from private disposal systems.
Previous chemical control of weeds has been
practiced.
The Department of Natural Resources has data
pertaining to general chemistry and fisheries.
BIG MUSKEGO LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Waukesha County, Town of Muskego
2,260 acres
23 feet (max.) 3 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problems in this lake include deteriorating
water quality, unstable lake levels, winter-
kill which inhibits the fishery, undesirable
fish species, frequent algal "blooms," and
lack of water recreational space due to shallow
depths.
Some weed cutting is done. Incorporation of
upstream sewered area with the Milwaukee
Metropolitan Sewer System is needed. Some
dredging is also proposed.
Data are available through Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, Big Muskego Lake, Lake
Use Report No. FX-3.
243
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
BROWNS LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Racine County, Town of Burlington
396 acres
44 feet (max.) 8 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problems in this lake include deteriorating
water quality, excessive weed growth and
fluctuating water levels. (Fertility (Spring
P(L) high; nuisance hazard (Cl) medium).
Public sewerage is needed.
Data are available through Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, Browns Lake, Lake Use
Report No. FX-15.
LAKE BUTTE DES MORIS
(See Wolf River Lakes)
BUTTERNUT LAKE
Location: Price County
Size: 830 acres
Depth: 23 feet
'Problem and Source: Sources of nutrients are surface runoff,
ground water and runoff from the village
of Butternut.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
No information is given.
No information is given.
LAKE DELAVAN
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Walworth County
2,072 acres
56 feet (max.)
244
-------
WISCONSIN (oont.)
Problem and Source.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problems in the lake include high coliform
counts and weed and algal growths. Sources
of nutrients include Jackson Creek, surface
runoff, ground water, and possibly private
sewage disposal systems.
Installation of a sanitary sewer system is
needed. Also elimination of upstream
nutrient sources; e.g., Elkhorn sewage treat-
ment plant effluent which enters Jackson
Creek.
Previous treatment includes weekly marginal
CuSO^ (cutrine) treatments for algae.
Chelated CuS04 has been used recently. Rough
fish removal has also been practiced.
General limnological studies and recommendations
have been completed by Limnetics Inc., Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Department of Natural Resources
has data on nutrients, transparency, plankton,
general chemistry, temperature profiles, and
fisheries.
EAGLE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Racine County, Town of Dover
520 acres
15 feet (max.) 7 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake suffers from deteriorating water
quality, winterkill, fluctuating water levels,
and excessive algal and weed growths (fertility
(Spring PO^) medium, nuisance hazard (Cl) high).
There are point sources of pollution contri-
buting to the problem.
Adequate sewage treatment in the drainage
basin is needed. Some dredging to improve
fishery and eliminate weed growths would
also be desirable.
Data are available through the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Lake Use
Report No. FX-19.
245
-------
HALFW100N LAKE
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Eau Claire County
132 acres
9 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake has excessive algae growths and a
rough fish problem. Source of nutrients is
surface runoff.
Chemical control and rough fish removal has
been practiced previously.
The Department of Natural Resources has data
on the general chemistry and fisheries.
HORSESHOE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Manitowoc County
22 acres
54 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Planktonic algae and some rooted aquatics
are a problem in this lake. The sources
of nutrients are poorly defined; individual
septic systems may contribute, also a former
cheese factory may have contributed to the
problem.
Horseshoe Lake was treated in Spring, 1970,
with alum for phosphate precipitation by the
Inland Lake Demonstration Project (U.W.
Extension and Department of Natural Resources)
The lake was sampled and analyses done for
11 months in 1966 by the State Lab of Hy-
giene (chemical and some biological, data).
It has been monitored monthly since February
1970, by the Inland Lake Renewal Project.
246
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
LAKE KOSHKONONG
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Jefferson County
10,480 acres
6 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Problems in this lake include shallow depths,
algal blooms, winter-kill, poor quality fishery
and reduced recreational values.
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
In the past rough fish control has been prac-
ticed along with occasional attempts at
algae and weed control, and continual efforts
to reduce fertilization. Dredging of parts
of the basin is recommended.
Department of Natural Resources reports on
the lake and fishery and lake map, the USGS
Rock River Basin Report and other data con-
stitute sufficient background information
to document change.
LILLY LAKE
Location: Kenosha County, Town of Wheat!and
Size: 87 acres
Depth: 25 feet (max.) 9 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Lake problems include winterkill, fluctuating
water level and aquatic weeds (fertility
(Spring PO*) low, nuisance hazard (Cl) low).
Mechanical weed cutting for control of
vegetation has been done for several years.
Dredging to prevent winterkill is proposed.
Data are available through Wisconsin Department
of Natural Resources, Lake Use Report No.
FX-34.
247
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
LITTLE RHOSKEGO LAKE
Location: Southeastern Waukesha County
Size: 506 acres
Depth: 65 feet (max.) 14 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
The lake suffers from excessive weed and algal
growths and general deterioration in water
quality; fertility (Spring PO^) medium;
nuisance hazard (Cl) high.
Measures to control aquatic vegetation are
taken each summer.
Installation of sanitary sewers and bypass
of the lake with storm sewer system are
proposed as well as continued harvesting
and land disposal of rooted aquatics.
Location: Polk County
Size: 257 acres
Depth: ]Q feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Excessive weeds and algae are a problem
in this lake. Sources of nutrients are
surface runoff and ground water.
Chemical control of weeds and algae has been
practiced in the past.
The Department of Natural Resources has
data on general chemistry and fisheries.
Location: Racine County, Towns of Burlington and Rochester
Size: 124 acres
Depth: 5 feet (max.) 3 feet (mean)
'248
-------
WISCONSIN (oont. )
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Problems in this lake include winterkill,
excessive weed growth, fluctuating water
levels, and general deterioration of water
quality, (fertility (Spring POJ high,
nuisance hazard (Cl) high.
Relocation of a barnyard and some cottages
on the shoreline are necessary. Dredging
to prevent winterkill would also be
desirable.
LOWER PHANTOM LAKE
Location: Waukesha County, town of Mukwonagon
Size: 433 acres
Depth: 12 feet (max.) 4 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problems noted in this lake include excessive
algal and weed growth, and general deterioration
of water quality, (fertility (Spring PO^) medium;
nuisance hazard (Cl) low.
Application of chemicals, dredging, and recently,
mechanical harvesting of aquatic vegetation
have been tried with marginal success.
Data are available through the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Lake Use
Report No. FX-14.
MADISON LAKES
LAKE MENDOTA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Dane County
9,730 acres
82 feet
LAKE MONONA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Dane County
3,335 acres
64 feet
249
-------
WISCONSIN (oont.)
LAKE WAUBESA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Dane County
2,113 acres
34 feet
LAKE KEGONSA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Dane County
2,716 acres
31 feet
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
All four of the lakes presently have ex-
cessive growths of algae and aquatic vege-
tation. Severe algal blooms on Mendota
and Monona were recorded as early as
1882; odor was a major problem for many years.
Construction of sewage treatment facilities
and the diversion of treatment plant effluents
has lessened the problems, but the lakes are
still eutrophic. Aphanizomenon, Microcystis,
and Anabaena are the primary problem-causing
algae.
Sources of nutrients: At the present time,
effluents from domestic treatment plants are
diverted around the lakes except for a few
small communities north of Lake Mendota at
the upper end of the chain. Both rural and
urban runoff contribute significant nutrient
inputs.
The nutrient inputs to Lake Mendota have
been studied in considerable detail. Estimates
of the nitrogen and phosphorus influx from
the various sources in the basin have been
prepared by Lee et^ al_, 1969. In general, the
major portion of the phosphorus originates from
point sources, whereas diffuse sources account
for most of the nitrogen input.
Lake Monona also receives the heated discharge
from the Madison Gas and Electric Company.
Nutrient diversion and chemical treatment
for algal control have been the primary
rehabilitation practices. In recent years
the mechanical harvesting of aquatic weeds has
been employed.
250
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Background Data:
Extensive background data exists for the
lakes, especially for Lake Mendota. Much
basic limnological data was collected by
Birge and Juday. Sawyer conducted major
studies of the sources of nutrients to the
lakes, particularly Monona, Waubesa and
Kegonsa. Rohlich and Lee examined the origin
and quantity of nutrient input to Lake Mendota
and Lawton described the lakes before and
after diversion. Bottom sediments have
been studied by many investigators. In
addition, many theses, papers, and reports
describing the lakes have been prepared.
LAKE METONGA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Forest County
2,157 acres
74 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Background Data:
Eutrophication of this lake is increasing due to
inadequate soils for individual sanitary systems
Indicators of the conditions are high fertility
and algae.
There has been a request for a survey by the
local lake association. No water quality
data are on file.
LAKE NAGAW1CKA
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Waukesha County
957 acres
90 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Eehabilitation:
Some coliform counts, very heavy algal and
weed growths, are probably caused by in-
creasing urban population.
A sanitary sewer system is needed, in addition
to elimination of upstream rural and urban
nutrient sources.
251
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Background Data:
A University of Wisconsin student group
has made water quality investigations. Poor
soils in the area, and an upstream sewage
treatment plant contribute nutrients.
PELL LAKE
Location: Walworth County, Town of Bloomfield
Size: 86 acres
Depth: 13 feet (max.) 9 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Among the problems in this lake are winter-
kill, fluctuating water levels, and general
deteriorating water quality, (fertility
(Spring PC^) medium; nuisance hazard (Cl)
medium).
Sodium arsenite was applied to beach areas
from 1954-58 for weed control. Lake rehabil
itation through controlled use of toxicants
is proposed; also permanent installations
for aeration are suggested, as well as
dredging.
Data are available through the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Lake
Use Report No. FX-37.
PEWAUKEE LAKE
Location: Waukesha County, Towns of Delafield and Pewaukee
Size: 2,493 acres
Depth: 45 feet (max.) 15 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
The lake suffers from excessive algal and
weed growth and a general deterioration of
water quality, (fertility (Spring POJ high,
nuisance hazard (Cl) medium. Source? of
nutrients include surface runoff, ground-
water, and possibly private sewage disposal
systems.
252
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Rehabilitation: The lake has a history of intensive chemical
and mechanical weed control, two harvesters
are commonly in operation on the lake.
Both sodium arsenite and copper sulfate have
been used in the past for control of rooted
aquatics and algae respectively. An aquatic
plant control program should be coordinated for
the future.
Background Data: Data are available through the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Lake Use
Report No. FX-2.
PICKEREL LAKE
Location: Portage County
Size: 52 acres
Depth: 12 feet
Problem and Source: Problems in this lake include excessive
algae and swimmers' itch. Sources of nutrients
are surface runoff and ground water.
Rehabilitation: Chemical control of algae and swimmers' itch
have been tried previously.
LAKE POYGON
(See Wolf River Lakes)
LAKE REDSTONE
Location: Sauk County
Size: 625 acres
Depth: 40 feet (max.)
Problem and Source: Excessive algal and aquatic weed growth
result from high nutrient levels in water.
Nutrient enrichment may originate from septic
tank absorption fields in adjacent development
and/or from agricultural runoff.
253
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Comments:
Chemical treatment for weed control by the
Department of Natural Resources has been
applied in the past.
Some data are available from the Department
of Natural Resources (1968 and 1970) including
nutrient levels, temperature, dissolved
oxygen, alkalinity, and conductance.
This
65.
is an artificial lake, built in 1964-
Location:
Size :
Depth:
Burnett County
203 acres
24 feet
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Excessive algae is the main concern in this
lake. Sources of nutrients are surface
runoff, ground-water, and possibly private
disposal systems.
Chemical control of algae has been undertaken
in the past.
The Department of Natural Resources has data
on general chemistry and fisheries.
SHAWAWO LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Shawano County (northeastern)
6,178 acres
42 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
Shawano Lake, even in its natural state, would
most likely be considered eutrophic. The
nature of its shallow basin and extensive
littoral zone promote conditions suitable for
the growth of emergent and submergent aquatic
plants. The lake is fed primarily by ground
waters, containing significant amounts of
nitrate which encourage the eutrophic condition
254
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Rehab'L'litat'ion:
Background Data:
Comments:
Two problems that Shawano Lake now faces
are plankton blooms and growths of macrophytes.
The two methods tried in the past to relieve these
conditions are application of chemical toxi-
cants and mechanical control. These methods
are relatively inexpensive but they have
provided only temporary relief.
Cultural eutrophication has undoubtedly had
a significant effect on Shawano Lake. The
construction of a sanitary sewer should even-
tually slow this type of eutrophication, but
will not cure the problems.
Two methods of permanent control, dredging and
a controlled nutrient budget are recommended
for Shawano Lake problems. These methods
are extensive and expensive operations and
should not be considered without detailed
investigation.
Backup material regarding problems of Shawano
Lake may be obtained from the Northeastern
Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission files.
No water quality data is on file.
Recreational use of Shawano Lake is intense
and rehabilitation is desirable.
SNAKE LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Vilas-Oneida counties
12 acres
22 feet (max.)
Problem and Source:
The foremost problems in Snake Lake have
been frequent fishkills, excessive rooted and
planktonic aquatics, and high nutrient levels.
The lake received effluent from the town of
Woodruff sewage treatment plant from 1941 to
1958, when a subsoil effluent disposal system
was installed. The plant was shut down entirely
in 1964. Storm sewer runoff also enters lake.
255
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Snake Lake has been undergoing extensive restor-
ation activities since 1968 by the Inland Lake
Renewal and Management Demonstration Project
(U. W. Extension and the Department of Natural
Resources). The lake was pumped down in the fall,
1969, and again in summer, 1970, to test the effect
on nutrient levels of dilution due to increased ground
water inflow after pumping. More extensive cover-
age of this project is available in "Snake
Lake Report; Inland Lake Renewal Project."
First chemical analyses were done by Juday
in 1928; extensive sampling and analysis were
carried out from 1942-48; isolated samples
were analysed in 1952, and 1967. The lake has
been continuously monitored by the Inland
Lake Project from March, 1969 to date.
TICHIGAN LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Racine County, Town of Waterford
891 acres
63 feet (max.) 15 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
The lake is experiencing a deterioration
in water quality due to improperly functioning
soil absorption sewage treatment systems and
additions of untreated or inadequately
treated sewage to the Fox River at Waukesha
during storm flows. Excessive algal and
weed growths occur in the lake as a result,
(fertility (Spring P04) high; nuisance hazard(Cl)
high).
Public sewerage is needed.
Data are available through the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Lake
Use Report No. FX-6.
WHITE POTATO LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Oconto County
975 acres
15 feet (max.)
256
-------
WISCONSIN (oont.)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
This lake experiences winterkill and excessive
aquatic weed growth.
Dredging of portions of the basin is recommended,
Fish surveys and a lake map constitute the
background data which is sufficient for a
partial evaluation of improvements.
WIND LAKE
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Racine County, Town of Norway
936 acres
47 feet (max.) 10 feet (mean)
Problem and Source:
Rehabilitation:
Background Data:
Problems in this lake include deteriorating
water quality and drifting plant matter which
creates shore use problems (fertility (Spring
PO.) high; nuisance hazard (Cl) high).
No steps have been taken to date. Development
of a sanitary district for the town of Norway
is proposed.
Data are available through the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, Lake Use
Report No. FX-5.
LAKE WINNEBAGO
Location:
Size:
Depth:
Winnebago, Calumet,
137,708 acres
21 feet (max.)
and Fond Du Lac Counties
Problem and Source:
Lake Winnebago with its tremendous area
compared to its shallow depth is a naturally
eutrophic lake. This condition is compounded
by the inflow of nutrient enriched streams,
agricultural runoff, and industrial and
municipal wastes which contribute to severe algae
growths.
257
-------
WISCONSIN (cont.)
Rehabilitation: Corrective measures such as a controlled
nutrient budget would be a challenge with
Winnebago's 6,000 square miles of drainage.
With problems becoming worse, rehabilitation
is a must, not only from the aesthetic view-
point but Lake Winnebago is also an increasing
source of municipal water supply.
Backgr :nd Data: Winnebago is continuously monitored by the
Department of Natural Resources. No water
quality data is on file with the Northeastern
Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission.
LAKE WINNECONNE
(See Wolf River Lakes)
WOLF RSVER LAKES
LAKE POYGAN
Location: Winnebago County (central)
Size: 14,102 acres
Depth: H feet (max.)
LAKE
Location: Winnebago County (central)
Size: 4,507 acres
Depth: 10 feet (max.)
LAKE BUTTE DES MORTS
Location: Winnebago County (central)
Size; 8,857 acres
Depth: H feet (max.)
Problem and Source: The same problems that face Lake Winnebago
(see above) also face this chain of lakes,
but these lakes have the additional problem
258
-------
WISCONSIN (oont.)
of bog loss during high water. When
the bog is broken up the trapped nutrients
are released adding to the lakes already
enriched state.
Background Data: Lake Poygan is monitored continuously by the
Department of Natural Resources.
259
-------
WYOMING
A general statement concerning the quality of Wyoming lakes was
supplied by Arthur E. Williamson, Director of Sanitary Engineering
Services for the Wyoming Department of Health and Social Services.
1) Wyoming lakes-are not suffering from water quality de-
gradation (Williamson). This fortunate circumstance is
probably attributable to the following two conditions.
a) Practically.all of Wyoming's natural lakes lie at
very high elevations and in the National Forest
areas. Therefore, the period of use is limited and
they are above pollution sources.
b) All of the large reservoirs at lower elevations are
primarily for irrigation purposes; therefore, water
is continually moved through these structures,
preventing any cycling effect of wastes. All sources
of waste are receiving adequate treatment, which
helps in maintaining these reservoirs in excellent
condition.
2) One large lake and several small ones in the state have
been formed by return irrigation flows and are expected
to develop problems with increasing solids and overfer-
tilization.
260
-------
APPENDICES
261
-------
INFORMATION SOURCES
S. Keith Jackson, Director
Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation
Commission
State Capitol
Little Rook, Arkansas 72201
Chicot, Lake
CAlIFORiyiA
Jerome B. Gilbert, Executive Officer
State Water Resources Control Board
Room 1140, Resources Building
1416 Ninth Street
Sacramento,, California 95814
Arthur F. Pillsbury, Director
Water Resources Center
University of California
Room 20663 Engineering
Los Angeles3 California 95814
Berryessa, Lake
Clear Lake
Goose Lake
Sal ton Sea
Frank J. Rozich, Technical Secretary
Water Pollution Control Commission
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver., Colorado 80220
John C. Ward, Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Foothills Campus
Sanitary Engineering Program
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Granby Reservoir
Grand Lake
Shadow Mountain Reservoir
Cheraw Lake
262
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CONNECTICUT
John J. Curry, Director
Water Resources Commission
State Office Building
Hartford,, Connecticut 06115
Bantam Lake
Crescent Lake
Groton Pond
Hitchcock Lakes
Kenosia, Lake
Lillinoah, Lake
Wonoscopomuc, Lake
Zoar, Lake
DELAWARE
B. E. Lane, Geohydrologist
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Control
Dover, Delaware 19901
All Lakes
FLORIDA
William H. Morgan, Director
Water Resources Research Center
220 Environmental Engineering
BuiIding
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32601
P. L. Brezonik, Assistant Professor
Department of Environmental
Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32601
Alice, Lake
Apopka, Lake
Bivens Arm
Clear Lake
Dora, Lake
Eustis, Lake
Griffen, Lake
Harris, Lake
Hawthorn Lake
Lochloosa, Lake
Newnan's Lake
Orange Lake
Wauberg, Lake
263
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FLORIDA CON'T
Richard M. Duchrow
Charles Starling
Fishery Biologists
Florida Game and Freshwater
Fish Commission
Fisheries Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1088
Eustis, Florida 32726
Alligator, Lake
Beauclair, Lake
Carl ton, Lake
Catherine, Lake
Conine, Lake
Dexter, Lake
Dicie, Lake
Effie, Lake
Francis, Lake
Hancock, Lake
Hollingsworth, Lake
Inglis Reservoir
Jessie, Lake
Killarney, Lake
Lawne, Lake
Lulu, Lake
Maggiore, Lake
Maitland, Lake
McLeod, Lake
Munson, Lake
Okeechobee, Lake
Parker, Lake
Rodman Reservoir
Rowell, Lake
Scott, Lake
Seminole, Lake
Shipp, Lake
South, Lake
Talquin, Lake
Thonotosassa, Lake
Tohopekaliga, Lake
Tracy, Lake
Tsala Apopka, Lake
Underhill, Lake
Virginia, Lake
Wales, Lake
GEORGIA
R. S. Howard, Jr., Executive Secretary
Georgia Stat' T-/ater Quality
Control Joard
47 Trinity Avenue, S.W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30334
Jackson, Lake
264
-------
Dr. A. W. Hoadley
Sanitary Engineer-ing Department
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
High Falls Lake
ILLINOIS
C. W. Klassen, Director
Environmental Protection Agency
Springfield, Illinois 62706
Fox Chain of Lakes
INDIANA
Oral H. Hert, Director
Division of Water Pollution Control
State Board of Health
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
KANSAS
All Lakes
John C. Ward, Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Foothills Campus
Sanitary Engineering Program
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Cheney Reservoir
LOUISIANA
Elvin J. Dantin, Director
Water Resources Research Institute
Louisiana State University
Division of Engineering Research
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Caddo Lake
Calcasieu Lake
Catahoula Lake
Cocodrie Lake
Cross Lake
Fausse Point, Lake
Ponchartrain, Lake
Sabine Lake
Salvadore, Lake
Six Mile Lake
Verret, Lake
265
-------
Burton Anderson, Water Resources Planner
State Health and Welfare Building
Augusta, Maine 04330
Lyndon H. Bond, Chief
Fisheries Division
Maine Department of Inland Fish and Game
State House
Augusta., Maine 04330
Charles Boothby, Executive Director
Soil and Water Conservation Commission
State House
Augusta, Maine 04330
Robert E. Foye, Assistant Chief
Fisheries Division
Maine Department of Inland Fish and Game
State House
Augusta, Maine 04330
James W. Fuller, Assistant Director
Division of Sanitary Engineering
Maine Department of Health and Welfare
State House
Augusta, Maine 04330
M. W. Hall, Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Boardman Hall
University of Maine
Orono, Maine 04473
Ed Imhoff, Director
Water Resources Center
Auburn Hall
University of Maine
South Campus
Bang or, Maine 04401
Matthew Scott, Aquatic Biologist
Maine Environmental Improvement
Commission
State House
Augusta, Maine 04330
Annabessacook Lake
Bauneg Beg Lake
Bonny Eagle Lake
Cobbosseecontee, Lake
Cochnewagon Pond
Estes Lake
Little Ossippe Lake
Lovejoy Pond
Middle Range Pond
North Pond
Pattee Pond
Pushaw Lake
Sabattus Pond
Schoodic Lake
Sebasticook Lake
Spaulding Pond
Taylor Pond
Three Mile Pond
Togus Pond
Toothacker Pond
Webber Pond
266
-------
D
David A. Wharton
Warm Water Fisheries Biologist
Maryland Fish and Wildlife
Admin-is tra t-ion
State Off-ice Building
Annapolis., Maryland 21401
MASSACHUSETTS
Roland, Lake
"Report of the Department of Health,
Relative to an Investigation and Study
of the Removal of Aquatic Weeds and
Other Growths from Certain Lakes and
Streams in the Commonwealth and Other
Related Matters."
House Report #4888, December 3., 1969.
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries
and Game
George J. Coogan, Director
Bureau of Water Supply and Water
Qua.lity
Division of Environmental Health
Massachusetts Department of
Public Health
600 Washington Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02111
Cochituate, Lake
Flint Pond
Jordan Pond
Reservoir Pond
Sherman, Lake
Stiles Pond
Studley Pond
Watson Pond
Bartlett Pond
Hager Pond
Lower Mystic Lake
Upper Mystic Lake
Ashfield Lake
Ashmere, Lake
Billington Sea
Buel5 Lake
Flax Pond
Forest Lake
Nutting Lake
Pontoosuc Lake
Quinsigamond, Lake
Sabbatia, Lake
South Watuppa Pond
ICHIGAN
T. G. Bahrs Assistant Director
Institute of Water Research
334 Natur-al Resources Building
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48823
Mona Lake
Odessa, Lake
Pigeon River Lakes
267
-------
MICHIGAN CON'T
Carlos Fetterolf, Supervisor
Water Quality Appraisal Unit
Department of Natural Resources
Stevens T. Mason Building
Lansing,, Michigan 48926
Barton Lake
Bear Lake
Betsie Lake
Brighton Lake
Chemung Lake
Deer Lake
First Lake
Ford Lake
Fremont Lake
Jordan Lake
Kent Lake
Lansing, Lake
Lobdell Lake
Macatawa Lake
Manistee Lake
Mona Lake
Muskegon Lake
Ore Lake
Randall Lake
Sixth Lakes
White Lake
NESOTA
Gene Hollenstein, Chief Hydrologist
Division of Water, Soils3 and
Minerals
Minnesota Department of Conservation
Saint Paul, Minnesota 55101
Big Stone Lake
Briggs Lake
Buffalo Lake
Cotton Lake
Demontroville Lake
Detroit Lake
Francis Lake
Jefferson Lake
Julia Lake
Long Lake (Isanti)
Long Lake (St. Louis)
Madison Lake
Melissa, Lake
Minnetonka Lake
Pike Lake
Prior Lake
Rice Lake
Rush Lake
Sakatah Lake
Sal lie, Lake
Shagawa Lake
Shetek Lake
Spring Lake
Tetonka Lake
268
-------
MINNESOTA CON'T
Amber Lake
W. J. Youngerman, P.E. Budd Lake
City Engineer George Lake
Fairmont, Minnesota 56031 Hall Lake
Sisseton Lake
MISSOURI
Daniel H. and Michele S. Stern
Biology Department Jacomo, Lake
University of Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
MONTANA
D. G. Willems, P.E., Chief
Water Pollution Control Section
Division of Environmental Georgetown Lake
Sanitation
State Department of Health
Helena, Montana 59601
NEBRASKA
G. L. Hergenrader, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor Branched Oak Reservoir
Department of Zoology Pawnee Reservoir
University of Nebraska Stagecoach Reservoir
Old Father Hall
Lincoln, Nebraska 68508
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Gordon L. Byers, Chairman
Water Resources Research Center Kezar Lake
University of flew Hampshire Winnisquam Lake
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
269
-------
EW JERSEY
A. Bruce Pyles Assistant Chief
Bureau of Fisheries Management
Department of Environmental Protection
P. 0. Box 1809
Trenton,, New Jersey 08625
All Lakes
Ray T. Oglesby, Associate Professor
Aquatic Science
Department of Conservation
flew York State College of Agriculture
Cornell University (Fernow Hall)
Ithaca, New York 14850
Kenton M. Stewart, Assistant Professor
Department of Biology
State University of New York at
Buffalo
Health Sciences Building
Buffalo, New York 14214
Shigeru Kobayashi for
N. Clesceri
Department of Environmental
Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York 12181
Cayuga Lake
Conesus Lake
Oneida Lake
Owasco Lake
Seneca Lake
Onondaga Lake
George, Lake
Saratoga Lake
Schroon Lake
John J. Peterka, Assistant Professor
Department of Zoology
North Dakota State University
Fargo, North Dakota 58102
Ashtabula, Lake
Jamestown Reservoir
Spiritwood Lake
OHIO
Andrew Spencer, Administrative
Assistant
Department of Natural Resources
808 Ohio Departments Building
Columbus, Ohio 43215
Alma, Lake
Buckeye Lake
Deer Creek Reservoir
Hope9 Lake
Indian Lake
Jackson Lake
Loramie, Lake
Oxbow Lake
Portage Lakes
St. Marys, Lake
270
-------
OKLAHOMA
Robert C. Summerfelt, Associate Professor
Department of Zoology
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater3 Oklahoma 74074
John C. Ward, Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Foothills Campus
Sanitary Engineering Program
Colorado State University
Fort Collins., Colorado 80521
Boomer Lake
Carl Blackwell, Lake
Grand Lake
Foss Reservoir
OREGON
William H. Buckley, Executive Secretary
Water Resources Research Institute
Oregon State University
Covell Hall, 115
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Devils Lake
Odell Lake
Upper Klamath Lake
PENNSYLVANIA
Richard M. Boardman, Director
Division of Water Quality
Department of Health
P. 0. Box 90
Harrisburg., Pennsylvania 17120
Black Moshannon Lake
Conewago Lake
Conneaut, Lake
Edinboro Lake
Frances Slocum Lake
Gouldsboro Lake
Harvey, Lake
Hills Creek Lake
Jean, Lake
Marburg, Lake
Promised Land Lakes
Pymatuning Reservoir
Shenango Reservoir
Tobyhanna Lake
SOUTH DAKOTA
John L. Wiersma, Director
Water Resources Institute
South Dakota State University
Brookings, South Dakota 57006
Andes, Lake
Big Stone Lake
Byron, Lake
Hendricks, Lake
Herman, Lake
Kampeska, Lake
Madison, Lake
271
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SOUTH DAKOTA CON'T
John L. Wiersma Con'i
Mitchell, Lake
Poinsett, Lake
Twin Lake
College of Engineer-ing
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 84321
W. F. Sigler
W. P. Hewitt
N. B. Jones
Bear Lake
Great Salt Lake
Hyrum Reservoir
Utah Lake
VERMONT
E. B. Henson
Marsh Life Science Building
University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont 05401
Champ!ain, Lake
Dunmore, Lake
Memphremegog, Lake
A. H. Paessler, Executive Secretary
State Water Control Board
P. 0. Box 11143
Richmond, Virginia 23230
Charlottesville Reservoir
Chickahominy Lake
Occoquan Reservoir
Pounds Reservoir
Smith Mountain Lake
WASHINGTON
William H. Fund
Assistant Sanitary Scientist-Biologist
College of Engineering
Research Division
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99163
Badger Lake
Medical Lake
Newman Lake
Rock Lake
Williams Lake
272
-------
WASHINGTON CON'T
Robert 0. Sylvester, Chairman
Water and Air Resources Division
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105
American Lake
Bay Lake
Campbell Lake
Cranberry Lake
Green Lake
Island Lake
Long Lake (Kitsap)
Long Lake (Spokane)
Moses Lake
Pass Lake
Pine Lake
Sammamish, Lake
Spanaway Lake
Steilacoom Lake
Vancouver Lake
Washington, Lake
Whatcom Lake
WISCONSIN
Charles N. Lloyd, Director
Bureau of Fish Management
Department of Natural Resources
Box 450
Madisonj Wisconsin 53701
Harlan P- Kiesow, Technical Assistant
Northeastern Wisconsin Eegional
Planning Commission
2111 North Richmond Street
A-ppleton, Wisconsin 54911
Donald R. Winter, Biologist
Laboratory Services Section
Department of Natural Eesources
Box 450
Madison., Wisconsin 53701
Big Muskego Lake
Koshkonong, Lake
White Potato Lake
Butte des Morts, Lake
Metonga, Lake
Poygan, Lake
Shawano Lake
Winnebago, Lake
Winneconne, Lake
Browns Lake
Delavan, Lake
Eagle Lake
Halfmoon Lake
Madison Lakes
Nagawicka, Lake
Pewaukee Lake
Pickerel Lake
Round Lake
Tichigan, Lake
273
-------
WISCONSIN CON'T
Kurt W. Bauer, Executive Director
Southeastern Wisconsin Regional
Planning Commission
916 North East Street
Waukeshas Wisconsin 53186
Lloyd A. Lueschow
Department of Natural Resources
State Laboratory of Hygiene
Madison., Wisconsin 53706
Big Muskego Lake
Browns Lake
Delavan, Lake
Eagle Lake
Lilly Lake
Little Muskego Lake
Long Lake (Racine)
Lower Phantom Lake
Nagawicka, Lake
Pell Lake
Pewaukee Lake
Tichigan, Lake
Wind Lak-
Big Butternut Lake
Butternut Lake
Delavan, Lake
Halfmoon Lake
Long Lake (Polk)
Pewaukee Lake
Pickerel Lake
Round Lake
274
-------
ALABAMA
E. A. Drago, Chief
Environmental and Resources Branch
Department of the Army
Mob-Lie District, Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 2288
Mobile, Alabama 36601
John G. Farley, Jr., Manager, Generating Plant
Technical Services
Alabama Power Company
Birmingham., Alabama 35202
ARIZONA
A. Richard Kassander, Jr., Director
Water Resources Research Institute
University of Arizona
Tucson., Arizona 85721
HAWAII
Doak C. Cox, Director
Water Resources Research Center
University of Hawaii
2525 Correa Road
Honolulu., Hawaii 96822
IOWA
James Mayhew, Assistant Superintendent of Biology
Chariton Biology Research Station
Red Hob) State Park
Route I
Chariton, Iowa 50049
275
-------
KANSAS
Keith S. Krause, Executive Director
Water Resources Board
1134-S State Office Building
Topeka, Kansas 66612
KENTUCKY
Charles C. Bowers, Jr., Director
Division of Fisheries
Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources
State Office Building, Annex
Frankfort, Kentucky 40601
TEXAS
E. Gus Fruhs Associate Professor
College of Engineering
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas 78712
WYOMING
Arthur E. Williamson, Director
Sanitary Engineering Services
Department of Health and Social Services
State Office Building
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
276
-------
REFERENCES
CALIFORNIA
Anon. 1963 et seq. Hydrologic Data Bulletin 130, Appendix D, Vol. 2.
California Department of Water Resources.
Anon. 1966. Goose Lake Water Quality Control Policy Basic Data Report.
California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Valley Region
Anon. 1970. A Nutrient Budget Study of Clear Lake, California.
United States Geological Survey, (in preparation).
Horn, L. W. (principal investigator). 1966. Evaluation of Water
Pollution Potential, Clear Lake Basin, 1956-66. Sacramento State
College Foundation.
Pomeroy, Johnson, and Bailey. 1965. A Reconnaisance Study and
Preliminary Report on a Water Quality Control Plan for Sal ton Sea.
COLORADO
Enos, Howard L. 1970. A Feasibility Study for Jobs, Stability and
Growth of the Cheraw Area Turkey Industry. (Final Report). Colorado
State University, Department of Avian Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Hinman, H. Fred. 1969. Sanitary Survey Report: Grand Lake, Shadow
Mountain Reservoir, Lake Granby. Colorado Department of Health,
Water Pollution Control Division.
Timm, Christopher M., and Seeley, Charles M. A Survey of Water Quality
Conditions in Grand Lake, Shadow Mountain Lake, and Lake Granby and
Their Tributaries. Federal Water Quality Administration.
DELAWARE
Lesser, Charles A. 1966. Aquatic Vegetation Survey. Delaware Game and
Fish Commission. Project No. F-21-R.
277
-------
Anon. 1964. Summary Report of Lake Apopka. Florida State Board of
Health.
Anon. 1964. Biological, Physical, and Chemical Study of Lake Apopka,
1962-64. Florida State Board of Health.
Brezonik, P. L.; Morgan, W. H.; Shannon, E. E.; and Putnam, H. D. 1969.
Eutrophication Factors in North Central Florida Lakes. Bulletin
Series No. 134. Hater Resources Research Center Publication No. 5.
Florida Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, University of
Florida.
Kaufmans Matthew I. Report of Investigations, No. 49. U.S. Geological
Survey, and Florida State Board of Conservation.
Reid, George K. Fishkill: Lake Maggiore. Quarterly Journal of Florida
Academy of Sciences, Vol. 27.
GEORGIA
Carrick, Louis B., and Hall, Edward T. 1969. A Water Quality Survey
of Jackson Lake Upper Reservoir, Georgia, 1969. Georgia Water Quality
Administration Board in cooperation with the Federal Water Quality
Administration.
ILLIftlOIS
Anon. 1963. Fox Chain O'Lakes Fisheries Investigations. Special
Fisheries Report No. 4, Illinois Department of Conservation.
Anon. 1965. Summary Report on Quality of Interstate Water, Fox River
(Wisconsin-Illinois). U.S. Public Health Service.
Anon. 1966. A Limnological Review as Related to the Fox Chain of Lakes.
Water Quality Section, Illinois State Water Survey.
KANSAS
Ward, John C., and Karak, S. 1971. Evaluation of the Effect,of
Impoundment on Water Quality in Cheney Reservoir. A Water Resources
Technical Publication, Research Report No. 25, U.S. Department of
Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 69 p.
278
-------
LOUISIANA
Stern, Daniel H., and Stern, Michele S. 1969. Physical, Chemical,
Bacterial, and Plankton Dynamics of Lake Ponchartrain, Louisiana.
Technical Report TR-4. Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute,
Louisiana State University.
MAINE
Imhoff, Edward, et al. 1970. Cultural Eutrophication of Maine Lakes;
A S rvey by an Ad Hoc Committee on Problem Lakes. Water Resources
Center, Information Memorandum.
MASSACHUSETTS
Anon. 1969. Report of the Department of Public Health, Relative
to an Investigation and Study of the Removal of Aquatic Weeds and
Other Growths from Certain Lakes and Streams in the Commonwealth
and Other Related Matters. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Bureau
of Water Supply and Water Quality, Division of Environmental Health,
Department of Public Health. House Report #4888.
MICHIGAN
Anon. 1966. Limnological Data from Ten Lakes; Genesee and Livingston
Counties, Michigan. Water Resources Commission, Bureau of Water
Management, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing,
Michigan.
MINNESOTA
Anon. 1948. Report on Preliminary Investigation of the Algal Growths
in Lakes in the Vicinity of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. Minnesota
Departments of Health and Conservation.
Anon. 1950. Report on the Experimental Removal of Phosphorus from
Sewage Effluents with Lime, Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. Minnesota
Department of Health.
Anon. 1970. Lake Shetek and Related Groundwater Conditions. A study
by Morris Engineers for Minnesota Department of Conservation.
Bright, Robert C. 1968. Surface Water Chemistry of Some Minnesota
Lakes, with Preliminary Notes on Diatoms. Limnological Research
Center, University of Minnesota, Interim Report #3.
Collier, Charles. 1970. Sediment Accumulation in Lake Shetek. U.S.
Geological Survey Investigation, St. Paul, Minnesota.
279
-------
MINNESOTA Can't
Moyle, John J. 1967. Notes for Meeting on Eutrophication of Lakes
of the Pelican River Chain in Becker County, Minnesota. Minnesota
Department of Conservation.
Moyle., John J. 1967. Some Considerations Related to the Fertility of
Big Stone Lake. Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of
Fish and Game. Special Publication No. 42.
Anon. 1966. A Study of Phytoplankton and Nutrients in Lakes Cayuga
and Seneca. Cornell University, Water Resources Center, Division
of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture. Publication #14,
24 p.
Comita, G. W., and Wolf, E. G. 1967. Photosynthetic Production and
Energy Conversion in Spiritwood Lakes North Dakota. Proceedings of the
North Dakota Academy of Science. 2l_:77-92.
Knutson, K. M., and Peterka, J. J. 1969. Age and Growth of Yellow
Perch in Lake Ashtabula. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy
of Science. 2,3:14-24.
Peterka, J. J., and Knutson, K. M. 1970. Productivity of Phytoplankton
and Quantities of Zooplankton and Bottom Fauna in Relation to Water
Quality of Lake Ashtabula Reservoir, North Dakota. OWRR Research
Project Technical Completion Report, North Dakota Water Resources
Research Institute. WI-221-008-70. 79 p.
Peterka, J. J., and Reid, L. A. 1968. Primary Production and Chemical
and Physical Characteristics of Lake Ashtabula Reservoir, North
Dakota. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science.
22:138-156.
OHIO
Clark, Clarence F. 1960. Lake St. Marys and Its Management. Ohio
Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. Publication
W-324,
280
-------
OKLAHOMA
Anon. 1967. Foss Reservoir, Oklahoma: Hearing Before the Subcommittee
on Water and Power Resources of the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs; United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, First
Session. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Anon. Water Quality of Grand Lake. State Department of Health,
Oklahoma City.
OREGON
Anon. Interim Report: Upper Klamath Lake Studies, Oregon. Water
Pollution Control Research Series. U.S. Department of Interior,
FWPCA, Publication No. WP-20-8.
UTAH
Anon. Changes in Biota of Utah Lake. Utah Lake Research Station,
Brigham Young University.
Anon. Water Chemistry and Pesticide Residue Levels in Utah Lake.
Utah Lake Research Station, Brigham Young University.
WASHINGTON
Edmondson, W. T. 1968. Water Quality Management and Lake Eutrophication:
The Lake Washington Case. In: Water Resources Management and Publ-ic
Policy. Thomas H. Campbell and Robert 0. Sylvester (Editors).
University of Washington Press.
Edmondson, W. T. 1969. Eutrophication in North America. In:
Eutrophication, Causes, Consequences, and Correctives. National
Academy of Science.
Oglesby, R. T. 1969. Effect of Controlled Nutrient Dilution on the
Eutrophication of a Lake. In: Eutrophication, Causes, Consequences,
and Correctives. National Academy of Science.
281
-------
WISCONSIN
Anon. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Lake Use Reports:
Big Muskego Lake, No. FX-3, 1970; Browns Lake, No. FX-15, 1968;
Eagle Lake, No. FX-9, 1968; Lilly Lake, No. FX-34, 1969; Little
Muskego Lake, FX-10, 1969; Long Lake (Racine Co.), FX-29, 1969;
Lower Phantom Lake, No. FX-14, 1969; Pell Lake, No. FX-37, 1968;
Pewaukee Lake, No. FX-2, 1970; Tichigan Lake, No. FX-6, 1970;
Wind Lake, No. FX-5, 1968.
Anon. 1971. Horseshoe Lake Report, Inland Lake Renewal Project.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau Report, (in
preparation).
Anon. 1971. Snake Lake Report, Inland Lake Renewal Project. Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources Bureau Report, (in preparation).
Bartsch, A. F., and Lawton, G. W. Report on Lake Mendota Studies
Concerning Conditions Contributing to Occurrence of Aquatic
Nuisances, 1945-47. Wisconsin Committee on Water Pollution.
Lathbury, Alison, and Bryson, Reid A. 1958. Studies of the Physiographic
Features of Lake Mendota. University of Wisconsin. Vol. 17, 28 p.
Lee, G. Fred (Chrm.). 1966. Report on the Nutrient Sources to Lake
Mendota. Lake Mendota Problems Committee, Madison, Wisconsin.
(Revised in 1969).
Rohlich, G. A. 1963. Origin and Quantities of Plant Nutrients in
Lake Mendota. In: Limnology of North America, D. G. Frey (ed.).
University of Wisconsin Press.
Sloey, William E. 1970. The Limnology of Hypereutrophic Lake Butte
des Morts. Department of Biology, Wisconsin State University at
Oshkosh. pp. 951-968. In: Proceedings of the 13th Conference
on_ Great Lakes Research.
Wirth, Thomas. 1971. New Life for "Mini-Lake" Eries. Wisconsin
Conservation Bulletin 36:7-9.
909 MJ.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 484-484/152
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
1. Report Not
3. Accession No.
4. Title
PROBLEM LAKES IN THE UNITED STATES,
7. Authoi(s)
Ketelle, Martha J, and Uttormark, Paul D
9. Organization
Wisconsin Univ, Madison, Water Resources Center
12. Sponsoring Organization
15. Supplementary Notes
Technical Report 16010 EHR, December 1971. 282 p.
5. Report Date
6.
8. Performing Organization
Report No.
10. Project No.
16010 EHR
11. Contract/Grant ffo.
13. Type of Report and
Period Covered
16. Abstract
A survey of 452 eutrophic lakes was compiled based on responses from
40 states requesting information as to a) Name, location, size, depth; b)
Description of the problem, including accounts of previous corrective treatments,
if any; c) Remedial action that might be appropriate; d) A description of avail-
able background data, indicating whether sufficient data exists to document a
change if rehabilitation were undertaken. The study comprises 340 lakes which are
larger than 100 surface acres, 44 in the 51-100 acre size, and 68 smaller than 50
surface acres. The compilation represents lakes which have, in view of the res-
pondents, deteriorated to the extent that rehabilitation is desirable. Categories
of the problems in the survey were: nuisance algal growth, nuisance aquatic
vegetation, fishkills, bacterial contamination, toxic contamination, oil brines,
unstable water levels, siltation, excessive dissolved solids, and unspecified
eutrophic conditions. Sources contributing to these problems were classified in
two general categoriesconcentrated sources and diffused sources. Indication
is given, where available, whether progress has been made to eliminate the pollu-
tion source or whether the source has already been eliminated. (Auen-Wisconsin)
17a. Descriptors
*Lakes, *Eutrophication, *United States, Water pollution control,
Water pollution sources
17b. Identifiers
17c. CO WRR Field & Group 02H, 05C
18. Availability
19. Security Class.
(Report)
20. Security Class.
(Page)
21.
No. of
Pages
Send To:
22. Price
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTM ENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON, D. C 20240
Abstractor
V. S. Auen
va\ Institution Wisconsin Univ. Madison
WRSIC 102 (REV. JUNE 1971)
GPO 913.261
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