WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 16110 FRU 12/71 -14
The River Basin Model:
THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of
pollution in our Nation's waters. They provide a central
source of information on the research, development, and
demonstration activities in the water research program of
the Environmental Protection Agency, through in-house
research and grants and contracts with Federal, state,
and local agencies, research institutions, and industrial
organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications
Branch (Water), Research Information Division, R & M,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460.
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THE RIVER BASIN MODEL:
The Transportation Sector
by
Enviroraetrics, Inc.
1100 17th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection. Agency
Project #16110 FRU
Contract #14-12-959
December, 1971
For sale by tho Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OCQce, Washington, B.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction to the Model 1
A. A Brief Description of the Model 1
B. The Three Sectors 2
1. The Economic Sector 4
2. The Social Sector 5
3. The Public Sector 6
C. The Water Component 8
D. The Local System 8
E. The Unit of Time--A Round 10
F. The Function of the Computer 11
II. The Government Sector 13
A. Introduction to the Sector 13
B. Sector Functions 13
C. Administrative (Non-Decision) Functions 15
D. Government Decisions 15
E. Government Output 15
F. Government Budgetary Procedures 18
G. Government Master Table 21
III. Bus and Rail Companies 22
A. Introduction 22
B. Bus and Rail Company Summary 22
IV. Computer Printed Output Description 23
A. Introduction 23
B. Map Output 25
1. Economic Status Map 28
2. Government Status Map 31
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map 33
4. Demographic Map 35
5. Topographical Restriction Map 37
6. Social Decision Maker Map 39
C. Summary Information 41
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics .... 41
2. Transactions with the National Economy .. 45
D. Bus and Rail Company Reports 46
111
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V. Types of Decisions Available to the
Bus and Rail Companies 55
A. Summary of Decisions 55
B. Input Format 55
C. Sample Decisions 61
APPENDIX A: Sequence of Computer Print-Out 66
APPENDIX B: Employment Output 84
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION TO THE MODEL
A. Brief Description of the Model
In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management. The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land. Through
its two major components -- human interaction and computer
simulation -- the mode1 represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.
The model is unlike most other simulation or human
interaction models. It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose. Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis. As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.
The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination. Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector, and government departments in the
government sector.
Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:
1. Economic Assets: cash, land, manufacturing
plants, outside investments, commercial
activities, and/or residences. '
2. Social Assets: population units that are
designated as high income, middle income,
and/or low income.
1.
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3. Government Assets: power of the budget, taxing
and assessing authority, service responsibility,
and planning and regulatory power.
The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals, as team members, and collectively to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new computer
printout for the next year.
The initial starting position shows a particular.
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status of the local area. The users
iOf the model evaluate their own particular status within
the local system as well as the status of the area as a
whole. They then interact with one another in a dynamic
decision-making environment in which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions that will be
made, implemented, and reacted to. Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services. Others will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment for their new residential
subdivisions. Still others might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.
In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context of having different importance
to different individuals as a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.
B. The Three Sectors
The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public. (Figure 1) Every city or region
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to either grow and' prosper or stagnate
and decay. Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
2.
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Figure 1
THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER
Hi-Heavy Industry
FL-Furniture and Lumber
SG-Stone Clay and Glass
MP-Primary Metals
MF-Fabricated Metals
NL-Nonelectric Machinery
EL-Electric Machinery
IE-Transportation Equipment
Li-Light Industry
FO-Food
TA-Textiles and Apparel
PA-Paper
CR-Chemicals, Plastics and Rubber
NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER
BG-Business Goods
BS-Business Services
PG-Personal Goods
PS-Personal Services
RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER
RA-Single Family
RB-Garden Apts. and Duplex
RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
GOVERNMENT TEAMS
(Identified by the specific
code preceding the depart-
ment name)
CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction
CO-Councilman
AS-Assessment and Finance
SC-School
MS-Municipal Services
UT-Gas, Electric, Water and Sewer
HY-Highways
BUS-Bus Company
-RAIL-Mass Transit Agency
PZ-Planning and Zoning
SOCIAL TEAMS
(Identified by double letter
codes: AA, BB, CC, etc.)
PH-High Income
PM-Middle Income
PL-Low Income
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and one group often works against another group to
achieve its goals. For example, proposed commercial
developments by an economic group in a predominantly
residential area can be blocked by residents of that
area just as proposed changes by the government depart-
ments can be opposed by those participants in the economic
or social sector.
1. The Economic Sector
Economic decision-makers are those businessmen who
operate industrial, commercial, residential and farm es-
tablishments. Upon receiving output at the beginning of
the round economic decision-makers review their economic
status and make decisions for the present round. The
various economic activities in the model have the following
characteristics :
Basic Industry
Heavy Industry, Light Industry and National Services
spend money for business goods and business services, utilities,
a labor force, transportation, and taxes. In ord^r to
produce basic industry output which is then sold to the
national markets at prices determined by national business
conditions (the computer), owners of basic industries can
make a wide variety of decisions. These decisions include
purchasing land, changing salaries or maintenance levels,
boycotting business goods and business services establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
existing businesses, demolishing old ones, and treating
effluents that are dumped into the local water system.
The basic industry of the economy can be further sub-
divided into the following categories :
HI - Heavy Industry
FL - Furniture and lumber
SG - Stone, clay and glass
MP - Primary metals
MF - Fabricated metals
NL - Non-electrical machinery
EL - Electrical machinery
TE - Transportation equipment
4.
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LI — Light Industry
FO - Food
TL - Textile, apparel and leather
PA - Paper
CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber
NS - National Services
Commercial Establishments
Business goods (BG) and business services (BS), per-
sonal goods (PG) and personal services (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity. This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include: the industrial sector, other commercial estab-
lishments and the population units (Pi's) who live in the
city. Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.
Residences
Single-family (RA), townhouse (RB), and high-rise (RC)
residence units spend money on personal goods and personal
services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units. Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting the rent paid by their tenants.
Farms
Farm ov/ners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will be utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ-
2. The Social Sector
Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and work in the simulated area. People
are represented in terms of population units (Pi's). Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500).
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups: high income (PH), middle-income (PM) and low-
income (PL). Because each class possesses its own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc. Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent. Voting power is dependent upon the number of
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population units controlled, the number of registered voters
in each, and their socio-economic class. Social decision-
makers can also direct the population units under their con-
trol to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
Social decision-makers can also allocate leisure time^of
their population units to be spent in any of four basic
activities: extra work, adult education (public or private),
politics, and recreation. The amount of time spent on each
of these activities has an effect on the socio-economic
status and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
within the city.
A significant part of the model centers around how
Pi's function within the local system during the course
of each round of play which represents one year of time in
the local area. Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
are affected by the major operating programs.
3. The Public Sector
In the model, the government sector deals with the
problems of education, highways, municipal services,
planning, zoning, utilities, water supply and quality and
bus and rail transportation. The public sector is divided
into two basic components. The first component includes
elected officials: the Chairman and the Council. These
officials are elected by the social decision-makers repre-
senting the people who live in each jurisdiction. The
Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
subsidies and appropriations, and make appointments.
Appointed officials named by the Chairman are heads of these
six governmental departments: Assessment (AS), Schools (SC) ;
Municipal Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and Zoning
(PZ), and Utilities (UT). The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
are semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
by the Chairman. Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and current
funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
structing or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
cash between accounts.
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Figure 2
Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
Programs
Effect on Population Unit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation
Employment
Transportation
School Allocation
Park Allocation
Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system
Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high coliform count
increases health costs and. time lost
due to illness.
Housing that depreciates becomes less
attractive in the migration process.
Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs tha.t maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs),
employers search for best educated
workers.
Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost route
Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.
Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of where they live
Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.
Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized (price
plus transportation to the store).
7.
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C. The Water Component
The water component is a subsector that, in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a part of each.
For example, some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production process
and all other economic businesses have some need for munici-
pally supplied water. Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit. In the government sector, the
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.
Each of the surface water users requires a specified
quality of water and must either treat the water they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system. If left untreated, these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the body of
water into which they are dumped. Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.
D. The Local System
The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares. Each
square is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side. The grid and all of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system. Each parcel can be
identified by its coordinates. Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd (east-west) or odd-
even (north-south) coordinates. In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.
For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014. Further, the four mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is
identified as 7318, 7320. The intersection marked by 0
is located at 7317.
8,.
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Figure 3
70 12 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
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1 *- • * • • • • • • • •
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* * 0 a * • » e » *
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10 X
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»«0»«'~. 00 •'»000'»»»*'"*0 0»'»»*0T"« a 0, • * • 0 0*T*» C0""
X
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X
• 0 0 * « 0 » 0 0 •
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y
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«"•• « » T- - •« •>«• • 0 < • • 00«~* 0 «•»• « 00 T^ f, ««+* « « AT* « »»
9.
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E. The Unit of Time — A Round
In the model, a round represents a year of change in
the life of the simulated area. From the standpoint of the
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.
During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes. They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes , request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.
Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
receiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services. Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets. Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action. All
water users might be concerned with water quality and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
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Toward the middle of the round, it becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted. Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office. Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested. Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt. High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status. Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures. The
water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.
As the round approaches a conclusion, the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions. All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed. Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.
When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.
F. The Function of the Computer
In the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision alternatives. Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.
The computer performs several major functions in the
model.
First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.
Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system. For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
11.
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Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be time-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them. For example, the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible. Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units to residences
based on their desirability. The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system. It also measures
all of the types of pollution at all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
12.
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II. THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR
A. Introduction to the Sector
The GOVERNMENT SECTOR represents the management ap-
paratus for the public sector of the area represented by
the model. Participants in this Sector are the elected and
appointed public officials. The Government Sector can make
public policy, implement plans and programs, provide public
services and raise and disperse funds. The model is suf-
ficiently flexible that the Government Sector can be oper-
ated using strong central control or somewhat autonomous
departments as determined by the participants. There is a
separate government apparatus for each of the political
jurisdictions represented by the model. Thus, intergovern-
mental cooperation and competition may evolve during the
play.
B. Sector Functions
Figure GV1shows the government structure that may exist
in each of the local systems. The Bus and Rail Departments
are systemwide functions, whereas the other departments oper-
ate on a jurisdiction basis. As noted, the Chairman (or
Mayor) and Council are elected in each of the jurisdictions,
and the department (staff) decision-makers are appointed
by the chairman. The optional public departments, Utilities,
Bus and Rail are usually part of the Government Sector, as
quasi public functions, but they can also be operated as
private (economic) sector activities either initially or as
a result of participant action (public sale). The codes used
to identify the government functions are shown in parentheses
after the function name in Figure GV--1.
Elected officials are accountable to the electorate
(the social sector). They are required to respond to
public hearings, propose and defend referenda on certain
issues, and stand for election. The manner in which elected
officials exercise power and conduct their administration
and public affairs, however, is at their discretion.
Appointed Department representatives are responsible
to the Chairman and Council. However, the presence or
absence of effective leadership and communication may in-
fluence this relationship and staff decisions. The Govern-
ment Sector decision-makers depend for their political life
on the votes of the social sector. Their relationship with
the business community is determined by their own view
of public office and public service.
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GV-1
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
CH AIRMAN (CH)
Appoint Department Heads,
draw up budget, and
suggest tax rates
ELECTED
OFFICIALS
COUNCIL (CO)
Pass on budgets
and tax rates
DEPARTMENT^
APPOINTED
DEPARTMENTS
1
PLANNING
ZONING (PZ)
Zone land
Develop
Master Plan
.. r
ASSESSMENT (AS)
Assess Land
.. .....
SCHOOLS (SC)
Provide school
service for
adults and
children
_.__
MUNICIPAL
SERVICES (MS)
Provide police,
fire, & health
services
HIGHWAYS (H-
Build &
operate
roads &
terminals
OPTIONAL -
PUBLIC OR
PRIVATE
UTILITIES (UT)
Provide water
and other
jutil_ity__ service
BUS
Provide
bus service
RAIL
provide
rapid rail
service
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C. Administrative (Non-Decision) Functions
Any number of additional administrative functions can
be created to approximate local structures or to examine
a variety of administrative mechanisms. While these op-
tional functions do not make direct input decisions to
the computer, they may be created to have as much advisory,
regulatory or "legal" influence as the participants (or
Director) determine. An ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL
Commission, for instance, could be established to act as
a regulatory agency in the area of water quality and as
such could influence current economic activities arid future
development.
D. Government Decisions
The Government Sector decisions cover a wide spectrum
of municipal and public service activities. The types of
possible decisions are listed in Figure GV-2, with an
indication of the individual decision-makers with primary
interest or responsibility. Complete descriptions are in
each decision-maker's manual.
In the model, as in the real world, the government can
anticipate the emergence of pressing issues related to jobs,
housing, economic development, education, public transit,
and the environmental quality of their region.
This issue may, for example, occur in the form of
special zoning requests, substantial school budgets for
adult education, or adamant citizen demands for clean water,
increased recreation facilities or lower utility rates.
p Government Output
J—i • --___-- . . *•
It rarely happens that the government has all the in-
formation it wants, or needs, to make perfect decisions.
Many decisions, under pressures of time, will be typical
"guesstimates" - intuitive actions. It is possible, how-
ever, for each activity to develop an effective information
system using the available resources in the model.
For the local system, the general output is usually
posted each round and is available to all decision-makers
for general information and analysis. The general output
makes available to each participant, in maps, detail and
summary form, extensive current and comparative informa-
tion about conditions, trends and characteristics of the
region. The range of information in the maps and the items
of General Output cannot be overemphasized. Experience
15
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GV-2
GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS
TYPE OF DECISION PRIMARY INTEREST
CH
CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA
Grant Appropriations x
Grant Subsidies x
Transfer Cash x xxxxxxx
Set Welfare Payments x
Set Tax Rates x
Float Bonds x
Assess Land, Buildings x
Buy and Sell Land x x x x x x
Establish Government Jobs x x x x
Establish Maintenance Levels
of Government Facilities x x x x x
Establish Service Districts x x x
!
Request Federal State Aid x x x
Establish Employee Salaries x x x x
Build and Demolish Schools x
Establish Adult Education Programs x
Build and Demolish Municipal
Service Plants x
Contract to Purchase Goods
and Services x x
Construct and Demolish Roads x
Construct and Demolish Terminals x
Zone Land x
Create and Demolish Public
Institutional Land Uses x
16
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GV-2 (Cont.)
GOVERNMENT SECTOR DECISIONS
TYPE OF DECISION PRIMARY INTEREST
CH
CO AS SC MS HY PZ UT BU RA
Provide Parkland x
Install Utility Services x
Set Utility Service Prices x
Construct and Demolish Utility
Plants x
Locate Public Transit Routes x x
Buy and Sell Rolling Stock x x
Set Fares ' x x
Establish Amount of Transit
Service x x
Construct Rail Lines and
Stations x
Set Water Prices x
r'
Construct Treatment Plants
(intake and outflow) x
Specify Intake and Outflow
Points x
Establish Water Sampling
Stations
Set Dam Priorities x x
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with the model has indicated that decisions are facilitated
if the participants use the General Output information as
part of their decision process.
The complete government sector output consists of ^
information, maps and detail made available to each govern-
ment decision-making function of the government. Each
government function has available to it a comprehensive
portrayal of its status and the conditions which pertain
to its activities.
Government Budgetary Procedures
The same general financial accounting procedure is used
for all government departments, including Utilities, Bus
and Rail. Department budgets are divided into Capital and
Current accounts. Departments may transfer funds from one
account to another, but no automatic transfers will take
place. Appropriations, subsidies, and cash transfers to
departments must be directed to either the capital or
current account.
The Chairman's account has only a current account, the
Planning and Zoning Department has only a capital account,
and the Assessment Department has no financial accounts.
All other departments have both accounts.
The Chairman makes appropriations, and subsidies from
his current account before he actually receives income to
his account. His is the only department which makes
expenditures before income is calculated. Once a depart-
ment has received an appropriation, the money is never
automatically transferred back to the Chairman's account.
If the Chairman spends more than he later receives in
revenue, a current bond is automatically floated in the
Chairman's name and is paid off from the Chairman's
account. If a department spends more than its revenues
(this can only happen in a department's current account) ,
a current bond is floated in the department's name and is
paid off from the department's account.
The following format is contained within each account:
Previous Cash Balance
Revenues
Expenditures
New Cash Balance.
18
-------
If the output is for round T, then Previous Cash
Balance would be equal to the New Cash Balance for round
T-l.
Expenditures may not be made from capital accounts
unless there is sufficient cash to cover the expenditure.
Therefore, the cash balance in a capital account is
always greater than or equal to zero; the cash balance in
the capital account may not be negative.
If expenditures from the current account are greater
than previous balance plus revenues, then a short term
bond (current or two-year) is automatically floated to
cover the deficit. Therefore, the New Cash Balance may
never be negative in the current account. Because of
rounding, the New Cash Balance will normally be slightly
positive (rather than zero) even in the case where a short-
term bond had to be floated.
All capital expenditures are player or director
decisions which have been submitted during the previous
EDIT. Current expenditures are made according to govern-
ment policies which may have been established in any previous
EDIT. Current expenditures (except miscellaneous expendi-
tures) do not directly reflect player decisions; they are
functions of policies. For example, a player sets the
salaries and number of job openings which the School Depart-
ment offers, but other local conditions influence how many
employees the department actually hires and thus influence
the amount which the department pays in salaries.
The most common capital revenue sources for departments
are appropriations (for MS, SC, HY, and PZ), capital bonding
for 25 years (all departments), Federal-State Aid (SC, HY)
and miscellaneous sources (sale of land, and incoming cash
transfers). Special capital revenue sources are subsidies
to the Utility Department.
The most common capital expenditures are for con-
struction, land purchase, and miscellaneous (outgoing cash
transfers).
The most common current revenue sources are appropria-
tions (all but UT and CH), short term bonding, Federal-
State Aid (MS and SC), and miscellaneous income (incoming
cash transfers).
Special current revenue sources exist for the Utility
Department (income from user charges on utility and water
service and subsidies) and the Chairman (taxes).
19
-------
The most common current expenditures are for bond pay-
ments (capital bonds and current bonds together), goods and
services (MS, SC, maintenance for HY, and utility operating
costs for UT), salaries (MS and SC), and miscellaneous
(outgoing cash transfers).
Special current expenditures are for welfare payments
(MS), adult education (SC), treatment operating costs and
sampling station operating costs (UT) , and subsidies (CH) .
20
-------
G. GOVERNMENT MASTER TABLE
(Characteristics are for Level One Development)
RAIL TRACKS (Per Mi)
SC MS
CONSTRUCTION COST 27 30
(Millions of Dollars)
DEMOLITION COST 5.4 6
(Millions of Dollars)
CHARACTERISTICS OF
FACILITIES
Possible Levels 3 3
of Development
Land Requirement 16 12
(% of a parcel)
Rate of Annual 2.0 3.3
j Depreciation (%)
SC MS
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF
REVENUE TO DEPARTMENTS
Current Funds
Ap orcpriations x x
Subsidy
Cash Transfer x x
Automatic Bonding x x
Automatic Federal x x
State Aid
Capital Funds
Appropriations x x
Subsidv
Cash Transfer x x
Bondina x x
Federal-State Aid x
Charges to Users
Labor riired PH PM
P;-; PL
RAIL UNDER- VEHICLES
UT HY TM STATION SURFACE GROUND RAIL BUS
30 . 8M 14 1 4 NA . 8 /mi . 4 /mi
6 . 1 6M 2 . 8M NA NA NA
333 1 11
20 8 12 NONE 4 NONE
NA 5.0 NA NA NA NA 3 . 5 3 . 5
UT HY RAIL BUS PZ
x
X XX
XXX X
X X
x xx
XX X X X
xxx xx
X
X XX
NA NA PT'l PM v?y
-------
III. BUS AND RAIL COMPANIES
A. Introduction
This manual contains the basic information and des-
cription of the model required by the Bus and Rail
Companies. It is assumed that the Model Overview, the
Scenario, and the Government Sector descriptions have been
read prior to the receipt of this manual.
Once the players comprising the Bus and Rail Companies
have become familiar with the model in general, the parti-
cular city being represented, and the workings of the local
transportation subsystem they will be able to bring their
own imagination and initiative to bear on the operation
of the Bus and Rail Companies.
The local Bus and Rail Companies have influence over the
transportation accessibilities within the local dynamic
system and it will have the opportunity to alter these
accessibilities in such a way as to satisfy self-established
goals and/or to respond to pressures brought on it by
elected officials and the local citizenry and business
community.
B. Bus and Rail Company Summary
The Bus and Rail Companies can provide non-automobile
transportation service to the population living in the
simulated region. Bus and rail can be used for the trip to
full-time work only; they ,are not optional modes in either
the part-time employment or the commercial allocation process.
Workers are assigned routes and modes of travel to work
by the computer program. A social decision-maker assigns
a dollar value for a time unit spent travelling to work by
the people in his control. The program assigns workers to
their cheapest modes and routes of travel, cheapest being
least actual dollar cost plus the time cost (as set by the
dollar value of a time unit travelling). The number of time
units which are required to travel on a mode are a function
of fixed time requirements and the amount of congestion on
the mode. The dollar cost of auto is fixed, and the dollar
cost to a worker to use bus or rail are set by the Bus and
Rail Companies. Auto tends to have the highest dollar cost
to travel, rail tends to have the least time cost, and bus
tends to fall somewhere in between. Auto can travel wherever
there are roads, bus can travel wherever there are roads and
bus routes, and rail can travel only where there are rail lines
22
-------
- COMPUTER PRINTED OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previous year. There
are several types of output: maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically; summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.
The figure on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed. That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output. The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included
in this manual. The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:
- maps
- summary information
- general information of relevance to
all three sectors
- social sector detail
- economic sector detail
- government sector detail
There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections. Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output. Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director). Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.
After a few rounds' experience with the model, a
model user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
23
-------
RIVER BASIN KODSL OUTPUT
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
1,1 Environmental Indexes
1,2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 Migration Detail
1.5 Nigrntion Statistics
1.6 Kxgration Gu^mary
2.1 Water U:;er Effluent Content
2.2 fiivor Quality During Surface Water Process
J.3 Uat-er User Costs and Cor.sunption .
2.4 Coliforin and Pollution Index Values ••
3.1 Eirployi-1-..-nt Selection Information for PL Claag
3.2 s>.ployi:,'nt Selection Information lor PX, Class
3.3 £.-;:.ployr-ent Selection Information for Pi: Class
3.4 Part.-Time Work Allocation tor I'll Class
3.5 Part-Tire Work Allocation for P.1! Class
3.6 Part-Ti.':'0 Work Allocation for PL Class
3.7 £T'ploy;::ent Su.-TU-ury
8. Government Cctsil S.I Atjsc53r-,er;t Report
S.3 Sa.~.plir.c Station report: Point Source Quality
S.4 S.Wplini: Station r.eport: Ariiont Quality
B.5 Utility"Department Report
8.6 Utility Department Firv.r-.ces
S.7 Municipal Services repc.rti?ent. Report
6.2 Municipal Services D?part-ent Fi.-.a.-.cos
3.9 ,".':r.icipal Servicvs repart-er.t Construction Table
W6.10 Plar.r.ir.g ;i-.'J "'Tninc r.cp.irt.-.ent P.eport
s!:2 iichocl Uopartrent Fin^ces
3.13 Sc'.-.col D-.-p^rt-'^nt Construction Table
8.1 uiq!ivLiy GoparLr.er.t Fin.v.ces
.I .'ii^hv^y teoortrr.'.-nt Construction Table
L J
«.
TO
l Allocation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Surjnary
llusiness Goo^is Allocation Suinnary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Covcrni:;ent Contracts
Torriinal DerumJ and Supply Table
Ternitial Allocation Map
C".o i rr-jn ivjpar tr-cnt Finances
TL'. >; 5'.:.""."? 'i ~.'
J. Su-T.-.sry Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
10. Kcps
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Eectoe
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Uoycotts
*6,1 Form Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 Co,T.::.ercial Output
6.5 -Economic Boycott Status
6.6 Sex Construction Table
6.7 Land Sun..^ary
6.8 Loan St. a tenant
6.9 Financial Su:r,™ary
7. Social end Economic Sunmarics
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Tear\s
7.2 Kniployr.ent Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Su^.-iary for Teorna
7.5 Social Control Sur-mary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teamn
7.7 Social Graphs for Teoir.s
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation Xap
10,3 n-jsi.ioss Co.-.~ercial Allocation Xan
1C.-'. "-.-.-licioal Service N.ap
10.5 £c:-.ool";.^p
10.5 . L'ti !i ty Map
10.7 Water L's.-ee Map
10.3 i.'ater Cu.'jlity .--lap
10.D Municipal Treat.-.ent
10.10 :'.'.:;;icipal Intake and Outflcv Point Map
10.11 Surface '.Jater M.ap
10,12 r.irn Ucnod !-:ap
10.13 ".iver il.--.sin Flood Plain Xcp
1Q.K rarn Hap
10.15 r^r.-, Assessed and Market Vilue Hap
10.10 ."-liirket V;ii'je .'''.^.p
10.17 ;.-;r.ess'jd Value Xap
10.16 Eco:-.o:-ic Status Hap
10.15 l!iij!'.«ay Map
10.20 Plan.-unc and Zoning Map
10.21 p.irkland Usa^e Map
10,22 Socio-i'ccno-ic Distribution X£p
10.23 Der-.ot;rophic Map
10.2*. Social Dc-cis ion-MaV.er Mcp
10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
10.26 Government Status Map
-------
B. Map Output
The model output includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location. The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map. A map key is
printed at the bottom of each page. Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model: parcels (squares), parcel edges (lines sep-
arating squares), and intersections of lines (parcel corners)
Land uses and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares. Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.
The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given below, in the order in which they will be
discussed. All information is located spatially.
Economic Status Map: economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Government Status Map: school levels, parks, municipal
service levels, utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Socio-Economic Distribution Map: residence types and
levels, number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Demographic Map; populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business value ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Personal Goods Allocation Map: PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.
Personal Services Allocation Map: PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.
Business Commercial Map; BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG and BS locations.
Utility Map: utility units served, ut'ility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
25
-------
Surface Water Map: volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.
Municipal Treatment Plant Map: municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels, municipal sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations and code _
numbers, directions of surface water flow, utility district
boundaries, lakes.
Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map: Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each, surface water
qualities, directions of surface water flow, utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.
Water Quality Map: economic activities and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.
Economic Sector Water Usage Map: economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Municipal Services Map: economic activities and oper-
ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
School Map: numbers of public school students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
Highway Map: economic activities and operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.
Planning and Zoning Map: zoning, park, public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Parkland Usage Map: parks, populations served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Market Value Map; market values of all non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries
26
-------
Assessed Value Map: assessed values of non-farm pri-
vately owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Assessed and Market Value Map: assessed and mar-
ket values of farms, amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.
Farm Map: farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types, levels of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Runoff Map: where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.
River Basin Flood Plain Map: river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.
Topographical Restriction Map: topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Social Decision-Maker Map: social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
27
-------
1. Economic Status Map
This map shows the economic sector owners of all privately.
owned non-farm parcels and the economic activity, if any, on
each parcel. A parcel can have only one economic, owner and
onfeconomic activity. Owners of farm parcels are shown on
the Farm Map. The types of economic activities represented
in the model are listed in the Master Tables.
The economic owner of a parcel owns all of the land
and developments on the parcel which do not belong to the
government or which are not topographically undevelopable.
If the economic owner sells land to another economic de-
cision-maker, he must sell all of the privately-owned
land and buildings on the parcel to the new owner. An
economic decision-maker can sell any portion of undeveloped
land on a parcel to a government department.
The Planning and Zoning Department may zone parcels.
Zoning is a restriction on economic development. Once a
parcel is assigned a particular zoning code, all new economic
development on the parcel must conform to the new zoning.
If a parcel is unzoned, there is no restriction on what
type of activity may be constructed on it. The Economic
Status Map key defines what private land uses are allowed
under each zoning code.
When a new economic development is constructed on a
parcel, it must not only conform to the parcel's zoning;
it must have sufficient utility service. Utilities are
installed by the Utility Department in "levels" (1 - 9) .
Each level of economic activity requires a certain number
of utility units, and each level of utility service supplies
a fixed number of utility units to a parcel.
If an economic decision-maker has insufficient utility
service for a proposed development, the Utility Department
must install adequate utility service before the new devel-
opment can be constructed.*
*There are two exceptions to the utility restriction
on Development: 1) RA housing can be built with "private
utilities", which do not require utilities supplied by the
Utility Department; 2) the director can override the utility
restriction on individual developments.
28
-------
Figure 10.18
FCHNOMIC STATUS n ft P onilS"! Z
70 72 T, 76 7R 80 fU fi6, I 8«). I P 8 . fli.l VtGl 2fi .2 86. I R7 I 1 84 . 100. 100. 1 00, 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100, 100. 100. 100. 100. I flft. I *, ?. 1 34 .1 2im 20. RO.l I/, I J 16. 10(1, 100.1 76-. IOO. 100. 10P, 100. 1010
2B 0 - . - - . - . .«M
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100, 100. 100. 100.1
Rl It °.'. no.
.F ,F 40,F
320
o ne.
o ioo. ioo. ion. no. ioo. ioo. ioo. 100.1 a?.i 30
.1. . . . . B ,C 2
1. ....... . 0 ?*
^. 100. 100. 100. I ^0.1 100.1 ^0. 100, 100. 100. 1C".0
36 0 , .... . -f-t S.^d 3']'.ri
o ioo. loo. too. 100. no. ini. 1^1. jrn. 100.1 OT.J 7~'fi? ?
0 ......... ,F 40CO t,\.r
38 0 . - . . ."- - . . .°1 IC^A l.P'.
o ioo. ioo. too. no. ion. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. 1 QTJI 31.1
o .1 ^t. ioo. ioo. ioo. ion. ioo. ioo. ioo. inc. ion.
o loo. ioo. ioo. ioo, no. ioo. ioo. ioo. loo. ioo. looa ion.i KAMI el. inn. ioo. ioo. ioo. no. ion, ioo. ioo, 101. ;co,
0 0 H
o o . H
42 0 0 . H
o ioo. too. ino. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. LOO. ioo. ioo. 1000 ioo. e*H en. no. ioo. ioo. no. ino. no. ion. ioo. ioo. 100.
o ioo. ioo. too. ioo. ion. 100. ioo. ioo. ioo, ioo. 1000 ioo. SIH en. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. inn. ioo. 100. no. 10^. n
o ioo. ino. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. no. 1002 ioo. e°n ei. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. 100. ion. ioo. ioo. ioo. ic^a
Q , a H o
0........ . 0 . H ........ ,.C
o ioo, ioo. too. loo. ioo. 100. ioo. inn. ioo. ioo. 1000 ioo, e"n BB . no. ioo. ioo- ioo. no. no. ioo. no. 100. ioo. IOT
o ioo. ioo, ioo. ioo. ioo, ioo. no. ioo. ioo. ioo. 1000 ioo, en* se. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ino. no. ioo. no. n
D ioo. ino. ioo. ioo. ioo. loo. no. ion. ion. ioo. loco ioo, ec,'f ee. no. ioo. no. ioo. loo. ino. nn. ion. no. 101.
0 100 100 100 100, 100. 100, 100. 100. 100. 100. 1002 100, R"M fll. 100. 100, K'O. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100, 1000
58 0 ..........
o ioo ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. lop. 100. ioo. ioo.
o
60 0
TOP I FTT :
TflP ft I GUT ;
r^^ LEFT: u
-- ti TVP
,. HH TYP
2 po.-.ri
3 flHif)
SC1CI ION P.CU'(t)AP.V
X T Vf f ? T "•
t TYPE 3 TL
29
-------
Economic developments also require land. Each activity,
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development. Regardless of
the operating level of an activity, the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level. The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped. If a parcel shows no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments. An economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.
The operating level of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map. For most purposes, a busi-
ness1 operating level is the only level considered by the
computer programs. However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.
30
-------
2. Government Status Map
Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed
and undeveloped land on a parcel. The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:
Department
Utility Department
School Department
Municipal Service
Department
Planning and Zoning
Department
Highway Department
Development Type
Utility Plant
Water Intake Treatment Plant
Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
Chlorination
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
School Unit
Municipal Service Unit
Parkland
Public Institutional Land
Road*
Terminal*
A government department can sell undeveloped land
which it owns to either another government department or
to the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
portion of a parcel.
The government status map shows the locations of some
of the types of government activities: schools, parks,
utility plants, and municipal service units.
*A road requires land from the parcels on each side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
31
-------
Figure
10.26
100 102 104 104 108 110 112 11* !!•> MB
1
1
1
,
2
J
3
3
?
2
4
6
,
0
e
0
2
a
OCOC0.3DO.OOS0.0.00.00.03. -^ ^ ^- w.w ^ ^ ^
0 G . .
o n . .
o n . .
0 D . .
0 . 'n
o e . . •
a . B
o a . .
o..... n
0 6 . .
o e . .
0 -B
0 . . . . B . .
0 - R
D 0
o n .HI .
0 . . . ". . . , . -H.B..
0 ........ . 52 H . 0
C .,...,..- S 1H 0 H . .
0. . . . . .. . 48 . 24 H 0 H „
D . . .". . .". H , . S 1. 1 0 ' H
0 ...... . . H 36 . .OH
0 . , . . . . . . H . .HIO H - Ul .
0 ......... H . 0 H SI.
0 ........ . . R ' . >'
C...........O.H
r, ........ 0 . H ..
0 ........... 0 . H
. r . . . . 3
3
o
, 0
3
. C \f>
0
0 1 o
o
0
3
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. 3
0
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0
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-[no. K-IW: T. u-,nv PRSL^1" -"
?-UT r« tF r i : KS u-j ir f i_['£l_
oo
PA
M
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OOFS
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PHAO
ICTIO-J RfrjNn
IVTFRSE
x ivor 2
» TYPC "J
32
rin-s
TPPM-'JAL
TfRMI SflL
-------
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map
This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel. The residence type and level are
also printed.
The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70. It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation. In no case, however, can PH's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.
Each level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of space units. A PI occupies a fixed number of
space units, depending on its class. The percent occu-
pancy of each residence is shown on the Demographic Map.
33
-------
Figure
TWQCITY . •
snr. TO-ECONOMIC IISTR IIUTI ON HAP . PDUSO ?
7Q 72 7^ 7i ?8 fl0 B? 8(V 86 ne q0 92 94 qf, <)s 100 102 104 106 lOfl 110 112 114 If. 11 ^
OOOOOOaOQOaOOOOOCOOCOaDOSOCCOOOOCOQCCOCOOOOCOOODOOCOOODQOOD^^
o " '.''ll'.oi?
"S ::::::::::: : S :::::: -
..r-TnTTTT-TTT-'jTT-T-TVrlljjlLD"
°- • ' ......................B-. o
u S ::::::: ° • °"•
4-Ttttt11'lTl1"ttt1'Tttt't't"ff'"i !••
;...:........ : o o
I ............ B o;
20 o " ° '"
o B • - • :.'...:....:....:....:....:....:....:...J
Q, ...„...**• ,RA 1(11 A l.RA ?.RA 4. ,.,....*0
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PiRCFL KPV PARCEL fflCES " ] NTE RSFC Tj or.'S
TO? unw: qc<;inE».'CE TYPE AND LEVEL .. .. BDAnnr-n » TYPE i TERMINAL
MIOOLF Rfiw: Nu"p.rn OF PI-S <-,c CLA«,S -- || TYPF i nn/.n x TYPF 2 Ti;R^'I^aL
-------
4. Demographic Map
The demographic map shows the number of people living
on each residence parcel, the percent occupancy of each
residence and the quality of all privately owned buildings
and equipment.
Overcrowding (over 100% occupancy) contributes to a
residence's neighborhood index and to the health index.
The quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities. A value ratio is the ratio of the present con-
dition of a business1 buildings and equipment to their
original condition, expressed as a percent.
A quality index is somewhat different. Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have a quality index from 40 to 100.
Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
(see the Master Tables for the causes of depreciation).
A business's depreciation is measured as a percent of
original value (100). A residence's depreciation is
measured as a percent of the original value of such a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of 100,
regardless of the original quality of the specific resi-
dence. Thus, business depreciation is a percent of original
value but residential depreciation is a percent of quality
index 100.
The owner of an activity can set a maintenance level
for the activity. The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates in a
year. Not until the activity's value ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner incur
maintenance expenditures. The computer program depreciates
and maintains buildings and equipment and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.
The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
35
-------
Figure
10.23
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-------
5. Topographical Restriction Map
This map shows the percent of a parcel that may not be
purchased or developed by any local decision-makers. Land
that is topographically undevelopable includes mountains,
rock outcrops, swamps. None of the area consumed by water
bodies represented in the local system (large lakes, small
lakes, and rivers) is shown on this map. The map also
shows jurisdictional boundaries, the road network, and the
location of terminals.
37
-------
Figure
10 .25
•V9 ion 10? in*, loo ion im n? 11 ^
It HM
no on
38
-------
6. Social Decision Maker Map
This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels. The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle- and lower letters represent the social decision'
makers who control the PM's and PR's, respectively, who live
there. If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.
Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map. Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel. Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out. Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land. This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there were no
Pi's of that class (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
39
-------
Figure
10.24
1UOCITY ' no,run 7
SOCIAL nfCIStON MAKER KAK . '„, ,,,f,
70 72 74 76 78 60 82 84 86 88 10 92 94 16 •)» 100 10? 104 106 108 110 113 114 116 11"
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70 '2 """ ""' '" eo " "• »» «» '0 12 1*. 96 1i 100 10! 104 106 109 110 112 1!« 116 lt«
PiRCEL KEV t> PCFL Fnr.fs INTERSECT inss
rn= ROU: inx snc o-x .. .. n,m.1fo » tYpr , TER-IIKIL
KI^OIE ROW: BID SOC C-H -- || ypf , ,-,La f Typc , TfRIINAL
BOTT01 Rnw: II! SDC D-H .« I:H let ; B31D , TTPE j TC»Ml.s«L
-------
C. Summary Information
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics
The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region. There are two basic types
of information: statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions; the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.
Statistics Regarding Local Conditions
Total population: the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.
Percent change over previous year: the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round. This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.
Average population per parcel: the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.
Developed land (in parcels): the amount of land
area (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.
Undeveloped land: the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.
Total land area: the number of parcels.
Assessed value of land in millions: the property tax
base.
Assessed value of developments in millions: the
development tax base.
Average quality of life index: a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.
Number of registered voters: the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who actually vote
are selected.
41
-------
Figure - 9.1
iwociir
DEBOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS KOOKD 1
III
0
0
0
0.
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTAL POPULATION
LOH CLASS
HIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
PERCENT CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS YEAS
AV'ESAGE POPULATION PEE PASCEL
DEVELOPED LAND (IN PAHCELS)
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND AREA
ASSESSED VALUE OP LAND
IN MILLIONS
ASSESSED VALUE OF DEVELOPMENTS
IN MILLIONS
AVERAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
NUHBEB OF HKGISTEHED VOTERS
HO. IN" PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION
AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
LO*
MIDDLE
HIGH
NO. OF HOBKBBS EECEIVING WELFAEE
STUDENT/TEACHER RATIO
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
PUBLIC
PfilVATE
HOUSING UNITS
SINGLE DWELLINGS
MULTIPLE DWELLINGS
HIGU RISE APARTMENTS
TOTAL
275500
73500
99000
103000
0
0
77
548
625
12312.
421.
69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232824
12800
7
48740
20460
100
24
6
JURISDICTION JOSISDICTION
I II
126000
0
60000
62000
0
30
266
296
5321.
158.
6 1
45566
0
73
0
61
1)061270
0
13
34040
0
62
7
14
149500
73500
35000
41000
0
46
283
329
6992.
264.
75
43007
0
47
17
62
278305
12800
10
14700
20460
38
17
2
VACANCY RATS (PERCENT)
NEGATIVE MEANS OVERCROWDED
28
-23
SO-2
-------
Figure -9.1 (Cont'd)
NOHBEH OF EMPLOYED WORKERS
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGH
791*00
23000
31630
24720
35360
0
20480
14880
«4040
23000
1 1200
9840
0
0
0
0
NUMBER EMPLOYED IN
LIGHT INDUSTRY
HEAVY INDUSTRY
NATIONAL SERVICES
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BUSINESS GOODS
BDSINESS SERVICES
PERSONAL GOODS
PERSONAL SERVICES
SUNICIPAL SERVICES
SCHOOLS
RAIL
BUS
FEDERAL-STATE
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED HOHKEHS
LOW
KIDDLE
HIGH
27160
27760
0
0
2800
5210
3360
5b30
1920
3330
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
10240
11800
0
0
1680-
0
3360
2480
1920
3880
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16920
15960
0
0
1120
5240
0
3200
0
0
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
UNEMPLOYMENT HATS
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGH
(PERCENT)
7. 46
21.77
0.0
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21.77
0. 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING UNDER 3 5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5,000 TO 310,000
PERCENT EARNING OVER $10,000
33
37
29
5
54
39
55
22
21
0
0
0
-------
Number in public adult education: the number of
people who wanted to participate in public adult education
programs and were able to do so because programs were
provided by their school departments.
Average educational level: by class, the average
educational level. This ranges from 0 to 100. The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.
Number of workers receiving welfare: if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this
number is the number of unemployed workers. The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.
Student/teacher ratio: ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools. This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.
School enrollment: the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools. Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.
Housing units: the number of levels of RA (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise) housing.
Vacancy rate: the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent. A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.
Number of employed workers: the number of people
holding full-time jobs, by class of worker.
Number employed by type of employer: the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.
Number of unemployed workers: by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.
Unemployment rate (percent): by class, the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
44
-------
Earning distribution: the percent of workers
earning less than $5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and
over $10,000 from full-time employment.
2. Transactions With the National Economy
Income from the national economy: federal-state aid
received, by type of aid, and income from both basic
industry sales of output and bus and rail sales of equip-
ment.
Sales to the national economy: federal-state taxes
paid, by type of tax, and purchases of goods, services,
and outside-owned land. The only Outside expenditure
which can be significantly controlled locally is the
purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.
National economy business cycle: last round's ratio
to "typical income"per unit of output for basic industry,
interest rates on loans and bonds from the Outside
(expressed as percents), and the average rate of return on
outside investments (expressed as percents).
45
-------
D. Bus and Rail Company Reports
Although the Bus and Rapid Rail Companies are separate
quasi-private departments, they will be • treated in the sairie
section.due to the similarities between the two. Neither is
limited to a single jurisdiction; both have Interjurisdictional
authority.
The Bus Company and Rapid Rail Company provide additional
modes of transportation, (besides automobile) ;to the popu-
lation units who live and work in the simulated area. Pop-
ulation units take bus or rail to work only; they do not use
either mode of transportation for shopping.
The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies own rolling sto'ck with
three possible levels of service (1,2, and 3)-. Level of
service indicates the actual number of buses or railroad cars
which may serve a particular route.
The number of passengers (capacity that can be effectively
served by a rail or bus route) is determined by its level of
service. The design capacity of a bus or rail route is not
necessarily its effective capacity. Effective capacity is
determined by multiplying the value ratio of equipment
divided by 100 times the design capacity. Effective capacity
can be further reduced by employment. If the Bus or Rapid
Rail Company receives only 75% of the employees which' it
requested, the actual effective capacity of that route is
75% of what it would be if the entire employment needs had
been met.
It must be noted, however, that effective capacity does
not refer to the number of people who actually use a bus or
rail. A bus or rail route may serve fewer or more people than
its effective capacity. For example, the bus service with
an effective capacity of 5,000 may actually be used by 6,000
people. In such a case the computer has decided that for
these people, despite the overcrowding, it is still cheaper'
in terms of time and money to take a bus rather than another
mode of transportation.
The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies do not buy individual
pieces of rolling stock. Rather, they purchase units of
equipment for each mile of service. Forty units of equip-
ment are required to operate a bus (level of service = 1)
for one segment and 80 units of equipment are required to
operate a rail (level of service =1) for one mile. Equipment
is purchased from the Outside System.
46
-------
Bus ^and rail equipment which is tfsed depreciates at an
average rate each round. Goods and services for maintenance
are automatically purchased from the Outside System (i.e.,
the computer) at fixed prices.
The Bus and Rail Companies employ workers from middle
income population units (PM) only. They obtain their workers
through the usual employment process handled by the computer.
One PM (160 workers) supplies 1,000 units of labor and 50
units of labor are required to operate a bus (level of ser-
vice = 1) or rail (level of service = 1) for one mile. One
PM of workers therefore serves 20 miles of a BUS1 or RAILl.
Passengers are assigned to travel to work by bus and/or
rail by the computer. The basis upon which a population unit
may or may not be assigned to bus or rail transportation is
the dollar value of their time. This value is assigned by
social decision-makers.
Those population units with the lowest dollar value of
time will take the cheapest but probably the longest route of
transportation to work. Those population units with a high
dollar value of time will take a more expensive but quicker
mode of transportation to work.
The following example will demonstrate how the computer
considers the dollar value of time. Let us say the trans-
portation costs of a population unit are $150 per year to get
to work by bus and $320 to get to work by auto. It also re-
quires an extra 4 time units to travel by bus instead of
auto. If the dollar value of time for that population unit
was set at $40, it would cost them $150 plus 4 units times
$40 (dollar value) or $310 to get to work by bus. To take
auto, it costs $320 (no extra time units consumed). There-
fore, the computer would assign the population the bus mode
to travel to work (i.e., $310 < $320).
In the same case, suppose the dollar value of time was
set to $50. Then, the total bus cost would be $150 plus 4
time units times $50 (dollar value) or $350- Auto would
cost only $320. Therefore, the computer would assign these
population units the auto mode to work (i.e., $320 -^ $350).
Once a PI takes bus or rail on the trip to work, it can
no longer consider auto to be a modal option during that
trip.
47
-------
Buses travel along roads and trains go along tracks. The
Bus Company must therefore specify routes only on existing high-
ways, while the Rail Department can have routes wherever they
build tracks, including on the diagonal across parcels and
either overground or underground. Routes must begin and end
at intersections. Further, although bus and rail transport
workers to and from their place of employment, the direction
of the route is specified in order to meet residence to work
demands. For example, assume that people live in the parcels
above the line 15 and that most employment locations are at
parcels 7018, 7020 and 7220.
?0 72 In 7& 79 80 82 &q 86
>*• L ° L, ' L. I L ^ i
« » • t t
...,,,„., „ f e r\ 9
g . » A^/
ii. L-i L, . L, ; /f . |
g • /">&_•
ea f f LaEBJH
• i • /V" «
»*• I '^y.
i v^ .
• • » » e 2 « e e c %t » » e t. • c t e , » e
i> <, /
« g /V> t .
is«¥¥i/f« *
s,4y , i
t...^ /......
w ^ j • •
zo.'l^f.'^'
8 • » « e
- • • « • .
2X. • . i .
• « 6 i ,
• t « « 9
HB » Ha, • • a a
» t • « «
• » « ( 9
an ' L, • * » •
» D « C «
• » e » e
i • » t •
• • n t «
9C.8»6ceocc»cs,(tcs,otefl
• • « e «
» » « s «
• • • c e
» • * • «
• • » » e
• • » » »
••••t
• • • • t
• » • • 8
= work area I@E9 - rail routes
= living areas
Q - railroad stations
The routes that should be specified are the mornina routes
that bring people to work. In this instance they are 7113 to
7119 (for bus) and 7713 to 7119 (for rail). A bus stops at
every intersection but a rail will stop only where there are
stations and there can only be stations at intersections. in
the example above therefore, the rail has three stops: 7713,
7515, and 7119. In planning routes decision-makers for bus
48
-------
and rail will often discover that a key element involves the
proximity of stops to parcels where the greatest number of
people work and/or live.
Although buses do not require land (they operate on
highways), surface rail tracks require land (on either side)
per mile. A diagonal track requires land from each parcel
which it crosses. All land must be purchased by the company
prior to the construction of tracks. Underground rail tracks
not require land.
Financial Report
Like the Utility Department, the Bus and Rapid Rail
Companies are quasi-private departments and therefore do not
receive direct appropriations from the Chairman. Both
companies, however, can receive income from any of the
following sources:
1. Subsidies. These are public subsidies granted by
the Chairman to the current or capital accounts of either
company.
2. Bonds. Current bonds are automatically floated by
the computer if the current expenditures of either company
exceed current revenues. Current bonds have a duration of
two years and the interest rate is set by the computer.
Capital bonds may be floated for either company by the Chair-
man subject to a referendum by the social sector. Capital
bonds have a duration of 25 years and the interest rate is
determined by the computer.
3. Fares. The primary source of income for the Bus
Company and Rail Company is the fares which they charge to
passengers who use their service. Fares are deducted by the
computer from the accounts of population units represented by
social decision-makers on the basis of 250 trips to work and
250 trips from work each year (round). The fare charged by
the company is for a single worker-trip; the yearly amount is
calculated based on two trips per day, five days per week
fifty weeks per year (i.e., single trip fare times 500).
4. Miscellaneous. These revenues include such items
as cash transfers to the capital or current accounts of either
company and income from the sale of land (capital account of
Rail Company only).
-------
Figure 8.17a
DARTMOUTH ROUND SEVEN
BLUECITY
BUS COMPANY REPORT
HOUND
FINANCIAL REPORT
CAPITAL
CURRENT
PREVIOUS BALANCE
200000.
PREVIOUS BALANCE
S ZOfMOO.
en
O
REVENUES
SUqSIDI ES
NC.V BONDING
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL RrVENUE
EXPENDITURES
VEHICLE PURCHASE
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL EXPENDITURES
REVENUES
SUBS! D'iES
N E -V BONDING
FARES
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL REVENUE
Uf
-------
Expenditures
The Bus and the Rail Companies sp"end money on the following
items:
1- Vehicle Maintenance?. This includes the cost of
maintenance and renovation costs of vehicles owned by the
companies. It involves purchases of goods and services at
fixed prices from the Outside System (i.e., the computer).
2- Salaries . Since both companies hire middle income
(PM) workers, they must offer competitive salaries.
3. Bond Payments. These include payments on interest
and principal of any outstanding capital or current bonds
floated by either company.
4. Miscellaneous. These expenditures include cash
transfers from the capital or current accounts of the company
to an economic or social or governmental decision-maker, or
from one account to another account.
5. Vehicle Purchase. This is a capital expenditure for
the purchase of rolling stock. One unit of equipment (either
bus or rail) has a fixed cost of $10,000. If any stock is
sold, this item will subtract the selling price of stock and
may indicate a negative number which will be credited to the
capital account of the company. The selling price of a unit
of ecruipment is defined as: .50 times value ratio of equip-
ment/100 times the original purchase cost of a unit of equip-
ment: .
6. Station Construction. (Rail Company only]
includes expenditures for building stations.
This
7. Track Construction. (Rail Company only). This
includes expenditures for the construction of rail tracks.
The cost of diagonal tracks is a function of the hypotenuse
of the triangle formed by the rail segment. This relation-
ship is explained below:
Distance for Diagonal Rapid Rail Segments
Horizontal Distance Between Stations
12345
Vertical
distance
between
stations
1
2
3
4
5
1.414
2. 236
3.162
4.123
5. 099
2.236
2.828
3.606
4.472
5.385
3. 162
3.606
4. 243
5.000
5.831
41123
4 .472
5.000
5.657
6.403
5.090
5.385
5.831
6.403
7.071
51
-------
8. Land Purchase. (Rail Company only)• This item in-
cludes expenditures for land purchased from the governmental
or economic sectors or from the Outside System (i.e., the
computer).
Employment
As the Bus and Rail Companies hire employees (PM's) in
groups of 160 workers, it is in the companies' interest to
keep the total combination of service level and route lengths
such that "Personnel Required" is equal to or slightly below
a multiple of 160. For example, if 328 personnel are re-
quired, three PM's would be requested and paid for although
only slightly more than 2 PM's would be utilized. Personnel
requirements can be calculated using route miles and level
of service.
Rolling Stock
Units Owned is the total number of equipment units owned
by the company;purchase or sales of equipment are shown here.
Units in Use is equal to the units required up to a max-
imum of Units Owned; Units in Use is the number of equipment
units which undergo depreciation.
Serviceable Units is Units Owned times the Average Value
Ratio/100.
One of the considerations entering into the passenger
capacity of a route is the "effective" number of units/mile
operating on that route (employment and level of service are
the other considerations). Each mile of level one route has
a requirement of 40 equipment units for full capacity. The
total requirement for the system is summed under Units Re-
quired. The actual number of units used is the lesser of
Units in Use or Serviceable Units. For example, if the units
required is 400 and there are only 200 serviceable units,
then the passenger capacity is half of the desired capacity
of the system.
Passengers
The number under Total Passengers includes transfers
from one route to another which is done at no cost. There-
fore, they are not all full paying passengers on that route.
Passengers who transfer between modes pay costs for each
mode. That is, a worker who drove to a bus 'station, took
a bus to a rail station, and took the rail to his place of
employment would pay an auto cost and separate fares to the
Bus and Rail Companies.
52
-------
In order to economically carry passengers, Bus and Rail
routes must take Pi's from where they live (or from where they
can economically drive to where they work). Thus, it is im-
portant both that the routes have stops (or stations) in many
residential locations (and in higher residential density lo-
cations) and that the routes provide access to a number of
work locations. It would be very uneconomical to have a
long winding route through low density residences terminating
near only one or two employment locations. (Typical cost/mile
and break-even fares are noted in the Master Tables.) As
mentioned in the Players' Manual, the routes are directional
and are specified to carry workers from residences to their
employment location; if a route is specified A—)B—~)C —>D,
the route would not carry passengers from C to B. A new
route C—>B would have to be specified.
Routes
This portion of the output indicates by route where the
bus or rail stops, how many passengers got off at that stop,
how many got on, and how many passengers are riding between
stops. This information indicates what portions of a route
are underutilized and which are overcrowded and thus should
affect decisions involving extending, deleting, or upgrading
a particular route. The figure for Total Passengers under
the transit summary is the sum of all passengers riding
the given route, not their distribution; i.e., a route
(level 1) may have 9,000 total passengers, but yet be dis-
tributed in such a manner that no segment of the route is
overcrowded. Data on which segments are overcrowded would
come from the Routes output. If a route is highly over-
crowded in one round, the computer will probably assign a
much lower ridership the following round.
Additional information for each PI on where they live,
where they work, and mode, route and cost of transportation
is given in the Employment Detail.
53
-------
Figure 8.17a
ROUTE NUMBtR
STOPS
9S31 «.•»>•-;>-•»>«>- 8731 • «•>-->«•»>-- 893E -«•>-•>-->»- fS3J •»>••>-»>=•• 933J «•>
0 1360 1360 JOSO 0 280 0 1BW 3120 920 J&Q 23&0 160 760
2960
302
»• 9531
2960 0 0
8731 -->—»>-->•.- 872? »->—>-->•>» 8727 -«>•»->••>-. 8927 -->»<=>«=«=>-«• 9J27 —>•
0 1800 1800 0 32tO 50^0 0 360 SSOO 0 l?2o 7120 2000 320
>-->
9327 »".>-->-->-. 9S27 »«>»^>»«>-» 9727 .->-»>-->•« ??27 •->••->. ->-« IQJ27 »->«
1680 0 3?iO 600 200 3360 33&0 0000000
10327 -->-«>-->— J0527 --> — >-->-- 1072? «->-->»->-. J0927
oooooooaoooo
9137 .->-„>-->-_ 9337 .->».?-->— V537 -->-. >.->-. 9535 »•.>-->-«.>..
0000 120 320 0 J20 2SO 0 "0 210 120' 1920
(,n
953S
040 0 0
7531 »»>«»>»-><»» 9731 •>-
0 H120 "4120 |«HO 0
0 2680
0 2&8Q
J033I «-
0 680
3360
10531
2720
0 6^0
10731 «->-->-•>•- S093!
0
0 i"«0
«•->«•-
JQ927
1072? .->-.>-->-. S0527 •»
OQ000
•>»« 10327 »»
000
10S27 •=
00
-0125 •->
00
S0323 •">«->••>"=
0300000 1200 120Q 0 800 2000 2000 Q 0
S0127 «.-> — >-->— 7?27 »->-->-«>«« 9727 -->"«>-->-» 9527 •->-=.>.«•>-. 9S2S a = >-»>.s-
0 880" 880 «iaO !!20 SS20
00
LEISEWB!
-• SSS3S*-->»->«->
FPFFF NNNNN PPPPP
SSSSS IS INTERSECTION Of STOP. • IF LAST STOP IN 20NE
FfFFF IS NUMBER OF PEOPLE GETTSNS Off, NNNNN JS WOMS£H OF PEOPLE SETTIN6 OH
PPPPP is NUMBER OF PASSEWSERS OM VEHICLE BETWEEN STOPS
-------
V. Types of Decisions Available to the Bus and Rail
Companies
A- Summary of Decisions
The decisions which the Bus and Rail Companies can
make fall into three categories: 1) those which are board-
wide and can be made by both companies; 2) those which are
location-specific and can be made by both companies; and
3) those which are location-specific and can be made by the
Rail Company only.
Bus and Rail Boardwide Decisions
Transfer Cash
Purchase or Sell Rolling Stock
Change Fares
Change Salaries
Change Equipment Maintenance Level
Bus and Rail Location - Specific Decisions
Change Routes or Levels of Service
Rail Company Location - Specific Decisions
Buy or Sell Land
Build Rail Lines
Build Rail Stations
The companies can make as many of these decisions as
they wish. They can also choose to make no decisions. If
no decisions are made, fares, salaries, maintenance, routes,
and equipment remain at the previous round's levels. There
are no new capital expenditures.
B. Input Format
Local system decision-makers (such as the Bus and Rail
Companies) use a standardized input form (Figure BR-3.2)
when making decisions that must be processed by the computer.
The standard message format is:
$CODE/=dm/a, b, c, d, ...
1. $CODE stands for the type of decision code. The Bus
and Rail Companies have the option to make decisions that use
the following decision codes:
$ROUT (change routes and levels of service)
$CASH (transfer cash)
$OTHER (buy and sell rolling stock, change fares,
salaries, and maintenance level)
55
-------
$PU (Rail only — buy or sell land)
$RAIL (Rail only — construct rail lines and sta-
tions)
2. "=dm" is the decision-maker, which for the Bus
Company is BUS and for the Rail Company is RAIL.
3. The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the particular
decision.
Note that there is a slash (/) after the decision code and
after the decision-maker code. There are commas separating
all other bits of information. Note also that the decision-
maker code is prefaced by an equals sign (=).
56
-------
Figure BR-3.2
P3P5
Note: When filling out this form, refer to
input description form in the manual.
Please write clearly; distinguish
between 1 (one) and "I" (eye), "0"
(oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
in numbers exactly as required;
omitting commas within numbers (100000)
^Decision Decision- ^4a3»-
Code Maker ^"^^
$.
$_
$.
$_
$.
$^
$_
I
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
-------
BUS AND RAIL COMPANIES: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision
Change
route? or
level of
service
Transfer
Cash
Cn
CO
Kir chase
Rolling
Stock
Sell
Rolling
Stock
Decision-
Code Maker
SROUT BUS or
RAIL
SCASH BUS or
RAIL
$ OTHER BUS or
RAIL
SOTllER BUS or
RAIL
a b c
Route Old level New level
Number Of service of service
(0 if elim-
inating
route)
C receiver amount (in
(economic dollars)
or social
decision-
raaker or
department
and -Juris-
diction).
PS auinliui uf
units of
equipment
SS number of
units of
equipment
d
list, in parentheses,
of intersections in
in order, where route
starts, turn5, and
finishes (0 if no
changes to route lo-
cation)
from CAPital or
CURrent account
e
f
0 ' —
if economic decision- 0 i
raker receiving, F\T- r
if social receiving, ^
class receiving r
(H,M, or L) ; if
department receiv-
ing, to CAPital or '
or CURrent account
social
receiving
location
receiving
-------
Type of
Decision
Change
fares
Code
$OTHER
Decision-
Maker
BUS or
RAIL
base fare
per worker,
per journey
(in $)
price per
mile (in C)
Change
salaries
$OTHER
BUS or
RAIL
new salary
to PM worker
(specified
as salary
per worker
in $100's)
Change
<£ maintenance
level
$OTHER
BUS or
RAIL
M
new maintenance
level
-------
RAIL COMPANY: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
Type of
Decision Code
Purchase $PU
or hid
on land
Build $RAIL
rail
lines
Build $RAIL
stations
Decision
Maker
MIL
RAIL
RAIL
i
a-
b
Location price (in
$1000's)
list of two
intersections
separated by
commas
location
of station
list of
line is
c
seller (economic
decision-maker or
department and
jurisdiction or 01 J)
d e
percent of
parcel (0 if
all)
parcels in parentheses from which land is required if
above ground; if subway, leave blank.
-------
c- Sample Decisions
Bus and Rail Boardwide Decisions
1. Transfer Cash
Case 1: The Bus Company transfers $4,000,000 from
its current to its capital account.
Case 2: The Rail Company gives $500,000 from its
current account to economic decision-maker E.
2. Purchase or Sell Rolling Stock
Case 1: The Bus Company buys 30 units of equipment.
Case 2: The Rail Company sells 25 units of its
equipment.
3. Change Fares
The Rail Company sets a base fare of 15 cents plus
three cents per mile travelled.
4. Change Salaries
The Bus Company offers a salary of $5400 per middle-
income worker.
5. Change Equipment Maintenance Level
The Bus Company sets the maintenance level of its
equipment to a value ratio of 90.
Bus and Rail Location - Specific Decisions
6. Change Routes or Levels of Service
Case 1: The Bus Company increases the level of
service on route 102 from 1 to 3 without changing
the route location.
Case 2: The Bus Company creates a new route along
the highway going from 99-33 to 105-33, turning at
105-33 and going to 105-39- The new route has a
level of service of 2 and the new route number is
108.
Case 3: The Rail Company had a route number 204
at a level 2 service going directly from a station
at 99-33 to a station at 95-37 and from there to a
station at 89-37. The Company wants to modify that
route to include its new station at 91-37 (the
track already ran between the two stations.
61
-------
Note: 1) Bus routes must follow road links. 2) Routes are
one directional, i.e., a single route does not serve travel-
lers going in opposite directions. Thus,, the order in which
a route is specified determines its direction. The first
intersection specified is its beginning and the last is its
end. '
Rail Company Location - Specific Decisions
7. Buy or Sell Land
Case Is The Rail Company purchases 4% of 88-42 from
its economic sector owner, team B, for $18,000.
Case 2: The Rail Company later decided to build
underground track at that location and sold the
land back to team B for half of what it had origi-
nally paid. (Note: the buyer of land is the
decision-maker.)
%„ Build Rail Lines
The Rail Company constructs a rail,line from 113-27
to 109-35, and, the section across 110-34 and 110-32
is to be above ground.
9. Build Rail Stations
The Rail Company builds rail stations at the inter-
sections through which the new track passes (113-27,
111-31, and 109-35).
62
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE BUS AND RAIL COMPANIES
Decision Decision-
Code Maker
OI
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
3
4
5
6.1
6.2
6.3
7.1
7.2
8
9
$ CflStf / = 25 (JS
SCftSH / =/?/?ZA
StfTHER / = -BUS
S0THZK / = fi*rL
$^7VfA / -MJV.
$^77y£-/e/ - -BUS
stfTV&t / = ZUS
$ tftifu T/ - i$ys
$ fitfu T / ^^05
$ /f/6/r/ -tf/?^
$ PU / = tfftJTL
$ PU / = 73
$ /f/?X/. / = tf#2L.
$ ftfiTL / = /?/£Z"£-
/ ^ , Jd;5 / yttt>, cut , cftP , ,
/ C , £ , ,5"Vz> <**> , £ Ul? , PVT~ t i
/ P^ 7/9
' \ •$ ' 3U i i i i i
/ O S , £5 i i i t i
/ 'P , /S' , A , 3 ,
/ s , 5-y ,
/ M , ?D , ; , \ , ,
/ /V«J- t / r 3 i i i i ,
/ ft>? , &_, 3 ,{9?33, /ott3} &£g).
i DA1-) 3 1 l(??>*/, //dJj) , i ,
/ //327/JU3I //G?'$<5~, ,
-------
BR-4
MASTER SHEET FOR BUS COMPANY AND RAIL COMPANY
General Characteristics
Characteristics
BUS
Land Development
Typical Development
costs
Underground tracks
Surface tracks
Stations
Land requirements
Operating Expenses
Fixed cost of equip-
ment per mile
Employment
Typical cost of labor
per mile
Units of labor required
per mile
(Note: Bus and Rail hire
middle income (PM) workers
only. There are 160
workers in a PM. The
typical salary per worker
is $5000. One PM supplies
1000 units of labor and
50 units of labor are re-
quired to operate a bus
(level 1) and rail (level
1) for one mile.)
Depreciation and
maintenance of equip-
ment
Average rate (annual)
BG and BS requirements
for 1% renovation or
maintenance
BG
BS
$400,000
(40 units)
40,000
50
3.5%
$40/unit of
equipment
$60/unit of
equipment
RAIL
$14,000,000/mi.
4,000,000/mi.
1,000,000
4% surface tracks
(for one side only)
$800,000
(80 Units)
40,000
50
3.51
$40/unit of
equipment
$60/unit of
equipment
64
-------
Master Sheet for Bus Company and Rail Company
BUS
Passenger Capacity (people)
When value ratio =100
Level 1 Route
Level 2 Route
Level 3 Route
3000
6000
9000
-- Cont'd.
RAIL
6000
12000
18000
Distance for Diagonal Rapid Rail Segments
Horizontal Distance Between Stations
Vertical
distance
between
stations
1
2
3
4
5
1.414
2.236
3.162
4.123
5.099
2.236
2.828
3.606
4.472
5.385
3.162
3.606
4.243
5.000
5.831
4.123
4.472
5.000
5.657
6.403
5.099
5.385
5.831
6.403
7.071
65
-------
APPENDIX A
Sequence of Computer Print-Out
Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should become familiar. The overall order of output is:
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4. Commercial Allocation
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
7. Social and Economic Summaries
8. Government Detail
9. Summary Statistics
10. Maps
Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections. An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lists player and director decisions. The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above. These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.
Each subsection of output has its own title, but on
every' subsection the heading for the data base and the round
number are printed. A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4.
Print-Out Section Description
1. Migration
Environmental For each class which can live on
Indexes each residence parcel, this shows
the value of each component of
the environmental index based on
last round's pollution index, MS
use index and school use index
and this round's residence quality,
rent, tax rates, and welfare rates.
66
-------
Figure 4
RIVER BASIN .MODEL O'.'VFUT
1. Migration 1.1 Enviror~.r-.entjl I.ndv.es , 8. Govern-eat Detail 1.1 Asse;---"it "?po-t
1.2 Personal Indexes 8.2 v.'atcr ."••-.".- ' -or t reports
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cv'toffs ' £.3 S.v-pl1. ng L't^tion r-rert: ?ol" _ Source Quality
1.4 Migration Detail 3. •; Sa.-.pl:.".-; St--. tic-, !e;;rt: Ar-iient 0':-.:ity
1.5 y.iiration Statistics S.b t'tility '.."-r> -. r I- en t Peccrt
l.S Miaiat'-cr, Surim.-vry 3.6 Utility :> por t.-'.-n t Finances
2, Water System 2.1 v.'atcr I'scr E£fluent Content C.? :•',.:- i c: l
2,3 '"'^tor VL.QT CCT.'LS o.nd Cor.GUTotion -S.!0 r 1 "- --.•: ,::-.-^ ~.- -.: r. • ' rirt^er.^i ' '.i:.";
2.4 Colitoi.Ti csnu Pcllurion Index Values • ?.ll Sc _jl '.':> . j •:'.".' ^t ie;-,r"
3. Er\plo^'r.ent 3.1 E.";->loy-->nt Svlecticn Indorsation for PL Class S.)3 S-::-.-.ol C.-..rt-'.nt C: -.5 --: uc t io'i Table
5.2 S-.:>loy:'u.-.t S'jloction Indorsation for PM Cl^.ss 6.;.', Hiq'.vjy ;,,. .1: I .-,.MI c Fi:. .i.-.ccs
3.3 E:-eloyrent Sol'Cticn Information tor ?':! Class 6.15 S.iil'viy i ;jrt j-t C'j-rj t ruct icn Table
3.i Part-1'i'.c U'ork Allocation for I'll C'-...r,s 8.15 :: i L 1 C. -.,'.-/ I..-c:t
3.5 Port-Ti~e Work Allocation £or rM Class 8.17 .T.jr, c: ,.'-.y .'.-.'.-.rt
3.6 Part-7i:-c '.'iork Allocoticn tor PL Class c.lS C/. a i r - ^:i I1 -;'or'. on t rin;:r,ce3
3.7 E " j> loy :"-:~\ t Su^.Tiary 3.1'^ "e.x 3-:".~:'.ry
o.:0 Fir.a.-.Ciil S'J.-.-;:rs'
4. Cor.T.erclal Allocation
4.1 Personal Goods Allooation Euriiary 9. Su.-a"ary Statistics 9.1 Dor-iographi c and Ecor.or.ic Statistics
4.2 Personal Services Allocation Sur.ra.ry
,,, 4.3 DusiriCsr; GooJs Allocation Su'.'.-'ary 10. Heps 10.1 Pcrr.cnal C'-o-J-. Allocation ;-!a?
Jlj 4.4 Business Services Allocation Surrjnary 10.2 Per'.o'nl Sei'.-ice3 Allocation Xap
4.5 Cove rr.T.cri t Contracts 10.3 D'.:r. i r.'."*,3 Oo.--~ercial Allocation M3o
4.6 Terrinal ?-.-?'jnd and Supply Table 10.4 Xun 1 oipa 1 Service .'I^p
4.7 Terr,inal Allocation l-'.ap '-'
S. Social Sector 5.1 Collar Value of Tine
5.2 Social Oec LS ion-Make r Output 10.3 V,1 ^ •_ e r C'u.i,;ty ,V-ID
5.3 Social tc-ycotts 10,9 I'.un icipal Treatment
10.10 .'luricii-al I:itake and Outflow Point Map
6. Economic Sector 6.1 Fanr Output 10.11 S'irf,v:e Water ",ap
6.2 Fe^i'-'ence Output ' 10.12 Fa:^ T'u:'.cff '.':'.^
6.3 Be:.ic t nil':!', try Output 10.13 river d"in Mod plain Map
5.4 Cor.-ercial Output 10.14 !':ir™ " :;.'
6.5 Eccnjnic boycott Status . 10.15 i'jrn Assus.ied and Market Value Kap
6.6 New Corstruction Table 10.16 .V, •. L'••. e t \'.^;ec :-J.ao
6.7 Land S.i.TT.ar>- . 10.17 ,\-.res-,ed Vo.lue '-'ap
6.8 Lc in Statenont 10.18 H:cc".j:'ic Statuo ."-'.ap
6.9 Financial Sur^.nary 10.19 !1 ie'-.v.,y :'.;p
10.20 riaininc a-;d Zoning Map
7. Social and Economic Surrmaries 10.21 P.'ikland L'5.i-e XT.:
7.1 i:u:-'er oC Levels of Economic Activity Con- 10.:: EC...-IO- ;;ce:ic:"i c ":stribution .Xap
trolled by Tcans 10.23 DC- e j rcrviic "ap
7.2 E-raloyrent Centers 10.24 Social Dec 13 ion-.Vaker Map
7.3 Economic Control Sumary for Teams 10,25 Topographical restriction Kap
7.4 Social Control Sumjnary for Teams 10.26 Governriont Status Map
7.5 Social Control Sumnary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Indexes
Migration Detail
Migration
Statistics
Migration Summary
2. Water System
Water User
Effluent Content
Description
For each class living on each
residence parcel, this shows the
value of each component of the
personal index based on last
round's time allocation, resi-
dential crowding, MS use index,
and coliform bacteria index.
For each residence parcel and for
each class which lived on the
parcel immediately before or
after the migration program ran,
this shows the number of Pi's
in the class now residing on the
parcel and of those who moved,
why they moved and where they
came from and went to.
Number of in-migrants, out-
migrants , internal migrants,
and natural population growth
by jurisdiction and class.
The number of Pi's who moved
between or within jurisdictions
by class, by jurisdiction and by
reason for moving.
For each economic activity and
municipal water system, the
volume of effluent dumped into
the surface water and the amount
of each pollutant in the effluent
after the effluent has received
any treatment.
River Quality During For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
for the surface water on each
parcel through which a river
flows, this shows the water
quality rating, the volume of
water, and the amount of each
pollutant present.
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water User Costs and
Consumption
Coliform and
Pollution Index
Values
3. Employment
Employment Selection
Information for Low-
Income Class
Employment Selection
Information for
Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.
Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating. The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
69
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Print-Out Section
Description
Employment Selection
Information For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for
Middle Income Class
Part-Time Work
'Allocation for Low
Income Class
Employment Summary
4. Commercial Allocation
Personal Goods
Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
70
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Print-Out Section
Personal Services
Allocation Summary
Business Goods
Allocation Summary
Business Services
Allocation Summary
Terminal Allo-
cation Summary
Description
location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales. For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.
This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.
For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment
This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.
Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user. Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
71
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Print-Out Section
Terminal Allocation
Map
Social Sector*
Dollar Value of Time
Social Decision-
Maker Output
Social Boycotts
Economic Sector**
Farm Output
Description
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.
By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column. The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.
Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
*The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction. The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last). Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not printed. Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.
**The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before, the next team's
output begins. A team for which a section of output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of output. For example,
a^tearn with no residences receives no residence output. Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary. All active
teams receive financial summaries.
72
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Print-Out Section
Residence Output
Business Output
Construction
Industry Output
Construction
Industries' Contract
Table
Economic Boycott
Status
New Construction
Table
Land Summary
Description
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls. All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.
Description of all contracts
made by construction industries
controlled by the decision-
maker .
Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.
Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is the
contractee.
Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
73
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Print-Out Section
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic
Summaries
Number of Levels of
Economic Activity
Controlled by Teams
Employment Centers
Economic Control
Summary*
Description
Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment,
A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.
Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.
For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
*This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
74
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Print-Out Section
Social Control
Summary*
Social Control
Summary
Economic Control
Summary
Social Control
Summary
Description
For each class living on each
parcel controlled 'by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfaction
(quality of life index).
By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.
This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income. The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities
expressed as a percent.
This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is
a ten-round history of the averagi
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
*This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
75
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Print-Out Section
Description
Government Detail*
Assessment Report
Water Department
Reports
Sampling Station
Report: Point
Source Quality
Sampling Station
Report: Ambient
Quality
Utility Department
Report
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.
List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations, prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).
For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.
For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.
Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges. Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
*A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
76
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Print-Out Section
Description
Utility Department
Finances
Municipal Services
Department Report
Municipal Services
Department Finances
Municipal Services
Department Con-
struction Table
Planning and Zoning
Department Report
School Department
Report
School Department
Finances
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working, and the
MS use indexes. Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.
Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.
For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.
Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.
Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
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Print-Out Section
School Department
Construction Table
Highway Department
Report
Highway Department
Construction Table
Rail Company
Report
Description
For each school construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM' s
and PR's assigned to work at
the School.
A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available fed-
eral-state aid.
For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, this
shows the construction firm,
the location of the road or ter-
minal, the status, the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs , the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
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Print-Out Section
Bus Company
Report
Chairman Department
Finances
Tax Summary
Financial Summary
Description
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.
Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.
Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations, federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
9. Summary Statistics
Demographic and
Economic Statistics
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
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Print-Out Section
Description
10. Maps
Personal Goods
Allocation Map
Personal Services
Allocation Map
Business Commercial
Allocation Map
Municipal Service
,Map
School Map
Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS user
is assigned.
Map showing the locations of
MS's and their districts, the
locations of economic activities
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.
Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.
Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each parcel.
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Plant Map
Municipal Intake
and Outflow Point
Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Funoff Map
River Basin Flood
Plain Map
Farm Map
Map showing the locations of
economic activitie's, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.
Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.
Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.
Map showing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.
Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.
Map shov/ing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in the river basin.
Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
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Print-Out Section
Farm Assessed and
Market Value Map
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
Description
Map showing, for each farm par-
cel, its assessed'and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings„
Map showing the economic sector
owner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every par-
cel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.
Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.
Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public institutional
land.
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Print-Out Section
Parkland Usage Map
Description
Socio-Economic
Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.
Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel, the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there
Map showing the population (in
100's) , percent occupancy, and
quality index (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
Social Decision-
Maker Map
Topographical
Restriction Map
Government Status
Map
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).
Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
83
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APPENDIX B
EMPLOYMENT OUTPUT
The Full-Time Employment and Transportation Processes
The employment allocation process is run soon after
the migration process. The number of workers living at
each residence location is the number resultin-g from migra-
tion, Unlike the migration process, the employment process
operates on all Pi's; each PI reconsiders all job openings
each round. A whole PI is hired at a time; there is no_
smaller unit in employment than a PI, even though a PI is
composed of many workers.
The factors involved in the matching of workers with
jobs are each employer's salary offerings (salaries are
set by class, one salary offered to each class), the trans-
portation costs for workers to get to employment locations,
the workers' relative education levels, the number of job
openings in each class, where workers were employed in the
previous round, and where workers are boycotting job openings
In general, if there are fewer workers than jobs, those
employers offering the lowest salaries or located farthest
from residences do not receive all of their needed employees
and suffer production losses. Likewise, if there are more
workers than jobs, those workers with the lowest education
levels or located farthest from jobs are unable to find
employment.
The process operates on one class at a time, high-income
first and low-income last. Any high-income workers who
cannot find jobs are first to be considered for middle-
income jobs, and any middle-income workers who cannot find
middle-income jobs are the first to be considered for low-
income jobs. Thus, unemployment tends to be pushed toward
the lower classes, although that is not always the case.
The first part of the employment process is the selec-
tion of the least cost route from each class living on a.
residence parcel to each employment location. When a pop-
ulation group selects a least cost route, it evaluates both
the time (dollar value of time) and actual dollar cost of
each mode and route. Modal usage is also a factor, since
overcrowded modal usage causes delay in time. The workers
perceive the previous round's mode and route usage. Each
class is willing to pay up to a fixed percent of the income
which it would earn at a job in order to get to the job.
After the least cost route has been selected from each
Pi's residence to each employment location, each PI applies
for the job which nets it the greatest amount of money
84
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(salary offered less the transportation cost to get there).
A PI perceives a somewhat higher salary at its previous job
than is actually offered there. If the net income which
the PI would receive at its old job is perceived to be
highest, the PI takes its old job back and looks no further.
A PI does not even consider taking a job which it is boy-
cotting .
After all Pi's who find their old jobs to be their
best jobs have taken their old jobs, the remaining Pi's
seeking employment compete for jobs on the basis of their
educational levels. Of the applicants for remaining job
openings, an employer selects those with the highest educa-
tion levels first. Those Pi's who are not hired for their
best jobs then seek employment at their next best jobs. The
process is repeated until either all of the job openings in
the 'class have been filled or all of the Pi's in the class
have been hired. There is one type of exception to the
latter case: a PI which cannot find a job within its max-
imum transportation range remains unemployed.
The employment process then operates on the next lower
class, any Pi's from the previous class being the first
considered for jobs.
After the employment process has been run for all
three classes, transportation routes and congestion are
recalculated using the origins and destinations created
in the employment process. All classes are assigned simul-
taneously to the least cost routes in time and money from
their residences to their jobs, considering the previous
round's usage of modes and routes. If there are any great
changes in congestion between rounds after all have been
assigned routes, the transportation process is run again,
considering the new usage. The process is repeated until
there is no great change in congestion between two succes-
sive iterations. Pi's pay only the final actual dollar
cost to travel; the time dollar cost is used for route
allocation only.
The Full-Time Employment and Transportation Output
Detailed employment information prints for each class,
low-class first and high-income last. Within a single class's
output all of the information pertaining to those of the
class living on the same residence parcel is printed together.
The order in which the information for each parcel is printed
is from left to right, top to bottom across the board.
The first 'Column contains the coordinates of the resi-
dence parcel. The next column contains the location of
85
-------
Figure
3.3
EMPLOYMENT SELECTION INFORMATION FOR
RESIDENCE EMPLOYER POPUL. SALARY T11>£ AUTO BUS RAIL
LOCATION LOCATION UNITS UNITS COST COST COST
86?8 UNEMPLOYED
ROUTE
HIGH INCOME CLASS
9828
8130 UNEMPLOYED
11000. 35.0 93-5.0
0.0 0.0
•3727
9527
9327
9127
8777
00
ON
8630 UNEMPLOYED 5
9828 2
8830 UNEMPLOYED 0
9230 (SC2) 2
9630 1
9432 10
9030 UNEMPLOYED 1
9228 4
9328
9630
9832
3
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each employer for which Pi's in the class on the parcel work.
The first row always shows the number of Pi's who are unem-
ployed on the parcel. For each other row, the output shows
the number of Pi's working at the employment location, the
salary earned per worker, the total number of time units
spent traveling to work, the total automobile cost paid
per worker, the total bus cost paid per worker, the total
rail cost paid per worker, and the route and modes which
the population units take to work. All Pi's of the same
class living on the same residence parcel and working for
the same^employer take the same route and modes. The route
printed is traced from employment location to residence loca-
tion. The intersection at the start of travel, the inter-
sections passed, the intersection at which a new mode is
used, and the last intersection (that of the residence parcel)
are listed in order. An intersection is a four or five digit
number which may be preceded by a bus or rail route number if
the PI got off the bus or rail system at that intersection.
Next to some employment locations are parentheses con-
taining the name of a government department or the notation
'FSE1. A government department has a parcel designated as
its employment center. That parcel does not necessarily
have government activity on it; it is merely used as a cen-
tral hiring location because although a department can have
facilities on several parcels, it hires centrally as a
whole. The letters 'FSE1 denote Federal-state employment
centers such as state departments and federal installations.
FSE is a catch-all category for miscellaneous local employ-
ment. An FSE only hires; it has none of the other charac-
teristics of a business or local government department.
/
The Part-Time Employment Process
A social decision-maker can allocate time units for
his population units to spend in part-time work. Social
decision-makers realize that their population units seldom
receive all the extra work for which time was allocated.
As with the full-time employment allocation process, the
Pi's educational level is the most important factor in the
assignment of part-time work units to extra work time allo-
cation .
The supply of part-time work units, eighty of which
are equivalent^ one full-time, job, is Primarily determined
by the levels of business activity in the system Each
business type has a fixed number of time units of P-t-time
work for each class for each level of operation. ^ addi
tion, a variable number of part-time work units (jobs) is
provided by the School Department.
87
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The school department in each jurisdiction provides
public adult education according to the number of middle
and high-income part-time work units it hires. This speci-
fication obviously can fluctuate considerably round-to-round,
Two lists -- one supply of and the other demand for
part-time work units -- are created for each population
class. The suppliers of part-time work units are ordered
by the salary offered (proportional to full-time wage •
offered) with the highest salary placed first. Each entry
on this list contains a location, a full-time salary per
worker, and an amount of part-time work units available.
Each entry in the demand for units list is comprised
of a residence group for which allowed time for extra work
as defined by a parcel location, an average education level,
and an average time allocation for extra work.* The number
of Pi's in each group is the final item of information.
This list is ordered on the basis of average education
level with the highest levels first.
For each complete pass through the list of residence
groups, the part-time work allocation process attempts to
assign by class ten units of extra work to each population
unit which has an unfilled extra work allocation. The
process continues until either all requests (unfilled allo-
cations) are filled or until the supply of part-time work
units is exhausted.
First, the residence group at the top of the list
(i.e., ,the one with the highest education level of those
groups who have not yet been assigned work in that particu-
lar pass) is examined. The number of Pi's is multiplied
either by ten or by a figure less than ten (if there are
less than ten unfilled extra work time allocation units
remaining) in order to obtain the group's request for part-
time work units. For example, assume in the first pass
that 6 PH's at 10026 have the highest education level and
that the social decision-maker allocated 25 time units to
extra work for each PH. The total demand for units of this
group in the first pass is sixty (60). These population
units will have their employment request of sixty part-time
units met before any other high-income population units
are considered.
*Pl's of the same class who live on the same parcel. Each
PI so grouped has averaged, and thus identical, characteris-
tics such as education level and time allocated for extra
work.
-------
Once the request is determined, the job supply list is
examined. For each potential work location, a shadow auto-
mobile transportation cost per worker is calculated. This
value is subtracted from the salary per worker to obtain a
net income per worker which is used to determine the best
job. Units from this best job are assigned to the residence
group up to the amount of their request. If that particular
job has an insufficient supply of part-time units available,
the remainder of the request must be met by the second best
job, and so on.
After the job units are assigned to the particular
residence group, their per PI unfilled extra work time
allocation units are decremented by ten (or the figure less
than ten) and they are placed at the bottom of the residence
group list. Of course, if the residence then has no more
units to be filled, they are dropped from further consider-
ation.
Subsequently, a different residence group appears at
the top of the list and the assignment process proceeds in
the identical fashion. This continues until either of the
two mentioned termination criteria are reached. High-income
population units may not be assigned middle or low-income
part-time jobs, nor may middle take low or high, and so
forth. Within an income class, the only case in which a PI
would receive a part-time job before another PI with a
higher education level is the case in which the latter's
shadow transportation cost exceeded the remuneration expected
from the particular job.
Note: The route which a PI takes to a part-time job is
the least-cost route, but road congestion is not a factor,
and auto is the only mode allowed. The costs used in part-
time job and route selection are the peak-hour transporta-
tion parameters, but a Pi pays a dollar cost and spends an
amount of time travelling proportional to the number of
time units spent in part-time work. For example, if a PI
spends 20 time units at a job to which the least full-time
transportation cost is $200 and 4 time units, the Pi is
charged 20/80 of those amounts, or $50 and 1 time unit.
The base auto cost used in the trip to full-time
employment is used as a base cost in part-time employment,
so a Pi also pays a portion of that base cost to get to
part-time work.
89
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The Part-Time Employment Output
One output is printed for each class, high-income first
and low-income last. The first column shows the coordinates
of the residence parcel. The second shows the location of
one employer for whom the class on the parcel has been
assigned part-time work. The location 'ADED' indicates that
the class is working for a School Department's adult educa-
tion program. The third column is the total number of part-
time work units which the class on the parcel is filling at
the employment location. The fourth contains ,the full-time
salary offered per worker at the employment location. .Since
a full-time job is equivalent to 80 time units in part-time
work, a class which filled 60 time units at a particular
employer would receive 60/80 of the total salary paid to a
PI in its class working there full-time.
-------
Figure III 3.4
PART-TINT WOr>K ALLOCATION! FOR HIGH INCOVF CLASS
RFSIOENCf; FMPLOYC0 T IM F. UNITS SALARY
8830
8 P. 30
9 8 3 R
8836
«R36
96 3 R
9834
9 S34
9 438
9034
9436
9436
9436
8430
073 O
963?
9630
963?
963?
°R3?_
9430
9430
a <] 2 3
9R 30
9830
LOO
30
30
50
10
40
80
130
30
50
20
30
60
20
10600
11000
1 1000
1 1000
11000
1. 1 ° 0 0
l oooo
1 0 S 0 0
10500
11000
1 0500
1 1000
1 oooo
1 OOOO
91
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Employment Summary
This shows overall employment statistics for the simu-
lated region. The list includes the following summary infer'
nation for each class: the number of residence parcels
occupied by the class; the number of Pi's employed in jobs
of their own class; the number of Pi's taking jobs in the
next lower class; the number of unemployed Pi's; the total
number of Pi's in the class living in the simulated region;
the total number of part-time units worked by the class;
and the number of job openings for the class which were left
unfilled.
This output is the single most useful section of the
employment output for an observer to use in quickly evalua-
ting the local employment situation.
Employment Centers
This output lists information concerning Federal-state
employers and the locations of local government employment
centers. The director specifies where Federal-state em-
ployers are located, how many Pi's they attempt to hir, and
the salaries they offer. This output shows that information
and the number of jobs which were actually filled at each
Federal-state employment location.
The director can also designate locations from which a
local government department hires. If the director does
not designate a parcel as a department's employment center,
that -department has the whole region as its hiring location.
That is, a prospective employee has no location to which
to travel for work. An employee's transportation time and
dollar cost is the average automobile time and dollar for
workers in the region. He does not contribute to road
usage because he has no specific destination.
92
-------
Figure
3.7
EMPLOYMENT SUMMARY
INCOME MIDDLE INCOME HH.H INC<
NUMBER OF RESIDENCES
PI'S EMPLOYED AT THIS LEVEL
PI'S EMPLOYED AT LO-VER LEVEL
PI'S UNEMPLOYED
TOTAL POPULATION UNITS
PART-TIME UNITS AOKKED
20
1 73
0
41
21 4
1304
236
7?
31
U
31 6
ALL CLASSES
52
683
121
41
845
3960
NUMBER OF JOBS STILL AVAILABLE
-------
Figure 7.2
;c* ***^>!c***^**5;«:^:{t***3v*** ********************************************* * ******
TWOCITY
EMPLOYMFNT CENTERS ROUND 2
^ £ -ff if *************************************** * * * if -if Jf A l»c j|c * :,': i-. •fn ^ ?-, ^ ;'.- ?• ^-. -!f if •% ^ if •?; % ^ ^ $ * * *
FFDERM. STATE EMr>LOYERS
EMPLOYER JOR OPENINGS JOBS FfLLFD SALARY OFFERED
LOCATION LOW MIDDLE HIGH LOW MIDDLE HIGH LOW MIDDLE HIGH
9432 543 54? 2(SOO 5? 00 10400
LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYERS
DFPT. AND JURIS. EMPLOYMENT CENTER
PAIL 94^0
BUS ^430
MSI 9430
SC1 9430
MS2 9230
SC? 9?30
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