WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 16110 FRU 12/71-10
The River Basin Model:
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports
should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch (Water),
Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460
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The RIVER BASIN MODEL:
Highway Department
by
Envirometrics, Inc.
1100 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
Project #16110 FRU
Contract #14-12-959
December, 1971
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EPA Review_ Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not sig-
nify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. QovemmentP^ttaToffloe, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00 '
ii
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HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT MANUAL
I. Introduction to the Model 1
A. Brief Description of the Model .. 1
B. The Three Sectors 2
1. The Economic Sector 4
2. The Social Sector ............ 5
3. The Public Sector 6
C. The Water Component 8
D. The Local System 8
E. The Unit of Time--A Round 10
F. The Function of the Computer 11
II. The Government Sector 13
A. Introduction to the Sector 13
B. Sector Functions 13
C. Administrative (Non-Decision) Functions 15
D. Government Decisions 15
E. Government Output 15
F. Government Budgetary Procedures 18
G. Government Master Table 21
III. Highway Department 22
A. Introduction 22
B. Highway Department Summary. 23
TV. Computer Printed Output Description 25
A. Introduction 25
B. Map Output 27
1. Economic Status Map 30
2. Government Status Map 33
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map 35
4. Demographic Map. 37
5. Topographical Restriction Map.. 39
6. Social Decision Maker Map. 41
C. Summary Information.. 43
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics 43
D. Highway Department Output 48
1. Highway Department Finances 48
2. Highway Department Construction Table 52
3. Highway Map 53
111
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V. Highway Department Decisions 55
A. Summary of Decisions 55
B. Input Format 56
C. Sample Decisions 60
VI. Master Sheets for the Highway Department 63
A. Master Table for the Highway Department 63
B. Planning Master Table 64
C. Operation of Federal-State Aid. 65
Appendix A Sequence of Computer Print-Out 66
Appendix B Terminal Allocation Output. 84
Appendix C Fjnployment Output 87
Appendix D - Commercial Output 98
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION TO THE MODEL
A. Brief Description of the Model
In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management. The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land. Through
its two major components -- human interaction and computer
simulation -- the model represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.
The model is unlike most other simulation or human
interaction models. It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose. Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis. As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.
The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination. Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector, and government departments in the
government sector.
Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:
1. Economic Assets: cash, land, manufacturing
plants, outside investments, commercial
activities, and/or residences.
2. Social Assets: population units that are
designated as high income, middle income,
and/or low income.
1.
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3. Government Assets: power of the budget, taxing
and assessing authority, service responsibility,
and planning and regulatory power.
The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals, as team members, and collectively to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new computer
printout for the next year.
The initial starting position shows a particular
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status of the local area. The users
of the model evaluate their own particular status within
the local system as well as the status of the area as a
whole. They then interact with one another in a dynamic
decision-making environment in which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions that will be
made, implemented, and reacted to. Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services. Others will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment for their new residential
subdivisions. Still others might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.
In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context of having different importance
to different individuals as a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.
B. The Three Sectors
The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public. (Figure 1) Every city or region'
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to either grow and' prosper or stagnate
and decay. Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
2.
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Figure 1
THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER
Hi-Heavy Industry
FL-Furniture and Lumber
SG-Stone Clay and Glass
MP-Primary Metals
MF-Fabricated Metals
NL-Nonelectric Machinery
EL-Electric Machinery
TE-Transportation Equipment
Li-Light Industry
FO-Food
TA-Textiles "and Apparel
PA-Paper
CR-Chemicals, Plastics and Rubber
NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER
BG-Business Goods
BS-Business Services
PG-Personal Goods
PS-Personal Services
RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER
RA-Single Family
RB-Garden Apts. and Duplex
RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
GOVERNMENT TEAMS
(Identified by the specific
code preceding the depart-
ment name)
CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction
CO-Councilman
AS-Assessment and Finance
SC-School
MS-Municipal Services
UT-Gas, Electric, Water and Sewer
HY-Highways
BUS-Bus Company
RAIL-Mass Transit Agency
PZ-Planning and Zoning
SOCIAL TEAMS
(Identified by double letter
codes: AA, BB, CC, etc.)
PH-High Income
PM-Middle Income
PL-Low Income
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and one group often works against another group to
achieve its goals. For example, proposed commercial
developments by an economic group in a predominantly
residential area can be blocked by residents of that
area just as proposed changes by the government depart-
ments can be opposed by those participants in the economic
or social sector.
1. The Economic Sector
Economic decision-makers are those businessmen who
operate industrial, commercial, residential and farm es-
tablishments. Upon receiving output at the beginning of
the round economic decision-makers review their economic
status and make decisions for the present round. The
various economic activities in the model have the following
characteristics:
Basic Industry
Heavy Industry, Light Industry and National Services
spend money for business goods and business services, utilities
a labor force, transportation, and taxes. In order to
produce basic industry output which is then sold to the
national markets at prices determined by national business
conditions (the computer), owners of basic industries can
make a wide variety of decisions. These decisions include
purchasing land, changing salaries or maintenance levels,
boycotting business goods and business services establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
existing businesses, demolishing old ones, and treating
effluents that are dumped into the local water system.
The basic industry of the economy can be further sub-
divided into the following categories:
HI. - Heavy Industry
FL - Furniture and lumber
SG - Stone, clay and glass
MP - Primary metals
MF - Fabricated metals
NL - Non-electrical machinery
EL - Electrical machinery
TE - Transportation equipment
4.
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LI - Light Industry
FO - Food
TL - Textile, apparel and leather
PA - Paper
CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber
NS - National Services
Commercial Establishments
Business goods (BG) and business services (BS), per-
sonal goods (PG) and personal services (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity. This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include: the industrial sector, other commercial estab-
lishments and the population units (Pi's) who live in the
city. Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.
Residences
Single-family (RA), townhouse (RB), and high-rise (RC)
residence units spend money on personal goods and personal
services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units. Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting the rent paid by their tenants.
Farms
Farm owners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will be utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ.
2. The Social Sector
Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and work in the simulated area. People
are represented in terms of population units (Pi's) . Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500).
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups: high income (PH), middle-income (PM) and low-
income (PL) . Because each class possesses i'ts own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc. Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent. Voting power is dependent upon the number of
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population units controlled, the number of registered voters
in each, and their socio-economic class. Social decision-
makers can also direct the population units under their con-
trol to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
Social decision-makers can also allocate leisure time_of
their population units to be spent in any of four basic
activities: extra work, adult education (public or private),
politics, and recreation. The amount of time spent on each
of these activities has an effect on the socio-economic
status and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
within the city.
A significant part of the model centers around how
Pi's function within the local system during the course
of each round of play which represents one year of time in
the local area. Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
are affected by the major operating programs.
3. The Public Sector
In the model, the government sector deals with the
problems of education, highways, municipal services,
planning, zoning, utilities, water supply and quality and
bus and rail transportation. The public sector is divided
into two basic components. The first component includes
elected officials: the Chairman and the Council. These
officials are elected by the social decision-makers repre-
senting the people who live in each jurisdiction. The
Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
subsidies and appropriations, and make appointments.
Appointed officials named by the Chairman are heads of these
six governmental departments: Assessment (AS), Schools (SC)1,
Municipal Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and Zoning
(PZ), and Utilities CUT). The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
are semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
by the Chairman. Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and current
funds,-changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
structing or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
cash between accounts.
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Figure 2
Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
Programs
Effect on Population Unit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation
Employment
Transportation
School Allocation
Park Allocation
Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system
Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high ccliform count
increases health costs and time lost
due to illness.
Housing that depreciates beccm.es less
attractive in the migration process.
Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs that maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs),
employers search for best educated
workers.
Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost route
Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.
Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of where they live
Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.
Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized (price
plus transportation to the store).
7.
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C. The Water Component
The water component is a subsector that, in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a part of each.
For example/some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production process_
and all other economic businesses have some need for munici-
pally supplied water. Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit. In the government sector, the^
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.
Each of the surface water users requires a specified
quality of water and must either treat the water they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system. If left untreated, these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the body of
water into which they are dumped. Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.
D. The Local System
The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares. Each
square is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side. The grid and all.of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system. Each parcel can be
identified by its- coordinates. Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd (east-west) or odd-
even (north-south) coordinates. In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.
For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014. Further, the four mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is
identified as 7318, 7320. The intersection marked by 0
is located at 7317.
8..
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Figure 3
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
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18 . . £
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9.
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E. The Unit of Time — A Round
In the model, a round represents a year of change in
the life of the simulated area. From the standpoint of the
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a _
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.
During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes. They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes, request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.
Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
receiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services. Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public need's
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets. Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action. All
water users might be concerned with water quality and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
10.
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Toward the middle of the round, it becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted. Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office. Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested. Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt. High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status. Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures. The
water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.
As the round approaches a conclusion, the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions. All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed. Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.
When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.
F. The Function of the Computer
In the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision alternatives. Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.
The computer performs several major functions in the
model.
First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.
Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system. For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
11.
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Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be time-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them. For example, the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible. Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units to residences
based on their desirability- The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system. It also measures
all of the types of pollution at all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
12.
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II. THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR
A. Introduction to the Sector
The GOVERNMENT SECTOR represents the management ap-
paratus for the public sector of the area represented by
the model. Participants in this Sector are the elected and
appointed public officials. The Government Sector can make
public policy, implement plans and programs, provide public
services and raise and disperse funds. The model is suf-
ficiently flexible that the Government Sector can be oper-
ated using strong central control or somewhat autonomous
departments as determined by the participants. There is a
separate government apparatus for each of the political
jurisdictions represented by the model. Thus, intergovern-
mental cooperation and competition may evolve during the
play.
B. Sector Functions
Figure GV1shows the government structure that may exist
in each of the local systems. The Bus and Rail Departments
are systemwide functions, whereas the other departments oper-
ate on a jurisdiction basis. As noted, the Chairman (or
Mayor) and Council are elected in each of the jurisdictions,
and the department (staff) decision-makers are appointed
by the chairman. The optional public departments, Utilities,
Bus and Rail are usually part of the Government Sector, as
quasi public functions, but they can also be operated as
private (economic) sector activities either initially or as
a result of participant action (public sale). The codes used
to identify the government functions are shown in parentheses
after the function name in Figure GV-1.
Elected officials are accountable to the electorate
(the social sector). They are required to respond to
public hearings, propose and defend referenda on certain
issues, and stand for election. The manner in which elected
officials exercise power and conduct their administration
and public affairs, however, is at their discretion.
Appointed Department representatives are responsible
to the Chairman and Council. However, the presence or
absence of effective leadership and communication may in-
fluence this relationship and staff decisions. The Govern-
ment Sector decision-makers depend for their political life
on the votes of the social sector. Their relationship with
the business community is determined by their own view
of public office and public service.
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GV-1
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
CHAIRMAN (CH)
Appoint Department Heads,
draw up budget, and
suggest tax rates
ELECTED
OFFICIALS
APPOINTED
DEPARTMENTS
PLANNING
ZONING (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
DEPARTMENTS
T
ASSESSMENT (AS)
Assess Land
COUNCIL (CO)
Pass on budgets
and tax rates
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
MUNICIPAL
SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services
HIGHV7AYS I
Build &
operate
roads &
terminals
OPTIONAL -
PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE
UTILITIES (UT)
Provide water
and other
utility service
I
BUS
Provide
bus service
RAIL
provide
rapid rail
service
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C. Administrative (Non-Decision) Functions
Any number of additional administrative functions can
be created to approximate local structures or to examine
a variety of administrative mechanisms. While these op-
tional functions do not make direct input decisions to
the computer, they may be created to have as much advisory,
regulatory or "legal" influence as the participants (or
Director) determine. An ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL
Commission, for instance, could be established to act as
a regulatory agency in the area of water quality and as
such could influence current economic activities and future
development.
D. Government Decisions
The Government Sector decisions cover a wide spectrum
of municipal and public service activities. The types of
possible decisions are listed in Figure GV-2, with an
indication of the individual decision-makers with primary
interest or responsibility. Complete descriptions are in
each decision-maker's manual.
In the model, as in the real world, the government can
anticipate the emergence of pressing issues related to jobs,
housing, economic development, education, public transit,
and the environmental quality of their region.
This issue may, for example, occur in the form of
special zoning requests, substantial school budgets for
adult education, or adamant citizen demands for clean water,
i-ncreased recreation facilities or lower utility rates.
E^ Government Output
It rarely happens that the government has all the in-
formation it wants, or needs, to make perfect decisions.
Many decisions, under pressures of time, will be typical
"guesstimates" - intuitive actions. It is possible, how-
ever, for each activity to develop an effective information
system using the available resources in the model.
For the local system, the general output is usually
posted each round and is available to all decision-makers
for general information and analysis. The general output
makes available to each participant, in maps, detail and
summary form, extensive current and comparative informa-
tion about conditions, trends and characteristics of the
region. The range of information in the maps and the items
of General Output cannot be overemphasized. Experience
15
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GV-2
GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS
TYPE OF DECISION PRIMARY INTEREST
r*H
CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA
Grant Appropriations x
Grant Subsidies x
Transfer Cash * xxxxxxx
Set Welfare Payments x
Set Tax Rates x
Float Bonds x
Assess Land, Buildings x
Buy and Sell Land x x x x x x
Establish Government Jobs x x x x
Establish Maintenance Levels
of Government Facilities x x x x x
Establish Service Districts x x x
Request Federal State Aid x x x
Establish Employee Salaries x x x x
Build and Demolish Schools x
Establish Adult Education Programs x .,:
Build and Demolish Municipal
Service Plants x
Contract to Purchase Goods
and Services x x
Construct and Demolish Roads x
Construct and Demolish Terminals x
Zone Land x
Create and Demolish Public
Institutional Land Uses
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GV-2 (Cont.)
GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS
TYPE OF DECISION PRIMARY INTEREST
CH
CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA
Provide Parkland x
Install Utility Services x
Set Utility Service Prices x
Construct and Demolish Utility
Plants x
Locate Public Transit Routes x x
Buy and Sell Rolling Stock x x
Set Fares x x
Establish Amount of Transit
Service x x
Construct Rail Lines and
Stations x
Set Water Prices x
Construct Treatment Plants
(intake and outflow) x
Specify Intake and Outflow
Points x
Establish Water Sampling
Stations
Set Dam Priorities x x
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with the model has indicated that decisions_are facilitated
if the participants use the General Output information as
part of their decision process.
The complete government sector output consists of the
information, maps and detail made available to each govern
ment decision-making function of the government. Eacn
government function has available to it a comprehensive
portrayal of its status and the conditions which pertain
to its activities.
F- Government Budgetary Procedures
The same general financial accounting procedure is used
for all government departments, including Utilities, Bus
arid Rail. Department budgets are divided into Capital and
Current accounts. Departments may transfer funds from one
account to another, but no automatic transfers will take
place. Appropriations, subsidies, and cash transfers to
departments must be directed to either the capital or
current account.
The Chairman's account has only a current account, the
Planning and Zoning Department has only a capital account,
and the Assessment Department has no financial accounts.
All other departments have both accounts.
The Chairman makes appropriations, and subsidies from
his current account before he actually receives income to
his account. His is the only department which makes
expenditures before income is calculated. Once a depart-
ment has received an appropriation, the money is never
automatically transferred back to the Chairman's account.
If the Chairman spends more than he later receives in
revenue, .a current bond is automatically floated in the
Chairman's name and is paid off from the Chairman's
account. If a department spends more than its revenues
(this can only happen in a department's current account),
a current bond is floated in the department's name and is
paid off from the department's account.
The following format is contained within each account:
Previous Cash Balance
Revenues
Expenditures
New Cash Balance.
18
-------
If the output is for round T, then Previous Cash
Balance would be equal to the New Cash Balance for round
T-l.
Expenditures may not be made from capital accounts
unless there is sufficient cash to cover the expenditure.
Therefore, the cash balance in a capital account is
always greater than or equal to zero; the cash balance in
the capital account may not be negative.
If expenditures from the current account are greater
than previous balance plus revenues, then a short term
bond (current or two-year) is automatically floated to
cover the deficit. Therefore, the New Cash Balance may
never be negative in the current account. Because of
rounding, the New Cash Balance will normally be slightly
positive (rather than zero) even in the case where a short-
term bond had to be floated.
All capital expenditures are player or director
decisions which have been submitted during the previous
EDIT. Current expenditures are made according to govern-
ment policies which may have been established in any previous
EDIT. Current expenditures (except miscellaneous expendi-
tures) do not directly reflect player decisions; they are
functions of policies. For example, a player sets the
salaries and number of job openings which the School Depart-
ment offers, but other local conditions influence how many
employees the department actually hires and thus influence
the amount which the department pays in salaries.
The most common capital revenue sources for departments
are appropriations (for MS, SC, HY, and PZ), capital bonding
for 25 years (all departments), Federal-State Aid (SC, HY)
and miscellaneous sources (sale of land, and incoming cash
transfers). Special capital revenue sources are subsidies
to the Utility Department.
The most common capital expenditures are for con-
struction, land purchase, and miscellaneous (outgoing cash
transfers).
The most common current revenue sources are appropria-
tions (all but UT and CH), short term bonding, Federal-
State Aid (MS and SC), and miscellaneous income (incoming
cash transfers).
Special current revenue sources exist for the Utility
Department (income from user charges on utility and water
service and subsidies) and the Chairman (taxes).
19
-------
The most common current expenditures are for bond pay-
ments (capital bonds and current bonds together), goods and
services (MS, SC, maintenance for HY, and utility operating
costs for UT), salaries (MS and SC), and miscellaneous
(outgoing cash transfers).
(MC\ SPecial current expenditures are for welfare payments
(MS) adult education (SC), treatment operating costs and
sampling station operating costs (UT), and subsidies (CH) .
20
-------
G. GOVERNMENT MASTER TABLE
CONSTRUCTION COST
(Millions of Dollars)
DEMOLITION COST
(Millions of Dollars)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FACILITIES
Possible Levels
of Development
Land Requirement
(% of a parcel)
Rate of Annual
t^> Depreciation (%)
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF
REVENUE TO DEPARTMENTS
Current Funds
Appropriations
Subsidy
Cash Transfer
Automatic Bonding
Automatic Federal
State Aid
Capital Funds
Appropriations
Subsidy
Cash Transfer
Bondinci
Federal-State Aid
Charges to Users
Labor Hired
(Characteristics are
SC MS UT
27 30 30
5.4 6 6
333
16 12 20
2.0 3.3 NA
SC MS UT
X X
X
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
PH PM
PM PL NA
for Level One Development)
RAIL TRACKS (Per
RAIL UNDER-
HY TM STATION SURFACE GROUND
. 8M 14 1 4 NA
.16M 2.8M NA NA NA
33111
8 12 NONE 4 NONE
5.0 NA NA NA NA
HY RAIL BUS PZ
X
X X
XX X
XX X
X X
X X
XX XX
XX XX
X
X X
NA PM PM NA
Mi)
VEHICLES
RAIL BUS
. 8/mi .4/mi
3.5 3.5
-------
III. HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
A. lntrod\icti.or^
This manual contains the basic information and des-
cription of the model required by the Highway Department.
It is assumed that the Model Overview, the Scenario, and
the Government Sector descriptions have been read prior
to the receipt of this manual.
Once the players comprising the Highway Department
have become familiar with the model in general, the parti-
cular city being represented, and the workings of the local
transportation subsystem they will be able to bring their
own imagination and initiative to bear on the operation
of the Highway Department in their specific jurisdiction.
The local Highway Department has influence over the
transportation accessibilities within the local dynamic
system and it will have the opportunity to alter these
accessibilities in such a way as to satisfy self-established
goals and/or to respond to pressures brought on it by
elected officials and the local citizenry and business
community.
22
-------
B- Highway Department Summary
The Highway Department has the responsibility for two
types of transportation decision-making: building and
maintaining the highway system within the jurisdiction and
building transportation terminals to be used by local
businesses as places to ship and receive finished products
to and from national markets.
The local highway system is used by all auto and bus
peak-hour to work commuters and by all persons and businesses
for their local commercial activities. Roads of several
capacity categories may be constructed. These roads become
congested at peak hours when more vehicles use them than they
were designed to handle. Congestion raises the time and
dollar costs of population units travelling over the con-
gested roads.
Terminals are located at intersections of roads, and
they may be of several capacity levels. Both terminals and
roads require land from the parcels they abut.
Figure HY-1 shows the Highway Department as it fits
within the local government structure.
23
-------
Figure HY-1
THE HIGHWAYS DEPARTMENT AS IT FITS
WITHIN THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
CHAIRMAN (CH)
Appoint Department Heads,
draw up budget, and
suggest tax rates
ELECTED
OFFICIALS
DEPARTMENTS
APPOINTED
DEPARTMENTS
_L
PLANNING
ZONING (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
_L
ASSESSMENT (AS)
Assess Land
COUNCIL (CO)
Pass on budgets
and tax rates
JL
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
MUNICIPAL
SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services
Build &
operate
roads &
OPTIONAL -
PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE
UTILITIES (UT)
Provide water
and other
utility service
BUS
Provide
bus service
RAIL
provide
rapid rail
service
-------
IV. COMPUTER PRINTED OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previous year. There
are several types of output: maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically; summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.
The figure on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed. That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output. The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included
in this manual. The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:
- maps
- summary information
- general information of relevance to
all three sectors
- social sector detail
- economic sector detail
- government sector detail
There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections. Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output. Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director). Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.
After a few rounds' experience with the model, a
model.user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
25
-------
RIVER BASIK MODEL OOTPDT
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1.2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 Migration Detail
1.5 Migration Statistics
1,6 Migration Summary
2.1 Hater User Effluent Content
2.2 River Quality During Surface Water Process
2.3 Water User Costa and Consumption
2.4 Coliform and Pollution Index Values
3.1 Employment Selection Information for PL Class
3.2 Employment Selection Information for PM Class
3.3 Employment Selection Information for PH Class
3.4 Part-Time Work Allocation for PII Class
3.5 Part-Tir.e Work Allocation for PM Class
3.6 Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
3.7 Employment Summary
4. Comorcial Allocation
4.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
business Goods Allocation Summary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Government Contracts
Terminal Demand and Supply Table
8. Government Detail 5.1 Assessment P.eport
8.2 Water Deoart.T.ent Reports
5.3 Sc_-plinc" Station Report: Point Source Quality
8.4 Sampling Station Report: A.-ri>ient Quality
8.5 Utility Department Report
S.6 Utility Departr.snt Finances
8.7 .Municipal Services Pepartnent Report
S.3 Municipal Services Department Fir.ar.ces
8.9 "'jr.icipal Services Department Construction Table
8.10 Planning and Zoning Department Report
8.11 School Department Report
8.12 School Department Finances
8.13 School Depjrtr.snt Construction Table
8.14 Ilighvay Department Finances
8.15 Highway Department Construction Table
8.16 Rail COF.pci.iy Report
8.17 3 us Company Report
3.18 Chairman Booartr-ent Finances
8.19 Tax Sugary
8.20 Financial SuT.-\ary
S. Summary Statistics 9.1 Demographic .and Economic Statistics
10. Maps
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
.7 Terminal Allocation Map
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Doycotts
"6.1 Farm Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Dasic Industry Output
6.4 Commercial Output
6.5 Economic lioycott Status
6.6 New Construction Table
6.7 Land Sun.mary
6.8 Loan Statement
6.9 Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Teams
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Summary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
R, 7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation Map
10.3 Business Commercial Allocation Map
10.4 X'jnicipal Service Map
10.5 School" M=p
10.6 .Utility Map
10.7 Water Usage Map
10.8 Water Quality Map
10.9 Municipal Treatment
10.10 Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Map
10.11 Surface Water "ap
10.12 Farm Runoff Hap
10.13 River Dasin Flood Plain Xap
10.14 Farm Map
10.15 Tarn Assessed and Market Value Map
10.16 Market Value Map
10.17 Assessed Value Map
10.18 Economic Status Map
10.19 Highway Map
10.20 Planning and Zoning Map
10.21 Parkland Usage Map
10.22 Socio-economic Distribution Map.
10.23 Demographic Ma?
10.24 Social Decision-Maker Map
10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
10.26 Govcr.iRicnt Status Map
-------
B. Map Output
The model output includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location. The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map. A map key is
printed at the bottom of each page. Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model: parcels (squares), parcel edges (lines sep-
arating squares), and intersections of lines (parcel corners)
Land uses and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares. Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.
The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given below, in the order in which they will be
discussed. All information is located spatially.
Economic Status Map: economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Government Status Map: school levels, parks, municipal
service levels, utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Socio-Economic Distribution Map: residence types and
levels, number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Demographic Map: populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business value ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Personal Goods Allocation Map: PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.
Personal Services Allocation Map: PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.
Business Commercial Map: BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG and BS locations.
Utility Map: utility units served, utility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
27
-------
Surface Water Map; volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.
Municipal Treatment Plant Map; municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels, municipal sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations and code
numbers, directions of surface water flow, utility district
boundaries, lakes.
Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map; Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each, surface water
qualities, directions of surface water flow, utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.
Water Quality Map; economic activities and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.
Economic Sector Water Usage Map; economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Municipal Services Map; economic activities and oper-
ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
School Map; numbers of public school students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
Highway Map: economic activities and operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.
Planning and Zoning Map; zoning, park, public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Parkland Usage Map; parks, populations served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Market Value Map; market values of all non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries,
28
-------
Assessed Value Map; assessed values of non-farm pri-
vately owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Assessed and Market Value Map: assessed and mar-
ket values of farms, amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.
Farm Map: farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types, levels of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Runoff Map: where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.
River Basin Flood Plain Map: river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.
Topographical Restriction Map: topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Social Decision-Maker Map: social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
29
-------
1. Economic Status Map
This map shows the economic sector owners of all privately
owned non-farm parcels and the economic activity, if any, on
each parcel. A parcel can have only one econom^ °™" *£*
one economic activity. Owners of farm Parc^s ^eshown on
the Farm Map. The types of economic activities represented
in the model are listed in the Master Tables.
The economic owner of a parcel owns all of the land
and developments on the parcel which do not belong to the
government or which are not topographically undevelopable.
If the economic owner sells land to another economic de-
cision-maker, he must sell all of the privately-owned
land and buildings on the parcel to the new owner. An
economic decision-maker can sell any portion of undeveloped
land on a parcel to a government department.
The Planning and Zoning Department may zone parcels.
Zoning is a restriction on economic development. Once a
parcel is assigned a particular zoning code, all new economic
development on the parcel must conform to the new zoning.
If a parcel is unzoned, there is no restriction on what
type of activity may be constructed on it. The Economic
Status Map key defines what private land uses are allowed
under each zoning code.
When a new economic development is constructed on a
parcel, it must not only conform to the parcel's zoning;
it must have sufficient utility service. Utilities are
installed by the Utility Department in "levels" (1 - 9) .
Each level of economic activity requires a certain number
of utility units, and each level of utility service supplies
a fixed number of utility units to a parcel.
If an economic decision-maker has insufficient utility
service for a proposed development, the Utility Department
must install adequate utility service before the new devel-
opment can be constructed.*
*There are two exceptions to the utility restriction
on_development: 1) RA housing can be built with "private
utilities", which do not require utilities supplied by the
Utility Department; 2) the director can override the utility
restriction on individual developments.
30
-------
Figure 10.18
STATUS HAP
70 TZ 7t 74 Tfl SO «2 H B6 BB 10 12 ,4 ,4 ,0 100 102 104 106 IOB 110 112 lit | !». us
00000 OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOCOS 30 rooOCOOO 1 C 31.
.PA 4.«A 6|BC l.RC 2HPG 10 HPA l.^G l.Rfl 2 RA 2.
16. 84. R4. fl't. fltO
0 ..... .B .F 40.0 40MF 40.F 40.F 400". 20HA 20 IB 30.0 40.0 40. C. 31.A 31.0 3l|F 31. ... 0
S2 0 . . . . . .RA 6.RA ftHRA 2.RB 3.1C lOFfi IHHP l|RS I.RB ?.RA 3. | . . . . 0 ?2
0 18. 84. . 84. R4. B4.1 94.1 72.1 60H1 20.2 6?.3 5H03 6H7 |1 AO.l BO. I 78.1 84.1 84.? ^612 SA. 84. R4. 8*.. 84Q
0 .....H 0 H | I.. 0
34 0 ....... .RA 4.RA 3H3Q l.Rft 3C1f 1H |RC 1.......... 0 ?4
0 100. IOO. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100.1 «>?.! 30H2 ?A.? 700? 34H |3 74. 100, 100. 100. 100.1100.1 90. 100. 100. 100.
0 -
36 0 RA 5.
0 100. 130. 100, 100. 100. 100. lf">. 100, 100.1 10,
0 100. 100. IOO. 100. 100. IOO. 100. 100. 100. 100.
0
7?n? ?6.2
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0 3fr
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0 0 H 0
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0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 89H Bfl. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1010
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0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100.
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.H 0
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0 0 H 0
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0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100, 100. 100. 1000 100. 88H 88. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. inn. ion.
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0 .......... O.H ........... 0
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 110. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 8BM 88. 100. 100. 100. IOO. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. IC30
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. IOO. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 8RM fll. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. IOO. 100. 100. 100. 1000
0 .................................... . ................ 0 ......... H ............................................. « ............. 0
0 .......... O.H ........... 0
0 IOO. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 8flH 88. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. ICO. 1003
Q [[[ 0 ......... H ....................... „ ................................... 3
0 .......... O.H... ........ 0
0 .......... O.H ........... 0
oioo. loo. lf>o. ion. ion. ioo. ioo. ioo. too. ioo. lono ioo. aflH SB. ioo. 100. ioo. ioo. ioo. mo. ioo. 101. ioo. ion. 1000
ooocooo 005000000000 oooco330003cooooccocoooocoo30030Dooooooocoooconoo3^oooQ 30000^0000 -jocoo^oooooooooocoooroooooococccoccaocascu
70 72 74 T6 7B
82 (4 (6 6fl 40 42 9* *9A 43 100 102 104 I Oft 1CS 110 112 114 114, 1M
PARCEL KFV
TOP' LEFT I OWN? ft
TOP RtCHTl IGNlNr.
MIOTLE: LAND USE AND LEVEL
BOTTOM LEFT! UTILITY LEVCL
BOTTOM RICHTt % WJOEVLPO LAND
PARCEL EO&ES
,. .. ROADdFD
-- II TVPF 1 flfUO
« HH TYPE 2 POAfl
H MM TYPE 3 ROAD
CO 00 JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
INTERSECTIONS
•• TYPE 1 TERMINAL
X TYPE 2 TFPMIKAL
• TYPE 3 TERMINAL
? ON I NT. LAND USP
— ANY USE
10 ANY BUSINESS
fONlNf*.
"U n
31
LI
Cl
NS,BG»flS.PG,PS
N$
RG
-------
Economic developments also require land. Each activity,
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development. Regardless of
the operating level of an activity, the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level. The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped. If a parcel shows no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments. An economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.
The operating le~vel of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map. For most purposes, a busi-
ness1 operating level is the only level considered by the
computer programs. However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.
-------
2. Government Status Map
Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed
and undeveloped land on a parcel. The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:
Department Development Type
Utility Department Utility Plant
Water Intake Treatment Plant
Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
Chlorination
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
School Department School Unit
Municipal Service Municipal Service Unit
Department
Planning and Zoning Parkland
Department Public Institutional Land
Highway Department Road*
Terminal*
A government department can sell undeveloped land
which it owns to either another government department or
to the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
portion of a parcel.
The government status map shows the locations of some
of the types of government activities: schools, parks,.
utility plants, and municipal service units.
*A road requires land from the parcels on each side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
33
-------
Figure
10.26
'rwnci ry
r.DVE»NMENT STfltUS K*P
o e
o a..
140 B
0 R * o'
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102 114 106 108 UO 112 114 116 115
"iSCEl KFT PARCEL FOC.fS I NT FRS6CT IONS
TOP etir.HT: tcunm. * LFVEL .. .. POAOBFO * TVPF i TE
RMl NAL
eilinn LEFI! us UNIT » LFVEl
"OTTO'I RK.HT! UT PUNT 4 IVL
.. MM TYPF 7 KOAn
if m TYPF 5 POAD
00 00 JUKI SPICTInN BOtJNnA»f
.
• TYPE 1 TFRHIN/SL
-------
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map
This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel. The residence type and level are
also printed.
The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70. It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation. In no case, however, can PH's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.
Each level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of space units. A PI occupies a fixed number of
space units, depending on its class. The percent occu-
pancy of each residence is shown on the Demographic Map.
-------
Figure 10.22
twncrrv oouvn 7
snno-ccoNOMic IHTRIHUTIO-J MAP ,.»»..»*••.»»»4...,,*««••».**•«**»•
70 T2 T, 76 78 «0 ,! »4 86 B» 10 «2 •>', 16 « !00 ID? 104 106 I0» 110 II? I'* '"• ""
000000000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOCOODOoaCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC.OOJOOI-IOOOOOODOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOrooOC.OOOOOOOTOOC'OOrooCCCM
o n '.'.'.'. a \?
1! 0 » 0
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14 S :::::::::::: S :::::::: - : - .
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o n..... »
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jo S ..::.: n o "•
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14 0. ....... ...1LO 201- 44U 14L 4L. ....... 0 74
0 „ . . ......... 1KQ . « 4 H . ....... 0
o « „ , o - - o
0 -RA 3-ftA 3.RA 3.HA ?fl . -Rfl ? RA 3. . -RA ?. . . - - - 0
2(t Q , „ . -JM, 5H. 5M. 3HO . . 2I1L 7L. . . IM. - . . . 0 ?A
a.,. o.. ........o
0.. H Q»«i« £Z-^2£ ...... . g 0
' " 0 . . . . . . . .PA 3 "A 4.RA HI . 0 . R ft '. RA ?.
29 0 ....... 3H 7H. UH . 0 . . "3L 3M. * ... 0 Z«
D ........ 1MH . 0 ...
~ ' o .....,' t H,.. .oDJoaa,.. ,.,
0 ...... .RA 4,Rft f. RC I .PT ?H 0 H -RA 2 RA ?.
30 0 . . . . . . . 1M. 7H 17M. 4IMM OH .41. 3H.
0 4M- I nil. ?1HH OH.. ...
B~..-ttiiiitfifmttttt?t?ittt it n utt ifrtitttttfitf ft tftattm 'tixiftttftt ftt?r??n??fitt.t*trtit?i*fi mttfntfi**trtttif?fHQ
0 ...... .R4 6.BA AURA 2-flO 3.«C 10 H I .R1 ?.ftA 3.
3? 0 . . . . . . . 6H, 7HH 1H. fiM. flMO H | . 21M. 3L. . , .... 0 57
0 . . . . . . . . H Ul. 14H. 1?HO H | . .3M. . .
0
0 . . . . . . . .RA4.RA3Hfl[l|.ftO^CtflH RC 1« . . . . . . - . . 0
34 0 . . . . . . . 1M. 3MM TH. fiMO 1 ?MH «>M, .... .... 0 ^4
0....... . 4H. H 5H. tftHO I4HH 21H, ....... ... 0
0 ........ .RA 5.RA 20^1 l.BF 2HRH ? R^ ?...... ... 0
0 . , . - . . . . . . 0 3H. I 1HH 7M.. ...... 0
U.... ........*........... *)»•»•.«•- i»H , t.p
0......... .RA 10RA l.RA 3HRA 4.RA 3. .... ...,rt
" 38 0 . . . . . . . '.' . 1HO IH. 3HH 1M. 3H. . .....^03"
0... .O.H <-H. .......... 0
0 0 H ., o
0. ...O.H., ....... o
40 J ' = M o 40
, „ ° .....O.H 0
0 0 H . o
0 , . . 0 . H „ Q
-«° • ..........._.,.. . . , o ; ; °
-------
4. Demographic Map
The demographic map shows the number of people living
on each residence parcel, the percent occupancy of each
residence and the quality of all privately owned buildings
and equipment.
Overcrowding (over 100% occupancy) contributes to a
residence's neighborhood index and to the health index.
The quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities. A value ratio is the ratio of the present con-
dition of a business' buildings and equipment to their
original condition, expressed as a percent.
A quality index is somewhat different. Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have a quality index from 40 to 100.
Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
(see the Master Tables for the causes of depreciation).
A business's depreciation is measured as a percent of
original value (100). A residence's depreciation is
measured as a percent of the original value of such a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of 100,
regardless of the original quality of the specific resi-
dence. Thus, business depreciation is a percent of original
value but residential depreciation is a percent of quality
index 100.
The owner of an activity can set a maintenance level
for the activity. The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates in a
year. Not until the activity's value ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner incur
maintenance expenditures. The computer program depreciates
and maintains buildings and equipment and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.
The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
37
-------
Figure
10.23
TwnclTY ^ ^^^ RO'iNi 2
" " OODOOMOOQOOQOOOC030aOOaOOOQQ0090QQCCOCCOOOCCOQCOOOOOO
12 0
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0
0 ,
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26 0
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0 ......
0
30 0
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e-..-«*£*i?«iJHi**H«**««J*f«
0
3? 0
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34 0
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ion 10. ?o. 45
1 H 0=.=- ttttt o . -
. . 15 | B5 . 60 H 90 .100 8 .100 . 46 45 ... .
. .100 |117 .117 H . 0 .113 100 . . . .
. 90 . 90 | 75 . 30 H 90 0 H *36 . 90 , 30 50 . . . . . « .
.117 .117 1 97 .101 H 0 H -100 tlOO ... ....
f-ltliHZttimtltHlZimitlif.f'l.lXltiimmit-fit'imtfiHiil-lim* lt*Jllli.iftm?*tt*>t
.100 =117 H fl3 .107 . 6<5 0 H .117 .117 ... ....
.»-.-H 0 H....
. . 25. 15H 40. 1?00 L30H 150. .........
50 5. 15H 25. 15
.100 0100 .110 H117 .100 .
O.H
O.H
<,. 0 H
O.H
O.H
D H <,...„..„
O.H......
O.H...
O.H
O.H
0 H
0 «, H . . •
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O.H.
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O.H...........
OOQOOCQ0003Q3P00300DOOC3CCCOCacOCaOCCQQCOOCOOaCOOOC0930QO
70 12 74 76 73 80
P4RCEL KEY
TOP RQWI TOTAL POP IN 100' S
MIDDLE P-OH: 01 (RES) CR Vfi UIPJ
ftOTTOH RQtf: I OCCUPANCY (RESI
82 84 66 fl8 90 9? «I4 16 9fl 1 00 102 1 04 106 V05 1 10 II 2 1 14 1 16
PARCEL EDGES 1 NT e* SECT 1 ONI
OES1 «* ..PDAORFn 4-TYPElTFRHlNfiL
-- 11 TYPF 1 R04D X TYPE 2 TERMINAL
« HH TYPf 2 ROAD • TYPE 3 TERMINAL
iJ WW TYPE 3 ROiO
CO 00 JUftlSGlCTION flOU-JOtRY
Ufl
£900
0
...0
0
Q
0 16
0
Q
0 IP
0
0
0 ?0
0 ??
0
0 ?
-------
5. Topographical Restriction Map
This map shows the percent of a parcel that may not be
purchased or developed by any local decision-makers. Land
that is topographically undevelopable includes mountains,
rock outcrops, swamps. None of the area consumed by water
bodies represented in the local system (large lakes, small
lakes, and rivers) is shown on this map. The map also
shows jurisdictional boundaries, the road network, and the
location of terminals.
39
-------
Figure
10.25
1UOC1TY
COOOOOOOOOCiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOODOOOOOOOOOOOOOOODOOOOOOOOOOCODOOOOOOOPOOaOOO
o e . .
. 12 0 f) • • «,
0. B..
o R
0 B
16 0 B . . •
0 . . . - B
0 B
0 B
0 . B
0 B
jo o a..
0 B
0 . B . .
0 B..
o ; B
~ It, 0 B..
0...- R..
0..... 1 H 0=,... lllit
0 I.H.B..
2 to '. I . H . a
O........I.H.B..
0 ...t.HOH..
300........I.HOH..
O........I.HOH..
e—"ttltHH{H»Httill>tllHlliHt{tiltlllilllililHHliftlil{XlH{ Hiifliti
0 H..GH
320........H..OH .
0.......-.H..OH .
0 .....H 0. ...H
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34 0.... ......H.OH
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3B 0 0 . ' • H
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40 0 0 . H . .
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42 0 O.H..
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50 0 0 . H
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52 0 ... ' O.K..
0 , 0 H
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54 0 O.K..
0 O.H..
0 0 H
0 O.H...
o o „
0 O.K..
56 0 0 H
0 O.H..
" '. 0 H
60 9 . 0 H
0 0 . II ' . .
PAOCFI KEY PARCEL FDGFS INTERSECT
PFRCENT TOPOGRAPHICALLY UNDEVELOPABLE .. ,. RflAnQED + TYPC 1 T
— II 1YPE 1 ROAD X TYPE 2 T
RniJNO 2
102 104 106 108 110 II? 114 1 16 II'
OOOOODOOOOOOOOOtltlOCDClJOOOOOOOSOOCiOC'OOOCIOrCCOrO
0 14
0 16
0
31"
0
0
; o 21
0
0 22
0 24
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0 26
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0
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'..... 0
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c
0 32
0
0 34
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u
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0 52
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102 104 106 lOd 110 112 114 116 1U
ON<
RMINAL
RHINAL
-• HH IYPC 2 ROAO • TYPE 3 TERMINAL
00 00 JUR1SDICTIDN BOUNDARY
40
-------
6. Social Decision Maker Map
This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels. The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle and lower letters represent the social decision-
makers who control the PM's and PH's, respectively, who live
there. If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.
Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map. Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel. Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out. Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land. This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there were no
Pi's of that class (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
41
-------
Figure
10.24
TUDCITY
P.OIJHO 2
TO 72 74 76 78 80 B2 84 86 B8 40 42 « 46 48 100 102 10* 106 108 110 112 11* 116 11»
eoooooocoooooooooooooocaoooooooo(iococoocooocoooooooooooooooDOoooonooooooi!Offoooooooooooooooo30coooooooooaoooaoooocooo?oo3=CB?j3
o ; • ; ; ; i ; '. o 12
12 o 2 •••'.:.. I .. o
e ° " . . o
0 B ' ' ' '•• .-• • °
..S :::::::::.::: • .:::-.::::;: s16
0 ° • ••'. 0
" ° i •••':::'. : '. '. ° "
o o ' ' ' ....I. ...I • o
o e • '„
0 8 . .
20 a ....B..
0 B . .
o a
22 0 CB...
2*0 CB..
0 . . . B . .
0 H •
26 0 C.C.C.CB
0 B . .
-0........ .DH.B..D
28 0 A.AH.B..
0 8 . . H . e , .
0 . . . . . . .A.R G . T. H C H
0 H . C H
3*0 • .E. HA.AOFH F. .
0 H.H ..
38 6 '. '. '. . . . . '. ~ '. . 0 . HE".-
0 B 0 C . C H C . C .
«00 0. ..
0 0 . .
«20 0. ..
0 O.H...
0 0
0 0. . .
4* 0 .•'.-. . . ' . . . . .. 0 . H
0 0 H
*6 0 O.K..
0 0 H
0-. O.H...
*« o o : H
0 O.K..
0 0
0 O.H...
'<> 0 O.H...
0 O.H...
0
0 ...:...• 0
G 02*
0
.0 0 26
0
C . . . 0 2«
a
0
0
0
F . .... B 3?
,0
C 3*
0
0
0
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0
0 42
9
0
0
e
. - . . . c
. ... . . , f *f
5
0
. . . . . C 10
«»:::::::::: I : 1 :::::::::::?„
0 O.H a
0.... .............. ... o „ „
«? . .... S :!! ::::::::::: SM
S....:....:....:... .:....:....:....:....:....:....: S • S •" •• • • ?
0 O.H a
"I :::::::::: S : 3 :.:::::::!! i s»
0 ° H 0
5» o : : : : 1 : » : : : : i : s „
0 O.H... I ' fl
° O.H... •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••-•••. ...C
70 7J 7<1 76 7e "> '2 B* «6 88 40 42 4* 46 48 100 10? 104 106 108 110 112 U* lib HB
PARCEL KEY p RCEL FOr.ES INTCBSECTIONS
ino-noii! lnu 5oc O-H ,. .. nannEo > TYPE i TERMING
HII5DLE RTO: MID SC1C O-H ~. || yi>E 1 BnlD , TTPE ? TERMINAL
BOTIQH ROW: HI SOC 0-M .. IIH YPF 1 «OAO » TYPE 3 TERMINAL
H MM YPE 3 ROAD
CO 00 URISOICT10N BOUNDARY
42
-------
C. Summary Information
!• Demographic and Economic Statistics
The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region. There are two basic types
of information: statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions; the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.
Statistics Regarding Local Conditions
Total population: the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.
Percent change over previous year: the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round. This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.
Average population per parcel: the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.
Developed land (in parcels): the amount of land
area (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.
Undeveloped land: the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.
Total land area: the number of parcels.
Assessed value of land in millions: the property tax
base.
Assessed value of developments in millions: the
development tax base.
Average quality of life index: a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.
Number of registered voters: the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who actually vote
are selected.
43
-------
Figure -9.1
TWOCITY
DEHOGRAPHIC AND ECONOHIC STATISTICS
ROUND 1
TOTAL POPULATION
LOH CLASS
HIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
TOTAL
**********
275500
73500
99000
103000
JURISDICTION
I
***«#****«
126000
0
64000
62000
JURISDICTION
II
**********
149500
73500
35000
41000
JURISDICTION
III
**********
0
0
0
0
PERCENT CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS YEAS
AVERAGE POPULATION PER PABCEL
DEVELOPED LAND (IN PARCELS)
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND AREA
ASSESSED VALUE OF LAND
IN BILLIONS
ASSESSED VALUE OF DEVELOPBEHTS
IN BILLIONS
AVERAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
HUHBES OF REGISTERED VOTERS
NO. IN PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION
AVEBAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
LOH
HIDDLE
HIGH
0
0
77
548
625
12312.
421.
69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232824
30
266
296
5321.
158.
61
45566
0
73
0
61
4061270
46
283
329
6992.
264.
75
43007
0
47
17
62
278305
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NO. OF WORKERS RECEIVING HBLFABB
STODENT/TEACHEfl RATIO
SCHOOL ENHOLLBENT
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
HOUSING UNITS
SINGLE DWELLINGS
flULTIPLB DWELLINGS
HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
VACANCY RATE {PEBCENT)
NEGATIVE READS OVERCROWDED
12800
7
48740
20460.
100
24
6
0
13
34040
0
62
7
28
12800
10
14700
20460
38
17
2
-23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SO-2
-------
Figure - 9.1 (Cont'd)
NtJBBEB Or EMPLOYED WORKERS
LOH
HIDOLE
HIGH
79400
23000
31680
24720
35360
0
20480
14880
U4040
23000
11200
9840
0
0
0
0
NOBBER EMPLOYED IH
LIGHT INDUSTRY
HEAVY INDUSTRY
NATIONAL SERVICES
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BUSINESS GOODS
BUSINESS SERVICES
PERSONAL GOODS
PERSONAL SERVICES
KUNICIPAL SERVICES
SCHOOLS
BAIL
BUS
FEDERAL-STATE
NUBBER OF UNEMPLOYED WOHKEHS
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGU
27160
27760
0
0
2800
5240
3360
5b80
1920
3880
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
10240
11800
0
0
1680
0
3360
2480
1920
3880
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16920
15960
0
0.
1120
5240
0
3200
0
0
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ONEBPLOYBENT BATE
LOW
BIDDLE
HIGH
(PERCENT)
7.46
21.77
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21.77
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING UNDER $ 5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5,000 TO .$10,000
PERCENT EARNING OVER $10,000
33
37
29
5
54
39
55
22
21
0
0
0
-------
Number in public adult education: the number of _
people who wanted to participate in public adult educatzon
programs and were able to do so because programs wer«
provided by their school departments.
Average educational level: by class, the average
educational level. This ranges from 0 to 100. The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.
Number of workers receiving welfare: if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this^
number is the number of unemployed workers. The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.
Student/teacher ratio: ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools. This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.
School enrollment: the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools. Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.
Housing units: the number of levels of RA (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise) housing.
Vacancy rate: the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent. A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.
Number of employed workers: the number of people
holding full-time jobs, by class of worker.
Number employed by type of employer: the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.
Number of unemployed workers: by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.
Unemployment rate (percent): by class, the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
46
-------
Earning distribution: the percent of workers
earning less than $5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and
over $10,000 from full-time employment.
Transactions With the National Economy
Income from the national economy: federal-state aid
received, by type of aid, and income from both basic
industry sales of output and bus and rail sales of equip-
ment.
Sales to the national economy: federal-state taxes
paid, by type of tax, and purchases of goods, services/
and outside-owned land. The only Outside expenditure
which can be significantly controlled locally is the
purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.
National economy business cycle: last round's ratio
to "typical income"per unit of output for basic industry,
interest rates on loans and bonds from the Outside
(expressed as percents), and the average rate of return on
outside investments (expressed as percents).
47
-------
D. Highway Department_J2utsu£
The Highway Department controls the construction of
roads and terminals and the maintenance of roads. Roads
are located between parcels and consume land from both
adjoining parcels; a terminal is located at corners of
parcels (intersection) and consumes land from the four
parcels which border the intersection. Roads are used by
population units to travel to and from employment and shop
locations and by basic industry and commercial establish-
ments to transport products to terminals and to purchase
the necessary goods and services for maintenance and normal
operations. Population units travel to work during peak-
hour travel only.
There are three types of highways: HY1, HY2, HY3.
An HY3 is the largest road, and the cheapest to travel on.
The type of road determines its design capacity in terms
of the number of vehicles which it can handle without
congestion when it is in the best condition. Highways
depreciate as a function of use. The value ratio of a
segment of highway is the percent of its design capacity
which it can actually handle. The lower the value ratio
of a road, the less its effective capacity-
Road congestion occurs when there are more vehicles
using a road segment than can be handled by the road.
Congestion is recorded only during peak-hour travel. When
congestion occurs, it takes additional time for population
units to travel along the congested road segment. The
amount of additional time is directly proportional to the
amount of congestion on the highway. For example, if the
peak-hour congestion is 110%, the time to travel a road is
10% greater than otherwise. Time consumed in transportation
to and from work affects the allocation of leisure time in
the social sector.
Terminals are used by heavy industry, light industry,
and business goods. Industries use terminals to ship
output to national demanders and BG receives goods from
national suppliers.
1. Highway Department Finances
The Highway Department receives income to its current
and capital accounts from various sources. These include
appropriations, Federal-State aid, bonds, and miscellaneous
income. Appropriations are distributed to the current and/
or capital accounts of the department by the Chairman. The
48
-------
Figure 8.14
Hir,HW»Y 0">ART"JFnUS
10T4V EXPENDITURES
» 500000.00
270000.00
0.0
» 770000.00
» 406227.00
354766.00
N?W PSH1CF
NEW B4L4NCE
t 9012.00
DUTST5NOINK 90VS
o» i r. i •< »i.
PRINCIPAL
INTEREST"
RATE
ANNUAL
P&YVENT
13
2
14110'.
11INTFN11CE
TfTT«L
HILFS
OT.O
90.0
10
1?
11
O.I1.
o.s
1.0
I 4POOO.
1 100445.
'» 257778.
49
-------
Figure 8.14 (Cont'd)
n » 0 CONDITIONS R i- F 0 « f nalNTENANCE
yuuF ««r|o BOAOI
90 9514 9516 «22 8123 9023 9223 9423 6827 872« 9128 9130 7031 7231 7431 7631
000000060010000
T»S1 «031 8231 6431 9136 8730
000000
«»** 9027 9227 9427 9?31 8631 8811 6712 9031 8833 8914 9035
Jl 29 29 57 99 10 44 35 68 26 19 13
IWE'E »IE im RO«OS IN THIS JURISDICTION WITH VALUE RATIOS BELOU 85
I Ann
lfV«T!'>1 IMOUNT LOCATION AMOUNT LOCATION AMCl'NT LOCATION AMOUNT LOCATION AKOUNT
-22 4 90-2? 4 9?-2J 4 94-22 4
**-2^ 4 ftfl-?4 4 90-24 4 92-24 4 94-24 4
fFOFB»U STtTF tID 4V»IL«BLE fO' HIGHWAY CCrjSTBUCTION
1 0
50
-------
department must request Federal-State aid for road
construction from the computer and if it is granted, the
aid can be used only for the approved project. The
department does not receive the aid until the approved
project is performed. Current bonds are automatically
floated by the computer if the current expenditures of
the department exceed its current revenue. Current bonds
have a duration of two years and the interest rate is set
by the computer. Capital bonds may be floated for the
department by the Chairman subject to a referendum by the
social sector. Capital bonds have a duration of 25 years
and the interest rate is set by the computer. Miscellan-
eous income includes such items as cash transfers to the
capital or current account of the department and income
from the sale of land (capital account only).
The Highway Department spends money on road main ten--
ance, bond payments, miscellaneous, construction and land
purchase.
The Highway Department must purchase business goods
(EG) and business services (BS) for the maintenance and/
or renovation of its roads. BG and BS are purchased by
the Highway Department at fixed costs from the Outside
System. Bond payments include payments on interest
and principal of outstanding capital and current bonds
floated by the department. Miscellaneous expenditures
involve cash transfers from the capital or current
accounts of the department to an economic, social, or
governmental decision-maker, or from one account to
another account.
Each outstanding bond is listed on the bond table,
one row per bond. The first item is the type of bond,
capital or current. A capital bond has a term of 25
years; a current bond has a term of 2 years. The original
principal, remaining term, interest rate, and annual pay-
ment are given. The remaining term is the number of
rounds after the current round in which the department must
make the annual payment. The annual payment is calculated
by the computer to pay off the bond in equal installments
each year, and the payment is made automatically by the
computer from the department's current account.
Below the outstanding bond table is a table which
shows the maintenance level, number of segments, and
average depreciation of each road type. The Highway
Department specified a road maintenance level by road type,
not for each individual road segment.
51
-------
The next table shows the location of road segments at
each value ratio (depreciated, value before maintenance) .
Below a road's coordinates is its congestion, the amount
which the road is used in peak-hour transportation in
excess of its effective capacity. If a road showed a
congestion, of 30, it would have 30% more use it could
effectively handle.
The detail on terminals shows the location, level,
design capacity (in terminal units), and terminal units
used there.
The location and amount of land (in percent of a
parcel) is shown for all undeveloped land owned by the
department.
Last, a table shows the locations of roads for which
Federal-State aid has been granted but which have yet to
be constructed. The road type for which the aid has been
approved is also shown.
2. Highway Department Construction Table
This output shows the site location, type of con-
struction (road or terminal), and old and new level of
development of all construction or demolition decisions
input by the department and accepted by the computer
during the previous round.
-------
3. Highway Map
This map designates the location and level of roads
and terminals. Roads may be built in the roadbeds which
are located along the sides of the parcels of land. Roads
may be built at one of three operating levels (1 through 3,
with 3 being the largest capacity road). Road locations
are identified by a coordinate pair that consists of an
even and an odd number. For example, 7011 is the east-west
road at the upper left portion of the map and 6912 is the
north-south road at the upper left portion of the map.
[Roads may not be built along the extreme right boundary
(line 119) or along the extreme bottom boundary (line 61)
of the map.]
Terminals may be built at one of three service levels
(with level 3 being the largest capacity terminal). Ter-
minals are located at the intersections of roads or road-
beds. Business activities that use terminals are assigned
to specific terminal locations taking into account accessi-
bility and terminal capacity.
53
-------
.figure
LU . .Li)
TO
TWOCITY
oooooooooooooooooooooaoooooooocoooocoogoooociooooocooooooooooooooonooooooaooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooocv
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0000030COQ03COOD030CQayOCOOOOOOOCOOOC300000COOCC03CCOOCQ33C[;000009000000gOOOOOOOCOOOOOOQOOU0200000COC000330CC0030232
70
LAN
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i? MM TYPE 3 noao
CO 00 JURISQICT ION BilUWDARY 54
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U6 1U
-------
V. Types of Decisions Available to the Highway Department
A- Summary of Decisions
These decisions which the Highway Department can make
fall into two categories: those which are jurisdiction-wide
in scope and those that pertain to individual locations.
Jurisdiction-wide
Transfer Cash
Change Maintenance Level of A Road Type
Request Federal-State Aid For Road Con-
struction
Individual Locations
Buy or Sell Land
Construct or Demolish Roads or Terminals
The department can make as many of each of these
decisions as it wishes. The department can also choose to
make no decisions. If no decisions are made, no cash or
land is transferred and no new Federal-State aid is granted.
Roads and terminals remain the same as in previous rounds,
and roads are maintained at the previous maintenance levels.
55
-------
&• Input Format
Local system decision-makers (such as the Highway
Department) use a standardized input form (Figure HY-3.2)
when making decisions that must be processed by the com-
puter.
The standard message format is:
$CODE/ = dm/a, b, c, d, ....
1. $CODE stands for the type of decision code. The
Highway Department has the option to make decisions that
use the following decision codes:
$OTHER (maintenance)
$CASH (transfer cash)
$PU (land transfer)
$OUBLD (construct or demolish) .
$FSA (request Federal-State aid)
2. "=dm" is the decision-maker, which for the Highway
Department is HY1, HY2, or HY3, depending upon the appro-
priate jurisdiction number. A jurisdiction number must
always follow the HY decision-maker code even if there is
only one active jurisdiction.
3. The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the parti-
cular decision.
Note that there is a slash (/) after the decision
code and after the decision-maker code. There are commas
separating all other bits of information. Note also that
the decision-maker code is prefaced by an equals sign (=) .
56
-------
Note: When filling out this form, refer to
input description form in the manual.
Please write clearly; distinguish
between 1 (one) and "I" (eye), "0"
(oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
--J
Decision
Code
$ /
$ /
Il5^^ivl^ S [Tvl ^n numt>ers exactly as required;
omitting commas within numbers (100000) .
Maker ^"^ ^*^
/,,,,,,,,,,
/,,,,,,,.,.
$ / s / / i * i / * / / / /
5 /
$ /
$ /
$ /
I
$ /
$ . /
$ /
/,,,,,,,,,,
*
~ /itiiiitiii
~ /iiit , ,. , ..» .,..', , .' ,. _ ' ' '
= / / t 'r i i i > > , / /
— ////»» , , .1 i , t . t f
= / / / _ f / / i »- , ' . .' - '
= / / t t r t i ' t . , i i
-------
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of Decision
Purchase or bid
on land
on
00
Change Main-
tenance Level
Construct, up-
grade or demolish
a road or terminal
by the "Outside
System"
Request federal-
state aid
Code
$PU
$OTHER
$OUBLD
$FSA
Decision
Maker
HY1, HY2
or HY3
HY1, HY2
or HY3
HY1, HY2
or KY3
HY1, HY2
or HY3
a
location
M
site
location
new level
for which
aid re-
quested
(1, 2, or
b
price (in
$1000 's) j
new main-
tenance
level
HY if road
TM if term-
inal
Location of
road for
which aid
c
seller
economic
decision-
maker or
department
and juris-
diction or
OU)
type of road
(1, 2, or 3)
old level (0
if new road
or terminal)
d e
percent of
parcel (o if
all)
new level (0 if on juris
if demolition) diction
boundary,
jurisdictio
numbers ,
separated
by commas
is reques ted
-------
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of Decision Code
Transfer Cash $CASH
Decision
Maker
HY1, HY2
or HY3
receiver
(economic
or social
decision-
maker or
department
and -inr-i.Q-
diction)
amount (in
dollars)
from CAPital if economic
or CURrent decision-
account maker is
receiving,
pVT; if social
receiving,
class receiving
(H,M, or L) ;
if department
is receiving,
to CAPital
or CURrent
account
en
If social
receiving,
location
receiving
-------
C. Sample Decisions
(The input format is shown on the sample input. Note
that the jurisdiction number must always be given even if
only a single jurisdiction exists,)
Jurisdiction-Wide Decisions
1. Transfer Cash
Case 1: The Highway Department in Jurisdiction 3
wishes to transfer $6,000,000 from its current
account to its capital account.
Case 2: The same department wishes to give the low-
income residents controlled by BB on parcel 9832
a total of $80,000 (to be divided among the Pi's)
from its capital account for agreeing to allow the
new superhighway to replace parkland on their
residence parcel.
2. Change Road Maintenance Levels
The Highway Department in Jurisdiction 1 decides to
maintain all of the Type 3 roads in the jurisdiction
at a value ratio of 98.
3. Request Federal-State Aid
The Highway Department in Jurisdiction 2 requests
aid for a Type 2 road at 9833, 9633, 9433, and 9233.
This stretch of road will have no gaps or turns,
so it can be "block input".
Location - Specific Decisions
4. Buy or Sell Land
Case 1: The Highway Department in Jurisdiction 3
wishes to build a new road at 108-31, and it has
agreed to purchase 8% of 108-30 for $32,000 from
its economic owner, team D, and 8% of 108-32.for
$10,000 from the Utility Department, which owns
some undeveloped land there.
Case 2: The same Highway Department gives the
Utility Department 4% of 112-28 for free as part of
the same deal. (Note that the new owner is designa-
ted as the decision-maker>)
60
-------
Construct or Demolish Roads and Terminals
Case 1: The same Highway Department builds a Type 1
road at 108-31, for which it has just obtained land.
Case 2: The Highway Department in Jurisdiction 1
increases the size of a terminal at 83-29 from level
2 to level 3 near an expanding community. It already
owns sufficient land at 82,28, 84-28, 82-30, and
84-30 for the construction.
61
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE HIGHWAY
DEPARTMENT
1.1
1.2
2
3
4.1
4.1
4.2
5.1
5.2
Decision Decision
Code Maker
s/frttfif
$
c
M
//£££
/M2L
?f ,
TM .
33 , D
C,0f(, £_&?_,
CflP , L , _d
20_, UTS; K ,
$ . HIS* y ,
±^.
3 .
-------
VI. MASTER SHEETS
A. MASTER TABLE FOR THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
Characteristics for Level Une Unless Stated Otherwise)
Facility
LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
Percent of Parcel
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
(Millions of Dollars)
DEPRECIATION
Due to Use
ROAD MAINTENANCE
Purchases per 1% Maintenance
CAPACITY MEASURES
Design Capacity
(standardized units)
Consumption by Users
(standardized units)
PI '
BUS (level 1)
BG
FL,NL,EL,TA
MF,TE
SG
FEDERAL-STATE AID FOR
CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION
ROAD TYPE
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Highways
HY
Terminals
TM
(from both sides) (from 4 corners)
8
12
16
.8
a)
5.0 Z
$20, 000/segment
12
16
20
14
NA
NA
500/segment 10,000
10
50
1 per">CU sold
100°
200°
Matching
Federal Local
$1
$1
$2
$9
$1
$1
10000
Probability of
Receiving Aid
80%
50%
30%
Limit on the number of road segments requested by a jurisdiction is 5
highway units used/effective capacity
NOTE; a) Z — and, . . u
effective capacity is the design capacity times the
value ratio expressed as a percent.
63
-------
B. PLANNING MASTER TABLE
(LEVEL ONE
ACTIVITY
FL
SG
MP
MF
NL
EL
TE
FO
TA
PA
CR
NS
BG
BS
PG
PS
RA
RB
RC
iH
-«
CU
U
J_l
CU
to
28
40
48
20
15
12
12
20
6
16
28
12
12
10
12
12
2
2
2
in
H
>
f"
o
r}
0)
H
JQ
•H
in
in
o
o<
H
•H
X
rrt
•V
s
(3)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(16)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(8)
(8)
(50)
(50)
(50)
>i
-i-»
•H
•
i~n
•rl
-P
D
M-l
O 0)
O
•H -H
cu >
> M
CU 0)
1-3 CO
§
•H
<— '
c
•H
a
i
i
7
1
1
2
2
3
1
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
in
-P
-H
G
D
>i
-P T3
•H CU
H g
•H 3
-P W
D C!
O
> — 1 O
••-i
-P 4J
o cu
3 X
M M
-P (d
ra S
C
0
U
300
240
240
320
150
140
180
230
120
250
250
50
25
10
30
10
1
6
25
64
(0
0)
0)
><
o
rH
Q.
g
•w
CU ffi
e p4
•r)
C-i
L •
rH
H
3
h
8
14
19
24
21
30
25
15
15
23
24
23
14
20
8
6
NA
NA
NA
s
fr
8
18
18
18
20
18
22
19
10
17
24
9
7
9
13
11
NA
NA
NA
••-""s
in
.p
^
o<
35
23
18
17
18
17
15
24
30
20
14
9
8
9
23
16
NA
NA
NA
I-1
in
•P
•H
G
c>
rH
id
cu
£-1
1000
10000
6000
2000
1000
1000
2000
3000
1000
3000
3000
NA
One per
CU sold
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
c
£
G >i
•H -P
rd -H
M o
Q fd
CU
CO ffl
S U
1
150
50
200
150
100
150
200
250
150
200
300
50
25
10
30
10
10
60
NA 250
-------
c.
OPERATION OF FEDERAL-STATE AID
Department
School
Current Aid
Capital Aid
Highways
Capital Aid
Municipal Services
Current Aid
Basis
$225/student
Match dollar for dollar
Matching
Type of Road Federal Local
I
II
III
$1
$1
$2
$9
$1
$1
Two Federal-State dollars
for each local dollar up
to maximum total paid of
$35 per resident of the
jurisdiction
Limit on Number
of Requests per
Jurisdiction
N.A.
5
road
segments
N.A.
Probability
of Receipt
Automatic (no request
needed)
60% (1st request)
40% (2nd request)
30% (3rd request)
80%
50%
30%
Automatic
-------
APPENDIX A
Sequence of Computer Print-Out
Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar. The overall order of output is:
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4. Commercial Allocation
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
7. Social and Economic Summaries
8. Government Detail
9. Summary Statistics
10. Maps
Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections. An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lists player and director decisions. The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above. These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.
Each subsection of output has its own title, but on;
every subsection the heading for the data base and the tound
number are printed. A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4.
Print-Out Section Description
1. Migration
Environmental For each class which can live on
Indexes each residence parcel, this shows
the value of each component of
the environmental index based on
last round's pollution index, MS
use index and school use index
and this round's residence quality,
rent, tax rates, and welfare rates.
66
-------
Figure 4
1. Migration
Water System
3. Employment
RIVER BASIK MODEL OUTPUT
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1,2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 Migration De-toil
1.5 Migration Statistics
1.5 Migration Summary
2.1 Kator User ECfluont Content
2.2 nivjr Quality During Surface Water Process
2.3 './ot'^r Uucr Costa and Consumption
2.4 Coliiorm and Pollution Index Values
3.1 Employment Solcction Information for PL Class
3.2 EuiployiTiunt Selection Information for PM Claso
3.3 Employment Selection Information for PH Class
3.4 Part-Timo Work Allocation for Pll Class
3.5 Part-Tiro Work Allocation for PM Class
3.6 Part-Timo Work Allocation for PL Class
3.7 Employment Summary
O>
Concsorcla.1 Allocation
4.1
4.2
4. 3
4.4
4.5
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
Buslne:):! Goods Allocation Summary
Business Services Allocation Suiwnary
Government Contracts
8. Government Detail 8.1 Assessment Report
8.2 Wcter Department Reports
8.3 Sampling Station Report! Point Source Quality
8.4 Sampling Station Report: Ambient Quality
8.5 Utility Department Report
8.6 Utility Department Finances
6,7 Municipal Services Department Report
8.8 Municipal Services Department Finances
3,9 /I'.-.-.iclpol Services Srjpsr~-cnt Construction Table
8.10 PL-inning end Zoning Department Report
8.11 School D'ipjrtr.ont Report
8.12 School Dc-part.-ent Finances
8.13 School Deportr.ent Construction Table
6.14 Ili'j!iv,jy Department Finances
8.15 Highway Department Construction Table
8.16 Hail Company Report
8.17 Bus Company r-jjport
8.18 Chair-.a.-. Depart/rent Finances
8.19 Tax S-j.-.-:;iry
8.20 Financial Surr.nary
9. Summary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
10. Haps
Social Sector
Economic Sectoi
4.6 Tormina! Demand and Supply Tablo
4.7 Terminal Allocation Map
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Boycotts
6.1 Form Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 Cor.:.iercijl Output
6.5 Economic Boycott Status
6.6 New Construction Tab10
6.7 Land Summary
6.8 Loan Statement
6.9 Financial Summary
Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Kunb'jr of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Teams
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Summary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation Kap
10.3 Business Commercial Allocation Map
10.4 .Municipal Service Map
10.5 School .Mjp
10.6 utility Mop
10.7 Water Usage Map
10.8 Water Quality Map
10.9 Municipal Treatment
10.10 Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Map
10.11 Surface Water Map
10.12 Form Kunoff Kap
10.13 River Basin Flood Plain Map
10,14 Form Map
10.15 Farm Assessed and Market Value Map
10.16 Market Value Map
10.17 Assessed Value Map
10.18 Economic Status Map
10.19 Highway Map
10,20 Planning and Zoning Map
10.21 Parkland Uaacjc Map
10.22 Socio-Econo.-nic Distribution Map
10.23 Demographic Map
10.24 Social Decision-Maker Map
10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
10.26 Government Status Map
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Indexes
Migration Detail
Migration
Statistics
Migration Summary
Description
For each class living on each
residence parcel, this shows the
value of each component of the
personal index based on last
round's time allocation, resi-
dential crowding, MS use index,
and coliform bacteria index.
For each residence parcel and for
each class which lived on the
parcel immediately before or
after the migration program ran,
this shows the number of Pi's
in the class now residing on the
parcel and of those who moved,
why they moved and where they
came from and went to.
Number of in-migrants, out-
migrants , internal migrants,
and natural population growth
by jurisdiction and class.
The number of Pi's who moved
between or within jurisdictions
by class, by jurisdiction and by
reason for moving.
2. Water System
Water User
Effluent Content
For each economic activity and
municipal water system, the
volume of effluent dumped into
the surface water and the amount
of each pollutant in the effluent
after the effluent has received
any treatment.
River Quality During For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
for the surface water on each
parcel through which a river
flows, this shows the water
quality rating, the volume of
water, and the amount of each
pollutant present.
68
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water User Costs and
Consumption
Coliform and
Pollution Index
Values
3. Employment
Employment Selection
Information for Low-
Income Class
Employment Selection
Information for
Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.
Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating. The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by, auto or public
transit.
69
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Print-Out Section
Description
Employment Selection
Information For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for
Middle Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for Low
Income Class
Employment Summary
4. Commercial Allocation
Personal Goods
Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
70
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Print-Out Section
Personal Services
Allocation Summary
Business Goods
Allocation Summary
Business Services
Allocation Summary
Terminal Allo-
cation Summary
Description
location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales. For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.
This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.
For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment.
This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.
Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user. Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
71
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Print-Out Section
Description
Terminal Allocation
Map
Social Sector*
Dollar Value of Time
Social Decision-
Maker Output
Social Boycotts
Economic Sector**
Farm Output
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.
By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column. The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.
Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
*The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction. The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last). Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not printed. Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.
**The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before the next team's
output begins. A team for which a section pf output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of output. For example,
a^team with no residences receives no residence output. Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary. All active
teams receive financial summaries.
72
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Print-Out Section
Residence Output
Business Output
Construction
Industry Output
Construction
Industries' Contract
Table
Economic Boycott
Status
New Construction
Table
Land Summary
Description
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls. All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.
Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decision-
maker .
Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.
Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is the
contractee.
Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
73
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Print-Out Section
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic
Summaries
Number of Levels of
Economic Activity
Controlled by Teams
Employment Centers
Economic Control
Summary*
Description
Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment.
A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.
Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.
For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
*This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
74
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Print-Out Section
Social Control
Summary*
Social Control
Summary
Economic Control
Summary
Social Control
Summary
Description
For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfactio,n
(quality of life index).
By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.
This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income. The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.
This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
*This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
75
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Print-Out Section
8. Government Detail*
Assessment Report
Water Department
Reports
Sampling Station
Report: Point
Source Quality
Sampling Station
Report: Ambient
Quality
Utility Department
Report
Description
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.
List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations, prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).
For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.
For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.
Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges. Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
*A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
76
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Print-Out Section
Description
Utility Department
Finances
Municipal Services
Department Report
Municipal Services
Department Finances
Municipal Services
Department Con-
struction Table
Planning and Zoning
Department Report
School Department
Report
School Department
Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working, and the
MS use indexes. Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.
Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.
For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.
Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.
Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
77
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Print-Out Section
School Department
Construction Table
Highway Department
Report
Highway Department
Construction Table
Rail Company
Report
Description
For each school construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM's
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.
A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available fed-
eral-state aid.
For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, this
shows the construction firm,
the location of the road or ter-
minal, the status, the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
78
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Print-Out Section
Bus Company
Report
Chairman Department
Finances
Tax Summary
Financial Summary
Description
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.
Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.
Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations, federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
9. Summary Statistics
Demographic and
Economic Statistics
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
79
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Print-Out Section
Description
10. Maps
Personal Goods
Allocation Map
Personal Services
Allocation Map
Business Commercial
Allocation Map
Municipal Service
Map
School Map
Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS user
is assigned.
Map showing the locations of
MS' s and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.
Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.
Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each'parcel.
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Plant Map
Municipal Intake
and Outflow Point
Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Funoff Map
River Basin Flood
Plain Map
Farm Map
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.
Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.
Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.
Map showing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.
Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.
Map showing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in the river basin.
Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is ,in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
81
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Print-Out Section
Farm Assessed and
Market Value Map
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
Description
Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.
Map showing the economic sector
owner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every pair-
eel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.
Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.
Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public,institutional
land.
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Print-Out Section
Parkland Usage Map
Secio-Economic
Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Description
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.
Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel, the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,
Map showing the population (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
Scc:.al Pecision-
lv.aker Map
Topographical
F.e = ~riction Map
Gc'ver.nn€;nt Status
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).
Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
83
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APPENDIX B
Terminal Allocation Output
Heavy industries, light industries, and business goods
use terminals. Terminals represent major shipping and
receiving points through which those businesses interact
with the Outside system.
A business is assigned by the program to the terminal
to which it has the least transportation cost. However,
terminals have capacities, and a terminal's usage affects
a business"s perception of the transportation cost to get
there. The allocation process is similar to the commercial
process in that terminal users are assigned to terminals
simultaneously and then reevaluate their choices in light
of the new allocation. However, there is no Outside terminal
Since the only cost to a terminal user is the transportation
cost, it uses the best terminal it can find, i.e., the one
to which the transportation cost weighted by its usage is
least. The user pays only the actual transportation cost.
The terminal output lists the location of each terminal
user, the type of economic activity, and the number of ter-
minal capacity units consumed by the user. It also shows,
for each terminal, the terminal's code number, its location
(.terminals are located at intersections) , and its develop-
ment level. The capacity of a level one terminal is shown
on the Master Table. A terminal's capacity is its develop-
ment level times the capacity of a level one terminal.
The terminal output also includes a map showing the
geographic distribution of terminal users and terminals.
Each parcel on the map contains a single digit, which, if
non-zero, is the code number of the terminal which the eco-
nomic activity on that parcel is using. Terminals are iden-
tified by their single digit codes, are located at intersec-
tions, and are surrounded by asterisks.
84
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Figure 4.6
TERMINAL DEMAND AND SUPPLY TABLE
CUSTOMERS
LOCATIONS LAND USE REQUIEEHENTS
9626 CR 3000
9428 MF 2000
9828 TE 2000
9630 PA 3000
9830 BG 1139
9432 FO 3000
9632 MP 6000
TERMINALS
NOMBEB LOCATION LEVEL
1 9531 2
85
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Figure 4,7
CO
TERMINAL ALLOCATION MAP
- .
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
... .
70
0
0
0
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92
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APPENDIX C
EMPLOYMENT OUTPUT
The Full-Time Employment and Transportation Processes
The employment allocation process is run soon after
the migration process. The number of workers living at
each residence location is the number resulting from migra-
tion. Unlike the migration process, the employment process
operates on all Pi's; each PI reconsiders all job openings
each round. A whole PI is hired at a time; there is no
smaller unit in employment than a PI, even though a PI is
composed of many workers.
The factors involved in the matching of workers with
jobs are each employer's salary offerings (salaries are
set by class, one salary offered to each class), the trans-
portation costs for workers to get to employment locations,
the workers' relative education levels, the number of job
openings in each class, where workers were employed in the
previous round, and where workers are boycotting job openings,
In general, if there are fewer workers than jobs, those
employers offering the lowest salaries or located farthest
from residences do not receive ail of their needed employees
and suffer production losses. Likewise, if there are more
workers than jobs, those workers with the lowest education
levels or located farthest from jobs are unable to find
employment.
The process operates on one class at a time, high-income
fi'rst and low-income last. Any high-income workers who
cannot find jobs are first to be considered for middle-
income jobs, and any middle-income workers who cannot find
middle-income jobs are the first to be considered for low-
income jobs. Thus, unemployment tends to be pushed toward
the lower classes, although that is not always the case.
The first part of the employment process is the selec-
tion of the least cost route from each class living on a
residence parcel to each employment location. When a pop-
ulation group selects a least cost route, it evaluates both
the time (dollar value of time) and actual dollar cost of
each mode and route. Modal usage is also a factor, since
overcrowded modal usage causes delay in time. The workers
perceive the previous round's mode and route usage. Each
class is willing to pay up to a fixed percent of the income
which it would earn at a job in order to get to the job.
After the least cost route has been selected from each
Pi's residence to each employment location, each PI applies
for the job which nets it the greatest amount of money
87
-------
(salary offered less the transportation cost to get there).
A PI perceives a somewhat higher salary at its previous job
than is actually offered there. If the net income which
the PI would receive at its old job is perceived to be
highest, the Pi takes its old job back and looks no further.
A PI does not even consider taking a job which it is boy-
cotting.
After all Pi's who find their old jobs to be their
best jobs have taken their old jobs, the remaining Pi's
seeking employment compete for jobs on the basis of their
educational levels. Of the applicants for remaining job
openings, an employer selects those with the highest educa-
tion levels first. Those Pi's who are not hired for their
best jobs then seek employment at their next best jobs. The
process is repeated until either all of the job openings in
the class have been filled or all of the Pi's in the class
have been hired. There is one type of exception to the
latter case: a PI which cannot find a job within its max-
imum transportation range remains unemployed.
The employment process then operates on the next lower
class, any Pi's from the previous class being the first
considered for jobs.
After the employment process has been run for all
three classes, transportation routes and congestion are
recalculated using the origins and destinations created
in the employment process. All classes are assigned simul-
taneously to the least cost routes in time and money from
their residences to their jobs, considering the previous
round's, usage of modes and routes. If there are any great
changes in congestion between rounds after all have been
assigned routes, the transportation process is run again,
considering the new usage. The process is repeated until
there is no great change in congestion between two succes-
sive iterations. Pi's pay only the final actual dollar
cost to travel; the time dollar cost is used for route
allocation only-
The Full-Time Employment and Transportation Output
Detailed employment information prints for each class,
low-class first and high-income last. Within a single class's
output all of the information pertaining to those of the
class living on the same residence parcel is printed together.
The order in which the information for each parcel is printed
is from left to right, top to bottom across the board.
The first -column contains the coordinates of the resi-
dence parcel. The next column contains the location of
-------
Figure
3.3
EMPLOYMENT SELECTION INFORMATION FOR HIGH INCOME CLASS
OO
RESIDENCE EMPLOYER POPUL. SALARY TIMF. AUTO BUS RAIL ROUTE
LOCATION LOCATION UNITS ' UNITS COST COST COST
8628 UNEMPLOYED
9828
8430 UNEMPLOYED
8630 UNEMPLOYED
9828
8830 UNEMPLOYED
9230 (SC2)
9630
9432
INEMPLOYEO
9228
9828
9630
9832
2
1
10
1
4
16
1
1
11000. 35.0 935.0 0.0 0.0
11000. 25.0 985.0 0.0
0.0
10600. 2.5 310.0 0.0 0.0
11000. 7.5 510.0 0.0 0.0
11000. 5.0 410.0 0.0 0.0
10000. 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
11000. 20.0 785.0 0.0 0.0
11000. 5.0 410.0 0.0 0.0
10000. 7.5 510.0 0.0 0.0
9727
9527
9327
9127 89?7 8777
9727
8731
9131 "
9531
9331
9129
9727
9531
9731
9527
8931
9331
9131
9577
9331
9531
9529
9131
8931
9529
9131
9331
9531 9331 9131
8931
8931
9531 9331 9131
9131
8432 UNEMPLOYED
8632 UNEMPLOYED 6
9828 I
11000. 25.0 985.0 0.0 0.0
9727
8731
9527
9529
9531 9331 9131
8931
-------
each employer for which Pi's in the class on the parcel work.
The first row always shows the number of Pi's who are unem-
ployed on the parcel. For each other row, the output shows
the number of Pi's working at the employment location, the
salary earned per worker, the total number of time units
spent traveling to work, the total automobile cost paid
per worker, the total bus cost paid per worker, the total
rail cost paid per worker, and the route and modes which
the population units take to work. All Pi's of the same
class living on the same residence parcel and working for
the same employer take the same route and modes. The route
printed is traced from employment location to residence loca-
tion. The intersection at the start of travel, the inter-
sections passed, the intersection at which a new mode is
used, and the last intersection (that of the residence parcel)
are listed in order. An intersection is a four or five digit
number which may be preceded by a bus or rail route number if
the PI got off the bus or rail system at that intersection.
Next to some employment locations are parentheses con-
taining the name of a government department or the notation
'FSE'. A government department has a parcel designated as
its employment center. That parcel does not necessarily
have government activity on it; it is merely used as a cen-
tral hiring location because although a department can have
facilities on several parcels, it hires centrally as a
whole. The letters 'FSE1 denote Federal-state employment
centers such as state departments and federal installations.
FSE is a catch-all category for miscellaneous local employ^-
ment. An FSE only hires; it has none of the other charac-
teristics of a business or local government department.
The Part-Time Employment Process
A social decision-maker can allocate time units fot
his population units to spend in part-time work. Social
decision-makers realize that their population units seldom
receive all the extra work for which time was allocated.
As with the full-time employment allocation process, the
Pi's educational level is the most important factor in the!
assignment of part-time work units to extra work time allo-
cation.
The supply of part-time work units, eighty of which^
are equivalent to one full-time job, is primarily determined
by the levels of business activity in the system. Each
business type has a fixed number of time units of part-time
work for each class for each level of operation. In addi-
tion, a variable number of part-time work units (jobs) is
provided by the School Department.
90
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The school department in each jurisdiction provides
Public adult education according to the number of middle
and high-income part-time work units it hires. This speci-
fication obviously can fluctuate considerably round-to-round
Two lists — one supply of and the other -demand for
part-time work units -- are created for each population
class. The suppliers of part-time work units are ordered
by the salary offered (proportional to full-time wage
offered) with the highest salary placed first. Each entry
on this list contains a location, a full-time salary per
worker, and an amount of part-time work units available.
Each entry in the demand for units list is comprised
of a residence group for which allowed time for extra work
as defined by a parcel location, an average education level,
and an average time allocation for extra work.* The number
of Pi's in each group is the final item of information.
This list is ordered on the basis of average education
level with the highest levels first.
For each complete pass through the list of residence
groups, the part-time work allocation process attempts to
assign by class ten units of extra work to each population,
unit which has an unfilled extra work allocation. The
process continues until either all requests (unfilled allo-
cations) are filled or until the supply of part-time work
units is exhausted.
First, the residence group at the top of the list
(i.e., the one with the highest education level of those
group^ who have not yet been assigned work in that particu-
lar pass) is examined. The number of Pi's is multiplied
either by ten or by a figure less than ten (if there are
less than ten unfilled extra work time allocation units
remaining) in order to obtain the group's request for part-
time work units. For example, assume in the first pass
that 6 PH's at 10026 have the highest education level and
that the social decision-maker allocated 25 time units to
extra work for each PH. The total demand for units of this
group in the first pass is sixty (60). These population_
units will have their employment request of sixty part-time
units met before any other high-income population units
are considered.
*Pl's of the same class who live on the same parcel. Each
PI so grouped has averaged, and thus identical, characteris-
tics such as education level and time allocated for extra
work.
91
-------
Once the request is determined, the job supply list is
examined. For each potential work location, a shadow auto-
mobile transportation cost per worker is calculated. This
value is subtracted from the salary per worker to obtain a
net income per worker which is used to determine the best
job. Units from this best job are assigned to the residence
group up to the amount of their request. If that particular
job has an insufficient supply of part-time units available,
the remainder of the request must be met by the second best
job, and so on.
After the job units are assigned to the particular
residence group, their per PI unfilled extra work time
allocation units are decremented by ten (or the figure less
than ten) and they are placed at the bottom of the residence
group list. Of course, if the residence then has no more
units to be filled, they are dropped from further consider-
ation.
Subsequently, a different residence group appears at
the top of the list and the assignment process proceeds in
the identical fashion. This continues until either of the
two mentioned termination criteria are reached. High-income
population units may not be assigned middle or low-income
part-time jobs, nor may middle take low or high, and so
forth. Within an income class, the only case in which a PI
would receive a part-time job before another PI with a
higher education level is the case in which the latter's
shadow transportation cost exceeded the remuneration expected
from the particular job.
Note: The route which a PI takes to a part-time job is
the least-cost route, but road congestion is not a factor,
and auto is the only mode allowed. The costs used in part-
time job and route selection are the peak-hour transporta-
tion parameters, but a PI pays a dollar cost and spends an
amount of time travelling proportional to the number of
time units spent in part-time work. For example, if a PI
spends 20 time units at a job to which the least full-time
transportation cost is $200 and 4 time units, the PI is
charged 20/80 of those amounts, or $50 and 1 time unit.
The base auto cost used in the trip to full-time
employment is used as a base cost in part-time employment,
so a PI also pays a portion of that base cost to get to
part-time work.
92
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The Part-Time Employment Output
One output is printed for each class, high-income first
and low-income last. The first column shows the coordinates
of the residence parcel. The second shows the location of
one employer for whom the class on the parcel has been
assigned part-time work. The location 'ADED' indicates that
the class is working for a School Department's adult educa-
tion program. The third column is the total number of part-
time work units which the class on the parcel is filling at
the employment location. The fourth contains the full-time
salary offered per worker at the employment location. Since
a full-time job is equivalent to 80 time units in part-time
work, a class which filled 60 time units at a particular
employer would receive 60/80 of the total salary paid to a
PI in its class working there full-time.
-------
Figure III 3.4
PART-TIME WORK ALLOCATION FOR HIGH INCOME CLASS
RESIDENCE EMPLOYER TIME UNITS SALARY
8830
8830
9838
8836
8836
9638
9834
9834
9438
9034
•9436
9436
9436
8430
9230
9630
9632
9630
9632
963?
9832
9430
9430
9828
9430
9828
9830
9830
100
30
30
50
10
40
80
130
30
50
20
30
60
20
10600.
11000.
1 1000.
1 1000.
11000.
11000.
10000.
10500.
10500.
11000.
10500.
11000.
10000.
10000.
94
-------
Employment Summary
This shows overall employment statistics for the simu-
lated region. The list includes the following summary infor^
mation for each class: the number of residence parcels
occupied by the class; the number of Pi's employed in jobs
of their own class; the number of Pi's taking jobs in the
next lower class; the number of unemployed Pi's; the total
number of Pi's in the class living in the simulated region;
the total number of part-time units worked by the class;
and the number of job openings for the class which were left
unfilled.
This output is the single most useful section of the
employment output for an observer to use in quickly evalua-
ting the local employment situation.
Employment Centers
This output lists information concerning Federal-state
employers and the locations of local government employment
centers. The director specifies where Federal-state em-
ployers are located, how many Pi's they attempt to hir, and
the salaries they offer. This output shows that information
and the number of jobs which were actually filled at each
Federal-state employment location.
The director can also designate locations from which a
local government department hires. If the director does
not designate a parcel as a department's employment center,
that -department has the whole region as its hiring location.
That is, a prospective employee has no location to which
to travel for work. An employee's transportation time and
dollar cost is the average automobile time and dollar for
workers in the region. He does not contribute to road
usage because he has no specific destination.
95
-------
Figure
3.7
EMPLOYMENT SUMMARY
INCOME MIDDLE INCOME HI&H INCoME ALL CLASSES
NUMBER OF RESIDENCES
P1»S EMPLOYED AT THIS LEVEL
PI'S EMPLOYED AT LOWER LEVEL
PI »S UNEMPLOYED
TOTAL POPULATION UNITS
PART-TIME UNITS WORKED
NUMBER OF JOBS STILL AVAILABLE
20
173
0
HI
2M
130<<
35
236
79
0
315
16H8
31
274
u ?
T t
0
316
1008
52
683
121
HI
8M5
19/.n
-------
Figure 7.2
:***********£************************************ *************#**#************
TWOCITY
EMPLOYMENT CFNTFRS ROUND 2
***************************************************************
FEDERAL STATE EMPLOYERS
EMPLOYER JOB OPENINGS
LOCATION LOW MIDDLE HIGH
JOBS FILLED
LOW MIDDLE HIGH
9432 543 c
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYERS
DEPT. AND JURIS. EMPLOYMENT CENTER
PAIL 9430
BUS 9430
MSI 9430
SCI 9430
MS 2 9230
SC? 9? 30
SALARY OFFFPED
LOW MIDDLE HIGH
2600
5200 10400
-------
APPENDIX D
COMMERCIAL OUTPUT
The Commercial Allocation Process
All people and businesses and two government departments
purchase goods and services each round in order to function.
People and residence owners (for residential maintenance)
purchase from Personal Goods (PG) and Personal Services (PS)
establishments; businesses, schools, and municipal services
purchase from Business Goods (BG) and Business Services (BS)
establishments. The procedures for allocation of PG and
PS buyers to sellers are identical. The procedures for
allocation of BG and BS buyers to sellers are similar to
the PG and PS allocation and identical to each other. The
computer program performs the entire allocation process,
but is affected by player decisions.
Each user of goods and services requires a certain num-
ber of consumption units. A consumption unit is an expres-
sion which represents a quantity to be purchased, regardless
of what items in reality comprise that quantity. The quan-
tity of goods or services which a seller can provide is also
expressed as a certain number of consumption units. Each
seller of goods or services sets a price which must be paid
for each consumption unit purchased at his commercial esta-
blishment. Usually PG and PS prices are similar and BG and
BS .prices are similar. The quantity which each buyer of
goods and services must obtain is indirectly derived from
player decisions by the computer program. The program
relates- the local supply to that demand in the commercial
allocation process, which simulates the decision of each
buyer as to where it will purchase its required goods and
services.
The PG-PS allocation process is run before the BG-BS
allocation process. A description of PG allocation suffices
as a PS description.
The buyers of PG are each class living on each residence
parcel and each residence unit incurring maintenance. Pi's
buy for themselves to live; residence owners buy goods for
maintenance only. All of the same class living on the same
residence parcel purchase at the same PG; a residence owner
buys all of a single residence parcel's maintenance at the
same PG.
Each buyer of PG attempts to purchase from the PG
establishment at which it can obtain its goods most cheaply.
The buyer's cost per consumption unit (CU) is the cost per
CU at the establishment plus the least transportation cost
98
-------
per CU to get from the buyer's location to the establishment.
There are two additional factors in a buyer's perception of
a seller's price. One is the buyer's bias toward shopping
where it shopped in the previous round. The other is the
buyer's bias against shopping at an establishment which was
overused in the previous round, i.e., an establishment at
which more CD's were sold than the establishment could ade-
quately provide. There is no absolute limit on the amount
which a PG can sell., but as it sells more than its effective
capacity to provide, its service deteriorates.
Each buyer selects the PG establishment at which it
incurs the least perceived total cost. A buyer does not
even consider selecting a PG which it is boycotting. All
buyers choose simultaneously, and then reevaluate their
selections in light of the new usage. The evaluation pro-
cess is repeated until no commercial establishment changes
its usage on two successive reevaluations. The cost which
a buyer pays is the actual price at the PG which it selects
and the actual least transportation cost to get to that PG.
There is one competitor for local PG establishments:
the Outside. The Outside is treated the same as any other
PG in the allocation process, but its price is higher than
the typical local price (see Master Tables for Outside prices
and typical local prices). There is, however, no transpor-
tation cost to shop Outside, and no crowding effect. A PG
buyer purchases Outside if the Outside price is less than
its least perceived local cost to shop. The Outside has
unlimited capacity.
Output
There are four main parts to the commercial output:
PERSONAL GOODS ALLOCATION SUMMARY
PERSONAL SERVICES ALLOCATION SUMMARY
BUSINESS GOODS ALLOCATION SUMMARY
BUSINESS SERVICES ALLOCATION SUMMARY
Again, an explanation of PG applies, to a great extent,
to the other allocations.
The first section concerns PG establishments. Each PG
has a code number. The Outside is always code number one.
In the row beside the code number are the location of the
PG, its owner, development level, effective capacity (in
CU's), the number of CU's sold, the price charged per CU,
and the PC's gross income (price per CU times CU's sold).
The Outside has no owner, level, or capacity.
99
-------
Figure
4.1
TWOCITY
PERSONAL GOODS
ALLOCATION SUMMARY
RflUND
PERSONAL GOODS
NUMBER
1
2
1— '
o
o
PERSONAL
ASSIGNED
2
2
2
2
1
I
2
2
2
2
2
LOCATION OWNER
OUTSIDE
9230 _ E
GOODS
TO LOCATION
9422
9422
9422
9622
9822
10022
9424
9424
9424
9624
9624
LEVEL
1
CLASS OR
LAND USE
RA
LOW
HID
LOW
LOW
LOW
RA
LOW
MID
RB
LOW
CAPACITY
13148
TOTAL
CUSTOMERS
CAPACITY USED PR
4144
13822
17966
- -
DECISION MAKER CONSUMPTION
CONTROLLING UNITS
B
f
C
D
D
D
C
F :
C
F
D
1
21
" 28
42
84
190
2
21
28
52
590
ICE/CU GROSS INCOME
13000 53872000.
10000 138220000.
192092000.
TRANSPORTATION
COST
1175.
24675.
32900.
49350.
0.
0.
1S50.
19425.
25900.
48100.
545750.
PURCHASE
COST
10000.
210000.
280000.
420000.
1092000.
2470000.
20000.
210000.
2ROOOO,
520000.
5900000.
TOTAL
COST
11175,,
234675*
312900.
469350.
1092000.
2470000.
21850.
229425=
305900.
568100.
6445750.
-------
The second section provides detail on all purchases of
PG. The table contains one row for each purchaser of PG.
The list is ordered by residence parcel location, from left
to right and top to bottom across the board. For a single
parcel, the list is in order of residence, low-income,
middle-income, high-income. The first column contains the
code number of the PG at which the buyer is shopping. The
second column contains the coordinates of the residence
parcel and the third identifies the type of buyer on the
residence parcel (RA, RB, RC, LOW, MID, or HIGH). Next is
a single letter identifying the decision-maker controlling
the residence or class. For a residence, the letter denotes
an economic decision-maker; for a class, the letter denotes
a social decision-maker.
The number of consumption units which the buyer has
obtained is the fifth item of information. The number of
CU's required is calculated by the program but is affected
by player decisions. The calculations are different for
residential maintenance than for Pi's. A residence depre-
ciates each round in response to several factors: normal
depreciation (fixed), quality of local municipal services,
sufficiency of local water for fire protection, and floods.
Only the normal depreciation is not responsive to local
conditions. As a residence depreciates, it becomes less
attractive to people seeking housing. A residence owner can
offset depreciation by setting a maintenance level for the
residence. When the residence depreciates below that main-
tenance level, the program automatically calculates the
number .of PG and PS units required to restore the residence
to the'maintenance level. The values of the factors which
affect depreciation and the number of PG and PS units required
for each 1% maintenance are shown on the Master Tables. For
example, suppose that an RB had a quality index of 70 and a
maintenance level of 70, and that the Master Table showed
that RB requires 4 PG units and 2 PS units per 1% maintenance.
Suppose that the residence depreciated a total of 3% (3% of
100, not of 70). The RB would automatically purchase 3x4,
or 12 units of PG, and 3 x 2, or 6 units of PS.
The total consumption of a class living on a single
residence parcel is a function of three things: the class,
the amount of time allocated to recreation, and the number
of Pi's in the class living there. The fixed number of PG
and PS units required by a Pi in each class are shown on the
Master Table. The amount of time allocated to recreation
is set by the decision-maker controlling the class on the
parcel. The Master Table shows the number of PG and PS
units which a PI must purchase for each time unit spent in
recreation. Suppose Lhat there are 6 PM's on a parcel and
that they have allocated 10 time units to recreation.
101
-------
Suppose further that the Master Table shows that a PM
requires 28 PG and 11 PS units per round, and .05 PG and
.05 PS units per time unit in recreation. The 6 PM's
would require:
28 x (10 x .05) x 6 = 84 PG unitsp-and 11 x (10 x .05) x 6 =
33 PS units.
The transportation cost, the six^h column, is the total trans-
portation cost which the buyer pays to obtain PG. The transportation
cost is always zero if the buyer purchases from the Outside.
The transportation costs printed for residences are dummy
costs used for the purposes of assigning residential main-
tenance purchases to PG establishments; no one ever pays that
cost.
The last two columns show the total purchase cost paid
by the buyer to the PG establishment and the total cost paid
by the buyer for the personal goods and transportation (col-
umns six plus seven).
The Personal Services Allocation Summary contains the
identical types of information regarding detail on buyers
and sellers of personal services.
The Business Goods and Business Services summaries are
also identical regarding economic sector buyers and sellers,
with a fewminor exceptions in the economic sector. For one,
PG and PS buy from BG and BS in response to their sales
resulting from the personal commercial allocation. The
Master Table shows how many units of BG and BS a PG or PS
must purchase for each CU which it sells.
A basic industry requires a fixed number of BG and BS
units each round. The fixed number is the number which the
Master Table shows as being required for a level one of the
industry type. That amount times the industry's level is
the industry's fixed consumption.
Businesses depreciate annually due to several fac-
tors. Like residences, businesses may offset depreciation
through maintenance. The Master Table shows the number of
BG and BS units required per 1% maintenance for each business
type.
Business Goods and Business Services are the only
business types which never pay for operating costs and main-
tenance costs locally- They purchase from the Outside.
The major difference between the BG-BS and PG-PS
allocation processes is that BG and BS can have contracts to
provide local schools and municipal services departments
with their required goods and services. A department can
102
-------
Figure 4.5
GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
BUSINESS SERVICES DED4RTMENT CONSUMPTION] UNITS COST
MSI 3 -100000
MS2 3 1040000
103
-------
contract with several local goods and services establishments
for up to a total of 100% of its requirement. If less than
100% of a department's requirement is contracted locally,
then the rest is automatically purchased from Outside at the
Outside price. Government contracts with BG and BS esta-
blishments are made by players; they enter into the commer-
cial allocation process only in that they consume BG and BS
capacity before the other BG-BS buyers select shopping loca-
tions and thus decrease a BG's or BS's remaining capacity.
Sellers to government are assured of government purchases.
The number of units which a department consumes is the sum
of the operating needs of its facilities (number of levels
times a fixed requirement per level) and its maintenance
requirements. Both BG and BS allocation summary outputs
have a table showing where government departments are buying
BG and BS, how many units are consumed by each department,
and the total income to the BG or BS establishment for those
sales.
104 *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972-484-484/194
------- |