WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
16110 FRU 12/71-3
      The Basin  Model:
               ECONOMIC SECTOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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          WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters.  They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.

Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch
(Water),  Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.  20460

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             The  RIVER BASIN MODEL:

                  Economic  Sector
                        by
              Envirometries,  Inc.
              1100  17th Street, N.W.
              Washington,  D.C. 20036
                      for  the
       Office of  Research  and Monitoring
        Environmental Protection  Agency
                 Project #16110 FRU
               Contract  #14-12-959
                  December,  1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25

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                       EPA Review Notice

This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication.  Approval does not sig-
nify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
                            ii

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                     ECONOMIC SECTOR MANUAL

                                                                     Page

  I.   Introduction to the Model  	     1

      A.   Brief Description of the Model	     1
      B.   The Three Sectors  	     2

          1.   The Economic Sector 	     4
          2.   The Social Sector 	     5
          3.   The Public Sector 	     6

      C.   The Water Component 	     8
      D.   The Local System	     8
      E.   The Unit of Time--A Round 	    10
      F.   The Function of the Computer 	    11

 II.   Introduction to the Economic Sector 	    13

      A.   Economic Sector Summary	    14

III.   Computer Printed Output Description 	    15

      A.   Introduction 	    15
      B.   Map Output 	    17

          1.   Economic Status Map 	    20
          2.   Government Status Map 	    23
          3.   Socio-Economic Distribution Map 	    25
          4.   Demographic Map 	    27
          5.   Personal Goods Allocation Map	    29
          6.   Personal Services Allocation Map 	    31
          7.   Business Commercial Map	    33
          8.   Municipal Treatment Plant Map 	    35
          9.   Water Quality Map	    39
         10.   Water Usage Map 	    43
         11.   Market Value Map	    45
         12.   Assessed Value Map	    47
         13.   Farm Assessed and Market Value Map	    49
         14.   Farm Map 	    51
         15.   Farm Runoff Map 	    53
         16.   Topographical Restriction Map	    55
         17.   Social Decision Maker Map 	    57

      C.   Summary Information  	    59

          1.   Demographic and Economic Statistics  	    60
          2.   Summary Information for the Economic Sector  	    63
                                     111

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     D.  Economic Sector Detailed Output 	   69

         1.   Financial Summary 	   69
         2.   Economic Control Summary 	   72
         3.   Economic Graphs	   74
         4.   Loan Statement 	   76
         5.   Land Summary	   78
         6.   New Construction Table 	   79
         7.   Economic Boycott 	   80
         8.   Farm Output	   82
         9.   Residence Detailed Output	:	   83
        10.   Basic Industry Detailed Output	   91
        11.   Commercial Establishment Detailed Output	  100

IV.   Economic Sector Decisions 	  108

     A.  Summary of Decisions  	  108
     B.  Input Format 	  108
     C.  Sample Decisions 	  115

 V.   Economic Sector Master Tables 	  122

     A.  Master Table for Economic Teams 	  123
     B.  Master Table for Industrial Establishments 	  125
     C.  Master Table for Commercial Establishments	  127
     D.  Master Table for Residences 	  129
     E.  Farm Master Table 	  132
     F.  Planning Master Table	  133

 Appendix -  Sequence of Computer Print-Out  	  134
                                 IV

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I.  INTRODUCTION TO THE MODEL

    A.  Brief Description of the Model

        In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is 'a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management.  The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land.  Through
its two major components — human interaction and computer
simulation — the model represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.

        The model is unlike most other simulation 01 human
interaction models.  It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose.  Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis.  As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.

        The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination.   Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector,  and government departments in the
government sector.

        Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:

        1.  Economic Assets:  cash, land, manufacturing
            plants, outside investments, commercial
            activities, and/or residences.

        2.  Social Assets:  population units that are
            designated as high income, middle income,
            and/or low income.

                            1.

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        3.  Government Assets:  power of the budget, taxing
            and assessing authority,  service responsibility,
            and planning and regulatory power.

        The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and  the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals,  as team members, and collectively  to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new  computer
printout for the next year.

        The initial starting position shows a particular
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status  of the local area.   The users
of the model evaluate their  G'*"n particular status wd thin
the local system as well as  the status of the area as a
whole.  They then interact with one another in  a dynamic
decision-making environment  in which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions  that will be
made, implemented, and reacted to.  Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services.  Others  will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment for their new residential
subdivisions.  Still others  might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water  quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.

        In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context of having different importance
to different individuals as  a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.

    B.  The Three Sectors

        The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public.   (Figure 1)  Every city or region
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to  either grow and prosper or stagnate
and decay.  Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
                            2.

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                                        Figure  1

                THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
                                       1
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER

  Hi-Heavy Industry
    FL-Furniture and Lumber
    SG-Stone Clay and Glass
    MP-Primary Metals
    MF-Fabricated Metals
    NL-Nonelectric Machinery
    EL-Electric Machinery
    TE-Transportation Equipment
  Li-Light Industry
    FO-Food
    TA-Textiles  and  Apparel
    PA-Paper
    CR-Chemicals, Plastics
and Rubber
  NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER

  BG-Business Goods
  BS-Business Services
  PG-Personal Goods
  PS-Personal Services

RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER

  RA-Single Family
  RB-Garden Apts.  and Duplex
  RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
      GOVERNMENT TEAMS
      (Identified by the specific
      code preceding the depart-
      ment name)

CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction

CO-Councilman

AS-Assessment and Finance

SC-School

MS-Municipal Services

UT-Gas,  Electric, Water and Sewer

HY-Highways

BUS-Bus Company

RAIL-Mass Transit Agency

PZ-Planning and Zoning
                               SOCIAL TEAMS
                                (Identified by double  letter
                               codes: AA, BB, CC,  etc.)

                         PH-High Income

                         PM-Middle Income

                         PL-Low Income

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 and one group often works  against  another  group  to
 achieve its goals.   For  example, proposed  commercial
 developments by an  economic  group  in a  predominantly
 residential area can be  blocked by residents  of  that
 area just as proposed changes  by the government  depart-
 ments can be opposed by  those  participants in the  economic
 or social sector.
  1.   The Economic  Sector

      Economic  decision-makers are  those businessmen who
 Operate industrial,  commercial,  residential and  farm es-
 tablishments.   Upon  receiving output at the beginning of
 the  round  economic decision-makers review  their  economic
 status and make  decisions  for the  present  round.  The
 various economic activities  in  the model have  the following
 characteristics:

      Basic Industry

      Heavy Industry,  Light Industry and National Services
 spend money  for  business goods  and business services, utilities,
 a labor force,  transportation,  anda taxes.  In  order to
 produce basic  industry output which is then sold to the
 national markets at  prices determined by national business
 conditions (the  computer), owners of basic industries can
 make  a wide variety  of decisions.  These decisions include
 purchasing land, changing  salaries or maintenance levels,
 boycotting business  goods  and business services  establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
 existing businesses,  demolishing old ones, and treating
 effluents  that are dumped  into  the local water system.

      The basic industry of the  economy can be  further sub-
 divided into the following categories :

      HI -  Heavy  Industry

           FL - Furniture and lumber
           SG - Stone,  clay and  glass
           MP - Primary metals
           MF - Fabricated  metals
           NL - Non-electrical machinery
           EL - Electrical  machinery
           TE - Transportation equipment
                             4.

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     LI - Light Industry

          FO - Food
          TL - Textile, apparel and leather
          PA - Paper
          CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber

     NS - National Services

     Commercial Establishments

     Business goods  (BG) and business services  (BS), per-
sonal goods  (PG) and personal services  (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity.   This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include:  the industrial sector, other  commercial estab-
lishments and the population units  (Pi's) who live in the
city.  Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions  that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.

     Residences

     Single-family  (RA), townhouse  (RB), and high-rise  (RC)
residence units spend money on personal goods and personal
-services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units.  Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting the rent paid by their tenants.

     Farms

     Farm owners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will be utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ.
   2.
     The Social Sector
     Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and v/ork in the simulated area.  People
are represented in terms of population units  (Pi's) .  Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500).
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups:  high income (PH) , middle-income  (PM) and low-
income  (PL).   Because each class possesses its own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc.  Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent.  Voting power is dependent upon the number of

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population units controlled, the number of registered voters
in each, and their socio-economic class.  Social decision-
makers can also direct the population units under their con-
trol to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
Social decision-makers can also allocate leisure time^of
their population units to be spent in any of four basic
activities:  extra work, adult education (public or private),
politics, and recreation.  The amount of time spent on each
of these activities has an effect on the socio-economic
status and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
within the city.

     A significant part of the model centers around how
Pi's function within the local system during the course
of each round of play which represents one year of time in
the  local area.  Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
are  affected by the major operating programs.
   3. The Public Sector

     In the model, the government sector deals with the
problems of education, highways, municipal services,
planning, zoning, utilities, water supply and quality and
bus and rail transportation.  The public sector is divided
into two basic components.  The first component includes
elected officials:  the Chairman and the Council.  These
officials are elected by the social decision-makers repre-
senting the people who live in each jurisdiction.  The
Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
subsidies and appropriations, and make appointments.
Appointed officials named by the Chairman are heads of these
six governmental departments:  Assessment (AS), Schools  (SC) :
Municipal Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and Zoning
(PZ), and Utilities (UT).  The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
are semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
by the Chairman.  Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and current
funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
structing or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
cash between accounts.

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                       Figure 2

     Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
         Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
    Programs
          Effect on Population t7nit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation


Employment
Transportation
School Allocation



Park Allocation


Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system

Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high coliform count
increases health costs and time lost
due to illness.

Housing that depreciates becomes Jess
attractive in the migration process.

Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs that maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs) ,
employers search for best educated
workers.

Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost routes

Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.

Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of v/here they live.

Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.

Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized (price
plus transportation to the store).
                             1.

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    C.   The Water Component

        The water component is a subsector that, in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a part of each.
For example, some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production process ^
and all other economic businesses have some need for munici-
pally supplied water.  Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit.  In the government sector, the
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.

        Each of the surface water users requires a specified
quality of water and must either treat the. water they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system.  If left untreated, these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the body of
water into which they are dumped.  Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.

    D.   The Local System

        The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares.  Each
square.-is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side.  The grid and all of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system.  Each parcel can be
identified by its coordinates.  Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd  (east-west) or odd-
even (north-south) coordinates.  In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate  (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.

        For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014.  Further, the four mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX  is
identified as 7318, 7320.  The intersection marked by 0
is located at 7317.

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                      Figure 3
       70   7?    74   76    79    BO    8?    S4    P6
    + . . . . + . ...+....+.. ..I-....-!-. . . . + . ...-»-.. ..+-...+

I /_  •     •     •     •     e     *     «     *     •     •
    •     ••••••«*•

    *«•*••     »     *     *     »
1 ^"  •     «     •     9     *     »     »     •     •     »
    «*••••*•**


16  .
    •     *
    + -.. -+zzz /'•

10            X
1.1*     •     fi     «     •     •     •     •
              X
    *•••••••

     	x	
    *•*•*•••
20  ..    ^     .....
              X
    **«*•»•*



    *•«*••*•
    + ....+....-1-.... + ...-*-...+....^....+
    •     *•*»••*
r"t"«     »    *     •     »     •     •     *
    *••••••*

    *•*•••*•
?6	
                        9.

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     E.  The Unit of Time — A Round

     In the model, a round represents a year of change in
the life of the simulated area.  From the standpoint of the
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.

     During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will  probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes.  They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes , request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased  highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.

     Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
receiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services.  Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets.  Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action.  All
water users might be concerned with water quality'and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
                              10.

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     Toward the middle of the round, it becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted.  Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office.  Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested.  Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt.  High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status.  Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures.  The
water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.

     As the round approaches a conclusion,  the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations  on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions.  All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed.  Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.

     When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.

     F.  The Function of the Computer

     In the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision  alternatives.  Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.

     The computer performs several major functions in the
model.

     First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.

     Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system.  For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
                               11.

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     Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be time-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them.   For example,  the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible.  Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop  at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units  to residences
based on their desirability.  The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system.  It also measures
all of the types of pollution at all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
                            12.

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                         ECONOMIC SECTOR

II.  Introduction to the Economic Sector

         This manual contains the basic information and des-
    cription of the model required by the Economic Sector.  It
    is assumed that the Model Overview and the Scenario des-
    criptions have been read prior to the receipt of this manual.

         Once the players comprising the Economic Sector have
    become, familiar with the model in general, the particular
    city being represented, and the workings of the local
    economic, social and government system, they will be able
    to bring their own imagination and initiative to bear on the
    use of the resources they own.

         Economic teams are given the opportunity and responsi-
    bility for operating and creating any growth in the economic
    resources of the local system.  Players in this sector have
    the chance to use this opportunity in such a way as to
    satisfy self-established goals and/or to respond to pressures
    brought on it by government officials, the local citizenry,
    and the rest of the business community.
                             13

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A.  Economic Sector Summary

     The teams  in the Economic Sector represent the private
owners of land  and businesses in the local system.  An econo-
mic team  (identified by a single letter A, B, C, etc.) is
distinguished from other decision-makers in the model by the
fact that they  own private property.  They own land, for
example.  Some  of this land is developed and some is undevel-
oped.  The ownership of developed land gives the economic
decision-maker  the responsibility of operating the develop-^
ments which are  located there.  Another asset of the economic
decision-maker  is cash.  Teams may use this cash to acquire
new land, build new businesses, upgrade old ones, invest in
stocks, and others.   In the local system, the economic
decision-makers while often concentrating on maximizing their
own profit, find that their decisions, biases and judgciants
will greatly influence and change the local system.

     Economic teams interact with the social sector in that
the economic teams (basic industries and commercial establish-
ments)  employ population units and set salary levels, supply
housing quantity and quality and set rent levels, and provide
personal goods and services for purchase by population units
and set prices.   The social teams that control the local
system population may take actions against economic teams if
they think salaries are too low, rents are too high, housing
is in bad shape, or costs are out of line.

     Economic teams interact with the government sector in
that they require zonong approval, utilities, water supply,
and transportation access to undertake certain developments.
The government sector, in turn, is dependent in large part on
the economic sector for local tax revenue.

     Teams are free to set any objectives for themselves.
They may take an active or passive concern in the local
system's social problems, water quality issues, and govern-
ment operation in general.
                           14

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              III.   COMPUTER  PRINTED  OUTPUT  DESCRIPTION

     A.  Introduction

         The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previous•year.  There
are several types of output:   maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically; summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.

         The figure  on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed.  That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output.  The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included
in this manual.  The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:

                  - maps
                  - summary information
                  - general information of relevance to
                    all three sectors
                  - social sector detail
                  - economic sector detail
                  - government sector detail

         There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections.  Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output.  Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director).  Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.

         After a few rounds'  experience with the model, a
model user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
                          15

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                            RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT
1.  Migration
2.  Water Syst? si
3.  Employment
                         1.1  Environmental Indexes
                         1,2  Personal  Indexes
                         1.3  Dissatisfaction Cutoff^
                         1.4  .Migration Detail
                         1.5  Xicjr at ion Statistics
                         1.6  Migration Culinary

                         2.1  v.'jter  L';;or Effluent Content
                         2.2  Kivor  C-iality During Surfaco Water Process
                         2.3  \;atcr  Ur.or Cos tu and Conscription .
                         2.4  ColiJorm  and Pollution  Index Values ••

                         3.1  Eir;iloyi:i--nt Selection Information for PL Class
                         3.2  r::!.p loyr <;n t Selection Information for PM Class
                         3.3  L::ployr'-'nt Selection Information for PI! Class
                         3.4  Part-Time Work Allocation  for I'll Class
                         3.5  Part-Tir-e Work Allocation  for PM Class
                         3.6  Far t -T i i:'Q VJork Allocation  fur PL Clans
                         3.7  E:r'ploy:i;ent Su.-rviary
«.
             il Allocation
                         4.1
                         4.2
                         4.3
                         4.4
                         4.5
                         4,6
                         4.7
5.  Social Sector
6.  Economic sector
                              Personal  Goods Allocation  Sunuiidry
                              Personal  Services Allocation  Suraiary
                              bur, i nesii  Goods Allocation  Sunin-.ary
                              Business  Services Allocation  Suiiimary
                              Government  Contracts
                              Terminal  Dcrv.ind anJ Supply Table
                              Terninal  Alloc.it.ii.in Kap
                         5.1  Dollar Value  of Tin.e
                         5.2  Social Oeci s i on-MaKcr output
                         5,3  Social Uoycotts

                         6 , 1  Farm Output
                         6.2  Rc5idencc  Output
                         6,3  Basic Industry Output
                         6.4  Co^.:-..c re ial Output
                         6.5  Economic liuycott Status
                         6.6  .'.'ow Co.iu tr'.iction Tablo
                         6 . 7  Land Surr..T.a ry
                         6.8  Loan Siat.-nent
                         6.9  Financial  Summary
7.  Social and  Economic Summaries
                        7.1   [lumber of Levels of EconoirAc Activity Con-
                              trol led by  Tearas
                        7.2   Ernploynen t  Centers
                        7.3   Ecoviomic Control Suiraiary  for Teair.s
                        7.4   Social Control  SuiMary for  Teajns
                        7.5   Social Control  Suimiiary Totals
                        7.6   Economic Graphs for Teams
                        7.7   Social Graphs  for Tear.s
 8.  Government retail  5.1  Aasees.^er.t F.eport
                         8.2  •••".-.ter Beoi-.rtr.cr.t "eports
                         8.3  Sc,~.?lir.g" Station report:  Point Source Quality
                         3.4  Sanplin7 St.-.tion Report:  A-Tiicnt Quality
                         e.5  Utility Dep.irtT.o-t  Report
                         S.G  Utility Doi'art.-.ent  Finances
                         o ~j  '.'.in-'r-.'^Ti  Sc^viC'^s  P^iD"iv"1TrnP"" ^J""i^r*'

                         5.9  :'.'i.r.icipa 1  ^ervic-.'3  ^vpartrer.t Construction Tab
                         3.10 ri...-:-.i:i.7 ,:-.d ~: .-.i.-.o r'cr.-.rtr.cnt Report
                         2 . 11 Sc.:'-d  7.-.'::.'.':tr -.TI t i-'.C'-.-.oi-'z
                         3.12 .'Jc!;ocl  :;..-::ar tr-.-n t Finances
                         8.13 Gc/.i,'jl  D-.-part--;nt Construction Table
                         G . 1 •', i!i'j!:Vi;y I^op.i rt_r on t  Fina:-.ces
                         S.13 !ii.j!:vjiy L'c par t-.-:n t  Construction Table


                         2 . j T; C:1.::::-an L''-par t: 'ent Finances

                         G.2D Financial  Su^.-iary

 9.  Su-r.-.sry  Statistics 9.1  Demographic nnd Economic Statistics

10.  Maps               10.1  Personal Goods Allocation :-'.ap
                        10.2  !'er:;onal lieivicen Allocation Xsp
                        10.3  H'jsi.-.ess Co:-_-ercia 1 Allocation >:ap
                        10.-'  .'•'.•.:"; i cio a 1  Service ."-lap
                        10.5  Scl-.ool" .••:;!?
                        10.5  .Utility :-'lip
                        10. 7  -.•Tjior L'S.IKO .Xap
                        10.3  i.'.iter Ou.'iiity .>:.Tp
                        10.9  Municipal Treatr-ent
                        10.10 ::•.:.".icip;il  Intake and Outflow Point  Map
                        10.11 Smface '.Jater Map
                        10.12 F.irn ICunoff Map
                        10.13 river IMsin Flood  Plain Xep
                        10.14 Fir^ Hjp
                        10.15 Tarn Assi;usad  and Market Value  Kap
                        10.15 .v.irkal.  Val'je Map
                        10.17 A-ircssed Value ^.ap
                        10. 1R Scc-no.-ric Status ,'-'.ap
                        10.10 l!i,_•;•.«jy Map
                        10.20 PI an nine: and  Zoning Map
                        10.II Parkland Usa-e y.ap
                        10.:; Socio-'iccr.o^ic Distribution  Map
                        10.H3 Djr.ocj-r^nliic .'-^ap
                        10.2-', i'ocial L'uci3ion-Maker Map
                        10.25 Topo.j'rv.phical  Restriction  Map
                        10.26 Govern.-iifnt Status  Ma-o

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                     B. Map Output

     The model output  includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location.  The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map.  A map key is
printed at" the bottom  of each page.  Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model:  parcels  (squares), parcel edges  (lines sep-
arating squares), and  intersections of lines  (parcel corners)
Land uses and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares.  Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.

     The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given  below, in the order in which they will be
discussed.  All  information is located spatially.

     Economic Status Map:  economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating "levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of  undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Government  Status Map:  school levels, parks, municipal
service levels,  utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Socio-Economic Distribution Map:  residence types and
levels, number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Demographic Map:  populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business  value  ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal  levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Personal Goods Allocation Map:  PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.

     Personal Services Allocation Map:  PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.

     Business Commercial Map:  BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG  and BS locations.

     Ut_i_lJit.y__Map :  utility units served, utility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
                           17

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     Surface Water Map;  volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.

     Municipal Treatment Plant Map:  municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels, municipal sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations and code ^
numbers, directions of surface water flow,  utility district
boundaries, lakes.

     Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map:   Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each,  surface water
qualities, directions of surface water flow,  utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.

     Water Quality Map;  economic activities  and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.

     Economic Sector Water Usage Map;  economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels,  utility  district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.

     Municipal Services Map:  economic activities and oper-
ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal  service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.

     "School Map:  numbers of public school  students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and  their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Highway Map:  economic activities and  operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.

     Planning and Zoning Map:  zoning, park,  public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.

     Parkland Usage Map:  parks, populations  served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.

     Market Value Map;  market values of all  non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries
                            18

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     Assessed Value Map:  assessed values of non-farm pri-
vately "owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Farm Assessed and Market Value Map:  assessed and mar-
ket values of farms, amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.

     Farm Map:  farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types'^levels" of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.

     Farm Runoff Map:  where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.

     River Basin Flood Plain Map:  river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.

     Topographical Restriction Map:  topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.

     Social Decision-Maker Map_;  social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
                            19

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               1.   Economic Status  Map

     This map shows the economic sector owners  of all privately
owned non-farm parcels and the economic activity, if any,  on
each parcel.   A parcel can have only one economic ™ner and
one economic activity.  Owners of farm parcels  are shown on
the Farm Map.  The types of economic activities represented
in the model are listed in the Master Tables.


      The economic  owner of a  parcel owns  all of  the land
 and developments  on  the parcel which do not belong  to the
 government or  which  are not topographically undevelopable.
 If the  economic owner sells land to another economic de-
 cision-maker,  he must sell all of  the privately-owned
 land and buildings on-the parcel to the new owner.   An
 economic decision-maker can sell any portion of  undeveloped
 land on a parcel  to  a government department.

      The Planning  and Zoning  Department may zone parcels.
 Zoning  is a  restriction on economic development.  Once a
 parcel  is assigned a particular zoning code, all new economic
 development  on the parcel must conform to the  new zoning.
 If a parcel  is unzoned, there is no restriction  on  what
 type of activity may be constructed on it.  The  Economic
 Status  Map  key defines what private land uses  are allowed
 under each  zoning  code.

      When a  new economic development is constructed on a
 parcel, it must not  only conform to the parcel's zoning;
 it must have sufficient utility service.   Utilities are
 installed by the  Utility Department in "levels"  (1  - 9) .
 Each level  of  economic activity requires a certain  number
 of utility  units,  and each level of utility service supplies
 a fixed number of  utility units to a parcel.

     _If an  economic  decision-maker has insufficient utility
 service for  a  proposed development, the Utility  Department
 must install adequate utility service before the new devel-
 opment  can  be  constructed.*
      *There  are  two  exceptions  to  the  utility restriction
 on development:   1)  RA  housing  can be  built with "private
 utilities",  which do not require utilities  supplied by the
 Utility Department;  2)  the  director can override the utility
 restriction  on individual developments.
                              20

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                                                 Figure               10.18
                                                           C'l-.T". 1C  STMUS  "rt
       70   72   7<,   76   78    80    ft 2   fl <,   86   flfl   90   9?    9<,    96    98   100  10?  10*.  106  108  110   11?   IK   1 I*   111

    CA   .*   ......          .                         n                              .               ...     o
 1? 0    .....          .....         8     ...          .......01?
    o loo. loo. loo. 100.  100.  100.  100.  loo.  100. ino. 100. 100.   e«n   ««.  100.  100.  mo.  loc.  too. no. 100.  inn.  i oo.  inrt.  in 10
    o.......          ....e....          ....          .0
 16 0    ....               ......    n          .               .          ...               0  16
    o 100. 100. 100. ino.  100.  100.  100.  100. 100.  TOO. 100. 100.   sen   se.  100.  ioo.t>ion.  100.  ioo. ino, mo. inn.  inn.  ion.  IO^Q
 1* 0                         	
    o 100. ioo. loo. 100.  ioo.  ioo.  too.  ioo. ioo. ioo. ino. ioo.
                                                                          PI.  ioo.  ino.6100.  loo,  ion. ino. ino. ino.  101.  ino.  inoa
 20 O    .......          .                   R
    o ioo. ioo. ioo.  ioo.  ioo.  too.  ioo.  ioo, ion. ino. too. 100.1  PRFI
                                                                            .  100.  in 3. MOO.  100.  IOO.  100. ion. 100. 10".  1 Oi"1.
    o    .    .     .     .     .     .     .     .4   .B   .e   .0    .* 400:  4n.r,  *n.F  4-1.               .                               o
 22 0    ...........     ."..  lt-34  l.flA  2."t  4.     ......          .02?
    0 100. 100. 100.  100.  100.  100.  100.  100.1 9A. I flR.l 19.1 88.1 7tnq  73.1  B3. I  Ri .  100.  100.  1 "0.  100. IOO. mo . inn.  [00.  1 002
    o	--=«=	,-n	1	c

 2*0    -    .     .     .          .     .     .    .    .    .     .oilH^^Z.PB  3.3011^4  4.     .     .     .    .     .    .          0  ?^
    o ioo. ioo. loo.  ioo.  100.  ioo.  ioo.  loo.i 96.i 8i.i pa.  flfl.t uni  ?n.2  ifc.i  i:li  a".,  ico.  ioo.  ino. ion, ioo. ino.  ioo.  long
    o	n.	i	o

 260    .    .     .     .     .     .     .     .    .RA^.QAI.^i.qAPTs        .a*  ?I=U  I.     .     .PA?.    .     .    .          0  ?*
    o ioo. ioo. 100.  ion.  ioo.  ioo.  ioo.  ioo. ino.i st.i *> ?. i 31.1 ?^fi  ?o.   no.i  SMI  it.  ioo.  ion. i  ?(.. ino. ino. ion.  101.  1000
 26 0                    ....    .= A "MR4 4.°i  ].|"S  I."I
    0 100. ICO.  100.  ino.  100.  100.  100. 101.1 fl'jll 75.1 ?C.-i2 (,•- TYPC } R1AO
CO 00 JUH1SDICT IQ'l RCUNCUftY
X TYPE 7
» TYPE 3
                                                                  21
                                                                                                 3   NS
                                                                                                 3   ftC

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     Economic developments also require land.  Each activity,
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development.  Regardless of
the operating level of an activity, the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level.  The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped.   If a parcel shows no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments.  An economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.

     The operating level  of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map.  For most purposes, a busi-
ness' operating level is  the only level considered by the
computer programs.  However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.
                            22

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                2.  Government Status Map

     Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed
and undeveloped land on a parcel.  The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:

     Department               Development Type

     Utility Department       Utility Plant
                              Water Intake Treatment Plant
                              Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
                                 Chlorination
                                 Primary Treatment
                                 Secondary Treatment
                                 Tertiary Treatment
     School Department        School Unit
     Municipal Service        Municipal Service  Unit
       Department
     Planning and  Zoning      Parkland
       Department             Public Institutional Land
     Highway Department       Road*
                              Terminal*

     A government  department  can sell undeveloped land
which it  owns to either  another government department or
to  the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
portion of  a parcel.

     The  government  status map shows the locations of some
of  the types of government activities:  schools,  parks,
utility plants, and  municipal service units.
     *A road requires land from the parcels on each  side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
                            23

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Pi gure
                 10.26



1 2


14


U

18

?n



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76



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TO


32



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40



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5i


58

to
'TI.-OCI Tr
70 72 74 76 7B BO 82 84 86 88 90 92 2 H PO



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                   24

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         3.   Socio-Economic Distribution Map

     This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel.  The residence type-and level are
also printed.

     The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70.  It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation.  In no case, however, can PH's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.


     Each level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of  space units.  A PI occupies a fixed number of
space units, depending on its class.  The percent occu-
pancy of  each  residence  is shown on the Demographic Map.
                           25

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                                           Figure
                                                                  10.22

    0033500 CCC3CCM
    0
 12 0
                                                                        00  102  10*  106  tOfl  110  H?  11 <•  UC,   111
                                                        . P. \ 1G R n 2 . R 3 3 .D B 1 I P. ft
0 	 	 	
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0 . . . , . . .*(•(.

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"C l.PC 7M 0 H .
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1 . 3

.RA 5

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     70   7?   7*   76
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                                        <-' TYPF  ^ nn
                                        on JURI SOICT i
                                                                 IHTEBSFCTtnr.S
                                                                * TYPE  1 TPP«t\'
                                                         26

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                   4.  Demographic Map

     The demographic map  shows  the number  of people  living
on each residence parcel,  the percent  occupancy of each
residence  and the quality  of all privately owned buildings
and equipment.

     Overcrowding (over 100% occupancy) contributes  to a
residence's neighborhood index and to  the health index.

     The quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities,   A value ratio is the ratio  of the present con-
dition of a business1 buildings and equipment to their
original condition, expressed as a percent.

     A quality index is somewhat different.  Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have a quality index from 40 to 100.

     Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
(see the Master Tables for the causes  of depreciation).
A business's depreciation  is measured  as a percent of
original value (100).  A residence's depreciation is
measured as a percent of the original  value of such  a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of  100,
regardless of the original quality of  the specific resi-
dence.  Thus, business depreciation is a percent of  original
value but residential depreciation is  a percent of quality
index 100.

     The owner of an activity can set  a maintenance  level
for the activity.  The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates  in a
year.   Not until the activity's value  ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner  incur
maintenance expenditures.  The computer program depreciates
and maintains buildings and equipment  and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.

     The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
                             27

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                                               .figure
                                                                               100   102   104   106   10«   110   112   114
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                                                       ^
TOP RDH:     TH1 \i  POP  IN  100* S  («f=SJ
KIODLE  ROW:  01  (WES) CR VH (fJB)
BOTTOM  ROW:  t OCCUPANCY (RES)
     PASCFL Eflf.ES

— II  TYPF I  FOiD
»" HH  TYPF ?  <'OAD
ff hW  TYPE T  R060
CO 00  JUfi I SOI CT 10'' ICiU'VOtRY
                                                                      X TYPE 2 TE"H[\AL
                                                                      • TYPE 1 TEPMINAL
                                                           28

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             5. Personal Goods Allocation Map

     This map identifies the location of Personal Goods esta-
blishments and identifies the PG establishments that serve
the customers from each parcel of land that has residences
on it.  PG establishments are located on those parcels that
are encircled by asterisks.  Their code number is also shown
on the parcel where they are located.

     It is possible to have up to three distinct customers
on a parcel of residential land:  population units from two
classes and the residence landlord.  No more than two classes
of population may live on a single residential parcel.  All
population units purchase personal goods as part of their
annual expenditures.  All Pi's of a class on a parcel purchase
their personal goods at a single PG establishment.  Landlords
purchase personal goods only if they make maintenance expen-
ditures.  Buyers are assigned to specific commercial activities
taking into account the price charged, transportation costs
to the store, the capacity of the store, and boycotts.

     The four letter codes used within a parcel on the map
are:  L = low income, M = middle income, H = high income, and
R = residence.  One or two of the first three codes prints if
population units live on the parcel.  If no one occupies the
housing, no income class code is printed.  The number after
the letter code is the PG establishment code.  The outside
Local system PG suppliers are identified sequentially as
determined by their location.  Establishments located on
parcels as one reads the map from top to bottom and from
left to right have the lowest code numbers.  The identifica-
tion niimber assigned to a particular PG establishment might
change from round to round if new PC's are being constructed
at locations that are scanned prior to the parcel on which
that particular PG is located.

     The buyer code "R" will print on every parcel that has
a residence.  If the landlord makes maintenance expenditures
then the R is followed by a PG establishment code.  No code
after the R indicates that no maintenance is being performed
on that residence parcel.
                              29

-------
                                       Figure
10.1
                                                               ?.  I  ?.  I  1.  L  1.
                                                               2.
                                                               2.  R   .  R   .  R
                                                               2.  L  2.  L  I.  L  1.  L  1.
                                            .  H 2.  H 2.  M  2.  M  2.

                                            .  R ?.  R 2.  k  2.  1  2.

                                         H 2.  M J.  L 2.

                                         ft 2.  R 2.  * 2.
         .  L 1. U 1.

           R 1. R I.

           L ?. H ?.

           R ?. R I.
                                   .H2.H2.  M2.M2.M2.

                                    R ?.  R 1.  R 2.
                                         K 2 .  H 2 .  H  2 .  M  1 .  H  2 ,
                                         H 2.     .  H  2.  H  1.  H  2.
                                         R 2.  R ?.  R   .R   .  ft  2.
                                                  K  I. H  1. I  2. fl 1.
                                                                                                     MO  112   U*  Mfr  llfl
TOP. ROW!     PI CLASS AND
                                              ***»*  ASTFH !$<<;  IDENTIFY
                                               NN *  LCCflTION 3F  PC
                                                     NN IS THE
                                                     CODE  NUHiT ;
                                                      30

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       6.   Personal Services Allocation Map

     This map identifies the location of Personal Services
establishments and PS establishment that serves the cus-
tomers from each parcel of land that has residences on it.
PS establishments are located on those parcels that are en-
circled by asterisks.  Their code number is also shown on
the parcel where they are located.

     It is possible to have up to three distinct customers
on a parcel of residential land:  population units from two
classes and the residence landlord.  No more than two
classes of population may live on a single residential
parcel.  All population units purchase personal services as
part of their annual expenditures.  All Pi's of a class on
a parcel purchase their personal services at a single PS
establishment.  Landlords purchase personal services only
if they make maintenance expenditures.  Buyers are assigned
to specific commercial activities taking into account price
charged, transportation costs to the store, capacity of the
store, and boycotts.

     The four letter codes used within a parcel on the map
are L = low income, M = middle income, H = high income, and
R = residence.  One or two of the first three codes prints if
population units live on the parcel.  If no one occupies the
housing, no income class code is printed.  The number after
the letter code is the PS establishment code.  The outside
system suppliers are identified by the number code "1".
Local system PS suppliers are identified sequentially as
determined by their location.  Establishments located on
parcels as one reads the map from top to bottom and from
left to right have the lowest code numbers.  The identifi-
cation number assigned to a particular PS establishment
might change from round to round if new PS's are being con-
structed at locations that are scanned prior to the parcel
on which that particular PS is located.

     The buyer code "R" will print on every parcel that has
a residence.  If the landlord makes maintenance expenditures
then the R is followed by a PS establishment code.  No code
after the R indicates that no maintenance is being performed
on that residence parcel.
                              31

-------
                             Figure
                                                    10.2

7

12 .

I* .

Ifc .




*....* 	 » 	 + 	


2* . * -


26 .







32 .






36 .







50 	
52 	


sa 	
60 	
70 12 74 76


IU-"Y pEBWu. SnvKES ,u»c.lin»M,p «OUNn 2
7B ,0 „ e4 ,„ oe ,0 ,2 14 -6 1, 100 !OJ 104 106 I0« 110 HZ 114^ 11^ 11^
	 	 12
	 • ' ' ' '



: .* i .* ." ; i ; " • • • • • 	 16
	 .' \ * " I ! I IB



	 L 2. L 2. L 2. L 2 	
	 ; 2* R • R • R • • ; ; : ; : ; : r "
	 1_ 2. L 2. L 2. L 2. L 2 	

	 R 2. ft 2. R 2. K 2. P ? 	
	 H 2. H 2, H ?. H 2. . . t- 2- L 2. . . H ? 	
	 76

" H l* " ?" H 2.* PS I ' ' ' L 2' " 2 	 ' I .' I ?«
. R 2. R 2, R • • . . . R 2. R 2 	
. ,M2. H1.M2.H?. . . . .12.^2.

. R ?. R 2. R 2. R 2 	 R 2. R 2 	

	 H 2. 2. H 2 	 H 2 	 32
. R 2. R ?. R 2. 2. 0. ?. . . . R 2. R 2 	




, H 1 . H 1. M ?. M 2. H ?. H 2. . . . .
. H ?. H 2. H 2. . . . . . . . . . . .3ft

	 H 2 	 -. . .39






	 	 12
	 • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . •>*.
•':::::::::::::::::::: 5.


78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 llf. US
t,n ":${;•; PS 	 A
-------
             7.  Business Commercial Map

     This map identifies the location of BG and BS estab-
lishments and indicates the establishment code number for
BG and BS establishments serving economic activities.

     BG and BS establishments are located on those parcels
that are encircled by asterisks and their identification
number is shown.  The outside system suppliers are always
assigned the establishment code of "1".  Local suppliers
are then assigned numbers by starting at the top  of the
board and reading from left to right.

     Local economic activities  (industries and PG and PS
commercial establishments) purchase BG and BS as part of
their annual operation requirements.  Buyers are assigned
to a single specific supplier taking into account prices
charged, transportation costs to the commercial establish-
ments, capacity of the establishments, and boycotts.

     The parcels on which buyers of BG and BS are located
show the two letter code for the business activity and the
number code of the BG establishment serving it (second line)
and the number code of the BS establishment serving it
(third line).
                             33

-------
   73    7?   7*.   7ft    75    PO   R?    "4
                                                                                 100   10?   104  106   108   110   11?   If.  116   MR
                                                             1 .   2
                                                             2 .   2
                                                                                                                                     .  ")(,
                                                                                                            110  11?   114  lift
TO? ROW^     Li'lD USE

BOTTOM  ROW:  BS SfRVIMC PiRCFL
                                                 HN  IS Tl'6
                                                 cnnE N'jKiit
                                                                          34

-------
          8.  Municipal Treatment Plant Map
     A Utility Department supplies water to all economic
activities except some basic industries which obtain their
own water from the surface water.  Each utility district
is also a water district.  A parcel is supplied with
municipal water and sewer service when utilities are
installed on the parcel.  The department can decide where
to intake water, where to dump sewage, how much intake
water it will provide, how much sewage treatment it will
provide, and where treatment facilities will be located.

     Municipal water intake and sewage treatment plants
are located in the utility districts which they serve.
An intake treatment plant processes the surface water
removed from the parcel on which its intake point is
located (not necessarily within the water district which
it serves).  All water treated by an intake treatment
plant is processed to drinking water quality.  The quality
of the water before it is treated varies with the amount
of pollution in the surface water where the intake point
is located.  There are nine water quality ratings, 1 being
the best quality and 9 being the worst.  A parcel's water
quality rating is based on the volume of water on the par-
cel and the amount of pollution entering it from adjoin-
ing parcels.
Water Quality Rating

        1
        2
        3

        4

        5
Description

Drinkable - best quality water
Drinkable - with minor treatment
Swimmable - direct body contact
  possible
Boating and Fishing
  'body contact
Fair esthetic value
Poor esthetic value
  at moderate cost
No esthetic value -
  at high cost
Negative esthetic value -
  treatable at very high cost
Unusable water
Seven types of pollutants are measured for the quality
rating.
- indirect
                                                - treatable
                                                treatable
Pollutants
BOD
Description

Biochemical Oxygen Demand; the
                          35

-------
     Figure             10.9


0 1
12 0 1
(i 1
(i 1
14 0 1
0 1

16 0 1
ll 1
t) 1
18 t 1
0 1
tt) 1

0 1
9 1
22 C 1
(1 1
C 1
24 9 1
t 1
0 1
26 It 1
0 1

« 1
28 C 1
« 1
« 1
30 » 1
C 1


32 C <
0 <
0 1
34 Q 1
C 1
g 	 + ^_
« 1
36 0 1
' t 1
0 1
38 C I
0 1
6 	 + --
C 1
40 0 1
0 1
c 1
42 0 1
0 1

« 1
44 S |
<< 1
C 1
46 t 1
0 1

« I
41 t |
• . 1

C 1 .
50 t 1
0 1
« 1
52 0 1
t 1
0 1
54 C 1
0 1
0 1
56 t 1

11 1
58 (1 1
0 1
c • 1
60 C 1

T h'QCITY
MJ'VlCIPtl TPE.'I

1 1 1 "l 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1




1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 II 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 ' 1
1 ,1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
t 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 t 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
J-T':T PL*'.1!
84 H6
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1




1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
' 1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
•,
68 90
1 1 •
1 1.
1 1.
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1




1 1
1 1
1 1

1 t
1 «
1 0
1 a
1 ' 0
1 »

1 0
1 I>
1 ti
1 t
1 0
1 0

1 «
1 i
1 0
1 E
1 «
1 0

1 1
1 0
1 t

1 4
1 C
1 0
1 0
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1 It
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 «
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 t»
1 3
1 C

92 94
... I.. ..1
...1 	 I
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 «
1 It
1 II
1 0
1 c
1 f
1 0
1 »
1 It
1 C
1 0
1 c
1 ! -N 4 3
IUT IT
1 t
1 o
1 f5
1 f

1 a
l it
111 41
(i l
flur 21
it I


n <

G 1
e 1
0 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
RPI.NH 7
96 98 100 102 104 106 lofl 110 112 114 116 llfl
Bfineajsj ii » i ^ | | | | f
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 *
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 «
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 «
1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 «
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t
1 | | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 "
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f '1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 G
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »
1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t ?:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 «
llllllllllll
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '"' "
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 2(
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C
WV* 	 + 	 t 	 (.-- 	 + 	 — r~ 	 » — --« 	 * 	 «• 	 * 	 9
i i i i i i i i i i i c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ?!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 « 5i
llllllllllll
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 61
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f
                                                     110  112  11*
PtRCFL-$

THP  LETT:  I
         1
TOP  n If.HT :

•UtlfaF RIOi
SOn OH RDtf:
                    PARCEL  FOOTS
                          NO WMCR  n (T,IINo
                          [JF-IWCEN PMtCf LS
                    0000  UTILITY  DISTRICT ROU«riARY
LAKE PfRCfLS
                             36

-------
Pollutants
Chlorides
Nutrients
Coliform Bacteria
Temperature
Oil and Floating Solids
High-Level Wastes
Description

natural breakdown of this
pollutant causes a decrease
in the concentration of dissol-
ved oxygen in the water.

Chlorides are employed as an
indicator of persistent pollu-
tants .

Phosphate, nitrite, nitrate,
nitrogen, and phosphorous.

Indication of the potential
health hazard of a given body
of water.

A measure of the deviation from
the normal temperature of the
surface water.

Any oil added to the system
and all floating solids such
as refuse, garbage, cans,
boards, tires, etc.

Highly toxic, non-degradable
substances.
     The quality of water at a district's intake point
affects, among other things, the cost to process the water
to drinking water quality.  The water quality of a parcel
is shown on the Water Quality Map.  That quality is not
affected by any pollution dumped on the parcel, only by
pollution dumped on upstream parcels.

     An inflow treatment plant, while able to make all
but the worst  (quality 9) water drinkable, has a capacity
which is a function of its level.  The amount of water
which a district needs is a function of the needs of the
activities located in the district, but the amount of
water which a district can obtain may be limited by its
inflow treatment plant capacity.  Whenever a district
cannot obtain all of its needed water for any reason,
including insufficient inflow treatment plant capacity,
the activities served by the district purchase that
proportion of their water needs which cannot be met
locally from the Outside at a high cost.  The cost to

                           37

-------
 construct an inflow  treatment plant  increases with the
 number of levels  constructed.  Unlike  levels of  other
 activities in the model, municipal treatment plant costs
 and  capacities  are not necessarily even multiples  of level
 one  costs and capacities.  The land  requirements,  however,
 are  multiples of  level one.

     Municipal  sewage treatment plants can be constructed
 not  only to different levels  (capacities) but also to
 different types of treatment.  The types of sewage treat-
 ment are, in increasing order of pollution removal:

                Chlorination  (CL)
                Primary Treatment  (PT)
                Secondary Treatment  (ST)
                Tertiary Treatment  (TT)

     Tertiary treatment requires the three other types of
 treatment; secondary treatment requires chlorination and
 primary treatment.  The level of treatment printed on the
 map  is the level  of  the type printed and of all  lesser
 types.  There is  no provision for the  case of different
 levels of different  types of treatment within a  single
 district.

     Since treatment plants have fixed capacities  which
 vary by their levels, any district's sewage in excess
 of its plant's  capacity flows untreated into the surface
 water on the parcel on which the district's outflow  point
 is ^located.

     Note that  all of a district's intake treatment  must
 be located on a single parcel.  Likewise, all of its  sew-
 age  treatment must be on a single parcel, although that
 parcel, does not have to be the same one as that  on which
 its  intake treatment plant is located.

     'UT'  appears in the middle row of a parcel  if there  is
a utility plant on the parcel.  Next to the 'UT' is  the
code number of the utility plant.  That number matches  the
number printed next to the district's  intake and outflow
points on the Municipal  Inflow and Outflow Point Map.
                           38

-------
               9. Wator  Quality  Map

     The surface water quality on  a  parcel  is  a  function
of the pollution entering  the parcel from adjoining  par-
cels and of the  amount of  water  on the  parcel  itself.
The water quality on  a parcel is not affected  by  any
dumping activity on the  parcel itself.   Any activity which
removes water  from a  parcel  removes  it  at the  quality
shown on the Water Quality Map.

     Quality is  the only characteristic,of  surface water
which can change during  a  run of the model.  The  other
characteristics  (rate of flow, volume,  and  surface area)
are constant.

     Water Sampling stations can be  set up  to  measure
the exact pollution content  of the water flowing  out of
parcels.  Sampling stations  can  also be established  to
measure the pollution content of water  generated  by  either
individual economic activities or  municipal systems.   The
operation of a sampling  station  is charged  to  the Utility
Department of  the jurisdiction in  which the station  is
located.

     The figure  on the next  page illustrates the  processes
which affect surface  water pollution.   The  pollution flow-
ing into a parcel from adjoining parcels is mixed in the
water on the parcel.  The  pollution  concentration per  MGD
is then measured and  the water is  rated in  one of the  nine
water quality  categories.  The water quality rating  is
the worst rating category  generated  in  any  sincrle pollutant.
The rating allows no  trade-off between  a pollutant which
is present in  very low concentration and one which is  very
highly concentrated.

     Next, water is removed  if there are any intaking
activities on  the parcel.  There are two types of intaking
activities:  1)  basic industries of  the types  which  require
surface water; and 2) municipal  intake  points.  There  can
be only one economic  activity on a parcel,  and if it is
a surface water  user, it intakes and dumps  on  the parcel
on which it is located.  Municipal intake water  is sent
to the municipal intake  treatment  plant and from  there to
activities served by  the district.

     The surface water which is  not  removed undergoes  a
biological  change process in which  some of the pollutants
decay naturally.  That water is  mixed with  any water
dumped on the  parcel.  There are three  types of  activities
which can dump on a parcel.  In  addition to basic industries


                           39

-------
                                               MUNICIPAL INTAKE
-fa.
O
                                                                                 INTAKE TREATMENT
                                         INDUSTRIAL INTAKE
                                                (FL.MP,FO,TA,PA,CR)
                                                  INTAKE TREATMENT'j
                                    SG,MF,NL,EL,TE)
                                                   INDUSTRIAL .US EJ
              BORDERING  PARCELS
 OUTFLOW
TREATMENT
                                                                                    INDUSTRIAL USE
                                                                               OUTFLOW   {
                                                                              TREATMENT  I   RECYCLE
             ;i RATE  WATER  Q U AL IT Y t
                           UNTREATED
                BIODEGREDATION
                                                                      UNTREATED
                                  ?-._JND.USTRIAL  OUTFLOW
                                  '1.FARI4 RUNOFF
                                     MUNICIPAL  OUTFLOW
                                                                                     OUTFLOW TREATMENT i
                 NEXT PARCEL
                   IN RIVER
                                                            THE SURFACE WATER SYSTEM
                                                                                [SP)= Sampling Point Possible

-------
                                      Figure
                     TWHCITY
                WATEP QU-UI TV ,
                                                             *)0   100  10?   IDA  106   10R  110  112  H*   116
1 1
12 1 1
1 1
1 1
14 1 1
1 1
1 1
16 1 1
1 1
1 1
It 1 1
1 1
1 1
20 1 1
1 1
1 1
22 1 1
1 1
1 1
24 | |
1 1
1 1
26 1 1
1 1
1 1
28 1 1
1 1
1 1
30 1 1
1 1
1 <
32 1 S < 8
1530 <30D
1 1
34 1 1
1 1
1 1
• 1 1
1 1
38 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
42 1 1
1 1
1 1
44 1 1
1 1
1 1
46 ! 1
1 1
1 1
4! 1 ' 1
1 1
1 1
50 1 1
1 1
1 1
5? 1 1
1 1
1 1
54 1 1
1 1
1 1
56 1 1
1 1
1 1
58 1 1
1 1
1 1
«0 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
t i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
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i i
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i i
i i
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i i
i i
. * . , . 	 j 	 ...
1 1 1 1 1 1. •>.{.
1 1 1 1 1 1 	 1..
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 IBA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 IRA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 F 1| F 11 F 11 IRA 4|RA 6|RC 1IRC ZIPG 11
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SG KRA 2AV<  omrcriON or ruow
                                                      	  NO KAUk FLCWINC
                                                           OfTUfEN P41CCI5
                                                 41

-------
and municipal outflow points,  farm runoff can add to  the
pollution on a parcel.  Whereas basic industries and  muni-
cipalities can treat their effluent and thus remove
some or all of their pollution/ farm pollution can be
cut back only if the farm owner decreases the amount
of fertilizer used on the farm.  The total amount of
pollution is then moved on to  the next parcel in the
river.

     The water quality map shows where rivers and econo-
mic activities are located in  addition to water quality.
                         42

-------
                10.  Water Usage Map

     Basic industries can treat their effluent in order
to remove pollutants.  An industry's effluent treatment
plant is located on the same parcel as the industry and
does not consume land.  Like municipal effluent treatment
plants, industrial treatment plants can be of four types:
chlorination  (CL), primary treatment  (PT), secondary
treatment  (ST), and tertiary treatment (TT).   Industrial
treatment plants can be constructed to any level and each
treatment plant level has the capacity to treat all of
the effluent of a level of the industry type which it is
constructed to serve.  The construction cost of a level
of treatment plant varies by treatment type and type of
industry.

     Industries can recycle up to half of their effluent.
Recycled water is not processed through an effluent treat-
ment plant.  Its treatment is a process distinct from
industrial intake or outflow treatment and costs a fixed
number of dollars per MG recycled.  So, a level two indus-
try at a recycle level of 100% and having a level one
effluent treatment plant treats all of the water which
it dumps.  If the recycle level under those conditions
were 50%, then the industry would treat only two-thirds of
the amount which it dumped and one third would be dumped
untreated.

     Unlike municipal water intake treatment facilities,
industrial intake treatment is assumed to exist when the
industry is constructed and it is assumed to have the
capacity to treat all of the water required by the indus-
try.  Like municipal intake treatment costs, industrial
intake treatment costs increase as water quality worsens,
and the worst water  (quality 9) cannot be treated.  The
industry is forced to pay a high cost for water, the cost
represented by the Outside price of water.  Furthermore,
intake water quality affects the depreciation of surface
water users, a reflection of wear on treatment equipment.

NOTE:  Regardless  of the amount of recycling,  intake water
       quality has tne same effect on industrial deprecia-
       tion.   The  volume treated does not matter.  The
       assumption  is that recycled water goes through in-
       take treatment, so no wear and tear on treatment
       equipment has been avoided.
                          43

-------
                                                   Figure               10.  7     .     ^                         .,,....,.,  ..

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                   i"
-------
               11.  Market Value Map

     This map designates the  jurisdictional  boundaries
(000) and the highway system  (including  terminals).
Nonfarm parcels of land that  are  owned by  local  decision-
makers contain information on the market value of  the
land and developments on the  parcel  (values  are  in $100,000 !s)

     The top row of each such parcel  indicates the market
value of 100% of the land on  the  parcel.   This value of
100 percent of the land on the parcel is printed so that
comparisons may be made from  one  parcel  to another without
having to take into consideration what percent of  each
parcel is privately owned.  Since there  is usually some
land on most parcels that is  not  privately owned,  the
actual market values of the land  will be somewhat  less
than indicated on the map.  Nonprivate uses  of the land
might be for rights of way, schools, municipal services,
utilities, treatment plants,  parks, institutional,  public
undeveloped, v/ater bodies, and topographically undevelopable.

     The middle row indicates the market value of  all pri-
vate developments.  This value is the normal new value
(see Economic Master Table) of each land use times the
constructed level times the value ratio.
                            45

-------
                                              Figure
                          10. 16
                                                     Miof.ET v.UUE
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                                                             46

-------
               12. Assessed Value Map

     This map shows the assessed values of non-farm land
and of developments on the land for those parcels of land
that have a private local system owner  (i.e., non-farm
parcels owned by Economic Teams).  The  top number on a
parcel squa're is the assessed value of  100% of the land.

     Assessed values of land are created in two ways:   first,
land that is newly purchased at a price higher than the pre-
vious market value is given a new market value equal to the
sale price and a new assessed value that is dependent upon
the jurisdiction's developed land assessment ratio or un-
developed land assessment ratio, depending on whether there
is any economic  activity on the parcel; second, through
local assessment policy.  The local assessment policy can
change the value by altering the land assessment ratio
(either jurisdiction-wide or by parcel) or inputting a
dollar amount  (this decision only lasts for one round).

     The second  number is the assessed  value of the devel-
opment on the parcel.  If no number appears in this position,
the land is still undeveloped.  Assessed values of devel-
opments are changed through new constructions, declining
market values of developments  (resulting from declining
value ratios), and changes in the development assessment
ratios.  The Assessment Department may  change the assessed
values of developments by changing the  jurisdiction-wide
development assessment ratios, changing the development
assessment ratio for specific parcels,  or by inputting
a dollar value of the development assessment  (this decision
lasts for only one round and must be input each round for
which the dollar assessed value is to remain the same).

     The last line on a privately-owned land parcel shows
the total  (land  and development) assessed value.  The
dollar values on this map are expressed in a scale factor
($lm; $100,000;  or $10,000) that is chosen by the computer
based upon the highest and lowest dollar values represented
on the map.  Therefore, the map key is  adjusted automatically
when the need arises.

     This map also shows jurisdictional boundaries, the
road netowrk, and the location of terminals.
                             47

-------
 Figure
                 10.17
TWOC I TY

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-------
     13.   Farm Assessed and Market Value Map

     The value shown for a farm parcel on the map is for
that portion of a parcel which is in farm use.  The ratio
of assessed value to market value is set by the Assessor
of the -jurisdiction in which a farm is located.  A farm
owner pays local property taxes at the rate set by the
Chairman and on the base set by the Assessor of the juris-
diction in which the farm is located.  Since a farm's net
income before taxes is fixed according to the farm's
fertilizer level, the amount of land at the farm  and the
farm type, the only variable expenditure is local property
tax.
                          49

-------
                                 Figure
                                                       10.15
                     T tvn C 1 TV
                     ASSESSEH
                              C MflFUFT VALUE HAP
70   72  74
                                                 SH  <36  ^fl  100  IOZ  104  106   108   110  UZ
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-------
                   14.  Farm Map

     A farm can contain more  than  one  parcel.   All  of  the
parcels in a single  farm have  the  same owner,  farm  code
number, farm type, and fertilizer  level.   The  amount of
land in farm use may be different  for  the  different par-
cels in a single farm.  The rest of  the land can be in
public use or can be topographically unusable.  No  other
economic activity can be located on  a  farm parcel,  and
all of the farmland  on a single farm parcel is  of the
same farm type.  When the economic owner of a  farm  parcel
changes, the parcel  ceases to  be classified as  a farm.
Once an initial starting configuration of  the  board has
been selected, no farms can be created.

     There are two types of decisions  which a  farm  owner
can make:  set the fertiliser  level  for a  farm- and sell
part or all of the farmland on a farm.

         A farm's fertilizer  level is  an integer from  0
to 3.  Associated with each of the four fertilizer  factors
is a multiplierwhich represents the  increase in normal
income which occurs  at that fertilizer factor  for the
farm type.  There is also an  associated amount  of pollu-
tion in the runoff resulting  from  each fertilizer factor.
Volume of runoff stays the same for  a  farm parcel regard-
less of the amount of land on  that parcel  in farm activity
When a parcel is no  longer a  farm, no  more runoff exists.
A farm owner's income increases as he  sets a higher fer-
tilizer factor level.  Likewise, the amount of  pollution
on a farm's runoff increases with  the  fertilizer level.
                          51

-------
Figure
             10.14
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<>2 
-------
                15.  Farm Runoff Map

     Farms do not use surface water or municipally-
supplied water.  Their water requirements  are  assumed  to
be met by rain or ground water.  However,  some of  the
water which falls on farms runs into  the surface water.
Farms use fertilizer, and those nutrients  flow into the
surface water in farm runoff.  The Farm Runoff Map shows
where farm runoff flows.  The program assigns  each surface
water parcel a code number, which is  printed on the top
row of parcels containing surface water.   Wherever there
is a farm, the middle row shows 'F' and the farm type.
Different types of farms have different -basic  fertilizer
requirements and net incomes from sales.   On a farm par-
cel the bottom row of the parcel shows the code number of
the surface water parcel on which the farm parcel's run-
off flows.

     A farm owner sets a level of fertilizer use for the
farm.  The higher the fertilizer level, the greater the
concentration of nutrients in the runoff from  the  parcels
comprising the farm.
                          53

-------
                                   Figure             10 •
                                                               •58  100  102  104  106  108  110  112  114  1.16   116
, — . — , — , — » —

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... 1 e
eorros PO-: ciccn WHTPE RUHQFF CLOWS
PARCEL  EDGES

>AVC  DIRECTION OF  FLOW
	  NO WtTfR Fl OWING
     BETWCEN Pi^Cf'.S
                                                   54

-------
          16. Topographical Restriction Map

     This map shows the percent of a parcel that may not be
purchased or developed by any local decision-makers.  Land
that is topographically undevelopable includes mountains,
rock outcrops, swamps.  None of the area consumed by water
bodies represented in the local system  (large lakes, small
lakes, and rivers) is shown on this map.  The map also
shows jurisdictional boundaries, the road network, and the
location of terminals.
                            55

-------
      Figure
10.25

               0   92   6   98  100  102   10*   106  109  lln  M?  I I*  11*   *»«

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                        56

-------
          17.    Social Decision Maker Map

     This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels.  The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle and lower letters represent the social decision
makers who control the PM's and PR's, respectively, who live
there.  If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.

     Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map.  Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel.  Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out.  Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land.  This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there were no
Pi's of that class  (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
                           57

-------
Figure
             10.24
1WQC ! TV
70 72 74 76 7? 60 G2 B <. fl6 83 90 92 SI 96 *»1 100

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        58

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                     C.  Summary Information
1.   Demographic and Economic Stat^sties

    The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region.  There are two basic types
of information:  statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions;  the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.

     Statistics Regarding Local Conditions

     Total population:  the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.

     Percent change over previous year:  the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round.  This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.

     Average population per parcel:  the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.

     Developed land  (in parcels):  the amount of land
area  (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.

     Undeveloped land:  the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.

     Total land area:  the number of parcels.
     Assessed value of land in millions:  the property tax
base.
     Assessed value of developments in millions:  the
development tax base.

     Average quality of life index:  a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.

     Number of registered voters:  the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who actually vote
are selected.


                            59

-------
                                                 Figure  - 9.1
    TWOCIIY
                DEMOGRAPHIC  AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
                                                                                                        ROUSD  1


TOTAL POPULATION
LOW CLASS
KIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
PERCENT CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS YEAS
AVERAGE POPULATION PER PARCEL
DEVELOPED LAND (IN PARCELS)
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND AREA
ASSESSED VALUE OF LAND
IN HILLIONS
ASSESSED VALUE 07 DEVELOPMENTS
IN J1ILI.IONS
AVERAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
NiJHDEB OF REGISTERED VOTERS
NO. IN PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION
AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGH
NO. OF WORKERS RECEIVING WELFABE
STUDENT/TEACHES RATIO
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
HOUSING UNITS
SINGLE DWELLINGS
MULTIPLE DWELLINGS
HIGH RISE APARTMENTS

TOTAL
275500
73500
99000
103000
0
0
77
5<48
625
12312.

«21.

69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232824
12800
7

U87UO
20U60

100
2U
6
JURISDICTION
I
126000
0
61000
62000

0
30
266
296
5321.

158.

6 1
U5566
0
73
0
61
1061270
0
13

340HO
0

62
7
14
JURISDICTION
II
1U9500
73500
35000
U1000

0
«6
283
329
6992.

264.

75
03007
0
«7
17
62
278305
12800
10

1U700
20U60

38
17
2
JURISDICTION
III
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0.

0.

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0
VACANCY RATE       (PERCENT)
     NEGATIVE HEAHS OVERCROWDED
                                                                              28
                                                                                            -23

-------
                                            Figure  -9.1  (Cont'd)
NOBBEB OF EMPLOYED WORKERS
     LOW
     HIDDLE
     HIGH
                              79400
                              23000
                              3 1680
                              24720
                          35360
                              0
                          201430
                          14830
               44040
               23000
               11200
                9840
NUBBEB EMPLOYED IH
     LIGHT     INDUSTRY
     HEAVY     INDUSTRY
     NATIONAL  SERVICES
     CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
     BUSINESS  GOODS
     BUSINESS  SERVICES
     PERSONAL  GOODS
     PERSONAL  SERVICES
     MUNICIPAL SERVICES
     SCHOOLS
     RAIL
     BUS
     FEDERAL-STATE

KOBBER OF UNEMPLOYED  WORKERS
     LOW
     KIDDLE
     HIGH
                              27160
                              27760
                                  0
                                  0
                               2800
                               5240
                               3360
                               5b80
                               1920
                               3980
                                  0
                                  0
                               1600

                               6400
                               6UOO
                                  0
                                  0
                          102UO
                          1 1800
                              0
                              0
                           1680
                              0
                           3360
                           2480
                           1920
                           3800
                              0
                              0
                              0

                              0
                              0
                              0
                              0
               16920
               15960
                   0
                   0
                1120
                5240
                   0
                3200
                   0
                   0
                   0
                   0
                1600

                6400
                6400
                   0
                   0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0

                    0
                    0
                    0
                    0
UNEHPLOYflENT RATS
     LOW
     KIDDLE
     HIGH
(PEBCENT)
 7.46
21.77
 0.0
 0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21. 77
 0.0
 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING     UNDER  $  5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5.000 TO  510,000
PERCENT EARNING      OVER  210,000
                                 33
                                 37
                                 29
                             5
                            54
                            39
                 55
                 22
                 21

-------
     Number in public adult education:  the number of
people who wanted to participate in public adult education
programs and were able to do so because programs were
provided by their school departments.

     Average educational level:  by class, the average
educational level.  This ranges from 0 to 100.  The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.

     Number of workers receiving welfare:  if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this
number is the number of unemployed workers.   The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.

     Student/teacher ratio:  ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools.  This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.

     School enrollment:  the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools.  Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.

     Housing units:  the number of levels of RA  (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise)  housing.

     Vacancy rate:  the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent.  A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.

     Number of employed workers:  the number of people
holding full-time jobs, by class of worker.

     Number employed by type of employer:  the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.

     Number of unemployed workers:  by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.

     Unemployment rate (percent):  by class, the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
                           62

-------
     Earning distribution:  the percent of workers earning less than
$5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and over $10,000 from full-time
employment.

     Transactions with the National Economy

     Income  from the national  economy:  federal-state aid recieved, by
type  of aid, and income from both basic industry sales of ouput and bus
and rail sales of equipment.

     Sales to the national economy:  federal-state taxes paid, by type
of tax, and  purchases of goods, services, and outside-owned land.
The only Outside expenditure which can be significantly controlled
locally is the purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.

     Xational economy business cycle:  last round's ratio to "typical
income" per  unit of output for basic industry, interest rates on loans
and bonds from the Outside (expressed as percents), and the average
rate  of return on outside investments (expressed as percents).

2.   Summary Information for the Economic Sector

      Number of Levels of  Economic Activity Owned by Teams

      The table contains one row per economic team and  one
column  for each  type  of economic activity.  Each  entry in
the  table  is the  number of levels of an  activity  controlled
by an economic team  in the simulated region.  The last
column,  UN, is the number of undeveloped parcels which the
team owns.  The  table provides a simple  summary of how
economic decision authority is currently distributed.   It
may  be  observed whether certain teams are specializing or
not,  whether certain  types of businesses exist at all  in
the  region, and  in general, how much economic activity is
going on.

      Economic Control Summary  (one  table per economic
decision-maker)

      This  table  provides  a simplified picture of  the
status  of  each business and residence controlled  by  the
team.   There is one  row per economic activity.  The  first
two  columns show  the  coordinates and type and level  of
the  activity.

      The third column is  the production  idex, if  the
activity is a business, or the occupancy rate, if  the
activity is a residence.   A residence's  occupancy  is
expressed  as a percent of its capacity.   A residence  can
be occupied by to 120% of its capacity.   The greater  the
occupancy, the more  income earned by the owner from  rents.
A business's production index is a  measure of its  actual
output  or  capacity as a percent of  its maximum output  or
capacity.   In the case of a basic industry, the  index  is
the  number of units  it actually produced as a percent  of
its  design capacity.   The production index of a  commercial

                                63

-------
                                                           Figure 7.1
***********************************************************************************************************************************
                                THOCITY
                           NUMBER OF LEVELS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OWNED BY  TEAMS                                          ROUND  Z
********************** ******************************* **************************************** **************************************





TEAM    FL    SG    MP    MF    NL    EL    TE    FO    TA    PA    CR    NS     BG    BS    PG    PS    CI    RA    RB    RC    UN
A
8
r\
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0
E
F
0
0

0
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0
0
— 	 	 •- -
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
	 • 	 	
- 0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
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0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
11

10
25
1!
29
0
3

2
7
r
7
0
I

1
2
1
1
11
5

5
3
3
^

-------
                           Figure - 7.3
      ***** ********** **

          TWOCITY
   ECONOMIC  CONTROL SUMMARY    TFAM G                       ROUND  ?.
;****************************#*********************#********:£*$:*****$
  PARCEL
 LOCATION
ACTI VI TY
PRODUCTION INDEX
       OR
 OCCUPANCY RATE
NET INCOME
 RATF
  OF
RETURN
   9822

   10224

   10026

   9828

   9630

   9432
  RA 2

  RA 4

  RB 2

  TE 1

  PA I

  FO I
       100

       117

       117

       100

        96

       100
  282496

  764963

 -135668

23406766

77502504

68745011
19.28^

23.91^

-1.67%

13.00?

32.29?

29.89%
                                   65

-------
establishment is its effective capacity (the amount which
it can adequately serve)  to its design capacity.  A pro-
duction index of 100 is the highest which a business can
have.

     The fourth column, net income, is a business's total
income from sales or a residence's total income from rents,
less operating expenditures.

     The last column, rate of return, is perhaps the most
information single indicator of an activity's status.
Rate of return is the net income as a percent of the
development cost, and if  a business is doing reasonably
well,  it usually averages around 10-25%.  A decision-maker
may use rates of return as guides for deciding which
activities to focus his attention on.

     Further detail on rate of return is contained in the
section describing Economic Detailed Output.'

     Economic Control Summary (two graphs per economic
decision-maker)

     The two graphs printed for each economic decision-
maker show an historical  comparison of two types of
information:  net worth and rate of return.  Whereas net
worth is the team's total net worth  (assets less liabil-
ities) , the information on rate of return is the average
rate of return of all of  the activities controlled by the
team.   The graphs show the relative values of those items
for the most recent ten years.  Round 1 is Year 5 on the
graph, Round 2 is Year 6, and so on.  After 6 rounds have
been played (years 5 through 10 on the graph), the date for
the earliest year are erased and only data for the most
current 10 years are shown.  Year 10 is always the most
recent round.

     On the net worth graph, the team's net worth for each
year is shown as a ratio  to its net worth in the first year,
The first year is always  1.00.  The second graph shows the
team's average rate of return as an absolute percent, not
relative to a base year.
                              66

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                         Figure 7.6a

   Economic  Graphs for Teams:   Net  Worth
                              TWOCITY
                          ECONOMIC CONTROL SUMMARY TEAM F
                        NET WORTH -
     3.00
     2.00
     1.90
     1.80
     1.70
     1.60
     1.55
     1.52
     1.50
     1.48
     1.45
     1.42
     1.40
     1.38
     1.35
     1.33
     1.30
     1.28
     l.?5
     1.23
     1.20
     1.18
     1.15
     1.12
     1.10
     1.08
     1.05
BASE 1.03
 —  1.00
YEAR 0.98
     0.95
     0.93
     0.90
     0.88
     0.85
     0.83
     0.80
     0.75
     0.70
     0.65
     0.60
     0.55
     0.50
     0.45
     0.40
     0.35
     0.30
     0.25
     0.20
     0.15
     0.10
     0.0

     YEAR
123456789   10
                           67

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                         Figure 7.6b

       Economic  Graphs  for  Teams:   Rate  of  Return
  50.00
  40.00
  30.00
  25.00
  20.00
  19.00
  18.00
  17.00
  16.00
  15.50
  15.00
  14.50
  14.00
  13.50
  13.00
  12.50
  12.00
  11.50
  11 .00
  10.50
  10.00
  9.50
  9.00
  8.50
  B.OO
  7.50
  7.0C
  6.50
  6.00
  5.50
  5.00
  4.50
  4.00
  3.50
  3.00
  ?.50
  2.00
  1.50
  1.00
  0.50
  0.0
 -0.50
 -1.00
 -1.50
 -?.00
 -2.50
 -3.00
 -3.50
 -4.00
 -4.50
 -5.no
•10.00
                                                      POUND
                       - RATE OF RETURN -
     YEAR    l    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10

                              68

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D.  Economic Sector Detailed Output


        1. Financial Summary

          a.   Cash Flow Statement

               A team's cash holdings can be used to pur-
chase additional property, construct any of the types of
economic sector land uses on property that it owns and
which is properly zoned and served with utilities, construct
any level or type of effluent treatment plant at a busi-
ness which it owns, demolish any building it owns, pay off
loans, grant a loan to another team, pay taxes on undevel-
oped land, or spend it in some miscellaneous way  (cash
transfer to another team and purchase of national stocks)„

               Additions to the new balance (i.e., cash)
come from income derived by selling property, receiving
payment from loans, receiving loans, earning net income from
investments (developments and farms) in the local economy,
receiving government subsidies, earning interest on savings,*
and from miscellaneous sources  (cash transfers from others
and sale of national stocks).

               If the team makes no decisions during a par-
ticular round, it is still charged interest and principal
payments on loans and taxes on undeveloped land.  The team
also automatically receives loan payments, interest on
savings, and net income.  This latter figure, however, may
be a negative number if the developments of a given team are
doing poor business and their expenses exceed income.

     ^Interest earned on savings is 2.5 percent.  The cal-
culation of interest on savings is:
PCB = previous cash balance
  N = total net income from businesses this round
  E = total expenditures this round, except expenditures for
      business operation, which are already accounted for in N,
Interest = .025  (PCB + N - E) .
                              69

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                       Figure  6.9
     TWOCITY
FINANCIAL SUMMARY — ECONOMIC DECISION VAKER  A
                           I'*** ******* ££ ^
                                                   ROUND
 CASH FLOW STATEMENT
   PREVIOUS CASH  BALANCE
                                                180000000.
      EXPENDITURE
           PROPERTY  PURCHASED
           CONSTRUCTION
           DEMOLITION
           LOAN  PAYMENTS
           NEW LOANS GRANTED
           UNDEV LAND  TAXES
           MISCELLANFOUS
                                           $
                                           $
                                           $
                                           $
     8000.
256000000.
  959999Q.
  6191512.
        0.
  6640346.
 10000000.
      INCOME
           PROPERTY  SOLD              S>
           LOAN  PAYMENTS RECEIVED     $
           LOANS  RECEIVED             $
           TOTAL  NET  INCOME           $
           SUBSIDIES                   $
           INTEREST  ON SAVINGS        $
           MISCELLANEOUS              $
                                                        97000.
                                                      2757808.
                                                            0.
                                                    53077792.
                                                            0.
                                                            0.
                                                   800080000.
      NEW  BALANCE
                                                   747572736.
           CONSERVATIVE  INVESTMENTS
                 INCLUDING A  RETURN OF   !
           SPECULATIVE INVESTMENTS
                 INCLUDING A  RETURN OF   •

   TOTAL ASSETS                        $
           CASH                        $
           LOANS  TO  OTHERS            $
           INVESTMENTS IN OUTSIDE     $
           DEVELOPMENTS                $
           LAND                        $
                                                               0.
                                                             0.
                                                               0.
                                                             0.

                                                   1488160256.
                                                            0.
                                                      4999999.
                                                            0.
                                                    240000000.
                                                    495587584.
   LIABILITIES  (INDEBTEDNESS)
   NET WORTH
                                           $         76074384.
                                           $       1412085760.
NEW BORROWING CAPABILITY  FROM OUTSIDE  $
                                                   1114453504.
                       70

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          b.   Investments

               The second part of the Financial Summary output
shows investments in the national economy.  A team may in-
vest as much cash as it wishes in either conservative or
speculative national businesses.  The national business
cycle generates the year by year rate of return for con-
servative stocks and for speculative stocks.  In upswings in
the business cycle, the rate of return on speculative stocks
Will always be larger."  The range for the rate of return on
conservative stocks is narrow and centers on six percent
whereas for speculative stocks the range is wide and it
centers on about seven percent.  In bad years, however, the
return on speculative stocks could be very small or even
negative.  The return from national investments is auto-
matically used to purchase additional stock.  A team must
"dis-invest" in order to have returns from national invest-
ments show up in the cash account.

          c.   Balance Sheet

               A team's assets are comprised of cash on
hand, loans to others, the value of investments in the
national economy, and the value of developments and land.
Developments are valued at their typical construction costs
times their value ratio divided by 100.  Thus, developments
that are not maintained decrease in value over time.  Land
is valued at the market value.

               A team's liabilities are the sum of the prin-
cipal on all loans from others  (indebtedness).  Net worth
is the difference between current assets and liabilities.
Teams may borrow up to 80% of their total assets from
national bankers.  The amount which a team can borrow from
outside is shown on the last line of this output.  There
are no limits on the amount of debt that teams may have
among themselves.
                          71

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             2.  Economic Control Sununary

     This output summarizes the economic status of  the  non-
farm developments owned by a team.  Under PARCEL LOCATION, all
the locations of non-farm economic activities  (residences,.
industries, and commercial establishments) are listed in
increasing order of the second coordinate number.   Actually,
the properties are listed in the same order that they would
read from a map if the map were read from top to bottom and
from left to right.

     The two-digit code for the type of economic activity
and its level of development are listed in the ACTIVITY
column.  Check the detailed output for each industry to see
if the operating level equals the development level.  Only
basic industries are allowed to operate at a level  lower than
their development level.

     In the third column, the production index (for industries
or commercial establishments)  or the occupancy rate (for
residences) is listed.  The production index may never
exceed 100.  It is equal to 100 if the business receives all
of the employees it needs and if the value ratio is equal
to 100.  Otherwise, it is less than 100.  The occupancy rate
for residences is an indicator of vacancies (if less than
100)  or overcrowding  (if over 100).

     The NET INCOME column shows the dollar amount  by which
income from the activity (in the form of rents received or
goods or services sold)  exceeds the expenditures associated
with that activity.  A negative number indicates that expen-
ditures are greater in that year than income.

     The RATE OF RETURN is the net income of the activity
expressed as a percentage of the current value of the activity.
The current value of an activity is the original value  of the
development times its present value ratio divided by 100,
plus the market value of the percent of the parcel  consumed
by the development.  Note that the rate of return does  not
take into account the value or cost of the portion  of the
parcel not used by the development.  It also does not take
into account the cost of borrowing money (or opoortunitv costs)
to construct the development in the first place".   Therefore,
the printed rate of return should be looked at as a slightly
inflated figure.
                             72

-------
                             Figure  7.3
$***** %
          TWOCITY
    ECONOMIC  CONTROL SUMMARY    TFAM G                       ROUND   2
      # **##Xt***** ***************************** ****X= ************ ***'*
   PARCEL
  LOCATION
ACTI VI TY
PRODUCTION  INDEX
       OR
 OCCUPANCY  RATF
NET INCOME
 RATF
  OF
RETURN
    9*22

   10224

   10026

    9828

    9630

    9432
  RA 2

  RA 4

  RB 2

  TE 1

  PA 1

  FO I
       100

       117

       117

       100

        96

       100
  282496

  764963

 -13566R

23406766

77502504

68745011
19.28%

23.91":

-1.67?

13.CO?

32.29?

29.899!
                              73

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                 3.  Economic Graphs

     The net worth graph shows the historical trend in the
net worth for the team.  The net worth value for the past
round is the same as the net worth value shown on the team's
Financial Summary.

     The rate of return graph shows the historical trend
for the aggregate rate of return for the team.   The aggre-
gate rate of return is the net income received by the team
during the round divided by the value of developments and
developed land.
                           74

-------
                                                      Figure   7.6
3.00
2.00
1 .<>0
l.RO
1.70
1 .60
1.55
1. 52
1.50
I.«1
I .45
1 .A?
1 .40
! .38
1.15
1 .33
1.30
     I .75
     1 .23
     1 .20
     1. in
     1.15
     1.12
     1.10
     1 .08
     1.05
MS6 1.03
     t.OO
YEAR 0.IB
     0.15
     0.13
     0.^0
     0.1ft
     0. B5
     O.B3
     0. 80
     0.75
     0.70
     0.65
     0 .60
     0.55
     0.50
     0.45
     0.40
     0.35
     0.30
    '0.25
     0.20
     0. 15
     0.10
     0. 0
                           TWOCtTY
                       ECONOMIC  CONTROL  SUMMARY  TEAM  F
                                                                          »**»*»»»*»*»*#t»4****»*****»**»#*»+**#**4»»»***»*»»**»*»*
                  - NET  WHRTH -
50.00
40.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
11.00
11.00
17.00
H>. 0 0

15.00
14 .50
14.00
13.50
1 3.00
17.00
12.00
11.50
1 1 .00
10.50
1 0.00
 1.50
 9.00
 8.50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                              50
                                                                              00
                                                                           -0.50
                                                                           -I.
                                                                           -1.
                                                                           -2,
                                                                           -2.
                                                                           -3,
                                                                           -3.
                                                                           -4.
   00
   50
   00
   50
   00
   50
   00
                                                                           -4 .50
                                                                           -5.00
                                                                          -10.00
                                                                                                                                   ROUND
                                                                                                   - RITE  OF  RETURN  -
         123*5    6789   10
                                                                                YEAR
                                                                                                                                    10

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        4. Loan Statement

          The loans that a team has with national bankers
(outside = OU) and with other teams are shown in the loan
statement.  The loans received from other sources are listed
and their annual payments summarized.  The loans granted to
other teams are listed after that.  Note that the interest
rate.may vary by loan.

          Loans between teams are made for any amount and
at whatever interest rate is mutually agreeable.  The
only conditions on a loan internal to the system is that
the period be specified as either 2 or 25 years, and that
the lending team have sufficient cash to cover the loan.

          An economic team may also borrow money from the
outside system for either a 2 or 25 year period.  The in-
terest rate is set by the national bankers who take into
consideration the national business cycle.  An economic
team that has debts equalling 80% of its total assets may
not receive any further loans from the outside system.
                       76

-------
                               Figure 6.8
                                 *£,**$#*##
      TWHCITY
LOAN STATFMFNT—ECONOMIC  DECISION MAKER A                                  POUND  2
                                   *£ ^^

ROWER
\
A

LENDER
OU
G
INTEREST
RATE
3.5
6.2
REMAINING
YEARS
23
1
ORIGINAL
PRINC IPAL
$ 75000000
$ 3000000
ANNUAL
PAYMENT
$ 45S05Q
$ 164002
                                                                    TOTAL
$  6101512
                               6.8
                                                               5000000
$  2757R08
                                                                    TOTAL
$  275780^

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       5.  Land Summary

          The Land Summary output shows the location by
parcel coordinates of all land owned by a team.  It also
shows the assessed value of the entire parcel  (assuming
that 100% of the parcel is valued in the same proportion
as the private part), the publicly owned part  (percent
developed and undeveloped), the undevelopable percent,
the number of units of utility service available to that
parcel, and the actual number of utility units that are
used.

          Teams may acquire land from other players at
mutually agreeable terms or from the director on a bid
submission basis.  The director represents'small farmers
and outside land holders who will sell if the price is right,
Th.e game director controls the sale of Outside-owned land.

          The cost of making land bids on Outside-owned
properties is set at some percent of the bid amount, re-
gardless of the bid's success or failure (See Economic
Sector Master Tables).
                        78

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      6.   New Construction Table

          The new construction output shows for an economic
decision-maker the location at which a new development or
an additional level of development is taking place.  It
also shows the type of development, the old and new level,
the location of 0-0 which denotes an outside system firm, the
contract price, the rent per space unit (if a residence) or
the salary by class (if an employer), the quality index  (if
housing) or the price per CU (if a store), and the contract
status.  "Completed" means that the development became oper-
ational at the beginning of the round just completed.
                            7Q

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        7, Economic Boycott

          Economic teams may boycott the purchase of goods
or services from local BG, BS, PG, and/or PS establishments,
and their businesses can be boycotted by the social sector
as a place to work or shop.  Boycotts have effect for the
full round, and they continue in operation for succeeding
rounds unless terminated by a decision input on the part of
the boycotting team.  The boycott output shows the team
boycotting, the income class or land use that is carrying
out the boycott, and the function being boycotted (work
or shop).  The boycott output also shows the location and
land use being boycotted, and the team owning the boycotted
business„

          Thus, boycott information appears as part of an
economic decision-maker's output if he is boycotting and/or
if he is being boycotted.
                            80

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                                Figure 6.5
****************** ******* ******** **** ***********£*****.***>:<**** **********

        T WO C I T Y
  ECONOMIC DFCISION MAKFR  A     BOYCOTT STATUS OUTPUT           ROUND   ?
************************************************************************
        TFAX
                     BOYCOTTING
CLASS OR
LAND USE
FUNCTION
                                        BOYCOTTED
LOCATION    LAND  USE    OWNER
         A

         A
MF

FO
  SHOP

  SHOP
   98^0
BG

BG
C

C
                                    81

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       8.   Farm  Output

           The farm  output  shows  for  each farm,  the farm code
 number, the  type  of farm,  the.number of  parcels comprising
 the  farm,  the total number of  percents of parcels  comprising
 the  farm,  the farm's fertilizer  level, the normal  income
 per  1% of  that  farm (at  fertilizer level zero  and  before
 local property  taxes are deducted),  the  multiplier on normal
 income for each of  the three other possible fertilizer
 levels, the  actual  income  per  1%  of  that farm  (before taxes),
 the  total  local property tax paid, and the total net income
 earned from  the farm.

           An economic decision-maker can make  two  types of
 decisions  regarding farms:  1) set the fertilizer  level at
 each farm; and  2) sell land on farm  parcels.   The  higher
 the  fertilizer  level at  a  farm,  the  higher the  actual net
 income before taxes and  the greater  the  amount of  pollution
 in the farm's runoff.  A farm  owner  can  either  sell all of
 the  farmland on a farm parcel  to  another economic  decision-
 maker  (in  which case the parcel  ceases to be classified as
 a farm) or sell part of  the parcel to a  government depart-
 ment.

     The farm code  number  and  farm type  are fixed  at the
 beginning  of a  game.  They cannot be changed.   The number
 of parcels and  percents  of parcels comprising  a farm can be
 decreased  but not increased by the farm  owner.   The normal
 income before taxes per  1%  of  a  farm is  also fixed at the
 start of a game.  That income  is  multiplied by  the multiplier
 associated with the farm's  fertilizer level  to  yield the
 actual income before taxes.  The  assessed value  of farm
 parcels and  property tax rates are set by the  local govern-
ment.  The actual income before taxes is multiplied by the
 number of  percents  in the  farm and the total land  tax paid
 is subtracted from  that  result to yield  the  total  net income.
                            82

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      9-   Residence Detailed Output

           The Residence Output shows the location,  type and
 level of each residential complex owned by a team.   All
 residences in the model are described as rental units,
 although the rent on single family housing could be viewed
 as a form of mortgage payment.  Although the construction
 and operation of housing is a player decision,  the  process
that moves population  units into  housing  is  performed by
the computer  and  is  affected by player  decisions  in  the eco-
nomic and governmental  sectors.

          The economic  decision-maker directly  controls the
rent of  housing and  its  quality index  (by  changing the main-
tenance  level).   Government decision-makers  affect the quality
of municipal  services  and  schools  serving  each  residence  and
the tax  rate  and  welfare rate  for  the jurisdiction containing
each residence.   Both  government  and economic decision-makers
affect the water  quality on a  parcel.   All of these  factors
are taken into consideration by the computer when assigning
population units  to  available  housing.

          a.   The Quality Index  and Maintenance  Level

               The quality index  of a residence is a measure
of the present value of  a  development to  the best possible
value which a residence  can have.  The  Social Sector Master
Table shows that  PH's  require  a quality index of  at  least  70,
PM's a value  of 40,  and  PL's a value of 20.  This does not
mean, however, that  all  Pi's of a given class automatically
move out of housing when the quality index falls  below the
minimum  value.  They just won't move in,  and they tend to
move out because  of  increased  dissatisfaction.

               The quality index  declines  each  year  in response
to time, the quality of  local municipal services, increased
fire damage due to insufficient water supply, and damage
due to floods, unless maintenance is performed  on the residence
The maintenance level indicates the lowest level  the owner
of the residence  will allow the quality index to  fall before
incurring maintenance expenses.  The quality index can be
raised above its  present level by the player inputting a main-
                         83

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               Figure 6.2
  TWnCITY
ECONOMIC DECISION  MAKER F
                       RESIDENCE OUTPUT
                                                  ROUND
LOCATION
TYPE  AND  LEVFL
QUALITY  INDEX
MAINTENANCE  LEVEL
MS DISTR ICT
UTILITY DISTRICT

DEPRECIATION  (?)
      MS
      FIRE
      FLOOD

WATER CONSUMPTION (MGD)
      MUNICIPAL
      OUTSIDE

OCCUPANTS
PERCENT OCCUPANCY
RENT/SPACE UNIT

 INCOME
      RENT

 EXPENDITURES
      MAINTENANCE
      UTILITIES
      WATER
      PROPERTY  TAXES
      INCOME  TAXES
      SALES TAXES

NET INCOME

RATE  OF RETURN

ENVIRONMENTAL  INDEXES
    LOW INCOME
    MIDDLE INCOME
    HIGH  INCOME
                                          9232
                                          RC  I
                                            80
                                            fiO
                                              1
                                              1
                                           1.0
                                           0.0
                                           0.0
                                          0.96
                                          0.0

                                        8 M 12 H
                                            69
                                        1 53000
                                       5304 COO
                                       1238000
                                       1134QOO
                                        155520
                                        R75000
                                         54010

                                       1334326

                                          5.93
                                           332
                                           306
                                           310
   8634
   RA 4
     75
     75
      1
      1
    1.0
    0.0
    0.0
   0,39
   0.0

 1M  4H
    117
 154000
1437333


 118ROO
 155200
  34330
  74368
 309750
   5186

 739649

  21. 13
    268
    246
    248
                        84

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tenance level that  is higher  than  the° quality  index.   The
quality index may not be raised more than  20 points above
the lowest level it has ever  reached.

          b.   MS District

               As was mentioned above,  the quality of  the
municipal services  (as measured by  the  MS  use  index) serving
a residence has an  effect on  the attractiveness of that resi-
dence to potential  occupants  and on the rate of depreciation
(decline in quality index)  for that residence.  The residence
output shows the code number  of the municipal  service  unit
that serves each residence.   The use index of  each MS  dis-
trict is shown on the Municipal Services Report and on the
Municipal Services  Map.  An MS use  index value of 101  or
more indicates overcapacity and means that the municipal
services supplied are less  than adequate.  As  the MS use
index increases above 101,  the residences  served by that MS
building become less and less attractive to Pi's and the
residences also depreciate  at a faster  and faster rate.  For
example, a use index of 150 is twice as bad as a use index
of 125 and five times as bad  as a use index of 110.

          c.   Utility District

               Utility districts provide  water and sewer
servi.ces in addition to other utilities.   If a district pro-
vides an insufficient amount  of water for  its users' -needs,
the fire protection afforded  those users is inadequate.  That
inadequacy is reflected in  an increased depreciation for all
economic activities in the  district.  A water  shortage can
occur for any of the following reasons :  1) the intake water
quality is 9 and therefore  untreatable;  2) there is insufficient
water for all of the users' needs; or 3) the district's intake
treatment plant has the capacity to treat  less water than
its users need.

               The  residence output shows  the code number of
the utility district serving  each residence parcel.

          d.   Depreciation

               A residence  has a normal annual depreciation,
depending on its type (see Master Tables for depreciation
rates).   As mentioned above,  it can also depreciate due to
inadequate municipal services and/or inadequate fire pro-
tection.  Another factor in depreciation is flooding.  The
director specifies  when floods occur and a general degree
of flooding.  The degree of damage to the economic activity
on a particular parcel is influenced by three additional
factors:  1) the type of activity; 2)  the river basin  dam
                              85

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priorities; and 3) the likelihood of the parcel being affected
by a flood.  This last factor is called the parcel's flood
susceptibility and can be found on the River  B asin Flood
Plain Map.  A parcel having zero flood susceptibility_is
never affected by floods; a parcel having a susceptibility
of three is among the most affected parcels.  The parameters
for the other factors in depreciation can be found on the
Master Tables.

               The amount of depreciation due to MS, fire,
and flood is printed in percent of the activity's original
value, assumed to be 100%,

          e.   Water Consumption

               A residence normally receives all of its
required water from a municipal source (its utility district).
However, there are two exceptions:  1)  when the utility dis-
trict provides insufficient water for its users' needs  (see
c. above); and 2) when a residence is served by private util-
ities.  Type RA residences can be constructed without having
utility service.  It is assumed that they have wells and
septic tanks.  They do pay an expense for water, but that
amount is paid to the Outside and is lower than the normal
Outside price for water.  A residence supplied by a municipal
water source receives water from Outside only when the local
supply is inadequate.  When such occurs, each residence
receives an amount of water proportionate to its needs.  For
example if the needs of all of the water users in a utility
totaled to 24 MGD and the district was only able to supply
16 MGD (67%) , a residence needing 3 MGD would receive 2 MGD
from the district (67%).

               The amount of water required by a residence
is a function of the residence type and class of occupants.
In general, a high-income Pi uses more water than an RC
dweller.  See the Master Tables for specific water require-
ments by class and residence type.

               The residence output shows the amount of water
obtained from municipal and Outside sources.

          f.   Occupants, Percent Occupancy, and Rent/Space Unit

               The residence output shows .the number of Pi's
of each class that occupy every residence.  PH's and PL's
may never live together on the same residence parcel.  The
percent of occupancy is determined by taking the number of
Pi's by class, multiplying times their residence space
consumption index (Social Sector Master Table) , and taking
this as a ratio of the total space units in the residence.
                             86

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For example,  assume  an RA3  has  one PH and two PM's occupy-
ing it.   The  PR has  a space consumption index of 2 and the
two PM's  together  a  space  consumption index of 2.66 (2 x  1.33).
Thus,  there are 4.66 space  units being occupied from an RA3
that has  6.00  space  units  of capacity.  The occupancy rate
is therefore  4.66/6  = .78,  or the building is 78 percent
occupied.

                Rents are always specified in terms of the rent
paid per  space unit.  A PM pays 1.33  times the per space  unit
rent,  and a PH pays  twice  as much.

           g.    Income

                The income  earned by a residential unit is
equal  to  the  rent  per space unit times the total number of
space  units occupied.  In  the above example, 4.66 space units
were occupied, therefore,  at a  rent of $150,000 per space
unit the  rental income would be $699,000.

                Income earned from a residence is independent
of which  classes occupy it; income is directly related to
the percent which  a  residence is occupied and the rent being
charged.   The following example illustrates that point.

Income  Earned  from  Housing  Occupied by the Three Income Classes
 Assume:   Housing is  an RA2
          Rent specified is  $150,000/space  unit
        Relative
        Space
        Units
 Class   Consumed
 PH
 PM
 PL
1.0
1.5
2.0
Number of
Pi's Occu-
pying an
RA2 (2X
Relative
Space Units

    2
    3
    4
                      Rent
                      Paid
                     Relative
2.00
1.33
1.00
         Rent Paid
          Factor
         (Pi's x
         Rent Paid
         Relative)
4
4
4
        Rent Paid
       (Rent Paid
       Factor x
       Rent Charges)
$600,000
$600,000
$600,000
          h.    Expenditures
                The owners  of  residences  incur  expenditures for
maintenance,  utilities,  water,  property  taxes,  income taxes,
and sales taxes.  A  residence's maintenance  expenditure is
the sum of  its  expenditures for personal goods  and personal
services.   The  number  of consumption  units required  for
maintenance is  a  function  of  the  total percent  depreciation,
the level of  the  residence, and the number of PG and PS
units required  for each  percent depreciation.   The number
of units of PG  and PS  required  for each  percent depreciation
is given on the Master Tables.  The normal percent depreciation
                              87

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is also on the Master Tables, and depreciation due to other
factors is on the residence output.  Suppose that the RA3
mentioned above has a normal depreciation of 1% and has 2.5%
more depreciation due to the other factors.  Total deprecia-
tion:  3.5%.  Suppose also that RA requires .7 PG units and
.3 PS units per 1% depreciation.  Assume that the residence
owner has set a maintenance level which offsets that depre-
ciation.  The residence's PG consumption is:3.5x.7x3=
7.35, or 7 PG units.  Its PS consumption is: 3.5 x .3 x 3 =
3.15, or 3 PS units.  The actual price paid per consumption
unit depends on where the residence purchases PG and PS.
That can be determined by examining the Commercial Detail
Output.

               The expenditure for utilities depends upon
the number of utility units consumed by type and level of
residence (see the Economic Master Table)  and the cost per
unit of utility service as established by the Utility Depart-
ment.  If the cost of utility service were $10,000 per unit,
and an RA3 consumed 12 units per year, its utility cost would
be $120,000.

               Although Pi's consume water, residence owners
pay for the water.  Local water prices per million gallons
consumed in a year are set by the Utility Department for
each economic activity.  The prices for residences are set
by class and by residence type.  The residence owner pays
the local price for that amount of water which is obtained
from the Utility Department and pays the Outside price for
the amount not supplied by the Utility Department (see Master
Tables for Outside prices).

               The pricing is relatively straightforward.
For example, suppose an RA3 houses 2 PH and 1PM.  Assume the
Master Table shows that, in RA housing, a PH requires .08 MGD
and consumes 29 MG in a year, and a PM requires .07 MGD and
consumes 25 MG in a year.  Suppose the total amount of water
required by the water users in the utility district is 24
MGD but the district can supply only 16 MGD (67%).  The
residence output would show .15 MGD obtained from the muni-
cipal source (16/24 x (.08 + .08 + .07)) and .08MGD from
Outside (.08 + .08 + .07 - .15).  The total amount obtained
from both sources equals the total amount required by the
residence.

               Whereas the daily requirement is used for
determining local water sufficiency, the billing is done on
an annual basis in proportion to the amount obtained from
each source daily.  Suppose the local price per MG for PH
in RA is $350.   Let the Outside price, which is always the
same for all water users, be $700 per MG.  Then the residence

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owner's water expenditure for Outside water is;
               8/24 x  (.29 + 29 +25) x $700 = 19,366
The proportion purchased daily from outside is multiplied by
the total annual requirement and the Outside cost per MG.
The owner's payment to the local Utility Department is:

     16/24 x  (29 + 29) x $450 + 16/24 x 25 x $350 =
               $8700 + 5833 = $14,533

               Residences pay property tax on the assessed
value of the building  and the land occupied by the building.
The Assessment Department has control over land and building
assessments and the Chairman and Council have control over
the tax rates which are applied to the assessed value.

               Residences pay income taxes on the same basis
as all other economic  businesses — a federal tax of 22% on
the first $25,000 of net income before taxes and of 48% on
the rest of net income and a state tax of 5% on net income
(after federal income  taxes).

               Residences pay sales taxes on the purchases
from PG and PS for maintenance.  The fixed state sales tax
is 3% of PG and PS purchases and the local sales tax is
whatever rate has been determined by the local sales tax
authorities.  Sales taxes accrue to the jurisdiction of the
commercial establishment and not to the jurisdiction of the
residence.  State sales taxes are paid on purchases from
the outside system as well as on local purchases.

          i.   Net Income

               The final net income for residences is deter-
mined by subtracting all of the listed expenditures from the
income derived through rents.

          j.   Rate of Return

               The rate of return is printed for each business
as a percent, expressing the ratio of the business's net
income to its current value.  Current value is the original
value of the building  times its value ratio (or quality index,
in the case of a residence) divided by 100, plus the market
value of the land consumed by the building.

          k.   Environmental Indexes

               Residences are filled by Pi's in the order of
lowest environmental indexes first.  The characteristics
which contribute to a parcel's environmental index are:
quality of the school serving the parcel, quality of the MS
                              89

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serving the parcel, residence quality, residence rent, local
tax rates, local welfare payments, and the parcel's pollution
index.  Some of these factors are weighted differently by
each class, so there is one index for each class for each
parcel.  The lower a parcel's environmental index for a class
in relation to other parcels' environmental indexes for the
class, the more desirable the parcel to migrating population
units.

               For the exact value of each factor in a par-
cel's environmental indexes, see the section of the migration
output entitled "Environmental Indexes".

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      10.  Basic  Industry Detailed Output

          The basic  industry  output  shows  the  location and
type of each basic industry owned by a  team.   A basic indus-
try produces units of  output  that are sold  at  national mar-
kets and at per  unit prices that are determined by the computer-
generated national business cycle.   Owners  of  basic .industry
should consult the section of the Demographic  and Economic
Statistics that  shows  the status of  the national business
cycle.

          a.   Constructed Level and Operating Level

               Of all  businesses represented in the model,
basic industries alone may decrease  their  level of operations
without demolishing  a  portion of their buildings.  An indus-
try's constructed level is the maximum  level at which it may
operate.  It is  effectively a physical  restriction on the
amount which can be  produced.  The operating level is the
current level at which it is  specified  to  function.  The con-
structed level is considered  only when  land consumption,
maintenance and  taxes  on the  development are calculated.  For
all other purposes,  a  business's operating  level is the only
level considered.

          b.   Value Ratio and Maintenance  Level

               The quality of plant  and equipment for busi-
nesses is represented  by the  value ratio.   The value ratio is
the ratio of present value to original value.  Business facil-
ities depreciate every year in response to  time ("normal"
depreciation), MS service quality, adequacy of local water for
fire protection, and occasionally, floods.  The Economic Mas-
ter Table shows  the  annual percent depreciation caused by
time, MS quality, and  water supply for  fire protection.  Bus-
inesses may overcome this depreciation effect  by setting their
maintenance levels at  points  below which they  do not want the
value ratios to  fall.  For example,  if a maintenance level is
set at 100, then that  business will  make maintenance expendi-
tures every year to  keep the  building in "like new" shape.
The value ratio  of a business may be raised above its present
value (if less than  100) by inputting a maintenance level
that is higher than  the value ratio.

          c.   MS District

               The value ratio of basic industry is lowered
by poor municipal services as measured by an MS use index in
excess of 100.  Basic  industry output shows the code number
of the municipal service unit which  serves  the basic industry.
MS use indexes are shown on the Municipal Services Department
                               91

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            Figure 6.3
        ***** *********************** ^
       TWOCITY
     ECONOMIC  DECISION *MKFR A     BASIC  INDUSTRY OUTP1JT
**********#************ $r * * * * fc * * * * ***<-. ********* *********
LOCATION
CONSTRUCTED LEVFL
OPERATING LEVFL
VALUE  V AT 10
MAINTENANCE LEVEL
MS  DISTRICT
UTILITY  DISTRICT
DEPRECIATION (%)
     MS
     FIRE
     FLOOD
     WATER QUALITY
WATER  CONSUMPTION (MGO)
     NORMAL  SOURCE
     OUTSIDE
PERCENT  WATER RECYCLED
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
     TYPF AND LEVEL
SALARY  (PER WORKER IN  100'S
     HIGH
     MIDDLE
     LOW
EMPLOYEES
  FULL  TIME (IN PI'S)
     HIGH
     MIDDLE
     LOW
  PART T IME { IN UNITS)
     HIGH
     MIDDLE
     LOW
EMPLOYMENT  EFFECT
UNITS  PRODUCED
PRICE/UNIT  OUTPUT
INCOME
     SALFSf PRIVATE)
EXPENDITURES
     GOODS
     SERVICES
     MAINTENANCE
     UTILITIES
     WATER
      RECYCL ING
      INTAKE PROCESS
      OUTFLOW TREATMENT
      MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
     TRANSPORTATION
     SALARIES
     PROPERTY TAXES
     SALES TAXFS
     INCOME  TAXES
NET  INCOME

RATE OF  RETURN

             92
                                            9632
                                            MP 1
                                            MP 1
                                             100
                                             100
                                               0
                                               2

                                             2.9
                                             3.3
                                             0.0
                                             0.0

                                          2P5.00
                                            0.0
                                               0

                                            ST  1

                                             110
                                              43
                                              29
                                              19
                                              18
                                              18

                                              80
                                            160
                                            320
                                           1000
                                         188300

                                      188300000

                                       18200000
                                        3500000
                                       17000000
                                         770000

                                              Q
                                       17550000
                                              o
                                              Q
                                       12037497
                                       529POOOO
                                        3608flOo"
                                        1161000
                                       22785000
                                       56317703

                                          23.47

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Report and on the Municipal Services Map.  The contribution of
the MS use index to value ratio decline is directly proportional
to the amount by which the use index exceeds 100.  For example,
a use index of 150 has double the effect of a use index of
125 and five times the effect of a use index of 110.

          d.   Utility District

               Utility districts provide water and sewer
services in addition to other utilities.  If a district pro-
vides an insufficient amount of water for its users' needs,
the fire protection afforded those users is inadequate.  That
inadequacy is reflected in an increased depreciation for all
economic activities in the district.  A waiter shortage can
occur for any of the following reasons:  1) the intake water
quality is 9 and therefore untreatable; 2) there is insuffi-
cient water for all of the users' needs; or 3) the district's
intake treatment plant has the capacity to treat less water
than its users need.

          e.   Depreciation

               A basic industry has a normal annual deprecia-
tion, depending on its type  (see Master Tables for deprecia-
tion rates).  It can also depreciate due to inadequate muni-
cipal services and/or inadequate fire protection.  Another
factor in depreciation is flooding.  The director specifies
when floods occur and a general degree of flooding.  The
degree of damage to the economic activity on a particular
parcel is influenced by three additional factors:  1) the
type of activity; 2) the river basin dam priorities; and 3)
the likelihood of the parcel being affected by a flood.  This
last factor is called the parcel's flood susceptibility and
can be found on the River Basin Flood Plain Map.  A parcel
having zero flood susceptibility is never affected by floods;
a parcel having a susceptibility of three is among the most
affected parcels.  The parameters for the other factors in
depreciation can be found on the Master Tables.  The amount of
depreciation due to MS, fire, and flood is printed in percent
of the activity's original value, assumed to be 100%.

               Basic industries which use surface water have
an additional factor in depreciation:  intake water quality.
The maximum depreciation due to intake water quality is 1%,
for water quality-9.  The depreciation decreases as the water
quality rating decreases, and there is no depreciation for
quality 1 water.

          f.   Water Consumption and Recycling

               Industries that use municipally-supplied water
normally receive all of their required water from a local

                              93

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municipal source  (the one within their utility district).
Eowever, there is one exception:  when the utility district
provides insufficient water for all of its users' needs.  An
industry supplied by a municipal water source receives water
from Outside only when the local supply is inadequate.  When
such occurs, each industry receives an amount of water propor-
tionate to its needs.  For example if the needs of a1! of the
water users in a utility totaled to 24 MGD and the district
was only able to supply 16 MGD  (67%), an industry needing 12
MGD would receive 8 MGD from the district (67% of its needs).

               The only businesses which do not use municipal
water are those basic industries which use surface water
directly.  There are two cases in which such a business would
not obtain all of its water requirement from the surface water:
1) the total amount attempted removed from the surface water
by itself and municipal intake points on its parcel was greater
than the amount of surface water on the parcel; or 2) the
surface water quality was 9.  In the first case, the business
would receive an amount of the surface water proportionate
to its requirement.  In the second case, the industry would
purchase all of its water requirement from the Outside.

               Basic industries which use surface water can
recycle up to 100% of their water.  At a recycling level of
100% an industry requires half as much water as normal and
has half as much effluent, although the amount of pollution
in the effluent does not change.

          g.   Effluent Treatment

               A basic industry which uses surface water can
treat its effluent.  A treatment plant can be one of four
types:  chlorination (CL) , primary treatment (PT) , secondary
treatment (ST),  or tertiary treatment (TT).   Each of the four
types removes a percent of each pollutant,  chlorination remov-
ing the least and tertiary the most.  A treatment plant has a
fixed capacity which is a function of its level.  Each level
of a business's effluent treatment plant has the capacity to
treat the effluent generated by one level of the business at
a recycling level of zero.  For example, a level two treat-
ment plant can treat all of the effluent generated by a bus-
iness operating at a level two with no recycling.  The plant
could handle all of the effluent of a business operating at a
level four if it had 100% recycling.  Any effluent in excess
of treatment plant capacity is dumped untreated into the
surface water.

          h.   Salary

               All industries must hire employees in terms of
whole population units in order to operate and earn income.
                              94

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Employees' salaries are expressed in terms of wage per worker
and not per PI.  Since the number of population units actually
hired by an employer is determined by the employment process
which takes into account location, transportation, educational
level of workers, salary offered and supply of and demand for
workers, it is important that employers take into considera-
tion the local labor market situation when setting salary
levels.

          i.   Employees and Employment Effect

               The number of population units required for a
level one development of all businesses is shown in the Eco-
nomic Master Table.  The number actually hired is shown on
the detail business output.  Full-time employees are shown
in population units  (Pi's) and part-time employees are shown
in time units, where 80 time units is equivalent to a full-time
job in terms of income earned for a PI.

               If a basic industry hires all of the employees
it requires, the employment effect is 1000 per level of
development.  A value of less than 1000 means that either
some of the full or some of the part-time employees required
from some income class were not hired.  It is useful to check
the Employment Summary and the Part-time Employment Statistics
if deficiency of employees exists.  If a basic industry at
level one hires only 80 percent of the Pi's it requires,
then the employment effect is 800 (i.e., 1000 x .80).

          j.   Units Produced

               The maximum units produced by a basic industry
is 1000 per level.  If the employment effect is less than
1000 and/or if the value ratio is less than 100 then the units
produced will not be at a maximum.  The units produced figure
is obtained by multiplying the employment effect by the value
ratio divided.by 100.  Thus, if the employment effect were 800
and the value ratio were 90, then the units produced would be
720 (i.e., 800 x .90).

          k.   Price Per Unit of Output and Income

               The price per unit of output for basic indus-
try is determined by the national business cycle price rela-
tive and the normal price per unit for the industry type.
The actual price per unit of output is the normal price multi-
plied by the business cycle price relative.  Income is the
product of the price per unit and the units produced.  All
sales of basic industry output are to the national system.
All output is sold and no inventories are accumulated.
                         95

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          1.   Expenditures

               Basic industry incurs expenses for business
goods and business services.  A fixed amount of BG and BS
units are purchased by basic industry by type and level for
normal operation.  Basic industry also purchases BG and BS
units in direct proportion to the amount of maintenance per-
formed, and these expenditures are listed separately under
the maintenance category.

               The expenditure for utilities depends upon the
number of utility units consumed by basic industry by type
and level (see the Economic Master Table) and price per
utility unit being charged by the Utility "Department.

               There are four types of basic industry expen-
ditures related to water:  recycling, intake treatment, out-
flow treatment, and payment for municipal (or Outside)  water.
A basic industry which uses municipal water can have only the
last of the four expenditures.  Local water prices per million
gallons consumed in a year are set by the Utility Department
for each economic activity.  The prices for industries may be
set by type.  The industry pays the local price for that
amount of water which is obtained from the Utility Department
and pays the Outside price for the amount not supplied by the
Utility Department (see Master Tables for Outside prices).

               The pricing is relatively straightforward.
For example, suppose an industry consumes 10 MG per day and
2500 MG per year.  Suppose the total amount of water required
by the water users in its utility district is 24 MGD but the
district can supply only 16 MGD (67%) .  The industry output
would show 6.7 MGD obtained from the municipal source and
3.3 MGD from the Outside.  The total amount obtained from
both sources equals the total daily amount required by the
industry (10 MGD).

               Whereas the daily requirement is used for
determining local water sufficiency, the billing is done on
an annual basis in proportion to the amount obtained from
each source daily.  Suppose the local price per MG for the
industry is $300.  Let the Outside price, which is always the
same for all water users, be $700 per MG.  Then the industry's
water expenditure for Outside water is: $700 x 3.3 x 250 =
$577,500.  The proportion purchased daily from Outside is
multiplied by the total annual requirement and the Outside
cost per MG.

               The industry's payment to the local Utility
Department is:  $300 x 6.7 x 250 = $502,500.
                              96

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               A basic industry which, uses surface water can
incur all four types of expenditures.  Recycling and outflow
treatment costs are direct functions df the business owner's
decisions.  The owner can set a recycling level of 0 to 100.
A business at 100% recycling requires half as much water as
a business at recycling level zero.  Likewise, it has half as
much effluent.  The cost to recycle a-million gallons of
water is given on the Master Table.  Suppose a TA reruired
17 MGD and 4420 MGY for a level one without recycling.  Suppose
a TA2 has a recycle level of 60%, and the cost to recycle is
$200 per million gallons.  The TA's annual volume of recycling
would be:  4420 MGD x 2 x (100-60)/200 = 1768 MG.  The cost
for recycling would be:  $200/MG x 1768 MG = $353,600.

               The business owner also decides what type and
level of effluent treatment, if any, the business has.  The
operating cost of an effluent treatment plant varies by type
of treatment and number of MG's treated in a year.  Suppose
the TA cited above had an STl effluent treatment plant and
the treatment cost per MG for ST was $200.  Since the STl can
treat only the equivalent of the outflow from a level one
business, its capacity would be 4420 MG in a year.  The busi-
ness  has 7072 MG of effluent (4420 x 2 - 1768).  It pays
$200 x 4420, or $884,000 for effluent treatment.  2652 MG are
dumped untreated.

               Expenditures for intake treatment and Outside
water (listed under MUNICIPAL SUPPLY) are automatically billed
to the business.  A business does not construct an intake
treatment plant; it is assumed to treat all of its required
water to a usable condition.  Intake treatment costs are a
function of the intake water quality, the type of business,
the volume of water consumed.  If the intake water quality of
the TA cited above were 3, and if the cost to a TA to treat
water quality 3 were $80 per MG, the TA's intake treatment
cost would be:   (4420 MG x 2 - 1768 MG) x $80/MG = $565,760.

               There is no cost to treat water purchased from
the Outside.  If part of a business's water were obtained from
the surface water and, due to a shortage of surface water,
part were obtained from the Outside, then the business would
have expenditures for both intake treatment and Outside supply.
If the surface water quality were 9, the business would have
only the latter expenditure.

               Basic industry pays transportation to BG and BS
if the industry purchases these from the local system.  The
transportation charges are based on the type and level of
industry and the least cost distances along the various types
of roads.  All basic industries except NS also incur transpor-
tation costs to the terminal which represents the cost of
shipping the units produced to national markets.  The trans-
                                97

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portation costs to BG,  BS and the terminal are independent of
the number of units purchased or produced.  The costs are
solely a function of type of industry, level, distance travel-
led to destination and type of roads.  Regardless of the dis-
tance travelled, an industry pays a base cost to travel to
each of the three types of destinations.  The total transpor-
tation cost (c) to a single destination is:

     C = (U x B) + IU x B x L x  (4 x T - R) ]
     where U is the number of units consumed
       and B is the base cost per unit consumed
       and L is the length of a parcel side in miles
       and T is the number of parcel sides traversed, along
             the least cost route between origin and destination
       and R is the sum of the road types traversed along
             parcel sides on the least cost route
     U x B is the base cost which the industry must pay.

     Suppose that the Master Table showed that a CRl consumes
3000 terminal units and has a base cost of $500 per terminal
unit consumed.  Suppose also that there is only one terminal
and a CR2 has no options on ways to travel:  it must go four
parcels on a type 2 road and two parcels on a type 3 road.
Suppose that in the simulated region a parcel side is 2.5
miles long.

     U = 3000 times 2,  or 6000 terminal units consumed
     B = $500
     L = 2.5
     T = 6, since six parcels are traversed
     R = 14, for four parcels on type 2 and two parcels on
         type 3 (4x2+ 2x3= 14)

The total transportation cost to terminal for the CR is:

     6000 x $500 + 6000 x $500 x 2.5 x  (4x6- 14) =
         $3,000,000 + $75,000,000 = $78,000,000

               Salary costs by class are determined by multi-
plying the salary per worker times the number of workers per
PI times the number of Pi's hired.

               Businesses pay property tax on the assessed
value of the development and the land occupied by the devel-
opment.  The Assessment Department assesses the value of
land and developments and the Chairman and Council determine
the tax rates to be applied to the assessed values of develop-
ments and of land.

               Businesses pay income taxes to the Federal and
State governments using the rates shown in the Master Table.

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               Businesses pay sales taxes on the purchases
from BG and BS.  There is a fixed state sales tax of 3%.  State
sales taxes are paid on purchases from the Outside system as
well as on local purchases.

          m.   Net Income and Rate of Return

               Basic industry net income is obtained by sub-
tracting all of the above expenditures from the gross income.

               The rate of return is printed for each business
as a percent, expressing the ratio of the business's net
income to its current value.  Current value is the original
value of the building times its value ratio divided by 100,
plus the market value of the land consumed by the building.
                              99

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       11. Commercial Establishment Detailed Output

          The computer output for commercial establishments
is slightly different for business commercial  (BG and BS)
and for personal commercial  (PG and PS) .  The major differ-
ence is that BG and BS always purchase their needed supplies
from the outside system, whereas PG and PS are  able to pur-
chase their goods and services from local BG and BS establish-
ments.  The commercial output shows the location, type and
level of development.

          a.   Value Ratio and Maintenance Level

               The quality of plant and equipment for commer-
cial establishments is represented by the value ratio.  The
value ratio is the ratio of present value to original value.
Commercial establishments depreciate every year in response
to time  ("normal" depreciation), MS service quality, use by
customers, adequacy of local water for fire protection, and
occasionally floods.  The Commercial Master Table shows the
annual percent depreciation caused by time, MS quality, use,
and water supply for fire protection.  Businesses may over-
come this depreciation effect by setting their maintenance
levels at points below which they do not want the value ratios
to fall.  For example, if a maintenance level is set at 100,
then that business will make maintenance expenditures every
year to keep the building in "like new" shape.  The value
ratio of a business may be raised above its present value
(if less than 100)  by inputting a maintenance level that is
higher than the value ratio.

          b.   MS District

               The value ratio for commercial establishments
is lowered by poor municipal services as measured by an MS
use index in excess of 100.  The computer output for commer-
cial establishments shows the code number of the municipa.1
service unit which serves the basic industry,  MS use indexes
are shown on the Municipal Services Department Report and
on the Municipal Services Map.  The contribution of the MS
use index to value ratio decline is directly proportional to
the amount by which the use index exceeds 100.  For example,
a use index of 150 has double the effect of a use index of
125 and five times' the effect of a use index of 110.

          c.   Utility District

               Utility districts provide water and sewer
services in addition to other utilities.  If a district pro-
vides an insufficient amount of water for its users ' needs',
the fire protection afforded those users is inadequate.  That
                              100

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              Figure 6.4
  iwnci TY
ECONOMIC  DECISION MAKER r-
COMMERCIAL OUTPUT
       * *********** 3:'*
                 9230
                 PG 1
                   90
                   90
                    1
                    1

                  2.6
                  0.0
                  0.0
                  0.8
                                                 ROUND
LOCATION
TYPF AND  LEVEL
VALUE PATIO
MAINTENANCE  LFVEL
MS OISTP ICT
UTILITY  DI ST PICT
DEPRECIATION  ( °? )
    MS
    FIRE
    FLOOD
    USE
WATER CONSUMPTION (MOD)
    MUNICIPAL                       0.23
    OUTSIDE                         0.0
SALARY  (PER  WORKER IN  100'S)
    HIGH                             100
    MIDDLE                           50
    LOW                               ?-5
EMPLOYEES
  FULL  TIME  (IN PI'S)
    HIGH                              8
    MIDDLE                           13
    LOW                               IB
  PART  T IME  (IN UNITS)
    HIGH                              0
    MIDDLE                           80
    LOW                              lf>0
EMPLOYMENT EFFECT                 14609
CAPACITY USED                     13822
EFFECTIVE CAPACITY                13148
PRICE/CU                          1°000
 INCOME
     SALES)PPIVATE)
            138220000
EXPENDITURES
     GOODS
     SERVICES
     MAINTENANCE
     UTILITIES
     WATER
     TRANSPORTATION
     SALARIES
     PROPERTY TAXES
     SALES TAXES
     INCOME TAXES
NET  INCOME

RATE OF RETURN
             66430000
             23500000
              1BOOOOO
               960300
                32085
               720000
             30800000
              102P50R
              2751900
              ?7?8 7r>0
              7496542

                27.76
                     101

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inadequacy is reflected in an increased depreciation  for  all
economic activities in the district.  A water shortage  can
occur for any of the following reasons:   1) the  intake  water
quality is 9 and therefore untreatable; 2) there  is insuffi-
cient water for all of the users' needs;  or 3) the district's
intake treatment plant has the capacity to treat  less water
than its users need.

          d.   Depreciation

               A commercial establishment has a normal  annual
depreciation, depending on its type  (see Master Tables  for
depreciation rates).  It can also depreciate due  to inade-
quate municipal services, use in excess of its effective
capacity, and/or inadequate fire protection.  Another factor
in depreciation is  flooding.  The director specifies when
floods occur and a  general degree of flooding.  The degree
of damage to the economic activity on a particular parcel is
influenced by three additional factors:   !)• the type of acti-
vity; 2) the river  basin dam priorities; and 3) the likelihood
of the parcel being affected by a flood.  This last factor
is called the parcel's flood susceptibility and can be  found
on the River Basin  Flood Plain Map.  A parcel having  zero
flood susceptibility is never affected by floods; a parcel
having a susceptibility of three is among the most affected
parcels.  The parameters for the other factors in depreciation
for commercial establishments can be found on the Commercial
Master Tables.  The amount of depreciation due to MS, fire,
flood, and use is printed in percent of the activity's  ori-
ginal value, assumed to be 100%.

          e.   Water Consumption

               Commercial establishments use municipally-
supplied water and  they normally receive all of their required
water from a local  municipal source  (the one within their
utility district).  However, there is one exception:  when
tne utility district provides insufficient water  for all of
its users' needs.  A commercial establishment supplied  by a
municipal water source receives water from Outside only when
the local supply is inadequate.  When such occurs, each
business receives an amount of water proportionate to its
needs.  For example if the needs of all of the water users
in a utility totaled to 24 MGD and the district was only
able to supply 16 MGD (67%), a business needing 3 MGD would
receive 2 MGD from  the district (67% of its needs).

          f.   Salary

               All businesses must hire employees in terms of
whole population units in order to operate and produce  shopping
                              102

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capacity.  Employees'  salaries  are expressed in terms  of wage
per worker and  not  per PI.   Since the number of population
units  actually  hired by an  employer is determined by the
employment process  which takes  into account location,  trans-
portation, educational level of workers,  salary offered and
supply of and demand for workers,  it is important thu.t
employers take  into consideration the local labor market
situation when  setting salary levels.

          g.    Employees and Employment Effect

                The  number of population units required for a
level  one development of all commercial.establishments is
shown  in the Commercial Master  Table.   The number actually
hired by a commercial establishment is shown on the  detailed
computer output.  Full-time employees  are shown in population
units  (Pi's) and  part-time  employees are  shown  in time units,
where  80 time units is equivalent to a full-time job in terms
of income earned  for a PI.

                If a commercial  establishment hires all of the
employees it requires, the  employment effect is equal  to the
design capacity shown in the Commercial Master  Table.   A
value  of less than  this design  capacity means that either some
of the full or  some of the  part-time employees  required from
.some income class were not  hired.   It  is  useful to check the
Employment Summary  and the  Part-time Employment Statistics
if deficiency of  employees  exists.   If a  commercial  establish-
ment at a development level of  one hires  only 80 percent of
the Pi's it requires,  then  the  employment effect is  80 per-
cent of the design  capacity.

          h.    Capacity Used and Effective Capacity

                The  effective capacity  is  calculated  for com-
mercial establishments by multiplying  the employment effect
times  the value ratio divided by 100.   The effective capacity
indicates the number of capacity units (CD's) that the com-
mercial establishment can supply to its customers without a
strain on plant,  equipment,  and quality of service.

                Capacity used is the number of consumption
units  that the  commercial establishment actually sold  to
customers in the  competitive local market as determined by the
commercial assignment process.   If the capacity used exceeds
the effective capacity,  then the commercial establishment
undergoes a strain  on its plant and equipment that is  repre-
sented by increased depreciation of the physical facilities.
BG and BS establishments may sign  contracts with local govern-
ment departments  (Schools and Municipal Services)  to automa-
tically supply  these departments with  their needed goods and
                               103

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services.  If these two government departments do not make a
contract with a local firm, they will purchase from the outside
system at greater than normal prices per unit.  These govern-
ment departments can specify a contract with up to three
local BG and three local BS establishments.  Greater detail
on these contracts is given under the description of the
government sector.

          i.   Price per Capacity Unit (CU)

               Each commercial establishment sets its own price.
Factors that must be taken into account when setting price
are location in relation to potential workers, buyers and
sellers; competitive establishments; local demand; boycotts;
and the typical price.  Typical prices are listed in the
Economic Master Table.

               The Commercial Process assigns customers to
commercial establishments on the basis of least cost to the
customer per consumption unit, including the customer's trans-
portation cost to get to the commercial establishment.  Cus-
tomers also are given a bias to shop where they shopped the
previous year and a bias against shopping at over-crowded
establishments.

               Owners of commercial establishments are encour-
aged to examine the commercial allocation summary output and
the commercial maps to see which stores are serving which
customers.   A detailed description of this output can be
found under the General Output Section.

          j.   Income

               Sales to private customers and sales to public
customers are separated for BG and BS, but not for PG and
PS since the latter establishments sell to only the private
sector.  Income is the product of capacity used and price
per CU.

          k.   Expenditures

               BG and BS spend money for service charges which
represent purchases from the outside system.  PG and PS spend
money for business goods and business services that repre-
sent the finished goods and services that they require in
order to operate.   In both cases, the dollar amount of expen-
ditures for goods  and services (service charges)  is directly
related to the number of capacity units sold.  These rela-
tionships are shown in the Commercial Master Table.
                              104

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               Commercial establishments must pay annual main-
tenance if the value ratio is to be prevented from declining.
BG and BS pay their maintenance to the outside system,
whereas PG and PS purchase units of BG and BS for the purposes
of maintenance.  These relationships are also shown in the
Commercial Master Table along with the factors that cause
depreciation.  Remember that overcrowding of commercial
establishments causes the depreciation rate to increase.

               Commercial establishments purchase utilities
based upon type and level of development as indicated in
the Commercial Master Table.

               There is one type of commercial establishment
expenditure for water:  payment for municipal (or Outside)
water.  Local water prices per million gallons consumed in a
year are set by the Utility Department for each economic
activity.  The prices for commercial establishments may be
set by type of establishment.  The business1 pays the local
price for that amount of water which is obtained from the
Utility Department and pays the Outside price for the amount
not supplied by the Utility Department (see Outside System
Master Tables for Outside prices).

               The pricing is relatively straightforward.
For example, suppose a business consumes 1.0 MG per day and
300 MG per year.  Suppose the total amount of water required
by the water users in its utility district is 24 MGD but the
district can supply only 16 MGD  (67%) .  The business output
would show .67 MGD obtained from the municipal source and
.33 MGD from the Outside.  The total amount obtained from
both sources equals the total daily amount required by the
industry (1.0 MGD).

               Whereas the daily requirement is used for
determining local water sufficiency, the billing is done on
an annual basis in proportion to the amount obtained from
each source daily.  Suppose the local price per MG for the
commercial establishment is $300.  Let the Outside price,
which is always the same for all water users, be $700 per
MG.  Then the business's water expenditure for Outside water
is:  $700 x .33 x 300 = $70,000.  The proportion purchased
daily from Outside is multiplied by the total annual require-
ment and the Outside cost per MG.  The business's payment to
the local Utility Department is:  $300 x .67 x 300 = $60,000.

               PG and PS have transportation charges to BG
and BS if they purchase locally, BG has transportation to
terminal to purchase goods from the Outside system, and BS
has no transportation charges.  The transportation costs by
type of road to the several destinations are given in the
                              105

-------
Commercial Master Table.  Transportation costs incurred by
commercial businesses are dependent upon the number of units
purchased.  The costs are also dependent upon the type of
buyer and seller, the distance travelled to the destination,
and the type of roads.  Regardless of the distance travelled,
a business pays a base cost to travel to a destination.
The total transportation cost (c) to 'a single destination is:

     C =  (U x B) + [U X B x L x  (4 x T - R) ]
     where U is the number of units consumed
       and B is the base cost per unit consumed
       and L is the length of a parcel side in miles
       and T is the number of parcel sides traversed along
             the least cost route between origin and destin-
             ation
       and R is the sum of the road types traversed along
             parcel sides on the least cost route
     U x B is the base cost which the business must pay.

               Suppose that the commercial output showed that
a BG. 1 had a capacity used of 2000 and therefore consumed
2000 terminal units.   Assume that the Commercial Master
Table shows that it cost $400 per HY 3 mile to travel to the
terminal.  Suppose also that there is only one terminal and
the BG 2 has no options on ways to travel:  it must go four
parcels on a type 2 road and two parcels on a type 3 road.
Suppose that in 'the simulated region a parcel side is 2.5
miles long.

     U = 2000 terminal units consumed
     B = $400
     L = 2.5
     T = 6, since six parcels are traversed
     R = 14, for four parcels on type 2 and two parcels on
         type 3 (4x2 + 2x3= 14)

The total transportation cost to terminal for the BG is:

     2000 x $400 + 2000 x $400 x 2.5 x (4 x 6 - 14)  =
          $800,000 + 20,000,000 = $20,800,000

               Salary costs by class are determined by multi-
plying the salary per worker times the number of workers per
PI times the number of Pi's hired.

               Businesses pay property tax on the assessed
value of the development and the land occupied by the devel-
opment.  The Assessment Department assesses the value of
land and developments and the Chairman and Council determine
the tax rates to be applied to the assessed values of devel-
opments and of land.   Businesses pay income taxes to the
                              106

-------
Federal and State governments using the rates shown in the
Commercial Master Table.  State income taxes apply to the
net income figure before other taxes have been deducted.

               Businesses pay sales taxes on the purchases
of goods and services.  There is a fixed state sales tax of
3%.  State sales taxes are paid on purchases from the Outside
system as well as on  local purchases.

          1.   Net Income and Rate of Return

               Business net income is obtained by subtracting
all of the above expenditures from the gross income.  Net
income for commercial establishments can be very volatile
because of the competitive aspect of the local market and
the individual business's control over pricing.

               The rate of return is printed for each business
as a percent, expressing the ratio of the business's net
income to its current value.  Current value is the original
value of the building times its value ratio divided by 100,
plus the market value of the land consumed by the building.
                               107

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    IV. Economic Sector Decisions

     A-   Summary of Decisions

      The decisions that are available to the Economic-Sector
decision-makers may be classified into three categories:
those specific to a team, those specific to a particular  bus-
iness, and capital expenses.  These are outlined below.

Decisions Specific to a Team
      Lend Money (to other teams)
     Borrow Money (from outside bankers)
      Invest or Disinvest in Stocks  (outside system)
      Transfer Cash (to social or economic teams or government
       department)

Decisions Specific to a Business
     All Businesses
          Change Maintenance Level
          Boycott
     Residences
          Change Rents
     Commercial
          Change Prices
     Commercial and Industrial
          Change Salaries
     Industrial
          Change Operating Level
          Construct or Demolish Effluent Treatment Plant
          Recycle Water Used
     Farms
          Change Fertilizer Level Used

Capital Decisions
     Purchase Land
     Construct or Demolish Land Use Activities

     tt.   Input Format

     Local system decision-makers (such as the Economic
Sector)  use a standardized input form (Figure ES-2) when
making decisions that must be processed by the computer.

     The standard format for these decisions is:

          $CODE/=dm/a, b, c, ...

     1.   $CODE stands for the type of decision code.  The
Economic Sector has the option to make decisions that use
the following decision codes:
                              108

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           $OTHER (lend and borrow money, invest in or sell
                   stocks)
           $CASH  (transfer cash)
           $CVPT  (change rents, prices, maintenance levels,
                   salaries)
           $BYCT  (boycott)
           $ENDS  (change a business"s operating or recy-
                   cling level)
           $WRBLD (construct or demolish an effluent treat-
                   ment plant)
           $ODDS  (change a farm's fertilizer level)
           $PU    (buy or sell land)
           $BUILD (construct or demolish an economic
                   activity)

     2.  "=dm" is the decision-maker, which for the economic
sector is "A", "B", "C", etc.

     3.  The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the parti-
cular decision.

     Note that there is a slash  (/) after the decision-maker
code.  There are commas separating all other bits of informa-
tion.  Note also that the decision-maker code is prefaced by
an equals sign ( = ).
                             109

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                                        Figure ES-2
                                                   Note:  When filling out this form, refer to
                                                          input description form in the manual.

                                                          Please write clearly; distinguish
                                                          between 1 (one) and "I"  (eye), "0"
                                                          (oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
                                                          in numbers exactly as required;
                                                          omitting commas within numbers (100000)
Decision   Decision-
  Code       Maker
$_
$.
$_
$_
$.
$.
$_
?.
s.
$
/ =„
/ =

/ =_
/ =.
/ =.
/ =

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ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS:   INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision
DECISIONS
SPECIFIC TO
A TEAM
LEND MONEY
BORROW MONEY
INVEST OR
DISINVEST
IN STOCKS
TRANSFER
CASH
NOTE



Decision-
Code Maker a



$OTHER A, B, C, LO
etc .
$OTHER A, B, C, BO
'etc .
$OTHER A, B, C, SP, CN,
etc. SELLSP,
SELLCN
$CASH A, B, C, C
etc .
: IF SOCIAL RECIPIENT
put 0 in column "f"
and location in
column "g" .

be d



amount (in term interest
$10,000's) (2 or 25) rate
(in mils)
amount (in term
$10,000's) (2 or 25)
amount (in
dollars)

receiver amount (in PVT
(economic dollars)
or social
decision-
maker or
department
and juris-
diction)

e



borrower




if reci-
pient is:
economic,
PVT; so-
cial, H,
M,or L;
govern-
ment,
CAPital
or CURrent
account

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ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS:  INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision Code
ALL BUSINESSES
CHANGE $CVPT
MAINTENANCE
LEVEL
BOYCOTT $BYCT
RESIDENCES ONLY
Change Rents $CVPT
COMMERCIAL ONLY
Change Prices $CVPT
COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL
Change Salaries $CVPT
Decision-
Maker
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
a b c d
M location new main-
~~ tenance
level
E land use S location
boycotting boycotted
R location new rent
per space
unit (in
$1000's)
P location price/CU
(in $100's)
S location salary to salary to
~~ low income middle
(specified income
e

Stop the
Boycott or
Begin it


salary to
high in-
come (spe-
                                        as salary   (specified   cified as
                                        per worker  'as salary   salary
                                        in $100-'s)  per worker  Per worker
                                                    in $100's)  in $100's)

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                   ECONOMIC  DECISION-MAKERS:  INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of Decision-
Decision Code Maker a b c d e
INDUSTRIAL
ONLY
Change the $ENDS A, B, C, L location New Old New
Operating etc. Level Level Level
Level



Construct $WRBLD A, B, C, T location OUT Old New
or Demolish etc. * Level Level
Effluent ^
Treatment
Plant


Recycle $ENDS A, B, C, R location percent
Water Used etc. recycling
(0 to 100)
FARMS ONLY
Change the $ODDS A, B, C, F_ farm code fertilizer
Fertilizer etc. number level (0-3)

f g


0 New
Treat-
ment
Type
(CL,PTf
ST,TT)

0 New
Treat-
ment
Type
(CL,PT,
ST,TT)






Level

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  Type of
 Decision

 CAPITAL
 DECISION
 Purchase  or  $PU
 bid on  land'
      ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS:  INPUT EXPLANATION  FORM

         Decision-
Code      Maker        a       b      c       d      e       f
        A,  B,
        etc.
C,  location price seller  if from
             (in    (econo- depart-
            $1000's)mic      ment,
                    team,    percent
                    or de-  of par-
                    partment eel
                    and  ju-
                    risdic-
                    tion or,
                    if bid,
                    OU)
 Construct or $OUBLD
 Demolish
 Land Use
 Activities
        A,  B, C,
        etc.
    location land  old
              use   level
              code
new    main-
level  tenance
       level
*f if residence, quality index; if business, salary to PL, worker  (ijn $100's)
*g if residence,, .0 or 1  (if private utilities); if business, salary to PM worker (in $100's)
*h if residence,' rent per space unit  (in $1000?s); if business, salary to PH workers (in $100's)
*i if commercial, price  per CU (in $100ls)

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 C.  Sample Decisions

A.   Decisions Specific to a Team

    A.I  Lend Money

         Team A lends team C $2,000,0'00 for a period of 2
         rounds and at an annual interest rate of 8.b percent.

         Team F lends team G $150,000 for a period of 25 years
         at an annual interest rate of 10-7 percent.

    A.2  Borrow Money

         Team B places an application with outside system
         bankers to borrow $14,000,000 to be paid off during
         a 25 year period.  (This decision will be accepted
         if this loan does not make Team B's debts rise above
         80 percent of its net worth.)

    A.3  Invest or Disinvest in Stocks

         Team A invests $159,000 in speculative stocks.
         Team B invests $42,550 in conservative stocks.
         Team C disinvests (sells) $452,753 worth of specula-
           tive stocks.
         Team D sells $35,000 worth of conservative stocks.

    A.4  Transfer Cash

         Team E transfers $25,000 in cash to Team F.
         Team E transfers $10,000 in cash to the low-income
           social living on parcel 9230 and controlled by
           social decision-maker GG.  (Note that social teams
           are identified for this by a two lettered name.)
         Team E transfers $2,700,000 to the capital account
           of the School Department in Jurisdiction 1.

B.   Decisions Specific to a Business
    All Businesses

    B.I  Change Maintenance Level

         Team A changes the maintenance level for its RA3 on
         9248 from 80 to 85.

         Team B changes the maintenance level for its BG on
         9632 and for its NS on 10032 to 92.  (Note that all
         the parcel numbers within the parentheses are treated
         as a single list of information.)
                                115

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B.2  Boycott

     Team B has its RA housing boycott the PG establish-
     ment at 9232 owned by Team C.

     Team D stops the boycotts that its chemical esta-
     blishment (CR) had against the BG at 10018.

Residences

B.3  Change Rents

     Team D changes the rent for its RB5 on 11232 from
     $135,000 per space unit to 147,000 per space unit.

Commercial

B.4  Change Prices

     Team G changes the price per unit of output sold for
     its PS at 11438 from $10,000 to $11,500.

Commercial and Industrial

B.5  Change Salaries

     Team F changes the low-income salaries paid at the
     BS on parcel 10040 from $2,500 per worker to $2,700
     per worker.   He leaves the PM salary at $5,000 and -
     the PH salary at $10,000.  (Note that the old sala-
     ries must be listed on the input form for those
     income classes whose salaries were not changed.)

Industrial

B.6  Change Operating Level

     Team C wishes to reduce the operating level of its
     CR3 at 10844 from 3 to 2 and increase the operating
     level of its MP (which has -a constructed level of 3
     but a present operating level of 1) at 11040 from
     a 1 to 2.

B.7  Construct Effluent Treatment Facilities

     Team A decides to construct a second level primary
     treatment facility for its PAS at 10838.

     Team F decides to demolish one of the levels of  its
     third level tertiary treatment facility on parcel 9842
                            116

-------
    B.8  Recycle Water Used

         Team G decides to recycle 50 percent of the water
         used by its MP2 at location 8430.

    Farms

    B.9  Change the Fertilizer Level Used

         Team A decides to change the fertilizer level of its
         farm (code number 2) from 2 to 0.

C.   Capital Decisions

    C.I  Purchase or Sell Land

         Team A places a bid for $1,000,000 on parcel 11448
         which is owned by the outside system.  (The director
         will determine if this bid is successful.  Successful
         or not Team A will pay a bid fee just to make the
         bid.  The amount of the bid fee is listed in the
         Economic Master Table and it is expressed as a per-
         cent of the bid price.)

         Team A purchases all of the privately owned land
         (and any developments that happen to be on this land)
         from Team B for $5,600,000.

         Team A purchases 36 percent of parcel 9242 from the
         Planning and Zoning Department in Jurisdiction J. for
         $1,430,000.  This land may be used immediately by
         Team A for any use allowed to Team A.

    C.2  Construct or Demolish Land Use Activities

         Team A demolishes .an RA5 that was located on 11238.
         (Assume that Team A also gets the government to
         rezone the land and supply the needed level of
         utility service.)  Team A then constructs a CRl on
         the cleared land.  The maintenance level for this
         CRl is specified to be 100'and the salaries offered
         are $3,700 for PL workers, $5,400 for PM workers,
         and $10,500 for PH workers.

         Team B upgrades  (builds more on a parcel that already
         has some development) the RB2 on parcel 10034 to an
         RB3 and sets the new maintenance level at 80.  The
         quality index for the new level of housing is 80
         (this is averaged with the old quality of the RB2
         already there)  and the new rent for the entire RB3
         is $150,000 per space unit.
                               117

-------
Team C upgrades the BG1 at 9434 to a BG2 and sets
the new maintenance level to 70.  Salaries are spe-
cified as $2,800 per PL worker, $5,200 per PM worker,
and $10,600 per PH worker. .The price charged for
units sold by the BG is set at $107,000 per CU
(capacity unit).
                      118

-------
SAMPLE DECISION  INPUTS FOR THE ECONOMIC  SECTOR
Sample
Decision
A.I
A.I
A. 2
A. 3
A. 3
A. 3
A. 4
A. 4
A. 4
Decision Decision- *«i a \r ""O^V HjcV ^d>- '^&Jr "^f^" "^9^
Code Maker ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
$ OTHE&/ = A / 10 , 200 , 2. , 7 5" , O
$ OTHEfL/ =
$ QTHE&/ =
$ OTl-ttK / =
$ ^7£^. / =
$ 0T}l£/t. / =
$ ^T^^.C / =
$ CAW / -
$ GASH / -
$ ^XI^A^ / -
P / L0 , /f , 2S" , /07 , G
8 / 8^ , /f^c , j?r"
A / SP , i$«)oco,
B / CA/ , Vasrd),
C /S£tt~SP, 
-------
                            SAMPLE  DECISION INPUTS FOR THE ECONOMIC SECTOR
tx)
o
Sample
Decision
B.I
S.I
B.2
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B. 6
B.6
B.7
B.7
B.8
B.9
Decision Decision- ^a^ -^^b^ "N^/?" "vL^" "^v^" "4SO*" "^9^"
Code Maker ^~*^ ^^^ ^"*^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^
$CVPT / = A / M , 9i4?f sg~ ,
$ dVPT / =
$ fBYCT/ =
$ ftYcr / =
$ c?/pr / =
$ ovpr/ =
$ ever/ =
$ £N'DS / =
$ £ND5 / -
$ U4?atD / -
$WR8ll)/ -
$ Er^DS / =
$ GOD<> / =
B
B
£
P
£
P
c
c.
A
F ,
£
A .
/ A1 /^32,, f 2-
/ E , £A , S , f23£, B
/ £ , CR. , S > I0t>i$ . S
/ X. , 7/232, W 	
/ P , //y3,f, //S' ,
/ S , W40, i? ,. S7> , /oo r
/ L , 'OiStfH i 2» > , , , ,
/ i, , /JO-fo, 2. » , , , ,
o
/ T , 10838 , $VT , Q , Z , & , PT ,
/ T , 98-42,, <$Vr, 3,2-, 0 , TT ,
/ K , ?43« 5-0
/ F , i. , 0 .

-------
SAMPLE DECISION  INPUTS FOR THE ECONOMIC SECTOR
Sample
Decision
C.I
C.I
C.I
C.2
C.2
C.2
C.2
Decision Decision- HaJ"
Code Maker ^^^
$ PU / - A / M448,
$ PU / =
$ PU / -
$ / =
$^U6UD / =
$ 0U8l!> / =
$  / -
$^;s,D/ _
A
A

A
A
B
C
/ H038,
/ 9Z42 ,
/
/ HZ39,
/ "**8 ,
/ 10034,
/ 9434 ,
1000 , <0U , , , , , ,
5*600, 8 ,
»430 , PH i , 36 ,
•
RA , 5 , 0 ,
C^ , 0 , 1 , 100 , 3L? , 5-4 , 105" ,
R@ , 2. , ?b , 80 , 80 , O , I5"O ,
SGi ,1,2., 7O , 28 , jTT- , IO6 , \O~7o

-------
  V.   Economic Sector Master Tables

     The numerical values of direct importance to the economic
decision-makers are found in six master tables:

     A.   Master Table for Economic Teams (showing information on
         borrowing and debts, rates of return on stocks, normal
         price relatives for basic industries, development alter-
         natives,  boycotts,  and taxes)

     B.   Master Table for Industrial Establishments (showing
         information for all the basic industries including NS)

     C.   Master Table for Commercial Establishments (showing infor-
         mation for BG,  BS,  PG, and PS)

     •p    Master Table for Residences (showing information for RA,
         RB,  and RC type housing)

     E.   Farm Master Table (showing changes in income as a function
         of the fertilizer level and the pollution associated with the
         various fertilizer  levels for each of five farm types)

     F.   Planning Master Table (showing the impact of the industrial,
         commercial, and residential developments on land consumption,
         utility service, employment,  terminal usage,  and municipal
         services)
                                122

-------
          A. MASTER TABLE FOR ECONOMIC TEAMS
LIMITATIONS ON  DEBTS
  MAXIMUM AMOUNT  OF DEBT                 80% OF NET WORTH

  NORMAL RANGE  OF OUTSIDE INTEREST RATES     4.3% to 6.2%
NORMAL RANGE  OF  RATES  OF RETURN ON
  SPECULATIVE STOCK
  CONSERVATIVE STOCKS

NORMAL RANGE  OF  PRICE  RELATIVES
  HEAVY INDUSTRIES
  LIGHT INDUSTRIES
  NATIONAL SERVICES
DEVELOPMENTS  (LEVEL  ONE)
  HEAVY INDUSTRY
    SURFACE WATER  USERS
    MUNICIPAL WATER  USERS
  LIGHT INDUSTRY
    SURFACE WATER  USER
  NATIONAL SERVICES
  LOCAL COMMERCIAL
   RANGE  FOR
 CONSTRUCTION
    COSTS
(Millions of
   Dollars)
  240-300
  140-320

  120-250
     50
   20-45
  RESIDENCES(100  Quality Index)    1-25
              - 1 to 10%
                5 to 7%
.90 to 1.12
.93 to 1.10
.95 to 1.06

  RANGE FOR
    LAND
 REQUIREMENT
  (Percent
 of a Parcel)
   28-48
   12-40

    6-28
     12
   10-12
      2
Economic Boycotts*

Possible Boycotting Activities

FL, SG, MP, MF, NL,  EL,  TE,  FO,
TA, PA, CR
NS, PG, PS
RA, RB, RC

*This does not  include  any social boycotts that might be
directed against  economic teams.   For example, population
units may boycott working at any economic employment location
or shopping at  any  PG or PS  establishment.
         Activities that Can
           Be Boycotted
             BG,  BS
             PB,  PS
                              123

-------
                      ECONOMIC TEAMS

Outside System Taxes on all Developments

     Income Taxes
       State - 5% of gross income minus all expenses except
               water,  utilities,  transportation, this tax
               and federal income tax

       Federal - 22% of first $25,000 and 48% of above
                 $25,000 on gross income minus all expendi-
                 tures except water, utilities, transporta-
                 tion, and this tax

     Sales Taxes

       3% State sales  tax applied against purchases of goods
       and services (from BG, BS, PG and PS,   and purchases
       from the Outside by BG and BS)
                               124

-------
                             B.
                                  MASTER TABLE  FOIt  INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
                                         (LEVEL ONE  CHARACTERISTICS)
    LOCATION RKQUIKKMENTS
                                 FL
                                       SG
                                                    MF
                                                                            FO
                                                                                        PA
                                                                                               CR
1, PERCENT OF PARCEL 28
(Maximum Possible Levels) (3)
2. ZONING REQUIRED
00
10
20
21
3. MINIMUM LEVEL OF 1
UTILITY SERVICE
4. ANNUAL UTILITY UNITS
CONSUMED 50
5. CONSTRUCTION COSTS 300
(Millions of Dollars)
DEPRECIATION
6, ANNUAL PERCENTAGE 3.0
(Due to Aging)
7. MS EFFECT 3.0
(Maximum Percentage)
8. FIRE (Maximum Percentage) 3. 0
40
(2)
00
10
20
21

100
240


2.0

2.0

2.0
48
(2)
00
10
20
21

.700
240


4.0

4.0

4.0
20
(5)
00
10
20
21

100
320


3. 5

3.0

3.5
15
(6)
00
10
20
21

100
150


3.0

3.0

3.0
9. FLOOD Depends upon amount input by
FLOOD MULTIPLIER .6
10. WATER QUALITY (Maximum) 1.0
WATER CHARACTERISTICS
11. SURFACE WATER USER *.
^2 CONSUMPTION (MfiO) fi)
13. DAYS IN OPERATION 260
PER YEAR
14. CONSUMPTION (MGY) 15860
15. RECYCLING _
COST PER MG
MAXIMUM PERCENT OF 100
WATER ABLE TO BE
RECYCLED
16. EFFLUENT TREATMENT
CONSTRUCTION COST
PER LEVEL
(Millions of Dollars)
CL .5
PT 5
ST 15
TT 45
EMPLOYEES
17. FULL TIME POPULATION
UNITS (PI'S)
PH 8
PM 8
PL 35
18. PART TIME (Leisure
Time Units)
PH 0
PM 80
PL 240
CAPACITY MEASUKKS
.6
NA


10
260

2600
rJft
NA






NA
NA
NA
NA



14
18
23


80
160
ICO

.6
1.0

X
22 5
260

58500
Jot>
100






.8
8
24
72



19
18
18


80
160
320

.6
NA


Q
260

2340
Hfl
NA






NA
NA
NA
NA



24
18
17


80
160
160

.6
NA


12
260

3120
fjft
NA






NA
NA
NA
NA



21
20
10


80
80
160

12
(8)
00
10
20
21
2
200
140


4.0

4.0

4.0
12
(8)
00
10
20
21
2
200
180


5.0

5.0

5.0
20
(5)
00
10
20
22
3
300
230


2.0

2.0

2.0
6
(16)
00
10
20
22
1
100
120


1.5

2.0

1.5
director and location
.6
NA


260

1300
tJfi
NA






NA
NA
NA
NA



30
18
17


80
80
80

.6
NA


260

2080
Hfl
NA






NA
NA
NA
NA



25
22
15


80
80
80

.5
1.0

X
260

12740
Aoo
100






.45
4.5
13. 5
40.5



15
19
24


0
80
80

.5
1.0

X
260

4420
SO"
100






.2
2
6
18



15
10
30


0
0
240

16
(6)
00
10
20
22
3
300
250


1.5

2.0

1.5
28
(3)
00
10
20
22
4
400
250


3.0

3.0

3.0
12
(8)
00
10
30
31
1
76
50


3.0

3.0

3.0
in flood plain
.5
1.0

X
260

86580
2oo
100






1
10
30
90



23
17
20


80
0
160..

.5
1.0

X
260

8060
-jcc
100






. 3
3
9
27



24
24
14
i

80
80
80





260

46.8
fjft
NA






NA
NA
NA
NA



23
9
9


80
0
0

19.


20.
                         1000  1000  1000   1000   1000   1000


MAXIMUM UNITS  PRODUCED  1000  1000  1000   1000   1000   1000
MAXIMUM EMPLOYMENT
EKFKCT
                                                                    1000  1000   1000   1000   1000    1000
                                                              1000  1000   1000   1000   1000    1000
                                                  125

-------
                           FL
                                 SG    HP
                                            MF    NL    EL    TE    FO    TA    PA     CR
                                                                                                NS
INCOME FACTORS
21.


22.



23.
24.

25.


26.

27.
















28.






29.

30.



31.
32.





NORMAL PRICE PER UNIT
SOLD (Thousands of
Dollars)
TYPICAL INCOME FROM
SALES (Millions of
Dollars)
EXPENDITURES
BUSINESS GOODS (Units)
BUSINESS SERVICES
(Units)
PURCHASES PER 1%
MAINTENANCE
BG UNITS
BS UNITS
TYPICAL UTILITIES COSTS
(Millions of Dollars)
WATER
(Millions of Dollars)
RECYCLING (Assuming
100% recycled)
INTAKE PROCESS
(Assuming Water
Quality of 4)
OUTFLOW TREATMENT
(Operating Costs)
CL ($1000)
PT
ST
TT
MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
(Assuming water
costs of $450 per
KG)
(Millions of Dollars)
TRANSPORTATION (Per
Unit of Output on
Type 3 Road)
TO BG
TO BS
TO TERMINAL
TERMINAL UNITS
SALARIES (Full
Employment)
TAXES
PROPERTY
SALES
INCOME
RYTE OF RETURN
UNITS OF POLLUTION
PER MG
BOD (LBS/MG)
CHLORIDES (LBS/MG)
NUTRIENTS (LBS/HG)
COLIFORM (Parts/MG)
196 155


196 155



400 200
-120 40



10 8
.5 1.0



3.17 NA

1.59 NA



397 NA
1588 NA
3176 NA
4764 NA
NA 1.17







2500 6000
1500 1500
2500 2000
1000 10000

Depends

176


176



140
35



10
7.0



11.70

5.85



1463
5852
11704
17556
NA







7000
1500
2000
6000

.232


232



300
180



8
1.0



NA

NA



NA
NA
NA
NA
147 200


147 200



100 400
54 246



8 6
1.0 2.0



NA NA

NA NA



NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
1.05 1.40 .59







2700
1500
1500
2000








7000 1000
1500 1500
1000 500
1000 1000

184


184



200
174



10
6
2.0



NA

NA



NA
NA
NA
NA
.94







2500
1500
1500
2000

148


148



30
10



5
2
3.0



2.55

1.27



319
1276
2552
3828
NA







1000
1500
1000
3000

100


100



20
10



4
1.0



.88

.44



111
444
888
1332
NA







5000
1500
500
1000

183


183



100
44



4
3.0



17.32

8.66



2165
8660
17320
25980
NA







2000
1500
1500
3000

185


185



iso
50



4
4.0



1.61

.81



302
808
1616
2424
NA







2000
1500
1000
3000

110


110



60
23



1
.76



NA

NA



NA
NA
NA
NA
.02







1250
1250
NA
NA

upon Salary levels offered.

Local rate time:








s assessed value
Fixed state sales tax
Federal-State tax plus
Net income divided by


600 500
100 100
1000 1000
20 10
TEMPERATURE DEVIATION 9 0
OIL & FLOATING SOLIDS 1 0

33.











HIGH LEVEL WASTES
INTAKE TREATMENT COSTS
PER MG (dollars)
QUALITY OF WATKR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
0 0



10 NA
60 NA
80 NA
100 NA
180 NA
300 NA
450 NA
600 NA
Cnnnot bo


1000
170
500
20
6
1
0



20
60
80
100
180
300
.450
600
USO(] .


500
150
700
30
0
1
0



NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

times purchases
local tax.
of goods and
services
if any
sum of business


400 800
150 200
100 200
20 20
0 0
0 0
0 0



NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA



500
180
100
30
0
0
0



NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

value


6000
400
10000
300
9
1
0



50
60
80
100
180
300
450
600

and land value


6000
130
'4000
20
18
1
1



20
60
80
100
180
300
450
600



3000
380
3000
150
16
1
1



20.
60
80
100
180
300
450
600



2000
600
800
50
4
1
1



30
60
80
100
180
300
450
600



100
0
0
20
0
0
0



NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

                                          126

-------
     C-  MASTER TABLE FOR COMMERCIAL  ESTABLISHMENTS
                (LEVEL ONE CHARACTERISTICS)

                                    BG        BS       PG        PS

LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1 .

2,




3.



4.


5.

6 .
7.
8.

9.

10.

11.
12.


13.



14.



PERCENT OF A PARCEL CONSUMED
(Maximum Possible Levels)
ZONING REQUIR'ED




MINIMUM LEVEL OF UTILITY
SERVICE
(Annual Utility Units
Consumed)
CONSTRUCTION COST
(Millions of Dollars)
DEPRECIATION
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE (Due to
Aging)
MS EFFECT (Maximum Percentage)
FIRE (Maximum Percentage)
FLOOD (Maximum Percentage)
FLOOD MULTIPLIER
USE (Percentage at 100% Use)
WATER CONSUMPTION
MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY
(MGD)
DAYS WATER IS USED PER YEAR
MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR
(MGY)
EMPLOYEES
FULL TIME POPULATION UNITS (PI1
PH
PM
PL
PART TIME (Leisure Time Units)
PH
PM
PL
12
(8)
__
00
10
30
32
2

112

25


1.5

2.5


1.5
1.5

.13

210
41


s)
14
7
8

80
0
0
10
(10)
_ —
00
10
30
33
1

71

10


2.0

3.0


1.4
2.0

.17

310
53



20
9
9

80
0
0
12
(8)
__
00
10
30
34
1

99

30


1.6

2.6


1.3
1.6

.23

310
72



8
13
23

0
80
160
12
(8)
__
00
10
30
35
1

77

10


2.2

3.2


1.2
2.2

.18

310
56



6
11
16

0
80
160
                                127

-------
                                       BG
                                          BS
                                                         PG
                                                             PS
    CAPACITY MEASURES
15.
16.
17.

18.


19.
20.


21.




22.

23.

24.




MAXIMUM EMPLOYMENT EFFECT
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE CAPACITY
NORMAL PRICE PER CAPACITY UNIT
SOLD (Thousands of Dollars)
TYPICAL INCOME FROM SALES
(Millions of Dollars)
EXPENDITURES
BUSINESS GOODS (Units)
BUSINESS SERVICES (Units)
OUTSIDE SERVICE CHARGES
(Thousands of Dollars)
PURCHASES PER 1% MAINTENANCE
BG UNITS
BS UNITS
OUTSIDE SERVICE CHARGES
(Thousands of Dollars)
TYPICAL UTILITIES COSTS
(Millions of Dollars)
WATER (Assuming Water Costs
= $450)
TRANSPORTATION (Per Unit of
Capacity on HY3)
TO BG
TO BS
TO TERMINAL
5000
5000
100

500


NA
NA
83/CU


NA
NA

250

1.12
18135



NA
NA
1
1500
1500
100

150


NA
NA
58/CU


NA
NA

100

.71
23715



NA
NA
NA
16000
16000
10

160


.037/CU
.017/CU
NA


2
1

NA

.99
32085



.0425
.02
NA
8000
8000
10

80


.03/CU
.01/CU
NA


.75
.25

NA

.77
25110



.0375
.0125
NA
25

26
27.
SALARIES (Full Employment)

TAXES
  PROPERTY
  SALES

  INCOME
      RATE OF RETURN
Depends upon salary levels offered
Local rate times assessed value,
Fixed state sales tax times
purchases of goods and services
Federal-state tax plus local
tax, if any.

Net income divided by sum of
building value and land value.
                                  128

-------
D.  MASTER  TABLE FOR RESIDENCES
   (LEVEL  ONE CHARACTERISTICS)
LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1.
2.

3.



4.

5.

PERCENT OF PARCEL CONSUMED
(Maximum Possible Levels of
Development)
ZONING REQUIRED



MINIMUM LEVEL OF UTILITY
SERVICE REQUIRED
(Annual Utility Units
Consumed)
RA
2
(50)

_ _
00
40
41
1

(4)

RB
2
(50)

__
00
40
42
1

(26)

RC
2
(50)

_—
00
40
43
2

(117)

CONSTRUCTION FACTORS
6.
7.
COST (Millions of dollars)
QUALITY INDEX (When new, equal to or
greater than)
1
40
6
40
25
40
DEPRECIATION
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
ANNUAL (Due to aging)
MS EFFECT (Maximum)
FIRE (Maximum)
2.0
2.0
2.0
FLOOD (Maximum depends upon damage set by
on flood plain)
(Flood Multiplier) (1.1)
3.0
3.0
2.0
director
(1.0)
4.0
3.0
2.0
and location
(.9)
WATER CONSUMPTION (Depends Upon Occupants)
13.
14.
15.
MGY PER PH
MGY PER PM
MGY PER PL
29
25
11
25
18
11
22
11
7
                 129

-------
                                              RA
                                                  RB
                   RC
16.  NUMBER OF  DAYS  DURING YEAR
WATER IS USED
17. MGD PER PH
18. MGD PER PM
19. MGD PER PL
OCCUPANTS
20. SPACE UNITS PROVIDED
21. SPACE UNITS DEMANDED:
PH
PM
PL
RENT PER SPACE UNIT (Thousands of dollars)
22 . MAXIMUM
23. NORMALS FOR VARIOUS CLASSES
PH
PM
PL
INCOME (Assuming 100% Occupancy)
360
.08
.07
.03
2
2
1.5
1
210
165
150
140

360
.07
.05
.03
12
2
1.5
1
210
165
150
140

360
.06
.03
.02
50
2
1.5
1
210
165
150
140

        (Thousands of Dollars)
24.  AT MAXIMUM  RENT

25.  AT RENT OF  $150,000 PER SPACE UNIT
           PH OCCUPANTS
           PM OCCUPANTS
           PL OCCUPANTS

EXPENDITURES
                                       420
26.
27.


28.
MAINTENANCE
      PG UNITS  PER 1%  MAINTENANCE
      PS UNITS  PER 1%  MAINTENANCE
      NORMAL TOTAL COSTS PER 1%
        MAINTENANCE

NORMAL UTILITIES  CHARGES
(Thousands of dollars)
40
       2520
260
TAXES
  PROPERTY  (Local  rate times assessed value)
  INCOME  (Federal-state tax plus local tax)
  SALES  (Local rate  times purchases for maintenance)
       10500
300
300
300
.7
.3
10
1800
1800
1800
4
2
60
7500
7500
7500
17
8
250
1170
                                     130

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NET INCOME
RATE OF RETURN
ENVIRONMENTAL  INDEXES
Income from rent minus expenditures

Net income divided by sum of residence
value and land value

Comprised of pollution index plus
residence quality, rent, MS and school
use indexes, and taxes or welfare
                                     131

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                 E.  FARM MASTER TABLE

Farm Identification       Fl      F2      F3
Percent Increase in
Net Income as a
Function of the
Fertilizer Level
               1
               2
               3
  7
 12
 20
Pollution of Nutrients
(in LBS/MG) as a
Function of the
Fertilizer Level
               0
               1
               2
 40
 80
160
320
  8
 16
 25
 50
100
250
500
  5
  9
 15
 30
 6.0
 90
180
                      F4
  3
  7
 12
 20
 40
 80
160
                       F5
 2
 5
 9
10
20
30
60
                           132

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F-  PLANNING  MASTER TABLE
(LEVEL ONE CHARACTERISTICS)
H
0)
U
^
a
CM
m
m
o
-p
c
ACTIVITY B
M

FL
SG
MP
MF
NL
EL
TE
FO
TA
PA
CR
NS
BG
BS
PG
PS
RA
RB
RC

0)
p.
28
40
48
20
15
12
12
20
6
16
28
12
12
10
12
12
2
2
2

aximum Possible Levels
^
(3)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(16)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(8)
(8)
(50)
(50)
(50)

nimum Level of Utility
Service
•H
s
1
1
7
1
1
2
2
3
1
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2

nual Utility Units
Consumed
S
50
100
700
100
100
200
200
300
100
300
400
76
112
71
99
77
4
26
117

nstruction Costs
(Market Value)
o
u
300
240
240
320
150
140
180
'230
120
250
250
50
25
10
30
,10
1
6
25
133
ill Time Employees
PH
P
EM
8
14
19
24
21
30
25
15
15
23
24
23
14
20
8
6
NA
NA
NA

S
P4

8
18
18
18
20
18
22
19
10
17
24
9
7
9
13
11
NA
NA
NA

ij
04

35
23
18
17
18
17
15
24
30
20
14
9
8
9
23
16
NA
NA
NA

irminal Units
VJ
H
1000
10000
6000
2000
1000
1000
2000
3000
1000
3000
3000
NA
One per
CU sold
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

.MS Drain
4S Capacity Units)
f-4
150
50
200
150
100
150
200
250
150
200
300
50
25
10
30
10
10
60
250


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                     APPENDIX A


            Sequence of Computer Print-Out

     Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar.  The overall order of output is:

     1.   Migration
     2.   Water System
     3.   Employment
     4.   Commercial Allocation
     5.   Social Sector
     6.   Economic Sector
     7.   Social and Economic Summaries
     8.   Government Detail
     9.   Summary Statistics
    10.   Maps

     Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections.  An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lists player and director decisions.  The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above.  These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response- to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.

     Each subsection of output has its own title, but on
every' subsection the heading for the data base and the round
number are printed.  A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4..

     Print-Out Section                Description

1.  Migration

      Environmental         For each class which can live on
      Indexes               each residence parcel, this shows
                            the value of each component of
                            the environmental index based on
                            last round's pollution index, MS
                            use index and school use index
                            and this round's residence quality,
                            rent, tax rates, and welfare rates.
                              134

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                                                                      Figure  4
1.  Migration
2.  Water System
                      RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT

                   1.1  Environmental Indexes
                   1.2  Personal Indexes
                   1.3  Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
                   1.4  .v igration Detail
                   1.5  > igration Statistics
                   1.6  I-igratior. Summary
                                                                Process
3.
                   3.1  Employment Selection Information  for PL  Class
                   3.2  Employment Selection Information  for PM  Class
                   3,3  Employment Selection Information  for PH  Class
                   3.4  Part-Time Work Allocation  £or  PH  Class
                   3.5  Part-Time Work Allocation  for  PM  Class
                   3.6  Part-Time Work Allocation  for  PL  Class
                   3.7  Employment Summary

Commercial Allocation
                   4.1  Personal Goods Allocation  Summary
                   4.2  Personal Services Allocation Summary
                   4.3  Business Goods Allocation  Summary
                   4.4  Business Services Allocation Summary
                   4.5  Government Contracts
                   4.6  Terminal Demand  and Supply Table
                   4.7  Terminal Allocation Map
8.  Government Detail  8.1  As^c'sren
                       8 7  ','•'/''•'**" Drama~ tmT.*"  ~"OO*"ts
                       8.3  Sampling St.'.tion  Report:   Point  Source Quality
                       8.4  Sampling Station  Report:   Arriient  Quality
                       8.5  Utility Depart.mcnt  Report
                       8.6  Utility Department  Finances
                       8,7  Municipal Services  Department  Report
                       E.8  .Municipal Services  Department  Finances
                       £.9  Municipal Services  ;--oarrr.cnt  Construction  Table
                       8.10 Planning and Scnina r-vc;rt.-ent Report
                       8.11 School D..-pjrt-o:it Rc-prr-
                       8.12 Schocl Department Finances
                       8.13 School Department Csr.s truction Table
                       8.1'. Highway Department Finances
                       8.15 Highway Department Construction  Table
                       8.16 Rail Company Report
                       8.17 Bus Corpany r-o;;ort
                       8.13 Ch.airm.an De^art:"ent Finances
                       S. 19 Tax Sum.-.:--"
                       8.20 Financial Summary

9.  Surv-nary Statistics 9.1  Demographic and Economic Statistics
                                                                                10.  Haps
    Social  Sector
    Economic Sector
                    5.1   Dollar  Value  o£  Time
                    5.2   Social  Decision-Maker Output
                    5.3   Social  Boycotts

                    6.1   Farm Output
                    6.2   Residence  output
                    6.3   Basic Industry Output
                    6.4   Commercial Output
                    6.5   Economic Boycott Status
                    6.6   New Construction Table
                    6.7   Land Summary
                    6.8   Loan Statement
                    6.9   Financial  Surr.nary

 Social and Economic Summaries
                    7.1   Number of  Levels of Economic Activity Con-
                         trolled by Toons
                    7.2   Employment Centers
                    7.3   Economic Control Summary for Teams
                    7.4   Social  Control Sumjnary for Teams
                    7.5   Social  Control Summary Totals
                    7.6   Economic Graphs  for Teams
                    7.7   Social  Graphs  for Teams
                      10.1  Personal Goods Allocation -Map
                      10.2  Personal Services Allocation .Map
                      10.3  Business Commercial Allocation Xap
                      10.I  Municipal Service Map
                      10.5  School :•:.-!?
                      10.6  Utility r.ap
                      10.7  Water Usage .'-Cap
                      10.8  Water Quality Map
                      10.9  Kunicipa1 Treatment
                      10.10 !-'.unicipol Intake and Outflow Point Map
                      10.11 Surface Hater I'.ap
                      10.12 Farm Ku:ioff Map
                      10.13 River Er.sin Flood Plain Map
                      10.14 Farm, y.ap
                      10.15 Farm Assessed and Market Value Hap
                      10.16 Market Value Map
                      10.17 Assessed Value Map
                      10.18 Economic Status Map
                      10.19 Highway Map
                      10.20 Planning and Zoning Map
                      10.21 Parkland Usage Map
                      10.22 Sccio-Econo.iio Distribution -Map
                      10.23 Demographic Xap
                      10.24 Social Decision-Maker Map
                      10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
                      10.26 Government  Status  Map

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     Print-Out Section
      Personal Indexes
      Migration Detail
      Migration
      Statistics
      Migration Summary
2.   Water System
                              Description

                      For each class living on each
                      residence parcel, .this shows the
                      value of each component of the
                      personal index based on last
                      round's time allocation, resi-
                      dential crowding,  MS use index,
                      and coliform bacteria index.

                      For each residence parcel and for
                      each class which lived on the
                      parcel immediately before or
                      after the migration program ran,
                      this shows the number of Pi's
                      in the class now residing on the
                      parcel and of those who moved,
                      why they moved and where they
                      came from and went to.

                      Number of in-migrants, out-
                      migrants , internal migrants,
                      and natural population growth
                      by jurisdiction and class.

                      The number of Pi's who moved
                      between or within  jurisdictions
                      by class, by jurisdiction and by
                      reason for moving.
      Water User
      Effluent Content
                      For each economic activity and
                      municipal water system,  the
                      volume of effluent dumped into
                      the surface water and the amount
                      of each pollutant in the effluent
                      after the effluent has received
                      any treatment.

River Quality During  For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
                      for the surface water on each
                      parcel through  which a river
                      flows, this shows the water
                      quality rating, the volume of
                      water, and the  amount of each
                      pollutant present.
                             136

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     Print-Out Section
       Description
      Water User Costs and
      Consumption
      Coliform and
      Pollution Index
      Values
3.   Employment
      Employment Selection
      Information for Low-
      Income Class
      Employment Selection
      Information for
      Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.

Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating.  The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.

Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
                             137

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     Print-Out Section
      Description
      Employment Selection
      Information For High
      Income Class
      Part-Time Work
      Allocation For High
      Income Class
      Part-Time Work
      Allocation for
      Middle Income Class
      Part-Time Work
      Allocation for Low
      Income Class
      Employment Summary
4.   Commercial Allocation

      Personal Goods
      Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.

Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.

Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.

Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.

Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its

-------
Print-Out Section
 Personal  Services
 Allocation Summary
 Business Goods
 Allocation  Summary
 Business  Services
 Allocation  Summary
 Terminal Allo-
 cation Summary
      Description

location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales.  For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs  (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost  (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.

This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.

For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment

This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.

Tabular list of  the location,
business type  (land use), and
terminal requirements of  each
terminal user.   Each terminal
is assigned an  identification
number and  its  location,  level,
and usage are  noted.
                          139

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     Print-Out Section

      Terminal Allocation
      Map
    Social Sector*

      Dollar Value of Time
      Social Decision-
      Maker Output
      Social Boycotts




    Economic Sector**

      Farm Output
       Description

Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.

By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column.  The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.

Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
     *The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction.   The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last) .   Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not  printed.  Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.

    **The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before1 the next team's
output begins.  A team for which a section of output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of  output.  For example,
a team with no residences receives no residence output.  Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary.  All active
teams receive financial summaries.
                             140

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Print-Out Section

 Residence Output
Business Output
 Construction
 Industry Output
 Construction
 Industries' Contract
 Table
 Economic Boycott
 Status
 New Construction
 Table
 Land Summary
       Description

Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.

Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls.  All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.

Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.

Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decision-
maker .

Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.

Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is  the
contractee.

Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
                        141

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     Print-Out Section
      Loan Statement
      Financial  Summary
7.   Social and Economic
    Summaries

      Number of Levels of
      Economic Activity
      Controlled by  Teams

      Employment Centers
      Economic Control
      Summary*
       Description

Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment,

A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.

Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.

For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate  (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
     *This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
                             142

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    Print-Out  Section

     Social  Control
     Summary*
      Social  Control
      Summary


      Economic  Control
      Summary
      Social Control
      Summary
        Description

For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfaction
(quality of life index) .

By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.

This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order.  The first is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income.  The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.

This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order.  The first  is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a  ten-round his-
tory of the average  quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has  controlled.
     *This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
                              143

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     Print-Out  Section
       Description
    Government Detail*

      Assessment Report
      Water Department
      Reports
      Sampling Station
      Report:   Point
      Source Quality
      Sampling Station
      Report:   Ambient
      Quality
      Utility Department
      Report
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.

List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations, prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).

For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.

For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.

Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges.  Also listed is
the charge per utility unit  to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
     *A department's output is  printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
                             144

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Print-Out Section
      Description
 Utility Department
 Finances
 Municipal Services
 Department Report
 Municipal Services
 Department Finances
 Municipal Services
 Department Con-
 struction Table
 Planning and Zoning
 Department Report
 School Department
 Report
 School Department
 Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.

Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working,  and the
MS use indexes.  Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.

Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.

For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.

Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.

Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.

Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
                         145

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Print-Out Section

 School Department
 Construction Table
 Highway Department
 Report
 Highway Department
 Construction Table
 Rail Company
 Report
     Description

For each school construction or
demolition, this shows the  lo-
cation of the construction  firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM' s
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.

A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available  fed-
eral-state aid.

For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, .this ,
shows -the construction firm,
.the location of the road or ter-
minal., the status, the old  and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.

A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.

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     Print-Out Section

      Bus  Company
      Report
      Chairman Department
      Finances
      Tax Summary
      Financial Summary
      Description

A financial report showing ;
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.

This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.

Tabular list showing by the  eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.

Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations, federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
9.   Summary Statistics

      Demographic and
      Economic Statistics
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
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      Print-Out Section
      Description
10.   Maps
       Personal Goods
       Allocation Map
       Personal Services
       Allocation Map
       Business Commercial
       Allocation Map
       Municipal Service
       Map
       School Map
       Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.

Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.

Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS 'user
is assigned.

Map showing the locations of
MS' s and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.

Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.

Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each parcel.
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Print-Out Section
       Description
 Water Usage Map
 Water Quality Map
 Municipal Treatment
 Plant Map
 Municipal Intake
 and Outflow Point
 Map
 Surface Water Map
 Farm Funoff Map
 River Basin Flood
 Plain Map
 Farm Map
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.

Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.

Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.

Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.

Map shov/ing,  for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.

Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.

Map shov/ing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel  in the river basin.

Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
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Print-Out Section

 Farm Assessed and
 Market Value Map
Market Value Map
 Assessed Value Map
 Economic Status Map
 Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
      Description

Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.

Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.

Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.

Map showing the economic sector
ov/ner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed,  and, for every par-
cel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.

Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.

Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned,  the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public institutional
land.
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Print-Out Section
 Parkland Usage Map
 Socio-Economic
 Distribution Map
 Demographic Map
      Description

Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.

Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel , the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,

Map showing the population  (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index  (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio  (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
 Social Decision-
 Maker Map
 Topographical
 Restriction Map
 Government  Status
 Map
Map showing, for each class  living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.

Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).

Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
                                   ftU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I97Z 484-484/198 1-3
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