'CLEA1
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES 16110 FRU 12/71-4
The Basin Model:
SOCIAL SECTOR
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on the research,, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency ,, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports
should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch (Water),
Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460
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The RIVER BASIN MODEL:
Social Sector
by
Envirometries, Inc.
1100 17th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
for the
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
Project #16110 FRU
Contract #14-12-959
December, 1971
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection
Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not sig-
nify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names of commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25
11
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L SECTOR MANUAL
Pase
I. Introduction to the Model 1
A. Brief Description of the Model ^
B. The Three Sectors 2
L Economic Sector 4
2. Social Sector 5
3. Public Sector 6
C. The Water Component 8
D. The Local System 8
E. The Unit of TimeA Round 1°
F. The Function of the Computer 11
II. Introduction to the Social Sector 13
A. Social Sector Summary 14
B. Social Sector Functions 15
C. Social Sector Relationships 16
III. Computer Printed Output Description 21
A. Introduction 21
B. Map Output 23
1. Economic Status Map 26
2. Government Status Map 29
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map 31
4. Demographic Map 33
5. Personal Goods Allocation Map 35
6. Personal Services Allocation Map 37
7. Municipal Treatment Plant Map 39
8. Water Quality Map 43
9. Water Usage Map 47
10. Social Decision Maker Map 49
C. Summary Information 51
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics 51
2. Summary Information for the Social Sector 55
D. Social Sector Detailed Output 62
1. Dollar Value of Time 62
2. Social Decision-Maker Detailed Output 65
3. Social Decision-Maker Boycott Status Output 71
TV- Social Sector Decisions 73
A. Summary of Decisions 73
1. Voting 73
2. Boycotting 74
3. Allocation of Time 74
4. Cash Transfer 76
5. Set the Dollar Value of a Time Unit Travelling
to Work 77
ill
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B. Input Format 77
C. Social Sector Sample Decisions 82
V. Master Tables 84
A. Population Unit Master Table 84
B. Quality of Life Factors for Population Units 90
VI. Social Sector Strategies 92
A. Gaining a Perspective About the Model 92
B. Establishing a Joint Effort 93
C. The Art and Science of Negotiation 94
D. Decisions: General to Specific 96
E. The Exercise of Power 98
Appendix A - Sequence of Computer Print-Out 100
IV
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I. INTRODUCTION TO THE M3DEL
A. Brief Description of the Model
In a sense, the RIVER BASIN MODEL is a misnomer
because if one places an emphasis on "River" it leads one
to believe that the model is primarily concerned with
water management. The emphasis should be placed on "River
Basin", and that term should be interpreted in its broadest
context as meaning a geographical area of land. Through
its two major components -- human interaction and computer
simulation the model represents the economic, social
and governmental activity that takes place within the
geographical boundaries defined by the river basin or more
simply by a group of continguous counties.
The model is unlike most other simulation or human
interaction models. It was not designed to accomplish any
one specific purpose. Rather it was designed to let its
users represent the major economic, social, and govern-
mental decision-makers who cause a regional system to
function and change on a year-to-year basis. As part of
the functioning of this regional system, water is demanded
by industries and municipal water suppliers and pollution
is generated by manufacturing and commercial activities, by
people, and by farm activities.
The model is a computer-assisted decision-making
tool, in which a number of computer programs simulate major
processes that take place in the local system such as
migration, housing selection, employment, transportation,
shopping patterns,the allocation of leisure time, and water
quality determination. Users of the model provide inputs
to these programs on behalf of business activities in the
economic sector, groups of people or population units in
the social sector, and government departments in the
government sector.
Normally, the users of the model are assigned
decision-making responsibility for businesses, population
units, and government departments in a gaming format.
This means that users become members of teams that are
assigned control of:
1. Economic Assets: cash, land, manufacturing
plants, outside investments, commercial
activities, and/or residences.
2. Social Assets: population units that are
designated as high income, middle income,
and/or low income.
1.
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3. Government Assets: power of the budget, taxing
and assessing authority, service responsibility,
and planning and regulatory power.
The computer print-outs for a year provide a de-
tailed description of the regional area represented by the
model, and the users of the model evaluate this status as
individuals, as team members, and collectively to define
problems, establish objectives, develop strategies, imple-
ment plans, and react to feedback from the new computer
printout for the next year.
The initial starting position shows a particular
set of allocations of the locals system's resources and
their effects on the status of the local area. The users
of the model evaluate their own particular status within
the local system as well as the status of the area as a
whole. They then interact with one another in a dynamic
decision-making environment in which they collectively have
control over the local water quality decisions that will be
made, implemented, and reacted to. Some of the model play-
ers may have apparently only marginal interests in the local
water quality issues because they are pre-occupied with
running schools, building roads, earning incomes, producing
manufactured goods, building housing, and supplying local
goods and services. Others will have maybe more interest
as they attempt to be elected into public office, run the
planning department, collect taxes, recreate, and develop a
generally pleasant environment for their new residential
subdivisions. Still others might have a direct and pressing
interest in the local water quantity and quality as they
attempt to set and enforce water quality standards, supply
municipal water, use surface water in their production
process, and benefit from major water-based recreation areas.
In short, the entire local system is represented by
the model and its users, and water decisions are placed
within their realistic context of having different importance
to different individuals as a function of their occupation,
location, resources, and personal inclinations.
B. The Three Sectors
The model contains three basic decision-making sectors:
economic, social and public. (Figure 1) Every city or region
contains these three vital sectors whose interactions cause
the area to function and to either grow and prosper or stagnate
and decay. Decisions made by one group ultimately affect others
2.
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Figure 1
THREE DECISION-MAKING SECTORS AND CONSTITUENT TEAMS
ECONOMIC TEAMS
(Identified by single letter
codes: A, B, C, etc.)
INDUSTRIAL DECISION-MAKER
Hi-Heavy Industry
FL-Furniture and Lumber
SG-Stone Clay and Glass
MP-Primary Metals
MF-Fabricated Metals
NL-Nonelectric Machinery
EL-Electric Machinery
TE-Transportation Equipment
Li-Light Industry
FO-Food
TA-Textiles and Apparel
PA-Paper
CR-Chemicals, Plastics and Rubber
NS-National Service
COMMERCIAL DECISION-MAKER
BG-Business Goods
BS-Business Services
PG-Personal Goods
PS-Personal Services
RESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKER
RA-Single Family
RB-Garden Apts. and Duplex
RC-Multiple Unit and High Rise
GOVERNMENT TEAMS
(Identified by the specific
code preceding the depart-
ment name)
CH-Chairman of Jurisdiction
CO-Councilman
AS-Assessment and Finance
SC-School
MS-Municipal Services
UT-Gas, Electric, Water and Sewer
HY-Highways
BUS-Bus Company
RAIL-Mass Transit Agency
PZ-Planning and Zoning
SOCIAL TEAMS
(Identified by double letter
codes: AA, BB, CC, etc.)
PH-High Income
PM-Middle Income
PL-Low Income
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and one group often works against another group to
achieve its goals. For example, proposed commercial
developments by an economic group in a predominantly
residential area can be blocked by residents of that
area just as proposed changes by the government depart-
ments can be opposed by those participants in the economic
or social sector.
1. The Economic Sector
Economic decision-makers are those businessmen who
operate industrial, commercial, residential and farm es-
tablishments. Upon receiving output at the beginning of
the round economic decision-makers review their economic
status and make decisions for the present round. The
various economic activities in the model have the following
characteristics:
Basic Industry
Heavy Industry, Light Industry and National Services
spend money for business goods and business services, utilities
a labor force, transportation, and taxes. In order to
produce basic industry output which is then sold to the
.national markets at prices determined by national business
conditions (.the computer) , owners of basic industries can
make a wide variety of decisions. These decisions include
purchasing land, changing salaries or maintenance levels,
boycotting business goods and business services establish-
ments, acquiring laons, building new businesses, upgrading
existing businesses, demolishing old ones, and treating
effluents that are dumped into the local water system.
The' basic industry of the economy can be further sub-
divided into the following categories:
HI. - Heavy Industry
FL - Furniture and lumber
SG - Stone, clay and glass
MP - Primary metals
MF - Fabricated metals
NL - Non-electrical machinery
EL - Electrical machinery
TE - Transportation equipment
4.
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LI - Light Industry
FO - Food
TL - Textile, apparel and leather
PA - Paper
CR - Chemicals, plastics, and rubber
NS - National Services
Commercial Establishments
Business goods (BG) and business services (BS), per-
sonal goods (PG) and personal services (PS) spend money
on many of the same items as basic industry in order to
maintain a level of service capacity. This service capacity
is consumed or partially consumed by local customers which
include: the industrial sector, other commercial estab-
lishments and the population units (Pi's) who live in the
city. Owners of the commercial establishments may make
most of the decisions that owners of basic industries make
in addition to setting prices for their products.
Residences
Single-family (RA), townhouse (RB), and high-rise (RC)
residence'units spend money on personal goods and personal
services, utilities, and taxes, and earn income based on
rent charged and the number and type of occupants residing
in their housing units. Owners of residences may make the
same types of decisions made by owners of basic industry
in addition to setting the rent paid by their tenants.
Farms
Farm owners make very few decisions aside from how
their land will be utilized and what level of fertilizer
use they will employ.
2. The Social Sector
Decision-makers in the social sector represent the
citizens who live and work in the simulated area. People
are represented in terms of population units (Pi's). Each
population unit represents fixed numbers of people (500) .
Population units are divided into three socio-economic
groups: high income (PH), middle-income (PM) and low-
income (PL). Because each class possesses its own ex-
pectations and behavioral patterns, each will have different
preferences for residence, job, and schooling, etc. Social
decision-makers can vote on behalf of the Pi's which they
represent. Voting power is dependent upon the number of
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population units controlled, the number of registered voters
in each, and their socio-economic class. Social decision-
makers can also direct the population units under their con-
trol to boycott places of employment or shop locations.
Social decision-makers can also allocate leisure time_of
their population units to be spent in any of four basic
activities: extra work, adult education (public or private)
politics, and recreation. The amount of time spent on each
of these activities has an effect on the socio-economic
status and/or the dissatisfaction index of people living
within the city.
A significant part of the model centers around how
Pi's function within the local system during the course
of each round of play which represents one year of time in
the local area. Figure 2 shows the actions of Pi's as they
are affected by the major operating programs.
3. The Public Sector
In the model, the government sector deals with the
problems of education, highways, municipal services,
planning, zoning, utilities, water supply and quality and
bus and rail transportation. The public sector is divided
into two basic components. The first component includes
elected officials: the Chairman and the Council. These
officials are elected by the social decision-makers repre-
senting the people who live in each jurisdiction. The
Chairman and Council set tax rates, approve budgets, grant
subsidies and appropriations, and make appointments.
Appointed officials named by the Chairman are heads of these
six governmental departments: Assessment (AS), Schools (SC)
Municipal Services (MS), Highway (HY), Planning and Zoning
(PZ) , and Utilities (UT) . The Bus and Rapid Rail Companies
are semi-private organizations which also may be appointed
by the Chairman. Players representing these departments
make decisions which include allocating capital and current
funds, changing salaries and maintenance levels, requesting
federal-state aid, changing district boundaries, con-
structing or demolishing public buildings, upgrading public
buildings, changing levels of service, and transferring
cash between accounts.
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Figure 2
Example of How Population Units Are Affected by the
Major Operating Programs of the Model
Major Operating
Programs
Effect on Population Unit
Migration
Water System
Depreciation
Employment
Transportation
School Allocation
Park Allocation
Time Allocation
Commercial Allocation
Pi's move to the local system, find
and change housing within the local
system, leave the local system
Poor water quality incareses dis-
satisfaction and high coliform count
increases health costs and rime lost
due to illness.
Housing that depreciates becomes less
attractive in the migration process.
Pi's are assigned to full and part
time jobs that maximize net income
(salary minus transportation costs),
employers search for best educated
workers.
Pi's travel to work by the mode and
route that minimizes total costs
(dollar plus time), Pi's travel to
shopping along the minimum cost routes,
Students of Pi's are assigned to
public or private schools based upon
the quality of public schools.
Pi's are assigned to parks within a
specified distance of where they live.
Involuntary expenditures of leisure
time are calculated as a function of
the success of getting part time
jobs, public adult education and the
time spent on transportation.
Pi's are assigned to stores at which
the total costs are minimized (price
plus transportation to the store).
7.
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C. The Water Component
The water component is a subsector that, in a sense,
cuts across the other three sectors or is a pa'rt of each.
For example, some of the industrial activities in the econo-
mic sector use surface water in their production process_
and all other economic businesses have some need for munici-
pally supplied water. Population units in the social sector
use water as a function of their income class and the type
of housing they inhabit. In the government sector, the
Utility Department is responsible for supplying the municipal
water needs of the residents of its jurisdiction.
Each of the surface water users requires a specified
quality of water and must either treat the water they intake
or purchase water from a source outside of the local system.
Every water user adds some pollutants to the water it
returns to the water system. If left untreated, these water
discharges may lower the quality of water of the body of
water into which they are dumped. Since water users and
polluters are located in a geographical space, acitivities
upstream and downstream are affected differently by the
dynamically created water quality conditions.
D. The Local System
The particular regional configuration being used is
represented on a grid map consisting of 625 squares. Each
square,-is of equal size and represents 6.25 square miles,
2.5 miles on a side. The grid and all of the computer maps
are keyed to a coordinate system. Each parcel can be
identified by its coordinates. Horizontal coordinates
range from 70 to 118 and vertical coordinates from 12 to 60.
Intersections are identified by the odd-numbered coordinates
and highways are identified by even-odd (east-west) or odd-
even (north-south) coordinates. In all cases, the
horizontal coordinate (i.e., the larger number) is identi-
fied first.
For example, on the map in Figure 3 the shaded
parcel is identified as 7014. Further, the four mile
highway indicated by ZZZ is identified as 7217, 7417, 7617,
7817, while the two mile highway indicated by XXX is
identified as 7318, 7320. The intersection marked by 0
is located at 7317.
8.
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Figure 3
70 12 7 A 76 78 80 82 8 A 86
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9.
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E. The Unit of Time A Round
In the model, a round represents a year o'f change in
the life of the simulated area. From the standpoint of the
participants, however, a round may be thought of as a
decision-making cycle which starts when they receive their
computer output and ends when they hand in their decision
input forms for processing by the computer.
During the early part of the typical round, decision-
makers will be simultaneously reviewing their computer out-
put and attempting to organize their possible actions.
Economic decision-makers, for example, will probably attempt
to acquire parcels of land that look good for future devel-
opment purposes. They may attempt to secure loans from
local or outside sources, apply for zoning changes, request
utility expansions, and lobby for increased highway access.
At the same time, social decision-makers might be bargaining
for higher wages, requesting improvements in local schools
and municipal services, lobby for higher water quality in
the local river, and trying to promote those politicians
who see things their way.
Meanwhile, the governmental decision-makers may be
re.ceiving requests from the economic and social decision-
makers to lower taxes, improve schools, provide better
municipal services, expand highways, build additional
utilities, enlarge the park system, and improve other
services. Budget officials are faced with the task of
finding additional revenue to meet expanding public needs
and dividing appropriations among the many local depart-
ments, all of which have attempted to justify their ex-
panding budgets. Also the government office concerned
with water quality might be pressuring the polluting indus-
tries to treat their wastes or face regulatory action. All
water users might be concerned with water quality and quan-
tity in so far as it affects their cost of using water and
doing business.
10.
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Toward the middle of the round, it becomes clear to
many decision-makers that all of their requests will not
be granted. Thus, trade-offs and bargains must be made.
Elected officials will begin to worry about staying in
office. Departments must often plan to operate with less
funds than they had requested. Low income representatives
attempt to make their political power felt. High-income
representatives attempt to maintain their status. Business-
men begin to look for short-cuts to reduce their losses and
increase their activity and profit-making ventures. The
water quality office begins to act upon its earlier threat.
As the round approaches a conclusion, the participants
formalize the bargains they have made, continue to fill out
their decision forms, terminate the negotiations on new wage
levels, new prices and new rents, carry on their boycotts
and complete any other possible actions. All water related
decisions by the private and public decision-makers are
completed. Treatment plants are built, industries shut down,
fine levied, sampling stations constructed, etc.
When the round ends, participants campaign and carry
out new elections, hold town meetings, debrief their actions,
and develop new strategies while the computer performs
its functions and prepares new output on the status of the
simulated city.
F. The Function of the Computer
In-the model, players are able to exercise a number of
decision alternatives. Only some of these will be com-
municated to the computer, the rest will be part of the con-
stant communication, bargaining and negotiating carried
out in the game-room itself.
The 'computer performs several major functions in the
model.
First, it stores all the relevant economic, social
and governmental statistics for the area; updates data
when changes are made; and prints out yearly reports on the
status of the local system and reports for the economic,
social, and government decision-makers.
Second, the computer simulates the actions of the out-
side system. For example, the computer simulates both a
national business cycle, the probabilities of federal-state
aid and interest rates on most loans.
11.
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Third, the computer performs certain routine functions
or processes that would be time-consuming if the players
themselves were to perform them. For example, the computer
assigns workers from population units to jobs under the
assumption that workers will attempt to earn as much money
as possible. Other processes include assessing all property,
assigning buyers of goods and services to shop at particular
commercial establishments, assigning children to public or
private schools based upon the capacity and quality of the
public schools, and assigning population units to residences
based on their desirability. The computer also simulates
the migration process which moves population units into,
out of, and within the local system. It also measures
all of the types of pollution at all points along the river
system and calculates a comprehensive water quality index.
12.
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SOCIAL SECTOR
Introduction to the Social Sector
This manual contains the basic information and des-
cription of the model required by the Social Sector. It
is assumed that the Model Overview and the Scenario descrip-
tions have been read prior to the receipt of this manual.
Once the players comprising the Social Sector have become
familiar with the model in general, the particular city
being represented, and the workings of the local economic,
social, and government system they will be able to bring
their own imagination and initiative to bear on the operation
of the Social Sector and the population groups they repre-
sent.
The Social Sector teams are given the opportunity and
responsibility for determining how the local population
will act within the local dynamic system and it will have the
chance to use this opportunity in such a way as to satisfy
self-established goals and/or to respond to pressures brought
on it by the government sector, landlords, employers, and
business community.
This Social Sector manual contains the following sec-
tions :
A. Social Sector Summary
B. Social Sector Functions
(- Social Sector Relationships
13
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A. Social Sector Summary
The Social Sector represents and makes some decisions
for the people in the local system represented by the model.
In a sense, the decision-makers in this sector do more than
represent the people, they are the people. To fulfill this
position social sector participants make the continuing
decisions related to the people's financial status; the
allocation of their time; the degree of their political
action with other groups; the hard choices they make related
to boycotts, strikes and even civil disobedience.
In addition, the periodic control of power comes to the
Social Sector in the election process. This sector has a
balance of voting power and makes the vote decisions on
elected officials, all public referenda (including bond
issues), and public laws.
As in the real world, the Social Sector often has the
feeling of impotence because of their very limited real
economic assets and the frequent indifference of the govern-
ment toward them.
It is possible however, for the Social Sector to create
a very real impact on both the processes of government and
the development of the region. This requires making the
maximum use of the information available, a persistent and
determined interaction with other sector decision-makers
(a good offense) and the development and pursuit of well
conceived strategies.
It is important for social decision-makers to gain a
good understanding of their options in the model and then
bring their own ideas and concepts to bear quite early by
going beyond the mechanics of their roles.
14
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B. Social Sector Functions
Social decision-makers are concerned with the interests
of the local population, such as jobs, housing, schools,
parks, recreation, the quality of life and the character
of the region in which they live.
The Social Sector does not own physical assets and has
only limited amounts of cash assets. The Sector does not
control employment (except the ability to strike) and the
people are all tenants of economic sector landlords.
However, all the people in the local system are repre-
sented by the individuals which make up the Social Sector.
People (P) in the local system are represented and identi-
fied in units of population (PI) , each representing 500
people. Population units are divided into 3 socio-economic
classes. These are:
High Income PH
Middle Income PM
Low Income PL
The distribution, by income class, of the people in the
model at any point in time is portrayed in the Demographic
and Economic Statistics output and in the Socio-Economic
Distribution Map.
Social Sector decision-makers have the function of
representing and pursuing the interests, aspirations and
attitudes reflected by a wide range of incomes, political
strength, education levels, and geographic locations.
Participant roles may be structured precisely along
income level lines or the roles may include mixed income
classes. The challenge of adequately representing people by
class interest is apparent.
Each social sector participant must, over time, make a
decision on how he intends to pursue his individual role.
The choices range all the way from being a "loner" to becom-
ing committed to some group or bloc such as a union, citizen
group, social sector neighborhood organization, income class
caucuses, or political party.
As in other sectors, it is expected that social sector
participants will enrich the operation of the model by
bringing their experience, imagination, concepts and interests
bear on their roles.
Social decision makers are identified by double alpha charac-
ters: AA, BB , CC , etc.. Economic decision-makers are iden-
tified by single letters: A, B, C, etc.
15
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^- Social Sector Relationships
System Interrelationships
The model operates on the interrelated activities and
decisions of the three sectors.
The Economic Sector - businessmen who operate indus-
trial, commercial and residential establishments
The Government (Public) Sector - elected and appointed
officials concerned with education, highways, planning,
zoning and all the public services
The Social Sector - representing the people and their
varied interests and priorities.
Social Sector Relationships^
The relationships among the elements and functions of
this sector are portrayed in Figure ss-1.
Additional information on elements such as population
characteristics, dissatisfaction and migration are in the
Master Tables.
Computer Relationship
There are numerous phenomena that take place in the local
system which are handled by the computer programs. Although
all of these programs affect the local population in one
way or another, several of the most important ones are des-
cribed below.
Migration
Migration is thought of in two ways in this model;
first, people move in and out of the system and second,
people moving within the system.
Movement is a function of a number of factors and these
factors are different depending upon the type of migration.
If people can afford it, they are apt to move away from
poorly maintained housing in bad neighborhoods. With the
exception population movements that occur because of new
jobs in other cities, personal problems or other more or less
random happenings, people tend to move because they are in
some way dissatisfied with where they are living. Measuring
a concept like "dissatisfaction" however is quite difficult.
To accomplish this, at least for purposes of this model,
several dissatisfaction or quality of life indexes have
16
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Figure SS-1
REPRESENT
PEOPLE
IN MODEL
COMPUTER PRINTOUT
AS FEEDBACK
SHOPPING
& WORKING
2FFECTS OF
DPTIMIZATION
PEOPLE CLASSIFIED IN
POPULATION UNITS
CHARACTERIZED BY:
* CLASS
* DISSATISFACTION
* NUMBER OF WORKERS
* NUMBER OF STUDENTS
* FAMILY COMPOSITION
* EDUCATION LEVEL
* SAVINGS
* VOTER REGISTRATION
RESULTANT
MIGRATION
PLAYERS
DECIDE TO:
* VOTE
* BOYCOTT
* ALLOCATE TIME
IN
' EXTRA WORK
ADULT EDUC.
POLITICS
' RECREATION
EXTERNAL
EFFECTS
RESULTANT ACTION
FROM BOYCOTT
AND POLITICAL
ACTIVITY
DISSATISFACTION
FROM POOR AND
OVERCROWDED
HOUSING, TRAFFIC
CONGESTION, AND
POOR SERVICES
FEEDBACK TO
INITIATE CHANGE
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been constructed. These are shown in Figure SS-2.
Internal Migration: Internal migration means the movement
of population units from one set of housing structures to
another within the local system. In every case the transfer
entails a selection of a housing unit with a lower environ-
mental index. The factors which make up this index include
the housing quality index, the school quality, the municipal
service quality, the taxes in the jurisdiction, the rent and
the pollution index.
External Migration: In addition to those population
units with the high quality of life indexes who cannot find
better local housing, a certain percentage of those popula-
tion units who are unable to find jobs (the unemployed) or
jobs at their level (the underemployed) in the local system
will become outmigrants.
Migration into the System: The movement of people into
the system is a factor which the Social Sector is able to
do very little about alone. In addition to a certain number
of population units who move into the system for random
factors, there is a factor used by the model to measure the
attractiveness of the local system. This is the number of
job openings by class (constrained by housing availability).
Employment Allocation
Employees are essential to the functioning of all non-
residential activities in the economic sector and to the SC,
MS, and transit companies in the Government Sector. These
employees are hired from the population units which inhabit
the simulated area. The number of workers in a given popu-
lation unit is related to the population unit's class (high,
middle, or low) . Socio-economic class also determines the
salary range which is paid to a worker.
Each commercial and industrial activity has a different
employment requirement which describes the number and socio-
economic mix of full-time and part-time employees necessary
to produce the maximum amount of output (for industry) or
capacity units (for commercial establishments).
Economic decision-makers do not voluntarily choose the
employees that'they hire and fire. Each round, the computer
assigns population units to work locations by means of the
Employment Process. This process optimizes employment by
assigning people to work at places where their net salary
(i.e., base salary minus transportation costs to work) is
maximized. Furthermore, the best educated workers are
assigned to jobs first.
18
-------
Figure SS-2
COMPONENTS OF THE QUALITY OF LI^E INDEX
Pollution Index
CPollution Dissatisfaction)
Dependent upon
. Water Quality Rating
Neighborhood Index
(Neighborhood Dissatisfaction)
Dependent Upon
. Housing Quality
. Rent Charged
. School Quality
. MS Quality
. Tax Rates or Welfare Payment
Environmental Index
(Environmental
Dissatisfaction)
Health Index
(Health Dissatisfaction)
Dependent Upon
. Coliform Count
. Residential Crowding
. MS Quality
Quality of Life
Index (Total
Dissatisfaction)
Time Index
(Dissatisfaction with
Time Allocation)
Dependent Upon
. Involuntary Time
. Transportation Time
. Recreation Time
Personal Index
(Personal
Dissatisfaction)
19
-------
In general, the employment process will assign FH
workers to high-income jobs, PM workers to middle-income jobs,
and PL workers to low-income jobs. However, if there are
shortages of jobs for any of the respective classes, popula-
tion nnits may become employed at lower class levels. For
example, if there are not enough high-income positions avail-
able, PH workers will be the first selected to fill middle-
income positions and receive middle-income salaries. There
is also a built-in bias for workers to continue to work at
previous places of employment.
The Commercial Process
In the Commercial Process, economic and social sector
purchasers of goods and services are assigned by the computer
to commercial establishments on the basis of least total
price (i.e., price charged plus transportation costs). In
the Commercial Process there is a built-in bias for buyers
to shop at the same establishment as in the previous round.
Further, there is also a bias against shopping in overcrowded
establishments, and shopping will not be done at establish-
ments that are being boycotted by particular population units
of a social team.
Housing Selection
Economic decision-makers own three types of residences
(RA, KB, RC) in the local system. Owners of residences earn
income by charging prices (i.e., rents). The number of
population units which can live in a given residence depends
on its type and its level of development. The quality index
for residences indicates the physical conditions of the
housing; the higher the quality index (0-100) , the better
the conditions. Further, the quality index and the amount
of overcrowding affect whether or not a particular socio-
economic class moves into a given residence.
20
-------
III. COMPUTER PRINTED OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
A. Introduction
The printed computer output provides a yearly
report of the status of the simulated region and of inter-
actions within the region during the previous year. There
are several types of output: maps showing characteristics
of the region which differ geographically; summaries which
present information in capsulated form; and detailed
information from which the summaries are derived.
The figure on the next page shows the titles
of the output sections in the order in which they are
printed. That sequence follows neither the logical order
of computer program operations nor the usual sequence in
which a user examines the output. The code number beside
the title of each section of output listed in this figure
is the code number used in all examples of output included
in this manual. The output is explained in this section
in order of most general to most detailed information.
Output is explained in the following order:
- maps
- summary information
- general information of relevance to
all three sectors
- social sector detail
- economic sector detail
- government sector detail
There are a few standard features of all printed
output sections. Each has a title which is a short
description of the type of information given by the section
of output. Each also contains both the round number and
the game heading (the name of the data base being used or
some other heading input by the director). Where relevant,
a jurisdiction number is also printed.
After a few rounds' experience with the model, a
model user usually needs only the printed computer output
from a round and the Master Tables and input formats con-
tained in this manual in order to play subsequent rounds.
21
-------
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
RIVER BASIN KODEL OUTPUT
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1.2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs-
1.4 Migration Detail
1.5 Migration Statistics
1.6 .Migration Summary
2.1 Water User Effluent Content
2.2 Itiver Quality During Surface Water Process
2.3 watur U-jor Costs and Consumption .
2.4 Coliform and Pollution Index Values
3.1 Employment Selection Information for PL Class
3.2 Employeent Selection Information for PM Class
3.3 Employment Selection Information for PI! Class
3.4 Part-Time Work Allocation for I'll Class
3.5 Part-Tire Work Allocation for PM Class
3.6 Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
3.7 Employment Summary
8. Government Detail S.I Assessment Report
t.
Allocation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6 Terminal Demand and Supply Table
Personal Goods Allocation Suuuuary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
I3usi>ness Goods Allocation Sununary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Government Contracts
8.2 v:cier Department Reports
S.3 Sampling Station F.cport: ?oint Source Quality
8.4 S.inplir-5 Station F.eport: Ambient Qualltv
S.5 utility Department Report
8.6 utility Department Finances
S.7 Municipal Services Department Report
8.0 Municipal Services Department Fi.-.ar.ces
8.9 M'jr.icipal Services Department Construction Teblf
.8.10 ri,2.-..-;inr; and "oninc Department Report
8.11 Schcol 5..- p.-. rtr-.---.it Report
8.12 School D'.'par tr'cn t Finances
8.13 Sd-.ool D-jpart-ent Construction Table
8.14 Ilighvjy Depart.-.. en t Finances
S.15 lli^iiway Depart-in t Construction Table
3. 1C Rail Cir.ynny Report
8.17 3us Corpany Rcpsrt
8.13 Cl".ai rran Departr-cnt Finances
3.1'? Ti'1. x 5 '.'.rjr:1. ".'
8. 20 financial Surxriary
9. Suasary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Econonic Statistics
10. Maps
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
4.7 Terminal Allocation Map
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Boycotts
6.1 farm Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 ' Corr.r.'.crcial Output
6.5 Econonic Uoycott Status
6.6 New Construction Table
6.7 Land Sun.mary
6,
6.9
Loan Statement
Financial Suirjnary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Teams
7.2 Employnent Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Summary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Team.1
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation Map
10.3 Business Cor.-iercial Allocation Kap
10..', Xunicipal Service Map
10.5 School :-'.:p
10.6 .Utility Map
10.7 Water L'sane Xap
10.8 Water Quality Map
10.9 Municipal Treatment
10.10 Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Kap
10.11 Surface Water Map
10.12 Farm Runoff Hap
10.13 P.ivor Easin Flood Plain Xap
10.1< Farm M^p
10.15 Tarn Assessed and Market Value Kap
10.1C Market Value Map
10.17 Assessed Value Map
10.18 Economic Status Map
10.19 Hluhwdy Map
10.20 Planning and Zoning Map
10.21 Parkland Usa-je Map
10.22 Socio-'iccnomic Distribution Map.
10.23 Demographic Map
10.2'. Social Decision-Maker Map
10.25 Topographical Restriction. Map
10.26 Gover.irient Status Kap
-------
B. Map Output
The model output includes several maps which visually
represent characteristics of the simulated region which
differ by location. The entire simulated region is repre-
sented on a single, two-page computer map. A map key is
printed at the bottom of each page. Map symbols appear on
a map in the three types of locations which can be specified
in the model: parcels (squares), parcel edges (lines sep-
arating squares), and intersections of lines (parcel corners)
Land uses and other characteristics of parcels are repre-
sented within the squares. Divisions between parcels such
as roads or jurisdiction boundaries are represented be-
tween parcels, and activities such as terminals are repre-
sented at parcel corners.
The Map Titles and a brief description of their con-
tents are given below, in the order in which they will be
discussed. All information is located spatially.
Economic Status Map: economic owners, economic activ-
ities and operating levels, zoning, levels of utilities
installed, amounts of undeveloped land, road types, ter-
minal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Government Status Map; school levels, parks, municipal
-service levels, utility plant levels, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
S6cio-Economic Distribution Map; residence types and
levels, number of Pi's of each class, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Demographic Map; populations, residential quality in-
dexes, business value ratios, percent occupancy, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Personal Goods Allocation Map; PG shopping location
for each class and residence, PG location.
Personal Services Allocation Map; PS shopping loca-
tion for each class and residence, PS location.
Business Commercial Map; BG and BS shopping location
for each business, BG and BS locations.
Utility Map: utility units served, utility units
installed, utility plants, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
23
-------
Surface Water Map; volumes of surface water, rates of
flow, land area in water, directions of surface water flow,
lakes.
Municipal Treatment Plant Map; municipal water intake
treatment plants and levels, municipal sewage treatment
plant types and levels, utility plant locations and code
numbers, directions of surface water flow, utility district
boundaries, lakes.
Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map; Municipal
surface water intake points, municipal sewage outflow
points, utility districts served by each, surface water
qualities, directions of surface water flow, utility dis-
trict boundaries, lakes.
Water Quality Map; economic activities and operating
levels, surface water qualities, directions of surface
water flow, lakes.
Economic Sector Water Usage Map; economic activities
and operating levels, amounts of recycling, business ef-
fluent treatment types and levels, utility district boundaries,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Municipal Services Map; economic activities and oper-
-ating levels, municipal service units required, municipal
services and their use indexes, municipal service district
boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
School Map; numbers of public school students, num-
bers of private school students, schools and their use
indexes, school district boundaries, jurisdiction boundaries.
Highway Map; economic activities and operating levels,
road types, terminal levels.
Planning and Zoning Map; zoning, park, public insti-
tutional land uses, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Parkland Usage Map; parks, populations served by park,
park use indexes, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Market Value Map; market values of all non-farm land,
privately owned buildings, and privately owned land and
buildings, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries
24
-------
Assessed Value Map: assessed values of non-farm pri-
vately owned land and buildings, road types, terminal
levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Assessed and Market Value Map: assessed and mar-
ket values of farms, amount of land in farms, road types,
terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries, lakes.
Farm Map: farm owners, amount of land in farms, farm
types, levels of fertilization, road types, terminal levels,
jurisdiction boundaries.
Farm Runoff Map: where runoff from farms flows, di-
rection of surface water flow, lakes.
River Basin Flood Plain Map: river basins, dam
priorities, flood susceptibility of each parcel, direction
of surface water flow,lakes, jurisdiction boundaries.
Topographical Restriction Map; topographically unde-
velopable land, road types, terminal levels, jurisdiction
boundaries.
Social Decision-Maker Map: social decision-maker con-
trolling each class living on each residence parcel, road
types, terminal levels, jurisdiction boundaries.
25
-------
1. Economic Status Map
This map shows the economic sector owners of ^ Privately-
owned non-farm parcels and the economic activity, if any^ on
each parcel A parcel can have only one economic owner and
one economic actSvity. Owners of farm P^cels are shown on
the Farm Map. The types of economic activities represented
in the model are listed in the Master Tables.
The economic owner of a parcel owns all of the land
and developments on the parcel which do not belong to the
government or which are not topographically undevelopable.
If the economic owner sells land to another economic de-
cision-maker, he must sell all of the privately-owned
land and buildings on the parcel to the new owner. An
economic decision-maker can sell any portion of undeveloped
land on a parcel to a government department.
The Planning and Zoning Department may zone parcels.
Zoning is a restriction on economic development. Once a
parcel is assigned a particular zoning code, all new economic
development on the parcel must conform to the new zoning.
If a parcel is unzoned, there is no restriction on what
type of activity may be constructed on it. The Economic
Status Map key defines what private land uses are allowed
under each zoning code.
When a new economic development is constructed on a
parcel* it must not only conform to the parcel's zoning;
it must have sufficient utility service. Utilities are
installed by the Utility Department in "levels" (1 - 9).
Each level of economic activity requires a certain number
of utility units, and each level of utility service supplies
a fixed number of utility units to a parcel.
If an economic decision-maker has insufficient utility
service for a proposed development, the Utility Department
must install adequate utility service before the new devel-
opment can be constructed.*
*There are two exceptions to the utility restriction
on_development: 1) RA housing can be built with "private
utilities", which do not require utilities supplied by the
Utility Department; 2) the director can override the utility
restriction on individual developments.
26
-------
Figure 10.18
ECONOMIC STATUS MAP "OUNO 2
70 72 7* 76 7fl 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 IH ll«
OOOOOOSOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOCOCOOOOOOOOCOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCCtlOOOOOOOOOOOOSOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOgcOOOOOOOOODOOOOOJOCOOCiOCOOOOOO
...........
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 8«H 89. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. IflOO
0»' "» . . .' '.""I ! ........... . . n.. ............. ................ . ............... o
1*0 ............ n ........... o
o ion. loo. loo. loo. 100. 100. loo. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. »«a ei . loo. 100. 100. 100. ion. 100. too. ion. inn. mo. 1010
16 o ............ ..... ...... a it
a 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. loo. loo. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. esn aa. loo. 100.6100. 100. ioo. 100. 100. loo. ifto. ion. lono
"" ' ' ' ' """"" ' ''"" '"" °
o ... . . . . . .. .
l« o ............ a ........... old
D loo. 100. 100. 100. loo. 100. loo. 100. 100. 100. loo. 100. nee m. 100. 100.6100. ion. loo. no. loo. 100. ion. 100. moo
o [[[ a [[[ o
0 ............ c e ........... o
20 0 ............ ........... 0 20
o 100. loo. loo. 100. 100. 100. 100. ioo. loo. 100. 100. 100. i ann . too. 100.6100. loo. loo. loo. ion. 100. ioo. 100. 1000
. 0 .B40RC4Q.G40.F41. . , . . . . . . 0
Z2 0 ............ Ru IORA i.RA 2.OA < ......... 02?
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100.1 9ft. I BR. I 88.1 88.1 74Flfl-7fl.l flR.l 84. 100. "100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000
o.. ...........................................-- - ---- ..,.o-^---------«-..... ....................................... o
..... .......................................
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1 96.1 81. 1 P8. flp.l S4I31 2fl.2 86.1 H2|l 84. 100*. lOo! 1 Ool IQo! lOo! lOol lOfll 1000
o [[[ n
I
26 0 PI 3.<*A 3.R4 3
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100.1 86.1 62.1 34
20. 80.1 5M1 36. TOO. 100.1 76. loo. 100. 100. 101. 1000
Q........C 4l|R 41.F 41H1 30.A 20GA .C 20.E 40lP 10.6 31.F 31.G 31|A 31. C
28 0....... .RA 3|RA 4.RA IMPS l.HI= 9 .TE l. . . . RA lO^A I.R,'. 3HSA 4.RA 3. . . . . .' . . . . 039
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. I 9801 33.1 30H1 40.1 46. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000
0 ...... ,. - ..................... . ....................... 0 ......... H [[[ 0
0 -- . * . . .. . . .0 .0 HC . . . . . . . ... . . 0
40 C i ; i ....... 0 . H ........ 3 to
D 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. I SflHl 88. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000
Q ............................ , ......................... 0 ......... H [[[ 0
0 .......... O.H ........... 0
« 0 . - S ....... O.H ........... 0 42
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. B1H 8H. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000
0 ........... ^. ......................................... 0 ......... H [[[ 0
o .......... O.H .......... .a
44 0 .......... O.H.' .......... 044
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 86H 88. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1POC1
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0 [[[ 0 ......... H [[[ 0
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0 .......... O.H ........... 0
50 0 .......... O.H ........... 0 SO
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 8flM 8H. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. tOO. 100. 100. 1QO. 10TO
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.
0 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 1000 100. 88H 88. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. inn. IQO. 10^3
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5e 0 .......... O.H ........... 0
oioo 100 loo ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ino. ioo. 1000 ioo. BUM aa. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. ioo. too. ioo. mo. tco. »ooa
D ____ " .......................... , ...................... 0.... ..... H [[[ 0
0
60 0
o ioo. ioo. 100. ion. ioo. ioo. ico. ioo. ioo. ioo. tone ioo. BRH ee. ioo. ioo. 100. ioo. ion. ioo. ioo. 101. ioo. ioo. IOTS
OOOC5COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO 330003 CO OOOCCOCOOOOC50300300000000CCaoOC5n000^300Q300002000Q'30CiOO'3000000000aCOOOC'00000020ClCCC1CCOOCrC;o
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70 72 7* 76 78 83 82 «A *6 8S 90 9?
-------
Economic developments also require land. Each activity,
depending on its type, requires a certain amount of land
for each constructed level of development. Regardless of
the operating level of an activity, the land consumed is
that of the constructed level, which is always greater than
or equal to the operating level. The amount of privately-
owned land which is not in developments is classified on
this map as undeveloped. If a parcel shows no undeveloped
land, no further economic development can occur there un-
less the owner either acquires more land from a government
department owning a portion of the parcel or demolishes
existing economic developments. An economic decision-
maker can acquire land by purchasing a parcel from another
economic decision-maker or by bidding on land which is
owned by the Outside.
The operating level of an economic activity is shown
on the Economic Status Map. For most purposes, a busi-
ness ' operating level is the only level considered by the
computer programs. However, a business pays property
taxes and maintenance for its constructed level.
28
-------
2. Government Status Map
Whereas there can be only one economic owner per parcel,
any combination of government departments can own developed
and undeveloped land on a parcel. The government depart-
ments which can own land, and the types of developments each
can construct on a parcel are:
Department Development Type
Utility Department Utility Plant
Water Intake Treatment Plant
Sewage Outflow Treatment Plant:
Chlorination
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
School Department School Unit
Municipal Service Municipal Service Unit
Department
Planning and Zoning Parkland
Department Public Institutional Land
Highway Department Road*
Terminal*
A government department can sell undeveloped land
which it owns to either another government department or
to the economic decision-maker owning the privately-owned
'portion of a parcel.
The government status map shows the locations of some
of the types of government activities: schools, parks,
utility plants, and municipal service units.
*A road requires land from the parcels on each side,
and a terminal requires land from the four parcels touching
the intersection at which it is located.
29
-------
Figure
10.26
TyOCIT* HOUSO
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
It
50
32
34
36
40
42
44
46
48
50
54
59
60
-
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30
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102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 ||9
QNS
RMI NAL
RMINAL
-------
3. Socio-Economic Distribution Map
This map shows the number of Pi's of each class living
on each residence parcel. The residence type and level are
also printed.
The migration process allocates people to housing.
Only two- classes can live on a residence parcel simul-
taneously, due in part to the model's restriction that a
PH will not move into a residence with a quality index
below 71 and a PL will not move into housing with a quality
index above 70. It is possible, if a residence depreciates
below the minimum that a class will accept, that high-
income, for example, will live in a residence with a quality
index below 71 if the class was living on the parcel before
the depreciation. In no case, however, can PR's reside on
the same parcel with PL's.
Each level of a residence type provides a fixed num-
ber of space units. A Pi occupies a fixed number of
space units, depending on its class. The percent occu-
pancy of each residence is shown on the Demographic Map.
31
-------
Figure
10.22
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISTRIHUTIOV HAP
70 72 7* 76 78 80 t2 84 86 B8 10 12 )< 16 13 100 102 104 106 lOfl 110 112 114 116 118
ooooooooooooooooooooooBoooonmoooooococooooeoooooPoooooooouooojoonaooonoooooiiooooeiooooooiiPoooooaooooooooe'OODOOoooooooocrosreoco
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70 72 74 76 78 80 82 64
P*RCFL KFV
TO* ROM: RESIDENCE TYPE a»jO LEVEL
MIDDLE ROMl NU."P,FH OF PI'S iPjQ CLASS --
BOTTOM ROW: N'JM-IEt OF PI'S AND CLASS =
It
86 8P 90 ?: 94 96 <»S 100 102
PARCEL EDGES INTERSECTIONS
.. fOftOPFO » fYPE 1 TERMINAL
It TYPF 1 ROAD X TYPE 2 TERMINAL
HH TYPE 2 flClAD * TYPE 3 TERMINAL
M* TYPf 3 flHAD
: : : : : : : ».'
°
. -. 9
r a
9
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6
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a 3ft
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a
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104 106 108 110 112 114 114 |;R
00 00 JURISIUCTION I10UNOARV
32
-------
4. Demographic Map
The demographic map shows the number of people living
on each residence parcel, the percent occupancy of each
residence and the quality of all privately owned buildings
and equipment.
Overcrowding (over 100% occupancy) contributes to a
residence's neighborhood index and to the health index.
The quality is expressed as the quality index for a
residence and as the value ratio for non-residential ac-
tivities. A value ratio is the ratio of the present con-
dition of a business1 buildings and equipment to their
original condition, expressed as a percent.
A quality index is somewhat different. Whereas a
new business has a value ratio of 100, a new residence
can have a quality index from 40 to 100.
Each year buildings and equipment depreciate in re-
sponse to several conditions which vary by type of activity
(see the Master Tables for the causes of depreciation).
A business's depreciation is measured as a percent of
original value (100). A residence's depreciation is
measured as a percent of the original value of such a type
of residence originally built at a quality index of 100,
-r-egardless of the original quality of the specific resi-
dence. Thus, business depreciation is a percent of original
value but residential depreciation is a percent of quality
index ,100.
The owner of an activity can set a maintenance level
for the activity. The maintenance level is the quality
index or value ratio at which the owner will maintain
the activity, regardless of how much it depreciates in a
year. Not until the activity's value ratio or quality
index falls to its maintenance level does the owner incur
maintenance expenditures. The computer program depreciates
and maintaJ.ns buildings and equipment and charges the
owner for the maintenance cost.
The Demographic Map shows quality indexes and value
ratios after depreciation and after any maintenance.
33
-------
tigure 1U.23
70 72
TWOCITY
NT 2
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12 a
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16 B
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8
60 a
TO 72
. PA«CE
TOP ROKI
NIOOLE BOHl
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ft .,
n
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117 BlOO .100 .113
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IOB 140. 220. 701 40
35 fl 30 . 30 . 35 1 60
117 B117 .122 .117 1117
, B 1
ill .111 .111 .1.10 n . .117 1117 . . .100
H o-"> titttl
100 117 .117 H . 0 .113 1100 ... ....
. 25. 35 150. 320H OH . . 201 15. .. ....
Hi-HtlliHHllHlH:HlttlHttl>ttttilttttlliH?.Hti*litttltttHt*->ttHiitii-lttitiilfl* tt*iHlltHiti*tit*lfH
30. 35H 10. HO. 1003 H . 105. 30. .. ....
.100 .117 H B3 .107 . 69 0 H .117 .117 ... ....
25. 15H 40. 120B 130H 150
i . 75 . BO H 71 . 71 0 70 H 70
o H...;
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74 76 7' »0 62 04 86 88 90 52 « ")6 li 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 1
L *f* PARCEL EDGES INTERSECTIONS
TOTAL POP IN 100'S IRESJ .. .. RDAnafn * TYPE 1 TFRM1NAL
coc
a 12
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a *
-------
5. Personal Goods Allocation Map
This map identifies the location of Personal Goods esta-
blishments and identifies the PG establishments that serve
the customers from each parcel of land that has residences
on it. PG establishments are located on those parcels that
are encircled by asterisks. Their code number is also shown
on the parcel where they are located.
It is possible to have up to three distinct customers
on a parcel of residential land: population units from two
classes and the residence landlord. No more than two classes
of population may live on a single residential parcel. All
population units purchase personal goods as part of their
annual expenditures. All Pi's of a class on a parcel purchase
their personal goods at a single PG establishment. Landlords
purchase personal goods only if they make maintenance expen-
ditures. Buyers are assigned to specific commercial activities
taking into account the price charged, transportation costs
to the store, the capacity of the store, and boycotts.
The four letter codes used within a parcel on the map
are: L = low income, M = middle income, H = high income, and
R = residence. One or two of the first three codes prints if
population units live on the parcel. If no one occupies the
housing, no income class code is printed. The number after
the letter code is the PG establishment code. The outside
Local system PG suppliers are identified sequentially as
determined by their location. Establishments located on
parcels as one reads the map from top to bottom and from
left to fight have the lowest code numbers. The identifica-
tion number assigned to a particular PG establishment might
change from round to round if new PC's are being constructed
at locations that are scanned prior to the parcel on which
that particular PG is located.
The buyer code "R" will print on every parcel that has
a residence. If the landlord makes maintenance expenditures
then the R is followed by a PG establishment code. No code
after the R indicates that no maintenance is being performed
on that residence parcel.
35
-------
Figure
10.1
PERSONAL CCODS ALIHCATTCIN HAP OQUNO 2
70 7? 74 76 78 80 82 84 B6 6S 10 9? 94 16 96 100 102 104 106 tOfl 110 11? 114 116 UP
12
16.........
ZO . . . .
L t. L 2. L 1. L 1.
24 . ' . , Hi. . . .HI. . . .
R 2. R 2. R 1. R 1. B 1.
?»
R ?. R 2. « 2. R 2. . . R 1. R 1. . . R .
) K 2.
32 . ?. H ?. H 2 H 2.
«?.-!. 2. R 2. « 2. . . . R 1. R 1.
«....«....».,. »....»........»....»....«....«....»....»....*........>....«....'............*
«,
St .
56
58 . ,.
60...... ....
7t 72 74 76 78 DO 8? 84 B6 89 90 ' 92 54 96 98 100 102 104 106 108
P4BCFLS
70P. ROH: PI CLASS AND SERVPir, PG «* ASTERISKS IOENT1FV
HIOOIE ROWS PI CL4SS AND SFRVI^jr, PC NN LOCATION JF PC
80TTCH ROW: RESIDENCE ANO SERVIKC PC PC
NN IS THE
» CODE NUHft :R
. .1?
16
t>
. 24
. 26
2«
. . . .32
.' '4
. '. . . «6
. 6n
110 112 114 116 UK
36
-------
6. Personal Services Allocation Map
This map identifies the location of Personal Services
establishments and PS establishment that serves the cus-
tomers from each parcel of land that has residences on it.
PS establishments are located on those parcels that are en-
circled by asterisks. Their code number is also shown on
the parcel where they are located.
It is possible to have up to three distinct customers
on a parcel of residential land: population units from two
classes and the residence landlord. No more than two
classes of population may live on a single residential
parcel. All population units purchase personal services as
part of their annual expenditures. All Pi's of a class on
a parcel purchase their personal services at a single PS
establishment. Landlords purchase personal services only
if they make maintenance expenditures. Buyers are assigned
to specific commercial activities taking into account price
charged, transportation costs to the store, capacity of the
store, and boycotts.
The four letter codes used within a parcel on the map
are L = low income, M = middle income, H = high income, and
R = residence. One or two of the first three codes prints if
population units live on the parcel. If no one occupies the
housing, no income class code is printed. The number after
'the letter code is the PS establishment code. The outside
system suppliers are identified by the number code "1".
Local system PS suppliers are identified sequentially as
determined by their location. Establishments located on
parcels as one reads the map from top to bottom and from
left to right have the lowest code numbers. The identifi-
cation number assigned to a particular PS establishment
might change from round to round if new PS's are being con-
structed .at locations that are scanned prior to the parcel
on which that particular PS is located.
The buyer code "R" will print on every parcel that has
a residence. If the landlord makes maintenance expenditures
then the R is followed by a PS establishment code. No code
after the R indicates that no maintenance is being performed
on that residence parcel.
37
-------
Figure
10.2
onuwn 5
PERSONAL SF^VTCES AlLnCATION MAP ROUND Z
****** »***»*****>»»**»*"************'**************************************
T0 7? 1,. 78 80 82 84 «6 88 «0 92 )* 16 98 100 102^ 10<^ 106^ 108^ 110^ 112^ 114^ 1 16^ 118
2. R 2. R 2. "2.
R 2. R 2. R 2.
t 2. L Z.
R 2. R 2.
R 2. R 2. R *
H 2. H 1.
HI.
. R 2. R 2.
» . . ..»....».
2. H 2.
2. H 2.
2. R 2.
. L 2.
. R 2.
H 2
R 2
H 2
R 2
R 2.
.H?
H 1. H 2. H 2. M 2. H 2
H 2
R . R 2. R 2. f 2. R 2
70
7fl eo
PARCELS
TOP Rowt PI cuss tun SERVING PS
HIOOLE RQWi PI CLASS AND SFRVINC PS
BOfTni ROMs RESIDENCE A.10 SERVING PS
*
MM
a oo 102 o 106
ASTERISKS IDENTIFY
LDCATIO^ OF PS
NN IS ThF
COOE NU"1ie
38
-------
7. Municipal Treatment Plant Map
A Utility Department supplies water to all economic
activities except some basic industries which obtain their
own water from the surface water. Each utility district
is also a water district. A parcel is supplied with
municipal water and sewer service when utilities are
installed on the parcel. The department can decide where
to intake water, where to dump sewage, how much intake
water it will provide, how much sewage treatment it will
provide, and where treatment facilities will be located.
Municipal water intake and sewage treatment plants
are located in the utility districts which they serve.
An intake treatment plant processes the surface water
removed from the parcel on which its intake point is
located (not necessarily within the water district which
it serves). All water treated by an intake treatment
plant is processed to drinking water quality. The quality
of the water before it is treated varies with the amount
of pollution in the surface water where the intake point
is located. There are nine water quality ratings, 1 being
the best quality and 9 being the worst. A parcel's water
quality rating is based on the volume of water on the par-
cel and the amount of pollution entering it from adjoin-
ing parcels.
Water Quality Rating
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Description
Drinkable - best quality water
Drinkable - with minor treatment
Swimmable - direct body contact
possible
Boating and Pishing - indirect
body contact
Fair esthetic value
Poor esthetic value - treatable
at moderate cost
No esthetic value - treatable
at high cost
Negative esthetic value -
treatable at very high cost
Unusable water
Seven types of pollutants are measured for the quality
rating.
Pollutants
BOD
Description
Biochemical Oxygen Demand; the
39
-------
Figure 10.9
TWOCITY
IPAt TRCATHFNT PLANTS
70
«69flRI
12 0
0
e
0
14 0
0
0 .
16 C
t
D
18 0
C
20 t
t
9
22 0
0
C
24 9
e
e
26 «
C
28 C
(
»
30 9
0
0
32 0
0
t
34 (1
0
36 0
t
38 t
9
' t
40 »
C
42 t
e
e
44 (
0
e
46 t
t
48 9
9 .
t
SO t
C
52 0
t
e
C
54 0
C
0
56 C
C
G
C
58 C
C
t
to c
t
teaoqe
70
72
9996
999!)
72
74
W699I
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74
76
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78
.
R969
10
19966
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82
EX3991
84
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86
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UT Ifl
9SR9I
104
9986
989fl
106
fi.8e
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108
fi8RRR
aa=ifl;
110
RflRflfl
ftflS^
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989?:
114
989«
116
C
t 17
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t
9 14
t
t
9 16
e
i
9 18
t
(1
t 70
C 27
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9
9 74
0
9
4 26
C
C
9 7»
(i
9
9 '0
t
C
9 37
C
9
9 14
»
51 ?*
9
9
9 38
C
e
9 40
9
0
1 47
t
9
(I 44
C
9
It 46
0
t
9 41
0
11
(1 50
9
C
0 52
C
9 54
(1
« 56
0
9
9 5»
C
e
1
9 60
If
FRflflffl
118
P1RCH.S
TOP LEFTl IN FflU MUNICIPAL INTAKE
TH6ATMENT PUNT
TOP RICHTi UVFL Of I'lTAKE 7HFATMFMT PLANT
MIDOLF LFFTI IJT rnn UTILITV otsiaicr PLANT
MIDDLE RIGHT: CODE MIK^ER OF UTILITY DISTRICT
BOTTOM ROW! MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT TflFATHfcNT TYPE AND LEVEL
.... LAKE PARCELS
PARCEL EDGES
>AV< DIRECTION OF FLOW
NO WATER FLOWING
BETWEEN PARCELS
0000 UTILITY DISTRICT ROUNOARY
40
-------
Pollutants
Chlorides
Nutrients
Coliform Bacteria
Temperature
Oil and Floating Solids
High-Level Wastes
Description
natural breakdown of this
pollutant causes a decrease
in the concentration of dissol-
ved oxygen in the water.
Chlorides are employed as an
indicator of persistent pollu-
tants .
Phosphate, nitrite, nitrate,
nitrogen, and phosphorous.
Indication of the potential
health hazard of a given body
of water.
A measure of the deviation from
the normal temperature of the
surface water.
Any oil added to the system
and all floating solids such
as refuse, garbage, cans,
boards, tires, etc.
Highly toxic, non-degradable
substances.
The quality of water at a district's intake point
affects, among other things, the cost to process the water
to drinking water quality- The water quality of a parcel
is shown on the Water Quality Map. That quality is not
affected by any pollution dumped on the parcel, only by
pollution dumped on upstream parcels.
An inflow treatment plant, while able to make all
but the worst (quality 9) water drinkable, has a capacity
which is a function of its level. The amount of water
which a district needs is a function of the needs of the
activities located in the district, but the amount of
water which a district can obtain may be limited by its
inflow treatment plant capacity. Whenever a district
cannot obtain all of its needed water for any reason,
including insufficient inflow treatment plant capacity,
the activities served by the district purchase that
proportion of their water needs which cannot be met
locally from the Outside at a high cost. The cost to
41
-------
construct an inflow .treatment plant increases with the
number of levels constructed. Unlike levels of other
activities in the model, municipal treatment .plant costs
and capacities are not necessarily even multiples of level
one costs and capacities. The land requirements, however,
are multiples of level one.
Municipal sewage treatment plants can be constructed
not only to different levels (capacities) but also -to
different types of treatment. The types of sewage treat-
ment are, in increasing order of pollution removal:
Chlorination (CL)
Primary Treatment (PT)
Secondary Treatment (ST)
Tertiary Treatment (TT)
Tertiary treatment requires the three other types of
treatment; secondary treatment requires chlorination and
primary treatment. The level of treatment printed on the
map is the level of the type printed and of all lesser
types. There is no provision for the case of different
levels of different types of treatment within a single
district.
Since treatment plants have fixed capacities which
vary by their levels, any district's sewage in excess
of its plant's capacity flows untreated into the surface
water on the parcel on which the district's outflow point
is located.
Note that all of a district's intake treatment must
be located on a single parcel. Likewise, all of its sew-
age treatment must be on a single parcel, although that
parcel, does not have to be the same one as that on which
its intake treatment plant is located.
'UT1 appears in the middle row of a parcel if there is
a utility plant on the parcel. Next to the 'UT1 is the
code number of the utility plant. That number matches the
number printed next to the district's intake and outflow
points on the Municipal Inflow and Outflow Point Map.
42
-------
8. Water Quality Map
The surface water quality on a parcel is a function
of the pollution entering the parcel from adjoining par-
cels and of the amount of water on the parcel itself.
The water quality on a parcel is not affected by any
dumping activity on the parcel itself. Any activity which
removes water from a parcel removes it at the quality
shown on the Water Quality Map.
Quality is the only characteristic. of surface water
which can change during a run of the model. The other
characteristics (rate of flow, volume, and surface area)
are constant.
Water Sampling stations can be set up to measure
the exact pollution content of the water flowing out of
parcels. Sampling stations can also be established to
measure the pollution content of water generated by either
individual economic activities or municipal systems. The
operation of a sampling station is charged to the Utility
Department of the jurisdiction in which the station is
located.
The figure on the next page illustrates the processes
which affect surface water pollution. The pollution flow-
ing into a parcel from adjoining parcels is mixed in the
water on the parcel. The pollution concentration per MGD
is then measured and the water is rated in one of the nine
water quality categories. The water quality rating is
the'worst rating category generated in any single pollutant.
The rating allows no trade-off between a pollutant which
is present in very low concentration and one which is very
highly concentrated.
Next, water is removed if there are any intaking
activities on the parcel. There are two types of intaking
activities: 1) basic industries of the types which require
surface water; and 2) municipal intake points. There can
be only one economic activity on a parcel, and if it is
a surface water user, it intakes and dumps on the parcel
on which it is located. Municipal intake water is sent
to the municipal intake treatment plant and from there to
activities served by the district.
The surface water which is not removed undergoes a
biological change process in which some of the pollutants
decay naturally- That water is mixed with any water
dumped on the parcel. There are three types of activities
which can dump on a parcel. In addition to basic industries
43
-------
MUNICIPAL INTAKE
BORDERING PARCELS
MIX AND
RATE WATER QUALITY!
INDUSTRIAL INTAKE
r ' *
(FL,MP,FO,TA
INTAKE TRE,
1 *
H INDUSTRIA
-t
OUTFLOW
TREATMENT
UNTREATED
R]
, /
RECYCLE
BIODEGREDATION
MIX
imjSTJRIAL OUTFLOW
LFARM RUNOFF
NEXT PARCEL
IN RIVER
OUTFLOW
FARMS
-JINTAKE TREATMENT g
RA,RB,RC,PG,PS,
BG,BS,NS
(SG,MF,NL,EL,TE)
j INTAKE TREATMENT
' * "~~
INDUSTRIAL USE
OUTFLOW
TREATMENT
UNTREATED
UNTREATED
RECYCLE
OUTFLOW TREATMENT
THE SURFACE WATER SYSTEM
SP)= Sampling Point Possible
-------
Figure
10.8
TKOCITY
HATER QUALITY MAP PO'mn 2
70 72 7A 76
46 99 100 102
106 I OB 110 112 11* 116 UK
830
500
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
" 1
1
1
1
1 r 1
1 '
1
< F 1
B3D 1IRB 2IRB 3IR8 1
1 111 1
1 1 1 1
RA 3|R« 2ICR 1 IRB 2
1 III 1
1 1 1 1
PS 1I»F 1 HE 1IRA A
1 111 1
1 1 1 1
PC 11 IPA 1<5G KRA 2
1 1 1 < 1 < 1
1 1 < <
RC KFO KMP MRS IIRB 2
^OD AV< DIRFCTION OF FLOU
NO HATER FLOWING
6FTUEEN PARCELS
45
-------
and municipal outflow points/ farm runoff can add to the
pollution on a parcel. Whereas basic industries and muni'
cipalities can treat their effluent and thus^ remove
some or all of their pollution, farm pollution can be
cut back only if the farm owner decreases the amount
of fertilizer used on the farm. The total amount of
pollution is then moved on to the next parcel in the
river.
The water quality map shows where rivers and econo-
mic activities are located in addition to water quality.
46
-------
9. Water Usage Map
Basic industries can treat their effluent in order
to remove pollutants. An industry's, effluent treatment
plant is located on the same parcel as the industry and
does not consume land. Like municipal effluent treatment
plants, industrial treatment plants can be of four types:
chlorination (CL), primary treatment (PT), secondary
treatment (ST), and tertiary treatment (TT). Industrial
treatment plants can be constructed to any level and each
treatment plant level has the capacity to treat all of
the effluent of a level of the industry type which it is
constructed to serve. The construction cost of a level
of treatment plant varies by treatment type and type of
industry.
Industries can recycle up to half of their effluent.
Recycled water is not processed through an effluent treat-
ment plant. Its treatment is a process distinct from
industrial intake or outflow treatment and costs a fixed
number of dollars per MG recycled. So, a level two indus-
try at a recycle level of 100% and having a level one
effluent treatment plant treats all of the water which
it dumps. If the recycle level under those conditions
were 50%, then the industry would treat only two-thirds of
the amount which it dumped and one third would be dumped
untreated.
Unlike municipal water intake treatment facilities,
industrial intake treatment is assumed to exist when the
industry is constructed and it is assumed to have the
capacity to treat all of the water required by the indus-
try. Like municipal intake treatment costs, industrial
intake treatment costs increase as water quality worsens,
and the worst water (quality 9) cannot be treated. The
industry is forced to pay a high cost for water, the cost
represented by the Outside price of water. Furthermore,
intake water quality affects the depreciation of surface
water users, a reflection of wear on treatment equipment.
NOTE: Regardless of tne amount of recycling, intake water
quality has tne same effect on industrial deprecia-
tion. The volume treated does not matter. The
assumption is that recycled water goes through in-
take treatment, so no wear and tear on treatment
equipment has been avoided.
47
-------
ure
10.7
TWOCITY
WATER USAGE HAP
TO 72 74 76 76 80 8? 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 9B 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 11"
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
.36
" 38
40
42
44
46
48
"50
$2
54
56
56
60
F 2 f z
--- - - ,
*
'---- .- _ _ . , f 2 F 2
a
IF' F 2
.
a
" RA 18RA 1 RA 2 RA 4
I
I
DA URB Z »B 3 RS 1 RA *
B
----- . - - a
0
1ST 1
BA 3 RA 4 R» 1 PS 1 NF 8 TE 1 RA 4 RA 2
II 70
40
TT 1
a x x
»PT 1 ST IX X
II
RA 5 RA 20
' . RA 1
.. : t ^ ~ ' *» "" 4 »""*"'-+ "V *
/
i1
-: -
**v^<-** + '- +
RB 1 RB 1 KB 2 Kfi 2
- --
.
* + + +.** + + » + »* +
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 64
88 90 92 94 96 98 .100 10J 104 106 109 110 112 114 116 11J
PARCflS
TOP ROM: ECOMnMC ACTIVITY TVPE
A>10 OPERST1HC IEVEL
KIOOLE ftOMI (FCl^ BASIC I.Nrm$TR[ESl
PERCENT HF UATFR RECYCLED
80TIOH ROHI IFOR BASIC ISOUST«IFS»
EFFLUENT TREATntllT
TYPE AND LEVEL
PARCEL EDCVES
XX XX UTILITY DISTRICT BOUNDARY
00 00 JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
IS HI BOTH
IAKE PARCELS
48
-------
10. Social Decision Maker Map
This map indicates which social players make decisions
for the low, middle, and high income population units on
parcels. The top letter on a given parcel represents the
social decision-maker who controls the PL's who live there,
and the middle and lower letters represent the social decision-
makers who control the PM's and PH's, respectively, who live
there. If a particular class does not live on a parcel,
no letter is printed.
Not until a parcel is developed for residential land
use and occupied by at least one income class, will a social
decision-maker for that parcel appear on the map. Note that
different decision-makers may control the different popu-
lation classes on a single parcel. Social teams acquire
control over additional Pi's on a parcel when the number of
Pi's of that class moving into the parcel exceeds the number
moving out. Social teams may find that from round to round
they gain or lose control of population units on a residential
parcel of land. This occurs as a result of the migration of
Pi's of a class to a parcel where previously there Were no
Pi's of that class (a gain) or as a result of the migration
away from a parcel of all the Pi's of a class on that parcel.
49
-------
Figure
10.24
TWOC1TY
SOCIAL DECISION VAKER HAP
TO 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 9B 100
ROUND 2
102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 11D
oouoooocooooonoosooooocooooooooaoococoecooocooooooooooooooooooocs^^^
o ; a . .
o a . .
o a
20 o a
0 6 . .
0 * 0
o n
26 0 C.C.C.CB
-Q .DH.B..O
28 0 . . . . . < . . A. AH . B * .
0 6 . . H . B . .
0 .HCM..O
30 0 E. A. AH C H
0 R.ft G . ft H 0 H
O........H..OH i
32 0 . . . . . . . . H A . A . A 0 H .F
0 . . . * . . .fi.BHE.E.ECi H
0 --".H (',... H o
0 . H . C H
34 0 . . . . . . . .E. HA.AOFH F.
0 . . ft.RHE.FDFH G .
0 - . . H . H
0 ,..i.... = - e.»«n«.«H
38 0 ' . . . " " 0 H' E '.".'"
0 8 Q C , C H C . C .
*0 0 0 . H
0 -, 0 H
*2 0 0 . H
0 Q H
44 0 ..." o . H
0 O.K..
44 0 o . H
0 O.H..
0 0 H
0 O.H..
0 - - - O.H..
»i :::::::::: S : 5 : : :
60 1 o : H : :
cooocoaooosoooooco.cooo.oooooocooooBcoooooocooooooooaoociooootooccaoooooocoocoooo
70 7.2 74 76 78 80 »2 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 99 100
C
...0
0
0 ........ 0
«... ° 2*
0 0
. D 0 26
0
o
G . . . D ?»
... ....6
G . . . .... 0 10
0
B . .... 0
F . .... C 1?
... .... 0
C 34
0
C
1
'
; 1H
0
0 40
O 4?
0
0
...C
D
C 52
C
0 54
a
0
; 40
. . n
OOOOOSSOOOOC'OCOOC'CaOSSOKJOOJt'CeC'CC'OICOJSOOCM
102 104 106 108 110 112 114 114 11«
PARCEL KEY PARCEL FDGES INTERSECTIONS
SKXfff- =iiS57ss ;;SiiS
It MM TYPE 3 ROAO
CO 00 JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
50
-------
C. Summary Information
1. Demographic and Economic Statistics
The output summarizes a wide variety of information
about the simulated region. There are two basic types
of information: statistics by jurisdiction and for the
region as a whole about local conditions, and measures of
interactions between the region and the Outside System.
The former provide comparisons between jurisdictions; the
latter provide comparisons between the local and Outside
systems.
Statistics Regarding Local Conditions
Total population: the number of people (not Pi's),
by class.
Percent change over previous year: the total popu-
lation change, positive or negative, between the current
round and the previous round. This is the only local
statistic which is given only as a total and not broken
down by jurisdiction.
Average population per parcel: the number of people
divided by the number of parcels.
Developed land (in parcels): the amount of land
area (in parcel equivalents) consumed by public and
private developments.
Undeveloped land: the amount of land area (in parcel
equivalents) not consumed by developments.
Total land area: the number of parcels.
Assessed value of land in millions: the property tax
base.
Assessed value of developments in millions: the
development tax base.
Average quality of life index: a measure across
classes of the people's average quality of life index.
The higher the index, the poorer the quality of life.
The indexes may differ significantly within a jurisdiction,
but only averages are given here.
Number of registered voters: the number of people
eligible to vote, from which the number who actually vote
are selected.
51
-------
TWOCITY
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
ROUND
TOTAL POPULATION
LOH CLASS
BIDDLE CLASS
HIGH CLASS
TOTAL
**********
275500
73500
99000
103000
JURISDICTION
I
**<««.*****
126000
0
64000
62000
JURISDICTION
II
149500
73500
35000
1*1000
JURISDICTION
III
0
0
0
0
PERCENT CHANGE OVER PREVIOUS YEAB
AVEHAGE POPULATION PEG PARCEL
DEVELOPED LAND (IN PARCELS)
UNDEVELOPED LAND
TOTAL LAND AREA
ASSESSED VALUE OF LAND
IN BILLIONS
ASSESSED VALUE OF DEVELOPBENTS
IN flILLIONS
AVEHAGE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
NUMBEB OF REGISTERED VOTERS
NO. IN PUBLIC ADULT EDUCATION
AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
LOW
MIDDLE
HIGH
0
0
77
548
625
12312.
421.
69
88573
0
59
17
61
5232824
0
30
266
296
5321.
158.
61
45566
0
73
0
6*
4061270
46
283
329
6992.
264.
75
43007
0
47
17
62
278305
0
0
0
0.
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NO. OF HORKERS RECEIVING WELFARE
STODENT/TEACHEB RATIO
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
HOUSING UNITS
SINGLE DWELLINGS
MULTIPLE DWELLINGS
HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
VACANCY RATE (PERCENT)
NEGATIVE MEANS OVESCROBDED
12800
7
48740
20460
100
24
6
0
13
34040
0
62
7
4
28
12800
10
14700
20460
38
17
2
-23
0
0
0
0
0
SO-2
-------
Figure - 9.1 (Cont'd)
HOBBEB Or EMPLOYED WORKERS
LOH
MIDDLE
HIGH
79400
23000
31680
24720
35360
0
20480
14880
04040
23000
11200
9840
0
0
0
0
NUBBEB EBPLOYED IN
LIGHT INDUSTRY
HEAVY INDUSTRY
NATIONAL SERVICES
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BUSINESS GOODS
BUSINESS SERVICES
PERSONAL GOODS
PERSONAL SERVICES
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
SCHOOLS
RAIL
BUS
FEDERAL-STATE
HUHBER OF UNEMPLOYED WOHKBHS
LOW
HIDDLE
HIGH
27160
27760
0
0
2800
5240
3360
5b80
1920
3880
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
10240
11800
0
0
1680
0
3360
2480
1920
3880
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16920
15960
0
0
1120
5240
0
3200
0
0
0
0
1600
6400
6400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
UNEMPLOYHENT HATE
LOW
HIDDLE
HIGH
(PERCENT)
7.46
21.77
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.69
21.77
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
PERCENT EARNING UNDER $ 5,000
PERCENT EARNING $5,000 TO 510,000
PERCENT EARNING OVER $10,000
33
37
29
5
54
39
55
22
21
0
0
0
-------
Number in public adult education: the number of
people who wanted to participate in public adult education
programs and were able to do so because programs were
provided by their school departments.
Average educational level: by class, the average
educational level. This ranges from 0 to 100. The higher
a worker's educational level relative to those of other
workers, the greater his chances of being hired before the
others.
Number of workers receiving welfare: if a jurisdic-
tion does have a program for aid to the unemployed, this
number is the number of unemployed workers. The number is
zero if there are either no unemployed workers or no
welfare program.
Student/teacher ratio: ratio of number of students
attending local public schools to number of teachers
employed by public schools. This is a factor when students
are allocated to public or private schools.
School enrollment: the number of students attending
local public schools and the number attending private
schools. Students attend private schools only if the
public schools in their districts are inadequate.
Housing units: the number of levels of RA (single
family), RB (town house, multiple dwellings), and RC
(high rise) housing.
Vacancy rate: the ratio of existing housing space
to housing space occupied, expressed as a percent. A
negative rate means that housing is overcrowded.
Number of employed workers: the number of people
holding full-time jobs, by class of worker.
Number employed by type of employer: the number of
full-time workers employed by each type of business and
government employer.
Number of unemployed workers: by class, the number
of workers seeking full-time employment who were unable
to obtain jobs.
Unemployment rate (percent) : by class, the number of
unemployed workers as a percent of the total number of
workers who sought full-time jobs.
54
-------
Earning distribution: the percent of workers
earning less than $5,000, between $5,000 and $10,000, and
over $10,000 from full-time employment.
Transactions With the National Economy
_Income from the national economy: federal-state aid
received, by type of aid, and income from both basic
industry sales of output and bus and rail sales of equip-
ment.
Sales to the national economy: federal-state taxes
paid, by type of tax, and purchases of goods, services,
and outside-owned land. The only Outside expenditure
which can be significantly controlled locally is the
purchase of goods and services due to local insufficiency.
National economy business cycle: last round's ratio
to "typical income"per unit of output for basic industry,
interest rates on loans and bonds from the Outside
(expressed as percents), and the average rate of return on
outside investments (expressed as percents).
2. Summary Information for the Social Sector
Social Control Summary
This table shows, by class and jurisdiction, the
number of population units controlled by each social
decision-maker. A social decision-maker begins a game
controlling a certain number of Pi's in each class in each
jurisdiction (that number may be zero). The number of
Pi's which the decision-maker controls in subsequent
rounds is determined by the migration process, which moves
Pi's into, out of, and within the simulated region in
response to both local and exogenous influences. The
migration process allocates people to housing; it does not
determine which social decision-makers control those
people. Before the start of a game, each parcel in the
simulated region is assigned a decision-maker for each of
the three social classes. When a class occupies a parcel,
it comes under the control of the decision-maker originally
assigned to that class on that parcel. The Social Decision-
Maker Map shows which teams control classes already living
on residence parcels. When a new class occupies a parcel,
its decision-maker appears on the map.
Social Control Summary (one table for each social
decision-maker)
55
-------
Figure 7.5
TWOCITY
SOCIAL CONTROL SUMMARY TOTALS ROUND
JURISDICTION 1 JURISDICTION 2
TEAM PH PM PL PH PM PL
AA
88
CC
DO
EE
FF
GG
0
43
0
0
48
0
36
94
0
20
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
25
0
14
0
42
0
0
0
3
1
67
10
0
3
0
! 53
0
0
0
56
-------
Figure 7.4
************ *<[*«***
TWOCITY
SOCIAL CONTROL SUMMARY TEAM AA
ROUND 2
#*«*****$#
on
LOCATION
CLASS
FAMILY INCOME
(PER WORKER) FAMILY SAVINGS
TOTAL
DISSATISFACTION
8828
9028
8830
9030
8832
9032
9232
9034
9234
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
MIDDLE
5071
2500
6180
4753
2800
4798
3625
4458
2662
-495
-2006
503
70
-2137
122
-1235
2228
-764
353
292
353
327
441
415
457
367
355
-------
This table contains one row for each class on each
parcel controlled by the social decision-maker. The first
two columns show the residence parcel coordinates and the
class. Next is the average income for a household (family)
of that class living on that parcel. A household consists
of one full-time worker. The number of workers in a Pi of
each class and the typical full-time salary earned by a
worker in the class are shown on the Master Tables. In
almost all of the model's processes, all Pi's in the same
class living on the same parcel are treated alike, so the
average for a parcel is in effect the actual for a Pi.
The fourth column contains the average savings per
family for the year. The figure is annual income less
annual expenditures, and does not include any savings or
dissavings from previous years.
The final column, total dissatisfaction, is the total
of all of the indexes measuring the effect of local con-
ditions on the population on the parcel. The higher the
dissatisfaction, the worse the conditions. The dissatis-
faction index is the quality of life index, which is a
factor in the migration process.
Social Control Summary (two graphs for each social
decision-maker)
The two graphs printed for each 'social decision-
maker show an historical comparison of two types of
information shown on the previously-described table: net
income and quality of life index. Whereas on the tables
information is given for each class on each parcel which
the decision-maker controls, the information on the graphs
is the average of all of the Pi's in the same class con-
trolled by the decision-maker. The graphs show the
relative values of those items for the most recent ten
years. Each year has three columns on the graph, one for
low-income (L), one for middle-income (M), and one for
high-income (H). Round 1 is Year 5 on the graph, Round 2
is Year 6, and so on. After 6 rounds have been played
(years 5 through 10 on the graph), the data for the
earliest year are erased and only data for the most current
10 years are shown. Year 10 is always the most recent
round.
On the net income graph, the net income for each
class for each year is shown as a ratio to that class's
net income during the first year. The first year is
always 1.00. Thus, although high-income Pi's usually have
a higher net income than middle-income Pi's, their incomes
58
-------
Figure 7.7a
Social Graphs for Teams: Relative Per Capita
Income by Class
TWOCITY
SOCIAL CONTROL SUMMARY TEAM GO
- NET INCOME -
3.00
2.00
_ 1.90
1.BO ---;-- ' -
1.70
1.60
1.55 " "" " ~ "
1.52
1.50
1.48 " " "
1.45
1.42
1.40
.1.38
1.35
1.33 " "" " " " "
; 1.30
1.28
1.25 : " '
1.23
1.20
1.18 ----- - - - - .- - -
1.15 H
1.12
1.10
1.08 H
1.05 _ L I
BASE 1.03 L H
1.00 LMH MH MH M
YEAR 0.98
0.95
0.93
0.90 M
O.flfl
0.85
0.83 __ _ H ..
0.80
0.75
0.70 ;
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40 _ _ . . . ..
0.35 "~
0.30
0.25 _ _
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.0 L L
YEAR 123456 789 10
59
-------
Figure 7.7b
Social Graph for Teams: Quality of Life Index by
Class
************************«^*****»*************************************
ROUND 2
*********************************************************************
- QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX -.
500
450
400
350
300
250
225 H
220
215
210
205
200
195 " " " " " ~" ~~
190
185
180 ~ " "" "" "
175
170
165 " ~ ' ' '" '
160
155
150 " " ' ' ' '
145 H
140
135 ~~ " " " - -. - -
130
125
120 L
115
110
105 1. "" L -.-
100 L M
95 M H
90 H .........
85 H
80 H M H
75 H - - H
70
65
60
55
50
45 " - -
40
35
30 " ~ ' ~
25
20
15
10
5
0 L L
1234567B910
60
-------
relative to previous years can be easily compared even
across classes.
If a decision-maker does not control any Pi's in a
particular class during a year, that class's letter
prints on the bottom row of the graph.
The quality of life index graph shows each class's
average quality of life index as an absolute value, not
relative to a base year. Each class measures the factors
in the quality of life index differently, so there can be
little comparison between classes on this graph. The main
comparison is within a class between years.
61
-------
D. SOCIAL SECTOR DETAILED OUTPUT
1. Dollar Value of Time
The social sector has four types of resources:
time, voting power, money, and the power to boycott. The
first two are unique to this sector, but it is through time
allocation that social decision-makers can increase their
voting strength. Time can be allocated to extra work, adult
education, politics and recreation. Time is not specific-
ally allocated to transportation to full-time work, but
transportation makes the first claim on allocatible time; it
decreases time available before time allocated to any other
activities is considered by the program. The more time which
a PI spends travelling to work, the less time it has to
spend in other more personally useful activities. A decision
maker or the director can affect the amount of time which .Pi's
spend travelling through the decision to specify the dollar
value of a time unit travelling.
The computer assigns all population units to modes
of transportation to and from work on the basis of least
cost. Least cost includes transportation charges (which
differ according to mode of transportation, type of road and
amount of congestion) as well as the dollar value of time
spent traveling. The social decision-maker or director is
able to specify the dollar value of one time unit consumed
traveling to and from work for each of the classes. As the
dollar value of a time unit spent traveling increases, there
is a greater chance that the computer will assign a more
expensive but quicker mode of transportation to work (i.e.,
via automobile or rapid rail rather than bus). The following
example will demonstrate how the computer considers the dollar
value of time.
Assume that the tranpsortation dollar costs
for one worker is $150 per year to get to work by bus and
$230 to get to work by auto. It also requires an extra 4
time units to travel by bus instead of auto.
If the dollar value of time for that popula-
tion unit was set at $40 then $160 (4 x $40) would be added
to the bus cost to arrive at a total cost of $310 to get to
work by bus. To take an auto it costs $320 (no extra time
units consumed). Therefore, the computer would assign the
population unit the BUS mode to travel to work (since $310
is less than $320) .
In the same case, suppose the dollar value of
time was set to $50. Then the total bus cost would be $150
plus 4 time units times $50 (dollar value)1? or $350. Auto
62
-------
Figure - 5.1
*********************************************************** ******:
TWOCITY
DOLLAR VALUF OF TIME JURISDICTION I ROUND 2
t* ****** ************************************************ *********
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS
TEAM HIGH MIDDLE LOW
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
20
10
4-7
54
52
59
57
15
8
44
41
49
32
43
10
6
38
37
36
8
34
63
-------
would cost only $320. Therefore, the^computer would assign
these population units the auto mode to work (since $320 is
less than $350).
A worker pays only the actual dollar cost to get to
work. The dollar value of time is used for route and mode
allocation purposes only. The dollar value of time repre-
sents the worth of a time unit being spent in transportation
relative to the time unit being spent in other activities.
64
-------
2. Social Decision-Maker Detailed Output
This output shows the characteristics and financial
status of the Pi's controlled by a social decision-maker in
each jurisdiction, in each class on each parcel. The
characteristics and financial status of the Pi's in the
same class on the same parcel are averages. They can
differ only in their employment locations and salaries
earned. For all other purposes, the model uses averages
for the whole group.
The output contains one column for each parcel.
a. Location and Number of Pi's
The first two rows identify the residence loca-
tion and number of Pi's in the class living there.
b. Education Level
A Pi's educational level affects its chances of
obtaining a job. The higher its educational level relative
to educational levels of others seeking employment, the
greater its chances of getting a higher paying job. A
social decision-maker can increase his Pi's educational
levels by allocating time to adult education. Adult
education represents an investment of time and money
resources to improve a worker's relative usefulness to an
employer, whether the investment be in courses, reading,
or skill and experience improvement.
Public (free) adult education can be provided
only by a jurisdiction's School Department. If the School
Department of the jurisdiction in which a Pi resides does
not provide an adult education program, the PI cannot
obtain free adult education. If the department does not
provide enough adult education for the requests of the
people in the jurisdiction, then all of the Pi's have only
a portion of their requests satisfied. Pi's can also alloc-
ate time to private adult education, which they are assured
of obtaining (if they have enough time units remaining
after other time allocations) but which is relatively
expensive.
c. Voter Registration Per Pi
Voter registration represents the maximum
number of votes per PI which the decision-maker can cast
in an election. If voting is done through the computer,
a portion of the registered voters turn out for an election.
65
-------
Figure -5.2
***********************************************************
TWOCITY
SOCIAL DECISION MAKER GG HTGH SDCTO-ECONOM1C CLASS
******** ****** *******************X' *************************
LOCATION
NUMBFR OF Pl» S
EDUCATION LEVEL
VOTER REGISTRATION PFR PI
PREVIOUS SAVINGS PER PI
PERCENT OF PI'S UNEMPLOYED
INCOME PER PI
EMPLOYMENT(FULL)
EMPLOYMENT(PART)
WELFARE
MISCELLANEOUS
EXPENDITURES PER PI
RENT
TRANSPORTATION
AUTO
BUS
RAIL
GOODS
SERVICES
SCHOOL (CHILDREN)
SCHOOL (ADULTS)
HEALTH
SALES TAX
INCOME TAX
AUTOMOBILE TAXES
MISCELLANEOUS
SAVINGS PER PI
NEW BALANCE PER PI
8830
13
90
216
256269
0
1312615
160384
0
538
322000
9030
23
81
216
130233
4
1292727
0
204000
0
276000
61 551
0
0
370000
155200
39000
0
8000
22894
232500
908
0
260946
517215
72980
0
0
370000
155200
39000
0
8000
22894
195756
1406
0
355491
485724
TIME ALLOCATION PER PI
TRANSPORTATION
ILLNESS
EXTRA JOB (25)
EDUCATION
PUBLIC ( 0)
PRIVATE ( 0)
POLITICS (35)
RECREATION (10)
INVOLUNTARY
HEALTH INDEX
PERSONAL INDEX
NEIGHBORHOOD INDEX
ENVIRONMENTAL INDEX
QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
5
3
10
0
0
35
10
3?
25
67
163
246
313
15
3
0
0
0
35
10
37
25
116
162
245
361
66
-------
The decision-maker can increase the fixed minimum number of
voters in a PI by allocating time to political activity.
The increase lasts for one round only, so a high regis-
tration can be maintained only if time is allocated to
politics each round.
d. Previous Savings Per Pi
This is the average savings or deficit which a
Pi has from previous years. It is added to the new savings
(the current round's income less expenditures)and becomes
the new balance, next round's previous savings.
e. Percent of Pi's Unemployed
This is the number of Pi's who were unable to
obtain full-time jobs expressed as a percent of the number
of Pi's of the class living on the parcel.
f. Average Income Per Pi
The population living on a parcel can derive
income from up to four sources: full-time employment,
part-time employment, welfare, and miscellaneous (cash
transfers from other social or economic decision-makers or
government departments). Welfare can be received only by
those Pi's who are unemployed and is paid by the jurisdic-
tion in which they reside, if that jurisdiction has a welfare
program.
g. Average Expenditures Per PI
Most personal expenditures are only partially
affected, if at all, by social decision-makers. A level of
each residence type has a fixed number of space units. A
PI of each class occupies a fixed number of space units. A
residence owner sets a rent per space unit and a Pi pays
rent on the number of space units which a Pi of its class
occupies. Although the rent charged at a residence is set
by its economic sector owner and the residents must pay that
amount, rent is a factor in the allocation of people to
housing in the migration process.
Transportation expenditures are incurred in the
trip to work and to obtain goods and services. Auto, bus
and rail may be used in the trip to work, but only auto may
be used in commercial trips. Ail transportation routes and
costs are calculated by the computer program. See the
Employment Detail and Commercial Detail descriptions for
more information on transportation costs.
-------
The Commercial Detail description also explains
PI expenditures for goods and services, part of which is
affected by the amount of time which a Pi spends in
recreation.
A PI pays for private education for its children
if local schools are inadequate. Students are assigned to
schools by the computer. Middle and high income families
have certain criteria for the school in their district. If
the school fails to meet these criteria, these students will
be assigned by the computer to private schools at the expense
of the population unit they represent. Those criteria are*.
shown on the Master Tables. Students of the low socio-eco-
nomic class go to the public school in their district regard-
less of the high and middle class criteria, unless their
residence location is excluded from a district. The cost
for private school varies by class and is shown on the
Master Tables. A Pi pays for adult education if it has
allocated time to private education. There is a fixed
cost per time unit spent in adult education.
A Tl has a fixed annual health expenditure
which varies with the Pi's class. In addition to. that
base amount, a Pi on a parcel having surface water or
adjoining a parcel having surface water incurs a greater
expenditure if there are any coliform bacteria in the water
See the Master Tables for the precise costs.
There are three types of taxes which a Pi may
have to pay: sales taxes, income taxes, and automobile'
taxes. There is a fixed state sales tax rate on all pur-
chases of personal goods and services, regardless of whether
the goods or services are purchased from local establishments
or from the Outside. Local governments may also set tax
rates on PG and PS purchases from commercial establishments
within their own jurisdictions. That tax revenue accrues
to the government of the seller's jurisdiction.
a-n t>i . 4- fre flXed federal-state income tax rates
on all Pi's total full-time and part-time gross income.
Local governments may also tax the gross income of the Pi's
living in their jurisdictions and/or working in their juris-
dictions. The tax revenue goes to the account of the -juris-
diction levying the tax.
There are no fixed automobile taxes. Local
governments may tax total automobile expenditures to get to
full-time and part-time work by PL's living in their juris-
dictions and/ or working in their jurisdictions.
68
-------
Miscellaneous expenditures are cash trans-
fers made by the social decision-maker to other social or
economic decision-makers or government departments.
h. Time Allocation
As mentioned above, social decision-makers
allocate time for their Pi's to spend in extra work, adult
education, politics and recreation. There are 100 units of
leisure time available to each PI. Two types of time allo-
cation are not set by a decision-maker: time in illness and
time in transportation. The time units spent in those two
categories are first deducted from a Pi's 100 available time
units before any time is spent in other activities.
Transportation time is explained above. The
number of time units which a PI spends in illness is equal
to one-tenth of the health index on its residence parcel.
The health index is a function of the use index of the munic-
ipal services unit serving the parcel, the amount of over-
crowding at the residence, and the amount of coliform bac-
teria in the surface water on the parcel or on adjoining
parcels.
The computer program performs all of the actual
time allocation process in response to decision-makers'
time allocation requests. If, after time has been subtracted
for illness and transportation, the PI has any remaining
time units, it may enter the part-time employment process.
The amount of time spent in part-time work is subtracted
from the remaining time units, and if any time units remain,
the PI may enter the adult education allocation process.
Politics and recreation are processed last, in that order,
and in the same fashion with regard to not exceeding the
100 allocatable time units.
All of the time which a PI allocated to a
specific activity but was unable to spend in that activity
contributes to "involuntary time". If during the time allo-
cation process a PI uses up all of its 100 time units, no
time may be spent in subsequent activities.
All of the allocated units in excess of 100
become involuntary time. There are two other sources of
involuntary time. If a PI cannot obtain all of the part-
time work which it requests (due to there being a greater
number of time units allocated to part-time,work than there
are part-time jobs) the portion of the allocated time which
was unfilled adds to involuntary time. The other source
of involuntary time is the portion of a public adult edu-
cation request which cannot be met by local adult education
programs. 6g
-------
Involuntary time and transportation time con-
tributes to a Pi's personal index. Recreation time de-
creases the personal index.
A social decision-maker sets the dollar
value of a time unit travelling for all of a class board-
wide. The dollar value of time of the high-income people
controlled by BB, for example, cannot be different for those
PH controlled by BB in jurisdiction 1 than it is for BB' s
PH in jurisdiction 3. Social decision-makers can, however,
allocate time by jurisdiction and even by parcel. A decision-
maker's preferred time allocations appear in parentheses
to the right of the row headings labelling the types of
allocations. Any exceptions for the decision-maker's prefer-
ence on individual parcels show the preferred allocations in
parentheses next to the actual allocations for the parcel.
i. . Indexes
The Social Detailed Output also lists the
values of five indexes used in the migration process. See
the description of Migration for details.
70
-------
3. Social Decision-Maker Boycott Status Output
Social decision-makers can boycott working for.
specific employers, shopping at specific PG or PS estab-
lishments, or using either the bus or rail modes of trans-
portation. A boycott is in effect for an entire round and
is continued until a decision is submitted to stop the boy-
cott. The boycott output has one row per boycott, showing
the social decision-maker boycotting, the class boycotting,
the function boycotted (work, shop, or use), the location
boycotted (0 if the boycott is against working for a govern-
ment department), the land use boycotted (0 if the boycott
is against a government department), and the owner of the
establishment being boycotted (department and jurisdiction
if the boycott is against a government department).
71
-------
Figure 5.3
:** *** ** ** ************************ **#*************#**** ******************
TWOCITY
SOCIAL DECISION MAKER GG BOYCOTT STATUS OUTPUT ROUND 2
:** *#$*
BOYCOTTING
TEAM
CLASS OR
LAND USF
FUNCTION
LOCATION
BOYCOTTED
LAND USF
OWNER
GG
HIGH
WORK
SCI
72
-------
. Social Sector Decisions
A. Summary of Decisions
The three socio-economic classes all have the ability
to make the same type of decisions in the model although the
relative effect of these might be different. Further, most
of the power in this sector will be manifest only if teams
are able to join with one another in some form of organiza-
tion. For example, a strike by the population units under
Team AA's control may not be effective at all if the other
teams allow their population units to work for the employer.
In fact, if the latter happens likely the only one disad-
vantaged would be the population units of Team AA. This
factor helps to explain the rise of unions. The same general
principle applies to voting and the development of political
power.
There are four basic types of decisions available to
this sector to effect desired outcomes. These are voting,
boycotting, allocating (or budgeting) time, and transferring
cash.
1. Voting
In our society, people are able to exercise power over
those who govern them by periodic elections. Further, there
are continuing polls being taken which indicate in some ways
the quality of the job being done by the elected officials.
Also, in many local governments the populace is given the
opportunity to vote in referenda to determine the desirability
and acceptability of certain expenditures.
The Social Decision-Maker is able to exercise all of these
options in this mod'el. The Chairman and the Council are elec-
ted officials. Further, it is possible to vote each round,
or at regular intervals even in off-election years to indicate
agreement or disagreement with current government policies and
to vote on specific referenda.
The number of votes which can be cast is determined by
the number of registered voters controlled by each decision-
maker.
In terms of determining the course of action in the area,
voting is an important instrument. Politicians, if they
expect to be elected, must have the support of a number of
social decision-makers representing at least a popular major-
ity. Support can be gained in a number of ways. Candidates
can be bound to certain principles and programs before a
social decision-maker will throw his votes behind a candidate,
or campaign promises can be made. The voting system repre-
sents the political process in the model with all the possible
coalitions, factions, and political tradeoffs also found in
the real world.
-------
2. Boycotting
A powerful negative sanction available to the social
decision-maker is the ability to withhold the labor or pur-
chasing power of the people he controls. In addition to the
work or transit strike, it is possible to stop shopping at
particular establishments. The computer assigns people to
shop at particular goods and services establishments and
work at specific jobs; decisions to boycott particular esta-
blishments causes the computer program to ignore those places
as options for the boycotting population units. It will
continue to do so until told to stop by a decision input to
stop the boycott.
The computer usually attempts to make its assignments
in a fashion that will provide to the population units the
greatest economic benefit. If a boycott is established it
is possible for the people to loose money or pay increased
costs to the extent that the computer may have to search for
a less attractive second choice to assign people to work or
shop.
3. Allocation of Time
Whereas the voting procedure gives the social sector
some control over the. operations of the government sector,
and the ability to boycott gives the social sector a degree
of influence in the economic sector, the allocation of time
is a decision that has many interactive effects.
The time which is allocatable is a worker's leisure time
that time not spent in full-time work, eating, sleeping,
or personal care. Leisure time is divided into 100 units
which can be allocated to part-time work, adult education,
political activity, or recreation.
However, allocatable time is decreased by the amount
of time which it takes workers to travel to and from their
place of employment. Therefore, the actual amount of time
which can be allocated by you is 100 units minus time spent
traveling to and from work. The number of time units .con-
sumed in traveling to and from work varies according to road
types, transportation modes, and congestion, and distance
traveled.
Allocatable time is further decreased if a population
unit lives on a parcel having a high health index. A parcel's
health index is a function of its pollution index, residential
overcrowding, and the use index of the municipal service'.
plant serving the parcel.
74
-------
The following are the various possibilities for time
allocation:
(1) Extra Work - the ability to augment income by
working longer hours or at more than one job. There are
only select areas which offer part-time employment oppor-
tunities; the School Department in the Government Sector
and a few in the Economic Sector. Workers are paid in pro-
portion to the amount of time they are able to work and in
direct proportion to their salary-
If there is no part-time position available, population
units will not gain extra employment. The unfulfilled
requested time becomes involuntary leisure and adds to per-
sonal dissatisfaction.
(2) Education - Education in the model represents not
only formal education but training (on the job and elsewhere).
It is assumed that unless a certain amount of time is spent
in keeping up skills and learning new techniques and infor-
mation, the education-skill level of the population units
declines relative to other population units. It is the level
of this skill that largely determines the ability of popu-
lation units to get better jobs in fact, it may determine
the ability to get a job at all.
To provide for formal training, there is adult educa-
tion. This education can be provided both on the public and
private sector. The public education is free (the private,
of course, is not).
If there is no adult education or not enough made avail-
able by the School Department, the time allocated to this
use will be assigned to involuntary leisure time and add
to personal dissatisfaction.
(3) Politics - the number of voters turning out for
the election of a particular candidate, a poll, or a referenda,
is normally determined as a random percentage of a popula-
tion unit (varied by socio-economic class). This percentage
can be positively influenced by the expenditure of greater
amounts of time in political action. The influence is specific,
in that the class of the population units which experience
the increased turnout is the one which assigns the time to
politics.
(4) Recreation - the amount of leisure time avail-
able positively affects the dissatisfaction of the population
units. However, a decision to spend time in this fashion
75
-------
requires the expenditure not only of time units but also the
purchase of goods and services from PG and PS establishments.
Remember that time allocation is a debit-credit concept.
Population units start with 100 units of time to assign for
population units of each class for each jurisdiction.
Teams may estimate that 15 units of time are going to be con-
sumed in the traveling to and from work and in sickness for
their units. The PL's then only have 85 units of time left
for other purposes. In studying the computer output for
PL units, teams may discover that the PL's are not receiving
enough income, so the team will allocate 40 units to extra
employment. Further, because the education-skill level of
those units also happens to be low, the team might allocate
25 units for public adult education. The PL's now have only
20 units left for politics and recreation. This 20 units
may be divided between the two remaining alternatives.
After the computer run and the generation of a new round
of output, the team may discover that it- estimated incorrectly
when calculating the time consumed in traveling to and from
work and sickness. Because of increased congestion on the
highways it took 30 units of time rather than 15. This means
that the team allocated 15 units too few to travel and the
computer program will subtract the difference from the less
important time allocations of recreation and politics.
4. Cash Transfer
The only direct allocation of money allowed the social
sector is the ability to transfer savings to any other social,
economic, or government account. Such a transfer enters the
receiver's general cash reserves; it is not earmarked by the
program to be used in any particular manner. The transfer
might be for the purpose of aiding a pollution abatement
program. Or, a business forced by the government to close
because of its pollution might be required to grant money to
its unemployed workers. However it is us^ri *h K -,
transfer cash allows the social SPO^ ' the.abllity to
for affecting other parts oT?he sys?em Y P°SSlbilities
76
-------
5. Set the Dollar Value of a Time Unit Travelling to Work
The computer assigns all population units to modes of
transportation to and from work on the basis of least cost.
Least cost includes transportation-charges per mile (which
differ according to mode of transportation, type of. road
and amount of congestion) as Well as the dollar value of
time spent traveling. The social decision-maker is able
to indicate the dollar value of one time unit consumer
traveling to and from work for each of the classes which
he represents. As the dollar value of a time unit scent
travelling increases, the chances are that the computer
will assign a more expensive but quicker mode of transporta-
tion to work (i.e., via automobile in almost all cases).
The following example will demonstrate how the com-
puter considers the dollar value of time.
Let us say the transportation costs for one worker is
$150 per year to get to work by bus and $230 to get to
work by auto. It also requires an extra 4 time units to
travel by bus instead of auto.
If the dollar value of time for that population unit
was set at $40 (dollar value) or $310 to get to work by
bus. To take auto it costs $320 (no extra time units
consumed). Therefore, the computer would assign the
population unit the BUS mode to travel to work (i.e., $310
is less than $320) .
In the same case, suppose the dollar value of time was
set to $50. Then the total bus cost would be $150 plus 4
time units times $50 (dollar value) or $350. Auto would
cost only $320. Therefore, the computer would assign these
population units the auto mode to work (i.e., $320 is less
than $350).
B. Input Format
Local system decision-makers (such as the social sector
teams) use a standardized input form (Figure SS-4) when
making decisions that must be processed by the computer.
The standard message format is:
$CODE/ = dm/a, b, c, d, ...
77
-------
1. $CODE stands for the type of decision code. The
Social Sector has the option to make decisions that use the
following decision codes:
$BYCT (boycott workers or shop locations)
$TIME (allocate time)
$CASH (transfer cash)
$VALUE (set the dollar value of a time unit travel-
ling to work)
2. "=dm" is the decision-maker, which for the Social
Sector is a double letter code (AA, BB, etc.).
3. The columns "a", "b", and so forth are filled in
with the appropriate information depending upon the parti-
cular decision.
Note that there is a slash (/) after the decision
code and after the decision-maker code. There are commas
separating all other bits of information. Note also that
the decision-maker code is prefaced by an equals sign (=) .
Note on Time Allocation Decisions
It is important that jurisdiction-wide time allocation
decisions precede parcel-specific time allocation decisions
on the input forms submitted for computer processing. If
a parcel-specified time allocation decision is followed by
a jurisdiction-wide time allocation decision for the juris-
diction that contains the specified parcel, the jurisdiction-
wide decision will override the previously input parcel-
specific decision.
78
-------
SS-4
Note: When filling out this form, refer to
input description form in the manual.
Please write clearly; distinguish
between 1 (one) and "I" (eye), "0"
(oh) and "0" (zero); be sure to fill
in numbers exactly as required;
omitting commas within numbers (100000)
Decision Decision- "^a^r- "^A^" "^sS^" "^A^ "^A^ '^s£xr ^i^gV "O^" -- '' -
Code Maker ^^^ ^"*^ ^""^ ^^^ ^^^ ^"'^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
5 /= / / / i i i e f / / /
$ / =
$ / =
$ / =
$ / =
$ / =
$ / -
$ /
$ . /
$ / ~
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ , .._
ttittitit
i i i i i i i i t
i i i t i i i i i
\
ttitttit i
itiiiiii i
\
/ '/ i / i i / f i
> r i t t i t i i
iiiiiiiii
i i i , i ( i i i i
-------
SOCIAL DECISION-MAKERS: INPUT EXPLANATION FORM
OG
o
Type of Decision
Decision Code Maker
Allocate $TIME AA, BB,
time by CC, etc.
jurisdic-
tion, by
class
Allocate $TIME AA, BB
time by CC, etc.
jurisdic-
tion, by
class, by
parcel
Boycott $BYCT AA, BB
CC, etc.
a
class (H
M, or L)
and jur-
isdic-
tion (1,
2, or 3)
class (H,
M, or L)
and jur-
isdic-
tion (1,
2, or 3)
S_
b
time
units
extra
work ;
none,
time
units
extra
work;
none,
class
in
if
0
in
if
0
boycot-
ting
M, or
(H,
L)
c
time
units in
public
adult
education
if none,0
time
units in
public
adult
education
if none
function
boycotted
(Shop or
Work)
d
time
un^tsin
adult
educa-
tion; if
none, 0
time
units in
adult
educa-
tion; if
none , 0
location
boycotted
(0 if de-
partment)
e
time
units in
politics;.
if none,
0
time
units in
politics;
if none,
0
S_top the
boycott
or Begin
it
f
time
units In
recrea-
tion; if
none , 0
9
time residence
units in location
recrea-
ti6n; if
none, 0
if applic-
able, de-
partment
(SC, MS)
and juris-
diction
(1, 2, or 3)
-------
Type of Decision
Decision Code Maker
Transfer $CASH AA, BB ,
cash CC, etc.
Set the $ VALUE AA,BB
dollar CC, etc.
value
of a time
unit spent
travelling
to work
abed
C Receiver amount class
~ (economic (in dol- giving
or social lars)
decision-
maker or
department
and juris-
diction)
class dollar
(H, M, value of
or L) a time
unit
travelling
e f
if social resi-
decision- dence
maker location
receiving, of
class giver
receiving
(H, M, or
L) ; if eco-
nomic deci-
sion-maker
receiving,
PVT; if
department
receiving,
CAPital or
CURrent
account
g
if social
decision-
maker
receiving,
residence
location
of receiver;
0 for all
else
-------
C. Social Sector Sample Decisions
All social sector decisions are made by teams for a
single class at a time. The social teams are able to make
one type of systemwide decision (boycott), two types of
jurisdictionwide decisions (vote and allocate time), and
two types parcel-specific decisions (cash transfer and
allocate time).
Boycott
1. The PM's controlled by social team AA are beginning a
work boycott of the employer located on parcel 9630.
2. The PL's controlled by team FF are stopping their
shopping boycott of the commercial establishment on parcel
10030.
3. The PH's controlled by team CC are beginning a work
boycott of the School Department in Jurisdiction 3.
Time Allocation (Jurisdiction-wide)
4. Social team AA has all of its PM's in Jurisdiction 1
allocate 20 time units to an extra job, 30 to public adult
education, none to private adult education, 25 to politics,
and 10 to recreation. Note that the jurisdiction number
must always be given.
Time Allocation (Parcel-specific)
5. Social team AA wishes to make the time allocation for
its PM's on parcel 9436 (in Jurisdiction 1) different from
that of all its other PM's in Jurisdiction 1. These specific
PM's are to have an allocation of 0 for an extra job, 0 for
both forms of education, 55 for politics, and 35 for recrea-
tion .
Cash Transfer
6. Social team AA makes a deal with social team FF whereby
it transfers $15,000 from its PH's on parcel 9432 to the
PL's of team FF on parcel 10032.
7. Social team BB gives $6500 to the School Department
current account in Jurisdiction 3 from the account of its
PM's on parcel 9836.
Set the dollar value of Time
8. Social team CC sets the dollar value of a time unit spent
travelling to work at $20 for its low-income people.
82
-------
SAMPLE DECISION INPUTS FOR THE SOCIAL SECTOR
00
Sample
Decision
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Decision Decision-
Code Maker
= AA
$ ftyir / = FF
$ fret / =_££_
$ T7M£ / = /M
$ 77/H£ / =
$_CASH_ / = _AA
$ CASK / =
= CC
S ,
s ,
m
MI ,
c ,
c ,
L
H
10
o
Ft
Sc*
, 5 , ,
/ v~ ?
, 3o ,
o ,
, ISOoo ,
\, *&;
f003
O
O
o
H
M
o, S
f j^j
9 ^^*^^
ST
, L.
\
, CVA
L
10
3S-
£0 ,
Social team CC sets the dollar value of a time unit spent
travelling to work at $20 for its low income people.
-------
V. Master Tables
A. Population Unit Master Table
PH
General Characteristics
Population
Workers
Students
Education Range
Registered Voters
Mobility Characteristics
Selection of Movers
Random Movers
Most Dissatisfied
500
120
130
70-99
200
500
160
140
40-69
140
PL
500
200
100
0-39
100
7% 5% 1%
(Half of the 20% with highest
Quality of Life Index)
Percent of Unemployed 33 25
Percent of Under- 33 25
employed
Selection of Housing
Criteria
Housing QI Range 71-100 40-100
Considered
Maximum Occupancy 120% 120%
Considered
Environment Index
Characteristics of
In-Migrants from
Outside
Education Level .85 55
Voter Registration 200 140
Previous Saving 0 0
Time Allocation
Extra Job 20 30
Public Adult 0 30
Education
Private Adult 20 5
Education
Politics 40 20
Recreation 10 10
15
NA
20-70
120%
(lowest index value is most pre-
ferred)
15
100
0
40
20
10
20
84
-------
Population Unit Master Table (Corit'd)
PH PM PL
Income Characteristics
Workers per PI 120 160 200
Full Employment Salary (salary per worker times number of
workers)
Part-time Salary (80 time units provides full-time
salary)
Welfare (Local jurisdiction payment per
worker times the number of
unemployed workers)
Miscellaneous (cash transfers from other accounts)
Expenditure Characteristics
Rent
Rent Paid Factor 2.00 1.33 1.00
Space Units Consumed 2 1.5 1
Transportation
Maximum Percent of Salary
Willing to be Spent to
get a Job
Costs per Worker 10% 15% 25%
for Job
Auto
Base Auto Cost $210 $190 $140
Cost per HY Link
(uncongested)
HY3 $100 $ 87 $ 75
HY2 $125 $112 $100
HY1 $150 $137 $125
Public Transit (fare set by transit authority)
Maximum Pi's per 50 40 30
RR1
Maximum Pi's per 25 20 15
BUS 1
Unit Public Transit 2 2.5 3.3
Consumed
85
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Population Unit Master Table (Corit'd)
PH PM PL
Travel to PG (and to PS):
Base Cost per CU $50
Cost per CU $125
Consumed (along HY3)
(along HY2 is twice as
much and along HY1 is
three times as much)
$50
$125
$50
$125
(These commercial trans-
portation costs are only
incurred if purchases
are made from local
suppliers).
28
.05
11
.05
Normal PG,Consumption 34
(CD's)
Additional CU's of .1
PG for each time unit
in recreation
Normal PS Consumption (CU's) 16
Additional CU's of PS for .075
each time unit in recreation
Schooling of Children
Criteria for Attending Public School
Minimum School Value Ratio 80 60
Maximum Ratio of Students/ 18 22
Teacher
Minimum Ratio of PH 1.0 .75
Teachers to PM
21
.025
.0
Cost of Private
Education (per full Pi)
Cost Per Student
Schooling of Adults
Cost per Time Unit
Allocated to Private
Adult Education
$39,000 $24,500
$300 $175
$3000
$3000
None
None
None
$12,500
$125
N/A
86
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Population Unit Master Table (Cont'd)
PH PM PL
Health Expenditures (per PI)
Base Amount $8000 $4000 $2000
Coliform PARTS/MG
greater than 100 $400/Part $200/Part $100/Part
Coliform PARTS/MG $160/Part $80/Part $40/Part
less than 100
Taxes
Sales Tax
State (3% of the dollar amount of PG and
PS purchases)
Local (depends upon the rates set by the
local jurisdiction of PG and PS
separately)
Income Tax
Federal (on salaries) 8% 4% 1%
Local (set by the local jurisdictions)
Automobile Taxes (depends upon rates levied - juris-
diction of residence and/or work)
Miscellaneous Ex- (cash transfers to other accounts in
penses the social, economic, or government
sectors)
Time Allocation 100 100 100
(total time units)
Auto Transportation (uncongested)
Per link HY3 2.5 2.5 2.5
Per link HY2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Per link HYl 7.5 7.5 7.5
Bus Transporatation
Waiting 11 1
Along HY3 5.0 5.0 5.0
Along HY2 7.5 7.5 7.5
Along HYl 10.0 10.0 10.0
Rapid Rail Transporta- 2.5 2.5 2.5
tion
Waiting 111
Walking 2.5 2.5 2.5
87
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Population Unit Master Table (Cont'd)
PH PM
PL
Illness
Extra Job
Education
(health index for the parcel on which
the Pi's residence is located divided
by 10)
(80 units of part-time work is equiva-
lent to a full-time job)
Time Units Required to 32
Maintain the Highest
Level
Time Units Required to
Maintain the Education
Level Specified in the
Parenthesis
Typical Decline in Educa- 2
tional Level if No Time
is Allocated for Adult
Schooling
Allocation Typically 16
Needed for Stay at
Present Level
Politics - Units of Time
Required to Increase
Voter Registration:
Water Consumption (MG)
Daily if living in: RA
Annually if living
in:
24
30
16(80)
24(90)
32(99)
12(50)
18(60)
24(69)
12(10)
18(20)
24(30)
12
18
(increases in voter registra-
tions last for only one
round)
7% 10
10% 50
15% 60
08
RB .07
RC .06
RA 29
RB 25
RC 22
10
50
60
,07
05
03
25
18
11
10
50
60
,03
,03
,02
11
11
7
88
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Population Unit Master Table (Corit'd)
Congested roads at peak-hours (all to work trips) cause
an increase in the dollar and time costs of automobile
usage. For example, a road that is 25% congested
(utilized 125%) will cost 25% more in both money and
time for those workers who use it.
89
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B. Quality of Life Factors for Population Units
PH PM PL
Health Index
Maximum Value
Poor MS
Residence Crowding
Coliform Index
Time Index
Transportation
Time Consumed
AUTO - Waiting
HY3
HY2
HY1
BUS - Waiting
HY3
HY2
HY1
100 100 100
(MS Use Index - 100) f 4; Maximum =25
(% Occupancy - 100) T .8; Maximum =25
PARTS/MG f 4; Maximum = 50
0
2^5
5.0
7.5
1
5.0
7.5
10.0
0
2*5
5.0
7.5
1
5.0
7.5
10.0
0
215
5.0
7.5
1
5.0
7.5
10.0
RAIL - Waiting, any level,
Walking (per segment)
1
Recreation
Involuntary
Pollution Index
(Maximum = 0, minimum = -100
(Desired time in extra job and public
adult education minus actual time in
extra job and public adult education);
Maximum = 100.
Value printed for that parcel of land
on which the residence is located;
Maximum = + 166; Minimum = -16.
Neighborhood Index
QI of Housing 100-QI
90-QI
70-QI
Rent (Rent-$330,000)2(Rent-$200,000)3(Rent-$140,000)
MS Use Index MS Use Index - 100; Maximum = 100
School Use School Use Index - 100; Maximum = 100
Index
90
-------
Quality of Life Factors for Population Units (Cont'd)
PH PM PL
Tax Rates in
Local Jurisdiction None
Each mil or resi-
dent income .25 .25
Each mil on goods .25 .25 None
Each mil on services .25 .25 None
Each mil on land .125 .125 None
Each mil develop- .125 .125
ments
Welfare Payment
For each $100 None None 4
below $2000
Health Index + Time Index = Personal Index
Pollution Index = Neighborhood Index = Environment Index
Personal Index = Environment Index = Quality of Life Index
91
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VI. Social Sector Strategies
A. GAINING A PERSPECTIVE ABOUT THE MODEL
In a sense, the range of formal Social Sector decisions
is "limited" as compared to the Economic or government
sectors. In addition, actions like strikes, boycotts and
elections are not everyday things. Also, while the time
allocation process is a powerful instrument, it may not have
the same sustaining challenge as major economic or government
decisions.
The real power, tnen, of the Social Sector can be
developed through its influence on the goals, priorities,
objectives, plans and actions of the other sectors. To
exert this influence the social sector participants should
do several things:
a. Acquire an understanding of the whole city (the
local system).
b. Become involved in the very early rounds with the
flow of action in all sectors.
Some of the ways in which these activities can be
accomplished are listed below:
1. Use of maps. The social sector should make
the maximum use of a variety of maps which lead to a confi-
dent understanding of the computer maps of the local system.
For instance, a sequence of maps portraying a real city can
be used to show such things as landforms, demographic data,
geography, transportation patterns, social characteristic
distribution and planning forms.
These maps can provide the graphic orientation to
the abstraction of the model's computer maps.
The social sector should then spend time to examine
and gain a familiarity with the model's 26 maps which are
printed each round. These graphic portrayals depict the kind
of comprehensive descriptions from'Which participants can
acquire a "feel" for the physical characteristics of the
region. This awareness can become the framework within which
plans, priorities and objectives can be structured. In effect,
this approach modifies the feeling of isolation, or detach-
ment, which can affect the social sector in the early rounds.
Equipped with this perspective of the whole region,
the Social Sector should, from the very beginning, set out
92
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to develop their own positions on plans, priorities and
objectives for the region. Even though this sector may not
have direct decision power on such things, for instance, as
spending of money, patterns of development and zoning they
are all major activities which affect people - and as such
are of direct interest to the Social. Sector.
It is important then, that the Social Sector reach out,
beyond the stated boundaries of its formal decision-making,
to gain information and establish a presence in the activi-
ties of the whole model.
Some examples of things which may be of specific interest
to the Social Sector - even though activating decisions are
made in other sectors - are:
(a) housing development for mixed-income groups
(b) full time and part time jobs
(c) improved bus routes
(d) increased parklands
(e) more available adult education
(f) improved local water quality
B. ESTABLISHING A JOINT EFFORT
As in real life, the people (social sector) are frequently
"neglected" until an election or a massive boycott takes
place. The nature of. this neglect can range from courteous
indifference to premeditated contempt.
To counter this general condition, and the concurrent
feeling of frustration at the inability to effect change,
the social sector can, and should, develop some forms of
liaison, caucus or consortium of interest.
While there can be many forms of joint venture, which
are analagous to real life situations, it should not be
assumed that these are automatic or easy to establish.
The record of community action groups, for instance, reflects
the difficulties of establishing common interests, develop-
ing effective leadership, gaining agreement on goals and
creating sustained organizational strength. It may be that
ad hoc relationships have the best chance of survival and
accomplishment.
A prerequisite condition of all group ventures is the
discussion, examination and hammering out of some form of
goals, priorities and plans. These need not be fixed in
concrete but must be identified. Some of the possible
social sector alliances which have proved to be effective
are listed with some comments on their purposes.
93
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(a) Income Group Caucus. It may be useful, for some
limited purposes,for members of high, middle or low income
groups to join together to establish positions or strategies
in their own exclusive interests.
(b) Geographic Alliances. In both stable and dynamic
situations there are many conditions (such as poor transpor-
tation services, industrial impacts, school conditions,
environmental deficiencies) which seem to suggest the need
for a "community" alliance of all income level residents.
To be effective in influencing change in one section, it is
likely that trade offs relating to the whole region will be
involved and sectional, or geographical groups, should be
prepared to respond to these.
(c) Social Sector Bloc. While the social sector is
construed as one component of the model, it is usually
apparent that interests of the various income groups are
different, uncommon and competitive. Inter-class hostility
is not unusual, especially if one or more income groups are
aggressive, demanding or hostile.
It is possible, however, with articulate leadership
and some common causes, for the whole social sector to
establish a people's bloc devoted to common goals or objec-
tives such as housing, education or minimum salaries.
In this case, social sector participants must be
prepared to make short-run concessions and sacrifices in the
interest of long-term gains for the whole social sector (the
people).
For example, a social sector bloc, which had hammered
out a priority interest in good quality housing for all
income groups, could bring pressures on the government to
establish a Housing Coordinator with responsibility and power
to intercede in Economic Sector residential decisions.
A social sector bloc could also arrange with a
favored, or responsive, businessman (Economic Sector) for
a consortium effort in the development of residences. The
social sector could make funds available to this business
venture through cash transfers.
C. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF NEGOTIATION
Among the rewarding aspects of participating in the
Social Sector are the knowledge and skills acquired in the
techniques of advocacy and negotiation.
94
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Whether operating independently, or as a group, it is
essential that social sector participants know their own
situation well and have effective information about their
"adversaries". i.e., they must do their homework and "come
prepared".
In the early rounds there is either a reluctance to
negotiate from limited strength, or a tendency, among social
sector participants, to assume that their needs and interests
will be easily recognizable and accepted by economic and
government decision-makers.
The Social Sector decision-maker should initially assume
that the interests of other sectors, and other decision-
makers, will not coincide with his own and may well be
contrary.
While the social sector may be interested in lower
rents and higher salaries, the controlling businessman may
be interested in maximizing profits through higher rents and
lower salaries. A more subtle difference can occur in the
differing news about quality housing. A businessman may
conclude, through cost-benefit analysis, that his best move
is to demolish low income housing which the social sector
would like to have upgraded or restored.
Social consciousness should be assumed to be a sometime
strategy for businessmen and most governments. (It occasion-
ally happens, in a gaming situation, that altruism comes
easier than reality dictates.)
The Social Sector, then, should be prepared to face
hard-nosed bargaining, deception, indifference and failure.
Anticipating these conditions, it is important that as much
information as possible be assembled - within the time avail-
able - that requests and demands be accompanied by trade-off
positions; that agreements be sealed in writing on decision
forms; that extra support and pressures be lined up for
additional bargaining power if needed; that the "threat" of
economic or political pressure be made apparent at strategic
times. If negotiations fail, more 'work should be done in
strengthening the presentation.
For example, if the Social Sector chooses to accuse a
mayor (or government) of failing to move a city forward in
the areas of income or the quality of housing or efficient
public transit, it should be prepared to address such things
as: dissatisfaction trends, growth rates, salary indices
and trends, relative costs of auto and bus transportation,
changing housing quality indices, news construction, patterns
of development or growth, business conditions and taxes and
assessment policies and rates.
-------
Having done this research and analysis from available
information, the social sector could assume that a mayor
would be:
(a) defensive
(b) interested in staying in office.
A mayor in this situation may attempt to "all the things
he has accomplished" and away from the deficiencies of his
administration. By hanging tough on the issues (based on
homework analyses) and avoiding the diversionary rhetoric,
the social sector can force the light to be shed on their
interests and the heat to be directed toward the mayor and
his interest in staying in office.
In dealing with the Economic Sector, the Social decision-
makers should acquire as much business intelligence as
possible pertaining to profits, favorable tax rates, assess-
ment patterns, subsidies, wage and price trends. They can
use the leverage of their political power to influence the
economic sector.
All of these actions are beyond the formal decision
process but within the implied nature of the Social Sector
and consistent with the individual interests, talents and
experiences of social decision-makers.
D. DECISIONS: GENERAL TO SPECIFIC
i
An interesting aspect of the Social Sector is the spec-
trum of responsibility each decision-maker has in representing,
or reflecting the intents of, population units (people). This
spectrum can range from a specific location (9032) with one
population unit (500 people) to a whole population class
(PH, PM, PL) of thousands of people living in many square
miles of the region.
One of the ways the model extends the thinking of par-
ticipants is through this population, or people, concept.
The social sector participant has the opportunity to represent,
or reflect, the interests of whole classes of people, or
people, for example, in small geographic communities, who may
be in debt,unemployed, underemployed, affluent, urban,
suburban, rural, satisfied or dissatisfied.
In the early stages, the Social Sector decision-maker
will probably concentrate on decisions affecting whole classes
of people (High PH, Middle PM, or Low PL). The concerns
will be primarily with financial status, satisfaction trends,
education and employment characteristics. While the research
to make decisions will be related to specific locations;
the analysis, at this stage, should probably involve whole
classes, or all the people the decision-maker represents.
96
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In the process, it is very useful for each decision-maker
to identify (color code), on an Economic Status Map, the
locations at which his people live, work and shop and the
routes travelled to work and shops. Then three characteris-
tics give the Social Decision-Maker 'an excellent fix on his
people and their major physical relationships in the local
system.
Following these general approaches the Social Decision-
Maker will be doing the following things in the early rounds:
(a) Identifying and establishing a sense of the physi-
cal community in which he is involved.
(b) Building a set of personalized objectives, goals
and priorities for the community.
(c) Establishing a list of objectives and priorities
for the class(es) of people he represents.
(d) Establishing a set of objectives and priorities
for individual locations of people.
There is no "one way" to make decisions in any of the
sectors. The above outline is "one" way, designed to facil-
itate the early involvement of social decision-makers and to
extend this involvement into all aspects of the model opera-
tion.
When the decision-maker has the feel for the extensive
interactions which are influencing his status, he can very
readily concentrate on the research and analysis in employ-
ment, transportation, housing, education relationships, income
and expense relationships which are basic to improving the
condition of population units at individual locations. In
addition, working from general to specific understandings
can enable the social decision-maker to establish the most
effective liaisons and alliances with other participants.
Labor Unions are a good example. It will not take very
long for social decision-makers to identify, or isolate,
those employers (Economic Sector) who seem to be operating
ir> an indifferent manner toward employees. At this point
discussions and liaisons, across income class lines, can
easily lead to a pattern of union organization designed to
serve the best interests of employees.
The opportunities to examine and measure the complexities
.and subtleties of social conflicts, as a social_decision-
maker, are innumerable. Housing concepts, for instance,
force the issues of both geographical and income level mixes
and require analyses, contemplation and judgements i.e.
decisions. 97
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Working from the general to the specific may be analagous
to looking at a city as a whole or looking at a neighborhood;
or may be like generalizing about urban issues as compared
to taking specific actions.
E. THE EXERCISE OF POWER
There is no doubt that acquiring, exercising and main-
taining power - political and economic - is an appealing
aspect of gaming, as it is in the real world.
An interesting aspect of this model is the power rela-
tionships. The government and economic sectors both start
with a considerable degree of open power. The Social Sector,
on,the other hand, has latent power, which must be actively
pursued to be effective.
The Social Sector has the decision option to boycott
shops or work (strike). This is frequently an effective
method, to achieve desired changes in prices or wages. An
equally effective exercise of power can be the threat of
boycott or strike.
While a shopping boycott hurts a businessman, it also
requires the consumer (Social Sector) to purchase required
goods and services elsewhere at higher costs; while a work
boycott (strike) hurts a businessman's production and income,
it may also cause the striker (Social Sector) to be without
income for a year. Actual boycotts, then, may have certain
counter-productive characteristics.
For the artful gamesman the exercise of power may be
conducted through the threat of boycott. The threat, deli-
vered to the Economic Sector, with confidence, courage and
skill may achieve the objectives without cost to the Social
Sector, except for preparation and time. Timing is important
as is the degree of support which the Social Sector
decision-maker can count on in his behalf.
A businessman (Economic Sector) who is in the process
of upgrading, expanding or developing his business activities
at considerable expense is very vulnerable to the threat of
a boycott or strike which will decimate his income from a
year. A threat may include very extensive support from social
decision-makers who may be reluctant to actually boycott.
In the exercise of political power a whole range of
options are available to the Social Sector, from the single
request to the government sector for assistance to the ulti-
mate power play of "taking over" the government through the
electoral process.
98
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In most cases of negotiation it is probably appropriate
for the social sector to assume that the government will be
non-responsive, patronizing or deceptive at the same time that
there exists a desire to retain power.
Working from these assumptions the Social Sector can
apply pressure in a range from gentle reminder of its poli-
tical power, to the threat of political reprisal to the actual
call for an election and the ultimate act of voting a favored
candidate into office.
The threat of action need not be political extortion,
rather it can be a forceful persuasion concerning the source
and the sharing of the exercise of political power.
99
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APPENDIX A
Sequence of Computer Print-Out
Although sections of the computer output can be dis-
tributed in any order and in any combination to players,
it is printed in a fixed order with which the director
should .become familiar. The overall order of output is:
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
4. Commercial Allocation
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
7. Social and Economic Summaries
8. Government Detail
9. Summary Statistics
10. Maps
Within each of these major output sections there are
several subsections. An additional section of print-out
results from the processing of decisions on a data base.
That print-out, called EDIT, has no fixed sequence within
it; the order of decision input is the order in which EDIT
processes and lists player and director decisions. The
EDIT print-out is separate from the print-outs listed
above. These print-outs reflect the simulated region's
status in response to the previous year's data base and
any changes made to it through EDIT.
Each subsection of output has its own title, but on
every subsection the heading for the data base and the round
number are printed. A list of the titles of print-out
sections in the order in which they are printed and a des-
cription of each are given below and are summarized in
Figure 4..
Print-Out Section Description
1. Migration
Environmental For each class which can live on
Indexes each residence parcel, this shows
the value of each component of
the environmental index based on
last round's pollution index, MS
use index and school use index
and this round's residence quality,
rent, tax rates, and welfare rates.
100
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Figure 4
1. Migration
2. Water System
3. Employment
3.7
Coiro.ercial Allocation
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
RIVER BASIN MODEL OUTPUT
1.1 Environmental Indexes
1.2 Personal Indexes
1.3 Dissatisfaction Cutoffs
1.4 Migration Detail
1.5 Migration Statistics
1.6 Migration Summary
2.1 Water User Effluent Content
2.2 River Quality During Surface Water Process
2,3 Water User Costs and Consumption .
2.4 Coliform and Pollution Index Values"
3.1 Employment Selection Information for PL Class
3.2 Employment Selection Information for PM Class
3.3 Employment Selection Information for PH Class
3.4 Part-Tir.ie Work Allocation for PH Class
3.5 Part-Tir.e Work Allocation for PM Class
3.6 Part-Time Work Allocation for PL Class
Employment Summary
8. Government Detail
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Personal Goods Allocation Summary
Personal Services Allocation Summary
Business Goods Allocation Summary
Business Services Allocation Summary
Government Contracts
Terminal Demand and Supply- Table
9.
10.
Assessment Report
Water Department Reports
Sampling Station Report: Point Source Quality
Sampling Station Report: A-Tbient Quality
8.5 Utility Department Report
8.6 Utility Department Finances
8.7 Municipal Services Department Report
8.8 Municipal Services Department Finances
8.9 Municipal Services Separt-ent Construction Table
.8.10 Planning and Zoning Department P.eport
8.11 School Department Report
8.12 School Department Finances
8.13 School Department Construction Table
8.14 Highway Department Finances
8.15 Highway Department Construction Table
8.16 Rail Company Report
8.17 Bus Cc.vpany Report
8.18 chairman Department Finances
8.19 Tax Summary
8.20 Financial Summary
Summary Statistics 9.1 Demographic and Economic Statistics
Maps
5. Social Sector
6. Economic Sector
4.7 Terminal Allocation Map
5.1 Dollar Value of Time
5.2 Social Decision-Maker Output
5.3 Social Boycotts
6.1 Farm Output
6.2 Residence Output
6.3 Basic Industry Output
6.4 'Commercial Output
6.5 Economic Boycott Status
6.6 New Construction Table
6.7 Land Summary
6.8 Loan Statement
6,9 Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic Summaries
7.1 Number of Levels of Economic Activity Con-
trolled by Teams
7.2 Employment Centers
7.3 Economic Control Summary for Teams
7.4 Social Control Summary for Teams
7.5 Social Control Summary Totals
7.6 Economic Graphs for Teams
7.7 Social Graphs for Teams
10.1 Personal Goods Allocation Map
10.2 Personal Services Allocation Map
10.3 Business Commercial Allocation Map
10.4 Municipal Service Map
10.5 School Map
10.6 Utility Map
10.7 Water Usage Map
10.8 Water Quality Map
10.9 Municipal Treatment
10.10 Municipal Intake and Outflow Point Hap
10.11 Surface Water Map
10.12 Farm Runoff Map
10.13 River Basin Flood Plain Map
10.14 Farm Mop
10.15 Farm Assessed and Market Value Map
10.16 Market Value Map
10.17 Assessed Value Map
10.18 Economic Status Map
10.19 Highway Map
10.20 Planning and Zoning Map
10.21 Parkland Usage Map
10.22 Socio-Econo.tiic Distribution Map
10.23 Demographic Map
10.24 Social Decision-Maker Map
10.25 Topographical Restriction Map
10.26 Government Status Map
-------
Print-Out Section
Personal Indexes
Migration Detail
Migration
Statistics
Migration Summary
2, Water System
Water User
Effluent Content
Description
For each class living on each
residence parcel, this shows the
value of each component of the
personal index based on last
.round's time allocation, resi-
dential crowding, MS use index,
and coliform bacteria index.
For each residence parcel and for
each class which lived on the
parcel immediately before or
after the migration program ran,
this shows the number of Pi's
in the class now residing on the
parcel and of those who moved,
why they moved and where they
came from and went to
Number of in-migrants, out-
migrants , internal migrants,
and natural population growth
by jurisdiction and class.
The number of Pi's who moved
between or within jurisdictions
by class, by jurisdiction and by
reason for moving.
For each economic activity and
municipal water system, the
volume of effluent dumped into
the surface water and the amount
of each pollutant in the effluent
after the effluent has received
any treatment.
River Quality During For each of the five stages in
Surface Water Process the surface water process and
for the surface water on each
parcel through which a river
flowsj this shows the water
quality rating, the volume of
water, and the amount of each
pollutant present.
102
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water User Costs and
Consumption
Coliform and
Pollution Index
Values
3. Employment
Employment Selection
Information for Low-
Income Class
Employment Selection
Information for
Middle Income Class
This shows for each economic
activity the amount of water
which it required, the amount
which it obtained from its nor-
mal source and the cost which it
paid to purchase water, to treat
its intake water, to recycle
water and to treat its effluent.
Map showing, for each parcel con-
taining surface water, the coli-
form count and the water quality
rating. The pollution indexes
for such parcels and for parcels
bordering parcels containing
surface water are also shown.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the route used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel to
work whether by auto or public
transit.
103.
-------
Print-Out Section
Description
Employment Selection
Information For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation For High
Income Class
Part-Time Work
Allocation for
Middle Income Class
P,art-Time Work
Allocation for Low
I.ncome Class
Employment Summary
4. Commercial Allocation
Personal Goods
Allocation Summary
Tabular output showing the place
of residence of all Pi's, their
employers, the number of Pi's
not employed and employed by
each employer, the salary of
each employer, the time units
consumed in transportation to
work, the cost of using an auto
to go to work, the costs using
a bus and/or rail to go to work,
and the routes used to travel
to work whether by auto or public
transit.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time units spent working, and
the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Tabular list of residence loca-
tion of part-time workers, their
employers, the number of part-
time time units spent working
and the yearly salary rate.
Information by class and total
for the number of Pi's employed
at their design level or at
lower levels, the number unem-
ployed, the total number of
Pi's, the part-time units worked,
and the number of jobs full time
that were not filled by the lo-
cal labor force.
Tabular output showing the i-
dentification number assigned
to each PG establishment, its
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Print-Out Section
Personal Services
Allocation Summary
Business Goods
Allocation Summary
Business Services
Allocation Summary
Terminal Allo-
cation Summary
Description
location, owner, level, ef-
fective capacity, -actual
capacity used, price, and gross
sales. For each customer it
shows the store to which it is
assigned, the customer loca-
tion and type or class, the cus-
tomer's owner, the consumption
units (including those for main-
tenance and recreation), trans-
portation costs (shadow costs
in the case of residences) the
purchase cost (total cost in
the case of residences), and
total cost.
This is identical in format to
the Personal Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding personal services.
For businesses which require
business goods, the format is
the same as for personal goods.
In addition, there is a section
called Government Contracts
which shows, for each school
and MS department, how many con-
sumption units it purchases from
each business goods establishment.
This is identical in format to
the Business Goods Allocation
Summary but gives details re-
garding business services.
Tabular list of the location,
business type (land use), and
terminal requirements of each
terminal user. Each terminal
is assigned an identification
number and its location, level,
and usage are noted.
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Print-Out Section
Terminal Allocation
Map
Social Sector*
Dollar Value of Time
Social Decision-
Maker Output
Social Boycotts
Economic Sector**
Farm Output
Description
Map showing the code number of
the terminal to which each ter-
minal user in the local system
is assigned.
This table shows, by team and
by class, the dollar value of a
time unit spent in travel.
By jurisdiction, by social de-
cision-maker, and by class, a
table in which each social char-
acteristic is a row and each res-
idence parcel is a column. The
characteristics are descriptive
and financial.
Detail on who is boycotting, what
function they are boycotting,
and similar details about social
boycotts appear on this output.
Tabular list, one row per farm,
showing the farm code number,
farm type, number of parcels
comprising the farm, number of
percents of parcels comprising
the farm, the farm's fertilizer
level, normal income, actual in-
come, land taxes, and total net
income.
*The dollar value of time prints a table for each jur-
isdiction, although at this time the value is set for a team
and class without regard to jurisdiction. The rest of the
social detail prints in order of jurisdiction number, within
that in alphabetical order, and within that in order of class
(low first, high last). Output for any classes which a team
does not control in a jurisdiction is not printed. Likewise,
a class having no boycotts receives no boycott output.
**The economic output prints by team in alphabetical order.
All of a single team's output is printed before the next team's
output begins. A team for which a section of output is ir-
relevant does not receive that section of output. For example,
a team with no residences receives no residence output. Like-
wise, a team which has no loans outstanding as either a debtor
or a creditor does not receive a loan summary. All active
teams receive financial summaries.
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Print-Out Section
Residence Output
Business Output
Construction
Industry Output
Description
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about
each residence parcel which the
decision-maker controls.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
business which the decision-
maker controls. All basic in-
dustries are grouped together
and precede the group of per-
sonal commercial and business
commercial.
Tabular list of descriptive and
financial information about each
construction industry which the
decision-maker controls.
Construction Description of all contracts
Industries' Contract made by construction industries
Table controlled by the decision-
maker.
Economic Boycott
Status
New Construction
Table
Land Summary
Detail on all boycotts in which
the decision-maker is either the
party boycotting or the party
being boycotted.
Detail on all construction contracts
in which the decision-maker is the
contractee.
Tabular list of the location of
parcels owned by a team, their
assessed value, percent that is
undeveloped and private, the
taxes on undeveloped land, the
percent publicly developed and
undeveloped, the percent un-
developable because of topo-
graphical constraints, the utility
capacity available and used.
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Print-Out Section
Loan Statement
Financial Summary
7. Social and Economic
Summaries
Number of Levels of
Economic Activity
Controlled by Teams
Employment Centers
Economic Control
Summary*
Description
Tabular list showing borrower,
lender, interest rate, years re-
maining on the loan, the original
principal, and the annual payment,
A cash flow statement showing ex-
penditures and income, a port-
folio of conservative and spec-
ulative stocks, a balance sheet
of assets and liabilities, and
the amount which the decision-
maker can borrow.
A table listing the number of
levels of each economic activity
controlled by each team.
Table showing the locations,
number of job openings, number
of Pi's hired, and salaries of-
fered by Federal-State Em-
ployers; table showing, for
each local government employer,
the location of its employment
center.
For each non-farm economic ac-
tivity, this table shows its
location, type and operating
level of activity, production
index (0-100) or occupancy
rate (0-120), net income, and
rate of return.
*This table prints for each economic team in
alphabetical order.
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Print-Out Section
Social Control
Summary*
Social Control
Summary
Economic Control
Summary
Social Control
Summary
Description
For each class living on each
parcel controlled by a single
two-letter social decision-
maker, this table shows the res-
idence location, class, gross
income per worker, family
savings and total dissatisfaction
(quality of life index).
By jurisdiction and by class,
the number of Pi's controlled
by each social decision-maker.
This prints two graphs for each
economic decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is,
for up to ten rounds, the aver-
age net income from the team's
economic activities each round,
expressed as a ratio of the
first round's net income. The
second is a ten-round history
of the average rate-of-return
of the team's economic activities,
expressed as a percent.
This prints two graphs for each
social decision-maker, in al-
phabetical order. The first is
a ten-round history of the average
net income earned by each class
which the team has controlled.
The second is a ten-round his-
tory of the average quality-of-
life index of each class which
the team has controlled.
*This table prints for each social decision-maker
in alphabetical order.
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Print-Out Section
Description
8. Government Detail*
Assessment Report
Water Department
Reports
Sampling Station
Report: Point
Source Quality
Sampling Station
Report: Ambient
Quality
Utility Department
Report
List of assessment ratios,
special assessments and other
policies set by the Assessor.
List of intake and outflow treat-
ment plant locations, levels,
types, capacities, operating
costs, volume treated, income,
intake and outflow point lo-
cations , prices charged to
municipal water users, pollu-
tant concentration in municipal
effluent (for those districts
which are sampled).
For those economic activities
whose effluent is sampled by
the local government, this
shows the volume of effluent and
the concentration of each pol-
lutant after any treatment.
For any parcel on which the
jurisdiction measures the quality
of the surface water leaving
the parcel, this output shows
the concentration of each
pollutant.
Tabular list of utility plants,
their location, level, units in-
stalled from each plant, units
served, total operating costs
per unit, and income derived
from charges. Also listed is
the charge per utility unit to
customers, undeveloped land
and outstanding bonds.
*A department's output is printed for all jurisdictions
before the next department's output is printed.
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Print-Out Section
Utility Department
Finances
Municipal Services
Department Report
Municipal Services
Department Finances
Municipal Services
Department Con-
struction Table
Planning and Zoning
Department Report
School Department
Report
School Department
Finances
Description
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, "expenditures,
and new balances.
Tabular list of MS locations,
maintenance levels, value ratios,
effective capacities, loading
(units of capacity used), num-
ber PL and PM's working, and the
MS use indexes. Also shown are
the salary levels, contracts to
purchase BG and BS, the locations
of undeveloped land, and out-
standing bonds.
Summary of all current and capital
revenues, expenditures, and new
balances.
For each MS construction or
demolition, this shows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the MS location, the status of
construction, the old and new
level of the MS, the contracted
price, the maintenance level, and
the number of PL's and PM's
assigned to work at the MS.
Total jurisdiction population,
total amount of parkland, out-
standing bonds, and capital
revenues, expenditures, and
new balance.
Tabular data on school unit lo-
cations, levels, maintenance
levels, value ratios, students
attending, teachers, student-
teacher ratios, and use indexes.
Also data on undeveloped land,
BG and BS contracts and cost of
purchases, adult education sum-
mary, and several summary
school statistics.
Summary of all current and
capital revenues, expenditures,
and new balances.
Ill
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Print-Out Section
School Department
Construction Table
Highway Department
Report
Highway Department
Construction Table
Rail Company
Report
Description
For each school construction or
demolition, this s.hows the lo-
cation of the construction firm,
the school building location,
the status of construction, the
old and new level of the school,
the contracted price, the
amount of federal-state aid used,
the maintenance level for the
school, and the number of PM's
and PH's assigned to work at
the School.
A financial report showing
capital and current expenditures
and revenues, outstanding bonds,
a summary of maintenance levels
and expenditures by road type,
a summary of road conditions,
a terminal status report, a
list of undeveloped land, and a
status report on available fed-
eral-state aid.
For each road or terminal con-
struction or demolition, this
shows the construction firm,
the location of the road or ter-
minal, the status, the old and
new level, the contracted price,
and the dollar amount of fed-
eral-state aid used.
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
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Print-Out Section
Bus Company
Report
Chairman Department
Finances
Tax Summary
Financial Summary
9. Summary Statistics
Demographic and
Economic Statistics
Description
A financial report showing
capital and current revenues and
expenditures, outstanding bonds,
employment costs, the amount
and condition of rolling stock,
the fare structure, passengers
and total fares by route, and
the number of passengers using
each segment of each route.
This shows the welfare payment
per unemployed worker and the
financial summaries for munici-
pal services, schools, highways,
planning and zoning, utilities,
and the chairman's account.
Also included are the Chairman's
outstanding bonds.
Tabular list showing by the eight
types of local tax bases, the
dollar amount of the tax base,
the tax rate, and the revenue
generated.
Tabular list, for each depart-
ment, of current and capital
appropriations, federal-state
aid, total revenue, total ex-
penditures and final surplus or
deficit.
Tabular list by jurisdiction of
population and its character-
istics, land usage, housing,
employment, earnings, income
from the national economy, out-
flows to the national system,
and national business cycle
effects.
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Print-Out Section
Description
10. Maps
Personal Goods
Allocation Map
Personal Services
Allocation Map
Business Commercial
Allocation Map
Municipal Service
.Map
School Map
Utility Map
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
goods establishments, locations
of all PG users, and the code
number of the PG to which each
PG user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all personal
services establishments, lo-
cations of all PS users, and
the code number of the PS to
which each PS user is assigned.
Map showing the locations and
code numbers of all business
goods and business services
establishments, locations of
all BG and BS users, and the
code numbers of the BG and BS
to which each BG and BS user
is assigned.
Map showing the locations of
MS's and their districts, the
locations of economic activities,
the number of MS units drained
by each economic activity and
MS use indexes.
Map showing the locations of
schools and their districts,
school use indexes, and the
number of children on each
residence parcel attending
public and private schools.
Map showing the locations of
utility plants and their dis-
tricts, the number of utility
units installed on each parcel,
and the number of utility units
drained on each parcel.
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Print-Out Section
Description
Water Usage Map
Water Quality Map
Municipal Treatment
Plant Map
Municipal Intake
and Outflow Point
Map
Surface Water Map
Farm Funoff Map
River Basin Flood
Plain Map
Farm Map
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the per-
cent recycling at basic in-
dustries, and the type and
level of basic industries'
effluent treatment plants.
Map showing the locations of
economic activities, the surface
water quality on those parcels
having surface water, and the
pollutant which caused the
water quality rating.
Map showing locations, types
and levels of municipal intake
and outflow treatment plants.
Map showing locations of munici-
pal intake and outflow points
and the utility districts which
they serve.
Map showing, for each parcel
having surface water, the volume
of water on the parcel, its rate
of flow, and the percent of the
surface area of the parcel
consumed by water.
Map showing for each farm its
type and where its runoff flows
into the surface water.
Map showing the locations of
river basins, the dam priority
of each river basin, and the
flood susceptibility of each
parcel in the river basin.
Map showing the location of each
farm, its owner, its code num-
ber, the percent of each farm
parcel which is in farm use,
the type of farm, and its
fertilizer level.
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Print-Out Section
Farm Assessed and
Market Value Map
Market Value Map
Assessed Value Map
Economic Status Map
Highway Map
Planning and Zoning
Map
Description
Map showing, for each farm par-
cel , its assessed and market
value and the percent of the
parcel which is in farmland.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the mar-
ket value of 100% of the land,
the market value of the pri-
vately-owned buildings, and the
total market value of the pri-
vately-owned land and buildings.
Map showing, for each privately-
owned non-farm parcel, the as-
sessed value of the privately-
owned land, the assessed value
of the privately-owned buildings,
and the total assessed value of
the privately-owned land and
buildings.
Map showing the economic sector
owner of each privately-owned
non-farm parcel, its zoning,
the type and level of economic
activity, the level of utilities
installed, and, for every par-
cel, the percent of the parcel
which is privately-owned and
undeveloped.
Map showing the locations and
types of roads and terminals
and the locations, types, and
levels of non-farm economic
activities.
Map showing the zoning classifi-
cation of those parcels which
are zoned, the percent of each
parcel which is parkland, and
the percent of each parcel
which is public institutional
land.
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Print-Out Section
Parkland Usage Map
Socio-Economic
Distribution Map
Demographic Map
Description
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is in parkland or
public institutional use, the
population served by the park,
and the park's use index.
Map showing, for each residen-
tial parcel, the type and level
of housing and the number of
Pi's in each class living there,
Map showing the population (in
100's), percent occupancy, and
quality index (QI) for all resi-
dential parcels, and the value
ratio (VR) for all private non-
residential developments.
Social Decision-
Maker Map
Topographical
Restriction Map
Government Status
Map
Map showing, for each class living
on a residential parcel, the
social decision-maker which
controls the class on that
parcel.
Map showing the percent of each
parcel which is undevelopable
due to topographical or other
restrictions (e.g., mountains
or military bases).
Map showing the locations and
levels of schools, municipal
services, utility plants,
roads, and terminals.
1U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972-484-484/195
117
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