WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
16110 FRU 12/71-3
The Basin Model:
ECONOMIC SECTOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch
(Water), Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460
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The RIVER BASIN MODEL:
Economic Sector
by
Envirometries, Inc.
1100 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
Project #16110 FRU
Contract #14-12-959
December, 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not sig-
nify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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ECONOMIC SECTOR MANUAL
Page
I. Introduction to the Model 1
A. Brief Description of the Model 1
B. The Three Sectors 2
1. The Economic Sector 4
2. The Social Sector 5
3. The Public Sector 6
C. The Water Component 8
D. The Local System 8
E. The Unit of Time--A Round 10
F. The Function of the Computer 11
II. Introduction to the Economic Sector 13
A. Economic Sector Summary 14
III. Computer Printed Output Description 15
A. Introduction 15
B. Map Output 17
1. Economic Status Map 20
2. Government Status Map 23
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map 25
4. Demographic Map 27
5. Personal Goods Allocation Map 29
6. Personal Services Allocation Map 31
7. Business Commercial Map 33
8. Municipal Treatment Plant Map 35
9. Water Quality Map 39
10. Water Usage Map 43
11. Market Value Map 45
12. Assessed Value Map 47
13. Farm Assessed and Market Value Map 49
14. Farm Map 51
15. Farm Runoff Map 53
16. Topographical Restriction Map 55
17. Social Decision Maker Map 57
C. Summary Information 59
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics 60
2. Summary Information for the Economic Sector 63
111
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D. Economic Sector Detailed Output 69
1. Financial Summary 69
2. Economic Control Summary 72
3. Economic Graphs 74
4. Loan Statement 76
5. Land Summary 78
6. New Construction Table 79
7. Economic Boycott 80
8. Farm Output 82
9. Residence Detailed Output : 83
10. Basic Industry Detailed Output 91
11. Commercial Establishment Detailed Output 100
IV. Economic Sector Decisions 108
A. Summary of Decisions 108
B. Input Format 108
C. Sample Decisions 115
V. Economic Sector Master Tables 122
A. Master Table for Economic Teams 123
B. Master Table for Industrial Establishments 125
C. Master Table for Commercial Establishments 127
D. Master Table for Residences 129
E. Farm Master Table 132
F. Planning Master Table 133
Appendix - Sequence of Computer Print-Out 134
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION TO THE MODEL
A. Brief Description of the Model
In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is 'a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management. The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land. Through
its two major components human interaction and computer
simulation the model represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.
The model is unlike most other simulation 01 human
interaction models. It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose. Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis. As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.
The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination. Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector, and government departments in the
government sector.
Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:
1. Economic Assets: cash, land, manufacturing
plants, outside investments, commercial
activities, and/or residences.
2. Social Assets: population units that are
designated as high income, middle income,
and/or low income.
1.
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3. Government Assets: power of the budget, taxing
and assessing authority, service responsibility,
and planning and regulatory power.
The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals, as team members, and collectively to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new computer
printout for the next year.
The initial starting position shows a particular
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status of the local area. The users
of the model evaluate their G'*"n particular status wd thin
the local system as well as the status of the area as a
whole. They then interact with one another in a dynamic
decision-making environment in which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions that will be
made, implemented, and reacted to. Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services. Others will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment for their new residential
subdivisions. Still others might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.
In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context of having different importance
to different individuals as a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.
B. The Three Sectors
The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public. (Figure 1) Every city or region
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to either grow and prosper or stagnate
and decay. Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
2.
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Figure 1
THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
1
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER
Hi-Heavy Industry
FL-Furniture and Lumber
SG-Stone Clay and Glass
MP-Primary Metals
MF-Fabricated Metals
NL-Nonelectric Machinery
EL-Electric Machinery
TE-Transportation Equipment
Li-Light Industry
FO-Food
TA-Textiles and Apparel
PA-Paper
CR-Chemicals, Plastics
and Rubber
NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER
BG-Business Goods
BS-Business Services
PG-Personal Goods
PS-Personal Services
RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER
RA-Single Family
RB-Garden Apts. and Duplex
RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
GOVERNMENT TEAMS
(Identified by the specific
code preceding the depart-
ment name)
CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction
CO-Councilman
AS-Assessment and Finance
SC-School
MS-Municipal Services
UT-Gas, Electric, Water and Sewer
HY-Highways
BUS-Bus Company
RAIL-Mass Transit Agency
PZ-Planning and Zoning
SOCIAL TEAMS
(Identified by double letter
codes: AA, BB, CC, etc.)
PH-High Income
PM-Middle Income
PL-Low Income
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and one group often works against another group to
achieve its goals. For example, proposed commercial
developments by an economic group in a predominantly
residential area can be blocked by residents of that
area just as proposed changes by the government depart-
ments can be opposed by those participants in the economic
or social sector.
1. The Economic Sector
Economic decision-makers are those businessmen who
Operate industrial, commercial, residential and farm es-
tablishments. Upon receiving output at the beginning of
the round economic decision-makers review their economic
status and make decisions for the present round. The
various economic activities in the model have the following
characteristics:
Basic Industry
Heavy Industry, Light Industry and National Services
spend money for business goods and business services, utilities,
a labor force, transportation, anda taxes. In order to
produce basic industry output which is then sold to the
national markets at prices determined by national business
conditions (the computer), owners of basic industries can
make a wide variety of decisions. These decisions include
purchasing land, changing salaries or maintenance levels,
boycotting business goods and business services establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
existing businesses, demolishing old ones, and treating
effluents that are dumped into the local water system.
The basic industry of the economy can be further sub-
divided into the following categories :
HI - Heavy Industry
FL - Furniture and lumber
SG - Stone, clay and glass
MP - Primary metals
MF - Fabricated metals
NL - Non-electrical machinery
EL - Electrical machinery
TE - Transportation equipment
4.
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LI - Light Industry
FO - Food
TL - Textile, apparel and leather
PA - Paper
CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber
NS - National Services
Commercial Establishments
Business goods (BG) and business services (BS), per-
sonal goods (PG) and personal services (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity. This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include: the industrial sector, other commercial estab-
lishments and the population units (Pi's) who live in the
city. Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.
Residences
Single-family (RA), townhouse (RB), and high-rise (RC)
residence units spend money on personal goods and personal
-services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units. Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting the rent paid by their tenants.
Farms
Farm owners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will be utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ.
2.
The Social Sector
Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and v/ork in the simulated area. People
are represented in terms of population units (Pi's) . Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500).
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups: high income (PH) , middle-income (PM) and low-
income (PL). Because each class possesses its own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc. Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent. Voting power is dependent upon the number of
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population units controlled, the number of registered voters
in each, and their socio-economic class. Social decision-
makers can also direct the population units under their con-
trol to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
Social decision-makers can also allocate leisure time^of
their population units to be spent in any of four basic
activities: extra work, adult education (public or private),
politics, and recreation. The amount of time spent on each
of these activities has an effect on the socio-economic
status and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
within the city.
A significant part of the model centers around how
Pi's function within the local system during the course
of each round of play which represents one year of time in
the local area. Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
are affected by the major operating programs.
3. The Public Sector
In the model, the government sector deals with the
problems of education, highways, municipal services,
planning, zoning, utilities, water supply and quality and
bus and rail transportation. The public sector is divided
into two basic components. The first component includes
elected officials: the Chairman and the Council. These
officials are elected by the social decision-makers repre-
senting the people who live in each jurisdiction. The
Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
subsidies and appropriations, and make appointments.
Appointed officials named by the Chairman are heads of these
six governmental departments: Assessment (AS), Schools (SC) :
Municipal Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and Zoning
(PZ), and Utilities (UT). The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
are semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
by the Chairman. Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and current
funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
structing or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
cash between accounts.
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Figure 2
Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
Programs
Effect on Population t7nit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation
Employment
Transportation
School Allocation
Park Allocation
Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system
Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high coliform count
increases health costs and time lost
due to illness.
Housing that depreciates becomes Jess
attractive in the migration process.
Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs that maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs) ,
employers search for best educated
workers.
Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost routes
Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.
Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of v/here they live.
Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.
Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized (price
plus transportation to the store).
1.
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C. The Water Component
The water component is a subsector that, in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a part of each.
For example, some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production process ^
and all other economic businesses have some need for munici-
pally supplied water. Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit. In the government sector, the
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.
Each of the surface water users requires a specified
quality of water and must either treat the. water they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system. If left untreated, these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the body of
water into which they are dumped. Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.
D. The Local System
The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares. Each
square.-is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side. The grid and all of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system. Each parcel can be
identified by its coordinates. Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd (east-west) or odd-
even (north-south) coordinates. In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.
For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014. Further, the four mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is
identified as 7318, 7320. The intersection marked by 0
is located at 7317.
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Figure 3
70 7? 74 76 79 BO 8? S4 P6
+ . . . . + . ...+....+.. ..I-....-!-. . . . + . ...-»-.. ..+-...+
I /_ e * « *
«*
*«* » * * »
1 ^" « 9 * » » »
«****
16 .
*
+ -.. -+zzz /'
10 X
1.1* fi «
X
*
x
***
20 .. ^ .....
X
**«*»*
*«**
+ ....+....-1-.... + ...-*-...+....^....+
**»*
r"t"« » * » *
**
***
?6
9.
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E. The Unit of Time A Round
In the model, a round represents a year of change in
the life of the simulated area. From the standpoint of the
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.
During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes. They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes , request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.
Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
receiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services. Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets. Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action. All
water users might be concerned with water quality'and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
10.
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Toward the middle of the round, it becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted. Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office. Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested. Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt. High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status. Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures. The
water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.
As the round approaches a conclusion, the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions. All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed. Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.
When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.
F. The Function of the Computer
In the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision alternatives. Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.
The computer performs several major functions in the
model.
First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.
Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system. For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
11.
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Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be time-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them. For example, the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible. Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units to residences
based on their desirability. The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system. It also measures
all of the types of pollution at all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
12.
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ECONOMIC SECTOR
II. Introduction to the Economic Sector
This manual contains the basic information and des-
cription of the model required by the Economic Sector. It
is assumed that the Model Overview and the Scenario des-
criptions have been read prior to the receipt of this manual.
Once the players comprising the Economic Sector have
become, familiar with the model in general, the particular
city being represented, and the workings of the local
economic, social and government system, they will be able
to bring their own imagination and initiative to bear on the
use of the resources they own.
Economic teams are given the opportunity and responsi-
bility for operating and creating any growth in the economic
resources of the local system. Players in this sector have
the chance to use this opportunity in such a way as to
satisfy self-established goals and/or to respond to pressures
brought on it by government officials, the local citizenry,
and the rest of the business community.
13
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A. Economic Sector Summary
The teams in the Economic Sector represent the private
owners of land and businesses in the local system. An econo-
mic team (identified by a single letter A, B, C, etc.) is
distinguished from other decision-makers in the model by the
fact that they own private property. They own land, for
example. Some of this land is developed and some is undevel-
oped. The ownership of developed land gives the economic
decision-maker the responsibility of operating the develop-^
ments which are located there. Another asset of the economic
decision-maker is cash. Teams may use this cash to acquire
new land, build new businesses, upgrade old ones, invest in
stocks, and others. In the local system, the economic
decision-makers while often concentrating on maximizing their
own profit, find that their decisions, biases and judgciants
will greatly influence and change the local system.
Economic teams interact with the social sector in that
the economic teams (basic industries and commercial establish-
ments) employ population units and set salary levels, supply
housing quantity and quality and set rent levels, and provide
personal goods and services for purchase by population units
and set prices. The social teams that control the local
system population may take actions against economic teams if
they think salaries are too low, rents are too high, housing
is in bad shape, or costs are out of line.
Economic teams interact with the government sector in
that they require zonong approval, utilities, water supply,
and transportation access to undertake certain developments.
The government sector, in turn, is dependent in large part on
the economic sector for local tax revenue.
Teams are free to set any objectives for themselves.
They may take an active or passive concern in the local
system's social problems, water quality issues, and govern-
ment operation in general.
14
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III. COMPUTER PRINTED OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previousyear. There
are several types of output: maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically; summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.
The figure on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed. That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output. The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included
in this manual. The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:
- maps
- summary information
- general information of relevance to
all three sectors
- social sector detail
- economic sector detail
- government sector detail
There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections. Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output. Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director). Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.
After a few rounds' experience with the model, a
model user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
15
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RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT
1. Migration
2. Water Syst? si
3. Employment
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1,2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoff^
1.4 .Migration Detail
1.5 Xicjr at ion Statistics
1.6 Migration Culinary
2.1 v.'jter L';;or Effluent Content
2.2 Kivor C-iality During Surfaco Water Process
2.3 \;atcr Ur.or Cos tu and Conscription .
2.4 ColiJorm and Pollution Index Values
3.1 Eir;iloyi:i--nt Selection Information for PL Class
3.2 r::!.p loyr <;n t Selection Information for PM Class
3.3 L::ployr'-'nt Selection Information for PI! Class
3.4 Part-Time Work Allocation for I'll Class
3.5 Part-Tir-e Work Allocation for PM Class
3.6 Far t -T i i:'Q VJork Allocation fur PL Clans
3.7 E:r'ploy:i;ent Su.-rviary
«.
il Allocation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4,6
4.7
5. Social Sector
6. Economic sector
Personal Goods Allocation Sunuiidry
Personal Services Allocation Suraiary
bur, i nesii Goods Allocation Sunin-.ary
Business Services Allocation Suiiimary
Government Contracts
Terminal Dcrv.ind anJ Supply Table
Terninal Alloc.it.ii.in Kap
5.1 Dollar Value of Tin.e
5.2 Social Oeci s i on-MaKcr output
5,3 Social Uoycotts
6 , 1 Farm Output
6.2 Rc5idencc Output
6,3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 Co^.:-..c re ial Output
6.5 Economic liuycott Status
6.6 .'.'ow Co.iu tr'.iction Tablo
6 . 7 Land Surr..T.a ry
6.8 Loan Siat.-nent
6.9 Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 [lumber of Levels of EconoirAc Activity Con-
trol led by Tearas
7.2 Ernploynen t Centers
7.3 Ecoviomic Control Suiraiary for Teair.s
7.4 Social Control SuiMary for Teajns
7.5 Social Control Suimiiary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Tear.s
8. Government retail 5.1 Aasees.^er.t F.eport
8.2 ".-.ter Beoi-.rtr.cr.t "eports
8.3 Sc,~.?lir.g" Station report: Point Source Quality
3.4 Sanplin7 St.-.tion Report: A-Tiicnt Quality
e.5 Utility Dep.irtT.o-t Report
S.G Utility Doi'art.-.ent Finances
o ~j '.'.in-'r-.'^Ti Sc^viC'^s P^iD"iv"1TrnP"" ^J""i^r*'
5.9 :'.'i.r.icipa 1 ^ervic-.'3 ^vpartrer.t Construction Tab
3.10 ri...-:-.i:i.7 ,:-.d ~: .-.i.-.o r'cr.-.rtr.cnt Report
2 . 11 Sc.:'-d 7.-.'::.'.':tr -.TI t i-'.C'-.-.oi-'z
3.12 .'Jc!;ocl :;..-::ar tr-.-n t Finances
8.13 Gc/.i,'jl D-.-part--;nt Construction Table
G . 1 ', i!i'j!:Vi;y I^op.i rt_r on t Fina:-.ces
S.13 !ii.j!:vjiy L'c par t-.-:n t Construction Table
2 . j T; C:1.::::-an L''-par t: 'ent Finances
G.2D Financial Su^.-iary
9. Su-r.-.sry Statistics 9.1 Demographic nnd Economic Statistics
10. Maps 10.1 Personal Goods Allocation :-'.ap
10.2 !'er:;onal lieivicen Allocation Xsp
10.3 H'jsi.-.ess Co:-_-ercia 1 Allocation >:ap
10.-' .''..:"; i cio a 1 Service ."-lap
10.5 Scl-.ool" .:;!?
10.5 .Utility :-'lip
10. 7 -.Tjior L'S.IKO .Xap
10.3 i.'.iter Ou.'iiity .>:.Tp
10.9 Municipal Treatr-ent
10.10 ::.:.".icip;il Intake and Outflow Point Map
10.11 Smface '.Jater Map
10.12 F.irn ICunoff Map
10.13 river IMsin Flood Plain Xep
10.14 Fir^ Hjp
10.15 Tarn Assi;usad and Market Value Kap
10.15 .v.irkal. Val'je Map
10.17 A-ircssed Value ^.ap
10. 1R Scc-no.-ric Status ,'-'.ap
10.10 l!i,_;.«jy Map
10.20 PI an nine: and Zoning Map
10.II Parkland Usa-e y.ap
10.:; Socio-'iccr.o^ic Distribution Map
10.H3 Djr.ocj-r^nliic .'-^ap
10.2-', i'ocial L'uci3ion-Maker Map
10.25 Topo.j'rv.phical Restriction Map
10.26 Govern.-iifnt Status Ma-o
-------
B. Map Output
The model output includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location. The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map. A map key is
printed at" the bottom of each page. Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model: parcels (squares), parcel edges (lines sep-
arating squares), and intersections of lines (parcel corners)
Land uses and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares. Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.
The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given below, in the order in which they will be
discussed. All information is located spatially.
Economic Status Map: economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating "levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Government Status Map: school levels, parks, municipal
service levels, utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Socio-Economic Distribution Map: residence types and
levels, number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Demographic Map: populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business value ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Personal Goods Allocation Map: PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.
Personal Services Allocation Map: PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.
Business Commercial Map: BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG and BS locations.
Ut_i_lJit.y__Map : utility units served, utility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
17
-------
Surface Water Map; volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.
Municipal Treatment Plant Map: municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels, municipal sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations and code ^
numbers, directions of surface water flow, utility district
boundaries, lakes.
Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map: Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each, surface water
qualities, directions of surface water flow, utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.
Water Quality Map; economic activities and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.
Economic Sector Water Usage Map; economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Municipal Services Map: economic activities and oper-
ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
"School Map: numbers of public school students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
Highway Map: economic activities and operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.
Planning and Zoning Map: zoning, park, public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Parkland Usage Map: parks, populations served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Market Value Map; market values of all non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries
18
-------
Assessed Value Map: assessed values of non-farm pri-
vately "owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Assessed and Market Value Map: assessed and mar-
ket values of farms, amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.
Farm Map: farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types'^levels" of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Runoff Map: where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.
River Basin Flood Plain Map: river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.
Topographical Restriction Map: topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Social Decision-Maker Map_; social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
19
-------
1. Economic Status Map
This map shows the economic sector owners of all privately
owned non-farm parcels and the economic activity, if any, on
each parcel. A parcel can have only one economic ner and
one economic activity. Owners of farm parcels are shown on
the Farm Map. The types of economic activities represented
in the model are listed in the Master Tables.
The economic owner of a parcel owns all of the land
and developments on the parcel which do not belong to the
government or which are not topographically undevelopable.
If the economic owner sells land to another economic de-
cision-maker, he must sell all of the privately-owned
land and buildings on-the parcel to the new owner. An
economic decision-maker can sell any portion of undeveloped
land on a parcel to a government department.
The Planning and Zoning Department may zone parcels.
Zoning is a restriction on economic development. Once a
parcel is assigned a particular zoning code, all new economic
development on the parcel must conform to the new zoning.
If a parcel is unzoned, there is no restriction on what
type of activity may be constructed on it. The Economic
Status Map key defines what private land uses are allowed
under each zoning code.
When a new economic development is constructed on a
parcel, it must not only conform to the parcel's zoning;
it must have sufficient utility service. Utilities are
installed by the Utility Department in "levels" (1 - 9) .
Each level of economic activity requires a certain number
of utility units, and each level of utility service supplies
a fixed number of utility units to a parcel.
_If an economic decision-maker has insufficient utility
service for a proposed development, the Utility Department
must install adequate utility service before the new devel-
opment can be constructed.*
*There are two exceptions to the utility restriction
on development: 1) RA housing can be built with "private
utilities", which do not require utilities supplied by the
Utility Department; 2) the director can override the utility
restriction on individual developments.
20
-------
Figure 10.18
C'l-.T". 1C STMUS "rt
70 72 7<, 76 78 80 ft 2 fl <, 86 flfl 90 9? 9<, 96 98 100 10? 10*. 106 108 110 11? IK 1 I* 111
CA .* ...... . n . ... o
1? 0 ..... ..... 8 ... .......01?
o loo. loo. loo. 100. 100. 100. 100. loo. 100. ino. 100. 100. e«n ««. 100. 100. mo. loc. too. no. 100. inn. i oo. inrt. in 10
o....... ....e.... .... .0
16 0 .... ...... n . . ... 0 16
o 100. 100. 100. ino. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. TOO. 100. 100. sen se. 100. ioo.t>ion. 100. ioo. ino, mo. inn. inn. ion. IO^Q
1* 0
o 100. ioo. loo. 100. ioo. ioo. too. ioo. ioo. ioo. ino. ioo.
PI. ioo. ino.6100. loo, ion. ino. ino. ino. 101. ino. inoa
20 O ....... . R
o ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. too. ioo. ioo, ion. ino. too. 100.1 PRFI
. 100. in 3. MOO. 100. IOO. 100. ion. 100. 10". 1 Oi"1.
o . . . . . . . .4 .B .e .0 .* 400: 4n.r, *n.F 4-1. . o
22 0 ........... .".. lt-34 l.flA 2."t 4. ...... .02?
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100.1 9A. I flR.l 19.1 88.1 7tnq 73.1 B3. I Ri . 100. 100. 1 "0. 100. IOO. mo . inn. [00. 1 002
o --=«= ,-n 1 c
2*0 - . . . . . . . . . .oilH^^Z.PB 3.3011^4 4. . . . . . . 0 ?^
o ioo. ioo. loo. ioo. 100. ioo. ioo. loo.i 96.i 8i.i pa. flfl.t uni ?n.2 ifc.i i:li a"., ico. ioo. ino. ion, ioo. ino. ioo. long
o n. i o
260 . . . . . . . . .RA^.QAI.^i.qAPTs .a* ?I=U I. . .PA?. . . . 0 ?*
o ioo. ioo. 100. ion. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ino.i st.i *> ?. i 31.1 ?^fi ?o. no.i SMI it. ioo. ion. i ?(.. ino. ino. ion. 101. 1000
26 0 .... .= A "MR4 4.°i ].|"S I."I
0 100. ICO. 100. ino. 100. 100. 100. 101.1 fl'jll 75.1 ?C.-i2 (,- TYPC } R1AO
CO 00 JUH1SDICT IQ'l RCUNCUftY
X TYPE 7
» TYPE 3
21
3 NS
3 ftC
-------
Economic developments also require land. Each activity,
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development. Regardless of
the operating level of an activity, the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level. The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped. If a parcel shows no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments. An economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.
The operating level of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map. For most purposes, a busi-
ness' operating level is the only level considered by the
computer programs. However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.
22
-------
2. Government Status Map
Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed
and undeveloped land on a parcel. The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:
Department Development Type
Utility Department Utility Plant
Water Intake Treatment Plant
Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
Chlorination
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
School Department School Unit
Municipal Service Municipal Service Unit
Department
Planning and Zoning Parkland
Department Public Institutional Land
Highway Department Road*
Terminal*
A government department can sell undeveloped land
which it owns to either another government department or
to the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
portion of a parcel.
The government status map shows the locations of some
of the types of government activities: schools, parks,
utility plants, and municipal service units.
*A road requires land from the parcels on each side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
23
-------
Pi gure
10.26
1 2
14
U
18
?n
??
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76
?8
TO
32
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^6
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40
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44
46
43
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^7
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5i
58
to
'TI.-OCI Tr
70 72 74 76 7B BO 82 84 86 88 90 92 2 H PO
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24
-------
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map
This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel. The residence type-and level are
also printed.
The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70. It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation. In no case, however, can PH's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.
Each level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of space units. A PI occupies a fixed number of
space units, depending on its class. The percent occu-
pancy of each residence is shown on the Demographic Map.
25
-------
Figure
10.22
0033500 CCC3CCM
0
12 0
00 102 10* 106 tOfl 110 H? 11 < UC, 111
. P. \ 1G R n 2 . R 3 3 .D B 1 I P. ft
0
Q........3H
C
C P* ^.*A ft
0 . . . , . . .*((.
7H. 1LH fl
. 1HH . Fl
"C l.PC 7M 0 H .
13H. ??HH 0 H
1M. PM. R-3 H |
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. 9L
.
.SA 2
.
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31.
P A 2.
R4 3.
3L .
I .3
I .... 0
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I a
1 . . o
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HnV'aBp*!Ti?lH
.R4 ?0=.o l.SF ?b^n ?
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=-c i.
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C
70 7? 7* 76
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Qf) 100 10? lO'V 106 108 110 112 11*- lliS IL°
<-' TYPF ^ nn
on JURI SOICT i
IHTEBSFCTtnr.S
* TYPE 1 TPP«t\'
26
-------
4. Demographic Map
The demographic map shows the number of people living
on each residence parcel, the percent occupancy of each
residence and the quality of all privately owned buildings
and equipment.
Overcrowding (over 100% occupancy) contributes to a
residence's neighborhood index and to the health index.
The quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities, A value ratio is the ratio of the present con-
dition of a business1 buildings and equipment to their
original condition, expressed as a percent.
A quality index is somewhat different. Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have a quality index from 40 to 100.
Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
(see the Master Tables for the causes of depreciation).
A business's depreciation is measured as a percent of
original value (100). A residence's depreciation is
measured as a percent of the original value of such a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of 100,
regardless of the original quality of the specific resi-
dence. Thus, business depreciation is a percent of original
value but residential depreciation is a percent of quality
index 100.
The owner of an activity can set a maintenance level
for the activity. The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates in a
year. Not until the activity's value ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner incur
maintenance expenditures. The computer program depreciates
and maintains buildings and equipment and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.
The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
27
-------
.figure
100 102 104 106 10« 110 112 114
OODOOOO 000000000003000003000 30 oo oocccoccoooccoccooooooooDOcocosccnjocseooooooooooooooooooooooacoc'oooroeorocooopoccorocMocO'
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^
TOP RDH: TH1 \i POP IN 100* S («f=SJ
KIODLE ROW: 01 (WES) CR VH (fJB)
BOTTOM ROW: t OCCUPANCY (RES)
PASCFL Eflf.ES
II TYPF I FOiD
»" HH TYPF ? <'OAD
ff hW TYPE T R060
CO 00 JUfi I SOI CT 10'' ICiU'VOtRY
X TYPE 2 TE"H[\AL
TYPE 1 TEPMINAL
28
-------
5. Personal Goods Allocation Map
This map identifies the location of Personal Goods esta-
blishments and identifies the PG establishments that serve
the customers from each parcel of land that has residences
on it. PG establishments are located on those parcels that
are encircled by asterisks. Their code number is also shown
on the parcel where they are located.
It is possible to have up to three distinct customers
on a parcel of residential land: population units from two
classes and the residence landlord. No more than two classes
of population may live on a single residential parcel. All
population units purchase personal goods as part of their
annual expenditures. All Pi's of a class on a parcel purchase
their personal goods at a single PG establishment. Landlords
purchase personal goods only if they make maintenance expen-
ditures. Buyers are assigned to specific commercial activities
taking into account the price charged, transportation costs
to the store, the capacity of the store, and boycotts.
The four letter codes used within a parcel on the map
are: L = low income, M = middle income, H = high income, and
R = residence. One or two of the first three codes prints if
population units live on the parcel. If no one occupies the
housing, no income class code is printed. The number after
the letter code is the PG establishment code. The outside
Local system PG suppliers are identified sequentially as
determined by their location. Establishments located on
parcels as one reads the map from top to bottom and from
left to right have the lowest code numbers. The identifica-
tion niimber assigned to a particular PG establishment might
change from round to round if new PC's are being constructed
at locations that are scanned prior to the parcel on which
that particular PG is located.
The buyer code "R" will print on every parcel that has
a residence. If the landlord makes maintenance expenditures
then the R is followed by a PG establishment code. No code
after the R indicates that no maintenance is being performed
on that residence parcel.
29
-------
Figure
10.1
?. I ?. I 1. L 1.
2.
2. R . R . R
2. L 2. L I. L 1. L 1.
. H 2. H 2. M 2. M 2.
. R ?. R 2. k 2. 1 2.
H 2. M J. L 2.
ft 2. R 2. * 2.
. L 1. U 1.
R 1. R I.
L ?. H ?.
R ?. R I.
.H2.H2. M2.M2.M2.
R ?. R 1. R 2.
K 2 . H 2 . H 2 . M 1 . H 2 ,
H 2. . H 2. H 1. H 2.
R 2. R ?. R .R . ft 2.
K I. H 1. I 2. fl 1.
MO 112 U* Mfr llfl
TOP. ROW! PI CLASS AND
***»* ASTFH !$<<; IDENTIFY
NN * LCCflTION 3F PC
NN IS THE
CODE NUHiT ;
30
-------
6. Personal Services Allocation Map
This map identifies the location of Personal Services
establishments and PS establishment that serves the cus-
tomers from each parcel of land that has residences on it.
PS establishments are located on those parcels that are en-
circled by asterisks. Their code number is also shown on
the parcel where they are located.
It is possible to have up to three distinct customers
on a parcel of residential land: population units from two
classes and the residence landlord. No more than two
classes of population may live on a single residential
parcel. All population units purchase personal services as
part of their annual expenditures. All Pi's of a class on
a parcel purchase their personal services at a single PS
establishment. Landlords purchase personal services only
if they make maintenance expenditures. Buyers are assigned
to specific commercial activities taking into account price
charged, transportation costs to the store, capacity of the
store, and boycotts.
The four letter codes used within a parcel on the map
are L = low income, M = middle income, H = high income, and
R = residence. One or two of the first three codes prints if
population units live on the parcel. If no one occupies the
housing, no income class code is printed. The number after
the letter code is the PS establishment code. The outside
system suppliers are identified by the number code "1".
Local system PS suppliers are identified sequentially as
determined by their location. Establishments located on
parcels as one reads the map from top to bottom and from
left to right have the lowest code numbers. The identifi-
cation number assigned to a particular PS establishment
might change from round to round if new PS's are being con-
structed at locations that are scanned prior to the parcel
on which that particular PS is located.
The buyer code "R" will print on every parcel that has
a residence. If the landlord makes maintenance expenditures
then the R is followed by a PS establishment code. No code
after the R indicates that no maintenance is being performed
on that residence parcel.
31
-------
Figure
10.2
7
12 .
I* .
Ifc .
*....* » +
2* . * -
26 .
32 .
36 .
50
52
sa
60
70 12 74 76
IU-"Y pEBWu. SnvKES ,u»c.lin»M,p «OUNn 2
7B ,0 e4 , oe ,0 ,2 14 -6 1, 100 !OJ 104 106 I0« 110 HZ 114^ 11^ 11^
12
' ' ' '
: .* i .* ." ; i ; " 16
.' \ * " I ! I IB
L 2. L 2. L 2. L 2
; 2* R R R ; ; : ; : ; : r "
1_ 2. L 2. L 2. L 2. L 2
R 2. ft 2. R 2. K 2. P ?
H 2. H 2, H ?. H 2. . . t- 2- L 2. . . H ?
76
" H l* " ?" H 2.* PS I ' ' ' L 2' " 2 ' I .' I ?«
. R 2. R 2, R . . . R 2. R 2
. ,M2. H1.M2.H?. . . . .12.^2.
. R ?. R 2. R 2. R 2 R 2. R 2
H 2. 2. H 2 H 2 32
. R 2. R ?. R 2. 2. 0. ?. . . . R 2. R 2
, H 1 . H 1. M ?. M 2. H ?. H 2. . . . .
. H ?. H 2. H 2. . . . . . . . . . . .3ft
H 2 -. . .39
12
. . . . . . . . . . . >*.
':::::::::::::::::::: 5.
78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 llf. US
t,n ":${;; PS A
-------
7. Business Commercial Map
This map identifies the location of BG and BS estab-
lishments and indicates the establishment code number for
BG and BS establishments serving economic activities.
BG and BS establishments are located on those parcels
that are encircled by asterisks and their identification
number is shown. The outside system suppliers are always
assigned the establishment code of "1". Local suppliers
are then assigned numbers by starting at the top of the
board and reading from left to right.
Local economic activities (industries and PG and PS
commercial establishments) purchase BG and BS as part of
their annual operation requirements. Buyers are assigned
to a single specific supplier taking into account prices
charged, transportation costs to the commercial establish-
ments, capacity of the establishments, and boycotts.
The parcels on which buyers of BG and BS are located
show the two letter code for the business activity and the
number code of the BG establishment serving it (second line)
and the number code of the BS establishment serving it
(third line).
33
-------
73 7? 7*. 7ft 75 PO R? "4
100 10? 104 106 108 110 11? If. 116 MR
1 . 2
2 . 2
. ")(,
110 11? 114 lift
TO? ROW^ Li'lD USE
BOTTOM ROW: BS SfRVIMC PiRCFL
HN IS Tl'6
cnnE N'jKiit
34
-------
8. Municipal Treatment Plant Map
A Utility Department supplies water to all economic
activities except some basic industries which obtain their
own water from the surface water. Each utility district
is also a water district. A parcel is supplied with
municipal water and sewer service when utilities are
installed on the parcel. The department can decide where
to intake water, where to dump sewage, how much intake
water it will provide, how much sewage treatment it will
provide, and where treatment facilities will be located.
Municipal water intake and sewage treatment plants
are located in the utility districts which they serve.
An intake treatment plant processes the surface water
removed from the parcel on which its intake point is
located (not necessarily within the water district which
it serves). All water treated by an intake treatment
plant is processed to drinking water quality. The quality
of the water before it is treated varies with the amount
of pollution in the surface water where the intake point
is located. There are nine water quality ratings, 1 being
the best quality and 9 being the worst. A parcel's water
quality rating is based on the volume of water on the par-
cel and the amount of pollution entering it from adjoin-
ing parcels.
Water Quality Rating
1
2
3
4
5
Description
Drinkable - best quality water
Drinkable - with minor treatment
Swimmable - direct body contact
possible
Boating and Fishing
'body contact
Fair esthetic value
Poor esthetic value
at moderate cost
No esthetic value -
at high cost
Negative esthetic value -
treatable at very high cost
Unusable water
Seven types of pollutants are measured for the quality
rating.
- indirect
- treatable
treatable
Pollutants
BOD
Description
Biochemical Oxygen Demand; the
35
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Figure 10.9
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1
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0000 UTILITY DISTRICT ROU«riARY
LAKE PfRCfLS
36
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Pollutants
Chlorides
Nutrients
Coliform Bacteria
Temperature
Oil and Floating Solids
High-Level Wastes
Description
natural breakdown of this
pollutant causes a decrease
in the concentration of dissol-
ved oxygen in the water.
Chlorides are employed as an
indicator of persistent pollu-
tants .
Phosphate, nitrite, nitrate,
nitrogen, and phosphorous.
Indication of the potential
health hazard of a given body
of water.
A measure of the deviation from
the normal temperature of the
surface water.
Any oil added to the system
and all floating solids such
as refuse, garbage, cans,
boards, tires, etc.
Highly toxic, non-degradable
substances.
The quality of water at a district's intake point
affects, among other things, the cost to process the water
to drinking water quality. The water quality of a parcel
is shown on the Water Quality Map. That quality is not
affected by any pollution dumped on the parcel, only by
pollution dumped on upstream parcels.
An inflow treatment plant, while able to make all
but the worst (quality 9) water drinkable, has a capacity
which is a function of its level. The amount of water
which a district needs is a function of the needs of the
activities located in the district, but the amount of
water which a district can obtain may be limited by its
inflow treatment plant capacity. Whenever a district
cannot obtain all of its needed water for any reason,
including insufficient inflow treatment plant capacity,
the activities served by the district purchase that
proportion of their water needs which cannot be met
locally from the Outside at a high cost. The cost to
37
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construct an inflow treatment plant increases with the
number of levels constructed. Unlike levels of other
activities in the model, municipal treatment plant costs
and capacities are not necessarily even multiples of level
one costs and capacities. The land requirements, however,
are multiples of level one.
Municipal sewage treatment plants can be constructed
not only to different levels (capacities) but also to
different types of treatment. The types of sewage treat-
ment are, in increasing order of pollution removal:
Chlorination (CL)
Primary Treatment (PT)
Secondary Treatment (ST)
Tertiary Treatment (TT)
Tertiary treatment requires the three other types of
treatment; secondary treatment requires chlorination and
primary treatment. The level of treatment printed on the
map is the level of the type printed and of all lesser
types. There is no provision for the case of different
levels of different types of treatment within a single
district.
Since treatment plants have fixed capacities which
vary by their levels, any district's sewage in excess
of its plant's capacity flows untreated into the surface
water on the parcel on which the district's outflow point
is ^located.
Note that all of a district's intake treatment must
be located on a single parcel. Likewise, all of its sew-
age treatment must be on a single parcel, although that
parcel, does not have to be the same one as that on which
its intake treatment plant is located.
'UT' appears in the middle row of a parcel if there is
a utility plant on the parcel. Next to the 'UT' is the
code number of the utility plant. That number matches the
number printed next to the district's intake and outflow
points on the Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map.
38
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9. Wator Quality Map
The surface water quality on a parcel is a function
of the pollution entering the parcel from adjoining par-
cels and of the amount of water on the parcel itself.
The water quality on a parcel is not affected by any
dumping activity on the parcel itself. Any activity which
removes water from a parcel removes it at the quality
shown on the Water Quality Map.
Quality is the only characteristic,of surface water
which can change during a run of the model. The other
characteristics (rate of flow, volume, and surface area)
are constant.
Water Sampling stations can be set up to measure
the exact pollution content of the water flowing out of
parcels. Sampling stations can also be established to
measure the pollution content of water generated by either
individual economic activities or municipal systems. The
operation of a sampling station is charged to the Utility
Department of the jurisdiction in which the station is
located.
The figure on the next page illustrates the processes
which affect surface water pollution. The pollution flow-
ing into a parcel from adjoining parcels is mixed in the
water on the parcel. The pollution concentration per MGD
is then measured and the water is rated in one of the nine
water quality categories. The water quality rating is
the worst rating category generated in any sincrle pollutant.
The rating allows no trade-off between a pollutant which
is present in very low concentration and one which is very
highly concentrated.
Next, water is removed if there are any intaking
activities on the parcel. There are two types of intaking
activities: 1) basic industries of the types which require
surface water; and 2) municipal intake points. There can
be only one economic activity on a parcel, and if it is
a surface water user, it intakes and dumps on the parcel
on which it is located. Municipal intake water is sent
to the municipal intake treatment plant and from there to
activities served by the district.
The surface water which is not removed undergoes a
biological change process in which some of the pollutants
decay naturally. That water is mixed with any water
dumped on the parcel. There are three types of activities
which can dump on a parcel. In addition to basic industries
39
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MUNICIPAL INTAKE
-fa.
O
INTAKE TREATMENT
INDUSTRIAL INTAKE
(FL.MP,FO,TA,PA,CR)
INTAKE TREATMENT'j
SG,MF,NL,EL,TE)
INDUSTRIAL .US EJ
BORDERING PARCELS
OUTFLOW
TREATMENT
INDUSTRIAL USE
OUTFLOW {
TREATMENT I RECYCLE
;i RATE WATER Q U AL IT Y t
UNTREATED
BIODEGREDATION
UNTREATED
?-._JND.USTRIAL OUTFLOW
'1.FARI4 RUNOFF
MUNICIPAL OUTFLOW
OUTFLOW TREATMENT i
NEXT PARCEL
IN RIVER
THE SURFACE WATER SYSTEM
[SP)= Sampling Point Possible
-------
Figure
TWHCITY
WATEP QU-UI TV ,
*)0 100 10? IDA 106 10R 110 112 H* 116
1 1
12 1 1
1 1
1 1
14 1 1
1 1
1 1
16 1 1
1 1
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1 1
1 1
22 1 1
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32 1 S < 8
1530 <30D
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i
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i
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 IRA
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 F 1| F 11 F 11 IRA 4|RA 6|RC 1IRC ZIPG 11
1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
II 1 1 1 IRA 5IRA 2IR1 ll»1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ISA 1IBA llf A
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r i i i i i i i i i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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RA 41 | | | |
1 1 1 1 1
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I 1 1 1 1
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SG KRA 2AV< omrcriON or ruow
NO KAUk FLCWINC
OfTUfEN P41CCI5
41
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and municipal outflow points, farm runoff can add to the
pollution on a parcel. Whereas basic industries and muni-
cipalities can treat their effluent and thus remove
some or all of their pollution/ farm pollution can be
cut back only if the farm owner decreases the amount
of fertilizer used on the farm. The total amount of
pollution is then moved on to the next parcel in the
river.
The water quality map shows where rivers and econo-
mic activities are located in addition to water quality.
42
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10. Water Usage Map
Basic industries can treat their effluent in order
to remove pollutants. An industry's effluent treatment
plant is located on the same parcel as the industry and
does not consume land. Like municipal effluent treatment
plants, industrial treatment plants can be of four types:
chlorination (CL), primary treatment (PT), secondary
treatment (ST), and tertiary treatment (TT). Industrial
treatment plants can be constructed to any level and each
treatment plant level has the capacity to treat all of
the effluent of a level of the industry type which it is
constructed to serve. The construction cost of a level
of treatment plant varies by treatment type and type of
industry.
Industries can recycle up to half of their effluent.
Recycled water is not processed through an effluent treat-
ment plant. Its treatment is a process distinct from
industrial intake or outflow treatment and costs a fixed
number of dollars per MG recycled. So, a level two indus-
try at a recycle level of 100% and having a level one
effluent treatment plant treats all of the water which
it dumps. If the recycle level under those conditions
were 50%, then the industry would treat only two-thirds of
the amount which it dumped and one third would be dumped
untreated.
Unlike municipal water intake treatment facilities,
industrial intake treatment is assumed to exist when the
industry is constructed and it is assumed to have the
capacity to treat all of the water required by the indus-
try. Like municipal intake treatment costs, industrial
intake treatment costs increase as water quality worsens,
and the worst water (quality 9) cannot be treated. The
industry is forced to pay a high cost for water, the cost
represented by the Outside price of water. Furthermore,
intake water quality affects the depreciation of surface
water users, a reflection of wear on treatment equipment.
NOTE: Regardless of the amount of recycling, intake water
quality has tne same effect on industrial deprecia-
tion. The volume treated does not matter. The
assumption is that recycled water goes through in-
take treatment, so no wear and tear on treatment
equipment has been avoided.
43
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Figure 10. 7 . ^ .,,....,., ..
TW)C[TY
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TOOROU: Er.C'JP1JICA':TIVITYTYPf KXXXUTILIIYOISTHICT DQUVOARV
i"
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11. Market Value Map
This map designates the jurisdictional boundaries
(000) and the highway system (including terminals).
Nonfarm parcels of land that are owned by local decision-
makers contain information on the market value of the
land and developments on the parcel (values are in $100,000 !s)
The top row of each such parcel indicates the market
value of 100% of the land on the parcel. This value of
100 percent of the land on the parcel is printed so that
comparisons may be made from one parcel to another without
having to take into consideration what percent of each
parcel is privately owned. Since there is usually some
land on most parcels that is not privately owned, the
actual market values of the land will be somewhat less
than indicated on the map. Nonprivate uses of the land
might be for rights of way, schools, municipal services,
utilities, treatment plants, parks, institutional, public
undeveloped, v/ater bodies, and topographically undevelopable.
The middle row indicates the market value of all pri-
vate developments. This value is the normal new value
(see Economic Master Table) of each land use times the
constructed level times the value ratio.
45
-------
Figure
10. 16
Miof.ET v.UUE
Id 100 in? 104 106 1CH 110 112 11', 11-, 11*
12
I*
16
?n
77
?"
0 I. 1.
0
01,1,
0
0 I. U
0
0 , o
0
0
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0
0
c...
::::::: n : ....
a .
a ...
B .....
. 3S7T .....
,,...,......,....= - o «
««= FI I
TO 7P. 117. M ! 3?.
n 1
0 14
0 16
0
0
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0 1R
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0 ?0
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0
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. 300. 440. 600. 700E!."iOO. 600, Ao? | 2(,ft.
<~^^
>r/.no| 30. 13. ?2. I ....
. 35. ?7H
ii! 600 I I4?n. . . . . 160. 160.
M I 213.
0 gaa, = ,= ,a«H |
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C.
PfiRCFL KEY
TOP fUW: HKT VALUF 0^ lOQ- QP
MnntE POw: fKT VILUr TF P^IV ll
BOTTOK ROW: "f.T V^L Oc a^TV LflND
ALL VlLUfS IN ilOO.OnO'5
100 10? 10'- 106 101 110 112 114 lift 11 fl
! I
T1!1 ^M
CO 00
46
-------
12. Assessed Value Map
This map shows the assessed values of non-farm land
and of developments on the land for those parcels of land
that have a private local system owner (i.e., non-farm
parcels owned by Economic Teams). The top number on a
parcel squa're is the assessed value of 100% of the land.
Assessed values of land are created in two ways: first,
land that is newly purchased at a price higher than the pre-
vious market value is given a new market value equal to the
sale price and a new assessed value that is dependent upon
the jurisdiction's developed land assessment ratio or un-
developed land assessment ratio, depending on whether there
is any economic activity on the parcel; second, through
local assessment policy. The local assessment policy can
change the value by altering the land assessment ratio
(either jurisdiction-wide or by parcel) or inputting a
dollar amount (this decision only lasts for one round).
The second number is the assessed value of the devel-
opment on the parcel. If no number appears in this position,
the land is still undeveloped. Assessed values of devel-
opments are changed through new constructions, declining
market values of developments (resulting from declining
value ratios), and changes in the development assessment
ratios. The Assessment Department may change the assessed
values of developments by changing the jurisdiction-wide
development assessment ratios, changing the development
assessment ratio for specific parcels, or by inputting
a dollar value of the development assessment (this decision
lasts for only one round and must be input each round for
which the dollar assessed value is to remain the same).
The last line on a privately-owned land parcel shows
the total (land and development) assessed value. The
dollar values on this map are expressed in a scale factor
($lm; $100,000; or $10,000) that is chosen by the computer
based upon the highest and lowest dollar values represented
on the map. Therefore, the map key is adjusted automatically
when the need arises.
This map also shows jurisdictional boundaries, the
road netowrk, and the location of terminals.
47
-------
Figure
10.17
TWOC I TY
G30300303r?0032QC03CC00030COOCCCa300CCO=e30CCC
0 I. 1, .
0
01.1.
140
0 I. 1
0... .
0 c
If- 0
18 0 ......
o
0
0 ..... 60.
22 0
0 =
0
0
0 1
0 . . .~ 129|
3 ...... 1431
0 1
30 0 . . . . . . . IS. ?9|
.0 . . 1 . , . . 150. 1 1°. 3T9I
0 1BO. 300. 35CH
32 0 21. 2W
0 =
0 14.
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ooooco^ooocsrsccccccoaocoooooococcaccocccoso^oc
70 7? ?* 7A 78 flO 62 64 P6
P4SCELS
TOP PHH: ASS^CD LINO V^lUE
MIDDLE now: isspssEo P^DC VALUF
HOTTCM POi,; TOTAL ASIESSro VALUE 11
*LL VALUES in 1100,000 j,>
HD't'iO ?
1 : . . . . c i?
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130. 200. 300. 36CO 2^2. 224. 210, . ...... 0
= n 1 o
n o
110. ??5H 1350 w '".1. 113. 7 A. . . | . . . 0 10
= *"H 0 H [ 1 0
200. ?ST,B 166. 353H "">3| 33?. ......... C
223. 2^Q I'M. ^fUH '07| 3H6 Q
'- :: !.... , 3
. 1250 124. IftS'f ISA. 154 " ^
. »"":-;j;«-;;i:-"--:-"--"-:-"--:-"--;--;--s
0 . 130H 140
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0 . H ° **
OH °
O.H...; -
O.H. o tf
° H .......................0
S " . S
-------
13. Farm Assessed and Market Value Map
The value shown for a farm parcel on the map is for
that portion of a parcel which is in farm use. The ratio
of assessed value to market value is set by the Assessor
of the -jurisdiction in which a farm is located. A farm
owner pays local property taxes at the rate set by the
Chairman and on the base set by the Assessor of the juris-
diction in which the farm is located. Since a farm's net
income before taxes is fixed according to the farm's
fertilizer level, the amount of land at the farm and the
farm type, the only variable expenditure is local property
tax.
49
-------
Figure
10.15
T tvn C 1 TV
ASSESSEH
C MflFUFT VALUE HAP
70 72 74
SH <36 ^fl 100 IOZ 104 106 108 110 UZ
===!:, D
£
n
. ' . . . . . a
. . . . . . 8
1 . H . n
. . . | . H . B
I . H . ft
R. 10 . I . H 0 H
. 4 . 51. 67, , \ H D H
. fJ4 . 84 . R4 . . . | . H 0 M
.4.51. 67. . . H . . 0 H
. . P. 4. 84. 84. . M . . 0 H
. . . H . 0 H
. . . . H . 0 H
.. .....H.OH
B H
8 . H
, . . . H . H
: :
12. 11- 21 .
BO. 73 . 67.
100 .100 .100 .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
14. Farm Map
A farm can contain more than one parcel. All of the
parcels in a single farm have the same owner, farm code
number, farm type, and fertilizer level. The amount of
land in farm use may be different for the different par-
cels in a single farm. The rest of the land can be in
public use or can be topographically unusable. No other
economic activity can be located on a farm parcel, and
all of the farmland on a single farm parcel is of the
same farm type. When the economic owner of a farm parcel
changes, the parcel ceases to be classified as a farm.
Once an initial starting configuration of the board has
been selected, no farms can be created.
There are two types of decisions which a farm owner
can make: set the fertiliser level for a farm- and sell
part or all of the farmland on a farm.
A farm's fertilizer level is an integer from 0
to 3. Associated with each of the four fertilizer factors
is a multiplierwhich represents the increase in normal
income which occurs at that fertilizer factor for the
farm type. There is also an associated amount of pollu-
tion in the runoff resulting from each fertilizer factor.
Volume of runoff stays the same for a farm parcel regard-
less of the amount of land on that parcel in farm activity
When a parcel is no longer a farm, no more runoff exists.
A farm owner's income increases as he sets a higher fer-
tilizer factor level. Likewise, the amount of pollution
on a farm's runoff increases with the fertilizer level.
51
-------
Figure
10.14
TWX ! TV
70 72 74 76 7fl 60 f.2 CA
,^Dr.. COOpn'icn-u30'jQO"3rt30QrtQO^C'«'-'-3-
520. -
14 0 .-.- ...
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c ........
24 0
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26 0
0
28 0 . .
0
0 . . .* 1 .4 |. A I.
30 0 . . . 84 £<, . f* . .
0 . . .13.11.13.
0 , . .A l.i 1. J I .
3? 0 . . . 84 . fl<* . Q«. ,
0 . . . 1 3 . 1 3 . 1 ? .
0 ,,,..,,.......
C.. ..,_..
3<. 0
0
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36 0
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46 0
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60 3
COOCCOOCOCO«39C039CCM030C'.M30CC3CCQC003
Plft" FL l"
HJ" IFFT: tVVFR
inp p lent j r 6^ conr W;H*ER
M1^.1LFi PrRTfil pF PADCFL
PflTTM tfFTl ff,o»4 Typf
BOTTOM PfGHIr (",T!Lf7£P LtVEL
arooooooco^^O'JO
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OCQ'JC3000CO?OCi'.
86 88 30
PAO
;;
f *
00
1U HO
oci-i'ccrfloooooooocococcooaococcaoccoiicpcooaooooocoao^oooooso^oo oooooo
8 .......-'
6 ....--.'*
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8 . . .......
B"=- tmi-
n . . ...
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. .coccon
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0 M | . .100. 100. 100. .
0 H | . 3 3. 3 3. 3 3.
. H | . .,....
H|. ,,,...*.
M t
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0
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H 0-
CQ'-1OOOCnC05303000C03C:'COOOOCOQC'Cr03QCC'03CiCOOPOOOCOOOOOC'OOOC1COQ300000
<>2
-------
15. Farm Runoff Map
Farms do not use surface water or municipally-
supplied water. Their water requirements are assumed to
be met by rain or ground water. However, some of the
water which falls on farms runs into the surface water.
Farms use fertilizer, and those nutrients flow into the
surface water in farm runoff. The Farm Runoff Map shows
where farm runoff flows. The program assigns each surface
water parcel a code number, which is printed on the top
row of parcels containing surface water. Wherever there
is a farm, the middle row shows 'F' and the farm type.
Different types of farms have different -basic fertilizer
requirements and net incomes from sales. On a farm par-
cel the bottom row of the parcel shows the code number of
the surface water parcel on which the farm parcel's run-
off flows.
A farm owner sets a level of fertilizer use for the
farm. The higher the fertilizer level, the greater the
concentration of nutrients in the runoff from the parcels
comprising the farm.
53
-------
Figure 10
58 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 1.16 116
, . , , »
1 I 1 ! 1
1 I.I 1 1
It I I I 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
16 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
19 1 1 1 1 1
III!)
1 1 1 1 1
20 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
22 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
24 1 I 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
26 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
28 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 21 1 20
1 24 < 23 < 22 < 21 < 20
32 1 < < < r 1< F 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
36 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
38 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
40 1 ! ' ' '
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
42 ! 1 1 1 1
1 1 1-1 1
1 1 1 1 1
44 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
46 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
4S 1 1 | | |
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
50 1 1 ! 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
52 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
54 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
56 1 1 | | |
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
58 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
60 1 '1 | | |
1 1 1 1 1
! 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 I
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 i
F 1 1 1
10 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
i i ' '
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i t
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
1 !
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
\
1
I
1
1
1
i
1
1
' i
1
1
j
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
... 1 e
eorros PO-: ciccn WHTPE RUHQFF CLOWS
PARCEL EDGES
>AVC DIRECTION OF FLOW
NO WtTfR Fl OWING
BETWCEN Pi^Cf'.S
54
-------
16. Topographical Restriction Map
This map shows the percent of a parcel that may not be
purchased or developed by any local decision-makers. Land
that is topographically undevelopable includes mountains,
rock outcrops, swamps. None of the area consumed by water
bodies represented in the local system (large lakes, small
lakes, and rivers) is shown on this map. The map also
shows jurisdictional boundaries, the road network, and the
location of terminals.
55
-------
Figure
10.25
0 92 6 98 100 102 10* 106 109 lln M? I I* 11* *»«
000000300 ccoooDccioccioooooc3occccaocccc3ootcicccr?c3Dticccoro3C'OP3aci cor rcc:-o
1?
1*
\f>
in
70
??
?4
?6
?«
10
3?
34
36
TR
40
4?
44
46
4ft
iO
>*
*4
56
' "
o * a . .
o n . .
o o
0 B . .
0 0 . .
o e
0 B . .
0 0
0 8
o a . .
o n . .
o .«- n
o a
0 fl
o n
o n
0 B
o a
o n
0 1 H 0=== = Hi It
0 I.H.8..
0 | . H . fl . .
0 I.H.R..
o , i H... .orjcrn
o I.HOH..
o I.HOH..
0 ........ ] H 0 H
D.-.......H..QH
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0 H.OH ..
0 - . . . . H . 0 H ..
0 H.OH ..
. a . H ..
3 fl . H ..
0 0 . H ..
0 8»-*"""H
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3 O.H.,,
0 0 . H . . %
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0 C H
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0 0 H.... ,.
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0 O.H".,.
1 O.H...
C 12
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3
3 1"
3
3 ?i
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3 22
0
0
0 It,
1 2
1 .... 0
1 .... 0 2?
1 ..... 0
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1 . . . . 3 in
1 .... 5
1 .... 0
1 . . . . 0 32
1 .... 0
1 3
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0 34
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u
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3
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CC33?03?OC.10300wOaOCC03C303C'0333000TOCOOCOOC;3m?300'J'33':c:OOOrr3C'r.rrci:P."3r3CC?
106 lOn 110 112 114
I 1 TYPF 1 RHSO
*« MM TVPf 2 Pf1-\0
it KM TYPE 3 P(V.O
co on jmi sntr r I^N
TYPE 2 TFRMINAL
TYPF 3 TERMINAL
56
-------
17. Social Decision Maker Map
This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels. The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle and lower letters represent the social decision
makers who control the PM's and PR's, respectively, who live
there. If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.
Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map. Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel. Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out. Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land. This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there were no
Pi's of that class (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
57
-------
Figure
10.24
1WQC ! TV
70 72 74 76 7? 60 G2 B <. fl6 83 90 92 SI 96 *»1 100
0 .... . ... .0
12 o ............ a . .
o n
0 ... B - .
MO.... ....... B ..
0 Q . .
0 n
Q n
16 0 . . B -
0 B . .
18 0 ... ..-..... 9
0 B . .
20 0 Q
Q B
0 D
o n . .
2* 0 . ......... C B
0..... ...... R . D
26 0 = . . . . . . .C.C.C CD
o ............ n . .
Q... DH.B..D
?60 4. AH . B
0... 8 . H . fl . .
o H troocn
30 0 , . . . . . . E . A. H C H
0 . . . . , . . R . B C. H C H
0 ........ H . . C' H
320 . * . . . . « HA. . t Ci H .1-
0 . . . . . . 6 . B H E . .EC' H
0 . H . C H
34 Q - ,£. H A . ft Q F H F.
O..........R H
36 0 , . . . . . . . . flF.FHF
0 f. = == = - = = ",!
3B 0 ...... 0 HP
o . .BOC.CHC c.
*0 0 ... 0 . H
0 0 H..
0 ..'..., ..O.K..
42 0 0 . H
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«S :::: : : S !!
M°OUWpnw; «1o "c ?.-H 1" M TYr'lfnpn/ * TV"C l T "
eonn^ RHW. HI soc n-v or n[ ivpp ? RHIQ * TYPE 3 TC
?? n-< Tvpf 3 nnin
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::.::: '=-.,
10? lO', 106 108 110 112 114 iii no
58
-------
C. Summary Information
1. Demographic and Economic Stat^sties
The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region. There are two basic types
of information: statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions; the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.
Statistics Regarding Local Conditions
Total population: the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.
Percent change over previous year: the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round. This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.
Average population per parcel: the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.
Developed land (in parcels): the amount of land
area (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.
Undeveloped land: the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.
Total land area: the number of parcels.
Assessed value of land in millions: the property tax
base.
Assessed value of developments in millions: the
development tax base.
Average quality of life index: a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.
Number of registered voters: the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who actually vote
are selected.
59
-------
Figure - 9.1
TWOCIIY
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
ROUSD 1
TOTAL POPULATION
LOW CLASS
KIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
PERCENT CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS YEAS
AVERAGE POPULATION PER PARCEL
DEVELOPED LAND (IN PARCELS)
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND AREA
ASSESSED VALUE OF LAND
IN HILLIONS
ASSESSED VALUE 07 DEVELOPMENTS
IN J1ILI.IONS
AVERAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
NiJHDEB OF REGISTERED VOTERS
NO. IN PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION
AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGH
NO. OF WORKERS RECEIVING WELFABE
STUDENT/TEACHES RATIO
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
HOUSING UNITS
SINGLE DWELLINGS
MULTIPLE DWELLINGS
HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
TOTAL
275500
73500
99000
103000
0
0
77
5<48
625
12312.
«21.
69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232824
12800
7
U87UO
20U60
100
2U
6
JURISDICTION
I
126000
0
61000
62000
0
30
266
296
5321.
158.
6 1
U5566
0
73
0
61
1061270
0
13
340HO
0
62
7
14
JURISDICTION
II
1U9500
73500
35000
U1000
0
«6
283
329
6992.
264.
75
03007
0
«7
17
62
278305
12800
10
1U700
20U60
38
17
2
JURISDICTION
III
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VACANCY RATE (PERCENT)
NEGATIVE HEAHS OVERCROWDED
28
-23
-------
Figure -9.1 (Cont'd)
NOBBEB OF EMPLOYED WORKERS
LOW
HIDDLE
HIGH
79400
23000
3 1680
24720
35360
0
201430
14830
44040
23000
11200
9840
NUBBEB EMPLOYED IH
LIGHT INDUSTRY
HEAVY INDUSTRY
NATIONAL SERVICES
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BUSINESS GOODS
BUSINESS SERVICES
PERSONAL GOODS
PERSONAL SERVICES
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
SCHOOLS
RAIL
BUS
FEDERAL-STATE
KOBBER OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
LOW
KIDDLE
HIGH
27160
27760
0
0
2800
5240
3360
5b80
1920
3980
0
0
1600
6400
6UOO
0
0
102UO
1 1800
0
0
1680
0
3360
2480
1920
3800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16920
15960
0
0
1120
5240
0
3200
0
0
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
UNEHPLOYflENT RATS
LOW
KIDDLE
HIGH
(PEBCENT)
7.46
21.77
0.0
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21. 77
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING UNDER $ 5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5.000 TO 510,000
PERCENT EARNING OVER 210,000
33
37
29
5
54
39
55
22
21
-------
Number in public adult education: the number of
people who wanted to participate in public adult education
programs and were able to do so because programs were
provided by their school departments.
Average educational level: by class, the average
educational level. This ranges from 0 to 100. The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.
Number of workers receiving welfare: if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this
number is the number of unemployed workers. The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.
Student/teacher ratio: ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools. This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.
School enrollment: the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools. Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.
Housing units: the number of levels of RA (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise) housing.
Vacancy rate: the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent. A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.
Number of employed workers: the number of people
holding full-time jobs, by class of worker.
Number employed by type of employer: the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.
Number of unemployed workers: by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.
Unemployment rate (percent): by class, the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
62
-------
Earning distribution: the percent of workers earning less than
$5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and over $10,000 from full-time
employment.
Transactions with the National Economy
Income from the national economy: federal-state aid recieved, by
type of aid, and income from both basic industry sales of ouput and bus
and rail sales of equipment.
Sales to the national economy: federal-state taxes paid, by type
of tax, and purchases of goods, services, and outside-owned land.
The only Outside expenditure which can be significantly controlled
locally is the purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.
Xational economy business cycle: last round's ratio to "typical
income" per unit of output for basic industry, interest rates on loans
and bonds from the Outside (expressed as percents), and the average
rate of return on outside investments (expressed as percents).
2. Summary Information for the Economic Sector
Number of Levels of Economic Activity Owned by Teams
The table contains one row per economic team and one
column for each type of economic activity. Each entry in
the table is the number of levels of an activity controlled
by an economic team in the simulated region. The last
column, UN, is the number of undeveloped parcels which the
team owns. The table provides a simple summary of how
economic decision authority is currently distributed. It
may be observed whether certain teams are specializing or
not, whether certain types of businesses exist at all in
the region, and in general, how much economic activity is
going on.
Economic Control Summary (one table per economic
decision-maker)
This table provides a simplified picture of the
status of each business and residence controlled by the
team. There is one row per economic activity. The first
two columns show the coordinates and type and level of
the activity.
The third column is the production idex, if the
activity is a business, or the occupancy rate, if the
activity is a residence. A residence's occupancy is
expressed as a percent of its capacity. A residence can
be occupied by to 120% of its capacity. The greater the
occupancy, the more income earned by the owner from rents.
A business's production index is a measure of its actual
output or capacity as a percent of its maximum output or
capacity. In the case of a basic industry, the index is
the number of units it actually produced as a percent of
its design capacity. The production index of a commercial
63
-------
Figure 7.1
***********************************************************************************************************************************
THOCITY
NUMBER OF LEVELS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OWNED BY TEAMS ROUND Z
********************** ******************************* **************************************** **************************************
TEAM FL SG MP MF NL EL TE FO TA PA CR NS BG BS PG PS CI RA RB RC UN
A
8
r\
=> c
0
E
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
- -
0
0
0
0
1
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
10
25
1!
29
0
3
2
7
r
7
0
I
1
2
1
1
11
5
5
3
3
^
-------
Figure - 7.3
***** ********** **
TWOCITY
ECONOMIC CONTROL SUMMARY TFAM G ROUND ?.
;****************************#*********************#********:£*$:*****$
PARCEL
LOCATION
ACTI VI TY
PRODUCTION INDEX
OR
OCCUPANCY RATE
NET INCOME
RATF
OF
RETURN
9822
10224
10026
9828
9630
9432
RA 2
RA 4
RB 2
TE 1
PA I
FO I
100
117
117
100
96
100
282496
764963
-135668
23406766
77502504
68745011
19.28^
23.91^
-1.67%
13.00?
32.29?
29.89%
65
-------
establishment is its effective capacity (the amount which
it can adequately serve) to its design capacity. A pro-
duction index of 100 is the highest which a business can
have.
The fourth column, net income, is a business's total
income from sales or a residence's total income from rents,
less operating expenditures.
The last column, rate of return, is perhaps the most
information single indicator of an activity's status.
Rate of return is the net income as a percent of the
development cost, and if a business is doing reasonably
well, it usually averages around 10-25%. A decision-maker
may use rates of return as guides for deciding which
activities to focus his attention on.
Further detail on rate of return is contained in the
section describing Economic Detailed Output.'
Economic Control Summary (two graphs per economic
decision-maker)
The two graphs printed for each economic decision-
maker show an historical comparison of two types of
information: net worth and rate of return. Whereas net
worth is the team's total net worth (assets less liabil-
ities) , the information on rate of return is the average
rate of return of all of the activities controlled by the
team. The graphs show the relative values of those items
for the most recent ten years. Round 1 is Year 5 on the
graph, Round 2 is Year 6, and so on. After 6 rounds have
been played (years 5 through 10 on the graph), the date for
the earliest year are erased and only data for the most
current 10 years are shown. Year 10 is always the most
recent round.
On the net worth graph, the team's net worth for each
year is shown as a ratio to its net worth in the first year,
The first year is always 1.00. The second graph shows the
team's average rate of return as an absolute percent, not
relative to a base year.
66
-------
Figure 7.6a
Economic Graphs for Teams: Net Worth
TWOCITY
ECONOMIC CONTROL SUMMARY TEAM F
NET WORTH -
3.00
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.55
1.52
1.50
1.48
1.45
1.42
1.40
1.38
1.35
1.33
1.30
1.28
l.?5
1.23
1.20
1.18
1.15
1.12
1.10
1.08
1.05
BASE 1.03
1.00
YEAR 0.98
0.95
0.93
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.83
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.0
YEAR
123456789 10
67
-------
Figure 7.6b
Economic Graphs for Teams: Rate of Return
50.00
40.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.50
15.00
14.50
14.00
13.50
13.00
12.50
12.00
11.50
11 .00
10.50
10.00
9.50
9.00
8.50
B.OO
7.50
7.0C
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
?.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.0
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-?.00
-2.50
-3.00
-3.50
-4.00
-4.50
-5.no
10.00
POUND
- RATE OF RETURN -
YEAR l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
68
-------
D. Economic Sector Detailed Output
1. Financial Summary
a. Cash Flow Statement
A team's cash holdings can be used to pur-
chase additional property, construct any of the types of
economic sector land uses on property that it owns and
which is properly zoned and served with utilities, construct
any level or type of effluent treatment plant at a busi-
ness which it owns, demolish any building it owns, pay off
loans, grant a loan to another team, pay taxes on undevel-
oped land, or spend it in some miscellaneous way (cash
transfer to another team and purchase of national stocks)
Additions to the new balance (i.e., cash)
come from income derived by selling property, receiving
payment from loans, receiving loans, earning net income from
investments (developments and farms) in the local economy,
receiving government subsidies, earning interest on savings,*
and from miscellaneous sources (cash transfers from others
and sale of national stocks).
If the team makes no decisions during a par-
ticular round, it is still charged interest and principal
payments on loans and taxes on undeveloped land. The team
also automatically receives loan payments, interest on
savings, and net income. This latter figure, however, may
be a negative number if the developments of a given team are
doing poor business and their expenses exceed income.
^Interest earned on savings is 2.5 percent. The cal-
culation of interest on savings is:
PCB = previous cash balance
N = total net income from businesses this round
E = total expenditures this round, except expenditures for
business operation, which are already accounted for in N,
Interest = .025 (PCB + N - E) .
69
-------
Figure 6.9
TWOCITY
FINANCIAL SUMMARY ECONOMIC DECISION VAKER A
I'*** ******* ££ ^
ROUND
CASH FLOW STATEMENT
PREVIOUS CASH BALANCE
180000000.
EXPENDITURE
PROPERTY PURCHASED
CONSTRUCTION
DEMOLITION
LOAN PAYMENTS
NEW LOANS GRANTED
UNDEV LAND TAXES
MISCELLANFOUS
$
$
$
$
8000.
256000000.
959999Q.
6191512.
0.
6640346.
10000000.
INCOME
PROPERTY SOLD S>
LOAN PAYMENTS RECEIVED $
LOANS RECEIVED $
TOTAL NET INCOME $
SUBSIDIES $
INTEREST ON SAVINGS $
MISCELLANEOUS $
97000.
2757808.
0.
53077792.
0.
0.
800080000.
NEW BALANCE
747572736.
CONSERVATIVE INVESTMENTS
INCLUDING A RETURN OF !
SPECULATIVE INVESTMENTS
INCLUDING A RETURN OF
TOTAL ASSETS $
CASH $
LOANS TO OTHERS $
INVESTMENTS IN OUTSIDE $
DEVELOPMENTS $
LAND $
0.
0.
0.
0.
1488160256.
0.
4999999.
0.
240000000.
495587584.
LIABILITIES (INDEBTEDNESS)
NET WORTH
$ 76074384.
$ 1412085760.
NEW BORROWING CAPABILITY FROM OUTSIDE $
1114453504.
70
-------
b. Investments
The second part of the Financial Summary output
shows investments in the national economy. A team may in-
vest as much cash as it wishes in either conservative or
speculative national businesses. The national business
cycle generates the year by year rate of return for con-
servative stocks and for speculative stocks. In upswings in
the business cycle, the rate of return on speculative stocks
Will always be larger." The range for the rate of return on
conservative stocks is narrow and centers on six percent
whereas for speculative stocks the range is wide and it
centers on about seven percent. In bad years, however, the
return on speculative stocks could be very small or even
negative. The return from national investments is auto-
matically used to purchase additional stock. A team must
"dis-invest" in order to have returns from national invest-
ments show up in the cash account.
c. Balance Sheet
A team's assets are comprised of cash on
hand, loans to others, the value of investments in the
national economy, and the value of developments and land.
Developments are valued at their typical construction costs
times their value ratio divided by 100. Thus, developments
that are not maintained decrease in value over time. Land
is valued at the market value.
A team's liabilities are the sum of the prin-
cipal on all loans from others (indebtedness). Net worth
is the difference between current assets and liabilities.
Teams may borrow up to 80% of their total assets from
national bankers. The amount which a team can borrow from
outside is shown on the last line of this output. There
are no limits on the amount of debt that teams may have
among themselves.
71
-------
2. Economic Control Sununary
This output summarizes the economic status of the non-
farm developments owned by a team. Under PARCEL LOCATION, all
the locations of non-farm economic activities (residences,.
industries, and commercial establishments) are listed in
increasing order of the second coordinate number. Actually,
the properties are listed in the same order that they would
read from a map if the map were read from top to bottom and
from left to right.
The two-digit code for the type of economic activity
and its level of development are listed in the ACTIVITY
column. Check the detailed output for each industry to see
if the operating level equals the development level. Only
basic industries are allowed to operate at a level lower than
their development level.
In the third column, the production index (for industries
or commercial establishments) or the occupancy rate (for
residences) is listed. The production index may never
exceed 100. It is equal to 100 if the business receives all
of the employees it needs and if the value ratio is equal
to 100. Otherwise, it is less than 100. The occupancy rate
for residences is an indicator of vacancies (if less than
100) or overcrowding (if over 100).
The NET INCOME column shows the dollar amount by which
income from the activity (in the form of rents received or
goods or services sold) exceeds the expenditures associated
with that activity. A negative number indicates that expen-
ditures are greater in that year than income.
The RATE OF RETURN is the net income of the activity
expressed as a percentage of the current value of the activity.
The current value of an activity is the original value of the
development times its present value ratio divided by 100,
plus the market value of the percent of the parcel consumed
by the development. Note that the rate of return does not
take into account the value or cost of the portion of the
parcel not used by the development. It also does not take
into account the cost of borrowing money (or opoortunitv costs)
to construct the development in the first place". Therefore,
the printed rate of return should be looked at as a slightly
inflated figure.
72
-------
Figure 7.3
$***** %
TWOCITY
ECONOMIC CONTROL SUMMARY TFAM G ROUND 2
# **##Xt***** ***************************** ****X= ************ ***'*
PARCEL
LOCATION
ACTI VI TY
PRODUCTION INDEX
OR
OCCUPANCY RATF
NET INCOME
RATF
OF
RETURN
9*22
10224
10026
9828
9630
9432
RA 2
RA 4
RB 2
TE 1
PA 1
FO I
100
117
117
100
96
100
282496
764963
-13566R
23406766
77502504
68745011
19.28%
23.91":
-1.67?
13.CO?
32.29?
29.899!
73
-------
3. Economic Graphs
The net worth graph shows the historical trend in the
net worth for the team. The net worth value for the past
round is the same as the net worth value shown on the team's
Financial Summary.
The rate of return graph shows the historical trend
for the aggregate rate of return for the team. The aggre-
gate rate of return is the net income received by the team
during the round divided by the value of developments and
developed land.
74
-------
Figure 7.6
3.00
2.00
1 .<>0
l.RO
1.70
1 .60
1.55
1. 52
1.50
I.«1
I .45
1 .A?
1 .40
! .38
1.15
1 .33
1.30
I .75
1 .23
1 .20
1. in
1.15
1.12
1.10
1 .08
1.05
MS6 1.03
t.OO
YEAR 0.IB
0.15
0.13
0.^0
0.1ft
0. B5
O.B3
0. 80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0 .60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
'0.25
0.20
0. 15
0.10
0. 0
TWOCtTY
ECONOMIC CONTROL SUMMARY TEAM F
»**»*»»»*»*»*#t»4****»*****»**»#*»+**#**4»»»***»*»»**»*»*
- NET WHRTH -
50.00
40.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
11.00
11.00
17.00
H>. 0 0
15.00
14 .50
14.00
13.50
1 3.00
17.00
12.00
11.50
1 1 .00
10.50
1 0.00
1.50
9.00
8.50
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
-0.50
-I.
-1.
-2,
-2.
-3,
-3.
-4.
00
50
00
50
00
50
00
-4 .50
-5.00
-10.00
ROUND
- RITE OF RETURN -
123*5 6789 10
YEAR
10
-------
4. Loan Statement
The loans that a team has with national bankers
(outside = OU) and with other teams are shown in the loan
statement. The loans received from other sources are listed
and their annual payments summarized. The loans granted to
other teams are listed after that. Note that the interest
rate.may vary by loan.
Loans between teams are made for any amount and
at whatever interest rate is mutually agreeable. The
only conditions on a loan internal to the system is that
the period be specified as either 2 or 25 years, and that
the lending team have sufficient cash to cover the loan.
An economic team may also borrow money from the
outside system for either a 2 or 25 year period. The in-
terest rate is set by the national bankers who take into
consideration the national business cycle. An economic
team that has debts equalling 80% of its total assets may
not receive any further loans from the outside system.
76
-------
Figure 6.8
*£,**$#*##
TWHCITY
LOAN STATFMFNTECONOMIC DECISION MAKER A POUND 2
*£ ^^
ROWER
\
A
LENDER
OU
G
INTEREST
RATE
3.5
6.2
REMAINING
YEARS
23
1
ORIGINAL
PRINC IPAL
$ 75000000
$ 3000000
ANNUAL
PAYMENT
$ 45S05Q
$ 164002
TOTAL
$ 6101512
6.8
5000000
$ 2757R08
TOTAL
$ 275780^
-------
5. Land Summary
The Land Summary output shows the location by
parcel coordinates of all land owned by a team. It also
shows the assessed value of the entire parcel (assuming
that 100% of the parcel is valued in the same proportion
as the private part), the publicly owned part (percent
developed and undeveloped), the undevelopable percent,
the number of units of utility service available to that
parcel, and the actual number of utility units that are
used.
Teams may acquire land from other players at
mutually agreeable terms or from the director on a bid
submission basis. The director represents'small farmers
and outside land holders who will sell if the price is right,
Th.e game director controls the sale of Outside-owned land.
The cost of making land bids on Outside-owned
properties is set at some percent of the bid amount, re-
gardless of the bid's success or failure (See Economic
Sector Master Tables).
78
-------
6. New Construction Table
The new construction output shows for an economic
decision-maker the location at which a new development or
an additional level of development is taking place. It
also shows the type of development, the old and new level,
the location of 0-0 which denotes an outside system firm, the
contract price, the rent per space unit (if a residence) or
the salary by class (if an employer), the quality index (if
housing) or the price per CU (if a store), and the contract
status. "Completed" means that the development became oper-
ational at the beginning of the round just completed.
7Q
-------
7, Economic Boycott
Economic teams may boycott the purchase of goods
or services from local BG, BS, PG, and/or PS establishments,
and their businesses can be boycotted by the social sector
as a place to work or shop. Boycotts have effect for the
full round, and they continue in operation for succeeding
rounds unless terminated by a decision input on the part of
the boycotting team. The boycott output shows the team
boycotting, the income class or land use that is carrying
out the boycott, and the function being boycotted (work
or shop). The boycott output also shows the location and
land use being boycotted, and the team owning the boycotted
business
Thus, boycott information appears as part of an
economic decision-maker's output if he is boycotting and/or
if he is being boycotted.
80
-------
Figure 6.5
****************** ******* ******** **** ***********£*****.***>:<**** **********
T WO C I T Y
ECONOMIC DFCISION MAKFR A BOYCOTT STATUS OUTPUT ROUND ?
************************************************************************
TFAX
BOYCOTTING
CLASS OR
LAND USE
FUNCTION
BOYCOTTED
LOCATION LAND USE OWNER
A
A
MF
FO
SHOP
SHOP
98^0
BG
BG
C
C
81
-------
8. Farm Output
The farm output shows for each farm, the farm code
number, the type of farm, the.number of parcels comprising
the farm, the total number of percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer level, the normal income
per 1% of that farm (at fertilizer level zero and before
local property taxes are deducted), the multiplier on normal
income for each of the three other possible fertilizer
levels, the actual income per 1% of that farm (before taxes),
the total local property tax paid, and the total net income
earned from the farm.
An economic decision-maker can make two types of
decisions regarding farms: 1) set the fertilizer level at
each farm; and 2) sell land on farm parcels. The higher
the fertilizer level at a farm, the higher the actual net
income before taxes and the greater the amount of pollution
in the farm's runoff. A farm owner can either sell all of
the farmland on a farm parcel to another economic decision-
maker (in which case the parcel ceases to be classified as
a farm) or sell part of the parcel to a government depart-
ment.
The farm code number and farm type are fixed at the
beginning of a game. They cannot be changed. The number
of parcels and percents of parcels comprising a farm can be
decreased but not increased by the farm owner. The normal
income before taxes per 1% of a farm is also fixed at the
start of a game. That income is multiplied by the multiplier
associated with the farm's fertilizer level to yield the
actual income before taxes. The assessed value of farm
parcels and property tax rates are set by the local govern-
ment. The actual income before taxes is multiplied by the
number of percents in the farm and the total land tax paid
is subtracted from that result to yield the total net income.
82
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9- Residence Detailed Output
The Residence Output shows the location, type and
level of each residential complex owned by a team. All
residences in the model are described as rental units,
although the rent on single family housing could be viewed
as a form of mortgage payment. Although the construction
and operation of housing is a player decision, the process
that moves population units into housing is performed by
the computer and is affected by player decisions in the eco-
nomic and governmental sectors.
The economic decision-maker directly controls the
rent of housing and its quality index (by changing the main-
tenance level). Government decision-makers affect the quality
of municipal services and schools serving each residence and
the tax rate and welfare rate for the jurisdiction containing
each residence. Both government and economic decision-makers
affect the water quality on a parcel. All of these factors
are taken into consideration by the computer when assigning
population units to available housing.
a. The Quality Index and Maintenance Level
The quality index of a residence is a measure
of the present value of a development to the best possible
value which a residence can have. The Social Sector Master
Table shows that PH's require a quality index of at least 70,
PM's a value of 40, and PL's a value of 20. This does not
mean, however, that all Pi's of a given class automatically
move out of housing when the quality index falls below the
minimum value. They just won't move in, and they tend to
move out because of increased dissatisfaction.
The quality index declines each year in response
to time, the quality of local municipal services, increased
fire damage due to insufficient water supply, and damage
due to floods, unless maintenance is performed on the residence
The maintenance level indicates the lowest level the owner
of the residence will allow the quality index to fall before
incurring maintenance expenses. The quality index can be
raised above its present level by the player inputting a main-
83
-------
Figure 6.2
TWnCITY
ECONOMIC DECISION MAKER F
RESIDENCE OUTPUT
ROUND
LOCATION
TYPE AND LEVFL
QUALITY INDEX
MAINTENANCE LEVEL
MS DISTR ICT
UTILITY DISTRICT
DEPRECIATION (?)
MS
FIRE
FLOOD
WATER CONSUMPTION (MGD)
MUNICIPAL
OUTSIDE
OCCUPANTS
PERCENT OCCUPANCY
RENT/SPACE UNIT
INCOME
RENT
EXPENDITURES
MAINTENANCE
UTILITIES
WATER
PROPERTY TAXES
INCOME TAXES
SALES TAXES
NET INCOME
RATE OF RETURN
ENVIRONMENTAL INDEXES
LOW INCOME
MIDDLE INCOME
HIGH INCOME
9232
RC I
80
fiO
1
1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.96
0.0
8 M 12 H
69
1 53000
5304 COO
1238000
1134QOO
155520
R75000
54010
1334326
5.93
332
306
310
8634
RA 4
75
75
1
1
1.0
0.0
0.0
0,39
0.0
1M 4H
117
154000
1437333
118ROO
155200
34330
74368
309750
5186
739649
21. 13
268
246
248
84
-------
tenance level that is higher than the° quality index. The
quality index may not be raised more than 20 points above
the lowest level it has ever reached.
b. MS District
As was mentioned above, the quality of the
municipal services (as measured by the MS use index) serving
a residence has an effect on the attractiveness of that resi-
dence to potential occupants and on the rate of depreciation
(decline in quality index) for that residence. The residence
output shows the code number of the municipal service unit
that serves each residence. The use index of each MS dis-
trict is shown on the Municipal Services Report and on the
Municipal Services Map. An MS use index value of 101 or
more indicates overcapacity and means that the municipal
services supplied are less than adequate. As the MS use
index increases above 101, the residences served by that MS
building become less and less attractive to Pi's and the
residences also depreciate at a faster and faster rate. For
example, a use index of 150 is twice as bad as a use index
of 125 and five times as bad as a use index of 110.
c. Utility District
Utility districts provide water and sewer
servi.ces in addition to other utilities. If a district pro-
vides an insufficient amount of water for its users' -needs,
the fire protection afforded those users is inadequate. That
inadequacy is reflected in an increased depreciation for all
economic activities in the district. A water shortage can
occur for any of the following reasons : 1) the intake water
quality is 9 and therefore untreatable; 2) there is insufficient
water for all of the users' needs; or 3) the district's intake
treatment plant has the capacity to treat less water than
its users need.
The residence output shows the code number of
the utility district serving each residence parcel.
d. Depreciation
A residence has a normal annual depreciation,
depending on its type (see Master Tables for depreciation
rates). As mentioned above, it can also depreciate due to
inadequate municipal services and/or inadequate fire pro-
tection. Another factor in depreciation is flooding. The
director specifies when floods occur and a general degree
of flooding. The degree of damage to the economic activity
on a particular parcel is influenced by three additional
factors: 1) the type of activity; 2) the river basin dam
85
-------
priorities; and 3) the likelihood of the parcel being affected
by a flood. This last factor is called the parcel's flood
susceptibility and can be found on the River B asin Flood
Plain Map. A parcel having zero flood susceptibility_is
never affected by floods; a parcel having a susceptibility
of three is among the most affected parcels. The parameters
for the other factors in depreciation can be found on the
Master Tables.
The amount of depreciation due to MS, fire,
and flood is printed in percent of the activity's original
value, assumed to be 100%,
e. Water Consumption
A residence normally receives all of its
required water from a municipal source (its utility district).
However, there are two exceptions: 1) when the utility dis-
trict provides insufficient water for its users' needs (see
c. above); and 2) when a residence is served by private util-
ities. Type RA residences can be constructed without having
utility service. It is assumed that they have wells and
septic tanks. They do pay an expense for water, but that
amount is paid to the Outside and is lower than the normal
Outside price for water. A residence supplied by a municipal
water source receives water from Outside only when the local
supply is inadequate. When such occurs, each residence
receives an amount of water proportionate to its needs. For
example if the needs of all of the water users in a utility
totaled to 24 MGD and the district was only able to supply
16 MGD (67%) , a residence needing 3 MGD would receive 2 MGD
from the district (67%).
The amount of water required by a residence
is a function of the residence type and class of occupants.
In general, a high-income Pi uses more water than an RC
dweller. See the Master Tables for specific water require-
ments by class and residence type.
The residence output shows the amount of water
obtained from municipal and Outside sources.
f. Occupants, Percent Occupancy, and Rent/Space Unit
The residence output shows .the number of Pi's
of each class that occupy every residence. PH's and PL's
may never live together on the same residence parcel. The
percent of occupancy is determined by taking the number of
Pi's by class, multiplying times their residence space
consumption index (Social Sector Master Table) , and taking
this as a ratio of the total space units in the residence.
86
-------
For example, assume an RA3 has one PH and two PM's occupy-
ing it. The PR has a space consumption index of 2 and the
two PM's together a space consumption index of 2.66 (2 x 1.33).
Thus, there are 4.66 space units being occupied from an RA3
that has 6.00 space units of capacity. The occupancy rate
is therefore 4.66/6 = .78, or the building is 78 percent
occupied.
Rents are always specified in terms of the rent
paid per space unit. A PM pays 1.33 times the per space unit
rent, and a PH pays twice as much.
g. Income
The income earned by a residential unit is
equal to the rent per space unit times the total number of
space units occupied. In the above example, 4.66 space units
were occupied, therefore, at a rent of $150,000 per space
unit the rental income would be $699,000.
Income earned from a residence is independent
of which classes occupy it; income is directly related to
the percent which a residence is occupied and the rent being
charged. The following example illustrates that point.
Income Earned from Housing Occupied by the Three Income Classes
Assume: Housing is an RA2
Rent specified is $150,000/space unit
Relative
Space
Units
Class Consumed
PH
PM
PL
1.0
1.5
2.0
Number of
Pi's Occu-
pying an
RA2 (2X
Relative
Space Units
2
3
4
Rent
Paid
Relative
2.00
1.33
1.00
Rent Paid
Factor
(Pi's x
Rent Paid
Relative)
4
4
4
Rent Paid
(Rent Paid
Factor x
Rent Charges)
$600,000
$600,000
$600,000
h. Expenditures
The owners of residences incur expenditures for
maintenance, utilities, water, property taxes, income taxes,
and sales taxes. A residence's maintenance expenditure is
the sum of its expenditures for personal goods and personal
services. The number of consumption units required for
maintenance is a function of the total percent depreciation,
the level of the residence, and the number of PG and PS
units required for each percent depreciation. The number
of units of PG and PS required for each percent depreciation
is given on the Master Tables. The normal percent depreciation
87
-------
is also on the Master Tables, and depreciation due to other
factors is on the residence output. Suppose that the RA3
mentioned above has a normal depreciation of 1% and has 2.5%
more depreciation due to the other factors. Total deprecia-
tion: 3.5%. Suppose also that RA requires .7 PG units and
.3 PS units per 1% depreciation. Assume that the residence
owner has set a maintenance level which offsets that depre-
ciation. The residence's PG consumption is:3.5x.7x3=
7.35, or 7 PG units. Its PS consumption is: 3.5 x .3 x 3 =
3.15, or 3 PS units. The actual price paid per consumption
unit depends on where the residence purchases PG and PS.
That can be determined by examining the Commercial Detail
Output.
The expenditure for utilities depends upon
the number of utility units consumed by type and level of
residence (see the Economic Master Table) and the cost per
unit of utility service as established by the Utility Depart-
ment. If the cost of utility service were $10,000 per unit,
and an RA3 consumed 12 units per year, its utility cost would
be $120,000.
Although Pi's consume water, residence owners
pay for the water. Local water prices per million gallons
consumed in a year are set by the Utility Department for
each economic activity. The prices for residences are set
by class and by residence type. The residence owner pays
the local price for that amount of water which is obtained
from the Utility Department and pays the Outside price for
the amount not supplied by the Utility Department (see Master
Tables for Outside prices).
The pricing is relatively straightforward.
For example, suppose an RA3 houses 2 PH and 1PM. Assume the
Master Table shows that, in RA housing, a PH requires .08 MGD
and consumes 29 MG in a year, and a PM requires .07 MGD and
consumes 25 MG in a year. Suppose the total amount of water
required by the water users in the utility district is 24
MGD but the district can supply only 16 MGD (67%). The
residence output would show .15 MGD obtained from the muni-
cipal source (16/24 x (.08 + .08 + .07)) and .08MGD from
Outside (.08 + .08 + .07 - .15). The total amount obtained
from both sources equals the total amount required by the
residence.
Whereas the daily requirement is used for
determining local water sufficiency, the billing is done on
an annual basis in proportion to the amount obtained from
each source daily. Suppose the local price per MG for PH
in RA is $350. Let the Outside price, which is always the
same for all water users, be $700 per MG. Then the residence
-------
owner's water expenditure for Outside water is;
8/24 x (.29 + 29 +25) x $700 = 19,366
The proportion purchased daily from outside is multiplied by
the total annual requirement and the Outside cost per MG.
The owner's payment to the local Utility Department is:
16/24 x (29 + 29) x $450 + 16/24 x 25 x $350 =
$8700 + 5833 = $14,533
Residences pay property tax on the assessed
value of the building and the land occupied by the building.
The Assessment Department has control over land and building
assessments and the Chairman and Council have control over
the tax rates which are applied to the assessed value.
Residences pay income taxes on the same basis
as all other economic businesses a federal tax of 22% on
the first $25,000 of net income before taxes and of 48% on
the rest of net income and a state tax of 5% on net income
(after federal income taxes).
Residences pay sales taxes on the purchases
from PG and PS for maintenance. The fixed state sales tax
is 3% of PG and PS purchases and the local sales tax is
whatever rate has been determined by the local sales tax
authorities. Sales taxes accrue to the jurisdiction of the
commercial establishment and not to the jurisdiction of the
residence. State sales taxes are paid on purchases from
the outside system as well as on local purchases.
i. Net Income
The final net income for residences is deter-
mined by subtracting all of the listed expenditures from the
income derived through rents.
j. Rate of Return
The rate of return is printed for each business
as a percent, expressing the ratio of the business's net
income to its current value. Current value is the original
value of the building times its value ratio (or quality index,
in the case of a residence) divided by 100, plus the market
value of the land consumed by the building.
k. Environmental Indexes
Residences are filled by Pi's in the order of
lowest environmental indexes first. The characteristics
which contribute to a parcel's environmental index are:
quality of the school serving the parcel, quality of the MS
89
-------
serving the parcel, residence quality, residence rent, local
tax rates, local welfare payments, and the parcel's pollution
index. Some of these factors are weighted differently by
each class, so there is one index for each class for each
parcel. The lower a parcel's environmental index for a class
in relation to other parcels' environmental indexes for the
class, the more desirable the parcel to migrating population
units.
For the exact value of each factor in a par-
cel's environmental indexes, see the section of the migration
output entitled "Environmental Indexes".
-------
10. Basic Industry Detailed Output
The basic industry output shows the location and
type of each basic industry owned by a team. A basic indus-
try produces units of output that are sold at national mar-
kets and at per unit prices that are determined by the computer-
generated national business cycle. Owners of basic .industry
should consult the section of the Demographic and Economic
Statistics that shows the status of the national business
cycle.
a. Constructed Level and Operating Level
Of all businesses represented in the model,
basic industries alone may decrease their level of operations
without demolishing a portion of their buildings. An indus-
try's constructed level is the maximum level at which it may
operate. It is effectively a physical restriction on the
amount which can be produced. The operating level is the
current level at which it is specified to function. The con-
structed level is considered only when land consumption,
maintenance and taxes on the development are calculated. For
all other purposes, a business's operating level is the only
level considered.
b. Value Ratio and Maintenance Level
The quality of plant and equipment for busi-
nesses is represented by the value ratio. The value ratio is
the ratio of present value to original value. Business facil-
ities depreciate every year in response to time ("normal"
depreciation), MS service quality, adequacy of local water for
fire protection, and occasionally, floods. The Economic Mas-
ter Table shows the annual percent depreciation caused by
time, MS quality, and water supply for fire protection. Bus-
inesses may overcome this depreciation effect by setting their
maintenance levels at points below which they do not want the
value ratios to fall. For example, if a maintenance level is
set at 100, then that business will make maintenance expendi-
tures every year to keep the building in "like new" shape.
The value ratio of a business may be raised above its present
value (if less than 100) by inputting a maintenance level
that is higher than the value ratio.
c. MS District
The value ratio of basic industry is lowered
by poor municipal services as measured by an MS use index in
excess of 100. Basic industry output shows the code number
of the municipal service unit which serves the basic industry.
MS use indexes are shown on the Municipal Services Department
91
-------
Figure 6.3
***** *********************** ^
TWOCITY
ECONOMIC DECISION *MKFR A BASIC INDUSTRY OUTP1JT
**********#************ $r * * * * fc * * * * ***<-. ********* *********
LOCATION
CONSTRUCTED LEVFL
OPERATING LEVFL
VALUE V AT 10
MAINTENANCE LEVEL
MS DISTRICT
UTILITY DISTRICT
DEPRECIATION (%)
MS
FIRE
FLOOD
WATER QUALITY
WATER CONSUMPTION (MGO)
NORMAL SOURCE
OUTSIDE
PERCENT WATER RECYCLED
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
TYPF AND LEVEL
SALARY (PER WORKER IN 100'S
HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
EMPLOYEES
FULL TIME (IN PI'S)
HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
PART T IME { IN UNITS)
HIGH
MIDDLE
LOW
EMPLOYMENT EFFECT
UNITS PRODUCED
PRICE/UNIT OUTPUT
INCOME
SALFSf PRIVATE)
EXPENDITURES
GOODS
SERVICES
MAINTENANCE
UTILITIES
WATER
RECYCL ING
INTAKE PROCESS
OUTFLOW TREATMENT
MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
TRANSPORTATION
SALARIES
PROPERTY TAXES
SALES TAXFS
INCOME TAXES
NET INCOME
RATE OF RETURN
92
9632
MP 1
MP 1
100
100
0
2
2.9
3.3
0.0
0.0
2P5.00
0.0
0
ST 1
110
43
29
19
18
18
80
160
320
1000
188300
188300000
18200000
3500000
17000000
770000
Q
17550000
o
Q
12037497
529POOOO
3608flOo"
1161000
22785000
56317703
23.47
-------
Report and on the Municipal Services Map. The contribution of
the MS use index to value ratio decline is directly proportional
to the amount by which the use index exceeds 100. For example,
a use index of 150 has double the effect of a use index of
125 and five times the effect of a use index of 110.
d. Utility District
Utility districts provide water and sewer
services in addition to other utilities. If a district pro-
vides an insufficient amount of water for its users' needs,
the fire protection afforded those users is inadequate. That
inadequacy is reflected in an increased depreciation for all
economic activities in the district. A waiter shortage can
occur for any of the following reasons: 1) the intake water
quality is 9 and therefore untreatable; 2) there is insuffi-
cient water for all of the users' needs; or 3) the district's
intake treatment plant has the capacity to treat less water
than its users need.
e. Depreciation
A basic industry has a normal annual deprecia-
tion, depending on its type (see Master Tables for deprecia-
tion rates). It can also depreciate due to inadequate muni-
cipal services and/or inadequate fire protection. Another
factor in depreciation is flooding. The director specifies
when floods occur and a general degree of flooding. The
degree of damage to the economic activity on a particular
parcel is influenced by three additional factors: 1) the
type of activity; 2) the river basin dam priorities; and 3)
the likelihood of the parcel being affected by a flood. This
last factor is called the parcel's flood susceptibility and
can be found on the River Basin Flood Plain Map. A parcel
having zero flood susceptibility is never affected by floods;
a parcel having a susceptibility of three is among the most
affected parcels. The parameters for the other factors in
depreciation can be found on the Master Tables. The amount of
depreciation due to MS, fire, and flood is printed in percent
of the activity's original value, assumed to be 100%.
Basic industries which use surface water have
an additional factor in depreciation: intake water quality.
The maximum depreciation due to intake water quality is 1%,
for water quality-9. The depreciation decreases as the water
quality rating decreases, and there is no depreciation for
quality 1 water.
f. Water Consumption and Recycling
Industries that use municipally-supplied water
normally receive all of their required water from a local
93
-------
municipal source (the one within their utility district).
Eowever, there is one exception: when the utility district
provides insufficient water for all of its users' needs. An
industry supplied by a municipal water source receives water
from Outside only when the local supply is inadequate. When
such occurs, each industry receives an amount of water propor-
tionate to its needs. For example if the needs of a1! of the
water users in a utility totaled to 24 MGD and the district
was only able to supply 16 MGD (67%), an industry needing 12
MGD would receive 8 MGD from the district (67% of its needs).
The only businesses which do not use municipal
water are those basic industries which use surface water
directly. There are two cases in which such a business would
not obtain all of its water requirement from the surface water:
1) the total amount attempted removed from the surface water
by itself and municipal intake points on its parcel was greater
than the amount of surface water on the parcel; or 2) the
surface water quality was 9. In the first case, the business
would receive an amount of the surface water proportionate
to its requirement. In the second case, the industry would
purchase all of its water requirement from the Outside.
Basic industries which use surface water can
recycle up to 100% of their water. At a recycling level of
100% an industry requires half as much water as normal and
has half as much effluent, although the amount of pollution
in the effluent does not change.
g. Effluent Treatment
A basic industry which uses surface water can
treat its effluent. A treatment plant can be one of four
types: chlorination (CL) , primary treatment (PT) , secondary
treatment (ST), or tertiary treatment (TT). Each of the four
types removes a percent of each pollutant, chlorination remov-
ing the least and tertiary the most. A treatment plant has a
fixed capacity which is a function of its level. Each level
of a business's effluent treatment plant has the capacity to
treat the effluent generated by one level of the business at
a recycling level of zero. For example, a level two treat-
ment plant can treat all of the effluent generated by a bus-
iness operating at a level two with no recycling. The plant
could handle all of the effluent of a business operating at a
level four if it had 100% recycling. Any effluent in excess
of treatment plant capacity is dumped untreated into the
surface water.
h. Salary
All industries must hire employees in terms of
whole population units in order to operate and earn income.
94
-------
Employees' salaries are expressed in terms of wage per worker
and not per PI. Since the number of population units actually
hired by an employer is determined by the employment process
which takes into account location, transportation, educational
level of workers, salary offered and supply of and demand for
workers, it is important that employers take into considera-
tion the local labor market situation when setting salary
levels.
i. Employees and Employment Effect
The number of population units required for a
level one development of all businesses is shown in the Eco-
nomic Master Table. The number actually hired is shown on
the detail business output. Full-time employees are shown
in population units (Pi's) and part-time employees are shown
in time units, where 80 time units is equivalent to a full-time
job in terms of income earned for a PI.
If a basic industry hires all of the employees
it requires, the employment effect is 1000 per level of
development. A value of less than 1000 means that either
some of the full or some of the part-time employees required
from some income class were not hired. It is useful to check
the Employment Summary and the Part-time Employment Statistics
if deficiency of employees exists. If a basic industry at
level one hires only 80 percent of the Pi's it requires,
then the employment effect is 800 (i.e., 1000 x .80).
j. Units Produced
The maximum units produced by a basic industry
is 1000 per level. If the employment effect is less than
1000 and/or if the value ratio is less than 100 then the units
produced will not be at a maximum. The units produced figure
is obtained by multiplying the employment effect by the value
ratio divided.by 100. Thus, if the employment effect were 800
and the value ratio were 90, then the units produced would be
720 (i.e., 800 x .90).
k. Price Per Unit of Output and Income
The price per unit of output for basic indus-
try is determined by the national business cycle price rela-
tive and the normal price per unit for the industry type.
The actual price per unit of output is the normal price multi-
plied by the business cycle price relative. Income is the
product of the price per unit and the units produced. All
sales of basic industry output are to the national system.
All output is sold and no inventories are accumulated.
95
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1. Expenditures
Basic industry incurs expenses for business
goods and business services. A fixed amount of BG and BS
units are purchased by basic industry by type and level for
normal operation. Basic industry also purchases BG and BS
units in direct proportion to the amount of maintenance per-
formed, and these expenditures are listed separately under
the maintenance category.
The expenditure for utilities depends upon the
number of utility units consumed by basic industry by type
and level (see the Economic Master Table) and price per
utility unit being charged by the Utility "Department.
There are four types of basic industry expen-
ditures related to water: recycling, intake treatment, out-
flow treatment, and payment for municipal (or Outside) water.
A basic industry which uses municipal water can have only the
last of the four expenditures. Local water prices per million
gallons consumed in a year are set by the Utility Department
for each economic activity. The prices for industries may be
set by type. The industry pays the local price for that
amount of water which is obtained from the Utility Department
and pays the Outside price for the amount not supplied by the
Utility Department (see Master Tables for Outside prices).
The pricing is relatively straightforward.
For example, suppose an industry consumes 10 MG per day and
2500 MG per year. Suppose the total amount of water required
by the water users in its utility district is 24 MGD but the
district can supply only 16 MGD (67%) . The industry output
would show 6.7 MGD obtained from the municipal source and
3.3 MGD from the Outside. The total amount obtained from
both sources equals the total daily amount required by the
industry (10 MGD).
Whereas the daily requirement is used for
determining local water sufficiency, the billing is done on
an annual basis in proportion to the amount obtained from
each source daily. Suppose the local price per MG for the
industry is $300. Let the Outside price, which is always the
same for all water users, be $700 per MG. Then the industry's
water expenditure for Outside water is: $700 x 3.3 x 250 =
$577,500. The proportion purchased daily from Outside is
multiplied by the total annual requirement and the Outside
cost per MG.
The industry's payment to the local Utility
Department is: $300 x 6.7 x 250 = $502,500.
96
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A basic industry which, uses surface water can
incur all four types of expenditures. Recycling and outflow
treatment costs are direct functions df the business owner's
decisions. The owner can set a recycling level of 0 to 100.
A business at 100% recycling requires half as much water as
a business at recycling level zero. Likewise, it has half as
much effluent. The cost to recycle a-million gallons of
water is given on the Master Table. Suppose a TA reruired
17 MGD and 4420 MGY for a level one without recycling. Suppose
a TA2 has a recycle level of 60%, and the cost to recycle is
$200 per million gallons. The TA's annual volume of recycling
would be: 4420 MGD x 2 x (100-60)/200 = 1768 MG. The cost
for recycling would be: $200/MG x 1768 MG = $353,600.
The business owner also decides what type and
level of effluent treatment, if any, the business has. The
operating cost of an effluent treatment plant varies by type
of treatment and number of MG's treated in a year. Suppose
the TA cited above had an STl effluent treatment plant and
the treatment cost per MG for ST was $200. Since the STl can
treat only the equivalent of the outflow from a level one
business, its capacity would be 4420 MG in a year. The busi-
ness has 7072 MG of effluent (4420 x 2 - 1768). It pays
$200 x 4420, or $884,000 for effluent treatment. 2652 MG are
dumped untreated.
Expenditures for intake treatment and Outside
water (listed under MUNICIPAL SUPPLY) are automatically billed
to the business. A business does not construct an intake
treatment plant; it is assumed to treat all of its required
water to a usable condition. Intake treatment costs are a
function of the intake water quality, the type of business,
the volume of water consumed. If the intake water quality of
the TA cited above were 3, and if the cost to a TA to treat
water quality 3 were $80 per MG, the TA's intake treatment
cost would be: (4420 MG x 2 - 1768 MG) x $80/MG = $565,760.
There is no cost to treat water purchased from
the Outside. If part of a business's water were obtained from
the surface water and, due to a shortage of surface water,
part were obtained from the Outside, then the business would
have expenditures for both intake treatment and Outside supply.
If the surface water quality were 9, the business would have
only the latter expenditure.
Basic industry pays transportation to BG and BS
if the industry purchases these from the local system. The
transportation charges are based on the type and level of
industry and the least cost distances along the various types
of roads. All basic industries except NS also incur transpor-
tation costs to the terminal which represents the cost of
shipping the units produced to national markets. The trans-
97
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portation costs to BG, BS and the terminal are independent of
the number of units purchased or produced. The costs are
solely a function of type of industry, level, distance travel-
led to destination and type of roads. Regardless of the dis-
tance travelled, an industry pays a base cost to travel to
each of the three types of destinations. The total transpor-
tation cost (c) to a single destination is:
C = (U x B) + IU x B x L x (4 x T - R) ]
where U is the number of units consumed
and B is the base cost per unit consumed
and L is the length of a parcel side in miles
and T is the number of parcel sides traversed, along
the least cost route between origin and destination
and R is the sum of the road types traversed along
parcel sides on the least cost route
U x B is the base cost which the industry must pay.
Suppose that the Master Table showed that a CRl consumes
3000 terminal units and has a base cost of $500 per terminal
unit consumed. Suppose also that there is only one terminal
and a CR2 has no options on ways to travel: it must go four
parcels on a type 2 road and two parcels on a type 3 road.
Suppose that in the simulated region a parcel side is 2.5
miles long.
U = 3000 times 2, or 6000 terminal units consumed
B = $500
L = 2.5
T = 6, since six parcels are traversed
R = 14, for four parcels on type 2 and two parcels on
type 3 (4x2+ 2x3= 14)
The total transportation cost to terminal for the CR is:
6000 x $500 + 6000 x $500 x 2.5 x (4x6- 14) =
$3,000,000 + $75,000,000 = $78,000,000
Salary costs by class are determined by multi-
plying the salary per worker times the number of workers per
PI times the number of Pi's hired.
Businesses pay property tax on the assessed
value of the development and the land occupied by the devel-
opment. The Assessment Department assesses the value of
land and developments and the Chairman and Council determine
the tax rates to be applied to the assessed values of develop-
ments and of land.
Businesses pay income taxes to the Federal and
State governments using the rates shown in the Master Table.
-------
Businesses pay sales taxes on the purchases
from BG and BS. There is a fixed state sales tax of 3%. State
sales taxes are paid on purchases from the Outside system as
well as on local purchases.
m. Net Income and Rate of Return
Basic industry net income is obtained by sub-
tracting all of the above expenditures from the gross income.
The rate of return is printed for each business
as a percent, expressing the ratio of the business's net
income to its current value. Current value is the original
value of the building times its value ratio divided by 100,
plus the market value of the land consumed by the building.
99
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11. Commercial Establishment Detailed Output
The computer output for commercial establishments
is slightly different for business commercial (BG and BS)
and for personal commercial (PG and PS) . The major differ-
ence is that BG and BS always purchase their needed supplies
from the outside system, whereas PG and PS are able to pur-
chase their goods and services from local BG and BS establish-
ments. The commercial output shows the location, type and
level of development.
a. Value Ratio and Maintenance Level
The quality of plant and equipment for commer-
cial establishments is represented by the value ratio. The
value ratio is the ratio of present value to original value.
Commercial establishments depreciate every year in response
to time ("normal" depreciation), MS service quality, use by
customers, adequacy of local water for fire protection, and
occasionally floods. The Commercial Master Table shows the
annual percent depreciation caused by time, MS quality, use,
and water supply for fire protection. Businesses may over-
come this depreciation effect by setting their maintenance
levels at points below which they do not want the value ratios
to fall. For example, if a maintenance level is set at 100,
then that business will make maintenance expenditures every
year to keep the building in "like new" shape. The value
ratio of a business may be raised above its present value
(if less than 100) by inputting a maintenance level that is
higher than the value ratio.
b. MS District
The value ratio for commercial establishments
is lowered by poor municipal services as measured by an MS
use index in excess of 100. The computer output for commer-
cial establishments shows the code number of the municipa.1
service unit which serves the basic industry, MS use indexes
are shown on the Municipal Services Department Report and
on the Municipal Services Map. The contribution of the MS
use index to value ratio decline is directly proportional to
the amount by which the use index exceeds 100. For example,
a use index of 150 has double the effect of a use index of
125 and five times' the effect of a use index of 110.
c. Utility District
Utility districts provide water and sewer
services in addition to other utilities. If a district pro-
vides an insufficient amount of water for its users ' needs',
the fire protection afforded those users is inadequate. That
100
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Figure 6.4
iwnci TY
ECONOMIC DECISION MAKER r-
COMMERCIAL OUTPUT
* *********** 3:'*
9230
PG 1
90
90
1
1
2.6
0.0
0.0
0.8
ROUND
LOCATION
TYPF AND LEVEL
VALUE PATIO
MAINTENANCE LFVEL
MS OISTP ICT
UTILITY DI ST PICT
DEPRECIATION ( °? )
MS
FIRE
FLOOD
USE
WATER CONSUMPTION (MOD)
MUNICIPAL 0.23
OUTSIDE 0.0
SALARY (PER WORKER IN 100'S)
HIGH 100
MIDDLE 50
LOW ?-5
EMPLOYEES
FULL TIME (IN PI'S)
HIGH 8
MIDDLE 13
LOW IB
PART T IME (IN UNITS)
HIGH 0
MIDDLE 80
LOW lf>0
EMPLOYMENT EFFECT 14609
CAPACITY USED 13822
EFFECTIVE CAPACITY 13148
PRICE/CU 1°000
INCOME
SALES)PPIVATE)
138220000
EXPENDITURES
GOODS
SERVICES
MAINTENANCE
UTILITIES
WATER
TRANSPORTATION
SALARIES
PROPERTY TAXES
SALES TAXES
INCOME TAXES
NET INCOME
RATE OF RETURN
66430000
23500000
1BOOOOO
960300
32085
720000
30800000
102P50R
2751900
?7?8 7r>0
7496542
27.76
101
-------
inadequacy is reflected in an increased depreciation for all
economic activities in the district. A water shortage can
occur for any of the following reasons: 1) the intake water
quality is 9 and therefore untreatable; 2) there is insuffi-
cient water for all of the users' needs; or 3) the district's
intake treatment plant has the capacity to treat less water
than its users need.
d. Depreciation
A commercial establishment has a normal annual
depreciation, depending on its type (see Master Tables for
depreciation rates). It can also depreciate due to inade-
quate municipal services, use in excess of its effective
capacity, and/or inadequate fire protection. Another factor
in depreciation is flooding. The director specifies when
floods occur and a general degree of flooding. The degree
of damage to the economic activity on a particular parcel is
influenced by three additional factors: !) the type of acti-
vity; 2) the river basin dam priorities; and 3) the likelihood
of the parcel being affected by a flood. This last factor
is called the parcel's flood susceptibility and can be found
on the River Basin Flood Plain Map. A parcel having zero
flood susceptibility is never affected by floods; a parcel
having a susceptibility of three is among the most affected
parcels. The parameters for the other factors in depreciation
for commercial establishments can be found on the Commercial
Master Tables. The amount of depreciation due to MS, fire,
flood, and use is printed in percent of the activity's ori-
ginal value, assumed to be 100%.
e. Water Consumption
Commercial establishments use municipally-
supplied water and they normally receive all of their required
water from a local municipal source (the one within their
utility district). However, there is one exception: when
tne utility district provides insufficient water for all of
its users' needs. A commercial establishment supplied by a
municipal water source receives water from Outside only when
the local supply is inadequate. When such occurs, each
business receives an amount of water proportionate to its
needs. For example if the needs of all of the water users
in a utility totaled to 24 MGD and the district was only
able to supply 16 MGD (67%), a business needing 3 MGD would
receive 2 MGD from the district (67% of its needs).
f. Salary
All businesses must hire employees in terms of
whole population units in order to operate and produce shopping
102
-------
capacity. Employees' salaries are expressed in terms of wage
per worker and not per PI. Since the number of population
units actually hired by an employer is determined by the
employment process which takes into account location, trans-
portation, educational level of workers, salary offered and
supply of and demand for workers, it is important thu.t
employers take into consideration the local labor market
situation when setting salary levels.
g. Employees and Employment Effect
The number of population units required for a
level one development of all commercial.establishments is
shown in the Commercial Master Table. The number actually
hired by a commercial establishment is shown on the detailed
computer output. Full-time employees are shown in population
units (Pi's) and part-time employees are shown in time units,
where 80 time units is equivalent to a full-time job in terms
of income earned for a PI.
If a commercial establishment hires all of the
employees it requires, the employment effect is equal to the
design capacity shown in the Commercial Master Table. A
value of less than this design capacity means that either some
of the full or some of the part-time employees required from
.some income class were not hired. It is useful to check the
Employment Summary and the Part-time Employment Statistics
if deficiency of employees exists. If a commercial establish-
ment at a development level of one hires only 80 percent of
the Pi's it requires, then the employment effect is 80 per-
cent of the design capacity.
h. Capacity Used and Effective Capacity
The effective capacity is calculated for com-
mercial establishments by multiplying the employment effect
times the value ratio divided by 100. The effective capacity
indicates the number of capacity units (CD's) that the com-
mercial establishment can supply to its customers without a
strain on plant, equipment, and quality of service.
Capacity used is the number of consumption
units that the commercial establishment actually sold to
customers in the competitive local market as determined by the
commercial assignment process. If the capacity used exceeds
the effective capacity, then the commercial establishment
undergoes a strain on its plant and equipment that is repre-
sented by increased depreciation of the physical facilities.
BG and BS establishments may sign contracts with local govern-
ment departments (Schools and Municipal Services) to automa-
tically supply these departments with their needed goods and
103
-------
services. If these two government departments do not make a
contract with a local firm, they will purchase from the outside
system at greater than normal prices per unit. These govern-
ment departments can specify a contract with up to three
local BG and three local BS establishments. Greater detail
on these contracts is given under the description of the
government sector.
i. Price per Capacity Unit (CU)
Each commercial establishment sets its own price.
Factors that must be taken into account when setting price
are location in relation to potential workers, buyers and
sellers; competitive establishments; local demand; boycotts;
and the typical price. Typical prices are listed in the
Economic Master Table.
The Commercial Process assigns customers to
commercial establishments on the basis of least cost to the
customer per consumption unit, including the customer's trans-
portation cost to get to the commercial establishment. Cus-
tomers also are given a bias to shop where they shopped the
previous year and a bias against shopping at over-crowded
establishments.
Owners of commercial establishments are encour-
aged to examine the commercial allocation summary output and
the commercial maps to see which stores are serving which
customers. A detailed description of this output can be
found under the General Output Section.
j. Income
Sales to private customers and sales to public
customers are separated for BG and BS, but not for PG and
PS since the latter establishments sell to only the private
sector. Income is the product of capacity used and price
per CU.
k. Expenditures
BG and BS spend money for service charges which
represent purchases from the outside system. PG and PS spend
money for business goods and business services that repre-
sent the finished goods and services that they require in
order to operate. In both cases, the dollar amount of expen-
ditures for goods and services (service charges) is directly
related to the number of capacity units sold. These rela-
tionships are shown in the Commercial Master Table.
104
-------
Commercial establishments must pay annual main-
tenance if the value ratio is to be prevented from declining.
BG and BS pay their maintenance to the outside system,
whereas PG and PS purchase units of BG and BS for the purposes
of maintenance. These relationships are also shown in the
Commercial Master Table along with the factors that cause
depreciation. Remember that overcrowding of commercial
establishments causes the depreciation rate to increase.
Commercial establishments purchase utilities
based upon type and level of development as indicated in
the Commercial Master Table.
There is one type of commercial establishment
expenditure for water: payment for municipal (or Outside)
water. Local water prices per million gallons consumed in a
year are set by the Utility Department for each economic
activity. The prices for commercial establishments may be
set by type of establishment. The business1 pays the local
price for that amount of water which is obtained from the
Utility Department and pays the Outside price for the amount
not supplied by the Utility Department (see Outside System
Master Tables for Outside prices).
The pricing is relatively straightforward.
For example, suppose a business consumes 1.0 MG per day and
300 MG per year. Suppose the total amount of water required
by the water users in its utility district is 24 MGD but the
district can supply only 16 MGD (67%) . The business output
would show .67 MGD obtained from the municipal source and
.33 MGD from the Outside. The total amount obtained from
both sources equals the total daily amount required by the
industry (1.0 MGD).
Whereas the daily requirement is used for
determining local water sufficiency, the billing is done on
an annual basis in proportion to the amount obtained from
each source daily. Suppose the local price per MG for the
commercial establishment is $300. Let the Outside price,
which is always the same for all water users, be $700 per
MG. Then the business's water expenditure for Outside water
is: $700 x .33 x 300 = $70,000. The proportion purchased
daily from Outside is multiplied by the total annual require-
ment and the Outside cost per MG. The business's payment to
the local Utility Department is: $300 x .67 x 300 = $60,000.
PG and PS have transportation charges to BG
and BS if they purchase locally, BG has transportation to
terminal to purchase goods from the Outside system, and BS
has no transportation charges. The transportation costs by
type of road to the several destinations are given in the
105
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Commercial Master Table. Transportation costs incurred by
commercial businesses are dependent upon the number of units
purchased. The costs are also dependent upon the type of
buyer and seller, the distance travelled to the destination,
and the type of roads. Regardless of the distance travelled,
a business pays a base cost to travel to a destination.
The total transportation cost (c) to 'a single destination is:
C = (U x B) + [U X B x L x (4 x T - R) ]
where U is the number of units consumed
and B is the base cost per unit consumed
and L is the length of a parcel side in miles
and T is the number of parcel sides traversed along
the least cost route between origin and destin-
ation
and R is the sum of the road types traversed along
parcel sides on the least cost route
U x B is the base cost which the business must pay.
Suppose that the commercial output showed that
a BG. 1 had a capacity used of 2000 and therefore consumed
2000 terminal units. Assume that the Commercial Master
Table shows that it cost $400 per HY 3 mile to travel to the
terminal. Suppose also that there is only one terminal and
the BG 2 has no options on ways to travel: it must go four
parcels on a type 2 road and two parcels on a type 3 road.
Suppose that in 'the simulated region a parcel side is 2.5
miles long.
U = 2000 terminal units consumed
B = $400
L = 2.5
T = 6, since six parcels are traversed
R = 14, for four parcels on type 2 and two parcels on
type 3 (4x2 + 2x3= 14)
The total transportation cost to terminal for the BG is:
2000 x $400 + 2000 x $400 x 2.5 x (4 x 6 - 14) =
$800,000 + 20,000,000 = $20,800,000
Salary costs by class are determined by multi-
plying the salary per worker times the number of workers per
PI times the number of Pi's hired.
Businesses pay property tax on the assessed
value of the development and the land occupied by the devel-
opment. The Assessment Department assesses the value of
land and developments and the Chairman and Council determine
the tax rates to be applied to the assessed values of devel-
opments and of land. Businesses pay income taxes to the
106
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Federal and State governments using the rates shown in the
Commercial Master Table. State income taxes apply to the
net income figure before other taxes have been deducted.
Businesses pay sales taxes on the purchases
of goods and services. There is a fixed state sales tax of
3%. State sales taxes are paid on purchases from the Outside
system as well as on local purchases.
1. Net Income and Rate of Return
Business net income is obtained by subtracting
all of the above expenditures from the gross income. Net
income for commercial establishments can be very volatile
because of the competitive aspect of the local market and
the individual business's control over pricing.
The rate of return is printed for each business
as a percent, expressing the ratio of the business's net
income to its current value. Current value is the original
value of the building times its value ratio divided by 100,
plus the market value of the land consumed by the building.
107
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IV. Economic Sector Decisions
A- Summary of Decisions
The decisions that are available to the Economic-Sector
decision-makers may be classified into three categories:
those specific to a team, those specific to a particular bus-
iness, and capital expenses. These are outlined below.
Decisions Specific to a Team
Lend Money (to other teams)
Borrow Money (from outside bankers)
Invest or Disinvest in Stocks (outside system)
Transfer Cash (to social or economic teams or government
department)
Decisions Specific to a Business
All Businesses
Change Maintenance Level
Boycott
Residences
Change Rents
Commercial
Change Prices
Commercial and Industrial
Change Salaries
Industrial
Change Operating Level
Construct or Demolish Effluent Treatment Plant
Recycle Water Used
Farms
Change Fertilizer Level Used
Capital Decisions
Purchase Land
Construct or Demolish Land Use Activities
tt. Input Format
Local system decision-makers (such as the Economic
Sector) use a standardized input form (Figure ES-2) when
making decisions that must be processed by the computer.
The standard format for these decisions is:
$CODE/=dm/a, b, c, ...
1. $CODE stands for the type of decision code. The
Economic Sector has the option to make decisions that use
the following decision codes:
108
-------
$OTHER (lend and borrow money, invest in or sell
stocks)
$CASH (transfer cash)
$CVPT (change rents, prices, maintenance levels,
salaries)
$BYCT (boycott)
$ENDS (change a business"s operating or recy-
cling level)
$WRBLD (construct or demolish an effluent treat-
ment plant)
$ODDS (change a farm's fertilizer level)
$PU (buy or sell land)
$BUILD (construct or demolish an economic
activity)
2. "=dm" is the decision-maker, which for the economic
sector is "A", "B", "C", etc.
3. The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the parti-
cular decision.
Note that there is a slash (/) after the decision-maker
code. There are commas separating all other bits of informa-
tion. Note also that the decision-maker code is prefaced by
an equals sign ( = ).
109
-------
Figure ES-2
Note: When filling out this form, refer to
input description form in the manual.
Please write clearly; distinguish
between 1 (one) and "I" (eye), "0"
(oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
in numbers exactly as required;
omitting commas within numbers (100000)
Decision Decision-
Code Maker
$_
$.
$_
$_
$.
$.
$_
?.
s.
$
/ =
/ =
/ =_
/ =.
/ =.
/ =
-------
ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision
DECISIONS
SPECIFIC TO
A TEAM
LEND MONEY
BORROW MONEY
INVEST OR
DISINVEST
IN STOCKS
TRANSFER
CASH
NOTE
Decision-
Code Maker a
$OTHER A, B, C, LO
etc .
$OTHER A, B, C, BO
'etc .
$OTHER A, B, C, SP, CN,
etc. SELLSP,
SELLCN
$CASH A, B, C, C
etc .
: IF SOCIAL RECIPIENT
put 0 in column "f"
and location in
column "g" .
be d
amount (in term interest
$10,000's) (2 or 25) rate
(in mils)
amount (in term
$10,000's) (2 or 25)
amount (in
dollars)
receiver amount (in PVT
(economic dollars)
or social
decision-
maker or
department
and juris-
diction)
e
borrower
if reci-
pient is:
economic,
PVT; so-
cial, H,
M,or L;
govern-
ment,
CAPital
or CURrent
account
-------
ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision Code
ALL BUSINESSES
CHANGE $CVPT
MAINTENANCE
LEVEL
BOYCOTT $BYCT
RESIDENCES ONLY
Change Rents $CVPT
COMMERCIAL ONLY
Change Prices $CVPT
COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL
Change Salaries $CVPT
Decision-
Maker
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
A, B, C,
etc.
a b c d
M location new main-
~~ tenance
level
E land use S location
boycotting boycotted
R location new rent
per space
unit (in
$1000's)
P location price/CU
(in $100's)
S location salary to salary to
~~ low income middle
(specified income
e
Stop the
Boycott or
Begin it
salary to
high in-
come (spe-
as salary (specified cified as
per worker 'as salary salary
in $100-'s) per worker Per worker
in $100's) in $100's)
-------
ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of Decision-
Decision Code Maker a b c d e
INDUSTRIAL
ONLY
Change the $ENDS A, B, C, L location New Old New
Operating etc. Level Level Level
Level
Construct $WRBLD A, B, C, T location OUT Old New
or Demolish etc. * Level Level
Effluent ^
Treatment
Plant
Recycle $ENDS A, B, C, R location percent
Water Used etc. recycling
(0 to 100)
FARMS ONLY
Change the $ODDS A, B, C, F_ farm code fertilizer
Fertilizer etc. number level (0-3)
f g
0 New
Treat-
ment
Type
(CL,PTf
ST,TT)
0 New
Treat-
ment
Type
(CL,PT,
ST,TT)
Level
-------
Type of
Decision
CAPITAL
DECISION
Purchase or $PU
bid on land'
ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Decision-
Code Maker a b c d e f
A, B,
etc.
C, location price seller if from
(in (econo- depart-
$1000's)mic ment,
team, percent
or de- of par-
partment eel
and ju-
risdic-
tion or,
if bid,
OU)
Construct or $OUBLD
Demolish
Land Use
Activities
A, B, C,
etc.
location land old
use level
code
new main-
level tenance
level
*f if residence, quality index; if business, salary to PL, worker (ijn $100's)
*g if residence,, .0 or 1 (if private utilities); if business, salary to PM worker (in $100's)
*h if residence,' rent per space unit (in $1000?s); if business, salary to PH workers (in $100's)
*i if commercial, price per CU (in $100ls)
-------
C. Sample Decisions
A. Decisions Specific to a Team
A.I Lend Money
Team A lends team C $2,000,0'00 for a period of 2
rounds and at an annual interest rate of 8.b percent.
Team F lends team G $150,000 for a period of 25 years
at an annual interest rate of 10-7 percent.
A.2 Borrow Money
Team B places an application with outside system
bankers to borrow $14,000,000 to be paid off during
a 25 year period. (This decision will be accepted
if this loan does not make Team B's debts rise above
80 percent of its net worth.)
A.3 Invest or Disinvest in Stocks
Team A invests $159,000 in speculative stocks.
Team B invests $42,550 in conservative stocks.
Team C disinvests (sells) $452,753 worth of specula-
tive stocks.
Team D sells $35,000 worth of conservative stocks.
A.4 Transfer Cash
Team E transfers $25,000 in cash to Team F.
Team E transfers $10,000 in cash to the low-income
social living on parcel 9230 and controlled by
social decision-maker GG. (Note that social teams
are identified for this by a two lettered name.)
Team E transfers $2,700,000 to the capital account
of the School Department in Jurisdiction 1.
B. Decisions Specific to a Business
All Businesses
B.I Change Maintenance Level
Team A changes the maintenance level for its RA3 on
9248 from 80 to 85.
Team B changes the maintenance level for its BG on
9632 and for its NS on 10032 to 92. (Note that all
the parcel numbers within the parentheses are treated
as a single list of information.)
115
-------
B.2 Boycott
Team B has its RA housing boycott the PG establish-
ment at 9232 owned by Team C.
Team D stops the boycotts that its chemical esta-
blishment (CR) had against the BG at 10018.
Residences
B.3 Change Rents
Team D changes the rent for its RB5 on 11232 from
$135,000 per space unit to 147,000 per space unit.
Commercial
B.4 Change Prices
Team G changes the price per unit of output sold for
its PS at 11438 from $10,000 to $11,500.
Commercial and Industrial
B.5 Change Salaries
Team F changes the low-income salaries paid at the
BS on parcel 10040 from $2,500 per worker to $2,700
per worker. He leaves the PM salary at $5,000 and -
the PH salary at $10,000. (Note that the old sala-
ries must be listed on the input form for those
income classes whose salaries were not changed.)
Industrial
B.6 Change Operating Level
Team C wishes to reduce the operating level of its
CR3 at 10844 from 3 to 2 and increase the operating
level of its MP (which has -a constructed level of 3
but a present operating level of 1) at 11040 from
a 1 to 2.
B.7 Construct Effluent Treatment Facilities
Team A decides to construct a second level primary
treatment facility for its PAS at 10838.
Team F decides to demolish one of the levels of its
third level tertiary treatment facility on parcel 9842
116
-------
B.8 Recycle Water Used
Team G decides to recycle 50 percent of the water
used by its MP2 at location 8430.
Farms
B.9 Change the Fertilizer Level Used
Team A decides to change the fertilizer level of its
farm (code number 2) from 2 to 0.
C. Capital Decisions
C.I Purchase or Sell Land
Team A places a bid for $1,000,000 on parcel 11448
which is owned by the outside system. (The director
will determine if this bid is successful. Successful
or not Team A will pay a bid fee just to make the
bid. The amount of the bid fee is listed in the
Economic Master Table and it is expressed as a per-
cent of the bid price.)
Team A purchases all of the privately owned land
(and any developments that happen to be on this land)
from Team B for $5,600,000.
Team A purchases 36 percent of parcel 9242 from the
Planning and Zoning Department in Jurisdiction J. for
$1,430,000. This land may be used immediately by
Team A for any use allowed to Team A.
C.2 Construct or Demolish Land Use Activities
Team A demolishes .an RA5 that was located on 11238.
(Assume that Team A also gets the government to
rezone the land and supply the needed level of
utility service.) Team A then constructs a CRl on
the cleared land. The maintenance level for this
CRl is specified to be 100'and the salaries offered
are $3,700 for PL workers, $5,400 for PM workers,
and $10,500 for PH workers.
Team B upgrades (builds more on a parcel that already
has some development) the RB2 on parcel 10034 to an
RB3 and sets the new maintenance level at 80. The
quality index for the new level of housing is 80
(this is averaged with the old quality of the RB2
already there) and the new rent for the entire RB3
is $150,000 per space unit.
117
-------
Team C upgrades the BG1 at 9434 to a BG2 and sets
the new maintenance level to 70. Salaries are spe-
cified as $2,800 per PL worker, $5,200 per PM worker,
and $10,600 per PH worker. .The price charged for
units sold by the BG is set at $107,000 per CU
(capacity unit).
118
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE ECONOMIC SECTOR
Sample
Decision
A.I
A.I
A. 2
A. 3
A. 3
A. 3
A. 4
A. 4
A. 4
Decision Decision- *«i a \r ""O^V HjcV ^d>- '^&Jr "^f^" "^9^
Code Maker ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
$ OTHE&/ = A / 10 , 200 , 2. , 7 5" , O
$ OTHEfL/ =
$ QTHE&/ =
$ OTl-ttK / =
$ ^7£^. / =
$ 0T}l£/t. / =
$ ^T^^.C / =
$ CAW / -
$ GASH / -
$ ^XI^A^ / -
P / L0 , /f , 2S" , /07 , G
8 / 8^ , /f^c , j?r"
A / SP , i$«)oco,
B / CA/ , Vasrd),
C /S£tt~SP,
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE ECONOMIC SECTOR
tx)
o
Sample
Decision
B.I
S.I
B.2
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B. 6
B.6
B.7
B.7
B.8
B.9
Decision Decision- ^a^ -^^b^ "N^/?" "vL^" "^v^" "4SO*" "^9^"
Code Maker ^~*^ ^^^ ^"*^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^
$CVPT / = A / M , 9i4?f sg~ ,
$ dVPT / =
$ fBYCT/ =
$ ftYcr / =
$ c?/pr / =
$ ovpr/ =
$ ever/ =
$ £N'DS / =
$ £ND5 / -
$ U4?atD / -
$WR8ll)/ -
$ Er^DS / =
$ GOD<> / =
B
B
£
P
£
P
c
c.
A
F ,
£
A .
/ A1 /^32,, f 2-
/ E , £A , S , f23£, B
/ £ , CR. , S > I0t>i$ . S
/ X. , 7/232, W
/ P , //y3,f, //S' ,
/ S , W40, i? ,. S7> , /oo r
/ L , 'OiStfH i 2» > , , , ,
/ i, , /JO-fo, 2. » , , , ,
o
/ T , 10838 , $VT , Q , Z , & , PT ,
/ T , 98-42,, <$Vr, 3,2-, 0 , TT ,
/ K , ?43« 5-0
/ F , i. , 0 .
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE ECONOMIC SECTOR
Sample
Decision
C.I
C.I
C.I
C.2
C.2
C.2
C.2
Decision Decision- HaJ"
Code Maker ^^^
$ PU / - A / M448,
$ PU / =
$ PU / -
$ / =
$^U6UD / =
$ 0U8l!> / =
$ / -
$^;s,D/ _
A
A
A
A
B
C
/ H038,
/ 9Z42 ,
/
/ HZ39,
/ "**8 ,
/ 10034,
/ 9434 ,
1000 , <0U , , , , , ,
5*600, 8 ,
»430 , PH i , 36 ,
RA , 5 , 0 ,
C^ , 0 , 1 , 100 , 3L? , 5-4 , 105" ,
R@ , 2. , ?b , 80 , 80 , O , I5"O ,
SGi ,1,2., 7O , 28 , jTT- , IO6 , \O~7o
-------
V. Economic Sector Master Tables
The numerical values of direct importance to the economic
decision-makers are found in six master tables:
A. Master Table for Economic Teams (showing information on
borrowing and debts, rates of return on stocks, normal
price relatives for basic industries, development alter-
natives, boycotts, and taxes)
B. Master Table for Industrial Establishments (showing
information for all the basic industries including NS)
C. Master Table for Commercial Establishments (showing infor-
mation for BG, BS, PG, and PS)
p Master Table for Residences (showing information for RA,
RB, and RC type housing)
E. Farm Master Table (showing changes in income as a function
of the fertilizer level and the pollution associated with the
various fertilizer levels for each of five farm types)
F. Planning Master Table (showing the impact of the industrial,
commercial, and residential developments on land consumption,
utility service, employment, terminal usage, and municipal
services)
122
-------
A. MASTER TABLE FOR ECONOMIC TEAMS
LIMITATIONS ON DEBTS
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF DEBT 80% OF NET WORTH
NORMAL RANGE OF OUTSIDE INTEREST RATES 4.3% to 6.2%
NORMAL RANGE OF RATES OF RETURN ON
SPECULATIVE STOCK
CONSERVATIVE STOCKS
NORMAL RANGE OF PRICE RELATIVES
HEAVY INDUSTRIES
LIGHT INDUSTRIES
NATIONAL SERVICES
DEVELOPMENTS (LEVEL ONE)
HEAVY INDUSTRY
SURFACE WATER USERS
MUNICIPAL WATER USERS
LIGHT INDUSTRY
SURFACE WATER USER
NATIONAL SERVICES
LOCAL COMMERCIAL
RANGE FOR
CONSTRUCTION
COSTS
(Millions of
Dollars)
240-300
140-320
120-250
50
20-45
RESIDENCES(100 Quality Index) 1-25
- 1 to 10%
5 to 7%
.90 to 1.12
.93 to 1.10
.95 to 1.06
RANGE FOR
LAND
REQUIREMENT
(Percent
of a Parcel)
28-48
12-40
6-28
12
10-12
2
Economic Boycotts*
Possible Boycotting Activities
FL, SG, MP, MF, NL, EL, TE, FO,
TA, PA, CR
NS, PG, PS
RA, RB, RC
*This does not include any social boycotts that might be
directed against economic teams. For example, population
units may boycott working at any economic employment location
or shopping at any PG or PS establishment.
Activities that Can
Be Boycotted
BG, BS
PB, PS
123
-------
ECONOMIC TEAMS
Outside System Taxes on all Developments
Income Taxes
State - 5% of gross income minus all expenses except
water, utilities, transportation, this tax
and federal income tax
Federal - 22% of first $25,000 and 48% of above
$25,000 on gross income minus all expendi-
tures except water, utilities, transporta-
tion, and this tax
Sales Taxes
3% State sales tax applied against purchases of goods
and services (from BG, BS, PG and PS, and purchases
from the Outside by BG and BS)
124
-------
B.
MASTER TABLE FOIt INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
(LEVEL ONE CHARACTERISTICS)
LOCATION RKQUIKKMENTS
FL
SG
MF
FO
PA
CR
1, PERCENT OF PARCEL 28
(Maximum Possible Levels) (3)
2. ZONING REQUIRED
00
10
20
21
3. MINIMUM LEVEL OF 1
UTILITY SERVICE
4. ANNUAL UTILITY UNITS
CONSUMED 50
5. CONSTRUCTION COSTS 300
(Millions of Dollars)
DEPRECIATION
6, ANNUAL PERCENTAGE 3.0
(Due to Aging)
7. MS EFFECT 3.0
(Maximum Percentage)
8. FIRE (Maximum Percentage) 3. 0
40
(2)
00
10
20
21
100
240
2.0
2.0
2.0
48
(2)
00
10
20
21
.700
240
4.0
4.0
4.0
20
(5)
00
10
20
21
100
320
3. 5
3.0
3.5
15
(6)
00
10
20
21
100
150
3.0
3.0
3.0
9. FLOOD Depends upon amount input by
FLOOD MULTIPLIER .6
10. WATER QUALITY (Maximum) 1.0
WATER CHARACTERISTICS
11. SURFACE WATER USER *.
^2 CONSUMPTION (MfiO) fi)
13. DAYS IN OPERATION 260
PER YEAR
14. CONSUMPTION (MGY) 15860
15. RECYCLING _
COST PER MG
MAXIMUM PERCENT OF 100
WATER ABLE TO BE
RECYCLED
16. EFFLUENT TREATMENT
CONSTRUCTION COST
PER LEVEL
(Millions of Dollars)
CL .5
PT 5
ST 15
TT 45
EMPLOYEES
17. FULL TIME POPULATION
UNITS (PI'S)
PH 8
PM 8
PL 35
18. PART TIME (Leisure
Time Units)
PH 0
PM 80
PL 240
CAPACITY MEASUKKS
.6
NA
10
260
2600
rJft
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
18
23
80
160
ICO
.6
1.0
X
22 5
260
58500
Jot>
100
.8
8
24
72
19
18
18
80
160
320
.6
NA
Q
260
2340
Hfl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
24
18
17
80
160
160
.6
NA
12
260
3120
fjft
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
21
20
10
80
80
160
12
(8)
00
10
20
21
2
200
140
4.0
4.0
4.0
12
(8)
00
10
20
21
2
200
180
5.0
5.0
5.0
20
(5)
00
10
20
22
3
300
230
2.0
2.0
2.0
6
(16)
00
10
20
22
1
100
120
1.5
2.0
1.5
director and location
.6
NA
260
1300
tJfi
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
30
18
17
80
80
80
.6
NA
260
2080
Hfl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25
22
15
80
80
80
.5
1.0
X
260
12740
Aoo
100
.45
4.5
13. 5
40.5
15
19
24
0
80
80
.5
1.0
X
260
4420
SO"
100
.2
2
6
18
15
10
30
0
0
240
16
(6)
00
10
20
22
3
300
250
1.5
2.0
1.5
28
(3)
00
10
20
22
4
400
250
3.0
3.0
3.0
12
(8)
00
10
30
31
1
76
50
3.0
3.0
3.0
in flood plain
.5
1.0
X
260
86580
2oo
100
1
10
30
90
23
17
20
80
0
160..
.5
1.0
X
260
8060
-jcc
100
. 3
3
9
27
24
24
14
i
80
80
80
260
46.8
fjft
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
23
9
9
80
0
0
19.
20.
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
MAXIMUM UNITS PRODUCED 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
MAXIMUM EMPLOYMENT
EKFKCT
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
125
-------
FL
SG HP
MF NL EL TE FO TA PA CR
NS
INCOME FACTORS
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
NORMAL PRICE PER UNIT
SOLD (Thousands of
Dollars)
TYPICAL INCOME FROM
SALES (Millions of
Dollars)
EXPENDITURES
BUSINESS GOODS (Units)
BUSINESS SERVICES
(Units)
PURCHASES PER 1%
MAINTENANCE
BG UNITS
BS UNITS
TYPICAL UTILITIES COSTS
(Millions of Dollars)
WATER
(Millions of Dollars)
RECYCLING (Assuming
100% recycled)
INTAKE PROCESS
(Assuming Water
Quality of 4)
OUTFLOW TREATMENT
(Operating Costs)
CL ($1000)
PT
ST
TT
MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
(Assuming water
costs of $450 per
KG)
(Millions of Dollars)
TRANSPORTATION (Per
Unit of Output on
Type 3 Road)
TO BG
TO BS
TO TERMINAL
TERMINAL UNITS
SALARIES (Full
Employment)
TAXES
PROPERTY
SALES
INCOME
RYTE OF RETURN
UNITS OF POLLUTION
PER MG
BOD (LBS/MG)
CHLORIDES (LBS/MG)
NUTRIENTS (LBS/HG)
COLIFORM (Parts/MG)
196 155
196 155
400 200
-120 40
10 8
.5 1.0
3.17 NA
1.59 NA
397 NA
1588 NA
3176 NA
4764 NA
NA 1.17
2500 6000
1500 1500
2500 2000
1000 10000
Depends
176
176
140
35
10
7.0
11.70
5.85
1463
5852
11704
17556
NA
7000
1500
2000
6000
.232
232
300
180
8
1.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
147 200
147 200
100 400
54 246
8 6
1.0 2.0
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
1.05 1.40 .59
2700
1500
1500
2000
7000 1000
1500 1500
1000 500
1000 1000
184
184
200
174
10
6
2.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.94
2500
1500
1500
2000
148
148
30
10
5
2
3.0
2.55
1.27
319
1276
2552
3828
NA
1000
1500
1000
3000
100
100
20
10
4
1.0
.88
.44
111
444
888
1332
NA
5000
1500
500
1000
183
183
100
44
4
3.0
17.32
8.66
2165
8660
17320
25980
NA
2000
1500
1500
3000
185
185
iso
50
4
4.0
1.61
.81
302
808
1616
2424
NA
2000
1500
1000
3000
110
110
60
23
1
.76
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.02
1250
1250
NA
NA
upon Salary levels offered.
Local rate time:
s assessed value
Fixed state sales tax
Federal-State tax plus
Net income divided by
600 500
100 100
1000 1000
20 10
TEMPERATURE DEVIATION 9 0
OIL & FLOATING SOLIDS 1 0
33.
HIGH LEVEL WASTES
INTAKE TREATMENT COSTS
PER MG (dollars)
QUALITY OF WATKR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
0 0
10 NA
60 NA
80 NA
100 NA
180 NA
300 NA
450 NA
600 NA
Cnnnot bo
1000
170
500
20
6
1
0
20
60
80
100
180
300
.450
600
USO(] .
500
150
700
30
0
1
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
times purchases
local tax.
of goods and
services
if any
sum of business
400 800
150 200
100 200
20 20
0 0
0 0
0 0
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
500
180
100
30
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
value
6000
400
10000
300
9
1
0
50
60
80
100
180
300
450
600
and land value
6000
130
'4000
20
18
1
1
20
60
80
100
180
300
450
600
3000
380
3000
150
16
1
1
20.
60
80
100
180
300
450
600
2000
600
800
50
4
1
1
30
60
80
100
180
300
450
600
100
0
0
20
0
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
126
-------
C- MASTER TABLE FOR COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS
(LEVEL ONE CHARACTERISTICS)
BG BS PG PS
LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1 .
2,
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
PERCENT OF A PARCEL CONSUMED
(Maximum Possible Levels)
ZONING REQUIR'ED
MINIMUM LEVEL OF UTILITY
SERVICE
(Annual Utility Units
Consumed)
CONSTRUCTION COST
(Millions of Dollars)
DEPRECIATION
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE (Due to
Aging)
MS EFFECT (Maximum Percentage)
FIRE (Maximum Percentage)
FLOOD (Maximum Percentage)
FLOOD MULTIPLIER
USE (Percentage at 100% Use)
WATER CONSUMPTION
MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER DAY
(MGD)
DAYS WATER IS USED PER YEAR
MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR
(MGY)
EMPLOYEES
FULL TIME POPULATION UNITS (PI1
PH
PM
PL
PART TIME (Leisure Time Units)
PH
PM
PL
12
(8)
__
00
10
30
32
2
112
25
1.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
.13
210
41
s)
14
7
8
80
0
0
10
(10)
_
00
10
30
33
1
71
10
2.0
3.0
1.4
2.0
.17
310
53
20
9
9
80
0
0
12
(8)
__
00
10
30
34
1
99
30
1.6
2.6
1.3
1.6
.23
310
72
8
13
23
0
80
160
12
(8)
__
00
10
30
35
1
77
10
2.2
3.2
1.2
2.2
.18
310
56
6
11
16
0
80
160
127
-------
BG
BS
PG
PS
CAPACITY MEASURES
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
MAXIMUM EMPLOYMENT EFFECT
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE CAPACITY
NORMAL PRICE PER CAPACITY UNIT
SOLD (Thousands of Dollars)
TYPICAL INCOME FROM SALES
(Millions of Dollars)
EXPENDITURES
BUSINESS GOODS (Units)
BUSINESS SERVICES (Units)
OUTSIDE SERVICE CHARGES
(Thousands of Dollars)
PURCHASES PER 1% MAINTENANCE
BG UNITS
BS UNITS
OUTSIDE SERVICE CHARGES
(Thousands of Dollars)
TYPICAL UTILITIES COSTS
(Millions of Dollars)
WATER (Assuming Water Costs
= $450)
TRANSPORTATION (Per Unit of
Capacity on HY3)
TO BG
TO BS
TO TERMINAL
5000
5000
100
500
NA
NA
83/CU
NA
NA
250
1.12
18135
NA
NA
1
1500
1500
100
150
NA
NA
58/CU
NA
NA
100
.71
23715
NA
NA
NA
16000
16000
10
160
.037/CU
.017/CU
NA
2
1
NA
.99
32085
.0425
.02
NA
8000
8000
10
80
.03/CU
.01/CU
NA
.75
.25
NA
.77
25110
.0375
.0125
NA
25
26
27.
SALARIES (Full Employment)
TAXES
PROPERTY
SALES
INCOME
RATE OF RETURN
Depends upon salary levels offered
Local rate times assessed value,
Fixed state sales tax times
purchases of goods and services
Federal-state tax plus local
tax, if any.
Net income divided by sum of
building value and land value.
128
-------
D. MASTER TABLE FOR RESIDENCES
(LEVEL ONE CHARACTERISTICS)
LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PERCENT OF PARCEL CONSUMED
(Maximum Possible Levels of
Development)
ZONING REQUIRED
MINIMUM LEVEL OF UTILITY
SERVICE REQUIRED
(Annual Utility Units
Consumed)
RA
2
(50)
_ _
00
40
41
1
(4)
RB
2
(50)
__
00
40
42
1
(26)
RC
2
(50)
_
00
40
43
2
(117)
CONSTRUCTION FACTORS
6.
7.
COST (Millions of dollars)
QUALITY INDEX (When new, equal to or
greater than)
1
40
6
40
25
40
DEPRECIATION
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
ANNUAL (Due to aging)
MS EFFECT (Maximum)
FIRE (Maximum)
2.0
2.0
2.0
FLOOD (Maximum depends upon damage set by
on flood plain)
(Flood Multiplier) (1.1)
3.0
3.0
2.0
director
(1.0)
4.0
3.0
2.0
and location
(.9)
WATER CONSUMPTION (Depends Upon Occupants)
13.
14.
15.
MGY PER PH
MGY PER PM
MGY PER PL
29
25
11
25
18
11
22
11
7
129
-------
RA
RB
RC
16. NUMBER OF DAYS DURING YEAR
WATER IS USED
17. MGD PER PH
18. MGD PER PM
19. MGD PER PL
OCCUPANTS
20. SPACE UNITS PROVIDED
21. SPACE UNITS DEMANDED:
PH
PM
PL
RENT PER SPACE UNIT (Thousands of dollars)
22 . MAXIMUM
23. NORMALS FOR VARIOUS CLASSES
PH
PM
PL
INCOME (Assuming 100% Occupancy)
360
.08
.07
.03
2
2
1.5
1
210
165
150
140
360
.07
.05
.03
12
2
1.5
1
210
165
150
140
360
.06
.03
.02
50
2
1.5
1
210
165
150
140
(Thousands of Dollars)
24. AT MAXIMUM RENT
25. AT RENT OF $150,000 PER SPACE UNIT
PH OCCUPANTS
PM OCCUPANTS
PL OCCUPANTS
EXPENDITURES
420
26.
27.
28.
MAINTENANCE
PG UNITS PER 1% MAINTENANCE
PS UNITS PER 1% MAINTENANCE
NORMAL TOTAL COSTS PER 1%
MAINTENANCE
NORMAL UTILITIES CHARGES
(Thousands of dollars)
40
2520
260
TAXES
PROPERTY (Local rate times assessed value)
INCOME (Federal-state tax plus local tax)
SALES (Local rate times purchases for maintenance)
10500
300
300
300
.7
.3
10
1800
1800
1800
4
2
60
7500
7500
7500
17
8
250
1170
130
-------
NET INCOME
RATE OF RETURN
ENVIRONMENTAL INDEXES
Income from rent minus expenditures
Net income divided by sum of residence
value and land value
Comprised of pollution index plus
residence quality, rent, MS and school
use indexes, and taxes or welfare
131
-------
E. FARM MASTER TABLE
Farm Identification Fl F2 F3
Percent Increase in
Net Income as a
Function of the
Fertilizer Level
1
2
3
7
12
20
Pollution of Nutrients
(in LBS/MG) as a
Function of the
Fertilizer Level
0
1
2
40
80
160
320
8
16
25
50
100
250
500
5
9
15
30
6.0
90
180
F4
3
7
12
20
40
80
160
F5
2
5
9
10
20
30
60
132
-------
F- PLANNING MASTER TABLE
(LEVEL ONE CHARACTERISTICS)
H
0)
U
^
a
CM
m
m
o
-p
c
ACTIVITY B
M
FL
SG
MP
MF
NL
EL
TE
FO
TA
PA
CR
NS
BG
BS
PG
PS
RA
RB
RC
0)
p.
28
40
48
20
15
12
12
20
6
16
28
12
12
10
12
12
2
2
2
aximum Possible Levels
^
(3)
(2)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(16)
(6)
(3)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(8)
(8)
(50)
(50)
(50)
nimum Level of Utility
Service
H
s
1
1
7
1
1
2
2
3
1
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
nual Utility Units
Consumed
S
50
100
700
100
100
200
200
300
100
300
400
76
112
71
99
77
4
26
117
nstruction Costs
(Market Value)
o
u
300
240
240
320
150
140
180
'230
120
250
250
50
25
10
30
,10
1
6
25
133
ill Time Employees
PH
P
EM
8
14
19
24
21
30
25
15
15
23
24
23
14
20
8
6
NA
NA
NA
S
P4
8
18
18
18
20
18
22
19
10
17
24
9
7
9
13
11
NA
NA
NA
ij
04
35
23
18
17
18
17
15
24
30
20
14
9
8
9
23
16
NA
NA
NA
irminal Units
VJ
H
1000
10000
6000
2000
1000
1000
2000
3000
1000
3000
3000
NA
One per
CU sold
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
.MS Drain
4S Capacity Units)
f-4
150
50
200
150
100
150
200
250
150
200
300
50
25
10
30
10
10
60
250
-------
APPENDIX A
Sequence of Computer Print-Out
Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar. The overall order of output is:
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4. Commercial Allocation
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
7. Social and Economic Summaries
8. Government Detail
9. Summary Statistics
10. Maps
Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections. An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lists player and director decisions. The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above. These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response- to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.
Each subsection of output has its own title, but on
every' subsection the heading for the data base and the round
number are printed. A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4..
Print-Out Section Description
1. Migration
Environmental For each class which can live on
Indexes each residence parcel, this shows
the value of each component of
the environmental index based on
last round's pollution index, MS
use index and school use index
and this round's residence quality,
rent, tax rates, and welfare rates.
134
-------
Figure 4
1. Migration
2. Water System
RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1.2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 .v igration Detail
1.5 > igration Statistics
1.6 I-igratior. Summary
Process
3.
3.1 Employment Selection Information for PL Class
3.2 Employment Selection Information for PM Class
3,3 Employment Selection Information for PH Class
3.4 Part-Time Work Allocation £or PH Class
3.5 Part-Time Work Allocation for PM Class
3.6 Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
3.7 Employment Summary
Commercial Allocation
4.1 Personal Goods Allocation Summary
4.2 Personal Services Allocation Summary
4.3 Business Goods Allocation Summary
4.4 Business Services Allocation Summary
4.5 Government Contracts
4.6 Terminal Demand and Supply Table
4.7 Terminal Allocation Map
8. Government Detail 8.1 As^c'sren
8 7 ',''/'''**" Drama~ tmT.*" ~"OO*"ts
8.3 Sampling St.'.tion Report: Point Source Quality
8.4 Sampling Station Report: Arriient Quality
8.5 Utility Depart.mcnt Report
8.6 Utility Department Finances
8,7 Municipal Services Department Report
E.8 .Municipal Services Department Finances
£.9 Municipal Services ;--oarrr.cnt Construction Table
8.10 Planning and Scnina r-vc;rt.-ent Report
8.11 School D..-pjrt-o:it Rc-prr-
8.12 Schocl Department Finances
8.13 School Department Csr.s truction Table
8.1'. Highway Department Finances
8.15 Highway Department Construction Table
8.16 Rail Company Report
8.17 Bus Corpany r-o;;ort
8.13 Ch.airm.an De^art:"ent Finances
S. 19 Tax Sum.-.:--"
8.20 Financial Summary
9. Surv-nary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
10. Haps
Social Sector
Economic Sector
5.1 Dollar Value o£ Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Boycotts
6.1 Farm Output
6.2 Residence output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 Commercial Output
6.5 Economic Boycott Status
6.6 New Construction Table
6.7 Land Summary
6.8 Loan Statement
6.9 Financial Surr.nary
Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Toons
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Sumjnary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation -Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation .Map
10.3 Business Commercial Allocation Xap
10.I Municipal Service Map
10.5 School ::.-!?
10.6 Utility r.ap
10.7 Water Usage .'-Cap
10.8 Water Quality Map
10.9 Kunicipa1 Treatment
10.10 !-'.unicipol Intake and Outflow Point Map
10.11 Surface Hater I'.ap
10.12 Farm Ku:ioff Map
10.13 River Er.sin Flood Plain Map
10.14 Farm, y.ap
10.15 Farm Assessed and Market Value Hap
10.16 Market Value Map
10.17 Assessed Value Map
10.18 Economic Status Map
10.19 Highway Map
10.20 Planning and Zoning Map
10.21 Parkland Usage Map
10.22 Sccio-Econo.iio Distribution -Map
10.23 Demographic Xap
10.24 Social Decision-Maker Map
10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
10.26 Government Status Map
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Indexes
Migration Detail
Migration
Statistics
Migration Summary
2. Water System
Description
For each class living on each
residence parcel, .this shows the
value of each component of the
personal index based on last
round's time allocation, resi-
dential crowding, MS use index,
and coliform bacteria index.
For each residence parcel and for
each class which lived on the
parcel immediately before or
after the migration program ran,
this shows the number of Pi's
in the class now residing on the
parcel and of those who moved,
why they moved and where they
came from and went to.
Number of in-migrants, out-
migrants , internal migrants,
and natural population growth
by jurisdiction and class.
The number of Pi's who moved
between or within jurisdictions
by class, by jurisdiction and by
reason for moving.
Water User
Effluent Content
For each economic activity and
municipal water system, the
volume of effluent dumped into
the surface water and the amount
of each pollutant in the effluent
after the effluent has received
any treatment.
River Quality During For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
for the surface water on each
parcel through which a river
flows, this shows the water
quality rating, the volume of
water, and the amount of each
pollutant present.
136
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Water User Costs and
Consumption
Coliform and
Pollution Index
Values
3. Employment
Employment Selection
Information for Low-
Income Class
Employment Selection
Information for
Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.
Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating. The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
137
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Employment Selection
Information For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for
Middle Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for Low
Income Class
Employment Summary
4. Commercial Allocation
Personal Goods
Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Services
Allocation Summary
Business Goods
Allocation Summary
Business Services
Allocation Summary
Terminal Allo-
cation Summary
Description
location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales. For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.
This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.
For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment
This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.
Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user. Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
139
-------
Print-Out Section
Terminal Allocation
Map
Social Sector*
Dollar Value of Time
Social Decision-
Maker Output
Social Boycotts
Economic Sector**
Farm Output
Description
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.
By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column. The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.
Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
*The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction. The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last) . Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not printed. Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.
**The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before1 the next team's
output begins. A team for which a section of output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of output. For example,
a team with no residences receives no residence output. Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary. All active
teams receive financial summaries.
140
-------
Print-Out Section
Residence Output
Business Output
Construction
Industry Output
Construction
Industries' Contract
Table
Economic Boycott
Status
New Construction
Table
Land Summary
Description
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls. All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.
Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decision-
maker .
Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.
Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is the
contractee.
Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
141
-------
Print-Out Section
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic
Summaries
Number of Levels of
Economic Activity
Controlled by Teams
Employment Centers
Economic Control
Summary*
Description
Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment,
A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.
Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.
For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
*This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
142
-------
Print-Out Section
Social Control
Summary*
Social Control
Summary
Economic Control
Summary
Social Control
Summary
Description
For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfaction
(quality of life index) .
By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.
This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income. The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.
This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
*This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
143
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Government Detail*
Assessment Report
Water Department
Reports
Sampling Station
Report: Point
Source Quality
Sampling Station
Report: Ambient
Quality
Utility Department
Report
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.
List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations, prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).
For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.
For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.
Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges. Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
*A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
144
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Utility Department
Finances
Municipal Services
Department Report
Municipal Services
Department Finances
Municipal Services
Department Con-
struction Table
Planning and Zoning
Department Report
School Department
Report
School Department
Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working, and the
MS use indexes. Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.
Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.
For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.
Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.
Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
145
-------
Print-Out Section
School Department
Construction Table
Highway Department
Report
Highway Department
Construction Table
Rail Company
Report
Description
For each school construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM' s
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.
A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available fed-
eral-state aid.
For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, .this ,
shows -the construction firm,
.the location of the road or ter-
minal., the status, the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
-------
Print-Out Section
Bus Company
Report
Chairman Department
Finances
Tax Summary
Financial Summary
Description
A financial report showing ;
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.
Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.
Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations, federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
9. Summary Statistics
Demographic and
Economic Statistics
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
147
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
10. Maps
Personal Goods
Allocation Map
Personal Services
Allocation Map
Business Commercial
Allocation Map
Municipal Service
Map
School Map
Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS 'user
is assigned.
Map showing the locations of
MS' s and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.
Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.
Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each parcel.
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Plant Map
Municipal Intake
and Outflow Point
Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Funoff Map
River Basin Flood
Plain Map
Farm Map
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.
Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.
Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.
Map shov/ing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.
Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.
Map shov/ing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in the river basin.
Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
14Q
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Print-Out Section
Farm Assessed and
Market Value Map
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
Description
Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.
Map showing the economic sector
ov/ner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every par-
cel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.
Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.
Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public institutional
land.
150
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Print-Out Section
Parkland Usage Map
Socio-Economic
Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Description
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.
Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel , the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,
Map showing the population (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
Social Decision-
Maker Map
Topographical
Restriction Map
Government Status
Map
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).
Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
ftU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I97Z 484-484/198 1-3
151
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